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NATURAL HISTORY
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PUBLICATIONS
OF
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL
HISTORY
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES
VOLUME 30
gH Mus
ad oe
4” NATURAL
&’ History &
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
1940-1949
Editors
PAUL S. MARTIN
LILLIAN A. ROSS
ee
THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
PART I, NUMBER 2
THE LOWER EUPHRATES-TIGRIS REGION
BY
HENRY FIELD
FORMERLY CURATOR OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME 30, PART I, NUMBER 2
JULY 8, 1949
PUBLICATION 631
434854
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
CONTENTS
PAGE
TAU OF ILENIGTRATIONS oe oe ri ee i ee 229
PORIPAGTE 5 a ee wok oe, Ek! Pas ee cde eae 0 es Pea 233
hg “RARER fos apne ras Sey eee woe Melia. gy ag eh rages gh hee inate 237
Si, TRS LAND AND THE PROPER <-o &. <. . 4b at Se eth een alee 238
III, THE PHysicAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE AL BU MUHAMMAD, THE AL
POVRA MD: ADEE OUI OE ao oa ee Se a) Stew ee ee Ss 262
nS Dee Malia vin is Se ee eas eae ty ee ee ee 263
Ai Sawaad! 3:63 RiP Oe opie ea ce we a 290
Subba ... 224 PAL pb ai Be I A 301
TROCON OF tiie SOONER MIND coro MICE Boy NS oy Pas seed eek 328
IV. ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA, by Winifred Smeaton 381
V. ARABS OF THE Hor AL HawizA, by E. S. Drower. . ........ 368
APPENDIX: Notes on the Date Palm, by V.H.W. Dowson ..... 407
PU Ns i es ek Ce eh is eS eg Se reds Be Oe 412
POEMS ica ist ys Oi worwe -« Moz coe her ice ee te alk 415
Al bu Muhammad Tribesmen Illustrated in Plates. ....... 415
Al Sawaad Tribesmen Illustrated in Plates ........4... 416
Subba Males Illustrated in Plates ......2.2..2...04.8. 416
Subba Females Illustrated in Plates .........2.2.... 416
ROOMINUER Boned oe os a SA Ge SE Sy ig ce ees Pe a ge 417
227
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES
. Sheikh Falih as Saihud, Paramount Sheikh of the Al bu Muhammad tribe.
. Sheikh Falih as Saihud’s camp. Fig. 1. Brick guest-house. Fig. 2. Sheikh
Falih and his tribesmen.
. Sheikh Falih as Saihud’s camp. Fig. 1. Spearing fish. Fig. 2. A large boat.
. Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s guest hut, constructed of 150 reed mats.
. Interior of Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s guest hut.
. Framework of a reed hut.
. Demolition of house at Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp. Fig. 1. Household
furniture. Fig. 2. Raised bed.
. Beidha. Fig. 1. Interior of council house. Fig. 2. Sheikh Falih as Saihud
entering boat.
Beidha. Fig. 1. Village. Fig. 2. Pits to keep buffaloes from rubbing
against council house.
58, 59. Views of Beidha.
60.
61,
62.
63.
Weaving at Sheikh Falih as Saihud’s camp.
Sheikh Falih as Saihud’s camp. Fig. 1. Weaver smoking pipe. Fig. 2.
Spinning wheel.
Al bu Muhammad tribesmen. Fig. 1. Shuwair, once Mandean, with astro-
logical name of Zahrun bar Sharhat; now Moslem, poet, professional
mourner, and eccentric affecting female dress. Fig. 2. Man with hoop
and whorl.
Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Women with whorls at Sheikh Khazal
ibn Falih’s camp. Fig. 2. Fireplace and coffee pots at Beidha.
. Rice bins at Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp.
. Al bu Muhammad tribeswomen. Fig. 1. Milling rice in a quern. Fig. 2.
Making butter in a swinging, goatskin churn.
. Pounding grain at Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp.
. Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Making bread by slapping uncooked
dough against oven wall. The dough basin is in the foreground. Fig. 2.
Baking bread.
. Albu Muhammad camp. Fig.1. Plough. Fig. 2. Woman potter making a
clay oven.
. Albu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Man making a reed mat. Fig. 2. Woman
churning butter.
. Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp. Fig. 1. Cattle pen next to house. Fig. 2.
Buffaloes in a wallow.
. Milking sheep and cattle at camp of Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih.
. Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih and his daughter.
. Jewelry of an Al bu Muhammad woman.
. Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Irrigation by the arawi method. Fig. 2.
Smoking a water pipe of a type common in the marshes.
229
230 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
75. Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Woman eating arush. Fig. 2. Bundle
of rushes.
76. Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Relaxation after Ashura. Singing to
snapping of fingers and drumming of feet. Fig. 2. Breast-beating for the
dead. Professional mourner leaping in air.
77. Albu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. A tortoise duel. Fig. 2. The death grip.
78. Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Large white pelican (Pelecanus crispus).
Fig. 2. Young wild boar.
79-91. Al bu Muhammad classic Mediterranean types.
92-96. Al bu Muhammad classic Mediterranean plus convex-nosed types.
97-104. Al bu Muhammad Atlanto-Mediterranean types.
105-115. Al bu Muhammad Atlanto-Mediterranean plus convex-nosed types.
116-118. Al bu Muhammad mesocephals.
119-123. Al bu Muhammad sub-brachycephalic or brachycephalic Mediter-
ranean types.
124-128. Al bu Muhammad Armenoid brachycephals.
129-133. Al bu Muhammad miscellaneous brachycephals.
134-136. Al bu Muhammad Negroid types.
137. Al bu Muhammad Mongoloid types.
138. Al bu Muhammad Australoid types.
139, 140. Al bu Muhammad aberrant types.
141. Boats at Halfaya.
142-144. Boat-building at Halfaya.
145. Al bu Muhammad boats. Fig. 1. Primitive type of craft, made of reed
bundles. Fig. 2. A hunting expedition.
146. Al bu Muhammad boats. Fig. 1. Boats at Sheikh Khazal’s camp. Fig. 2.
Lighters on the Shatt al Arab.
147. Large boat at Al Qurna, at junction of Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
148. Subbi iron-worker near Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp.
149-154. Al Sawaad classic Mediterraneans with either straight or convex noses.
155-159. Al Sawaad Atlanto-Mediterraneans.
160-164. Al Sawaad brachycephals.
165, 166. Al Sawaad sub-brachycephalic Armenoids.
167. Amara. Fig. 1. Subba sheikhs. Fig. 2. Subbi smith working on golden
. coffee set made for King Ghazi’s coronation.
168. Subba sheikhs at Amara.
169-178. Subba Iranian Plateau dolichocephals.
174, 175. Subbi at Amara.
176. Subba Iranian Plateau dolichocephals.
177-180. Subba Iranian Plateau low mesocephals.
181-190. Subba Iranian Plateau high mesocephals.
191-194. Subba Iranian Plateau sub-brachycephals.
195-201. Subba high mesocephals.
202-205. Subba brachycephals plus Iranian Plateau type.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 231
206. Subba Jewish and North European types.
207, 208. Subba of aberrant types.
209-215. Subba women.
216, 217. Subba children.
218. Leveling the ground in rice field.
219. Sowing rice.
220. Shatt al Arab. Fig. 1. Abu al Khasib Creek, which irrigates about five
thousand acres. Fig. 2. Stacking baled licorice root.
221. Shatt al Arab. Fig.1. Digging in alfalfa between rows of palms. Fig. 2.
Splitting into sprigs the staminate inflorescences of date palm.
222. Shatt al Arab. Fig. 1. Carrying harvested dates. Fig. 2. Pruning frond
bases of date palm.
223. Shatt al Arab. Fig. 1. Sprigs of staminate blossoms of date palm. Fig. 2.
Pruning fronds of date palm.
224. Shatt al Arab. Fig. 1. Spikes of unripened dates: left, with web caused by
date mite; right, undamaged. Fig. 2. Spraying dairi palm with nicotine.
225. Tomb of Imam, near Al Qurna. Fig. 1. General view. Fig. 2. Part of
decorations on inside of dome.
226. Brick kiln of ziggurat type near Al Qurna.
227. Samawa from the air.
228. Stone trough, ornamented with scene showing madhif type of building.
TEXT FIGURES
PAGE
11. Iron spear-points and fish-hooks used by Al bu Muhammad fishermen . 378
12. Ground plan of Al bu Muhammad council house .......... 383
13. North and south elevations of Al bu Muhammad council house . . . . 383
14. Cross section of fireplace in Al bu Muhammad council house .... . 389
MAPS
3. Tewer Mopheaten-Tieria cegion:) 35.40. we i, ee ee 236
2. Route of Expedition east and southeast of Amara .......... 239
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258 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
An Nasiriya.—Built by Nasir Pasha about the year 1867. This
town is situated on the left bank of the Euphrates and, being low-
lying, relies for its protection from the floods of the Euphrates on
the important Abu Jidahah bund, which is upstream on the left
bank. Nasir Pasha wished to build the town on higher ground
farther downstream but was overruled by Sadun Pasha. In order
to protect the town from destruction by floods, further extensive
bunds, often twenty feet in height, were constructed on both banks.
The town was surrounded by a wall eight feet high, constructed
in 1915.
The main building was the old Turkish Sarai, which was excep-
tionally well built. In 1920 An Nasiriya, which measured 1,650 by
570 yards, had about one thousand brick houses. The bazaar was
well stocked and the streets were unusually broad and straight.
The population of An Nasiriya in 1920 was as follows: Arabs,
4,742; Jews, 521; Christians, 21; Mandeans (Subba), 633; Persians,
300; Turks, 23; Lurs (Pusht-i-Kuh), 281; Indians, 2. The population
was divided into 2,073 adult males, 2,761 adult females, and 1,689
children under sixteen years of age.
Qala Sikar.—Situated on the left bank of the Shatt al Gharraf
between Kut al Hai and Shatra, the town consisted of 400 brick
houses, 100 mud dwellings, and 200 shops in the bazaar. In 1920 the
population was composed of two-thirds Arabs and one-third Lurs
from Pusht-i-Kuh, Iran. Fruit and vegetable gardens flourished for
600 yards downstream from the town. According to local informa-
tion, up to about 1860 the land around the Gharraf was the haunt
of the lion and the wild pig. The few inhabitants were almost
entirely Beduin. A local character, named Sikar, built a fort on the
present site of Qala Sikar. Eventually recognized by the Sadun as
Governor of the district, Sikar was a man of energy who brought
merchants from Baghdad and many Lurs to settle in the district.
Qala Sikar has been twice flooded and rebuilt. It flourished until
forty years ago when the trade routes and surroundings became
insecure. Large numbers of inhabitants therefore left Qala Sikar
and settled in Karradi and elsewhere.
Al Qurna.—This town stands on the bank of the Tigris just up-
stream from its junction with the old Euphrates channel. During
1920 the population numbered 1,941, composed of 1,841 Shiahs and
100 Sunnis. Ocean steamers of a draught varying from ten to fifteen
feet, dependent on the height of the river and the state of the tide,
can reach Al Qurna at all seasons of the year from Basra, but actually
THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 259
seldom proceed farther north than Magil, where all the berthing
facilities exist. All river steamers can proceed up the Tigris during
any season and also up the Euphrates as far as Kabaish (colloq.
Chabaish), and beyond to upstream from Darraji, provided the
channel through the Hor al Hammar is sufficiently dredged. The
interior waterways of the marshes are, generally speaking, not navi-
gable by any craft except mashufs.
Shatra.—Situated mostly on the right bank of the Shatt al
Shatra, this town stands three miles downstream of the take-off of
the Bada channel. The distance by road to An Nasiriya is about
thirty-five miles. In 1920 the population was 5,500, including 5,160
Shiahs, 200 Persians, 120 Sunnis, 10 Jews, and 10 Mandeans (Subba).
The majority of the houses were of burnt brick. . The town, which
is surrounded by a fortified wall eight feet high, with ruined towers
at intervals of 400 yards, is divided by the Shatt al Shatra.
Almost every man of the Shiah inhabitants is connected with
either the Sinajir or the Al bu Shamkhi sections of the Abuda.
These two sections fought each other in 1917. The Al bu Shamkhi’
were beaten, their houses in the northern part of the town wrecked.
By May, 1920, many of them had been rebuilt. According to local
history, Shatra was founded about 1872. With the building of
bazaars and houses it grew rapidly. A brisk trade with Baghdad
and growth as a grain center made it into a “Little Baghdad,” the
most important town on the Shatt al Gharraf.
Suq ash Shuyukh.—This circular town stands among date palm
groves on the right bank of the main Euphrates channel, one
and one-half miles downstream from where the Akaika channel
takes off. This channel was closed by means of a bund four miles
down from the main river. In 1920 the town, which lies seventeen
miles in a direct line southeast of An Nasiriya, had a population of
8,830, of which 5,000 lived in the town itself and 3,000 in the gardens
immediately outside. About 800 Mandeans (Subba) lived on the
left bank opposite the town. Prior to 1867, when An Nasiriya was
built, Sug ash Shuyukh was the old Sadun capital of the Muntafiq.
The town became divided into two antagonistic factions: the Hathar,
who are Shiahs, consisting of two-thirds of the population, and the
Najada, who are Sunnis.
Az Zubair.—Situated thirteen miles southwest of Basra, this
town became one of the “‘Desert Ports’? where the Beduin caravans
called to replenish their stock of supplies and clothing. In this
manner Az Zubair developed into a distributing center for the trade
260 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
between the western desert and Basra. In 1920 the population was
about 12,000, all of whom were Sunnis.
The Desert and the Sown.—Probably in no other part of Iraq is
the process of gradual change from the desert Arab to the settled
cultivator, with the resultant disintegration of the tribal system,
better exemplified than on the lower reaches of the Tigris from Kut
al Imara to Khorram Shahr. It is well known that all tribes that
migrated to Iraq did so with the intention of settling as cultivators
on its fertile land, but in this respect none have taken to the land as
much as these tribes of the Tigris, for the obvious reason that
the country in which they settled is cut off from the Beduins and
the semi-settled tribes of the Muntafiq by the Euphrates, while the
foothills of Iran prohibit migrations.
The nomad, therefore, is not to be found in this area, and today
the only tribe to retain any of its original characteristics is the semi-
nomadic Bani Lam. They used to migrate across the border into
Iran in search of grazing.
The remaining tribes are sedentary and dwell in villages of reed
_ huts, some cultivating their crops and gardens, while others, who
have settled in the marshes, breed buffaloes and make reed mats,
which they sell to merchants of the neighboring towns.
Among these sedentary people there is a tendency to disregard
their tribal ties and settle where cultivation is best. A rice grower
cares little whether he works under an Al bu Muhammad, Azairij, or
an Al Sawaad sheikh. To the south, at the junction of the Tigris
and Euphrates, tribes such as the Nashwah and Muzaira have long
cast off all connection with their original group and have named
themselves after the place in which they have settled. On the left
bank of the Shatt al Arab, between Al Qurna and Khorram Shahr,
the greater part of the land is inhabited by the Al Muhaisin, a col-
lection of foreign tribes that came there for the purpose of culti-
vation. Considering themselves subjects of the Sheikh of Muham-
mera, they attached themselves to the Al Muhaisin section of the
Chaab, which they found there on their arrival. Although now
known as the Al Muhaisin tribe, they are in reality no more than
cultivators of the date gardens.
As far south as Qala Salih the lands are divided into estates
(muqata’as), the sheikh of each being selected from the reigning
family of the tribe in that particular district. Tribal policy is largely
directed by these chiefs, who hold their office usually, but not of
, through inheritance. The Saretnnunt sheikh: no longer.
chit sheikhs hold themselves aaa Sear acta to the
Soman in
Ill. THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE AL BU
MUHAMMAD, THE AL SAWAAD, AND THE SUBBA
Introduction.—The anthropometric methods and technique have
been described in detail in the Iran Report (Field, 1939, pp. 287-289).
It seems, however, desirable to republish the list of abbreviations
employed in this chapter.
List oF ANTHROPOMETRIC ABBREVIATIONS
B=head breadth Go-Go=bigonial breadth
B’=minimum frontal diameter Go-Go/J=zygo-gonial index
B’/B=fronto-parietal index G.O.L.=glabello-occipital length
B‘/J=zygo-frontal index J =bizygomatic breadth
B/L=cephalic index L=glabello-occipital length
Big. B.=bigonial breadth L.L.=lower limb length
M.F.D.=minimum frontal diameter
N.B.=nasal breadth
N.H.=nasal height
NB/NH=nasal index
N.I.=nasal index ,
R.S.H.=relative sitting height
8.H.=sitting height
Biz. B.=bizygomatic breadth
C.I.=cephalic index
E.B.=ear breadth
EB/EL=ear index
E.1I.=ear index
E.L.=ear length
F.P.I.=fronto-parietal index T.F.H.=total facial height
G.B.=greatest breadth T.F.I.=total facial index
G.H.=total facial height U.F.H.=upper facial height
G’H=upper facial height U.F.I.=upper facial index
GH/J=facial index Zyg.fr.I1.=zygo-frontal index
G‘H/J=upper facial index Zyg.go.I.=zygo-gonial index
This chapter will include the data obtained on the Al bu Muham-
mad, the Al Sawaad, and the Subba.
A detailed description of the life and customs of the Al bu
Muhammad has also been prepared by Lady Drower (Chapter V).
Miss Winifred Smeaton was not allowed to make anthropometric
measurements on the women, but she was permitted to make a
study of tattooing and its significance. Mr. Richard Martin took
the photographs of the racial types as well as a large series depicting
the life in these marshes.
Entomological specimens for Field Museum and for Rustam
Agricultural Experimental Farm at Hinaidi near Baghdad were
collected by Albert Meymourian, who was lent to the Expedition
by the Department of Agriculture in Baghdad. Mr. Khedoory
Muallim, who was attached to the Expedition by the Royal College
of Medicine in Baghdad, prepared the bird skins. Mr. S. Y. Showket
acted as our general assistant and interpreter, and Mr. Yusuf Lazar
262
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 263
collected the plants and some of the animals. In addition, the Chief
- of Police in Amara kindly sent ten policemen as escorts.
THE AL BU MUHAMMAD
In southern Iraq, both sides of the Tigris River are marshy.
To the southeast of Amara and almost due east of Qala Salih lies
the Hor al Hawiza, which covers the territory eastward as far as
the Iraq-Iran boundary. Since we did not visit the western marsh
we can deal only with the physical characters of the Al bu Muham-
mad tribesmen of the Hor al Hawiza, and with the Al Sawaad, who
live near Halfaya. These two tribal groups, together with the Al
Sudan, the Uzairij, and the Bani Lam, form the principal tribesmen
of the eastern marshes.
The Al Sawaad live in the district south of Halfaya, north of the -
Sudan tribesmen. They are said to be darker in skin color and taller
in stature than their neighbors.
The Bani Lam, a sheep-owning tribe, are still semi-nomadic.
They have had constant feuds with the Al bu Muhammad, who are
their equals in power and fame.
The Al bu Muhammad live beside the banks of the Chahala
River and its main tributaries, the Az Zubair, the Adil, and the
Taiah. They live also on islands scattered throughout the Hor al
Hawiza and the Hor umr Sauan. These Marsh Arabs are often
called Madan, which means that they are settled tribes and not
nomads. The term, however, should apply only to the Marsh
Arabs (Muntafiq) living to the west and southwest of Amara. The
Al bu Muhammad are cultivators, fishermen, hunters, and makers
of reed mats, which they use for the construction of their houses and
as articles of commerce. They are one of the most powerful tribes
of the Tigris. According to their own account they are descended
from the Zubaid, who dwell beside the Tigris below Baghdad. An
ancestor named Muhammad, from whom they take their name,
migrated from the Zubaid district to the Hafira Canal opposite
Qala Salih ten generations ago. The tribe has since expanded over
the canals and marshes on either side of the Tigris between Amara
and Al Uzair (Ezra’s Tomb).
Muhammad found a small tribe called Al Furaijat in this district.
The Sheikh of the Furaijat married Muhammad’s sister and Muham-
mad married the Sheikh’s daughter, whose three sons, Amla, Abbud,
and Shudaiyid, gave rise to the present three sections of the Al bu
Muhammad: Al Amla, Al Abbud, and Al Shadda.
TL ae Lr 30 ae
264 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
The Al Amla is frequently known as the Al bu Muhammad
Section, because it is the senior of the three. Within this Section
are the four ruling families (Baits)! of the Al bu Muhammad,
namely, the Baits Wadi, Khalifah, Yasir, and Saihud.
There has always been some confusion between Baits and Sec-
tions. Baits refer to families or houses. Originally the three houses
of Muhammad’s sons were called Baits. Eventually as the families
increased, the original Baits became known as Sections and the
ruling house as a Bait, named after the father or grandfather of the
local sheikh. Confusion of the two terms developed when the Al
Amla Section was called Bait Chuwaimil after a distinguished great-
grandson of Muhammad. At one period the ruling house of this
Section was named after him. Descended from Chuwaimil were
the four important sheikhs: Wadi, Khalifah, Yasir, and Saihud.
_ Bait Chuwaimil was therefore divided into four Baits, from which
are descended the present ruling houses of the Al bu Muhammad
and all of the Al Amla Section. These Baits were named after the
sheikhs, the name Bait Chuwaimil thus ceasing to exist except as a
former ruling house of the Al Amla Section.
From this it will be seen that the Al Amla Section contains the
royal house of the Al bu Muhammad and for that reason has some-
times been called the Al bu Muhammad Section, while the other
two Sections, whose descendants are unknown, have retained their
original names, their Sub-sections only being called after the sons
of Abbud and Shudaiyid.
The members of the Al Amla Section cultivate the rich rice lands
at the tails of the canals. They do not move beyond their tribal
district, but within its limits they transfer freely from one farm to ~
another.
The Al Abbud are also mainly cultivators, scattered through-
out the territory of the Al bu Muhammad. They intermingle with
the Al Amla Section and the tribesmen work side by side.
The Al Shadda, chiefly marshmen of no settled habitation, live
among the marshes between Qala Salih and Al Uzair. They do not
mingle with the other Sections and are occupied in breeding buffa-
loes and making reed mats.
In addition, many Sections of foreign tribes have become sub-
jects of the Al bu Muhammad. These tribes live and work with
1 The plural has been anglicized for the sake of convenience. In Arabic the
plural is pronounced “‘beaut,”’ as in beauty.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 265
both the Al Amla and the Al Abbud, but have attached themselves
to the former.
Vital Statistics and Age.—Despite the inherent difficulties in
attempting to obtain figures relating to the size of families, the Al bu
Muhammad tribesmen disclose these data more readily than other °
groups in Iraq.
VITAL STATISTICS
Brothers No. Per cent Sisters No. Per cent
MONE Bre co bn pee Ree 32 16.93 None... e032 ta 54 28.57
| dS CM Vie tae gialbe Tykes 48 25.40 » eae Rie ae on IY Sr Ba 38 20.11
7 eae ay ads 5 SER mea Tee She 71 37.57 a alee es Waid Bae 50 26.46
Be No OR ae 29 15.34 es ek id ee hie 36 19.05
BO eA a SP oe 6 3.17 Bee ti So aN 10 5.29!
TAGE TOOTS 5 o o.a2s.sisw asee ea 3 1.59 TOP MOE: 6 os. i 0.53
ON 6 ae oa os oe Wee 189 100.00 "HORM G re sa soi 189 100.01
Sons No. Per cent Daughters No. Per cent
BONN ak x Ss kno Sass S eae ot 49 38.89 Neney ens .oits 50 40.00
Bolatiaye |. > «395 e's cae basa 29 23.02 AE Se SAE 33.60
aA Fo ala vite Se ok Wee eee 21 16.67 Wet ists CAST 9s Ce tates 18 14.40
«EY RCE Sa ewer Uae petteas. 24 19.05 eet eee 11 8.80
MSs eso decked. wean 2 1.56 BeBe eros 3 2.40
Oe SOROS Cio Aa vse. aeTberoe 1 0.80 7 or more......... 1 0.80
ORR oe vic eae ts 126 99.99 EDERAL oi alale tek: 125 100.00
Age No. Per cent Age No. Per cent
i} 7) Pare ree 4 1.82 AO=4O oo 2 8 3.64
BORA Fs ise. 40 18.18 GO-640 bce eae. 9 4.09
ROSEe sss pukacaes 33 15.00 BEBO ee cS) aa ita 6 2.73
TROP oasis bus si 52 23.64 es aii anes SATE Med 2 0.91
85-39... 06.068. 39 17.73 66-695 5.55 cis 3 1.36
i | aC epee 23 10.45 |! SS Seng eee, ea 1 0.45
Totals cic .'s bcs 220 100.00
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN
Skin.—The color was darker than that of the average Arab of
the Kish area. Individually it ranged from that of a typical southern
European to very dark brown. The constant exposure to the weather
combined with the intense reflection of the sun off the water darkened
the skin. Furthermore, while poling their vessels through the
marshes their bodies were semi-naked, often nude, so that they
. became tanned through constant sunburn.
Nos. 894 and 938 had very dark skins. Nos. 914, 925, and 930
possessed dark skins, in addition to Nos. 747, 752, 794, 797, 805, 848,
901, all of whom had Negro blood. Both Mongoloid and Negroid
266 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
blood were evidenced in Nos. 797 and 888. No. 894 had typical
Marsh Arab features but distinct Negroid blood in his very dark
brown skin color, curly-frizzly hair, and lip characteristics: integu-
mental, double plus, membranous, plus, and lip seam, plus.
Hair.—Head hair was very abundant. However, abnormal
hairiness of the body was not recorded, and the general impression
retained was that these Al bu Muhammad tribesmen possessed less
than the average amount of body hair observed on the Arabs of the
Kish area or on the Dulaimis.
HAIR
Color No. Per cent Form No. Per cent
SON este Osh § hid hear 39 21.79 Strdight:.;.: o,f soci 4 GE As oe
Very dark brown....... 17 9.50 Very low waves.... 2 1.10
Dark brown........... 92 51.40 Low waves........ 164 90.61
POW SAN vice sine tek i eh see yh Deep waves........ 5 2.76
Reddish brown........ Veet eR Curly-frizzly....... 10 5.52
Light brown........... 1 0.56 AV OOES, So8 i cee saws Oe eee Aa
BOE o cine Walbway Sass Spe Oi pow skes a —
Black and gray........ 4 2.23 ADEM Metre ne 181 99.99
Dark brown and gray... 25 13.97
Light brown and gray.. 0 ..... Texture No. Per cent
OEE REE 1 0.56 PC NMIO CSC oa. ache yee 35 18.82
WV EIEE 02 bode ss on wits | ROONEY Sg Medium coarse..... 4 2.15
; — Medium........... 139 74.73
dN Se Sr a 179 = 100.01 Medium fine....... 4 2.15
he tac Aes aoe eer Se 4 2.15
OCG! 55s Uiat nets 186 100.00
Eyes.—The majority of the individuals had blue-brown eyes.
In these cases the pigmentation was brown but there was a definite
element of blue color present. This was not due to arcus senilis,
although the concentration of blue color was generally present in
an outer ring.
In No. 820 the blue ring was almost absent and in No. 841 the
color effect of the blue-brown was blue. Nos. 901 and 947 had
sharply delineated blue-ringed eyes.
Twenty-two individuals had blue-brown eyes. These men had
brown eyes with a marked blue element not only as an outer ring
but also throughout the iris. Of these, in No. 801 blue predominated,
with the remainder a light green. No. 764 had exceptionally light
blue-brown eyes. Six individuals (8.18 per cent) had green-brown
eyes; No. 832 was also blue-ringed. No. 745 had light brown eyes,
No. 774 blue-gray, and No. 949 blue-green. Only six individuals
(3.18 per cent), Nos. 848, 845, 849, 910, 944, and 950, had dark
brown eyes.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 267
Half of the group possessed homogeneous irides, the remainder
being either zoned (36.26 per cent) or rayed (14.29 per cent). Since
there were so many mixed eyes this high percentage of homogeneous
irides seems most improbable and should therefore not be taken as
correct. The majority (88.65 per cent) of the sclera were clear.
EYES
Color No. Per cent Tris No. Per cent
131 CY Sia 0 ee” Homogeneous............ 90 49.45
Dark brown..... 6 3.18 RE? | aie ocr Sieic 26 14.29
Blue-brown...... 152 80.42 PARRY oe Waa gy Satake oe 66 36.26
Blue-brown...... 22 11.64 ; oo
Green-brown.... 6 3.18 Total. jscto dee. A 182 100.00
Green-brown..... 0 mienail
Gray-brown..... 0 AY CAS Sclera No. Per cent
RO Ser ols, ancy 0 1 CHOBE ike 5 Ba edie anise d 164 88.65
RPP se oh ays is 0 si, MOUOW vet aitte ne eres te 1 0.54
Light brown..... 1 0.53 Speckled P00 SRO 10 5.41
Blue-gray....... 1 0.53 BAIR. gee ease ase ow 9 4.86
Blue-green. ..... 1 0.53 Speckled and bloodshot... 1 0.54
— Speckled and yellow...... 0 SBA
OCR ey ae 189 100.01 Yellow and bloodshot..... 0
POLE Be aids ae oe eas 185 §=100.00
The eyes, or more properly the eye-slits, were horizontal as in
Europeans.
The average condition of the eyes was considerably better than
that of the Arabs of the Kish area but not up to the standard of the
members of the Iraq Army, studied at Hilla in 1928. There was
only one case of total blindness, No. 736; three, Nos. 779, 814, and
823, were blind in the left eye. No. 836 had poor eyes, with a cataract
in his left eye. Both eyes were very poor in Nos. 735 and 907, and
poor in Nos. 855, 871, and 9387. The left eye of No. 773 appeared
normal, but the right eye was almost closed and his vision was poor.
Nos. 778 and 870 had the right eye out of alignment; both eyes of
No. 778 were poor. No. 895 was slightly cross-eyed and had a poor
right eye while No. 845 had a poor left eye.
Nose.—On the basis of my Iran report, the nose form suggests
the presence of two racial elements: the straight-nosed Iraqo-Medi-
terranean dolichocephal and the convex-nosed Iranian Plateau
dolichocephal. When the geographical position of the Hor al Hawiza
is taken into account, this blending of Mediterranean racial types is
to be expected.
The men with flaring alae possessed Negro blood. Three men
(Nos. 930, 988, and 942) had double plus, and three (Nos. 820, 821,
and 935) had nasal tips.
268 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
NOSE
Profile No. Per cent Wings No. Per cent
WAV. on ek he cir 3 1.60 Compressed............ 23 12.30
Strmignes. oo. sks 106 56.38 Compressed-medium. . 19 10.16
Coneave .) iirc i 6 3.19 Medtim., si45:s5055 «ahh 90 48.13
CME Ss sn. A aly 65 34.57 Medium flaring........ 42 22.46
Coneavo-convex... 8 4.26 PIM os ok ORE RS, 13 6.95
— PUREING DUG aks. by sas a oe A
OUR Sis es eae 188 100.00 a
DOOM. OES an Nae es 187 100.00
Mouth.—Five men (Nos. 888, 840, 859, 894, and 901) had double
plus lip eversion.
Teeth and Musculature-—While Nos. 813 and 815 had very
uniform teeth, Nos. 884 and 806 had irregular front teeth. No. 809
had two large front teeth. No. 878 had his left upper incisor missing.
In No. 856 the lower front teeth showed considerable wear.
TEETH
Bite No. Per cent Condition No. Per cent
1 ess Pos ee ge Pee oan amen aly erate Very Dads ss hoc te 2 2.38
Edge to edge........ | eee DM CU eines tomes 7 8.33
Slight over.......... 17 9.19 ee ES PO CREE 2 9 10.71
Marked over........ 168 90.81 GoGo ody) an sascaede 34 40.48
was Rxéellents 2x as 82 38.10
PPOUAL: coisa eke eke 185 100.00 —_
OUR ie ec oo 9c deere 84 100.00
MUSCULATURE
. No. Per cent
POOR Leet eo, Rh 4 2.13
Haire kenge yi Re bad. neh. 13 6.91
PVOPRIO eee Mid iia Ga teed 0 4 Sais
RFOOU oe OS Le RS alae 154 81.91
Hixcellent iis coeds Alten hak 17 9.04
BOURL oct fai ae eee cea glehs 188 99.99
Branding Scars.—No. 946 had a scar (chawi or kaw?) on the out-
side of the right forearm, where a spear-wound had been inflicted
during a fight. The branding stopped the bleeding. No. 811 hada
sear on the right wrist and No. 823 had three on the right arm.
Nos. 821 and 891 each had a large scar on the left temple.
Tattooing.—Only twenty-five of the tribesmen examined were
not tattooed.
TATTOOING
No. Per cent
INGHIB® 2 cassis atherieeths ss, Aus Sars ho toe 25 13.81
SOMS) OTS Aen as UY 150 82.87
EXtenmiyQ i ai oct ieee ery bes 6 3.31
Totals...2>s pee pais lai 181 99.99
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 269
Henna.—No. 946 had henna on his hands and nails because he
had been married two weeks before.
Health—Only twelve men (6.39 per cent) were recorded as
being in fair or poor health.
Health No. ‘Per cent
POOR: a8 Ciena bk Vs oes 3 1.60
Dp hee ak 1 RA ie Mh Wahab a ea Nain 9 4.79
ASVOTOGO | 5 ie anes ven Rie ada de Ost re cas
OU S ia hwo ondmieese rire 170 90.43
PEXCOHORR SO Visilimd nthe Ctals 3.19
LUMA OS ALGERRE Lore ee aig oiraae 188 100.01
Disease No. Per cent
OAM F Focia:c fred eth s 3% Goons te 18 54.55
BRVOER No CIRC eOs ends ceive a oes Oras
FOddROG. is oa )a So -o nc rarte ind ke 1 3.03
SGOmME TOU ie oi sctea earns 5 8 ol 1 3.03
Cap re ee CE fee ee ees 11 33.33
Cataract fib ots wale ary We BSE 1 3.03
TTACHOUMG 4: sc Gakic Cage cs | Pee
Baghdad bots. i oes% oes cd ee 1 3.03
Chicken poms ./is F303 seve «Sia On. case
Totals vor is odo rote wees 33 §=100.00
Special Observations.—No. 859 had a pronounced supraorbital
torus combined with considerable prognathism.
SUMMARY
The statistics compiled on 221 members of the Al bu Muhammad
tribe reveal that the majority possessed dark hair, medium to coarse
in texture, with low waves. The eyes were brown, often with an
outer bluish ring. The sclera were clear while the iris varied in
character. The nose was straight but there was a concavo-convex
element in the population. The nasal wings showed considerable
variation although the majority were in the medium-compressed
group. Among the individuals observed the average age was 34.04
years while the greatest number came within the 20-40 age groups.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN
Stature and Sitting Height.—Average stature (220 men) was 166.71
(range 143.0-187.0). These dwellers in the marshes east of Amara
were slightly taller than the average for Southwestern Asia. Seventy-
three tribesmen were unusually tall. No. 806 was omitted.
~
270 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
STATURE
Harvard System No. Per cent Keith System No.
Short (x-160.5)........ 29 13.18 Short (x-159.9)........ 25
Medium (160.6-169.4). 118 53.63 Medium (160.0-169.9) . 126
Tall (169.5-x)......... 73 33.18 Tall (170.0-179.9)..... 66
—_ ~— Very tall (180.0-x)..... 3
ge) AS RE nee Set 220 99.99 —
Bi oes oid ok oars 220
SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length)
Group No. Per cent
Vety- short. (x-74.9) oi Ba i Re a hee 1 0.46
SHOE: (TO 7 9. Ook orcs Ma wie yb biciulatt 2 0.91
Modium .(80.0-S4 D9) i shia Claes eda ee 41 18.72
Lone (GG0-BOG) oii cairo viichcsieth eiels basics 116 52.97
Very lant WOO sei erro Tas Sarees 59 26.94
POI oe x, ao c1chiaan ora spelt Watee ne Sie Scape 219 100.00
Per cent
11.36
57.27
30.00
1.36
99.99
Head Measurements and Indices.—The minimum frontal diame-
ter (mean 113.02) and the head breadth (mean 145.75) were wide.
The minimum frontal diameter seems to be unusually large and
should
probably be reduced by at least 2 mm.
narrow groups there was only one individual.
MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER
Group No. Per cent
Very narrow (5-99) ee OF Panes
Narrow (100-109)oi ims tues ok 6 iat » 49 22:17
WiGG (210-1 ID) haa eis eels os wins a bee's 157 71.04
VEE WIG EAE) ss Pi ve ole windt os sieves See De 15 6.79
ORG ed gait less ee Re ees baa es 221 100.00
HEAD BREADTH
Group No. Per cent
VORY BAINOW RRR ESOT: ccd ccc ceeesence 1 0.45
Narrow (180-189) i305. ee ed 32 14.48
BBE CRE 1 2 5 5 ERR Nie ck 221 68-88 77.9440.17 3.6940.12 4.7340.15
Fronto-parietal...... 221 69-86 77.62+0.14 3.18+0.10 4.10+0.13
Zygo-frontal......... 221 72-95 83.26+0.14 3.00+0.10 3.60+0.12
Zygo-gonial......... 221 68-92 77.8540.18 3.99+0.13 5.16+40.17
Total facial.......... 221 75-109 90.05+0.25 5.45+0.17 6.05+0.19
Upper facial......... 221 43-66 52.18+0.18 4.05+40.13 7.77+40.25
DOSS Pens ane er 220 44-95 66.02+0.42 9.1640.29 18.87+40.45
MM es oi paste Sa wigs 0% 221 387-76 ~55.02+0.27 5.92+0.19 10.76+0.35
-
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
274
VITAL STATISTICS* OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN
Daughters Brothers
Number
SSSSHSHSSRSSHSSSSHNSSSSSSSSSSSSORSSSSSooSoOORSoooRrnR
GSSOAHASASS SS
Sens 19909 1S TORANN ooo OS 1S IHOSS 1S IS TRS IS TOMROS
BASSA HHS A SOOT LIARS HM CMS UM ISS SS OR OA HOS OM CHiN
MOSS iHNN IS TOSS i SS 1S 19990 3S 1S 'OS TR TOMROS
SSSH CAA OW ao anol NS HS IEHSSH OA NS SH HOM COWS
MH HNOCHH HOH On HHH OCC Cnn HOCH HON Onn NNO NnNONnOnNnNOonOoOnNANAAe
* Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives.
275
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
VITAL STATISTICS* OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN
:
Married
Age
Number
MMOOOOSHOOSCHMFAOARAHOOOSSSSOSORHHMAAAHROOOOCSSSSESSeesooeoceo
BAH OSNSCONHONHHHANONNHOHRAHANANNANDHOHOR HHH ONHNOOHHNONA
_ Soe @ @ 6 4"6.@ 4 &:@ © .8& @ 8 © 4 "OS G -6. & & {Gh 6 6 2 OS _ 6 A -S-.a2 B28 “Ba; 8 @
AAPAATAIAI SSA AA SA SATA SHAAN STAINS SAA Aaa aos ae
S.0 sO Us Onwn G6 OeO606 Hie FSI 88 SO RS Aw OS 25S Se [29 (9S ISR
ort ee am MOOS pis «Se *SOMMOS 2S MS see | Oat Om iO
= §O [0 5 [SOO OHH HOSS FST CE SORNROS...0 1506 “HOSS 1. -9S (SS .95
NSO Os (SNONHHAHON +: + ON (COONAN oe AN HON : ONAN AY CRO
MOH OH HOH HHH NHR HH OCOC HOC nM nt tN Nt HOH On THON nt NOON Nn OnNnOnerT
WOANMONNMNANMDOOSCMHOSCONSCOCSCOCMHMHMMNMOMOSOHOMOHMMOSDSONMOMNSOSON
DADANATAMIMOADOPHIOAPANNDANAAMDMOONGADAMDMDADPAMINNIOAANAHTOAABDN
NDHIDOKDWORAROHANMDHMOLDRHROHAMDANOLDHAOHNANMAMOLADROHANMDHTINOLOR
TA od So ds BRS NAVAS WY DBD NNO RM AH SS St 1D 10 10 10 10 10 18 10 10 18
WOW OWDWDWDWODDNHDDNDDDNDDNDDHDDDNDDNDNDDHDDDOO GD 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
* Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives.
“By
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
276
VITAL STATISTICS* OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN
Sisters
Daughters Brothers
PRSSSSSSSSSSSHSSSSHNSSRSS SS SSS SnVORwrSeosownenRosoeos
a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee ee a ee ee ee ae ee ee} ~ - 8 He HH
SRS SEH OSOHMOSOHRSONSSSH ORS NOWHRAERNSOUAESOSOSHURNSOHRSOSOR
AHA ARANDHAR ANSON SONTHAHAONHONNH OHH OOH MOHAN ANA HONS
eee ee og ° ;
SO ee Tats S909 [90099 (9S 4 [ON TOK TOR CR (OM 1 HS ey i oe
oe ee ee SSHH iNOS HS HO HSS HOH UCONN HS COHN CON -a -OO) «etet
SO. to. fs FOSS SROR'S .0°(% 50.6795 ORS. OD sm -99 [O08
Set te ee a i — i — ee et — ee ee ee — ee ee ee ee a her
mMoHoocoocoCcoOn nt nH On nn HOW OCOnOn TOWN Cnn On Onn OoOnmnoOoCOoOM Onn oOonrTr
SWONNOSNMO MCN WONWOYPWMOWMWNMONMSOCONHWOOCRPMNONOCONWMOCOSCCONHOCONHUOWUWCSMBmBWMWWOWOMWWwWOO#
ANNAN DON MDMDMD MDM MAN MDNAIGMMAMANIONANN AANA HAMM DHANN DMO MANNANN OO OONN SO
SCHANMAMOKLDHOCHAMHADOLDACHANMHAMOLDROHAMHDOLDROHAMHMNOOL
WOOO ODOOWOOOOR REE EEE EE DDD DDDDAD ADDI DAAIAAMRAMAAIrADBOocoocooocooeo
BD GD 0 DH BD 0 WWW WWW WWW DWWDWDWDDDNDDWDWDDODDDHDHD WDD DHDDDARARARARAAH
* Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives.
277
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
VITAL STATISTICS* OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN
Sisters
Daughters Brothers
Age Married Sons
Number
eSenmoooeoeernoeesseeesseoeeseseee seer eose sess ee RoorneosesssS
SHONNSSSSSSSOSSOH SOS SSS OOH OOH TH SOHANAY AH HOM OHO AOS
SOSSHSHSSROnHSSSoSoSSOSSoHOSooSoSoSoooooROSSOSoHgogogonsesosossss
ANMDSSSSOSSSOSOSO SO SOC OOH OOOOH CONN HANH AY AHH ON THON H OD
os ° esssso S i898 ise00 Tmpooscoeseeoeosess iososss °°
te tO et ie OHS FEISS US UHCI iO OHM HO OOHS HNO OONH sins
° [OS ' '@eSSOHM ' ' is is feoeoeoso tRRSDSOSOSSOEOSSS iseqegg ! iss
s ve. ee ee ee ee ae eee eae > @ 09" ‘hye a: G2 DB 2S “As avr ai 4.82 @ 2 “SP a »* ~_ *
-'SOSSOONM SF in tS CSO HS CRS OTH OOH AA HAHA fin
. —
SHOCOCO MOCO M NM NHHHOCCH OH OCH HHH OCON NNN NHN NHN HHONNAN HRA HOoOnerT
* Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives.
t+ No. 945 had two sons and two daughters by his first wife.
278
No. Age Stature SH
73 22 1710
73 30 =1700
735 70 1656
736 60 16380
787 30 1697
738 30 1730
739 20 1673
740 30 £1656
741 25 1680
TAP. 25 VT6T
743 30 1758
744 40 1697
7145 --85., 1727
746 1660
747 30 1684
748 30 1688
749 35 1655
750 30 1758
751 ~ 50 1597
752 25 1660
7538 30 1710
754 25> 1751
755 30 1660
756 50 1625
757 30 1587
758 30 1660
769° > 869),AT1LT
760 30 1712
761 20 1623
762 25. 1625
763 25 1668
764 40 1750
765 25 1540
766 30 1613
767 85.. 1762
768 25 1682
769 385 1670
770 35 1647
771 30... 1672
172, “223 S6LT
773 33 1630
7174 25 1610
775 35 1795
776 30 18380
777 40 1652
778 385 1595
779 20, 1600
780 20 16538
781. 35. 1710
782 20 1644
783 385 16738
784 30 1670
785 50 £1640
786 25 1717
787. 25 1622
-
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
191
188
MEASUREMENTS
B B’ J go-go
144 113 133 110
144 108 128 100
* Should be omitted because of broken nose.
57 33 52.4
oo
So
eo BD 00 SH DODD ADO 00 0 OO WN DMNOOAAIAAN WN SYVOMHOOMAMNMNOSWHOSORHAD
a
iw)
wo
o
or
_
"i
56 30 50.9
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
INDICES
B/L B’/B GH/J G’'H/J NB/NH EB/EL
80.8 78.2 85.9 57.8 658.3
81.2 78.5 89.9 52.9 657.9
79.1 79.9 88.4 52.9 55.9
69.9 80.0 89.2 59.7 55.9
99387621, 87:8. €8.1.-%%. 3;
71.9 79.0 100.0 55.6 64.7
17.7 16.2 96.2 656.4 657.7
86.5 74.0 88.8 51.0 58.9
88.1 71.7 92.6 54.1 61.4
82.9 71.6 88.0 53.5 59.0
81.7 69.7 85.0 52.9 66.7
79.4 73.8 79.8 48.2 - 79.6
83.7 76.6 86.4 49.3 78.6
76.4 78.8 86.4 652.1 650.0
79.3 78.8 91.0 654.1 79.2
75.9 81.0 99.3 56.7 68.6
71.9 88.3 98.5 58.0 78.3
81.4 77.9 98.8 59.6 657.4
78.7 81.8 94.8 59.0 64.9
Wt’ 147% 90.4 62.9 22.7
78.1 72.0 94.1 654.4 61.3
75.5 77.5 97.8 56.6 62.1
78.4 76.6 94.9 58.6 658.2
76.1 80.0 94.9 55.8 69.0
717.4 79.2 90.8 50.8 74.0
73.9 81.8 98.2 54.9 55.6
79.7 77.9 89.1 52.6 76.9
80.4 71.7 98.4 52.2 68.0
73.0 75.4 96.0 48.2 64.4
79.0 76.9 90.5 55.5 62.9
82.4 76.6 98.0 51.0 55.4
86.2 76.5 79.7 48.0 65.5
77.5 78.6 89.5 48.1 75.5
82.1 76.1 96.2 55.4 63.2
74.9 81.1 91.7 55.6 78.9*
74.9 80.8 98.7 652.8 71.7
74.0 85.9 91.4 650.8 61.5
78.8 74.8 81.6 44.1 80.9
74.9 78.6 97.6 59.2 61.8
85.2 72.0 92.5 657.1 61.4
73.6 79.9 90.7 52.7 68.8
84.5 75.2 88.6 50.7 61.8
78.5 78.7 86.1 60.8 72.4
78.8 79.7 89.5 50.0 68.5
84.2 73.4 81.8 46.8 50.0
76.4 75.4 98.9 64.2 84.1
75.4 75.0 80.6 44.8 16.7
86.8 72.4 88.5 55.7 56.9
73.4 76.1 94.6 54.6 63.6
78.6 74.8 86.1 48.9 60.8
79.9 72.8 98.7 47.9 15.0
14.1 18:8 ‘87.8 68.4 - 66.7
79.1 78.5 91.2 54.4 60.3
75.4 78.5 88.0 48.9 76.6
76.6 75.0 95.8 58.1 76.1
* Should be omitted because of broken nose.
for]
on . . . . . *.
BOR MH OH WHAIOWMARNAAROHWOMWO
48.4
53.6
78.1
84.7
~1 00 00 00 00 60 60 00 00 00 00 00 60 00 90 90 00 GO
RAASASSSSASLERSRSSASASASNONVHS
POD RRWONANIOINHONOHOOANH AIDA
SES TST
MEASUREMENTS
B B’ J
154 111 144
145 ‘108 183
142 110 © 181
168 114 188
151 1138 188
146 108 . 181
148 116 1383
145. °118 183
187 114 1838
144 114 184
ae ae IBS
145 107 134
150 110 184
pt eS ba: f
145 118 - 188
152. 118 184
188- ‘\118 185
151 121 £144
157 118 140
14] .109°.. 127
148 #4114 .184
148 216% 187.
188 118° 188
144° 107 «187
146 115 186
146 106 126
157 120 140
148, 110: “182
152 108 182
149 118 £186
151 114 184
147 407. 288
147° 218 .°182
148 +116 188
147. 116. 186
251. 116) 142
186... 116 --188
W410 AUT: 184
1424. 412°. 182
150 116 147
IST S104: ° 188
148. 109., -1838
148 111: 187
152 115 140
158 115 186
168. 121. ° 141
148. 131, °188
189 112. 1188
145 110 # 187
148 #4118 145
147, 11b 184
TAT ATT: 142
142. 4210: . 382
187°: Ae’ 128:
147-107 . 187
155 124 144
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
GH- G’'H
123. 67
126 85
106 64
124. 73
118 §=669
122 66
129 67
123 67
122 79
122 70
122 67
114 67
122 70
122. 71
120 68
131 76
127 +75
126 75
126 78
122 70
137 82
115 68
1382 72
121. 70
1146 73
118 68
122 65
126 76
120 71
124 70
124 76
109 65
1385 75
133 78
128 82
128 77
128 72
113s 61
127 76
123 71
116 68
113 67
118 67
128 72
107 66
123 74
111 65
128 76
124 72
144 85
121. 72
122 72
101 65
107 56
113 67
117-65
BS z
pb
OU ON OT 00 3 LO 69 S OH AY OT =I OD CO DD EN ANI OH RO RORONWWH ROH DOOHOS: NNO HONRAIH NOW IMROL
BAA SDARBOR NS SHAM SSAUNOSS SMO wh eae
OO A A AD AY 9 $9 99 29 $3 00 00 $9 9 $9 00 9 9 9 9 0 00 9-9-1 OO ~2
orn
eco
orn
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 281 3 i
: * &
INDICES f |
B/L B’/B GH/J' G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J é 4
81.9 72.1 85.4 46.5 56.4 58.8 71.5 177.1 |
78.0 74.5 94.8 68.9 62.1 50.0 76.7. 81.2
17.2 77.5 80.9 48.9 63.3 47.6 77.9 84.0
76.1 74.5 89.9 52.9 58.6 54.5 79.6 82.6
80.8 74.8 85.5 50.0 63.6 651.7 78.3 81.9
81.1 74.0 98.1 50.4 652.0 48.4 77.1 82.4
80.4 78:4 97.0 50.4 91.3 88.7 71.4 87.2
78.8 77.9 92.5 50.4 66.7 57.4 78.2 85.0
71.0 83.2 91.7 59.4 54.1 52.4 77.4 85.7
75.4 79.2 91.0 52.2 68.5 55.2 79.9 85.1
76.2 79.4 95.38 52.38 71.1 64.0 82.0 87.5
82.4 73.8 85.1 50.0 71.1 51.9 73.1 79.9
79.8 78.8 91.0 652.2 62.8 49.2 76.1 82.1
78.6 77.2 88.0 48.8 64.7 50.0 80.38 83.0
79.2 77.9 86.9 49.8 738.8 51.7 78.3 81.9
81.8 74.8 97.8 56.7 57.9 59.8 76.9 84.3
73.4 80.4 94.1 55.6 62.3 47.4 78.5 82.2
79.5 80.1 87.5 52.1 83.3 53.2 74.3 84.0
81.8 75.2 90.0 55.7 55.0 44.1 74.8 84.8 .
75.8 77.8 96.1 55.1 68.6 47.3 80.3 85.8
76.1 79.7 102.2 61.2 58.3 70.0 64.9 85.1
77.1 78.4 88.9 49.6 89.1 55.4 75.9 84.7
74.6 85.5 99.8 54.1 58.7 58.0 77.4 88.7
77.4 74.8 88.38 51.1 69.6 58.6 83.2 78.1
78.1 78.8 85.8 658.7 58.4 58.9 79.4 84.5
78.9 72.6 98.7 654.1 77.8 58.5 77.8 84.1
9 76.4 87.1 46.4 64.6 68.0 77.9 85.7
1 74.8 95.5 57.6 60.8 55.0 78.0 83.3
6 71. 90.9 58.8 61.5 57.4 81.1 81.8
S 5,8: 91.2 S1.5 "70.6 81.9: 77.2". 88:4
0 75.5 92.5 56.7 54.9 51.7 76.9 85.1 ;
.5 72.8 82.0 48.9 65.2 656.1 81.2 80.5 -
.6 76.9 102.3 56.8 58.5 58.6 81.8 85.6 af
1 78.4 96.4 656.5 62.3 60.0 78.3 84.1 |
8 78.2 94.1 60.8 59.8 44.1 88.1 84.6 |
3876.8 90.1 54.2 60.0 45.9 78.9 81.7 e |
8 85.8 96.2 54.1 74.5 656.5 69.9 87.2 i
.5 82.4 84.8 45.5 65.4 65.4 172.4 87.3 = |
.7 78.9 96.2 57.6 68.4 56.6 76.5 84.9
1 77.3 88.7 48.8 71.2 49.1 75.5 78.9 oe |
.6 75.9 87.2 61.1 65.4 52.8 80.4 78.2 |
.0 76.2 85.0 50.4 62.0 58.5 72.2 81.9 |
4 75.0 86.1 48.9 66.0 47.8 82.5 81.0 .
8 75.7 91.4 651.4 68.6 50.0 75.0 82.1
7 75.2 78.7 48.5 77.8 654.6 74.8 84.6 5 |
.6 79.1 87.2 62.5 69.2 51.9 79.4 85.8 tf |
.9 77.6 83.5 48.9 85.7 66.0 79.7 88.5
1 80.6 96.2 657.1 54.4 52.6 78.7 84.2 |
.7 75.9 90.5 652.6 60.0 49.38 78.1 80.3 |
7 79.7 99.8 658.6 58.5 47.1 82.8 81.4 |
2 75.6 90.3 58.7 74.0 68.5 75.4 82.8 ~f
2 79.6 85.9 50.7 55.6 51.5 82.4 82.4 |
5 77.5 76.5 49.2 80.4 58.6 71.2 83.3 ;
.0 81.0 83.6 48.7 85.7 52.4 78.1 86.7
.0 72.8 82.5 48.9 55.6 55.2 75.9 78.1
1 80.0 81.8 45.1 94.8 60.0 75.0 86.1
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MEASUREMENTS
B B’ J
144 110 184
144 114 °181
140.111 181
147 234s, -187
168. 118: 188
140 111 188
142° AI6 --186
145° 114 #186
158 115 188
150 114 £189
149. AI8. 128
188 107 126
T6t. 7. 924-141
-144 117 185
148 106 . 181
164 ..111 142
140 109 186
147°. AIS: 184
141: 108°: 183
142 106 180
‘186 115 189
741) 138" 188
148° TUS” ~184
Fa. 436: - 148
142. 116> -I85
185 105 126
143 115 £1389
186 115 140
148° “is? 189
188 115 +148
144° 118°. 186
thd 824.) S187
17. BI8.s -187
143 109 # 187
16814-1472
147 114 188
144 111 186
144 °° 118 182
144 114 £180
141 118 1838
146 105 180
6e . 122"... 142
148 121 148
Tee. ot 18s
144 116 140
149 118 188
140 | HELO? 188
TAT: 478+“ 188
156 114 188
141 110° 188
187 1148: -.186
145 114 140
148 107 #185
147°. 108. 182
147. sY18:' 142
GH GH NH
118
125
121
ee ee ee > TS = eet anal a ae = Fe Lo gt aa Se
283
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
INDICES
GH/J
NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J- B’/J
G’H/J
EL EB RSH B/L_ B’/B
No.
Nos OGG MIDISSSHSHHANAGLASSANUSBBABSAAUSEYSSYHSAINIANNSIA OD
5 BS 8B SBD BB G3. 0 0. We 3 OD 00 00 03 OO 00 00 00 00 OO BO HH 00.0
6 60" @ @ 4762. 2. o 0. d- 0 het Ot 01 6.1 O22 4, 6 oy OC 5810 Oe, POY Se DAF DT OS Or BLT Pils Oe Os P.O 9 a ee Ee ee
loz) ADOMAAALAUHOOCH MIELE ODDO HMHOAD NH HRHOWDOHYEALYSMOTIAWDHOMD MINOW HE ODL
» 'o > 6 BS OO) & © Se Se ee 8 Le ar a © Se Ore, Be 0 SPT a 6 ee BS Oe SOs OBL Oh Rae oO Re Fe ERS 2D SAP
F400 1D 60 10 4 AT HOO BS 00 Be 00 109 09 HELO Ht HOD S 09:10 HOD © HOD £0 00 09 SHO QI rt OS & & DOOD SHAT Ht 6 HD CO 09 10 OS
BRASSEGGHOGY AGE PGE st GCSAOASSE AE FI SIOSE SSBGSOSHE HONDNESRNES
SSSSSESSSESSRBSSSSHSLSSSHCSCSSSOOLSSOOHYSSSRE EEE OE OSOHEOE SESS
oO" 0. £61 ORS 6) OL OD Oe RNS Oe 9 Ore eRe | BP Oates) See Oat a Cre On ey See ese. B® see) RS Ol Oe Ey SOT Oh Oe ee ee
00 CO SHO HOD HAI OOD HOI HRMIDOHOOMMOEAPOHOHEAHOMDOLEMOANNENONONOCTAEN
GOAL ASS ASASCGHSAAG Se SBHGS Got AGGHAAIK HOGS GBHSMHAARAROHDSS
SASK MSBHOMOBOLOHHNE OO SHORE SHSBHGSOME KOA E HISW OOO SONS
ee eS RNR ER RN OOO OE OOP OR EEE EEE EEE EE OOOE EE EE Oreo
CO 21D 09 2 00 Be SE EO 4 a HED 1D HE 00 © 09 >. OV ES OY 4 S09 09 0B 1D 09 E> LO OD S 00 60 00 MH OD WH EY HO 10 0110 4 1B OY.00
SOPRA AIOGANANAGSSOMISHAIGON HOHE SOONESODGANAOEE HAA OMWDOAAORMNIONWr
ee OO ROR NOLO OEE PE EPP EE Ee POPE POPP OOE EEE EOS EE EE OOLEOEE
‘
1D 19 0 60 MH 018 D> S LOD 09 00 00 00 HOO HY CO ME HID HM OOOMDOAMMOMNON -HATOCOMOMAWOOARNVS
HNBDSOBNANBONGANGOAVTHHONMDATOMATONAT nl IDM HASOATHHHIO wool
BAISSSSSSRSSSSVSSSSSSSSSESSSESSSESSSSSSE3 BSBSSSssoSsesseS
SOD OID 11D WD OOM DMSO KE NAMOHNHENANMMOMHOMENONWOHHONNMONMOEr OWN
SD GD HOD OD GD CD AY OD OD GD GD OD OD OD OD CD GD OD OD OD CY OD GD I OD GD GD 6D OD CI OD OD GD OD GI GD OD GD GD 6D OD OD GD GD OD CD CD OD OD OD OD OD CD CD
CO CO HOD be SHO O10 09 SOS HID HED OI Ee OI 00 00 HOO Be HOI IO I ONY AE HHOME MMM rN OOD
DOA SONSMS SCOP SSISBSSSSSSSSSSSSSBSSSSRGSSESSSSSSGSSSSS
BS ES rs 01 OD HID Db G0 HS 19 GD HID 6D B= 1 OA NED HID OE MS HOY GP HID E~ OH O 1 Y 09 WI OE
SIPTIMBSS 18 18 15 16 18 DD OBO OG OOO GE EE EE DG 0 0 0 1G WO RAAARAAAR
a 00 00 0 08 OB 0 OB OD OD OD OO 8D OD OD 00 OO GO OO GO OO GO GO GO G0 GO GO GO GO GO GO 6D 0D 60 0 00 60 00 00 60 60 GO 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
Stature
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MEASUREMENTS
ii B B’ z
185 151 118 141
186 187 110 184
197 158 121 148
180 148 111 £186
199 148 107 129
190 147 118 188
178 164 118 146
188 151 122 . 140
186) 448 0.\ATD 187
201) ta: Ais. Tes
184 147 115 185
180 147 108 180
487 | ©1242. A0F 129
180): 288-") M07 122
190 140 108 185
185°. 142 «115. 140
184 188 108 128
189 188 107 129
198 . 150 .118 185
186 145 “Tit: 183
200 1538 “118 -140
188; 148.9118. 189
185» 147° 118 .188
178 147 118 180
190: 140) (218.186
186.145 .118 128
1785 188" Abt. 182
185 , 1384 108 182
187 242 7110: 186
188 149 114 184
197 188 114 188
190. 16): :11k) 144
L7G) 162" 3118-189
196 144 118 189
18653346 "5121. 182
190-0844 217: 187
188 132 £49: DIT. 182
190. 188 118. 126
188 146 115 185
18k: ABB 413 182
195) << 61) {114 187
184 189 115 128
195 140 114 189
184 146 118 141
190 - 148 .118 181!
177s 162: °216:, 386
189 =; $42. 14%" 188
192 348 (116-182
186 145 108 141
190 <:168. all7- 187
189 140 118 125
184 154 116 140
182 4248. «114. 181
191 148 118 140
198.146 116 187
-
-
GH GH NH
128 78 58
120 68. 48
129 68 652
117 66 49
120 64 46
122 66 56
126 72 657
118 67 58
108 70 55
120 66 50
120 74 57
115 66 49
120. 68 56
108 64 51
117 72 64
127. 72 56
110 60 48
118 78 54
131 78 62
130 74 58
128 76 58
123 66 58
118 60 48
118 67 56
124 74 57
119 65 48
113 67 50
116 63 47
120°. 71. 87
117 62 48
120 67 54
128 73 65
118 72 50
126 76 57
127 73 60
125 68 53
117 67 48
117 71 58
116 69 652
133 74 652
121 79 66
126 %2 67
125 72 655
125 72 658
124 68 652
125 68 54
131 75 56
118 72 82
123 73 538
128 72 62
122 68 49
124 69 61
118 72 62
119 70 50
124 74 68
81.8 78.2 90.8 55.3 60.3 58.6 81.6 83.7
73.7 80.38 89.6 50.8 77.1 56.
80.2 76.6 87.2 45.9 84.6 56.
79.4 77.6 86.0 48.5 65.3 61.
71.6 79.9 90.2 49.6 74.0 652.
73.7 80.7 91.2
SRosleesesseres
DW MNSS PO MAIONWAOAARDMWOWOMWWOMNORWOSOwWOHISORAAAROOIS:
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 285
INDICES
B/L B’/B.. GH/J’ G’H/J NB/NH 3EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J
NNSE
63.0 60.
Anon
Oo fhe COW]
DW OH ODOC WOYVMS OWS OHS RO MWNAOONAHAMAROOHOIRSOOMAOOANWAMHOIO
~
&
~]
~
~
J ~Y 3 =I 00 ~3 ~2 00 60 ~I ~1 ~1 00 00 ~3 00 ~1 00 ~3 00 00 00 3 2 CO AI-~IWO O ~3
8
50.8
52.7
52.5
53.3
51.4
46.9
60.5
57.8 53.
55.6 53.
54.3 60.
47.5 60
43.5 57
51.5 53
54.4 52 ;
7.9 93.0 50.8 70.8 49 80.5 88.3 q
0.4 85.6 50.8 68.0 57. 83.3 84.1 |
0.6 87.9 47.7 74.5 46 79.6 81.8
7.5 88.2 652.2 654.4 57 -T 80.9
6.5 87.38 46.3 70.8 50 86.1 85.1
2.6 87.0 48.6 66.7 54 77.5 82.6 :
8.5 88.9 50.7 61.5 52 T1a- Vi ,
5.7 84.9 51.8 74.0 659 73.4 82.7 .
1.9 90.7 54.7 73.7 46 71.9 84.9
2.9 96.2 55.3 63.3 50 92.4 91.7
1.3 91.2 49.6 69.8 48 81.0 85.4 %
4.5 88.6 50.8 77.1 50 74.2 84.1 |
1.9 92.9 56:4 68.6 61. 82.5 89.7 Oa
8.8 85.9 51.1 71.2 650 74.1 85.2 ‘
8.7 100.8 56.1 82.7 54 81.1 85.6 \
5.0. ° G88 67.7" 86.1 - 61; 80.3 83.2
2.7 97.7 56.2 64.9 54 75.7 89.8
1.4 89.9 51.8 76.4 61 74.8 82.0
7.4 88.7 51.1 79.3 58 69.5 80.1
9.0 94.7 51.9. 78.1 64 79.4 86.3
6.3 91.9 50.0 68.5 50. 80.9 85.3 Y
2.4 94.9 54.38 738.2 44. 77.5 84.8
0.4 89.4 54.6 67.3 58 75.8 87.1
4.5 87.2 51.8 64.2 6538 78.0 76.6
6.5 94.4 652.6 53.2. 51 74.5 85.4
4.3 97.6 54.4 177.6 56. 81.6 94.4
5.38 88.6 49.3 74.5 57. 72.9 82.9
7.0 90.1 55.0 69.2 50 77.9 87.0
9.7 85.0 50.0 82.0 538 76.4 84.3
9.5 90.5 54.0 69.8 53 84.7
* Shaved.
286 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN
=“ on ven
“No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Tris Profile Wings
765 |lw coarse black bl-br clear zon conv m-fi
766 lw medium dkbr bl-br blood hom conv medium
767 lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon cites, he Nee gre
768 Iw medium vdkbr _ bl-br clear hom str m-fi
769 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv medium
770 e-f medium . black bl-br clear zon conv m-fi
771 lw coarse black bl-br sone ray str comp
00
7172 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
773 ‘lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conc medium
774 Iw medium dkbr bl-gray clear ray str medium
775 Iw medium dk br bl-br clear hom str cp-m
776 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str m-fl
777 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv cp-m
778 lw medium br, gray __—ibi-br clear zon str medium
779 lw medium ....... bl-br clear hom str medium
780 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv cp-m
781 SG medium dk br bl-br clear zon str flar
782 lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br clear - hom str medium
783 lw medium br, gray’ bi-br clear hom str m-fi
784 dw medium dkbr bl-br eee ae str medium
785 Iw medium br, gray gr-br clear ray str medium
786 |Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
787 lw medium dkbr gr-br clear ray str medium
788 lw medium br, gray'___—ibi-br clear hom str comp
789 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv medium
790 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom cony medium
791 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str medium
792 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str m-fi
793 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
794 ef coarse black bl-br clear hom str flar
795 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
796 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom cony medium
797 Iw coarse vdkbr — bl-br clear hom str m-fi
798 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv medium
799 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
800 lw medium dkbr med clear hom conv cp-m
801 dw medium dkbr bl-br AR ae way str m-fi
802 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str comp
803* te EE ped a ee bl-br clear zon str medium
804. lw medium br, gray __—Ol-br clear hom str medium
805 e-f medium vdkbr _ bl-br blood hom c-c flar
806 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
807 e-f medium dk br bl-br clear hom str m-fi
808 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
809 lw medium br, gray’. bi-br clear hom str flar
810 Iw medium _ br, gray __ bi-br clear hom conv cp-m
811 dw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom c-c m-fi
812 lw medium dkbr gr-br clear hom CORT 3 Sonics a
813 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon .... medium
814 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear bees str medium
815 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str m-fi
816 lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon str medium
817 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str medium
818 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
819 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ; 287
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN
HAIR EYES NOSE
Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings
lw medium br, gray'__—ibi-br clear zon conv medium
lw medium dk br bl-br clear hom conv m-fi
c-f medium gray Sey ellow zon conv. m-fl
lw medium k br bl-br lood hom conv. medium
lw medium br, gray__—ibi-br clear zon conv medium
lw medium vdkbr _ bl-br clear zon str medium
lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
lw medium dk br bl-br clear in c-¢ m-fi
lw medium _ black bl-br clear hom conv medium
bes medium vdkbr Pee. clear hom c-e medium
lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str ep-m
lw medium br, gray __—ibi-br clear hom conv medium
lw fine dk br gr-br clear hom wavy m-fl
lw medium black bl-br clear hom conc m-fil_
lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv. medium
lw medium br, gray’ Obl-br clear hom str medium
c-f coarse br, gray __—bi-br blood zon ‘conv. medium
lw coarse br, gray bl-br clear zon conv flar
lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv comp
lw medium dk br bl-br clear hom conv medium
lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str m-fl
lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon conc medium
lw medium = dkbr bl-br clear hom conv medium
e-f coarse black dk br_—_ clear hom conc flar
lw medium dk br gr-br _— blood zon str medium
lw fine v dk br srt clear hom str m-fi
lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv. m-fl
lw medium br, gray'__—ibi-br clear zon conv comp
lw medium dkbr bl-br clear ray conv medium
lw medium br, gray dkbr_ clear hom str flar
vlw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
lw medium dk br gr-br _— clear ray c-c medium
lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br clear zon conv medium
lw medium dk br aad clear hom str medium
lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv comp
lw coarse black bl-br clear hom str medium
c-f coarse black bl-br clear ray str medium
lw medium dk br bl-br clear ray conv comp
lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon str cp-m
lw m-fine vdkbr__ibi-br clear ray conv cp-m
lw coarse vdkbr__ bl-br clear hom conv comp
lw medium _ black bl-br clear hom str flar
lw medium vdkbr _ bl-br clear hom conv medium
lw c-med dk br bl-br clear hom str medium
lw c-med dk br bl-br clear hom conv medium
dw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv comp
lw coarse black bl-br _ clear zon conv m-fl
vlw medium br, gray’ bl-br clear ray conv medium
lw fine | br, gray _—bi-br clear hom str comp
lw medium dk br bl-br clear hom str comp
lw coarse black bl-br clear zon str medium
lw medium black bl-br _ clear eer str m-fi
lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str cp-m
lw medium black bl-br __ clear hom conv medium
lw medium ~ blk, gray bl-br clear hom str medium
lw medium black bl-br clear zon str cp-m
dw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str cp-m
ES
“s
ee eS ee
j
—
AP Ne RR:
288 | ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN
or Beste =
No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings
878 lw medium __ black bl-br speck sy fa str medium
879 lw coarse black bl-br clear zon conv comp
coe lw medium bik, gray bl-br clear hom str medium
882 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str comp
883 lw medium black bl-br reat zon str medium
884 lw medium ......... bl-br clear zon str comp
885 lw medium ......... bl-br clear zon conv. m-fi
886 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear zon conv m-fi
887 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear zon str medium
888 lw medium black bl-br clear zon wavy medium
889 lw medium ........ bl-br clear zon str medium
890 lw fine black bl-br speck zon str medium
891 lw medium ........ bl-br clear zon str comp
892 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom wavy m-fl
893 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
894 c-f coarse black bl-br speck ae str comp
895 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str medium
896 lw medium black bl-br speck ray str medium
897 lw medium ......... bl-br i Sse Sid str comp
898 lw medium © black bl-br clear zon str medium
899 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
900 lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br clear hom conv cp-m
901 Iw medium ....... bl-br clear zon str m-fi
902 Iw medium vdkbr_ Obl-br clear zon str comp
903 lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon conv medium
904 lw medium black bl-br clear hom str comp
905 Iw medium black bl-br speck zon conv medium
906 lw medium black bl-br clear hom conv medium
907 lw medium br, gray bi-br blood zon str medium
908 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str m-fl
909 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear ray conv m-fi
910 Iw coarse black dk br clear hom conc cp-m
912 lw medium _ black bl-br clear pe str medium
SEB oo CR PERE Re bl-br clear ray str medium
914 lw coarse black bl-br clear zon conv - medium
915 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium
916. lw medium _ black bl-br clear zon str m-flar
917 Iw coarse blk, gray 0dl-br speck hom str cep-m
918 Iw medium _ black bl-br clear zon str m-fi
919 Iw medium br, gray__ibi-br clear hom str medium
A A coarse br, gray bi-br blood zon conv comp
921 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear ray conv cp-m
922 Iw medium — black bl-br clear zon str m-fi
923 lw medium br, gray _ibi-br clear hom str flar
924 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear ray conv medium
925 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear ray conv medium
926 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv e¢p-m
927 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str medium
928 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear zon str comp
929 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear hom str medium
930 lw medium br, gray__—ibi-br clear hom str flar
931 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv m-fi
932 cf coarse br, gray Ol-br clear hom str m-fi
933 lw coarse br, gray _—bi-br clear zon str medium
934 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear hom str m-fi
* Shaved.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 289
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN
HAIR EYES NOSE
te ~ Ps} fF TS > e, —_—_—_,,
No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings
985 Iw c-med vdkbr__ bl-br clear hom str m-fl
936 lw coarse dk br bl-br speck ray conv. m-fl
937 lw medium dkbr bl-br speck hom conv medium
938. .... coarse black bl-br clear zon conv flar
939 lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br clear hom str cp-m
940 lw c-med vdkbr__ibi-br clear hom c-c m-fl
7) te coarse vdkbr _ bl-br blood ray str m-fl
942 lw coarse br, gray _bi-br clear ray str flar
943 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear ray conv m-fl
944 Iw medium dkbr dk br clear ray conv medium
945 Iw coarse black bl-br blood ray conv m-fl.
946 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear zon str cp-m
947 lw m-fine dk br bl-br clear hom c-c cp-m
948 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv m-fi
949 Iw medium It br bl-gr clear ray str medium
950 Iw m-fine dk br dk br speck ray c-c m-fi
951 Iw coarse dk br bl-br speck ray conv medium
oo! + Re BE ier a ees ek- bl-br clear zon cone m-fl
953 lw m-fine dk br bl-br clear hom str flar
* Shaved
NOTES ON AL BU MUHAMMAD FEMALES
On April 22, 1984, Miss Smeaton examined and measured three
women at Sheikh Khazal’s camp. Measurements of these women
were taken at the request of one of the sheikhs.
No. 1004.—Birthplace, Amara. Although only about thirty
years of age, she had been married six times but was childless. She
was tattooed on the arms, back, and thighs. The color of the skin
was darker than that of most Arabs. The hair had low waves, was
medium in texture, and dark brown in color, possibly due to the
application of henna. The color of the eyes was dark brown, the
sclera clear, and the rim of the rayed iris slightly darker than the
iris itself. The nasal profile was straight, with a depressed nasal tip
and flaring nasal wings. No teeth had been lost and the occlusion
was slightly over. The teeth were in very good condition.
No. 1005.—Birthplace, Al Uzair (Ezra’s Tomb). Twenty to
twenty-two years old. She had married at puberty, had two sons
living and two dead, two daughters living and one dead. She also
had two sisters living. Her chin, hands, feet, and body were elabo-
rately tattooed. Her skin was very clear and light in color and her
cheeks rosy. She used no powder. Her hair had low waves, was
‘medium in texture, and dark brown in color. Her large eyes were
green brown, with clear sclera and rayed iris with a darker rim. The
Fe ee et ae
SN ee ee eer
PGs eae Ey
7
ro
——
ee ae
‘ a
ay Pree
290 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
nasal profile was slightly concave, the nasal tip medium in thickness,
the nasal wings were medium, the nasal septum was inclined down.
The general musculature was good; the square face and chin were
fat, and the thighs heavy. Her health was consistently good.
No. 1006.—Birthplace, Ghuraib. About forty years old. She
had borne seven children, four boys and three girls, all of whom were
living. She had one brother and two sisters living, and one brother
dead. She was tattooed on the brow, chin, and arms. The color
of the skin was darker than the average. The hair had low waves,
was coarse in texture, and dark brown in color. The eyes were dark
brown with clear sclera and a rayed iris. The nasal profile was
straight with medium wings.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD FEMALES
me phcch Sada ‘ear x
No. Pia Texture Color “Cds Sclera Iris Profile Wings ‘i
1004 lw medium dkbr dk br clear iss str flar
1005 lw medium dkbr gr-br clear ray cone medium
1006 dw coarse dk br dk br clear dike str medium
MEASUREMENTS
No. Age Stature SH i B B’ J gogo GH GH NH NB
1004 30 182 148 96 130 OF OS 42 SES SES
°1005 21 1568 805 176 151 102 131 492 4104 #70 52 35
1006 40 1579 810 186 146 102 129 89 107 69 46 34
INDICES
No. EL EB RSH B/L B’/B GH/J G’'H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J
2004 67 84a r to AB 6. Otel 88.15 65.4. 70.6. .465.2i4 6629 3° 78:9
1005 60* 31 51.3 85.8 67.6 79.4 53.4 67.3 51.7* 75.6 177.9
1006 57 33 51.3 78.5 69.9 83.0 538.5 73.9 57.9 69.0 79.1
* Stretched slightly from heavy earrings.
-THE AL SAWAAD
The Al Sawaad is a sedentary tribe scattered among the rice
fields on the right bank of the Musharra Canal. Most of the tribes-
men live in the marshes near Halfaya, which lies about twenty
miles east of Amara. They tend cattle and cultivate the soil. Asa
result of their small numerical strength they are overshadowed in
importance by the Bani Lam and the Al bu Muhammad.
The tribe is said to be descended from the Bani Himyar and is of
the same origin as the Al Azairij. Some tribesmen claim that the
name Sawaad is an incorrect interpretation of their original section,
the Saad, so-called after one of their ancestors.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 291
Definite physical differences between the Al bu Muhammad and
the Al Sawaad tribesmen were described by the Chief of Police in
Amara. Since we had obtained anthropometric statistics on the
former it was thought desirable to obtain a comparative series on a
group of the Al Sawaad. With considerable difficulty and only
through the co-operation of the local Chief of Police at Halfaya
was it possible to induce fifty tribesmen to offer themselves for study.
A superficial examination indicated that the Al Sawaad had lighter
skin color than the Al bu Muhammad. The general shape of the
face also appeared squarer, probably because of unusual develop-
ment of the masseter muscles, which tended to increase the bigonial
breadth.
Other observations, however, resembled closely those made on
the Al bu Muhammad tribesmen. The hair was almost black in
color and medium-coarse in texture, with low waves. The eyes were
very dark brown, the sclera clear, and the greater number of the
irides were either homogeneous or zoned. The nose was straight
with medium-compressed wings although the medium-flaring ele-
ment was present.
Vital Statistics—It was impossible to obtain information on
vital statistics but the parents of all these individuals were members
of the Al Sawaad tribe, who lived in the Halfaya district.
Age.—The average age for the fifty men was 33.50 (range 20-64).
About half of the individuals were between 20 and 29 years of age.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF AGE
Age No. ‘Per cent Age . No. Per cent
pS 3 lee eee es Bae eo cee ee | Sega Speen? 9 18.00
SPU i tal 2 oo ors hae 12 24.00 GO-G4 Gs oss oe as sr sofia
BOM ta ea 12 24.00 Fe aa ae fe 2 4.00
UPR fat odie dio on 14.00 GO-GO iin. anes os tides i 2.00
NERDEN a’ Geta wees 6 12.00 GOGO cite ayy ak ahetann
Te Be RAAB: 1 2.00 TORR a aalis-cstgw a 0
WOMB Die Ae agin 50 100.00
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL SAWAAD TRIBESMEN
Skin.—The color was lighter than that of the Al bu Muhammad
tribesmen and about the same as that of the Arabs of the Kish area.
Individually it ranged from that of a typical western European to
dark brown. The skin color was slightly lighter than we had antici-
pated, since these tribesmen lead an agricultural and pastoral
existence, which should tend to give the skin a weather-beaten
appearance.
. = >
° } *
Sate ae et ke se
pe a ee es
=:
ee
—
De ea niente aes ie tice reek andeonmens
i ianen plepieeciy is sias Ses eben akads achat ian toed aa
—_
A
292 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Hair.—The hair color varied from dark brown to black, which I
now think should have been classified as very dark brown. Twenty-
three hair samples were obtained.
HAIR
Color No. Per cent Form No. ‘Per cent
RMON Seo bbles Deans 85 77.78 UTNE os tre aes Oe Ree
Very dark brown......... Of Sar eke Very low waves.... 0 .....
Dark brown: ; .. 44 -63.'6.2% 2 4.44 Low waves......... 41 91.11
PRO aie OO. he neh uot eres Qos oe os Ste 3 Waves 72) 55. 4 8.89
Reddish brown.......... Qi SPER Cur ne Fidget’ 5b) | FERAL EARS Si
Laight, DROW gs 9.065 66 8 * arenes DOUG iis: buen iss | a tae
Black and gray.......... 5 114.11 Total.) sah: 45 100.00
Dark brown and gray..... 2 4.44
Light brown and gray.... 0 ..... Texture No. Per cent
raw iis aii, ok Bak 1 2.22 Coame wc jie wak 8 17.78
i NTT ae erate Perey Oe ee Osc it say's Coarse-medium.... 0 ......
— ao Mediuttt 2520285 77.78
Wotalirs, 627 feiss 45 99.99 Medium-fine....... Osa Pah:
BN 5 Se att 2 4.44
Potals15 waits. 45 100.00
Head hair was abundant. There appeared to be an average
amount of face and body hair.
Eyes.—The majority of the eyes were dark brown or blue-brown.
Eleven men (22 per cent) had either blwe-brown or green-brown
eyes. .The blue and green elements indicate submerged blondism.
The iris was either homogeneous or zoned. The six rayed irides
could only have been recorded on the light eyes.
EYES
Color No. Per cent Tris No. Per cent
eee eS a ne iT Bae hse Homogeneous............. 20 44.44
Dark brown..... 21 42.00 AMOS ook. cs ee eas 6 13.33
Blue-brown...... 18 36.00 ON ae ie dusa ce x pk ae 19 42.22
Blue-brown...... 3 6.00 ——
Green-brown.... 8 16.00 POM es Cae eat 45 99.99
Green-brown..... Be i ns ach
Gray-brown..... Oe eR Sclera No. Per cent
4215) Aa TN | Fee ae ROBE a) oe a ed kaise cet 44 95.65
GREY: 8S hens Os pe ete NOHO Wiki Sie eas cet Oye ass
Light brown..... Ie Srp te a DDCCKION Yo ics asasy pe eK dee Os; + Soar
Blue-gray....... Bei gas BROGSINOG 50s ial chguae. ead 2 4.35
Blue-green. ..... abe ie fap ae Speckled and bloodshot.... 0 ~~ .....
—_- —-—-- Speckled and yellow....... EE a Aer
Wotal: . (vey. 50 =: 100.00 Yellow and bloodshot...... earns Fare
Totaly. w-fivis, varies arise 46 100.00
Nos. 957, 977, and 988 had blue-brown eyes. “No. 984 was blind
in the left eye; No. 985 was blind in the right eye as a result of a
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 293
bad cataract; and No. 993 had a small cataract forming near the
inner orbital margin of the right eye.
Nose.—The nasal profile was either straight or convex. The
presence of alae recorded as flaring or flaring plus in two men indi-
cates the presence of Negro blood. Four men had thicker than
average nasal tip thickness and one man was recorded in the double
plus group.
NOSE
Profile No. Per cent Wings No. Per cent
MOT ON olay eo ohare 2 4.00 Compressed............ 8 16.00
Concave............ | rote eae ie Compressed-medium.... 5 10.00
lle aa Raga ale ay 25 50.00 REQGIOMN fo a occ h ns lo 23 46.00
CONN 6. Bl eR 22 44.00 Medium flaring........ 12 24.00
Concavo-convex...... 1 2.00 1g ay SOMA pene erte -as 1 2.00
—_ Flaring plus........... 1 2.00
ORR VE. Si SS 50 =: 100.00 —-
OUI ihe es Oia clones 50 =—6100.00
Mouth.—The lips varied in thickness from average (Nos. 966 and
972) to broad (Nos. 996 and 1000) and everted (No. 1003). No. 955
was a mouth-breather.
Teeth—The occlusion was recorded as marked-over in every
ease. I now think this should have been slight-over instead of
marked-over. The teeth were extra good in Nos. 954, 962, 963,
971-973, 977, 978, 996, and 1002. No. 968 had fair teeth, Nos. 956,
989, and 991 were in poor condition, while No. 957 had very poor
teeth. No. 961 had good teeth but the front teeth were irregular.
TEETH
Condition No. Per cent Loss No. Per cent
OEM TREN hin ts Stak es 1 2.70 WONG 6 Bhs ors oa ttagiees Tem oh Sede
PMB oh eee ay. on deals 6 «0% 3 8.11 SPM ialinire. she ae cats 2 40.00
OW ye bac OFa sn 31 F8 1 2.70 SSC ae SRM | MEPL ei.
i ERR Saha Uae ae ae 21 56.76 Pre os Lic et epoch 3 60.00
UN 7S | SN a aR rere ri 29.73 : Ly LES ae pe a es ne Dee ie
_- sip Sg as TOR RI ok SR ps On as
Potalve8 ies le. 37 =100.00 _
The general condition of the teeth was good or excellent.
Disease.—Nos. 959, 992, and 997 had smallpox scars.
Branding Scars.—No. 958 had a chawi (kawi) scar on his left
wrist.
Tattooing.—F orty-five men (89.13 per cent) bore tattooed designs.
Five men were recorded as having none.
294 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Musculature.—In general, this was either good or excellent.
MUSCULATURE
No Per cent
POOR 5 isis sind ORY oe eee ae AP yi 5h ob
Lb | apa ge we TNL SR Pe OTT Ne 2 4.00
Average’: SS A AE SS. OM ees
GOOG is «sac en ean oak abaaiecs 42 84.00
UR COHOING feo mca eden CRMs otc aha 6 12.00
Potels cts a ueee ov oes 50 =. 100.00
STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF AL SAWAAD TRIBESMEN
The size of this group (50) does not warrant statistical deductions,
but the care with which the individuals were selected by the local
police and the general composition of the group would seem to
indicate that averages taken from a large series would not differ
very markedly.
Stature and Sitting Height (Trunk Length).—Although the
individuals in this group exhibit a relatively narrow age range within
the young adult categories, the majority were medium in stature
(160.0-170.0).
STATURE
Harvard System No. Per cent Keith System No. Per cent
Short (x-160.5)........ 8 16.00 Short (x-159.9)........ 7 14.00
- Medium (160.6—-169.4).. 27 54.00 Medium (160.0-169.9).. 28 56.00
Tall (169.5-x)......... 15 30.00 Tall (170.0-179.9)...... 15 30.00
— Very tall (180.0—-x)..... OFS ee)
SGU ios stake celeron 50 =: 100.00 —_
Ota PIN, Sie Lee 50 =—6100.00
Both classificatory systems group the individuals almost identi-
cally. The wide range suggests the presence of two racial elements.
It was surprising to find so many men over 169.5, since this is
several points above the average for Southwestern Asia.
SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length)
Group No. Per cent
Very abort: (xe14 Opie ts ete iie 04N a ows Oe aes aS
Short. (76.0-TOG en ne ic ea haath lec hae ees Foe. Een a
Medium (80.0-84.9)....... 0.0. cee eee eee 8 16.00
Long (85.0489.9) ives eee aed ES, HRS 26 52.00
Very long (90 Qa5)o isk cs sak eh ss Pape Ge a's 16 32.00
LOGAN ote. SORE ce race at ple ealeactore vee ib 50 100.00
Head Measurements and Indices.—According to the Harvard
system the majority (54 per cent) were mesocephalic with a tendency
toward dolichocephaly. The additional divisions of the Keith
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ' 295
system reveal a different frequency distribution. The ultradoli-
chocephalic and ultrabrachycephalic elements indicate the presence
of two racial stocks, a supposition already formulated on the basis
of the almost equal percentages of straight and convex noses. The
round-headed individuals are the most significant, since dolicho-
cephaly and mesocephaly were anticipated in this area. At the
same time, it must be noted that the ultrabrachycephalic Bakhtiaris
live but 200 air miles from the eastern confines of the Hor al Hawiza.
MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER
Group No. Per cent
Very. narrow, \(E-Oa ssc cb ee oe ee alata SECM
Narrow’ (LQU“10O} 7s stig ke Eee 7 14.00
Witte (UFOs TIay as Mok chi eehn se Rede oe euek 37 74.00
Very -wite: (120-98 ete a SS ce eae, 6 12.00 .
OGD ess A paces bhi olcn an ahaaacs os a eae 50 100.00
HEAD BREADTH
Group No. Per cent
Very narrow (120-129)..... iia BSCE) Saat. | EDR
marrow .(1S0-1LOB) GR eis tack os Gee ike ks 4 9 18.00
Writke (1404149) ia be sos ee CIE SRE: 25 50.00
Very. wide :CLGRSS) sibavae seeks vic cos nah tease bie 16 32.00
WOtAL: 66 ok PRR adicee eco cee aes souks 50 100.00
CEPHALIC INDEX
Keith System No. Per cent Harvard System : No. Per cent
Ultradolichocephalic.... 1 2.00 Dolichocephalic........ 16 32.00
(x—70.0) (x-76.5)
Dolichocephalic........ 11 22.00 Mesocephalic.......... 27 54.00
(70.1-75.0) (76.6—-82.5)
Mesocephalic.......... 20 40.00 Brachycephalic......... 7 14.00
(75.1-79.9) (82.6—x)
Brachycephalic........ 15 30.00 --
(80.0-84.9) Tote aft) es 50 =. 100.00
Ultrabrachycephalic.... 3 6.00
(85.0—x)
OMS 6a baie i gia Oe 50 =. 100. 00
Facial and Nasal Measurements and Indices.—It is remarkable
that despite seven men with short upper faces there were none in
the short (x—109) total facial height division. Both facial heights
indicate the presence of two racial elements, since there is such wide
dispersion. The index classifies half of the group into the lepto-
prosopie category, with only five men (10 per cent) in the eury-
prosopic division.
aaa
;
ceeiichtne canis
—. —<
MET RT oo
ETO age 8 SEDI
ae
ae
~~
naam
Gio O S45: . hye 8g RY ES
110-119........ 3 6.00 12 24.00 1 2.00 0 Ojo! 16 - Se
120-129........ 4 8.00 10 20.00 10 20.00 2 4.00 12.00 27 54.00
ADGeE.: .f2. 0 Oe 1 2.00 3 6.00 2 4.00 1 2.00 7 14.00
50 100.00
NASAL WIDTH
x-29 80-35 86-41 42-x Totals
Nasal length No % No % No % No % No. &%
> > | SAP ey OSes Te eee AS16380 (04. AS 36478
D000 a A $6.82 = 44° Pace Fe eas OS <2 ST ria
LES adios er el OF 5. 1: 2.04 Sh 0650: eaten 8 6.12
49 99.99
P26 86 oa eT TAG ee (Ln. 53
t-ge thd
a
a
POE TS Sa Py Fy
—
a s
EE i RE aE S
ha
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
* Probably too high.
Age
22
40
45
55
25
20
25
20
25
22
45
45
20
25
45
45
30
25
22
30
33
35
20
25
25
25
25
35
30
20
35
45
23
23
60
55
45
45
35
34
25
25
45
35
33
20
35
20
25
30
Stature
1755
1565
1640
1657
1640
1660
1530
1680
1691
1634
1730
1683
1663
1663
1701
1640
1674
1678
1746
1650
1712
1778
1585,
1745
1644
1637
1710
1683
1590
1796
1711
1745
1610
1690
1740
1602
1722
1655
1580
1614
1574
1666
1675
1735
1575
1667
1680
1676
1720
1670
SH
929
840
906
856
872
861
829
875
856
875
895
848
908
900
878
910
870
858
970
880
953
949
837
898
895
865
895
929
845
922
880
920
900
892
895
867
878
885
837
868
848
878
908
895
846
865
907
870
915
910
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
L
200
185
190
188
179
179
185
187
191
182
187
187
182
182
187
185
194
188
185
183
193
193
185
187
190
183
185
189
179
194
180
187
177
186
198
181
199
197
176
186
190
184
185
195
188
184
193
193
178
197
MEASUREMENTS
B B J
148 110. 1438
148 118 1837
164 113 140
144 105 135
147 115 = 132
1388 115 134
135 111 128
153 113 182
144 122 148
152 114 135
147 108 138
146 113 134
133 105 126
148 117. 1388
146 108 121
151 118 1385
144 109 130
150 115 138
155 117° 144
1438 113 181
144 115 = 135
149 119 1438
154 111 136
152. 118 140
142 114 = 130
133 113 = 130
155 118 142
150 111 1387
153 115 139
143 114 = 133
140 108 130
148 119 1388
136 115 1383
161 120 140
138 111 133
136 105 130
148 117 = 1388
148 118 139
139 114 126
149 118 187
SOT) UTR. 2304
139 113 134
152 121 142
160 124 148
144 114 = 1837
143. 115 = 187
151 114 141
155 118 189
145 120 139
144 120 140
t Should be omitted because the nose was broken.
GH G/H
134 74
119 67
127 87
121 73
126 777
115 60
119 65
124 66
122 63
116 65
121 67
134 75
123 68.
120 64
123 68
125 72
142* 67
123 78
128 70
114 61
126 66
120 65
115 61
121. 75
128 70
115 65
116 66
113 66
115 66
115 68
119 68
136 79
117 68
127 63
135 86
131 75
127 68
123 74
118. 67
124 61
115 71
124 73
128 . 71
126 67
122 66
128 74
122 68
119 68
121 71
130 76
NH
53
50
63
53
58
41
44
44
46
50
50
56
52
45
49
55
50
57
52
41
48
45f
45
60
53 |
49
50
45
46
50
50
53
51
44
64
49
49
55
49
56
52
58
53
48
48
54
55
53
53
54
NB
35
30
33
37
32
32
30
30
35
36
34
29
27
31
32
35
30
36
37
35
33
42t
34
36
34
35
35
35
37
37
36
31
36
35
36
33
38
38
33
37
33
36
31
36
37
33
38
33
26
31
No.
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
EL
55
58
64
50
52
62
56
52
62
58
60
56
55
66
55
57
55
51
57
61
56
52
62
60
55
55
«BS
62
57
56
64
53
53
70
61
64
67
54
57
61
57
65
66
51
53
66
53
54
67
EB RSH
82 52.9
.. 58.6
81 55.2
383 51.6
28 53.1
30 51.8
88 54.2
30 52.1
380 50.6
33 53.5
35 51.7
87 50.4
386 54.6
30 54.1
87 51.6
33 55.4
81 51.9
85 51.1
34 55.5
30 53.3
40 55.6
85 53.3
81 52.8
34 51.4
80 54.4
35 52.8
85 52.3
82 55.2
35 53.1
33 51.3
28 51.4
87 52.7
30 55.9
84 52.8
88 51.4
86 54.1
85 50.9
87 53.4
80 52.9
382 53.7
386 53.8
81 52.7
40 54.2
88 51.5
383 53.7
82 51.8
387 53.9
82 51.9
82 53.2
84 54.4
* Probably too high.
t Should be omitted because the nose was broken.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
oo
es)
EPWONWRHAOKR CPR ORF WOH AOR AAP WONAN NN AK WOANAWWHH HOP COOH
83.3
VOoIISIIyIorIoeIIroerw onan anwywranananaasgasgarasaeay
VAASGIGHAGCNDOOGOASHRARSAGCARARSANSOCOAANHDHDODIWAR WN
WOR MRE AAWAHONOHRATMRHAHOHOWHHODORANTHOOCHORRONOD
INDICES
GH/J
93.7
86.8
90.7
96.8
95.7
85.8
92.9
93.9
85.3
85.9
87.7
100.0
97.6
86.9
93.9
83.9
ONOrFANNF OOD >»
HH HOMAMODANIOAMPAIRAIATAAH
se
woCcowrwrnmowoor ow wo © CO Co co tO
CoNNOWON OF S Se
G'H/J
51.7
44.7
4 Oo 6 AKGIEAH IGA TGHOPOEMAOHOD HGH AONHOROS
Cr ONCKFWORNTINNAAROCHNOKMANYWRPOWCORAAAAMWORDOONH OS
ok ek o> > or os ALAND AAAIrk hh AAT EEE ROTO AL ao. & & OF
NB/NH EB/EL
66.0
60.0
52.4
69.8
55.1
78.0
68.2
68.1
76.1
72.0
68.0
51.7
51.9
68.9
65.3
63.6
60.0
63.1
71.1
85.4
68.7
93.3
75.5
60.0
64.1
71.4
70.0
ca
80.4
74.0
72.0
58.5
70.6
79.5
56.2
67.3
77.5
69.0
67.3
66.1
63.4
62.1
58.5
75.0
77.1
61.1
69.1
62.2
49.1
57.4
65.4
59.0
AADWIAHD oan
SSSSSRILRB
AN Or RNS
go-go/J
83.2
AAPOWWHWOARRAOCHRRS
AW WOWOONANWIH RP ONIOERAIRNHAIAIOCHONIWOD
—
Y r
SE ne eee ET SRE are eee
FR ET re Bye TIE i tne OTS LTS Sey
igi a
fo,
TREK ARNE RL SR FRB Ri nc ES ER LEA EEE ate =.
alietmihios
vo
Se
=
300 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL SAWAAD TRIBESMEN
HAIR EYES NOSE
No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings
954 lw medium _ black de bn 625\ oly str cp-m
Bee wick’ Mukono wees dk br_—_ clear hom conv medium
956 lw medium bik, gray __bi-br clear hom str medium
BET esa a oe Cae ares bl-br clear zon conv m-fi
958 lw medium black dk br clear hom conv medium
959° lw medium _ black dk br _— clear hom c-¢c flar
960 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str medium
961 lw medium __ black gr-br clear ray conv medium
962 lw medium dkbr dk br clear hom str medium
963 lw medium black dk br_—_ clear hom conv medium
964 lw medium blk, gray dkbr_.... St conv medium
965 lw coarse blk, gray gr-br clear zon conv comp
966 dw _ coarse black gr-br clear zon conv comp
967 lw medium ___ black dk br__ clear ray str m-fi
968 lw medium br, gray__—ibi-br clear hom conv comp
969 lw medium br, gray bi-br clear zon str medium
970 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom str comp
971 lw medium ___ black bl-br clear hom str medium
972 dw medium __ black gr-br clear ray wavy m-fi
973 lw medium __ black dk br clear hom str medium
974 dw medium black gr-br clear zon str medium
975 lw medium _ black dk br clear hom str flar.
976 dw medium dkbr dk br clear hom str cp-m
977 lw medium __ black bl-br Rae Weeks str medium
978 lw coarse black bl-br _—_ clear hom str medium
979 lw coarse black bl-br _— clear zon str m-fl
980 lw fine black bl-br clear zon str medium
981 lw medium black dk br clear zon conv medium
982 lw coarse black dk br clear zon conv medium
983 lw medium __ black dk br_—_ clear zon conv. m-fl
984 lw medium bik, gray dkbr_ clear zon conv comp
985 lw fine blk, gray bl-br clear ray wavy medium
986 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str ~ m-fl
987 lw medium black dk br clear zon str medium
988 lw medium = _ gray bl-br blood ray conv m-flar
SE ee ee Rk ee mh ee a bl-br clear hom conv cp-m
OO? oun: Re te ale ae dk br clear hom conv medium
991 lw coarse black dk br clear zon conv. m-fl
992 lw medium _ black dk br___ clear zon str medium
993 lw medium black bl-br blood bait Be str comp
994 lw medium black dk br clear zon conv m-fl
995 lw medium _ black gr-br _— clear hom str medium
996 lw medium _ black bl-br pNP Hen str cp-m
997 lw medium black dk br _- clear zon str comp
998 lw medium __ black bl-br clear hom conv. m-fi
999 lw coarse black gr-br clear ray str medium
1000 lw medium __ black bl-br clear hom conv m-fi
1001 lw medium black gr-br__— clear zon conv m-fl
SUMS? ca: raga ae ee ence bl-br clear hom str cp-m
1003 lw medium _ black bl-br clear hom conv comp
* Shaved.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 301
MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF AL SAWAAD TRIBESMEN
Measurements No. Range Mean $.D. C.V.
| eR Na ge Mi aris Fier 50 8620-64 83.50+1.03 10.80+0.73 32.24+2.17
Reece 6. as 50 152-181 166.98+0.55 5.73+40.39 3.43+0.23
eting oe ee 50 =: 81-98 88.78+0.80 3.154+0.21 3.55+0.24
Head length.......... 50 176-202 187.26+0.56 5.82+0.39 3.11+0.21
Head breadth......... 50 126-164 145.96+0.65 6.81140.46 4.67+0.31
Minimum frontal
diameter... . 2.00: 50 105-124 114.6640.41 4.32+0.29 3.77+0.25
Bizygomatic diameter. 50 120-149 135.90+0.47 4.90+0.33 3.611+40.24
Bigonial diameter. ... . 50 94-121 107.74+0.48 5.04+40.34 4.68+0.32
Total facial height. ... 560 110-144 128.10+0.61 6.35+0.48 5.16+0.35
Upper facial height.... 50 60-89 69.50+0.55 5.75+0.39 8.27+0.56
Nasal height.......... 49 40-67 51.388+0.47 4.921+0.34 9.58+0.65
Nasal breadth........ 49 25-39 83.71+40.30 3.0940.21 9.17+0.62
Nar length... ..:..::. 50 48-75 58.46+0.53 5.52+0.37 9.44+0.64
Ear breadth.......... 49 26-40 83.54+0.30 3.12+0.21 9.30+0.57
Indices
Relative sitting height. 50 50-57 53.06+0.15 1.60+0.11 3.02+0.20
NRE se a 50 = 68-88 78.30+0.88 3.991+0.27 5.10+0.34
Fronto-parietal....... 50 = 69-86 77.86+0.32 3.391+0.23 4.351+0.29
. Zygo-frontal.......... 50 = 76-91 84.14+0.24 2.48+0.17 2.95+0.20
Zygo-gonial.......... 50 ~=66 9-89 79.24+0.35 3.68+40.24 4.58+0.31
Total facial.........:. 50 680-109 90.40+0.52 5.50+0.37 6.08+0.41
Upper facial.......... 50 43-66 50.66+0.47 4.89+0.33 9.65+0.65
Dee eae a 49 48-87 67.06+0.56 8.24+0.56 12.29+0.84
oO ONES See aaa 49 50-66 50.02+0.48 4.48+0.31 8.96+0.61
THE SUBBA
Lady Drower (see Bibliography) has published a very detailed
account of the history, religion, customs, folklore, and magic
of the Mandeans or Subba of Iraq and Iran. The reader is
referred to this standard work and to the references listed by Curzon
(vol. 2, p. 306, footnote 1).
In 1892, Curzon (vol. 2, p. 305) wrote: “At Dizful, at Shushter,
at Hawizeh, and at Mohammerah, are still to be found a few relics
of the interesting and obscure community known as the Sabians,
frequently miscalled the Christians of-St. John. In former days the
sectaries of this faith were very numerous in Mesopotamia; and in
the seventeenth century Petis de la Croix reported 10,000 in Busrah
alone. Even in 1840 Layard found 300 to 400 families in Shushter;
but in 1877 Schindler only heard of 50 families on Persian soil, and
of not more than 500 families elsewhere.”’
Birthplaces.—The following individuals gave these places of
birth: Amara (Nos. 2888-2919), Halfaya (2927-2964), Majar near
Amara (No. 2965), Qala Salih (Nos. 2966-2978), and the Chahala
district (Nos. 2920-2926). No. 2979 had no birthplace recorded
although it was probably Qala Salih.
.
~j
\
ft
h
el a Re eT cae acl ee et oe ee
NS A Pepe
[een dep eei
et ra
Newent
ao
i REINS ALG
uy
Sai ieist lain tiliinditatiptiatinthmatand- abst tedhalioie tes
302 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Vital Statistics.—Unreliable as these figures must be, the general
trends are probably correct. Since the Subba are a deeply religious
group with whom honesty is a moving, guiding principle, unusual
credence can be placed in these figures.
Brothers No.
INORG! i, Siac beech 6
» RGIS Pine en a Te 8
7 GP De Pe RR 20
et Re oe SR tr. RE 31
Ber Os an ee We ee ake 17
G-OF MOP |... 6 o's bee OS 7
OUR ss. . 40596 Ce Se BR aS
> 146-1 4B 8 Oe oC FL 12.36 544) 49.44. 2.25 OE: 64.05
Ug tS: BE a eae e .ars 12 13.48 8 8.99 20 22.47
89 100.01
BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH
x-124 125-134 185-x Totals
Total facial length No. % No. % No. % No. %
BEG oo eG 1 1.12 9 10.11 4 4.49 14 15.72
EUD-ISOse. 6.8. Sens 0 Fi) ant 1l 12.36 26 29.21 87 41.57
REO Teas ins CeO Owe 12 13.48 26 29.21 88 42.69
89 99.98
UPPER FACIAL LENGTH
x-63 64-69 70-75 76-81 82-x Totals
Total fac. length No. % No. % No % No. % No % No %
x-109...... 1°3432- 2 93338. .0'-5 >.<: eae Oost SES °F BNSF
110-119...... 8 3.37 18 14.61 8 8.99 3 3337-0... 227+ BOL
120-129:..... Oi 32) 7° *9-87. 13°14.61 17.;,19.10° 6 5.62*"42 - 47.20
380-227.55... 0*. eee. 4 4.49 6 6.74 77.87 17 19.10
89 100.01
NASAL WIDTH
x-29 30-35 86-41 42-x Totals
Nasal length No % No 4% “No. % No % No. %
on Palit Aaa ae Os. ae ee eae Aaa Sy » SEs | ee agi +; Vaes Fey F
meee oo ee a 1 DE ZB: 27578 20 22522. B23 22 OS SS58S
ap ye aes 1 ee 29 & | 9° 10.00 - 16° 17.78 --3. 3:33.29 32.22
90 99.99
VITAL STATISTICS* OF SUBBA MALES
Number Age Married Sons Daughters Brothers Sisters
2888 60 1 1, 0 4,0 0, 6 1,0
2889 59 1 : 1, 0 4,0 0,0
2890 47 1 2,0 3, 0 ads We
2891 34 1 0,0 2,0 1, 0 4,0
2892 25 0 bed a 7, 0 1,0
2893 42 1 3, 0 3,0 3,1 1,0
2894 20 Gs rs May 8, 0 0, 0
2895 24 1 0,0 0,0 7,0 1,0
2896 35 1 0, 0 0,0 2,0 PE
2897 19 0 Pan ae Re 7,0 1,0
2898 82 1 1, 0 2,0 0, 0 4,2
2899 33 0 , Ty et 4,0 3,0.
2900 55 1 8, 0 1,0 3, 0 3, 0
2901 23 0 ee ape 1, 0 3,0
2902 27 1 0,0 0, 0 0, 1 8,2
2903 33 1 0, 0 1,0 1,4 3, 2
* Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives.
(ea Se rene
.
> ~ »
Se cactsa lee dana hcl as lod RGA eausiiaedsiar SAN Rahs Xoccabnahks
See Soe
SOM NTSC MY aS AER RT SE
pan pelle spe A
Pp VE EP NER BNET RENT
—
icicle desl
ny Ea ee I
crt
7
Ae a
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
VITAL STATISTICS* OF SUBBA MALES
' 312
£
s
Sis
Zz
a DHORNNBWRNBHBARORSOHONHBDNSORRGRARKRHOOCHHHOHRRORSOSOOGOHRONHNASHAARARNHNR
3 SolodidasS SSS GAGA ASS SH AAAI AAS Soloist aiIAs AGG AssGiairs csi aas i oas
Q
E Bere
$OSO 99... 8. SSSSCHRAHN (HS oH RRS ono ° SS ISOHN THON (ROMDNON
3 Saw — oe ee HSOMDOnNAAS HH OA Onto oso re) On HOH (Hoa -SOnideaaio
a)
2 OS So iF ii lessnSORRH .S St -RQH TORN ~ SS '9S99 THOR -HORNHSOR
BOOM -On-- se Notonondad «va S tno: ddd oS SO CSAS HOS cola datos
E HHHOOCHOOCOCCH ON HANH HHONNR OCH ON NH OOH HH OOOH SON NOANNNONNNON NANA AANS
=
% RORONY SOSH OASBHONSOGSOOAS MONDO HN ORE RSW WNGSNO OIG OBIBRAASAaD
RVI IG OI AI CD OD OI ONT Od HEAD © 09 OD 1D 1D D&D GD 0D. NOD AID 10 19 IID CDH ODT DCI 0D 1 I 18 10 1 SHO HSH ADH
si
SOO SO OR ANNAN NAIA N69 09 69 09 0D 09 09 09 CD OD SH HSH SH St St ot 1010 AD 10 10 10 LO SO SO
5 BDD DDD AADAAAAAANAAAAAARRA RD RAHA DAD DDD DDD D2. D2. D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2. DI D2 D2 D2 D2 D> D2 B D> D?
Zz AIAIAI AI AI AICI AIAN AIAN NNANNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNN NNN NNN NANA
* Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives.
‘
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
VITAL STATISTICS* OF SUBBA MALES
Number Age
2962 18
2963 25
2964 18
2965 24
2966 34
2967 23
2968 55
2969 29
2970 50
2971 18
2972 20
2973 54
2974 71t
2975 167
2976 68
2977 23
2978 38
2979 25
Married Sons
COCR OCH HE OCHHRHOFOCOOSO
Daughters
es 2, ae’
0 0, 0
0 1, 0
0 1,0
0 2,0
0 1,0
0 1,0
* Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives.
+ Omitted from the averages because of age.
Brothers
-
\
-_™
SreveoneY
_~e es
SFKROOSSSSCSOSOSASSSSSCSo
WOPN PORN YD >
MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF SUBBA MALES
Measurements No.
ey B is. | Phe ook 90
eee is . call. oe 90
Sitting height......... 90
Head length.......... 90
Head breadth......... 89
Minimum frontal
PRM B55. vp cies 6 89
Bizygomatic diameter . 90
Bigonial diameter..... 89
Total facial height.... 89
Upper facial height.... 90
Nasal height.......... 90
Nasal breadth........ 90
mar length ys. .: ay. ss 90
Ear breadth.......... 90
Indices
Relative sitting height. 90
CNPMINO, 5 Lo oa 's 6 nev o'eve 89
Fronto-parietal....... 88
Zygo-frontal.......... 88
Zygo-gonial........... 89
oes TOC os Ke 89
Upper facial.......... 90
We 5S Bik acs «xin wend 90
Rie BL aR ag 90
Range
18-70
149-184
80-98
173-199
135-158
105-136
120-149
82-121
105-139
60-89
44-75
25-48
48-79
23-49
48-57
68-91
72-92
76-99
66-89
75-109
43-66
40-91
37-72
Mean
8.D.
36.70+1.06 14.90+0
166.23+0.47
88.57+0.28
186.00+0.41
145.75+0.36
114.58+0.36
136.05+0.43
104.66+0.42
122.75+0.53
74.15+0.48
56.78+0.45
35.54+0.28
61.14+0.37
33.51+0.26
53.30+0.12
78.39+0.29
78.79+0.24
84.18+0.23
77.05+0.30
90.50+0.41
54.68+0.33
63.34+0.54
55.34+0.41
6.66+0
.3.99+0
5.82+0
5.130
5.080
6.05+0.
5,880.
7.4040.
6.7540.
6.36+0
3.96+0.
5.24+0.
3.72+0
1.62+0.
4.05+0.
3.30+0
3.16+0.
4.17+0.
5.75+0.
4.65+0
7.64+0
5.76+0
313
Sisters
5, 1
1, 0
1,0
1,0
7,0
0, 0
1,5
3, 0
1, 0
7,0
2,0
3, 0
0,.0
2,0
3, 0
2,0
ARF |
<0
C.V.
-75 40.60+2.04
.383°) «6-4.01+0.20
-20 4.50+0.23
.29 3.138+0.16
-26 3.52+0.18
-26 4.48+0.22
30 4.45+0.22
30 5.62+0.28
37 §=6©6.08+0.30
384 9.10+0.46
82 11.20+0.56
20 11.14+0.56
26 = 8.57+0.43
19 11.10+0.56
08 3.04+0.15
20 5.17+0.26
17 4.18+0.21
16 3.75+0.19
21 5.41+0.27
29 6.35+0.32
.23 §=©8.50+0.43
-.388 12.06+0.61
.29 10.41+0.52
Cy we ess
poten Sieemarocenee
Lsaicneil a analk: isda Wed Rising Se Deak aaa SES Sat aa
pete epee epee
314
No.
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2898
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2908
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
| 2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
Age
60
59
47
34
25
42
20
24
85
19
32
33
55
23
27
33
29
26
59
26
22
34
30
20
20
21
20
42
20
65
30
38
50
56
60
70
30
39
30
24
35
22
50
55
54
22
Stature
1575
1660
1642
1720
1823
1713
1660
1625
1720
1700
1660
1665
1741
1675
1766
1650
1636
1632
1730
1717
1637
1624
1740
1726
1650
1735
1650
1684
1702
1615
1743
1800
1711
1594
1554
1492
1600
1576
1690
1582
1583
- 1660
1663
1694
1695
1633
SH
820
880
864
965
946
921
905
835
930
920
885
860
935
927
970
925
852
865
911
938
866
847
906
935
810
920
880
859
915
842
913
915
933
845
838
819
845
859
878
860
865
885
900
915
923
902
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
L
196
186
189
195
195
185
178
192
188
183
180
175
193
187
185
189
184
184
186
179
184
196
187
174
175
178
184
178
186
190
186
187
188
189
182
185
198
174
183
188
190
186
183
188
187
188
* Shortened because edentulous.
+ Questionable.
MEASUREMENTS
B B’ J
188 117 140
147 120 = 141
189 . 116 188
148 114 188
£S1,<) -IZE 188
143 “116-185
14t° 117 186
g0:.- 217" 1865
145. 116: 188
1565 115 141
1475." 11. 186
148 116 186
155 126 145
146 118 1438
145° "118 . 186
147 115 184
146 116 187
147 114 188
9411168 ' 148
1638.. ,118 188
143 117... 187
16¢. 410)" 126
147 + 116+ 186
185.112, 129
151.. 118° 128
144 115 1386
148 118 181
151 127 141
147 114 128
1389 108 141
154 121 188
140 =< 117 © - 186
144 115 184
144 108 182
166° 111° .148
148 106 128
144 108 181
141° 117 *°'186
(121). 118 140
148 111 184
61) 118" AST
141 114 |.188
144 118 180
140 114 1838
144 114 140
146 138f 136
GH G’H NH
131
128*
130
127
135
128
118
125
111
129
123
126
128*
124
123
122
119
114
128*
108
118
131
113
110
118
120
123
121
118
127
126
130
135
124
110
134
123
132
122
118
118
120
129
137
115
88
82*
84
83
85
81
75
73
69
85
76
79
79*
71
72
70
73
67
81*
80
62
67
75
73
62
65
73
78
68
74
78
71
80
76
75
17
73
86
84
69
79
67
67
72
83
63
67
65
64
67
68
64
61
58
56
74
54
59
66
53
56
52
56
53
64
62
52
52
57
56
48
46
57
61
52
52
64
52
60
55
52
48
54
57
65
51
54
47
48
58
58
45
NB
39
43
41
41
37
32
34
46
41
35
35
36
44
35
35
33
37
38
37
37
37
35
31
38
33
31
34
41
36
33
35
36
33
40
41
37
36
34
38
37
34
35
30
36
36
34
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY | 315
INDICES
No. EL EB RSH B/L B’/B GH/J_ G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J
2888. 61 33 652.1 70.4 84.8 98.6 62.8 658.2 54.1 75.0 88.6
2889 64 32 53.0 79.0 81.6 90.8 58.1 66.2 50.0 68.8 85.1
2890 61 30 52.6 73.5 82.3 97.8 68.1 64.1 49.2 75.2 86.5
2891 538 33 56.1 75.9 77.0 92.1 60.1 61.2 62.8 79.1 82.6
2892 69 34 51.9 77.4 80.2 97.8 61.6 54.4 49.3 79.2 87.7
2893 58 28 53.7 77.4 81.1 94.9 60.0 50.0 48.3 75.6 85.9
2894 60 27 54.5 79.2 83.0 86.7 55.1 55.7 45.0 72.8 86.0
2895 57 32 51.3 71.9 84.8 92.6 654.1 79.3 56.2 72.6 86.7
2896 64 34 54.0 77.2 80.0 838.5 51.9 78.2 658.1 86.5 87.3
2897 64 38 54.1 84.7 74.2 91.5 60.2 47.3 59.4 76.6 81.6
2898 61 34 53.3 81.7 75.5 90.4 55.9 64.8 55.7 79.4 81.6
2899 60 31 51.6 81.7 81.1 92.6 58.1 61.0 51.7 74.38 85.8
2900 77 41 53.7 80.3 81.3 88.3 54.5 66.7 58.2 78.1 86.9
2901 65 30 55.3 78.1 80.8 86.7 49.6 66.0 46.2 79.7 82.5
2902 66 34 54.9 78.4 81.5 91.2 53.4 62.5 51.5 80.0 87.4
2903 54 30 56.1 77.8 78.2 91.0 52.38 68.5 55.5 67.9 85.9
2904 57 33 52.1 79.4 79.5 86.9 58.3 66.0 57.8 78.8 84.6
2905 56 29 58.0 79.9 77.5 82.6 48.6 71.6 51.8 71.0 82.6
2906 57 34 52.7 75.8 81.5 89.5 56.6 57.8 59.6 72.0 80.4
S907; C2: OB: 04.6. 86.6 T7.8- 3.3-) . 8.0 66 08.F. 9 BBG eek ee
2908 65 25¢ 52.9 77.7 81.8 78.8 45.8 71.1 88.4t 71.6 865.4
2909 57 34 52.2 69.9 80.38 93.7 58.2 67.3 59.6 87.4 87.4
2910 59 82 52.1 78.6 78.2 96.4 55.2 54.4 54.2 69.8 84.5.
2911 58 32 54.2 77.6 83.0 87.6 56.6 67.9 55.2 81.4 86.8
2912 52 31 49.1 86.2 74.9 85.9 48.4 68.8 59.6 75.8 88.3
2913 63 31 53.0 80.9 79.9 86.9 47.8 67.4 49.2 75.8 84.5
2914 50 28 58.3 80.5 76.4 91.6 55.7 59.6 56.0 79.4 86.3
2915 60 34 51.0 84.8 84.1 87.2 55.3 67.2 56.6 75.2 90.0
2916 57 33 53.3 79.0 77.6 94.5 58.1 69.2 57.9 79.7 89.1
2917 62 34 52.2 73.1 77.8 838.6 52.5 68.4 54.8 75.9 176.6
2918 53 388 52.4 82.8 78.5 92.0 56.5 54.7 71.7 77.5 87.7
2919 56 30 50.8 74.9 83.5 92.7 52.2 69.2 53.6 80.9 86.0
2920 56 30 54.5 77.6 79.9 97.0 59.7 55.0 53.6 177.6 85.9
2921 63 33 53.0 76.2 75.0 102.3 57.6 72.8 52.4 82.6 81.9
2922 68 44 53.9 85.7 71.7 88.0 538.2 78.8 64.6 75.9 178.6
2923 56 34 54.9 80.0 71.6 89.5 62.6 77.1 60.7 79.7 86.1
2924 71 33 52.8 72.7 75.0 102.3 55.8 66.7 46.4 82.5 82.5
2925 64 34 54.5 81.0 83.0 90.5 63.3 59.6 53.1 73.5 86.0
2926 62 82 52.0 .... .... 94.38 60.0 58.4 651.6 78.6 84.2
2927 54 33 54.4 78.7 75.0 91.0 51.5 72.5 61.1 78.4 82.9
2928 66 36 54.6 80.0 74.9 86.1 57.7 62.9 54.5 176.6 83.2
2929 64 387 53.3 75.8 80.9 88.7 50.4 74.5 57.8 81.2 865.0
2930 66 387 54.1 78.6 78.5 92.3 51.5 62.5 56.0 80.8 86.4
2931 68 47 54.0 74.5 81.4 97.0 54.2 62.0 69.1 81.2 85.8
29382 64 36 54.5 77.0 79.2 97.9 659.3 62.1 56.3 83.6 81.4
29383 61 382 55.2 77.6 .... 84.5 46.4 75.5 52.4 172.8 97.9
} Figure seems too low.
~ovnermarmrese era tee meg ss
pen ee ee ae -
>
tno CO
se
or
bo . .
COAMNAOWNNNWAIWWORACOTUPAWHATMHOONWONWHOUOROD
or
o
o
70.
or
on . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J
‘72.
81.
76.
81.
75.
73.
80.
74.
75.
7,
75.
79.
74.
80.
76.
76.
79.
74.
75.
86.
83.
81.
i
71.
78.
72.
85.
79.
76.
82.
74.
74.
79.
79.
75.
77.
75.
72.
76.
68.
75.
78.
74.
78.
r KF RPRAODOCOKFMOCUAAKP RON WOADPHAANAHENHEPRPORNAAAGAEAHNOSCAO-
4
w
wo
317
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to , . . . .
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+ ©
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i)
A na ne Se a
DIT ES ae
neupenaieneieiignaetet
FETE OE IES OEMS OU Nt ee a BT
LN
DEALS EOE ENS RENEE LER TE Ace Ce aE
a aa ese Re
vs
Sale Sem
rat
a ES HTS
yp eT
(nm Stes anne eased antl
wey
soe
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318
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SUBBA MALES
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
— — ea
No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Tris Profile Wings
2888 lw medium gray bl-br speck zon str flar
2889 lw c-med gray bl-br _—s speck zon str flar
2890 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear hom conv cp-m
2891 lw coarse black dk br clear hom str cp-m
2892 lw c-med dk br dk br clear hom conv comp.
2893 lw coarse blk, gray 0dl-br speck hom wavy cp-m
2894 lw coarse black dk br___ clear hom str m-fi
2895 lw c-med dk br gree clear hom str flar
2896 lw coarse black l-br clear hom str flar
2897 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv cp-m
2898 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom str medium
2899 lw e-med . dkbr bl-br speck hom conv m-fl
2900 lw medium bik, gray bi-br clear zon str. medium
2901 lw m-fine red br bl-br clear hom c-c medium
2902 coarse blk, gray bl-br clear ray conv m-fi
2903 lw c-med red br bl-br clear zon str medium
2904 lw medium dk br bl-br clear hom str m-fi
POD ot Sey aes black bl-br clear zon str flar
2906 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br speck hom str m-fl
2907 dw _ coarse black bl-br clear zon conv: medium
2908 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv medium
2909 lw coarse red br bl-br clear zon wavy m-fl
BR Ge Sales vdkbr__ bl-br clear hom conv comp
2911 dw medium vdkbr _ bl-br clear hom str flar
2912 lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br__ clear ray cone m-fl
2913 dw fine vdkbr__bi-br clear hom conv comp
2914 dw _ coarse black bl-br clear hom conv medium
2915 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear hom str flar
2916 lw c-med vdkbr bl-br clear hom conv medium
2917 Iw medium gray bl-br clear zon str comp
2918 lw medium _ black bl-br clear zon str comp
Bee ALOT, Ske red br gr-br clear zon str cp-m
PAN? 2 2.) O58, oe ER bl-br blood zon conv medium
2921 c-f coarse br, gray _—bi-br clear zon conv m-fl
2922 lw medium = gray dkibr ay clear. cet. os str ep-m
2923 lw medium white bl-br clear hom str comp
2924 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear hom c-c m-fi
2925 lw medium bik, gray bl-br clear hom str cp-m
2 LR POSS RUT a. aa bl-br clear hom conv medium
2927 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv cp-m
2928 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str medium
2929 lw medium black bl-br clear zon c-¢ medium
2930 lw medium _ black bl-br clear hom cony medium
2931 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear hom str cp-m
Dene he ke oak ae « blk, gray 6bl-br clear hom conv medium
2933 lw fine black bl-br clear hom c-c medium
2934 lw _. coarse black bl-br clear ray conv com
29385 lw medium _ black bl-br clear hom str medium
2936 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str comp
29387 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str com
29388 lw medium _ black bl-br clear zon str medium
29389 dw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str medium
2940 lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br clear zon str comp
BOSS. Se as blk, gray bl-br clear zon str comp
2942 lw medium _ black bl-br clear zon str medium
2943 lw medium black bl-br clear hom medium
* Shaved.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 319
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SUBBA MALES
> m -
hg As a wen
a orn ae
No. Form Texture Color | Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings
2944 lw medium _ red br gr-br _ clear zon conv medium
A oe Fok ene black bl-br clear zon str medium
2946 lw fine dk br bl-br clear ray str medium
2947 lw medium vdkbr _ bl-br clear zon str medium
2948 lw coarse y bl-br blood hom str cp-m
2949 lw medium blk, gray Obl-br..... oo str medium
2950 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear hom str cp-m
2951 Iw coarse k br bl-br clear zon str medium
2952 Iw medium bik, gray \bl-br clear hom str com
2953 lw medium bik, gray Obl-br..... ee str medium
2954 lw medium bik, gray gr-br clear zon conv comp
2955 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom c-c cep-m
2956 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str medium
2957 Iw medium black bl-br clear hom str medium
2958 lw medium black bl-br clear zon conv. cp-m
2959 dw medium _ bik, gray bl-br clear zon str medium
2960 lw medium bik, gray bl-br clear zon conv flar
2961 lw medium bik, gray_ bi-br clear zon e-c medium
2962 lw medium black bl-br clear hom c-c m-fl
2963 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon c-c cp-m
2964 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str m-fl
2965 lw medium black bl-br clear hom str m-fi
Ban es Ss ek black bl-br clear hom str medium
2967 lw m-fine dk br dk br___ clear zon str m-fi
2968. lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear hom str comp
2969 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv m-fl
2970 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br — speck hom conv m-fi
2971 lw medium _ black bl-br clear zon wavy medium
2972 dw — ec-med black bl-br clear zon str flar
2973 lw medium bik, gray bl-br clear zon conv cp-m
2974 lw c-med blk, gray bl-br clear zon e-c m-fl
2975t lw fine dk br bl-br clear hom str medium
2976 lw c-med blk, gray It br blood hom conv medium
2977 lw m-fine black bl-br clear hom c-c m-fl
BE att vanes CELE bl-br sp-bl hom conv cp-m
2979 lw coarse black bl-br _ clear hom c-c medium
* Shaved.
t Omitted from the averages because of age.
INDIVIDUALS OMITTED FROM THE STATISTICAL SERIES
Ten individuals were omitted from the series of averages because
of age: Nos. 2980, 2982, 2988, and 2989 from Amara; Nos. 2994, 2995,
2997, 3000, and 3004 from Halfaya; and No. 3011 from Umm
Saraidah.
Demography.—No. 2982 was a sister of No. 2985. No. 2988 was
a daughter of No. 2987 (female) and No. 2908 (male).
Head and Facial Form.—Nos. 2994 and 8011 had very low fore-
heads. No. 2989 had a broader face than the average.
320 ANTHROPOLOGY OF [IRAQ
Hair.—The majority had dark brown hair. Two had black and
one brown-gray hair. With the exception of one individual with
coarse-medium hair, the texture was either medium or fine. Three
individuals had straight hair, five low wavy, and one very low wavy
hair.
Eyes.—Six individuals had blue-brown and four dark brown
eyes. The sclera was clear except in Nos. 2995 and 3011, both of
whom had bloodshot eyes. The iris was rayed in five individuals,
zoned in three, and homogeneous in one. Nos. 2982, 2988, and 2989
had blue-ringed eyes.
Nose.—Only one individual had a convex profile; two had a con-
cave profile; the remainder were straight. The alae were compressed —
in two individuals, flaring in four, and medium in four. No. 3004 had
a depressed nasal tip. No. 2980 wore a nose-ring (khazzamah).
Teeth.—Five individuals had a marked-over occlusion. Two had
an edge-to-edge and two a slight-over bite. Nos. 2980, 2997, 3004,
and 3011 had suffered no loss of teeth, but No. 2995 had plus caries
and had lost from 9 to 16 teeth. The condition of the teeth was good
in Nos. 2980, 2988, 2989, and 3004. No. 2982 had excellent teeth.
No. 2994 had very white teeth, while those of No. 2997 were
slightly discolored and those of No. 3011 were discolored.
Musculature and Health—Nos. 2980, 2994, 3000, and 3004 were
recorded as good in both categories.
Disease-—No. 2989 bore smallpox scars. No. 2994 had scars
from Baghdad boils on her right cheek. The eyes of No. 2995 were
in such bad condition that they would scarcely open.
Tattooing.—Nos. 2997, 3004, and 3011 had some tattooing.
SUBBA FEMALES
Despite the small size (23) of the group, these figures, which were
obtained by Miss Winifred Smeaton, are extremely important.
Nos. 2980, 2982, 2988, 2989, 2994, 2995, 2997, 3000, 3004, and
3011 have been omitted throughout the following discussions.
. Birthplaces—Amara, Nos. 2981 and 2983-2987; Chahala, Nos.
2990 and 2991; Halfaya, Nos. 2992, 2993, 2996, 2998, 2999, 3001-
3003, and 3005; Qala Salih, Nos. 3008 and 3009; Huwaiza, No. 3006;
Muhammera (Iran), No. 3007; and from a settled tribe living in a
reed village near the Subba, No. 3010. The birthplace for No. 3012
was not given.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 321
Vital Statistics—The families were unusually large, coincident
with a very high death rate, particularly among the males. The
number of brothers (21), sisters (21), sons (16), and daughters (17)
was remarkably constant.
VITAL STATISTICS
Brothers No. Por cent Sisters No. Per cent
MND te Bisrs: g's wine awe 1 4.55 PUGS ois: etc le 1 4.55
age ig a e 1 4.55 | ped A a AS eS 1 4.55
OS Se eee 7 31.82 RRS Sap | See A ely rs ah 5 22.73
OM Peis 2 dhe ccc» siuet 8 36.36 SB AES be RY 9 40.91
SS ea 5 22.73 Be oe ied Ctl bats 5 22.73
ZO MOTE es. ew. se 1 Wa ne a 4: OF MGR a ia sd ee 1 4.55
32, 2 CoRR ate pec 22 100.01 POUL oh peor hid cote 22 100.02
Sons No. Per cent Daughters No. Per cent
thc) Sea Sees ear ay De® 3 15.79 INGONO 335 652% 5 Bide aed orasprele 2 10.53
eRe eet a kt oes oak 4 21.05 «Dra eu an yee gy Ghee 4 21.05
Bee eet che te ek 1 5.26 Pins SPW ite eee Bee arate 3 15.79
eT ee 5 26.32 >, TS RNS cp SRN St So cee 4 21.05
Sra u. a ee. 4 21.05 B-6. dieu ire Ce ise 4 21.05
RIOTS So. alah 2 10.53 TiO MGTS. 57) dhs cack 2 10.53
i a a 19 100.00 Wo Eee © eee 19 100.00
Nos. 2981 and 2984 were sisters whose mother was No. 3007.
The relationship of No. 2985 to No. 2982 and of No. 2986 to No. 2987
was that of a sister. No. 2987 was mother of No. 2988 and wife of
No. 2908. No. 3007 was also mother of No. 2907 (male).
Head Form.—No. 2990 had a low brow that sloped backward.
Nos. 2993, 3005, 3008, and 3009 had a low and No. 3010 a very low
brow. No. 3006 had a high vaulted head.
Age.—The average age was 35.05 (range 18-64). Nine girls
were less than twenty-five years of age.
AGE DISTRIBUTION
Age No. Per cent Age No. Per cent
Le: ee Aah Peas 2 8.70 | Se ae ae 1 4.34
ye) Se ee 7 30.43 2 ee. Sar ie ae. 3 13.04
BO ss oi oem eee 1 4.35 $E-H8 Fo ee. BASS peur
aes a ee 2 8.70 oo, END Pn ae 2 8.70
MA Ra Wee 2 8.70 Ring RE RS
SO-465 wb cee e's 3 13.04 NM a? is as gether - Raeanrypana
ji | ee 23 100.00
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SUBBA FEMALES
Hair.—The majority (82.61 per cent) had low wavy hair.
322 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
HAIR
Color No. Per cent Form No. Per cent
RS 7 30.43 SUPRURIG 5 56.5 oooh 0 3 13.04
Very dark brown......... 1 4.35° Very low waves.... 1 4.35
Dark brown... 's\\ wis 11 47.83 Low waves........ 19 82.61
ROW! 6.5546 0A ys Hebe | paeatane a3 Deep waves........ De figitigtess
Reddish brown.......... Oe ees Curly-frizzly....... Dit =A
Laight brown ......35.66 sess O00 TE ass OIE. 2 cre eice Fs Bille Oe ee
Ro as vivins PEE ee Or amin —
Black and gray.......... 1 4.35 TOGO SX 6%. ie 23 =100.00
Dark brown and gray..... 2 8.70 Texture as ee |
Light brown and gray.... 0 ..... Chaise 2 8.70
Gray and red brown...... 1 4.35 Soaitveimedium:. oo f
ae »PRRYEA OOS is Bari Wy 3 Ss 3 ais Medium........... 12 52.17
> ee afd 2 0°26. 8 6a p98 OS & baie eee ee Medium-fine. a te 1 4.35
Potalees 0k CT 23 100.01 ee ‘Si
ORM sido ne 23 =100.00
EYES
Color No. Per cent Iris : No. Per cent
PRO os evs OC eR Homogeneous............. 3 13.64
Dark brown...... 7 30.43 ST tees ee Ee eee 12 54.55
Blue-brown....... 11 47.83 ZORCE OP. ees 7 31.82
Blue-brown....... 1 4.35 —
pivet eres See d ie J) BE a aN toe 22 100.01
reen-brown...... 8
Serrano 12 PO ge famaamie ASS yp aga
Gm AS ORS Fa ; * ee OSMNE tl cy kde ew uls 2 8.70
Lisht eecunir tae ge hee Bngekied. 230... txt 8. Oe ois
Sawa ot Brae Be BiOGEhOL, «oi seass +0 6 9 39.13
/ visep cl A ph ak teary Bihar Vet Speckled and bloodshot.... 0 .....
POM sik des dee ta Speckled and yellow....... Ohisit wes
Total...:.... 23 100.01 Yellow and bloodshot...... B.. ae es
Totale; 2s Set HOGS 23 100.00
Nose.—No. 3012 had a double plus and No. 2998 a plus nasal tip.
In Nos. 2992 and 3008 the tip was depressed. No. 2993 had a nasal
tip that was crooked to the right.
NOSE
Profile No. Per cent Wings No. Per cent
WHOM hs beaut ete Tiga te Oe Compressed............ 5 21.74
COMOMNRS visio cw wha ae 2 8.70 Compressed-medium.... 1 4.35
Co SRS aes! 12 52.17 WEE Si hee ed ee 9 39.13
Oe aa a aie. 8 34.78 Medium-flaring........ 1 4.35
Concavo-convex..... 1 4.35 WMO S's vc cake aS 7 30.43
= Flaring plus........... Os ees
OGREY Crue sce ce es 23 ©100.00 —
Teeth.—Five individuals (Nos. 2986, 2987, 2998, 3010, and 3012)
showed slight wear and two (Nos. 3001 and 3006) had caries. No.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 323
3009 had crooked teeth and No. 3002 had very crooked, uneven
teeth. No. 3003 and her children had poor teeth. No. 2986 showed
wear, especially on the upper incisors. No. 2984 had a gold tooth.
TEETH
Bite No. Per cent Condition ' No. Per cent
nder 6.28..28 3 0 OS apa mote SE Wery' bad iis... celebs One stey
Edge-to-edge.......... 3 17.64 ES ads kbd vo'ah S: . See
Shenb Over... ie. cs cet 8 47.06 po eA es Dee RRO 1 5.88
Marked over.......... 6 35.29 OO, ES OG Ae ee a 9 52.94
— + SCONE i ic vec 4 23.53
pi Bee aes 17 99.99 —_ ——
Tote eee 17 99.99
Loss No, Per cent
NORD R: ois eis c ae ae es 8 42.11
18 FO euaiitace Godt mies 10 52.63
Bio ins PCA ara aly eee Beles ee Tea
coal «ia ps ARETE oh Pee aor “CARs 1 5.26
10 CSD von Spalbane teens « MESS gata
Total Fi rie cos Ae olk wes 19 100.00
Musculature.—The general musculature of eleven women was
good; in one individual it was poor.
Health—One woman was in poor health and eleven were in
good health.
Disease.—Nos. 2981, 2984, and 3009 bore smallpox scars. No.
2992 had disease scars on the face. No. 3001 had lost her right eye. .
To “relieve headaches” Nos. 2993 and 3005 each wore a piece of
bone and two coral beads in their left ear.
Tattooing.—Twelve women out of twenty were tattooed despite
the fact that-it was forbidden (haram). Among the Subba women
of Halfaya, many individuals were tattooed.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF SUBBA FEMALES
Stature—The average was 152.61 (range 143.0-163.0).
STATURE f
Harvard System ' No. Per cent
Very amall (x—1S0) ih ite ies vivo ti elhe lore pascs.es | RE RP BS
Small (140-148) ea RR OES 8 34.78
Medium. (149-166)-) ii3).oisa cee awilew ic vacs 12 52.17
TAH (160-169) ooo os CUO el Ae ec de. 3 13.04
Very tall (7G-x) 2S SO oe ee | Sie ek TALE
< a ae
we ee ack cee.
324
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
SitTinec Hercut (Trunk Length)
Group No. Per cent
Very short (x-68.9) 50060) 2.5 6nd. veo ee Sia eee vb. oe
Short (69:0-78.9) 7. .0"0.. SeS Se PB Se, Pe ee ae eee
Medium (74.0~78:9)... 3.42 Vides bs eens. Fuk 8 34.78
Long: (79.0-SE:9)6 ois o£ vee ue ee 12 52.17
Very long (82.05%) <=... Si eek a Sods he wes 3 13.04
Total i. uch ck et Nats ae owe hd 23 99.99
MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER
Group No. Per cent
Very narrow (x-99) i. gh. Ue eee: 8 34.78
Narrow (100-109) 8. cists cette ss SEE 14 60.87
Wide (110-119) ike Feiss Be. cc ea Ps oer 1 4.35
VOPy! WHE CREO 5 he oe oe Maton Steen eos = ae.
A OUAL ER oa NPRM at ee ke ee hey eek R tated 23 100.00
HEAD BREADTH
Group No. Per cent
Very MOTTO Vier ieee ods eke peeks cee | Waa, nD Se
Natrow (180-190) niyo eee ee et 2 8.70
Wide €140—149) | ie ei Poa Sei 18 78.26
Very wide (150-x).. 2G 2S es SE ce 3 13.04
DORR | eT Losec ee eM ees bes eoclere 6 23 100.00
CEPHALIC INDEX
Harvard System No. Per cent Keith System No.
Dolichocephalic........ 2 8.70 Ultradolichocephalic.... 0
(x—76.5) (x-70.0)
Mesocephalic.......... 14 60.87 Dolichocephalic........ 1
(76.6-82.5) (70.1-75.0)
Brachycephalic........ 7 30.44 Mesocephalic.......... 8
(82.6—x) (75.1-79.9)
-= Brachycephalic......... 14
OLS AW ee ee 23 =6100. 01 (80.0-84.9)
Ultrabrachycephalic.... 0
(85.0—x)
LOURE hal Oras aes 23
FACIAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES
Upper facial height No. Per cent Total facial height No.
ay Al ln Rea ee spe 1 4.35 SHORE oe uA es 9
(x-63) : (x-109)
Medium short....... 9 39.13 Medium short........ 13
64-69) (110-119)
Medium long........ 8 34.78 Medium long........ 1
(70-75) (120-129)
SES See cee 5 21.74 MB. os ccs CRE OO 0
(76—x) (180-x) |
SONOLI 3.) 6S EE 23 =100.00 Total Bhi ee 23
see ee
se eee
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 325
Total facial index No. Per cent
Euryprosopic (x—84.5).......... 5 21.74
Mesoprosopic (84.6—89.4)....... 8 34.78
Leptoprosopic (89.5-x).......... 10 43.48
DOGG ak emer’ cs on cant a's 23 =100.00
NASAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES
Nasal height No. Per cent Nasal width No. Per cent
ARR aS Se ie 9 39.13 Very narrow........ 1 4.35
(x—49) ’ (x-29)
pa © 14 60.87 Medium narrow..... 20 86.96
(50-59) (30-35)
DN ag eM ota Se Denise ses Medium wide....... 2 8.70
(60-x) (36-41)
—- WEN setae cactie ed fbi By io
pi RS eg 23 «100.00 (42—x)
POU ES dy se 23 ~=100.01
Nasal index No. Per cent
Leptorrhine (x-67.4)............ 16 69.57
Mesorrhine (67.5-83.4)......... 7 30.43
Platyrrhine (83.5-x)............ Gia ae.
Total si. o2 i252 eb bass be SSF is 23 =100.00
SUMMARY
The Subba women possessed more delicate features than their
neighbors. Some of the young girls were attractive and pretty. The
two main elements present are an oval-faced, almost straight-nosed
type, and a square-faced, convex-nosed type. The former is repre-
sented by No. 2982 (Pl. 209), the latter by No. 3012 (Pl. 215).
The hair was dark brown with low waves and either medium or
fine in texture. The eyes were brown with rayed or zoned irides and
clear or bloodshot sclera. The nose was either straight or convex
with a great variation in size of alae, ranging from compressed to
flaring. Approximately half of the group had normal occlusion; the
majority were in good condition. The muscular development and
general health were good. The majority bore tattooed designs.
The stature was medium small but the trunk length was medium
long, indicating that the legs tended to be short. The forehead was
narrow but the head was wide. The cephalic index was brachy-
cephalic (80.0-84.9), there being only one woman in the dolicho-
cephalic (70.1-75.0) group. The upper facial height showed consider-
able variation from medium short to long, but the total facial height
was medium short or short. The facial index was therefore incon-
326 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
sistent, the majority being in the leptoprosopic category. T
he nose
was medium or short in height and medium narrow in width. The
nasal index was leptorrhine, with about one-third of the series in the
mesorrhine division.
The Subba are short in stature, brachycephalic, straight or
convex-nosed, leptorrhine, and leptoprosopic.
SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length)
840-x 790-839 740-789 690-739 689-x Totals
Standing height No. % No % No. % No. % No% Noa %
BOBO—K obi hie wd Pere ertmea | Sarr wey eek Osis Os ERE RE BE:
1700-1870........ 0 1 apse Sar | ee ee 0 ee a
1600-1690........ 2 BS 5IOS 36 0. et, 0 0: 3 13.05
1490-1590........ 1 4.35. ‘8.34.78 8 13.04; 0 ie 12 52.17
1400-1480........ 0 313.04 5 21.74 .0 O.3 8 34.78
x~-1890........ 0 "| Seles 2 | as 0 0: OTs
23 100.00
MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER
x-99 . 100-109 110-119 120-x Totals
Head breadth No % No % No. % No. % No %
5 ES 2s! aR eee ee nr, | Tappa seh e Oe eae Ss ie ee Oa
180-199 |... 5 L*, 4.36 BE BBB ere oaks, SO es, 2. 128.76
140-149........... %°30543 IG USB 4B. £538 550 Hoe 18 78.26
OOHRS dado. 1 WED aaa BTS 108 8 DA Fe a 38 13.04
23 100.00
BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH
x-124 125-134 135-x Totals
Total facial length No. % No. % No. % No. %
Ne es ca lt Oh 6 26.09 8 34.78 ARS 14 60.87
S bested oe oc ee aos 2 8.70 GS 21-76 2° O90 9 39.14
11 Se Gail ieee fe ae O he. Re OE rethes OSA | aes Soke ey or
23 100.01
UPPER FACIAL LENGTH
x-63 64-69 70-75 76-81 82-x Totals
Total facial length No. % No. % No % No % No% No %&
109s. cd awe 1.4.35 5. 21.787' 3° 13.045 °0.65.05% Oise 2 94 29S
TR-PEO Oe se alas Oras 2 17639: O20 78: 2.37.89 - 0: ISS Bee
120-190 22 OEE T Re, Pes OTE Oe 28.41 24035) 0: 2h. Aes
190-22 ahah exes Qiitiicn, OF chin. See eae Os ee 0. 2 bens? Cnc,
23 100.04
NASAL WIDTH
.x-29 80-35 86-41 42-x Totals
Nasal length No % No. % No % No. % No %
SMAI es sc ole ds ccs «Oe 1 4.35 q GO34as. 7 Oa 2er a. oo 9 39.13
BO-B9 ee ese ik Oe 4 AB BO TS2 e836 Oo 2 vee c87
lS ee Poe Pome ie eve ern Pree ae Gocisde 1 NaS Seo ee | eae Oo. eistx
23 100.00
ila atte
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 327
MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF SUBBA palate
Measurements No. Range Mean C.V.
DT RE Re SS a oy ME 23 18-64 35.05+1.98 14. 05411. 40 40.09+3.99
Srabiie. 5 oS 23 148-163 152.61+40.75 5.3140.53 3.48+0.35
Sitting height........ 23 72-89 79.90+0.49 3.48+0.35 4.361+0.43
Head length......... 22 170-187 177.81+40.63 4.85+0.44 2.45+0.25
Head breadth........ 22. 185-152 148.08+0.51 3.57+0.386 2.50+0.2
Min. frontal diam..... 23 93-112 101.82+0.61 4.36+0.48 4.28+0.43
Bizygomatic diameter 23 120-139 126.55+0.62 4.40+0.44 3.481+0.35
Bigonial diameter.... 22 74-105 94.42+0.92 6.40+0.65 6.78+0.69
Total facial height. . . 23 100-124 111.55+0.80 5.70+0.57 5.11+0.51
Upper facial height... 23 60-79 70.50+0.64 4.554+0.45 6.45+0.64
Nasal height......... 23 44-59 61.06+0.59 4.20+0.42 8.23+0.82
Nasal breadth....... 23 28-39 82.90+0.26 1.86+4+0.18 5.65+0.56
war loneth os 22 -§6-71 62.22+0.56 3.924+0.40 6.30+0.64
Ear breadth......... 23 29-40 83.39+0.386 2.55+0.25 7.64+0.76
Indices
Relative sitting height 23 - 50—57 §2.42+0.19 1.3840.14 2.63+0.26
Gepnates ik: ick: 22 74-85 80.31+0.41 2.85+0.29 3.55+0.36
Fronto-parietal...... 23 66-80 70.90+0.44 3.12+0.31 4.40+0.44
Zygo-frontal......... 23 72-87 80.82+0.39 2.80+0.28 3.46+0.34
Zygo-gonial......... 22 60-80 74.77+0.63 4.414+0.45 5.90+0.60
Total facial.......... 23 80-99 88.50+0.64 4.55+0.45 5.14+0.51
Upper facial......... 23 46-66 56.27+0.56 3.96+0.39 7.04+0.70
pT AiR ea aan 23 56-79 65.66+0.69 4.92+0.49 7.49+0.75
pa I ER Saas 22 41-64 53.94+0.66 4.56+0.46 8.45+0.86
VITAL STATISTICS* OF SUBBA FEMALES
Number Age Married Years Sons Daughters Brothers Sisters
2981 20 0 be ae ae 5, 0 6, 0
2982+ 15 0 Be ‘ss ot beb 1,1 2,3
2983 30 1 18 A | 3, 1 Por 2,06
2984 23 1 2 0,0 0, 0 5, 0 6, 1
2985 18 0 i sity ei 1,1 2,3
2986 50 1 30 4,8 0,1 0,2 3, 0
2987 40 1 28 1,4 4,1 0,2 3, 0
2988t 12 0 iy ay Riis 1,4 3, 0
2989T 16 0 ne sh “iS 2,8 8, 1
2990 19 0 oF Ne : 2,3 1 |
2991 22 1 6 1,0 1,0 4,1 0, 0
2992 22 0 i ot i 3,1 4,1
2993 40 1 29 3, 4 3, 3 0,1 1,4
2994+ 14 0 oy Pee ne 2, 1 3, 0
2995+ 80 1 ay 1,3 1,3 0,5 a2
2996 20 1 10 1, 0 3.2 2,0 3, 0
2997t 15 0 ae ane 2 + | ted
2998 40 1 ry 4,2 4,3 1; 2 3, 1
2999 20 1 5 0,0 2,0 4,2 1 Fe
3000+ 12 0 % aa — 0, 0 NG |
3001 60 1 ha 2°83 2,0 2,0 0,2
3002 21 1 6 0, 0 0, 1 Dah 3,4
3003 38 1 a 3, 1 4,1 1,2 4,5
3004t 14 0 ee bat: 1,4 1,4
3005 28 1 0, 1 4,4 1 By 5 ES:
8006 82 1 3, 1 rz 0,0 1,0
3007 50 1 ae 2,0 2,0 0, 3 3,0
3008 50 1 12 3, 3 Ae | 0, 0 0,0
8009 | 35 1 15 4,1 0,4 3, 1 1, 2
3010 45 1 53 0,1 0,0 0,3 1,2
8011f 16 0 OY beg 3, 0 1,6
3012 60 1 8, 1 3,2 3, 0 3,0
* Italicized numbers refer to adiieae’ Mrrrrsnll t+ Omitted from averages because of age.
pees ep ere yes
328 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MEASUREMENTS OF SUBBA FEMALES
No Age Stature SH L B B’ J go-go GH G’/H NH NB
2980* 14 1527 794 171 189 105 124 90 105 68 50 34
2981 20 1580 870 175 144 106 132 1038 #4117 #+%74 «+%56 34
2982* 15 1568 821 176 144 101 127 93 108 68 47 30
29838 30 1539 778 182 144 100 121 95 112 7 52 84
2984 23 1618 844 178 141 111 185 100 124 78 55 38
2985 18 1567 796 177 146 106 = 125 93 102 64 48 31
2986 50 15384 798 179 150 105 182 98 115 69 62 382
2987 40 1542 821 176 148 1038 129 100 116 77 54 = 381
2988* 12 1445 743 176 146 100 = 124 92 113 69 46 30
2989* 16 1541 748 183 150 108 182 94 100 57 40 38
2990 19 1609 848 174 187 97 125 87 114 69 52 82
2991 22 1470 768 176 148 100 = 127 88 102 60 46 32
2992 22 1546 800 170 144 102 124 88 110 73 54 385
3010 45 1549 801 179 141 98 128 99 106 66 47 33
3011* 16 1517 816 173 141 97 126 91 106 63 438 31
3012 60 1525 825 (182)¢(152)t 109 1386 105 119 76 57 38
* Omitted from averages because of age.
+ Did not remove headdress.
NOTES ON THE BANI LAM
The Bani Lam are a numerous and important tribe, who cultivate
the wheat and barley fields on either side of the Tigris. Their
territory extends to the Iranian frontier from the neighborhood of
Badra to Hawiza. In the early months of the year, the tribe is to be
found chiefly in the grazing lands below the Iranian foothills.
The Bani Lam are divided into innumerable sections, only one
of which, the Nusairi, is purely Bani Lam. The other sections are
made up of foreign tribes, chiefly Bani Rabiah and Iranian, who
from time to time have joined and finally become subjects of the
Bani Lam. The Nusairi Section is divided into small groups, all of
which have been named after the descendants of Nusairi’s and
Nasar’s sons. The chiefs of the tribe have always been selected
from four Baits: Madhkur, Arar, Jandal, and Abdul Khan. Unlike
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 329
INDICES OF SUBBA FEMALES
No. EL EB RSH B/L B’/B GH/J_ G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J
2980 59 30 51.9 81.3 75.5 84.7 54.8 68.0 50.9 72.6 84.7
2981 61 30 55.1 82.3 73.6 88.6 56.1 60.6 49.1 78.0 80.4
2982 60 35 52.4 81.4 70.1 85.0 58.6 63.8 658.3 73.2 179.5
29838 64 30 50.5 79.1 69.5 92.5 59.5 65.4 46.8 78.5 82.6
2984-64 33 652.2 79,1 78.7 91.9 57.8 69.1 51.6 74.0 82.2
2985 60 31 50.8 82.5 72.6 84.8 51.2 64.5 51.6 74.4 84.9
2986 65 40 52.0 83.9 70.0 87.1 652.38 61.5 61.5 74.3 79.5
2987 57 35 53.2 81.2 72.0 90.0 59.7 57.4 61.4 77.5 179.9
2988 55 34 51.4 83.0 68.5 91.1 55.6 65.1 61.7 74.1 80.6
2989 60 30 48.5 82.0 72.0 75.7 48.2 82.5 650.0 71.2 81.9
2990 58 32 52.7 78.7 70.8 91.2 655.2 61.5 55.2 69.6 177.6
2991 61 32 52.2 84.1 67.6 80.38 47.2 69.6 652.5 69.3 78.7
2992 59 31 51.7 84.7 70.8 88.7 58.9 64.8 52.5 71.0 82.3
2993 59t 34¢ 53.3 81.3 67.8 90.1 57.9 64.0 57.6 74.4 80.2
2994 55 31 53.0 85.8 71.0 77.6 46.4 82.9 56.4 73.6 82.4
2995 64 34 52.6 84.8 65.6 938.2 55.9 65.4 58.1 .... 838.9
2996 60 32 51.3 81.3 75.5 81.4 51.9 76.6 58.3 79.1 838.7
2997 60 32 53.6 85.8 69.0 92.0 59.2 638.5 58.3 76.8 80.0
2998 67 35 49.9 76.5 67.8 90.8 61.7 67.4 52.2 80.0 80.8
2999 69 29 62.0 83.0 71.8 86.7 58.1 75.0 42.0 72.7 [9.7
3000 57 30 52.1 78.3 70.8 86.3 54.7 60.8 52.6 73.5 178.6
3001 69{ 387 53.5 82.9 69.3 84.5 56.6 61.4 58.6 .... 80.6
3002 (65) 34 51.6 78.4 69.7 97.5 65.3 60.0 ....f 76.0 88.5
3003 60 33 52.0 76.9 70.0 97.5 58.3 66.0 55.0 77.5 81.7
3004 61 36 51.1 79.6 71.4 89.4 56.9 59.6 59.0 80.5 81.38
8005 58 31 52.7 75.0 75.4 93.6 59.2 64.0 58.5 77.6 83.2
3006 67 35 57.0 79.1 66.4 87.7 54.1 64.4 52.2 62.3 76.2
3007 66 36 52.6 80.6 69.6 938.6 59.8 60.6 54.5 74.0 78.0
8008 59 35 51.3 81.7 71.3 82.9 54.5 68.8 59.3 78.9 82.9
3009 56 33 52.4 82.9 66.7 87.38 54.8 71.7 58.9 74.6 174.6
3010 64 34 51.7 78.8 69.5 82.8 651.6 70.1 58.1 177.4 76.5
3011 62 82 538.7 81.5 68.8 84.1 650.0 72.1 651.6 72.2 177.0
3012 62 35 53.4 83.5 71.7 87.5 55.9 57.9 56.5 177.2 80.2
+ Right ear measured.
t Ear lobe stretched by earrings.
those of the Al bu Muhammad, the Baits have retained their original
names.
They relate that some twelve generations back, Barrak, son of
Mufarrij and one of the grandsons of Lam ibn Harithah, from whom
they take their name and who was a chief of the Qahtan tribe of the
Hejaz, migrated with his son, Hafidh al Lami, to Iraq and settled
in Hawiza. Mubarak, chief of the Hawiza district, welcomed them
as his guests and subjects. After a time Hafidh had a quarrel with
Mubarak, resulting in an outbreak of war. Hafidh, who had earned
for himself a reputation for justice, was supported by some of the
present foreign tribes of the Bani Lam (Chaab, Darraj, Khazraj, and
Hallaf). These were subjects of the Bani Rabiah, whose seat was
between Kut al Imara and Al Qurna. Hafidh was victorious and
after his occupation of the land the Bani Rabiah used to come yearly
Sr ree tek wf
—
330 | ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SUBBA FEMALES
BAIR BYRS NOSE
No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Tris Profile Wings
2980* str c-med dk br dk br clear ray str flar
2981 Iw m-fine dk br dk br yellow zon cony comp
2982* lw medium black dk br clear zon conv comp
29838 Iw fine dk br dk br clear zon str m-fl
2984 lw medium dk br gr-br clear zon str medium
2985 lw fine dk br dk br clear zon conv comp
2986 viw fine dk br dk br blood = zon cony comp
2987 lw fine black ay-br blood ray conv cp-m
2988* str fine dk br k br clear zon str medium
2989* lw fine dk br dk br clear zon cone medium
2990 str coarse black bl-br- clear’ ray str flar
2991 lw medium dk br dk br clear ray cone medium
2992 _—s str medium dk br bl-br blood ray str flar
2993 Iw medium black bl-br clear ray str medium
2994* lw fine black bl-br clear ray cone flar
2995* .... medium br, gray bl-br blood ... str comp
2996 str medium black dk br clear ray str flar
2997* str medium dk br bl-br clear ray str medium
2998 lw medium dk br bl-br clear. ... c-c flar
2999 lw fine black bi-br clear ray conv flar
3000* lw fine dk br bl-br clear hom str flar
3001 Iw coarse br, gray bl-br clear ray conv medium
3002 Iw medium dk br bl-br blood hom str medium
3008 lw fine dk br bl-br clear ray str medium
3004* viw fine dk br bl-br clear ray str medium
3005 Iw medium black gr-br blood ray cone comp
3006 lw fine dk br gr-br clear ray str medium
3007 lw medium _ red br, gray bl-br yellow zon conv medium
8008 Iw medium blk, gray bl-br blood hom str flar
3009 lw fine black bl-br blood ray str flar
3010 lw medium v dk br dk br blood zon str medium
8011* lw medium dk br bl-br blood ray str flar
3012 Iw medium br, gray bl-br blood hom conv. comp
* Omitted from averages because of age.
to collect their revenue. Hafidh, however, refused to pay. In the
_war that ultimately broke out, Hafidh and his subjects defeated
the Bani Rabiah and they became the sole owners of the land, which
included the Amara district and part of the Muntafiq. Hafidh had
two sons, from whom the pure Bani Lam stock originated.
Circumstances did not allow us to obtain anthropometric data on
the Bani Lam. On April 27, 1934, however, we paid a brief visit to
the black tents of Sheikh Shabib of the Hamra sub-tribe of the Bani
Lam near Halfaya. As we sipped black coffee we were informed that
the tribal mark (wasm) on the camels of the Balasim was two short:
parallel lines on each side of the right eye. The Khafaya cut a
v-shaped piece out of the right ear, and the Ghanan split the camel’s
ear in two parts. (For additional information on the Bani Lam see
Field, 1939a.)
IV. ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA! LIWA
BY
WINIFRED SMEATON?
The An Nasiriya male series, examined during March, 1935, in
the prison, includes. townsmen and men of uncertain tribes from An
Nasiriya, Suq ash Shuyukh, Qalat Sikar, Karradi, and Bat-ha, and
members of settled tribes, fallahin and madan, from the Muntafiq
Liwa generally, or an area roughly from Rumaitha on the Euphrates
and a corresponding point on the western branch of the Euphrates
down through An Nasiriya to Suq ash Shuyukh and Chabaish on
the Hor al Hammar and north along the river that flows south
from Kut al Imara under the name of Hai, Gharraf, and Shatra
as far as Hai. This series comprises 109 individuals, including one
townsman from An Nasiriya who was measured in the Royal
Hospital at Baghdad.
The total number measured in An Nasiriya prison was 125
' individuals.
Tribe or Birthplace-—The following information was recorded
on each individual.
In this chapter minor variations in the spellings of tribal and
place names occur.
No. . Tribe District
oy ee ea Band OA re. Soo ek oes oy Cos Chabaish
+ 1 See TIGCRCIMBRS bos oe bs See aces Shamiya
On, GD RIMGMOIMIINS 2650. Soc ke hee Near Samawa
| 4) re 8 SiR AR ge ei hb ae Shatra
og See Shirai 7659 ou hy ce POI R Qalat Sikar
429062. v0.3. eR Cy Ee Me Pee a Suq ash Shuyukh
4206... 032% CONN rece keagk tor ventas Bat-ha
Aan OD Ae fee cere ee Shatra
BOG a's est Al De MS ie al ae oe oe Sikar
BOO Cu SAF: Bani OKRGHE. 55 3 he f0 or al Hammar
SOO Ss eae S Peony Cehaiaia) 6 2 Shatra
4008. SSA Arab (non-tribal)............. An Ne
a SES eee PUMA) Cid foe kid 40.4 Maa vs eee Suq ash Shuyukh
0 ete RT Ts eee eel es An Nasiriya
4804, 55. Bahl Waid es 5 oie ce ree ek Shatra
|, Rae Diyaitt (Dian). 66s bi cc ces Suq ash Shuyukh
ae fy) ee Bela, ae wlasntteaded anes An Nasiriya
1 a priti Es eiey ee te Sep Qalat Sikar
4308........ TIGRIS oy bn std oie aa An Nasiriya
4509)... ...... Arab (non-tribai) erik Atte alias Suq ash Shuyukh
1 Now Muntafiq.
* Member of Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near East,
1934. This group forms a welcome addition to our series from Iraq, par-
ticularly since 4 are the only anthropometric data available from the An
Nasiriya Liwa. (H.F.)
, 331
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
No. Tribe District
ASAQ Eis so aime Khafaya (Khafaja)............ Basra
4311....: TM NOI. Chl Fi cage Ot Abe Pies Suq ash Shuyukh
|.) See arab (non-tribal)............. An Nasiriya
MBIR Soo ks Arab (non-tribal)............. An Nasiriya
oY ee ee Al bu Sali. 4asietae the nict An Nasiriya
QBUGE . 5 ses Baw Atta 2) Fore eas s Ss Near Karradi
4006...) 662% Juwaibitis. Snipes: Sinead: « Suq ash Shuyukh
ee ee Bani ‘Musharrel..° 36635. 64.4 Chabaish
4318........ Hachchamis ees eS Suq ash Shuyukh
ASO fies Arab (non-tribal)............. An Nasiriya
ye SHUWAAE oo oo iss ate nh ats + Suq ash Shuyukh
yh y-9 ae ce Bani Said ~
MBAS OS. cote ha Dabbat
A323... eas Khafaya (Khafaja)............ Karradi
Beek oy ek FAW ee a ie ol Near Chabaish
ood a tee PROS cc og thie siesiate otk § 0484 Suq ash Shuyukh
MOA 3. ous ary Juwaibir
Sy SRR Khafaya (Khafaja)............ Shatra
4528 5st. Juwaibir
yo ee Di BURR i ireea s < Sais so oh 4s Suq ash Shuyukh
4336 20 06522 Khafaya (Khafaja)
3 EE ee Al bu Mhalite.cg . ooo ef 4 Sug ash Shuyukh
Mees si wean FIRCHONOMB cic te os sy vee aa of Qalat Sikar
5G) Se Hachcham
ABBAS oo pecith Hachcham
MED, 5 Aen Arab (non-tribal)............. Bat-ha
45865 © 25625 Bil DG BO oes oss vee ok ot Abu Zuruq
T+ 7 RT eR Bani Saie 405 oh s.5. ca Sa.8) 20 2% Suq ash Shuyukh
BeOS. ks eat. Ghuzi
Sy Bee ate Husainat
OAs. . a oe PER MIM Oa an aig key Vigo 48 Qalat Sikar
Yl Raa ae Juwaibir ;
v6.” bee 2 Hachcham
oo ee ae RRP SD . Onis. sist ic aie ss ied Shatra
| Dabbat
oo ee PIAOMONGINS eo 8o salen 50s ha Samawa
AE PE EOS NS eee, Qalat Sikar
SL Aer Dabbat
ee Dabbat
it? See Nawashi (Dugaimi)........... Gharraf
yar Bee Juwaibir
G1 DR REAYIMEOAE os ee aa. oc eee Suq ash Shuyukh
4852): cd Lo Arab (non-tribal)............. Suq ash Shuyukh
RNs bas Hisan
C: RR RR Se EI ee ee ee Suq ash Shuyukh
A868 52. XS. Arab (non-tribal)............. Suq ash Shuyukh
7 ot ae ee Wangan ao ones 0 ko schon Suq ash Shuyukh
ASOT = kes Bani Said
ro ae QaReNO e6 oS osas om F408 Shatt al Ahmar
4359 .-. 05... Arab (non-riba LRN FES Sug ash Shuyukh
£0007 So his AT be Opies sat cca Ce Spe Shatra
4861 5 oo 28% Uzairij :
i eR Te Dabbat E
eee sige DOI Gre hoe, as one oe tiee's Karradi
4864 3. 2B PROSS Shiwallase res sb SS. ents Bs Qalat Sikar
ee Khafaya (Khafaja)
Mb ss os Bani a
A0GT S56 Saleen oF isnt ca dis iawt Qadhat al Hai
4868). 2.0%. . Khataya (Khafaja)
ABGO. AN Yi WO iis, OU St Suq ash Shuyukh
~
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA : 333
No. Tribe District
yy) ae Khafaja
7 ee Arab (non-tribal)............. Qalat Sikar
Ani6.\.. 6 osx! afaja
yy | Pee Badr
Pt ee Khafaja
BGCOs vise ends Khafaja
ry Cee Khafaja
43878 3. 0.0. Khafaja
Le ee Marehagiers. 00 oe Bs Qalat Sikar
a a Dabbat
rt 4 Se AL REAM ke oi esnikicds Selec hie’ An Nasiriya
BOBS fess Juwaibir
4683. oc Zaiya
ol) ESS TE RIO. hile at ods 5 Ad vk Cn ot ks Suq ash Shuyukh
Me. BN Geese at ass oe oa os Suq ash Shuyukh
4386........ Dabbat ‘
a ee Shu weligtes ole cia We os a teed oe Qalat Sikar
BOO. = re okt Khafaja
BOBO el. Khafaja
Ae Khafaja
ae WERT ete Oe ean dhe Suq ash Shuyukh
BOO e i hee Husainat
oD) eee Husainat
4394........ Khafaja
1 Meee Shadudd: ti. ssc es dads it avers Suq ash Shuyukh
ee Khafata iis. soni nt vee Mushakhil (tribal section)
2 UU eee Hachcnamio: 2008 25. Sev Suq ash Shuyukh
A508 \3. ...... Arab (non-tribal)............. An Nasiriya
Age.—The mean age was 31.54 (range 15-75). This group,
selected by most random sampling, should be fairly representative
of the peoples of this area.
AGE DISTRIBUTION
Age No. Per cent Age No. Per cent
ROA ike ose % 8 7.34 45-49 2 eS 5 4.59
v4 EO TS A eee 18 16.51 BOG 4 os osc dian 3 2.75
SE ae 25 22.94 DORN ss vase elated bp 1 0.92
en Oe ae 18 16.51 60-64............ ORE 3 GeK
a ae 19 17.43 GO Ges crocs kag hee 1 0.92
WHA sas 9.2 ¥ BOG EEG occiles tae: ee
TOtAr SSP ie 109 =100.01
Vital Statistics—Unreliable as these figures must be, because of
the fear, superstitious beliefs, and innate reticence in confiding
family matters to foreigners, the general trends are of value.
VITAL STATISTICS
Sons No Per cent Daughters No. Per cent
DONG Se ISL oath 17 34.00 None; Bows aie 17 34.69
Pagina. pe me? oe 18 36.00 Bid Cid ee rE Ee 34.69
Sard swe Sle! Wid ol dk CIOS 10 20.00 BN tats tlhe nk ating 10 20.41
ee eh: Oe oe acle 4 8.00 BOR Cae se Oo kone 4 8.16
1 i, CE 5 1 2.00 EO POS cee Scns 1 2.04
tb OF TNOTE ee os 0 ees 7 or more......... OF eae
ROME a Cate os 50 =: 100.00 Rotel, . 545. 49 99.99
VA
334 : ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
About one-third of the group disclaimed any sons or daughters.
There were thirty-three male children and thirty-two females.
No. 4386 had two children but the sex was not recorded. No. 4381
was married but the number of children was uncertain.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AN NASIRIYA MALES
Physical Appearance.—No. 4299 was recorded as a good type,
but No. 4859 was described as a poor specimen. No. 43822 had
pointed ears. No. 4313 was very thin, while No. 4330 had a prison
pallor and appeared pathetic. No. 4858 had a ridge above the nape
of his neck. No. 4396 was recorded as an “‘absolute Mephistopheles.”’
Head Form.—No. 4295 had a flat occiput. No. 4819 had an
extremely high vault and No. 4892 had a flat area on the occiput.
Supra-orbital Ridges.—No. 4347 had very well-developed supra-
orbital ridges; those of Nos. 4291, 4376, and 4391 were well developed.
Facial Form.—No. 43852 had a narrow face and prominent
malars. No. 4867 had a small face.
Prognathism.—Nos. 4392 and 4298 had facial prognathism,
No. 4355 had alveolar prognathism,, and Nos. 4356 and 4358 were
indicated as having some degree of prognathism.
Negroid Admixture—No. 4856, with a large admixture of
Negroid blood, had everted lips, prognathism, and, although his
head was shaven, probably had frizzly hair. No. 4298 was indicated
as having possibly a slight admixture of Negroid blood.
Skin.—No. 4851 had a slightly florid and fairer complexion
than that of the other individuals. Nos. 4337, 4338, 4858, and 4373
had dark and Nos. 4364, 4867, 4885, and 4392 had very dark skins.
HAIR
Color No. Per cent Form No. Per cent
BRP. ids 4k asia bio toe 15 27.27 Straieht.. si cack 1 5.88
Very dark brown......... Po aoteh 3 Very low waves.... 0 .....
Park DIOWN. Fosse ae 26 47.27 Low waves....... a0 94.12
Brown ss) 5... eeseesnG aes tee Deep waves facie. Oooh. Sea
Reddish brown.......... | RESTRRRS Curly SRY Scud ON LER eta
Light brown’... oor APN A tsrt WCQ Oak's sch se Hs QFE
PM sr te hate his, oo wielnteate NE etn --
Black and gray.......... 7 12.73 TOC oss Ut gD 17 = 100.00
Dark brown and gray..... 3 5.45
Light brown and gray.... 0 ...... Texture No. _ Per cent
Gray ois ree es 4 7.27 CORTES Bi Ronis bes a 20 68.97
WTO 8 iG, ES Sachs ase) Sa Coarse-medium..... Oi ores
— a ES ae 9 31.03
UMMER 3c scan tab op etiee 55 99.99 Medium-fine....... O: 245
PMG. Vatiny eons OF SKE aa
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 335
Hair.—Twenty-one men or more than 18 per cent had mustaches.
Five men wore beards. No. 4390 had a beard lighter than his head
hair. The beard of No. 4392 was deep wavy and coarse, although
his hair was fine.
Eyes.—The eyes of No. 4315 were so badly filmed that the eye
color was not discernible. The eyes of No. 4858 were slightly filmed,
and those of No. 4307 were filmed. No. 4305 had bluish filmed eyes.
The right eye of No. 4398 was filmed. Nos. 4293 and 4342(?) had
filmed spots in their left eyes. No. 4293 said he could see well.
Nos. 4880, 4884, and 4398 had lost their right eyes. No. 4307
had his left eye turned inward and No. 4847 was cross-eyed.
No. 4353 had very small and No. 4391 deep-set and small eyes.
No. 4332 had a white spot in the retina of his eye, while No. 4359
had maturation in his eyes. |
Twenty individuals had blue-ringed eyes, while twelve had
darker rings around the iris. Nos. 4821, 4824, 4329, and 4429 had
gray-ringed eyes.
EYES
Color No. Per cent Sclera No Per cent
PUCK oo. ited... 1 0.93 Cleared ss wee vi a 27 26.21
Dark brown....... 95 87.96 VOHOW. Sk, NeOs eb 6 5.83
Blue-brown........ Ge Be or Speckled ory sas vee ve A LAY
PeenrOwia 6. oO ae es Bloodshot obs. Sheccuse es 64 62.14
Green-brown...... 4 3.70 Speckled and bloodshot... 2 1.94
Green-brown....... Oe Sage os Speckled and yellow...... O: FRE gs
a lbpeiad hs cicat 4.63 Yellow and bloodshot..... 4 3.88
ee ee | Oa ee oF a
STO is he Mase CA, Oe ie See, "POtAl Saoirse oe 103 = 100.00
Light brown....... 3 2.78
lue-gray......... Oo 4 Vaya
Blue-green........ ian ieee ett
ROUE: SOGRR OS. 108 100.00
Nose.—Nos. 4355 and 4878 had short noses and No. 4366 a very
short nose. The noses of Nos. 4347 and 43638 were small. While
the nasal bridge of No. 4394 was high and narrow and that of No.
4316 high, No. 4838 had a low and broad bridge. His nose was
swollen and sore. No. 4359 had a long and No. 4380 a long and
narrow nose. The noses of Nos. 4805 and 4318 were broad through-
out, while that of No. 4836 was broad only above the alae. Nos.
4306, 43807, 4310, 4314, and 4315 had broad noses. Those of Nos.
4313 and 4332 were very broad.
The variability in the nasal profile, in the width of the nasal
alae, and in the elevation of the nasal tip suggests that at least two
distinct elements are present in this assorted group of individuals
from the An Nasiriya Liwa.
336
Profile
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
NOSE
No. Per cent Wings
Sy y ree 0 pict .\Compressed..........
setae ee Oe 22 20.18 Compressed-medium... .
petty Sasa 25 22.94 Medium. >... 4:, «<3:
ghee pelea 48 44.04 Medium-flaring......
eR 14 12.84 Plaring. : >. 6 0 A.
— Flaring plus.........
by SA SCD 109 = 100.00
Tees. CEA
Tip Elevation No. Per cent
Elevated. 2300 hE AS 8 18.60
Slightly elevated............... 5 11.63
TIOPIRGR a ord os ee er pepe tie tae
Slightly depressed.............. 17 39.53
DOORN a es oh has wee aN ease 13 30.23
Totals Srinivas 43 99.99
DESCRIPTION OF NASAL SEPTUM
Septum
cone
str
str
conv
conv
conv
conv
conv
str
str
str
str
str
str
conv
str
conv
str
str
str
str
str
str
str
str
conv
str
conv
str
conv
str
conv
conv
str
Inclination
slight up
up
slight up
up
UP
slight down
sete eee
slight up
slight up
slight up
up
slight up
No. Per cent
as i 11.11
6 5.55
.. 46 42.59
Mee 12.04
re SI 28.70
ary Oia ees iss
. .108 99.99
Elevation
dep
slight elev
slight dep
slight dep
slight dep
elev
elev
dep
elev
dep
dep
slight elev
slight dep
elev
elev
dep
slight elev
slight dep
dep
dep
slight dep
dep
slight dep
slight dep
dep \
dep
slight elev
elev
slight dep
slight dep
slight dep
slight dep
dep
slight dep
slight elev
slight dep
elev
dep
slight dep
1 78d all
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA
Septum Inclination Elevation
conv up slight dep
conv up dep
conv up elev
conv down slight dep
conv up
Teeth—The number of individuals with malocclusion indicates
unusual variation in the size of the mandible.
TEETH
Bite No. Per cent Loss ! No. Per cent
MEIER ce gs Sow ofeles 2 1.89 OMG i becctin CiePataesvn: ones 14 36.84
Edge-to-edge........ 18 16.98 MB asics BAe ear’ 22 57.89
Slight over.......... 37 34.91 BS is Wh elk ninds Rvs 1 2.63
Marked over........ 49 46.23 M Cae FRE ike eae 4 etek
Dhak. oe os5, ntinds 106 © 100.01 AUS. cscs yodvae edageiek pose tole
TOtal oc casos eps 38 99.99
Condition No. Per cent
Were TAG ks olay kas ce zie 1 1.61
Ts EARL ee ne SA glo a Moi i 1.61
POMS Gis ol i eee ee 4 6.45
CPO i eee heh Oey ce Nec eeu eka 38 61.29
PUR COUONG ve <0 ota rca hia ete eae 18 29.03
POM he ta hia Ac ele 62 99.99
The following table records observations, eruption, and in some
cases the teeth lost by the individuals.
4304
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
' 4313
DENTITION
Incomplete eruption
Black at gum line
Yellow and worn but strong; lost first upper right molar
Crooked, as if the jaws were not large enough
Some deposit
Yellow stain from tobacco and coffee; crooked
Worn, especially the lower incisors; some stain
No third molars; slight stain but strong
Upper third molars just erupted
Yellow; molars and first lower central incisors
Yellow
Worn
se and in foul condition; many teeth including upper incisors
os
Stained
Stained; much worn
Yellow; many teeth including upper incisors lost
Very yellow and worn; third lower molars and one upper molar lost
1 Individuals recorded as having lost vere, b several, or some teeth were not
0
included in the table on loss. They were as fol
ws: many, Nos. 4808-4310, 4312,
4315, 4859, and 4392; several, Nos. 4307, 4811, 4317, 4318, 4338, 4339, and 4364;
and some, Nos. 4337 and 4397.
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Description
Crooked; upper second and third molars lost
Stained
Some stain
Two front teeth knocked out
Strong; brown stain around gums
Stained, deposit; several lost from caries
Stained very dark brown
Very crooked; stained from tobacco
Worn
Slight stain; lost third upper molars
Some tobacco stain
Third upper molars missing
Crooked; slight stain
Some stain ;
All lower right molars gone; first right upper molar broken from being
mudawwad (“having worms in it,” carious)
Slight stain
Very yellow and stained ,
Slightly yellow
Complete eruption at twenty years of age
Slightly yellow
Stained; upper third molars not erupted
Stained
No eruption of third upper molars
Some stain
Small teeth :
Teeth crowding caused lower lateral incisors to grow behind
Complete eruption at twenty years of age
Slightly yellow
Incomplete eruption
Stained. from tobacco
Yellow deposit
Slightly stained; upper second right incisor covered with gold
Worn
Slightly worn; stained from tobacco
Much stained from tobacco
Yellow deposit; large teeth
Slightly yellow
Very stained and yellow
Worn and slightly stained
Worn and yellow
Some stain
Some stain; worn
Some wear
Stained; upper third molars incompletely erupted
Stained
Slightly stained
Incomplete eruption
Worn; slight stain
Worn; yellow
Stained
Worn
Incomplete eruption
Yellow deposit
Worn
Slightly crooked; some yellow deposit
Crooked; white
Upper incisors widely spaced
Complete eruption at twenty years of age
Yellow deposit
Worn; yellow
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 339
No. Description
4391 Stained
4392 . Black stain
4393 Stained
4395 Yellow
4396 Yellow
4897 White
4398 Much deposit; worn; three gold-capped
Health.—Health was recorded for only one individual; No. 4290,
good.
Disease.—Fourteen individuals (Nos. 4292, 4294, 4295, 4303,
4314, 4328, 4348, 4345, 4847, 4852, 4371, 4381, 43888, and 4389) had
smallpox scars. No. 4293 had ringworm. No. 4415 had a scar
from a “Baghdad boil’ on his right cheek while No. 4353 had a
bad boil(?) above the right side of his lip. No. 4874 had scalp
disease, probably favus, and No. 4398 had scurf on his scalp.
No. 4854 had a mark on the back of the right hand from opening
a blood vessel. In the An Nasiriya Liwa a treatment for stomach
pains is to take blood from the hand and let it drop into hot water;
certain individuals (whether male or female was not clear) can then
diagnose whether the pain is caused by excess of meat or fat in the
digestive tract.
No. 4857 had a white spot on the right wrist. The following
reason was ascribed: when his mother was pregnant she did not eat
curds (réba) and kept scratching her wrist on this spot. As a direct
result the boy was born with this mark on his wrist. The observer
believed that the spot was due to a lack of pigmentation.
Cauterization.—These Arabs of the An Nasiriya Liwa believe
that circular scars caused by branding or cauterization relieve pain
and in some cases give strength to the part of the body thus treated;
for example, head pains can be relieved and strength increased in the
arm through this rather crude and excessively painful method.
These marks are called chawi or more correctly kawi. For the
sake of simplicity and convenience, the letter s has been added to
form the Anglicized plural.
The group was divided almost equally into those who bore
chawi marks and those who did not. The latter consisted of the
following fifty-six individuals: Nos. 4290-4295, 4297, 4299, 4800-
4308, 4805, 4806, 4308-4311, 4314, 4316, 4818, 4819, 4321, 4323,
4325, 4826, 4334, 4335, 43387, 4838, 4840, 43842, 4844, 4347-4349,
4352, 4854, 4859, 4865-4367, 4370, 4872-4374, 4376, 4878, 4882-
4384, 4386, 4887, and 4389-4391.
340 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Tattooing.—Among the 109 men examined eighty-five (77.98 per
cent) bore tattooed designs. The following individuals were not
tattooed: Nos. 4294, 4295, 4301, 4809, 4811, 4315, 4316, 4828, 4334,
4336, 43837, 4839, 4354, 4355, 4365, 4369, bias 4379, 4885, 4392,
4394, 4396, and 4398.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF 109 AN NASIRIYA MALES
There now remains the task of grouping the total series of An
Nasiriya males according to the Harvard and Keith classificatory
systems for stature, sitting height (trunk length), minimum frontal
diameter, head breadth, cephalic index, nasal height, nasal breadth,
and nasal index.
Stature——These inhabitants of the An Nasiriya Liwa were
medium to tall according to both systems. There is remarkably
little difference in the groupings. The average stature was 167.17,
which is slightly higher than the average for Southwestern Asia.
Slightly more than half of the group fell into the medium group
according to both the Harvard and the Keith classificatory systems.
About one-third were tall (169.5-179.9) although no man was in the
very tall (180.0—x) class.
STATURE
Harvard System No. Per cent Keith System No. Per cent
Short (x-160.5)........ 10 9.17 Short (x-159.9).......... at 6.42
Medium (160.6-169.4).. 60 55.05 Medium (160.0-169.9).. 60.55
Tall (169.5-x)......... 39. 35.78 - Tall (170.0-179.9)....... » 36 33.03
oa Very tall (180.0—-x)....... Oe NEES
Total... nsewepeiean 109 100.00 —
WOE. dh eho ists ace ek 109 100.00
Sitting Height (Trunk Length).—The relative sitting height
index of 50.86 together with the stature groupings reveal that the ©
tendency to shortness in trunk length is more than compensated
by the increase in leg length. On the basis of the trunk length
groups, the stature should be short to medium and not medium to
tall as is the case.
SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length)
Group No. Per cent
Wor mort (x78 Oy Ook nice es eis pide RO Reeds ir? Ki sex’
SHOE Loc Oregon acai wk bie caesee then sass 2 1.83
Medium -(80 0-84 -9) 0. 5 oc OS eee 53 48.62
Lone (85. O-So 20. kas. cuit. te ladys ahs 51 46.79
WErY. 16ND. (QO ARR ee ae Sot er ck 3 2.75
OERE eS Sha aee ict th, 2 ats Sears AMEE. tae 109 99.99
Minimum Frontal Diameter—The mean was 104.49, a low
figure for this general area.
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 341
MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER
Group No. Per cent
VGEY NAPTOWHEHOO oo hee RASS OS cee eRe UE 9 8.26
IN SrPOW FLOOMEOR) 52 Sek os ae FOUR AR deta 88 80.73
PN ETO EES Foe a oi io ORL ee ni, Willige dos 12 11.01
are wae (hie oe. SHE oi. alee so aaoeale.o,o > on tee Rims DAE eae. ota
2 GaSe pie RM ttre Runa oy hd ABS) vs MMi SP 2 car 109 = 100.00
Head Breadth—The mean for this measurement was 148.39,
which indicates a tendency toward broadness. The mean head
length was 189.88, which is short for this part of the world.
HEAD BREADTH
Group No. Per cent
Very, narrow: (20-320) oi oe nck se wile veh ae oe
Narrow: (180-189). scot es a Fis 2 1.83
Wile (140-24D i ee ee ee cee 63 57.80
Very wide CL D0- 2) eens ere ee Sh ans 44 40.37
DQUAE ys et OER AOA Soke 3 PR Tee er oeewih 109 = 100.00
Cephalic Index.—The Harvard and the Keith systems show
somewhat different arrangements.
The mean cephalic index was 78.19. Therefore the peoples of
the An Nasiriya Liwa were mesocephals with both brachycephalic
and dolichocephalic elements, indicating a mixed population.
CEPHALIC INDEX
Harvard System No. Per cent Keith System No. Per cent
Dolichocephalic....... 37 33.94 Ultradolichocephalic... 0 .....
(x-76.5) (x-70.0)
Mesocephalic......... 63 57.80 Dolichocephalic....... 16 14.68
(76. 6-82 .5) (70.1-75.0)
Brachycephalic....... 9 8.26 Mesocephalic......... 64 58.72
| aaa A
TOM es ces canoe 109 =100.00 rachycephallc........ :
: (80 .0-84.9)
Ultrabrachycephalic... 2 1.83
(85 .0—x)
| PRE RR Sasha 109 =100.00
Facial Measurements and Indices—The mean upper facial
height was 71.40. The mean total facial length was 118.30. Thus
the lower part of the face tended to be short. This disharmony
resulted in a wide diffusion of the total facial indices.
FACIAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES
Upper facial height No. Percent _ Total facial height No. Per cent
ois oo ei we 3 2.75 Settee ace 6 5.50
(x-63) (x-109)
Medium short...... 81 28.44 Medium short....... 57 52.29
(64-69) (110-119)
Medium long....... 57 52.29. Medium long....... 43 39.45
(70-75) (120-129)
Taney. odes AN 18 16.51 MES 64d s Bia sees 3 2.75
(76—x) pats yee (130-x) Pon ee BEES
So ey ae 109 99.99 ROMO iat ok nds 109 99.99
342 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
\
‘Total facial index No. Per cént
Euryprosopic (x—84.5).......... 30 27.52
Mesoprosopic (84.6—-89.4)....... 42 38.53
Leptoprosopic (89.5—x)......... 37 33.94
LOUK el oi ocak brasonhar grocamat wre ieiocee a 109 99.99
Nasal Measurements and Indices.—The means were length 50.10,
breadth 37.03 and nasal index 74.19. The thirteen individuals in
the platyrrhine classification suggest the presence of Negroid blood.
NASAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES
No. Per cent
33 30.28
69 63.30
7 6.42
109 100.00
Nasal height No. Per cent ‘ Nasal width
Short sis! eos eas 49 44.95 Very narrow........
(x-49) (x-29) .
Medtam 323.353! 455 60 55.05 - Medium narrow.....
(50-59) (30-35)
A. at oe sah Diets Medium wide.......
(60—x) (86-41)
—— Wide ¢-c5scc sh ae,ee th
Ota 258 ba aie 109 = 100.00 (42-x)
Totabinn' £< seaoery
Nasal index No. Per cent
Leptorrhine (x-67.4)........... 20 18.35
Mesorrhine (67.5-83.4)......... 76 69.72
Platyrrhine (83.5-x)........... 18 11.93
Be BREE NG SER a le ee a 109 = 100.00
In order to furnish additional statistical data for comparison
with those of Field (1989) and those in Part I, No.
1, of The
Anthropology of Iraq, the following tables have been calculated:
SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length)
900-x 899-850 849-800 799-750 749-x
Standing height No. % No. % No % No. % No %
1800-0... b 456 Vass ak On tick. Dis ctere onal Pa 0
1799-1700...... 7 14.00 8 16.00 0..... Dye
1699-1600...... 9 18.00 18 36.00 1 2.00 0.... 0
x-1699...... Qiissig 4h De Uigcieys 714.00 0.... 0
MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER
x-99 100-109 110-119 120-x
Head breadth No. % No % No % No %
LES 1! ae {eh aed = 2 Ne | Sa Oi dines 0 -
pi) EM BL: bs ea ae anne 0 2 4.00 7 14.00 0 as
L40-140 5 ak. bw es 0 5 10.00 17 34.00 3 6.00
Pee Rares ce Pave) O82 iol 13 26.00 8 6.00
15 30.00
28 56.00
7 14.00
50 100.00
25 50.00
16 32.00
50 100.00
7
m! .<
Te
*
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA
BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH
x-124 125-134
Total facial length No. % No. % No.
ee fot ht 0 yp ea: 1 2.00 1
TIGR 124 ee ks t' V3 1l 22.00 18
jo ot GEES a nS ee C6 cai, 6 12.00 12
UpPrEerR FACIAL LENGTH
x-63 . 64-69 70-75 76-81
%
Total facial length No. % No. % No. % No.
oO ee eee ae 0. Ob 3.5 eB 59.75 Oo ie
B19 23 36.00 12 24.00 1 2.00 0....
190FI129 5 4 8.00 10 20.00 10 20.00 2 4.
je) ren? | Re Ape 1 2.00 3 6.00 2 4.
NASAL WIDTH
x-29 80-35 386-41
Nasal length No. % No % No. %
SS ee ee Og 2) ee 38287 4 8.16
>): $3 :G@:4a 14 28 557:. (kT 22586.
as vse ieee hi staid Oks 1 2.04 2 4.08
135-x
343
Totals
% No. %
2.00
36.00
24.00
00
00
2 4.00
30 = 60.00
18 36.00
50 100.00
82-x
No. %
2.00
2.00
VITAL STATISTICS* OF AN NASIRIYA MALES
No. Age Marriedt Sons
4290 80 0 oe
4291 25 1 2,0
4292 19 0 Seas
4293 25 1 2,0
4294 15 0 bcs
4295 20 0 et
4296 80 ‘ eae
4297 23 0 ane
4298 25 0 baad
4299 35 0 eh
4300 30 1 2,0
4301 38 0 ee
4302 25 1 1,0
4303 25 0 ae
4304 16 0 nin
4305 70 1 0,4
4306 53 4 4,4
4307 55 uf 1,2
4308 65 1 0,4
4309 88 1 0,0
4310 53 1 26
4311 © 50 1 3, 0
4312 45 1 ) ee
*Ttalicized numbers refer to deceased children.
Totals
No. %
er hee
16 32.00
27 54.00
7 14.00
50 100.00
Totals
No. %
18 36.73
28 57.14
3... 6.12
49 99.99
Daughters
0, 0
0, 0
+ Since so many individuals claimed to be unmarried, an unusual condition among the tribal Arabs,
Lady Drower questioned the veracity of their assertions.
344
No.
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
~ 4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
- 28
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
VITAL STATISTICS* OF AN NASIRIYA MALES
Age Married Sons Daughters
48
48
75
21
25
38
35
40
25
28
21 1
20
19
25
32
25
32
33
35
82
20
43
19
rat it
40
28
27
25
at
25
25
23
30
30
20
22
18
22
22
30
38
mos.)
Ro; NON:
moo:
RROD ORR ORF ROR OSOORCRrRRROSSoRFF
oo:
-
-
> OF
i PE a
-
_
RNS:
eco:
Ee ooo ee
SENS IGts ss es
A — In ~ ROE
Eanes Gites ete os
38
30
25
38
35
40
40
28
25
40
~
Rrmow! ;
—
eco:
eso
COOCOORMRrRrROCOOCOFWoOOCOOCOOrRFrROCOCCOC?C :
* Italicized numbers refer to deceased children.
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 345
VITAL STATISTICS* OF AN NASIRIYA MALES _
No. Age Married Sons Daughters
4365 35 0 Pang ata
4366 21 0 Pihig hie g'G
4367 20 0 RS ae
4368 35 1 1,0 1,0
43869 20 0 5 hy
4370 37 1 2,0 2,0
4371 25 1 0, 0 0, 0
4372 30 1 1,0 1,0
4373 22 1 1,0 1,0
4374 18 0 atch hes
4375 35 1 0,0 0, 3
4376 40 0 2 oes oe
4377 32 1 his cyan
4378 40 1 2,0 0, 0
4379 35 0 oe Lee
4380 38 2 2,0 2,0
4381 18 1 7g Bi
4382 30 1 0,0 0,0
4383 38 1 1, 0 1, 1
4384 25 1 0,0 2,0
4385 22 0 re x
4386 33 1 2 ee
4387 40 1 3, 0 3, 0
4388 20 0 Sets ek
4389 28 0 eee ose e
4390 40 1 1,0 1: 0
4391 30 1 1,0 1,0
4392 45 1 2,0 1,0
4393 38 1 1,0 1,0
4394 45 1 2,0 1,0
4395 32 1 2,0 1,0
4396 28 0 Rea ae a
4397 30 0 tite i ae
4398 29 1 0,0 0, 1f
4399 50 1 2,3 2,1
4400 25 0 p IAS 2 Pathe
4401 25 0 Be ae Peat
4402 25 0 Pee ite ah he
4403 53 1 3, 0 2,0
4404 60 1 2,0 3, 0
4405 70 1 1g rer fee
4406 45 1 1,0 1, 0
4407 48 1 eee, 3
4408 35 2 sete 2
4409 22 0 Ry LEP
4410 35 0. ne Beir
4411 38 1 2 Waves
4412 18 0 FS A
4413 15 0 : As
4414 27 0 prin Sas
4415 25 1 3, 0 1,0
* Italicized numbers refer to deceased children.
1 Miscarriage.
346 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MEASUREMENTS
No. Age Stature SH L B B’ J go-go
4290 30 1656 846 188 148 104 186 101
4291 25 1620 827 179 161 101 185 106
4292 19 1672 845 186 148 108 185 101
4293 25 1640 858 185 145 103 186 1038
4294* 15 1651 861 194 158 105 1838 #4106
4295 20 1702 866 178 187 101 126 95
4296 30 16538 824 194 151 103 187 #100
4297 23 1667 872 188 145 105 188 #100
4298 25 1645 874 188 148 104 1838 £1038
4299 35 1694 891 197 148 06 188 = # 102
4300 30 1641 846 189 154 (110)t 1388 105
4301 38 1707° 915 189 1 148 +=101
4302 25 1645 861 181° 1588 102 187 96
4303 25 1717 859 184 147 103 182 104
4304* 16 1620 826 188 142 100 128 93
4805 70 1605 886 191 141 108 184 £105
4306 538 1565 889 188 148 99 187 #1110
4307 55 1710 870 191 145 104 1384 95
4808 65 1660 798 195 154 109 142 108
4309 38 1560 809 180 148 101 1383 103
4810 538 1674 867 1938 54 106 140 += 100
4311 50 -1651 803 187f 158 99 188 93
43812 45 1649 861 188 146 101 185 102
4313 48 \1762 (890 185 157 4107. 181 101
4814 48 1721 865 192 145 102 182 108
4315* 75 1688 8380 188 158 104 150 117
4316 21 1592 = 831 188 150 106 186 105
43217 -20. V4. B60: S18? REE 107 187 --- 104
4818 38 1650 858 193 154 102 188 #4109
4319 35 1686 807 190 141 105 1381 £104
4820 40 1741 895 196 150 109 185 115
4821 25 ©1615 .817 .180- 151. 108 185 98
4322 28 1609 806 180 141 97 ~ 180 93
4823. 21. 1687 :862- 1912 146 107 . 185 96
4824 20 1692 899 175 141 95 121 93
4825 19 1712 888 180 148 105 . 1383 108
4826 25 17038 8638 184 157 110/ 189 107
4827 32 1696 860 192 150 105 183 101
4828 25 1656 856 185 148 102 180 + # 110
43829 32 1726 892 186 148 102 181 101
4830-38 1741 885 201 159 1144146 111
4331 35 1689 888 188 185 98 123 94
4332,.: 32, 1691 > 868 199.: 147 » 107 +188. 101
438383 20 1645 848 190 145 102, 188 101
4834 48 1753 870 189 157 105 189° 104
4885.19 1710. 864 187° 142 101. -180 95
4836 27 1680 817 187 146 100 185 94
4837. 40 1700 871: 191 154 107 185 102
4838 28 1668 880 197 147 108 189 107
4389.27. 3916. 885.. -192....166-' 114:.< 148° 111
4840.25 1760 877 185 150 106 187 106
4841.21 1657 888 179 146 102 ,'188 98
4342 25 1686 8384 196 148 110 184 95
4843 25 1762 898 194 152 114 187 103
4344 238 1644 821 182 149 100 127 99
43845 30 1684 862 193 146 106 186 107
4846 30 1771 860 199 154 115 189 105
* Omitted from means.
+ Measurement affected because of dagger wound.
t Occiput flat.
GH G’H NH
118 72 654
120 71 49
111 68 49
118 71 6&2
110 69 49
101 65 47
118 66 48
124 73 653
129 78 54
128 73 61
122 75 652
124 73 49
118 72 61
110 66 48
115 68 48
(100) (60) 54
112 68 47
123 76 51
117 75 48
(118) (69) 53
115 69 48
128 78 54
(111) (64) 45
125 82. 56
112 69 650
126 75 57
124 74 652
112 68 44
120 73 46
122 72 46
127 79 61
118 67 47
120 76 55
120 73 53
119 67 47
114 68 46
117 67 46
118 74 53
114 65 44
121 76 56
117 69 48
118 75 50
119 70 48
105 59 44
127 77 56
121 75 565
122 76 54
123 77 6&2
126 74. 52
122 70 48
116 72 453
110 66 48
108 65 47
119 73 538
114 70 50
118 72 58
130 75 652
; ar
wee
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA
. INDICES
B/L B'/B GH/J G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL. go-go/J
78.7 70.8 86.8 52.9 70.4 657.6 174.3
84.4 66.9 88.9 52.6 65.3 55.9 78.5
. ‘ -T 61.9 77.6 62.3 | 79.7
77.0 73.7 80.2 651.6 74.5 658.1 75.4
77.8 68.2 82.5 48.2 75.0 56.3 738.0
19.2 72.4 98.2 54.9 71.7 656.7 16.2
76.1 72.7 97.0 58.6 638.0 54.5 177.4
75.1 71.6 89.1 652.9 74.5 61.5 178.9
81.5 71.4 88.4 54.38 76.9 57.4 176.1
81.5 70.1 86.7 51.0 77.6 48.4 70.6
84.5 66.7 86.1 52.6 74.5 52.2 70.1
79.9 70.1 83.3 650.0 838.3 55.2 78.8
75.5 70.4 89.8 658.1 77.1 55.9 172.7
73.8 73.0 74.6 44.8 74.1 52.9 178.4
78.7 66.9 81.8 49.6 838.0 50.0 80.3
75.9 71.7 91.8 656.7 72.5 55.4 70.9
79.0 70.8 82.4 652.8 85.4 650.0 176.1
82.2 68.2 88.7 51.9 64.2 658.2 17.4
79.8 68.8 82.1 49.3 72.9 656.7 71.4
84.5 62.7 96.2 58.6 68.5 49.3 69.9
77.7 69.2 82.2 47.4 17.8 - 57.9 15.6
84.9 68.2 95.4 62.6 62.5 57.6 177.1
75.5 70.8 84.8 52.3 72.0 652.9 81.8
81.4 68.0 84.0 50.0 68.4 47.8 78.0
79.8 70.7 91.2 654.4 69.2 583.8 17.2
76.6 74.38 81.8 49.6 84.1 54.0 75.9
80.0 66.2 87.0 52.9 89.1 57.4 79.0
74.2 74.5 93.1 55.0 78.3 47.9 79.4
76.5 72.7 94.1 58.5 78.4 58.8 85.2
83.9 68.2 83.7 49.6 70.2 61.4 172.6
78.3 68.8 92.3 658.5 65.5 57.8 71.5
76.4 73.38 88.9 54.1 66.0 61.3 71.1
80.6 67.4 98.3 55.4 66.0 57.1 76.9
82.2 70.9 85.7 61.1 82.6 57.8 81.2
85.3 70.1 84.2 48.2 77.8 656.5 177.0
78.1 70.0 88.7 55.6 - 75.5 57.1 75.9
77.38 71.38 87.7 50.0 86.4 53.2 84.6
76.9 71.3 92.4 58.0 57.1 68.1 17.1
79.1 71.7 80.1 47.3 85.4 57.1 76.0
71.8 72.6 95.9 61.0 76.0 55.6 76.4
73.9 72.8 86.2 60.7 91.7 55.9 78.2
76.3 70.3 76.1 42.8 81.8 60.0 73.2
83.1 66.9 91.4 655.4 64.3 56.3 74.8
75.9 71.1 98.1 57.7 56.4 57.6 78.1
78.1 68.5 90.4 56.3 64.8 55.4 69.6
80.6 69.5 91.1 57.0 61.5 658.2 75.6
74.6 73.5 90.6 58.2 69.2 57.4 17.0
80.7 73.5 85.3 49.0 79.2 55.6 177.6
81.1 70.7 84.7 52.6 60.4 54.1 17.4
81.6 70.0 82.7 49.6 70.8 51.6 73.7
75.5 74.38 80.6 48.5 89.4 54.7 70.9
78.4 75.0 86.9 58.3 73.6 55.4 75.2
81.9 67.1 90.0 55.1 70.0 54.8 78.0
75.6 72.6 86.8 52.9 73.6 61.0 (78.7
717.4 74.7 98.5 654.0 67.8 652.2 175.5
4404* 60
4405* 70
Stature
1779
1718
1693
1682
1670
1684
1642
1749
1706
1692
1669
1751
1585
* Omitted from means.
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MEASUREMENTS
B B’ JI
156 108 = 140
148 106 = 181
149 104 # 189
145 110 128
148 #107 ~= 181
140 97 128
151 108 142
146 108 1388
142 104 180
156 107 140
151 106 187
150 108 141
148 102 128
147 106 1380
151 106 # £140
146 108 1385
142 105 185
145 111 £188
152 114 145
1446 105 185
167. 108°. 182
150 99 182
148 106 144
147° 101 182
149 100 # 182
144 101 188
156 106 187
144 104 180
154 105 186
158 106 145
VEL > 110) - 148
156 101 - 188
148 106 187
140-7102 182
146 104 188
157 109 146
146 102 1838
147° 108. 184
151 104 1385
150 98 187
142 100 187
152 102 181
145 102 188
149 109 187
149 106 189
145 101 £185
150 107 187
148 101 129
149 108 144
147-118 « 189
151 98 180
149 107 140
144 108 185
149 102 1385
149 102 142
145 108 188
142 100 1388
146 109 186
136 94 127
GH G’H NH
124
112
121
115
121
115
116
127
122
74
1 72
(122) (72)
110 67
(109) (66)
50
f .
~
© .
DON KH WRADOOHKHOIWANHODOANKHLOAADKLACHHRANNOONAOCAWWDORANTNR ARORA
SS
ow
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA
79.6
~
Oo
APOC CIOW WON WARN WH PWORORNWHADWNN ORR AGD
a
wo
_
- INDICES
GH/J G‘H/J
88.6 52.9
85.5 48.9
87.1 61.8
89.8 538.9
92.4 57.3
89.8 64.7
81.7 652.8
92.0 57.2
98.8 (67.7
86.4 47.9
82.5 48.2
96.5 654.6
92.2 659.4
96.9 658.5
91.4 64.8
91.9 55.6
79.3 46.7
94.2 64.3
84.8 61.0
87.4 48.1
82.6 48.5
87.1 58.8
78.5 46.5
95.5. 61.7
87.1 653.8
91.7 658.4
81.8 61.1
86.9 562.3
88.2 64.4
85.5 658.1
79.7 60.3
84.8 650.7
84.7 48.2
89.4 55.3
85.7 . 54.1
81.5 48.6
85.0 49.6
98.3 658.7
87.4 652.6
88.9 51.8
82.5 49.6
88.5 564.2
89.5 54.9
87.6 652.6
86.38 652.5
95.6 658.5
87.6 64.7
91.5 655.0
83.3 50.0
82.7 650.4
86.2 538.8
85.0 652.9
93.38 56.3
87.4 51.9
83.1 50.0
90.2. 64.1
88.4 62.2
80.9 49.3
85.8 652.0
NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J
70.0
78.4
84.0
AAXAAIAAAAAAHa-1
COAIwAwoIo»e ROOD
SCHOKAKLOKL KEL LOR WOO
DAD
1)
or
o
1)
on
© . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COD RP WWODOSCWAHAMOHAMNMDOOAIAIEARSAIN WASNT ADO Orly
oF
o1co
oy
>
o
COrPWODNANRrOO-]
75.0
76.3
75.5
78.1
73.3
75.8
~
. . oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FPODARAIROOOHM IOP PAW POW OAN OPRAH OR AIAN AON OANIWwWonoe
350
No. Age
4406* 45
4407* 48
4408* 35
4409* 22
4410* 35
4411* 38
4412* 18
4413* 15
4414* 27
4415* 25
* Omitted
No. EL EB RSH
4406 (59) 32 50.
68 39
4407
4408 69 34 49.
4409 59 35 50.
4410 69 36 49.
4411 66 38 50.
4412 51 35 52.
4413 57 33 50.
4414 64 35 50.
4415 66 36 49.
Stature SH
1690 845
1695 = 831
1615 803
16383 824
1727 = 851
1630 817
1571 831
1615 822
1701 850
1663 817
from means.
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MEASUREMENTS
L B B’ J go-go
186 «187 101. -188 110
197...150 110 188: 109
185 155 «111 140, 108
188 143 110 189 104
190 152 101. = 187
198 146 107 188 = 1038
198 145 102 182 98
192 147 104 183 98
1938 150 98 182 97
199 155 105 188 101
INDICES
B/L_ B’/B GH/J
78.7 73.7 91.7
76.1 73.38 94.9
HODDHWAAIOS
Co
—)
o
a
a
>
Co
~]
for)
GH G’H NH NB
122 76 658 31
131 81 59 387
124 75 55 36
107 63 438 34
120 74 58 42
125 76 54 44
112 64 438 37
120 65 47 36
130 82 58 39
122 76 55 34
G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J' B’/J
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AN NASIRIYA MALES
HAIR
FS
No. Form Texture Color»
4290 lw medium black
4291 (lw) coarse black
4292 (str) medium dkbr
4293* .... coarse dk br
4294* medium dkbr
EOE 8 ete ea eR, dk br
4296* coarse (black)
Ys 9 halead ee RRR a" Seater asp ACI Bi
4298 lw coarse black
4299 lw __ coarse black
4300 lw (medium) dk br
4301 lw _— coarse blk, gray
PT RN i ee br
PEI 3 SS ae i, a Siw) eee Cag
Sgt Se tB aaoe ayy lt (dk br)
4305 coarse gray
MOU UUr Rae es Spies Soak
43079 lw coarse dk br, gray
4308 lw _ coarse gray
Ne a RMA bade 3 (gray)
4310 lw _— coarse blk, gray
hE ae A SE blk, gray
43129 lw coarse black
4313* (coarse) black
Be i ok eee (dk br),
gray
MOS Sule. a ets gray
* Shaven.
+ Bald, back of head shaven.
57.1. 58.5 (64.2) 82.7 75.9
B88) 6ST OTe: 19.8 ST
53.6 ° 66.5. 49:3 7.1. 79.8
45:8 °° 79.2 8018" °%4i8 ° FOut
6420 TSS B28 ye ot
56.4) 88.5: (6756 14.6 785
48.5 86.0 68.6 74.2 177.3
4859 99-7626 SBS BST FB ee
62.4 7:67.25 2 BATE TB TA
55.1 61.8: 64:6 «78.2 > 76.1
— —
Color Sclera Iris" Profile Wings >
dk br ___ blood conv medium
dk br __— blood str cp-m
dk br blood conv medium
dk br clear conv medium
dk br clear str flar
dk br clear str flar
vdkbr clear str medium
dk br clear te. CC _ m-fi
dk br __ blood ray c-c cp-m
dk br blood ws. CONV flar
dk br blood conv medium
dk br blood conc - r
dk br blood str flar
dk br blood cone flar
dk br clear cone flar
k br blood conv medium
dk br blood cone flar
Ce Tyr ee Fae conv m-fi
GPEDT (OO ee conv flar_
It br yellow conv medium
kbr __ yellow, str medium
blood
dk br ___ yellow, str m-fl
bloo “Am
gray-br clear e-c medium
v dk br blood conv comp
vdkbr yellow, Ca eS eee
blood
heal a blood conv medium
tBald.
| Slightly bald and short.
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AN NASIRIYA MALES
§ Hair very short.
HAIR EYES NOSE
No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Tris Profile Wings
M016 edw. ASh dk br dk br blood conv medium
4317* .... medium dkbr v dk br yellow conc flar
43189 .... coarse black dk br blood conv flar
4319 coarse dk br dk br blood str m-fl
Mo ey SY dk br, dk br clear conv flar
4321 coarse black dk br eee: conv medium
00
2. ee ee vee (dk br) dkbr yellow conv medium
Geers OE. (dk br) dkbr clear conv medium
Bee ie. PET. (dk br) = gray-br blood conv comp
Mess TEL (dk br) vdkbr clear cone flar
4326* (medium) dk br vk dk br_ clear cone flar
Meets et USOT: (dk br) dkbr speck- conv flar
blood
Et. Ve (dk br) dkbr blood str flar
Me ri PREY. (black) dkbr clear conv comp
Me ee. ORT... (dk br) dkbr blood str flar
ME ee EIR. (ak br) deibrate oho? cone m-fi
ae re (dk br) dkbr yellow cone flar
MT ai. Pile 8” Ee dk br clear .. @¢ flar
BOOM ese da hard -br blood zon conv medium
4335 lw medium = dk br k br clear conv comp
1” PSNR Se Otte amar Dea orale dk br blood conv medium
4337 Be pl tcia hy Pe ee dk br blood conv comp
4338 Fr pee blk, gray dk br blood c-c comp
SE cee ee v dk br clear cone m-fl
MN eee. hie Sales dk br blood conv comp
Fc iBT ee cE Lake dk br speck- conv cep-m
blood
a IS Ae Cr G ar dk br clear c-c flar_
OM eh. as hee ee CEN v dk br clear c-c medium
Ne ae 8 on ES dk br blood cone medium
eI, ES black v dk br blood ... cone m-fi
BN it Ory black lt br blood zon str medium
4347§ coarse black dk br clear ... Conv medium
BOG es. 72) OFebi sb ote dk br clear cone medium
OED Soca. oe ern a eS dk br clear conv medium
4350§ coarse black dk br blood conv medium
MERGE cs Shin K,, - ca EREN (gray-br) blood cone comp
Nr a A i-th 5 At eORM GA Oo oh eae -br blood c-¢ r
TE cnt ange Oe eet ale dk r blood cone flar_
MI le eo. outs bbw: heh eee, ak black blood str medium
BD Ss ue Se ne ee ao dk br blood conv r
oS SARE BEI 2 tees age ta 5 lt br blood conc flar
MRT ees oe ohn ay Gas aay see havi dk br ellow cone flar
hip Aig aaah ey Pe AR FE ga v dk br lood str m-fi_
Ph Sais Se pe ey eee dk br ellow cone medium
Be ey cake 8 cl, ae v dk br lood str medium
BGR Hs Ve gray-br blood conv comp
ee OE. SARE v dk br clear cone cp-m
is wok Tig cp TEA dk br blood str medium
MOG es ire FOR dk br blood str medium
SOURS Mik dace eee dk br blood conv medium
* Shaven.
Rather bald. + Hair probably frizzly but shaven.
} Hair very thin probably because of disease.
352 ANTHROPOLOGY OF [RAQ
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AN NASIRIYA MALES
HAIR. EYES NOSE
No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings
QRGR ik os Oe egh heed: dk br blood conc flar
BBO es Sites Celie dk br blood ... Conv m-fi
MEGS hic. 5 tae Pho ake blood zon conv medium
ARCO ess Un Nes A AR k br blood str m-fl
4370+ (lw) coarse blk, gray v dk br blood cone medium
a A A Yates ae an a fee dk br clear str flar
BBFe 63h. 5.6 kA’. wees dk br blood c-c cp-m
Ta a et eg dk br clear conv m-fi
ed. ed ee Sap alia vdkbr __ blood conv medium
4875t .... (medium) dkbr v dk br blood str m-fi
4376+ .... coarse k br vdkbr __ blood conv comp
AST ANS Oo: GOR. BOON eA v dk br blood cone flar
4378 lw _ coarse blk, gray dk br blood str flar
ABTA elt: ob Mates eats v dk br blood c-c medium
BORO re Sk Pee co hE. GO DR eka conv comp
BBY iii, i Taig ARs 6 Noon eae dk br blood conv medium
BORe S60. so VARS Le. dk br clear conv medium
BBS ‘itil aot Ue ake Ae dk br blood cone ep-m
BON sg PARRY eR ee leas akin: isd wh str flar
GBB ok FROME TS CR v dk br blood cone medium
BUeG Who. 2 eee ee dk br blood conv medium
ABOT iar. oe Ae Sess, eae dk br blood c-¢ m-fi
BE Fn RUD oc a REED Vy dk br. 6 22 conv medium
BOO so ATS aa” ee eres dk br blood e-c medium
ME eta Ch ee ges dk br v dk br blood c-c flar
«thai Sea ge ge dk br dk br clear conv medium
OOM i aes Ph ees vdkbr _ blood conv medium
MES nicks sis SA blk, gray dk br blood conv medium
SAY UA TESS aan aa black dk br blood conv medium
ED WS 8 Gio, Segue AS tog Loti v dk br blood cone medium
MG Hr Bee he ie gr-br blood conv medium
MBO E ii. ase. eS Neer v dk br clear str comp
4398 lw medium dkbr ae Pk) clear conv medium
yo bagel OR ay dk br, gray blood conv comp
Ba HG: TE (dk br) dkbr blood str cp-m
4401 coarse dk br - dkbr blood conv m-fi
ys Sel NR EE ta A black dk br yellow conv medium
4403 lw medium black dk br blood conv medium
4404 medium dkbr dk br blood conv comp
DA es 3 LAS ruses 3 gray Gk Or, | \ Sots e-c comp
MA es) ee dk br dk br blood conv comp
4407. (str) fine blk, gray dk br blood conv cp-m
ats si. « Sp gtigne oi) fe. haemo dk br blood conv comp
MAU Son oho iota i ee dk br blood conv-str flar
4410 lw _ coarse black dk br blood c-c flar
WE Bates. 3 ikge te ky Oe ete dk br blood str flar
Oe RAF Le Semen gene v dk br yellow cone flar
BANG ast Se Er ean dk br yellow cone medium
4414 lw _— coarse dk br dk br blood conv medium
MRE i. | oBals its Sl Se Se It br clear conv comp
* Shaven.
+ Hair short.
t Hair very short.
{ Quite bald.
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 353
MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF AN NASIRIYA MALES
Measurements Individuals Mean S.D. C.V.
EE Se Sc dis aims <9 Fa elena e es 109 167.174+.34 5.304.24 3.174.14
(RS | Re BA As hve OF 109 84.98+.18 2.804.138 3.294.315
meee Semmens 50). o. Lets ihe 109 189.88+.36 6.584+.25 2.914.138
SEO PMOUIGN <<. ck sc dee beens ees 109 148.39+.31 4.864.22 3.28+4.15
Minimum frontal diameter....... 109 104.49+.26 4.054+.19 3.88+4.18
Bizygomatic breadth............ 109 185.39+.32 4.894.222 3.61+.16
Boum breadth . ...0 6. anes 109 102.52+.34 5.22+.24 6.094.238
Total facial height.............. 109 118.30+.40 6.12+.28 5.174.24
Upper facial height.............. 109 71.40+.28 4.274.20 5.98+.28
Pee SOG, «t,t. os cake ee Gee es 109 60.10+.21 3.284.15 6.451+.30
Nees preedth *). cost. Dimes. 109 87.084.18 2.774.138 7.48+4.35
Se ae So 109 68.514.25 3.834.17 6.08+4.27
MSE BOGRGtD 6 oy kk a a AA 109 85.894.15 2.314.111 6.538+4.31
Indices
Relative sitting height........... 109 50.86+.09 1.354.06 1.654.12
MMII. Sioa 5 a eco wc lease ate te 109 78.194+.20 3.044+.14 3.89+.18
Bronto-parioctal 0001205. 222s 109 -70.514.17 2.694.12 3.82+.17
Tetivoiate ds: sai. OST. Oo. Sas | SARE SS
25 100.00
BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH
x-124 125-134 185-x Totals
Total facial length No. % No. % No. % No. %
> EY tee a gee 5 20.00 20 ~=80.00 0 25 100.00
jw +. Fee eae Oe ees. 8 Opens 23g 0 0 GE toby?
Roem ots PRE 6k ee ete Oak 0 0. Agta
25 100.00
UPPER FACIAL LENGTH
x-63 64-69 70-75 76-81 82-x Totals
Total facial length No. % No. % No % No % No % No %
x-109........ 5 20.00 10 40.00 1 4.00 0 .... 0.... 16 64.00
110-119........ O25 48 6 24.00 2 8.00 1 4.00 0.... 9 36.00
120-129........ Beet Oia SEER | ett yh wt | Me ce rama | euice ey 20)
1b a ere Ae eee | Nae | ae ee OO IE ES
25 100.00
NASAL WIDTH
x-29 80-35 86-41 42-x Totals
Nasal length No. % No % No. % No. % No. .-%. *.
Ne age eee 1.4.00. 18: 272.00 24. 4.00 0). 6550. 4:20: 38008
60-59............ 1 4.00 83213500: 320. ors... 22-1) oe 5 20.00
OE a ios Ridin Sele ate OGb. cee Cibo OR nee Our Lvnge
25 100.00
362
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
MEASUREMENTS OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES
_ No. Age Stature SH
4416 40 1546 785
4417 35 1591 818
4418* 16 1576 805
4419 50 1661 890
4420 28 1541 #789
4421 38 1554 888
4422 17 1595 884
4428 18 1555 781
4424 17 1656 8138
4425 30 1520 797
4426 19 16938 805
4427 22 1471 779
4428 28 15838 796
4429 38 15384 7838
4430 18 1525 785
4431 30 1464 775
44382 22 1526 784
4433 48 1540 771
4434 25 1577 813
4435 20 1567 798
44386 35 1665 882
4437* 15 1620 803
4438 35 1682 812
4439 33 1505 £779
4440 18 1520 776
GAAV* 16: 2621 - 774
4442 35 1582 781
4443 40 1529 779
4444 25 1546 771
4445* 28 1587 818
4446* 20 1489 756
4447* 30 1426 701
4448* 17 1492 1773
4449* 15 1526 779
4450* 14 1560 805
4451*14 1516 759
4452* 29 1551 826
4453* 16 1572 781
4454* 35 1508 813
4455* 48 1512 . 770
* Omitted from means.
t Nose stretched by nose ring.
Measurements
Sitting height
Head length
Head breadth
se eee
see eee
L
188
183
183
191
174
178
175
180
181
169
182
B
134
136
141
147
144
146
141
139
142
B’ J go-go GH G’H NH
100 =121 98 108 69 45
1038 180 104 111 «66 = 48
102 «+124 938 104 61 42
1092* 384 9104 ed12 249061
101 1380 100 108 66 46
99° 380° °101..52 702". 6255 +48
110 =1380 94 103 61 £39
es 121 965.5505 7 62s eb
102.~>S—«s« 181 96.114 69 46
99 1380 92 107 66. 48
95 120 92, 105 66 48
99 126 98 106 65 46
102... 127 90. (110 - * 70. :, 62
101 128 99 109° 68 . 47
101 126 02 103. 61:2 37
102... 122 90 105 65 . 49
104 126 90 105 665 . 46
104°°128 “100"°114.. 7% "30
100 =128 92 109 70. 50
99 127 95 105 65 48
105 5125: OL Pl 12... 66-294
102° i¢ 119 96 110 70 44
105 -182 102 110 66 48
101. 3122: ©. :100< "100. 62.42
100: 9427 OT 418-69 .--61
100 124 92 106 68 47
105 =180 95 ,110: 64 47
104 1384 104 (108)$ 68 50
ST. 188 86 99 638 44
110 §=184 98 103 68 45
97 » 124 88 102 68 46
100 =124 89 104 65 48
108 125 99° TZ eT 47
LOR’ 128 102 e114: BP kG
100 126 98 107 65 44
102. .119 88 104 62 465
104 129 Of 3108: s GPS Sat
101 - 125 95 107° 66 48
97. 121 87 116 %73~— 49
» i iter 046 98 (107) (68)t 49
t Edentulous.
§ Measurement uncertain,
MEASUREMENTS OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES
Range
wae
see
26
16-54
146-169
75-89
167-196
132-149
Mean
29.90+1.32 10
156
80
181
140
-45+0.75
-26+0.38
.05-+0.85
-80+0.61
Min. frontal diam.....
Bizygo. diam.........
Bigonial diameter... .
Total facial height. . .
Upper facial height...
Nasal height.........
Nasal breadth.......
Far length...:......
Ear breadth.........
93-112
115-134
86-105
95-114
60-79
36-55
28-42
48-71
26-40
102.02 +0.51
127.60+0.56
96.58+0.60
107.60+0.55
66.60+0.48
46.26+0.51
82.72+0.38
59.82+0.64
32.76+0.37
5
2
6
4
NPD wwe PP CO
8.D. C.V.
.00+0.94 33.44+3.13
-70+0.53 3.64+0.34
9140.27 3.63+0.34
.89+0.60 3.53+0.33
-50+0.438 3.20+0.31
-80+0.386 3.72+0.35
-254+0.40 3.33+0.31
.52+0.42 4.6820.44
.10+0.39 3.81+0.36
6540.34 5.48+0.51
.84+0.386 8.30+0.78
.85+0.27 8.71+0.83
.84+0.45 8.09+0.76
-76+0.26 8.42+0.79
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 363
INDICES OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES
No. EL EB RSH B/L B’/B’ GH/J_ G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J
4416 59 34 50.8 71.3 74.6 89.8 57.0 78.8 57.6 80.9 82.6
4417 68 89 61.4 74.8 75.7 85.4 50.8 ~ 77.1 57.8 80.0 79.2
4418 60 32 51.1 77.0 72.38 88.9 49.2 78.8 58.8 75.0 82.8
4419 66 86 538.6 76.9 74.1. 88.6 52.2 58.8 654.5 77.6 81.8
4420 61 34 651.2 82.8 70.1 88.1 60.8) 78.9: B6.7 : -16.9:2 FCT
4421 68. 34° 68.9 S20" 67.8. TS 5. 40.73 16.7. 5B6 I Ta
4422 62 384 52.8 80.5 78.0 79.2 46.9 89.7 64.8 72.8 84.6
4428 62 380 50.2° 77.2). .:.. Ps 61.22. 71L.1 > 48.4" 78..8 Rive
4424 61 31 49.1 78.5 71.8 87.0 652.7 71.1 50.8 78:38 | 77.8
4435 561 82. 62.4 79.7 -68.8 <82.3 50.8 ° 66.7 62.7 70.8 ‘16:1
4426 57 80 47.5 75.1 69.8 (87.5 655.0 67.4 62.6 76.6 179.8
4427 538 80 52.9 79.1 70.7. 84.1 61.6: 65:2." 66.6 “99 -8° 7 Te38
4428 62 30 50.8 78.3 72.4 86.6 55.1 65.4 48.4 70.8 80.2
4429 64 385 51.0 75.9 68.2 85.1 53.1.. 68.1 54.7-.°T7 38... 7838
4430 67 28. 61.4 76.1 75.4 81.7 ~48.4..86.56. 49.1 (78.0 -..80a1
4431 54 30 52.9 82.5 72.3. 86.1 63.3. 65.3 55.6 78.8 88.6
4482 68.00: 61.38. Seas. (888° 6146 ~ 66.2. 31.7: F141 Be
44383 68 36 50.1 78.2 74.8 89.1 60.1 70.0 52.9 78.1 81.2
4434 60 32 651.6 76.7 74.1 86.1 64.72 68-70: -58.3 3: Fi8 bo Fact
4485 59 32 60.9 81.2 69.2 82.7 61.2 68.7 654.2 74:8 17.9
44386 65 86 52.9 177.1 72.4 89.6 52.8 79.5 55.4 80.8 84.0
4487 58 26 49.6 78.3 78.4 92.4 658.8 177.8 44.8 80.7 85.7
4438 67.383 48.2 78:3 -72.9 .88.8 50.0 70.8 67.9 77.8. 79.5
4489-58 32. 51.8 75.9 74.2 81.9 60.8 78.8. .65.2- 81.9: ° 82.8
4440 57 30 651.1 79.7 70.4 88.9 54.3 ares 62.6 + 146.8° “18.7%
4444 55 30 50.9 84.2 69.4 85.5 54.8 74.5 654.6 74.2 80.6
4442 56 85 50.9 78.6 78.4 84.6 49.2 68.1 62.5 78.1 80.8
4448 65 35 650.9 76.8. 71.7 80.6. 650.7... 84.0 658.8 77.6. ° 7736
4444 54: 88. 49.9. 78.6 72.4 .88.9. 68.4 > 70.5 61.1 42:9 “822
0666.3... B15 °76e8:- 76.4 2:7618 47,8 8657" 7. AB] eae
4446 62 32 52.5 72.7 69.8 82.8 50.8 71.7 651.6 170.9 ‘78.2
4447 (59) 30. 49.2 75.7 71.4 88.9 62.4 72.1 50.8 71.8 80.6
4448. 55 32 61.8 76.2 74.6 89.6 56.0 ° 82.9 68.2: 79.2 82:4
4449 55 26 51.0 77.8 72.1 89.1 58:.9.-:' 78.8. 49.8: “197-7879
4450: 57 $1 61.6-.75:0 74.1.°-84:9 51:6 86.4. 64.4 “77.8 .7933
4461 6&7 32° 6.1. 77.8. 74.6 87:4 62.1: 66.7. 86.1 ° 73:9 :86:7
4452 61 34 58.2 76.4 76.5 —78.2 47.8 80.5 655.7 71.8 80.6
4453 57 33 49.6 88.9 69.6 85.6 52.8 64.6 57.9 76.0 80.8
4454 61 37 58.9 81.6 70.3 95.8 60.8 65.8 60.6 71.9 80.1
4455 66 32 50.9 74.2 71.9 84.2 58.5 69.4 48.5 77.1 176.8
INDICES OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES
Indices No. Range Mean s. D. C. V.
Relative sitting
BONE ec ok 26 48-55 51.12+0.20 1.5440.14 3.01+0.28
Cephalic, .: ..2:,...... 25 71-85 77.64+0.40 2.9740.28 3.838+0.387
Fronto-parietal...... 24 66-80 72.8740.41 3.00+0.29 4.15+0.40
Zygo-frontal......... 25 76-87 80.06+0.37 2.7640.26 3.45+0.338
Zygo-gonial......... 26 69-83 76.00+0.48 3.6340.34 4.78+40.45
Total facial.......... 25 76-95 84.20+0.47 3.50+0.338 4.16+0.40
Upper facial......... 26 46-60 51.95+0.40 3.0040.28 5.77+40.54 |
PRE ana mS aa! 25 56-91 71.2641.06 7.84+0.75 11.00+41.05
BIRR Ge ts Sees be Ss 26 45-64 55.10+0.54 4.121+0.39 7.48+0.70
364 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
VITAL STATISTICSt OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES
No. of
Number Age Married years Sons Daughters Brothers _ Sisters
4416 40 1 ke 0, 0 1, 0
4417 35 1 “sant 1,0 1, 0
4418* 16 1 1 a. ae
“i a Se oD “i
Tee. . » i
4421 38 1 aK 2, (many) 1, (many)
4422 17 1 : 1, 0 0, 0
442 1 ag 4
> ae a : es iy
4426 19 1 “$4 1,0 0,0
4427 22 1 9 1,0 1,0
4428 28 1 naa 1,0 0, 0
4429 38 1 many be Sb
ae. Oe. ae ie 6:0 213
4432 22 1 ie 0,1 1,0
4433 48 1 a 0, 4 2,0
4434 25 1 10 1,0 1,0
4435 20 1 8 1,0 0, 0
4436 85 1 Sidhe ae 4,0
es See ae eae 2
; Rh 3 ,0
4440 18 0 eS iia 2S
OG Wg ee ey a
E sth ,2 Pe
4443 40 ie a 1,0 1,0
4444 25 1 8 0, 0 2.0
4445* 28 1 Lei 0, 4 0,3
4446* 20 1 1% 0,0 1,0
4447* 30 1 16 6, 0 2,0
4448° 17 0 Ps an .*
Peet ua ee
ays 43 Ri:
4452° 29 1 ea 0, 0 ,0
4454* 35 2 0, 1 0, 0
4455* 43 1 2.3 0,0
* Omitted from averages.
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES
HAIR
_—
* Omitted from means.
+ Dark speckled.
365
nb end nw 2
Color Sclera Iris. Profile Wings
dk br blood c-¢ medium
dk br yellow c-c medium
dk br clear cone medium
on Wak arg c-c comp
dk br clear str medium
dk br yellow conc flar
ee ee eo cone flar
dk br ellow c-¢ medium
dk br lood conc comp
dk br clear cone comp
dk br clear str comp-
me
dk br blood str medium
dk br clear c-¢ medium
dk br blood cone comp
dk br clear cone r
dk br clear conc medium
dk br yellow- str medium
blood
Fey ee Ae conc med-fi
dk br blood str comp
dk br blood c-c med-fi
dk br blood cone med-fi
dk br clear cone medium
dk br blood conv medium
dk br yellow cone comp
dk br yellow conv medium
dk br clear cone medium
dk br clear conc medium
dk br blood c-c r
dk br blood str medium
dk br blood str flar
dk br clear ... cone medium
dk br clear ray c-c medium
Oe Bros oak ... cone flar
dk br clear cone flar
dk br clear conc flar
gray-br clear c-c medium
dk br yellow cone r
dk br clear str comp
gray-br clear conv comp
It brt blood str medium
INDIVIDUALS OMITTED FROM THE STATISTICAL SERIES
Four individuals were omitted because of age; these were No.
4418 (16) from An Nasiriya, No. 4487 (15) from the Al Uzairij tribe
near An Nasiriya, No. 4441 (15) from Basra, and No. 44538 (16), a
Subbi from An Nasiriya. The remaining group, omitted primarily
because they came from diverse localities, consisted of No. 4445, a
Dulaimi from Samarra; Nos. 4446 and 4447, Jews from Baghdad;
Nos. 4448, 4449 (15), and 4450 (14), a gypsy (kaulia); No. 4451 (14),
366 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
a Subbi from Suq ash Shuyukh; Nos. 4452 and 4454, Subba; and
No. 4455, a Turkoman(?) from An Najaf.
Demography.—No. 4441 was a sister of No. 4440 and No. 4451
was a daughter of No. 4452.
Skin.—No. 4447 had a light freckled skin.
Hair.—Seven individuals had dark brown and four black hair.
No. 4451 had brown, No. 4447 red-brown, and No. 4455 brown-gray
hair. There were four individuals in each of the medium and
coarse categories of hair texture. Five individuals had fine hair.
The majority had low wavy hair, four very low wavy, and one deep
wavy hair. No. 4453 had cut her hair in mourning.
Eyes.—The majority had dark brown eyes. Nos. 4451 and 4454
had gray-brown eyes and No. 4455 light brown with dark specks.
Nos. 4445 and 4455 had bloodshot, No. 4452 yellow, and the
remainder clear sclera. No. 4447 had rayed irides. Only one indi-
vidual had gray-ringed eyes. No. 4441 had her right eye turned
inward.
Nose.—Three individuals had a straight profile, two a concavo-
convex, one a convex, and the remainder concave profiles. Nos. 4453
and 4454 had compressed wings. Five individuals had flaring and
the remainder medium wings. Tip thickness was average plus in
No. 4458. Nos. 4487, 4447, and 4455 had elevated nasal tips while
Nos. 4446, 4458, and 4454 had depressed tips. No. 4418 had a very
small nose. Nos. 4445 and 4418 had low nasal bridges.
While No. 4487 had a straight septum with an upward inclina-
tion, No. 4453 had a straight septum with a downward inclination.
Nos. 4446, 4447, 4454, and 4455 had convex septa with upward
inclinations.
DENTITION
No. Bite Loss Wear Description
4418 marked over Oe < a tian 4 cea A slight stain near gums
4437 marked over Pees, Ug cals out Walp get x eerie sate toe eee
4441 marked over Tore | Ee er crooked; rather yellow;
brass cap on 2
4445 edge-to-edge 1 PR nee OLIN ere ht we eMaes ay tS
4446 slight over none slight stained
4447 slight over 1-4 average+ stained yellow
4448 edge-to-edge TO ge eee lower first molar lost
4449 slight over PROk! Lethe. AS gold plated upper lateral
incisors
4450 marked over avy honest Oe cee. ee ort stained; one gold
toot.
4451 slight over op SAREE SRA stained
4452 slight over 9-16 average+ stained
4453 slight over Eps Arts hese Bs as several molars broken
4454 marked over 1-4 average+ stained
DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 367
Teeth.—Five individuals had marked-over occlusion, six slight-
over and two edge-to-edge. No. 4418 had good, No. 4449 excellent,
and Nos. 4445 and 4451 bad teeth. The eruption was incomplete
in Nos. 4418, 4487, 4441, 4448-4451, and 4453.
Henna.—No. 4418 had applied some and No. 4455 much henna
to the hair.
Tattooing.—Five individuals (Nos. 4487, 4441, 4445, 4450, and
4455) had some tattooing. Nos. 4418, 4448, and 4449 were exten-
sively tattooed.
Branding.—No branding was recorded.
V. ARABS OF THE HOR AL HAWIZA
BY
E. S. DROWER!
Linguistic Notes.—For the sake of convenience and simplicity
the following system of transliteration of Arabic words has been
used. The system, with few changes, is basically that adopted by
the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.? Because of
difficulties of typesetting, those consonants that are represented by
two English letters are not underlined, and instead of k, q has been
used.
Other modifications from the classical Arabic result from the
fact that the spelling is intended to show the exact dialectal sounds
heard among the marsh-dwelling Arabs, who live east of al-‘Amara.
All modern dialects of Arabic differ in vowel values from the system
set up for the classical language. The diphthong ai becomes é (as in
fete), and 6 replaces au and sometimes @; @, 7, and @ remain the same
as in classical Arabic, but @ (as in met) is frequently heard as well
as d, %, and % In certain cases the vowel has disappeared entirely.
Consonantal sounds occurring in this dialect in addition to those of
the classical language are g, a phonetic development from q; ch (as
in chat), a phonetic development from k; and p and zh (as in azure).
The final h of feminine nouns has been omitted. The assimilation
of J in the article to the following consonant is not indicated.
Hamza at the beginning of a word has been disregarded.
The marshes of southern ‘Iraq, sometimes called the Great
Swamp and known to the ‘Iraqi as Al-H6dr, must have existed
since very early times, for the country is alluvial, low-lying, and
1 Lady Drower accompanied the Expedition to the Hor al Hawiza during April,
1934, in order to record details of the life and customs of the marsh-dwellers.
Her special knowledge of Arabic and Mandean served her in good stead durin
the compilation of these data. Since her philological records are of unusua
significance we have decided to include the diacritical marks throughout this
chapter rather than to relegate them to the Glossary, as was done in Part I, No. 1.
The sections of this chapter have been edited to conform to the general plan
adopted for publication of the data from Iraq.
During the war the original notes on this section were destroyed and correc-
tion has therefore been hampered.
2? Brux, A. A., “‘Arabic-English Transliteration for Library Purposes,” in
Press geting of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 47, No. 1, pt. 2,
ctober, :
368
ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 369
subject to inundation when the Tigris and Euphrates are in flood.
The district was inhabited during the Babylonian and, according
to some archeologists, during the Sumerian epochs, although this
is not verified, as the mounds rising above the expanse of reeds and
waters have not yet been excavated. On the slopes of several great
mounds, at al-‘Aziziya, Wajif, and elsewhere, lie many potsherds,
which would seem to indicate former large settlements. The word
tell is not used by the marshman to designate these hills, for such a
mound, called an ishan, is thought to be protected by the magic of
dead civilization. Indeed it is related that a man, digging for
buried treasure on the mound known as Abii al-Dhahab (‘‘Father
of gold’), was suddenly smitten from behind by a melek, a spirit
supposed to haunt graveyards and lonely places, so that he died.
No doubt the prosperous Babylonian marsh-dwellers, like the present
day marshmen, traded in rice and other grain, fish, straw, reeds,
reed mats, and such commodities.
The historian, al-Baladhuri, describes the marshes as covering
an area fifty miles broad and two hundred miles long and stretching
from al-Kifa to Basra. He attributes their origin to the reign of
Kubadh IV, a Sasanian king of the fifth century A.D. During this
period the Tigris burst its confining banks and dykes, flooding all
the low country to the south and southwest. In A.D. 629, the Tigris
and Euphrates both rose in a mighty flood, spreading over the
reclaimed land. The Sasanian king, Parviz, fought heroically against
the encroaching waters, but his task was too much for him. When
the Moslems came in hordes from Arabia and the Sasanian monarchs
departed, the dykes were not repaired and the marshes were not
reclaimed. Even then, however, the remains of some prosperity
persisted, and in the earlier years of the Caliphate, attempts were
made to repair old earthworks and dykes, and to reclaim the land.
The Mongols and Turks, however, completed the ruin.
Thus, after centuries of neglect the vast swamps of today are
given over chiefly to waterfowl, wild boar, and otters, and the waste
of waters, reeds and rushes is populated only by poor communities
living under primitive conditions.
Plant life flourishes. The surface of the swamp water is covered
with the liliaceous leaves of the ga‘iba, which is often dried and
pounded into a powder said to be beneficial when blown into the
eyes of cattle. In spring the white blossoms of a water weed (uzhér
al-batt) rise above the surface of the water.
Although land on the islands is cultivated throughout the
marshes, areas of intense cultivation such as those near the Chahala
370 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
(Kahala), Majar al-Kabir, and other small rivers and their tribu-
taries are found only on the western fringes of the great swamp.
The villages are built of reeds and the roads are chiefly water-
ways. In a few of the district villages the sheikhs’ houses can be
reached by automobile. For instance, the old, dismantled railway
from al-Basra to al-‘Amara is used as a road by people of Qal‘at Salih
because it is raised above the surrounding country and is therefore
immune to floods. Between Halfaya and al-‘Amara there is also a
good automobile road. Within the marsh itself, however, water-
ways are the sole means of communication.
The principal tribes of these marsh districts are the Al bu
Muhammad, the Al Suwa‘ad,! the Al Siidan, the Uzairij, and the
Bani Lam. The leading sheikhs of the Uzairij are Sheikh Shawwai
al-Fahad and Sheikh Mutlaq al-Salman, who has succeeded Sheikh
Salman al-Minshad.
Qal‘at Salih is the district proper of the Al bu Muhammad. It
extends from Majar al-Kabir to the Hor al-Hawiza from west to
east, but the tribesmen also follow the banks of the Chahala River,
a tributary of the Tigris, from al-‘Amara, and those of the Majar al-
Kabir, the Michiriya, the Shatt, the Kasra, and Hafira, all of which
eventually lose themselves in the marsh.
The Al bu Muhammad are farmers, makers of reed mats, and
fishermen. They are a large tribe and in times past have been
wealthy, although, owing to the poor price obtained for grain during
recent years, they have become impoverished. Their principal
sheikhs are Falih al-Saihiid,? to whom most of the tillage on and about
the Chahala belongs, Muhammad al-‘Araibi, who is a member of
the Chamber of Deputies, and Majid al-‘Khalifa, who sometimes
leased the Government Mugqdata‘a of Majar al-Kabir and is a well-
known agriculturist, and finally Tahir al-Hatim, who lives near
Ezra’s Tomb (al-‘Uzair).
Of all the marsh sheikhs the one most universally respected,
and the one whose word has most weight in any council, is un-
doubtedly Sheikh Falih al-Saihiid, although Sheikh Ghadban of
the Bani Lam was formerly a man of power and wealth. (His
successor, Sheikh Hatim, has neither his wealth nor his prestige.)
Sheikh Falih’s power is, however, that of personality, for he is a
1 Lady Drower prefers the use of the ‘‘u’’ in the spelling of Al Sawa ‘ad. (H.F.)
*Since dead. The writer describes conditions as she found them in 1934.
Conditions changed radically during and since World War II, both politically
and economically.
ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 371
remarkable character, and his massive physique is as impressive
as his vast hospitality, his generous character, and his great physical
strength. An old man, possibly eighty-five years of age, he shoots
far better than the younger men. He weighs about three hundred
pounds, is tall, tireless, jovial, and dignified. Although he holds
many conservative ideas, including a sterner code of honor than some
of the more modern of his contemporaries, he has built a school for
his tribesmen and encourages the activities of the Government
doctor, whose services are much needed.
The Suwa‘ad interpenetrate but do not mix with the Al bu
Muhammad. Some of the Suwa‘ad are also found north of the
Sidan tribesmen, who inhabit the district between the Musharra
and the Chahala rivers as far northwest as al-‘Amara and as far
south as Bahatha on the southwest and Hor on the southeast. They
are cattle-keepers and farmers. Muhammad al-Misa and Shibl al-
Shiya are the leading sheikhs.
The Sadan also grow rice and other grains. They are taller and
darker than their neighbors, the Suwa‘ad.
The Bani Lam, a sheep-owning tribe that formerly possessed
great wealth, are still more or less nomadic. In the past a constant
feud between them and the Al bu Muhammad was ready to erupt
at any time, especially under a weak government. They are now on
good terms, and the old feud has not manifested itself seriously in
recent years.
Since the Bani Lam extend to the northeast of the al-‘Amara
district and are found chiefly in the plains between the hills of Iran
and the Tigris and in the rich grazing lands east of the Shatt al-Tib,
they are not, strictly speaking, a marsh tribe. In summer, when the
plains become parched, they move their flocks in search of herbage
into the foothills of Iran, a habit that has sometimes led to disputes
with the authorities of Iran. Their northernmost sheikh is Jiwi
al-Lazim, and their paramount sheikhs are Hatim al-Ghadban,
Qumandar al-Fahad, and Alwan al-Jandil, the last a member of the
Chamber of Deputies in Baghdad.!
AGRICULTURE
The lands owned by the various sheikhs are divided into estates
(magati‘) and the allotment of the rich, silt-bringing flood water
that irrigates the rice crops needs careful adjustment.
1 Alwan al-Jandil, Muhammad al-‘Araibi, and Majid al-‘Khalifa more or less
took it in turns to be deputies, two at a time.
372 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Irrigation is chiefly by means of flooding and sometimes by
minzaha; water spreading over land is called barydu (Pers. bariyab).
In such places the engine-worked pump is unnecessary. The water-
wheel (n@‘tir) and the charid (karid), a contrivance for filling water-
skins and lifting and emptying them by a pulley (see Field, 1940,
Pl. 48), are little used in low-lying lands and not at all in the marshes
themselves. The minzaha is a popular method of irrigating patches
in cultivation near the banks of a river, stream, or canal. Two men
are required, and a shallow basket daubed with pitch, called the
‘ardwi, is swung down into the stream by means of ropes and hauled
up to the bank, where it is emptied at the top of the swing into a
water channel. The men work with extraordinary rapidity. For
larger areas, flooding is all that is required and, as the land is low-
lying, this is easily performed. The water is let in from a shallow
gutter (mishrab), and fed from a small channel (‘ibra), which in
turn is supplied by a canal (garma). Drainage water is termed
suffa.
The most important product of the whole ‘Amara Liwa is rice,
the easily flooded land of the marsh country being especially adapted
to its cultivation. The best rice is the variety called ‘anbar; other
varieties are shital, herfi, and hewaizawi. Rice (rizz or timman) or,
more commonly, unhusked rice (shilib) is grown in seed beds; when
the young shoots have come up they are transplanted into the mud
left by the last year’s floods. This area is protected by ridges of
earth sufficient to keep the water standing at a depth of a few inches
above the roots of the young rice. Thus, the shilib is transplanted
in early spring and is ready for harvest about June or July, according
to the quality of the rice and the local conditions.
In the cultivation of rice a triangular harrow of primitive con-
struction (mardza) is used. An isosceles triangle is formed of three
strong reeds, two slightly overlapping at the apex of the triangle.
To the two angles of the base two ropes are fastened. This light
harrow is held, apex upward, by one man, while a second man drags
it across the rice field by means of the two ropes (Pl. 218), thus
levelling the mud and dragging out the shallow-rooted weeds
(daghl), leaving the rice shoots unharmed. The rice is threshed with
the help of oxen, the resulting rice straw (buh) being used for fodder,
for mixing with clay when making pots or mud walls, or for export
into other parts of the country. The rice is stored in a large, round
basket-bin (matbuga), which, when full, is covered over with mud.
From time to time the mud cap is broken open, the rice sifted, and
ARABS OF HOR AL HAWIZA 373
a new cap added. There are often a number of these rice bins in an
enclosure fenced about with reeds or with a mud wall (Pl. 64).
To prevent buffaloes from breaking down the corners of a reed
enclosure, square holes are dug in the ground at each corner (PI. 57,
Fig. 2).
Other crops are wheat (the varieties, guraita and shafiya), barley
(sha‘ir aswad and sha‘tr ‘Iradqi), yellow maize (udra safra), sorghum
(udra baida), millet (dukhun and mdash khadrawi), and lentils
(‘adas). Melons (battikh) and watermelons (raggi) are also culti-
vated and, to a small degree, lady’s-fingers, onions, and other vege-
tables. The cultivator of the melon patch is not called a fallah, but
a baghwan, or gardener.
Millet, grown in mud that cannot be watered after the floods
recede, is reaped by hand during September. The earliest harvests
are those of wheat and barley, which are gathered in May. Plowing
the ground for the sowing of grain also takes place in this month.
It is performed by oxen drawing a simple plow (fiddan) (Pl. 68, Fig.
1), which consists of a straight tree trunk, usually willow, fitted into
a curved cross-piece, one end of which is pointed and shod with iron.
The yoke (nir) for the oxen is fitted into holes in the straight piece.
The furrow made by plowing is called a sikka. The spade (misha),
which is used throughout ‘Iraq, is shaped to a rounded point and is
fitted to a long wooden handle. A wooden cross-piece is inserted
just above the iron blade, so that the bare foot can thrust on it when
digging.
Agricultural labor is paid in kind. Any money that a marsh
tribesman receives is earned by weaving reed mats, building reed
huts, and selling dried fish, woollen cloth, or other textiles woven
by him or his women. The crafts of boat-building, tool-making,
and gold- and silver-working are entirely in the hands of the Subba!
or Mandeans.
DoMESTIC ANIMALS
In the marsh country the water buffalo is the main domestic
animal. The water buffaloes of the Al bu Muhammad are famed for
their quality. The marsh tribes also keep a slightly humped, small,
yellowish-fawn type of cow, extremely mild of temper. Bullocks
draw the plows. Donkeys are found everywhere and usually have
sores and broken ears, the result of harsh treatment. Goats belong
1 Although Lady Drower now prefers the use of ‘“‘a” in Sabba, the “‘u” has been
retained throughout this manuscript. (H.F.)
374 _ ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
to the common black-and-white variety. Fowl are generally small,
but one sometimes sees fowl of small body with powerful legs and
feet. This variety is used for cockfighting, a sport of which the
Marsh Arabs are fond.
The majority of the wealthier sheikhs have horses of good
pedigree. I asked an ‘Iraqi friend to give me a list of their breeds.
He named: ‘Ubayyat ash-Sherraf, Saqlawat al-Jedran, Shuwaimat
as-Sabbah, Dahamat al-‘Amir, Mu‘nakiyyat al-Hidrij, and Kahalat
al-‘Ajiiz. Legend, he said, attributed each name to some incident
attending the first owner or to a nickname given to the first horse
acquired by him. The animals, according to story, were trapped
and stolen from their owners, a horse-owning tribe, during a raid
(ghazti). ‘Ubayyat ash-Sherraf, for example, was so called because
the mare after having thrown him fled from her new owner with his
‘aba’ on her back. Saqlawat al-Jedran was so named because the
Arab who had taken the mare was called Jedran, and the root sql
refers to the mare, ‘‘Slender-in-the-flanks-and-glossy.”” Shuwaimat
as-Sabbah means “Little Mole of Sabbah’; Kahalat al-‘Ajiz is
“The Collyrium of the Old Woman,” referring to the animal’s
blackness; and so on. It is possible that the legend depicts times
when the superior strength of tribes owning horses induced less.
fortunate tribesmen to obtain these animals by ruse.
Buffaloes are easily fed, for their favorite diet is rushes and reeds.
These are cut with a slightly curved knife (minjal) that has a saw
edge and a wooden handle. The knife is used not only for cutting
fodder of all kinds, but also for cutting the stout gasab used in making
reed huts, beds, bridges, and punt poles. The gasab often replace
wood throughout the marsh districts.
A platform (dibin) on which water buffaloes sleep is made by
bending gasab reeds in situ, piling rushes (bardi) and mud onto the
reeds, and thus building an island. Buffaloes are also kept in a reed
pen (stra).
Rice straw, kept in square mud bins, and chopped straw (tibin)
are also used as fodder for cattle.
The milk-giving animals are the large, black, water buffaloes,
cows of a light-colored, slightly humped variety, goats, and sheep.
The Bani Lam, who seldom keep cows or buffaloes and do not sell
their products, obtain milk from the female camel (naégah). Milking
of the buffaloes and cows is performed at the side of the beast, but
goats and sheep are milked from behind, between the back legs,
while the head of the animal is held by an assistant (PI. 71).
ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 375
It is believed that the buffalo and cow will not let their milk
flow freely unless the calf is allowed to suck a little before the
milker sets to work. If the calf dies, its skin is stuffed and thus
made into a dummy (ba@u) and the mother is allowed to smell at the
skin before being milked. Lambs and kids are separated from their
mothers while the latter are at pasturage, but they are reunited
at sunset.
The sheep of the Bani Lam are their chief wealth. The breed
of their animals is that common to the whole country—a sheep which
has a fatty base to its tail, known as the liyya, from which the animal
draws nourishment during days of sparse vegetation; in fact, it
corresponds to the camel’s hump.
Tribal ownership of an animal is usually indicated by a brand,
although one tribe of the Bani Lam inserts a ring into the right ear
of the camel. The word for brand (wasm) is similar to that used for
tattooing (washm) in other Arab countries; in ‘Iraq, the word for
the latter is daqq.
HUNTING AND FISHING
Here and there in the marshes a waterway (gahn) through the
reeds leads to a small space of trampled rushes (chibasha), the lair
of wild boar, who may start up and plunge snorting into the shelter
of the high reeds. During the breeding season many of these wild
pigs migrate from Hawiza and the low ground below the Jabal
Hamrin into this region. The male pig, often the size of a small
donkey, has been known to charge upon and upset boats, while it is
reported that boars have attacked automobiles on the road between
Qal‘at Salih and al-Qurna.
The marshman, who hunts the boar with his light gun (ja‘za or
tanbal) or with his antiquated firelock (bandega), is fond of relating
encounters with these animals. I here give one such narrative.
“A year and a half ago I was bidden to go and collect a party of
men to complete making a canal. Riding a white mare I went across
country where there were sarim [thorns] and fakama [a shrub]
and ghedam [undergrowth]. I went, and presently I saw a wild
sow [bagura] standing in my way. She had a gray body and a red
neck and big ears, and long tusks set crosswise, over a foot long, and
one eye as big as my hand and the other a little smaller. She had
great flapping lips which blew when she wanted to eat, hair on her
body, and she stood a little shorter than a man’s height. She rose
and tracked me, and stopped at about the distance of yonder reed
376 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
hut, and I, as it may be, here. I took a small stone and threw it at
her. She rose and began to snort and spit at me, and the mare began
to tremble and I too trembled, for I had only a stick in my hand,
and no gun, and I fled on my mare, who leapt away. I began to weep,
and say, ‘Whither can I go?’ She came after us, until we reached a
place where there were buffaloes, and I rode amongst them. She
came, the sow, and gored one of the buffaloes with her tusks and the
buffalo’s belly was torn and it died. Meanwhile I fled on. Still
she came after me. I saw a hole in the ground, and I dropped off
the mare’s neck into it, whilst she continued to follow the mare, which
she caught, and gored so that it died. Then she returned and began
to smell and root about on the ground looking for me. She examined
the ground minutely and squealed, and I bit on my finger and wept
and thought of my father. At last she went away, and I remained
in the hole for some time, prisoned because of my fear. Then I
returned, but I had not made the canal or collected the men or
anything! I said, ‘W’Allah, I will not go,’ for I was frightened of
her. W’AlIlah, this is my tale.”
Wild duck, geese, snipe, partridge, and teal are lawful food.
Religion demands that their throats must be cut after they have been
shot. Although wild boars are plentiful, the Marsh Arab, true to
his Mohammadan faith, hunts them only for sport. He refuses to
touch them. Birds are sometimes trapped. A duck trap (ddsha)
and a snare (ndsha) made like a double sieve (used for catching
gazelle or fish) are used.
Pelicans may be shot for sport, although the Marsh Arab rarely
wastes precious cartridges on a wily bird, which always flies at a
considerable height and when on open water never allows the hunter
to approach within range. The stork (Hajji Laglaq) is considered a
sacred bird since it is believed to make an annual pilgrimage to
Mecca.
According to local report, the iron fish-spear (falih) is sometimes
used for killing a partridge when the bird is sitting. The hunter
moves round and round the bird, closing in gradually, a maneuver
that seems to daze it. I have seen Shammar tribesmen of northern
Iraq use the same technique when shooting bustard.
Reptiles and amphibians are rare (see Schmidt, 1939), but the
many varieties of fish found within the marshes have been the back-
stay of a Marsh Arab fishing industry for many centuries.
In water channels and rivers the natives usually fish with a net
(shabbaka), which varies in size according to the width of the river
ARABS OF HOR AL HAWIZA 377
or water channel for which it is intended. Some of these nets stretch
nearly across the whole width of the Tigris River. Weighted with
lead, they use as floats karabs (the woody base of a palm frond).
After being hand-netted, the mesh is toughened by immersion in
boiling lime (nira).
The net is paid out by a man standing in a mashhif, while his
assistant rows or paddles across the stream. After the last catch
has been hauled in, the net is hung up to dry.
A second type of net, the selliyya, small and circular, is thrown
outward by the fisherman with a dexterous movement of the wrist.
The fish-spear is used in shallow water, where the water weed,
both subaqueous and on the surface renders the nets useless. Fish-
spearing is usually done at night, a moonless night being preferred,
although it sometimes takes place by day in clear and shallow water.
At night, flares made of burning reeds and rushes lure the fish to the
surface. As soon as the dazzled fish has risen high enough, it is
speared by the fisherman who, weapon poised in his hand, stands
alert on the “‘neck’’ (‘anaq) of the chalabiyya. The spear is shaped
like a long toasting-fork with prongs of varying length, each tipped
by a barb (Fig. 11). The three-pronged spear is called abi thalatha
or thlithiyya, the five-pronged, abi khamsa or khumésiyya. In both,
the longest prong is the center spear, the heart (lebba). In the five-
pronged spear two short prongs are fitted to the shaft between the
lebba and the side prongs. The torch is held by a man sitting in the
middle of the boat, with a supply of fuel beside him. As the flare
(mash‘al) burns low, he takes another bundle of reeds and lights it
from that which is dying down.
In order to bring the fish to the surface in deep water, a drug,
digitalis (zahar), or rubyaén (marigold seed?), which stupefies but
does not injure the fish, is scattered on the surface.
Fishing by line and hook (for the latter the ‘Iraqi Arabic word
shess is used) takes place only in open water, free from weed. The
fish-hook (Fig. 11) resembles exactly those excavated at Jemdet
Nasr (cf. Field, 1926).
It is probable that dried fish have been exported from the marshes
since the earliest settlements were established there. The so-called
“Tigris salmon’’ (bizz) is so large that a good specimen, when placed
on the back of a small horse or donkey, will almost touch the ground
on either side. It seldom is found in shallow water, but remains in
the Tigris, Chahala, or larger waterways. Local names of other
fish are bunniyya, shabbit, shilich (shilij), sabra, himriyya, ‘aqad
Fic. 11. Iron spear-points and fish-hooks used by Al bu Muhammad fishermen.
378
ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 379
(‘jed; this is also called the gatén or gataén in the marshes but in Basra
barzan and in Baghdad dhikr), jerriyya (pl. jerrz), aktina, nabbash,
and abi az-zummér. The local name for the bizz mentioned above
is ‘anza, or jassana; the latter word is also used in Basra. The fish
called swbir in the marshes is known in Baghdad as Abi suwaif.
TRANSPORTATION
The sole method of transportation is by means of the waterways.
The sailing ship, barge, and raft, which form the principal river
craft, seldom penetrate into the marshes.
The largest boat (bargash mirhal) is used mainly for exporting
reed mats, but one often sees a whole family with its dismantled
reed hut, reed mats, furniture, cooking pots, fowl, animals, rice, and
flour mills, being transported to another village on one of these large,
shallow-draught boats. A smaller boat of the same type is called
bargash. Sometimes two of these boats are lashed together to carry
a stack of giant reeds (chaya mal bardt).
Occasionally there appears in the anarshes another type of boat
(daneq), which differs little from the bargash except that it has sails.
Next in size to these is the tarrdda, which will seat from ten to
twelve persons. It is decorated on the interior by a studding of
large, round-headed nails nearly an inch in diameter, called girsa.
The bottom of the tarrdda is often furnished with a removable
flooring upon which mats or mattresses can be spread, while round
cushions are placed against the arched crosspieces that span the
craft. These crosspieces cannot be used as seats; they are back
supports, for the passenger must sit on the floor of the boat if he is
not to disturb the equilibrium. Such refinements as mattresses and
cushions are, as a rule, only for people of importance or guests;
the marshman is content to sit upon strewn rushes.
The generic term for the shallow, wide boat used in the marshes
is mashhif (Pls. 141-144). It is of a simple design, carvel-built, with
inner ribs curving up from a center piece or backbone. This center
piece ends in a long beak called the ‘anaq, which serves to push a way
through rushes and reeds in the swamp. The boat is pitched on the
exterior and around the edges of the interior, the pitch being applied
by hand with a rag and afterwards pressed smooth with a roller
(Pl. 148, Fig. 2).
The smallest craft (chalabiyya) can hold two or three persons and
is used for fishing. In the Muntafiq area this little boat is called
za’ima chuléka.
380 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
The usual method of progress is by means of a paddle (gharrafa)
in the stern, while a man in the prow punts with a pole (mardi),
which is usually made from a stout reed although cane (ganda)
imported from India is preferred because of its superior strength.
The handle of the pole is finished with a knob of bitumen. The
paddlers are not a necessity, for a skilled puntsman wielding the
pole with strength and swiftness can propel the boat alone.
Several of the great sheikhs prefer a large boat (balam), built and
imported from al-Basra; Sheikh Falih has a teak balam, which cost
thirty pounds sterling (about $150 at par). Two men scull in the
prow of the boat; the oars (mijdaf) have pear-shaped or square
blades and each oar is tied to the rowlock (shaubak), which consists
of a notched piece of wood in a socket of painted wood faced with
brass. The passengers sit in the middle of the boat on a mattress
with cushions, and four men sit at the stern paddling, first all on
one side and then all on the other. The last paddler steers the boat.
There appeared to be little difference between the oar and the
paddle. It is interesting to note that the extremely primitive
sweeps used on rafts supported by inflated skins (keleks) are called
majadif.
The most primitive form of water transport consists of a floating
bundle of reeds (Pl. 145, Fig. 1), a means of progress probably used
by the earliest and most primitive inhabitants of the marshes. A
marshman will propel himself on one of these bundles as easily as
in a mashhaf.
When going against the stream, the punter, with one or two
others if the craft is heavy, springs to land with a tow rope (sharifa)
and trots along the bank (chiffa) at a steady pace, leaping any small
ditch and wading any irrigation canal that comes in his way. I
have seen men at Qal‘at Salih towing a sailing ship (mahéla) and
taking astonishingly wide leaps, one after the other. They often
run naked, and their fine, muscular bodies indicate excellent health.
DWELLINGS
Villages are scattered throughout the marshes (Pl. 57, Fig. 1;
Pls. 58, 59). Passing these villages in a mashhiif, one sees the inhabi-
tants at their daily tasks, for they live outside and perform most of
the household work, such as cooking and baking and weaving, in
the open air. The waterway is the sole link with the outside world;
peddlers who make the circuit of the marsh villages bring news as
well as bales of cloth and cotton, spices, tea and coffee, and the other
wares that come from towns like al-‘Amara, al-NAsiriya, al-Basra
ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 381
and Qal‘at Salih. The light-colored, shaggy watchdogs bound along
the bank for a little distance, barking furiously; children, naked or
half-naked, gaze and run to look, while the women occasionally
glance up from their milling, winnowing, or baking to shout a
friendly greeting to the men who pole the boat.
The larger reed villages, built on dry ground, may consist of
several hundred huts. In the heart of the swamp, however, one
comes upon groups of reed huts built upon platforms of reeds and
rushes, with mud trodden down firmly, and covered over by layers
of reeds and reed mats. These islands are called chiba@’ish.' To
move from house to house, a man must wade, swim, or go in a boat,
although here and there huts are grouped on one platform or con-
nected by a bridge of reeds. In flood time, more rushes and reed
mats are piled on so as to bring the dwelling above the water.
The general term for a reed hut is sarifa, but there are many
varieties. In the marshes proper the most popular type of living- and
guest-hut is the kikh, a hut with a rounded roof. It is only in
recent years that the wealthier marsh sheikhs have replaced the big
reed reception house (madif, invariably pronounced mudif; see Pls.
52, 53) by a brick-built diwaniyya (Pl. 50, Fig. 1), and even now the
madif serves as a guest room for town visitors and is used for the
daily friendly gatherings. In summer the reed hut is infinitely
cooler than a mud or brick construction, for the latticework of the
lower wall admits the evening breeze and the fresh night air, whereas
bricks and mud retain the heat of the sun even at night.
In the madif, huge ribs formed of great bundles of reeds (shebab)
rise symmetrically to form the perfect arch of the roof (Pl. 58).
These giant reeds (gasab) are hollow, jointed, and extremely strong.
Before they are inserted into the ground at regular intervals, like a
colonnade, facing each other, they are bound into firm bundles as
much as two feet thick, by means of ropes of twisted rushes (PI. 54).
The plumy heads are then bent over and cut off and the ends of the
opposite bundle interwoven with these so deftly that the joint is
hardly visible. The two bundles thus united now form an arch.
Occasionally the arch receives further support from vertical bundles
placed on and not in the earth and down the middle of the hut.
These, curved or straight, are called baqat. Reeds bound together
in a pointed bundle may be called shasha (Fig. 13).
1 There is a village of some size called Chiba’ish, built entirely on these plat-
forms. The root kbsh is found in several Semitic languages (kbs in Akkadian and
Arabic, kbsh in Hebrew and Aramaic) with the meaning ‘“‘to tread down” or
“stamp under foot,” and is extremely common in Mandean magical documents
where devils and enemies are ‘‘trodden down” or “subdued.”
382 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
The next step in the erection of the hut is to bind transverse
bundles of reeds to the arches, the lowest being about two feet from
the ground (PI. 54). Each bundle (haftar) is formed of reeds thinner
than the shebab. Next, a light latticework of reeds, covered in
winter, is inserted between the lowest hatar (pl. ahtdr) and the ground
to admit air and coolness in summer. The framework is then over-
laid with reed mats (bawdGri), one overlapping the next. There are
often two layers of these mats or a thatching of reeds above the
mats. One madif which we visited (Pl. 52) was covered over
entirely by a single bariya woven in one piece, above which were a
hundred and fifty overlapping reed mats of smaller size. Reed mats
are placed along the sides of the hut and the two end walls are con-
structed of erect bundles of reeds covered with mats and strengthened
by ahtar. There is often an entrance at both ends consisting usually
of a square opening without a door or other covering.
Most living-huts are of the kikh pattern described above, but
they are not so carefully and elaborately built. The end walls are
often bundles of reeds with their feathery tops still uncut, propped
against the structure or bound together by reed ropes or by ahtar,
while the entrance may be merely an aperture in these reeds. The
entrance is supposed to face Mecca; actually, entrances face all
directions.
A second type of hut is rarer in the marshes, except on the Jabal
Hamrin side and approaching Basra. As it is the usual type in
Khuzistan and not uncommonly develops into a mud-wall hut with
a reed or thatched roof, this type, the jemali, may be regarded as an
embryo house—a reed hut in transition. The smaller dwellings
are easily uprooted, and one sees mats and shebab and ahtar all
piled up on a bargash ready to be re-erected elsewhere.
The framework of the jemali consists of two strong sheaves of
stout reeds, bound so that they can be divided into a fork at the
top. These are placed apart at the distance of the planned length
of the hut. The feathered ends of the reeds may be cut off or not.
Into the forks, the trunk of a palm tree, or a pole, or sometimes even
an iron pipe is dropped to form the ridge-pole (jisr or hardz) of the
structure. Occasionally the builder uses forked poles to support the
ridge-pole instead of the two bundles of reeds. The ridge-pole
projects at either end of the building when it'is complete. Matting
placed over this ridge-pole is stretched to meet two side walls of
reed mats strengthened by upright bundles of reeds, these side walls
being much lower than the end walls. Sometimes the structure is
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383
384 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
daubed over with mud; sometimes the side walls are replaced by
libin (mud mixed with chopped reeds or straw) and the matting on
the roof is further strengthened by a thatching of reeds. In this
case, the result is not unlike the cob cottages of Devon and Cornwall
in England, except that the walls are thinner and the thatching
lighter in character. The jemdali, however, is rare in the marshes
except as a shelter for cattle; its sharply sloping roof suggests an
origin in a higher country, where snowfalls might be expected.
A third type of hut, kishik, usually situated on a river bank, is
square and often of extreme grace, with interior dividing walls of
latticework and small arches, all of reeds. It often has a portico
(sdbat) of reeds. No other type of hut has interior walls. It is used
as a sitting room and for the entertainment of friends. These
pleasure huts are built for sheikhs or other people with leisure enough
to enjoy them.
DOMESTIC WORK AND APPLIANCES
The living huts of the Al bu Muhammad and the Al Suwa‘ad
are nearly all of the kikh pattern.
Poorer families have not the luxury of two reed huts. One
small reed hut, sometimes so light and temporary that it can be
taken down and re-erected in a day, shelters man and wife and their
furékh (‘little brood’’), as children are termed in affectionate diminu-
tive. The smaller animals often share the hut with the family.
The hen sits on her eggs in a round earthenware receptacle (mdgif)
filled with ashes. Sometimes the mégif has a lip in which grain is
placed, so that a brooding hen can feed without rising.
In the hut of one young sheikh whom I visited, a calf was tethered
and fowl strolled in and out as they wished. At the farther end
(yésar) of the hut stood a reed platform (sarir) with trusses of stout
reeds about three feet high for legs. This couch was covered with
brightly colored mattresses. Although her husband was an important
sheikh, my hostess used this hut as a sitting room, dressing room,
and kitchen; her servants and women slaves (for most sheikhs
keep black slaves) slept in it at night. She shared a sleeping hut
with her husband and children and such fowl or other animals as
cared to take shelter there.
Women and men usually are separated from each other during
the day. No woman is veiled and there is no formal objection to a
man who sits or talks with women. Whenever their work lies
together, there is friendly intercourse between the two sexes.
ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA | 385
Women, however, are not allowed to eat with the men, nor do they
sit with them in the madif.
Piles of mattresses and pillows, often covered with silk, are the
pride of a prosperous sheikh’s wife, or wives. Round, silk-covered
bolsters, protected about the center by a cotton wrapping and edged
with Manchester lace, serve as pillows by night and reclining
cushions in the hut by day. Such cotton covers or even table-
cloths—the latter used only when town guests are present—do not
receive very frequent washings.
In places where it is difficult to get soap, which is imported from
towns, or where the housewife is very poor, a dried and powdered
saponaceous herb (shndn) is used for washing. Often soap is not
used. The woman thumps the wet garments on a stone, rinsing
them several times over in the muddy water at the river brim and
drying them in the sun.
Around the sides of a well-furnished reed hut stand tall clay jars,
ranging in height from about one to six feet, for the storing of grain.
These tall clay bins, received by the owner in lieu of wages, are called
sudid; the smaller sizes are sudayyid. The largest sadd is termed
the minkhal. The mouth of the salt jar (w@w7) is stopped with clay,
but there is a hole in the sloping shoulder so that the housewife’s
hand can slip in and grasp some of the contents. A wide-mouthed
jar (kéz) of porous clay with a rounded bottom contains the drinking
water and is usually set in a high wooden stand at the door of the
reed hut so that air may circulate around the wet surface and cool
the water. A pan, also porous, is set below to catch the water which
percolates through the kéz. The shurba, a pitcher with a handle, is
placed near the receiving pan on the ground.
Water is brought from the river by a woman or girl; I have never
seen a man condescend to this task. The miskhana, a tall, graceful
copper jug with a long neck and a handle, is used for dipping up the
river water. The water carrier stoops to fill her miskhana, some-
times wading in to get unmuddied water, and sets her pot on her
shoulder or head for the return journey. In summer, surface water
becomes hot, and pots are let down into deep, cool water, called
mai al-‘aris, “‘bride’s water.”” Although bilharzia is a common dis-
ease, water for drinking is not boiled.
A large covered basket (sebt) is also used for storing objects, and
for general household purposes there are the tabga and the guffa,
bowl-shaped baskets of shallow and deep make respectively. Some
of these baskets are homemade, but many of the colored baskets are
386 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
brought from Karbala and al-Najaf when some member of the
family goes there on pilgrimage, or they are bought from peddlers
who travel by boat from village to village (see Fulanain). Clothes
are hung on a f?eltela, a rail of bound reeds secured to two of the
strong reed bundles that support the roof.
Even a sheikh’s wife has little leisure, for she with the help of
her maids must perform all the household tasks. These include
milling, bread-making, cooking, butter-making, the preparation
of curds (réba) and dung cakes (muttal), milking, obtaining water,
laundry, collecting pot herbs or simples, and finally, sewing, spinning
(with a distaff), weaving, dyeing, and basket-making.
The housewife cooks her meat in tinned copper cooking pots.
These are obtained in the copper bazaars of the towns and are not a
local product. The cooking hearth (Pl. 66) is usually on the outside
of the hut! and consists of three fire-blackened bricks (manasib) upon
which she sets her pot, building up the dung cakes and reed fuel
between them. The dung cakes are made from buffalo dung (sarjin)
mixed with chopped straw and worked into flat cakes (muttal) about
the size of small pancakes but thicker. They are dried by propping
them one against the other in pairs on the ground in the sun or by
placing them along the ledge afforded by the ahtar, the horizontal
bundles of reeds on the houses. When dried, these dung cakes are
stacked together and the top of the heap protected from rain by a
clay cap (gubba mal muttal). Dung for fuel is also formed into balls
(jella), but these are little used in the marshes. The common
Baghdadi word for the flat dung cakes is bartdkh. Another form of
fuel for domestic purposes is made by the Subba, who have a process
of wetting reeds with water and baking them in a kiln into a hard
cake (rubbakh) that burns without smoke.
The diet of the Marsh Arab is simple. The staple foods are rice
and bread made of rice or wheaten flour. Sour butter, curds, and a
rough cheese also form part of the daily food.
Chicken or any other kind of meat may be cooked with boiled
rice and mutton fat or melted butter. Mutton, kid, or beef is,
however, a luxury rather than a necessity. Chickens can be
procured for the equivalent of ten cents. Fish, fresh or dried, and
eggs are used as substitutes by the poorer people. For festal occa-
sions a lamb or sheep is killed, and a guest is offered many delicacies,
such as hamud-heli, a stew in which raisins and dried apricots have
been cooked with the meat; pilaw, rice, cooked in butter or mutton
1 Rice bread, however, is often made indoors (see p. 388).
ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 387
fat, with meat or chicken, raisins, almonds, and fried onions; and
muhallabi, a dish of rice flour boiled slowly in sweetened milk,
flavored with rose water and served cold.
Fresh fish are cooked in fat with onions and herbs, or are split
open, propped up by reeds near a hot fire of reeds to grill in their
own fat, and finally laid in the hot ashes for a final browning. Fish
thus prepared are said to be mashgiif. Dried fish generally taste
somewhat tainted, since the curing is crudely done. The process
consists of splitting open the fish immediately after they are caught,
sprinkling them with salt, and finally tieing them to a rope to dry
in the sun and wind.
Wild herbs are utilized, both raw and cooked. The white heart
of a thick rush (‘agél) is eaten raw and considered a delicacy. A
plant called halba is used as a vegetable. A pink flowering marsh
plant (gata) is put into a pan with a little salt and water and eaten
as a relish with bread. The yellow fluff from the flower of the bul-
rush (bardi) is made into a sweetmeat (khurrét) in the following
manner. Water is boiled in a pot, ana a cloth, upon which the yellow
fluff and sugar are placed, is laid above the boiling water. The cover
of the pot is then clayed in so as to prevent steam from escaping.
When the khurrét and sugar, or date syrup (dibis), have been steamed
for an hour or two, they harden into a solid, brittle cake about the
consistency of sulphur and not unlike it in appearance. This is
eaten as bread and is made only in the marshes, though it is sent
to the markets of all big ‘Iraqi towns, where it is greatly appreciated.
“Thorn-grapes” (‘inab mal shok) are eaten and the leaves of the
arjéjil, like many other plants, such as cress (rishdd), serve as salad.
The women never have far to go in search of some edible herb,
plant, or root wherewith to flavor their dish or add to their menu.
Rice flour is milled by the women. The rice is husked and then
pounded in a tall, wooden receptacle (jawan) hollowed out for only
half its length, the solid part acting as base. While it is pounded,
one woman, or more often two, perform the task to a rhythmic cry
of “Hat héya! Héya Hi!’ (Pl. 66). The instrument (mijenna)
that is used is not unlike a croquet mallet but longer, the hammer
end being uppermost. When the rice has been winnowed by tossing
it in a shallow basket, the wind carrying off the light husks, it is
ground in a hand mill (mijrisha) made by the women. The round
grinder (tag) is formed of clay on a wooden core (Pl. 65, Fig. 1).
First sun-dried, it is subsequently baked to the requisite hardness
by being covered with a heap of red-hot buffalo-dung cakes. Both
388 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
upper and lower fag are corrugated, the instrument used for making
the corrugations being often the household mess, a flat copper spoon
with seven holes. The upper fag is faced with roughened pitch.
Each tag has a round hole in the center fitted with an iron socket,
called the eye (‘ain), through which passes the connecting axle
(gatab). The handle is simply a short piece of wood stuck into the
upper (ag.
Rice bread is often baked in the house over a round, earthen fire
pan (mangala) or over a fire hearth in pancake-like loaves. It is of
two kinds: the stha (literally, “bread of pilgrimage”) and the risa’,
the former being somewhat thicker than the latter. When a woman
makes risa’ she takes a copper, tin-plated basin (ta@sa), and makes a
paste of rice flour, salt, and water, just thin enough to pour. Upon
the hot surface of an iron pan (ta@wa) inverted over the fire embers,
she pours the dough, flattening the loaf with her hand until it is
round and of equal thickness. Then she covers it with a copper tray,
also tinned. In a moment or two the bread is ready. Siha, which
is prepared in the same fashion, is crisper.
Wheaten bread is prepared in a different manner (Pl. 67). Flour,
salt, and water are worked into a dough, which is tossed from palm
to palm until it is flat and round. The thin flap of bread is then wet
with a little water and slapped with a dexterous movement against
the smooth interior of the tannir, a large earthenware oven shaped
like an Iranian water cooler (hubb), its base sunk into the ground
and set in rough mud mixed with straw. The round, flat loaves
adhere to the sides of the oven, which is heated by a fire of reeds.
Bread is not called khubz as elsewhere in ‘Iraq, but ‘aish (= Life)
as in Egypt.
Although coffee is the favorite beverage of the Marsh Arab, tea
is often served in small, waisted glasses (istikan) half filled with sugar.
Loaf sugar made from sugar cane is preferred. Coffee, on the other
hand, is bitter and black, and aromatic with cardamom. Miuilk is
never added to either tea or coffee; according to the Arabs this is a
barbarism practiced only by Europeans.
One of the principal features of the interior of the hut is the coffee
hearth, given the Turkish appellation, djagh; in a private hut it is
called a mdgif. It is a square on the ground of the hut, enclosed by a
low, raised, rounded, mud ledge, not entirely surrounding the square
but leaving an aperture of about six inches (Fig. 14 and PI. 63, Fig. 2).
On this hearth, fire is kindled, usually of dung cakes, started by
burning reeds or thorn. Firetongs (mingdsh) are used to arrange
ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 389
the fuel. By this hearth sits the coffee-maker, for no amateur hand
is allowed to meddle with the solemn business of coffee-brewing.
The beans, which should be of a jade color, are first roasted on the
mughla, a flat pan with a long handle often decorated with brass
knobs. When the beans are roasted brown, not black, they are
placed in a brass mortar (hawan). The chiming of the pestle is a
signal for passers-by to stroll in and squat against the reed ribs of
the hut. The coffee beans must be pounded coarse.
Ready on the hearth is the big, long-beaked pot! (gwmgum) con-
taining hot water. The coffee-maker does not use fresh hot water
for his brew, but shurba, that is to say, colored coffee water from
FIREPLACE PLATFORM
Wy TY ~ 4 wif /f,
Gif GY (GS (=
ae N ;
NS
Fig. 14. Cross section of fireplace in Al bu Muhammad council house.
previous brewings contained in a smaller pot of the same shape,
the telgama. This is poured on the coffee from a still smaller pot,
the della. There are generally more than one of these smaller pots
in the hot ashes, but only one gumgum and only one telgama. While
it is boiling the coffee should foam up three times, and three times
be set aside to simmer. A little cooler water is sometimes added to
settle the grounds, and a little cardamom seed to give the coffee an
aromatic flavor. Palm fiber stuffed into the spout of the della
filters the liquid as it comes out. A cloth (béz) is used to hold the
hot metal. The coffee-maker rises to go the round of the hut,
beginning with the sheikh, holding the handleless cups, three and
four at a time, in one hand and the della in the other. He pours a
spoonful of coffee into the topmost cup and offers it to the sheikh,
who swirls the coffee slowly round the cup several times before
drinking. When he has swallowed the first minute draught, he
receives a second quantity with the same procedure, and sometimes
a third. To indicate that he needs no more, the sheikh shakes the
cup slightly before handing it back. The principal guest is then
offered the same cup, and the coffee-maker goes the round of the
company collecting cups as they are empty and refilling but not
washing them.
1 For drawings of coffee-making utensils, see Field, 1935, Text-Fig. 36.
390 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Every sheikh of standing has his own coffee-maker, who accom-
panies him if he goes away for any length of time. Coffee is the
symbol of hospitality and to omit a man when coffee is being served
is an insult that is only to be wiped out by blood. It is a common
way of indicating to a man that his sister or near female relative is
unchaste, and it is expected that the man to whom this silent hint
is given will immediately go and cut the throat of the woman who
has sullied his family honor.
ARTS AND HANDICRAFTS
Weaving of both cloth and reeds is one of the chief occupations
in the marshes. Reed mats (bawGri) made in the marsh district are
used extensively throughout ‘Iraq and are even exported to Iran.
They are simply made, with a technique that apparently has
remained unchanged since very early times. A number of strong,
pliable reeds (bard?) (see Pl. 69, Fig. 1), softened by immersion and
split, are laid closely side by side on the ground, and the weaver
interlaces a second set of split reeds laid at right angles across the
first, starting in the middle and working first up and then down.
The ends of the second set are then plaited into a third set, the weaver
sitting on the part of the mat already completed. While he is
working he keeps his hands and the reeds wet by means of water
kept beside him in a bowl. When the mat has reached the size
required he cuts off the ends, folds over the edges, rolls up the mat,
and ties it with a rope (banda). The rough edges can be sewn with
string or reeds by the women when the mat is purchased or used.
Cloth weaving, called hayicha, is performed by men as well as
women, the former being accounted the more skillful. The loom,
which is primitive in type, may be erected either in the house or
outside. The weaver stands before it in a hole in the ground, known
as the jima. The main framework of the loom, often of wood, in
one case was of reed bundles (skebab) stuck into the ground and
bound together in the customary way with reeds (Pl. 60 and
Pl. 61, Fig. 1). Four horizontal bundles of reeds, thinner than the
shebab, were called mushharat. Extending for some yards, the warp
threads were fastened to a thick wooden peg (bakra). The names of
the various parts of the loom were: the shuttle (minhich); the batten
(gafl); the comb (misht), the teeth of which are set between two
reeds called the fechch; the wired frame (def‘a), which pressed the
threads into the material; and the cloth beam (noil). A reed wheel
for winding thread was called the dalab, and a reed bobbin, a naziiga.
ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 391
A simple device for skeining wool consisted of a stick bent until its
ends overlapped, secured by thread so as to form a loop (Pl. 62,
Fig. 2). This was called a matwa.
For their own use, the marsh tribes weave rugs of poor quality,
saddle bags, and tenting from goats’ or sheep’s wool. While I did
not see any woollen ‘aba cloth woven in the marshes, in al-‘Amara
and Qal‘at Salih the tribesmen place stakes in the ground at intervals
for the required length of cloth and the man walks from end to end
unwinding the wool from his tray of bobbins.
All silk comes from the markets of the big towns, and foreign
artificial silks are rapidly supplanting the hand-woven silks that
were formerly used for the ‘aba’s of the wealthier women or for the
bride’s zibin. Artificial silk has become the principal stock of the
silk merchants in the towns, for it is cheap, shiny, and brightly
colored, all popular qualities.
The embroidery adorning the ‘ab@’s, which are loose-sleeved
coats worn by men and women alike, is done by the men and is
ealled kalabdiin. The thick wooller winter ‘aba’ is called khakhiyya
because of its brown earthy color (cf. Hind. khaki=dusty; dust-
colored from Pers. khak=dust); the middleweight ‘aba’ is a jisriyya;
the transparent woven summer ‘aba’ is a bisht. The metal thread
tie-ups ornamented with “bobbles” of gold or silver thread are
gétan, the metal thread edging is chasbi, and the metal oversewing of
the seams is maksur. Women have metal embroidery on the sleeve
of the ‘ab@’ called bakhkhiyyah. The ‘aba’s are tailored by men, and
they usually make the zibin, a gown worn, in the case of men, over
the ankle-long shirt (dishdasha).
The use of cheap aniline dyes has now largely replaced vegetable,
mineral, and animal dyes. Nevertheless some natural dyes are still
used. Since these tribesmen are often color-blind, for red they use
zarga@’, which is obtained from copper sulphate. Curiously enough,
for blue in varying shades they employ indigo, blue tattooing powder
and tamarind (tamr hindi). For green, an infusion of willow leaves
(gharb) is made. For orange and red, pomegranate juice (dbagh mal
rumman) mixed with powder of vitriol (zaégh) and indigo (chuwit)
is used. For yellow and brown, particularly for dyeing the light
summer ‘aba’, they employ an infusion of kubban, a curious water-
weed with flesh-colored, transparent tubers that grow like fingers,
five in a group. This weed has a bright yellow blossom and flowers
freely in the months of April and May. For purple, tahama leaves
are boiled down.
392 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTATION
No women are veiled, not even those in the sheikh’s household,
unless they happen to go to a town, where they comply with town
usages. When local townsmen or foreigners are present, women of
the sheikh’s family withdraw into some seclusion, but tribesmen,
if they are of lower degree, can converse with them.
The usual form of hairdressing is a straight fringe over the fore-
head (jidhdha), with the rest of the hair plaited. Sometimes the
plaits are looped up and fastened on the head; sometimes they
hang down, their length increased by black threads plaited with the
hair.
I had the privilege of helping with the morning toilet of a sheikh’s
wife who, although she had seven children, was still in her twenties
and had a skin of which any European woman might be proud.
Her complexion was fair and she scorned the use of powder or
cosmetics. A black-skinned slave girl brought a long-spouted ewer
(ibriqg) and a basin with a perforated cover (lagan) upon which the
soap was placed and set them before her mistress, who sat on the
floor of the reed hut. The lady, having removed her headdresses
and upper garment so that neck and arms were bare, washed herself
with the water that the slave girl poured over her hands and dried
herself with a towel brought by another Negro handmaiden. All
the while a mirror was propped against a wooden box so that the
lady might see herself. This wooden box was highly important, for
it contained her wardrobe. Another box of the same kind, with a
large lock, held her jewels and talismans. A fine comb of sandalwood
was brought and she unplaited her black hair, which she wore
parted, without the usual fringe. It was slightly reddened with
hinna.'
Her hair rebraided, with two side locks combed forward so that
they would appear beneath her headdress, the sheikh’s wife took
her black wimple (fita), usually called shéla in the marshes, and,
putting it well to the back of her head so that the top remained
uncovered, she held it together with her teeth while covering her
1The green leaf (Lawsonia sp.) is dried, powdered, mixed with water and
applied to the hair as a paste. Hinn§, or henna, is usually mixed with tin khawa,
a saponaceous earth called gil by the Iranis. This earth, if placed with the pink
petals of the jurz rose (a rose used for making rose water) takes the perfume of
the rose. The tin khdwa imparts a gloss to the hair and lessens the dyeing quality
of the henna, which is astringent and often stops the falling of hair. This refers
to the real henna, not the so-called ‘‘Persian henna,”’ which, mixed with a com-
pound of indigo or some other dye, darkens the hair. See Hooper and Field, pp.
134-185, 192-198.
ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 393
forehead with a black headband (‘asdéba). A long black turban
(késh), which had previously been extended and smoothed out by
her maids, was then folded round her head in a boat-shape. This
done, she brought the ends of her shéla, wimple-wise, under her chin.
The lady’s dress, which she had put on before completing her
hairdressing, consisted of a slightly waisted zibin and above that a
transparent, wide-sleeved, black garment called a hashimi. This
had no fastening and could be slipped over the head. Above that
again was the ‘abd.
When the headdress was arranged to her liking, ornaments
(Pl. 73) were produced from the unlocked treasure box. Around her
turban the lady draped a long, narrow, triangular slip of black
silk about a meter in length, to each end of which were hooked two
bands of jewelry called ‘agal. This slip is called the habar. The
two bands of jewelry can be unhooked, fastened together, and used
as a stiff collar (t0qg) or used separately and worn on the wrists as
bracelets (mandatish, named from the pins that fasten the bracelets
together). Next, she looped upon her turban a gold gurddla, a two-
strand and four-strand filigree chain with pendent “hands of
‘Abbas,”’ and filigree stars or flowers with ruby centers. The gurdala
is a favorite ornament, varied and rich in design and is, like the rest
of the jewelry, the work of Subba goldsmiths. The headdress was
now further ornamented by two pieces of red silk braid (nejim)
about a yard in length, fastened so as to fall on either side of the face.
To these were attached a little blue zuwijiyya to ward off the Evil
Eye, three heavy, round, gold buttons (guba@b), and twenty-seven
gold lu‘ba, ornaments resembling Byzantine coins, but formed on a
mold and pressed together in two halves. There was also cheff al-
batt, an ornament in the shape of a webbed foot, of gold, crystal,
and rubies surmounted by a gold crescent. The final touch was
another protective blue button (khdrama) and a silken tassel of red
and green.
About her neck the lady clasped several necklaces, including a
wide collar of large turquoises. In addition to these she wore a long
gold chain to which rows of gold coins were attached, called the
maksara.
Marsh beauties do not wear the pearl and turquoise nose-stud
(warda) so popular in the rest of ‘Iraq, but they have the swinging
nose ring (khazzima) worn through one nostril by tribal and poorer
women throughout the country. When rings are worn through
each nostril, the left ring is called the sha‘a and the right one the
394 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
zummam. My friend did not wear any of these, but she wore
enormous earrings (tardchi) of gold filigree set with pearls and rubies,
and another pendent gold hook (matreg) in the helix. Around her
ankles she fastened heavy gold anklets (hail). Poorer women wear
silver anklets.
At the end of her toilet the lady took up her small collyrium
flask, into the top of which is screwed a pointed rod used to apply
the black pigment to the eyelids. The proper way to apply kohl
(kuhl) is to roll the eyelid and apply the pigment with the point of
the rod to the inner side of the lid. This should be done at night,
and the eyes washed in the morning. Enough of the pigment
remains to give the desired effect; an extra touch is sometimes
added. Kuhl is supposed to benefit the sight, but, as the phial is
freely handed about from woman to woman, trachoma may often
be transmitted by this means.
Kuhl is bought in lumps. Soaked in water for three months, it
is then ground very fine and mixed with ‘‘clean” butter. A small
brass mortar with a brass pestle (sadd) is used, one such being kept
in the hut for pounding herbs, medicines, and henna. The best
kuhl, called ithmid, comes from Mecca.
The young woman, like many others, had covered her two upper,
second incisor teeth with a gold casing, a practice that usually results
in the decay of the teeth.
Rings are worn on the fingers and sometimes on the toes. Fetkha
is the word used for a toe ring, but it is also applied to a ring worn
on the forefinger. A woman of standing has her own name or that
of her husband engraved on a gold or silver ring (muhr=seal). A
flat broad bracelet (khdsa), usually set with imitation or real tur-
quoises and rubies, is worn on each wrist by most women.
Other types of jewelry worn by the women consist of glass
bangles, called by one woman ma‘ddad and by two others, majadiyya;
earrings of the type called shadr, with a complicated pattern of
gold beads set on a solid gold background; a silver ring with inset
turquoise, connected by a silver chain inset with turquoise to a bead
bangle (itmam) ; a long pendant at the side of the head made of large
amber and gold beads, a flat gold bead set with a turquoise (khad-
rama), a large red bead (zuwijiyya), and a gold coin (ghaz?); a finger
ring usually called mahbes, worn by all except the poor women, who
substitute silver, copper, and glass for the gold and precious stones.
A brightly colored fringed kerchief (cherghad) is occasionally wound
above the black headband covering the forehead.
ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 395
Except for an occasional ring, signet, or watch chain, men wear
no jewelry. Boys, however, often have a thick silver ring (t6q)
about their necks, decorated by a turquoise set into the clasp or
into the center.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
The marsh tribes, like the other tribes of ‘Iraq, acknowledge the
leadership of a sheikh, whose authority is subdivided among lesser
sheikhs. These are, in fact, feudal communities. The tribesmen
work for their sheikh and are paid in kind and not in money; they
are also entitled to the protection, advice, and hospitality of the
sheikh, who is their “father.” Upon the arrival of a sheikh in a
village, the inhabitants immediately come forward to kiss his hand
and place it against their foreheads in token of respect and fealty.
They must fight for him to death if there is need and take up his
quarrels as he must take up their quarrels, if they have suffered
serious wrong at the hands of a man of another tribe.
Intertribal disputes may lead to exceedingly vindictive and cruel
treatment of one tribe by another. I was told that one hostile marsh
tribe captured a boy, buried him up to his neck, put his eyes out
and left him to die. He was rescued by a British political officer,
but died soon after.
If murder has been committed, a tribe raided, a blood feud or a
desperate quarrel begun, during which injury has been done by one
tribe to another, the matter may be settled by handing over money,
cattle, women, or a combination of all three. Compensation is
agreed upon in conclave, usually through the offices of a mediating
tribe.
The custom (fasl) of handing over women to settle intertribal
disputes is more common with the marsh tribes than elsewhere in
‘Iraq. The fasl-woman, often a child who has just reached puberty,
is sent among the enemies of her tribe to bear children to a stranger
and swallow the taunts of those who still cherish bitterness against
her people. If she bears no child she may be sent back to her tribe
to be exchanged for another girl. It is said that sometimes a fasl-
woman is returned to her people even after she has given birth to a
son. In practice, however, the fasl-woman is often the means of
effecting a genuine reconciliation between two hostile tribes or
sub-tribes. If the father of her children becomes fond of her, she
may be allowed to see her people or they may be allowed to visit
her. Thus, by degrees, relations of a friendly character become
established between erstwhile enemies. The marsh tribesmen,
396 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
once honor (sharaf) has been satisfied, are able to forget a bitter
quarrel and to attribute its cause to destiny (nasib).
In times of peace the tribesman often goes unarmed but for his
chumagh, a stick with a knotted or crooked end, useful for driving
cattle or, if need be, for self-defense. He may sometimes carry a
short mace with a round bitumen head called a magwdar or, more
rarely, a mace with a stone head, called a sakhriyya. More effective
is the curved dagger (khanjar), sometimes kept in a decorated
sheath which is stuck into the belt (see Field, 1935a, Fig. 37).
The sheikhs themselves are changing, inevitably, under condi-
tions that bring them into constant relationship with towns, govern-
ment officials, motion pictures, and modern inventions. Govern-
ment schools flourish at al-‘Amara, Qal‘at Salih, Garmat ‘Ali, and
many other towns of the district. Until recently it was thought
unmanly for a sheikh to be able to read or write; such unwarlike
accomplishments were left to the mullad. Each sheikh had his
mulla, who combined a number of offices in one person. He kept
the sheikh’s accounts, read and answered his letters, acted as his
agent, dealt with visitors and politics, and enjoyed a good deal of
power. The sheikh today, however, realizes that it is wise to send
his sons to school, even if they leave him and go to Baghdad and
run the risk of being converted into effendiyya, the generic term for
all soft, clerkly, office-hunting townsmen.
The social life of the men centers around the guest hut (madif).
This hut seems to fulfill all the functions of a club, a coffeehouse,
and a chapel. Within it, men assemble for coffee and conversation,
for council, for mourning, and for prayer. The sheikh, or chief man
of the village, sits in the place of honor. If a guest is present, he
may sit at the sheikh’s right hand or he may be given the place of
importance. For such a person of substance or honor, mattresses
or carpets and bolsters supplement reed mats placed along the sides
of the interior. The common folk sit on the matting. The madif is
generally spoken of as “the sheikh’s guest house.”’
The tribesmen consider themselves responsible for the welfare
of a guest and his belongings. They become, however, expert
thieves if a person unprotected by their laws of hospitality comes
within their midst.
Since conversation is one of the main forms of mental recreation,
scandal, often groundless, spreads rapidly in the villages. This may
be the basis for the reputed low standard of sexual morality among
the Marsh Arabs. Homosexuality apparently occurs to a certain
ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 397
extent, but stringent tribal laws discourage such vice. Most of the
scandal is directed against the women.
The natural avenger of family honor is the brother. If he over-
hears a slighting remark about his sister or a taunt in the madif
about her light behavior, or if the coffee-maker pointedly omits to
hand him a cup when the coffee goes the rounds of the gossips in
the guest hut, it is his duty to rise without a word, take his knife,
go home, and cut his sister’s throat, without inquiring as to the truth
of the accusation. If the brother does not murder the girl, her father
or some other male relative must do so. Ina few cases, the husband
of a slandered woman has applied to the local authorities to protect a
wife in whose innocence he believes; but the protection is seldom of
avail and the knife sooner or later finds its mark. Often the girl so
brutally murdered is a mere child, and such a barbarous privilege—
for the ‘Iraqi courts pass nominal sentences in the case of tribal
crimes of this type—becomes notoriously abused when property
is involved. Moreover, as it is difficult to draw an exact line between
townsmen and tribesmen, tribal law has invaded the towns as regards
this form of crime. Owing to tribal’analogies brutal murderers often
escape with nominal sentences if they can but manufacture a plea,
true or false, that morality was the cause of their deed.
The marriage customs are similar to those of other parts of
‘Iraq. It is taken for granted that a girl shall be regarded as the
betrothed of her paternal uncle’s son. If her cousin already has his
complement of wives or does not want her, she must still have his
permission before marrying any other man. The penalty imposed
by tribal custom for defiance of this rule, or for unchastity, is death.
A man may keep a girl cousin waiting for years, neither marrying
her himself nor suffering another suitor to take her, and a girl may
remain single all her life because of the caprice of her cousin. Many
are the tales of lovers who have braved this rule and met death in
consequence. Where there is no paternal cousin, a girl may be
given to her maternal cousin, to some more distant male relative,
or even to a man of another family or tribe. Those of sheikh’s blood
take their chief wife from within their group, and race is esteemed
more highly than wealth. Owing to these rules, one finds the
families of the sheikhs inbred; yet on the whole they seem to possess
health and good physique.
A dowry is paid by the bridegroom to a girl’s father, who expends
most of it on her clothing and jewelry. The townsman pays a
certain sum down and promises a further sum should he divorce
398 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
his wife; but in the marshes the second sum is rarely stipulated.
The jewelry is looked upon as insurance against divorce, and a
divorced wife takes her jewelry with her. Hence the extreme
richness and variety of the ornament which these marsh women
wear; it is their protection against a dark future which may see
them deserted, old, or supplanted by a rival.
When a woman is to be married she places upon herself as much
of her jewelry as she can wear. First she is bathed and perfumed.
A mixture of seeds, sandalwood, orris root, and tin khawa made into
a scented paste (mahlab or halabi) is applied to her hair. Her body
must then be depilated by a woman called a nattafa, who sets to
work to jerk out hairs one by one by means of a loop of thread and
her teeth. Eyebrows are becomingly shaped by the same means.
A powder (zurégh) and pumice stone (sakhara majliyya) are also
used, for no hair must remain on her body. The feet and hands are
stained with henna. The bride, who is thought to be peculiarly
susceptible to the Evil Eye and the Breath, is protected by a number
of amulets, and great care is taken that the friend who adorns
her shall be a fortunate person, a happy mother of children being
preferred.
Rituals in connection with births were depicted for me by a
young mother, who showed me how, in her pangs, she crouched and
grasped the great reed rib of the hut, and pressed her forehead
against the cool reeds, presenting her buttocks to the midwife
(jidda), the reed hut crowded meanwhile by the women who had
come to support her during the ordeal. With the mother in this
crouching position the child is born, being taken by the midwife
from behind. At the moment of severance the baby’s navel is bound
with a little sheep’s wool. After the birth the mother’s waist is
bound tightly by the midwife and she is washed well with hot water.
She is bathed again on the third, seventh, and tenth days. She is
never left alone during or immediately after childbirth lest evil
spirits harm her or the child. For a period of forty days the mother
carries a knife about with her to ward off these mischievous beings,
who fear any sharp or pointed instrument of steel or iron.
An infant is suckled without adherence to any time of feeding,
and the child continues to suck long after it can walk. I have seen
a marsh woman take the nipple from the mouth of a young baby to
offer it to a child of four years, who beat her imperiously with his
fist that he might have her breast. No sheikh’s wife, however,
suckles her child. She gives it as soon as it is born to a wet nurse
(daya), usually one of her own slaves or dependents. The foster
ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 399
mother, with the suckling in her charge, remains constantly at her
mistress’s side, and the nurse’s nipple is rarely out of the baby’s
mouth except when the child is asleep. The children of such a foster
mother have a special relationship to the children of the real mother
and are not allowed to intermarry with them. To get rid of her
milk a woman bathes her breasts constantly with cold water and
binds them tightly.
Divorces are lightly made. A man has but to say to his wife,
three times before witnesses, “I divorce thee!’’ and she is no longer
his wife. The sheikhs and wealthier men are prodigal in their
matrimonial alliances. One sheikh boasted that he had married
thirty-three women and said that his brother had married a hundred.
However, modern times and restricted incomes are reducing the
number of marriages. Moslem law permits a man only four wives
at a time, but the system of divorce allows a man to marry for a short
period and then send the girl back to her people. If she has borne
him a child, she must leave it with him, for a child is paternal
property.
There is, however, one permanent wife. She is generally a
cousin who, kept on for reasons of property, family feeling, and
possibly genuine affection, has weathered the storms and remained
lady paramount. One such proud and elderly dame, of good birth
and with the remains of considerable beauty, laughed without a
trace of bitterness as she recounted her tactics with rivals. She
was always polite to new arrivals, although they did not last long.
To get rid of them she employed witchcraft (sthr) and spells, which,
sooner or later, were effective.
RELIGION
The emotional extremes of the Shi‘a doctrines are far more
congenial to the Marsh Arab than the severer rationalism of the
Sunni faith. Religion sits lightly upon him, and his spiritual needs
are satisfied as a rule by the visit of a divine (mu’min) for the two
sacred months of Muharram and Ramadan. For this he is willing
to pay, and if he has made a pilgrimage (ziyara) to the holy cities
of al-Najaf, Karbala, al-Kadhimain, and Samarra once during his
lifetime he has a fair claim to being accounted a religious man.
It is not often that a marshman goes on pilgrimage to Mecca
and becomes a hajji. The ziyara costs less and is a shorter journey
than the hajj and the Shi‘a Imams lie nearer to the heart.
The burial customs and mourning rites are complex. In various
parts of the marshes a long tumulus rises above the reeds of cultivated
400 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
areas. This is a reed vault (biniyya) covered with mud, which forms
a temporary tomb. All who can pay the fees of transport and
reburial, except very young children, are interred in such tombs for
about a year and then, when a caravan of bodies happens to be setting
out for al-Najaf, they are uncovered and carried to the holy city
to be buried as close to the shrine as means allow. The higher the
fee, the greater the proximity to the tomb of ‘Ali. Rich men are
transported to al-Najaf without this temporary burial (amdna),
which is only a matter of expediency.
The belief is that only those worthy of interment in so holy a
place are permitted by the Imam to reach their graves. Hence
stories arise that on the way to al-Najaf a corpse has been known
to change into a pig or a dog and run off into the desert. These
legends are extremely useful to the corpse-caravan leaders who, if
they find their convoy of corpses inconveniently large, dispose of
them on the way, explaining shortages, if they are discovered, in
the traditional manner.
The dead are washed with an infusion of the leaves of Christ’s-
thorn (Zizyphus spina-christi Willd.), called in the marshes sidr
and in the rest of ‘Iraq nabgqa or nabag. The body is then sprinkled
with camphor (ka@fir), wrapped in white muslin, and encased with
reeds. Before the corpse is interred it must be placed on the ground
three times, and it must be buried, if possible, before the sun sets.
The instant that breath has left the body, the women begin to wail,
beat their breasts, throw dust on their heads, and tear their garments
so wildly that often their breasts are exposed. The men carry the
body to the grave, the bearers often changing, as they go along,
with fresh volunteers, for it is considered a pious and meritorious
act to assist the dead man to his resting place.
Organized lamentation and breast-beating take place on the
third and seventh days after death, but they are limited to women.
The men gather together in the village guest hut or in another large
hut, listen to the reading of a portion of holy writ by a mu’min,
and say some Fatihas, but they sit in a quiet and orderly fashion.
On the other hand, the female relatives, friends, and neighbors of
the deceased person gather in and around the hut of the bereaved
family, sitting closely together, sobbing and wailing in concert.
At intervals, led by a professional mourner (‘addada), who excites
them to hysterical grief by repeating praises of the deceased and
poignant reflections upon the bereaved state of the mourners, they
rise to their feet and jerk their bodies in a kind of dance, flinging
ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 401
their unbound and unplaited locks from side to side with the move-
ment of their heads (Pl. 76, Fig. 2). The more passionate mourners
tear open their clothing and display their bodies, and all beat their
breasts in unison to the ‘addada’s chant, punctuating the latter with
the regular thud of their palms on their persons, their cries of woe,
and the stamp of their feet. The kind of lamenting employed,
ejaculatory verse, is simple:
Here is thy fishing spear idle!
Thy clothes lie piled together!
Thy children are fatherless!
Very often the community, village, or sheikh may have a local
poet. The poets are highly respected and their compositions are
usually sung. Ordinarily, they are expert impromptu versifiers.
In Baghdad, however, I noticed that two female professional
mourners, who functioned alternately, used verses scribbled in a
notebook as their inspiration.
The death of the sons of ‘Ali, Hasan and Husain, is recognized
annually by organized mourning ceremonies. This is fixed for the
‘Ashira, or first ten days of Muha.ram. It happened that in 1934
these ten days fell during our visit to the marshes. We had, there-
fore, been implored by the Mutasarrif of al-‘Amara to use the utmost
caution, for, during these ten days, religious fervor, mounting day
by day like a fever, reaches its climax on the tenth day of the month,
when all is mourning and displays of grief, such as processions,
breast beating, and flagellations; these and the pageantry of passion
plays move the entire Shi‘a population of ‘Iraq to a frenzy of
sorrow and religious fervor.
When we arrived at az-Zubair, black flags flew from the majority
of the madifs and sara@’if. Sounds of prayer and chanting, or loud
sobbing as the days wore on, issued from riverside huts. Eventually
it became impossible to ignore what was occupying the minds of our
friendly hosts, and the marsh people would not shut us out from
their griefs any more than they would have excluded us from their
joys. Passing by Sheikh Khazal’s madif while the mu’min was
leading the devotions, I was invited inside, although men and women
ordinarily pray and weep separately. If women wish to listen to
the quira’a, as the reading and devotions are called, they crouch
outside.
The next day I was invited to visit the large council chamber.
The hour of prayer was at hand. Casting a questioning glance upon
me the tribesmen asked me if I would like to “‘see how we weep for
Husain.” This ceremony is conducted by the mu’min, who also
402 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
goes to neighboring villages. He called for the pulpit (minbar). An
inverted wooden mortar (hd@wan) was brought in and a cushion
placed upon it. On this the divine seated himself, while his con-
gregation, all men, sat on the ground against the sides of the reed
hut and about the coffee hearth, where the coffee-maker had sus-
pended his operations. The men loosened their black and white
head-kerchiefs (cheffiyya), and brought the cloth crosswise over
their mouths, concealing the lower portions of their faces. The ends
of the cloth were thrown over their heads.
The mu’min began to recite in a chanting voice and whenever
the name of the prophet or of ‘Ali occurred the men joined in with a
muttered, “Pray for him!” or “Pray for Allah and for Muhammad
and for ‘Ali,” or a similar pious ejaculation. Soon the divine was
reading from the Hadith the tragic story of the battle of Karbala.
The chant was mostly on three notes, and in the more poignant
passages he rose to the highest note. All present, their veiled heads
bent low and their hands shading their eyes, lifted up their voices
and wept aloud, “‘eh-ha, eh-ha, eh-ha!’’ while the women, clustered
outside the door, joined in the sobbing.
Then the divine assumed his natural voice and began his simple
sermon, the narrative of a thief who, caught in the act, had his
right hand cut off and was then brought before the mild ‘Ali, son-
in-law of the Prophet. ‘What!’ said ‘Ali, “you are a Muslim and
the son of a Muslim?” The thief admitted it. “How can a man be
a believer and yet a thief?”’ The story ended with the repentance of
the thief and the cure of his mutilated arm by ‘Ali. Sentence by
sentence as he proceeded, the mu’min interrupted himself to trans-
late the literary Arabic into the colloquial Arabic of the marshes
and to add his own moralizing comments. He ended his picture of
‘Ali’s clemency by chanting one of those mourning Muharram poems
so dear to the Shi‘as, his left hand placed at his left cheek. The
men within and the women without wept copiously, and the mu’min’s
own voice became choked with emotion. Then, in a quieter mono-
tone, he recited the Fatiha, the first short chapter of the Qur’an,
all the men joining in, hands placed palms upward, and the proceed-
ings were at an end.
The same evening there was another service, which resembled
that of the morning except that the company was bigger. The
divine was eloquent as he read the story of the martyrdom of Husain
and his women and children, debarred from water to allay their
thirst, transfixed by arrows, and cut off ruthlessly one by one.
ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 403
Weeping is infectious, and our own eyes filled. This, the next day,
inspired the mu’min, as we sat in an airy kishik by the river, to tell
me astory. He said he was always ready to talk about matters of
the faith. ‘Once upon a time, a man who was not a Shi‘a, a
stranger like yourself, chanced one day to be passing by when they
were making wailing for Husain. He came, he looked, he was moved,
he shed a tear. When he died he went to Jehannam, for he had
many faults, and there paid the penalty of his sins and uncleanness.
But Allah, seeing him, brought a basket of seed and, calling the
prophet Misa [Moses], asked him, ‘Seed for seed, what is this
worth?’ Misa could not answer the question; so He called another
prophet and another, but none could answer Him. Then he asked
Husain, who replied: ‘The man’s sins were as countless as these
seeds, but he wept one tear, and for that tear his sins shall be for-
given him.’ Then the man was removed from hell and taken
straightway into Paradise.”’
The mu’mins, who perform temporary duty during this period of
mourning, receive a fee for their ministrations.
On the eve of the tenth day, Dr. Smeaton and I accompanied
a sheikh’s wife in a mashhif to a Sayyid’s house. He and his wife
were townsfolk from Karbala. She, feeling herself an exile in the
reed country, had made a garden, with an arbor of vines. In this
arbor carpets and cushions were spread and tea was served in small
glasses as well as a brew from the leaves of the lemon tree (see Tol-
kowsky, 1938). The moon was rising, and presently we heard
girls’ voices by the river, and their laughter.
“They have come!” said our hostess and, going into a little
courtyard formed by a fence of reeds, we met a company of girls as
they streamed in, irresponsibly gay and not at all, it appeared to
us, in Muharram mood, although they were preparing a “mourning”
for us. The proper dress for the girls who took part, our hostess
said, should have been a white skirt above a black undergarment,
but these marsh maids, who were between the ages of ten and four-
teen, wore colors for the most part, and here and there one saw the
glint of the gold or silver of their ornaments in the moonlight, or
marked the swing of a nose-ring or the flash of an anklet. They
formed a circle, and broke into a chant, slapping their breasts,
dancing on their bare feet, and throwing their heads from side to
side. They did not weep; indeed the whole performance seemed like
a bursting forth of youthful high spirits. I asked the meaning of
the shrill chant to the rhythm of which their bodies swayed, arms
swung, and feet moved. It was:
404 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Close round Husain
And turn back his steed.
O that night had passed!
Weep noisily!
Presently they went out, to go laughing along the river bank
and repeat their performance elsewhere.
The tenth morning no coffee was brewed, no bread baked. At
dawn prayers and chanting, which had been continuing throughout
the night, were still heard. It is considered pious to fast entirely
but, as a concession, wheaten porridge (harisa) mixed with sheep’s
butter (dihn hurr) is cooked overnight so that the hearth stones
may remain cold until noon of the tenth day. Into this cereal a
little meat, usually mutton, is shredded and a flavoring of sugar and
cinnamon (darsin) is added. MHarisa, like the hot cross bun of
Christendom, has a semi-religious character and when, during
Ramadan or times of pilgrimage, companies of pilgrims travel to
the shrines of al-Najaf, Karbala, al-Kadhimain, and Samarra, they
forswear all food but this.
We joined in the early devotions in the guest hut. The coffee
hearth was cold, and a plate for offerings was put on the square
ridge surrounding it. We duly cast in our contribution.
Later, we accompanied the sheikh a little farther upstream to
see the “breast beating’ there. As the tarrdda was poled along,
past hamlet after hamlet, we heard sounds of sobbing and wailing
from the huts. We banked by a wide, grassy place, where the vil-
lage madif was surrounded by a dense crowd. Here the sheikh
landed, and the tribesmen immediately came to kiss his hand and
raise it to their brows. A quirad’a was going on within the hut, but
mattresses and cushions were spread for us in the shade of some
willows, from where we could view the madif and the multitude
about it. Behind the willows and the reed fence, women thronged,
and their weeping and breast-thumping mingled with those of the
crowd.
A rush of the crowd and the approach of large flags or banners
swaying above it told us that a procession was on its way. The
flags, torn and soiled, had evidently done duty many times, but
they added to the color of the scene. One banner was white with
a red border, a green crescent sewn to the center; another was red
with a white border; another was all green. Above the heads of the
crowd was the tabit, the bier, upon which lay the supposed dead
body of Husain, covered by a magenta cloth. A wooden bench did
ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 405
duty as the bier. Before it walked a group of breast-beaters, naked
to the waist, led by a rozakhiin, as they term the man who starts the
chants and incites the breast-beaters to vigor. When the procession
was opposite us it halted; the leader turned to face the breast-
beaters and began his chant, to which the men, in perfect time and
rhythm, lifted their arms high and brought them down on their
chests with great force, like human drums. Spectators thumped or
patted their breasts as piety or decorum suggested. Then the pro-
cession passed on.
Behind the bier walked men in women’s garments, imperson-
ating the women of the martyrs. They addressed appeals, cries for
mercy, and lamentations to the crowd. They wore black cloaks
(‘aba@’s), but their outer robes (zibiins) were of brilliant artificial
silks, orange, green, purple, magenta, and red. Two pairs of small
boys, in turbans, buttoned jackets, and full trousers, each pair led
by a man who had tied a white cloth representing a halter round
their necks, addressed the crowd in shrill emotionless voices:
“**Atash! ‘Atash!’’ (Thirst!) They were generously rouged with the
red pigment that bazaar doctors smear on sore eyes.
Thirst, thirst!
O Husain, slave of God!
O Fatuma the Flower!
they cried from time to time.
The crowd, fresh from the reading, conjured up the scene of the
martyred family, shut off from the river and dying of thirst, of the
child pierced with an arrow, lying on his father’s breast, and the
bloody shroud that the martyrs donned before going into the unequal
fight. All wept with loud sobs, tears flowing unrestrainedly.
We followed the procession and crowd to a grassy field. Here
a large ring was formed so as to give the passion players a stage in
the middle. The “corpse” on its bier was set down in the center of
the circle and actors clustered about it, pressing their heads to the
bier in grief. The flags were planted in the arena. The breast-
beaters once more faced their leader and a mighty breast-beating
took place in answer to his inciting chant. Sweat poured over their
brown torsos and their breasts were reddened by the force of the
heavy blows. One man was led away half fainting, and later I
heard that another had “purified himself’ (tatahhar) by succumbing
to his injuries. It is considered highly meritorious if a man dies as a
result of his austerities, and he is assured of reward in Paradise.
Indeed, if a pious man dies during Muharram without neglecting
406 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
his mourning, he passes straightway into Paradise without a pre-
liminary expiation of his sins.
The ‘“‘women”’ of the holy family, the two pairs of boys, and a man
with a kettle of water, who gave the performers a drink from time
to time, perhaps acting the part of the distributor of the last few
drops of water, paraded around the arena, addressing the crowd as
before, while the boys kept up their mechanical cries. Finally, the
“women” went among the crowd of women who stood apart from
the men, sobbing and wailing, and their advent, recitations, and
appeals provoked a crescendo of lamentations. The face coverings
worn by the “women”’ to conceal their manly beards were of diverse
colors, and their brilliant dresses and gold-braided ‘ab@’s trailed in
the dusty turf. The procession re-formed and returned to the pray-
ing-place (masalla), for the hut had lost for the time its hospitable
character and had become a mosque.
At this point we accompanied the sheikh back to the tarrada
and were poled upstream on the homeward way. At noon, fires
were lighted, the coffee-maker resumed his post, the weeping stopped,
and normal life was resumed. At sunset the young sheikh sat in the
madif relaxed and smiling, while his Negro slaves and some of the
tribesmen facing him began to sing love songs of the most carefree
and cheerful type, snapping their fingers (dagqa) and beating one
heel on the ground as they squatted opposite him (Pl. 76, Fig. 1).
To this primitive form of castanets and drum, their male voices
sang many attractive songs.
APPENDIX: NOTES ON THE DATE PALM IN IRAQ
BY
V. H. W. Dowson!
Description.—The date, or date palm, called Naki in Iraq, is
Phoenix dactylifera Linn. It is one of several somewhat similar
species belonging to the genus Phoenix, which is characterized by the
possession of a dense crown of generally hard and bristly, irregularly
pinnate leaves, the lower pinnae usually reduced to spines, by small di-
oecious flowers in branched clusters, and by a terete one-seeded berry
fruit with a hard and horny, oblong seed, terete and deeply grooved.
The species dactylifera is distinguished from the other species of the
genus by its usually large, edible fruit, erect, tall trunk of medium
girth, robust and stout glaucous leaves with stiff pinnae in groups,
a moderate number of spines, and dead leaf bases that are more
vertical than horizontal. Of moderate hardiness, it flourishes in a
hot, dry climate, with much water‘at its roots. It is not known wild
(see Pls. 220-224). |
Distribution.—The date palm grows south of a line joining Ana,
Abu Kemal, Tikrit, Kirkuk, and Khanagin. This corresponds
roughly to 35° N. Lat. Date palms thrive chiefly on the banks of
the Tigris and Euphrates, their tributaries and effluents, and in the
oases of Sitata, Ar Rahhaliya, Mandali, Badra, Jassan, and Az
Zubair. Shatt al Arab, the river formed by the junction of the
Tigris and Euphrates, is lined for the hundred miles of its length
with date gardens, extending inland on either hand for an average
distance of half a mile. Here, and near the junction of the three
rivers, there are probably six million bearing palms. As many more
probably surround most towns and villages in the remainder of the
country.
Most gardens are privately owned, although some belong to the
State and some are held by trustees of pious bequests.
Trrigation—Date gardens are irrigated either by natural or
artificial flow or by lift.
1 Specialist on Phoenix dactylifera on the Kut-as-Sayyid Estate Limited,
Basra, Iraq. These notes were sent from London on July 17, 1939. Since Mr.
Dowson in 1939 published a provisional list of the varieties of dates of Iraq
together with Arabic names, synonyms, and meanings, we have followed the sim-
mw spellings. These notes were read by Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator
meritus of Botany at Field Museum of Natural History.
407
408 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Natural flow may be either one-way from a river or a spring, or
it may be tidal. In the Shatt al Arab district, the tides bank up
the fresh river water twice daily and drive it into the multitude of
tiny channels that form a network throughout the gardens. It is an
exception when the water floods the surface of the land; generally,
at high tide the channels are only partially filled. At low tide, the
channels act as drains.
Artificial channels are led off from a river at a high level and then
are brought to lower levels, from which the water is led out on to
the surface of the land. The water may or may not be dammed
below the mouth of the channel. This type of irrigation is found
chiefly in the Baquba and Middle Euphrates districts.
Lift irrigation is of three kinds: man, beast, or machine. The
simplest method is by bucket or kerosene tin. Bucket irrigation is
used in Basra for newly planted shoots. The kerosene tin differs from
the bucket only in its long broomstick-like handle, which eliminates
stooping.
A balanced water-joist (dalw) is used to irrigate small date
gardens. It consists of a scoop of leather or a beaten-out kerosene
tin fastened to a vertical pole. This, in turn, is attached to one end
of a swinging beam, which is weighted at the other end and tied,
between the center and the weighted end, to a cross pole supported
on two adobe or palm-log pillars.
Donkeys, horses, mules, cattle, or camels are used in two ways:
in the karid (or taw?t), which is a water-hoist with a sloped ramp down
which the animals walk, raising and lowering a bucket from and into
a well; and in the noria (naura), which consists of buckets fixed to an
endless chain. The chain hangs over a wheel, and reaches down into
the well. As the wheel is turned, the buckets bring up water, turn
over at the top, empty the water into a trough, and go back into
the well. In a circle, about thirty feet in diameter, in the center of
which is the noria, an animal draws behind it one end of a pole, the
other end of which is attached to the gearing propelling the wheel
(see Laufer, 1934).
Water can be raised about three feet with one tray, and twice
that distance with four workers using two trays, one at the low level
and one at the high. The dalw raises water about six feet, the noria
up to about twenty feet, and the karid up to fifty or more.
In the past thirty years the owners of most date gardens which
are under flow, and in which the summer lift is considerable (Baghdad
district), have put in kerosene or Diesel oil engines and centrifugal
APPENDIX: DATE PALM 409
pumps. A few garden-owners in the Basra district have also installed
pumps and engines to reinforce the tides.
Pollination.—The date palm is the only crop which is normally
pollinated by hand. In April, the male inflorescences (tal) are cut
from the male palms (fahl or dakar) just before the pollen (ligah)
is ready to be shed. They are divided into about twenty small
sprigs (ilb), one of which is inserted into each of the female inflo-
rescences (iaq) on the female palms.
Propagation.—Since the seed of a palm, the result of cross-
pollination, inherits characteristics not only from the female parent,
but also from the male parent, a seedling date palm (dagal) is far
more likely to differ from its mother than to resemble it. Thus,
although date palms can be grown from seed (fasm, nawwa, or fasa),
they are as a rule reproduced by offshoots, offsets, or suckers (fark,
fasl, or jabbar). These sprout at ground level in the axils of the
fronds (saaf) of young palms. Old palms only rarely produce off-
shoots. When the shoots are from five to ten years old, they are
removed from their parents. Thzy mature in succession and are
removed one by one from the parent tree at intervals of several years.
Maturation.—The date palm begins to bear at from four to six
years old, reaches maturity at from ten to twenty, and begins to
decline at from thirty to forty years; it may live to bea hundred. It
has a tendency to bear during alternate years.
The female flower consists of three carpels. After pollination,
when the young fruit is known as hababauk, two carpels fall, and one
remains and grows. From the time the green fruit reaches the size
of a small marble until it changes color it is known in Iraq as kimri
and in Morocco as balah. In June, July, or August, it turns yellow
in some varieties and red in others, and, though still hard, is now
edible. In this stage, it is known as kalal in Iraq, busr in Arabia,
saffar in Morocco, and maksar or akdar in Egypt. When the fruit
softens it is then known as rutab in Iraq or naggar in Morocco. In
this stage, the date is considered the most edible. When dried or
cured, the fruit, known as tamr in Iraq and Morocco and balah in
Egypt, keeps indefinitely.
Production.—The average annual yield of fruit harvested from
a date palm in September and October is probably about fifty
pounds. The total production is somewhat more than 250,000 long
tons.
Uses.—The living palm provides shade for other crops. Beneath
the shade of the date palms where drainage is good, especially at
410 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Baquba, citrus trees are commonly planted. In the Baghdad and
Karbala districts, plum, apricot, peach, and apple trees grow beneath
the palms, while in the Basra district vines and pomegranates
flourish. Vegetables and alfalfa are planted in palm gardens, but
usually only in clearings where the palms are young and do not
shade the ground.
The root (irq) serves as fodder. The trunk (jid) may be cut up
for fuel or hollowed out and used for water pipes and drains. Revet-
ments, bridges, ladders, and steps are also made from the base of the
trunk.
A gum, which is occasionally exuded from the palm trunk, is
used medicinally in the Punjab.
The heart or growing-point (jummar) is edible when fresh or
cooked.
The sap yields a sweet liquor, like coconut milk, which ferments
rapidly. It is drunk, both fresh and fermented, in North Africa, to
some extent in India, and not at all in Iraq. The sap of an allied
species of palm, Phoenix sylvestris Roxb., is used on a large scale in
India for sugar making.
Fronds (saaf) provide fuel, thatch, fencing, and bridging mate-
rials.
Frond bases (karab) are used for fuel, for packing boats, as
floats for fishing nets or for boys learning to swim, and (in Egypt),
when split, for brooms.
Frond midribs (jarid) are used as walking sticks, as imitation
spears in horseback games, as fish trays, and as roofing rafters. When
they are fastened tightly together, they form a sort of paneling,
which is used for floors, walls, and roofs of houses. They are also
made into bird-cages, chicken coops, bedsteads, cradles, crates,
boats, and fans.
From the fiber (lif), rope and matting are made; and with it pack
saddles and couches are stuffed. It is used as a coffee strainer and
as plugs for irrigation pipes.
Spines (sawk or sulla) are used occasionally as pins, as needles
for extracting thorns, and as forks for eating dates.
The leaflets (kus) are woven into matting, from which baskets,
mats, fans, and belting are made.
From the spathes (dik or tal) a perfume called “tara water’
(malaqgah) is distilled.
The fruit bunches, from which the dates have been picked, are
used as brooms and as fuel, or are made into twine and rope.
APPENDIX: DATE PALM 411
The fruit is a staple food for man and beast. It can be eaten
fresh, cured, or cooked. From it sugar, syrup, spirit, and vinegar
are prepared.
The stones are used as cattle food, and as an adulterant for coffee,
cocoa, and chocolate. They make good fuel, excellent charcoal, and
are used, although not in Iraq, as necklaces.
Export.—Dates exported to Europe and America are packed in
wooden cases holding seventy pounds; but those exported to India,
Arabia, and East Africa, and those for local consumption are packed
in baskets (kisaf) of matting, woven from the dried leaflets of the
date palm.
Export fluctuates between 115,000 and 175,000 long tons, with
an average of about 150,000, of which about two-thirds come from
the Shatt al Arab district. The remainder, all of the Zahdi variety,
come from up country, chiefly from the middle Euphrates and
Baghdad areas.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following compilation of bibliographical references has been almost
entirely restricted to publications dealing with the Lower Euphrates—Tigris
Region. The exceptions are to references which should be used in conjunction
with this publication and such recent standard works on Iraq as those of Foster,
Ireland, Longrigg and Main. Copies of the microfilms may be purchased from
the American Documentation Institute, 1719 N Street N.W., Washington, D.C.
BLANCHARD, RAOUL
1929. La Mésopotamie. Géographie Universelle, vol. 8, pp. 215-232. Paris.
BorscH, HANS
1939. El Iraq. Economic Geography, vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 325-361.
CHINA, W. E.
1938. Hemiptera from Iraq, Iran and Arabia. Field Museum of Natural
History, Zool. Ser., vol. 20, No. 32, pp. 427-437.
Coon, CARLETON §S.
1939. The races of Europe. New York.
Corry, C. E.
1937. The blood feud. London.
Dowson, V. H. W.
1921-23. Dates and date cultivation of the Iraq. Pts. 1-8. Printed for the
Agricultural Directorate of Iraq. Cambridge, England.
1939. Provisional list of the date palms of the Iraq. Tropical Agriculture,
vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 164-168. Trinidad.
DROWER, E. S. (STEVENS, E. S.)
1931. Folk-tales of Iraq. Oxford.
1937. The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford.
FIELD, HENRY
1932a. The ancient and modern inhabitants of Arabia. Open Court, vol. 46,
pp. 847-871. Chicago.
1932b. The cradle of Homo sapiens. American Journal of Archaeology, vol.
36, pp. 426-430.
1933. The antiquity of man in southwestern Asia. American Anthropologist,
vol. 35, pp. 51-62.
1935a. Arabs of central Iraq, their history, ethnology and oe characters.
Introduction by Sir Arthur Keith. ield Museum. of Natural History,
Anthr. Mem., vol. 4.
1935b. The Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near East, 1934.
Science, vol. 81, No. 2093, p. 146.
1935c. Ibid. The Oriental Institute Archaeological Report on the Near East.
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 51, pp. 207-209.
1936. eee of Iraq. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 21,
pp. 49-56.
1937. See Hooper, DAVID
1939. Contributions to the anthropology of Iran. Field Museum of Natural
History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 29, pp. 1-706.
412
BIBLIOGRAPHY 413
1940a. The npcarbaang: A of Iraq. Pt. 1, No.1: The Upper Euphrates. Field
Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 30, pp. 1-224.
1940b. The “Mongoloid Spot” in Turkey and Iraq. American Journal of
Physical Anthropology, vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 119-126.
1941. Climatological data from Southwestern Asia. Bulletin of American
Meteorological Society, vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 299-300; and Microfilm No. 1591,
pp. 1-20, in American Documentation Institute.
1947a. Human remains from Kish, Iraq. Microfilm No. 2345, pp. 1-118, in
American Documentation Institute.
1947b. Near East travel bibliography. Microfilm No. 2392, pp. 1-60, in Ameri-
can Documentation Institute.
1947c. Contributions to the Anthropogeography of Southwestern Asia. Micro-
film No. 2416, pp. 1-48, in American Documentation Institute.
1947d. Bibliografia. Boletin Bibliografico de Antropologia Americana, vol. 9,
pp. 325-333, Mexico City.
1948a. Head deformation in the Near East. Man, vol. 48, No. 154. London.
1948b. Miscellanea Asiatica Occidentalis: I. Microfilm No. 2483, pp. 1-239,
in American Documentation Institute.
Foster, Henry A.
1935. The making of modern Iraq. Norman, Oklahoma.
FULAINAIN, Hajji
1928. The Marsh Arab. Philad.Iphia.
GOVERNMENT OF IRAQ PUBLICATIONS
1929. Maps of Iraq with notes for visitors. Baghdad.
GUEST, EVAN
1933. Notes on plants and plant products with their Sar ae names in Iraq.
Bull. No. 27, Department of Agriculture, Iraq. Baghdad.
Hooper, DAVID, and FIELD, HENRY
1937. Useful plants and drugs of Iran and Iraq. Field Museum of Natural
History, Bot. Ser., vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 71-241.
IONIDES, M. G.
1937. The régime of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. New York.
IRELAND, PHILIP WILLARD
1937. Iraq. London.
Kappers, C. U. ARIENS
1947. Anthropometric data from Southwestern Asia. Microfilm No. 2419,
pp. 1-92, in American Documentation Institute.
KEITH, SiR ARTHUR
1935. Introduction to Arabs of central Iraq, their history, ethnology and physi-
” apa Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Mem., vol. 4, pp.
——, and KRoGMAN, W. M.
1932. The racial characteristics of the southern Arabs (pp. 301-833) in ‘“‘Arabia
Felix” by Bertram Thomas. New York.
KROoGMAN, W. M. See KEITH, SIR ARTHUR
414 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
LAUFER, BERTHOLD
1919. Sino-Iranica. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 15,
No. 3, pp. 385-391.
1934. The noria or Persian wheel. Oriental Studies in honour of Dasturji
Saheb Cursetji Erachji Pavry, pp. 238-250. Oxford.
LONGRIGG, S. H.
1925. Four centuries of modern Iraq. Oxford.
MAIN, ERNEST
1935. Iraq from mandate to independence. London.
MAXWELL, DONALD
1921. A dweller in Mesopotamia. New York.
SCHLIMMER, J. L.
1874. Terminologie medico-pharmaceutique et anthropologique francaise-
persane, pp. 175, 460. Tehran.
SCHMIDT, KARL P.
1939. Reptiles and amphibians from southwestern Asia. Field Museum of
Natural History, Zool. Ser., vol. 24, pp. 49-92.
SUMMERSCALE, J. P.
1938. Report on economic and commercial conditions in Iraq. Department of
Overseas Trade, No. 699. London.
TOLKOWSKY, S. _
1938. Hesperides. A history of the culture and use of citrus fruits. London.
TROTTER, MILDRED
1936. The hair of the Arabs of Central Iraq. American Journal of Physical
Anthropology, vol. 21, pp. 423-428.
Uvarov, B. P.
1938. Orthoptera from Iraq and Iran. Field Museum of Natural History,
Zool. Ser., vol. 20, pp. 489-451.
WILLCOcKs, SIR WILLIAM
1911. The irrigation of Mesopotamia. London.
ZAHROON, NAJIM
1946. A Mandean Dictionary on Microfilm No. 2196, pp. 1-63, in American
Documentation Institute.
AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN ILLUSTRATED
IN PLATES
: Plate 104
: Plate 139
: Plate 82
: Plate 113
: Plate 121
: Plate 140
: Plate 120
: Plate 81
: Plate 112
: Plate 94
: Plate 82
: Plate 100
: Plate 122
: Plate 125
: Plate 85
: Plate 119
: Plate 102
: Plate 99
: Plate 90
: Plate 98
: Plate 98
: Plate 111
: Plate 93
: Plate 137
: Plate 102
: Plate 121
: Plate 110
: Plate 131
: Plate 99
: Plate 105
: Plate 108
: Plate 85
: Plate 103
: Plate 138
: Plate 110
: Plate 89
: Plate 134
: Plate 97
: Plate 80
: Plate 131
: Plate 83
: Plate 140
: Plate 118
: Plate 104
: Plate 87
: Plate 115
: Plate 123
: Plate 128
: Plate 132
: Plate 124
: Plate 80
: Plate 126
: Plate 86
: Plate 109
: Plate 111
: Plate 103
: Plate 86
: Plate 100
: Plate 127
: Plate 91
: Plate 101
: Plate 1338
: Plate 128
: Plate 106
415
: Plate 79
: Plate 81
: Plate 130
: Plate 117
: Plate 188
: Plate 101
: Plate 109
: Plate 117
: Plate 182
: Plate 135
: Plate 91
: Plate 84
: Plate 97
: Plate 127
: Plate 107
: Plate 136
: Plate 83
: Plate 93
: Plate 88
: Plate 129
: Plate 130
: Plate 92
: Plate 108
: Plate 88
: Plate 89
: Plate 95
: Plate 115
: Plate 119
: Plate 94
: Plate 124
: Plate 96
: Plate 120
: Plate 118
: Plate 122
: Plate 136
: Plate 90
: Plate 87
: Plate 92
: Plate 125
: Plate 95
: Plate 126
AL SAWAAD TRIBESMEN ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES
954: Plate 156 966: Plate 155 986: Plate 156
955: Plate 164 968: Plate 154 988: Plate 159
956: Plate 153 969: Plate 154 991: Plate 152
957: Plate 159 972: Plate 161 992: Plate 151
958: Plate 162 976: Plate 160 995: Plate 149
959: Plate 160 977: Plate 166 996: Plate 164
960: Plate 158 979: Plate 157 997: Plate 168
961: Plate 166 981: Plate 150 999: Plate 155
962: Plate 157 982: Plate 163 1000: Plate 151
963: Plate 162 983: Plate 149 1001: Plate 161
964: Plate 152 984: Plate 150 1002: Plate 165
965: Plate 153 985: Plate 165 10038: Plate 158
SUBBA MALES ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES
2888: Plates 174, 175 2918: Plate 203 2948: Plate 176
2890: Plate 179 2919: Plate 171 2951: Plate 202
2891: Plate 179 2920: Plates 188, 189 2952: Plate 173
2892: Plate 200 2921: Plate 187 2954: Plate 172
2893: Plate 185 2922: Plate 180 2955: Plate 181
2894: Plate 197 2923: Plate 194 2957: Plate 172
2896: Plate 185 2924: Plate 169 2959: Plate 204
2897: Plate 206 2925: Plate 193 2960: Plate 178
2898: Plate 203 2926: Plate 170 2961: Plate 180
2899: Plate 208 2929: Plate 177 2962: Plate 181
2900: Plate 194 2930: Plate 186 29638: Plate 182
2901: Plate 199 2931: Plate 173 2965: Plate 182
2903: Plate 192 2933: Plate 198 2966: Plate 208
2904: Plate 201 2934: Plate 169 2967: Plate 177
2905: Plate 200 2935: Plate 201 2968: Plate 205
2907: Plate 207 2936: Plate 204 2969: Plate 184
2908: Plate 199 2937: Plate 171 2970: Plate 186
2909: Plate 178 2939: Plate 170 2971: Plate 195
2910: Plate 184 2940: Plate 202 2972: Plate 207
2911: Plate 196 2942: Plate 183 2973: Plate 187
2912: Plate 206 29438: Plate 191 2974: Plate 190
2913: Plate 197 2944: Plate 191 2975: Plate 195
2914: Plate 196 2945: Plate 193 2976: Plate 190
2915: Plate 205 2946: Plate 198 2978: Plate 192
2917: Plate 176 2947: Plate 183
SUBBA FEMALES ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES
2981: Plate 210 2986: Plate 214 3001: Plate 215
2982: Plate 209 2987: Plate 213 3002: Plate 211
2983: Plate 212 2988: Plate 209 3007: Plate 214
2984: Plate 212 2998: Plate 213 3012: Plate 215
2985: Plate 210 2999: Plate 211
416
INDEX
Abir, 249
Abu Ajul Lake, 242
Abu al Dhahab, 369
Abu Jidahah, 258
Abu Shahrain (Eridu), 242
Abu Tabr Canal, 241
Abu Zuruq, 332
Abul Khasib, 254
Adil River, 263
Agriculture, 371-373; implements used
in, 245-246; products of, 244-245
Ahwaz, 249, 251
man, 253
aika Channel, 259
Al Abbud, 263-265
Al Abuda, 252, 259, 332
Al Ajwad, 249, 252
Al Akaika, 332
Al
, see Amara
Al Amla, 263-265
Al Azair, see Al Uzair
Al
Azairij, sone 250, 260, 290
Al bu Muhammad, 284, 237, 249-250,
260, 370-371
Anthropometric data (221 males
measured), 265-289
of, 265, 273
bigonial breadth of, 273
bizygomatic breadth of, 273; group-
ings, 272
body hair of, 266; compared to
Kish Arabs and Dulaimis, 266
cauterization a. 268
cephalic index of, 271, 273; group-
ings, 270
demography of, 265, 274-277
among, 267. See also
Pathology
ears of, measurements and indices
of, 273
eye slits of, 267
eyes of, 266-267; groupings, 267
facial measurements and indices of,
271; groupings, 271
tremtisiattotal: ro of, 278
hair of, 266; groupings, 266
en oe an ae 270,
3 groupings, ’
health of, 269
henna used by, 269
Al
history of, 263
lips of, 268
location of, 263
minimum frontal diameter of, 270,
273; groupings, 270, 272
Mongoloid element among, 265
morphological characters of, 265-
268, 286-289
musculature of, 268
nasal breadth and height of, 271,
273; groupings, 271-272
nasal index of, 273; groupings, 272
nasal profile of, 267; groupings, 268
nasal tip and wings of, 267; group-
ings, 268
Negroid element among, 265-267
occupations of, 370
prognathism among, 269
raw data: measurements, indices
and morphological characters
of, 278-288
reed huts built by, 381-384
relative sitting height of, 273
sheikhs of, 370
sitting height of, 273; groupings,
270, 272
skin color of, 265; compared to
Kish Arabs, 265; to the
southern European, 265
statistical analyses of, groupings,
269-272
emine of 269, 273; groupings, 270,
tattooing among, 268
teeth of, 268; groupings, 268
total facial height of, 271,
groupings, 272
total facial a of, 271,
groupings,
upper facial height of, 271,
groupings, 271-272
upper facial index of, 273
vital statistics of, 265, 274-277
zygo-frontal index of, 273
zygo-gonial index of, 273
bu Muhammad (three females
measured), 289-290
273;
278;
2738;
Al bu Sali, 332
Al bu Shairuza, 353
Al bu Shamakhi, 259
Al Budur, 2538, 353
Al Buwaish, 249, 250
Al Chaab, 249-251, 260, 329
Al Dabbat, 331-333
Al Daudi (Kurds), 256
Al Diyain (Dijain), 331
Dugaimi, 332. See also Al Nawashi
Al Furaijat, 263
417
418
Al Ghanan, 330
Al Ghuzi, 331-332
Al Hachcham, 331, 333
Al Halaf, 329
Al Hamawand (Kurds), 256
Al Hammad, 332
Al Hamra, 330
Al Hassan, 257
Al Hassuna Lake, 242
Al Hathar, 259
Al Hawal, 332
Al Hisan, 331-332
Al Humaidat, 331
Al Husainat, 332-333
Al Husaini, 253
Al Huwair, 247; boat-building at, 247
Al Jaf (Kurds), 256
Al Jazair (Confederation), 251-253
Al Jubur, 353
Al Juhaish, 353
Al Juwaibir, 331-332
Al Khadhimain, 399
Al Khafaja, 332, 333. See also Al
Khafaya
Al Khafaya (Khafaja), 330-333
Al Khalil, 333
Al Khamisiya, 247, 255
Al Khazraj, 329
Al Kufa, 369
Al Kumait, 250
Al Kurmashia, 332
Al Kuwait, 247
Al Madina, 247-248; (Nahtya), 253
Al Majid, 333
Al Marshadi, 333
Al Muhaisin, 251, 260
Al Mujarrah, 252
Al Muntafiq, 249-253, 255, 259-260,
830-331; history of, 249-251; popu-
lation of, in 1920, 254
Al Musakhil, 333
Al Muzaira, 260
Al Najada, 259
Al Najaf, 353, 366, 399, 400
Al Nashwah, 260
Al Nawashi, 332. See also Al Dugaimi
Al Nodah Ali (Iranis), 256
Al Nusairi, 328
Al Qaraghol, 332
Al Qurna, 238, 240-245, 247, 249, 251,
252, 258, 260, 329; climate of,
243; population of, 258, in 1920,
254; river traffic at, 258; Shiahs at,
258; Sunnis at, 258; weaving at, 247
Al Salman, 332
Al Sarraj, 329
Al Tae 234, 249-250, 260, 263, 370-
Anthropometric data (fifty males
measured), 290-301
age of, 301; groupings, 291
bigonial breadth of, 301
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
bizygomatic breadth of, 301; group-
ings, 297
body hair of, 292
cauterization among, 293
— index of, 301; groupings,
disease among, 292-293. See also
Pathology
ears of, measurements and indices
of, 301
eyes of, 292; groupings, 292
facial measurements and indices of,
295-296; groupings, 296
fronto-parietal index of, 301
hair of, 292; groupings, 292
head breadth of, 301; groupings,
295, 297
head length of, 294-295, 301
history of, 290
lips of, 293
minimum frontal diameter of, 301;
groupings, 295, 297
morphological characters of, group-
ings, 291-294
musculature of, 294
nasal breadth and height of, 301;
groupings, 296, 297
nasal index of, 301; groupings, 296
nasal profile, 293; groupings, 293
nasal tip and wings of, 293; group-
ings, 293
ia element among, in nose of,
origin of, 290
raw data: measurements, indices,
and morphological characters
of, 298-300
reed huts built by, 384
relative sitting height of, 301
sheikhs of, 371
sisting. et of, 301; groupings,
skin color of, 291; compared to the
gee 291; to the European,
statistical analyses of, groupings,
294-296
stature of, 301; groupings, 294, 297
tattooing among, 293
teeth of, 293; groupings, 293
total facial height of, 301; group-
ings, 296, 297
total facial index of, 301; group-
ings, 296
upper facial height of, 301; group-
ings, 296, 297
upper facial index of, 301
zygo-frontal index of, 301
zygo-gonial index of, 301
Al Serai, 332
Al Shadda, 268; buffalo-breeding by,
264; reed mats made by, 264
INDEX
Al Shadud, 333
Al Shirahna, 331
Al Shuwailat, 332, 333
Al Shuwalish, 332
Al Sinajir, 259
Al Sudan, 249-250, 263, 370-371
Al Suwaad, see Al Sawaad
Al Talabani (Kurds), 256
Al Ubaid, 353
Al Uzair (Ezra’s Tomb), 240, 263, 370
Al Uzairij, 268, 332, 365, 370
Al Zaiyad, 333
Al Zubaid, 263
Alexander the Great, 242
Alfalfa, 244-245, 410
Ali Gharbi, 243-245, 257
Amara, 237, 240, 241, 248, 244-245,
247, 250-251, 256-257, 268, 290,
330, 368, 370-3871, 380, 391, 401;
Sr aaa products of, 244-245;
istians in, 255; climate of, 243;
Jews in, 255; salt from, 247; school
at, 396; Shiahs in, 255; Subba in,
255; Sunnis in, 255
An Najaf, see Al Najaf
An Nasiriya, 238, 240, 242, 247, 255,
257-259, 331-333, 365, 380; \rabs
in, 258; brick kilns at, 247; Chris-
tians in, 258; East Indians in, 258;
history of, 258; Iranis in, 258;
Jews in, 258; Lurs (Pusht-i-Kuh,
Iran), 258; population of, in 1920,
258; Subba in, 258; Subbi woman
from, 365-367; Turks in, 258
Anthropometric data (109 males
e of, 393; groupings, 383
of, 333; groupings,
bigonial breadth of, 353
419
groupings, 341, 342
morphological characters of, group-
ings, 334-336
nasal breadth and height of, 336,
353; groupings, 342, 343
nasal index of, 353; groupings, 342
nasal profile, 335-336, 353; group-
ings, 336
nasal septum of, 336-337
nasal tip and wings of, 336; group-
ings, 336
Negroid element among, 334
physical appearance of, 334
prognathism of, 334, 354
provenance of, 331-333, 353
raw data: measurements, indices,
and morphological characters
of, 346-352
relative sitting height of, 353
sitting height of, 353; groupings,
334, 340, 342
skin color of, 334, 353
statistical analyses of, groupings,
340-343
stature of, 353; groupings, 340, 342
supra-orbital ridges of, 334
tattooing among, 340, 354
re ce 337-339, 354; groupings,
total facial height of, 353; group-
ings, 343
total facial index of, 353
upper facial height of, 353; group-
ings, 343
upper facial index of, 353
vital statistics of, 3833-334, 3438-345
zygo-frontal index of, 353
zygo-gonial index of, 353
bizygomatic breadth of, 353; group- An Nasiriya (twenty-six females meas-
ured), 356-367
ings, °
cauterization among, 339, 8355 Anthropometric data, 355-367
a index of, 353; groupings,
demography of, 333-334, 3438-345
disease among, 335, 339. See also
Pathology
ears of, measurements and indices
of
eyes of, 335, 353; groupings, 335
facial form of, 334. Sit
facial measurements and indices of,
341, 353; groupings, 341-342
fronto-parietal index of, 353
Lent 2 nat Koo? ene. 334
ead breadth of, . upings,
841, 342 hogs,
head form of, 334, 353
head length of, 353
health of, 339
henna used by, 354
individuals omitted, 353-355
minimum frontal diameter of, 353;
age of, 362
bigonial breadth of, 362
bizygomatic breadth of , 862; group-
ings, 361
agg index of, 363; groupings,
color blindness among, 357
demography of, 364, 366
isease among, 366. See also
Pathology
ears of, measurements and indices
of, 362, 363
eyes of, 356, 366; groupings, 357
facial measurements and indices of,
groupings, 360
fronto-parietal index of, 363
hair of, 356, 366; groupings, 356
head breadth and length of, 362;
groupings, 359, 361
head form of, 356
henna used by, 356, 358, 367
420
individuals omitted, 365-367
lips of, 358
minimum frontal diameter of, 362;
groupings, 359, 361
nasal breadth and height of, 362;
groupings, 360, 361
nasal index of, 363; groupings, 360
ren pone 357, 366; groupings,
nasal septum of, 357, 366
nasal tip and wings of, 357, 366;
groupings, 357
Negroid element among, 356, 358
prognathism of, 358
provenance of, 365
raw data: measurements, indices,
and morphological characters
of, 362-364
relative sitting height of, 363
ses para of, 362; groupings,
skin color of, 356, 366
statistical analyses of, groupings,
359-361
stature of, 362; groupings, 359, 361
tattooing among, 358, 367
teeth of, 8357-358, 366-367; group-
ings, 358
total facial height of, 362; group-
ings, 360, 361
total rag index of, 8363; groupings,
upper facial height of, 362; group-
ings, 360, 36
upper facial index of, 363; group-
ings, 360
vital statistics of, 364, 366
zygo-frontal index of, 363
zygo-gonial index of, 363
Anthropometric data, abbreviations,
list of, used for, 262
Ants, 246
Apples, 244
Apricots, 244
Ar Rahhaliya, date palms at, 407
Arabia, Central, Bani Qahtan of, 256
Arabistan (Khuzistan), 242
Arabs, 256-258
Armenians, 256
Ashura, 401
Az Zubair, 288, 2538, 255, 259, 401;
date palms at, 407; population of,
in 1920, 254, 260; Sunnis at, 260;
trading center at, 259-260
Az Zubair River, 263
Azair, 244
Bada Channel, 259
Badra, date palms at, 407
Baghdad, 244, 248, 258, 259; boat-
building in, 248; fruit trees at, 410;
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Royal College of Medicine in, 262;
Royal Hospital, 331
Bagh-i-Shahi, 238
Bahatha, 371
Bait Abdul Khan, 328
Bait Arar, 328
Bait Chuwaimil, 264
Bait Jandal, 328
Bait Khalifah, 264
Bait Madhkur, 328
Bait Saihud, 264
Bait Wadi, 264
Bait Yasir, 264
Bakhtiaris (Iran), 295
Band-i-Bazugan, 257
Bani Amir, 251
Bani Asad, 248, 249, 252-253
Bani Attab, 332
Bani Hachcham, 332
Bani Himyar, 250, 290
Bani Khaiqan, 252, 257
Bani Lam, 249-251, 256, 260, 268, 370,
371, 374; history of, 328-830; sec-
tions of, 328-830; territory of, 328
Bani Malich, see Bani Malik
Bani Malik, 249, 252
Bani Mansur, 253
Bani Musharraf, 253, 332
Bani Qahtan, 256
Bani Rabiah, 249, 250, 328, 330
Bani Said, 249, 252, 258, 257, 331-333
Bani Ukhtait, 331
Baquba, citrus trees in, 410
Barley, 244, 246, 373
Basra, 240, 241, 248, 244, 248, 252,
256-258, 260, 332, 358, 365, 369,
880; boat-building in, 248; climate
of, 248; population of, in 1920,
254; vines grown in, 410
Basra Liwa, Christians in, 254, 255;
Jews in, 254, 255; Shiahs in, 254,
aoe Subba in, 255; Sunnis in, 254,
Bat-ha, 331, 332
Beans, 244, 245
Beduins, 258, 260
Beetroot, 244, 245
Birds, 369, 376
Boars, 258, 369, 375-376
Boats, building of, 247-248; local names
of, 379; methods used in propelling,
380; types of, 379-380
Boesch, Hans, 255
Branding (of animals), 330, 375. See
also. Cauterization (of humans)
eae an names for, 388; making of,
38
“‘Breath,”’ the, 398
Brick-making, 247
Brinjals, 244, 245
British Museum, 234
Brux, A. A., 368
INDEX
Buffaloes, 244, 260, 264, 378, 374
: Bulrushes, sweetmeat made of, 387
Butaira Canal, 244
Butaniya Lake, 242
Butter, 386
Cabbages, 244, 245
ere) 248, 244, 374, 408; branding of,
Carrots, 244, 245
Cattle, 248, 373-374, 408; eye treat-
ment of, 369
Cauliflower, 244, 245
Cauterization, 339, 355
Chabaish, 831, 332, 381. See also
Kabaish
Chahala Canal, 241, 244, 250, 263
Chickens, 384, 386
China, W. E., 237
Clover, Egyptian, 244
Cockfighting, 374 .
Coffee, 380; ceremonial drinking of,
889-390; hospitality, symbol of,
390; preparation of, 388-389
Color-blindness, 391
Cotton, 380
Cows, 244
Cucumbers, 244, 245
Curds, 386
Curzon, G. N., 301
Dahigren, B. E., 407
Dair, 253
Darraji, 238, 259
Date palms, 240, 241, 260, 407-411;
description of, 407; distribution of,
407; irrigation of, 407-409; local
and foreign names for, 409; matura-
tion of, 409; pollination of, 408;
production of, 409; propagation of,
409; uses of, 409-411
Dates, export of, 411; syrup of, 387
Depilation, 398
Desert, southern, Christians in, 255;
Jews in, 255; Shiahs in, 255; Subba
in, 255; Sunnis in, 255
Dhafir, 253
Digitalis, fish stupefied by, 377
Diyala River, 240
Dizful (Iran), Subba at, 301
Dogs, 3
Donkeys, 373, 408
Drugs, fish stupefied by, 377
Ducks, 376
Dulaimi, 365
421
Duwairij, gypsum from, 247
Dwellings, 380-384
Dyes, aniline, 391; methods of prepara-
tion of, 391; natural, 391
East India Company, 251
Education, facilities for, 396
Eridu (Abu Shahrain), 242
Euphrates River, canals adjoining, 238;
changing channels of, 241
Evil Eye, 398, 398
Ezra’s Tomb (Al Uzair), 263, 370
Failiya, 238, 249
Failiyah Lurs, 256
Fao, 248-249, 251-254
Fauna, 369. See under boars, otters, etc.
Field, Marshall, 233
Field Museum Anthropological Expedi-
tion to the Near East, 233, 331
Field Museum—Oxford University Joint
Expedition to Iraq, 246
Figs, 244
Fish, 369; local names of, 377, 379;
methods of cooking, 387
Fishing, 375, 377; drug (digitalis) used
in, 377; flares used at night for,
877; iron 2 hee itera used in, 376-—
878; nets used for, 376-377
Flora, 369
Folklore, medical, 339
Fuel, 386
Garmat Ali, school at, 396. See also
Qarmat Ali
Geese, 376
Ghamuga Lake, 242
Goats, 373-374
Grapes, 244
Grasses, 244
Grazing, 238, 248, 245, 371
Gufa (Quffah), 248
Gypsies, 365; Persian, 353
Hafira Canal, 268, 370
Hai, 331
Hajji Laglaq (storks), 376
Hakkam, 257
Halfaya, 234, 290, 330, 353, 370; Al
Sawaad near, 263
Hammam Ali, 353
Harta Nahiya, 247, 254, 353
Hassan Kuli Khan (Lurs), 256
Hawiza, 250, 256, 257
Hawizeh (Iran), Subba at, 301
Hejaz, 329
Henna, preparation of, 392
Herbs, preparation of, 387
Hillah, 353
Homosexuality, 396-397
Hooper, David, 392
Hor, 371
422
Hor al Adhaim (Azem), 241
Hor al Hammar, 288, 241, 242, 248,
252, 259, 331
Hor al Hawiza, 234, 237, 241, 263, 267,
295; agriculture in, 371-873; an-
cient sites of, 369; Arabs of, 368-
406; communications to, 370; crops
cultivated in, 372-378; description
of, 368-370; domesticated animals
used in, 373; extent of, 369; flora
of, 369; folklore of, 369; history of,
369; invasion by Moslems from
Arabia of, 369; irrigation in, 372;
linguistic notes on Arabs of, 368;
Mongols in, 369; tribes of, 370;
Turks in, 369
Hoe Umm Tafra, 241
Hor umr Sauan, 263
Horses, 2438, 244, 374, 408; local names
of, 374
Houtum-Schindler, A., 301
Hunting, 375, 376
Huts, reed, 381
Ibadah, 253
Indians (East), 258
Industries, 247
Insects, 246
Tranis (Persians), 256, 257, 353
i 240, 372; ‘methods of, 244—
Jassan, date palms at, 407
Javrah District, 250
Jebel Hamrin, 382
Jebel Sanam, 238
Jemdet Nasr, 246; fish-hooks from, 377
Jews, 254-259, 366; Arab attitude to-
bi 255; population of, in 1919,
Kabaish, 238, 240, 249, 252, 257, 259.
See also Chabaish
Kahala Canal, see Chahala
— 399, 402, 403; fruit trees near,
Karkheh River, 2
Karradi, 247, “ir, ‘268, 331-332; brick
kilns at, 2
Karun River, 242
Kasra River, 370
Kassareh, 244
Khas, 247, 257; boat-building at, 247
Khazraj, 250
Khorram Shahr (Muhammera, Iran),
240, 242, 251, 260
Khuzistan (Arabistan), 242; hut type
in, 382
Kirkuk, 256
Kish, 246
Kohl, 394
Kubadh IV, 369
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Kurds, 254-257; number of, in 1919,
257. See also Al Daudi, "Al Hama-
wand, Al Jaf, and Al Talabani
Kut, 353
Kut al Hai, 238, 240, 249, 258
Kut al Imara 240, 250, 257, 260, 329
Kut as Sayyid Estate, 407
Lady’s-fingers, 244, 245, 373
Land, distribution of, 260; rate of
formation of, 242
Laufer, Berthold, 408
Lawsonia, 392
Layard, A. H., 301
Lazar, Yusuf, 233, 262
Lentils, 373
Lettuce, 244, 245
Limes, 244
Lions, 258
Locusts, 246
Lurs, Pusht-i-Kuh (Iran), 256-257, 258
Madan, 253-254
Maize, 244, 373
Majar al Kabir Canal, 241, 244, 370
Majar as Saghir Canal, 241, 250
Mandali, date palms at, 407
Mandeans, see Subba
Manna (Family), 254
Maagil (Magil), river traffic at, 259
Marsh Arabs, agriculture among, 371-—
373; arts and handicrafts of, 390;
birth customs among, 398-399;
burial customs among, 399-401;
clothing of, 392-395; cockfighting
among, 374; color-blindness among,
391; dancing of, 406; depilation
among, 398; diet of, 386-390;
divorce among, 399; domestic ani-
mals among, 371-375; domestic
work among, 385-390; dwellings
of, 380-384; dyes used by, 391;
embroidery among, 391; family
honor among, 390, 397; fishing by,
375, 377; flagellations among, 401;
food preparation among, 386-
390; hairdressing among, 392-393;
homosexuality among, 396-397;
hunting by, 375; jewelry worn by,
393-395; legends of, 400; marriage
customs among, 397-398, 399;
mourning rites of, 399-401; organ-
ized lamentation among, 400; orna-
mentation of, 392-395; pilgrimages
of, 399; poets among, 401; profes-
sional mourners among, 400-401;
religion among, 399-406; religious
ceremony of, 401-403; silk worn
by, 391; singing among, 406; social
organization of, 395-399; tem-
porary burial tombs used by,
399-400; transportation among,
INDEX
879-380; traps used by,
Mer as gs among, 399
Mash, 2
Mer tnine. 248, 260, 369
Mecca, 399
Melons, 244, 245, 373
Meymourian, Albert, 233, 262
Michiriya Canal, 241, 370
Milking, 374-375
Millet, 244, 373
Minerals, 247
Mirage, 243
Mohammerah (Iran), Subba at, 301.
See also Khorram Shahr
Mongols, 369
Mosquitoes, 243
Mosul, 249, 256
Mourning, hair cut for, 366
Muallim, Khedoory, 233, 262
Muhammad, ancestor of Al bu Mu-
hammad tribe, 263
Muhammad Pasha Daghestani, 250, 251
Muhammera, Sheikh of, 249-250
Muharram, 399, 401, 403, 405
376;
Mules, 408
Muntafiq area, Christians in, 255;
Jews in, 254, 255; Kurds in, 254;
Mandeans in, 254; Persians in,
254; Shiahs in, 254, 255; Subba in,
255; Sunnis in, 255; Turks in, 254
Musharra, salt from, 247
Musharra Canal, 241, 247, 290, 371
Nasir Pasha, 258
Noreen possibilities of, 240, 241,
Nectarines, 244
Negroes, 384, 392, 406
Nejd, 249
Nejdi, 331
Noria (water-wheel), 408
Onions, 244, 245, 373
244
Oranges
Osetes, North (Caucasus), 233
Otters, 369
Oxen, ploughing with, 373
Partridges, 376
Parviz (Sasanian — 369
Pathology, “Baghdad boil,” 269, 320,
bilharziasis, 385
boils, 306
caries, 322
chicken pox, 269
eyes, 320, 335
arcus senilis, 357
blindness, 267, 292, 304
cataract, 267, 269, 298, 304
color-blindness, 357, 391
cross-eyed, 267, 335, 366
423
favus, 339
fever, 269
headache, 269, 323
pimples, 306
_ orm, 339
of ro 269, 339; scurf, 339.
e favus
scars, ‘268, "306, 328. See Cauteriza-
tion
skin, 269. See ‘‘Baghdad boil’’
smallpox, 269, 298, 306, 320, 323, 339
trachoma, 269
ventral disorders, 269, 339
Patriarch of Babylon, 256
Pear Drop Bend, 241
Pears, 244
Peddlers, 380, 386
Pelicans, 376
Persia, see Iran
ioe aie rate of land formation in,
Persians (Iranis), 254, 255, 258, 259
Pests, insect, 246
Petis de la Croix, 301
Phoenix dactylifera, see Date palms
Phoenix sylvestris, 410
Plants, 369
Plough, 245, 246
Plums,
Pomegranates, 244
Poplar, Euphrates, 246
are 256-257; 1919 census figures
oO
Products, agricultural, 244, 373
Proto-Mediterranean, 256
Pumpkins, 244, 245
Punjab, me used medicinally in, 410
Pusht-i-Kuh (Iran), 248, 245, 256-258
Qadhat al Hai, 332
Qahtan 256, 329
Qala Salih, 240, 241, 244, 245, 247, 260,
268; salt from, 247. See also
Qal’at Salih
Qala Sikar, 238, 247, 257-258; brick
kilns at, 247; emigration from, 258;
population of, 258
Qal’at. Salih, te ee 391, 396. See
also Qala S alih
Qarmat Ali, 240, 241; brick kilns at,
247. See also Garmat Ali
Quraish, 251
Qurna, see Al Qurna
Radishes, 244, 245
Rafts, 248
Ramadan, 399, 404
“Reed huts, construction of, 381-384
Religion, population according to, 255
Rice, 244, 264, 369, 386, 387; cultiva-
Hey ‘of, 372-373; preparation of,
424
Rice bread, he of, 388
Richardson, F 242
Roman Catholics, 256
Royal Geographical Society (London),
Permanent Committee on Geo-
graphical Names of, 235
Rumaitha, 331
Rustam Agricultural Experimental Farm
(Hinaidi), 238, 262
Ruta Creek, 241
Sabians, see Subba (Mandeans)
Sadifa Lake, 242
Sadun, 249, 252, 254, 255, 259
Sadun Pasha, 258
Safwan, 249
Samarra, 353, 365, 399
9
Sayyid Nur, salt from, 247
Sesame, 244
Shabib ibn Sherif Mani, 249
Shaiba (Shuaiba), 252
Shamiya, 252, 331; Beduins, 254
Shatra, 238, "242, 247, 258, 259, 331,
332; brick ‘kilns at, "247 ; ghee
tinned at, 247; history of, 259;
Tranis at, 259; Jews at, 259;
population of, 259; Shiahs at, 259;
Bu ba at, 259; Sunnis at, 259;
weaving at, 247
Shatt al Ahmar, 332
Shatt al Arab, 238, 240, 241, 251-253,
260; dates exported from, 411
Shatt al Bada, 238
Shatt al Gharraf, 238, 240, 249, 250,
252, 259, 381, 332
Shatt al Hai, 240, 331
Shatt al Shatra, 259, 331
Shatt al Tib, 257, 371
Sheep, 243, 374, 375, 386
Sheikh Abbud ibn Muhammad, 263, 264
Sheikh Alwan al Jindil, 371 -
Sheikh Amla ibn Muhammad, 263
Sheikh Barrak ibn Mufarrij, 250, 329
Sheikh Faisal al Khalisah, 250
Sheikh Falih as Saihud, 233, 370-371,
376, 380
Shell (Shanbem ibn Bunaiyah, 250,
Sheikh Hafidh al Lami, 330
Sheikh Hafidh ibn Barrak, 250
Sheikh Hajji Jabir ibn Khazal, 251
Sheikh Hatim al Ghadhban, 370, 371
Sheikh Juwi al Lazim, 371
Sheikh Khalifah ibn Chuwaimil, 264
Sheikh Khazal, 251
Shetty panne ibn Falih as Saihud, 234,
Sheikh Lam, 250
Sheikh Lam ibn Harithah, 329
ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Sheikh Majid al Khalifa, 370, 371
Sheikh Mizal ibn H. pr Jabir, 251
aT ee (Mulla Barkat), 250,
Sheikh Muhammad, 250
Sheikh Muhammad al Araibi, 370, 371
Sheikh Muhammad al Musa, 371
Sheikh Mulla Barkat (Mubarak), 250
Sheikh Mutlaq al Salman, 370
Sheikh of Muhammera, 249-251, 260
Sheikh Qumandar al Fahad, 371
Sheikh Saihud ibn Chuwaimil, 264
Sheikh Salman al Minshad, 370
Sheikh Shabib, 330
Sheikh Shawwai al Fahad, 370
Sheikh Shibl al Shiya, 371
pes BREE A ibn Muhammad, 263,
Sheikh Tahir al Hatim, 370
Sheikh Wadi ibn Chuwaimil, 264
Sheikh Yasir ibn Chuwaimil, 264
Sheikh Yuarib, 249
Sherif Mani (Mecca), 249
Shiahs, 254-256, 258-259
Showket, S. Y., 238, 262
Shuaiba (Shaiba), 252
Shushter (Iran), Subba at, 301
Shuwaiyib River, 241
Sikar, 258
Silk, artificial, use of, 391; importation
of, 391
Silver-smiths (Subba), 257
Sinderson, J., 233
Sirut, 247; salt from, 247
Sitata, date palms at, 407
Smeaton, Winifred, 233, 262, 331-367
Snipe, 376
Soap, 385
Sorghum, 373
Spear-points, iron, 378
Spices, 380
Spinach, 244, 245
deri 5 ans Laqlaq), belief concerning,
Subba, (Algae 237, 247, 254-259
Anthropometric data, {ninety males
measured), 3
age of, 313; ated 302
anomalies among, 306
bigonial breadth of, 313
birthplaces of, 301
bizygomatic breadth of, 313, 319;
oupings, 311
blondism among, 303-804
body hair of, 303; compared to
other groups in Iraq, 303
bi index of, 313; groupings,
demography of, 302, 311-313, 319
disease among, 304, 306, 820. See
also Pathology’
INDEX 425
ears of, measurements and indices
of,
eyes of, 304, 320; groupings, 304
facial measurements and indices of,
313; groupings, 308-309
fronto-parietal index of, 313
hair of, 303, 320; groupings, 303
head breadth of, 313; groupings,
308, 310
head length of, 313
health of, 306, 320
henna used by, 306
history of, 257, 301
lips of, 305
minimum frontal diameter of, 313;
oupings, 307, 311
morphological characters of, group-
ings, 303-306
musculature of, 305-306, 320
nasal breadth and height of, 313;
fee 309, 311
n index of, 313; groupings, 309
nasal profile, 304-305, 320; group-
ings, 304
nasal tip and wings of, 304; group-
ings, 304
a element among, in nose of,
photographic analyses of, 310
racial position of, 310
raw data; measurements, indices,
and morphological characters
of, 314-319
relative sitting height of, 313
sitting height of, 313; groupings,
307, 310
skin color of, 303; compared to the
ay 303; to the European,
statistical analyses of, groupings,
307-309
stature of, 313; groupings, 307, 310
tattooing among, 306, 320
teeth of, 305, 320; groupings, 305
total facial height of, 313; group-
ings, 311
pes index of, 313; groupings,
upper facial height of, 313; group-
ings, 311
upper facial index of, 318
vital statistics of, 302, 311-313
zygo-frontal index of, 313
zygo-gonial index of, 313
Subba (twenty-three females measured),
320-828
Anthropometric data, 320-328
age of, 327; groupings, 321
bigonial breadth of, 327
birthplaces of, 320
bizygomatic breadth of, 327; group-
ings, 326
wesc F% index of, 327; groupings,
demography of, 321, 327
disease among, 3823. See also
Pathology :
ears of, measurements and indices
of, 327
eyes of, 322; groupings, 322
facial measurements and indices of,
groupings, 324
fronto-parietal index of, 327
hair of, 321; groupings, 322
head breadth of, 327; groupings,
324, 326
head length of, 327
health of, 328
minimum frontal diameter of, 327;
groupings, 324, 326
morphological characters of, group-
ings, 322-323
musculature of, 323
nasal breadth and height of, 327;
groupings, 325, 326
nasal index of, 327; groupings, 325
nasal profile, groupings, 322
on i and wings of, groupings,
raw data: measurements, indices,
and morphological characters
of, 327-330
relative sitting height of, 327
sitting height of, 327; groupings,
824, 326
statistical analyses of, groupings,
323-325
stature of, 327; groupings, 323
tattooing among, 323
teeth of, groupings, 323
total facial height of, 8327; group-
ings, 326
total orgy index of, 327; groupings,
upper facial height of, 327; group-
ings, 326
upper facial index of, 327
vital statistics of, 321, 327
zygo-frontal index of, 327
zygo-gonial index of, 327
Sulaimaniya, 256
Sultan Sulaiman, 249
Sumeria, 252
Sunnis, 254-256, 258-260
Suq ash Shuyukh, 238, 247, 255, 257,
259, 331-383; brick kilns at, 247;
history of, 259; population of, 259;
Shiahs at, 259; Subba at, 259;
Subbi woman from, 366; Sunnis at,
259; weaving at, 247
Suwaiq, 247; brick kilns at, 247
Syrians, 255, 256
426 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ
Taiah River, 263
Tallya Lake, 242
“Tara water,’”’ 410
sear ney (washm or daqq), 340, 355,
Tea, 380
Thulthain District, 250
Tigris Region, Christians in, 255; Jews
in, 255; Shiahs in, 255; Subba in,
255; Sunnis in, 255
Tigris River, canals adjoining, 238;
river traffic of, 259
“Tigris salmon,”’ size of, 377
Tomatoes, 244, 245
Tortoises, 246
Transportation, 379-380
Traps, animal, 376
Trees, 246
Tribal groups, 251-253
Tribal mark (wasm), 330, 375
Tribal system, disintegration of, 260
Turks, 254, 255, 258, 369
Turnips, 244, 245
Uvarov, B. P., 237
Vegetables, 244, 245, 373
Wajif, 369
Watermelons, 373
Water-wheel, 372, 408
Weaving, 247, 390-391
Wheat, 244, 373
Wheaten bread, preparation of, 388
Willow, 246
Witchcraft, 399
Women, status of, 384-385
Wool, method of skeining, 391
Yezidis (Caucasus), 233
Zab River, Great, 240
Zab River, Little, 240
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 49
SHEIKH FALIH AS SAIHUD, PARAMOUNT SHEIKH OF THE
AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBE
fr i OAM #'¥ : ‘
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Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 50
Fig. 1. Brick guest-house
Fig. 2. Sheikh Falih and his tribesmen
SHEIKH FALIH AS SAIHUD’S CAMP
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 51
Fig. 1. Spearing fish
Fig. 2. A large boat
SHEIKH FALIH AS SAIHUD’S CAMP
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 52
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SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S GUEST HUT, CONSTRUCTED
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Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 53
INTERIOR OF SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S GUEST HUT
Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 54
Field Museum of Natural History
NLL
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FRAMEWORK OF A REED HUT
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 55
Fig. 2. Raised bed
DEMOLITION OF HOUSE AT SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S CAMP
Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 56
Field Museum of Natural History
Interior of council house
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2. Sheikh Falih as Saihud entering boat
BEIDHA
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Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 58
VIEWS OF BEIDHA
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 59
VIEWS OF BEIDHA
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 56
Fig. 1. Interior of council house
Fig. 2. Sheikh Falih as Saihud entering boat
BEIDHA
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 57
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Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 60
WEAVING AT SHEIKH FALIH AS SAIHUD’S CAMP
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Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 61
Fig. 2. Spinning wheel
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Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 64
RICE BINS AT SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S CAMP
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Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 65
Fig. 1. Milling rice in a quern
Fig. 2. Making butter in a swinging, goatskin churn
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Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 68
Fig. 1. Plough
Fig. 2. Woman potter making a clay oven
AL BU MUHAMMAD CAMP
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 69
Fig. 2. Woman churning butter
AL BU MUHAMMAD CAMP
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 70
Fig. 1. Cattle pen next to house
Fig. 2. Buffaloes in a wallow
SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S CAMP
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 71
R WR Sates See
MILKING SHEEP AND CATTLE AT CAMP OF
SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 72
SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH AND HIS DAUGHTER
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 73
JEWELRY OF AN AL BU MUHAMMAD WOMAN
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Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 76
Fig. 1. Relaxation after Ashura. Singing to snapping of fingers
and drumming of feet
yo.
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= /
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leaping in air
AL BU MUHAMMAD CAMP
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 77
Fig. 2. The death grip
AL BU MUHAMMAD CAMP
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 78
Fig. 2. Young wild boar
AL BU MUHAMMAD CAMP
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Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 79
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