~~ + sachs Fehrs Bop Pepe hat NE Ng kek he we + dies rebrepbecporase eu - yest ae tes mes ce iat ; Pea} or Hated is cette tit Apt erties: SE ohare lala Epiins a aubrey ten Bik 4 a a e vant yi ry thts ciety ty Hl +n tase, hat seat etaliat bath asst 1 ( ait tad } Moan iyi ‘ny 4 Hen eseh Hit te ae? tt Tid a} ; 4 ; ae “ Ne aot dutta (3 of agit ee Hehe Ty pete sy oh i # oalehtbe aes soe Se ‘ r ea i is saeeary aoe at Bete rile fh tkeied. Hi ai a ii ee ne hs : a ~ > “bet OR CR ok SEB ean Siew eae ay = iE ait alk a ie Bt wae i rt e 4 siti 4 Ht ti ee ae tl ee ' betel aise ‘is a4 > hiatal a penal es aarp } a pkaaged 5. iS rents ite ratte f nib se Netenateare ; , ae Bia fat speed ten i i sitet ese ried ee or pre iy : +h ay aie 4 ; Phas 9 vests ies hy ita at Bin aenitil: wltatt st iariett aa a ost bey ¥ ac art eae tie et fi ree wigs yl pi! are) iste Wise i Te ee a > tenga aise Satay ar, uh ety aa ths Wi us ote i) ia anes ‘i ‘lone Ee INI HROPOLOGY> fo r [ cHicaco | NATURAL HISTORY | ILEIIITiiiiiiiiy j PRERUERRERLIELCIEE >t \s ois PUBLICATIONS OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES VOLUME 30 gH Mus ad oe 4” NATURAL &’ History & CHICAGO, U.S.A. 1940-1949 Editors PAUL S. MARTIN LILLIAN A. ROSS ee THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ PART I, NUMBER 2 THE LOWER EUPHRATES-TIGRIS REGION BY HENRY FIELD FORMERLY CURATOR OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 30, PART I, NUMBER 2 JULY 8, 1949 PUBLICATION 631 434854 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS CONTENTS PAGE TAU OF ILENIGTRATIONS oe oe ri ee i ee 229 PORIPAGTE 5 a ee wok oe, Ek! Pas ee cde eae 0 es Pea 233 hg “RARER fos apne ras Sey eee woe Melia. gy ag eh rages gh hee inate 237 Si, TRS LAND AND THE PROPER <-o &. <. . 4b at Se eth een alee 238 III, THE PHysicAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE AL BU MUHAMMAD, THE AL POVRA MD: ADEE OUI OE ao oa ee Se a) Stew ee ee Ss 262 nS Dee Malia vin is Se ee eas eae ty ee ee ee 263 Ai Sawaad! 3:63 RiP Oe opie ea ce we a 290 Subba ... 224 PAL pb ai Be I A 301 TROCON OF tiie SOONER MIND coro MICE Boy NS oy Pas seed eek 328 IV. ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA, by Winifred Smeaton 381 V. ARABS OF THE Hor AL HawizA, by E. S. Drower. . ........ 368 APPENDIX: Notes on the Date Palm, by V.H.W. Dowson ..... 407 PU Ns i es ek Ce eh is eS eg Se reds Be Oe 412 POEMS ica ist ys Oi worwe -« Moz coe her ice ee te alk 415 Al bu Muhammad Tribesmen Illustrated in Plates. ....... 415 Al Sawaad Tribesmen Illustrated in Plates ........4... 416 Subba Males Illustrated in Plates ......2.2..2...04.8. 416 Subba Females Illustrated in Plates .........2.2.... 416 ROOMINUER Boned oe os a SA Ge SE Sy ig ce ees Pe a ge 417 227 at AATEOD ‘ ee WAT CNA AR AR yy be» qusornetehl ud Td Rt Te Se ek gs ae baawue tA es, ns aN j cigs heft add ony ero mee ae} es iy > or oe ‘Béat e boserauit nina hevienihl whl TA. Pei NaS cepts Sn ee a ry? Dreier ae ie ota mato Lian ath sah WE 5 Se ee ry. 2 ot piencgebeamees et: ‘ tra ae es ee i ae ee re i % a ea" ad d an ‘a tas eens + = ay tl ; ; ‘ : = é I et Ps ari be ms » i. i RY # . > Gomi os 2 inte eet he amare AT SWNT TAS HSE 1s y ‘ fee. ie ee ee angie eb ent oe me... ek ey oe Ne payer a ee Fe ee he ivy she te = & 5 WOIDuanoMtRe é hi ee - pee ds eee fires , (Sato ast ava Goad at ot x , MA aT CARMA tet SA et Heuosoaricé aeayet ant . i fis . &, eae - . . Cer . addict oc: so et ata non aut 9a ene” oS Sa sc wes ak ag ae ee ys Mibtgaorsentt = RANT 3 | B30) a ae v a nr ae 57. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES . Sheikh Falih as Saihud, Paramount Sheikh of the Al bu Muhammad tribe. . Sheikh Falih as Saihud’s camp. Fig. 1. Brick guest-house. Fig. 2. Sheikh Falih and his tribesmen. . Sheikh Falih as Saihud’s camp. Fig. 1. Spearing fish. Fig. 2. A large boat. . Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s guest hut, constructed of 150 reed mats. . Interior of Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s guest hut. . Framework of a reed hut. . Demolition of house at Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp. Fig. 1. Household furniture. Fig. 2. Raised bed. . Beidha. Fig. 1. Interior of council house. Fig. 2. Sheikh Falih as Saihud entering boat. Beidha. Fig. 1. Village. Fig. 2. Pits to keep buffaloes from rubbing against council house. 58, 59. Views of Beidha. 60. 61, 62. 63. Weaving at Sheikh Falih as Saihud’s camp. Sheikh Falih as Saihud’s camp. Fig. 1. Weaver smoking pipe. Fig. 2. Spinning wheel. Al bu Muhammad tribesmen. Fig. 1. Shuwair, once Mandean, with astro- logical name of Zahrun bar Sharhat; now Moslem, poet, professional mourner, and eccentric affecting female dress. Fig. 2. Man with hoop and whorl. Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Women with whorls at Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp. Fig. 2. Fireplace and coffee pots at Beidha. . Rice bins at Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp. . Al bu Muhammad tribeswomen. Fig. 1. Milling rice in a quern. Fig. 2. Making butter in a swinging, goatskin churn. . Pounding grain at Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp. . Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Making bread by slapping uncooked dough against oven wall. The dough basin is in the foreground. Fig. 2. Baking bread. . Albu Muhammad camp. Fig.1. Plough. Fig. 2. Woman potter making a clay oven. . Albu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Man making a reed mat. Fig. 2. Woman churning butter. . Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp. Fig. 1. Cattle pen next to house. Fig. 2. Buffaloes in a wallow. . Milking sheep and cattle at camp of Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih. . Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih and his daughter. . Jewelry of an Al bu Muhammad woman. . Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Irrigation by the arawi method. Fig. 2. Smoking a water pipe of a type common in the marshes. 229 230 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 75. Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Woman eating arush. Fig. 2. Bundle of rushes. 76. Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Relaxation after Ashura. Singing to snapping of fingers and drumming of feet. Fig. 2. Breast-beating for the dead. Professional mourner leaping in air. 77. Albu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. A tortoise duel. Fig. 2. The death grip. 78. Al bu Muhammad camp. Fig. 1. Large white pelican (Pelecanus crispus). Fig. 2. Young wild boar. 79-91. Al bu Muhammad classic Mediterranean types. 92-96. Al bu Muhammad classic Mediterranean plus convex-nosed types. 97-104. Al bu Muhammad Atlanto-Mediterranean types. 105-115. Al bu Muhammad Atlanto-Mediterranean plus convex-nosed types. 116-118. Al bu Muhammad mesocephals. 119-123. Al bu Muhammad sub-brachycephalic or brachycephalic Mediter- ranean types. 124-128. Al bu Muhammad Armenoid brachycephals. 129-133. Al bu Muhammad miscellaneous brachycephals. 134-136. Al bu Muhammad Negroid types. 137. Al bu Muhammad Mongoloid types. 138. Al bu Muhammad Australoid types. 139, 140. Al bu Muhammad aberrant types. 141. Boats at Halfaya. 142-144. Boat-building at Halfaya. 145. Al bu Muhammad boats. Fig. 1. Primitive type of craft, made of reed bundles. Fig. 2. A hunting expedition. 146. Al bu Muhammad boats. Fig. 1. Boats at Sheikh Khazal’s camp. Fig. 2. Lighters on the Shatt al Arab. 147. Large boat at Al Qurna, at junction of Tigris and Euphrates rivers. 148. Subbi iron-worker near Sheikh Khazal ibn Falih’s camp. 149-154. Al Sawaad classic Mediterraneans with either straight or convex noses. 155-159. Al Sawaad Atlanto-Mediterraneans. 160-164. Al Sawaad brachycephals. 165, 166. Al Sawaad sub-brachycephalic Armenoids. 167. Amara. Fig. 1. Subba sheikhs. Fig. 2. Subbi smith working on golden . coffee set made for King Ghazi’s coronation. 168. Subba sheikhs at Amara. 169-178. Subba Iranian Plateau dolichocephals. 174, 175. Subbi at Amara. 176. Subba Iranian Plateau dolichocephals. 177-180. Subba Iranian Plateau low mesocephals. 181-190. Subba Iranian Plateau high mesocephals. 191-194. Subba Iranian Plateau sub-brachycephals. 195-201. Subba high mesocephals. 202-205. Subba brachycephals plus Iranian Plateau type. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 231 206. Subba Jewish and North European types. 207, 208. Subba of aberrant types. 209-215. Subba women. 216, 217. Subba children. 218. Leveling the ground in rice field. 219. Sowing rice. 220. Shatt al Arab. Fig. 1. Abu al Khasib Creek, which irrigates about five thousand acres. Fig. 2. Stacking baled licorice root. 221. Shatt al Arab. Fig.1. Digging in alfalfa between rows of palms. Fig. 2. Splitting into sprigs the staminate inflorescences of date palm. 222. Shatt al Arab. Fig. 1. Carrying harvested dates. Fig. 2. Pruning frond bases of date palm. 223. Shatt al Arab. Fig. 1. Sprigs of staminate blossoms of date palm. Fig. 2. Pruning fronds of date palm. 224. Shatt al Arab. Fig. 1. Spikes of unripened dates: left, with web caused by date mite; right, undamaged. Fig. 2. Spraying dairi palm with nicotine. 225. Tomb of Imam, near Al Qurna. Fig. 1. General view. Fig. 2. Part of decorations on inside of dome. 226. Brick kiln of ziggurat type near Al Qurna. 227. Samawa from the air. 228. Stone trough, ornamented with scene showing madhif type of building. TEXT FIGURES PAGE 11. Iron spear-points and fish-hooks used by Al bu Muhammad fishermen . 378 12. Ground plan of Al bu Muhammad council house .......... 383 13. North and south elevations of Al bu Muhammad council house . . . . 383 14. Cross section of fireplace in Al bu Muhammad council house .... . 389 MAPS 3. Tewer Mopheaten-Tieria cegion:) 35.40. we i, ee ee 236 2. Route of Expedition east and southeast of Amara .......... 239 bcioirbeauavinvitght a ¥ ig hoe s-( let) Mi nee ami ee AE 6 Mir elute adidiae aid cs : oe S53 ee , ‘ oa en ae a a Feogyredat He ne itcies ee 7 wre a eos hit She bade LY Agta re aid = fhe ee ; “se net Me gts ey eo. ale oe F ‘+ ms ey ageeait ahd ’ . MPS TOE We Poh es eed ae MAPLES uh hee Pr hatte he ee A a. Saath opps at! 5 bai vain spadlend Bs i Be ei ee ee Per eh Debcredciediott g¥h t a8 fer a = Ce a ee ae Foneaete Hh Fn Rae TERRES Pome mig * ae a3 ce See: Migr me a aKESIEY thr, oe Tine ei acta tebe sea 4» » « fivigon biagiT eoie tet, tawond fo a “O84: 5 geet, se th pose, came nee ataidgte at ss ates tae wy ise er ii a Veni Bile a $e coat | Les oS yoate Nee eis ee ete - OLA glit 1, Ate. ; et ee, ie ee ra er, ee ees 2 ae ee ae Sd Wi Se oe hilly Abe a : oe ¥ ae go Rate FPRRiay PA eae tiniahycrdtin: i . he 4 i io Org FR A= 5 0 Skeets as APD Eyres Ce a faa ten bre ees TW the ae CAR MINCE ee Se et Lali o) : ‘ “a Ais et v4, < a loach mdb’ _ , a a ry ah 5 — dy “het Wha 5 a # i i" Rae a 7 ee <— 5! Ng i. ; Se ee Bio e nP ae BTS ae we aa ace : Ay Ware Tak EED PEE GR Se eg ener 258 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ An Nasiriya.—Built by Nasir Pasha about the year 1867. This town is situated on the left bank of the Euphrates and, being low- lying, relies for its protection from the floods of the Euphrates on the important Abu Jidahah bund, which is upstream on the left bank. Nasir Pasha wished to build the town on higher ground farther downstream but was overruled by Sadun Pasha. In order to protect the town from destruction by floods, further extensive bunds, often twenty feet in height, were constructed on both banks. The town was surrounded by a wall eight feet high, constructed in 1915. The main building was the old Turkish Sarai, which was excep- tionally well built. In 1920 An Nasiriya, which measured 1,650 by 570 yards, had about one thousand brick houses. The bazaar was well stocked and the streets were unusually broad and straight. The population of An Nasiriya in 1920 was as follows: Arabs, 4,742; Jews, 521; Christians, 21; Mandeans (Subba), 633; Persians, 300; Turks, 23; Lurs (Pusht-i-Kuh), 281; Indians, 2. The population was divided into 2,073 adult males, 2,761 adult females, and 1,689 children under sixteen years of age. Qala Sikar.—Situated on the left bank of the Shatt al Gharraf between Kut al Hai and Shatra, the town consisted of 400 brick houses, 100 mud dwellings, and 200 shops in the bazaar. In 1920 the population was composed of two-thirds Arabs and one-third Lurs from Pusht-i-Kuh, Iran. Fruit and vegetable gardens flourished for 600 yards downstream from the town. According to local informa- tion, up to about 1860 the land around the Gharraf was the haunt of the lion and the wild pig. The few inhabitants were almost entirely Beduin. A local character, named Sikar, built a fort on the present site of Qala Sikar. Eventually recognized by the Sadun as Governor of the district, Sikar was a man of energy who brought merchants from Baghdad and many Lurs to settle in the district. Qala Sikar has been twice flooded and rebuilt. It flourished until forty years ago when the trade routes and surroundings became insecure. Large numbers of inhabitants therefore left Qala Sikar and settled in Karradi and elsewhere. Al Qurna.—This town stands on the bank of the Tigris just up- stream from its junction with the old Euphrates channel. During 1920 the population numbered 1,941, composed of 1,841 Shiahs and 100 Sunnis. Ocean steamers of a draught varying from ten to fifteen feet, dependent on the height of the river and the state of the tide, can reach Al Qurna at all seasons of the year from Basra, but actually THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 259 seldom proceed farther north than Magil, where all the berthing facilities exist. All river steamers can proceed up the Tigris during any season and also up the Euphrates as far as Kabaish (colloq. Chabaish), and beyond to upstream from Darraji, provided the channel through the Hor al Hammar is sufficiently dredged. The interior waterways of the marshes are, generally speaking, not navi- gable by any craft except mashufs. Shatra.—Situated mostly on the right bank of the Shatt al Shatra, this town stands three miles downstream of the take-off of the Bada channel. The distance by road to An Nasiriya is about thirty-five miles. In 1920 the population was 5,500, including 5,160 Shiahs, 200 Persians, 120 Sunnis, 10 Jews, and 10 Mandeans (Subba). The majority of the houses were of burnt brick. . The town, which is surrounded by a fortified wall eight feet high, with ruined towers at intervals of 400 yards, is divided by the Shatt al Shatra. Almost every man of the Shiah inhabitants is connected with either the Sinajir or the Al bu Shamkhi sections of the Abuda. These two sections fought each other in 1917. The Al bu Shamkhi’ were beaten, their houses in the northern part of the town wrecked. By May, 1920, many of them had been rebuilt. According to local history, Shatra was founded about 1872. With the building of bazaars and houses it grew rapidly. A brisk trade with Baghdad and growth as a grain center made it into a “Little Baghdad,” the most important town on the Shatt al Gharraf. Suq ash Shuyukh.—This circular town stands among date palm groves on the right bank of the main Euphrates channel, one and one-half miles downstream from where the Akaika channel takes off. This channel was closed by means of a bund four miles down from the main river. In 1920 the town, which lies seventeen miles in a direct line southeast of An Nasiriya, had a population of 8,830, of which 5,000 lived in the town itself and 3,000 in the gardens immediately outside. About 800 Mandeans (Subba) lived on the left bank opposite the town. Prior to 1867, when An Nasiriya was built, Sug ash Shuyukh was the old Sadun capital of the Muntafiq. The town became divided into two antagonistic factions: the Hathar, who are Shiahs, consisting of two-thirds of the population, and the Najada, who are Sunnis. Az Zubair.—Situated thirteen miles southwest of Basra, this town became one of the “‘Desert Ports’? where the Beduin caravans called to replenish their stock of supplies and clothing. In this manner Az Zubair developed into a distributing center for the trade 260 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ between the western desert and Basra. In 1920 the population was about 12,000, all of whom were Sunnis. The Desert and the Sown.—Probably in no other part of Iraq is the process of gradual change from the desert Arab to the settled cultivator, with the resultant disintegration of the tribal system, better exemplified than on the lower reaches of the Tigris from Kut al Imara to Khorram Shahr. It is well known that all tribes that migrated to Iraq did so with the intention of settling as cultivators on its fertile land, but in this respect none have taken to the land as much as these tribes of the Tigris, for the obvious reason that the country in which they settled is cut off from the Beduins and the semi-settled tribes of the Muntafiq by the Euphrates, while the foothills of Iran prohibit migrations. The nomad, therefore, is not to be found in this area, and today the only tribe to retain any of its original characteristics is the semi- nomadic Bani Lam. They used to migrate across the border into Iran in search of grazing. The remaining tribes are sedentary and dwell in villages of reed _ huts, some cultivating their crops and gardens, while others, who have settled in the marshes, breed buffaloes and make reed mats, which they sell to merchants of the neighboring towns. Among these sedentary people there is a tendency to disregard their tribal ties and settle where cultivation is best. A rice grower cares little whether he works under an Al bu Muhammad, Azairij, or an Al Sawaad sheikh. To the south, at the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, tribes such as the Nashwah and Muzaira have long cast off all connection with their original group and have named themselves after the place in which they have settled. On the left bank of the Shatt al Arab, between Al Qurna and Khorram Shahr, the greater part of the land is inhabited by the Al Muhaisin, a col- lection of foreign tribes that came there for the purpose of culti- vation. Considering themselves subjects of the Sheikh of Muham- mera, they attached themselves to the Al Muhaisin section of the Chaab, which they found there on their arrival. Although now known as the Al Muhaisin tribe, they are in reality no more than cultivators of the date gardens. As far south as Qala Salih the lands are divided into estates (muqata’as), the sheikh of each being selected from the reigning family of the tribe in that particular district. Tribal policy is largely directed by these chiefs, who hold their office usually, but not of , through inheritance. The Saretnnunt sheikh: no longer. chit sheikhs hold themselves aaa Sear acta to the Soman in Ill. THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE AL BU MUHAMMAD, THE AL SAWAAD, AND THE SUBBA Introduction.—The anthropometric methods and technique have been described in detail in the Iran Report (Field, 1939, pp. 287-289). It seems, however, desirable to republish the list of abbreviations employed in this chapter. List oF ANTHROPOMETRIC ABBREVIATIONS B=head breadth Go-Go=bigonial breadth B’=minimum frontal diameter Go-Go/J=zygo-gonial index B’/B=fronto-parietal index G.O.L.=glabello-occipital length B‘/J=zygo-frontal index J =bizygomatic breadth B/L=cephalic index L=glabello-occipital length Big. B.=bigonial breadth L.L.=lower limb length M.F.D.=minimum frontal diameter N.B.=nasal breadth N.H.=nasal height NB/NH=nasal index N.I.=nasal index , R.S.H.=relative sitting height 8.H.=sitting height Biz. B.=bizygomatic breadth C.I.=cephalic index E.B.=ear breadth EB/EL=ear index E.1I.=ear index E.L.=ear length F.P.I.=fronto-parietal index T.F.H.=total facial height G.B.=greatest breadth T.F.I.=total facial index G.H.=total facial height U.F.H.=upper facial height G’H=upper facial height U.F.I.=upper facial index GH/J=facial index Zyg.fr.I1.=zygo-frontal index G‘H/J=upper facial index Zyg.go.I.=zygo-gonial index This chapter will include the data obtained on the Al bu Muham- mad, the Al Sawaad, and the Subba. A detailed description of the life and customs of the Al bu Muhammad has also been prepared by Lady Drower (Chapter V). Miss Winifred Smeaton was not allowed to make anthropometric measurements on the women, but she was permitted to make a study of tattooing and its significance. Mr. Richard Martin took the photographs of the racial types as well as a large series depicting the life in these marshes. Entomological specimens for Field Museum and for Rustam Agricultural Experimental Farm at Hinaidi near Baghdad were collected by Albert Meymourian, who was lent to the Expedition by the Department of Agriculture in Baghdad. Mr. Khedoory Muallim, who was attached to the Expedition by the Royal College of Medicine in Baghdad, prepared the bird skins. Mr. S. Y. Showket acted as our general assistant and interpreter, and Mr. Yusuf Lazar 262 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 263 collected the plants and some of the animals. In addition, the Chief - of Police in Amara kindly sent ten policemen as escorts. THE AL BU MUHAMMAD In southern Iraq, both sides of the Tigris River are marshy. To the southeast of Amara and almost due east of Qala Salih lies the Hor al Hawiza, which covers the territory eastward as far as the Iraq-Iran boundary. Since we did not visit the western marsh we can deal only with the physical characters of the Al bu Muham- mad tribesmen of the Hor al Hawiza, and with the Al Sawaad, who live near Halfaya. These two tribal groups, together with the Al Sudan, the Uzairij, and the Bani Lam, form the principal tribesmen of the eastern marshes. The Al Sawaad live in the district south of Halfaya, north of the - Sudan tribesmen. They are said to be darker in skin color and taller in stature than their neighbors. The Bani Lam, a sheep-owning tribe, are still semi-nomadic. They have had constant feuds with the Al bu Muhammad, who are their equals in power and fame. The Al bu Muhammad live beside the banks of the Chahala River and its main tributaries, the Az Zubair, the Adil, and the Taiah. They live also on islands scattered throughout the Hor al Hawiza and the Hor umr Sauan. These Marsh Arabs are often called Madan, which means that they are settled tribes and not nomads. The term, however, should apply only to the Marsh Arabs (Muntafiq) living to the west and southwest of Amara. The Al bu Muhammad are cultivators, fishermen, hunters, and makers of reed mats, which they use for the construction of their houses and as articles of commerce. They are one of the most powerful tribes of the Tigris. According to their own account they are descended from the Zubaid, who dwell beside the Tigris below Baghdad. An ancestor named Muhammad, from whom they take their name, migrated from the Zubaid district to the Hafira Canal opposite Qala Salih ten generations ago. The tribe has since expanded over the canals and marshes on either side of the Tigris between Amara and Al Uzair (Ezra’s Tomb). Muhammad found a small tribe called Al Furaijat in this district. The Sheikh of the Furaijat married Muhammad’s sister and Muham- mad married the Sheikh’s daughter, whose three sons, Amla, Abbud, and Shudaiyid, gave rise to the present three sections of the Al bu Muhammad: Al Amla, Al Abbud, and Al Shadda. TL ae Lr 30 ae 264 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ The Al Amla is frequently known as the Al bu Muhammad Section, because it is the senior of the three. Within this Section are the four ruling families (Baits)! of the Al bu Muhammad, namely, the Baits Wadi, Khalifah, Yasir, and Saihud. There has always been some confusion between Baits and Sec- tions. Baits refer to families or houses. Originally the three houses of Muhammad’s sons were called Baits. Eventually as the families increased, the original Baits became known as Sections and the ruling house as a Bait, named after the father or grandfather of the local sheikh. Confusion of the two terms developed when the Al Amla Section was called Bait Chuwaimil after a distinguished great- grandson of Muhammad. At one period the ruling house of this Section was named after him. Descended from Chuwaimil were the four important sheikhs: Wadi, Khalifah, Yasir, and Saihud. _ Bait Chuwaimil was therefore divided into four Baits, from which are descended the present ruling houses of the Al bu Muhammad and all of the Al Amla Section. These Baits were named after the sheikhs, the name Bait Chuwaimil thus ceasing to exist except as a former ruling house of the Al Amla Section. From this it will be seen that the Al Amla Section contains the royal house of the Al bu Muhammad and for that reason has some- times been called the Al bu Muhammad Section, while the other two Sections, whose descendants are unknown, have retained their original names, their Sub-sections only being called after the sons of Abbud and Shudaiyid. The members of the Al Amla Section cultivate the rich rice lands at the tails of the canals. They do not move beyond their tribal district, but within its limits they transfer freely from one farm to ~ another. The Al Abbud are also mainly cultivators, scattered through- out the territory of the Al bu Muhammad. They intermingle with the Al Amla Section and the tribesmen work side by side. The Al Shadda, chiefly marshmen of no settled habitation, live among the marshes between Qala Salih and Al Uzair. They do not mingle with the other Sections and are occupied in breeding buffa- loes and making reed mats. In addition, many Sections of foreign tribes have become sub- jects of the Al bu Muhammad. These tribes live and work with 1 The plural has been anglicized for the sake of convenience. In Arabic the plural is pronounced “‘beaut,”’ as in beauty. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 265 both the Al Amla and the Al Abbud, but have attached themselves to the former. Vital Statistics and Age.—Despite the inherent difficulties in attempting to obtain figures relating to the size of families, the Al bu Muhammad tribesmen disclose these data more readily than other ° groups in Iraq. VITAL STATISTICS Brothers No. Per cent Sisters No. Per cent MONE Bre co bn pee Ree 32 16.93 None... e032 ta 54 28.57 | dS CM Vie tae gialbe Tykes 48 25.40 » eae Rie ae on IY Sr Ba 38 20.11 7 eae ay ads 5 SER mea Tee She 71 37.57 a alee es Waid Bae 50 26.46 Be No OR ae 29 15.34 es ek id ee hie 36 19.05 BO eA a SP oe 6 3.17 Bee ti So aN 10 5.29! TAGE TOOTS 5 o o.a2s.sisw asee ea 3 1.59 TOP MOE: 6 os. i 0.53 ON 6 ae oa os oe Wee 189 100.00 "HORM G re sa soi 189 100.01 Sons No. Per cent Daughters No. Per cent BONN ak x Ss kno Sass S eae ot 49 38.89 Neney ens .oits 50 40.00 Bolatiaye |. > «395 e's cae basa 29 23.02 AE Se SAE 33.60 aA Fo ala vite Se ok Wee eee 21 16.67 Wet ists CAST 9s Ce tates 18 14.40 «EY RCE Sa ewer Uae petteas. 24 19.05 eet eee 11 8.80 MSs eso decked. wean 2 1.56 BeBe eros 3 2.40 Oe SOROS Cio Aa vse. aeTberoe 1 0.80 7 or more......... 1 0.80 ORR oe vic eae ts 126 99.99 EDERAL oi alale tek: 125 100.00 Age No. Per cent Age No. Per cent i} 7) Pare ree 4 1.82 AO=4O oo 2 8 3.64 BORA Fs ise. 40 18.18 GO-640 bce eae. 9 4.09 ROSEe sss pukacaes 33 15.00 BEBO ee cS) aa ita 6 2.73 TROP oasis bus si 52 23.64 es aii anes SATE Med 2 0.91 85-39... 06.068. 39 17.73 66-695 5.55 cis 3 1.36 i | aC epee 23 10.45 |! SS Seng eee, ea 1 0.45 Totals cic .'s bcs 220 100.00 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN Skin.—The color was darker than that of the average Arab of the Kish area. Individually it ranged from that of a typical southern European to very dark brown. The constant exposure to the weather combined with the intense reflection of the sun off the water darkened the skin. Furthermore, while poling their vessels through the marshes their bodies were semi-naked, often nude, so that they . became tanned through constant sunburn. Nos. 894 and 938 had very dark skins. Nos. 914, 925, and 930 possessed dark skins, in addition to Nos. 747, 752, 794, 797, 805, 848, 901, all of whom had Negro blood. Both Mongoloid and Negroid 266 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ blood were evidenced in Nos. 797 and 888. No. 894 had typical Marsh Arab features but distinct Negroid blood in his very dark brown skin color, curly-frizzly hair, and lip characteristics: integu- mental, double plus, membranous, plus, and lip seam, plus. Hair.—Head hair was very abundant. However, abnormal hairiness of the body was not recorded, and the general impression retained was that these Al bu Muhammad tribesmen possessed less than the average amount of body hair observed on the Arabs of the Kish area or on the Dulaimis. HAIR Color No. Per cent Form No. Per cent SON este Osh § hid hear 39 21.79 Strdight:.;.: o,f soci 4 GE As oe Very dark brown....... 17 9.50 Very low waves.... 2 1.10 Dark brown........... 92 51.40 Low waves........ 164 90.61 POW SAN vice sine tek i eh see yh Deep waves........ 5 2.76 Reddish brown........ Veet eR Curly-frizzly....... 10 5.52 Light brown........... 1 0.56 AV OOES, So8 i cee saws Oe eee Aa BOE o cine Walbway Sass Spe Oi pow skes a — Black and gray........ 4 2.23 ADEM Metre ne 181 99.99 Dark brown and gray... 25 13.97 Light brown and gray.. 0 ..... Texture No. Per cent OEE REE 1 0.56 PC NMIO CSC oa. ache yee 35 18.82 WV EIEE 02 bode ss on wits | ROONEY Sg Medium coarse..... 4 2.15 ; — Medium........... 139 74.73 dN Se Sr a 179 = 100.01 Medium fine....... 4 2.15 he tac Aes aoe eer Se 4 2.15 OCG! 55s Uiat nets 186 100.00 Eyes.—The majority of the individuals had blue-brown eyes. In these cases the pigmentation was brown but there was a definite element of blue color present. This was not due to arcus senilis, although the concentration of blue color was generally present in an outer ring. In No. 820 the blue ring was almost absent and in No. 841 the color effect of the blue-brown was blue. Nos. 901 and 947 had sharply delineated blue-ringed eyes. Twenty-two individuals had blue-brown eyes. These men had brown eyes with a marked blue element not only as an outer ring but also throughout the iris. Of these, in No. 801 blue predominated, with the remainder a light green. No. 764 had exceptionally light blue-brown eyes. Six individuals (8.18 per cent) had green-brown eyes; No. 832 was also blue-ringed. No. 745 had light brown eyes, No. 774 blue-gray, and No. 949 blue-green. Only six individuals (3.18 per cent), Nos. 848, 845, 849, 910, 944, and 950, had dark brown eyes. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 267 Half of the group possessed homogeneous irides, the remainder being either zoned (36.26 per cent) or rayed (14.29 per cent). Since there were so many mixed eyes this high percentage of homogeneous irides seems most improbable and should therefore not be taken as correct. The majority (88.65 per cent) of the sclera were clear. EYES Color No. Per cent Tris No. Per cent 131 CY Sia 0 ee” Homogeneous............ 90 49.45 Dark brown..... 6 3.18 RE? | aie ocr Sieic 26 14.29 Blue-brown...... 152 80.42 PARRY oe Waa gy Satake oe 66 36.26 Blue-brown...... 22 11.64 ; oo Green-brown.... 6 3.18 Total. jscto dee. A 182 100.00 Green-brown..... 0 mienail Gray-brown..... 0 AY CAS Sclera No. Per cent RO Ser ols, ancy 0 1 CHOBE ike 5 Ba edie anise d 164 88.65 RPP se oh ays is 0 si, MOUOW vet aitte ne eres te 1 0.54 Light brown..... 1 0.53 Speckled P00 SRO 10 5.41 Blue-gray....... 1 0.53 BAIR. gee ease ase ow 9 4.86 Blue-green. ..... 1 0.53 Speckled and bloodshot... 1 0.54 — Speckled and yellow...... 0 SBA OCR ey ae 189 100.01 Yellow and bloodshot..... 0 POLE Be aids ae oe eas 185 §=100.00 The eyes, or more properly the eye-slits, were horizontal as in Europeans. The average condition of the eyes was considerably better than that of the Arabs of the Kish area but not up to the standard of the members of the Iraq Army, studied at Hilla in 1928. There was only one case of total blindness, No. 736; three, Nos. 779, 814, and 823, were blind in the left eye. No. 836 had poor eyes, with a cataract in his left eye. Both eyes were very poor in Nos. 735 and 907, and poor in Nos. 855, 871, and 9387. The left eye of No. 773 appeared normal, but the right eye was almost closed and his vision was poor. Nos. 778 and 870 had the right eye out of alignment; both eyes of No. 778 were poor. No. 895 was slightly cross-eyed and had a poor right eye while No. 845 had a poor left eye. Nose.—On the basis of my Iran report, the nose form suggests the presence of two racial elements: the straight-nosed Iraqo-Medi- terranean dolichocephal and the convex-nosed Iranian Plateau dolichocephal. When the geographical position of the Hor al Hawiza is taken into account, this blending of Mediterranean racial types is to be expected. The men with flaring alae possessed Negro blood. Three men (Nos. 930, 988, and 942) had double plus, and three (Nos. 820, 821, and 935) had nasal tips. 268 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ NOSE Profile No. Per cent Wings No. Per cent WAV. on ek he cir 3 1.60 Compressed............ 23 12.30 Strmignes. oo. sks 106 56.38 Compressed-medium. . 19 10.16 Coneave .) iirc i 6 3.19 Medtim., si45:s5055 «ahh 90 48.13 CME Ss sn. A aly 65 34.57 Medium flaring........ 42 22.46 Coneavo-convex... 8 4.26 PIM os ok ORE RS, 13 6.95 — PUREING DUG aks. by sas a oe A OUR Sis es eae 188 100.00 a DOOM. OES an Nae es 187 100.00 Mouth.—Five men (Nos. 888, 840, 859, 894, and 901) had double plus lip eversion. Teeth and Musculature-—While Nos. 813 and 815 had very uniform teeth, Nos. 884 and 806 had irregular front teeth. No. 809 had two large front teeth. No. 878 had his left upper incisor missing. In No. 856 the lower front teeth showed considerable wear. TEETH Bite No. Per cent Condition No. Per cent 1 ess Pos ee ge Pee oan amen aly erate Very Dads ss hoc te 2 2.38 Edge to edge........ | eee DM CU eines tomes 7 8.33 Slight over.......... 17 9.19 ee ES PO CREE 2 9 10.71 Marked over........ 168 90.81 GoGo ody) an sascaede 34 40.48 was Rxéellents 2x as 82 38.10 PPOUAL: coisa eke eke 185 100.00 —_ OUR ie ec oo 9c deere 84 100.00 MUSCULATURE . No. Per cent POOR Leet eo, Rh 4 2.13 Haire kenge yi Re bad. neh. 13 6.91 PVOPRIO eee Mid iia Ga teed 0 4 Sais RFOOU oe OS Le RS alae 154 81.91 Hixcellent iis coeds Alten hak 17 9.04 BOURL oct fai ae eee cea glehs 188 99.99 Branding Scars.—No. 946 had a scar (chawi or kaw?) on the out- side of the right forearm, where a spear-wound had been inflicted during a fight. The branding stopped the bleeding. No. 811 hada sear on the right wrist and No. 823 had three on the right arm. Nos. 821 and 891 each had a large scar on the left temple. Tattooing.—Only twenty-five of the tribesmen examined were not tattooed. TATTOOING No. Per cent INGHIB® 2 cassis atherieeths ss, Aus Sars ho toe 25 13.81 SOMS) OTS Aen as UY 150 82.87 EXtenmiyQ i ai oct ieee ery bes 6 3.31 Totals...2>s pee pais lai 181 99.99 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 269 Henna.—No. 946 had henna on his hands and nails because he had been married two weeks before. Health—Only twelve men (6.39 per cent) were recorded as being in fair or poor health. Health No. ‘Per cent POOR: a8 Ciena bk Vs oes 3 1.60 Dp hee ak 1 RA ie Mh Wahab a ea Nain 9 4.79 ASVOTOGO | 5 ie anes ven Rie ada de Ost re cas OU S ia hwo ondmieese rire 170 90.43 PEXCOHORR SO Visilimd nthe Ctals 3.19 LUMA OS ALGERRE Lore ee aig oiraae 188 100.01 Disease No. Per cent OAM F Focia:c fred eth s 3% Goons te 18 54.55 BRVOER No CIRC eOs ends ceive a oes Oras FOddROG. is oa )a So -o nc rarte ind ke 1 3.03 SGOmME TOU ie oi sctea earns 5 8 ol 1 3.03 Cap re ee CE fee ee ees 11 33.33 Cataract fib ots wale ary We BSE 1 3.03 TTACHOUMG 4: sc Gakic Cage cs | Pee Baghdad bots. i oes% oes cd ee 1 3.03 Chicken poms ./is F303 seve «Sia On. case Totals vor is odo rote wees 33 §=100.00 Special Observations.—No. 859 had a pronounced supraorbital torus combined with considerable prognathism. SUMMARY The statistics compiled on 221 members of the Al bu Muhammad tribe reveal that the majority possessed dark hair, medium to coarse in texture, with low waves. The eyes were brown, often with an outer bluish ring. The sclera were clear while the iris varied in character. The nose was straight but there was a concavo-convex element in the population. The nasal wings showed considerable variation although the majority were in the medium-compressed group. Among the individuals observed the average age was 34.04 years while the greatest number came within the 20-40 age groups. STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN Stature and Sitting Height.—Average stature (220 men) was 166.71 (range 143.0-187.0). These dwellers in the marshes east of Amara were slightly taller than the average for Southwestern Asia. Seventy- three tribesmen were unusually tall. No. 806 was omitted. ~ 270 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ STATURE Harvard System No. Per cent Keith System No. Short (x-160.5)........ 29 13.18 Short (x-159.9)........ 25 Medium (160.6-169.4). 118 53.63 Medium (160.0-169.9) . 126 Tall (169.5-x)......... 73 33.18 Tall (170.0-179.9)..... 66 —_ ~— Very tall (180.0-x)..... 3 ge) AS RE nee Set 220 99.99 — Bi oes oid ok oars 220 SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) Group No. Per cent Vety- short. (x-74.9) oi Ba i Re a hee 1 0.46 SHOE: (TO 7 9. Ook orcs Ma wie yb biciulatt 2 0.91 Modium .(80.0-S4 D9) i shia Claes eda ee 41 18.72 Lone (GG0-BOG) oii cairo viichcsieth eiels basics 116 52.97 Very lant WOO sei erro Tas Sarees 59 26.94 POI oe x, ao c1chiaan ora spelt Watee ne Sie Scape 219 100.00 Per cent 11.36 57.27 30.00 1.36 99.99 Head Measurements and Indices.—The minimum frontal diame- ter (mean 113.02) and the head breadth (mean 145.75) were wide. The minimum frontal diameter seems to be unusually large and should probably be reduced by at least 2 mm. narrow groups there was only one individual. MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER Group No. Per cent Very narrow (5-99) ee OF Panes Narrow (100-109)oi ims tues ok 6 iat » 49 22:17 WiGG (210-1 ID) haa eis eels os wins a bee's 157 71.04 VEE WIG EAE) ss Pi ve ole windt os sieves See De 15 6.79 ORG ed gait less ee Re ees baa es 221 100.00 HEAD BREADTH Group No. Per cent VORY BAINOW RRR ESOT: ccd ccc ceeesence 1 0.45 Narrow (180-189) i305. ee ed 32 14.48 BBE CRE 1 2 5 5 ERR Nie ck 221 68-88 77.9440.17 3.6940.12 4.7340.15 Fronto-parietal...... 221 69-86 77.62+0.14 3.18+0.10 4.10+0.13 Zygo-frontal......... 221 72-95 83.26+0.14 3.00+0.10 3.60+0.12 Zygo-gonial......... 221 68-92 77.8540.18 3.99+0.13 5.16+40.17 Total facial.......... 221 75-109 90.05+0.25 5.45+0.17 6.05+0.19 Upper facial......... 221 43-66 52.18+0.18 4.05+40.13 7.77+40.25 DOSS Pens ane er 220 44-95 66.02+0.42 9.1640.29 18.87+40.45 MM es oi paste Sa wigs 0% 221 387-76 ~55.02+0.27 5.92+0.19 10.76+0.35 - ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 274 VITAL STATISTICS* OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN Daughters Brothers Number SSSSHSHSSRSSHSSSSHNSSSSSSSSSSSSORSSSSSooSoOORSoooRrnR GSSOAHASASS SS Sens 19909 1S TORANN ooo OS 1S IHOSS 1S IS TRS IS TOMROS BASSA HHS A SOOT LIARS HM CMS UM ISS SS OR OA HOS OM CHiN MOSS iHNN IS TOSS i SS 1S 19990 3S 1S 'OS TR TOMROS SSSH CAA OW ao anol NS HS IEHSSH OA NS SH HOM COWS MH HNOCHH HOH On HHH OCC Cnn HOCH HON Onn NNO NnNONnOnNnNOonOoOnNANAAe * Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives. 275 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY VITAL STATISTICS* OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN : Married Age Number MMOOOOSHOOSCHMFAOARAHOOOSSSSOSORHHMAAAHROOOOCSSSSESSeesooeoceo BAH OSNSCONHONHHHANONNHOHRAHANANNANDHOHOR HHH ONHNOOHHNONA _ Soe @ @ 6 4"6.@ 4 &:@ © .8& @ 8 © 4 "OS G -6. & & {Gh 6 6 2 OS _ 6 A -S-.a2 B28 “Ba; 8 @ AAPAATAIAI SSA AA SA SATA SHAAN STAINS SAA Aaa aos ae S.0 sO Us Onwn G6 OeO606 Hie FSI 88 SO RS Aw OS 25S Se [29 (9S ISR ort ee am MOOS pis «Se *SOMMOS 2S MS see | Oat Om iO = §O [0 5 [SOO OHH HOSS FST CE SORNROS...0 1506 “HOSS 1. -9S (SS .95 NSO Os (SNONHHAHON +: + ON (COONAN oe AN HON : ONAN AY CRO MOH OH HOH HHH NHR HH OCOC HOC nM nt tN Nt HOH On THON nt NOON Nn OnNnOnerT WOANMONNMNANMDOOSCMHOSCONSCOCSCOCMHMHMMNMOMOSOHOMOHMMOSDSONMOMNSOSON DADANATAMIMOADOPHIOAPANNDANAAMDMOONGADAMDMDADPAMINNIOAANAHTOAABDN NDHIDOKDWORAROHANMDHMOLDRHROHAMDANOLDHAOHNANMAMOLADROHANMDHTINOLOR TA od So ds BRS NAVAS WY DBD NNO RM AH SS St 1D 10 10 10 10 10 18 10 10 18 WOW OWDWDWDWODDNHDDNDDDNDDNDDHDDDNDDNDNDDHDDDOO GD 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 * Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives. “By ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 276 VITAL STATISTICS* OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN Sisters Daughters Brothers PRSSSSSSSSSSSHSSSSHNSSRSS SS SSS SnVORwrSeosownenRosoeos a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee ee a ee ee ee ae ee ee} ~ - 8 He HH SRS SEH OSOHMOSOHRSONSSSH ORS NOWHRAERNSOUAESOSOSHURNSOHRSOSOR AHA ARANDHAR ANSON SONTHAHAONHONNH OHH OOH MOHAN ANA HONS eee ee og ° ; SO ee Tats S909 [90099 (9S 4 [ON TOK TOR CR (OM 1 HS ey i oe oe ee ee SSHH iNOS HS HO HSS HOH UCONN HS COHN CON -a -OO) «etet SO. to. fs FOSS SROR'S .0°(% 50.6795 ORS. OD sm -99 [O08 Set te ee a i — i — ee et — ee ee ee — ee ee ee ee a her mMoHoocoocoCcoOn nt nH On nn HOW OCOnOn TOWN Cnn On Onn OoOnmnoOoCOoOM Onn oOonrTr SWONNOSNMO MCN WONWOYPWMOWMWNMONMSOCONHWOOCRPMNONOCONWMOCOSCCONHOCONHUOWUWCSMBmBWMWWOWOMWWwWOO# ANNAN DON MDMDMD MDM MAN MDNAIGMMAMANIONANN AANA HAMM DHANN DMO MANNANN OO OONN SO SCHANMAMOKLDHOCHAMHADOLDACHANMHAMOLDROHAMHDOLDROHAMHMNOOL WOOO ODOOWOOOOR REE EEE EE DDD DDDDAD ADDI DAAIAAMRAMAAIrADBOocoocooocooeo BD GD 0 DH BD 0 WWW WWW WWW DWWDWDWDDDNDDWDWDDODDDHDHD WDD DHDDDARARARARAAH * Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives. 277 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY VITAL STATISTICS* OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN Sisters Daughters Brothers Age Married Sons Number eSenmoooeoeernoeesseeesseoeeseseee seer eose sess ee RoorneosesssS SHONNSSSSSSSOSSOH SOS SSS OOH OOH TH SOHANAY AH HOM OHO AOS SOSSHSHSSROnHSSSoSoSSOSSoHOSooSoSoSoooooROSSOSoHgogogonsesosossss ANMDSSSSOSSSOSOSO SO SOC OOH OOOOH CONN HANH AY AHH ON THON H OD os ° esssso S i898 ise00 Tmpooscoeseeoeosess iososss °° te tO et ie OHS FEISS US UHCI iO OHM HO OOHS HNO OONH sins ° [OS ' '@eSSOHM ' ' is is feoeoeoso tRRSDSOSOSSOEOSSS iseqegg ! iss s ve. ee ee ee ee ae eee eae > @ 09" ‘hye a: G2 DB 2S “As avr ai 4.82 @ 2 “SP a »* ~_ * -'SOSSOONM SF in tS CSO HS CRS OTH OOH AA HAHA fin . — SHOCOCO MOCO M NM NHHHOCCH OH OCH HHH OCON NNN NHN NHN HHONNAN HRA HOoOnerT * Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives. t+ No. 945 had two sons and two daughters by his first wife. 278 No. Age Stature SH 73 22 1710 73 30 =1700 735 70 1656 736 60 16380 787 30 1697 738 30 1730 739 20 1673 740 30 £1656 741 25 1680 TAP. 25 VT6T 743 30 1758 744 40 1697 7145 --85., 1727 746 1660 747 30 1684 748 30 1688 749 35 1655 750 30 1758 751 ~ 50 1597 752 25 1660 7538 30 1710 754 25> 1751 755 30 1660 756 50 1625 757 30 1587 758 30 1660 769° > 869),AT1LT 760 30 1712 761 20 1623 762 25. 1625 763 25 1668 764 40 1750 765 25 1540 766 30 1613 767 85.. 1762 768 25 1682 769 385 1670 770 35 1647 771 30... 1672 172, “223 S6LT 773 33 1630 7174 25 1610 775 35 1795 776 30 18380 777 40 1652 778 385 1595 779 20, 1600 780 20 16538 781. 35. 1710 782 20 1644 783 385 16738 784 30 1670 785 50 £1640 786 25 1717 787. 25 1622 - ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 191 188 MEASUREMENTS B B’ J go-go 144 113 133 110 144 108 128 100 * Should be omitted because of broken nose. 57 33 52.4 oo So eo BD 00 SH DODD ADO 00 0 OO WN DMNOOAAIAAN WN SYVOMHOOMAMNMNOSWHOSORHAD a iw) wo o or _ "i 56 30 50.9 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY INDICES B/L B’/B GH/J G’'H/J NB/NH EB/EL 80.8 78.2 85.9 57.8 658.3 81.2 78.5 89.9 52.9 657.9 79.1 79.9 88.4 52.9 55.9 69.9 80.0 89.2 59.7 55.9 99387621, 87:8. €8.1.-%%. 3; 71.9 79.0 100.0 55.6 64.7 17.7 16.2 96.2 656.4 657.7 86.5 74.0 88.8 51.0 58.9 88.1 71.7 92.6 54.1 61.4 82.9 71.6 88.0 53.5 59.0 81.7 69.7 85.0 52.9 66.7 79.4 73.8 79.8 48.2 - 79.6 83.7 76.6 86.4 49.3 78.6 76.4 78.8 86.4 652.1 650.0 79.3 78.8 91.0 654.1 79.2 75.9 81.0 99.3 56.7 68.6 71.9 88.3 98.5 58.0 78.3 81.4 77.9 98.8 59.6 657.4 78.7 81.8 94.8 59.0 64.9 Wt’ 147% 90.4 62.9 22.7 78.1 72.0 94.1 654.4 61.3 75.5 77.5 97.8 56.6 62.1 78.4 76.6 94.9 58.6 658.2 76.1 80.0 94.9 55.8 69.0 717.4 79.2 90.8 50.8 74.0 73.9 81.8 98.2 54.9 55.6 79.7 77.9 89.1 52.6 76.9 80.4 71.7 98.4 52.2 68.0 73.0 75.4 96.0 48.2 64.4 79.0 76.9 90.5 55.5 62.9 82.4 76.6 98.0 51.0 55.4 86.2 76.5 79.7 48.0 65.5 77.5 78.6 89.5 48.1 75.5 82.1 76.1 96.2 55.4 63.2 74.9 81.1 91.7 55.6 78.9* 74.9 80.8 98.7 652.8 71.7 74.0 85.9 91.4 650.8 61.5 78.8 74.8 81.6 44.1 80.9 74.9 78.6 97.6 59.2 61.8 85.2 72.0 92.5 657.1 61.4 73.6 79.9 90.7 52.7 68.8 84.5 75.2 88.6 50.7 61.8 78.5 78.7 86.1 60.8 72.4 78.8 79.7 89.5 50.0 68.5 84.2 73.4 81.8 46.8 50.0 76.4 75.4 98.9 64.2 84.1 75.4 75.0 80.6 44.8 16.7 86.8 72.4 88.5 55.7 56.9 73.4 76.1 94.6 54.6 63.6 78.6 74.8 86.1 48.9 60.8 79.9 72.8 98.7 47.9 15.0 14.1 18:8 ‘87.8 68.4 - 66.7 79.1 78.5 91.2 54.4 60.3 75.4 78.5 88.0 48.9 76.6 76.6 75.0 95.8 58.1 76.1 * Should be omitted because of broken nose. for] on . . . . . *. BOR MH OH WHAIOWMARNAAROHWOMWO 48.4 53.6 78.1 84.7 ~1 00 00 00 00 60 60 00 00 00 00 00 60 00 90 90 00 GO RAASASSSSASLERSRSSASASASNONVHS POD RRWONANIOINHONOHOOANH AIDA SES TST MEASUREMENTS B B’ J 154 111 144 145 ‘108 183 142 110 © 181 168 114 188 151 1138 188 146 108 . 181 148 116 1383 145. °118 183 187 114 1838 144 114 184 ae ae IBS 145 107 134 150 110 184 pt eS ba: f 145 118 - 188 152. 118 184 188- ‘\118 185 151 121 £144 157 118 140 14] .109°.. 127 148 #4114 .184 148 216% 187. 188 118° 188 144° 107 «187 146 115 186 146 106 126 157 120 140 148, 110: “182 152 108 182 149 118 £186 151 114 184 147 407. 288 147° 218 .°182 148 +116 188 147. 116. 186 251. 116) 142 186... 116 --188 W410 AUT: 184 1424. 412°. 182 150 116 147 IST S104: ° 188 148. 109., -1838 148 111: 187 152 115 140 158 115 186 168. 121. ° 141 148. 131, °188 189 112. 1188 145 110 # 187 148 #4118 145 147, 11b 184 TAT ATT: 142 142. 4210: . 382 187°: Ae’ 128: 147-107 . 187 155 124 144 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ GH- G’'H 123. 67 126 85 106 64 124. 73 118 §=669 122 66 129 67 123 67 122 79 122 70 122 67 114 67 122 70 122. 71 120 68 131 76 127 +75 126 75 126 78 122 70 137 82 115 68 1382 72 121. 70 1146 73 118 68 122 65 126 76 120 71 124 70 124 76 109 65 1385 75 133 78 128 82 128 77 128 72 113s 61 127 76 123 71 116 68 113 67 118 67 128 72 107 66 123 74 111 65 128 76 124 72 144 85 121. 72 122 72 101 65 107 56 113 67 117-65 BS z pb OU ON OT 00 3 LO 69 S OH AY OT =I OD CO DD EN ANI OH RO RORONWWH ROH DOOHOS: NNO HONRAIH NOW IMROL BAA SDARBOR NS SHAM SSAUNOSS SMO wh eae OO A A AD AY 9 $9 99 29 $3 00 00 $9 9 $9 00 9 9 9 9 0 00 9-9-1 OO ~2 orn eco orn PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 281 3 i : * & INDICES f | B/L B’/B GH/J' G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J é 4 81.9 72.1 85.4 46.5 56.4 58.8 71.5 177.1 | 78.0 74.5 94.8 68.9 62.1 50.0 76.7. 81.2 17.2 77.5 80.9 48.9 63.3 47.6 77.9 84.0 76.1 74.5 89.9 52.9 58.6 54.5 79.6 82.6 80.8 74.8 85.5 50.0 63.6 651.7 78.3 81.9 81.1 74.0 98.1 50.4 652.0 48.4 77.1 82.4 80.4 78:4 97.0 50.4 91.3 88.7 71.4 87.2 78.8 77.9 92.5 50.4 66.7 57.4 78.2 85.0 71.0 83.2 91.7 59.4 54.1 52.4 77.4 85.7 75.4 79.2 91.0 52.2 68.5 55.2 79.9 85.1 76.2 79.4 95.38 52.38 71.1 64.0 82.0 87.5 82.4 73.8 85.1 50.0 71.1 51.9 73.1 79.9 79.8 78.8 91.0 652.2 62.8 49.2 76.1 82.1 78.6 77.2 88.0 48.8 64.7 50.0 80.38 83.0 79.2 77.9 86.9 49.8 738.8 51.7 78.3 81.9 81.8 74.8 97.8 56.7 57.9 59.8 76.9 84.3 73.4 80.4 94.1 55.6 62.3 47.4 78.5 82.2 79.5 80.1 87.5 52.1 83.3 53.2 74.3 84.0 81.8 75.2 90.0 55.7 55.0 44.1 74.8 84.8 . 75.8 77.8 96.1 55.1 68.6 47.3 80.3 85.8 76.1 79.7 102.2 61.2 58.3 70.0 64.9 85.1 77.1 78.4 88.9 49.6 89.1 55.4 75.9 84.7 74.6 85.5 99.8 54.1 58.7 58.0 77.4 88.7 77.4 74.8 88.38 51.1 69.6 58.6 83.2 78.1 78.1 78.8 85.8 658.7 58.4 58.9 79.4 84.5 78.9 72.6 98.7 654.1 77.8 58.5 77.8 84.1 9 76.4 87.1 46.4 64.6 68.0 77.9 85.7 1 74.8 95.5 57.6 60.8 55.0 78.0 83.3 6 71. 90.9 58.8 61.5 57.4 81.1 81.8 S 5,8: 91.2 S1.5 "70.6 81.9: 77.2". 88:4 0 75.5 92.5 56.7 54.9 51.7 76.9 85.1 ; .5 72.8 82.0 48.9 65.2 656.1 81.2 80.5 - .6 76.9 102.3 56.8 58.5 58.6 81.8 85.6 af 1 78.4 96.4 656.5 62.3 60.0 78.3 84.1 | 8 78.2 94.1 60.8 59.8 44.1 88.1 84.6 | 3876.8 90.1 54.2 60.0 45.9 78.9 81.7 e | 8 85.8 96.2 54.1 74.5 656.5 69.9 87.2 i .5 82.4 84.8 45.5 65.4 65.4 172.4 87.3 = | .7 78.9 96.2 57.6 68.4 56.6 76.5 84.9 1 77.3 88.7 48.8 71.2 49.1 75.5 78.9 oe | .6 75.9 87.2 61.1 65.4 52.8 80.4 78.2 | .0 76.2 85.0 50.4 62.0 58.5 72.2 81.9 | 4 75.0 86.1 48.9 66.0 47.8 82.5 81.0 . 8 75.7 91.4 651.4 68.6 50.0 75.0 82.1 7 75.2 78.7 48.5 77.8 654.6 74.8 84.6 5 | .6 79.1 87.2 62.5 69.2 51.9 79.4 85.8 tf | .9 77.6 83.5 48.9 85.7 66.0 79.7 88.5 1 80.6 96.2 657.1 54.4 52.6 78.7 84.2 | .7 75.9 90.5 652.6 60.0 49.38 78.1 80.3 | 7 79.7 99.8 658.6 58.5 47.1 82.8 81.4 | 2 75.6 90.3 58.7 74.0 68.5 75.4 82.8 ~f 2 79.6 85.9 50.7 55.6 51.5 82.4 82.4 | 5 77.5 76.5 49.2 80.4 58.6 71.2 83.3 ; .0 81.0 83.6 48.7 85.7 52.4 78.1 86.7 .0 72.8 82.5 48.9 55.6 55.2 75.9 78.1 1 80.0 81.8 45.1 94.8 60.0 75.0 86.1 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MEASUREMENTS B B’ J 144 110 184 144 114 °181 140.111 181 147 234s, -187 168. 118: 188 140 111 188 142° AI6 --186 145° 114 #186 158 115 188 150 114 £189 149. AI8. 128 188 107 126 T6t. 7. 924-141 -144 117 185 148 106 . 181 164 ..111 142 140 109 186 147°. AIS: 184 141: 108°: 183 142 106 180 ‘186 115 189 741) 138" 188 148° TUS” ~184 Fa. 436: - 148 142. 116> -I85 185 105 126 143 115 £1389 186 115 140 148° “is? 189 188 115 +148 144° 118°. 186 thd 824.) S187 17. BI8.s -187 143 109 # 187 16814-1472 147 114 188 144 111 186 144 °° 118 182 144 114 £180 141 118 1838 146 105 180 6e . 122"... 142 148 121 148 Tee. ot 18s 144 116 140 149 118 188 140 | HELO? 188 TAT: 478+“ 188 156 114 188 141 110° 188 187 1148: -.186 145 114 140 148 107 #185 147°. 108. 182 147. sY18:' 142 GH GH NH 118 125 121 ee ee ee > TS = eet anal a ae = Fe Lo gt aa Se 283 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY INDICES GH/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J- B’/J G’H/J EL EB RSH B/L_ B’/B No. Nos OGG MIDISSSHSHHANAGLASSANUSBBABSAAUSEYSSYHSAINIANNSIA OD 5 BS 8B SBD BB G3. 0 0. We 3 OD 00 00 03 OO 00 00 00 00 OO BO HH 00.0 6 60" @ @ 4762. 2. o 0. d- 0 het Ot 01 6.1 O22 4, 6 oy OC 5810 Oe, POY Se DAF DT OS Or BLT Pils Oe Os P.O 9 a ee Ee ee loz) ADOMAAALAUHOOCH MIELE ODDO HMHOAD NH HRHOWDOHYEALYSMOTIAWDHOMD MINOW HE ODL » 'o > 6 BS OO) & © Se Se ee 8 Le ar a © Se Ore, Be 0 SPT a 6 ee BS Oe SOs OBL Oh Rae oO Re Fe ERS 2D SAP F400 1D 60 10 4 AT HOO BS 00 Be 00 109 09 HELO Ht HOD S 09:10 HOD © HOD £0 00 09 SHO QI rt OS & & DOOD SHAT Ht 6 HD CO 09 10 OS BRASSEGGHOGY AGE PGE st GCSAOASSE AE FI SIOSE SSBGSOSHE HONDNESRNES SSSSSESSSESSRBSSSSHSLSSSHCSCSSSOOLSSOOHYSSSRE EEE OE OSOHEOE SESS oO" 0. £61 ORS 6) OL OD Oe RNS Oe 9 Ore eRe | BP Oates) See Oat a Cre On ey See ese. B® see) RS Ol Oe Ey SOT Oh Oe ee ee 00 CO SHO HOD HAI OOD HOI HRMIDOHOOMMOEAPOHOHEAHOMDOLEMOANNENONONOCTAEN GOAL ASS ASASCGHSAAG Se SBHGS Got AGGHAAIK HOGS GBHSMHAARAROHDSS SASK MSBHOMOBOLOHHNE OO SHORE SHSBHGSOME KOA E HISW OOO SONS ee eS RNR ER RN OOO OE OOP OR EEE EEE EEE EE OOOE EE EE Oreo CO 21D 09 2 00 Be SE EO 4 a HED 1D HE 00 © 09 >. OV ES OY 4 S09 09 0B 1D 09 E> LO OD S 00 60 00 MH OD WH EY HO 10 0110 4 1B OY.00 SOPRA AIOGANANAGSSOMISHAIGON HOHE SOONESODGANAOEE HAA OMWDOAAORMNIONWr ee OO ROR NOLO OEE PE EPP EE Ee POPE POPP OOE EEE EOS EE EE OOLEOEE ‘ 1D 19 0 60 MH 018 D> S LOD 09 00 00 00 HOO HY CO ME HID HM OOOMDOAMMOMNON -HATOCOMOMAWOOARNVS HNBDSOBNANBONGANGOAVTHHONMDATOMATONAT nl IDM HASOATHHHIO wool BAISSSSSSRSSSSVSSSSSSSSSESSSESSSESSSSSSE3 BSBSSSssoSsesseS SOD OID 11D WD OOM DMSO KE NAMOHNHENANMMOMHOMENONWOHHONNMONMOEr OWN SD GD HOD OD GD CD AY OD OD GD GD OD OD OD OD CD GD OD OD OD CY OD GD I OD GD GD 6D OD CI OD OD GD OD GI GD OD GD GD 6D OD OD GD GD OD CD CD OD OD OD OD OD CD CD CO CO HOD be SHO O10 09 SOS HID HED OI Ee OI 00 00 HOO Be HOI IO I ONY AE HHOME MMM rN OOD DOA SONSMS SCOP SSISBSSSSSSSSSSSSSBSSSSRGSSESSSSSSGSSSSS BS ES rs 01 OD HID Db G0 HS 19 GD HID 6D B= 1 OA NED HID OE MS HOY GP HID E~ OH O 1 Y 09 WI OE SIPTIMBSS 18 18 15 16 18 DD OBO OG OOO GE EE EE DG 0 0 0 1G WO RAAARAAAR a 00 00 0 08 OB 0 OB OD OD OD OO 8D OD OD 00 OO GO OO GO OO GO GO GO G0 GO GO GO GO GO GO 6D 0D 60 0 00 60 00 00 60 60 GO 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Stature ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MEASUREMENTS ii B B’ z 185 151 118 141 186 187 110 184 197 158 121 148 180 148 111 £186 199 148 107 129 190 147 118 188 178 164 118 146 188 151 122 . 140 186) 448 0.\ATD 187 201) ta: Ais. Tes 184 147 115 185 180 147 108 180 487 | ©1242. A0F 129 180): 288-") M07 122 190 140 108 185 185°. 142 «115. 140 184 188 108 128 189 188 107 129 198 . 150 .118 185 186 145 “Tit: 183 200 1538 “118 -140 188; 148.9118. 189 185» 147° 118 .188 178 147 118 180 190: 140) (218.186 186.145 .118 128 1785 188" Abt. 182 185 , 1384 108 182 187 242 7110: 186 188 149 114 184 197 188 114 188 190. 16): :11k) 144 L7G) 162" 3118-189 196 144 118 189 18653346 "5121. 182 190-0844 217: 187 188 132 £49: DIT. 182 190. 188 118. 126 188 146 115 185 18k: ABB 413 182 195) << 61) {114 187 184 189 115 128 195 140 114 189 184 146 118 141 190 - 148 .118 181! 177s 162: °216:, 386 189 =; $42. 14%" 188 192 348 (116-182 186 145 108 141 190 <:168. all7- 187 189 140 118 125 184 154 116 140 182 4248. «114. 181 191 148 118 140 198.146 116 187 - - GH GH NH 128 78 58 120 68. 48 129 68 652 117 66 49 120 64 46 122 66 56 126 72 657 118 67 58 108 70 55 120 66 50 120 74 57 115 66 49 120. 68 56 108 64 51 117 72 64 127. 72 56 110 60 48 118 78 54 131 78 62 130 74 58 128 76 58 123 66 58 118 60 48 118 67 56 124 74 57 119 65 48 113 67 50 116 63 47 120°. 71. 87 117 62 48 120 67 54 128 73 65 118 72 50 126 76 57 127 73 60 125 68 53 117 67 48 117 71 58 116 69 652 133 74 652 121 79 66 126 %2 67 125 72 655 125 72 658 124 68 652 125 68 54 131 75 56 118 72 82 123 73 538 128 72 62 122 68 49 124 69 61 118 72 62 119 70 50 124 74 68 81.8 78.2 90.8 55.3 60.3 58.6 81.6 83.7 73.7 80.38 89.6 50.8 77.1 56. 80.2 76.6 87.2 45.9 84.6 56. 79.4 77.6 86.0 48.5 65.3 61. 71.6 79.9 90.2 49.6 74.0 652. 73.7 80.7 91.2 SRosleesesseres DW MNSS PO MAIONWAOAARDMWOWOMWWOMNORWOSOwWOHISORAAAROOIS: PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 285 INDICES B/L B’/B.. GH/J’ G’H/J NB/NH 3EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J NNSE 63.0 60. Anon Oo fhe COW] DW OH ODOC WOYVMS OWS OHS RO MWNAOONAHAMAROOHOIRSOOMAOOANWAMHOIO ~ & ~] ~ ~ J ~Y 3 =I 00 ~3 ~2 00 60 ~I ~1 ~1 00 00 ~3 00 ~1 00 ~3 00 00 00 3 2 CO AI-~IWO O ~3 8 50.8 52.7 52.5 53.3 51.4 46.9 60.5 57.8 53. 55.6 53. 54.3 60. 47.5 60 43.5 57 51.5 53 54.4 52 ; 7.9 93.0 50.8 70.8 49 80.5 88.3 q 0.4 85.6 50.8 68.0 57. 83.3 84.1 | 0.6 87.9 47.7 74.5 46 79.6 81.8 7.5 88.2 652.2 654.4 57 -T 80.9 6.5 87.38 46.3 70.8 50 86.1 85.1 2.6 87.0 48.6 66.7 54 77.5 82.6 : 8.5 88.9 50.7 61.5 52 T1a- Vi , 5.7 84.9 51.8 74.0 659 73.4 82.7 . 1.9 90.7 54.7 73.7 46 71.9 84.9 2.9 96.2 55.3 63.3 50 92.4 91.7 1.3 91.2 49.6 69.8 48 81.0 85.4 % 4.5 88.6 50.8 77.1 50 74.2 84.1 | 1.9 92.9 56:4 68.6 61. 82.5 89.7 Oa 8.8 85.9 51.1 71.2 650 74.1 85.2 ‘ 8.7 100.8 56.1 82.7 54 81.1 85.6 \ 5.0. ° G88 67.7" 86.1 - 61; 80.3 83.2 2.7 97.7 56.2 64.9 54 75.7 89.8 1.4 89.9 51.8 76.4 61 74.8 82.0 7.4 88.7 51.1 79.3 58 69.5 80.1 9.0 94.7 51.9. 78.1 64 79.4 86.3 6.3 91.9 50.0 68.5 50. 80.9 85.3 Y 2.4 94.9 54.38 738.2 44. 77.5 84.8 0.4 89.4 54.6 67.3 58 75.8 87.1 4.5 87.2 51.8 64.2 6538 78.0 76.6 6.5 94.4 652.6 53.2. 51 74.5 85.4 4.3 97.6 54.4 177.6 56. 81.6 94.4 5.38 88.6 49.3 74.5 57. 72.9 82.9 7.0 90.1 55.0 69.2 50 77.9 87.0 9.7 85.0 50.0 82.0 538 76.4 84.3 9.5 90.5 54.0 69.8 53 84.7 * Shaved. 286 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN =“ on ven “No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Tris Profile Wings 765 |lw coarse black bl-br clear zon conv m-fi 766 lw medium dkbr bl-br blood hom conv medium 767 lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon cites, he Nee gre 768 Iw medium vdkbr _ bl-br clear hom str m-fi 769 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv medium 770 e-f medium . black bl-br clear zon conv m-fi 771 lw coarse black bl-br sone ray str comp 00 7172 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 773 ‘lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conc medium 774 Iw medium dkbr bl-gray clear ray str medium 775 Iw medium dk br bl-br clear hom str cp-m 776 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str m-fl 777 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv cp-m 778 lw medium br, gray __—ibi-br clear zon str medium 779 lw medium ....... bl-br clear hom str medium 780 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv cp-m 781 SG medium dk br bl-br clear zon str flar 782 lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br clear - hom str medium 783 lw medium br, gray’ bi-br clear hom str m-fi 784 dw medium dkbr bl-br eee ae str medium 785 Iw medium br, gray gr-br clear ray str medium 786 |Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 787 lw medium dkbr gr-br clear ray str medium 788 lw medium br, gray'___—ibi-br clear hom str comp 789 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv medium 790 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom cony medium 791 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str medium 792 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str m-fi 793 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 794 ef coarse black bl-br clear hom str flar 795 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 796 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom cony medium 797 Iw coarse vdkbr — bl-br clear hom str m-fi 798 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv medium 799 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 800 lw medium dkbr med clear hom conv cp-m 801 dw medium dkbr bl-br AR ae way str m-fi 802 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str comp 803* te EE ped a ee bl-br clear zon str medium 804. lw medium br, gray __—Ol-br clear hom str medium 805 e-f medium vdkbr _ bl-br blood hom c-c flar 806 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 807 e-f medium dk br bl-br clear hom str m-fi 808 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 809 lw medium br, gray’. bi-br clear hom str flar 810 Iw medium _ br, gray __ bi-br clear hom conv cp-m 811 dw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom c-c m-fi 812 lw medium dkbr gr-br clear hom CORT 3 Sonics a 813 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon .... medium 814 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear bees str medium 815 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str m-fi 816 lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon str medium 817 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str medium 818 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 819 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ; 287 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN HAIR EYES NOSE Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings lw medium br, gray'__—ibi-br clear zon conv medium lw medium dk br bl-br clear hom conv m-fi c-f medium gray Sey ellow zon conv. m-fl lw medium k br bl-br lood hom conv. medium lw medium br, gray__—ibi-br clear zon conv medium lw medium vdkbr _ bl-br clear zon str medium lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium lw medium dk br bl-br clear in c-¢ m-fi lw medium _ black bl-br clear hom conv medium bes medium vdkbr Pee. clear hom c-e medium lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str ep-m lw medium br, gray __—ibi-br clear hom conv medium lw fine dk br gr-br clear hom wavy m-fl lw medium black bl-br clear hom conc m-fil_ lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv. medium lw medium br, gray’ Obl-br clear hom str medium c-f coarse br, gray __—bi-br blood zon ‘conv. medium lw coarse br, gray bl-br clear zon conv flar lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv comp lw medium dk br bl-br clear hom conv medium lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str m-fl lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon conc medium lw medium = dkbr bl-br clear hom conv medium e-f coarse black dk br_—_ clear hom conc flar lw medium dk br gr-br _— blood zon str medium lw fine v dk br srt clear hom str m-fi lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv. m-fl lw medium br, gray'__—ibi-br clear zon conv comp lw medium dkbr bl-br clear ray conv medium lw medium br, gray dkbr_ clear hom str flar vlw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium lw medium dk br gr-br _— clear ray c-c medium lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br clear zon conv medium lw medium dk br aad clear hom str medium lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv comp lw coarse black bl-br clear hom str medium c-f coarse black bl-br clear ray str medium lw medium dk br bl-br clear ray conv comp lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon str cp-m lw m-fine vdkbr__ibi-br clear ray conv cp-m lw coarse vdkbr__ bl-br clear hom conv comp lw medium _ black bl-br clear hom str flar lw medium vdkbr _ bl-br clear hom conv medium lw c-med dk br bl-br clear hom str medium lw c-med dk br bl-br clear hom conv medium dw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv comp lw coarse black bl-br _ clear zon conv m-fl vlw medium br, gray’ bl-br clear ray conv medium lw fine | br, gray _—bi-br clear hom str comp lw medium dk br bl-br clear hom str comp lw coarse black bl-br clear zon str medium lw medium black bl-br _ clear eer str m-fi lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str cp-m lw medium black bl-br __ clear hom conv medium lw medium ~ blk, gray bl-br clear hom str medium lw medium black bl-br clear zon str cp-m dw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str cp-m ES “s ee eS ee j — AP Ne RR: 288 | ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN or Beste = No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings 878 lw medium __ black bl-br speck sy fa str medium 879 lw coarse black bl-br clear zon conv comp coe lw medium bik, gray bl-br clear hom str medium 882 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str comp 883 lw medium black bl-br reat zon str medium 884 lw medium ......... bl-br clear zon str comp 885 lw medium ......... bl-br clear zon conv. m-fi 886 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear zon conv m-fi 887 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear zon str medium 888 lw medium black bl-br clear zon wavy medium 889 lw medium ........ bl-br clear zon str medium 890 lw fine black bl-br speck zon str medium 891 lw medium ........ bl-br clear zon str comp 892 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom wavy m-fl 893 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 894 c-f coarse black bl-br speck ae str comp 895 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str medium 896 lw medium black bl-br speck ray str medium 897 lw medium ......... bl-br i Sse Sid str comp 898 lw medium © black bl-br clear zon str medium 899 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 900 lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br clear hom conv cp-m 901 Iw medium ....... bl-br clear zon str m-fi 902 Iw medium vdkbr_ Obl-br clear zon str comp 903 lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon conv medium 904 lw medium black bl-br clear hom str comp 905 Iw medium black bl-br speck zon conv medium 906 lw medium black bl-br clear hom conv medium 907 lw medium br, gray bi-br blood zon str medium 908 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str m-fl 909 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear ray conv m-fi 910 Iw coarse black dk br clear hom conc cp-m 912 lw medium _ black bl-br clear pe str medium SEB oo CR PERE Re bl-br clear ray str medium 914 lw coarse black bl-br clear zon conv - medium 915 Iw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str medium 916. lw medium _ black bl-br clear zon str m-flar 917 Iw coarse blk, gray 0dl-br speck hom str cep-m 918 Iw medium _ black bl-br clear zon str m-fi 919 Iw medium br, gray__ibi-br clear hom str medium A A coarse br, gray bi-br blood zon conv comp 921 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear ray conv cp-m 922 Iw medium — black bl-br clear zon str m-fi 923 lw medium br, gray _ibi-br clear hom str flar 924 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear ray conv medium 925 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear ray conv medium 926 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon conv e¢p-m 927 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str medium 928 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear zon str comp 929 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear hom str medium 930 lw medium br, gray__—ibi-br clear hom str flar 931 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv m-fi 932 cf coarse br, gray Ol-br clear hom str m-fi 933 lw coarse br, gray _—bi-br clear zon str medium 934 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear hom str m-fi * Shaved. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 289 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN HAIR EYES NOSE te ~ Ps} fF TS > e, —_—_—_,, No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings 985 Iw c-med vdkbr__ bl-br clear hom str m-fl 936 lw coarse dk br bl-br speck ray conv. m-fl 937 lw medium dkbr bl-br speck hom conv medium 938. .... coarse black bl-br clear zon conv flar 939 lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br clear hom str cp-m 940 lw c-med vdkbr__ibi-br clear hom c-c m-fl 7) te coarse vdkbr _ bl-br blood ray str m-fl 942 lw coarse br, gray _bi-br clear ray str flar 943 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear ray conv m-fl 944 Iw medium dkbr dk br clear ray conv medium 945 Iw coarse black bl-br blood ray conv m-fl. 946 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear zon str cp-m 947 lw m-fine dk br bl-br clear hom c-c cp-m 948 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom conv m-fi 949 Iw medium It br bl-gr clear ray str medium 950 Iw m-fine dk br dk br speck ray c-c m-fi 951 Iw coarse dk br bl-br speck ray conv medium oo! + Re BE ier a ees ek- bl-br clear zon cone m-fl 953 lw m-fine dk br bl-br clear hom str flar * Shaved NOTES ON AL BU MUHAMMAD FEMALES On April 22, 1984, Miss Smeaton examined and measured three women at Sheikh Khazal’s camp. Measurements of these women were taken at the request of one of the sheikhs. No. 1004.—Birthplace, Amara. Although only about thirty years of age, she had been married six times but was childless. She was tattooed on the arms, back, and thighs. The color of the skin was darker than that of most Arabs. The hair had low waves, was medium in texture, and dark brown in color, possibly due to the application of henna. The color of the eyes was dark brown, the sclera clear, and the rim of the rayed iris slightly darker than the iris itself. The nasal profile was straight, with a depressed nasal tip and flaring nasal wings. No teeth had been lost and the occlusion was slightly over. The teeth were in very good condition. No. 1005.—Birthplace, Al Uzair (Ezra’s Tomb). Twenty to twenty-two years old. She had married at puberty, had two sons living and two dead, two daughters living and one dead. She also had two sisters living. Her chin, hands, feet, and body were elabo- rately tattooed. Her skin was very clear and light in color and her cheeks rosy. She used no powder. Her hair had low waves, was ‘medium in texture, and dark brown in color. Her large eyes were green brown, with clear sclera and rayed iris with a darker rim. The Fe ee et ae SN ee ee eer PGs eae Ey 7 ro —— ee ae ‘ a ay Pree 290 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ nasal profile was slightly concave, the nasal tip medium in thickness, the nasal wings were medium, the nasal septum was inclined down. The general musculature was good; the square face and chin were fat, and the thighs heavy. Her health was consistently good. No. 1006.—Birthplace, Ghuraib. About forty years old. She had borne seven children, four boys and three girls, all of whom were living. She had one brother and two sisters living, and one brother dead. She was tattooed on the brow, chin, and arms. The color of the skin was darker than the average. The hair had low waves, was coarse in texture, and dark brown in color. The eyes were dark brown with clear sclera and a rayed iris. The nasal profile was straight with medium wings. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL BU MUHAMMAD FEMALES me phcch Sada ‘ear x No. Pia Texture Color “Cds Sclera Iris Profile Wings ‘i 1004 lw medium dkbr dk br clear iss str flar 1005 lw medium dkbr gr-br clear ray cone medium 1006 dw coarse dk br dk br clear dike str medium MEASUREMENTS No. Age Stature SH i B B’ J gogo GH GH NH NB 1004 30 182 148 96 130 OF OS 42 SES SES °1005 21 1568 805 176 151 102 131 492 4104 #70 52 35 1006 40 1579 810 186 146 102 129 89 107 69 46 34 INDICES No. EL EB RSH B/L B’/B GH/J G’'H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J 2004 67 84a r to AB 6. Otel 88.15 65.4. 70.6. .465.2i4 6629 3° 78:9 1005 60* 31 51.3 85.8 67.6 79.4 53.4 67.3 51.7* 75.6 177.9 1006 57 33 51.3 78.5 69.9 83.0 538.5 73.9 57.9 69.0 79.1 * Stretched slightly from heavy earrings. -THE AL SAWAAD The Al Sawaad is a sedentary tribe scattered among the rice fields on the right bank of the Musharra Canal. Most of the tribes- men live in the marshes near Halfaya, which lies about twenty miles east of Amara. They tend cattle and cultivate the soil. Asa result of their small numerical strength they are overshadowed in importance by the Bani Lam and the Al bu Muhammad. The tribe is said to be descended from the Bani Himyar and is of the same origin as the Al Azairij. Some tribesmen claim that the name Sawaad is an incorrect interpretation of their original section, the Saad, so-called after one of their ancestors. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 291 Definite physical differences between the Al bu Muhammad and the Al Sawaad tribesmen were described by the Chief of Police in Amara. Since we had obtained anthropometric statistics on the former it was thought desirable to obtain a comparative series on a group of the Al Sawaad. With considerable difficulty and only through the co-operation of the local Chief of Police at Halfaya was it possible to induce fifty tribesmen to offer themselves for study. A superficial examination indicated that the Al Sawaad had lighter skin color than the Al bu Muhammad. The general shape of the face also appeared squarer, probably because of unusual develop- ment of the masseter muscles, which tended to increase the bigonial breadth. Other observations, however, resembled closely those made on the Al bu Muhammad tribesmen. The hair was almost black in color and medium-coarse in texture, with low waves. The eyes were very dark brown, the sclera clear, and the greater number of the irides were either homogeneous or zoned. The nose was straight with medium-compressed wings although the medium-flaring ele- ment was present. Vital Statistics—It was impossible to obtain information on vital statistics but the parents of all these individuals were members of the Al Sawaad tribe, who lived in the Halfaya district. Age.—The average age for the fifty men was 33.50 (range 20-64). About half of the individuals were between 20 and 29 years of age. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF AGE Age No. ‘Per cent Age . No. Per cent pS 3 lee eee es Bae eo cee ee | Sega Speen? 9 18.00 SPU i tal 2 oo ors hae 12 24.00 GO-G4 Gs oss oe as sr sofia BOM ta ea 12 24.00 Fe aa ae fe 2 4.00 UPR fat odie dio on 14.00 GO-GO iin. anes os tides i 2.00 NERDEN a’ Geta wees 6 12.00 GOGO cite ayy ak ahetann Te Be RAAB: 1 2.00 TORR a aalis-cstgw a 0 WOMB Die Ae agin 50 100.00 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL SAWAAD TRIBESMEN Skin.—The color was lighter than that of the Al bu Muhammad tribesmen and about the same as that of the Arabs of the Kish area. Individually it ranged from that of a typical western European to dark brown. The skin color was slightly lighter than we had antici- pated, since these tribesmen lead an agricultural and pastoral existence, which should tend to give the skin a weather-beaten appearance. . = > ° } * Sate ae et ke se pe a ee es =: ee — De ea niente aes ie tice reek andeonmens i ianen plepieeciy is sias Ses eben akads achat ian toed aa —_ A 292 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Hair.—The hair color varied from dark brown to black, which I now think should have been classified as very dark brown. Twenty- three hair samples were obtained. HAIR Color No. Per cent Form No. ‘Per cent RMON Seo bbles Deans 85 77.78 UTNE os tre aes Oe Ree Very dark brown......... Of Sar eke Very low waves.... 0 ..... Dark brown: ; .. 44 -63.'6.2% 2 4.44 Low waves......... 41 91.11 PRO aie OO. he neh uot eres Qos oe os Ste 3 Waves 72) 55. 4 8.89 Reddish brown.......... Qi SPER Cur ne Fidget’ 5b) | FERAL EARS Si Laight, DROW gs 9.065 66 8 * arenes DOUG iis: buen iss | a tae Black and gray.......... 5 114.11 Total.) sah: 45 100.00 Dark brown and gray..... 2 4.44 Light brown and gray.... 0 ..... Texture No. Per cent raw iis aii, ok Bak 1 2.22 Coame wc jie wak 8 17.78 i NTT ae erate Perey Oe ee Osc it say's Coarse-medium.... 0 ...... — ao Mediuttt 2520285 77.78 Wotalirs, 627 feiss 45 99.99 Medium-fine....... Osa Pah: BN 5 Se att 2 4.44 Potals15 waits. 45 100.00 Head hair was abundant. There appeared to be an average amount of face and body hair. Eyes.—The majority of the eyes were dark brown or blue-brown. Eleven men (22 per cent) had either blwe-brown or green-brown eyes. .The blue and green elements indicate submerged blondism. The iris was either homogeneous or zoned. The six rayed irides could only have been recorded on the light eyes. EYES Color No. Per cent Tris No. Per cent eee eS a ne iT Bae hse Homogeneous............. 20 44.44 Dark brown..... 21 42.00 AMOS ook. cs ee eas 6 13.33 Blue-brown...... 18 36.00 ON ae ie dusa ce x pk ae 19 42.22 Blue-brown...... 3 6.00 —— Green-brown.... 8 16.00 POM es Cae eat 45 99.99 Green-brown..... Be i ns ach Gray-brown..... Oe eR Sclera No. Per cent 4215) Aa TN | Fee ae ROBE a) oe a ed kaise cet 44 95.65 GREY: 8S hens Os pe ete NOHO Wiki Sie eas cet Oye ass Light brown..... Ie Srp te a DDCCKION Yo ics asasy pe eK dee Os; + Soar Blue-gray....... Bei gas BROGSINOG 50s ial chguae. ead 2 4.35 Blue-green. ..... abe ie fap ae Speckled and bloodshot.... 0 ~~ ..... —_- —-—-- Speckled and yellow....... EE a Aer Wotal: . (vey. 50 =: 100.00 Yellow and bloodshot...... earns Fare Totaly. w-fivis, varies arise 46 100.00 Nos. 957, 977, and 988 had blue-brown eyes. “No. 984 was blind in the left eye; No. 985 was blind in the right eye as a result of a PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 293 bad cataract; and No. 993 had a small cataract forming near the inner orbital margin of the right eye. Nose.—The nasal profile was either straight or convex. The presence of alae recorded as flaring or flaring plus in two men indi- cates the presence of Negro blood. Four men had thicker than average nasal tip thickness and one man was recorded in the double plus group. NOSE Profile No. Per cent Wings No. Per cent MOT ON olay eo ohare 2 4.00 Compressed............ 8 16.00 Concave............ | rote eae ie Compressed-medium.... 5 10.00 lle aa Raga ale ay 25 50.00 REQGIOMN fo a occ h ns lo 23 46.00 CONN 6. Bl eR 22 44.00 Medium flaring........ 12 24.00 Concavo-convex...... 1 2.00 1g ay SOMA pene erte -as 1 2.00 —_ Flaring plus........... 1 2.00 ORR VE. Si SS 50 =: 100.00 —- OUI ihe es Oia clones 50 =—6100.00 Mouth.—The lips varied in thickness from average (Nos. 966 and 972) to broad (Nos. 996 and 1000) and everted (No. 1003). No. 955 was a mouth-breather. Teeth—The occlusion was recorded as marked-over in every ease. I now think this should have been slight-over instead of marked-over. The teeth were extra good in Nos. 954, 962, 963, 971-973, 977, 978, 996, and 1002. No. 968 had fair teeth, Nos. 956, 989, and 991 were in poor condition, while No. 957 had very poor teeth. No. 961 had good teeth but the front teeth were irregular. TEETH Condition No. Per cent Loss No. Per cent OEM TREN hin ts Stak es 1 2.70 WONG 6 Bhs ors oa ttagiees Tem oh Sede PMB oh eee ay. on deals 6 «0% 3 8.11 SPM ialinire. she ae cats 2 40.00 OW ye bac OFa sn 31 F8 1 2.70 SSC ae SRM | MEPL ei. i ERR Saha Uae ae ae 21 56.76 Pre os Lic et epoch 3 60.00 UN 7S | SN a aR rere ri 29.73 : Ly LES ae pe a es ne Dee ie _- sip Sg as TOR RI ok SR ps On as Potalve8 ies le. 37 =100.00 _ The general condition of the teeth was good or excellent. Disease.—Nos. 959, 992, and 997 had smallpox scars. Branding Scars.—No. 958 had a chawi (kawi) scar on his left wrist. Tattooing.—F orty-five men (89.13 per cent) bore tattooed designs. Five men were recorded as having none. 294 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Musculature.—In general, this was either good or excellent. MUSCULATURE No Per cent POOR 5 isis sind ORY oe eee ae AP yi 5h ob Lb | apa ge we TNL SR Pe OTT Ne 2 4.00 Average’: SS A AE SS. OM ees GOOG is «sac en ean oak abaaiecs 42 84.00 UR COHOING feo mca eden CRMs otc aha 6 12.00 Potels cts a ueee ov oes 50 =. 100.00 STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF AL SAWAAD TRIBESMEN The size of this group (50) does not warrant statistical deductions, but the care with which the individuals were selected by the local police and the general composition of the group would seem to indicate that averages taken from a large series would not differ very markedly. Stature and Sitting Height (Trunk Length).—Although the individuals in this group exhibit a relatively narrow age range within the young adult categories, the majority were medium in stature (160.0-170.0). STATURE Harvard System No. Per cent Keith System No. Per cent Short (x-160.5)........ 8 16.00 Short (x-159.9)........ 7 14.00 - Medium (160.6—-169.4).. 27 54.00 Medium (160.0-169.9).. 28 56.00 Tall (169.5-x)......... 15 30.00 Tall (170.0-179.9)...... 15 30.00 — Very tall (180.0—-x)..... OFS ee) SGU ios stake celeron 50 =: 100.00 —_ Ota PIN, Sie Lee 50 =—6100.00 Both classificatory systems group the individuals almost identi- cally. The wide range suggests the presence of two racial elements. It was surprising to find so many men over 169.5, since this is several points above the average for Southwestern Asia. SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) Group No. Per cent Very abort: (xe14 Opie ts ete iie 04N a ows Oe aes aS Short. (76.0-TOG en ne ic ea haath lec hae ees Foe. Een a Medium (80.0-84.9)....... 0.0. cee eee eee 8 16.00 Long (85.0489.9) ives eee aed ES, HRS 26 52.00 Very long (90 Qa5)o isk cs sak eh ss Pape Ge a's 16 32.00 LOGAN ote. SORE ce race at ple ealeactore vee ib 50 100.00 Head Measurements and Indices.—According to the Harvard system the majority (54 per cent) were mesocephalic with a tendency toward dolichocephaly. The additional divisions of the Keith PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ' 295 system reveal a different frequency distribution. The ultradoli- chocephalic and ultrabrachycephalic elements indicate the presence of two racial stocks, a supposition already formulated on the basis of the almost equal percentages of straight and convex noses. The round-headed individuals are the most significant, since dolicho- cephaly and mesocephaly were anticipated in this area. At the same time, it must be noted that the ultrabrachycephalic Bakhtiaris live but 200 air miles from the eastern confines of the Hor al Hawiza. MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER Group No. Per cent Very. narrow, \(E-Oa ssc cb ee oe ee alata SECM Narrow’ (LQU“10O} 7s stig ke Eee 7 14.00 Witte (UFOs TIay as Mok chi eehn se Rede oe euek 37 74.00 Very -wite: (120-98 ete a SS ce eae, 6 12.00 . OGD ess A paces bhi olcn an ahaaacs os a eae 50 100.00 HEAD BREADTH Group No. Per cent Very narrow (120-129)..... iia BSCE) Saat. | EDR marrow .(1S0-1LOB) GR eis tack os Gee ike ks 4 9 18.00 Writke (1404149) ia be sos ee CIE SRE: 25 50.00 Very. wide :CLGRSS) sibavae seeks vic cos nah tease bie 16 32.00 WOtAL: 66 ok PRR adicee eco cee aes souks 50 100.00 CEPHALIC INDEX Keith System No. Per cent Harvard System : No. Per cent Ultradolichocephalic.... 1 2.00 Dolichocephalic........ 16 32.00 (x—70.0) (x-76.5) Dolichocephalic........ 11 22.00 Mesocephalic.......... 27 54.00 (70.1-75.0) (76.6—-82.5) Mesocephalic.......... 20 40.00 Brachycephalic......... 7 14.00 (75.1-79.9) (82.6—x) Brachycephalic........ 15 30.00 -- (80.0-84.9) Tote aft) es 50 =. 100.00 Ultrabrachycephalic.... 3 6.00 (85.0—x) OMS 6a baie i gia Oe 50 =. 100. 00 Facial and Nasal Measurements and Indices.—It is remarkable that despite seven men with short upper faces there were none in the short (x—109) total facial height division. Both facial heights indicate the presence of two racial elements, since there is such wide dispersion. The index classifies half of the group into the lepto- prosopie category, with only five men (10 per cent) in the eury- prosopic division. aaa ; ceeiichtne canis —. —< MET RT oo ETO age 8 SEDI ae ae ~~ naam Gio O S45: . hye 8g RY ES 110-119........ 3 6.00 12 24.00 1 2.00 0 Ojo! 16 - Se 120-129........ 4 8.00 10 20.00 10 20.00 2 4.00 12.00 27 54.00 ADGeE.: .f2. 0 Oe 1 2.00 3 6.00 2 4.00 1 2.00 7 14.00 50 100.00 NASAL WIDTH x-29 80-35 86-41 42-x Totals Nasal length No % No % No % No % No. &% > > | SAP ey OSes Te eee AS16380 (04. AS 36478 D000 a A $6.82 = 44° Pace Fe eas OS <2 ST ria LES adios er el OF 5. 1: 2.04 Sh 0650: eaten 8 6.12 49 99.99 P26 86 oa eT TAG ee (Ln. 53 t-ge thd a a POE TS Sa Py Fy — a s EE i RE aE S ha 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 * Probably too high. Age 22 40 45 55 25 20 25 20 25 22 45 45 20 25 45 45 30 25 22 30 33 35 20 25 25 25 25 35 30 20 35 45 23 23 60 55 45 45 35 34 25 25 45 35 33 20 35 20 25 30 Stature 1755 1565 1640 1657 1640 1660 1530 1680 1691 1634 1730 1683 1663 1663 1701 1640 1674 1678 1746 1650 1712 1778 1585, 1745 1644 1637 1710 1683 1590 1796 1711 1745 1610 1690 1740 1602 1722 1655 1580 1614 1574 1666 1675 1735 1575 1667 1680 1676 1720 1670 SH 929 840 906 856 872 861 829 875 856 875 895 848 908 900 878 910 870 858 970 880 953 949 837 898 895 865 895 929 845 922 880 920 900 892 895 867 878 885 837 868 848 878 908 895 846 865 907 870 915 910 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ L 200 185 190 188 179 179 185 187 191 182 187 187 182 182 187 185 194 188 185 183 193 193 185 187 190 183 185 189 179 194 180 187 177 186 198 181 199 197 176 186 190 184 185 195 188 184 193 193 178 197 MEASUREMENTS B B J 148 110. 1438 148 118 1837 164 113 140 144 105 135 147 115 = 132 1388 115 134 135 111 128 153 113 182 144 122 148 152 114 135 147 108 138 146 113 134 133 105 126 148 117. 1388 146 108 121 151 118 1385 144 109 130 150 115 138 155 117° 144 1438 113 181 144 115 = 135 149 119 1438 154 111 136 152. 118 140 142 114 = 130 133 113 = 130 155 118 142 150 111 1387 153 115 139 143 114 = 133 140 108 130 148 119 1388 136 115 1383 161 120 140 138 111 133 136 105 130 148 117 = 1388 148 118 139 139 114 126 149 118 187 SOT) UTR. 2304 139 113 134 152 121 142 160 124 148 144 114 = 1837 143. 115 = 187 151 114 141 155 118 189 145 120 139 144 120 140 t Should be omitted because the nose was broken. GH G/H 134 74 119 67 127 87 121 73 126 777 115 60 119 65 124 66 122 63 116 65 121 67 134 75 123 68. 120 64 123 68 125 72 142* 67 123 78 128 70 114 61 126 66 120 65 115 61 121. 75 128 70 115 65 116 66 113 66 115 66 115 68 119 68 136 79 117 68 127 63 135 86 131 75 127 68 123 74 118. 67 124 61 115 71 124 73 128 . 71 126 67 122 66 128 74 122 68 119 68 121 71 130 76 NH 53 50 63 53 58 41 44 44 46 50 50 56 52 45 49 55 50 57 52 41 48 45f 45 60 53 | 49 50 45 46 50 50 53 51 44 64 49 49 55 49 56 52 58 53 48 48 54 55 53 53 54 NB 35 30 33 37 32 32 30 30 35 36 34 29 27 31 32 35 30 36 37 35 33 42t 34 36 34 35 35 35 37 37 36 31 36 35 36 33 38 38 33 37 33 36 31 36 37 33 38 33 26 31 No. 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 EL 55 58 64 50 52 62 56 52 62 58 60 56 55 66 55 57 55 51 57 61 56 52 62 60 55 55 «BS 62 57 56 64 53 53 70 61 64 67 54 57 61 57 65 66 51 53 66 53 54 67 EB RSH 82 52.9 .. 58.6 81 55.2 383 51.6 28 53.1 30 51.8 88 54.2 30 52.1 380 50.6 33 53.5 35 51.7 87 50.4 386 54.6 30 54.1 87 51.6 33 55.4 81 51.9 85 51.1 34 55.5 30 53.3 40 55.6 85 53.3 81 52.8 34 51.4 80 54.4 35 52.8 85 52.3 82 55.2 35 53.1 33 51.3 28 51.4 87 52.7 30 55.9 84 52.8 88 51.4 86 54.1 85 50.9 87 53.4 80 52.9 382 53.7 386 53.8 81 52.7 40 54.2 88 51.5 383 53.7 82 51.8 387 53.9 82 51.9 82 53.2 84 54.4 * Probably too high. t Should be omitted because the nose was broken. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY oo es) EPWONWRHAOKR CPR ORF WOH AOR AAP WONAN NN AK WOANAWWHH HOP COOH 83.3 VOoIISIIyIorIoeIIroerw onan anwywranananaasgasgarasaeay VAASGIGHAGCNDOOGOASHRARSAGCARARSANSOCOAANHDHDODIWAR WN WOR MRE AAWAHONOHRATMRHAHOHOWHHODORANTHOOCHORRONOD INDICES GH/J 93.7 86.8 90.7 96.8 95.7 85.8 92.9 93.9 85.3 85.9 87.7 100.0 97.6 86.9 93.9 83.9 ONOrFANNF OOD >» HH HOMAMODANIOAMPAIRAIATAAH se woCcowrwrnmowoor ow wo © CO Co co tO CoNNOWON OF S Se G'H/J 51.7 44.7 4 Oo 6 AKGIEAH IGA TGHOPOEMAOHOD HGH AONHOROS Cr ONCKFWORNTINNAAROCHNOKMANYWRPOWCORAAAAMWORDOONH OS ok ek o> > or os ALAND AAAIrk hh AAT EEE ROTO AL ao. & & OF NB/NH EB/EL 66.0 60.0 52.4 69.8 55.1 78.0 68.2 68.1 76.1 72.0 68.0 51.7 51.9 68.9 65.3 63.6 60.0 63.1 71.1 85.4 68.7 93.3 75.5 60.0 64.1 71.4 70.0 ca 80.4 74.0 72.0 58.5 70.6 79.5 56.2 67.3 77.5 69.0 67.3 66.1 63.4 62.1 58.5 75.0 77.1 61.1 69.1 62.2 49.1 57.4 65.4 59.0 AADWIAHD oan SSSSSRILRB AN Or RNS go-go/J 83.2 AAPOWWHWOARRAOCHRRS AW WOWOONANWIH RP ONIOERAIRNHAIAIOCHONIWOD — Y r SE ne eee ET SRE are eee FR ET re Bye TIE i tne OTS LTS Sey igi a fo, TREK ARNE RL SR FRB Ri nc ES ER LEA EEE ate =. alietmihios vo Se = 300 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AL SAWAAD TRIBESMEN HAIR EYES NOSE No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings 954 lw medium _ black de bn 625\ oly str cp-m Bee wick’ Mukono wees dk br_—_ clear hom conv medium 956 lw medium bik, gray __bi-br clear hom str medium BET esa a oe Cae ares bl-br clear zon conv m-fi 958 lw medium black dk br clear hom conv medium 959° lw medium _ black dk br _— clear hom c-¢c flar 960 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str medium 961 lw medium __ black gr-br clear ray conv medium 962 lw medium dkbr dk br clear hom str medium 963 lw medium black dk br_—_ clear hom conv medium 964 lw medium blk, gray dkbr_.... St conv medium 965 lw coarse blk, gray gr-br clear zon conv comp 966 dw _ coarse black gr-br clear zon conv comp 967 lw medium ___ black dk br__ clear ray str m-fi 968 lw medium br, gray__—ibi-br clear hom conv comp 969 lw medium br, gray bi-br clear zon str medium 970 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom str comp 971 lw medium ___ black bl-br clear hom str medium 972 dw medium __ black gr-br clear ray wavy m-fi 973 lw medium __ black dk br clear hom str medium 974 dw medium black gr-br clear zon str medium 975 lw medium _ black dk br clear hom str flar. 976 dw medium dkbr dk br clear hom str cp-m 977 lw medium __ black bl-br Rae Weeks str medium 978 lw coarse black bl-br _—_ clear hom str medium 979 lw coarse black bl-br _— clear zon str m-fl 980 lw fine black bl-br clear zon str medium 981 lw medium black dk br clear zon conv medium 982 lw coarse black dk br clear zon conv medium 983 lw medium __ black dk br_—_ clear zon conv. m-fl 984 lw medium bik, gray dkbr_ clear zon conv comp 985 lw fine blk, gray bl-br clear ray wavy medium 986 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str ~ m-fl 987 lw medium black dk br clear zon str medium 988 lw medium = _ gray bl-br blood ray conv m-flar SE ee ee Rk ee mh ee a bl-br clear hom conv cp-m OO? oun: Re te ale ae dk br clear hom conv medium 991 lw coarse black dk br clear zon conv. m-fl 992 lw medium _ black dk br___ clear zon str medium 993 lw medium black bl-br blood bait Be str comp 994 lw medium black dk br clear zon conv m-fl 995 lw medium _ black gr-br _— clear hom str medium 996 lw medium _ black bl-br pNP Hen str cp-m 997 lw medium black dk br _- clear zon str comp 998 lw medium __ black bl-br clear hom conv. m-fi 999 lw coarse black gr-br clear ray str medium 1000 lw medium __ black bl-br clear hom conv m-fi 1001 lw medium black gr-br__— clear zon conv m-fl SUMS? ca: raga ae ee ence bl-br clear hom str cp-m 1003 lw medium _ black bl-br clear hom conv comp * Shaved. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 301 MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF AL SAWAAD TRIBESMEN Measurements No. Range Mean $.D. C.V. | eR Na ge Mi aris Fier 50 8620-64 83.50+1.03 10.80+0.73 32.24+2.17 Reece 6. as 50 152-181 166.98+0.55 5.73+40.39 3.43+0.23 eting oe ee 50 =: 81-98 88.78+0.80 3.154+0.21 3.55+0.24 Head length.......... 50 176-202 187.26+0.56 5.82+0.39 3.11+0.21 Head breadth......... 50 126-164 145.96+0.65 6.81140.46 4.67+0.31 Minimum frontal diameter... . 2.00: 50 105-124 114.6640.41 4.32+0.29 3.77+0.25 Bizygomatic diameter. 50 120-149 135.90+0.47 4.90+0.33 3.611+40.24 Bigonial diameter. ... . 50 94-121 107.74+0.48 5.04+40.34 4.68+0.32 Total facial height. ... 560 110-144 128.10+0.61 6.35+0.48 5.16+0.35 Upper facial height.... 50 60-89 69.50+0.55 5.75+0.39 8.27+0.56 Nasal height.......... 49 40-67 51.388+0.47 4.921+0.34 9.58+0.65 Nasal breadth........ 49 25-39 83.71+40.30 3.0940.21 9.17+0.62 Nar length... ..:..::. 50 48-75 58.46+0.53 5.52+0.37 9.44+0.64 Ear breadth.......... 49 26-40 83.54+0.30 3.12+0.21 9.30+0.57 Indices Relative sitting height. 50 50-57 53.06+0.15 1.60+0.11 3.02+0.20 NRE se a 50 = 68-88 78.30+0.88 3.991+0.27 5.10+0.34 Fronto-parietal....... 50 = 69-86 77.86+0.32 3.391+0.23 4.351+0.29 . Zygo-frontal.......... 50 = 76-91 84.14+0.24 2.48+0.17 2.95+0.20 Zygo-gonial.......... 50 ~=66 9-89 79.24+0.35 3.68+40.24 4.58+0.31 Total facial.........:. 50 680-109 90.40+0.52 5.50+0.37 6.08+0.41 Upper facial.......... 50 43-66 50.66+0.47 4.89+0.33 9.65+0.65 Dee eae a 49 48-87 67.06+0.56 8.24+0.56 12.29+0.84 oO ONES See aaa 49 50-66 50.02+0.48 4.48+0.31 8.96+0.61 THE SUBBA Lady Drower (see Bibliography) has published a very detailed account of the history, religion, customs, folklore, and magic of the Mandeans or Subba of Iraq and Iran. The reader is referred to this standard work and to the references listed by Curzon (vol. 2, p. 306, footnote 1). In 1892, Curzon (vol. 2, p. 305) wrote: “At Dizful, at Shushter, at Hawizeh, and at Mohammerah, are still to be found a few relics of the interesting and obscure community known as the Sabians, frequently miscalled the Christians of-St. John. In former days the sectaries of this faith were very numerous in Mesopotamia; and in the seventeenth century Petis de la Croix reported 10,000 in Busrah alone. Even in 1840 Layard found 300 to 400 families in Shushter; but in 1877 Schindler only heard of 50 families on Persian soil, and of not more than 500 families elsewhere.”’ Birthplaces.—The following individuals gave these places of birth: Amara (Nos. 2888-2919), Halfaya (2927-2964), Majar near Amara (No. 2965), Qala Salih (Nos. 2966-2978), and the Chahala district (Nos. 2920-2926). No. 2979 had no birthplace recorded although it was probably Qala Salih. . ~j \ ft h el a Re eT cae acl ee et oe ee NS A Pepe [een dep eei et ra Newent ao i REINS ALG uy Sai ieist lain tiliinditatiptiatinthmatand- abst tedhalioie tes 302 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Vital Statistics.—Unreliable as these figures must be, the general trends are probably correct. Since the Subba are a deeply religious group with whom honesty is a moving, guiding principle, unusual credence can be placed in these figures. Brothers No. INORG! i, Siac beech 6 » RGIS Pine en a Te 8 7 GP De Pe RR 20 et Re oe SR tr. RE 31 Ber Os an ee We ee ake 17 G-OF MOP |... 6 o's bee OS 7 OUR ss. . 40596 Ce Se BR aS > 146-1 4B 8 Oe oC FL 12.36 544) 49.44. 2.25 OE: 64.05 Ug tS: BE a eae e .ars 12 13.48 8 8.99 20 22.47 89 100.01 BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH x-124 125-134 185-x Totals Total facial length No. % No. % No. % No. % BEG oo eG 1 1.12 9 10.11 4 4.49 14 15.72 EUD-ISOse. 6.8. Sens 0 Fi) ant 1l 12.36 26 29.21 87 41.57 REO Teas ins CeO Owe 12 13.48 26 29.21 88 42.69 89 99.98 UPPER FACIAL LENGTH x-63 64-69 70-75 76-81 82-x Totals Total fac. length No. % No. % No % No. % No % No % x-109...... 1°3432- 2 93338. .0'-5 >.<: eae Oost SES °F BNSF 110-119...... 8 3.37 18 14.61 8 8.99 3 3337-0... 227+ BOL 120-129:..... Oi 32) 7° *9-87. 13°14.61 17.;,19.10° 6 5.62*"42 - 47.20 380-227.55... 0*. eee. 4 4.49 6 6.74 77.87 17 19.10 89 100.01 NASAL WIDTH x-29 30-35 86-41 42-x Totals Nasal length No % No 4% “No. % No % No. % on Palit Aaa ae Os. ae ee eae Aaa Sy » SEs | ee agi +; Vaes Fey F meee oo ee a 1 DE ZB: 27578 20 22522. B23 22 OS SS58S ap ye aes 1 ee 29 & | 9° 10.00 - 16° 17.78 --3. 3:33.29 32.22 90 99.99 VITAL STATISTICS* OF SUBBA MALES Number Age Married Sons Daughters Brothers Sisters 2888 60 1 1, 0 4,0 0, 6 1,0 2889 59 1 : 1, 0 4,0 0,0 2890 47 1 2,0 3, 0 ads We 2891 34 1 0,0 2,0 1, 0 4,0 2892 25 0 bed a 7, 0 1,0 2893 42 1 3, 0 3,0 3,1 1,0 2894 20 Gs rs May 8, 0 0, 0 2895 24 1 0,0 0,0 7,0 1,0 2896 35 1 0, 0 0,0 2,0 PE 2897 19 0 Pan ae Re 7,0 1,0 2898 82 1 1, 0 2,0 0, 0 4,2 2899 33 0 , Ty et 4,0 3,0. 2900 55 1 8, 0 1,0 3, 0 3, 0 2901 23 0 ee ape 1, 0 3,0 2902 27 1 0,0 0, 0 0, 1 8,2 2903 33 1 0, 0 1,0 1,4 3, 2 * Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives. (ea Se rene . > ~ » Se cactsa lee dana hcl as lod RGA eausiiaedsiar SAN Rahs Xoccabnahks See Soe SOM NTSC MY aS AER RT SE pan pelle spe A Pp VE EP NER BNET RENT — icicle desl ny Ea ee I crt 7 Ae a ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ VITAL STATISTICS* OF SUBBA MALES ' 312 £ s Sis Zz a DHORNNBWRNBHBARORSOHONHBDNSORRGRARKRHOOCHHHOHRRORSOSOOGOHRONHNASHAARARNHNR 3 SolodidasS SSS GAGA ASS SH AAAI AAS Soloist aiIAs AGG AssGiairs csi aas i oas Q E Bere $OSO 99... 8. SSSSCHRAHN (HS oH RRS ono ° SS ISOHN THON (ROMDNON 3 Saw — oe ee HSOMDOnNAAS HH OA Onto oso re) On HOH (Hoa -SOnideaaio a) 2 OS So iF ii lessnSORRH .S St -RQH TORN ~ SS '9S99 THOR -HORNHSOR BOOM -On-- se Notonondad «va S tno: ddd oS SO CSAS HOS cola datos E HHHOOCHOOCOCCH ON HANH HHONNR OCH ON NH OOH HH OOOH SON NOANNNONNNON NANA AANS = % RORONY SOSH OASBHONSOGSOOAS MONDO HN ORE RSW WNGSNO OIG OBIBRAASAaD RVI IG OI AI CD OD OI ONT Od HEAD © 09 OD 1D 1D D&D GD 0D. NOD AID 10 19 IID CDH ODT DCI 0D 1 I 18 10 1 SHO HSH ADH si SOO SO OR ANNAN NAIA N69 09 69 09 0D 09 09 09 CD OD SH HSH SH St St ot 1010 AD 10 10 10 LO SO SO 5 BDD DDD AADAAAAAANAAAAAARRA RD RAHA DAD DDD DDD D2. D2. D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 D2. DI D2 D2 D2 D2 D> D2 B D> D? Zz AIAIAI AI AI AICI AIAN AIAN NNANNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNN NNN NNN NANA * Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives. ‘ PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY VITAL STATISTICS* OF SUBBA MALES Number Age 2962 18 2963 25 2964 18 2965 24 2966 34 2967 23 2968 55 2969 29 2970 50 2971 18 2972 20 2973 54 2974 71t 2975 167 2976 68 2977 23 2978 38 2979 25 Married Sons COCR OCH HE OCHHRHOFOCOOSO Daughters es 2, ae’ 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 0 1,0 0 2,0 0 1,0 0 1,0 * Italicized numbers refer to deceased relatives. + Omitted from the averages because of age. Brothers - \ -_™ SreveoneY _~e es SFKROOSSSSCSOSOSASSSSSCSo WOPN PORN YD > MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF SUBBA MALES Measurements No. ey B is. | Phe ook 90 eee is . call. oe 90 Sitting height......... 90 Head length.......... 90 Head breadth......... 89 Minimum frontal PRM B55. vp cies 6 89 Bizygomatic diameter . 90 Bigonial diameter..... 89 Total facial height.... 89 Upper facial height.... 90 Nasal height.......... 90 Nasal breadth........ 90 mar length ys. .: ay. ss 90 Ear breadth.......... 90 Indices Relative sitting height. 90 CNPMINO, 5 Lo oa 's 6 nev o'eve 89 Fronto-parietal....... 88 Zygo-frontal.......... 88 Zygo-gonial........... 89 oes TOC os Ke 89 Upper facial.......... 90 We 5S Bik acs «xin wend 90 Rie BL aR ag 90 Range 18-70 149-184 80-98 173-199 135-158 105-136 120-149 82-121 105-139 60-89 44-75 25-48 48-79 23-49 48-57 68-91 72-92 76-99 66-89 75-109 43-66 40-91 37-72 Mean 8.D. 36.70+1.06 14.90+0 166.23+0.47 88.57+0.28 186.00+0.41 145.75+0.36 114.58+0.36 136.05+0.43 104.66+0.42 122.75+0.53 74.15+0.48 56.78+0.45 35.54+0.28 61.14+0.37 33.51+0.26 53.30+0.12 78.39+0.29 78.79+0.24 84.18+0.23 77.05+0.30 90.50+0.41 54.68+0.33 63.34+0.54 55.34+0.41 6.66+0 .3.99+0 5.82+0 5.130 5.080 6.05+0. 5,880. 7.4040. 6.7540. 6.36+0 3.96+0. 5.24+0. 3.72+0 1.62+0. 4.05+0. 3.30+0 3.16+0. 4.17+0. 5.75+0. 4.65+0 7.64+0 5.76+0 313 Sisters 5, 1 1, 0 1,0 1,0 7,0 0, 0 1,5 3, 0 1, 0 7,0 2,0 3, 0 0,.0 2,0 3, 0 2,0 ARF | <0 C.V. -75 40.60+2.04 .383°) «6-4.01+0.20 -20 4.50+0.23 .29 3.138+0.16 -26 3.52+0.18 -26 4.48+0.22 30 4.45+0.22 30 5.62+0.28 37 §=6©6.08+0.30 384 9.10+0.46 82 11.20+0.56 20 11.14+0.56 26 = 8.57+0.43 19 11.10+0.56 08 3.04+0.15 20 5.17+0.26 17 4.18+0.21 16 3.75+0.19 21 5.41+0.27 29 6.35+0.32 .23 §=©8.50+0.43 -.388 12.06+0.61 .29 10.41+0.52 Cy we ess poten Sieemarocenee Lsaicneil a analk: isda Wed Rising Se Deak aaa SES Sat aa pete epee epee 314 No. 2888 2889 2890 2891 2892 2898 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2908 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922 | 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933 Age 60 59 47 34 25 42 20 24 85 19 32 33 55 23 27 33 29 26 59 26 22 34 30 20 20 21 20 42 20 65 30 38 50 56 60 70 30 39 30 24 35 22 50 55 54 22 Stature 1575 1660 1642 1720 1823 1713 1660 1625 1720 1700 1660 1665 1741 1675 1766 1650 1636 1632 1730 1717 1637 1624 1740 1726 1650 1735 1650 1684 1702 1615 1743 1800 1711 1594 1554 1492 1600 1576 1690 1582 1583 - 1660 1663 1694 1695 1633 SH 820 880 864 965 946 921 905 835 930 920 885 860 935 927 970 925 852 865 911 938 866 847 906 935 810 920 880 859 915 842 913 915 933 845 838 819 845 859 878 860 865 885 900 915 923 902 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ L 196 186 189 195 195 185 178 192 188 183 180 175 193 187 185 189 184 184 186 179 184 196 187 174 175 178 184 178 186 190 186 187 188 189 182 185 198 174 183 188 190 186 183 188 187 188 * Shortened because edentulous. + Questionable. MEASUREMENTS B B’ J 188 117 140 147 120 = 141 189 . 116 188 148 114 188 £S1,<) -IZE 188 143 “116-185 14t° 117 186 g0:.- 217" 1865 145. 116: 188 1565 115 141 1475." 11. 186 148 116 186 155 126 145 146 118 1438 145° "118 . 186 147 115 184 146 116 187 147 114 188 9411168 ' 148 1638.. ,118 188 143 117... 187 16¢. 410)" 126 147 + 116+ 186 185.112, 129 151.. 118° 128 144 115 1386 148 118 181 151 127 141 147 114 128 1389 108 141 154 121 188 140 =< 117 © - 186 144 115 184 144 108 182 166° 111° .148 148 106 128 144 108 181 141° 117 *°'186 (121). 118 140 148 111 184 61) 118" AST 141 114 |.188 144 118 180 140 114 1838 144 114 140 146 138f 136 GH G’H NH 131 128* 130 127 135 128 118 125 111 129 123 126 128* 124 123 122 119 114 128* 108 118 131 113 110 118 120 123 121 118 127 126 130 135 124 110 134 123 132 122 118 118 120 129 137 115 88 82* 84 83 85 81 75 73 69 85 76 79 79* 71 72 70 73 67 81* 80 62 67 75 73 62 65 73 78 68 74 78 71 80 76 75 17 73 86 84 69 79 67 67 72 83 63 67 65 64 67 68 64 61 58 56 74 54 59 66 53 56 52 56 53 64 62 52 52 57 56 48 46 57 61 52 52 64 52 60 55 52 48 54 57 65 51 54 47 48 58 58 45 NB 39 43 41 41 37 32 34 46 41 35 35 36 44 35 35 33 37 38 37 37 37 35 31 38 33 31 34 41 36 33 35 36 33 40 41 37 36 34 38 37 34 35 30 36 36 34 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY | 315 INDICES No. EL EB RSH B/L B’/B GH/J_ G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J 2888. 61 33 652.1 70.4 84.8 98.6 62.8 658.2 54.1 75.0 88.6 2889 64 32 53.0 79.0 81.6 90.8 58.1 66.2 50.0 68.8 85.1 2890 61 30 52.6 73.5 82.3 97.8 68.1 64.1 49.2 75.2 86.5 2891 538 33 56.1 75.9 77.0 92.1 60.1 61.2 62.8 79.1 82.6 2892 69 34 51.9 77.4 80.2 97.8 61.6 54.4 49.3 79.2 87.7 2893 58 28 53.7 77.4 81.1 94.9 60.0 50.0 48.3 75.6 85.9 2894 60 27 54.5 79.2 83.0 86.7 55.1 55.7 45.0 72.8 86.0 2895 57 32 51.3 71.9 84.8 92.6 654.1 79.3 56.2 72.6 86.7 2896 64 34 54.0 77.2 80.0 838.5 51.9 78.2 658.1 86.5 87.3 2897 64 38 54.1 84.7 74.2 91.5 60.2 47.3 59.4 76.6 81.6 2898 61 34 53.3 81.7 75.5 90.4 55.9 64.8 55.7 79.4 81.6 2899 60 31 51.6 81.7 81.1 92.6 58.1 61.0 51.7 74.38 85.8 2900 77 41 53.7 80.3 81.3 88.3 54.5 66.7 58.2 78.1 86.9 2901 65 30 55.3 78.1 80.8 86.7 49.6 66.0 46.2 79.7 82.5 2902 66 34 54.9 78.4 81.5 91.2 53.4 62.5 51.5 80.0 87.4 2903 54 30 56.1 77.8 78.2 91.0 52.38 68.5 55.5 67.9 85.9 2904 57 33 52.1 79.4 79.5 86.9 58.3 66.0 57.8 78.8 84.6 2905 56 29 58.0 79.9 77.5 82.6 48.6 71.6 51.8 71.0 82.6 2906 57 34 52.7 75.8 81.5 89.5 56.6 57.8 59.6 72.0 80.4 S907; C2: OB: 04.6. 86.6 T7.8- 3.3-) . 8.0 66 08.F. 9 BBG eek ee 2908 65 25¢ 52.9 77.7 81.8 78.8 45.8 71.1 88.4t 71.6 865.4 2909 57 34 52.2 69.9 80.38 93.7 58.2 67.3 59.6 87.4 87.4 2910 59 82 52.1 78.6 78.2 96.4 55.2 54.4 54.2 69.8 84.5. 2911 58 32 54.2 77.6 83.0 87.6 56.6 67.9 55.2 81.4 86.8 2912 52 31 49.1 86.2 74.9 85.9 48.4 68.8 59.6 75.8 88.3 2913 63 31 53.0 80.9 79.9 86.9 47.8 67.4 49.2 75.8 84.5 2914 50 28 58.3 80.5 76.4 91.6 55.7 59.6 56.0 79.4 86.3 2915 60 34 51.0 84.8 84.1 87.2 55.3 67.2 56.6 75.2 90.0 2916 57 33 53.3 79.0 77.6 94.5 58.1 69.2 57.9 79.7 89.1 2917 62 34 52.2 73.1 77.8 838.6 52.5 68.4 54.8 75.9 176.6 2918 53 388 52.4 82.8 78.5 92.0 56.5 54.7 71.7 77.5 87.7 2919 56 30 50.8 74.9 83.5 92.7 52.2 69.2 53.6 80.9 86.0 2920 56 30 54.5 77.6 79.9 97.0 59.7 55.0 53.6 177.6 85.9 2921 63 33 53.0 76.2 75.0 102.3 57.6 72.8 52.4 82.6 81.9 2922 68 44 53.9 85.7 71.7 88.0 538.2 78.8 64.6 75.9 178.6 2923 56 34 54.9 80.0 71.6 89.5 62.6 77.1 60.7 79.7 86.1 2924 71 33 52.8 72.7 75.0 102.3 55.8 66.7 46.4 82.5 82.5 2925 64 34 54.5 81.0 83.0 90.5 63.3 59.6 53.1 73.5 86.0 2926 62 82 52.0 .... .... 94.38 60.0 58.4 651.6 78.6 84.2 2927 54 33 54.4 78.7 75.0 91.0 51.5 72.5 61.1 78.4 82.9 2928 66 36 54.6 80.0 74.9 86.1 57.7 62.9 54.5 176.6 83.2 2929 64 387 53.3 75.8 80.9 88.7 50.4 74.5 57.8 81.2 865.0 2930 66 387 54.1 78.6 78.5 92.3 51.5 62.5 56.0 80.8 86.4 2931 68 47 54.0 74.5 81.4 97.0 54.2 62.0 69.1 81.2 85.8 29382 64 36 54.5 77.0 79.2 97.9 659.3 62.1 56.3 83.6 81.4 29383 61 382 55.2 77.6 .... 84.5 46.4 75.5 52.4 172.8 97.9 } Figure seems too low. ~ovnermarmrese era tee meg ss pen ee ee ae - > tno CO se or bo . . COAMNAOWNNNWAIWWORACOTUPAWHATMHOONWONWHOUOROD or o o 70. or on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J ‘72. 81. 76. 81. 75. 73. 80. 74. 75. 7, 75. 79. 74. 80. 76. 76. 79. 74. 75. 86. 83. 81. i 71. 78. 72. 85. 79. 76. 82. 74. 74. 79. 79. 75. 77. 75. 72. 76. 68. 75. 78. 74. 78. r KF RPRAODOCOKFMOCUAAKP RON WOADPHAANAHENHEPRPORNAAAGAEAHNOSCAO- 4 w wo 317 1,2) to , . . . . WOADOHAWAOAHWANHWOTNMPAMNHWORDEAMCOCOAKrPAKr READ + © - © i) A na ne Se a DIT ES ae neupenaieneieiignaetet FETE OE IES OEMS OU Nt ee a BT LN DEALS EOE ENS RENEE LER TE Ace Ce aE a aa ese Re vs Sale Sem rat a ES HTS yp eT (nm Stes anne eased antl wey soe of ae 318 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SUBBA MALES ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ — — ea No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Tris Profile Wings 2888 lw medium gray bl-br speck zon str flar 2889 lw c-med gray bl-br _—s speck zon str flar 2890 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear hom conv cp-m 2891 lw coarse black dk br clear hom str cp-m 2892 lw c-med dk br dk br clear hom conv comp. 2893 lw coarse blk, gray 0dl-br speck hom wavy cp-m 2894 lw coarse black dk br___ clear hom str m-fi 2895 lw c-med dk br gree clear hom str flar 2896 lw coarse black l-br clear hom str flar 2897 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv cp-m 2898 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom str medium 2899 lw e-med . dkbr bl-br speck hom conv m-fl 2900 lw medium bik, gray bi-br clear zon str. medium 2901 lw m-fine red br bl-br clear hom c-c medium 2902 coarse blk, gray bl-br clear ray conv m-fi 2903 lw c-med red br bl-br clear zon str medium 2904 lw medium dk br bl-br clear hom str m-fi POD ot Sey aes black bl-br clear zon str flar 2906 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br speck hom str m-fl 2907 dw _ coarse black bl-br clear zon conv: medium 2908 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv medium 2909 lw coarse red br bl-br clear zon wavy m-fl BR Ge Sales vdkbr__ bl-br clear hom conv comp 2911 dw medium vdkbr _ bl-br clear hom str flar 2912 lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br__ clear ray cone m-fl 2913 dw fine vdkbr__bi-br clear hom conv comp 2914 dw _ coarse black bl-br clear hom conv medium 2915 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear hom str flar 2916 lw c-med vdkbr bl-br clear hom conv medium 2917 Iw medium gray bl-br clear zon str comp 2918 lw medium _ black bl-br clear zon str comp Bee ALOT, Ske red br gr-br clear zon str cp-m PAN? 2 2.) O58, oe ER bl-br blood zon conv medium 2921 c-f coarse br, gray _—bi-br clear zon conv m-fl 2922 lw medium = gray dkibr ay clear. cet. os str ep-m 2923 lw medium white bl-br clear hom str comp 2924 lw coarse dk br bl-br clear hom c-c m-fi 2925 lw medium bik, gray bl-br clear hom str cp-m 2 LR POSS RUT a. aa bl-br clear hom conv medium 2927 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv cp-m 2928 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str medium 2929 lw medium black bl-br clear zon c-¢ medium 2930 lw medium _ black bl-br clear hom cony medium 2931 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear hom str cp-m Dene he ke oak ae « blk, gray 6bl-br clear hom conv medium 2933 lw fine black bl-br clear hom c-c medium 2934 lw _. coarse black bl-br clear ray conv com 29385 lw medium _ black bl-br clear hom str medium 2936 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str comp 29387 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str com 29388 lw medium _ black bl-br clear zon str medium 29389 dw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon str medium 2940 lw medium vdkbr_ bl-br clear zon str comp BOSS. Se as blk, gray bl-br clear zon str comp 2942 lw medium _ black bl-br clear zon str medium 2943 lw medium black bl-br clear hom medium * Shaved. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 319 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SUBBA MALES > m - hg As a wen a orn ae No. Form Texture Color | Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings 2944 lw medium _ red br gr-br _ clear zon conv medium A oe Fok ene black bl-br clear zon str medium 2946 lw fine dk br bl-br clear ray str medium 2947 lw medium vdkbr _ bl-br clear zon str medium 2948 lw coarse y bl-br blood hom str cp-m 2949 lw medium blk, gray Obl-br..... oo str medium 2950 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear hom str cp-m 2951 Iw coarse k br bl-br clear zon str medium 2952 Iw medium bik, gray \bl-br clear hom str com 2953 lw medium bik, gray Obl-br..... ee str medium 2954 lw medium bik, gray gr-br clear zon conv comp 2955 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom c-c cep-m 2956 lw medium black bl-br clear zon str medium 2957 Iw medium black bl-br clear hom str medium 2958 lw medium black bl-br clear zon conv. cp-m 2959 dw medium _ bik, gray bl-br clear zon str medium 2960 lw medium bik, gray bl-br clear zon conv flar 2961 lw medium bik, gray_ bi-br clear zon e-c medium 2962 lw medium black bl-br clear hom c-c m-fl 2963 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear zon c-c cp-m 2964 lw medium dkbr bl-br clear hom str m-fl 2965 lw medium black bl-br clear hom str m-fi Ban es Ss ek black bl-br clear hom str medium 2967 lw m-fine dk br dk br___ clear zon str m-fi 2968. lw coarse blk, gray bl-br clear hom str comp 2969 lw coarse black bl-br clear hom conv m-fl 2970 lw coarse blk, gray bl-br — speck hom conv m-fi 2971 lw medium _ black bl-br clear zon wavy medium 2972 dw — ec-med black bl-br clear zon str flar 2973 lw medium bik, gray bl-br clear zon conv cp-m 2974 lw c-med blk, gray bl-br clear zon e-c m-fl 2975t lw fine dk br bl-br clear hom str medium 2976 lw c-med blk, gray It br blood hom conv medium 2977 lw m-fine black bl-br clear hom c-c m-fl BE att vanes CELE bl-br sp-bl hom conv cp-m 2979 lw coarse black bl-br _ clear hom c-c medium * Shaved. t Omitted from the averages because of age. INDIVIDUALS OMITTED FROM THE STATISTICAL SERIES Ten individuals were omitted from the series of averages because of age: Nos. 2980, 2982, 2988, and 2989 from Amara; Nos. 2994, 2995, 2997, 3000, and 3004 from Halfaya; and No. 3011 from Umm Saraidah. Demography.—No. 2982 was a sister of No. 2985. No. 2988 was a daughter of No. 2987 (female) and No. 2908 (male). Head and Facial Form.—Nos. 2994 and 8011 had very low fore- heads. No. 2989 had a broader face than the average. 320 ANTHROPOLOGY OF [IRAQ Hair.—The majority had dark brown hair. Two had black and one brown-gray hair. With the exception of one individual with coarse-medium hair, the texture was either medium or fine. Three individuals had straight hair, five low wavy, and one very low wavy hair. Eyes.—Six individuals had blue-brown and four dark brown eyes. The sclera was clear except in Nos. 2995 and 3011, both of whom had bloodshot eyes. The iris was rayed in five individuals, zoned in three, and homogeneous in one. Nos. 2982, 2988, and 2989 had blue-ringed eyes. Nose.—Only one individual had a convex profile; two had a con- cave profile; the remainder were straight. The alae were compressed — in two individuals, flaring in four, and medium in four. No. 3004 had a depressed nasal tip. No. 2980 wore a nose-ring (khazzamah). Teeth.—Five individuals had a marked-over occlusion. Two had an edge-to-edge and two a slight-over bite. Nos. 2980, 2997, 3004, and 3011 had suffered no loss of teeth, but No. 2995 had plus caries and had lost from 9 to 16 teeth. The condition of the teeth was good in Nos. 2980, 2988, 2989, and 3004. No. 2982 had excellent teeth. No. 2994 had very white teeth, while those of No. 2997 were slightly discolored and those of No. 3011 were discolored. Musculature and Health—Nos. 2980, 2994, 3000, and 3004 were recorded as good in both categories. Disease-—No. 2989 bore smallpox scars. No. 2994 had scars from Baghdad boils on her right cheek. The eyes of No. 2995 were in such bad condition that they would scarcely open. Tattooing.—Nos. 2997, 3004, and 3011 had some tattooing. SUBBA FEMALES Despite the small size (23) of the group, these figures, which were obtained by Miss Winifred Smeaton, are extremely important. Nos. 2980, 2982, 2988, 2989, 2994, 2995, 2997, 3000, 3004, and 3011 have been omitted throughout the following discussions. . Birthplaces—Amara, Nos. 2981 and 2983-2987; Chahala, Nos. 2990 and 2991; Halfaya, Nos. 2992, 2993, 2996, 2998, 2999, 3001- 3003, and 3005; Qala Salih, Nos. 3008 and 3009; Huwaiza, No. 3006; Muhammera (Iran), No. 3007; and from a settled tribe living in a reed village near the Subba, No. 3010. The birthplace for No. 3012 was not given. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 321 Vital Statistics—The families were unusually large, coincident with a very high death rate, particularly among the males. The number of brothers (21), sisters (21), sons (16), and daughters (17) was remarkably constant. VITAL STATISTICS Brothers No. Por cent Sisters No. Per cent MND te Bisrs: g's wine awe 1 4.55 PUGS ois: etc le 1 4.55 age ig a e 1 4.55 | ped A a AS eS 1 4.55 OS Se eee 7 31.82 RRS Sap | See A ely rs ah 5 22.73 OM Peis 2 dhe ccc» siuet 8 36.36 SB AES be RY 9 40.91 SS ea 5 22.73 Be oe ied Ctl bats 5 22.73 ZO MOTE es. ew. se 1 Wa ne a 4: OF MGR a ia sd ee 1 4.55 32, 2 CoRR ate pec 22 100.01 POUL oh peor hid cote 22 100.02 Sons No. Per cent Daughters No. Per cent thc) Sea Sees ear ay De® 3 15.79 INGONO 335 652% 5 Bide aed orasprele 2 10.53 eRe eet a kt oes oak 4 21.05 «Dra eu an yee gy Ghee 4 21.05 Bee eet che te ek 1 5.26 Pins SPW ite eee Bee arate 3 15.79 eT ee 5 26.32 >, TS RNS cp SRN St So cee 4 21.05 Sra u. a ee. 4 21.05 B-6. dieu ire Ce ise 4 21.05 RIOTS So. alah 2 10.53 TiO MGTS. 57) dhs cack 2 10.53 i a a 19 100.00 Wo Eee © eee 19 100.00 Nos. 2981 and 2984 were sisters whose mother was No. 3007. The relationship of No. 2985 to No. 2982 and of No. 2986 to No. 2987 was that of a sister. No. 2987 was mother of No. 2988 and wife of No. 2908. No. 3007 was also mother of No. 2907 (male). Head Form.—No. 2990 had a low brow that sloped backward. Nos. 2993, 3005, 3008, and 3009 had a low and No. 3010 a very low brow. No. 3006 had a high vaulted head. Age.—The average age was 35.05 (range 18-64). Nine girls were less than twenty-five years of age. AGE DISTRIBUTION Age No. Per cent Age No. Per cent Le: ee Aah Peas 2 8.70 | Se ae ae 1 4.34 ye) Se ee 7 30.43 2 ee. Sar ie ae. 3 13.04 BO ss oi oem eee 1 4.35 $E-H8 Fo ee. BASS peur aes a ee 2 8.70 oo, END Pn ae 2 8.70 MA Ra Wee 2 8.70 Ring RE RS SO-465 wb cee e's 3 13.04 NM a? is as gether - Raeanrypana ji | ee 23 100.00 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SUBBA FEMALES Hair.—The majority (82.61 per cent) had low wavy hair. 322 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ HAIR Color No. Per cent Form No. Per cent RS 7 30.43 SUPRURIG 5 56.5 oooh 0 3 13.04 Very dark brown......... 1 4.35° Very low waves.... 1 4.35 Dark brown... 's\\ wis 11 47.83 Low waves........ 19 82.61 ROW! 6.5546 0A ys Hebe | paeatane a3 Deep waves........ De figitigtess Reddish brown.......... Oe ees Curly-frizzly....... Dit =A Laight brown ......35.66 sess O00 TE ass OIE. 2 cre eice Fs Bille Oe ee Ro as vivins PEE ee Or amin — Black and gray.......... 1 4.35 TOGO SX 6%. ie 23 =100.00 Dark brown and gray..... 2 8.70 Texture as ee | Light brown and gray.... 0 ..... Chaise 2 8.70 Gray and red brown...... 1 4.35 Soaitveimedium:. oo f ae »PRRYEA OOS is Bari Wy 3 Ss 3 ais Medium........... 12 52.17 > ee afd 2 0°26. 8 6a p98 OS & baie eee ee Medium-fine. a te 1 4.35 Potalees 0k CT 23 100.01 ee ‘Si ORM sido ne 23 =100.00 EYES Color No. Per cent Iris : No. Per cent PRO os evs OC eR Homogeneous............. 3 13.64 Dark brown...... 7 30.43 ST tees ee Ee eee 12 54.55 Blue-brown....... 11 47.83 ZORCE OP. ees 7 31.82 Blue-brown....... 1 4.35 — pivet eres See d ie J) BE a aN toe 22 100.01 reen-brown...... 8 Serrano 12 PO ge famaamie ASS yp aga Gm AS ORS Fa ; * ee OSMNE tl cy kde ew uls 2 8.70 Lisht eecunir tae ge hee Bngekied. 230... txt 8. Oe ois Sawa ot Brae Be BiOGEhOL, «oi seass +0 6 9 39.13 / visep cl A ph ak teary Bihar Vet Speckled and bloodshot.... 0 ..... POM sik des dee ta Speckled and yellow....... Ohisit wes Total...:.... 23 100.01 Yellow and bloodshot...... B.. ae es Totale; 2s Set HOGS 23 100.00 Nose.—No. 3012 had a double plus and No. 2998 a plus nasal tip. In Nos. 2992 and 3008 the tip was depressed. No. 2993 had a nasal tip that was crooked to the right. NOSE Profile No. Per cent Wings No. Per cent WHOM hs beaut ete Tiga te Oe Compressed............ 5 21.74 COMOMNRS visio cw wha ae 2 8.70 Compressed-medium.... 1 4.35 Co SRS aes! 12 52.17 WEE Si hee ed ee 9 39.13 Oe aa a aie. 8 34.78 Medium-flaring........ 1 4.35 Concavo-convex..... 1 4.35 WMO S's vc cake aS 7 30.43 = Flaring plus........... Os ees OGREY Crue sce ce es 23 ©100.00 — Teeth.—Five individuals (Nos. 2986, 2987, 2998, 3010, and 3012) showed slight wear and two (Nos. 3001 and 3006) had caries. No. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 323 3009 had crooked teeth and No. 3002 had very crooked, uneven teeth. No. 3003 and her children had poor teeth. No. 2986 showed wear, especially on the upper incisors. No. 2984 had a gold tooth. TEETH Bite No. Per cent Condition ' No. Per cent nder 6.28..28 3 0 OS apa mote SE Wery' bad iis... celebs One stey Edge-to-edge.......... 3 17.64 ES ads kbd vo'ah S: . See Shenb Over... ie. cs cet 8 47.06 po eA es Dee RRO 1 5.88 Marked over.......... 6 35.29 OO, ES OG Ae ee a 9 52.94 — + SCONE i ic vec 4 23.53 pi Bee aes 17 99.99 —_ —— Tote eee 17 99.99 Loss No, Per cent NORD R: ois eis c ae ae es 8 42.11 18 FO euaiitace Godt mies 10 52.63 Bio ins PCA ara aly eee Beles ee Tea coal «ia ps ARETE oh Pee aor “CARs 1 5.26 10 CSD von Spalbane teens « MESS gata Total Fi rie cos Ae olk wes 19 100.00 Musculature.—The general musculature of eleven women was good; in one individual it was poor. Health—One woman was in poor health and eleven were in good health. Disease.—Nos. 2981, 2984, and 3009 bore smallpox scars. No. 2992 had disease scars on the face. No. 3001 had lost her right eye. . To “relieve headaches” Nos. 2993 and 3005 each wore a piece of bone and two coral beads in their left ear. Tattooing.—Twelve women out of twenty were tattooed despite the fact that-it was forbidden (haram). Among the Subba women of Halfaya, many individuals were tattooed. STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF SUBBA FEMALES Stature—The average was 152.61 (range 143.0-163.0). STATURE f Harvard System ' No. Per cent Very amall (x—1S0) ih ite ies vivo ti elhe lore pascs.es | RE RP BS Small (140-148) ea RR OES 8 34.78 Medium. (149-166)-) ii3).oisa cee awilew ic vacs 12 52.17 TAH (160-169) ooo os CUO el Ae ec de. 3 13.04 Very tall (7G-x) 2S SO oe ee | Sie ek TALE < a ae we ee ack cee. 324 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ SitTinec Hercut (Trunk Length) Group No. Per cent Very short (x-68.9) 50060) 2.5 6nd. veo ee Sia eee vb. oe Short (69:0-78.9) 7. .0"0.. SeS Se PB Se, Pe ee ae eee Medium (74.0~78:9)... 3.42 Vides bs eens. Fuk 8 34.78 Long: (79.0-SE:9)6 ois o£ vee ue ee 12 52.17 Very long (82.05%) <=... Si eek a Sods he wes 3 13.04 Total i. uch ck et Nats ae owe hd 23 99.99 MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER Group No. Per cent Very narrow (x-99) i. gh. Ue eee: 8 34.78 Narrow (100-109) 8. cists cette ss SEE 14 60.87 Wide (110-119) ike Feiss Be. cc ea Ps oer 1 4.35 VOPy! WHE CREO 5 he oe oe Maton Steen eos = ae. A OUAL ER oa NPRM at ee ke ee hey eek R tated 23 100.00 HEAD BREADTH Group No. Per cent Very MOTTO Vier ieee ods eke peeks cee | Waa, nD Se Natrow (180-190) niyo eee ee et 2 8.70 Wide €140—149) | ie ei Poa Sei 18 78.26 Very wide (150-x).. 2G 2S es SE ce 3 13.04 DORR | eT Losec ee eM ees bes eoclere 6 23 100.00 CEPHALIC INDEX Harvard System No. Per cent Keith System No. Dolichocephalic........ 2 8.70 Ultradolichocephalic.... 0 (x—76.5) (x-70.0) Mesocephalic.......... 14 60.87 Dolichocephalic........ 1 (76.6-82.5) (70.1-75.0) Brachycephalic........ 7 30.44 Mesocephalic.......... 8 (82.6—x) (75.1-79.9) -= Brachycephalic......... 14 OLS AW ee ee 23 =6100. 01 (80.0-84.9) Ultrabrachycephalic.... 0 (85.0—x) LOURE hal Oras aes 23 FACIAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES Upper facial height No. Per cent Total facial height No. ay Al ln Rea ee spe 1 4.35 SHORE oe uA es 9 (x-63) : (x-109) Medium short....... 9 39.13 Medium short........ 13 64-69) (110-119) Medium long........ 8 34.78 Medium long........ 1 (70-75) (120-129) SES See cee 5 21.74 MB. os ccs CRE OO 0 (76—x) (180-x) | SONOLI 3.) 6S EE 23 =100.00 Total Bhi ee 23 see ee se eee PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 325 Total facial index No. Per cent Euryprosopic (x—84.5).......... 5 21.74 Mesoprosopic (84.6—89.4)....... 8 34.78 Leptoprosopic (89.5-x).......... 10 43.48 DOGG ak emer’ cs on cant a's 23 =100.00 NASAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES Nasal height No. Per cent Nasal width No. Per cent ARR aS Se ie 9 39.13 Very narrow........ 1 4.35 (x—49) ’ (x-29) pa © 14 60.87 Medium narrow..... 20 86.96 (50-59) (30-35) DN ag eM ota Se Denise ses Medium wide....... 2 8.70 (60-x) (36-41) —- WEN setae cactie ed fbi By io pi RS eg 23 «100.00 (42—x) POU ES dy se 23 ~=100.01 Nasal index No. Per cent Leptorrhine (x-67.4)............ 16 69.57 Mesorrhine (67.5-83.4)......... 7 30.43 Platyrrhine (83.5-x)............ Gia ae. Total si. o2 i252 eb bass be SSF is 23 =100.00 SUMMARY The Subba women possessed more delicate features than their neighbors. Some of the young girls were attractive and pretty. The two main elements present are an oval-faced, almost straight-nosed type, and a square-faced, convex-nosed type. The former is repre- sented by No. 2982 (Pl. 209), the latter by No. 3012 (Pl. 215). The hair was dark brown with low waves and either medium or fine in texture. The eyes were brown with rayed or zoned irides and clear or bloodshot sclera. The nose was either straight or convex with a great variation in size of alae, ranging from compressed to flaring. Approximately half of the group had normal occlusion; the majority were in good condition. The muscular development and general health were good. The majority bore tattooed designs. The stature was medium small but the trunk length was medium long, indicating that the legs tended to be short. The forehead was narrow but the head was wide. The cephalic index was brachy- cephalic (80.0-84.9), there being only one woman in the dolicho- cephalic (70.1-75.0) group. The upper facial height showed consider- able variation from medium short to long, but the total facial height was medium short or short. The facial index was therefore incon- 326 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ sistent, the majority being in the leptoprosopic category. T he nose was medium or short in height and medium narrow in width. The nasal index was leptorrhine, with about one-third of the series in the mesorrhine division. The Subba are short in stature, brachycephalic, straight or convex-nosed, leptorrhine, and leptoprosopic. SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) 840-x 790-839 740-789 690-739 689-x Totals Standing height No. % No % No. % No. % No% Noa % BOBO—K obi hie wd Pere ertmea | Sarr wey eek Osis Os ERE RE BE: 1700-1870........ 0 1 apse Sar | ee ee 0 ee a 1600-1690........ 2 BS 5IOS 36 0. et, 0 0: 3 13.05 1490-1590........ 1 4.35. ‘8.34.78 8 13.04; 0 ie 12 52.17 1400-1480........ 0 313.04 5 21.74 .0 O.3 8 34.78 x~-1890........ 0 "| Seles 2 | as 0 0: OTs 23 100.00 MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER x-99 . 100-109 110-119 120-x Totals Head breadth No % No % No. % No. % No % 5 ES 2s! aR eee ee nr, | Tappa seh e Oe eae Ss ie ee Oa 180-199 |... 5 L*, 4.36 BE BBB ere oaks, SO es, 2. 128.76 140-149........... %°30543 IG USB 4B. £538 550 Hoe 18 78.26 OOHRS dado. 1 WED aaa BTS 108 8 DA Fe a 38 13.04 23 100.00 BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH x-124 125-134 135-x Totals Total facial length No. % No. % No. % No. % Ne es ca lt Oh 6 26.09 8 34.78 ARS 14 60.87 S bested oe oc ee aos 2 8.70 GS 21-76 2° O90 9 39.14 11 Se Gail ieee fe ae O he. Re OE rethes OSA | aes Soke ey or 23 100.01 UPPER FACIAL LENGTH x-63 64-69 70-75 76-81 82-x Totals Total facial length No. % No. % No % No % No% No %& 109s. cd awe 1.4.35 5. 21.787' 3° 13.045 °0.65.05% Oise 2 94 29S TR-PEO Oe se alas Oras 2 17639: O20 78: 2.37.89 - 0: ISS Bee 120-190 22 OEE T Re, Pes OTE Oe 28.41 24035) 0: 2h. Aes 190-22 ahah exes Qiitiicn, OF chin. See eae Os ee 0. 2 bens? Cnc, 23 100.04 NASAL WIDTH .x-29 80-35 86-41 42-x Totals Nasal length No % No. % No % No. % No % SMAI es sc ole ds ccs «Oe 1 4.35 q GO34as. 7 Oa 2er a. oo 9 39.13 BO-B9 ee ese ik Oe 4 AB BO TS2 e836 Oo 2 vee c87 lS ee Poe Pome ie eve ern Pree ae Gocisde 1 NaS Seo ee | eae Oo. eistx 23 100.00 ila atte PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 327 MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF SUBBA palate Measurements No. Range Mean C.V. DT RE Re SS a oy ME 23 18-64 35.05+1.98 14. 05411. 40 40.09+3.99 Srabiie. 5 oS 23 148-163 152.61+40.75 5.3140.53 3.48+0.35 Sitting height........ 23 72-89 79.90+0.49 3.48+0.35 4.361+0.43 Head length......... 22 170-187 177.81+40.63 4.85+0.44 2.45+0.25 Head breadth........ 22. 185-152 148.08+0.51 3.57+0.386 2.50+0.2 Min. frontal diam..... 23 93-112 101.82+0.61 4.36+0.48 4.28+0.43 Bizygomatic diameter 23 120-139 126.55+0.62 4.40+0.44 3.481+0.35 Bigonial diameter.... 22 74-105 94.42+0.92 6.40+0.65 6.78+0.69 Total facial height. . . 23 100-124 111.55+0.80 5.70+0.57 5.11+0.51 Upper facial height... 23 60-79 70.50+0.64 4.554+0.45 6.45+0.64 Nasal height......... 23 44-59 61.06+0.59 4.20+0.42 8.23+0.82 Nasal breadth....... 23 28-39 82.90+0.26 1.86+4+0.18 5.65+0.56 war loneth os 22 -§6-71 62.22+0.56 3.924+0.40 6.30+0.64 Ear breadth......... 23 29-40 83.39+0.386 2.55+0.25 7.64+0.76 Indices Relative sitting height 23 - 50—57 §2.42+0.19 1.3840.14 2.63+0.26 Gepnates ik: ick: 22 74-85 80.31+0.41 2.85+0.29 3.55+0.36 Fronto-parietal...... 23 66-80 70.90+0.44 3.12+0.31 4.40+0.44 Zygo-frontal......... 23 72-87 80.82+0.39 2.80+0.28 3.46+0.34 Zygo-gonial......... 22 60-80 74.77+0.63 4.414+0.45 5.90+0.60 Total facial.......... 23 80-99 88.50+0.64 4.55+0.45 5.14+0.51 Upper facial......... 23 46-66 56.27+0.56 3.96+0.39 7.04+0.70 pT AiR ea aan 23 56-79 65.66+0.69 4.92+0.49 7.49+0.75 pa I ER Saas 22 41-64 53.94+0.66 4.56+0.46 8.45+0.86 VITAL STATISTICS* OF SUBBA FEMALES Number Age Married Years Sons Daughters Brothers Sisters 2981 20 0 be ae ae 5, 0 6, 0 2982+ 15 0 Be ‘ss ot beb 1,1 2,3 2983 30 1 18 A | 3, 1 Por 2,06 2984 23 1 2 0,0 0, 0 5, 0 6, 1 2985 18 0 i sity ei 1,1 2,3 2986 50 1 30 4,8 0,1 0,2 3, 0 2987 40 1 28 1,4 4,1 0,2 3, 0 2988t 12 0 iy ay Riis 1,4 3, 0 2989T 16 0 ne sh “iS 2,8 8, 1 2990 19 0 oF Ne : 2,3 1 | 2991 22 1 6 1,0 1,0 4,1 0, 0 2992 22 0 i ot i 3,1 4,1 2993 40 1 29 3, 4 3, 3 0,1 1,4 2994+ 14 0 oy Pee ne 2, 1 3, 0 2995+ 80 1 ay 1,3 1,3 0,5 a2 2996 20 1 10 1, 0 3.2 2,0 3, 0 2997t 15 0 ae ane 2 + | ted 2998 40 1 ry 4,2 4,3 1; 2 3, 1 2999 20 1 5 0,0 2,0 4,2 1 Fe 3000+ 12 0 % aa — 0, 0 NG | 3001 60 1 ha 2°83 2,0 2,0 0,2 3002 21 1 6 0, 0 0, 1 Dah 3,4 3003 38 1 a 3, 1 4,1 1,2 4,5 3004t 14 0 ee bat: 1,4 1,4 3005 28 1 0, 1 4,4 1 By 5 ES: 8006 82 1 3, 1 rz 0,0 1,0 3007 50 1 ae 2,0 2,0 0, 3 3,0 3008 50 1 12 3, 3 Ae | 0, 0 0,0 8009 | 35 1 15 4,1 0,4 3, 1 1, 2 3010 45 1 53 0,1 0,0 0,3 1,2 8011f 16 0 OY beg 3, 0 1,6 3012 60 1 8, 1 3,2 3, 0 3,0 * Italicized numbers refer to adiieae’ Mrrrrsnll t+ Omitted from averages because of age. pees ep ere yes 328 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MEASUREMENTS OF SUBBA FEMALES No Age Stature SH L B B’ J go-go GH G’/H NH NB 2980* 14 1527 794 171 189 105 124 90 105 68 50 34 2981 20 1580 870 175 144 106 132 1038 #4117 #+%74 «+%56 34 2982* 15 1568 821 176 144 101 127 93 108 68 47 30 29838 30 1539 778 182 144 100 121 95 112 7 52 84 2984 23 1618 844 178 141 111 185 100 124 78 55 38 2985 18 1567 796 177 146 106 = 125 93 102 64 48 31 2986 50 15384 798 179 150 105 182 98 115 69 62 382 2987 40 1542 821 176 148 1038 129 100 116 77 54 = 381 2988* 12 1445 743 176 146 100 = 124 92 113 69 46 30 2989* 16 1541 748 183 150 108 182 94 100 57 40 38 2990 19 1609 848 174 187 97 125 87 114 69 52 82 2991 22 1470 768 176 148 100 = 127 88 102 60 46 32 2992 22 1546 800 170 144 102 124 88 110 73 54 385 3010 45 1549 801 179 141 98 128 99 106 66 47 33 3011* 16 1517 816 173 141 97 126 91 106 63 438 31 3012 60 1525 825 (182)¢(152)t 109 1386 105 119 76 57 38 * Omitted from averages because of age. + Did not remove headdress. NOTES ON THE BANI LAM The Bani Lam are a numerous and important tribe, who cultivate the wheat and barley fields on either side of the Tigris. Their territory extends to the Iranian frontier from the neighborhood of Badra to Hawiza. In the early months of the year, the tribe is to be found chiefly in the grazing lands below the Iranian foothills. The Bani Lam are divided into innumerable sections, only one of which, the Nusairi, is purely Bani Lam. The other sections are made up of foreign tribes, chiefly Bani Rabiah and Iranian, who from time to time have joined and finally become subjects of the Bani Lam. The Nusairi Section is divided into small groups, all of which have been named after the descendants of Nusairi’s and Nasar’s sons. The chiefs of the tribe have always been selected from four Baits: Madhkur, Arar, Jandal, and Abdul Khan. Unlike PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 329 INDICES OF SUBBA FEMALES No. EL EB RSH B/L B’/B GH/J_ G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J 2980 59 30 51.9 81.3 75.5 84.7 54.8 68.0 50.9 72.6 84.7 2981 61 30 55.1 82.3 73.6 88.6 56.1 60.6 49.1 78.0 80.4 2982 60 35 52.4 81.4 70.1 85.0 58.6 63.8 658.3 73.2 179.5 29838 64 30 50.5 79.1 69.5 92.5 59.5 65.4 46.8 78.5 82.6 2984-64 33 652.2 79,1 78.7 91.9 57.8 69.1 51.6 74.0 82.2 2985 60 31 50.8 82.5 72.6 84.8 51.2 64.5 51.6 74.4 84.9 2986 65 40 52.0 83.9 70.0 87.1 652.38 61.5 61.5 74.3 79.5 2987 57 35 53.2 81.2 72.0 90.0 59.7 57.4 61.4 77.5 179.9 2988 55 34 51.4 83.0 68.5 91.1 55.6 65.1 61.7 74.1 80.6 2989 60 30 48.5 82.0 72.0 75.7 48.2 82.5 650.0 71.2 81.9 2990 58 32 52.7 78.7 70.8 91.2 655.2 61.5 55.2 69.6 177.6 2991 61 32 52.2 84.1 67.6 80.38 47.2 69.6 652.5 69.3 78.7 2992 59 31 51.7 84.7 70.8 88.7 58.9 64.8 52.5 71.0 82.3 2993 59t 34¢ 53.3 81.3 67.8 90.1 57.9 64.0 57.6 74.4 80.2 2994 55 31 53.0 85.8 71.0 77.6 46.4 82.9 56.4 73.6 82.4 2995 64 34 52.6 84.8 65.6 938.2 55.9 65.4 58.1 .... 838.9 2996 60 32 51.3 81.3 75.5 81.4 51.9 76.6 58.3 79.1 838.7 2997 60 32 53.6 85.8 69.0 92.0 59.2 638.5 58.3 76.8 80.0 2998 67 35 49.9 76.5 67.8 90.8 61.7 67.4 52.2 80.0 80.8 2999 69 29 62.0 83.0 71.8 86.7 58.1 75.0 42.0 72.7 [9.7 3000 57 30 52.1 78.3 70.8 86.3 54.7 60.8 52.6 73.5 178.6 3001 69{ 387 53.5 82.9 69.3 84.5 56.6 61.4 58.6 .... 80.6 3002 (65) 34 51.6 78.4 69.7 97.5 65.3 60.0 ....f 76.0 88.5 3003 60 33 52.0 76.9 70.0 97.5 58.3 66.0 55.0 77.5 81.7 3004 61 36 51.1 79.6 71.4 89.4 56.9 59.6 59.0 80.5 81.38 8005 58 31 52.7 75.0 75.4 93.6 59.2 64.0 58.5 77.6 83.2 3006 67 35 57.0 79.1 66.4 87.7 54.1 64.4 52.2 62.3 76.2 3007 66 36 52.6 80.6 69.6 938.6 59.8 60.6 54.5 74.0 78.0 8008 59 35 51.3 81.7 71.3 82.9 54.5 68.8 59.3 78.9 82.9 3009 56 33 52.4 82.9 66.7 87.38 54.8 71.7 58.9 74.6 174.6 3010 64 34 51.7 78.8 69.5 82.8 651.6 70.1 58.1 177.4 76.5 3011 62 82 538.7 81.5 68.8 84.1 650.0 72.1 651.6 72.2 177.0 3012 62 35 53.4 83.5 71.7 87.5 55.9 57.9 56.5 177.2 80.2 + Right ear measured. t Ear lobe stretched by earrings. those of the Al bu Muhammad, the Baits have retained their original names. They relate that some twelve generations back, Barrak, son of Mufarrij and one of the grandsons of Lam ibn Harithah, from whom they take their name and who was a chief of the Qahtan tribe of the Hejaz, migrated with his son, Hafidh al Lami, to Iraq and settled in Hawiza. Mubarak, chief of the Hawiza district, welcomed them as his guests and subjects. After a time Hafidh had a quarrel with Mubarak, resulting in an outbreak of war. Hafidh, who had earned for himself a reputation for justice, was supported by some of the present foreign tribes of the Bani Lam (Chaab, Darraj, Khazraj, and Hallaf). These were subjects of the Bani Rabiah, whose seat was between Kut al Imara and Al Qurna. Hafidh was victorious and after his occupation of the land the Bani Rabiah used to come yearly Sr ree tek wf — 330 | ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SUBBA FEMALES BAIR BYRS NOSE No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Tris Profile Wings 2980* str c-med dk br dk br clear ray str flar 2981 Iw m-fine dk br dk br yellow zon cony comp 2982* lw medium black dk br clear zon conv comp 29838 Iw fine dk br dk br clear zon str m-fl 2984 lw medium dk br gr-br clear zon str medium 2985 lw fine dk br dk br clear zon conv comp 2986 viw fine dk br dk br blood = zon cony comp 2987 lw fine black ay-br blood ray conv cp-m 2988* str fine dk br k br clear zon str medium 2989* lw fine dk br dk br clear zon cone medium 2990 str coarse black bl-br- clear’ ray str flar 2991 lw medium dk br dk br clear ray cone medium 2992 _—s str medium dk br bl-br blood ray str flar 2993 Iw medium black bl-br clear ray str medium 2994* lw fine black bl-br clear ray cone flar 2995* .... medium br, gray bl-br blood ... str comp 2996 str medium black dk br clear ray str flar 2997* str medium dk br bl-br clear ray str medium 2998 lw medium dk br bl-br clear. ... c-c flar 2999 lw fine black bi-br clear ray conv flar 3000* lw fine dk br bl-br clear hom str flar 3001 Iw coarse br, gray bl-br clear ray conv medium 3002 Iw medium dk br bl-br blood hom str medium 3008 lw fine dk br bl-br clear ray str medium 3004* viw fine dk br bl-br clear ray str medium 3005 Iw medium black gr-br blood ray cone comp 3006 lw fine dk br gr-br clear ray str medium 3007 lw medium _ red br, gray bl-br yellow zon conv medium 8008 Iw medium blk, gray bl-br blood hom str flar 3009 lw fine black bl-br blood ray str flar 3010 lw medium v dk br dk br blood zon str medium 8011* lw medium dk br bl-br blood ray str flar 3012 Iw medium br, gray bl-br blood hom conv. comp * Omitted from averages because of age. to collect their revenue. Hafidh, however, refused to pay. In the _war that ultimately broke out, Hafidh and his subjects defeated the Bani Rabiah and they became the sole owners of the land, which included the Amara district and part of the Muntafiq. Hafidh had two sons, from whom the pure Bani Lam stock originated. Circumstances did not allow us to obtain anthropometric data on the Bani Lam. On April 27, 1934, however, we paid a brief visit to the black tents of Sheikh Shabib of the Hamra sub-tribe of the Bani Lam near Halfaya. As we sipped black coffee we were informed that the tribal mark (wasm) on the camels of the Balasim was two short: parallel lines on each side of the right eye. The Khafaya cut a v-shaped piece out of the right ear, and the Ghanan split the camel’s ear in two parts. (For additional information on the Bani Lam see Field, 1939a.) IV. ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA! LIWA BY WINIFRED SMEATON? The An Nasiriya male series, examined during March, 1935, in the prison, includes. townsmen and men of uncertain tribes from An Nasiriya, Suq ash Shuyukh, Qalat Sikar, Karradi, and Bat-ha, and members of settled tribes, fallahin and madan, from the Muntafiq Liwa generally, or an area roughly from Rumaitha on the Euphrates and a corresponding point on the western branch of the Euphrates down through An Nasiriya to Suq ash Shuyukh and Chabaish on the Hor al Hammar and north along the river that flows south from Kut al Imara under the name of Hai, Gharraf, and Shatra as far as Hai. This series comprises 109 individuals, including one townsman from An Nasiriya who was measured in the Royal Hospital at Baghdad. The total number measured in An Nasiriya prison was 125 ' individuals. Tribe or Birthplace-—The following information was recorded on each individual. In this chapter minor variations in the spellings of tribal and place names occur. No. . Tribe District oy ee ea Band OA re. Soo ek oes oy Cos Chabaish + 1 See TIGCRCIMBRS bos oe bs See aces Shamiya On, GD RIMGMOIMIINS 2650. Soc ke hee Near Samawa | 4) re 8 SiR AR ge ei hb ae Shatra og See Shirai 7659 ou hy ce POI R Qalat Sikar 429062. v0.3. eR Cy Ee Me Pee a Suq ash Shuyukh 4206... 032% CONN rece keagk tor ventas Bat-ha Aan OD Ae fee cere ee Shatra BOG a's est Al De MS ie al ae oe oe Sikar BOO Cu SAF: Bani OKRGHE. 55 3 he f0 or al Hammar SOO Ss eae S Peony Cehaiaia) 6 2 Shatra 4008. SSA Arab (non-tribal)............. An Ne a SES eee PUMA) Cid foe kid 40.4 Maa vs eee Suq ash Shuyukh 0 ete RT Ts eee eel es An Nasiriya 4804, 55. Bahl Waid es 5 oie ce ree ek Shatra |, Rae Diyaitt (Dian). 66s bi cc ces Suq ash Shuyukh ae fy) ee Bela, ae wlasntteaded anes An Nasiriya 1 a priti Es eiey ee te Sep Qalat Sikar 4308........ TIGRIS oy bn std oie aa An Nasiriya 4509)... ...... Arab (non-tribai) erik Atte alias Suq ash Shuyukh 1 Now Muntafiq. * Member of Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near East, 1934. This group forms a welcome addition to our series from Iraq, par- ticularly since 4 are the only anthropometric data available from the An Nasiriya Liwa. (H.F.) , 331 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ No. Tribe District ASAQ Eis so aime Khafaya (Khafaja)............ Basra 4311....: TM NOI. Chl Fi cage Ot Abe Pies Suq ash Shuyukh |.) See arab (non-tribal)............. An Nasiriya MBIR Soo ks Arab (non-tribal)............. An Nasiriya oY ee ee Al bu Sali. 4asietae the nict An Nasiriya QBUGE . 5 ses Baw Atta 2) Fore eas s Ss Near Karradi 4006...) 662% Juwaibitis. Snipes: Sinead: « Suq ash Shuyukh ee ee Bani ‘Musharrel..° 36635. 64.4 Chabaish 4318........ Hachchamis ees eS Suq ash Shuyukh ASO fies Arab (non-tribal)............. An Nasiriya ye SHUWAAE oo oo iss ate nh ats + Suq ash Shuyukh yh y-9 ae ce Bani Said ~ MBAS OS. cote ha Dabbat A323... eas Khafaya (Khafaja)............ Karradi Beek oy ek FAW ee a ie ol Near Chabaish ood a tee PROS cc og thie siesiate otk § 0484 Suq ash Shuyukh MOA 3. ous ary Juwaibir Sy SRR Khafaya (Khafaja)............ Shatra 4528 5st. Juwaibir yo ee Di BURR i ireea s < Sais so oh 4s Suq ash Shuyukh 4336 20 06522 Khafaya (Khafaja) 3 EE ee Al bu Mhalite.cg . ooo ef 4 Sug ash Shuyukh Mees si wean FIRCHONOMB cic te os sy vee aa of Qalat Sikar 5G) Se Hachcham ABBAS oo pecith Hachcham MED, 5 Aen Arab (non-tribal)............. Bat-ha 45865 © 25625 Bil DG BO oes oss vee ok ot Abu Zuruq T+ 7 RT eR Bani Saie 405 oh s.5. ca Sa.8) 20 2% Suq ash Shuyukh BeOS. ks eat. Ghuzi Sy Bee ate Husainat OAs. . a oe PER MIM Oa an aig key Vigo 48 Qalat Sikar Yl Raa ae Juwaibir ; v6.” bee 2 Hachcham oo ee ae RRP SD . Onis. sist ic aie ss ied Shatra | Dabbat oo ee PIAOMONGINS eo 8o salen 50s ha Samawa AE PE EOS NS eee, Qalat Sikar SL Aer Dabbat ee Dabbat it? See Nawashi (Dugaimi)........... Gharraf yar Bee Juwaibir G1 DR REAYIMEOAE os ee aa. oc eee Suq ash Shuyukh 4852): cd Lo Arab (non-tribal)............. Suq ash Shuyukh RNs bas Hisan C: RR RR Se EI ee ee ee Suq ash Shuyukh A868 52. XS. Arab (non-tribal)............. Suq ash Shuyukh 7 ot ae ee Wangan ao ones 0 ko schon Suq ash Shuyukh ASOT = kes Bani Said ro ae QaReNO e6 oS osas om F408 Shatt al Ahmar 4359 .-. 05... Arab (non-riba LRN FES Sug ash Shuyukh £0007 So his AT be Opies sat cca Ce Spe Shatra 4861 5 oo 28% Uzairij : i eR Te Dabbat E eee sige DOI Gre hoe, as one oe tiee's Karradi 4864 3. 2B PROSS Shiwallase res sb SS. ents Bs Qalat Sikar ee Khafaya (Khafaja) Mb ss os Bani a A0GT S56 Saleen oF isnt ca dis iawt Qadhat al Hai 4868). 2.0%. . Khataya (Khafaja) ABGO. AN Yi WO iis, OU St Suq ash Shuyukh ~ DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA : 333 No. Tribe District yy) ae Khafaja 7 ee Arab (non-tribal)............. Qalat Sikar Ani6.\.. 6 osx! afaja yy | Pee Badr Pt ee Khafaja BGCOs vise ends Khafaja ry Cee Khafaja 43878 3. 0.0. Khafaja Le ee Marehagiers. 00 oe Bs Qalat Sikar a a Dabbat rt 4 Se AL REAM ke oi esnikicds Selec hie’ An Nasiriya BOBS fess Juwaibir 4683. oc Zaiya ol) ESS TE RIO. hile at ods 5 Ad vk Cn ot ks Suq ash Shuyukh Me. BN Geese at ass oe oa os Suq ash Shuyukh 4386........ Dabbat ‘ a ee Shu weligtes ole cia We os a teed oe Qalat Sikar BOO. = re okt Khafaja BOBO el. Khafaja Ae Khafaja ae WERT ete Oe ean dhe Suq ash Shuyukh BOO e i hee Husainat oD) eee Husainat 4394........ Khafaja 1 Meee Shadudd: ti. ssc es dads it avers Suq ash Shuyukh ee Khafata iis. soni nt vee Mushakhil (tribal section) 2 UU eee Hachcnamio: 2008 25. Sev Suq ash Shuyukh A508 \3. ...... Arab (non-tribal)............. An Nasiriya Age.—The mean age was 31.54 (range 15-75). This group, selected by most random sampling, should be fairly representative of the peoples of this area. AGE DISTRIBUTION Age No. Per cent Age No. Per cent ROA ike ose % 8 7.34 45-49 2 eS 5 4.59 v4 EO TS A eee 18 16.51 BOG 4 os osc dian 3 2.75 SE ae 25 22.94 DORN ss vase elated bp 1 0.92 en Oe ae 18 16.51 60-64............ ORE 3 GeK a ae 19 17.43 GO Ges crocs kag hee 1 0.92 WHA sas 9.2 ¥ BOG EEG occiles tae: ee TOtAr SSP ie 109 =100.01 Vital Statistics—Unreliable as these figures must be, because of the fear, superstitious beliefs, and innate reticence in confiding family matters to foreigners, the general trends are of value. VITAL STATISTICS Sons No Per cent Daughters No. Per cent DONG Se ISL oath 17 34.00 None; Bows aie 17 34.69 Pagina. pe me? oe 18 36.00 Bid Cid ee rE Ee 34.69 Sard swe Sle! Wid ol dk CIOS 10 20.00 BN tats tlhe nk ating 10 20.41 ee eh: Oe oe acle 4 8.00 BOR Cae se Oo kone 4 8.16 1 i, CE 5 1 2.00 EO POS cee Scns 1 2.04 tb OF TNOTE ee os 0 ees 7 or more......... OF eae ROME a Cate os 50 =: 100.00 Rotel, . 545. 49 99.99 VA 334 : ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ About one-third of the group disclaimed any sons or daughters. There were thirty-three male children and thirty-two females. No. 4386 had two children but the sex was not recorded. No. 4381 was married but the number of children was uncertain. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AN NASIRIYA MALES Physical Appearance.—No. 4299 was recorded as a good type, but No. 4859 was described as a poor specimen. No. 43822 had pointed ears. No. 4313 was very thin, while No. 4330 had a prison pallor and appeared pathetic. No. 4858 had a ridge above the nape of his neck. No. 4396 was recorded as an “‘absolute Mephistopheles.”’ Head Form.—No. 4295 had a flat occiput. No. 4819 had an extremely high vault and No. 4892 had a flat area on the occiput. Supra-orbital Ridges.—No. 4347 had very well-developed supra- orbital ridges; those of Nos. 4291, 4376, and 4391 were well developed. Facial Form.—No. 43852 had a narrow face and prominent malars. No. 4867 had a small face. Prognathism.—Nos. 4392 and 4298 had facial prognathism, No. 4355 had alveolar prognathism,, and Nos. 4356 and 4358 were indicated as having some degree of prognathism. Negroid Admixture—No. 4856, with a large admixture of Negroid blood, had everted lips, prognathism, and, although his head was shaven, probably had frizzly hair. No. 4298 was indicated as having possibly a slight admixture of Negroid blood. Skin.—No. 4851 had a slightly florid and fairer complexion than that of the other individuals. Nos. 4337, 4338, 4858, and 4373 had dark and Nos. 4364, 4867, 4885, and 4392 had very dark skins. HAIR Color No. Per cent Form No. Per cent BRP. ids 4k asia bio toe 15 27.27 Straieht.. si cack 1 5.88 Very dark brown......... Po aoteh 3 Very low waves.... 0 ..... Park DIOWN. Fosse ae 26 47.27 Low waves....... a0 94.12 Brown ss) 5... eeseesnG aes tee Deep waves facie. Oooh. Sea Reddish brown.......... | RESTRRRS Curly SRY Scud ON LER eta Light brown’... oor APN A tsrt WCQ Oak's sch se Hs QFE PM sr te hate his, oo wielnteate NE etn -- Black and gray.......... 7 12.73 TOC oss Ut gD 17 = 100.00 Dark brown and gray..... 3 5.45 Light brown and gray.... 0 ...... Texture No. _ Per cent Gray ois ree es 4 7.27 CORTES Bi Ronis bes a 20 68.97 WTO 8 iG, ES Sachs ase) Sa Coarse-medium..... Oi ores — a ES ae 9 31.03 UMMER 3c scan tab op etiee 55 99.99 Medium-fine....... O: 245 PMG. Vatiny eons OF SKE aa DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 335 Hair.—Twenty-one men or more than 18 per cent had mustaches. Five men wore beards. No. 4390 had a beard lighter than his head hair. The beard of No. 4392 was deep wavy and coarse, although his hair was fine. Eyes.—The eyes of No. 4315 were so badly filmed that the eye color was not discernible. The eyes of No. 4858 were slightly filmed, and those of No. 4307 were filmed. No. 4305 had bluish filmed eyes. The right eye of No. 4398 was filmed. Nos. 4293 and 4342(?) had filmed spots in their left eyes. No. 4293 said he could see well. Nos. 4880, 4884, and 4398 had lost their right eyes. No. 4307 had his left eye turned inward and No. 4847 was cross-eyed. No. 4353 had very small and No. 4391 deep-set and small eyes. No. 4332 had a white spot in the retina of his eye, while No. 4359 had maturation in his eyes. | Twenty individuals had blue-ringed eyes, while twelve had darker rings around the iris. Nos. 4821, 4824, 4329, and 4429 had gray-ringed eyes. EYES Color No. Per cent Sclera No Per cent PUCK oo. ited... 1 0.93 Cleared ss wee vi a 27 26.21 Dark brown....... 95 87.96 VOHOW. Sk, NeOs eb 6 5.83 Blue-brown........ Ge Be or Speckled ory sas vee ve A LAY PeenrOwia 6. oO ae es Bloodshot obs. Sheccuse es 64 62.14 Green-brown...... 4 3.70 Speckled and bloodshot... 2 1.94 Green-brown....... Oe Sage os Speckled and yellow...... O: FRE gs a lbpeiad hs cicat 4.63 Yellow and bloodshot..... 4 3.88 ee ee | Oa ee oF a STO is he Mase CA, Oe ie See, "POtAl Saoirse oe 103 = 100.00 Light brown....... 3 2.78 lue-gray......... Oo 4 Vaya Blue-green........ ian ieee ett ROUE: SOGRR OS. 108 100.00 Nose.—Nos. 4355 and 4878 had short noses and No. 4366 a very short nose. The noses of Nos. 4347 and 43638 were small. While the nasal bridge of No. 4394 was high and narrow and that of No. 4316 high, No. 4838 had a low and broad bridge. His nose was swollen and sore. No. 4359 had a long and No. 4380 a long and narrow nose. The noses of Nos. 4805 and 4318 were broad through- out, while that of No. 4836 was broad only above the alae. Nos. 4306, 43807, 4310, 4314, and 4315 had broad noses. Those of Nos. 4313 and 4332 were very broad. The variability in the nasal profile, in the width of the nasal alae, and in the elevation of the nasal tip suggests that at least two distinct elements are present in this assorted group of individuals from the An Nasiriya Liwa. 336 Profile ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ NOSE No. Per cent Wings Sy y ree 0 pict .\Compressed.......... setae ee Oe 22 20.18 Compressed-medium... . petty Sasa 25 22.94 Medium. >... 4:, «<3: ghee pelea 48 44.04 Medium-flaring...... eR 14 12.84 Plaring. : >. 6 0 A. — Flaring plus......... by SA SCD 109 = 100.00 Tees. CEA Tip Elevation No. Per cent Elevated. 2300 hE AS 8 18.60 Slightly elevated............... 5 11.63 TIOPIRGR a ord os ee er pepe tie tae Slightly depressed.............. 17 39.53 DOORN a es oh has wee aN ease 13 30.23 Totals Srinivas 43 99.99 DESCRIPTION OF NASAL SEPTUM Septum cone str str conv conv conv conv conv str str str str str str conv str conv str str str str str str str str conv str conv str conv str conv conv str Inclination slight up up slight up up UP slight down sete eee slight up slight up slight up up slight up No. Per cent as i 11.11 6 5.55 .. 46 42.59 Mee 12.04 re SI 28.70 ary Oia ees iss . .108 99.99 Elevation dep slight elev slight dep slight dep slight dep elev elev dep elev dep dep slight elev slight dep elev elev dep slight elev slight dep dep dep slight dep dep slight dep slight dep dep \ dep slight elev elev slight dep slight dep slight dep slight dep dep slight dep slight elev slight dep elev dep slight dep 1 78d all DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA Septum Inclination Elevation conv up slight dep conv up dep conv up elev conv down slight dep conv up Teeth—The number of individuals with malocclusion indicates unusual variation in the size of the mandible. TEETH Bite No. Per cent Loss ! No. Per cent MEIER ce gs Sow ofeles 2 1.89 OMG i becctin CiePataesvn: ones 14 36.84 Edge-to-edge........ 18 16.98 MB asics BAe ear’ 22 57.89 Slight over.......... 37 34.91 BS is Wh elk ninds Rvs 1 2.63 Marked over........ 49 46.23 M Cae FRE ike eae 4 etek Dhak. oe os5, ntinds 106 © 100.01 AUS. cscs yodvae edageiek pose tole TOtal oc casos eps 38 99.99 Condition No. Per cent Were TAG ks olay kas ce zie 1 1.61 Ts EARL ee ne SA glo a Moi i 1.61 POMS Gis ol i eee ee 4 6.45 CPO i eee heh Oey ce Nec eeu eka 38 61.29 PUR COUONG ve <0 ota rca hia ete eae 18 29.03 POM he ta hia Ac ele 62 99.99 The following table records observations, eruption, and in some cases the teeth lost by the individuals. 4304 4306 4307 4308 4309 4310 4311 4312 ' 4313 DENTITION Incomplete eruption Black at gum line Yellow and worn but strong; lost first upper right molar Crooked, as if the jaws were not large enough Some deposit Yellow stain from tobacco and coffee; crooked Worn, especially the lower incisors; some stain No third molars; slight stain but strong Upper third molars just erupted Yellow; molars and first lower central incisors Yellow Worn se and in foul condition; many teeth including upper incisors os Stained Stained; much worn Yellow; many teeth including upper incisors lost Very yellow and worn; third lower molars and one upper molar lost 1 Individuals recorded as having lost vere, b several, or some teeth were not 0 included in the table on loss. They were as fol ws: many, Nos. 4808-4310, 4312, 4315, 4859, and 4392; several, Nos. 4307, 4811, 4317, 4318, 4338, 4339, and 4364; and some, Nos. 4337 and 4397. ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Description Crooked; upper second and third molars lost Stained Some stain Two front teeth knocked out Strong; brown stain around gums Stained, deposit; several lost from caries Stained very dark brown Very crooked; stained from tobacco Worn Slight stain; lost third upper molars Some tobacco stain Third upper molars missing Crooked; slight stain Some stain ; All lower right molars gone; first right upper molar broken from being mudawwad (“having worms in it,” carious) Slight stain Very yellow and stained , Slightly yellow Complete eruption at twenty years of age Slightly yellow Stained; upper third molars not erupted Stained No eruption of third upper molars Some stain Small teeth : Teeth crowding caused lower lateral incisors to grow behind Complete eruption at twenty years of age Slightly yellow Incomplete eruption Stained. from tobacco Yellow deposit Slightly stained; upper second right incisor covered with gold Worn Slightly worn; stained from tobacco Much stained from tobacco Yellow deposit; large teeth Slightly yellow Very stained and yellow Worn and slightly stained Worn and yellow Some stain Some stain; worn Some wear Stained; upper third molars incompletely erupted Stained Slightly stained Incomplete eruption Worn; slight stain Worn; yellow Stained Worn Incomplete eruption Yellow deposit Worn Slightly crooked; some yellow deposit Crooked; white Upper incisors widely spaced Complete eruption at twenty years of age Yellow deposit Worn; yellow DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 339 No. Description 4391 Stained 4392 . Black stain 4393 Stained 4395 Yellow 4396 Yellow 4897 White 4398 Much deposit; worn; three gold-capped Health.—Health was recorded for only one individual; No. 4290, good. Disease.—Fourteen individuals (Nos. 4292, 4294, 4295, 4303, 4314, 4328, 4348, 4345, 4847, 4852, 4371, 4381, 43888, and 4389) had smallpox scars. No. 4293 had ringworm. No. 4415 had a scar from a “Baghdad boil’ on his right cheek while No. 4353 had a bad boil(?) above the right side of his lip. No. 4874 had scalp disease, probably favus, and No. 4398 had scurf on his scalp. No. 4854 had a mark on the back of the right hand from opening a blood vessel. In the An Nasiriya Liwa a treatment for stomach pains is to take blood from the hand and let it drop into hot water; certain individuals (whether male or female was not clear) can then diagnose whether the pain is caused by excess of meat or fat in the digestive tract. No. 4857 had a white spot on the right wrist. The following reason was ascribed: when his mother was pregnant she did not eat curds (réba) and kept scratching her wrist on this spot. As a direct result the boy was born with this mark on his wrist. The observer believed that the spot was due to a lack of pigmentation. Cauterization.—These Arabs of the An Nasiriya Liwa believe that circular scars caused by branding or cauterization relieve pain and in some cases give strength to the part of the body thus treated; for example, head pains can be relieved and strength increased in the arm through this rather crude and excessively painful method. These marks are called chawi or more correctly kawi. For the sake of simplicity and convenience, the letter s has been added to form the Anglicized plural. The group was divided almost equally into those who bore chawi marks and those who did not. The latter consisted of the following fifty-six individuals: Nos. 4290-4295, 4297, 4299, 4800- 4308, 4805, 4806, 4308-4311, 4314, 4316, 4818, 4819, 4321, 4323, 4325, 4826, 4334, 4335, 43387, 4838, 4840, 43842, 4844, 4347-4349, 4352, 4854, 4859, 4865-4367, 4370, 4872-4374, 4376, 4878, 4882- 4384, 4386, 4887, and 4389-4391. 340 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Tattooing.—Among the 109 men examined eighty-five (77.98 per cent) bore tattooed designs. The following individuals were not tattooed: Nos. 4294, 4295, 4301, 4809, 4811, 4315, 4316, 4828, 4334, 4336, 43837, 4839, 4354, 4355, 4365, 4369, bias 4379, 4885, 4392, 4394, 4396, and 4398. STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF 109 AN NASIRIYA MALES There now remains the task of grouping the total series of An Nasiriya males according to the Harvard and Keith classificatory systems for stature, sitting height (trunk length), minimum frontal diameter, head breadth, cephalic index, nasal height, nasal breadth, and nasal index. Stature——These inhabitants of the An Nasiriya Liwa were medium to tall according to both systems. There is remarkably little difference in the groupings. The average stature was 167.17, which is slightly higher than the average for Southwestern Asia. Slightly more than half of the group fell into the medium group according to both the Harvard and the Keith classificatory systems. About one-third were tall (169.5-179.9) although no man was in the very tall (180.0—x) class. STATURE Harvard System No. Per cent Keith System No. Per cent Short (x-160.5)........ 10 9.17 Short (x-159.9).......... at 6.42 Medium (160.6-169.4).. 60 55.05 Medium (160.0-169.9).. 60.55 Tall (169.5-x)......... 39. 35.78 - Tall (170.0-179.9)....... » 36 33.03 oa Very tall (180.0—-x)....... Oe NEES Total... nsewepeiean 109 100.00 — WOE. dh eho ists ace ek 109 100.00 Sitting Height (Trunk Length).—The relative sitting height index of 50.86 together with the stature groupings reveal that the © tendency to shortness in trunk length is more than compensated by the increase in leg length. On the basis of the trunk length groups, the stature should be short to medium and not medium to tall as is the case. SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) Group No. Per cent Wor mort (x78 Oy Ook nice es eis pide RO Reeds ir? Ki sex’ SHOE Loc Oregon acai wk bie caesee then sass 2 1.83 Medium -(80 0-84 -9) 0. 5 oc OS eee 53 48.62 Lone (85. O-So 20. kas. cuit. te ladys ahs 51 46.79 WErY. 16ND. (QO ARR ee ae Sot er ck 3 2.75 OERE eS Sha aee ict th, 2 ats Sears AMEE. tae 109 99.99 Minimum Frontal Diameter—The mean was 104.49, a low figure for this general area. DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 341 MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER Group No. Per cent VGEY NAPTOWHEHOO oo hee RASS OS cee eRe UE 9 8.26 IN SrPOW FLOOMEOR) 52 Sek os ae FOUR AR deta 88 80.73 PN ETO EES Foe a oi io ORL ee ni, Willige dos 12 11.01 are wae (hie oe. SHE oi. alee so aaoeale.o,o > on tee Rims DAE eae. ota 2 GaSe pie RM ttre Runa oy hd ABS) vs MMi SP 2 car 109 = 100.00 Head Breadth—The mean for this measurement was 148.39, which indicates a tendency toward broadness. The mean head length was 189.88, which is short for this part of the world. HEAD BREADTH Group No. Per cent Very, narrow: (20-320) oi oe nck se wile veh ae oe Narrow: (180-189). scot es a Fis 2 1.83 Wile (140-24D i ee ee ee cee 63 57.80 Very wide CL D0- 2) eens ere ee Sh ans 44 40.37 DQUAE ys et OER AOA Soke 3 PR Tee er oeewih 109 = 100.00 Cephalic Index.—The Harvard and the Keith systems show somewhat different arrangements. The mean cephalic index was 78.19. Therefore the peoples of the An Nasiriya Liwa were mesocephals with both brachycephalic and dolichocephalic elements, indicating a mixed population. CEPHALIC INDEX Harvard System No. Per cent Keith System No. Per cent Dolichocephalic....... 37 33.94 Ultradolichocephalic... 0 ..... (x-76.5) (x-70.0) Mesocephalic......... 63 57.80 Dolichocephalic....... 16 14.68 (76. 6-82 .5) (70.1-75.0) Brachycephalic....... 9 8.26 Mesocephalic......... 64 58.72 | aaa A TOM es ces canoe 109 =100.00 rachycephallc........ : : (80 .0-84.9) Ultrabrachycephalic... 2 1.83 (85 .0—x) | PRE RR Sasha 109 =100.00 Facial Measurements and Indices—The mean upper facial height was 71.40. The mean total facial length was 118.30. Thus the lower part of the face tended to be short. This disharmony resulted in a wide diffusion of the total facial indices. FACIAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES Upper facial height No. Percent _ Total facial height No. Per cent ois oo ei we 3 2.75 Settee ace 6 5.50 (x-63) (x-109) Medium short...... 81 28.44 Medium short....... 57 52.29 (64-69) (110-119) Medium long....... 57 52.29. Medium long....... 43 39.45 (70-75) (120-129) Taney. odes AN 18 16.51 MES 64d s Bia sees 3 2.75 (76—x) pats yee (130-x) Pon ee BEES So ey ae 109 99.99 ROMO iat ok nds 109 99.99 342 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ \ ‘Total facial index No. Per cént Euryprosopic (x—84.5).......... 30 27.52 Mesoprosopic (84.6—-89.4)....... 42 38.53 Leptoprosopic (89.5—x)......... 37 33.94 LOUK el oi ocak brasonhar grocamat wre ieiocee a 109 99.99 Nasal Measurements and Indices.—The means were length 50.10, breadth 37.03 and nasal index 74.19. The thirteen individuals in the platyrrhine classification suggest the presence of Negroid blood. NASAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES No. Per cent 33 30.28 69 63.30 7 6.42 109 100.00 Nasal height No. Per cent ‘ Nasal width Short sis! eos eas 49 44.95 Very narrow........ (x-49) (x-29) . Medtam 323.353! 455 60 55.05 - Medium narrow..... (50-59) (30-35) A. at oe sah Diets Medium wide....... (60—x) (86-41) —— Wide ¢-c5scc sh ae,ee th Ota 258 ba aie 109 = 100.00 (42-x) Totabinn' £< seaoery Nasal index No. Per cent Leptorrhine (x-67.4)........... 20 18.35 Mesorrhine (67.5-83.4)......... 76 69.72 Platyrrhine (83.5-x)........... 18 11.93 Be BREE NG SER a le ee a 109 = 100.00 In order to furnish additional statistical data for comparison with those of Field (1989) and those in Part I, No. 1, of The Anthropology of Iraq, the following tables have been calculated: SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) 900-x 899-850 849-800 799-750 749-x Standing height No. % No. % No % No. % No % 1800-0... b 456 Vass ak On tick. Dis ctere onal Pa 0 1799-1700...... 7 14.00 8 16.00 0..... Dye 1699-1600...... 9 18.00 18 36.00 1 2.00 0.... 0 x-1699...... Qiissig 4h De Uigcieys 714.00 0.... 0 MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER x-99 100-109 110-119 120-x Head breadth No. % No % No % No % LES 1! ae {eh aed = 2 Ne | Sa Oi dines 0 - pi) EM BL: bs ea ae anne 0 2 4.00 7 14.00 0 as L40-140 5 ak. bw es 0 5 10.00 17 34.00 3 6.00 Pee Rares ce Pave) O82 iol 13 26.00 8 6.00 15 30.00 28 56.00 7 14.00 50 100.00 25 50.00 16 32.00 50 100.00 7 m! .< Te * DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH x-124 125-134 Total facial length No. % No. % No. ee fot ht 0 yp ea: 1 2.00 1 TIGR 124 ee ks t' V3 1l 22.00 18 jo ot GEES a nS ee C6 cai, 6 12.00 12 UpPrEerR FACIAL LENGTH x-63 . 64-69 70-75 76-81 % Total facial length No. % No. % No. % No. oO ee eee ae 0. Ob 3.5 eB 59.75 Oo ie B19 23 36.00 12 24.00 1 2.00 0.... 190FI129 5 4 8.00 10 20.00 10 20.00 2 4. je) ren? | Re Ape 1 2.00 3 6.00 2 4. NASAL WIDTH x-29 80-35 386-41 Nasal length No. % No % No. % SS ee ee Og 2) ee 38287 4 8.16 >): $3 :G@:4a 14 28 557:. (kT 22586. as vse ieee hi staid Oks 1 2.04 2 4.08 135-x 343 Totals % No. % 2.00 36.00 24.00 00 00 2 4.00 30 = 60.00 18 36.00 50 100.00 82-x No. % 2.00 2.00 VITAL STATISTICS* OF AN NASIRIYA MALES No. Age Marriedt Sons 4290 80 0 oe 4291 25 1 2,0 4292 19 0 Seas 4293 25 1 2,0 4294 15 0 bcs 4295 20 0 et 4296 80 ‘ eae 4297 23 0 ane 4298 25 0 baad 4299 35 0 eh 4300 30 1 2,0 4301 38 0 ee 4302 25 1 1,0 4303 25 0 ae 4304 16 0 nin 4305 70 1 0,4 4306 53 4 4,4 4307 55 uf 1,2 4308 65 1 0,4 4309 88 1 0,0 4310 53 1 26 4311 © 50 1 3, 0 4312 45 1 ) ee *Ttalicized numbers refer to deceased children. Totals No. % er hee 16 32.00 27 54.00 7 14.00 50 100.00 Totals No. % 18 36.73 28 57.14 3... 6.12 49 99.99 Daughters 0, 0 0, 0 + Since so many individuals claimed to be unmarried, an unusual condition among the tribal Arabs, Lady Drower questioned the veracity of their assertions. 344 No. 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 ~ 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4333 4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347 4348 4349 4350 4351 4352 4353 4354 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360 4361 4362 4363 4364 - 28 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ VITAL STATISTICS* OF AN NASIRIYA MALES Age Married Sons Daughters 48 48 75 21 25 38 35 40 25 28 21 1 20 19 25 32 25 32 33 35 82 20 43 19 rat it 40 28 27 25 at 25 25 23 30 30 20 22 18 22 22 30 38 mos.) Ro; NON: moo: RROD ORR ORF ROR OSOORCRrRRROSSoRFF oo: - - > OF i PE a - _ RNS: eco: Ee ooo ee SENS IGts ss es A — In ~ ROE Eanes Gites ete os 38 30 25 38 35 40 40 28 25 40 ~ Rrmow! ; — eco: eso COOCOORMRrRrROCOOCOFWoOOCOOCOOrRFrROCOCCOC?C : * Italicized numbers refer to deceased children. DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 345 VITAL STATISTICS* OF AN NASIRIYA MALES _ No. Age Married Sons Daughters 4365 35 0 Pang ata 4366 21 0 Pihig hie g'G 4367 20 0 RS ae 4368 35 1 1,0 1,0 43869 20 0 5 hy 4370 37 1 2,0 2,0 4371 25 1 0, 0 0, 0 4372 30 1 1,0 1,0 4373 22 1 1,0 1,0 4374 18 0 atch hes 4375 35 1 0,0 0, 3 4376 40 0 2 oes oe 4377 32 1 his cyan 4378 40 1 2,0 0, 0 4379 35 0 oe Lee 4380 38 2 2,0 2,0 4381 18 1 7g Bi 4382 30 1 0,0 0,0 4383 38 1 1, 0 1, 1 4384 25 1 0,0 2,0 4385 22 0 re x 4386 33 1 2 ee 4387 40 1 3, 0 3, 0 4388 20 0 Sets ek 4389 28 0 eee ose e 4390 40 1 1,0 1: 0 4391 30 1 1,0 1,0 4392 45 1 2,0 1,0 4393 38 1 1,0 1,0 4394 45 1 2,0 1,0 4395 32 1 2,0 1,0 4396 28 0 Rea ae a 4397 30 0 tite i ae 4398 29 1 0,0 0, 1f 4399 50 1 2,3 2,1 4400 25 0 p IAS 2 Pathe 4401 25 0 Be ae Peat 4402 25 0 Pee ite ah he 4403 53 1 3, 0 2,0 4404 60 1 2,0 3, 0 4405 70 1 1g rer fee 4406 45 1 1,0 1, 0 4407 48 1 eee, 3 4408 35 2 sete 2 4409 22 0 Ry LEP 4410 35 0. ne Beir 4411 38 1 2 Waves 4412 18 0 FS A 4413 15 0 : As 4414 27 0 prin Sas 4415 25 1 3, 0 1,0 * Italicized numbers refer to deceased children. 1 Miscarriage. 346 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MEASUREMENTS No. Age Stature SH L B B’ J go-go 4290 30 1656 846 188 148 104 186 101 4291 25 1620 827 179 161 101 185 106 4292 19 1672 845 186 148 108 185 101 4293 25 1640 858 185 145 103 186 1038 4294* 15 1651 861 194 158 105 1838 #4106 4295 20 1702 866 178 187 101 126 95 4296 30 16538 824 194 151 103 187 #100 4297 23 1667 872 188 145 105 188 #100 4298 25 1645 874 188 148 104 1838 £1038 4299 35 1694 891 197 148 06 188 = # 102 4300 30 1641 846 189 154 (110)t 1388 105 4301 38 1707° 915 189 1 148 +=101 4302 25 1645 861 181° 1588 102 187 96 4303 25 1717 859 184 147 103 182 104 4304* 16 1620 826 188 142 100 128 93 4805 70 1605 886 191 141 108 184 £105 4306 538 1565 889 188 148 99 187 #1110 4307 55 1710 870 191 145 104 1384 95 4808 65 1660 798 195 154 109 142 108 4309 38 1560 809 180 148 101 1383 103 4810 538 1674 867 1938 54 106 140 += 100 4311 50 -1651 803 187f 158 99 188 93 43812 45 1649 861 188 146 101 185 102 4313 48 \1762 (890 185 157 4107. 181 101 4814 48 1721 865 192 145 102 182 108 4315* 75 1688 8380 188 158 104 150 117 4316 21 1592 = 831 188 150 106 186 105 43217 -20. V4. B60: S18? REE 107 187 --- 104 4818 38 1650 858 193 154 102 188 #4109 4319 35 1686 807 190 141 105 1381 £104 4820 40 1741 895 196 150 109 185 115 4821 25 ©1615 .817 .180- 151. 108 185 98 4322 28 1609 806 180 141 97 ~ 180 93 4823. 21. 1687 :862- 1912 146 107 . 185 96 4824 20 1692 899 175 141 95 121 93 4825 19 1712 888 180 148 105 . 1383 108 4826 25 17038 8638 184 157 110/ 189 107 4827 32 1696 860 192 150 105 183 101 4828 25 1656 856 185 148 102 180 + # 110 43829 32 1726 892 186 148 102 181 101 4830-38 1741 885 201 159 1144146 111 4331 35 1689 888 188 185 98 123 94 4332,.: 32, 1691 > 868 199.: 147 » 107 +188. 101 438383 20 1645 848 190 145 102, 188 101 4834 48 1753 870 189 157 105 189° 104 4885.19 1710. 864 187° 142 101. -180 95 4836 27 1680 817 187 146 100 185 94 4837. 40 1700 871: 191 154 107 185 102 4838 28 1668 880 197 147 108 189 107 4389.27. 3916. 885.. -192....166-' 114:.< 148° 111 4840.25 1760 877 185 150 106 187 106 4841.21 1657 888 179 146 102 ,'188 98 4342 25 1686 8384 196 148 110 184 95 4843 25 1762 898 194 152 114 187 103 4344 238 1644 821 182 149 100 127 99 43845 30 1684 862 193 146 106 186 107 4846 30 1771 860 199 154 115 189 105 * Omitted from means. + Measurement affected because of dagger wound. t Occiput flat. GH G’H NH 118 72 654 120 71 49 111 68 49 118 71 6&2 110 69 49 101 65 47 118 66 48 124 73 653 129 78 54 128 73 61 122 75 652 124 73 49 118 72 61 110 66 48 115 68 48 (100) (60) 54 112 68 47 123 76 51 117 75 48 (118) (69) 53 115 69 48 128 78 54 (111) (64) 45 125 82. 56 112 69 650 126 75 57 124 74 652 112 68 44 120 73 46 122 72 46 127 79 61 118 67 47 120 76 55 120 73 53 119 67 47 114 68 46 117 67 46 118 74 53 114 65 44 121 76 56 117 69 48 118 75 50 119 70 48 105 59 44 127 77 56 121 75 565 122 76 54 123 77 6&2 126 74. 52 122 70 48 116 72 453 110 66 48 108 65 47 119 73 538 114 70 50 118 72 58 130 75 652 ; ar wee DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA . INDICES B/L B'/B GH/J G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL. go-go/J 78.7 70.8 86.8 52.9 70.4 657.6 174.3 84.4 66.9 88.9 52.6 65.3 55.9 78.5 . ‘ -T 61.9 77.6 62.3 | 79.7 77.0 73.7 80.2 651.6 74.5 658.1 75.4 77.8 68.2 82.5 48.2 75.0 56.3 738.0 19.2 72.4 98.2 54.9 71.7 656.7 16.2 76.1 72.7 97.0 58.6 638.0 54.5 177.4 75.1 71.6 89.1 652.9 74.5 61.5 178.9 81.5 71.4 88.4 54.38 76.9 57.4 176.1 81.5 70.1 86.7 51.0 77.6 48.4 70.6 84.5 66.7 86.1 52.6 74.5 52.2 70.1 79.9 70.1 83.3 650.0 838.3 55.2 78.8 75.5 70.4 89.8 658.1 77.1 55.9 172.7 73.8 73.0 74.6 44.8 74.1 52.9 178.4 78.7 66.9 81.8 49.6 838.0 50.0 80.3 75.9 71.7 91.8 656.7 72.5 55.4 70.9 79.0 70.8 82.4 652.8 85.4 650.0 176.1 82.2 68.2 88.7 51.9 64.2 658.2 17.4 79.8 68.8 82.1 49.3 72.9 656.7 71.4 84.5 62.7 96.2 58.6 68.5 49.3 69.9 77.7 69.2 82.2 47.4 17.8 - 57.9 15.6 84.9 68.2 95.4 62.6 62.5 57.6 177.1 75.5 70.8 84.8 52.3 72.0 652.9 81.8 81.4 68.0 84.0 50.0 68.4 47.8 78.0 79.8 70.7 91.2 654.4 69.2 583.8 17.2 76.6 74.38 81.8 49.6 84.1 54.0 75.9 80.0 66.2 87.0 52.9 89.1 57.4 79.0 74.2 74.5 93.1 55.0 78.3 47.9 79.4 76.5 72.7 94.1 58.5 78.4 58.8 85.2 83.9 68.2 83.7 49.6 70.2 61.4 172.6 78.3 68.8 92.3 658.5 65.5 57.8 71.5 76.4 73.38 88.9 54.1 66.0 61.3 71.1 80.6 67.4 98.3 55.4 66.0 57.1 76.9 82.2 70.9 85.7 61.1 82.6 57.8 81.2 85.3 70.1 84.2 48.2 77.8 656.5 177.0 78.1 70.0 88.7 55.6 - 75.5 57.1 75.9 77.38 71.38 87.7 50.0 86.4 53.2 84.6 76.9 71.3 92.4 58.0 57.1 68.1 17.1 79.1 71.7 80.1 47.3 85.4 57.1 76.0 71.8 72.6 95.9 61.0 76.0 55.6 76.4 73.9 72.8 86.2 60.7 91.7 55.9 78.2 76.3 70.3 76.1 42.8 81.8 60.0 73.2 83.1 66.9 91.4 655.4 64.3 56.3 74.8 75.9 71.1 98.1 57.7 56.4 57.6 78.1 78.1 68.5 90.4 56.3 64.8 55.4 69.6 80.6 69.5 91.1 57.0 61.5 658.2 75.6 74.6 73.5 90.6 58.2 69.2 57.4 17.0 80.7 73.5 85.3 49.0 79.2 55.6 177.6 81.1 70.7 84.7 52.6 60.4 54.1 17.4 81.6 70.0 82.7 49.6 70.8 51.6 73.7 75.5 74.38 80.6 48.5 89.4 54.7 70.9 78.4 75.0 86.9 58.3 73.6 55.4 75.2 81.9 67.1 90.0 55.1 70.0 54.8 78.0 75.6 72.6 86.8 52.9 73.6 61.0 (78.7 717.4 74.7 98.5 654.0 67.8 652.2 175.5 4404* 60 4405* 70 Stature 1779 1718 1693 1682 1670 1684 1642 1749 1706 1692 1669 1751 1585 * Omitted from means. ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MEASUREMENTS B B’ JI 156 108 = 140 148 106 = 181 149 104 # 189 145 110 128 148 #107 ~= 181 140 97 128 151 108 142 146 108 1388 142 104 180 156 107 140 151 106 187 150 108 141 148 102 128 147 106 1380 151 106 # £140 146 108 1385 142 105 185 145 111 £188 152 114 145 1446 105 185 167. 108°. 182 150 99 182 148 106 144 147° 101 182 149 100 # 182 144 101 188 156 106 187 144 104 180 154 105 186 158 106 145 VEL > 110) - 148 156 101 - 188 148 106 187 140-7102 182 146 104 188 157 109 146 146 102 1838 147° 108. 184 151 104 1385 150 98 187 142 100 187 152 102 181 145 102 188 149 109 187 149 106 189 145 101 £185 150 107 187 148 101 129 149 108 144 147-118 « 189 151 98 180 149 107 140 144 108 185 149 102 1385 149 102 142 145 108 188 142 100 1388 146 109 186 136 94 127 GH G’H NH 124 112 121 115 121 115 116 127 122 74 1 72 (122) (72) 110 67 (109) (66) 50 f . ~ © . DON KH WRADOOHKHOIWANHODOANKHLOAADKLACHHRANNOONAOCAWWDORANTNR ARORA SS ow DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 79.6 ~ Oo APOC CIOW WON WARN WH PWORORNWHADWNN ORR AGD a wo _ - INDICES GH/J G‘H/J 88.6 52.9 85.5 48.9 87.1 61.8 89.8 538.9 92.4 57.3 89.8 64.7 81.7 652.8 92.0 57.2 98.8 (67.7 86.4 47.9 82.5 48.2 96.5 654.6 92.2 659.4 96.9 658.5 91.4 64.8 91.9 55.6 79.3 46.7 94.2 64.3 84.8 61.0 87.4 48.1 82.6 48.5 87.1 58.8 78.5 46.5 95.5. 61.7 87.1 653.8 91.7 658.4 81.8 61.1 86.9 562.3 88.2 64.4 85.5 658.1 79.7 60.3 84.8 650.7 84.7 48.2 89.4 55.3 85.7 . 54.1 81.5 48.6 85.0 49.6 98.3 658.7 87.4 652.6 88.9 51.8 82.5 49.6 88.5 564.2 89.5 54.9 87.6 652.6 86.38 652.5 95.6 658.5 87.6 64.7 91.5 655.0 83.3 50.0 82.7 650.4 86.2 538.8 85.0 652.9 93.38 56.3 87.4 51.9 83.1 50.0 90.2. 64.1 88.4 62.2 80.9 49.3 85.8 652.0 NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J 70.0 78.4 84.0 AAXAAIAAAAAAHa-1 COAIwAwoIo»e ROOD SCHOKAKLOKL KEL LOR WOO DAD 1) or o 1) on © . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COD RP WWODOSCWAHAMOHAMNMDOOAIAIEARSAIN WASNT ADO Orly oF o1co oy > o COrPWODNANRrOO-] 75.0 76.3 75.5 78.1 73.3 75.8 ~ . . oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FPODARAIROOOHM IOP PAW POW OAN OPRAH OR AIAN AON OANIWwWonoe 350 No. Age 4406* 45 4407* 48 4408* 35 4409* 22 4410* 35 4411* 38 4412* 18 4413* 15 4414* 27 4415* 25 * Omitted No. EL EB RSH 4406 (59) 32 50. 68 39 4407 4408 69 34 49. 4409 59 35 50. 4410 69 36 49. 4411 66 38 50. 4412 51 35 52. 4413 57 33 50. 4414 64 35 50. 4415 66 36 49. Stature SH 1690 845 1695 = 831 1615 803 16383 824 1727 = 851 1630 817 1571 831 1615 822 1701 850 1663 817 from means. ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MEASUREMENTS L B B’ J go-go 186 «187 101. -188 110 197...150 110 188: 109 185 155 «111 140, 108 188 143 110 189 104 190 152 101. = 187 198 146 107 188 = 1038 198 145 102 182 98 192 147 104 183 98 1938 150 98 182 97 199 155 105 188 101 INDICES B/L_ B’/B GH/J 78.7 73.7 91.7 76.1 73.38 94.9 HODDHWAAIOS Co —) o a a > Co ~] for) GH G’H NH NB 122 76 658 31 131 81 59 387 124 75 55 36 107 63 438 34 120 74 58 42 125 76 54 44 112 64 438 37 120 65 47 36 130 82 58 39 122 76 55 34 G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J' B’/J MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AN NASIRIYA MALES HAIR FS No. Form Texture Color» 4290 lw medium black 4291 (lw) coarse black 4292 (str) medium dkbr 4293* .... coarse dk br 4294* medium dkbr EOE 8 ete ea eR, dk br 4296* coarse (black) Ys 9 halead ee RRR a" Seater asp ACI Bi 4298 lw coarse black 4299 lw __ coarse black 4300 lw (medium) dk br 4301 lw _— coarse blk, gray PT RN i ee br PEI 3 SS ae i, a Siw) eee Cag Sgt Se tB aaoe ayy lt (dk br) 4305 coarse gray MOU UUr Rae es Spies Soak 43079 lw coarse dk br, gray 4308 lw _ coarse gray Ne a RMA bade 3 (gray) 4310 lw _— coarse blk, gray hE ae A SE blk, gray 43129 lw coarse black 4313* (coarse) black Be i ok eee (dk br), gray MOS Sule. a ets gray * Shaven. + Bald, back of head shaven. 57.1. 58.5 (64.2) 82.7 75.9 B88) 6ST OTe: 19.8 ST 53.6 ° 66.5. 49:3 7.1. 79.8 45:8 °° 79.2 8018" °%4i8 ° FOut 6420 TSS B28 ye ot 56.4) 88.5: (6756 14.6 785 48.5 86.0 68.6 74.2 177.3 4859 99-7626 SBS BST FB ee 62.4 7:67.25 2 BATE TB TA 55.1 61.8: 64:6 «78.2 > 76.1 — — Color Sclera Iris" Profile Wings > dk br ___ blood conv medium dk br __— blood str cp-m dk br blood conv medium dk br clear conv medium dk br clear str flar dk br clear str flar vdkbr clear str medium dk br clear te. CC _ m-fi dk br __ blood ray c-c cp-m dk br blood ws. CONV flar dk br blood conv medium dk br blood conc - r dk br blood str flar dk br blood cone flar dk br clear cone flar k br blood conv medium dk br blood cone flar Ce Tyr ee Fae conv m-fi GPEDT (OO ee conv flar_ It br yellow conv medium kbr __ yellow, str medium blood dk br ___ yellow, str m-fl bloo “Am gray-br clear e-c medium v dk br blood conv comp vdkbr yellow, Ca eS eee blood heal a blood conv medium tBald. | Slightly bald and short. DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AN NASIRIYA MALES § Hair very short. HAIR EYES NOSE No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Tris Profile Wings M016 edw. ASh dk br dk br blood conv medium 4317* .... medium dkbr v dk br yellow conc flar 43189 .... coarse black dk br blood conv flar 4319 coarse dk br dk br blood str m-fl Mo ey SY dk br, dk br clear conv flar 4321 coarse black dk br eee: conv medium 00 2. ee ee vee (dk br) dkbr yellow conv medium Geers OE. (dk br) dkbr clear conv medium Bee ie. PET. (dk br) = gray-br blood conv comp Mess TEL (dk br) vdkbr clear cone flar 4326* (medium) dk br vk dk br_ clear cone flar Meets et USOT: (dk br) dkbr speck- conv flar blood Et. Ve (dk br) dkbr blood str flar Me ri PREY. (black) dkbr clear conv comp Me ee. ORT... (dk br) dkbr blood str flar ME ee EIR. (ak br) deibrate oho? cone m-fi ae re (dk br) dkbr yellow cone flar MT ai. Pile 8” Ee dk br clear .. @¢ flar BOOM ese da hard -br blood zon conv medium 4335 lw medium = dk br k br clear conv comp 1” PSNR Se Otte amar Dea orale dk br blood conv medium 4337 Be pl tcia hy Pe ee dk br blood conv comp 4338 Fr pee blk, gray dk br blood c-c comp SE cee ee v dk br clear cone m-fl MN eee. hie Sales dk br blood conv comp Fc iBT ee cE Lake dk br speck- conv cep-m blood a IS Ae Cr G ar dk br clear c-c flar_ OM eh. as hee ee CEN v dk br clear c-c medium Ne ae 8 on ES dk br blood cone medium eI, ES black v dk br blood ... cone m-fi BN it Ory black lt br blood zon str medium 4347§ coarse black dk br clear ... Conv medium BOG es. 72) OFebi sb ote dk br clear cone medium OED Soca. oe ern a eS dk br clear conv medium 4350§ coarse black dk br blood conv medium MERGE cs Shin K,, - ca EREN (gray-br) blood cone comp Nr a A i-th 5 At eORM GA Oo oh eae -br blood c-¢ r TE cnt ange Oe eet ale dk r blood cone flar_ MI le eo. outs bbw: heh eee, ak black blood str medium BD Ss ue Se ne ee ao dk br blood conv r oS SARE BEI 2 tees age ta 5 lt br blood conc flar MRT ees oe ohn ay Gas aay see havi dk br ellow cone flar hip Aig aaah ey Pe AR FE ga v dk br lood str m-fi_ Ph Sais Se pe ey eee dk br ellow cone medium Be ey cake 8 cl, ae v dk br lood str medium BGR Hs Ve gray-br blood conv comp ee OE. SARE v dk br clear cone cp-m is wok Tig cp TEA dk br blood str medium MOG es ire FOR dk br blood str medium SOURS Mik dace eee dk br blood conv medium * Shaven. Rather bald. + Hair probably frizzly but shaven. } Hair very thin probably because of disease. 352 ANTHROPOLOGY OF [RAQ MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AN NASIRIYA MALES HAIR. EYES NOSE No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings QRGR ik os Oe egh heed: dk br blood conc flar BBO es Sites Celie dk br blood ... Conv m-fi MEGS hic. 5 tae Pho ake blood zon conv medium ARCO ess Un Nes A AR k br blood str m-fl 4370+ (lw) coarse blk, gray v dk br blood cone medium a A A Yates ae an a fee dk br clear str flar BBFe 63h. 5.6 kA’. wees dk br blood c-c cp-m Ta a et eg dk br clear conv m-fi ed. ed ee Sap alia vdkbr __ blood conv medium 4875t .... (medium) dkbr v dk br blood str m-fi 4376+ .... coarse k br vdkbr __ blood conv comp AST ANS Oo: GOR. BOON eA v dk br blood cone flar 4378 lw _ coarse blk, gray dk br blood str flar ABTA elt: ob Mates eats v dk br blood c-c medium BORO re Sk Pee co hE. GO DR eka conv comp BBY iii, i Taig ARs 6 Noon eae dk br blood conv medium BORe S60. so VARS Le. dk br clear conv medium BBS ‘itil aot Ue ake Ae dk br blood cone ep-m BON sg PARRY eR ee leas akin: isd wh str flar GBB ok FROME TS CR v dk br blood cone medium BUeG Who. 2 eee ee dk br blood conv medium ABOT iar. oe Ae Sess, eae dk br blood c-¢ m-fi BE Fn RUD oc a REED Vy dk br. 6 22 conv medium BOO so ATS aa” ee eres dk br blood e-c medium ME eta Ch ee ges dk br v dk br blood c-c flar «thai Sea ge ge dk br dk br clear conv medium OOM i aes Ph ees vdkbr _ blood conv medium MES nicks sis SA blk, gray dk br blood conv medium SAY UA TESS aan aa black dk br blood conv medium ED WS 8 Gio, Segue AS tog Loti v dk br blood cone medium MG Hr Bee he ie gr-br blood conv medium MBO E ii. ase. eS Neer v dk br clear str comp 4398 lw medium dkbr ae Pk) clear conv medium yo bagel OR ay dk br, gray blood conv comp Ba HG: TE (dk br) dkbr blood str cp-m 4401 coarse dk br - dkbr blood conv m-fi ys Sel NR EE ta A black dk br yellow conv medium 4403 lw medium black dk br blood conv medium 4404 medium dkbr dk br blood conv comp DA es 3 LAS ruses 3 gray Gk Or, | \ Sots e-c comp MA es) ee dk br dk br blood conv comp 4407. (str) fine blk, gray dk br blood conv cp-m ats si. « Sp gtigne oi) fe. haemo dk br blood conv comp MAU Son oho iota i ee dk br blood conv-str flar 4410 lw _ coarse black dk br blood c-c flar WE Bates. 3 ikge te ky Oe ete dk br blood str flar Oe RAF Le Semen gene v dk br yellow cone flar BANG ast Se Er ean dk br yellow cone medium 4414 lw _— coarse dk br dk br blood conv medium MRE i. | oBals its Sl Se Se It br clear conv comp * Shaven. + Hair short. t Hair very short. { Quite bald. DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 353 MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF AN NASIRIYA MALES Measurements Individuals Mean S.D. C.V. EE Se Sc dis aims <9 Fa elena e es 109 167.174+.34 5.304.24 3.174.14 (RS | Re BA As hve OF 109 84.98+.18 2.804.138 3.294.315 meee Semmens 50). o. Lets ihe 109 189.88+.36 6.584+.25 2.914.138 SEO PMOUIGN <<. ck sc dee beens ees 109 148.39+.31 4.864.22 3.28+4.15 Minimum frontal diameter....... 109 104.49+.26 4.054+.19 3.88+4.18 Bizygomatic breadth............ 109 185.39+.32 4.894.222 3.61+.16 Boum breadth . ...0 6. anes 109 102.52+.34 5.22+.24 6.094.238 Total facial height.............. 109 118.30+.40 6.12+.28 5.174.24 Upper facial height.............. 109 71.40+.28 4.274.20 5.98+.28 Pee SOG, «t,t. os cake ee Gee es 109 60.10+.21 3.284.15 6.451+.30 Nees preedth *). cost. Dimes. 109 87.084.18 2.774.138 7.48+4.35 Se ae So 109 68.514.25 3.834.17 6.08+4.27 MSE BOGRGtD 6 oy kk a a AA 109 85.894.15 2.314.111 6.538+4.31 Indices Relative sitting height........... 109 50.86+.09 1.354.06 1.654.12 MMII. Sioa 5 a eco wc lease ate te 109 78.194+.20 3.044+.14 3.89+.18 Bronto-parioctal 0001205. 222s 109 -70.514.17 2.694.12 3.82+.17 Tetivoiate ds: sai. OST. Oo. Sas | SARE SS 25 100.00 BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH x-124 125-134 185-x Totals Total facial length No. % No. % No. % No. % > EY tee a gee 5 20.00 20 ~=80.00 0 25 100.00 jw +. Fee eae Oe ees. 8 Opens 23g 0 0 GE toby? Roem ots PRE 6k ee ete Oak 0 0. Agta 25 100.00 UPPER FACIAL LENGTH x-63 64-69 70-75 76-81 82-x Totals Total facial length No. % No. % No % No % No % No % x-109........ 5 20.00 10 40.00 1 4.00 0 .... 0.... 16 64.00 110-119........ O25 48 6 24.00 2 8.00 1 4.00 0.... 9 36.00 120-129........ Beet Oia SEER | ett yh wt | Me ce rama | euice ey 20) 1b a ere Ae eee | Nae | ae ee OO IE ES 25 100.00 NASAL WIDTH x-29 80-35 86-41 42-x Totals Nasal length No. % No % No. % No. % No. .-%. *. Ne age eee 1.4.00. 18: 272.00 24. 4.00 0). 6550. 4:20: 38008 60-59............ 1 4.00 83213500: 320. ors... 22-1) oe 5 20.00 OE a ios Ridin Sele ate OGb. cee Cibo OR nee Our Lvnge 25 100.00 362 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ MEASUREMENTS OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES _ No. Age Stature SH 4416 40 1546 785 4417 35 1591 818 4418* 16 1576 805 4419 50 1661 890 4420 28 1541 #789 4421 38 1554 888 4422 17 1595 884 4428 18 1555 781 4424 17 1656 8138 4425 30 1520 797 4426 19 16938 805 4427 22 1471 779 4428 28 15838 796 4429 38 15384 7838 4430 18 1525 785 4431 30 1464 775 44382 22 1526 784 4433 48 1540 771 4434 25 1577 813 4435 20 1567 798 44386 35 1665 882 4437* 15 1620 803 4438 35 1682 812 4439 33 1505 £779 4440 18 1520 776 GAAV* 16: 2621 - 774 4442 35 1582 781 4443 40 1529 779 4444 25 1546 771 4445* 28 1587 818 4446* 20 1489 756 4447* 30 1426 701 4448* 17 1492 1773 4449* 15 1526 779 4450* 14 1560 805 4451*14 1516 759 4452* 29 1551 826 4453* 16 1572 781 4454* 35 1508 813 4455* 48 1512 . 770 * Omitted from means. t Nose stretched by nose ring. Measurements Sitting height Head length Head breadth se eee see eee L 188 183 183 191 174 178 175 180 181 169 182 B 134 136 141 147 144 146 141 139 142 B’ J go-go GH G’H NH 100 =121 98 108 69 45 1038 180 104 111 «66 = 48 102 «+124 938 104 61 42 1092* 384 9104 ed12 249061 101 1380 100 108 66 46 99° 380° °101..52 702". 6255 +48 110 =1380 94 103 61 £39 es 121 965.5505 7 62s eb 102.~>S—«s« 181 96.114 69 46 99 1380 92 107 66. 48 95 120 92, 105 66 48 99 126 98 106 65 46 102... 127 90. (110 - * 70. :, 62 101 128 99 109° 68 . 47 101 126 02 103. 61:2 37 102... 122 90 105 65 . 49 104 126 90 105 665 . 46 104°°128 “100"°114.. 7% "30 100 =128 92 109 70. 50 99 127 95 105 65 48 105 5125: OL Pl 12... 66-294 102° i¢ 119 96 110 70 44 105 -182 102 110 66 48 101. 3122: ©. :100< "100. 62.42 100: 9427 OT 418-69 .--61 100 124 92 106 68 47 105 =180 95 ,110: 64 47 104 1384 104 (108)$ 68 50 ST. 188 86 99 638 44 110 §=184 98 103 68 45 97 » 124 88 102 68 46 100 =124 89 104 65 48 108 125 99° TZ eT 47 LOR’ 128 102 e114: BP kG 100 126 98 107 65 44 102. .119 88 104 62 465 104 129 Of 3108: s GPS Sat 101 - 125 95 107° 66 48 97. 121 87 116 %73~— 49 » i iter 046 98 (107) (68)t 49 t Edentulous. § Measurement uncertain, MEASUREMENTS OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES Range wae see 26 16-54 146-169 75-89 167-196 132-149 Mean 29.90+1.32 10 156 80 181 140 -45+0.75 -26+0.38 .05-+0.85 -80+0.61 Min. frontal diam..... Bizygo. diam......... Bigonial diameter... . Total facial height. . . Upper facial height... Nasal height......... Nasal breadth....... Far length...:...... Ear breadth......... 93-112 115-134 86-105 95-114 60-79 36-55 28-42 48-71 26-40 102.02 +0.51 127.60+0.56 96.58+0.60 107.60+0.55 66.60+0.48 46.26+0.51 82.72+0.38 59.82+0.64 32.76+0.37 5 2 6 4 NPD wwe PP CO 8.D. C.V. .00+0.94 33.44+3.13 -70+0.53 3.64+0.34 9140.27 3.63+0.34 .89+0.60 3.53+0.33 -50+0.438 3.20+0.31 -80+0.386 3.72+0.35 -254+0.40 3.33+0.31 .52+0.42 4.6820.44 .10+0.39 3.81+0.36 6540.34 5.48+0.51 .84+0.386 8.30+0.78 .85+0.27 8.71+0.83 .84+0.45 8.09+0.76 -76+0.26 8.42+0.79 DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 363 INDICES OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES No. EL EB RSH B/L B’/B’ GH/J_ G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J 4416 59 34 50.8 71.3 74.6 89.8 57.0 78.8 57.6 80.9 82.6 4417 68 89 61.4 74.8 75.7 85.4 50.8 ~ 77.1 57.8 80.0 79.2 4418 60 32 51.1 77.0 72.38 88.9 49.2 78.8 58.8 75.0 82.8 4419 66 86 538.6 76.9 74.1. 88.6 52.2 58.8 654.5 77.6 81.8 4420 61 34 651.2 82.8 70.1 88.1 60.8) 78.9: B6.7 : -16.9:2 FCT 4421 68. 34° 68.9 S20" 67.8. TS 5. 40.73 16.7. 5B6 I Ta 4422 62 384 52.8 80.5 78.0 79.2 46.9 89.7 64.8 72.8 84.6 4428 62 380 50.2° 77.2). .:.. Ps 61.22. 71L.1 > 48.4" 78..8 Rive 4424 61 31 49.1 78.5 71.8 87.0 652.7 71.1 50.8 78:38 | 77.8 4435 561 82. 62.4 79.7 -68.8 <82.3 50.8 ° 66.7 62.7 70.8 ‘16:1 4426 57 80 47.5 75.1 69.8 (87.5 655.0 67.4 62.6 76.6 179.8 4427 538 80 52.9 79.1 70.7. 84.1 61.6: 65:2." 66.6 “99 -8° 7 Te38 4428 62 30 50.8 78.3 72.4 86.6 55.1 65.4 48.4 70.8 80.2 4429 64 385 51.0 75.9 68.2 85.1 53.1.. 68.1 54.7-.°T7 38... 7838 4430 67 28. 61.4 76.1 75.4 81.7 ~48.4..86.56. 49.1 (78.0 -..80a1 4431 54 30 52.9 82.5 72.3. 86.1 63.3. 65.3 55.6 78.8 88.6 4482 68.00: 61.38. Seas. (888° 6146 ~ 66.2. 31.7: F141 Be 44383 68 36 50.1 78.2 74.8 89.1 60.1 70.0 52.9 78.1 81.2 4434 60 32 651.6 76.7 74.1 86.1 64.72 68-70: -58.3 3: Fi8 bo Fact 4485 59 32 60.9 81.2 69.2 82.7 61.2 68.7 654.2 74:8 17.9 44386 65 86 52.9 177.1 72.4 89.6 52.8 79.5 55.4 80.8 84.0 4487 58 26 49.6 78.3 78.4 92.4 658.8 177.8 44.8 80.7 85.7 4438 67.383 48.2 78:3 -72.9 .88.8 50.0 70.8 67.9 77.8. 79.5 4489-58 32. 51.8 75.9 74.2 81.9 60.8 78.8. .65.2- 81.9: ° 82.8 4440 57 30 651.1 79.7 70.4 88.9 54.3 ares 62.6 + 146.8° “18.7% 4444 55 30 50.9 84.2 69.4 85.5 54.8 74.5 654.6 74.2 80.6 4442 56 85 50.9 78.6 78.4 84.6 49.2 68.1 62.5 78.1 80.8 4448 65 35 650.9 76.8. 71.7 80.6. 650.7... 84.0 658.8 77.6. ° 7736 4444 54: 88. 49.9. 78.6 72.4 .88.9. 68.4 > 70.5 61.1 42:9 “822 0666.3... B15 °76e8:- 76.4 2:7618 47,8 8657" 7. AB] eae 4446 62 32 52.5 72.7 69.8 82.8 50.8 71.7 651.6 170.9 ‘78.2 4447 (59) 30. 49.2 75.7 71.4 88.9 62.4 72.1 50.8 71.8 80.6 4448. 55 32 61.8 76.2 74.6 89.6 56.0 ° 82.9 68.2: 79.2 82:4 4449 55 26 51.0 77.8 72.1 89.1 58:.9.-:' 78.8. 49.8: “197-7879 4450: 57 $1 61.6-.75:0 74.1.°-84:9 51:6 86.4. 64.4 “77.8 .7933 4461 6&7 32° 6.1. 77.8. 74.6 87:4 62.1: 66.7. 86.1 ° 73:9 :86:7 4452 61 34 58.2 76.4 76.5 —78.2 47.8 80.5 655.7 71.8 80.6 4453 57 33 49.6 88.9 69.6 85.6 52.8 64.6 57.9 76.0 80.8 4454 61 37 58.9 81.6 70.3 95.8 60.8 65.8 60.6 71.9 80.1 4455 66 32 50.9 74.2 71.9 84.2 58.5 69.4 48.5 77.1 176.8 INDICES OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES Indices No. Range Mean s. D. C. V. Relative sitting BONE ec ok 26 48-55 51.12+0.20 1.5440.14 3.01+0.28 Cephalic, .: ..2:,...... 25 71-85 77.64+0.40 2.9740.28 3.838+0.387 Fronto-parietal...... 24 66-80 72.8740.41 3.00+0.29 4.15+0.40 Zygo-frontal......... 25 76-87 80.06+0.37 2.7640.26 3.45+0.338 Zygo-gonial......... 26 69-83 76.00+0.48 3.6340.34 4.78+40.45 Total facial.......... 25 76-95 84.20+0.47 3.50+0.338 4.16+0.40 Upper facial......... 26 46-60 51.95+0.40 3.0040.28 5.77+40.54 | PRE ana mS aa! 25 56-91 71.2641.06 7.84+0.75 11.00+41.05 BIRR Ge ts Sees be Ss 26 45-64 55.10+0.54 4.121+0.39 7.48+0.70 364 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ VITAL STATISTICSt OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES No. of Number Age Married years Sons Daughters Brothers _ Sisters 4416 40 1 ke 0, 0 1, 0 4417 35 1 “sant 1,0 1, 0 4418* 16 1 1 a. ae “i a Se oD “i Tee. . » i 4421 38 1 aK 2, (many) 1, (many) 4422 17 1 : 1, 0 0, 0 442 1 ag 4 > ae a : es iy 4426 19 1 “$4 1,0 0,0 4427 22 1 9 1,0 1,0 4428 28 1 naa 1,0 0, 0 4429 38 1 many be Sb ae. Oe. ae ie 6:0 213 4432 22 1 ie 0,1 1,0 4433 48 1 a 0, 4 2,0 4434 25 1 10 1,0 1,0 4435 20 1 8 1,0 0, 0 4436 85 1 Sidhe ae 4,0 es See ae eae 2 ; Rh 3 ,0 4440 18 0 eS iia 2S OG Wg ee ey a E sth ,2 Pe 4443 40 ie a 1,0 1,0 4444 25 1 8 0, 0 2.0 4445* 28 1 Lei 0, 4 0,3 4446* 20 1 1% 0,0 1,0 4447* 30 1 16 6, 0 2,0 4448° 17 0 Ps an .* Peet ua ee ays 43 Ri: 4452° 29 1 ea 0, 0 ,0 4454* 35 2 0, 1 0, 0 4455* 43 1 2.3 0,0 * Omitted from averages. DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF AN NASIRIYA FEMALES HAIR _— * Omitted from means. + Dark speckled. 365 nb end nw 2 Color Sclera Iris. Profile Wings dk br blood c-¢ medium dk br yellow c-c medium dk br clear cone medium on Wak arg c-c comp dk br clear str medium dk br yellow conc flar ee ee eo cone flar dk br ellow c-¢ medium dk br lood conc comp dk br clear cone comp dk br clear str comp- me dk br blood str medium dk br clear c-¢ medium dk br blood cone comp dk br clear cone r dk br clear conc medium dk br yellow- str medium blood Fey ee Ae conc med-fi dk br blood str comp dk br blood c-c med-fi dk br blood cone med-fi dk br clear cone medium dk br blood conv medium dk br yellow cone comp dk br yellow conv medium dk br clear cone medium dk br clear conc medium dk br blood c-c r dk br blood str medium dk br blood str flar dk br clear ... cone medium dk br clear ray c-c medium Oe Bros oak ... cone flar dk br clear cone flar dk br clear conc flar gray-br clear c-c medium dk br yellow cone r dk br clear str comp gray-br clear conv comp It brt blood str medium INDIVIDUALS OMITTED FROM THE STATISTICAL SERIES Four individuals were omitted because of age; these were No. 4418 (16) from An Nasiriya, No. 4487 (15) from the Al Uzairij tribe near An Nasiriya, No. 4441 (15) from Basra, and No. 44538 (16), a Subbi from An Nasiriya. The remaining group, omitted primarily because they came from diverse localities, consisted of No. 4445, a Dulaimi from Samarra; Nos. 4446 and 4447, Jews from Baghdad; Nos. 4448, 4449 (15), and 4450 (14), a gypsy (kaulia); No. 4451 (14), 366 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ a Subbi from Suq ash Shuyukh; Nos. 4452 and 4454, Subba; and No. 4455, a Turkoman(?) from An Najaf. Demography.—No. 4441 was a sister of No. 4440 and No. 4451 was a daughter of No. 4452. Skin.—No. 4447 had a light freckled skin. Hair.—Seven individuals had dark brown and four black hair. No. 4451 had brown, No. 4447 red-brown, and No. 4455 brown-gray hair. There were four individuals in each of the medium and coarse categories of hair texture. Five individuals had fine hair. The majority had low wavy hair, four very low wavy, and one deep wavy hair. No. 4453 had cut her hair in mourning. Eyes.—The majority had dark brown eyes. Nos. 4451 and 4454 had gray-brown eyes and No. 4455 light brown with dark specks. Nos. 4445 and 4455 had bloodshot, No. 4452 yellow, and the remainder clear sclera. No. 4447 had rayed irides. Only one indi- vidual had gray-ringed eyes. No. 4441 had her right eye turned inward. Nose.—Three individuals had a straight profile, two a concavo- convex, one a convex, and the remainder concave profiles. Nos. 4453 and 4454 had compressed wings. Five individuals had flaring and the remainder medium wings. Tip thickness was average plus in No. 4458. Nos. 4487, 4447, and 4455 had elevated nasal tips while Nos. 4446, 4458, and 4454 had depressed tips. No. 4418 had a very small nose. Nos. 4445 and 4418 had low nasal bridges. While No. 4487 had a straight septum with an upward inclina- tion, No. 4453 had a straight septum with a downward inclination. Nos. 4446, 4447, 4454, and 4455 had convex septa with upward inclinations. DENTITION No. Bite Loss Wear Description 4418 marked over Oe < a tian 4 cea A slight stain near gums 4437 marked over Pees, Ug cals out Walp get x eerie sate toe eee 4441 marked over Tore | Ee er crooked; rather yellow; brass cap on 2 4445 edge-to-edge 1 PR nee OLIN ere ht we eMaes ay tS 4446 slight over none slight stained 4447 slight over 1-4 average+ stained yellow 4448 edge-to-edge TO ge eee lower first molar lost 4449 slight over PROk! Lethe. AS gold plated upper lateral incisors 4450 marked over avy honest Oe cee. ee ort stained; one gold toot. 4451 slight over op SAREE SRA stained 4452 slight over 9-16 average+ stained 4453 slight over Eps Arts hese Bs as several molars broken 4454 marked over 1-4 average+ stained DATA FROM AN NASIRIYA LIWA 367 Teeth.—Five individuals had marked-over occlusion, six slight- over and two edge-to-edge. No. 4418 had good, No. 4449 excellent, and Nos. 4445 and 4451 bad teeth. The eruption was incomplete in Nos. 4418, 4487, 4441, 4448-4451, and 4453. Henna.—No. 4418 had applied some and No. 4455 much henna to the hair. Tattooing.—Five individuals (Nos. 4487, 4441, 4445, 4450, and 4455) had some tattooing. Nos. 4418, 4448, and 4449 were exten- sively tattooed. Branding.—No branding was recorded. V. ARABS OF THE HOR AL HAWIZA BY E. S. DROWER! Linguistic Notes.—For the sake of convenience and simplicity the following system of transliteration of Arabic words has been used. The system, with few changes, is basically that adopted by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.? Because of difficulties of typesetting, those consonants that are represented by two English letters are not underlined, and instead of k, q has been used. Other modifications from the classical Arabic result from the fact that the spelling is intended to show the exact dialectal sounds heard among the marsh-dwelling Arabs, who live east of al-‘Amara. All modern dialects of Arabic differ in vowel values from the system set up for the classical language. The diphthong ai becomes é (as in fete), and 6 replaces au and sometimes @; @, 7, and @ remain the same as in classical Arabic, but @ (as in met) is frequently heard as well as d, %, and % In certain cases the vowel has disappeared entirely. Consonantal sounds occurring in this dialect in addition to those of the classical language are g, a phonetic development from q; ch (as in chat), a phonetic development from k; and p and zh (as in azure). The final h of feminine nouns has been omitted. The assimilation of J in the article to the following consonant is not indicated. Hamza at the beginning of a word has been disregarded. The marshes of southern ‘Iraq, sometimes called the Great Swamp and known to the ‘Iraqi as Al-H6dr, must have existed since very early times, for the country is alluvial, low-lying, and 1 Lady Drower accompanied the Expedition to the Hor al Hawiza during April, 1934, in order to record details of the life and customs of the marsh-dwellers. Her special knowledge of Arabic and Mandean served her in good stead durin the compilation of these data. Since her philological records are of unusua significance we have decided to include the diacritical marks throughout this chapter rather than to relegate them to the Glossary, as was done in Part I, No. 1. The sections of this chapter have been edited to conform to the general plan adopted for publication of the data from Iraq. During the war the original notes on this section were destroyed and correc- tion has therefore been hampered. 2? Brux, A. A., “‘Arabic-English Transliteration for Library Purposes,” in Press geting of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 47, No. 1, pt. 2, ctober, : 368 ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 369 subject to inundation when the Tigris and Euphrates are in flood. The district was inhabited during the Babylonian and, according to some archeologists, during the Sumerian epochs, although this is not verified, as the mounds rising above the expanse of reeds and waters have not yet been excavated. On the slopes of several great mounds, at al-‘Aziziya, Wajif, and elsewhere, lie many potsherds, which would seem to indicate former large settlements. The word tell is not used by the marshman to designate these hills, for such a mound, called an ishan, is thought to be protected by the magic of dead civilization. Indeed it is related that a man, digging for buried treasure on the mound known as Abii al-Dhahab (‘‘Father of gold’), was suddenly smitten from behind by a melek, a spirit supposed to haunt graveyards and lonely places, so that he died. No doubt the prosperous Babylonian marsh-dwellers, like the present day marshmen, traded in rice and other grain, fish, straw, reeds, reed mats, and such commodities. The historian, al-Baladhuri, describes the marshes as covering an area fifty miles broad and two hundred miles long and stretching from al-Kifa to Basra. He attributes their origin to the reign of Kubadh IV, a Sasanian king of the fifth century A.D. During this period the Tigris burst its confining banks and dykes, flooding all the low country to the south and southwest. In A.D. 629, the Tigris and Euphrates both rose in a mighty flood, spreading over the reclaimed land. The Sasanian king, Parviz, fought heroically against the encroaching waters, but his task was too much for him. When the Moslems came in hordes from Arabia and the Sasanian monarchs departed, the dykes were not repaired and the marshes were not reclaimed. Even then, however, the remains of some prosperity persisted, and in the earlier years of the Caliphate, attempts were made to repair old earthworks and dykes, and to reclaim the land. The Mongols and Turks, however, completed the ruin. Thus, after centuries of neglect the vast swamps of today are given over chiefly to waterfowl, wild boar, and otters, and the waste of waters, reeds and rushes is populated only by poor communities living under primitive conditions. Plant life flourishes. The surface of the swamp water is covered with the liliaceous leaves of the ga‘iba, which is often dried and pounded into a powder said to be beneficial when blown into the eyes of cattle. In spring the white blossoms of a water weed (uzhér al-batt) rise above the surface of the water. Although land on the islands is cultivated throughout the marshes, areas of intense cultivation such as those near the Chahala 370 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ (Kahala), Majar al-Kabir, and other small rivers and their tribu- taries are found only on the western fringes of the great swamp. The villages are built of reeds and the roads are chiefly water- ways. In a few of the district villages the sheikhs’ houses can be reached by automobile. For instance, the old, dismantled railway from al-Basra to al-‘Amara is used as a road by people of Qal‘at Salih because it is raised above the surrounding country and is therefore immune to floods. Between Halfaya and al-‘Amara there is also a good automobile road. Within the marsh itself, however, water- ways are the sole means of communication. The principal tribes of these marsh districts are the Al bu Muhammad, the Al Suwa‘ad,! the Al Siidan, the Uzairij, and the Bani Lam. The leading sheikhs of the Uzairij are Sheikh Shawwai al-Fahad and Sheikh Mutlaq al-Salman, who has succeeded Sheikh Salman al-Minshad. Qal‘at Salih is the district proper of the Al bu Muhammad. It extends from Majar al-Kabir to the Hor al-Hawiza from west to east, but the tribesmen also follow the banks of the Chahala River, a tributary of the Tigris, from al-‘Amara, and those of the Majar al- Kabir, the Michiriya, the Shatt, the Kasra, and Hafira, all of which eventually lose themselves in the marsh. The Al bu Muhammad are farmers, makers of reed mats, and fishermen. They are a large tribe and in times past have been wealthy, although, owing to the poor price obtained for grain during recent years, they have become impoverished. Their principal sheikhs are Falih al-Saihiid,? to whom most of the tillage on and about the Chahala belongs, Muhammad al-‘Araibi, who is a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and Majid al-‘Khalifa, who sometimes leased the Government Mugqdata‘a of Majar al-Kabir and is a well- known agriculturist, and finally Tahir al-Hatim, who lives near Ezra’s Tomb (al-‘Uzair). Of all the marsh sheikhs the one most universally respected, and the one whose word has most weight in any council, is un- doubtedly Sheikh Falih al-Saihiid, although Sheikh Ghadban of the Bani Lam was formerly a man of power and wealth. (His successor, Sheikh Hatim, has neither his wealth nor his prestige.) Sheikh Falih’s power is, however, that of personality, for he is a 1 Lady Drower prefers the use of the ‘‘u’’ in the spelling of Al Sawa ‘ad. (H.F.) *Since dead. The writer describes conditions as she found them in 1934. Conditions changed radically during and since World War II, both politically and economically. ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 371 remarkable character, and his massive physique is as impressive as his vast hospitality, his generous character, and his great physical strength. An old man, possibly eighty-five years of age, he shoots far better than the younger men. He weighs about three hundred pounds, is tall, tireless, jovial, and dignified. Although he holds many conservative ideas, including a sterner code of honor than some of the more modern of his contemporaries, he has built a school for his tribesmen and encourages the activities of the Government doctor, whose services are much needed. The Suwa‘ad interpenetrate but do not mix with the Al bu Muhammad. Some of the Suwa‘ad are also found north of the Sidan tribesmen, who inhabit the district between the Musharra and the Chahala rivers as far northwest as al-‘Amara and as far south as Bahatha on the southwest and Hor on the southeast. They are cattle-keepers and farmers. Muhammad al-Misa and Shibl al- Shiya are the leading sheikhs. The Sadan also grow rice and other grains. They are taller and darker than their neighbors, the Suwa‘ad. The Bani Lam, a sheep-owning tribe that formerly possessed great wealth, are still more or less nomadic. In the past a constant feud between them and the Al bu Muhammad was ready to erupt at any time, especially under a weak government. They are now on good terms, and the old feud has not manifested itself seriously in recent years. Since the Bani Lam extend to the northeast of the al-‘Amara district and are found chiefly in the plains between the hills of Iran and the Tigris and in the rich grazing lands east of the Shatt al-Tib, they are not, strictly speaking, a marsh tribe. In summer, when the plains become parched, they move their flocks in search of herbage into the foothills of Iran, a habit that has sometimes led to disputes with the authorities of Iran. Their northernmost sheikh is Jiwi al-Lazim, and their paramount sheikhs are Hatim al-Ghadban, Qumandar al-Fahad, and Alwan al-Jandil, the last a member of the Chamber of Deputies in Baghdad.! AGRICULTURE The lands owned by the various sheikhs are divided into estates (magati‘) and the allotment of the rich, silt-bringing flood water that irrigates the rice crops needs careful adjustment. 1 Alwan al-Jandil, Muhammad al-‘Araibi, and Majid al-‘Khalifa more or less took it in turns to be deputies, two at a time. 372 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Irrigation is chiefly by means of flooding and sometimes by minzaha; water spreading over land is called barydu (Pers. bariyab). In such places the engine-worked pump is unnecessary. The water- wheel (n@‘tir) and the charid (karid), a contrivance for filling water- skins and lifting and emptying them by a pulley (see Field, 1940, Pl. 48), are little used in low-lying lands and not at all in the marshes themselves. The minzaha is a popular method of irrigating patches in cultivation near the banks of a river, stream, or canal. Two men are required, and a shallow basket daubed with pitch, called the ‘ardwi, is swung down into the stream by means of ropes and hauled up to the bank, where it is emptied at the top of the swing into a water channel. The men work with extraordinary rapidity. For larger areas, flooding is all that is required and, as the land is low- lying, this is easily performed. The water is let in from a shallow gutter (mishrab), and fed from a small channel (‘ibra), which in turn is supplied by a canal (garma). Drainage water is termed suffa. The most important product of the whole ‘Amara Liwa is rice, the easily flooded land of the marsh country being especially adapted to its cultivation. The best rice is the variety called ‘anbar; other varieties are shital, herfi, and hewaizawi. Rice (rizz or timman) or, more commonly, unhusked rice (shilib) is grown in seed beds; when the young shoots have come up they are transplanted into the mud left by the last year’s floods. This area is protected by ridges of earth sufficient to keep the water standing at a depth of a few inches above the roots of the young rice. Thus, the shilib is transplanted in early spring and is ready for harvest about June or July, according to the quality of the rice and the local conditions. In the cultivation of rice a triangular harrow of primitive con- struction (mardza) is used. An isosceles triangle is formed of three strong reeds, two slightly overlapping at the apex of the triangle. To the two angles of the base two ropes are fastened. This light harrow is held, apex upward, by one man, while a second man drags it across the rice field by means of the two ropes (Pl. 218), thus levelling the mud and dragging out the shallow-rooted weeds (daghl), leaving the rice shoots unharmed. The rice is threshed with the help of oxen, the resulting rice straw (buh) being used for fodder, for mixing with clay when making pots or mud walls, or for export into other parts of the country. The rice is stored in a large, round basket-bin (matbuga), which, when full, is covered over with mud. From time to time the mud cap is broken open, the rice sifted, and ARABS OF HOR AL HAWIZA 373 a new cap added. There are often a number of these rice bins in an enclosure fenced about with reeds or with a mud wall (Pl. 64). To prevent buffaloes from breaking down the corners of a reed enclosure, square holes are dug in the ground at each corner (PI. 57, Fig. 2). Other crops are wheat (the varieties, guraita and shafiya), barley (sha‘ir aswad and sha‘tr ‘Iradqi), yellow maize (udra safra), sorghum (udra baida), millet (dukhun and mdash khadrawi), and lentils (‘adas). Melons (battikh) and watermelons (raggi) are also culti- vated and, to a small degree, lady’s-fingers, onions, and other vege- tables. The cultivator of the melon patch is not called a fallah, but a baghwan, or gardener. Millet, grown in mud that cannot be watered after the floods recede, is reaped by hand during September. The earliest harvests are those of wheat and barley, which are gathered in May. Plowing the ground for the sowing of grain also takes place in this month. It is performed by oxen drawing a simple plow (fiddan) (Pl. 68, Fig. 1), which consists of a straight tree trunk, usually willow, fitted into a curved cross-piece, one end of which is pointed and shod with iron. The yoke (nir) for the oxen is fitted into holes in the straight piece. The furrow made by plowing is called a sikka. The spade (misha), which is used throughout ‘Iraq, is shaped to a rounded point and is fitted to a long wooden handle. A wooden cross-piece is inserted just above the iron blade, so that the bare foot can thrust on it when digging. Agricultural labor is paid in kind. Any money that a marsh tribesman receives is earned by weaving reed mats, building reed huts, and selling dried fish, woollen cloth, or other textiles woven by him or his women. The crafts of boat-building, tool-making, and gold- and silver-working are entirely in the hands of the Subba! or Mandeans. DoMESTIC ANIMALS In the marsh country the water buffalo is the main domestic animal. The water buffaloes of the Al bu Muhammad are famed for their quality. The marsh tribes also keep a slightly humped, small, yellowish-fawn type of cow, extremely mild of temper. Bullocks draw the plows. Donkeys are found everywhere and usually have sores and broken ears, the result of harsh treatment. Goats belong 1 Although Lady Drower now prefers the use of ‘“‘a” in Sabba, the “‘u” has been retained throughout this manuscript. (H.F.) 374 _ ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ to the common black-and-white variety. Fowl are generally small, but one sometimes sees fowl of small body with powerful legs and feet. This variety is used for cockfighting, a sport of which the Marsh Arabs are fond. The majority of the wealthier sheikhs have horses of good pedigree. I asked an ‘Iraqi friend to give me a list of their breeds. He named: ‘Ubayyat ash-Sherraf, Saqlawat al-Jedran, Shuwaimat as-Sabbah, Dahamat al-‘Amir, Mu‘nakiyyat al-Hidrij, and Kahalat al-‘Ajiiz. Legend, he said, attributed each name to some incident attending the first owner or to a nickname given to the first horse acquired by him. The animals, according to story, were trapped and stolen from their owners, a horse-owning tribe, during a raid (ghazti). ‘Ubayyat ash-Sherraf, for example, was so called because the mare after having thrown him fled from her new owner with his ‘aba’ on her back. Saqlawat al-Jedran was so named because the Arab who had taken the mare was called Jedran, and the root sql refers to the mare, ‘‘Slender-in-the-flanks-and-glossy.”” Shuwaimat as-Sabbah means “Little Mole of Sabbah’; Kahalat al-‘Ajiz is “The Collyrium of the Old Woman,” referring to the animal’s blackness; and so on. It is possible that the legend depicts times when the superior strength of tribes owning horses induced less. fortunate tribesmen to obtain these animals by ruse. Buffaloes are easily fed, for their favorite diet is rushes and reeds. These are cut with a slightly curved knife (minjal) that has a saw edge and a wooden handle. The knife is used not only for cutting fodder of all kinds, but also for cutting the stout gasab used in making reed huts, beds, bridges, and punt poles. The gasab often replace wood throughout the marsh districts. A platform (dibin) on which water buffaloes sleep is made by bending gasab reeds in situ, piling rushes (bardi) and mud onto the reeds, and thus building an island. Buffaloes are also kept in a reed pen (stra). Rice straw, kept in square mud bins, and chopped straw (tibin) are also used as fodder for cattle. The milk-giving animals are the large, black, water buffaloes, cows of a light-colored, slightly humped variety, goats, and sheep. The Bani Lam, who seldom keep cows or buffaloes and do not sell their products, obtain milk from the female camel (naégah). Milking of the buffaloes and cows is performed at the side of the beast, but goats and sheep are milked from behind, between the back legs, while the head of the animal is held by an assistant (PI. 71). ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 375 It is believed that the buffalo and cow will not let their milk flow freely unless the calf is allowed to suck a little before the milker sets to work. If the calf dies, its skin is stuffed and thus made into a dummy (ba@u) and the mother is allowed to smell at the skin before being milked. Lambs and kids are separated from their mothers while the latter are at pasturage, but they are reunited at sunset. The sheep of the Bani Lam are their chief wealth. The breed of their animals is that common to the whole country—a sheep which has a fatty base to its tail, known as the liyya, from which the animal draws nourishment during days of sparse vegetation; in fact, it corresponds to the camel’s hump. Tribal ownership of an animal is usually indicated by a brand, although one tribe of the Bani Lam inserts a ring into the right ear of the camel. The word for brand (wasm) is similar to that used for tattooing (washm) in other Arab countries; in ‘Iraq, the word for the latter is daqq. HUNTING AND FISHING Here and there in the marshes a waterway (gahn) through the reeds leads to a small space of trampled rushes (chibasha), the lair of wild boar, who may start up and plunge snorting into the shelter of the high reeds. During the breeding season many of these wild pigs migrate from Hawiza and the low ground below the Jabal Hamrin into this region. The male pig, often the size of a small donkey, has been known to charge upon and upset boats, while it is reported that boars have attacked automobiles on the road between Qal‘at Salih and al-Qurna. The marshman, who hunts the boar with his light gun (ja‘za or tanbal) or with his antiquated firelock (bandega), is fond of relating encounters with these animals. I here give one such narrative. “A year and a half ago I was bidden to go and collect a party of men to complete making a canal. Riding a white mare I went across country where there were sarim [thorns] and fakama [a shrub] and ghedam [undergrowth]. I went, and presently I saw a wild sow [bagura] standing in my way. She had a gray body and a red neck and big ears, and long tusks set crosswise, over a foot long, and one eye as big as my hand and the other a little smaller. She had great flapping lips which blew when she wanted to eat, hair on her body, and she stood a little shorter than a man’s height. She rose and tracked me, and stopped at about the distance of yonder reed 376 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ hut, and I, as it may be, here. I took a small stone and threw it at her. She rose and began to snort and spit at me, and the mare began to tremble and I too trembled, for I had only a stick in my hand, and no gun, and I fled on my mare, who leapt away. I began to weep, and say, ‘Whither can I go?’ She came after us, until we reached a place where there were buffaloes, and I rode amongst them. She came, the sow, and gored one of the buffaloes with her tusks and the buffalo’s belly was torn and it died. Meanwhile I fled on. Still she came after me. I saw a hole in the ground, and I dropped off the mare’s neck into it, whilst she continued to follow the mare, which she caught, and gored so that it died. Then she returned and began to smell and root about on the ground looking for me. She examined the ground minutely and squealed, and I bit on my finger and wept and thought of my father. At last she went away, and I remained in the hole for some time, prisoned because of my fear. Then I returned, but I had not made the canal or collected the men or anything! I said, ‘W’Allah, I will not go,’ for I was frightened of her. W’AlIlah, this is my tale.” Wild duck, geese, snipe, partridge, and teal are lawful food. Religion demands that their throats must be cut after they have been shot. Although wild boars are plentiful, the Marsh Arab, true to his Mohammadan faith, hunts them only for sport. He refuses to touch them. Birds are sometimes trapped. A duck trap (ddsha) and a snare (ndsha) made like a double sieve (used for catching gazelle or fish) are used. Pelicans may be shot for sport, although the Marsh Arab rarely wastes precious cartridges on a wily bird, which always flies at a considerable height and when on open water never allows the hunter to approach within range. The stork (Hajji Laglaq) is considered a sacred bird since it is believed to make an annual pilgrimage to Mecca. According to local report, the iron fish-spear (falih) is sometimes used for killing a partridge when the bird is sitting. The hunter moves round and round the bird, closing in gradually, a maneuver that seems to daze it. I have seen Shammar tribesmen of northern Iraq use the same technique when shooting bustard. Reptiles and amphibians are rare (see Schmidt, 1939), but the many varieties of fish found within the marshes have been the back- stay of a Marsh Arab fishing industry for many centuries. In water channels and rivers the natives usually fish with a net (shabbaka), which varies in size according to the width of the river ARABS OF HOR AL HAWIZA 377 or water channel for which it is intended. Some of these nets stretch nearly across the whole width of the Tigris River. Weighted with lead, they use as floats karabs (the woody base of a palm frond). After being hand-netted, the mesh is toughened by immersion in boiling lime (nira). The net is paid out by a man standing in a mashhif, while his assistant rows or paddles across the stream. After the last catch has been hauled in, the net is hung up to dry. A second type of net, the selliyya, small and circular, is thrown outward by the fisherman with a dexterous movement of the wrist. The fish-spear is used in shallow water, where the water weed, both subaqueous and on the surface renders the nets useless. Fish- spearing is usually done at night, a moonless night being preferred, although it sometimes takes place by day in clear and shallow water. At night, flares made of burning reeds and rushes lure the fish to the surface. As soon as the dazzled fish has risen high enough, it is speared by the fisherman who, weapon poised in his hand, stands alert on the “‘neck’’ (‘anaq) of the chalabiyya. The spear is shaped like a long toasting-fork with prongs of varying length, each tipped by a barb (Fig. 11). The three-pronged spear is called abi thalatha or thlithiyya, the five-pronged, abi khamsa or khumésiyya. In both, the longest prong is the center spear, the heart (lebba). In the five- pronged spear two short prongs are fitted to the shaft between the lebba and the side prongs. The torch is held by a man sitting in the middle of the boat, with a supply of fuel beside him. As the flare (mash‘al) burns low, he takes another bundle of reeds and lights it from that which is dying down. In order to bring the fish to the surface in deep water, a drug, digitalis (zahar), or rubyaén (marigold seed?), which stupefies but does not injure the fish, is scattered on the surface. Fishing by line and hook (for the latter the ‘Iraqi Arabic word shess is used) takes place only in open water, free from weed. The fish-hook (Fig. 11) resembles exactly those excavated at Jemdet Nasr (cf. Field, 1926). It is probable that dried fish have been exported from the marshes since the earliest settlements were established there. The so-called “Tigris salmon’’ (bizz) is so large that a good specimen, when placed on the back of a small horse or donkey, will almost touch the ground on either side. It seldom is found in shallow water, but remains in the Tigris, Chahala, or larger waterways. Local names of other fish are bunniyya, shabbit, shilich (shilij), sabra, himriyya, ‘aqad Fic. 11. Iron spear-points and fish-hooks used by Al bu Muhammad fishermen. 378 ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 379 (‘jed; this is also called the gatén or gataén in the marshes but in Basra barzan and in Baghdad dhikr), jerriyya (pl. jerrz), aktina, nabbash, and abi az-zummér. The local name for the bizz mentioned above is ‘anza, or jassana; the latter word is also used in Basra. The fish called swbir in the marshes is known in Baghdad as Abi suwaif. TRANSPORTATION The sole method of transportation is by means of the waterways. The sailing ship, barge, and raft, which form the principal river craft, seldom penetrate into the marshes. The largest boat (bargash mirhal) is used mainly for exporting reed mats, but one often sees a whole family with its dismantled reed hut, reed mats, furniture, cooking pots, fowl, animals, rice, and flour mills, being transported to another village on one of these large, shallow-draught boats. A smaller boat of the same type is called bargash. Sometimes two of these boats are lashed together to carry a stack of giant reeds (chaya mal bardt). Occasionally there appears in the anarshes another type of boat (daneq), which differs little from the bargash except that it has sails. Next in size to these is the tarrdda, which will seat from ten to twelve persons. It is decorated on the interior by a studding of large, round-headed nails nearly an inch in diameter, called girsa. The bottom of the tarrdda is often furnished with a removable flooring upon which mats or mattresses can be spread, while round cushions are placed against the arched crosspieces that span the craft. These crosspieces cannot be used as seats; they are back supports, for the passenger must sit on the floor of the boat if he is not to disturb the equilibrium. Such refinements as mattresses and cushions are, as a rule, only for people of importance or guests; the marshman is content to sit upon strewn rushes. The generic term for the shallow, wide boat used in the marshes is mashhif (Pls. 141-144). It is of a simple design, carvel-built, with inner ribs curving up from a center piece or backbone. This center piece ends in a long beak called the ‘anaq, which serves to push a way through rushes and reeds in the swamp. The boat is pitched on the exterior and around the edges of the interior, the pitch being applied by hand with a rag and afterwards pressed smooth with a roller (Pl. 148, Fig. 2). The smallest craft (chalabiyya) can hold two or three persons and is used for fishing. In the Muntafiq area this little boat is called za’ima chuléka. 380 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ The usual method of progress is by means of a paddle (gharrafa) in the stern, while a man in the prow punts with a pole (mardi), which is usually made from a stout reed although cane (ganda) imported from India is preferred because of its superior strength. The handle of the pole is finished with a knob of bitumen. The paddlers are not a necessity, for a skilled puntsman wielding the pole with strength and swiftness can propel the boat alone. Several of the great sheikhs prefer a large boat (balam), built and imported from al-Basra; Sheikh Falih has a teak balam, which cost thirty pounds sterling (about $150 at par). Two men scull in the prow of the boat; the oars (mijdaf) have pear-shaped or square blades and each oar is tied to the rowlock (shaubak), which consists of a notched piece of wood in a socket of painted wood faced with brass. The passengers sit in the middle of the boat on a mattress with cushions, and four men sit at the stern paddling, first all on one side and then all on the other. The last paddler steers the boat. There appeared to be little difference between the oar and the paddle. It is interesting to note that the extremely primitive sweeps used on rafts supported by inflated skins (keleks) are called majadif. The most primitive form of water transport consists of a floating bundle of reeds (Pl. 145, Fig. 1), a means of progress probably used by the earliest and most primitive inhabitants of the marshes. A marshman will propel himself on one of these bundles as easily as in a mashhaf. When going against the stream, the punter, with one or two others if the craft is heavy, springs to land with a tow rope (sharifa) and trots along the bank (chiffa) at a steady pace, leaping any small ditch and wading any irrigation canal that comes in his way. I have seen men at Qal‘at Salih towing a sailing ship (mahéla) and taking astonishingly wide leaps, one after the other. They often run naked, and their fine, muscular bodies indicate excellent health. DWELLINGS Villages are scattered throughout the marshes (Pl. 57, Fig. 1; Pls. 58, 59). Passing these villages in a mashhiif, one sees the inhabi- tants at their daily tasks, for they live outside and perform most of the household work, such as cooking and baking and weaving, in the open air. The waterway is the sole link with the outside world; peddlers who make the circuit of the marsh villages bring news as well as bales of cloth and cotton, spices, tea and coffee, and the other wares that come from towns like al-‘Amara, al-NAsiriya, al-Basra ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 381 and Qal‘at Salih. The light-colored, shaggy watchdogs bound along the bank for a little distance, barking furiously; children, naked or half-naked, gaze and run to look, while the women occasionally glance up from their milling, winnowing, or baking to shout a friendly greeting to the men who pole the boat. The larger reed villages, built on dry ground, may consist of several hundred huts. In the heart of the swamp, however, one comes upon groups of reed huts built upon platforms of reeds and rushes, with mud trodden down firmly, and covered over by layers of reeds and reed mats. These islands are called chiba@’ish.' To move from house to house, a man must wade, swim, or go in a boat, although here and there huts are grouped on one platform or con- nected by a bridge of reeds. In flood time, more rushes and reed mats are piled on so as to bring the dwelling above the water. The general term for a reed hut is sarifa, but there are many varieties. In the marshes proper the most popular type of living- and guest-hut is the kikh, a hut with a rounded roof. It is only in recent years that the wealthier marsh sheikhs have replaced the big reed reception house (madif, invariably pronounced mudif; see Pls. 52, 53) by a brick-built diwaniyya (Pl. 50, Fig. 1), and even now the madif serves as a guest room for town visitors and is used for the daily friendly gatherings. In summer the reed hut is infinitely cooler than a mud or brick construction, for the latticework of the lower wall admits the evening breeze and the fresh night air, whereas bricks and mud retain the heat of the sun even at night. In the madif, huge ribs formed of great bundles of reeds (shebab) rise symmetrically to form the perfect arch of the roof (Pl. 58). These giant reeds (gasab) are hollow, jointed, and extremely strong. Before they are inserted into the ground at regular intervals, like a colonnade, facing each other, they are bound into firm bundles as much as two feet thick, by means of ropes of twisted rushes (PI. 54). The plumy heads are then bent over and cut off and the ends of the opposite bundle interwoven with these so deftly that the joint is hardly visible. The two bundles thus united now form an arch. Occasionally the arch receives further support from vertical bundles placed on and not in the earth and down the middle of the hut. These, curved or straight, are called baqat. Reeds bound together in a pointed bundle may be called shasha (Fig. 13). 1 There is a village of some size called Chiba’ish, built entirely on these plat- forms. The root kbsh is found in several Semitic languages (kbs in Akkadian and Arabic, kbsh in Hebrew and Aramaic) with the meaning ‘“‘to tread down” or “stamp under foot,” and is extremely common in Mandean magical documents where devils and enemies are ‘‘trodden down” or “subdued.” 382 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ The next step in the erection of the hut is to bind transverse bundles of reeds to the arches, the lowest being about two feet from the ground (PI. 54). Each bundle (haftar) is formed of reeds thinner than the shebab. Next, a light latticework of reeds, covered in winter, is inserted between the lowest hatar (pl. ahtdr) and the ground to admit air and coolness in summer. The framework is then over- laid with reed mats (bawdGri), one overlapping the next. There are often two layers of these mats or a thatching of reeds above the mats. One madif which we visited (Pl. 52) was covered over entirely by a single bariya woven in one piece, above which were a hundred and fifty overlapping reed mats of smaller size. Reed mats are placed along the sides of the hut and the two end walls are con- structed of erect bundles of reeds covered with mats and strengthened by ahtar. There is often an entrance at both ends consisting usually of a square opening without a door or other covering. Most living-huts are of the kikh pattern described above, but they are not so carefully and elaborately built. The end walls are often bundles of reeds with their feathery tops still uncut, propped against the structure or bound together by reed ropes or by ahtar, while the entrance may be merely an aperture in these reeds. The entrance is supposed to face Mecca; actually, entrances face all directions. A second type of hut is rarer in the marshes, except on the Jabal Hamrin side and approaching Basra. As it is the usual type in Khuzistan and not uncommonly develops into a mud-wall hut with a reed or thatched roof, this type, the jemali, may be regarded as an embryo house—a reed hut in transition. The smaller dwellings are easily uprooted, and one sees mats and shebab and ahtar all piled up on a bargash ready to be re-erected elsewhere. The framework of the jemali consists of two strong sheaves of stout reeds, bound so that they can be divided into a fork at the top. These are placed apart at the distance of the planned length of the hut. The feathered ends of the reeds may be cut off or not. Into the forks, the trunk of a palm tree, or a pole, or sometimes even an iron pipe is dropped to form the ridge-pole (jisr or hardz) of the structure. Occasionally the builder uses forked poles to support the ridge-pole instead of the two bundles of reeds. The ridge-pole projects at either end of the building when it'is complete. Matting placed over this ridge-pole is stretched to meet two side walls of reed mats strengthened by upright bundles of reeds, these side walls being much lower than the end walls. Sometimes the structure is ‘esnoy [lounos pewumuueynyy nq [VY jo suOl}BAZ[e YANOS pue UPON “ET ‘Ol + ge wee eee, [ aetraehe SOW oo VOND//{UE/A ra ¢ 2 1 0 Sosjow ‘asnoy [lounos peumumeynyy nq [y jo ueldjpunoiy “zTyolg ttt ttt tt ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 4 O20/da+Ny 383 384 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ daubed over with mud; sometimes the side walls are replaced by libin (mud mixed with chopped reeds or straw) and the matting on the roof is further strengthened by a thatching of reeds. In this case, the result is not unlike the cob cottages of Devon and Cornwall in England, except that the walls are thinner and the thatching lighter in character. The jemdali, however, is rare in the marshes except as a shelter for cattle; its sharply sloping roof suggests an origin in a higher country, where snowfalls might be expected. A third type of hut, kishik, usually situated on a river bank, is square and often of extreme grace, with interior dividing walls of latticework and small arches, all of reeds. It often has a portico (sdbat) of reeds. No other type of hut has interior walls. It is used as a sitting room and for the entertainment of friends. These pleasure huts are built for sheikhs or other people with leisure enough to enjoy them. DOMESTIC WORK AND APPLIANCES The living huts of the Al bu Muhammad and the Al Suwa‘ad are nearly all of the kikh pattern. Poorer families have not the luxury of two reed huts. One small reed hut, sometimes so light and temporary that it can be taken down and re-erected in a day, shelters man and wife and their furékh (‘little brood’’), as children are termed in affectionate diminu- tive. The smaller animals often share the hut with the family. The hen sits on her eggs in a round earthenware receptacle (mdgif) filled with ashes. Sometimes the mégif has a lip in which grain is placed, so that a brooding hen can feed without rising. In the hut of one young sheikh whom I visited, a calf was tethered and fowl strolled in and out as they wished. At the farther end (yésar) of the hut stood a reed platform (sarir) with trusses of stout reeds about three feet high for legs. This couch was covered with brightly colored mattresses. Although her husband was an important sheikh, my hostess used this hut as a sitting room, dressing room, and kitchen; her servants and women slaves (for most sheikhs keep black slaves) slept in it at night. She shared a sleeping hut with her husband and children and such fowl or other animals as cared to take shelter there. Women and men usually are separated from each other during the day. No woman is veiled and there is no formal objection to a man who sits or talks with women. Whenever their work lies together, there is friendly intercourse between the two sexes. ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA | 385 Women, however, are not allowed to eat with the men, nor do they sit with them in the madif. Piles of mattresses and pillows, often covered with silk, are the pride of a prosperous sheikh’s wife, or wives. Round, silk-covered bolsters, protected about the center by a cotton wrapping and edged with Manchester lace, serve as pillows by night and reclining cushions in the hut by day. Such cotton covers or even table- cloths—the latter used only when town guests are present—do not receive very frequent washings. In places where it is difficult to get soap, which is imported from towns, or where the housewife is very poor, a dried and powdered saponaceous herb (shndn) is used for washing. Often soap is not used. The woman thumps the wet garments on a stone, rinsing them several times over in the muddy water at the river brim and drying them in the sun. Around the sides of a well-furnished reed hut stand tall clay jars, ranging in height from about one to six feet, for the storing of grain. These tall clay bins, received by the owner in lieu of wages, are called sudid; the smaller sizes are sudayyid. The largest sadd is termed the minkhal. The mouth of the salt jar (w@w7) is stopped with clay, but there is a hole in the sloping shoulder so that the housewife’s hand can slip in and grasp some of the contents. A wide-mouthed jar (kéz) of porous clay with a rounded bottom contains the drinking water and is usually set in a high wooden stand at the door of the reed hut so that air may circulate around the wet surface and cool the water. A pan, also porous, is set below to catch the water which percolates through the kéz. The shurba, a pitcher with a handle, is placed near the receiving pan on the ground. Water is brought from the river by a woman or girl; I have never seen a man condescend to this task. The miskhana, a tall, graceful copper jug with a long neck and a handle, is used for dipping up the river water. The water carrier stoops to fill her miskhana, some- times wading in to get unmuddied water, and sets her pot on her shoulder or head for the return journey. In summer, surface water becomes hot, and pots are let down into deep, cool water, called mai al-‘aris, “‘bride’s water.”” Although bilharzia is a common dis- ease, water for drinking is not boiled. A large covered basket (sebt) is also used for storing objects, and for general household purposes there are the tabga and the guffa, bowl-shaped baskets of shallow and deep make respectively. Some of these baskets are homemade, but many of the colored baskets are 386 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ brought from Karbala and al-Najaf when some member of the family goes there on pilgrimage, or they are bought from peddlers who travel by boat from village to village (see Fulanain). Clothes are hung on a f?eltela, a rail of bound reeds secured to two of the strong reed bundles that support the roof. Even a sheikh’s wife has little leisure, for she with the help of her maids must perform all the household tasks. These include milling, bread-making, cooking, butter-making, the preparation of curds (réba) and dung cakes (muttal), milking, obtaining water, laundry, collecting pot herbs or simples, and finally, sewing, spinning (with a distaff), weaving, dyeing, and basket-making. The housewife cooks her meat in tinned copper cooking pots. These are obtained in the copper bazaars of the towns and are not a local product. The cooking hearth (Pl. 66) is usually on the outside of the hut! and consists of three fire-blackened bricks (manasib) upon which she sets her pot, building up the dung cakes and reed fuel between them. The dung cakes are made from buffalo dung (sarjin) mixed with chopped straw and worked into flat cakes (muttal) about the size of small pancakes but thicker. They are dried by propping them one against the other in pairs on the ground in the sun or by placing them along the ledge afforded by the ahtar, the horizontal bundles of reeds on the houses. When dried, these dung cakes are stacked together and the top of the heap protected from rain by a clay cap (gubba mal muttal). Dung for fuel is also formed into balls (jella), but these are little used in the marshes. The common Baghdadi word for the flat dung cakes is bartdkh. Another form of fuel for domestic purposes is made by the Subba, who have a process of wetting reeds with water and baking them in a kiln into a hard cake (rubbakh) that burns without smoke. The diet of the Marsh Arab is simple. The staple foods are rice and bread made of rice or wheaten flour. Sour butter, curds, and a rough cheese also form part of the daily food. Chicken or any other kind of meat may be cooked with boiled rice and mutton fat or melted butter. Mutton, kid, or beef is, however, a luxury rather than a necessity. Chickens can be procured for the equivalent of ten cents. Fish, fresh or dried, and eggs are used as substitutes by the poorer people. For festal occa- sions a lamb or sheep is killed, and a guest is offered many delicacies, such as hamud-heli, a stew in which raisins and dried apricots have been cooked with the meat; pilaw, rice, cooked in butter or mutton 1 Rice bread, however, is often made indoors (see p. 388). ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 387 fat, with meat or chicken, raisins, almonds, and fried onions; and muhallabi, a dish of rice flour boiled slowly in sweetened milk, flavored with rose water and served cold. Fresh fish are cooked in fat with onions and herbs, or are split open, propped up by reeds near a hot fire of reeds to grill in their own fat, and finally laid in the hot ashes for a final browning. Fish thus prepared are said to be mashgiif. Dried fish generally taste somewhat tainted, since the curing is crudely done. The process consists of splitting open the fish immediately after they are caught, sprinkling them with salt, and finally tieing them to a rope to dry in the sun and wind. Wild herbs are utilized, both raw and cooked. The white heart of a thick rush (‘agél) is eaten raw and considered a delicacy. A plant called halba is used as a vegetable. A pink flowering marsh plant (gata) is put into a pan with a little salt and water and eaten as a relish with bread. The yellow fluff from the flower of the bul- rush (bardi) is made into a sweetmeat (khurrét) in the following manner. Water is boiled in a pot, ana a cloth, upon which the yellow fluff and sugar are placed, is laid above the boiling water. The cover of the pot is then clayed in so as to prevent steam from escaping. When the khurrét and sugar, or date syrup (dibis), have been steamed for an hour or two, they harden into a solid, brittle cake about the consistency of sulphur and not unlike it in appearance. This is eaten as bread and is made only in the marshes, though it is sent to the markets of all big ‘Iraqi towns, where it is greatly appreciated. “Thorn-grapes” (‘inab mal shok) are eaten and the leaves of the arjéjil, like many other plants, such as cress (rishdd), serve as salad. The women never have far to go in search of some edible herb, plant, or root wherewith to flavor their dish or add to their menu. Rice flour is milled by the women. The rice is husked and then pounded in a tall, wooden receptacle (jawan) hollowed out for only half its length, the solid part acting as base. While it is pounded, one woman, or more often two, perform the task to a rhythmic cry of “Hat héya! Héya Hi!’ (Pl. 66). The instrument (mijenna) that is used is not unlike a croquet mallet but longer, the hammer end being uppermost. When the rice has been winnowed by tossing it in a shallow basket, the wind carrying off the light husks, it is ground in a hand mill (mijrisha) made by the women. The round grinder (tag) is formed of clay on a wooden core (Pl. 65, Fig. 1). First sun-dried, it is subsequently baked to the requisite hardness by being covered with a heap of red-hot buffalo-dung cakes. Both 388 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ upper and lower fag are corrugated, the instrument used for making the corrugations being often the household mess, a flat copper spoon with seven holes. The upper fag is faced with roughened pitch. Each tag has a round hole in the center fitted with an iron socket, called the eye (‘ain), through which passes the connecting axle (gatab). The handle is simply a short piece of wood stuck into the upper (ag. Rice bread is often baked in the house over a round, earthen fire pan (mangala) or over a fire hearth in pancake-like loaves. It is of two kinds: the stha (literally, “bread of pilgrimage”) and the risa’, the former being somewhat thicker than the latter. When a woman makes risa’ she takes a copper, tin-plated basin (ta@sa), and makes a paste of rice flour, salt, and water, just thin enough to pour. Upon the hot surface of an iron pan (ta@wa) inverted over the fire embers, she pours the dough, flattening the loaf with her hand until it is round and of equal thickness. Then she covers it with a copper tray, also tinned. In a moment or two the bread is ready. Siha, which is prepared in the same fashion, is crisper. Wheaten bread is prepared in a different manner (Pl. 67). Flour, salt, and water are worked into a dough, which is tossed from palm to palm until it is flat and round. The thin flap of bread is then wet with a little water and slapped with a dexterous movement against the smooth interior of the tannir, a large earthenware oven shaped like an Iranian water cooler (hubb), its base sunk into the ground and set in rough mud mixed with straw. The round, flat loaves adhere to the sides of the oven, which is heated by a fire of reeds. Bread is not called khubz as elsewhere in ‘Iraq, but ‘aish (= Life) as in Egypt. Although coffee is the favorite beverage of the Marsh Arab, tea is often served in small, waisted glasses (istikan) half filled with sugar. Loaf sugar made from sugar cane is preferred. Coffee, on the other hand, is bitter and black, and aromatic with cardamom. Miuilk is never added to either tea or coffee; according to the Arabs this is a barbarism practiced only by Europeans. One of the principal features of the interior of the hut is the coffee hearth, given the Turkish appellation, djagh; in a private hut it is called a mdgif. It is a square on the ground of the hut, enclosed by a low, raised, rounded, mud ledge, not entirely surrounding the square but leaving an aperture of about six inches (Fig. 14 and PI. 63, Fig. 2). On this hearth, fire is kindled, usually of dung cakes, started by burning reeds or thorn. Firetongs (mingdsh) are used to arrange ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 389 the fuel. By this hearth sits the coffee-maker, for no amateur hand is allowed to meddle with the solemn business of coffee-brewing. The beans, which should be of a jade color, are first roasted on the mughla, a flat pan with a long handle often decorated with brass knobs. When the beans are roasted brown, not black, they are placed in a brass mortar (hawan). The chiming of the pestle is a signal for passers-by to stroll in and squat against the reed ribs of the hut. The coffee beans must be pounded coarse. Ready on the hearth is the big, long-beaked pot! (gwmgum) con- taining hot water. The coffee-maker does not use fresh hot water for his brew, but shurba, that is to say, colored coffee water from FIREPLACE PLATFORM Wy TY ~ 4 wif /f, Gif GY (GS (= ae N ; NS Fig. 14. Cross section of fireplace in Al bu Muhammad council house. previous brewings contained in a smaller pot of the same shape, the telgama. This is poured on the coffee from a still smaller pot, the della. There are generally more than one of these smaller pots in the hot ashes, but only one gumgum and only one telgama. While it is boiling the coffee should foam up three times, and three times be set aside to simmer. A little cooler water is sometimes added to settle the grounds, and a little cardamom seed to give the coffee an aromatic flavor. Palm fiber stuffed into the spout of the della filters the liquid as it comes out. A cloth (béz) is used to hold the hot metal. The coffee-maker rises to go the round of the hut, beginning with the sheikh, holding the handleless cups, three and four at a time, in one hand and the della in the other. He pours a spoonful of coffee into the topmost cup and offers it to the sheikh, who swirls the coffee slowly round the cup several times before drinking. When he has swallowed the first minute draught, he receives a second quantity with the same procedure, and sometimes a third. To indicate that he needs no more, the sheikh shakes the cup slightly before handing it back. The principal guest is then offered the same cup, and the coffee-maker goes the round of the company collecting cups as they are empty and refilling but not washing them. 1 For drawings of coffee-making utensils, see Field, 1935, Text-Fig. 36. 390 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Every sheikh of standing has his own coffee-maker, who accom- panies him if he goes away for any length of time. Coffee is the symbol of hospitality and to omit a man when coffee is being served is an insult that is only to be wiped out by blood. It is a common way of indicating to a man that his sister or near female relative is unchaste, and it is expected that the man to whom this silent hint is given will immediately go and cut the throat of the woman who has sullied his family honor. ARTS AND HANDICRAFTS Weaving of both cloth and reeds is one of the chief occupations in the marshes. Reed mats (bawGri) made in the marsh district are used extensively throughout ‘Iraq and are even exported to Iran. They are simply made, with a technique that apparently has remained unchanged since very early times. A number of strong, pliable reeds (bard?) (see Pl. 69, Fig. 1), softened by immersion and split, are laid closely side by side on the ground, and the weaver interlaces a second set of split reeds laid at right angles across the first, starting in the middle and working first up and then down. The ends of the second set are then plaited into a third set, the weaver sitting on the part of the mat already completed. While he is working he keeps his hands and the reeds wet by means of water kept beside him in a bowl. When the mat has reached the size required he cuts off the ends, folds over the edges, rolls up the mat, and ties it with a rope (banda). The rough edges can be sewn with string or reeds by the women when the mat is purchased or used. Cloth weaving, called hayicha, is performed by men as well as women, the former being accounted the more skillful. The loom, which is primitive in type, may be erected either in the house or outside. The weaver stands before it in a hole in the ground, known as the jima. The main framework of the loom, often of wood, in one case was of reed bundles (skebab) stuck into the ground and bound together in the customary way with reeds (Pl. 60 and Pl. 61, Fig. 1). Four horizontal bundles of reeds, thinner than the shebab, were called mushharat. Extending for some yards, the warp threads were fastened to a thick wooden peg (bakra). The names of the various parts of the loom were: the shuttle (minhich); the batten (gafl); the comb (misht), the teeth of which are set between two reeds called the fechch; the wired frame (def‘a), which pressed the threads into the material; and the cloth beam (noil). A reed wheel for winding thread was called the dalab, and a reed bobbin, a naziiga. ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 391 A simple device for skeining wool consisted of a stick bent until its ends overlapped, secured by thread so as to form a loop (Pl. 62, Fig. 2). This was called a matwa. For their own use, the marsh tribes weave rugs of poor quality, saddle bags, and tenting from goats’ or sheep’s wool. While I did not see any woollen ‘aba cloth woven in the marshes, in al-‘Amara and Qal‘at Salih the tribesmen place stakes in the ground at intervals for the required length of cloth and the man walks from end to end unwinding the wool from his tray of bobbins. All silk comes from the markets of the big towns, and foreign artificial silks are rapidly supplanting the hand-woven silks that were formerly used for the ‘aba’s of the wealthier women or for the bride’s zibin. Artificial silk has become the principal stock of the silk merchants in the towns, for it is cheap, shiny, and brightly colored, all popular qualities. The embroidery adorning the ‘ab@’s, which are loose-sleeved coats worn by men and women alike, is done by the men and is ealled kalabdiin. The thick wooller winter ‘aba’ is called khakhiyya because of its brown earthy color (cf. Hind. khaki=dusty; dust- colored from Pers. khak=dust); the middleweight ‘aba’ is a jisriyya; the transparent woven summer ‘aba’ is a bisht. The metal thread tie-ups ornamented with “bobbles” of gold or silver thread are gétan, the metal thread edging is chasbi, and the metal oversewing of the seams is maksur. Women have metal embroidery on the sleeve of the ‘ab@’ called bakhkhiyyah. The ‘aba’s are tailored by men, and they usually make the zibin, a gown worn, in the case of men, over the ankle-long shirt (dishdasha). The use of cheap aniline dyes has now largely replaced vegetable, mineral, and animal dyes. Nevertheless some natural dyes are still used. Since these tribesmen are often color-blind, for red they use zarga@’, which is obtained from copper sulphate. Curiously enough, for blue in varying shades they employ indigo, blue tattooing powder and tamarind (tamr hindi). For green, an infusion of willow leaves (gharb) is made. For orange and red, pomegranate juice (dbagh mal rumman) mixed with powder of vitriol (zaégh) and indigo (chuwit) is used. For yellow and brown, particularly for dyeing the light summer ‘aba’, they employ an infusion of kubban, a curious water- weed with flesh-colored, transparent tubers that grow like fingers, five in a group. This weed has a bright yellow blossom and flowers freely in the months of April and May. For purple, tahama leaves are boiled down. 392 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTATION No women are veiled, not even those in the sheikh’s household, unless they happen to go to a town, where they comply with town usages. When local townsmen or foreigners are present, women of the sheikh’s family withdraw into some seclusion, but tribesmen, if they are of lower degree, can converse with them. The usual form of hairdressing is a straight fringe over the fore- head (jidhdha), with the rest of the hair plaited. Sometimes the plaits are looped up and fastened on the head; sometimes they hang down, their length increased by black threads plaited with the hair. I had the privilege of helping with the morning toilet of a sheikh’s wife who, although she had seven children, was still in her twenties and had a skin of which any European woman might be proud. Her complexion was fair and she scorned the use of powder or cosmetics. A black-skinned slave girl brought a long-spouted ewer (ibriqg) and a basin with a perforated cover (lagan) upon which the soap was placed and set them before her mistress, who sat on the floor of the reed hut. The lady, having removed her headdresses and upper garment so that neck and arms were bare, washed herself with the water that the slave girl poured over her hands and dried herself with a towel brought by another Negro handmaiden. All the while a mirror was propped against a wooden box so that the lady might see herself. This wooden box was highly important, for it contained her wardrobe. Another box of the same kind, with a large lock, held her jewels and talismans. A fine comb of sandalwood was brought and she unplaited her black hair, which she wore parted, without the usual fringe. It was slightly reddened with hinna.' Her hair rebraided, with two side locks combed forward so that they would appear beneath her headdress, the sheikh’s wife took her black wimple (fita), usually called shéla in the marshes, and, putting it well to the back of her head so that the top remained uncovered, she held it together with her teeth while covering her 1The green leaf (Lawsonia sp.) is dried, powdered, mixed with water and applied to the hair as a paste. Hinn§, or henna, is usually mixed with tin khawa, a saponaceous earth called gil by the Iranis. This earth, if placed with the pink petals of the jurz rose (a rose used for making rose water) takes the perfume of the rose. The tin khdwa imparts a gloss to the hair and lessens the dyeing quality of the henna, which is astringent and often stops the falling of hair. This refers to the real henna, not the so-called ‘‘Persian henna,”’ which, mixed with a com- pound of indigo or some other dye, darkens the hair. See Hooper and Field, pp. 134-185, 192-198. ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 393 forehead with a black headband (‘asdéba). A long black turban (késh), which had previously been extended and smoothed out by her maids, was then folded round her head in a boat-shape. This done, she brought the ends of her shéla, wimple-wise, under her chin. The lady’s dress, which she had put on before completing her hairdressing, consisted of a slightly waisted zibin and above that a transparent, wide-sleeved, black garment called a hashimi. This had no fastening and could be slipped over the head. Above that again was the ‘abd. When the headdress was arranged to her liking, ornaments (Pl. 73) were produced from the unlocked treasure box. Around her turban the lady draped a long, narrow, triangular slip of black silk about a meter in length, to each end of which were hooked two bands of jewelry called ‘agal. This slip is called the habar. The two bands of jewelry can be unhooked, fastened together, and used as a stiff collar (t0qg) or used separately and worn on the wrists as bracelets (mandatish, named from the pins that fasten the bracelets together). Next, she looped upon her turban a gold gurddla, a two- strand and four-strand filigree chain with pendent “hands of ‘Abbas,”’ and filigree stars or flowers with ruby centers. The gurdala is a favorite ornament, varied and rich in design and is, like the rest of the jewelry, the work of Subba goldsmiths. The headdress was now further ornamented by two pieces of red silk braid (nejim) about a yard in length, fastened so as to fall on either side of the face. To these were attached a little blue zuwijiyya to ward off the Evil Eye, three heavy, round, gold buttons (guba@b), and twenty-seven gold lu‘ba, ornaments resembling Byzantine coins, but formed on a mold and pressed together in two halves. There was also cheff al- batt, an ornament in the shape of a webbed foot, of gold, crystal, and rubies surmounted by a gold crescent. The final touch was another protective blue button (khdrama) and a silken tassel of red and green. About her neck the lady clasped several necklaces, including a wide collar of large turquoises. In addition to these she wore a long gold chain to which rows of gold coins were attached, called the maksara. Marsh beauties do not wear the pearl and turquoise nose-stud (warda) so popular in the rest of ‘Iraq, but they have the swinging nose ring (khazzima) worn through one nostril by tribal and poorer women throughout the country. When rings are worn through each nostril, the left ring is called the sha‘a and the right one the 394 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ zummam. My friend did not wear any of these, but she wore enormous earrings (tardchi) of gold filigree set with pearls and rubies, and another pendent gold hook (matreg) in the helix. Around her ankles she fastened heavy gold anklets (hail). Poorer women wear silver anklets. At the end of her toilet the lady took up her small collyrium flask, into the top of which is screwed a pointed rod used to apply the black pigment to the eyelids. The proper way to apply kohl (kuhl) is to roll the eyelid and apply the pigment with the point of the rod to the inner side of the lid. This should be done at night, and the eyes washed in the morning. Enough of the pigment remains to give the desired effect; an extra touch is sometimes added. Kuhl is supposed to benefit the sight, but, as the phial is freely handed about from woman to woman, trachoma may often be transmitted by this means. Kuhl is bought in lumps. Soaked in water for three months, it is then ground very fine and mixed with ‘‘clean” butter. A small brass mortar with a brass pestle (sadd) is used, one such being kept in the hut for pounding herbs, medicines, and henna. The best kuhl, called ithmid, comes from Mecca. The young woman, like many others, had covered her two upper, second incisor teeth with a gold casing, a practice that usually results in the decay of the teeth. Rings are worn on the fingers and sometimes on the toes. Fetkha is the word used for a toe ring, but it is also applied to a ring worn on the forefinger. A woman of standing has her own name or that of her husband engraved on a gold or silver ring (muhr=seal). A flat broad bracelet (khdsa), usually set with imitation or real tur- quoises and rubies, is worn on each wrist by most women. Other types of jewelry worn by the women consist of glass bangles, called by one woman ma‘ddad and by two others, majadiyya; earrings of the type called shadr, with a complicated pattern of gold beads set on a solid gold background; a silver ring with inset turquoise, connected by a silver chain inset with turquoise to a bead bangle (itmam) ; a long pendant at the side of the head made of large amber and gold beads, a flat gold bead set with a turquoise (khad- rama), a large red bead (zuwijiyya), and a gold coin (ghaz?); a finger ring usually called mahbes, worn by all except the poor women, who substitute silver, copper, and glass for the gold and precious stones. A brightly colored fringed kerchief (cherghad) is occasionally wound above the black headband covering the forehead. ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 395 Except for an occasional ring, signet, or watch chain, men wear no jewelry. Boys, however, often have a thick silver ring (t6q) about their necks, decorated by a turquoise set into the clasp or into the center. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION The marsh tribes, like the other tribes of ‘Iraq, acknowledge the leadership of a sheikh, whose authority is subdivided among lesser sheikhs. These are, in fact, feudal communities. The tribesmen work for their sheikh and are paid in kind and not in money; they are also entitled to the protection, advice, and hospitality of the sheikh, who is their “father.” Upon the arrival of a sheikh in a village, the inhabitants immediately come forward to kiss his hand and place it against their foreheads in token of respect and fealty. They must fight for him to death if there is need and take up his quarrels as he must take up their quarrels, if they have suffered serious wrong at the hands of a man of another tribe. Intertribal disputes may lead to exceedingly vindictive and cruel treatment of one tribe by another. I was told that one hostile marsh tribe captured a boy, buried him up to his neck, put his eyes out and left him to die. He was rescued by a British political officer, but died soon after. If murder has been committed, a tribe raided, a blood feud or a desperate quarrel begun, during which injury has been done by one tribe to another, the matter may be settled by handing over money, cattle, women, or a combination of all three. Compensation is agreed upon in conclave, usually through the offices of a mediating tribe. The custom (fasl) of handing over women to settle intertribal disputes is more common with the marsh tribes than elsewhere in ‘Iraq. The fasl-woman, often a child who has just reached puberty, is sent among the enemies of her tribe to bear children to a stranger and swallow the taunts of those who still cherish bitterness against her people. If she bears no child she may be sent back to her tribe to be exchanged for another girl. It is said that sometimes a fasl- woman is returned to her people even after she has given birth to a son. In practice, however, the fasl-woman is often the means of effecting a genuine reconciliation between two hostile tribes or sub-tribes. If the father of her children becomes fond of her, she may be allowed to see her people or they may be allowed to visit her. Thus, by degrees, relations of a friendly character become established between erstwhile enemies. The marsh tribesmen, 396 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ once honor (sharaf) has been satisfied, are able to forget a bitter quarrel and to attribute its cause to destiny (nasib). In times of peace the tribesman often goes unarmed but for his chumagh, a stick with a knotted or crooked end, useful for driving cattle or, if need be, for self-defense. He may sometimes carry a short mace with a round bitumen head called a magwdar or, more rarely, a mace with a stone head, called a sakhriyya. More effective is the curved dagger (khanjar), sometimes kept in a decorated sheath which is stuck into the belt (see Field, 1935a, Fig. 37). The sheikhs themselves are changing, inevitably, under condi- tions that bring them into constant relationship with towns, govern- ment officials, motion pictures, and modern inventions. Govern- ment schools flourish at al-‘Amara, Qal‘at Salih, Garmat ‘Ali, and many other towns of the district. Until recently it was thought unmanly for a sheikh to be able to read or write; such unwarlike accomplishments were left to the mullad. Each sheikh had his mulla, who combined a number of offices in one person. He kept the sheikh’s accounts, read and answered his letters, acted as his agent, dealt with visitors and politics, and enjoyed a good deal of power. The sheikh today, however, realizes that it is wise to send his sons to school, even if they leave him and go to Baghdad and run the risk of being converted into effendiyya, the generic term for all soft, clerkly, office-hunting townsmen. The social life of the men centers around the guest hut (madif). This hut seems to fulfill all the functions of a club, a coffeehouse, and a chapel. Within it, men assemble for coffee and conversation, for council, for mourning, and for prayer. The sheikh, or chief man of the village, sits in the place of honor. If a guest is present, he may sit at the sheikh’s right hand or he may be given the place of importance. For such a person of substance or honor, mattresses or carpets and bolsters supplement reed mats placed along the sides of the interior. The common folk sit on the matting. The madif is generally spoken of as “the sheikh’s guest house.”’ The tribesmen consider themselves responsible for the welfare of a guest and his belongings. They become, however, expert thieves if a person unprotected by their laws of hospitality comes within their midst. Since conversation is one of the main forms of mental recreation, scandal, often groundless, spreads rapidly in the villages. This may be the basis for the reputed low standard of sexual morality among the Marsh Arabs. Homosexuality apparently occurs to a certain ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 397 extent, but stringent tribal laws discourage such vice. Most of the scandal is directed against the women. The natural avenger of family honor is the brother. If he over- hears a slighting remark about his sister or a taunt in the madif about her light behavior, or if the coffee-maker pointedly omits to hand him a cup when the coffee goes the rounds of the gossips in the guest hut, it is his duty to rise without a word, take his knife, go home, and cut his sister’s throat, without inquiring as to the truth of the accusation. If the brother does not murder the girl, her father or some other male relative must do so. Ina few cases, the husband of a slandered woman has applied to the local authorities to protect a wife in whose innocence he believes; but the protection is seldom of avail and the knife sooner or later finds its mark. Often the girl so brutally murdered is a mere child, and such a barbarous privilege— for the ‘Iraqi courts pass nominal sentences in the case of tribal crimes of this type—becomes notoriously abused when property is involved. Moreover, as it is difficult to draw an exact line between townsmen and tribesmen, tribal law has invaded the towns as regards this form of crime. Owing to tribal’analogies brutal murderers often escape with nominal sentences if they can but manufacture a plea, true or false, that morality was the cause of their deed. The marriage customs are similar to those of other parts of ‘Iraq. It is taken for granted that a girl shall be regarded as the betrothed of her paternal uncle’s son. If her cousin already has his complement of wives or does not want her, she must still have his permission before marrying any other man. The penalty imposed by tribal custom for defiance of this rule, or for unchastity, is death. A man may keep a girl cousin waiting for years, neither marrying her himself nor suffering another suitor to take her, and a girl may remain single all her life because of the caprice of her cousin. Many are the tales of lovers who have braved this rule and met death in consequence. Where there is no paternal cousin, a girl may be given to her maternal cousin, to some more distant male relative, or even to a man of another family or tribe. Those of sheikh’s blood take their chief wife from within their group, and race is esteemed more highly than wealth. Owing to these rules, one finds the families of the sheikhs inbred; yet on the whole they seem to possess health and good physique. A dowry is paid by the bridegroom to a girl’s father, who expends most of it on her clothing and jewelry. The townsman pays a certain sum down and promises a further sum should he divorce 398 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ his wife; but in the marshes the second sum is rarely stipulated. The jewelry is looked upon as insurance against divorce, and a divorced wife takes her jewelry with her. Hence the extreme richness and variety of the ornament which these marsh women wear; it is their protection against a dark future which may see them deserted, old, or supplanted by a rival. When a woman is to be married she places upon herself as much of her jewelry as she can wear. First she is bathed and perfumed. A mixture of seeds, sandalwood, orris root, and tin khawa made into a scented paste (mahlab or halabi) is applied to her hair. Her body must then be depilated by a woman called a nattafa, who sets to work to jerk out hairs one by one by means of a loop of thread and her teeth. Eyebrows are becomingly shaped by the same means. A powder (zurégh) and pumice stone (sakhara majliyya) are also used, for no hair must remain on her body. The feet and hands are stained with henna. The bride, who is thought to be peculiarly susceptible to the Evil Eye and the Breath, is protected by a number of amulets, and great care is taken that the friend who adorns her shall be a fortunate person, a happy mother of children being preferred. Rituals in connection with births were depicted for me by a young mother, who showed me how, in her pangs, she crouched and grasped the great reed rib of the hut, and pressed her forehead against the cool reeds, presenting her buttocks to the midwife (jidda), the reed hut crowded meanwhile by the women who had come to support her during the ordeal. With the mother in this crouching position the child is born, being taken by the midwife from behind. At the moment of severance the baby’s navel is bound with a little sheep’s wool. After the birth the mother’s waist is bound tightly by the midwife and she is washed well with hot water. She is bathed again on the third, seventh, and tenth days. She is never left alone during or immediately after childbirth lest evil spirits harm her or the child. For a period of forty days the mother carries a knife about with her to ward off these mischievous beings, who fear any sharp or pointed instrument of steel or iron. An infant is suckled without adherence to any time of feeding, and the child continues to suck long after it can walk. I have seen a marsh woman take the nipple from the mouth of a young baby to offer it to a child of four years, who beat her imperiously with his fist that he might have her breast. No sheikh’s wife, however, suckles her child. She gives it as soon as it is born to a wet nurse (daya), usually one of her own slaves or dependents. The foster ARABS OF Hor AL HAWIZA 399 mother, with the suckling in her charge, remains constantly at her mistress’s side, and the nurse’s nipple is rarely out of the baby’s mouth except when the child is asleep. The children of such a foster mother have a special relationship to the children of the real mother and are not allowed to intermarry with them. To get rid of her milk a woman bathes her breasts constantly with cold water and binds them tightly. Divorces are lightly made. A man has but to say to his wife, three times before witnesses, “I divorce thee!’’ and she is no longer his wife. The sheikhs and wealthier men are prodigal in their matrimonial alliances. One sheikh boasted that he had married thirty-three women and said that his brother had married a hundred. However, modern times and restricted incomes are reducing the number of marriages. Moslem law permits a man only four wives at a time, but the system of divorce allows a man to marry for a short period and then send the girl back to her people. If she has borne him a child, she must leave it with him, for a child is paternal property. There is, however, one permanent wife. She is generally a cousin who, kept on for reasons of property, family feeling, and possibly genuine affection, has weathered the storms and remained lady paramount. One such proud and elderly dame, of good birth and with the remains of considerable beauty, laughed without a trace of bitterness as she recounted her tactics with rivals. She was always polite to new arrivals, although they did not last long. To get rid of them she employed witchcraft (sthr) and spells, which, sooner or later, were effective. RELIGION The emotional extremes of the Shi‘a doctrines are far more congenial to the Marsh Arab than the severer rationalism of the Sunni faith. Religion sits lightly upon him, and his spiritual needs are satisfied as a rule by the visit of a divine (mu’min) for the two sacred months of Muharram and Ramadan. For this he is willing to pay, and if he has made a pilgrimage (ziyara) to the holy cities of al-Najaf, Karbala, al-Kadhimain, and Samarra once during his lifetime he has a fair claim to being accounted a religious man. It is not often that a marshman goes on pilgrimage to Mecca and becomes a hajji. The ziyara costs less and is a shorter journey than the hajj and the Shi‘a Imams lie nearer to the heart. The burial customs and mourning rites are complex. In various parts of the marshes a long tumulus rises above the reeds of cultivated 400 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ areas. This is a reed vault (biniyya) covered with mud, which forms a temporary tomb. All who can pay the fees of transport and reburial, except very young children, are interred in such tombs for about a year and then, when a caravan of bodies happens to be setting out for al-Najaf, they are uncovered and carried to the holy city to be buried as close to the shrine as means allow. The higher the fee, the greater the proximity to the tomb of ‘Ali. Rich men are transported to al-Najaf without this temporary burial (amdna), which is only a matter of expediency. The belief is that only those worthy of interment in so holy a place are permitted by the Imam to reach their graves. Hence stories arise that on the way to al-Najaf a corpse has been known to change into a pig or a dog and run off into the desert. These legends are extremely useful to the corpse-caravan leaders who, if they find their convoy of corpses inconveniently large, dispose of them on the way, explaining shortages, if they are discovered, in the traditional manner. The dead are washed with an infusion of the leaves of Christ’s- thorn (Zizyphus spina-christi Willd.), called in the marshes sidr and in the rest of ‘Iraq nabgqa or nabag. The body is then sprinkled with camphor (ka@fir), wrapped in white muslin, and encased with reeds. Before the corpse is interred it must be placed on the ground three times, and it must be buried, if possible, before the sun sets. The instant that breath has left the body, the women begin to wail, beat their breasts, throw dust on their heads, and tear their garments so wildly that often their breasts are exposed. The men carry the body to the grave, the bearers often changing, as they go along, with fresh volunteers, for it is considered a pious and meritorious act to assist the dead man to his resting place. Organized lamentation and breast-beating take place on the third and seventh days after death, but they are limited to women. The men gather together in the village guest hut or in another large hut, listen to the reading of a portion of holy writ by a mu’min, and say some Fatihas, but they sit in a quiet and orderly fashion. On the other hand, the female relatives, friends, and neighbors of the deceased person gather in and around the hut of the bereaved family, sitting closely together, sobbing and wailing in concert. At intervals, led by a professional mourner (‘addada), who excites them to hysterical grief by repeating praises of the deceased and poignant reflections upon the bereaved state of the mourners, they rise to their feet and jerk their bodies in a kind of dance, flinging ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 401 their unbound and unplaited locks from side to side with the move- ment of their heads (Pl. 76, Fig. 2). The more passionate mourners tear open their clothing and display their bodies, and all beat their breasts in unison to the ‘addada’s chant, punctuating the latter with the regular thud of their palms on their persons, their cries of woe, and the stamp of their feet. The kind of lamenting employed, ejaculatory verse, is simple: Here is thy fishing spear idle! Thy clothes lie piled together! Thy children are fatherless! Very often the community, village, or sheikh may have a local poet. The poets are highly respected and their compositions are usually sung. Ordinarily, they are expert impromptu versifiers. In Baghdad, however, I noticed that two female professional mourners, who functioned alternately, used verses scribbled in a notebook as their inspiration. The death of the sons of ‘Ali, Hasan and Husain, is recognized annually by organized mourning ceremonies. This is fixed for the ‘Ashira, or first ten days of Muha.ram. It happened that in 1934 these ten days fell during our visit to the marshes. We had, there- fore, been implored by the Mutasarrif of al-‘Amara to use the utmost caution, for, during these ten days, religious fervor, mounting day by day like a fever, reaches its climax on the tenth day of the month, when all is mourning and displays of grief, such as processions, breast beating, and flagellations; these and the pageantry of passion plays move the entire Shi‘a population of ‘Iraq to a frenzy of sorrow and religious fervor. When we arrived at az-Zubair, black flags flew from the majority of the madifs and sara@’if. Sounds of prayer and chanting, or loud sobbing as the days wore on, issued from riverside huts. Eventually it became impossible to ignore what was occupying the minds of our friendly hosts, and the marsh people would not shut us out from their griefs any more than they would have excluded us from their joys. Passing by Sheikh Khazal’s madif while the mu’min was leading the devotions, I was invited inside, although men and women ordinarily pray and weep separately. If women wish to listen to the quira’a, as the reading and devotions are called, they crouch outside. The next day I was invited to visit the large council chamber. The hour of prayer was at hand. Casting a questioning glance upon me the tribesmen asked me if I would like to “‘see how we weep for Husain.” This ceremony is conducted by the mu’min, who also 402 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ goes to neighboring villages. He called for the pulpit (minbar). An inverted wooden mortar (hd@wan) was brought in and a cushion placed upon it. On this the divine seated himself, while his con- gregation, all men, sat on the ground against the sides of the reed hut and about the coffee hearth, where the coffee-maker had sus- pended his operations. The men loosened their black and white head-kerchiefs (cheffiyya), and brought the cloth crosswise over their mouths, concealing the lower portions of their faces. The ends of the cloth were thrown over their heads. The mu’min began to recite in a chanting voice and whenever the name of the prophet or of ‘Ali occurred the men joined in with a muttered, “Pray for him!” or “Pray for Allah and for Muhammad and for ‘Ali,” or a similar pious ejaculation. Soon the divine was reading from the Hadith the tragic story of the battle of Karbala. The chant was mostly on three notes, and in the more poignant passages he rose to the highest note. All present, their veiled heads bent low and their hands shading their eyes, lifted up their voices and wept aloud, “‘eh-ha, eh-ha, eh-ha!’’ while the women, clustered outside the door, joined in the sobbing. Then the divine assumed his natural voice and began his simple sermon, the narrative of a thief who, caught in the act, had his right hand cut off and was then brought before the mild ‘Ali, son- in-law of the Prophet. ‘What!’ said ‘Ali, “you are a Muslim and the son of a Muslim?” The thief admitted it. “How can a man be a believer and yet a thief?”’ The story ended with the repentance of the thief and the cure of his mutilated arm by ‘Ali. Sentence by sentence as he proceeded, the mu’min interrupted himself to trans- late the literary Arabic into the colloquial Arabic of the marshes and to add his own moralizing comments. He ended his picture of ‘Ali’s clemency by chanting one of those mourning Muharram poems so dear to the Shi‘as, his left hand placed at his left cheek. The men within and the women without wept copiously, and the mu’min’s own voice became choked with emotion. Then, in a quieter mono- tone, he recited the Fatiha, the first short chapter of the Qur’an, all the men joining in, hands placed palms upward, and the proceed- ings were at an end. The same evening there was another service, which resembled that of the morning except that the company was bigger. The divine was eloquent as he read the story of the martyrdom of Husain and his women and children, debarred from water to allay their thirst, transfixed by arrows, and cut off ruthlessly one by one. ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 403 Weeping is infectious, and our own eyes filled. This, the next day, inspired the mu’min, as we sat in an airy kishik by the river, to tell me astory. He said he was always ready to talk about matters of the faith. ‘Once upon a time, a man who was not a Shi‘a, a stranger like yourself, chanced one day to be passing by when they were making wailing for Husain. He came, he looked, he was moved, he shed a tear. When he died he went to Jehannam, for he had many faults, and there paid the penalty of his sins and uncleanness. But Allah, seeing him, brought a basket of seed and, calling the prophet Misa [Moses], asked him, ‘Seed for seed, what is this worth?’ Misa could not answer the question; so He called another prophet and another, but none could answer Him. Then he asked Husain, who replied: ‘The man’s sins were as countless as these seeds, but he wept one tear, and for that tear his sins shall be for- given him.’ Then the man was removed from hell and taken straightway into Paradise.”’ The mu’mins, who perform temporary duty during this period of mourning, receive a fee for their ministrations. On the eve of the tenth day, Dr. Smeaton and I accompanied a sheikh’s wife in a mashhif to a Sayyid’s house. He and his wife were townsfolk from Karbala. She, feeling herself an exile in the reed country, had made a garden, with an arbor of vines. In this arbor carpets and cushions were spread and tea was served in small glasses as well as a brew from the leaves of the lemon tree (see Tol- kowsky, 1938). The moon was rising, and presently we heard girls’ voices by the river, and their laughter. “They have come!” said our hostess and, going into a little courtyard formed by a fence of reeds, we met a company of girls as they streamed in, irresponsibly gay and not at all, it appeared to us, in Muharram mood, although they were preparing a “mourning” for us. The proper dress for the girls who took part, our hostess said, should have been a white skirt above a black undergarment, but these marsh maids, who were between the ages of ten and four- teen, wore colors for the most part, and here and there one saw the glint of the gold or silver of their ornaments in the moonlight, or marked the swing of a nose-ring or the flash of an anklet. They formed a circle, and broke into a chant, slapping their breasts, dancing on their bare feet, and throwing their heads from side to side. They did not weep; indeed the whole performance seemed like a bursting forth of youthful high spirits. I asked the meaning of the shrill chant to the rhythm of which their bodies swayed, arms swung, and feet moved. It was: 404 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Close round Husain And turn back his steed. O that night had passed! Weep noisily! Presently they went out, to go laughing along the river bank and repeat their performance elsewhere. The tenth morning no coffee was brewed, no bread baked. At dawn prayers and chanting, which had been continuing throughout the night, were still heard. It is considered pious to fast entirely but, as a concession, wheaten porridge (harisa) mixed with sheep’s butter (dihn hurr) is cooked overnight so that the hearth stones may remain cold until noon of the tenth day. Into this cereal a little meat, usually mutton, is shredded and a flavoring of sugar and cinnamon (darsin) is added. MHarisa, like the hot cross bun of Christendom, has a semi-religious character and when, during Ramadan or times of pilgrimage, companies of pilgrims travel to the shrines of al-Najaf, Karbala, al-Kadhimain, and Samarra, they forswear all food but this. We joined in the early devotions in the guest hut. The coffee hearth was cold, and a plate for offerings was put on the square ridge surrounding it. We duly cast in our contribution. Later, we accompanied the sheikh a little farther upstream to see the “breast beating’ there. As the tarrdda was poled along, past hamlet after hamlet, we heard sounds of sobbing and wailing from the huts. We banked by a wide, grassy place, where the vil- lage madif was surrounded by a dense crowd. Here the sheikh landed, and the tribesmen immediately came to kiss his hand and raise it to their brows. A quirad’a was going on within the hut, but mattresses and cushions were spread for us in the shade of some willows, from where we could view the madif and the multitude about it. Behind the willows and the reed fence, women thronged, and their weeping and breast-thumping mingled with those of the crowd. A rush of the crowd and the approach of large flags or banners swaying above it told us that a procession was on its way. The flags, torn and soiled, had evidently done duty many times, but they added to the color of the scene. One banner was white with a red border, a green crescent sewn to the center; another was red with a white border; another was all green. Above the heads of the crowd was the tabit, the bier, upon which lay the supposed dead body of Husain, covered by a magenta cloth. A wooden bench did ARABS OF HoR AL HAWIZA 405 duty as the bier. Before it walked a group of breast-beaters, naked to the waist, led by a rozakhiin, as they term the man who starts the chants and incites the breast-beaters to vigor. When the procession was opposite us it halted; the leader turned to face the breast- beaters and began his chant, to which the men, in perfect time and rhythm, lifted their arms high and brought them down on their chests with great force, like human drums. Spectators thumped or patted their breasts as piety or decorum suggested. Then the pro- cession passed on. Behind the bier walked men in women’s garments, imperson- ating the women of the martyrs. They addressed appeals, cries for mercy, and lamentations to the crowd. They wore black cloaks (‘aba@’s), but their outer robes (zibiins) were of brilliant artificial silks, orange, green, purple, magenta, and red. Two pairs of small boys, in turbans, buttoned jackets, and full trousers, each pair led by a man who had tied a white cloth representing a halter round their necks, addressed the crowd in shrill emotionless voices: “**Atash! ‘Atash!’’ (Thirst!) They were generously rouged with the red pigment that bazaar doctors smear on sore eyes. Thirst, thirst! O Husain, slave of God! O Fatuma the Flower! they cried from time to time. The crowd, fresh from the reading, conjured up the scene of the martyred family, shut off from the river and dying of thirst, of the child pierced with an arrow, lying on his father’s breast, and the bloody shroud that the martyrs donned before going into the unequal fight. All wept with loud sobs, tears flowing unrestrainedly. We followed the procession and crowd to a grassy field. Here a large ring was formed so as to give the passion players a stage in the middle. The “corpse” on its bier was set down in the center of the circle and actors clustered about it, pressing their heads to the bier in grief. The flags were planted in the arena. The breast- beaters once more faced their leader and a mighty breast-beating took place in answer to his inciting chant. Sweat poured over their brown torsos and their breasts were reddened by the force of the heavy blows. One man was led away half fainting, and later I heard that another had “purified himself’ (tatahhar) by succumbing to his injuries. It is considered highly meritorious if a man dies as a result of his austerities, and he is assured of reward in Paradise. Indeed, if a pious man dies during Muharram without neglecting 406 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ his mourning, he passes straightway into Paradise without a pre- liminary expiation of his sins. The ‘“‘women”’ of the holy family, the two pairs of boys, and a man with a kettle of water, who gave the performers a drink from time to time, perhaps acting the part of the distributor of the last few drops of water, paraded around the arena, addressing the crowd as before, while the boys kept up their mechanical cries. Finally, the “women” went among the crowd of women who stood apart from the men, sobbing and wailing, and their advent, recitations, and appeals provoked a crescendo of lamentations. The face coverings worn by the “women”’ to conceal their manly beards were of diverse colors, and their brilliant dresses and gold-braided ‘ab@’s trailed in the dusty turf. The procession re-formed and returned to the pray- ing-place (masalla), for the hut had lost for the time its hospitable character and had become a mosque. At this point we accompanied the sheikh back to the tarrada and were poled upstream on the homeward way. At noon, fires were lighted, the coffee-maker resumed his post, the weeping stopped, and normal life was resumed. At sunset the young sheikh sat in the madif relaxed and smiling, while his Negro slaves and some of the tribesmen facing him began to sing love songs of the most carefree and cheerful type, snapping their fingers (dagqa) and beating one heel on the ground as they squatted opposite him (Pl. 76, Fig. 1). To this primitive form of castanets and drum, their male voices sang many attractive songs. APPENDIX: NOTES ON THE DATE PALM IN IRAQ BY V. H. W. Dowson! Description.—The date, or date palm, called Naki in Iraq, is Phoenix dactylifera Linn. It is one of several somewhat similar species belonging to the genus Phoenix, which is characterized by the possession of a dense crown of generally hard and bristly, irregularly pinnate leaves, the lower pinnae usually reduced to spines, by small di- oecious flowers in branched clusters, and by a terete one-seeded berry fruit with a hard and horny, oblong seed, terete and deeply grooved. The species dactylifera is distinguished from the other species of the genus by its usually large, edible fruit, erect, tall trunk of medium girth, robust and stout glaucous leaves with stiff pinnae in groups, a moderate number of spines, and dead leaf bases that are more vertical than horizontal. Of moderate hardiness, it flourishes in a hot, dry climate, with much water‘at its roots. It is not known wild (see Pls. 220-224). | Distribution.—The date palm grows south of a line joining Ana, Abu Kemal, Tikrit, Kirkuk, and Khanagin. This corresponds roughly to 35° N. Lat. Date palms thrive chiefly on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates, their tributaries and effluents, and in the oases of Sitata, Ar Rahhaliya, Mandali, Badra, Jassan, and Az Zubair. Shatt al Arab, the river formed by the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, is lined for the hundred miles of its length with date gardens, extending inland on either hand for an average distance of half a mile. Here, and near the junction of the three rivers, there are probably six million bearing palms. As many more probably surround most towns and villages in the remainder of the country. Most gardens are privately owned, although some belong to the State and some are held by trustees of pious bequests. Trrigation—Date gardens are irrigated either by natural or artificial flow or by lift. 1 Specialist on Phoenix dactylifera on the Kut-as-Sayyid Estate Limited, Basra, Iraq. These notes were sent from London on July 17, 1939. Since Mr. Dowson in 1939 published a provisional list of the varieties of dates of Iraq together with Arabic names, synonyms, and meanings, we have followed the sim- mw spellings. These notes were read by Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator meritus of Botany at Field Museum of Natural History. 407 408 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Natural flow may be either one-way from a river or a spring, or it may be tidal. In the Shatt al Arab district, the tides bank up the fresh river water twice daily and drive it into the multitude of tiny channels that form a network throughout the gardens. It is an exception when the water floods the surface of the land; generally, at high tide the channels are only partially filled. At low tide, the channels act as drains. Artificial channels are led off from a river at a high level and then are brought to lower levels, from which the water is led out on to the surface of the land. The water may or may not be dammed below the mouth of the channel. This type of irrigation is found chiefly in the Baquba and Middle Euphrates districts. Lift irrigation is of three kinds: man, beast, or machine. The simplest method is by bucket or kerosene tin. Bucket irrigation is used in Basra for newly planted shoots. The kerosene tin differs from the bucket only in its long broomstick-like handle, which eliminates stooping. A balanced water-joist (dalw) is used to irrigate small date gardens. It consists of a scoop of leather or a beaten-out kerosene tin fastened to a vertical pole. This, in turn, is attached to one end of a swinging beam, which is weighted at the other end and tied, between the center and the weighted end, to a cross pole supported on two adobe or palm-log pillars. Donkeys, horses, mules, cattle, or camels are used in two ways: in the karid (or taw?t), which is a water-hoist with a sloped ramp down which the animals walk, raising and lowering a bucket from and into a well; and in the noria (naura), which consists of buckets fixed to an endless chain. The chain hangs over a wheel, and reaches down into the well. As the wheel is turned, the buckets bring up water, turn over at the top, empty the water into a trough, and go back into the well. In a circle, about thirty feet in diameter, in the center of which is the noria, an animal draws behind it one end of a pole, the other end of which is attached to the gearing propelling the wheel (see Laufer, 1934). Water can be raised about three feet with one tray, and twice that distance with four workers using two trays, one at the low level and one at the high. The dalw raises water about six feet, the noria up to about twenty feet, and the karid up to fifty or more. In the past thirty years the owners of most date gardens which are under flow, and in which the summer lift is considerable (Baghdad district), have put in kerosene or Diesel oil engines and centrifugal APPENDIX: DATE PALM 409 pumps. A few garden-owners in the Basra district have also installed pumps and engines to reinforce the tides. Pollination.—The date palm is the only crop which is normally pollinated by hand. In April, the male inflorescences (tal) are cut from the male palms (fahl or dakar) just before the pollen (ligah) is ready to be shed. They are divided into about twenty small sprigs (ilb), one of which is inserted into each of the female inflo- rescences (iaq) on the female palms. Propagation.—Since the seed of a palm, the result of cross- pollination, inherits characteristics not only from the female parent, but also from the male parent, a seedling date palm (dagal) is far more likely to differ from its mother than to resemble it. Thus, although date palms can be grown from seed (fasm, nawwa, or fasa), they are as a rule reproduced by offshoots, offsets, or suckers (fark, fasl, or jabbar). These sprout at ground level in the axils of the fronds (saaf) of young palms. Old palms only rarely produce off- shoots. When the shoots are from five to ten years old, they are removed from their parents. Thzy mature in succession and are removed one by one from the parent tree at intervals of several years. Maturation.—The date palm begins to bear at from four to six years old, reaches maturity at from ten to twenty, and begins to decline at from thirty to forty years; it may live to bea hundred. It has a tendency to bear during alternate years. The female flower consists of three carpels. After pollination, when the young fruit is known as hababauk, two carpels fall, and one remains and grows. From the time the green fruit reaches the size of a small marble until it changes color it is known in Iraq as kimri and in Morocco as balah. In June, July, or August, it turns yellow in some varieties and red in others, and, though still hard, is now edible. In this stage, it is known as kalal in Iraq, busr in Arabia, saffar in Morocco, and maksar or akdar in Egypt. When the fruit softens it is then known as rutab in Iraq or naggar in Morocco. In this stage, the date is considered the most edible. When dried or cured, the fruit, known as tamr in Iraq and Morocco and balah in Egypt, keeps indefinitely. Production.—The average annual yield of fruit harvested from a date palm in September and October is probably about fifty pounds. The total production is somewhat more than 250,000 long tons. Uses.—The living palm provides shade for other crops. Beneath the shade of the date palms where drainage is good, especially at 410 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Baquba, citrus trees are commonly planted. In the Baghdad and Karbala districts, plum, apricot, peach, and apple trees grow beneath the palms, while in the Basra district vines and pomegranates flourish. Vegetables and alfalfa are planted in palm gardens, but usually only in clearings where the palms are young and do not shade the ground. The root (irq) serves as fodder. The trunk (jid) may be cut up for fuel or hollowed out and used for water pipes and drains. Revet- ments, bridges, ladders, and steps are also made from the base of the trunk. A gum, which is occasionally exuded from the palm trunk, is used medicinally in the Punjab. The heart or growing-point (jummar) is edible when fresh or cooked. The sap yields a sweet liquor, like coconut milk, which ferments rapidly. It is drunk, both fresh and fermented, in North Africa, to some extent in India, and not at all in Iraq. The sap of an allied species of palm, Phoenix sylvestris Roxb., is used on a large scale in India for sugar making. Fronds (saaf) provide fuel, thatch, fencing, and bridging mate- rials. Frond bases (karab) are used for fuel, for packing boats, as floats for fishing nets or for boys learning to swim, and (in Egypt), when split, for brooms. Frond midribs (jarid) are used as walking sticks, as imitation spears in horseback games, as fish trays, and as roofing rafters. When they are fastened tightly together, they form a sort of paneling, which is used for floors, walls, and roofs of houses. They are also made into bird-cages, chicken coops, bedsteads, cradles, crates, boats, and fans. From the fiber (lif), rope and matting are made; and with it pack saddles and couches are stuffed. It is used as a coffee strainer and as plugs for irrigation pipes. Spines (sawk or sulla) are used occasionally as pins, as needles for extracting thorns, and as forks for eating dates. The leaflets (kus) are woven into matting, from which baskets, mats, fans, and belting are made. From the spathes (dik or tal) a perfume called “tara water’ (malaqgah) is distilled. The fruit bunches, from which the dates have been picked, are used as brooms and as fuel, or are made into twine and rope. APPENDIX: DATE PALM 411 The fruit is a staple food for man and beast. It can be eaten fresh, cured, or cooked. From it sugar, syrup, spirit, and vinegar are prepared. The stones are used as cattle food, and as an adulterant for coffee, cocoa, and chocolate. They make good fuel, excellent charcoal, and are used, although not in Iraq, as necklaces. Export.—Dates exported to Europe and America are packed in wooden cases holding seventy pounds; but those exported to India, Arabia, and East Africa, and those for local consumption are packed in baskets (kisaf) of matting, woven from the dried leaflets of the date palm. Export fluctuates between 115,000 and 175,000 long tons, with an average of about 150,000, of which about two-thirds come from the Shatt al Arab district. The remainder, all of the Zahdi variety, come from up country, chiefly from the middle Euphrates and Baghdad areas. BIBLIOGRAPHY The following compilation of bibliographical references has been almost entirely restricted to publications dealing with the Lower Euphrates—Tigris Region. The exceptions are to references which should be used in conjunction with this publication and such recent standard works on Iraq as those of Foster, Ireland, Longrigg and Main. Copies of the microfilms may be purchased from the American Documentation Institute, 1719 N Street N.W., Washington, D.C. BLANCHARD, RAOUL 1929. La Mésopotamie. Géographie Universelle, vol. 8, pp. 215-232. Paris. BorscH, HANS 1939. El Iraq. Economic Geography, vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 325-361. CHINA, W. E. 1938. Hemiptera from Iraq, Iran and Arabia. Field Museum of Natural History, Zool. Ser., vol. 20, No. 32, pp. 427-437. Coon, CARLETON §S. 1939. The races of Europe. New York. Corry, C. E. 1937. The blood feud. London. Dowson, V. H. W. 1921-23. Dates and date cultivation of the Iraq. Pts. 1-8. Printed for the Agricultural Directorate of Iraq. Cambridge, England. 1939. Provisional list of the date palms of the Iraq. Tropical Agriculture, vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 164-168. Trinidad. DROWER, E. S. (STEVENS, E. S.) 1931. Folk-tales of Iraq. Oxford. 1937. The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford. FIELD, HENRY 1932a. The ancient and modern inhabitants of Arabia. Open Court, vol. 46, pp. 847-871. Chicago. 1932b. The cradle of Homo sapiens. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 36, pp. 426-430. 1933. The antiquity of man in southwestern Asia. American Anthropologist, vol. 35, pp. 51-62. 1935a. Arabs of central Iraq, their history, ethnology and oe characters. Introduction by Sir Arthur Keith. ield Museum. of Natural History, Anthr. Mem., vol. 4. 1935b. The Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near East, 1934. Science, vol. 81, No. 2093, p. 146. 1935c. Ibid. The Oriental Institute Archaeological Report on the Near East. American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 51, pp. 207-209. 1936. eee of Iraq. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 21, pp. 49-56. 1937. See Hooper, DAVID 1939. Contributions to the anthropology of Iran. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 29, pp. 1-706. 412 BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 1940a. The npcarbaang: A of Iraq. Pt. 1, No.1: The Upper Euphrates. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 30, pp. 1-224. 1940b. The “Mongoloid Spot” in Turkey and Iraq. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 119-126. 1941. Climatological data from Southwestern Asia. Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 299-300; and Microfilm No. 1591, pp. 1-20, in American Documentation Institute. 1947a. Human remains from Kish, Iraq. Microfilm No. 2345, pp. 1-118, in American Documentation Institute. 1947b. Near East travel bibliography. Microfilm No. 2392, pp. 1-60, in Ameri- can Documentation Institute. 1947c. Contributions to the Anthropogeography of Southwestern Asia. Micro- film No. 2416, pp. 1-48, in American Documentation Institute. 1947d. Bibliografia. Boletin Bibliografico de Antropologia Americana, vol. 9, pp. 325-333, Mexico City. 1948a. Head deformation in the Near East. Man, vol. 48, No. 154. London. 1948b. Miscellanea Asiatica Occidentalis: I. Microfilm No. 2483, pp. 1-239, in American Documentation Institute. Foster, Henry A. 1935. The making of modern Iraq. Norman, Oklahoma. FULAINAIN, Hajji 1928. The Marsh Arab. Philad.Iphia. GOVERNMENT OF IRAQ PUBLICATIONS 1929. Maps of Iraq with notes for visitors. Baghdad. GUEST, EVAN 1933. Notes on plants and plant products with their Sar ae names in Iraq. Bull. No. 27, Department of Agriculture, Iraq. Baghdad. Hooper, DAVID, and FIELD, HENRY 1937. Useful plants and drugs of Iran and Iraq. Field Museum of Natural History, Bot. Ser., vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 71-241. IONIDES, M. G. 1937. The régime of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. New York. IRELAND, PHILIP WILLARD 1937. Iraq. London. Kappers, C. U. ARIENS 1947. Anthropometric data from Southwestern Asia. Microfilm No. 2419, pp. 1-92, in American Documentation Institute. KEITH, SiR ARTHUR 1935. Introduction to Arabs of central Iraq, their history, ethnology and physi- ” apa Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Mem., vol. 4, pp. ——, and KRoGMAN, W. M. 1932. The racial characteristics of the southern Arabs (pp. 301-833) in ‘“‘Arabia Felix” by Bertram Thomas. New York. KROoGMAN, W. M. See KEITH, SIR ARTHUR 414 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ LAUFER, BERTHOLD 1919. Sino-Iranica. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 385-391. 1934. The noria or Persian wheel. Oriental Studies in honour of Dasturji Saheb Cursetji Erachji Pavry, pp. 238-250. Oxford. LONGRIGG, S. H. 1925. Four centuries of modern Iraq. Oxford. MAIN, ERNEST 1935. Iraq from mandate to independence. London. MAXWELL, DONALD 1921. A dweller in Mesopotamia. New York. SCHLIMMER, J. L. 1874. Terminologie medico-pharmaceutique et anthropologique francaise- persane, pp. 175, 460. Tehran. SCHMIDT, KARL P. 1939. Reptiles and amphibians from southwestern Asia. Field Museum of Natural History, Zool. Ser., vol. 24, pp. 49-92. SUMMERSCALE, J. P. 1938. Report on economic and commercial conditions in Iraq. Department of Overseas Trade, No. 699. London. TOLKOWSKY, S. _ 1938. Hesperides. A history of the culture and use of citrus fruits. London. TROTTER, MILDRED 1936. The hair of the Arabs of Central Iraq. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 21, pp. 423-428. Uvarov, B. P. 1938. Orthoptera from Iraq and Iran. Field Museum of Natural History, Zool. Ser., vol. 20, pp. 489-451. WILLCOcKs, SIR WILLIAM 1911. The irrigation of Mesopotamia. London. ZAHROON, NAJIM 1946. A Mandean Dictionary on Microfilm No. 2196, pp. 1-63, in American Documentation Institute. AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESMEN ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES : Plate 104 : Plate 139 : Plate 82 : Plate 113 : Plate 121 : Plate 140 : Plate 120 : Plate 81 : Plate 112 : Plate 94 : Plate 82 : Plate 100 : Plate 122 : Plate 125 : Plate 85 : Plate 119 : Plate 102 : Plate 99 : Plate 90 : Plate 98 : Plate 98 : Plate 111 : Plate 93 : Plate 137 : Plate 102 : Plate 121 : Plate 110 : Plate 131 : Plate 99 : Plate 105 : Plate 108 : Plate 85 : Plate 103 : Plate 138 : Plate 110 : Plate 89 : Plate 134 : Plate 97 : Plate 80 : Plate 131 : Plate 83 : Plate 140 : Plate 118 : Plate 104 : Plate 87 : Plate 115 : Plate 123 : Plate 128 : Plate 132 : Plate 124 : Plate 80 : Plate 126 : Plate 86 : Plate 109 : Plate 111 : Plate 103 : Plate 86 : Plate 100 : Plate 127 : Plate 91 : Plate 101 : Plate 1338 : Plate 128 : Plate 106 415 : Plate 79 : Plate 81 : Plate 130 : Plate 117 : Plate 188 : Plate 101 : Plate 109 : Plate 117 : Plate 182 : Plate 135 : Plate 91 : Plate 84 : Plate 97 : Plate 127 : Plate 107 : Plate 136 : Plate 83 : Plate 93 : Plate 88 : Plate 129 : Plate 130 : Plate 92 : Plate 108 : Plate 88 : Plate 89 : Plate 95 : Plate 115 : Plate 119 : Plate 94 : Plate 124 : Plate 96 : Plate 120 : Plate 118 : Plate 122 : Plate 136 : Plate 90 : Plate 87 : Plate 92 : Plate 125 : Plate 95 : Plate 126 AL SAWAAD TRIBESMEN ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES 954: Plate 156 966: Plate 155 986: Plate 156 955: Plate 164 968: Plate 154 988: Plate 159 956: Plate 153 969: Plate 154 991: Plate 152 957: Plate 159 972: Plate 161 992: Plate 151 958: Plate 162 976: Plate 160 995: Plate 149 959: Plate 160 977: Plate 166 996: Plate 164 960: Plate 158 979: Plate 157 997: Plate 168 961: Plate 166 981: Plate 150 999: Plate 155 962: Plate 157 982: Plate 163 1000: Plate 151 963: Plate 162 983: Plate 149 1001: Plate 161 964: Plate 152 984: Plate 150 1002: Plate 165 965: Plate 153 985: Plate 165 10038: Plate 158 SUBBA MALES ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES 2888: Plates 174, 175 2918: Plate 203 2948: Plate 176 2890: Plate 179 2919: Plate 171 2951: Plate 202 2891: Plate 179 2920: Plates 188, 189 2952: Plate 173 2892: Plate 200 2921: Plate 187 2954: Plate 172 2893: Plate 185 2922: Plate 180 2955: Plate 181 2894: Plate 197 2923: Plate 194 2957: Plate 172 2896: Plate 185 2924: Plate 169 2959: Plate 204 2897: Plate 206 2925: Plate 193 2960: Plate 178 2898: Plate 203 2926: Plate 170 2961: Plate 180 2899: Plate 208 2929: Plate 177 2962: Plate 181 2900: Plate 194 2930: Plate 186 29638: Plate 182 2901: Plate 199 2931: Plate 173 2965: Plate 182 2903: Plate 192 2933: Plate 198 2966: Plate 208 2904: Plate 201 2934: Plate 169 2967: Plate 177 2905: Plate 200 2935: Plate 201 2968: Plate 205 2907: Plate 207 2936: Plate 204 2969: Plate 184 2908: Plate 199 2937: Plate 171 2970: Plate 186 2909: Plate 178 2939: Plate 170 2971: Plate 195 2910: Plate 184 2940: Plate 202 2972: Plate 207 2911: Plate 196 2942: Plate 183 2973: Plate 187 2912: Plate 206 29438: Plate 191 2974: Plate 190 2913: Plate 197 2944: Plate 191 2975: Plate 195 2914: Plate 196 2945: Plate 193 2976: Plate 190 2915: Plate 205 2946: Plate 198 2978: Plate 192 2917: Plate 176 2947: Plate 183 SUBBA FEMALES ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES 2981: Plate 210 2986: Plate 214 3001: Plate 215 2982: Plate 209 2987: Plate 213 3002: Plate 211 2983: Plate 212 2988: Plate 209 3007: Plate 214 2984: Plate 212 2998: Plate 213 3012: Plate 215 2985: Plate 210 2999: Plate 211 416 INDEX Abir, 249 Abu Ajul Lake, 242 Abu al Dhahab, 369 Abu Jidahah, 258 Abu Shahrain (Eridu), 242 Abu Tabr Canal, 241 Abu Zuruq, 332 Abul Khasib, 254 Adil River, 263 Agriculture, 371-373; implements used in, 245-246; products of, 244-245 Ahwaz, 249, 251 man, 253 aika Channel, 259 Al Abbud, 263-265 Al Abuda, 252, 259, 332 Al Ajwad, 249, 252 Al Akaika, 332 Al , see Amara Al Amla, 263-265 Al Azair, see Al Uzair Al Azairij, sone 250, 260, 290 Al bu Muhammad, 284, 237, 249-250, 260, 370-371 Anthropometric data (221 males measured), 265-289 of, 265, 273 bigonial breadth of, 273 bizygomatic breadth of, 273; group- ings, 272 body hair of, 266; compared to Kish Arabs and Dulaimis, 266 cauterization a. 268 cephalic index of, 271, 273; group- ings, 270 demography of, 265, 274-277 among, 267. See also Pathology ears of, measurements and indices of, 273 eye slits of, 267 eyes of, 266-267; groupings, 267 facial measurements and indices of, 271; groupings, 271 tremtisiattotal: ro of, 278 hair of, 266; groupings, 266 en oe an ae 270, 3 groupings, ’ health of, 269 henna used by, 269 Al history of, 263 lips of, 268 location of, 263 minimum frontal diameter of, 270, 273; groupings, 270, 272 Mongoloid element among, 265 morphological characters of, 265- 268, 286-289 musculature of, 268 nasal breadth and height of, 271, 273; groupings, 271-272 nasal index of, 273; groupings, 272 nasal profile of, 267; groupings, 268 nasal tip and wings of, 267; group- ings, 268 Negroid element among, 265-267 occupations of, 370 prognathism among, 269 raw data: measurements, indices and morphological characters of, 278-288 reed huts built by, 381-384 relative sitting height of, 273 sheikhs of, 370 sitting height of, 273; groupings, 270, 272 skin color of, 265; compared to Kish Arabs, 265; to the southern European, 265 statistical analyses of, groupings, 269-272 emine of 269, 273; groupings, 270, tattooing among, 268 teeth of, 268; groupings, 268 total facial height of, 271, groupings, 272 total facial a of, 271, groupings, upper facial height of, 271, groupings, 271-272 upper facial index of, 273 vital statistics of, 265, 274-277 zygo-frontal index of, 273 zygo-gonial index of, 273 bu Muhammad (three females measured), 289-290 273; 278; 2738; Al bu Sali, 332 Al bu Shairuza, 353 Al bu Shamakhi, 259 Al Budur, 2538, 353 Al Buwaish, 249, 250 Al Chaab, 249-251, 260, 329 Al Dabbat, 331-333 Al Daudi (Kurds), 256 Al Diyain (Dijain), 331 Dugaimi, 332. See also Al Nawashi Al Furaijat, 263 417 418 Al Ghanan, 330 Al Ghuzi, 331-332 Al Hachcham, 331, 333 Al Halaf, 329 Al Hamawand (Kurds), 256 Al Hammad, 332 Al Hamra, 330 Al Hassan, 257 Al Hassuna Lake, 242 Al Hathar, 259 Al Hawal, 332 Al Hisan, 331-332 Al Humaidat, 331 Al Husainat, 332-333 Al Husaini, 253 Al Huwair, 247; boat-building at, 247 Al Jaf (Kurds), 256 Al Jazair (Confederation), 251-253 Al Jubur, 353 Al Juhaish, 353 Al Juwaibir, 331-332 Al Khadhimain, 399 Al Khafaja, 332, 333. See also Al Khafaya Al Khafaya (Khafaja), 330-333 Al Khalil, 333 Al Khamisiya, 247, 255 Al Khazraj, 329 Al Kufa, 369 Al Kumait, 250 Al Kurmashia, 332 Al Kuwait, 247 Al Madina, 247-248; (Nahtya), 253 Al Majid, 333 Al Marshadi, 333 Al Muhaisin, 251, 260 Al Mujarrah, 252 Al Muntafiq, 249-253, 255, 259-260, 830-331; history of, 249-251; popu- lation of, in 1920, 254 Al Musakhil, 333 Al Muzaira, 260 Al Najada, 259 Al Najaf, 353, 366, 399, 400 Al Nashwah, 260 Al Nawashi, 332. See also Al Dugaimi Al Nodah Ali (Iranis), 256 Al Nusairi, 328 Al Qaraghol, 332 Al Qurna, 238, 240-245, 247, 249, 251, 252, 258, 260, 329; climate of, 243; population of, 258, in 1920, 254; river traffic at, 258; Shiahs at, 258; Sunnis at, 258; weaving at, 247 Al Salman, 332 Al Sarraj, 329 Al Tae 234, 249-250, 260, 263, 370- Anthropometric data (fifty males measured), 290-301 age of, 301; groupings, 291 bigonial breadth of, 301 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ bizygomatic breadth of, 301; group- ings, 297 body hair of, 292 cauterization among, 293 — index of, 301; groupings, disease among, 292-293. See also Pathology ears of, measurements and indices of, 301 eyes of, 292; groupings, 292 facial measurements and indices of, 295-296; groupings, 296 fronto-parietal index of, 301 hair of, 292; groupings, 292 head breadth of, 301; groupings, 295, 297 head length of, 294-295, 301 history of, 290 lips of, 293 minimum frontal diameter of, 301; groupings, 295, 297 morphological characters of, group- ings, 291-294 musculature of, 294 nasal breadth and height of, 301; groupings, 296, 297 nasal index of, 301; groupings, 296 nasal profile, 293; groupings, 293 nasal tip and wings of, 293; group- ings, 293 ia element among, in nose of, origin of, 290 raw data: measurements, indices, and morphological characters of, 298-300 reed huts built by, 384 relative sitting height of, 301 sheikhs of, 371 sisting. et of, 301; groupings, skin color of, 291; compared to the gee 291; to the European, statistical analyses of, groupings, 294-296 stature of, 301; groupings, 294, 297 tattooing among, 293 teeth of, 293; groupings, 293 total facial height of, 301; group- ings, 296, 297 total facial index of, 301; group- ings, 296 upper facial height of, 301; group- ings, 296, 297 upper facial index of, 301 zygo-frontal index of, 301 zygo-gonial index of, 301 Al Serai, 332 Al Shadda, 268; buffalo-breeding by, 264; reed mats made by, 264 INDEX Al Shadud, 333 Al Shirahna, 331 Al Shuwailat, 332, 333 Al Shuwalish, 332 Al Sinajir, 259 Al Sudan, 249-250, 263, 370-371 Al Suwaad, see Al Sawaad Al Talabani (Kurds), 256 Al Ubaid, 353 Al Uzair (Ezra’s Tomb), 240, 263, 370 Al Uzairij, 268, 332, 365, 370 Al Zaiyad, 333 Al Zubaid, 263 Alexander the Great, 242 Alfalfa, 244-245, 410 Ali Gharbi, 243-245, 257 Amara, 237, 240, 241, 248, 244-245, 247, 250-251, 256-257, 268, 290, 330, 368, 370-3871, 380, 391, 401; Sr aaa products of, 244-245; istians in, 255; climate of, 243; Jews in, 255; salt from, 247; school at, 396; Shiahs in, 255; Subba in, 255; Sunnis in, 255 An Najaf, see Al Najaf An Nasiriya, 238, 240, 242, 247, 255, 257-259, 331-333, 365, 380; \rabs in, 258; brick kilns at, 247; Chris- tians in, 258; East Indians in, 258; history of, 258; Iranis in, 258; Jews in, 258; Lurs (Pusht-i-Kuh, Iran), 258; population of, in 1920, 258; Subba in, 258; Subbi woman from, 365-367; Turks in, 258 Anthropometric data (109 males e of, 393; groupings, 383 of, 333; groupings, bigonial breadth of, 353 419 groupings, 341, 342 morphological characters of, group- ings, 334-336 nasal breadth and height of, 336, 353; groupings, 342, 343 nasal index of, 353; groupings, 342 nasal profile, 335-336, 353; group- ings, 336 nasal septum of, 336-337 nasal tip and wings of, 336; group- ings, 336 Negroid element among, 334 physical appearance of, 334 prognathism of, 334, 354 provenance of, 331-333, 353 raw data: measurements, indices, and morphological characters of, 346-352 relative sitting height of, 353 sitting height of, 353; groupings, 334, 340, 342 skin color of, 334, 353 statistical analyses of, groupings, 340-343 stature of, 353; groupings, 340, 342 supra-orbital ridges of, 334 tattooing among, 340, 354 re ce 337-339, 354; groupings, total facial height of, 353; group- ings, 343 total facial index of, 353 upper facial height of, 353; group- ings, 343 upper facial index of, 353 vital statistics of, 3833-334, 3438-345 zygo-frontal index of, 353 zygo-gonial index of, 353 bizygomatic breadth of, 353; group- An Nasiriya (twenty-six females meas- ured), 356-367 ings, ° cauterization among, 339, 8355 Anthropometric data, 355-367 a index of, 353; groupings, demography of, 333-334, 3438-345 disease among, 335, 339. See also Pathology ears of, measurements and indices of eyes of, 335, 353; groupings, 335 facial form of, 334. Sit facial measurements and indices of, 341, 353; groupings, 341-342 fronto-parietal index of, 353 Lent 2 nat Koo? ene. 334 ead breadth of, . upings, 841, 342 hogs, head form of, 334, 353 head length of, 353 health of, 339 henna used by, 354 individuals omitted, 353-355 minimum frontal diameter of, 353; age of, 362 bigonial breadth of, 362 bizygomatic breadth of , 862; group- ings, 361 agg index of, 363; groupings, color blindness among, 357 demography of, 364, 366 isease among, 366. See also Pathology ears of, measurements and indices of, 362, 363 eyes of, 356, 366; groupings, 357 facial measurements and indices of, groupings, 360 fronto-parietal index of, 363 hair of, 356, 366; groupings, 356 head breadth and length of, 362; groupings, 359, 361 head form of, 356 henna used by, 356, 358, 367 420 individuals omitted, 365-367 lips of, 358 minimum frontal diameter of, 362; groupings, 359, 361 nasal breadth and height of, 362; groupings, 360, 361 nasal index of, 363; groupings, 360 ren pone 357, 366; groupings, nasal septum of, 357, 366 nasal tip and wings of, 357, 366; groupings, 357 Negroid element among, 356, 358 prognathism of, 358 provenance of, 365 raw data: measurements, indices, and morphological characters of, 362-364 relative sitting height of, 363 ses para of, 362; groupings, skin color of, 356, 366 statistical analyses of, groupings, 359-361 stature of, 362; groupings, 359, 361 tattooing among, 358, 367 teeth of, 8357-358, 366-367; group- ings, 358 total facial height of, 362; group- ings, 360, 361 total rag index of, 8363; groupings, upper facial height of, 362; group- ings, 360, 36 upper facial index of, 363; group- ings, 360 vital statistics of, 364, 366 zygo-frontal index of, 363 zygo-gonial index of, 363 Anthropometric data, abbreviations, list of, used for, 262 Ants, 246 Apples, 244 Apricots, 244 Ar Rahhaliya, date palms at, 407 Arabia, Central, Bani Qahtan of, 256 Arabistan (Khuzistan), 242 Arabs, 256-258 Armenians, 256 Ashura, 401 Az Zubair, 288, 2538, 255, 259, 401; date palms at, 407; population of, in 1920, 254, 260; Sunnis at, 260; trading center at, 259-260 Az Zubair River, 263 Azair, 244 Bada Channel, 259 Badra, date palms at, 407 Baghdad, 244, 248, 258, 259; boat- building in, 248; fruit trees at, 410; ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Royal College of Medicine in, 262; Royal Hospital, 331 Bagh-i-Shahi, 238 Bahatha, 371 Bait Abdul Khan, 328 Bait Arar, 328 Bait Chuwaimil, 264 Bait Jandal, 328 Bait Khalifah, 264 Bait Madhkur, 328 Bait Saihud, 264 Bait Wadi, 264 Bait Yasir, 264 Bakhtiaris (Iran), 295 Band-i-Bazugan, 257 Bani Amir, 251 Bani Asad, 248, 249, 252-253 Bani Attab, 332 Bani Hachcham, 332 Bani Himyar, 250, 290 Bani Khaiqan, 252, 257 Bani Lam, 249-251, 256, 260, 268, 370, 371, 374; history of, 328-830; sec- tions of, 328-830; territory of, 328 Bani Malich, see Bani Malik Bani Malik, 249, 252 Bani Mansur, 253 Bani Musharraf, 253, 332 Bani Qahtan, 256 Bani Rabiah, 249, 250, 328, 330 Bani Said, 249, 252, 258, 257, 331-333 Bani Ukhtait, 331 Baquba, citrus trees in, 410 Barley, 244, 246, 373 Basra, 240, 241, 248, 244, 248, 252, 256-258, 260, 332, 358, 365, 369, 880; boat-building in, 248; climate of, 248; population of, in 1920, 254; vines grown in, 410 Basra Liwa, Christians in, 254, 255; Jews in, 254, 255; Shiahs in, 254, aoe Subba in, 255; Sunnis in, 254, Bat-ha, 331, 332 Beans, 244, 245 Beduins, 258, 260 Beetroot, 244, 245 Birds, 369, 376 Boars, 258, 369, 375-376 Boats, building of, 247-248; local names of, 379; methods used in propelling, 380; types of, 379-380 Boesch, Hans, 255 Branding (of animals), 330, 375. See also. Cauterization (of humans) eae an names for, 388; making of, 38 “‘Breath,”’ the, 398 Brick-making, 247 Brinjals, 244, 245 British Museum, 234 Brux, A. A., 368 INDEX Buffaloes, 244, 260, 264, 378, 374 : Bulrushes, sweetmeat made of, 387 Butaira Canal, 244 Butaniya Lake, 242 Butter, 386 Cabbages, 244, 245 ere) 248, 244, 374, 408; branding of, Carrots, 244, 245 Cattle, 248, 373-374, 408; eye treat- ment of, 369 Cauliflower, 244, 245 Cauterization, 339, 355 Chabaish, 831, 332, 381. See also Kabaish Chahala Canal, 241, 244, 250, 263 Chickens, 384, 386 China, W. E., 237 Clover, Egyptian, 244 Cockfighting, 374 . Coffee, 380; ceremonial drinking of, 889-390; hospitality, symbol of, 390; preparation of, 388-389 Color-blindness, 391 Cotton, 380 Cows, 244 Cucumbers, 244, 245 Curds, 386 Curzon, G. N., 301 Dahigren, B. E., 407 Dair, 253 Darraji, 238, 259 Date palms, 240, 241, 260, 407-411; description of, 407; distribution of, 407; irrigation of, 407-409; local and foreign names for, 409; matura- tion of, 409; pollination of, 408; production of, 409; propagation of, 409; uses of, 409-411 Dates, export of, 411; syrup of, 387 Depilation, 398 Desert, southern, Christians in, 255; Jews in, 255; Shiahs in, 255; Subba in, 255; Sunnis in, 255 Dhafir, 253 Digitalis, fish stupefied by, 377 Diyala River, 240 Dizful (Iran), Subba at, 301 Dogs, 3 Donkeys, 373, 408 Drugs, fish stupefied by, 377 Ducks, 376 Dulaimi, 365 421 Duwairij, gypsum from, 247 Dwellings, 380-384 Dyes, aniline, 391; methods of prepara- tion of, 391; natural, 391 East India Company, 251 Education, facilities for, 396 Eridu (Abu Shahrain), 242 Euphrates River, canals adjoining, 238; changing channels of, 241 Evil Eye, 398, 398 Ezra’s Tomb (Al Uzair), 263, 370 Failiya, 238, 249 Failiyah Lurs, 256 Fao, 248-249, 251-254 Fauna, 369. See under boars, otters, etc. Field, Marshall, 233 Field Museum Anthropological Expedi- tion to the Near East, 233, 331 Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition to Iraq, 246 Figs, 244 Fish, 369; local names of, 377, 379; methods of cooking, 387 Fishing, 375, 377; drug (digitalis) used in, 377; flares used at night for, 877; iron 2 hee itera used in, 376-— 878; nets used for, 376-377 Flora, 369 Folklore, medical, 339 Fuel, 386 Garmat Ali, school at, 396. See also Qarmat Ali Geese, 376 Ghamuga Lake, 242 Goats, 373-374 Grapes, 244 Grasses, 244 Grazing, 238, 248, 245, 371 Gufa (Quffah), 248 Gypsies, 365; Persian, 353 Hafira Canal, 268, 370 Hai, 331 Hajji Laglaq (storks), 376 Hakkam, 257 Halfaya, 234, 290, 330, 353, 370; Al Sawaad near, 263 Hammam Ali, 353 Harta Nahiya, 247, 254, 353 Hassan Kuli Khan (Lurs), 256 Hawiza, 250, 256, 257 Hawizeh (Iran), Subba at, 301 Hejaz, 329 Henna, preparation of, 392 Herbs, preparation of, 387 Hillah, 353 Homosexuality, 396-397 Hooper, David, 392 Hor, 371 422 Hor al Adhaim (Azem), 241 Hor al Hammar, 288, 241, 242, 248, 252, 259, 331 Hor al Hawiza, 234, 237, 241, 263, 267, 295; agriculture in, 371-873; an- cient sites of, 369; Arabs of, 368- 406; communications to, 370; crops cultivated in, 372-378; description of, 368-370; domesticated animals used in, 373; extent of, 369; flora of, 369; folklore of, 369; history of, 369; invasion by Moslems from Arabia of, 369; irrigation in, 372; linguistic notes on Arabs of, 368; Mongols in, 369; tribes of, 370; Turks in, 369 Hoe Umm Tafra, 241 Hor umr Sauan, 263 Horses, 2438, 244, 374, 408; local names of, 374 Houtum-Schindler, A., 301 Hunting, 375, 376 Huts, reed, 381 Ibadah, 253 Indians (East), 258 Industries, 247 Insects, 246 Tranis (Persians), 256, 257, 353 i 240, 372; ‘methods of, 244— Jassan, date palms at, 407 Javrah District, 250 Jebel Hamrin, 382 Jebel Sanam, 238 Jemdet Nasr, 246; fish-hooks from, 377 Jews, 254-259, 366; Arab attitude to- bi 255; population of, in 1919, Kabaish, 238, 240, 249, 252, 257, 259. See also Chabaish Kahala Canal, see Chahala — 399, 402, 403; fruit trees near, Karkheh River, 2 Karradi, 247, “ir, ‘268, 331-332; brick kilns at, 2 Karun River, 242 Kasra River, 370 Kassareh, 244 Khas, 247, 257; boat-building at, 247 Khazraj, 250 Khorram Shahr (Muhammera, Iran), 240, 242, 251, 260 Khuzistan (Arabistan), 242; hut type in, 382 Kirkuk, 256 Kish, 246 Kohl, 394 Kubadh IV, 369 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Kurds, 254-257; number of, in 1919, 257. See also Al Daudi, "Al Hama- wand, Al Jaf, and Al Talabani Kut, 353 Kut al Hai, 238, 240, 249, 258 Kut al Imara 240, 250, 257, 260, 329 Kut as Sayyid Estate, 407 Lady’s-fingers, 244, 245, 373 Land, distribution of, 260; rate of formation of, 242 Laufer, Berthold, 408 Lawsonia, 392 Layard, A. H., 301 Lazar, Yusuf, 233, 262 Lentils, 373 Lettuce, 244, 245 Limes, 244 Lions, 258 Locusts, 246 Lurs, Pusht-i-Kuh (Iran), 256-257, 258 Madan, 253-254 Maize, 244, 373 Majar al Kabir Canal, 241, 244, 370 Majar as Saghir Canal, 241, 250 Mandali, date palms at, 407 Mandeans, see Subba Manna (Family), 254 Maagil (Magil), river traffic at, 259 Marsh Arabs, agriculture among, 371-— 373; arts and handicrafts of, 390; birth customs among, 398-399; burial customs among, 399-401; clothing of, 392-395; cockfighting among, 374; color-blindness among, 391; dancing of, 406; depilation among, 398; diet of, 386-390; divorce among, 399; domestic ani- mals among, 371-375; domestic work among, 385-390; dwellings of, 380-384; dyes used by, 391; embroidery among, 391; family honor among, 390, 397; fishing by, 375, 377; flagellations among, 401; food preparation among, 386- 390; hairdressing among, 392-393; homosexuality among, 396-397; hunting by, 375; jewelry worn by, 393-395; legends of, 400; marriage customs among, 397-398, 399; mourning rites of, 399-401; organ- ized lamentation among, 400; orna- mentation of, 392-395; pilgrimages of, 399; poets among, 401; profes- sional mourners among, 400-401; religion among, 399-406; religious ceremony of, 401-403; silk worn by, 391; singing among, 406; social organization of, 395-399; tem- porary burial tombs used by, 399-400; transportation among, INDEX 879-380; traps used by, Mer as gs among, 399 Mash, 2 Mer tnine. 248, 260, 369 Mecca, 399 Melons, 244, 245, 373 Meymourian, Albert, 233, 262 Michiriya Canal, 241, 370 Milking, 374-375 Millet, 244, 373 Minerals, 247 Mirage, 243 Mohammerah (Iran), Subba at, 301. See also Khorram Shahr Mongols, 369 Mosquitoes, 243 Mosul, 249, 256 Mourning, hair cut for, 366 Muallim, Khedoory, 233, 262 Muhammad, ancestor of Al bu Mu- hammad tribe, 263 Muhammad Pasha Daghestani, 250, 251 Muhammera, Sheikh of, 249-250 Muharram, 399, 401, 403, 405 376; Mules, 408 Muntafiq area, Christians in, 255; Jews in, 254, 255; Kurds in, 254; Mandeans in, 254; Persians in, 254; Shiahs in, 254, 255; Subba in, 255; Sunnis in, 255; Turks in, 254 Musharra, salt from, 247 Musharra Canal, 241, 247, 290, 371 Nasir Pasha, 258 Noreen possibilities of, 240, 241, Nectarines, 244 Negroes, 384, 392, 406 Nejd, 249 Nejdi, 331 Noria (water-wheel), 408 Onions, 244, 245, 373 244 Oranges Osetes, North (Caucasus), 233 Otters, 369 Oxen, ploughing with, 373 Partridges, 376 Parviz (Sasanian — 369 Pathology, “Baghdad boil,” 269, 320, bilharziasis, 385 boils, 306 caries, 322 chicken pox, 269 eyes, 320, 335 arcus senilis, 357 blindness, 267, 292, 304 cataract, 267, 269, 298, 304 color-blindness, 357, 391 cross-eyed, 267, 335, 366 423 favus, 339 fever, 269 headache, 269, 323 pimples, 306 _ orm, 339 of ro 269, 339; scurf, 339. e favus scars, ‘268, "306, 328. See Cauteriza- tion skin, 269. See ‘‘Baghdad boil’’ smallpox, 269, 298, 306, 320, 323, 339 trachoma, 269 ventral disorders, 269, 339 Patriarch of Babylon, 256 Pear Drop Bend, 241 Pears, 244 Peddlers, 380, 386 Pelicans, 376 Persia, see Iran ioe aie rate of land formation in, Persians (Iranis), 254, 255, 258, 259 Pests, insect, 246 Petis de la Croix, 301 Phoenix dactylifera, see Date palms Phoenix sylvestris, 410 Plants, 369 Plough, 245, 246 Plums, Pomegranates, 244 Poplar, Euphrates, 246 are 256-257; 1919 census figures oO Products, agricultural, 244, 373 Proto-Mediterranean, 256 Pumpkins, 244, 245 Punjab, me used medicinally in, 410 Pusht-i-Kuh (Iran), 248, 245, 256-258 Qadhat al Hai, 332 Qahtan 256, 329 Qala Salih, 240, 241, 244, 245, 247, 260, 268; salt from, 247. See also Qal’at Salih Qala Sikar, 238, 247, 257-258; brick kilns at, 247; emigration from, 258; population of, 258 Qal’at. Salih, te ee 391, 396. See also Qala S alih Qarmat Ali, 240, 241; brick kilns at, 247. See also Garmat Ali Quraish, 251 Qurna, see Al Qurna Radishes, 244, 245 Rafts, 248 Ramadan, 399, 404 “Reed huts, construction of, 381-384 Religion, population according to, 255 Rice, 244, 264, 369, 386, 387; cultiva- Hey ‘of, 372-373; preparation of, 424 Rice bread, he of, 388 Richardson, F 242 Roman Catholics, 256 Royal Geographical Society (London), Permanent Committee on Geo- graphical Names of, 235 Rumaitha, 331 Rustam Agricultural Experimental Farm (Hinaidi), 238, 262 Ruta Creek, 241 Sabians, see Subba (Mandeans) Sadifa Lake, 242 Sadun, 249, 252, 254, 255, 259 Sadun Pasha, 258 Safwan, 249 Samarra, 353, 365, 399 9 Sayyid Nur, salt from, 247 Sesame, 244 Shabib ibn Sherif Mani, 249 Shaiba (Shuaiba), 252 Shamiya, 252, 331; Beduins, 254 Shatra, 238, "242, 247, 258, 259, 331, 332; brick ‘kilns at, "247 ; ghee tinned at, 247; history of, 259; Tranis at, 259; Jews at, 259; population of, 259; Shiahs at, 259; Bu ba at, 259; Sunnis at, 259; weaving at, 247 Shatt al Ahmar, 332 Shatt al Arab, 238, 240, 241, 251-253, 260; dates exported from, 411 Shatt al Bada, 238 Shatt al Gharraf, 238, 240, 249, 250, 252, 259, 381, 332 Shatt al Hai, 240, 331 Shatt al Shatra, 259, 331 Shatt al Tib, 257, 371 Sheep, 243, 374, 375, 386 Sheikh Abbud ibn Muhammad, 263, 264 Sheikh Alwan al Jindil, 371 - Sheikh Amla ibn Muhammad, 263 Sheikh Barrak ibn Mufarrij, 250, 329 Sheikh Faisal al Khalisah, 250 Sheikh Falih as Saihud, 233, 370-371, 376, 380 Shell (Shanbem ibn Bunaiyah, 250, Sheikh Hafidh al Lami, 330 Sheikh Hafidh ibn Barrak, 250 Sheikh Hajji Jabir ibn Khazal, 251 Sheikh Hatim al Ghadhban, 370, 371 Sheikh Juwi al Lazim, 371 Sheikh Khalifah ibn Chuwaimil, 264 Sheikh Khazal, 251 Shetty panne ibn Falih as Saihud, 234, Sheikh Lam, 250 Sheikh Lam ibn Harithah, 329 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Sheikh Majid al Khalifa, 370, 371 Sheikh Mizal ibn H. pr Jabir, 251 aT ee (Mulla Barkat), 250, Sheikh Muhammad, 250 Sheikh Muhammad al Araibi, 370, 371 Sheikh Muhammad al Musa, 371 Sheikh Mulla Barkat (Mubarak), 250 Sheikh Mutlaq al Salman, 370 Sheikh of Muhammera, 249-251, 260 Sheikh Qumandar al Fahad, 371 Sheikh Saihud ibn Chuwaimil, 264 Sheikh Salman al Minshad, 370 Sheikh Shabib, 330 Sheikh Shawwai al Fahad, 370 Sheikh Shibl al Shiya, 371 pes BREE A ibn Muhammad, 263, Sheikh Tahir al Hatim, 370 Sheikh Wadi ibn Chuwaimil, 264 Sheikh Yasir ibn Chuwaimil, 264 Sheikh Yuarib, 249 Sherif Mani (Mecca), 249 Shiahs, 254-256, 258-259 Showket, S. Y., 238, 262 Shuaiba (Shaiba), 252 Shushter (Iran), Subba at, 301 Shuwaiyib River, 241 Sikar, 258 Silk, artificial, use of, 391; importation of, 391 Silver-smiths (Subba), 257 Sinderson, J., 233 Sirut, 247; salt from, 247 Sitata, date palms at, 407 Smeaton, Winifred, 233, 262, 331-367 Snipe, 376 Soap, 385 Sorghum, 373 Spear-points, iron, 378 Spices, 380 Spinach, 244, 245 deri 5 ans Laqlaq), belief concerning, Subba, (Algae 237, 247, 254-259 Anthropometric data, {ninety males measured), 3 age of, 313; ated 302 anomalies among, 306 bigonial breadth of, 313 birthplaces of, 301 bizygomatic breadth of, 313, 319; oupings, 311 blondism among, 303-804 body hair of, 303; compared to other groups in Iraq, 303 bi index of, 313; groupings, demography of, 302, 311-313, 319 disease among, 304, 306, 820. See also Pathology’ INDEX 425 ears of, measurements and indices of, eyes of, 304, 320; groupings, 304 facial measurements and indices of, 313; groupings, 308-309 fronto-parietal index of, 313 hair of, 303, 320; groupings, 303 head breadth of, 313; groupings, 308, 310 head length of, 313 health of, 306, 320 henna used by, 306 history of, 257, 301 lips of, 305 minimum frontal diameter of, 313; oupings, 307, 311 morphological characters of, group- ings, 303-306 musculature of, 305-306, 320 nasal breadth and height of, 313; fee 309, 311 n index of, 313; groupings, 309 nasal profile, 304-305, 320; group- ings, 304 nasal tip and wings of, 304; group- ings, 304 a element among, in nose of, photographic analyses of, 310 racial position of, 310 raw data; measurements, indices, and morphological characters of, 314-319 relative sitting height of, 313 sitting height of, 313; groupings, 307, 310 skin color of, 303; compared to the ay 303; to the European, statistical analyses of, groupings, 307-309 stature of, 313; groupings, 307, 310 tattooing among, 306, 320 teeth of, 305, 320; groupings, 305 total facial height of, 313; group- ings, 311 pes index of, 313; groupings, upper facial height of, 313; group- ings, 311 upper facial index of, 318 vital statistics of, 302, 311-313 zygo-frontal index of, 313 zygo-gonial index of, 313 Subba (twenty-three females measured), 320-828 Anthropometric data, 320-328 age of, 327; groupings, 321 bigonial breadth of, 327 birthplaces of, 320 bizygomatic breadth of, 327; group- ings, 326 wesc F% index of, 327; groupings, demography of, 321, 327 disease among, 3823. See also Pathology : ears of, measurements and indices of, 327 eyes of, 322; groupings, 322 facial measurements and indices of, groupings, 324 fronto-parietal index of, 327 hair of, 321; groupings, 322 head breadth of, 327; groupings, 324, 326 head length of, 327 health of, 328 minimum frontal diameter of, 327; groupings, 324, 326 morphological characters of, group- ings, 322-323 musculature of, 323 nasal breadth and height of, 327; groupings, 325, 326 nasal index of, 327; groupings, 325 nasal profile, groupings, 322 on i and wings of, groupings, raw data: measurements, indices, and morphological characters of, 327-330 relative sitting height of, 327 sitting height of, 327; groupings, 824, 326 statistical analyses of, groupings, 323-325 stature of, 327; groupings, 323 tattooing among, 323 teeth of, groupings, 323 total facial height of, 8327; group- ings, 326 total orgy index of, 327; groupings, upper facial height of, 327; group- ings, 326 upper facial index of, 327 vital statistics of, 321, 327 zygo-frontal index of, 327 zygo-gonial index of, 327 Sulaimaniya, 256 Sultan Sulaiman, 249 Sumeria, 252 Sunnis, 254-256, 258-260 Suq ash Shuyukh, 238, 247, 255, 257, 259, 331-383; brick kilns at, 247; history of, 259; population of, 259; Shiahs at, 259; Subba at, 259; Subbi woman from, 366; Sunnis at, 259; weaving at, 247 Suwaiq, 247; brick kilns at, 247 Syrians, 255, 256 426 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ Taiah River, 263 Tallya Lake, 242 “Tara water,’”’ 410 sear ney (washm or daqq), 340, 355, Tea, 380 Thulthain District, 250 Tigris Region, Christians in, 255; Jews in, 255; Shiahs in, 255; Subba in, 255; Sunnis in, 255 Tigris River, canals adjoining, 238; river traffic of, 259 “Tigris salmon,”’ size of, 377 Tomatoes, 244, 245 Tortoises, 246 Transportation, 379-380 Traps, animal, 376 Trees, 246 Tribal groups, 251-253 Tribal mark (wasm), 330, 375 Tribal system, disintegration of, 260 Turks, 254, 255, 258, 369 Turnips, 244, 245 Uvarov, B. P., 237 Vegetables, 244, 245, 373 Wajif, 369 Watermelons, 373 Water-wheel, 372, 408 Weaving, 247, 390-391 Wheat, 244, 373 Wheaten bread, preparation of, 388 Willow, 246 Witchcraft, 399 Women, status of, 384-385 Wool, method of skeining, 391 Yezidis (Caucasus), 233 Zab River, Great, 240 Zab River, Little, 240 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 49 SHEIKH FALIH AS SAIHUD, PARAMOUNT SHEIKH OF THE AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBE fr i OAM #'¥ : ‘ ee) Noo. 104 37s~(¢|)) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 50 Fig. 1. Brick guest-house Fig. 2. Sheikh Falih and his tribesmen SHEIKH FALIH AS SAIHUD’S CAMP Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 51 Fig. 1. Spearing fish Fig. 2. A large boat SHEIKH FALIH AS SAIHUD’S CAMP Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 52 SRAMTVAIRTRRLA Ione | AVES papal : % m " Bas TES ; ¢ } } : Haren SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S GUEST HUT, CONSTRUCTED OF 150 REED MATS Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 53 INTERIOR OF SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S GUEST HUT Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 54 Field Museum of Natural History NLL ‘ Whe ue in Bit ub. 4 FRAMEWORK OF A REED HUT Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 55 Fig. 2. Raised bed DEMOLITION OF HOUSE AT SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S CAMP Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 56 Field Museum of Natural History Interior of council house Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Sheikh Falih as Saihud entering boat BEIDHA a > =. Py. = Pite to keep beafabers orm - me agaitet coun! b BILPHA Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 58 VIEWS OF BEIDHA Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 59 VIEWS OF BEIDHA Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 56 Fig. 1. Interior of council house Fig. 2. Sheikh Falih as Saihud entering boat BEIDHA Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 57 Fig. 1. Village a pha st - a” ~ oe & a ee = = x - ~- : = ~ x. Sty Oe . * soe . = ‘ La — S . ~~ ~ wt - Pa we ‘ = > * . ee , uh. i Ree ADS ‘5 * a - ‘ ea, “—- “ 7 « Nee . = = Fig. 2. Pits to keep buffaloes from rubbing against council house f Q \ BEIDHA Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 60 WEAVING AT SHEIKH FALIH AS SAIHUD’S CAMP Nhe NX a : io . Le Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 61 Fig. 2. Spinning wheel SHEIKH FALIH AS SAIHUD’S CAMP Sseip seule; BSuljoaye d114QUs009 pur ‘JeuINOU [BUOIssejoid “ya0d ‘WIa[SOP, MOU {4BYyIeYg Jeq UNIYeZ jo ouleU [edISO| [oy pue dooy yy uel °*zZ “By -013S8 YYIM ‘uvepuRyy soUO ‘IIeMNYg “T “Sig ffi at . GHAR. ei hs Ak ed aad CREM en LEYS ¥ : : Pl OV BOLE 3 PUPS tees gy hye aI Sih Vis al BAPE _ ’ 7 4 sph tag ah SE J AG LEM GAGE AD, 29 88[d ‘08 [OA ‘ABojodoiqjuy AIOASIPT [BANJVNY JO uunasnyT platy Bypleg 3e sjod sayoo pu soejdeing *z °31,7 CS aA? BE . Te) £9 81d ‘0g “1OA ‘ABojodoyquy dure s,yyeq uq! IeZeYY YASS 3e splOyM YIM UsUIOM “T “BIy A104sIH{ [BINjVN JO winasny, pjelqT Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 64 RICE BINS AT SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S CAMP 5OQ2N f\ x \ /- v Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 65 Fig. 1. Milling rice in a quern Fig. 2. Making butter in a swinging, goatskin churn AL BU MUHAMMAD TRIBESWOMEN dWVO S.HITVA N&I TVZVHM HMIGHS LV NIVYD ONIGNNOd 99 24¥[g ‘08 "JOA ‘ABojodoiyjyuy A104SIF{ [VINJVN JO winesn]y Plely peeiq suryeg °Z “317 Uh Lees a. 19 8d “0 [0A ‘ABojodorqquy dNVO GVWWVHOW Od TV punoiZe10} UI UISeq YSNOp ‘[[VM UsAO 4sUIese inoy peyoooun Buiddejs Aq pveiq Zuryeyy “[ “317 A10ASTF [VANVVN JO uunosnypy ppeyz Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 68 Fig. 1. Plough Fig. 2. Woman potter making a clay oven AL BU MUHAMMAD CAMP Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 69 Fig. 2. Woman churning butter AL BU MUHAMMAD CAMP Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 70 Fig. 1. Cattle pen next to house Fig. 2. Buffaloes in a wallow SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S CAMP Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 71 R WR Sates See MILKING SHEEP AND CATTLE AT CAMP OF SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 72 SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH AND HIS DAUGHTER Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 73 JEWELRY OF AN AL BU MUHAMMAD WOMAN dWVO GVWWVHOW Nad TV seysivul oy} Ul UOWWIOD adA}y B Jo adid Jeqem @ BuIyoUg °Z “BIT poyyew wip oy} Aq UOIyeSILIT *T “BIT PL Meg ‘OE “OA ‘ABolodoiqyuy A1oyst{ [eiNyeN jo uinesnyT Plely dWVO GVWWVHOAW Od TV seysni Jo ajpung °z ‘317 ysni @ ZuIyve URWIOM *T “31g GL 848g ‘08 “JOA ‘AZojodoiyjuy A1OSIP{ [VINgVN JO winesnyy ppewy Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 76 Fig. 1. Relaxation after Ashura. Singing to snapping of fingers and drumming of feet yo. ew = / Fig. 2. Breast-beating for the dead. Professional mourner leaping in air AL BU MUHAMMAD CAMP Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 77 Fig. 2. The death grip AL BU MUHAMMAD CAMP Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 78 Fig. 2. Young wild boar AL BU MUHAMMAD CAMP WHEIB9 E Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 79 Field Museum of Natural History No. 851 (age 20) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES QTE I3SE_ Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 80 No. 861 (age 25) No. 816 (age 25) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES GOFH29 ?: AFFEI39 EE Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 81 No. 768 (age 25) No. 882 (age 27) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES aE 12 YP Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 82 No. 771 (age 30) No. 830 (age 30) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES CN } | ~ a j= a6 [2 2 ee OOPHE3G EZ Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 83 No. 819 (age 32) No. 902 (age 33) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES PIX OG tw T « Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 84 Field Museum of Natural History No. 897 (age 33) No. 885 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES tt [nS QOFFIB > E Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 85 No. 807 (age 35) No. 781 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES . f > 'e / i © gS ee ‘ P a“ Se, f f Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 86 > ‘ rv » 2 ay vv * \ a, ( fs No. 866 (age 35) » x) 4, A we. te , (V A t a4 \ b ef ¢ ‘7 lak u 2? 2! No. 871 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES ( p Field Museum of Natural History No. 825 (age 35) No. 935 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES = OCNLFFIBG & (ater) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 88 No. 904 (age 35) No. 916 (age 40) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES tag fe a ae ey QOTFIB9 EOL ) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 89 No. 811 (age 40) No. 917 (age 45) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES 9/8) G py a ) ) OSG 1 : er Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 90 No. 785 (age 50) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES j A(AILI A SL An SAS CLeafT §— (Cc * Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 91 No. 896 (age 50) No, 875 (age 55) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 92 ‘“ } ~ ~~ is ~™ Field Museum of Natural History No. 911 (age 18) 4 ‘ a6 i ; AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES No. 943 (age 30) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 93 No. 903 (age 35) No. 796 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES {? » / ae j se," vos —n } eS A S35 (CS OE Go . . Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 94 (vob! hd / No. 770 (age 35) No. 924 (age 40) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES #139 & Ca) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 95 No. 945 (age 40) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES rOFE [A 9E CaD » Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 96 No. 926 (age 40) No. 926 (age 40) AL BU MUHAMMAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPE ‘\ ~ , /)\/ ‘ Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 97 Q No. 815 (age 22) No. 898 (age 23) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN TYPES /) J. - ee 4 ZL } = G P of OL, O72 Field Museum of Natural History No. 786 (age 25) No. 787 (age 25) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN TYPES oPHFI39 Z' oO ) Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 99 Field Museum of Natural History No. 803 (age 25) No. 784 (age 30) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN TYPES Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 100 (\) 24 4 q £2 U 37 (2, x. | d) YY No. 776 (age 30) 4 & os 20 K\) No. 873 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN TYPES OF 139 E Call) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 101 No. 888 (age 35) | / 2a J? | eye hie Q o 30 ro, @) 09 oP eV) S4y ; () [say 60g | é x f- Ai ’. J an °a oy ee * ee Re ki = ig No. 876 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN TYPES rn oe L}- i ~ f) wt Cf 2. 4 (ae 4 , —— 7 —_ é4 i : tL yA Field Museum of Natural History Anthrop&ogy, Vol. 30, Plate 102 yor" ; . any"? } N No. 798 (age 35) ; M »\ 360 % No. 783 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN TYPES PLS ie Field Museum of Natural History > —— Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 103 No. 808 (age 35) No. 869 (age 38) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN TYPES Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 104 No. 824 (age 40) No. 826 (age 40) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN TYPES OFF 134 & COLD - Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 105 No. 849 (age 40) No. 804 (age 50) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES 0 OFFIZ9 2; Cale) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 106 ») ) p24 0° (V ty» ry 22 BX ¥%% 0° | 3X4 9 x) & No. 836 (age 55) PB 244\ No. 880 (age 56) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES wOnkIB 7 & (ae ) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 107 No. 888 (age 23) UNS No. 900 (age 25) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES aOBb139 © CoD Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 108 of 4 ‘ ‘ = i No. 806 (age 25) x ) oo ; XY a % A a® “Sa % a: 0 \ x : “ p<} ; ee No. 914 (age 30) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES 204¢ 139 & Ca2L) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 109 No. 867 (age 30) No. 890 (age 30) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES wOf=13 42 Cae) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 110 No. 800 (age 30) No. 810 (age 32) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES 0 CHEI39 Ela QP) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 111 No. 789 (age 33) No. 868 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES be ; re a OGtIz>G O/ - Se. /\ QS os TOFaC Qe f4 Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 112 Field Museum of Natural History No. 848 (age 35) No. 769 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES Lise © ae a oy a, Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 113 No. 839 (age 40) No. 831 (age 40) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES ~ os . ot } P i } ~ f ff oOFF 139 EC oe Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 114 Field Museum of Natural History No. 846 (age 40) No. 847 (age 45) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES fr 2%, % OAL 1339 El a2 % “ / So ¥ — —_ _ = Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 115 No. 855 (age 45) ay No. 920 (age 65) AL BU MUHAMMAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN PLUS CONVEX-NOSED TYPES Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 116 No. 854 (age 20) Sa issn No. 834 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD MESOCEPHALS a Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 117 No. 891 (age 40) No. 886 (age 40) AL BU MUHAMMAD MESOCEPHALS 204-134 € G22) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 118 No. 823 (age 46) No. 930 (age 60) AL BU MUHAMMAD MESOCEPHALS 2dt 134 &Ca ZB) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 119 | v Ue \ ah | No. 922 (age 20) il JLAim RY ris vs hos at cX% c 8 3S a%~ 5 | y, ie (374 } at No. 782 (age 20) AL BU MUHAMMAD SUB-BRACHYCEPHALIC OR BRACHYCEPHALIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES € \ fe. / Z i its ar } /) Oe: TIA? < aD ae" a = Be Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 120 No. 766 (age 30) No. 928 (age 30) AL BU MUHAMMAD SUB-BRACHYCEPHALIC OR BRACHYCEPHALIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES } — A Jf : ‘iS ’ aa / { _- 1 Catt a ey es Lae Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 121 No. 799 (age 33) No. 764 (age 40) AL BU MUHAMMAD SUB-BRACHYCEPHALIC OR BRACHYCEPHALIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES o OFFI Field Museum of Natural History N —~L) Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 122 No. 777 (age 40) No. 981 (age 40) AL BU MUHAMMAD SUB-BRACHYCEPHALIC OR BRACHYCEPHALIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPES . i _ f ag > I> > » ae ze j eS Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 123 No. 856 (age 50) AL BU MUHAMMAD SUB-BRACHYCEPHALIC OR BRACHYCEPHALIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPE O29 Ela 22» Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 124 “s 4.) No. 925 (age 20) 2,9 20° x) OF No. 860 (age 20) a AL BU MUHAMMAD ARMENOID BRACHYCEPHALS OPE 139 E, (6 2 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 125 No. 780 (age 20) No. 944 (age 20) AL BU MUHAMMAD ARMENOID BRACHYCEPHALS tt-129 & Cad) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 126 Sa be en, No. 951 (age 20) No. 8638 (age 22) AL BU MUHAMMAD ARMENOID BRACHYCEPHALS Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 127 No. 874 (age 25) No. 899 (age 25) AL BU MUHAMMAD ARMENOID BRACHYCEPHALS Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 128 No. 879 (age 25) No. 858 (age 30) AL BU MUHAMMAD ARMENOID BRACHYCEPHALS , er a a ; 4 Se ¥. ; Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 129 No. 832 (age 20) No. 905 (age 20) AL BU MUHAMMAD MISCELLANEOUS BRACHYCEPHALS Field Museum of Natural History ‘ No. 885 (age 20) No. 906 (age 20) AL BU MUHAMMAD MISCELLANEOUS BRACHYCEPHALS i\ n CH Ks eae . Qo setts Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 131 ot No. 818 (age 22) No. 801 (age 23) AL BU MUHAMMAD MISCELLANEOUS BRACHYCEPHALS Tr. Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 132 No. 892 (age 25) No. 859 (age 28) AL BU MUHAMMAD MISCELLANEOUS BRACHYCEPHALS Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 133 pom om Aa | , en y 302" ¥ 83 OS . J dace t Sx (3 *4/ No. 853 (age 28) No. 878 (age 30) AL BU MUHAMMAD MISCELLANEOUS BRACHYCEPHALS oa a f- euge sy A 7 ri ee Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 134 No. 833 (age 20) No. 812 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD NEGROID TYPES \ oH 139 E( 20 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 135 No. 843 (age 35) No. 894 (age 35) AL BU MUHAMMAD NEGROID TYPES AQP 1392 (a2) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 136 oY wr ( No. 901 (age 35) x ay} No. 932 (age 55) AL BU MUHAMMAD NEGROID TYPES 7 L eH 4 ~— t 4 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 137 Ne x ' No. 841 (age 30) No. 797 (age 22) AL BU MUHAMMAD MONGOLOID TYPES = Pai /) ry) Se ae eS, &, | ey Sie CA ee Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate188 | 4 \! \ 4a ) 4 ) an No. 887 (age 22) 4 iy \ j ) No. 809 (age 40) AL BU MUHAMMAD AUSTRALOID TYPES yy Field Museum of Natural History f i : \ a Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 139 5 1 K A HO Z> 4» aN Ge nw ~ No. 842 (age 20) ey No. 828 (age 20) AL BU MUHAMMAD ABERRANT TYPES NS + 392, CaG@) \ Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 140 N gh," No. 765 (age 25) No. 840 (age 25) No. 822 (age 65) AL BU MUHAMMAD ABERRANT TYPES Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 141 VY BOATS AT HALFAYA Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 142 BOAT-BUILDING AT HALFAYA Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 143 Fig. 2. Tarring the skin used to cover the framework of the boat BOAT-BUILDING AT HALFAYA Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 144 BOAT-BUILDING AT HALFAYA Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 145 Fig. 1. Primitive type of craft, made of reed bundles 7 Fig. 2. A hunting expedition AL BU MUHAMMAD BOATS NN Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 146 Fig. 2. Lighters on the Shatt al Arab AL BU MUHAMMAD BOATS Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 147 LARGE BOAT AT AL QURNA, JUNCTION OF TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS SUBBI IRON-WORKER NEAR SHEIKH KHAZAL IBN FALIH’S CAMP We = ke 7 c-\_.S ae 2 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 149 Wy] ) iQ D Sear! re ‘ w No. 983 (age 20) An 73 a em he tee ; of eek No. 995 (age 25) AL SAWAAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEANS WITH EITHER STRAIGHT OR CONVEX NOSES » ¢ Field Museum of Natural History No. 984 (age 35) No. 981 (age 35) AL SAWAAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEANS WITH EITHER STRAIGHT OR CONVEX NOSES ~ ox QAEIBF Eola) , 0 {0 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 151 A \ & C 4 14) lai ; f uy ‘ (3 5 No. 992 (age 35) No. 1000 (age 35) AL SAWAAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEANS WITH EITHER STRAIGHT OR CONVEX NOSES Ae ) a Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 152 a 4) “ NP’ Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 154 iN E yw “4 oie No. 968 (age 45) \, A, 3 \ } s ‘ "sel ey i No. 969 (age 45) AL SAWAAD CLASSIC MEDITERRANEANS WITH EITHER STRAIGHT OR CONVEX NOSES Field Museum of Natural History {\O- No. 999 (age 20) AL SAWAAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEANS 4 vs # . > © { 4 A xx (bf f2 9 7A ce. QO } | ry 7 , Nad | cs ~ s \ j Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 156 Ne No. 954 (age 22) No. 986 (age 23) AL SAWAAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEANS . 2. AJ U /\ i 0 SS, Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 157 j ( o | xy ic 4 he : nv\? ki \ i if *K | » pF / 3 es see | No. 962 (age 25) No. 979 (age 25) AL SAWAAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEANS Nes “~ ; | we é ~ ® V rk & o” A NAY fe 14 ) U aG#137 © (a2) ‘ | __ Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 158 © q j a 4 ; 1) 4° 4 = (3 No. 960 (age 25) Neg No. 1003 (age 30) AL SAWAAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEANS ¢ ub# 892 Co 20) fea 7 \ ‘ea Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 159 A- | | 4 fe, No. 957 (age 55) Nec. F = No. 988 (age 60) AL SAWAAD ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEANS a . * ; “a () | Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 160 Né i y\ ro} v | it ‘ sy No. 959 (age 20) No. 976 (age 20) AL SAWAAD BRACHYCEPHALS 2O@#B?ECOL or ¢ a\ ee Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 161 N | | G ee vy jo" a de | No. 1001 (age 20) Neg - No. 972 (age 22) AL SAWAAD BRACHYCEPHALS Ott /z aq : & pee & gas Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 162 No. 9638 (age 22) No. 958 (age 25) AL SAWAAD BRACHYCEPHALS fr sn ~~ A (i alr] SF ‘Ss bgia ee ES Aca Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 163 a .@ , \g” TOF an t Z * No. 982 (age 30) Nes +6 No. 997 (age 35) AL SAWAAD BRACHYCEPHALS Fis ve \\9 Ot 1397 2(0LL) N. | i ws c& e ©. | we) \ Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 164 -\ / 7 32 ; C3x y 4 “ No. 955 (age 40) a No. 996 (age 45) AL SAWAAD BRACHYCEPHALS 4 fT se ep > x p— | ix | pe Pat Ge Ew, " | / es Z ~ y, cr' io” Lo < IN > Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 165 eS €4 ) % No. 1002 (age 25) loa No. 985 (age 45) AL SAWAAD SUB-BRACHYCEPHALIC ARMENOIDS nes Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 166 ok (3 No. 961 (age 20) t L ry q9 ° > } 2" i 3 No. 977 (age 25) AL SAWAAD SUB-BRACHYCEPHALIC ARMENOIDS \ \ . -” rr \ 1 [S AN v =>, Li Ty) | VU \ Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 167 - Be “inn Bee er Fig. 2. Subbi smith working on golden coffee set made for King Ghazi’s coronation AMARA VUVNWV LV SHMIGHS Vedas i 4 5 H s t § nd ax SOT aeIg ‘Og [OA ‘ABojodoiyquy Ug LO? ¥ 7 YO 2he ly AIO [VAnjeN Jo unssnyL Plely x rlAEI3? & (ae ft dy Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 169 N 2 n 2 ta ee gt ad | No. 2934 (age 25) No. 2924 (age 30) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU DOLICHOCEPHALS (AL wed eS : fp ( 2 c. } ) Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 170 We N/j No. 2939 (age 30) u~ No. 2926 (age 30) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU DOLICHOCEPHALS q M Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 171 1 qa | (2 tt ) No. 2937 (age 37) No. 2919 (age 38) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU DOLICHOCEPHALS as 0 OFH1B9 E- » ‘ L \Br Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 172 X \ ? | =) > A“ (3 { Ge No. 2957 (age 40) NA y'Y + Diag of! No. 2954 (age 51) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU DOLICHOCEPHALS lac iN Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 173 ( “wy A a W@ > ae "ie, { mal jf fy) . 7 \ 2 | No. 2952 (age 55) Ne A No. 2981 (age 55) : : SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU DOLICHOCEPHALS ry OHS? E J } 4 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 174 ) No. 2888 (age 60) SUBBI AT AMARA Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 175 Ne pam Rr €5 ( s*ta No. 2888 (age 60) SUBBI AT AMARA , f ¥ ——- ia ;* > Oy "ss f ” ee eee ho ff 4 \ ~ , \y ‘SN Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 176 NI oN 4, \ A © No. 2948 (age 70) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU DOLICHOCEPHALS « Ae EJs “wt\ An or! W Field Museum of Natural History 10 f ») 9 No. 2929 (age 22) \ of No. 2967 (age 23) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU LOW MESOCEPHALS r Ps / A. " . «< ; a cos A) Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate iN x | | ’ t Saree q Z », ; \ . ll No. 2909 (age 34) gy U v { »* s 454 X ( No. 2960 (age 45) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU LOW MESOCEPHALS a | | Hj256 2 , | ae LHP E tye + | "4 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 179 ¢ % 1 No. 2890 (age 47) Ve : ‘a { No. 2891 (age 34) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU LOW MESOCEPHALS } { id Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 180 we Xv \ . nx * “a. q2 a, WV No. 2922 (age 60) -SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU LOW MESOCEPHALS \0 = Ney eh : F P 4 ad a ee & TT LOS oe t i v aN thee \) nl ried Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 181 _, Ye aS % i No. 2955 (age 20) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU HIGH MESOCEPHALS ” w0 ey . Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 182 NY at “%y No. 2963 (age 25) ‘SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU HIGH MESOCEPHALS ¥ oe | MANN alot] or Ce ey 49 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 183 vf Ae ’ oy U? “ten ‘ Mi | 4 No. 2942 (age 25) Ne h (ot A No. 2947 (age 26) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU HIGH MESOCEPHALS - oS ad Dw Cer gr Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 184 \ ~* No. 2969 (age 29) No. 2910 (age 30) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU HIGH MESOCEPHALS a. f- ~ + eget oO, 6S \\ OFF jon Be > \re Museum of Natural History q 4*\) he ' No. 2896 (age 35) Nis No. 2893 (age 42) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU HIGH MESOCEPHALS .. oo PA4 139 2 y e. ; te Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 186 No. 2970 (age 50) No. 2930 (age 50) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU HIGH MESOCEPHALS 5, Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 187 of real 9 No. 2973 (age 54) } No. 2921 (age 56) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU HIGH MESOCEPHALS “ -_ -) >= ee ON Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 188 No. 2920 (age 50) SUBBI IRANIAN PLATEAU HIGH MESOCEPHAL y 7 Sj - bs - w / - ° ee Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 189 No. 2920 (age 50) SUBBI IRANIAN PLATEAU HIGH MESOCEPHAL \ 42° 777 vi Fes Q ae \ Vv Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 190 P ; \ 4 gt) os 4 os ed x No. 2976 (age 68) ‘ . N VAR | Yi ad\ } No. 2974 (age 71) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU HIGH MESOCEPHALS p) )\ Field Museum of Natural History {, | ~ % mS > , No. 2943 (age 22) y) V4 SFA No. 2944 (age 30) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU SUB-BRACHYCEPHALS K a OFF IB? E " o> PANG | ) d\ Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 192 \y q C Le \ a' . x No. 2903 (age 33) | \" ‘QW a « (os rhe. of No. 2978 (age 38) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU SUB-BRACHYCEPHALS i (\ — | ie oS \\ 0” ea \~ \ ; 1 fats Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 193 h \@ ) 4 > an. 4 eS No. 2925 (age 39) N's No. 2945 (age 50) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU SUB-BRACHYCEPHALS No. 2900 (age 55) No. 2923 (age 70) SUBBA IRANIAN PLATEAU SUB-BRACHYCEPHALS Op Of#=lae S \eG \p Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 195 S j \ “> x, at's ? 7 J Ky a i No. 2975 (age 16) a \ \g) a ‘ . No. 2971 (age 18) SUBBA HIGH MESOCEPHALS 6 sOne ros / Re Ae 1 IN “\ 4 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 196(\ a i q + (A ' * No. 2911 (age 20) No. 2914 (age 20) SUBBA HIGH MESOCEPHALS oF , OF-I29 & 6 \p Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 197 WS, q 1 ax \ No. 2913 (age 21) SUBBA HIGH MESOCEPHALS + CHa? e \ Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 198 2 N e \$ ; ( ui y+ No. 2946 (age 22) No. 2933 (age 22) SUBBA HIGH MESOCEPHALS ald /2 9 as w Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 199 ,\ ad ‘ No. 2908 (age 22) we a No. 2901 (age 23) SUBBA HIGH MESOCEPHALS j , n am \ LY Yip ee oe 4 rw f { ? Z , ay i) Y Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 200. Lie 4 f Ww ‘ i} d i} ra \ F i. ae yy o 3 \y No. 2892 (age 25) ov Vv ’ ae No. 2905 (age 26) SUBBA HIGH MESOCEPHALS ane a ~ - 4 / oo | aA * yw ~™ VW, we a a ¢ .< , Se A Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 201 uit if 14 > A Field Museum of Natural History \\ ( \“ No. 2935 (age 28) b4 . No. 2904 (age 29) SUBBA HIGH MESOCEPHALS ] QS IE NO A\glo Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 202 Nios > a oF.) No. 2951 (age 20) No. 2940 (age 25) SUBBA BRACHYCEPHALS PLUS IRANIAN PLATEAU TYPE } Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 203 om No. 2918 (age 30) | LF No i a $\\ g25 if No. 2898 (age 32) SUBBA BRACHYCEPHALS PLUS IRANIAN PLATEAU TYPE oo ‘ ¢ We Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 204 V ee. = | > a : q? “2 No. 2936 (age 39) No. 2959 (age 40) SUBBA BRACHYCEPHALS PLUS IRANIAN PLATEAU TYPE | ef bs2o v 4% ACHE ‘ / eS a £ \\ P | leat , Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 205 A /) \ Y / a5} : / v1 | 2 oF | No. 2915 (age 42) \Je n - g79/ F No. 2968 (age 55) SUBBA BRACHYCEPHALS PLUS IRANIAN PLATEAU TYPE op” 7 Lt ] ES Ray Soy abs \" Y Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 206 y 4 / No. 2897 (age 19) 1 NY » \Y ) xo % i by No. 2912 (age 20) SUBBA JEWISH (above) AND NORTH EUROPEAN (below) TYPES é —— a Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 207 " & \ Field Museum of Natural History Y\ ) at | r “ > 3 \ No. 2972 (age 20) a a. \)2 1 } oe / cy ner 5 ¢ No. 2907 (age 26) SUBBA OF ABERRANT TYPES 4 abt 139 & \ qd Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 208 ‘ q No. 2899 (age 33) No. 2966 (age 34) SUBBA OF ABERRANT TYPES | a : Pn > ,6? aft! i? oe ‘¢ Ne ) (7 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 209 } al {% ia ? £ No. 2988 (age 12) : N ” No. 2982 (age 15) SUBBA WOMEN | & | @ o ? f) J Vs - i f ” acess Ed onlay 4 C > CI" [OF C7 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 210 NY L No. 2981 (age 20) SUBBA WOMEN ee Field Museum of Natural History ry \ SI “ \s “ No. 2999 (age 20) WE : a A oe \\ an +" J No. 3002 (age 21) SUBBA WOMEN yt? . iy i ‘a : f > G . . f ‘ Q. 4 A re pay j © 4 >» \\5 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 212. 1D \w v a) Yo b Ye > a No. 2984 (age 23) \ a -* No. 2983 (age 30) SUBBA WOMEN Anthropology, Vol. SUBBA WOMEN 30, Plate 213 y y ay = \ \ \\ 2 & a f att i ZL f oF . “3 ( /: 7 iO ? Lo ; Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 214 | Je | ry Ly \ , No. 2986 (age 50) No. 3007 (age 50) SUBBA WOMEN Vy Field Museum of Natural History x No. 3012 (age 60) 24 i SP 4G H iW J” | 6 No. 3001 (age 60) SUBBA WOMEN Neg- No. 104417 gee de Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 216 SUBBA CHILDREN ss ¢ tt) Neg. No. 190944/6 (eels Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 217 SUBBA CHILDREN G1g1Id AOI NI GNNOUD AHL ONITAAAT Q1z 48d ‘0g ‘OA ‘A8ojodoiqquy AIOASIP [eINgeN JO wnesnyy Pel GOI ONIMOS 61Z 2¥Id ‘08 “OA 4 Sojodoiqquy ! Aio4stp{ [BinyeN jo winesny pplz avuv IV LLVHS save puvsnoy} aay ynoqe 3001 aoL10oT] pareq Buryouyg *Z “31y SozeSILI YOIyM ‘YeeD qiseyy [e nqy “T ‘3iy ; * ‘ an my * ‘ Siete \— “ee SN ee | ae, / ad y } wy \ 022 9d ‘08 “0A ‘ABolodoi1yyuy AlO4sIP{ [VINjeN Jo uinesnyy play Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 221 Fig. 1. Digging in alfalfa between rows of palms Fig. 2. Splitting into sprigs the staminate inflorescences of date palm SHATT AL ARAB a vVavy jf¥Y shih y¥ fiw wyed oj¥p jo saseq puolj Zulunig °Z ‘317 soyep poeyseArey ZulAlIey “T ‘317 ai “an Zee Pld ‘Og “JOA ‘ABojodoiyjuuy AIOYIPA [eInzeN JO unesnyT plel7 Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 223 Fig. 2. Pruning fronds of date palm SHATT AL ARAB ee = ee i - a er a - ee a ae iene avuv TV LLVHS pesewepun ‘44311 faqyiul eyep Aq pesnes qam aur}OOTU YIM wed tuewp Bulkvidg °Z% “BIy YqtM ‘qJo] :seyep pouediiun jo sexldg *[ “siy $22 88Id ‘0g ‘JOA ‘AZojodoiyquy AIOYSI{ [eAnzeN JO urnesnypy ppely VNUNO ‘TV UVAN ‘NVWI JO AWOL @UlOP JO apISUI UO SUOIZBIODEp JO Weg °*Z “BIT G22 83¥%Id ‘0§ “OA ‘AB0jodoryqjuy MOIA [BlEUeX) *T BLT A104s1H{s[BAN}JVN JO wunesnyy Ple\y | O¢ 374 = Neg. Ne VNUNd ‘TV YVAN AdAL LVUNDDIZ AO NIIM MOU 922 381d ‘08 “19A ‘Adojodoryjuy AIo4sIp{ [BinyeN JO winesny, pjelyz ~~ ee a ae 2) eee ee ee meee SAMAWA FROM THE AIR Photograph by permission of British Royal Air force. Crown copyright reserved ONIGTING JO AdAL JIHAVW ONIMOHS ANGDOS HLIM CALNAWNVNYO ‘VHUVM WOU ATAVAOUd ‘HONOUL ANOLS as Sit go pains fun’ ul 4% 4 & 7 aT a +. 822 MId ‘OG “OA ‘ABojodoiyjuy AIO SIF [eINjVN JO unesnyL pez ae” } f nb eat ec why aie 4 sf \ t E 4 5 a= = eae SoS ae aids th aa = ee ee : a sins ih Stee b= ><3 + . rt Seen earaeaes sedate pees 3 ee Se Ps poet i ee eee een eee ae een ceS eersagece see SS we piety hes terestgee cs — =~ ae eset : npeoestt ie a Neste xian ae mete eer beetrarst ys Bt Py i i ce ie a or 7 — S hee 23 oon Sa = alas — ne aoe sas ray 7 Hes ae a po es =e Ea a a 7 = cart = = en ta a Soe ima Se TSS = » =< =~ as 3 = — aes ot =. i = Saeed ae neler =; een ete e = oon erence aint 3 ere aree oe 23 Spas = os 7 =