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aU, ¢ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY —BULLETIN NO. 48,

Br ES GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE, —

BY ©

_G. HAROLD. POWELL,
AssIstaNT PoMOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF FreLp INVESTIGATIONS,

, , AND
.§. H. FULTON,
ASSISTANT IN PomoLocy.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

~ Issurp DECEMBER 3, 1903.

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Poe. | WASHINGTON:
| = GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. _ en
1903... 7 oe

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"The Bureau of Plant Industry, Snel was Poe at J Ae i 1901, aces Vee,

ii table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanieay: Investigations and - a
ie Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investigations,
and Experimental Gardens and Grounds, all of which were formerly separate Divi- |
sions, and also Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, the Arlington Experi- i
“mental Farm, Tea Culture Investigations, and Domestic Sugar Investigations. 2

_ Beginning with the date of organization of the Bureau, the several series of bulletins ©

ie the various Divisions were discontinued, and all are now published as one series
of the Bureau. A list of the Bulletins issued in the present series follows..

Grit Gases

Attention is directed to the fact that ‘‘the serial, scientific, and technical publica- ~

| - f tions of the United States Department of Agriculture are not for general distribution. |
All copies not required for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent.

Ge Ot Documents, who is empowered to sell them at ccst.’’ All applications for such |
aA _ publications should, therefore, be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Union —

eee Washington, D. C.
No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. Ty Liming of Soils |

On He OS bo

J

from a Physiological Standpoint. Il. Experimental Study of the Rela-
tion of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents,

. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.
. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents. .
. Range Improvement in Arizona. (Cooperative Experiments with the»

Arizona Experiment Station.) 1902. Price, 10 cents.

) Seeds and Plants Imported Through the Section of Seed and Plant Intro-_

' duction for Distribution in Cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment
Stations. Inventory No. 9, Numbers 4351-5500.. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

. A List of American Varieties ‘of Peppers. 1902.. Price, 10 cents.
. The Algerian ‘Durum Wheats: A Classified List, with Descriptions. 1902.

Price, 15 cents.
A Collection of Economic and Other F ungl Pecpared for Distribution. 1902.
Price, 10 cents.

_ The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price,” 10 cents.
. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses

and Forage Plants. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

. Johnson Grass: Report of Investigations Made During the Season of 1901.

1902. Price, 10 cents.

. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Notes on the Grasses and ee

Plants and Range Conditions. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

. Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Pri ice, 10 cents.
. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 5 cents.
. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin, Being a

Report upon Investigations Made During July and August, 1901, in the.
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LA Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Carpe

pestris and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

. Some Diseases of the Cowpea: I. The Wilt Disease of the Cowpea and Its

Control. II. A Cowpea Resistant to Root Knot (Heterodera Radicicola).
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. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents. |
. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed: Harvesting, Curing, and Cleaning. 1902. a

10 cents.

. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents. ai oat
. List of American Varieties of Vegetables for the Years 1901 and 1902. 1903,

Price, 35 cents. eas
[Continued on p. 3 of coyer.] ey Pe

PEATE Ie

Bul. 48, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

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SCALD ON YORK IMPERIAL APPLES.

US DEE arkwrviE Nt OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 48

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau

THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

BY

| G. HAROLD POWELL,
ASSISTANT POMOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS,

AND

S. H. FULTON,
ASSISTANT IN POMOLOGY.

OAvEONs@ Gok Ave INNA ES: GATT © INS:

IssuED DECEMBER 3, 1903.

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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT. PRINTING OFFICE.
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7
|

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. |

BrEveERLY T. GaLitoway, Chief of Bureau.

POMOLOGICAL IN VESTIGATION S.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.
G. B. BracKxert, Pomologist.

Wm. A. Taytor, Pomologist in Charge of Field Investigations.

G. HaroL_p PowELL, Assistant Pomologist in Charge of Field Investigations.
H. P. Gouin, Assistant Pomologist in Charge of Fruit District Investigations.
GEORGE C. HusmMann, Expert in Charge of Viticultural Investigations.

S. H. Futon, Assistant in Pomology.

2

PEP PB Or Tins MiP AL

U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Bureau or Priant INpustry,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., June 18, 1903.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper entitled ‘‘ The
Apple in Cold Storage,” and respectfully recommend that it be pub-
lished as Bulletin No. 48 of the series of this Bureau.

This paper was prepared by Mr. G. Harold Powell, Assistant
Pomologist in Charge of Field Investigations, and Mr. 8. H. Fulton,
Assistant in Pomology, and has been submitted by the Pomologist
with a view to publication.

The illustrations which accompany this report, consisting of five
colortypes and one half-tone plate, are considered essential to a full
understanding of the text.

Respectfully,
B. T. GaLtoway,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WiILson,
Secretary of Agriculture.

elk Je le BUC,

Apple culture has attained such proportions in the United States
that the harvesting and disposition of the crop have become matters
of national importance. <A general failure of the crop of winter apples
in any season results in serious disturbance of commercial conditions
in many important agricultural regions and involves heavy losses to
mercantile and transportation interests, as well as to the growers. At
the same time it inflicts a serious hardship upon consumers by depriv-
ing them of this the most useful fruit in their household economy.

Next to crop failure and the control of injurious diseases and insects,

the most important feature of commercial apple growing at the present
time is undoubtedly the ‘preservation of the crop for a sufficient time
to permit its distribution to consumers in sound and wholesome con-
dition, in both home and foreign markets, throughout the winter sea-
son. This feature has become very prominent since apple orcharding
has developed on a large scale in the middle and more southern States,
where the climatic conditions at the time of the apple harvest are fre-
quently unfavorable to long durability of fruit. Under the deteriorat-
ing influence of warm weather during September and October a large
part of the crop frequently reaches full ripeness and is thrown upon
the market in perishable condition before midwinter. This results in
disastrous gluts and ruinously low prices for a time, followed by
scarcity of fruit and abnormally high prices to the consumer in the
late winter and early spring.
- The successful keeping of apples on a large scale in refrigerated
storage, which began about 1890, was welcomed by growers and deal-
ers as a solution of the problem, and the practice of storing in this
way has since developed to very large proportions. Experience has
demonstrated, however, that in many instances fruit stored in such
houses in the fall has failed to come out in good condition in the late
winter or spring, to the serious loss of the owner. It has long been
observed also that different lots of fruit in the same storage room
behave differently, some keeping in excellent condition, while others
spoil. A browning of the skin of the apple while in storage or shortly
after removal therefrom, generally known as ‘‘ scald,” also frequently
lessens the beauty of the fruit and therefore its selling value, even
when its food value is but little impaired.

6 PREFACE.

In investigating this subject with a view to reducing the uncertainty
and the loss, it has been found necessary to take up the entire question
of orchard location and cultural treatment, as well as the methods
employed in picking, packing, and shipping the fruit, all of these hay-
ing important bearing on the durability of the product after it reaches
the storage house. Systematic work along these lines was begun in
the autumn of 1901 and has been continuous since that time. The
problems involved are so complex and varied in view of the large
number of varieties now commercially grown and the wide range of
climatic and soil conditions involved that accurate and comprehensive
generalization of results will require several repetitions of most of the
experiments. Certain discoveries of distinct economic importance
have been made during the progress of these investigations which
appear to render the publication of this preliminary report advisable
at this time in order that they may be available for application to the
handling of the crop of the current season.

The investigation referred to has been conducted and this bulletin
prepared by Mr. G. Harold Powell, Assistant Pomologist in Charge
of Field Investigations, and Mr. 8. H. Fulton, Assistant in Pomology,
under the direction of Mr. William A. Taylor, Pomologist in Charge
of Field Investigations. While the experimental work of the Depart- |
ment has covered but two seasons, the experience of manv of the lead-
ing cold-storage men of the country has been drawn upon and freely
given. It is therefore believed that the bulletin in its present form
affords a safe guide in the matter of winter-apple storage in refriger-
ated warehouses.

G. B. BRACKETT,
Pomologist.

OFFICH OF POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS,

Washington, D. C., May 29, 1903.

CON ER NTS.

NMNGROCMCHLOM eye sreti He MS Sn Nee Heir bic EN PMs A ie iene eM SMTA NEN AN oe
Imiuenceror cold’ storage,on the apple industry 22.0220. 222) 2
The extent of the cold-storage warehousing industry.......-.-- eran Mia
Biicnmmetion of tite cold-ctoraze warehouse <2 .222-...01...2..4 2.) 3
Rimciples otmechanicalereirigeration. 205000) ole oe

Mneruthzacionrot tae coldstemperabures: 2227 25s eee Ve ore
Mnexdinect-expansion Systeme tn aa ba) eh ae eed
Ae OrMe-CRCULALIING, SW Stem ue Oh Nee Oo oe ee
ine rain Cin culatinNo AS VSte IN y ie UL Ob eee ei VE nie lia

Outline. oiexperments-incapple storage . 22a ie
Hactorsmmiruencimerthe keepine quality of applesine: 22 S220 0 022. a

Miemmavucithy On the wdeunt wien oickede nue ees

How to obtain more uniform and better colored fruit ...........-...-
lnfiuence:or delaying theistorage:ot the iruit . 08 ae oe Eee
MilGenee, OM StONASe eM pPCEAbUne vue ee a NN ei y Lee ye
itlwvencesorariGuit wrap pena. Vows re Re ee ole a a a ea
inmliunenceonculcunaltcomditiome: one ee ee Os oe hee ee
liniinemceror thertyperOl Package: oie aes LS cd Ea

ithe behavior ot the truit) when removed trom storages... 2.2...........2.2.
ANAM pPOKLAMCe LOM COOGMEUN se ees ene a UN Va 8 ee ea
POTN G CEM ICL os Se ye ae a Sh ae ee a nO

INA EUeS Oly GlVC ES Col Olivain ee tu cee Sa eco yey Mees aR Roto uae a
imifuence oLmatunrityotune truitjion scaldi a Oe. eee. el
Himiliwenceolteniperatumervon scald 2h are ee ee
The temperature in which the fruit is removed from the storage-house. - -
Influence on scald of delaying the storage of the fruit after it is picked ..-
iimlwenceioija truth wrapper onjecald: yen ee ee oe ee
Naidehies most-susceptibletoscalds lis. e Oy cee es
MreAaCMMemtMbOnoOne vet SCalG pr eee Aik ee cI a gen eee

Companisonvonvariehesan coldistorage. iio fei. se Pe be Ge
Wave oieculturaleomaditlomee sya vena ee ee a ae ae ene
Warnieby.cataloeue: 2.2 35.2... ce ed a Pe ae A ec eas ot Mate
SUUUBINO EN AN Ss i Siete UES Nd a i eI OER ee ea a ela Re meee on eek Me AGO NE ot)
WescripHomiOleplatess: soe es ae ee yale Pe Re BRC AE eg ILA

22

29

ist teste

ab EES Oe EO NS:

Page.
PrAreL, -Scaldion- York Imperialiapples2=-. 222 ee soe ee eee Frontispiece.
II. Tompkins King apples, overgrown on young trees ......-----..---- 66
III. Methods of wrapping and packing apples. Fig. 1.—Apples un-
wrapped and in tissue, parchment, and wax wrappers. Fig. 2.—
Well packed Esopus Spitzenburg apples, removed from storage in
March. Fig. 3.—‘‘Slack’’ packed Northern Spy apples, removed

from-storage in "Marchs 2 222 2 6 03 = eas os eee ee 66

IV. Baldwin apples from sandy and from clay soil ..-.....------------ 66
Ve Scald: on ‘Rhode dsland Greeningiapple = 2232-2 eee 66
VI. Scald on“Wagener apples aca. ee 2 sen eee ee eee 66

8

B. P. I.—66. Pom. I.—19.

ioe APPR INC OrD STORAGE.

INTRODUCTION.

The application of cold temperatures to the preservation of fruits
has profoundly influenced the development of American fruit grow-
ing. When orchard products had to be transported to market in com-
mon freight cars and express cars or by boats running on slow sched-
ules, and the surplus fruit was stored in cellars, pits, and fruit houses
without artificial cooling, it was necessary to dispose of the crop
quickly in local markets to prevent unusual Josses from decay. Ever
under the most favorable conditions, the markets were often over-
supplied in the fall months, with an accompanying demoralized condi-
tion in the fruit trade, especially when the weather was hot, while the
supply of fruit was exhausted early in the winter and the markets
were barren during the remaining season.

The development of the fruit-refrigerator-car service and other
improved methods of transportation have made fruit growing possible
in remote parts of the country and have facilitated the wide distribu-
tion of the most perishable products. Mechanical refrigeration on
shipboard and the introduction of other special facilities for fruit
transportation are extending the markets for fresh fruit abroad. The
growth of the cold-storage warehousing business is making the season
of fresh fruits and vegetables perennial. It is distributing them more
uniformly throughout the season and is thereby contributing to their
freer use, to more steady markets and uniform prices, and to a more
stable fruit business.

INFLUENCE OF COLD STORAGE ON THE APPLE INDUSTRY.

Cold storage is having an important influence in developing the
apple industry as a stable business. Instead of an incidental feature
of the general farm, the apple is now the principal crop in large
sections of the country, and its production and the handling and
marketing of the crop are becoming highly specialized forms of
agriculture and of trade.

Formerly the marketing of the crop was largely controlled by the
apple grower, but now the growing of the crop and its sale are rapidly

9

10 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

differentiating into two distinct lines. In many of the principal fruit-
growing districts the handling of the crop and its marketing are con-
trolled largely by fruit organizations or by apple merchants who buy
the fruit in the orchards and who, through the special development of
fruit and market statistics, are better able than the fruit grower to
regulate its distribution and sale. This greater stability and special-
ization in apple growing is accompanied by a large amount of specu-
lation. Through a combination of the buyers the fruit may not
always sell in the orchard for its real value, but on the other hand the
severe competition in buying in those sections where the industry is
especially well developed frequently brings the grower the highest
prices.

Apple storage is not always profitable. It is an insurance against
the premature deterioration of the fruit, but when the picking season
is unusually hot and there are delays in getting the fruit into storage,
the subsequent losses are sometimes very heavy. On the other hand
the autumn may be unusually cool and favorable for storing large
quantities of apples in common storage. Asa result the markets are
well supplied with this fruit through the winter, causing the cold-
storage stock to be held back till late in the season, when it has to be
rushed on the market and sold at a sacrifice on account of the approach-
ing warm weather and the free use of southern early fruits.

On the whole the development of the cold-storage business is prov-
ing beneficial to the apple industry in encouraging the development
of apple growing over large territories, in making the investment of
capital in it safer, in developing it asa highly specialized type of agri-
culture and trade, and in making a valuable food product available to
an increasing number of people over a greater part of the year.

THE EXTENT OF THE COLD-STORAGE WAREHOUSING INDUSTRY.

The magnitude of the cold-storage warehousing business and its im-
portance to the fruit industry are not generally recognized. Accurate
statistics are difficult to obtain, but in 1901 it was estimated“ that the
capacity of the cold-storage warehouses, including meat, egg, and but-
ter storage, was 150,000,000 cubic feet of space, of which 50,000,000
cubic feet, distributed in 600 houses, were devoted to fruit storage.
Since 1901 there has been a large increase in the number of fruit-
storage houses, especially in the apple-growing districts, where many
plants, with a capacity of 5,000 to 30,000 barrels, have been erected in
or near the orchards or at the railroad stations.

The cold-storage business has developed most extensively in the
large cities and in towns conveniently located for distributing the fruit
later in the season to domestic or foreign markets.

a Bul. Amer. Warehouseman’s Ass’n, Noy., 1901, ex N. Y. Sun.

Siig Pie ow ce a a ee ee oe en

EXTENT OF THE COLD-STORAGE INDUSTRY. 11

The following table“ gives a list of the cities and towns in which
more than 75,000 barrels of apples were stored about December 1, 1902:

Cities and towns in which more than 75,000 barrels of apples were held in cold storage
about December 1, 1902.

Number | Number
; of bar- | of bar-

Place. vals Place. | rels
stored. stored.
Chicagorslliijs 52-5 431, 700 Boston, Mass.,andvicinity, 102,000
ING MOINS Mesa ee ee eooe 200, 000 Indianapolis, Ind ........ 100, 000
Philadelphia, Pa., and MeroyseNawosost sees see os 100, 000
SVAN GY are cresis ake ceratots = 200, 000 IBrigshtOmM NE oer scree 90, 000
Rochester, N. Y .-.--.--.- 150, 000 Wockportw Ngee cece sea: | 90, 000
Shin IOOMUIS,, WISE ae ceeeasose 120, 000 HASH TOMS SIN ENG sae ea eoee eral | 86, 000

The extent of the apple-storage

business in States in which more
than 100,000 barrels were stored about December 1, 1902, is shown in
the following table: ¢

States in which more than 100,000 barrels of apples were held in cold storage about
| December 1, 1902.

Number Number
‘pis of bar- of bar-
State. salle State. alle
stored. stored.
ING WaMoOrken: esse eee 967, 000 Olion ge a ee as eI es 135, 800
TUT OS Aaa eek ae aes 524, 400 Massachusetts ............ 118, 000
IMi'SS@ Wie gee rie 327, 000 Tigao bie Wa reese ia ba fase 107, 500
Pennsylvania -........--- 220, 000

The extent of
75,000 barrels
lowing table: ¢

Apples in common storage about December 1, 1902.

Large quantities of apples are still stored in cellars and common
storage houses, especially in New York and in the New England States.
this phase of the storage business in States storing
or more about December 1, 1902, is given in the fol-

Number of Number of
barrels in P barrels in
SUE, common State: common
storage. storage.
ING Wa10 Gkaes ee ener pes 474, 000 Massachusetts ...-- CAS as 100, 000
Manners terme nee re 240, 000 WON, Seesdenoedecsonse 75, 000
New Hampshire.......... 123, 000

Association.

@Statistics furnished through the courtesy of the National Apple Shippers?

12 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

The magnitude and growth of the apple-storage business as a whole
may be better appreciated by reference to the accompanying table,
which represents the number of barrels held in the United States both
in cold and common storage about December 1 each year since 1898:

Apples in storage about December 1, 1898-1902.

ho sy ire Barrels in | nea . | Barrels in
Date. | sae Ses common Date. | Scenes | common
Sasesnrnpe se storage. | "| storage.
Ws ooSse 800, 000 400, 000 WM ssaase 1, 771, 200 138, 000
1899s sees 1, 518, 750 634, 500 1902 2ee se | 2,978, 050 1, 236, 750
Ie ccsse 1, 226, 900 794, 000 |

The approximate number of barrels stored in Canada and Nova
Scotia on December 1, 1902, was 437,200 in common storage, and
32,800 in cold storage. 7

THE FUNCTION OF THE COLD-STORAGE WAREHOUSE.

There is a good deal of misapprehension as to the-function of a
cold-storage house in the preservation of fruits. This condition leads
to frequent misunderstandings between the warehouseman and the fruit
storer, though they might be avoided and the condition of the fruit-
storage business improved if there was a clearer definition of the influ-
ence on fruit preservation of cultural conditions, of the commercial
methods of handling, and of the methods of storage.

A fruit is a living organism in which the life processes go forward
more slowly in low temperatures, but do not cease even in the lowest
temperatures in which the fruit may be safely stored. When the fruit
naturally reaches the end of its life it dies from old age. It may be
killed prematurely by rots, usually caused by fungi which lodge on the
fruit before it is packed, or sometimes afterwards. The cold-storage
house is designed to arrest the ripening processes in a temperature that
will not injure the fruit in other respects and thereby to prolong its
life history. It is designed also to retard the development of the dis-
eases with which the fruit is afflicted, but it can not prevent the slow
growth of some of them. It follows that the behavior of different
apples or lots of apples in a storage room is largely dependent on their
condition when they enter the room. If they are in a dissimilar con-
dition of ripeness, or have been grown or handled differently, or vary
in other respects, these differences may be expected to appear as the
fruit ripens slowly in the low temperature. If the fruit is already
overripe, the low temperature can not prevent its deterioration sooner
than would be the case with apples of the same variety that were in a

aStatistics furnished through the courtesy of the National Apple Shippers’
Association.

eS er

PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION. 1035

less mature condition. If the fruit has been bruised, or is covered
with rot spores, the low temperature may retard but can not prevent
its premature decay. If there are inherent differences in the apples
due to the character of the soil, the altitude, and to incidental features
of orchard management, or variations due to the methods of picking,
packing, and shipping, the low temperature must not be expected to
obliterate them, but rather to retard while not preventing their normal
development. :

In general it is the function of the cold-storage warehouse to fur-
nish a uniform temperature of the desired degree of cold through its
compartments during the storage season. The warehouse is expected
to be managed in other respects so that the deterioration of the fruit
or any other injury may not be reasonably attributed to a poorly con-
structed and installed plant, or to its negligent or improper manage-
ment. The warehouseman does not insure the fruit against natural
deterioration; he holds it in storage as a trustee, and in that relation
is bound to use only that degree of care and diligence in the manage-
ment of the warehouse that a man of ordinary care and prudence
would exercise under the circumstances in protecting the goods if
they were his private property.

If the temperature of the storage rooms fluctuates unduly from the
point to be maintained and causes the fruit to freeze to its Injury, or
to ripen with abnormal rapidity, or if the management of the rooms
or the handling of the fruit in other respects can be shown to have
been faulty or negligent, the warehouse has failed to perform its
proper function.

PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION.

Refrigeration, or cold storage, as applied to warehouses, is usually
produced by the evaporation of .a liquefied gas, which in evaporation
absorbs the heat from its surroundings, thereby lowering the temper-
ature. The refrigerating gases generally used are anhydrous ammo-
nia, sulpburous acid, and carbonic acid (also known as carbon anhy-
drid and carbon dioxid). The cold temperature in the warehouses
is usually produced by either of two methods, commonly known as the
compression and the absorption systems.

The compression system takes its name from the fact that the refrig-
erating gas—whether ammonia, carbonic acid, or sulphurous acid—
is first compressed in a machine called a compressor. Heat is gener-
ated by the compression; the gas is then cooled and condensed in pipes
or coils called the condenser, either immersed in water or having
water running over them, and this converts the gas intoa liquid. The
liquefied gas then passes an expansion valve to pipes or coils called the
refrigerator cooling coils or cooler, where it is evaporated by the heat
which is withdrawn from the surroundings. ‘The gas formed by the

14 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

evaporation of the liquid returns to the compressor, is again condensed,
then reevaporated, and the cycle of refrigeration is repeated over and
over.

In the absorption system the gas is obtained by heating strong aqua
ammonia in a still, thereby driving off the ammonia gas. The gas is
then reduced in a condenser to a liquid in a manner similar to the com-
pression system. The liquefied ammonia produces refrigeration by
evaporating in the cooling coils, and the gas is then absorbed by weak
aqua ammonia in coils calledan absorber. The resulting strong liquor
is then pumped back to the still. The cycle of refrigeration is repeated
continuously, and consists, first, in the generation of a gas by heating
strong aqua ammonia ina still; second, in condensing the gas which
is deposited from the water to a liquid in the condenser coils; third,
in its evaporation to a gas in the cooling or refrigerator coils; fourth,
in its absorption by the weak aqua ammonia in the absorber; and fifth,
the ammonia liquor is piped to the still and redistilled.

THE UTILIZATION OF THE COLD TEMPERATURES.

There are three general methods of producing the desired tempera-
tures in cold-storage rooms, and these are known as the direct-expan-
sion, the brine-circulating, and the indirect or air-circulating systems.
All three systems may be used in a cold-storage plant, and in a given
room or compartment the air-circulating system is sometimes used in
connection either with the brine or the direct-expansion systems.

THE DIRECT-EXPANSION SYSTEM.

In the direct-expansion system the liquefied gas evaporates directly
in the cooling refrigerator coils or pipes which are placed in the refrig-
erator rooms. The heat used in the evaporation of the gas is absorbed
from the room or from its contents, and the temperature is thereby
reduced. The gas then returns to the compressor in the compression
system, or to the absorber in the absorption system, and after being
distilled in the latter case begins the refrigerating cycle anew.

THE BRINE-CIRCULATING SYSTEM.

In the brine-circulating system, the liquefied gas, instead of eyapo-
rating directly in coils in the storage room, evaporates in pipes
surrounded by brine, or in a brine cooler. The heat used in the
evaporation of the gas is absorbed from the brine rather than from
the room and its contents, as in the direct-expansion system. The
cold brine is then pumped to coils in the storage room and the heat of
the room and its contents is absorbed by the cold brine. The warm
brine is then returned to the tank or cooler from which it started and
is recooled, while the gas returns to the condenser or to the absorber
to renew the cycle of refrigeration.

MS STE A a ae

OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENTS. 15
THE AIR-CIRCULATING SYSTEM.

In the indirect or air-circulating system the air in a well-insulated
room, which is sometimes called a coil room or a *‘ bunker room,” is
first cooled, either by the direct-expansion or by the brine-circulating
system. The cold air of the coil room is then forced through ducts
to the storage rooms. After passing through the storage rooms it is
returned by ducts to the coil room to be recooled and purified and to
begin the circuit anew.

There are many modifications in the details of these systems when
applied to storage houses, but as this publication does not deal prima-
rily with the engineering side of refrigeration it is the purpose to set
forth approximately the fundamental principles on which the most
common storage systems are based rather than to discuss their appli-
cation or their respective merits.

OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENTS IN APPLE STORAGE.

An outline of the apple storage experiments of the United States
Department of Agriculture is presented here. The following problems
have been under investigation during two apple seasons:

(1) A comparative test of the keeping quality of a large number
of varieties grown in different regions and of the same varieties grown
under different conditions and in different localities.

The fruit has been stored in closed 50-pound boxes in a temperature
of 31° to 82° F. One-half of the fruit in each box has been wrapped
In paper.

(2) A determination of the influence of various commercial methods
of apple handling on the keeping quality of the most important varie-
ties in the leading apple-growing regions of the eastern United States.

Each variety has been picked at two different degrees of maturity:
First, when nearly grown but only half to two-thirds colored, or about
the time when apples are usually picked; second, when the fruit was

fully grown and more highly colored, but still hard. In each picking

the fruit was separated into two lots, representing the average of the
lightest and of the darkest colored or most mature specimens.

Part of the fruit of each series was sent to storage as soon as picked.
A duplicate lot was held two weeks in the orchard or in a building,
either in piles or protected in packages, before it was sent to storage.

Comparative tests have been made to determine the efficiency of
different kinds of fruit wrappers on the keeping of the fruit, and

> observations on the behavior of the fruit in closed and ventilated

packages have been recorded.
(3) A determination of the influence of various cultural and other

conditions of growth on the keeping quality of the fruit.

Comparison has been made with the same variety from heavy clay and

16 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

from sandy soils, from sod, and from cultivated land, from young,
rapidly growing trees, and from older trees with more steady habits.

(4) A determination of the behavior of the fruit under the condi-
tions outlined in temperatures of 31° to 32° F., and in 34° to 36° F.

(5) A determination of the behavior of the fruit when removed
from storage, and of its value to the consumer.

The fruit used in the investigations has been taken from central and
eastern Kansas, southwestern and central Missouri, southern and cen-
tral Illinois, western Michigan, northeastern West Virginia, northern
and western Virginia, western North Carolina, central Delaware,
southern Maine, central Massachusetts, and from eastern, central, and
western New York. A description of each orchard accompanies the
data included in the account of the variety test. (See pages 34 and 35.)

The fruit has been stored in the fcllowing cold-storage houses:
Washington Market Company, Washington, D. C.; Reading Terminal
Market, Philadelphia, Pa.; Quincy Market Cold Storage Company,
Boston, Mass.; Buffalo Cold Storage Company, Buffalo, N. Y.; West-
ern Cold Storage Company, Chicago, Ill.; Twin City Ice and Cold
Storage Company, Champaign, Ill., and the Armour Packing Com-
pany, Kansas City, Mo. .

It has been necessary to duplicate the work in different parts of the
country, as the climatic and other conditions and the varieties differ
in each section. The work must be repeated for several successive
seasons before general conclusions can safely be drawn from it, as the
climatic conditions differ each year and thereby affect the results.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE KEEPING QUALITY OF APPLES.
THE MATURITY OF THE FRUIT WHEN PICKED.

In recent years there has been a tendency to pick the apple crop
relatively earlier in the season than formerly. It is quite generally
supposed that the longest keeping apples are not fully developed in
size or maturity and that the most highly colored fruit is less able to
endure the abuses that arise in picking, packing, and shipping.

Aside from these general impressions, several important economic
factors have influenced the picking time. <A large proportion of the
apple crop is purchased in the orchard by the barrel or by the entire
orchard by a comparatively few apple merchants. The fruit may be
picked and barreled either by the grower or by the purchaser, but
with the growing scarcity of farm hands and other labor it has become
necessary to begin picking relatively earlier in the autumn to secure
the crop before the fall storms or winter months set in.

The general increase in freight traffic during the past few years has
overtaxed the carrying capacity of the railroads as well as their termi-
nal facilities for freight handling, and has influenced the apple dealers

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FACTORS INFLUENCING KEEPING QUALITY. lei

to extend the picking and shipping season over the longest possible
time, in order to avoid congestion and consequent delays in shipping
and in unloading the fruit. The facilities at the warehouses are often
inadequate for the quick handling of the fruit from the cars when it
is received in unusually large quantities, and this condition has also
favored a longer shipping season. ,

In localities where the entire crop is sometimes ruined by the bitter
rot after the fruit is half grown the picking of the apples is often
begun early in the season in order to secure the largest amount of
perfect fruit. |

It is not generally the case, however, that the immature and partly
colored fruit has the best keeping quality. On the other hand, an
apple that is not overgrown and which has attained full growth and
high color, like the lower figure of York Imperial in Plate I, frontis-
piece, but is still hard and firm when picked, equals the less mature
fruit (upper figure, Plate I) in keeping quality, and often surpasses it.
The mature fruit is superior in flavor and texture; it is more attractive
to the purchaser, and therefore of greater money value. It retains its
plumpness longer and is less subject to apple scald. If, however,
the fruit is not picked until overripe, it is already near the end of its
life history, and will deteriorate rapidly unless stored soon after
picking in a low temperature.

In the experiments with the Tompkins King and the Sutton apples
grown in New York on rapidly growing young trees producing
unusually large apples, the fruit that was three-fourths colored kept
longer than the fully colored apples from the same trees. Dark red
Tompkins King showed 28 per cent of physiological decay in Febru-

ary following the storage. Light, half red Tompkins King from the

same trees, picked at the same time, showed 10 per cent of physiologicat
decay in February following the storage. Plate I] shows Tompkins
King in February at two degrees of color. The fruit represented by
the lower specimen had the longer-keeping quality, even though both
lots were hard when picked. Whether the same conditions hold true
of other varieties that are overgrown has not been determined.

A considerable number of later varieties may be picked when they
are beginning to mellow, and will keep for months in prime condition
provided they are handled with great care and quickly stored after
picking in a temperature of 31° to 32° F. Fruit in this ripe state can
not be left in the orchard or in warm freight cars, or in any other
condition that will cause it to ripen after picking, without seriously
injuring its value. In this ripe condition it should be stored in boxes,
and a fruit wrapper will still further protect it.

Apples that are to be stored in a local cold-storage house to be dis-
tributed to the large markets in cooler weather may be picked much
later than fruit requiring ten days or more in transit, but the use of

1202—No. 48—03——2

18 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE. :

the refrigerator car makes late picking possible where the fruit must
be in transit for a considerable time in warm weather in reaching a
distant storage-house.

HOW TO OBTAIN MORE UNIFORM AND BETTER COLORED FRUIT.

While it is not the purpose of this publication to discuss cultural
practices in the orchard, some suggestions in relation to the methods of
securing more mature and more highly colored fruit may not be without

value to the fruit grower.

A large proportion of the poorly colored fruit from old orchards is
caused by dense-headed trees and close planting, which prevent the free
access of air and sunlight and delay the maturity of the fruit in the
fall. The fundamental corrective in such cases hes in judicious pruning,
by which means the fruit may be exposed to the sunlight.

In other cases the poor color may be due to a combination of heavy
soil, tillage, frequent turning in of nitrogenous cover-crops, spraying,
and neglect in pruning. These conditions stimulate the trees to active
erowth, the foliage increases in health, size, and quantity, and, as the
water-holding capacity of the soil is enlarged by the incorporation of
the cover-crops and is retained by the tillage, the trees grow late in the
fall and the fruit does not properly color before the picking season
arrives. It is often possible to overcome the difficulty by severely
pruning the top to let in more air and light. If this treatment does
not prove efficient, the cover-crops may be withheld, when the fruit
will usually mature earlier in the fall, unless the season is wet. As
an additional treatment where necessary, the growth of the orchard
may be still further checked by seeding it down until the desired con-
dition is attained.

It is not possible to secure a uniform degree of maturity and size
when all the apples on a tree are picked at one time, as fruit in different
‘stages of growth is mixed together on the same tree. The apples
differ in size and maturity in relation to their position, the upper
outer branches producing the large, highly colored and early ripening
fruit, while the apples on the side branches and the shaded interior
branches ripen later. Greater uniformity in these respects is
approached by proper pruning and by other cultural methods, but the
greatest uniformity can be attained when, like the peach or the pear,
the apple tree is picked over several times, taking the fruit in each
picking that approaches the desired standard of size and maturity.

Summer apples, like the Yellow Transparent, Astrachan, and Wil-
liams, are usually picked in this manner, and fall varieties, like
Twenty Ounce, Oldenburg, and Wealthy, are sometimes treated simi-
larly. In recent years a few growers of winter apples have adopted
the plan for the late varieties, with the result that the size, color, and
ripeness of a larger proportion of the fruit are more uniform. This

FACTORS INFLUENCING KEEPING QUALITY. 19

method of picking is not usually adapted to the apple merchant who
buys the crop of a large number of orchards, and who can not always
secure efficient or abundant labor, but for the specialist who is work-
ing for the finest trade and who has a storage house near by or a con-
venient refrigerator car service to a distant storage house, the plan
has much to commend it.

INFLUENCE OF DELAYING THE STORAGE OF THE FRUIT.

The removal of an apple from the tree hastens its ripening. As
soon as the growth is stopped by picking, the fruit matures more rap-
idly than it does when growing on the tree and maturing at the same
time. The rapidity of ripening increases as the temperature rises, and
it is checked by a low temperature. It appears to vary with the
degree of maturity at which the fruit is picked, the less mature
apples seeming to reach the end of their life as quickly as or even sooner |
than the more mature fruit. It varies with the conditions of growth,
the abnormally large fruit from young trees or fruit which has been
overgrown from other causes ripening and deteriorating very rapidly.
It differs with the nature of the variety, those sorts with a short life his-
tory, like the summer and fall varieties, or like the early winter apples,
such as Rhode Island Gveening, Yellow Bellflower, or Grimes Go/den,
progressing more rapidly than the long-keeping varieties like Roxbury,
Swaar, or Baldwin. |

Any condition in the management of the fruit that causes it to ripen
after itis picked brings it just so much nearer the end of its life,
whether it is stored in common storage or in cold storage, while treat-
ment that checks the ripening to the greatest possible degree pro-
longs it.

The keeping quality of a great deal of fruit is seriously injured by
delays between the orchard and the storage house. This is especially
true in hot weather and in fruit that comes from sections where the
autumn months are usually hot. If the apples are exposed to the sun in
piles in the orchard, or are kept in closed buildings where the hot,
humid air can not easily be removed from the pile, if transportation is
delayed because cars for shipment can not be secured promptly, or if
the fruit is detained in transit or at the terminal point in tight cars
which soon become charged with hot, moist air the ripening progresses
rapidly and the apples may already be near the point of deterioration
or may even have commenced to deteriorate from scald, or mellowness,
or decay when the storage house is reached.

On the contrary, the weather may be cool during a similar period of
delay and no serious injury result to the keeping quality, or the ripen-
ing may be checked in hot weather by shipping the fruit in refrigerator
cars to a distant storage house.

20 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

The fungous diseases of the fruit, such as the apple scab (/uszcla-
dium dendriticum (Wallv.) Fekl.) and the pink mold (Cephalothecium
roseun Cda.) which grows upon the scab, the blue mold (Penicillium
glaucum Link) which causes the common, soft, brown rot, the black
rot (Spheropsis malorum Pk.), and the bitter rot (Glwosportum fruc-
tigenum Berk.) develop very fast if the fruit becomes heated after
picking. The conditions already enumerated which cause the fruit to
ripen quickly during the delay between the orchard and the storage
house are also most favorable to the development of fruit diseases. It
is therefore of the greatest importance that the fruit be stored imme-
diately after picking, if the weather is warm, in order to insure it
against the unusual development of the fungous rots. |

In the fall of 1901, when the weather in western New York was cool,
there was no apparent injury from delaying the storage of a large
number of varieties two weeks and then shipping the fruit to Buffalo,
the transit occupying from one to three days. There was also no
apparent injury to the fruit from Virginia treated in a similar manner,
but in southwestern Missouri, where it was warmer, the apples delayed
two weeks before storing were seriously injured in their commercial
keeping qualities. |

‘The results accomplished during 1902 have been of the most instructive
character. During the later half of September the temperature in
eastern New York averaged about 62° F., with a humidity of 84°.
During the first half of October the average temperature was 53° F.
and the humidity 80°.

Rhode Island Greening, Tompkins King, and Sutton apples picked
September 15, 1902, and stored within three days, were firm till the
following March, with no rot or scald, but fruit from the same trees
not stored till two weeks after picking was badly scalded or decayed
by the Istof January. None of the immediate-stored fruit was scalded
or decayed by the 1st of February, but the delayed Sutton and Rhode
Island Greening apples were soft and mealy, and one-third were scalded
at that time, while nearly 40 per cent of the delayed Tompkins King
were soft and worthless. The commercial value of these varieties was
injured from 40 to 70 per cent by the delay in storage.

Apples of these varieties picked from the same trees on October 5,
1902, and stored immediately, and also some stored two weeks later, —
were less injured by the delay, as the temperature and humidity were
not sufficiently high to cause rapid ripening or the development of the
fruit rots. 3

From the standpoint of the orchardist or apple dealer who can not
secure quick transportation to the large storage centers, or who can
not obtain refrigerator cars, or who is geographically situated where _
the weather is usually warm in apple-picking time, the local storage ~
plant in which the fruit can be stored at once and distributed in cool —
weather offers important advantages. The importance of this phase —

FACTORS INFLUENCING KEEPING QUALITY. Dal

of the fruit-storage business and its relation to the fruit-growing indus-
try are emphasized as the apple business enlarges.

INFLUENCE OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE.

The investigations indicate that the ripening processes are delayed
more in a temperature of 31° to 32° F. than in 35° to 36° F. The
apple keeps longer in the lower temperature, it scalds less, the fruit
rots and molds are retarded to a greater extent, while the quality,
aroma, flavor, and other characteristics of the fruit are fully as good,
and when removed from storage it remains in good condition for a
longer period.

The impression is quite general that fall varieties and the tender
early winter sorts, ike Fameuse, Wealthy, and Grimes, are injured in
some way by the low temperature, but the investigations of the
Department of Agriculture indicate that these varieties behave more
satisfactorily in every respect when stored at 31° to 32° F.

If the fruit is intended for storage for a short time only, and it is
desired to have it ripen before removing it from the storage house,
then a higher temperature may be desirable to hasten the maturity.

The influence of the temperature on the ripening processes appears
to depend on the condition of the fruit. Baldwin, Esopus Sp7tzen-
burg, Roxbury, Jonathan, Lady Sweet, and other long-keeping eastern-
erown varieties have been held in prime commercial condition through-
out the storage season in a temperature of 35° F. when carefully
picked and handled and stored soon after picking; but when the fruit
was carelessly handled or the storage was delayed in hot weather, then
a temperature of 31° to 32° F. was required to retard the ripening.

It might be safe to use a temperature of 34° to 35° F. in a storage
house located near the orchard, in which the fruit may be stored imme-
diately after harvesting, but for general commercial apple handling,
a temperature as low as 32° F. is needed to overcome the abuses that
usually arise in picking, packing, and shipping.

No definite investigations have been made by the Department of
Agriculture as to the effect of temperatures lower than 31° F. The
exact freezing point of apples has not been determined, but it is below
this point. It may possibly vary with the composition or condition
of the variety. Under the most favorable conditions, apples are some- .
times commercially stored at 30° F. without injury, but 31° F. should
be considered a critical temperature below which it is unsafe to store
this fruit, except in houses that are properly constructed and in which
the temperature is maintained uniform in all parts of the rooms.

Apples are sometimes frozen in the storage rooms owing to a con-
siderable drop in the temperature or to a poor distribution of the cold
air. If the fruit compartment adjoins a freezer room and the insulation
is poor, the fruit may be frozen in packages piled close to the freezer

22 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

wall. Apples placed near the refrigerating pipes or near the cold-air
duct where it enters the room may be injured by freezing if the plant
is improperly installed or managed; or if the piping or air circulation
is faulty, the temperature at the bottom may be lower than that at the
top of the room.

The frosting of the fruit does not necessarily injure it. When the
apple freezes, the water in the cells is withdrawn and frozen in the
intercellular spaces, and if it thaws slowly and the freezing has not
been too severe, the cells may regain the water without injury and
resume their living function. If the thawing is rapid, the cells may
not reabsorb the water with sufficient rapidity, and in this case it
remains in the intercellular spaces and is lost by evaporation. In
addition, the tissues next to the area of greatest freezing may be
forced apart by the formation of ice crystals in the intercellular spaces.

If the freezing is so severe as to withdraw too much of the cell
water, the cells may not be able to absorb it and will be killed in the
same manner as if dried out in any other way. Occasionally the
freezing is so rapid that besides the withdrawal of water the cell con-
tents are disorganized or possibly frozen outright; at any rate, the
cell may be directly killed by a sudden change of temperature. It
is probable that varieties may differ as to the degree of freezing they
will stand without injury, and further, that the same sort may vary
in this respect when grown under different conditions or subjected
to different treatment. |

The most characteristic results of injurious freezing are a translu-
cent appearance of the skin of the fruit, a water-logged and springy
or spongy condition of the flesh, a forcing apart of the tissues, and a
brownish discoloration of the flesh. The browning may result from
any cause which results in the death of the cells and is not necessarily
characteristic of freezing. It often happens that the skin of the fruit
retains its normal brightness after the interior has discolored.

In the practical handling of frozen stock, the temperature should be
raised very slowly until the frost is withdrawn. If possible, the fruit
should not be moved until it is defrosted, as it discolors quickly wher-
ever a slight bruise occurs or even where the skin is lightly rubbed.
With these precautions observed it is often possible to defrost stock
that is quite firmly frozen without apparent injury to it.

INFLUENCE OF A FRUIT WRAPPER.

In the storage investigations under discussion a comparison has been
made between wrapped and unwrapped stock on the keeping quality
of the fruit, and the efficiency of different kinds of paper for wrap-
pers—tissue, parchment, waxed or paraffin, and unprinted news—has
been tested. A box of unwrapped fruit, with packages of fruit
wrapped with the kinds of paper mentioned in order above, is shown
in Plate III, fig. 1.

li) see

FACTORS INFLUENCING KEEPING QUALITY. 23

It has been found that the wrapper may influence the keeping
quality in several different ways. It extends the life of the fruit
beyond its normal period by retarding the ripening processes. The
influence of the wrapper in this regard is apparent especially at the
end of the normal storage season of the naked fruit when the flesh
begins to grow mealy from overripeness. At this time the wrapped
apples may be firm and remain in prime condition for several weeks or
even months. The wrapper is especially useful in extending the sea-
son of early winter sorts, or in making the long-keeping varieties avail-
able for use over a still longer period of time.

The wrapper may be useful in preventing the transfer of rot from
one apple toanother. If the fungus is capable of growing in the stor-
age temperature, it is not likely that the wrapper retards its growth,
but when the spores develop they are confined within the wrapper and
their dissemination is difficult or impossible.

The importance of a wrapper in protecting the fruit from decay and
in extending its season may be better appreciated by reference to the
following:

Amount of decayed fruit April 29, 1903, in bushel packages.

IN ews paper Un-

|

Variety. wrapped. | wrapped. Variety. Pee ea Waa cbed

Rernscene: Per cent. Per cent. | Per cent.

Balcones aac nee a7 27.2 || Northern Spy........ 5.6 | 52.0

Dickensomeeer ass s205 6.4 43.0 NV EVOMN GO es Benois 38.0 63.0

MicitiatbO cine sees te 7 15.0 Wealthy ee nie sis 42.0 60. 0
MeIntosh (second |
WWeXh Seve oe sacra 19.7 32.0 |

The wrapper protects the apple against bruising and the discolora-
tion that may result from improper packing or rough handling; it
checks transpiration, and by the preservation of the attractive appear-
ance and firmness of the fruit adds to its commercial value.

No important difference was noticeable in the efficiency of the
different wrappers, except that a mold developed freely on the parch-
ment paper in a temperature of 36° F. This mold grew only to a
slight extent in 32° F. |

A double wrapper is more efficient in retarding ripening and trans-
pivation than a single wrapper. A good combination consists in a
porous news paper next to the fruit, with an impervious wax or par-
afin wrapper on the outside. The wrappers vary in cost from 20
cents per thousand for news paper, 9 x 12 inches, to 70 cents per
thousand for the better grades of paraffin.

INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL CONDITIONS.

Preliminary studies have been made on the influence of cultural and
other conditions surrounding the growing fruit on its storage quality.

94 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Considerable data along this line will be brought out in the com-
parison of the same variety grown in different sections. It has been
observed that the Tompkins King, Hubbardston, and Sutton apples
from rank-growing young trees ripen faster than smaller fruit from
older slower-growing trees, and therefore reach the end of their life
history sooner. From older trees these varieties have kept well till
the middle of April, while from young trees the commercial storage
limit is sometimes three months shorter.

It has been noticed that Rhode Island Greening apples from old
trees remain hard longer than the same variety from young trees,
but the greener condition of the fruit from the older trees when
picked at the same time made it more susceptible to scald. Rhode
Island Greenings from Mr. Grant G. Hitchings, South Onondaga,
N. Y., showed 50 per cent of scald from young trees on April 28, 1908,
and 82 per cent in smaller, greener fruit from older trees.

Rhode Island Greening, Mann, and Baldwin apples grown on sandy
land ripened more rapidly than similar fruit from clay land, where all
of the other conditions of growth were similar. Plate IV shows the
average condition of Baldwin apples on April 28, 1908, grown on
sandy and-clay soil in the orchard of Mr. W. T. Mann, Barker,
Niagara County, N. Y., and stored in a temperature of 32° F. The
upper apple was grown on clay; the lower, on sandy soil.

The subject will require critical study over a period of years before
it will be possible to fully understand the influence of various cultural,
climatic, and other conditions of growth on the life processes in the
fruit. .

INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF PACKAGE.

The principal storage packages for apples are barrels of about 3
bushels capacity and boxes holding 40 to 50 pounds. The larger the
bulk of fruit and the more it is protected from the air the longer it
retains the heat after entering the storage room. If the fruit is hot
and the variety a quick-ripening sort, it may continue to ripen con-
siderably in the center of the package before the fruit cools in that
position. The long-keeping varieties that are harvested and shipped
in cooler weather are less likely to show the effect of the type of the
package. The smaller package therefore presents distinct advantages
for the early, quick-ripening varieties and is most useful in the hottest
weather, as the fruit cools down quickly throughout the package and
its ripening proceeds uniformly.

There is a wide difference of opinion concerning the comparative
value of ventilated and closed packages for apple storage. The chief
advantage of the ventilated package appears to lie in the greater
rapidity with which its contents cool off, and its value in this respect
depends on the amount of ventilation in the package. The contents

BEHAVIOR WHEN REMOVED FROM STORAGE. 25

of an ordinary ventilated apple barrel do not cool much more quickly
than the contents of a closed barrel, and the value of the ventilated
barrel for the purpose for which it is designed is somewhat doubtful.

Apples in a ventilated package are likely to shrivel if the fruit is
stored for any length of time. In the ordinary ventilated apple barrel
the exposure is not sufficient to affect the fruit to any extent, but in
boxes in which there is much exposure the fruit may be corky or
spongy in texture if held until spring.

The size of the package may have an important influence on the
length of the storage season. Its influence in this respect is especially
marked when the fruit begins to mellow in texture. Barrel stock in
this condition needs to be sold to prevent the bruising of the fruit from
its own weight, but apples equally ripe may be’ carried in boxes safely
sometimes for several weeks longer. ;

THE BEHAVIOR OF THF FRUIT WHEN REMOVED FROM STORAGE.

There is a general impression that cold-storage apples deteriorate
quickly after removal from the warehouse. This opinion is founded
on the experience of the fruit handler and the consumer, but the
impression is not generally applicable to all storage apples. In fact,
it is probable that storage apples do not deteriorate more quickly than
other apples that are equally ripe and are held in the same outside
temperature. If the fruit is overripe when taken from storage—and
a good deal of stock is stored until it reaches this condition—it natu-
rally breaks down quickly; but firm stock may be held for weeks and
even months after it has been in storage.

The rapidity of deterioration depends also on the temperature in
which the fruit is removed. The following table shows the amount of
decay in Baldwin apples from the same barrel after removal and sub-

_ jection to different temperatures:

Amount of decay after removal from storage to different temperatures.

Date re- Per cent rot.
aricte: noe Date in-
storage | SPected. | 440 p, | 4go F, | 61° F. | 67° F.
(1903).
IB cal Ghoyaiitnl eeecep ater n a ase ees Jan. 29] Jan. 29 0 0 0 0

Feb. 10 0) 0 3 10
Feb. 18 0 0 12 14
Feb. 16 0 0) PL 24
Feb. 20 0 4 23 28
Migiesala3 | i) TO Fis See Sar a
Mars 7 5 ADEE ion para | peaneaO a
Mar. 24 DROSS eta BAINES Sanna) Pen ean
AAO hsv Gla | ces Dies ae eee neato a en ate

26 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Late in the spring the fruit is far advanced in its life and the weather
is becoming warmer. Allapples similarly ripe, whether in cold storage
or not, break down more quickly at this time than in the winter.

In commercial practice the dealer often holds the apples for a rise
in price, and finally removes them from the warehouse, not because
the market has improved, but for the reason that he finds that a longer
storage would result in serious deterioration from fruit rots and over-
ripeness. Whena considerable amount of stock is decayed on removal
from the warehouse the evidence is conclusive that the apples should
have been sold earlier in the season. In the purchase of cold-storage
stock the consumer will have little cause to complain of the rapid
deterioration of the fruit if he exercises good judgment in the selection
of apples that are still sound and firm.

THE IMPORTANCH OF GOOD FRUIT.

Apples do not improve in grade in cold storage. In handling a crop
too much care can not be given to grading the fruit properly before it
enters the storage house. The contents of many packages are injured
by the spread of disease from a few imperfect apples. Rots enter the
fruit most easily wherever the skin is bruised or broken, and in the
early stages of the rot development it is common to see the diseases
manifesting themselves around worm holes or bruises occasioned by
rough handling, from nails that protrude through the barrels, or from
other causes. 3

When the crop is light it may pay to store apples that are not of the
first grade, but such fruit should be rigidly eliminated from the best
stock and stored where it can be removed earlier in the season than
the better qualities.

The attractiveness and the value of the best fruit is often injured
by careless handling. A bruised spot dies and discolors. Finger
marks made by pickers, graders, and packers, and injuries from the
shifting of the fruit in transit or from rough handling, become more
apparent as the season advances. In fact, all of the investigations of
the Department of Agriculture emphasize the fundamental importance
of well-grown, carefully handled fruit in successful storage operations.

Plate III, fig. 2, shows a barrel of Northern Spy apples poorly
packed. On the right is shown a barrel of Esopus well packed. A
ereat deal of fruit is taken from storage ‘“‘slack,” the fruit not being

firmly packed in the barrels in the orchard. |

APPLE SCALD.

When some varieties of apples reach a certain degree of ripeness
the part of the fruit grown in the shade often turns brown, not unlike
the color of a baked apple. This difficulty does not extend deep into *

a5 LPS ORT re eT

APPLE SCALD. HTL

the flesh, but it detracts from the appearance of the fruit and reduces
its commercial value. This troubleis commonly called *‘apple scald.”
It may appear in fruit held in common or in cold storage.

The exact nature of scald is not well understood, though apple men
have many theories by which its appearance is popularly explained.
The most common theory gives rise to the name of scald—that is, the
brown, cooked appearance is thought to be due to the overheating of
the fruit when it is stored, or toa temperature too low for the variety,
or to picking the fruit when too ripe; and other matters relating to the
erowth and handling of the fruit are thought to develop it.

As the scald is an important commercial problem it has been con-
sidered from several standpoints in the fruit-storage investigations of
the Department. The nature of the scald, the influence of the degree
of maturity of the fruit when picked, of commercial methods of hand-
ling, of fruit wrappers, of different temperatures, and of cultural
conditions on its development are among the problems investigated.

NATURE OF THE SCALD.

Apple scald is not a contagious disease. According to Dr. A. F.

Woods, Pathologist and Physiologist of the Department of Agricul-

ture, it is a physiological disturbance not connected in any way with
the action of parasitic or saprophytic organisms such as molds or bac-
teria. Briefly, it is the mixing of the cell contents or premature death
of the cells and their browning by oxidation through the influence of
the normal oxidizing ferments of the cell. There are many conditions
which influence the development of this trouble. It appears to be
closely connected with the changes that occur in ripening after the
fruit is picked, and is most injurious in its effects as the fruit approaches
the end of its life. Several of the factors that influence it will be dis-
cussed. Plate V shows the scald on a Rhode Island. Greening apple.
The cross section shows that scald does not extend deep into the flesh.

INFLUENCE OF MATURITY OF THE FRUIT ON. SCALD.

The scald always appears first on the green or less mature side of an
apple, and if the fruit is only partly ripe it may spread entirely over
it; but the portions grown in the shade and undercolored are first and
most seriously affected. The upper figure in Plate I (frontispiece)
shows the distribution of scald on an immature York Imperial apple.
The apples that are more mature and more highly colored when picked
are less susceptible to injury, and the side grown in the sunlight
may remain entirely free from it. The lower figure in Plate I shows
a well-colored York Imperial apple and its freedom from the scald is
noticeable.

When the apple crop is picked before it is mature the fruit is more

‘susceptible to scald than it would have been later in the season. The

98 . THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

relative susceptibility of immature and more mature apples is brought
out in the table following. The fruit was picked two weeks apart.
At the first picking the apples were partly colored, or in the condition
in which a large proportion of the commercial apple crop is harvested.
At the second picking the fruit was more mature, with better color,
but still hard. The differences in ripeness are fairly represented in
the fruit on Plates I and IJ. The percentages do not represent the
relative susceptibility of the different varieties to scald, as the fruit
was grown in different States and the observations were made at dif-
ferent times. The percentages show the average amounts of scald in
fruit stored at temperatures of 31° to 32° F. and 34° to 36° F.

Scald on mature and immature apples.

| Mature, Immature,
Variety. | Locality grown. | well partly
| colored. | colored.
= |

| Per cent. | Per cent.
Bail diya: Seyi Sie es ence pee tenes New, Yorke = 5255) ie 29.2
Ben dDe VAS oscars aes HMOs = sees eee | 2.6 15.8
TD) Ores ee ene Rte ee ee \Wabdennohb ys ae se Seal! 41.6
‘Rhode IslamadkGneeniunG ances see ING WeiOlke ase eee. | 25.4 43.4
WLM CSAID cece eee eee ee TiinGis hese | 0.2 31.8
MellowsNewito wink eee cee VWairoini asses D8} 9. 4
Donel aed ony OY ey cuEsH Gates ae ce oe eat aS oe OSes eee 2.0 18.2
JAS ViCTAI C5 5 EE GE aE i | RO a A eae reece) aa 6.9 ale)

In the practical handling of orchards the fundamental corrective of
scald lies in practicing those cultural and harvesting methods that
develop maturity and a highly colored fruit. These methods have
already been briefly discussed. ‘The picking of the fruit when -too
green, dense-headed trees that shut out the sunlight, heavy soil, a
location or season that causes the fruit to mature later than usual and
makes it still green at picking time—these are among the conditions
that make it particularly susceptible to the development of the scald.

After the fruit is harvested its susceptibility increases as its ripen-
ing progresses. Early in the storage season the scald may not appear,
but later the same variety may have developed enough to injure its

commercial value. The amount of scald at different periods of the —

season on the same lot of Baldwin apples stored at 32° F. is brought
out in the following statement:

Amount of scald at different periods of storage season.

Per cent.
January 29, 1903 22 sel ees eae ee Beene ee ee 0
February: 21251903) se So Oe ee ee ee 0
Mareh:.205 1903.5 2s eis Se ee ee ee ond ee 20

April 21, 1903 ; 23

eee

APPLE SCALD. 29

Tt should be the aim of the apple storer to remove the fruit from
storage before a variety normally begins to scald and to hold until
late in the season only those sorts that do not scald.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON SCALD.

The temperature that checks the ripening to the greatest degree
also retards the appearance of the scald. In some of the apple-grow-
ing sections it is quite generally believed that bad scalding varieties
should be stored in a temperature of 36° to 38° F., and that a temper-
ature as low as 32° F. hastens its development. The investigations of
the Department have shown that this impression is not well founded,
but on the contrary they indicate that the scald develops more freely

in the higher temperature. To illustrate, one lot of York Imperial

apples, a variety which is greatly affected by scald, had developed
16.9 per cent of this trouble by January 22, 1902, in a temperature of
36° F., while a similar lot stored in a temperature of 382° F. developed
only 3.4 per cent. One lot of Rhode Island Greening apples by Feb-
ruary 3, 1908, had developed 21 per cent in 32° F., while a similar lot,
in 86° F., showed 55 per cent. In the case of the Sutton apple, inves-
tigation showed 25 per cent of scald in apples stored at 32°, and 42
per cent where the temperature was kept at 36°.

If the fruit is stored as soon as it is picked, or is shipped in refrig-
erator cars or in cool weather, and if it has been handled in the most
careful manner, the ripening may not proceed much more rapidly and
the scald may not develop more freely in the higher than in the lower
storage temperature.

THE TEMPERATURE IN WHICH THE FRUIT IS REMOVED FROM THE
STORAGE-HOUSE.

When the fruit is removed from the storage-house the scald some-
times develops rapidly. Its appearance at this time seems to depend
on at least two important conditions—the ripeness of the fruit and the

temperature into which itis taken. Late in the storage season the

scald is most severe; first, because the fruit 1s more mature, and, sec-

| ond, for the reason that the warm weather prevailing at that season

develops it quickly.

The deveiopment of the scald also seems to be influenced by the
amount of humidity in the air. So long as the fruit remains cold and
condenses the moisture of the atmosphere upon it the scald is retarded
more than in a dry air of the same temperature.

The accompanying table shows the rapidity with which the scald
may develop on Baldwin apples when portions of the same barrel are
removed to different temperatures. There was no increase in the
amount of scald in any of the lots after nine days.

30 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Scald developed in different temperatures when apples were removed from storage.

| Date a “ Per cent of scald.
Fees move ate in-
Niguel oy from | spected. | |
storage. 44° 1. 48° ine 61° ine 67° ine
1903. 1903.
TB aul cswalt se sess oe ee | Jan: 29) | Jian. 29 0 0 0) 0
1D Oeseere eee a ere ei ss5aGlOrssu|| AO, 8 0 21 29
1DYojPer abet s Seema BIS tae Bee Opes eb sae: 4 11 21 37
TD) Osea cape te Rees S560 s5)|- 18205. 6 4 | 25 40 | 63
IDO) Es oa Ae ee ee ee sees0Oseai| 18805 = 7 al | 25 41 63

The upper figure in Plate VI shows the average condition of a lot
of Wagener apples in March, 1903, when removed from storage; the
lower figure, the average condition of the same fruit forty-eight hours
later in a temperature of 70° F. ,

It should be the aim of the fruit s'orer not only to remove the fruit
before the scald normally appears, but to hold the apples after removal
in the lowest possible temperature to prevent its rapid development.

INFLUENCE ON SCALD OF DELAYING THE STORAGE OF THE FRUIT AFTER -
iS eICKkED:

The ripening of the fruit between the time of picking and its storage
increases its susceptibility to scald.

When the picking and shipping seasons are cool and dry it may be
possible to delay the storage of the fruit for some time without injury
so far as the predisposition to scald is concerned. In the investigations
of 1901-2 in western New York there was no apparent injury from
delaying the storage, but the weather conditions at this period were
ideal for apple handling.

The scald develops seriously when the storage of the fruit is delayed
in hot weather. Detentions in the orchard, in transit in closed cars,
in unloading at the terminal, or in the warehouse cause the fruit to
ripen quickly and favor the rapid growth of the fruit rots, as they
bring the fruit much nearer the end of its life before it enters the
storage room. Under these circumstances the fruit may scald badly,
mellow early in the season, and rot, and no storage treatment can cor-
rect the abuses to which it has been subjected.

The following table brings out the injury that may be caused by
delaying the storage of the fruit in hot weather. The mean average
temperature between September 15 and 30, 1902, was about 62° F.
and the mean average humidity about 84°. Fruit picked from the
same trees on October 4, 1902, and stored two weeks later, when the
temperature was about 53° F. and the humidity about 80°, was not
injured by the delay. The apples referred to were grown in eastern
New York and stored in Boston, and these:records were taken the
following February.

APPLE SCALD.

Scald on immediate- and delayed-stored apples in February, 1902.

ol

eee ak Picked Sept. | Picked Oct. | Picked Oct. |
Variety. stored Sept, | 19; Stored A; stored) 0; stored
Te eo See aU: Oct. 9. Oct. 19.
s |
Per cent. Percent. JAAR OH OE | Per cent.
Rhode Island Greening 0 38 | (No record) | (No record) |
SUULOMR EEA eee eet 0 33 0 | 0
Tompkins King .....-. 0 15 | 0 | 0
|
INFLUENCE OF A FRUIT WRAPPER ON SCALD.

‘The influence of the various fruit wrappers mentioned has been
studied in connection with the scald. Sometimes the wrappers retard
it to a slight degree, but often the trouble is as severe or more severe
in the wrapped fruit. Whenever the wrapper has been effective in
retarding the scald the wax or paraffin paper was most useful.

The following table gives a comparison between wrapped and
unwrapped fruit, and emphasizes the fact that for commercial pur-
poses the wrapper should not be looked upon as an effective means of
preventing the trouble. The records of each variety are based on 8
to 32 bushels of fruit, one-half of which was wrapped.

Scald on wrapped and unwrapped fruit.

|
Variety. Locality. Wrapped. ‘Unwrapped.
| Per cent. | Per cent.
ABS Auli Gli wyalita ys Bean eS eee nat ALES Say Fela ING Wa WOn cose ets 12.4 | LOY)
Ineo De nyalstcee Saeco ade eee wSn as IMbbueois ese osee oes 5.8 2.8
: MTD) sen rere yeep mL aN Whngsibane) Saeco eueee De Aly) 28.7
AEST UTES Ta Ta ea eee Pe ecu save cee IVUGHOO IS ee wee soe 47.8 | 40.3
Metta kcal tes ea these tee ee oN eR Ml ee ea Cope ueliae are 22914 20.80
RinodemslamadnGneening ss ese ene INGA VOTE pe ee 32.3 | 37.6
AVA ONeYStH OSS a aiaisia te aac Pe a Senet WALgZAnOnEY |) oka Gan 30. 0 47,0
DeVere air oneal eet aig Uk aes Jobb HS CS Seed oosSe 17.9 10.2
ork@limiperi cul eens ie BN is Wangeabonley an ween ee 9.6 | 12S)
VARIETIES MOST SUSCEPTIBLE TO SCALD.

All varieties are not equally susceptible to scald, and there appears
to be a wide difference in the amount developed in the same variety
grown in different parts of the country. While the light-colored por-
tion of an apple is more susceptible than the more highly-colored
_ part, it does not follow that green or yellow varieties are more sus-
ceptible than red ones. Of the important commercial sorts used in
the investigations of the Department of Agriculture, the varieties
named in the subjoined list have proved most susceptible. The season
when the scald is most likely to appear is given with each kind, though
there may be a wide variation from year to year. ‘The time of the

32 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

appearance of the scald is influenced to an important degree by the
method of handling the fruit and by its degree of ripeness. A larger
number of varieties showing scald to a slight extent will be found
mentioned in the notes in the variety catalogue.

Arctic, serious, midwinter. Smith Cider, serious, early winter.
Arkansas, often serious, after midwinter. Stayman Winesap, sometimes serious,
Baldwin, often serious, late in season. mid winter.

Ben Davis, often serious, late in season. Wagener, serious, midwinter.

Gilpin, often serious, late in season. White Doctor, serious, midwinter.
Green Newtown, slight, late in season. White Pippin, slight, late in season.
Grimes, serious, early winter. Willow, slight, late in season.
Huntsman, serious, midwinter. Winesap, often serious, late in season.
Lankford, serious, midwinter. Yellow Newtown, slight, late in season.
Nero, serious, midwinter. York Imperial, serious, midwinter.
Paragon, sometimes serious, midwinter. | York Stripe, slight, late in season.

Ralls, slight, midwinter.
Rhode Island Greening, serious, mid-
winter.

TREATMENT TO PREVENT SCALD.

Through the cooperation of. the Bureau of Chemistry and the Office
of Vegetable, Pathological, and Physiological Investigations, of the
Department of Agriculture, preliminary studies have been undertaken
to determine the influence of various gases and other forms of treat-
ment on the development of the scald on Ben Davis apples picked in
Illinois in August, 1902. The fruit was kept in cold storage till used
in the experiments in 1903, when some was slightly scalded. Different
lots were placed under the following conditions. The result of the
treatment on the scald and fruit is briefly stated in each case. -

(1) In air containing formaldehyde vapor. No effect.

(2) In air containing a large amount of sulphur dioxid. Fruit
injured. 7

(3) In air containing one one-hundredths volume sulphur dioxid.
No effect on scald, but fruit injured in spots.

(4) In air containing chlorin. Fruit injured around lenticels and —

scald not prevented.

(5) In air containing alcohol vapor. Fruit uninjured; scald not ©

prevented.
(6) In air containing ether vapor. Fruit uninjured; scald not
prevented.
(7) In air containing chloroform vapor. Fruit killed.
_ (8) In air containing turpentine vapor. Fruit injured; scald not
prevented.
(9) In atmosphere of moist oxygen. Fruit uninjured; scald devel-
oped more rapidly than in pure air,

4

+
<

a

ls

t
o.

;

baERS.

ot.

Pree SAR FA oe SE DN

soe ev elie

COMPARISON. OF VARIETIES. 30

(10) In atmosphere of moist nitrogen. Scald entirely prevented,
and fruit apparently normal at end of nine days.

(11) Fruit placed in water. Scald retarded; fruit uninjured.

(12) Paraffin over fruit. Scald slightly retarded; fruit uninjured.

(13) Vaseline over fruit. Scald somewhat retarded; fruit uninjured. —

(14) Olive oil over fruit. Scald somewhat retarded; fruit uninjured.

It will be seen from the brief outline that the fruit may be injured
by some of the gases and that nitrogen was the only gas that pre-
vented scald without injuring the fruit. It is reasonable to assume
that a continuation of the fruit in nitrogen gas for a much greater
length of time would be injurious, as oxygen is essential to the vital
processes. It will be noticed, also, that oxygen stimulated the develop-
ment of the scald probably by making the conditions favorable for the
rapid progress of the scald-producing ferment.

COMPARISON OF VARIETIES IN COLD STORAGE.

A large number of varieties of apples grown under various condi-
tions have been under observation by the Department of Agriculture.
It has been the purpose of the investigation to determine the keeping
quality of the varieties during the commercial apple-storage season,
which usually terminates May 1 or shortly afterwards. It has not
been attempted to carry the varieties longer than the apple-storage
season, though many of them when finally taken from the storage
house have been in prime condition and would have kept well for a
longer period.

There is a wide difference in the keeping quality of the same variety
when it is grown in different parts of the country. There is a strik-
ing variation also in the behavior of the same variety when it is grown
in the same locality under different cultural conditions and in different
seasons. There may be a permanent difference in the keeping quality
of the apples of one region when compared with those of another, but
it is not safe to draw general conclusions in this regard until the vari-
eties of each have been under observation during several seasons and

_have been grown under different cultural conditions. No attempt has

been made in these investigations to draw comparisons between the
keeping quality of the same sort from different places. The behavior
of each lot is given in commercial terms rather than in detailed
notes, so that the grower or apple handler may know something of the
storage value of a variety under the conditions in which it has been

ie observed by the Department of Agriculture. The fruit has been

stored in bushel boxes in a temperature of 30° to 32° F.
The Department had the cooperation of the Kansas, Maine, New
York State, and Virginia agricultural experiment stations in 1901

| and of the Massachusetts Agricultural College and the New York

1202—No. 48—03——3

34 ~ THE APPEE EN-COnLD STORAGE.

‘State experiment stations in 1902 to the extent of receiving gratui-
tously fruit of the varieties credited to them in the variety catalogue.
It had the cooperation during the season of 1901-2 of the experimen!
station of the University of Illinois in inspecting and making record

of the condition of the fruit stored at Champaign, IIl., especially a:
times when it could not be conveniently inspected by the representa

tives of the Department.

OUTLINE OF CULTURAL CONDITIONS.

A statement follows, summarizing the orchard conditions in which
the fruit used in the experiments of the Department of Agriculture
was grown. In the variety catalogue each sort is credited to the
grower from whom it was received:

Boaes, A. H., Waynesville, Haywood County, N. C., 1902:

Clay loam, stony, with clay subsoil; altitude, 3,000 to 3,500 feet; trees, 12 to 15
years old; thoroughly sprayed; sod culture.

BravD ey, F. L., Barker, Niagara County, N. Y., 1902:

Sandy loam, with clay subsoil; altitude, about 300 feet; sprayed; tillage; on Lake
Ontario.

Brown, J. E., Wilson, Niagara County, N. Y., 1901:

Sandy loam, with sandy loam subsoil; altitude, about 300 feet; trees, 40 years
old; sprayed; tillage; on Lake Ontario. .

Derpsy, 8. H., Woodside, Kent County, Del., 1902:

Sandy, with clay-loam subsoil; altitude, about 60 feet; trees, 10 to 25 years; thor-
ough spraying and tillage; annual use of clover cover crops; trees unusually
vigorous.

Dopp, G. J., Greenwood, Jackson County, Mo., 1902:
Black prairie soil, with clay subsoil; altitude, 1,000 feet; trees, 18 years old, except
Ben Davis, 11 years; sprayed; sod culture after trees were 7 years old.
Dunuap, H. M., Southern Illinois, 1901:
Fruit from orchards in southern Illinois; data not available.
Fiournoy, W.-T., Marionville, Lawrence County,-Mo., 1902:

Heavy clay, with rocky limestone clay subsoil; altitude, about 1,250 feet; age
of trees, 7 years; spraying and tillage.

GILBERT, Z. A., Farmington, Franklin County, Me., 1902:

Granite drift, with so-called pin-gravel subsoil; altitude, about 365 feet; age of
trees, 20 years; no spraying or tillage; land top dressed with wood ashes.

Hircnines, GRANT G., South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y., 1901 and 1902:

Clay loam, stony, with heavy red clay or gravel-and-clay subsoil; altitude, about
1,200 feet; age of trees, 4 to 100 years; sprayed; sod culture, with grass leit in
orchard for mulch.

Hurcuins, Epwarp, Fennville, Allegan County, Mich., 1902:
Clay loam; altitude, 700 feet; age of trees, about 35 years; sprayed; tillage.
Kansas AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans., 1901:

Clay loam, with clay subsoil; altitude, about 1,000 feet; age of trees, 10 years;
spraying and tillage.

Orchards near the experiment station, 1901: Soiland altitude same as above; no
spraying or tillage; fruit received through Kansas Station.

Lupron, S. L., Winchester, Frederick County, Va., 1901 and 1902:

Clay loam, with red clay subsoil; altitude, 750 feet; age of trees, 8 years; sprayed;

sod culture, grass cropped.

vA Ree ae

f

CULTURAL CONDITIONS. 35

Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Orono, Penobscot County, Me., 1901:

Sandy loam, with clay subsoil; altitude, about 150 feet; age of trees, 10 to 12
years; sprayed; clean culture, with fall cover crop of rye.

Mann, W. T., Barker, Niagara County, N. Y., 1902:

Clay loam, with clay subsoil, and sandy loam with sandy subsoil; altitude, about
300 feet; age of trees, about 30 years; sprayed thoroughly; tillage; clover
cover crops.

MAssacHusEetrs AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE EXPERIMENT Sration, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass., 1902:

Gravelly soil, with clay subsoil, moist; altitude, 250 feet; age of trees, 30 years;
sprayed; tillage.

Micuigan AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE EXPERIMENT SusstaTion, South Haven, Van
Buren County, Mich., 1902:

Rich, sandy loam, with clay subsoil; age of trees, 9 to 14 years; altitude, 625

feet; on Lake Michigan; spraying and cultivation thorough.
Miuurer, W. S., Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va., 1901:

Soapstone, derived from Romney shale, clay subsoil; altitude, 700 feet; age of
trees, 12 to 26 years; sprayed and cultivated. ;

New York Stare EXPERIMENT STATION, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y., 1901 and
1902:

Rather heavy clay loam, with heavy clay subsoil; altitude, about 600 feet; age of

trees, generally from 15 to 25 years; sprayed, and cultivated with cover crops.
OzarK ORCHARD Company, Goodman, McDonald County, Mo., 1901 and 1902:

Flinty clay, with clay, shale, or gravel subsoil; altitude, 1,250 feet; age of trees,
6 years; sprayed and cultivated.

Powe, Grorce T., Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y., 1902:

Gravelly loam, with clay-gravelly subsoil; altitude, about 400 feet; age of trees,
35 to 45 years, except Tompkins King and Lady Sweet 11 years, Sutton 8
years, Hubbardston 5 years; spraying and cultivation thorough, with clover
cover crops annually.

Reexks, M., Douglas, Allegan County, Mich., 1902:

Clay loam, with clay subsoil several feet below surface; age of trees, 12 to 15

years; sprayed and cultivated; altitude, 650 to 675 feet.
SpoHr, G. E., Manhattan, Riley County, Kans., 1901:

Sandy loam, with sandy subsoil; altitude, about 950 feet; age of trees, about 20

years, except Jonathan 10 years; no tillage or spraying; fruit received through
- Kansas Experiment Station.
SPEAKMAN, F. H., Neosho, Newton County, Mo., 1901:

Clay loam, gravelly and stony, with red clay subsoil, mixed with flint stone;

altitude, 1,100 feet; age of trees, 12 years; sprayed and cultivated.
Taytor, J. F., Douglas, Allegan County, Mich., 1902:

Sandy loam, with clay subsoil 15 feet below surface; altitude, 650 to 675 feet;
from 8-year top grafts on stocks of ‘‘Cannon Redstreak,’’ 25 years old; sprayed
and cultivated.

VIRGINIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration, Blacksburg, Montgomery. County,
We Oe

Rather heavy, mostly of limestone origin, with some sand, not stiff, subsoil of
same nature but heavier; altitude, 2,170 feet; age of trees, 12 years; sprayed
but not cultivated in 1901.

Wetinovuse, F., Tonganoxie, Leavenworth County, Kans., 1901:

Rich prairie loam, with red clay subsoil, with some sand; altitude, about 900

feet; age of trees, 7 years; not sprayed but cultivated.

36 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.
VARIETY CATALOGUE.

[In this catalogue the leading names of the varieties used in the cold storage investigations of the
Department of Agriculture are printed in black type, with their leading synonyms in italies.]

Aiken Red. (See AKIn.)
Akin. Synonym: Atken Red.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Highly colored, No. 1;
picked October 12, 1901, stored October 18; sound and in good commercial condi-
tion until March 11, 1902, after which it decayed.

Albemarle. (See YELLow Newtown. )
Alexander.

M. Reeks, Douglas, Allegan County, Mich.: Large, well colored, No. 1; picked
August 25, 1902, stored August 27; at commercial limit November 14, 1902.
Amos. Synonym: Amos Jackson.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard,

and green; picked September 19, 1902, stored September 27; May 1, 1908, firm,
no scald or rot. —

Amos Jackson. (See Amos. )

Apple of Commerce. (See BEacH.)

Arctic.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Well

colored, No. 1; picked October 7, 1902, stored October 24; January 23, 1903, in
-good commercial condition, scald beginning to appear; March 11, softening, color
faded, all scalded.
Arkansas. Synonyms: Blacktwig, Mammoth Blacktwig.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Hard, No. 1; picked Octo-
ber 12, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, bright, firm, and sound, no rot or
scald.

Ozark Orchard Company, Goodman, McDonald County, Mo.: No. 2 stock; badly
affected with ‘‘flyspeck’”’ fungus; picked October 11, 1902, stored October 28;
March 10, 1908, shriveled, considerable rot, no scald.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
Small, sound; picked September 26, 1901, stored October 6; May 1, 1902, firm,
no decay, nearly all slightly scalded on light side.

Arkansas Beauty.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Medium size, dull green-
ish red; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 18; January 23, 1902, 10 per cent
of decay, no scald.

Arkansas Black.

Near Kansas Experiment Station, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Small, very
hard, poorly colored, immature stock; picked October 5, 1901, stored October 9;
March 21, 1902, very hard, with no deterioration; would probably have kept wel!
through storage season.

W.S. Miller Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.; Dark red, very fine, larg>:
picked November 5, 1901, stored November 12; June 1, 1902, in prime commer-
cial condition, hard, no scald or decay, except from injury.

Aucuba. Synonym: Aucuba-Leaved Reinette.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Bright,
weli colored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; sound and in
good condition until February 1, 1902.

Aucuba-Leaved Reinette. (See AucuBa. )

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,

VARIETY CATALOGUE. 87

Bailey Sweet.

G. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Bright, No. 1; picked October 16,
1902, stored October 20; in prime condition until March 1, 1903, when the fruit
began to mellow; no scald or decay. Identity uncertain. :

Baker.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, green-
ish, No. 1; picked September 22, 1902, stored September 29; firm and sound
until March 14, 1903, after which it softened.

Baldwin.

F. L. Bradley, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: Mixed grade, dull, scabby; picked
October 9, 1902, stored October 15; May 1, 1903, firm, no scald or rot.

J. E. Brown, Wilson, Niagara County, N. Y.: No. 1, fair color; picked October 8,
1901, stored October 15; May 1, 1902, firm, no rot, slight scald.

H. M. Dunlap, Southern Illinois: Firm, somewhat wormy; picked October 8, 1901,
stored October 10; March 18, 1902, commencing to scald and decay.

Z. A. Gilbert, Farmington, Franklin County, Me.: Medium sized, dull colored;
date of picking undetermined, stored November 10, 1902; May 1, 1903, firm, no
decay or scald. |

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, dark red,

_ No. 1; trees 12 years old; picked October 1, 1902, stored October 4; May 1, 1903,

by firm, no scald or rot. .

W. T. Mann, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: Hard, finely colored, No. 1; picked
October 16, 1902, stored October 18; May 1, 1903, hard, no scald or rot.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Dull greenish red, No. 1; picked October 11, 1902, stored Octo-
ber 15; May 1, 1903, no scald or rot, hard.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, light
colored, small; picked October 12, 1902, stored October 15; May 1, 1903, hard

¢. and sound; similar in 1901.

- G. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Bright, well colored, No. 1; picked

a October 16, 1902, stored October 19; May 1, 1903, firm condition, no scald or decay.

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. Virginia Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.: Firm, light
i@ colored, No. 1; picked September 26, 1901, stored October 6; May 1, 1902, semi-
. firm, no scald or decay; kept unusually well for a northern variety and was of
li much better grade and color than most of the other sorts from same source.
le Beach. Synonyms: Apple of Commerce, Richardson's Red.

W. 8. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Bright, sound, No. 1;
picked November 5, 1902, stored November 12; May 1, 1903, sound and in prime
commercial condition.

Beauty of Kent. (See Kent Braury. )
Beliflower. (See YuLtLtow BELLFLOWER. )
Ben Davis.

G. J. Dodd, Greenwood, Jackson County, Mo.: Hard, well colored, No. 1; picked
October 1, 1902, stored October 4; March 10, 1903, in good market condition;
scald and rot shght.

H. M. Dunlap, Southern Illinois: No. 1 stock; picked October 8, 1901, stored Octo-
ber 10; March 18, 1902, in fair market condition; somewhat injured by scald and
decay.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Hard, medium sized,
highly colored; trees 12 years old; picked October 22, 1901, stored October 26;
May 1, 1902, firm and sound, no scald.

S. L. Lupton, Winchester, Frederick County, Va.: Firm, light colored, wormy;

picked October 4, 1901, stored October 12; March 27, 1902, considerable scald,
decay slight.

Sishas THE APPLE IN COLD- STORAGE.

Ben Davis—Continued.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Small and hard; picked October 18, 1902, stored October Le
May 1, 1903, firm and ‘sound.

W. 8S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Firm, well colored, No. 1;
picked October 2, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, firm, no rot or scald.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard,
light colored; date of picking undetermined, stored November 12, 1902; May i,
1903, semifirm, no scald or decay; similar in 1902. _

Ozark Orchard Company, Goodman, McDonald County, Mo.: Medium to very
large, well colored; picked October 10, 1902, stored October 28; March 10, 1903,
overripe, slightly wilted, considerable decay.

F. H. Speakman, Neosho, Newton County, Mo.: Sound, well colored, No. 1;
picked October 24, 1901, stored October 28; March 20, 1902, in good market
condition, sight rot and scald.

G. E. Spohr, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Small, poorly colored; picked
October 11, 1901, stored October 18; March 20, 1902, badly shriveled, no decay
or scald; received through Kansas Experiment Station.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
Small, well colored, somewhat wormy; picked September 26, 1901, stored Octo-
ber 8; May 1, 1902, semifirm, no scald, decay slight.

Black Gilliflower. Synonym: Gilliflower.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Light colored, No. 1;
trees about 100 years old; picked October 1, 1902, stored October 4; May 1, 1903,
in prime commercial condition; similar for fruit picked in 1901.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Dull colored, No. 2; picked October 10, 1902, stored October 15;
firm until January 1, 1903; decayed badly after February 1.

G. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Well colored, No. 1; picked
October 16, 1902, stored October 19; February 1, 1903, badly injured by rot.

Black Oxford.

Z. A. Gilbert, Farmington, Franklin County, Me.: Hard, dull colored, No. 1;
date of picking undetermined, stored November 10, 1902; May 1, 1903, firm, no
seald or rot.

Blacktwig. (See ARKANSAS and PARAGON. )

Bonum.
A. A. Boggs, Waynesville, Haywood County, N. C.: Bright, dark red, No. 1; picked
September 15, 1902, stored September 26; May 1, 1903, firm, no rot or scald.
Borsdorf.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small,
light colored; picked September 19, 1902, stored September 27; March 14, 1903,
soft, badly decayed.

Buckingham.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontarie County, N. Y.: Small, hard,
and immature; picked September 25, 1902, stored September 27; May 1, 1903.
firm, no decay, scalds slight; commercial mit April 1.

Buler. Synonym: Jonathan of Buler.

New York Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Light red, No. 1;
picked September 20, 1902, stored September 27; commercial limit February 1,
1903, after which fruit scalded badly, but remained firm till April 1.

Canada Red. (See Rep CanaDa.)

GMT EL

“VARIETY CATALOGUE. 39

Canada Reinette.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, dull
colored; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 19; May 1, 1902, mellow, no
decay, scald slight; best commercial limit April 1.

Cannon Pearmain.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Well colored, No. 1;
picked October 12, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, in prime commercial
condition, no scald or decay; a long keeper.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
Hard, cloudy, somewhat wormy; picked October 3, 1901, stored October 5; May
1, 1902, firm, decay slight, no scald; commercial limit April 1.

Carlough.

W. S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Hard, sound, No. 1;
picked October 12, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, firm, no rot or scald; a
long keeper.

Carthouse. (See GILpIn. )
Cayuga Redstreak. (See Twenty OUNCE. )
Clarke.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;
picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; February 1, 1902, mellow, no scald,
decay slight; commercial limit December 1; flesh grows soft and mealy and
discolors at end of commercial life.

Coffelt. Synonym: Coffelt Beauty.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Hard, well colored, No.
1; picked October 11, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, firm, no scald or
decay; a long keeper.

Coffelt Beauty. (See Corre tr. )
Cogswell.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard,
and immature; picked October 3, 1902, stored October 11; May 1, 1903, firm, no
scald or decay.

Colvert.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: No. 1, picked October

1, 1902, stored October 4; firm until January 15, 1903.
Coon Red.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small and
immature; picked September 23, 1902, stored September 28; May 1, 1903, semi-
firm, no decay, scald sight; commercial limit March 15.

Cooper Market.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Light
colored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, hard
and sound.

Crawford. Synonym: Crawford Pippin. :

W.S. Miller,-Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Hard, well colored, No. 1;
picked October 11, 1901, stored October 18; March 11, 1902, commencing to scald;
May 1, 1902, firm, no decay, nearly all light-colored specimens scalded.

Crawford Pippin. (See CRAWFORD. ) :
Crotts.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard and
green; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; March 14, 1902, firm, no
decay, badly scalded.

40 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

‘Cullen. Synonym: Cullen’s Keeper.
_ Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Hard
and green; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 10; May 1, 1902, firm, no seald
or rot. .
Cullen’s Keeper. (See Cuuien. )
Deacon Jones.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Large, hard,
bright, No. 1; picked October 4, 1902, stored October 11; May 1, 1903, mellow,
free from scald and rot; commercial limit for barrel storage about March 1.

Delaware Red Winter. (See LAwveEr. )
Dickenson.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Bright, No.
1; picked September 19, 1902, stored September 27; May 1, 1903; overripe and
badly decayed; commercial limit February 1; commercial limit in 1901-2,
March 1.

Disharoon. s

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Sound, No.
1; picked September 19, 1902, stored September 27; April 1, 1903, sound, but
commencing to turn mellow, no scald or decay.

Doctor. Synonym: Newby.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Bright,
clean, No. 1; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 10; May 1, 1902, firm, no
scald, decay slight; commercial limit April 1 to 15.

Downing’s Winter Maiden Blush. (See GREENVILLE. )
Duchess. (See OLDENBURG. )

Duchess of Oldenburg. (See OLDENBURG. )
Edwards.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, green;
picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, hard and green, no
scald or rot; sound, No. 1; picked September 20, 1902, stored September 27;
March 14, 1903, quite mellow, no scald or rot.

Elgin Pippin. (See Earn. )
Esopus. Synonyms: Esopus Spitzenburg; Spitzenburg.

F. L. Bradley, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: Scabby and poorly colored; picked
September 27, 1902, stored October 3; firm until March 1, 1903, when the fruit
commenced to decay around scab spots.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Dark red, No. 1; trees
about 100 years old; picked October 1, 1902, stored October 4; May 1, 1908, firm,
no scald or decay.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;
picked October 21, 1902, stored October 27; May 1, 1903, semifirm, no decay or
scald; in barrels should be sold April 1.

G. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Well colored, No. 1; picked October
16, 1902, stored October 19; in prime commercial condition until April 1, 1903,
after which the fruit began to mellow; no rot.

The flesh of this variety becomes mealy when overripe.

Esopus Spitzenburg. (See Esorvs.)
Ewalt.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Well colored,
No. 1; picked October 6, 1902, stored October 11; March 14, 1903, beginning to
mellow, decay slight, no scald; commercial limit in barrels February 1. -

PS a Ne CRS Ss

BT AAT Piel a ARE APE tec ee

VARIETY CATALOGUE. 2 4]

Excelsior.
Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Substation, South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: Light colored, No.1; picked September 8, 1902, stored September
10; November 14, 1902, overripe, quality gone.

Fallawater.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, finely colored,
No. 1; trees 12 years old; picked October 1, 1901, stored October 12; March 1,
1902, beginning to mellow; May 1, 1902, quite mellow but free from decay and
scald; commercial limit February 1.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1, but
very green; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, semifirm,
no decay or scald; held in good semifirm condition for box storage from March 1
to May 1.

Fall Pippin.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Large, bright, No. 1; picked September 30, 1902, stored October
3; in firm condition until January 1, 1903, when the fruit began to mellow.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Bright,
No. 1; picked September 24, 1902, stored September 29; January 27, 1903, com-
mencing to soften. Fruit picked in 1901 kept in good condition until January 10,
1902; may be held in boxes till February 1.

Fall Queen. (See Haas.)

Fameuse. Synonym: Snow.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Well colored, No. 1;
trees 12 years old; picked October 7, 1902, stored October 2; in good commercial
condition until March 15, 1903. Fruit picked in 1901 kept in good condition until
February 15, 1902.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Slight
colored, No. 1; ripe and somewhat bruised; picked October 7, 1902, stored Octo-
ber 24; January 23, 1903, in good condition for box storage, no scald or decay;
March 11, overripe and past commercial condition.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Bright, No. 1; picked September 30, 1902, stored October 3;
February 15, firm, no scald or rot; commercial limit about March 1.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard,
bright, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; January 31, 1902,
mellow, no decay or scald; March 14, very ripe but still sound.

Geo. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Bright, dark red, No. 1; picked
October 13, 1902, stored October 19; February 1, 1903, in prime commercial
condition; March 1, mellow, free from scald and decay.

This variety reaches its commercial limit usually between January 1 and March 1.

Fanny. ;

Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Substation, South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: No. 1, highly colored; picked September 2, 1902, stored Sep-
tember 3; firm, sound, and beautifully colored Noyember 14, 1902; would prob-
ably have held in good condition several weeks longer.

Fishkill.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Large,
sound, well colored; picked October 4, 1901, stored October 11; began to decay
internally, while still firm outside, after January 1-15, 1902; behavior similar in
1902-3.

48) ' THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Gano.

New York Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard, hal;
colored; picked September 27, 1902, stored October 1; May 1, 1903, semifirm,
some rot; commercial limit April 1.

Ozark Orchard Company, Goodman, McDonald County, Mo.: Very large, highly
colored; picked October 6, 1902, stored October 11; March 11, 1903, overripe, 18
per cent decay; behavior similar in 1901-2; commercial limit February 1.

G. E. Spohr, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Fruit large, well colored, firmer
than Ozark Orchard stock; picked October 1, 1901, stored October 6; March 20,
1902, firm, no decay or scald; would probably have kept well a month longer;
received through Kansas Experiment Station.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
Well colored, firm, medium grade, considerable codling-moth injury; picked
September 26, 1901, stored October 16; February 1, 1902, firm, with no decay
or scald, after which the decay proceeded quite rapidly.

Geniton. (See Ratts.)

Gibb.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Hard, No. 1; picked.

Geiober2 , 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, in prime commercial cOMGtien
no scald or decay; a long keeper.

Gideon.

Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Substation, South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: Hard, light colored, rather immature; picked September 9, 1902,
stored September 10, 1902; November 14, 1902, firm, sound; commercial ft
probably January 1.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Bright, No.
1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21, 1901; commercial limit January 1,
1902; after that the flesh began to discolor at the core, a characteristic of this
variety after it reaches maturity.

Gilliflower. (See BLACK GILLIFLOWER. )

Gilpin. Synonym: Carihouse.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga eres N. Y.: Medium sized, bright,
half colored, very hard; trees 28 years old; picked after October 1, 1901; stored
October 12, 1901; began to scald March 15, 1902, and scalded badly, but remained
hard through storage season; behavior similar in 1902-3, except scalding began
a month later.

Gold Medal. Synonym: Golden Medal.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, green,
good; picked October 3, 1901, stored October 11; commercial limit February 1
to 15, 1902, after which the fruit softened; no scald:

Golden Medal. (See Gotp MEDAL. )

Golden Russet (N. Y.).

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Bright,
hard, well russeted, No. 1; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 24, 1901; com-
mercial limit May 1, 1902, when stock was hard, but mellowing began soon aiter.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard,
greenish russet, No. 1; picked October 24, 1902, stored November 15; May 1,
1903, prime commercial condition, no decay; similar in 1901--2, but by June 1
the fruit was mellow and decay was setting in.

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VARIETY CATALOGUE. 43

Gravenstein.

Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Substation, South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: No. 1, quite well colored; picked September 9, 1902, stored Sep-
tember 11; November 14, 1902, ripe, but still firm, quality good; should be
sold by November 1.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1, highly
colored; picked September 18, stored September 27, 1902; commercial limit
December 1, 1902, after which it softened; no scald.

Green Crimean.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, sound;
picked October 4, 1902, stored October 11; May 1, 1903, firm, in good commercial
condition; no scald or decay.

Green Newtown. Synonym: Newtown Pippin.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;
picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; in March, 1902, it was too green for
use; May 1 hard, no decay, scald slight.

Green Sweet.
W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: No. 1; picking date unde-
termined; stored October 18, 1901; commercial limit March 1 to 15, 1902, when it
began to mellow; no scald.

Greening. (See Ruove IsLanp. )
Greenville. Synonym: Downing’s Winter Maiden Blush.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Large, finely
colored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21, 1901; in excellent
commercial condition till February 1, 1902, when scald began to develop; one-
third scalded March 14, 1902.

Grimes. Synonym: Grimes Golden.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Bright, No. 1; picked Sep-
tember 20, 1901, stored October 16; mellow when stored; began to deteriorate
from decay after January 1, 1902.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1, fair
color; picked October 2, 1902, stored October 11; in good condition commer-
cially till February 1, 1903, when scald began to develop; May 1, all scalded,
semifirm.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
No. 2; considerable codling-moth injury; picked September 26, 1901, stored
October 16; limit December 1, 1901, after which the fruit rotted badly; scald
began to develop in March, 1902; probably injured by delay in storage.

Grimes Golden. (See GRIMES. )

Haas. Synonym: Fall Queen. :

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Well
colored, No. 1; picked September 16, 1901, stored October 24; semifirm when
stored; commercial limit December 1, 1901, after which the flesh began to soften
throughout.

_ Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Mixed grade, well colored; picked September 3, 1902; stored
October 3; firm till December 1, 1902, after which the flesh became mealy; no

—seald.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario, County, N. Y.: Fair col-
ored, No. 1; picked September 7, 1902, stored September 27; after December 1,
1902, the flesh began to mellow, grow mealy, and decay.

44 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Haskell.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1; picked
October 1 to 12, 1901, stored October 21; commercial limit January 15, 1902,
after which the fruit began to soften; no scald.

Haskell Sweet. (See HASKELL. )

Henniker. Synonym: Lady Henniker.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Well col-
ored, No. 1; picked September 9, 1902, stored September 27; after December 1,
1902, the flesh began to mellow; no scald.

Highfill. Synonym: Hyfill.

Ozark Orchard Company, Goodman, McDonald County, Mo.: Large, No. 1; highly
colored; picked October 20, 1902, stored October 28; March 10, 1903, semifirm,
slightly shriveled, one-third decayed; no scald; commercial limit probably
January 15.

Holland. Synonym: Holland Pippin.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, bright, No. 1;
picked September 1, 1902, stored September 29; after December 1, 1902, fhe
flesh began to soften; no scald.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Large, well
colored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; after February 1, 1902,
the fruit began to soften; no scald till long after its commercial season.

Holland Pippin. (See Houuanp. )

Hubbardston. Synonyms: Hubbardston Nonesuch, Nonesuch.

Z. A. Gilbert, Farmington, Franklin County, Me.: Medium size, well colored,
mixed grade; picking date undetermined, stored November 10, 1902; after
December 1, 1902, the flesh softened throughout; probably ripe when stored.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, finely colored,
considerable codling-moth injury; trees six years old; picked October 5, 1902,
stored October 12; prime commercial condition till February 1, 1903, when it
began to shrivel; April 1, soft.

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Medium
to small, pale greenish red; picked October 8, 1901, stored October 12; no sof-
tening and but little decay till April 1, 1902; fruit began to wilt after February
Sto 0 2:

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, ‘Arahevee Hampshire
County, Mass.: Medium size, rather dull color; picked September 30, 1902, stored
October 3; good commercial condition for barrel storage till January 15, 1903;
for box storage till February 15, 1903, after which the fruit mellowed and
became mealy.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small,
hard, immature; picked October 4, 1902, stored October 11; prime condition
May 1, 1908.

G. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Very large, overgrown, highly col-
ored; picked October 4, 1902, stored October 9; firm till December 1, 1902, after
which the flesh grew mealy; January 15, 1903, all burst.

The flesh of this variety usually becomes mealy when it passes maturity

Hubbardston Nonesuch. (See HuBBarpstTon. )

Huntsman. Synonym: Huntsman Favorite.
G. J. Dodd, Greenwood, Jackson County, Mo.: Well-colored, No. 1; picked Octo-
ber 1, 1902, stored October 4; March 10, 1903, all scalded slightly, but very firm;
commercial limit, February iL 1903.

a iste 2s,

ge ae ee

-

VARIETY CATALOGUE. 45

Huntsman—Continued.

H. M. Dunlap, Southern Illinois: Well-colored, No. 1; picked October 8, 1901,
stored October 10; prime commercial condition till February 1, 1902, after which
scald appeared.

W. S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Highly colored, No. 1;
picked October 9, 1901, stored October 18; in prime commercial condition June
1, 1902, hard, bright yellow; no scald or decay.

Huntsman Favorite. (See HuntTsMAN. )

Hurlbut.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Bright,
well-colored, No. 1; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 24; good condition
till February 1, 1902, when scald and decay began to develop; semifirm when
stored.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Medium sized, fair color; picked September 20, 1902, stored
October 3, 1902; firm till February 15, 1903; no scald or rot; would probably

have kept well a month longer in boxes.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, not
well colored; picked September 12, 1902, stored September 27; firm till April 1,
1903, after which the flesh softened.

Fyfill. (See HiGHFI.t. )
Ingram. ©

W. T. Flournoy, Marionville, Lawrence County, Mo.: Hard, well-colored, No. 1;
picked October 10, 1902, stored October 18; March 10, 1903, in primeecommercial
condition, firm, free from scald and rot; would have kept a number of weeks
longer.

Ivanhoe.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Well-colored, No. 1; picked
November 5, 1901, stored November 12; prime commercial condition till June 1,
1902, when wilting began; no scald or rot.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:

‘Hard, fair grade, considerable ‘“‘flyspeck’’ fungus and codling-moth injury; picked
September 30, 1901, stored October 16; no rot or scald throughout storage season,
but fruit wilted so as to injure its commercial value after February 1, 1902.

Jacobs. Synonym: Jacobs Sweet.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Green, No.
1; picked September 9, 1901, stored September 27; firm till March 1, 1902, good
condition for box storage till April 1; no scald. The crop of 1902 began to mel-
low February 1, but it held in good condition for box storage till April 1.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Large, clear, No. 1; picked
October 11, 1901, stored October 18; in prime condition wall Avon 1 1902, after
which the fruit softened.

Jacobs Sweet. (See Jacoss.)
Jefferis.

Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Substation, South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: Well-colored, No. 1; picked September 2, 1902; stored Sep-
tember 38; November 14, 1902, bright in appearance, but quality poor; commer-
cial limit probably October 15.

Johnson's Fine Winter. (See York IMPERIAL. )
Jonathan.

G. J. Dodd, Greenwood, Jackson County, Mo.: Large, well colored, firm, No. 1;
picked September 22, 1902, stored September 24; commercial limit probably
February 1, 1903; March 11, 1903, 20 per cent decayed.

46 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Jonathan—Continued.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga Coantn’ N. Y.: Dark red, bright,
No. 1; trees 6 years old; picked October 5, 1901, stored October 12; in prime
condition for barrel storage till April 1, 1902; in good condition for box storage
till June 1, 1902; no rot; held well for a long time after the fruit began to mellow.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small,
hard, considerably russeted; picked October 23, 1902, stored October 27; May 1,
1908, hard, no rot, in prime commercial condition.

G. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Medium dined highly colored;
picked October 16, 1902, stored October 19; in prime condition for barrel storage
till March 1, 1908, when it began to mellow; good condition for box storage till
May 1; no rot or scald.

F. H. Speakman, Neosho, Newton County, Mo.: Large, highly colored, No. 1;
picked September 25, 1901, stored October 16; commercial limit about February
1, 1902; when inspected March 20 the fruit was mellow, with considerable decay;
Ee ‘obably injured by delayed storage.

G. E. Spohr, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Well colored, No. 1; picked Octo-
ber 1, 1901, stored October 12; prime till February 1, 1902, when the fruit began
to mellow; received through Kansas Experiment Station.

Jonathan of Buler. (See Buuer. )

Jones Seedling.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Clear colored, No. 1;
picked November 5, 1901, stored November 12; good commercial condition till
March 1, 1902, when scald developed; firm throughout storage season.

Kansas. Ef :

W. S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Highly colored, No. 1;
picked October 8, 1901, stored October 18; in prime commercial condition
throughout storage season; no rot or scald.

Kansas Keeper.

New York Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Very hard, imma-
ture; picked October 2, 1901, stored October 21; hard, with no scald or decay
June 1, 1902.

Kent Beauty. Synonym: Beauty of Kent.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Large, well colored, No. 1; picked September 30, 1902, stored
October 31; kept well till January 1, 1903, after which the flesh softened and
became mealy; no scald.

King. (See Tompkins KIne.)
Kirtland.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Dark red,
No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; prime commercial condition
throughout the storage season; no scald or decay.

—

Lady Henniker. (See HENNIKER.)
Lady Sweet.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Bright, clear, medium
sized, three-fourths red, No. 1; picked October 1, 1902, stored October 4; May 1
1908, prime commercial condition, firm, no rot or scald.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, halt-
green, immature; picked October 21, 1902, stored October 27; hard and sound
through storage season. -

G. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Fancy large, bright red, from young
trees; picked October 16, 1902, stored October 19; prime condition for barrel
storage till March 15, 1903, when fruit began to mellow; good condition for box
storage till May 1; no scald or decay.

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VARIETY CATALOGUE. 47

Lankford.
S. H. Derby, Woodside,Kent County, Del.: Large, well colored No. 1; picked
September 29, 1902, stored October 30; began to scald January 15, 1903, and firm
till March 1.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Bright, No. 1, well colored;
picked October 12, 1901, stored October 18; began scalding January 15, 1902, but
remained hard, with no decay, till June 1.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Medium
sized, very hard, half colored; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; began
scalding in January, 1902, but remained hard through storage season.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
Medium grade, considerable injury from codling moth and ‘“‘flyspeck’’ fungus;
picked September 26, 1901, stored October 16; began scalding April 1, 1902; semi-
firm aiter February 1, 1902.

This apple is usually one of the worst scalding varieties after mid winter.

Lansberger Reinette.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva,’ Ontario County, N. Y.: Bright,
No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; commercial limit January 15,
1902, after which the flesh mellowed; no scald.

Lawver. Synonym: Delaware Red Winter.

Near Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.:

. No. 1, rather dull red; picked October 21, 1901, stored October 18; good com-
mercial condition March 20, 1902, and apparently would have kept well through-
out storage season; received through Kansas Experiment Station.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Small, dull red, very hard; picked October 11, 1902, stored
October 15; May 1, 1908, hard, no scald or decay.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Large, bright, dark red;
picked October 11, 1901, stored October 16; good commercial condition till March
15, 1902, when some of the apples began to grow mealy; ripened unevenly;
fruit overgrown.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
Small, No. 2; considerably injured by codling moth; picked September 27, 1901,
stored October 16; May 1, 1902, hard and in good condition; a few decayed from
bruising.

Leicester.
Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Large, dull yellow, with blush; picked September 30, 1902,
stored October 3; after January 1, 1903, the flesh became mealy; no scald.

Limbertwig.

Near Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.:
Small, greenish-red, immature; picked October 15, 1901, stored October 10;
very hard throughout storage season; no rot or scald; fruit received through
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

Longfield.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Clear,
No. 1; mellow when stored; picked September 16, 1901, stored October 24; at
end of commercial season when stored.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Clear, well
colored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21, semifirm when stored;
commercial limit December 1, 1901, after which the flesh grew mealy.

48 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE. :

Lowell.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;

picked September 2, 1902, stored September 3; commercial limit October 15,
1902, after which it softened and lost quality.

Loy.
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Pale,

greenish-red, grade No. 1; picked October 4, 1901, stored October 9; March 10,
1902, considerably wilting, no scald, decay slight; commercial limit March 1, 1902.
W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Well colored, No. 1; picked
October 9, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, prime commercial condition,
firm, no rot or scald.
McIntosh. Synonym: McIntosh Red.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Well colored, No. 1;
trees 12 years old; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 12; firm till Jantar
15, 1902, after which it became mellow; behavior similar in 1902-1903.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Well col-
ored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; firm till January 15,
1902; good condition for box storage till March 1, 1902; in 1902-1903 the fruit
was firm a month longer. |

McIntosh Red. (See McInrosu. )
McMahon. Synonym: McMahon White.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;
unevenly colored; picked October 12,/1901, stored October 21; commercial limit
December 1, 1901; ripens unevenly.

McMahon White. (See McManon. )

Magog. :

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;
picked September 18, 1902, stored S. ptember 27; commercial limit January 15,

1902, after which the flesh softened; no scald. ;

Maiden Blush.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Well col-

ored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; after December 15, 1901,
the flesh softened; behavior similar in 1902; no scald.
Mammoth Blacktwig. (See ARKAN NSAS. )
Tianchester. ;
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small,
immature, very hard; picked September 20, 1902, stored September 27; May i
1903, hard, immature; no scald or rot.
Mann.
W. T. Mann, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: Large, bright, clear, No. 1; soil
picked October 24, 1902, stored October 25; May 1, 1903, yellowish,

sandy;
bright, hard; no rot or scald; from clay soil, greener and less attractive at end

of storage season.
Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire

County, Mass.: Medium size, grassy green, dull; picked October 11, 1902, stored

Oetober 15; May 1, 1903, very hard and green; no rot or scald.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard,
ked October 3, 1902, stored October 11: May 1, 1903, hard and

grassy green; pic
green; no rot or seald.

Manwaring.
New York State fx pennant Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;

picked September 27, 1902, stored October 1; commercial limit January 15, 1903,

after which it decayed badly.

VARIETY CATALOGUE. 49

Marigold.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Immature,
small; picked October 6, 1902, stored October 11; May 1, 1903, very hard; no
decay, scald slight.

Marmalade.
Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Substation, South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: No. 1; picked August 22, 1902, stored September 3; probably
semifirm when stored; November 14, 1902, semifirm; quality poor; no rot.

Melon. Synonym: Norton's Melon.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, green;
picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, a hard and green;
no scald or rot; in 1902-1903 the fruit softened after Repriare 1 and decayed
considerably.

Milden. Synonym: Milding.

Z. A. Gilbert, Farmington, Franklin County, Me.: Medium size, well colored, No.
1: picking date undetermined, stored November 10, 1902; firm till March 1,
1903; 1n good condition for box storage till May 1, 1903; no scald, slight decay
trom bruising.

Maine Agricuitural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Large,
bright No. 1; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 24, semifirm at storing time;
held semifirm and in good condition for storage in boxes till May 1, 1902, after
which it softened and decayed.

Milding. (See M1LpEn.)

Milligen.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Firm, No. 1;
picked October 6, 1902, stored October 11; after January 15, 1903, scald appeared,
though the fruit was firm with slight scald till March 15.

Minkler.
H. M. Dunlap, Southern Illinois: No. 1; picked October 4, 1901, stored October
10; good commercial condition till February, 1902; March 17 nearly one-fourth
scalded, but fruit firm; considerable decay.

Missouri. Synonym: Missowri Pippin.

F. H. Speakman, Neosho, Newton County, Mo.: Large, highly colored, No. 1;
picked October 20, 1901, stored October 30; March 20, 1902, prime commercial
condition, hard, no scald or decay; behavior similar in 1903; commercial limit
probably April 15 to May 1.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:.
No. 2, scabby, considerable ‘‘ flyspeck’’ fungus and codling-moth injury; picked
September 26, 1901, stored October 16; firm till March 1, 1902, after which the
fruit decayed badly.

Missouri Pippin. (See Missourt. )
Monmouth.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Bright,
green, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, in prime
commercial condition; firm, no rot or scald; behavior similar in 1902-1903; com-
mercial limit about June 1

Moore Sweet.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1, imma-
ture; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; firm, with no decay or scald
till April 15, 1902, after which it softened.

1202—No. 48—03 +

50 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Mother.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Firm, poorly
colored, No. 1; picked September 17, 1902, stored September 27; firm till March
15; semifirm and in good condition for storage in boxes till May 1, 1903; no decay
or scald.

Munson. Synonym: Munson Sweet.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Clear
yellow, No. 1; ripe when stored; picked September 16, 1901, stored October 24;
the fruit, though semifirm, held in good condition with no rot or scald till Feb-
ruary 5, 1902, after which it softened.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Fair colored,
No. 1; picked September 25, 1902, stored September 29; in good condition till
January 1, 1903, aiter which it softened; no scald or decay.

Munson Sweet. (See-Munson. ) S
Nansemond. Synonym: Nansemond Beauty.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
No. 2, small, light in color, injured by codling moth; picked September 24, 1901,
stored October 16; in good condition till February 1, 1902, after which both
decay and scald appeared.

Nansemond Beauty. (See NANSEMOND. )

Nero.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Large, not well colored,
immature; picked September 27, 1901, stored October 18; semifirm when stored,
in good condition till March 1, 1902, after which the fruit softened and scald
appeared. The delay in storing undoubtedly shortened its storage period.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
No. 2, badly affected with codling moth, well colored; picked September 26,
1901, stored October 16; after February 1 the fruit decayed considerably,
though still firm; scald appeared March 1, 1902.

This variety is inclined to scald considerably after midwinter, unless it is highly
colored. :

Neverfail. (See Rais GENET. )
Newby. (See Doctor. )
Newman.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;
picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, firm, in prime commer-
cial condition; no decay or scald.

Newtown Pippin. (See GREEN NEwrown and YELLow NeEwrown. )
Newtown Spitzenburg.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, highly colored,
No. 1; trees 100 years old; picked October 5, 1901, stored October 8; in good con-
dition for barrel storage till March 15; semifirm and in good condition for storage
in boxes till April 15, 1902; no scald or rot.

G. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Medium sized, bright, light colored,
No. 1; picked October 13, 1902, stored October 19; in good condition for barrel
storage till February 15, when the fruit began to mellow; good condition for box
storage till March 15, 1903, after which the flesh became mealy, and later the
fruit burst; no scald or decay.

New Water.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;
picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; firm till January 15, 1902; in good
condition till March 1; no decay or scald.

VARIETY CATALOGUE. 51

Nonesuch. (See HuBBARDSTON. )
Northern Spy.

-F. L. Bradley, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: Poor grade, light colored; picked
October 9, 1902, stored October 15; May 1, 1903, firm and in good condition; no
rot or scald.

A. A. Boggs, Waynesboro, Haywood County, N. C.: Large, dark red, fancy;
picked September 25, 1902, stored September 30; firm until December 1, 1902,
after which it decayed and softened rapidly.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, highly col-
ored, fancy; trees 6 years old; picked October 22, 1901, stored October 26; May
1, 1902, prime commercial condition, firm, no scald, shght rot.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario, County, N. Y.: Well col-
ored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, firm, good
commercial condition. Picked November 3, 1902, stored November 15; light col-
ored; in good condition till March 1, 1903, after which the fruit decayed
considerably.

G. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Fancy, medium size, dark red;
picked October 16, 1902, stored October 19; May 1, 1903, hard, no rot or decay,
and in prime condition.

This variety is variable in its storage behavior. It is particularly susceptible to
decay from blue mold, especially if bruised or delayed in reaching storage. Ii
well colored, picked, packed, and handled with great care, and stored soon after
picking, it may be carried in storage as long as most winter varieties.

Northwestern Greening.

W. 8. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Well colored, No. 1;
picked October 11, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, hard, no seald or decay,
in prime commercial condition. :

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Medium -
size, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, hard, no
scald or decay; good commercial condition till June 1, 1902, when it began to
soften.

Norton's Melon. Synonym of Melon.

Oakland. Synonym: Oakland Sceknofurther.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Bright,
hard, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; firm till March 1, 1902;
semifirm, in good condition for box storage till April 15; no decay_or scald.

Oakland Seeknofurther. (See OAKLAND. )

Oldenburg. Synonym: Duchess of Oldenburg.
J. F. Taylor, Douglas, Allegan County, Mich.: Hard, light colored, No. 1; picked
August 20, 1902, stored August 21; November 14, 1902, in prime market condi-

tion, less than | per cent of rot, no shrinkage; commercial limit probably about
December 15.

Oliver. Synonym: Senator.
W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: No. 1; picked November 4,
1901, stored November 12, semifirm when stored; May 1, 1902, semifirm, decay
slight, no scald; commercial limit probably late in spring when stored firm.

Ontario.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, green,

No. 1; picked October 2, 1902, stored October 11; March 14, 1903, firm, no decay
or scald; May 1, soft and worthless.

NY, THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Ornament. Synonym: Ornament de Table.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, light
colored; picked September 22, 1902, stored September 27; May 1, 1903, firm,
decay slight, no scald. Fruit picked in 1901 in similar condition May 1, 1902.

Ornament de Table. (See ORNAMENT. )
Palmer Greening. (See WaAsHINGTON RoyALt. )
Paragon. Synonym: Blacktwig.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, green,
No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; March 14, 1902, firm, but
badly sealded; May 1, nearly all scalded, firm, no decay.

Peck Pleasant.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard and
green; picked October 4, 1902, stored October 11; May 1, 1903, firm, no decay,
scald slight.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
No. 1, somewhat cloudy and wormy; picked September 26, 1901, stored October
6; January 24, 1902, semifirm, no scald or decay; May 1, past best commercial
condition, considerable rot; commercial limit March 1.

Peter.

Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Substation, South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: Hard, well colored, No. 1; picked September 9, 1902, stored
September 10; November 14, 1902, in prime market condition, firm and sound;
commercial limit probably January 1. :

Pewaukee.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Well colored, No. 1;
trees 12 years old, picked September 25, 1902, stored September 29; May 1,
1903, firm, no rot or scald. Fruit picked in 1901 kept in similar condition.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Well
colored, No. 1; picked October 7, 1902, stored October 24; May 1, 1903, firm,
decay slight, no scald.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Well colored, No. 1; picked October 8, 1902, stored October 12;
May 1, 1903, firm, no scald or decay.

W. 8. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Well colored, No. 1;
picked October 8, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, no seald or rot, firm.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard,
and undercolored; picked October 4, 1902, stored October 11; May 1, 1903, hard
and green, no rot; fruit picked in 1901 kept in similar condition.

Phoenix.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Poor, scabby, light
red; picked October 1, 1902, stored October 4; May 1, 19038, hard, no scald or
rot. Identity uncertain.

Piper.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard,
green, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, hard, no
scald or decay.

Pound Sweet. (See PumMPKIN SWEET. )
Pride of Texas. (See TExas. )
Pryor. Synonym: Pryor Red.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Hard, No. 1; picked Octo-

ber 11, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, firm, free from rot and scald.
Pryor Red. (See Pryor.)

VARIETY CATALOGUE. 53

Pumpkin Russet.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1; picked
September 17, 1902; stored September 27; January 6, 1903, a little past commer-
cial condition, commencing to soften.

Pumpkin Sweet. Synonyms: Pound Sweet; Lyman’s Pumpkin Sweet.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, well colored,
but many water-cored; trees 10 years old; picked October 1, 1902, stored Octo-
ber 4; in good condition until January 15, 1903, when the fruit began to soften
and deeay; fruit picked in 1901 kept in similar condition.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Medium
sized, hard, and green; picked October 2, 1902, stored October 11; May 1, 19035,
firm, decay slight, no scald; received as Pamplca Sweet.

George T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Large, No. 1; picked October

6, 1902, stored October 9; in good commercial condition until January 1, 1903,
when the fruit began to decay.

This variety often discolors in flesh after it reaches a ripe coudition, but the tex-
ture remains firm after the discoloration takes place.

Quince Cole.

Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Substation, South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: Sound, No.1; picked September 2, 1902, stored September 3;
November 14, 1902, oy quality somewhat impaired, no decay or scald;
commercial limit November 1.

Ralls. Synonyms: Geniton; Ralls Genet; Neverfail.

H. M. Dunlap, Southern Illinois: Small, imperfect, No. 2; picked October 9, 1901,
stored October 15; January 17, 1902, firm, no decay or scald; March 18, consid-
erable decay and some scald.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Bright, clean, No. 1; picked
Ocner 12, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, in prime condition, no rot, or
decay.

Ralls Genet. (See RAuts. )

Rambo.

H. M. Dunlap, Southern Illinois: Well colored, No. 1; picked October 9, 1901,
stored October 15; January 17, 1902, quite ripe, but ee from Eun and scald;
March 18, overripe and commencing to soften. |

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Well colored, No. 1
trees about 100 years old; picked October 1, 1902, stored October 6; in prime
commercial condition until April 1, 1908, when the fruit began to soften. Fruit
picked in 1901 kept in similar condition.

Red Canada. Synonyms: Canada Red; Steele’s Red Winter.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Dark red, No. 1;
trees 6 years old; dates of picking and storing undetermined; in prime commer-
cial condition until April 15, 1902, after which date the fruit softened very
quickly.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Immature,
hard, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, firm, free
from scald and decay.

_ Red Russet.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Dull colored, wormy, No. 2; picked October 18, 1902, stored
October 15; May 1, 1903, firm, no scald or decay.

Red Winter Sweet.

George T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Bright, No. 1; picked October

13, 1902, stored October 19; March 1, 1903, quite mellow, no scald or decay.

o4 | THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Reinette Pippin.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, imma-
ture, No. 1; picked October 1, 1902, stored October 11; March 14, 1903, firm, no
scald, decay slight; May 1, semifirm, quality good, considerable decay. Fruit
picked in 1901 reached its commercial limit US SE 1, 1902, and by March 14
was badly scalded and specked with rot.

Rhode Island. 2

F. L. Bradley, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: Firm, poorly graded; picked Sep-
tember 27, 1902, stored October 3; in commercial condition until March 15, 1903:
May 1, injured by scald and decay. :

J. E. Brown, Wilson, Niagara County, N.Y.: Not closely graded; many small and
wormy truits; dates of picking and storing undetermined; March 13, 1902, con-
siderable scald, decay slight.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N.Y.: Bright, dark green,
No. 1; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 12; in prime commercial condition
until March 15, 1902, when the fruit began to scald; May 1, firm but badly
scalded. Fruit picked in 1902 kept in similar condition.

Z. A. Gilbert, Farmington, Franklin County, Me.: Small, green, fair, No. 1; pick-
ing date undetermined, stored November 14, 1902; May 1, 1803, in good commer-
cial condition, free from scald and decay.

W. T. Mann, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: Bright, large, No. 1; from heavy
soil, very green; from sandy soil, larger and yellower; picked October 11, 1902,
stored October 15; May 1, 1903, in prime commercial condition, no scald or
decay. ;

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Dull green, No. 2, covered with ‘“‘flyspeck’’ fungus; picked Octo-
ber 8, 1902, stored October 12; in commercial condition until February 1, 1903,
eee the fruit began to mellow and grow mealy, while very green outside.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard,
sound, No. 1; picked October 3, 1902, stored October 11; in good commercial
condition until March 15, 1903, when the fruit began to discolor and soften.
Fruit picked in 1901 kept in similar condition until the middle of March, 1902,
except for the appearance of considerable scald.

George T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Bright, well colored, No. 1;
picked October 5, 1902, stored October 9; in good commercial condition until
May 1, 1903, when the scald began to appear.

Rhode Island Greening. (See RHODE ISLAND. )
Rhodes.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Poorly
colored, No. 1; picked October 1 to 12, 1901, stored October 25; in prime condi-
tion till April 1, 1902, after which it became oe in good condition for box
storage till May 1; no scald; picked September 22, 1902, stored September 2
mellow by January 15, 1903.

Rhodes Orange. (See RHODEs.)
Richardson's Red. (See Beacu.)

\

Rome.
A. A. Boggs, Waynesville, Haywood County, N. C.: Large, dark red, No. 1;
picked September 15, 1902, stored September 26; March 1, 1903, firm, no scald

or rot.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, light

colored, No. 1; picked November 5, 1902, stored November 15; March 14, 1903,
firm and sound. Fruit picked in 1901 in good commercial condition until
May 1, 1902.

-

Cee er ee ree ae Seager See

oe ee

VARIETY CATALOGUE. 55

Rome—Continued.

G. E. Spohr, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Small, poorly colored; dates of
picking and storing undetermined; March 20, 1902, considerably shriveled, but
free from rot and scald.

Rome Beauty. (See Rome. )
Roxbury.

F. L. Bradley, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: Sound, No. 1; picked October 1,
. 1902, stored October 3; in good commercial condition until May 1, 19038, aside
from slight shriveling. .

5 J. E. Brown, Wilson, Niagara County, N. Y.: No. 1; dates of picking and storing
¢ undetermined; May 1, 1902, in prime commercial condition, no shriveling, free
from rot.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Medium sized, green, not well russeted; picked October 13,
1902, stored October 15; May 1, 1903,-in good commercial condition, no rot,
some wilting.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: No. 1; picked November
4, 1901, stored November 12; May 1, 1902, in prime commercial condition, no
wilting, free from rot.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;
picked October 24, 1902, stored November 15; May 1, 1903, firm, no decay.
Fruit picked in 1901 kept in similar condition.

- George T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Large, bright, No. 1; picked ~
October 16, 1902, stored October 19; in prime commercial condition until May 1,
1903. :

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.;
Bright, No. 1; picked September 26, 1901, stored October; May 1, 1902, in prime
commercial condition, no wilting or decay.

Roxbury Russet. (See Roxpury.)

Salome.

W. 8S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Large, bright, highly
colored, No. 1; picked October 9, 1901, stored October 18; semifirm January 1,
1902, but held in prime condition till May 1, when scald appeared and the fruit
mellowed.

New York State’ Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard,
medium sized, light colored; picked October 12, 1902, stored October 21; in good
condition till April 1, 1903, when scald appeared freely; June 1, still hard, but
all scalded.

Scarlet Cranberry.

Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire County,
Mass.: Medium to small, very hard, dull colored; picked October 13, 1902, stored
October 15; May 1, 1903, hard, no scald or rot; would probably have kept much
longer. .

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Large, bright, well colored,
No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, hard, bright, no-
scald or decay; would probably have kept much longer.

Scott Winter. Synonym: Scott’s Red Winter.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;

picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, sound, firm, but slightly
wilted; no scald.

Scott's Red Winter. _ (See Scorr WINTER. )

Seeknofurther. (See WESTFIELD. )

TRF ED

56 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Senator. (See OLIveEr. ) =
Sharp. -

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard,
immature; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; firm till January 15,
1902; semifirm till March 15, after which scald appeared and the fruit softened.

Shiawassee. Synonym: Shiawassee Beauty.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Well colored. iair grade; picked October 13, 1902, stored October
15; firm till December 1, 1902, after which it softened and later burst open.

Shiawassee Beauty. (See SHIAWASSEE. )
Smith. Synonym: Smith Cider.

A. A. Boggs, Waynesville, Haywood County, N. C.: Large, bright, light colored,
No. 1; picked September 25, 1902, stored September 30; firm till December 1,
1902, after which it softened and decayed badly.

H. M. Dunlap, Southern Illinois: Well colored, medium sized, No. 1; picked Sep-
tember 9, 1901, stored September 15; December 1, 1902, semifirm; in good box
condition till February 1, 1902, after which scald appeared.

G. E. Spohr, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Light colored, No. 1; picked
October 3, 1901, stored October 12; in good commercial condition till February
15, 1902, after which scald appeared and the fruit mellowed.

Smith Cider. (See Smiru. )
Snow. (See FaMEvse. )
Spitzenburg. (See Esopus. )
Spohr.

G. E. Spohr, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Well colored, No. 1; picked Octo-
ber 3, 1901, stored October 12; hard and in prime commercial condition Maren
20, 1902, and apparently would have kept well throughout storage season; no
rot or scald. The fruit received under this name appears to be Missouri Pippin.

Springdale.

_ W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Large, well colored, No.
1; picked November 5, 1901, stored November 12; hard and in prime condition
throughout storage season; removed from storage June 14, 1902, still hard and
of bright color, no rot or scald; a long keeper.

Stanard.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Highly
colored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; good commercial
barrel condition till April 1; semifirm and in good box condition till May 1, 1902;
no scald or rot; picked September 19, 1902, stored September 27; mellow after
March 1, 19038.

Stark. pet

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Large,

- well colored, bright, No. 1; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 14; in prime
commercial condition June 14, 1902, when removed from storage; no scald or
decay.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Medium sized, hard, fair
colored, No. 1; picked October 2, 1901, stored October 8; scald appeared aiter
April 1, 1902, but fruit remained hard throughout storage season.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard,
greenish red, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; hard with no
scald or decay June 6, 1902, when removed from storage.

Stayman. (See SrayMan WINESAP. )

“I

VARIETY CATALOGUE. ~ 5

Stayman Winesap. Synonym: Stayman.

A. A. Boggs, Waynesville, Haywood County, N.C.: Fancy, dark red, bright, large,
No. 1; picked October 25, 1902, stored November 26; overripe from delay on
entering storage; 25 per cent decayed January 1, 1903; no scald.

S. H. Derby, Woodside, Kent County, Del.: Well colored, considerable injury
from codling moth; picked September 29, 1902, stored October 1; May 1, 1903,
in prime commercial condition, firm, no scald or rot.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Medium
sized, rather dull colored, No. 1; picked October | to 12, 1901, stored October 21;
in good condition till April 1, 1902, when the fruit began to scald; May 1, 65 per
cent scalded, balance of fruit still hard.

Steele’s Red Winter. (See Rep CANnaDa.)

Strode. Synonym: Strode’s Birmingham.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small,
eieenish yellow; picked September 20, 1902, stored September 27; in good con-
dition till December 15, 1902, after which the skin cracked open, while the fruit
was still firm.

Strode’s Birmingham. (See STRODE. )

Stuart Golden.
W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Bright, hard, No. 1; picked
October 11, 1901, stored October 18; in prime commercial condition, hard, bright,
no scald or rot, June 14, 1902, when taken from storage.

Sutton. Synonym: Sutton Beauty.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Medium sized, bright, dark red, No. 1; picked October 8, 1902,
stored October 12; firm for barrel storage till February 1, 1903; semifirm and in
good condition for box storage till March 15, 1903, after which the fruit became
mellow; no scald or rot.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Medium
sized, well colored, but rather dull, No. 1; picked October 21, 1902, stored Octo-
ber 27; firm for barrel storage till March 15, 1903; in good condition for box storage
till April 15, 1903.

George T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Fancy, large, bright, dark red,
from young trees; picked October 6, 1902, stored October 9; firm for barrel storage
till February 1, 1903; semifirm and in good condition for box storage till March 1,
after which the flesh softened and became mealy; no rot or scald.

This variety does not keep as long as Baldwin from the same orchards.

Sutton Beauty. (See Surron. )

Swaar.

Near Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Clean, No. 1;
picked October 9, 1901, stored October 13; March 20, 1902, firm, no scald or rot.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Dull colored, fair, No. 1; picked October 8, 1902, stored October
12; May 1, 1903, firm, no rot or scald.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, green,
No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, firm, no decay,
scald slight.

George T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Bright, greenish yellow, No. 1;
picked October 18, 1902, stored October 19; May 1, 1903, in prime market con-
dition, no scald or rot.

Talman Sweet. (See Toiman. )

58 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.
Texas. Synonym: Pride of Texas. is

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard,
and green; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, firm, no
rot, considerable scald.

Titovka.

Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Sabeciten South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: Large, well colored, No. 1; picked August 21, 1902, stored Sep-
tember 3; September 16, 1902, fully ripe and highly colored; N ovember 14, over-
ripe; many fruits cracked open and flesh discolored. ;

Titus. Synonym: Titus Pippin.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, green,
No. 1; picked October 6, 1902, stored October 11; May 1, 1903, firm, no decay
or scald.

Titus Pippin. (See Trrus. )
Tolman. Synonyms: Tolman Sweet; Talman Sweet.

F. L. Bradley, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: Fair, No.1; picked October 9, 1902,
stored October 15; May 1, 1908, firm, no decay or scald.

Z. A. Gilbert, Farmington, Franklin County, Me.: Fair, No.1; picking date unde-
termined, stored November 14, 1902; May 1, 1903, hard, no decay or scald.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Bright, clear yellow,

“No. 1; trees 40 years old; picked October 1, 1902, stored October 4; May 1, 1903,
firm, no decay or scald; fruit picked in 1901 kept in similar condition.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Bright, No. 1; picked September 30, 1902, stored October 3;
began to mellow after March 1, 1903; no scald or rot.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard,
No. 1; picked September 27, 1902, stored October 1; May 1, (1908, firm, no
decay, scald slight.

Tolman Sweet. (See Totman. )
Tompkins King. Synonym: King.

F. L. Bradley, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: Well colored, No. 1; picked Octo-
ber 9, 1902, stored October 15; in good commercial condition until April 15,
1903, after which the fruit became mellow.

J. E. Brown, Wilson, Niagara County, N. Y.: Well colored, No. 1; picked October
9, 1901, stored October 17; April 9, 1902, in good commercial condition, decay
slight, no scald; commercial limit May 1.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: lence dark red,
No. 1; trees 13 years old; picked October 5, 1901, stored October 12; May 1, —
1902, firm, no scald or rot; fruit packed in 1902 did not keep later than April 1,
1903.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Medium sized, bright, half colored, picked September 30, 1902,
stored October 3; May 1, 1903, firm, no rot or seald. 5s

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small,
hard, and green; picked September 23, 1902, stored September 27; May 1, 1903,
green and hard, no decay or scald; fruit picked in 1901 kept in sound condusion
until May 1, 1902.

George T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Very large, well colored, No. 1,
from young, rank-growing trees; picked October 4, 1902, stored October 9; held
well until January 1, 1903, when the fruit began to soften and become mealy.

Tufts. Synonym: Tufts Baldwin.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard,
greenish red, No. 1; picked September 16, 1902, stored September 27; March 14,
19038, firm and sound; May 1, softening, no rot, scald slight.

f

VARIETY CATALOGUE. 59

Tufts Baldwin. (See Turts.)
Twenty Ounce. Synonym: Cayuga Redstreak.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, well col-
ored, No. 1; trees 12 years old; dates of picking and storing undetermined; Janu-
ary 15, 1902, ripe, but still firm and sound.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Well col-
ored, No. 1; picked September 25, 1902, stored September 29; January 6, 1903,
mellow, commencing to decay. Fruit picked in 1901 kept well until February
QO 2e

Vanhoy.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard,
green, fair, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902,
firm, no rot, considerable scald.

Via.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
Clean, No. 1; picked September 26, 1901, stored October 18; May 1, 1902, semi-
firm, no decay or scald; good commercial condition for storage in boxes.

Victoria Sweet.
New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Well col-
ored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; January 10, 1902, beau-
tifully colored, quite mellow.

Wagener.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Fair, No. 1; picked
October 1, 1902, stored October 4; began scalding February 1, 1903, and by
March 15 over 50 per cent of the fruit was scalded; commercial limit about Feb-
ruary 1 on account of scald.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, well
colored, No. 1; picked November 5, 1902, stored November 15; March 14, firm,
no decay or scald; May 1, 1903, soft, considerable decay, no scald.

George T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Half red, No. 1; picked Octo-
ber 16, 1902, stored October 19; held in prime condition until April 1, 1903; no
rot or scald; after February 1 the light side of the fruit would scald badly within
forty-eight hours after removal from storage.

This variety unless highly colored is one of the worst to scald after midwinter.

Walbridge.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, well colored,
No. 1; picked October 7, 1902, stored October 12; in good commercial condition
until February 1, 1903, when scald began to develop. Fruit picked in 1901 kept
in similar condition. Commercial limit February 1 to 15,

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Penobscot County, Me.: Hard,
medium sized, No. 1; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 24; March 11, 1902,
firm, no scald or rot; commercial limit May 1, after which scald and decay
appeared.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Hard, poorly colored, fair, No. 1; picked October 13, 1902, stored
October 15; May 1, 1908, hard, no rot or scald.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, green,
fair, No.1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; after March 15, 1902, the
fruit softened and much of it became mealy.

This variety often ripens unevenly and becomes mealy and discolored in flesh
while the skin is bright in color |

66 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Washington Royal. Synonym: Palmer Greening.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County: Bright, clear vellow, No. 1; picked October 8, 1902, stored October 12;
in good commercial condition until January 1, 1903, when the fruit began to
soiten; in good condition for storage in boxes till February 1.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard,
and green; picked October 3, 1902, stored October 11; April 30, 1903, mellow,
no rot or scald; commercial hmit March 1; fruit softens without developing yel-
low color.

Washington Strawberry.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Light col-
ored, No. 1; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; January 10, 1902, mel-
low, no scald or rot; commercial limit December 1, 1901.

Wealthy.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, dark red, No.
1; picked September 20, 1902, stored September ie in prime commercial condi-
tion until January 1, 1903, after which it began to soften and fade in color.
Fruit picked in 1901 kept in similar condition.

E. Hutchins, Fennyille,. Allegan County, Mich.: Light colored, No. 1; picked
August 28, 1902, stored September 2; November 14, 1902, in prime commercial
condition, free from rot and scald; would have kept well for a number of weeks
longer.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Small, hard,
and immature; picked September 18, 1902, stored September 27; March 14, 1903,
semifirm, decay slight, no scald.

Western Beauty.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: No. 1;

picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; May 1, 1902, firm, no rot or scald.
Westfield. Synonym: Seeknofurther.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Large, well colored,
No. 1; picked October 1, 1902, stored October 5; May 1, 1903, firm, no rot or
scald. Fruit picked in 1901, not so well colored, kept in similar condition.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Station, Amherst, Hampshire
County, Mass.: Large, greenish, No. 1; picked October 8, 1902, stored October
12; May 1, 1903, hard, no rot or scald. :

George T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Medium sized, half colored;
picked October 6, 1902, stored October 9; May 1, 1903, firm, no rot or scald.

White Doctor.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario Gonnen N. Y.: Small, green-
ish yellow; picked September 20, 1902, stored September 27; March 14, 1903,
semifirm, decay slight, all scalded slightly. Fruit picked ia 1901 kept in similar
condition. Commercial limit February 1.

White Pippin.

A. A: Boggs, Waynesville, Haywood County, N. C.: Bright, large, No. 1; picked
September 18, 1902, stored September 25; May 1, 1903, firm, no rot, scald light
on afew; commercial limit April 15.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Sound, No.
1; picked October 6, 1902, stored October 11; March 14, 1903, firm, no scald;
commercial limit April 15; fruit picked in 1901 after March 1, 1902, softened
rapidly and decayed.

White Pearmain. Synonym: White Winter Pearmain.

Near Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Small, imma-
ture; picked October 16, 1901, stored October 19; May 1, 1902, hard, no rot or
scald.

a

ew a ee

VARIETY CATALOGUE. 61

White Winter Pearmain. (See WurrrE PEARMAIN.)
Willow. Synonym: Willowtwig.

H. M. Dunlap, Savoy, Ill:: No. 1;-picked October 10, 1901, stored October 16;
March 18, 1902, firm, slightly injured by scald and rot.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
No. 2; cloudy and wormy; picked September 20, 1901; date of storing unde-
termined; May 1, 1902, commencing to shrivel, no scald, decay slight.

Willowtwig. (See Witiow.)
Winesap.

S. H. Derby, Woodside, Kent County, Del.: Hard, light red, No. 1; picked Sep-
tember 29, 1902, stored September 31; May 1, 1903, hard, no scald or rot; in
prime condition to carry for many weeks.

G. J. Dodd, Greenwood, Jackson County, Mo.: Well colored, No. 1; picked Octo
ber 1, 1901, stored October 4; March 10, 1903, in prime commercial condition,
no rot, scald very shght; commercial limit, on account of scald, March 15.

H. M. Dunlap, Savoy, Champaign County, Ill.: No. 1; slightly wormy; picked
October 23, 1901, stored October 28; January 17, 1902, sound and in good com.
mercial condition; March 18, firm, no scald, decay slight; fruit picked two
weeks earlier and lighter in color was one-third scalded.

G. G. Hitchings, South Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y.: Small, hard, dark
red; trees 6 years old; picked October 13, 1902, stored October 16; kept well
until March 1, 1908, when scald began to develop. Fruit picked in 1901 kept
in similar condition.. Hard throughout storage season.

Near Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan, Riley County, Kans.: Hard, small,
poorly colored; picked October 4, 1901, stored October 10; March 20, 1902, hard,
no rot or scald; commercial hmit probably April 15.

S. L. Lupton, Winchester, Frederick County, Va.: Fair, No. 1; color fair; some-
what cloudy and wormy; picked October 18, 1901, stored October 22; March 27,
1902, firm, decay very slight, about one-third scalded.

Ozark Orchard Company, Goodman, McDonald County, Mo.: Well colored, No. 1;
picked October 8, 1902, stored October 13; March 10, 1903, firm, no scald, 20 per
cent of rot; commercial limit February 1.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Hard, small,
light colored; picked October 12, 1901, stored October 21; March 14, 1902, firm,
no decay or scald; April 30, about 75 per cent of scald, no decay, hard.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
Medium sized, fair, No. 1; picked September 30, 1901, stored October 17; May
1, 1902, firm, no scald, very shght decay, and wilting.

Winter Maiden Blush. (See GREENVILLE. )

Winter Paradise. Synonym: Winter Sweet Paradise.
W. 8. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: No. 1; dates of picking
and storing undetermined; May 27, 1902, in prime commercial condition, no rot
or scald.

Winter Streifling.

Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Substation, South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: Light colored, No. 1; picked September 1, 1902, stored Septem-
ber 3; November 14, 1902, hard and sound; would have kept a number of weeks
longer.

Winter Sweet Paradise. (See WINTER PARADISE. )
Wolf River.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Large,
bright, No. 1; picked September 25, 1902, stored September 27; January 6, 1903,
in prime commercial condition, no rot or scald.

62 : THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

Yellow Bellflower. Synonym: Bellflower.

F. L. Bradley, Barker, Niagara County, N. Y.: No. 2 grade, scabby and russete1;
picked October 9, 1902, s stored October 15; May 1, 1903, semifirm and free from
scald and decay.

G. T. Powell, Ghent, Columbia County, N. Y.: Highly colored, No. 1; picked
October 9, 1902, stored October 13; April 1, 1903, beginning to mellow, no scald
or rot.

Yellow Newtown. Synonyms: Albemarle; Newtown Pippin; Yellow Newtown
Pippin. .

S. L. Lupton, Winchester, Frederick County, Va.: Medium sized, well colored,

wormy; picked October 7, 1901, stored October 10; May 1, 1902, firm, decay and
scald slight; commercial limit April 1.

W. 8. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Bright, No. 1; picked
October 10, 1901, stored October 18; June 14, 1902, in prime commercial con-
dition, no scald or decay.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
Somewhat wormy; picked September 27, 1901, stored October 17; June 14, 1902,
firm, color and quality good; decay and scald slight; commercial limit May 15.

Yellow Newtown Pippin. (See YELLow Newtown. )
York Imperial. Synonym: Johnson's Fine Winter.
A. A. Boggs, Waynesville, Haywood County, N. C.: Hard, bright, half colored,

oe”)

No. 1; picked September 18, 1902, stored September 25; May 1, 1903, firm, no-

scald or decay.

S. L. Lupton, Winchester, Frederick County, Va.: Medium grade, greenish red,
considerable codling moth; picked October 4, 1901, stored October 12; scalded
badly after January 1, 1902; fruit picked October 23, dark red, began to scald
after February 1, but did not scald as badly as the early picked fruit; the com-
mercial limit of the dark fruit was six weeks longer.

New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y.: Medium to
small, light colored, very hard; picked October 1-12, 1901, stored October 21;
began to scald February 15, 1902, and a month later three-fourths of the fr ni
was lightly scalded on the green side; remained firm throughout season; com-
mercial limit February 15 to March 15.

Ozark Orchard Company, Goodman, McDonald County, Mo.: Large, well colored,
No. 1; picked October 8, 1902, stored October 13; March 10, 1903, overripe,

somewhat shriveled, one-third of the fruit decayed, no scald; commercial limit

January 15.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va.:
Bright, well colored, No. 1; picked September 26, 1901, stored October 17; Jan-
uary 24, 1902, firm, no decay, one-third of the fruit slightly scalded; commercial
limit January 1.

F. Wellhouse, Tonganoxie, Leavenworth County, Kans.: Two-thirds colored;
picked October 8, 1901, stored October 12; March 20, 1902, slightly wilted, some
decay, one-fourth of the fruit scalded; commercial limit February 15.

York Stripe.

W.S. Miller, Gerrardstown, Berkeley County, W. Va.: Fair, No. 1; picked Octo-
ber 7, 1901, stored October 18; May 27, 1902, firm, slight decay, and scald;
commercial limit May 1.

Zolotoreff.

Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Substation, South Haven, Van Buren
County, Mich.: Large, well colored, No. 1; picked August 24, 1902, stored Sep-
tember 3; September 16, 1902, mellow, no rot or scald; November 14, appear-
ance of fruit quite good, but flesh dry, discolored, and tasteless.

ay So ge ee, Oe, nl ee

SUMMARY.

An apple usually should- be fully grown and highly colored when
picked, to give it the best keeping and commercial qualities. When
harvested in that condition it is less liable to scald, of better quality.

- more attractive in appearance, and is worth more money than when it
_ is picked in greener condition. (See pp. 16-18.)

An exception to the statement appears to exist in the case of certain
varieties when borne on rapidly growing young trees. Such fruit
is likely to be overgrown, and under these conditions the apples may
need picking before they reach their highest color and full development.
(See pp. 17, 23, 24.)

Uniform color may be secured by pruning to let the sunlight into
the tree, by cultural conditions that check the growth of the tree early
in the fall, and by picking over the trees several times, taking the
apples in each picking that have attained the desired degree of colov
and size. (See pp. 18, 19.)

Apples should be-stored as quickly as possible after picking. The

- fruit ripens rapidly after it is picked, especially if the weather is hot.

The ripening which takes place hetween the time of picking and
storage shortens the life of the fruit in the storage house. The fruit
rots multiply rapidly if storage is delayed and the fruit becomes heated.
If the weather is cool enough to prevent after-ripening, a delay in the

storage of the fruit may not be injurious to its keeping quality. (See

pp: 19. 21.)

A temperature of 31° to 82° F. retards the ripening processes more
than a higher temperature. This temperature favors the fruit in
other respects. (See pp. 21, 22.)

A fruit wrapper retards the ripening of the fruit; it preserves its
bright color, checks transpiration and lessens wilting, protects the
apple from bruising, and prevents the spread of fungous spores from
decayed to perfect fruit. In commercial practice the use of the
wrapper may be advisable on the finest grades of fruit that are placed
on the market in small packages. (See pp. 22, 23.)

Apples that are to be stored for any length of time should be placed
in closed packages. Fruit in ventilated packages is likely to be injured
by wilting. Delicate fruit and fruit on which the ripening processes
need to be quickly checked should be stored in the smallest practicable
commercial package. The fruit cools more rapidly in small packages.
(See pp. 24, 25.)

Apples should be in a firm condition when taken from storage, and
kept in a low temperature after removal. A high temperature hastens
decomposition and develops scald. (See pp. 25, 26.)

63

64 3 THE APPLE IN COLD STORAGE.

The best fruit keeps best in storage. When the crop is light it may
pay to store fruit of inferior grade, but in this case the grades should
be established when the fruit is picked. The bruising of the fruit
leads to premature decay. (See p. 26.)

The scald is probably caused by a ferment or enzyme which works
most rapidly in a high temperature. Fruit picked before it is mature
is more susceptible than highly colored, well-developed fruit. (See
pp. 26-28.)

After the fruit is picked its ee to scald increases as the
ripening progresses. (See pp. 28, 29.)

The ripening that takes place ae the picking of the fruit ‘ont
its storage makes it more susceptible to scald, and delay in storing the
fruit in hot weather is particularly injurious. (See pp. 30, 31.)

The fruit scalds least ina low temperature. On removal from stor-
age late in the season the scald develops quickly, especially when the
temperature is high. (See pp. 29, 30.)

It does not appear practicable to treat the fruit with gases or other
substances to prevent the scald. (See pp. 32, 33.)

From the practical standpoint the scald may be prevented to the
greatest extent by producing highly colored, well-developed fruit, by
storing it as soon as it is picked in a temperature of 31° to 32° F, by
removing it from storage while it is still free from scald, and by hold-
ing it after removal in the coolest possible temperature. (See pp.
26-31.) |

A variety may differ in its keeping quality when grown in different
parts of the country. It may vary when grown in the same locality
under different cultural conditions. The character of the soil, the age
of the trees, the care of the orchard—all of these factors modify the
growth of the tree and fruit and may affect the keeping quality of the
apples. The character of the season also modifies the keeping power
of the fruit. (See pp. 33-62.) 3

A iS.

1202—No. 48—03-——5

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

PuaTE I. Frontispiece. Apple scald. The upper figure shows a light-colored York
Imperial apple in March, 1903, with scald, which develops first and most
severely on the least mature side of the fruit. The lower figure shows a highly
colored York Imperial apple picked from the same tree at the time (October,
1902) when the upper specimen was picked. A trace of scald is shown on the
right-hand side of the apple, where the color is not so dark as elsewhere.

Highly colored fruit is less susceptible to scald than fruit picked in an imma-
ture condition.

PuatE I]. Tompkins King apples, February, 1903. This fruit was picked at two
degrees of maturity in September, 1902, from young, rapidly growing trees. The
upper specimen represents fruit that was highly colored but firm when picked;
the lower figure shows fruit one-half to two-thirds colored. The less mature
fruit kept in good condition a month longer than the highly colored apple.
These apples were overgrown—a condition likely to occur on young trees.

From older trees, apples that are fully grown, highly colored, and firm when
picked have kept as well in all cases (and better in many) than immature and
undercolored fruit. The dark-colored York Imperial apples from older trees
represented by the lower figure in Plate I, frontispiece, have longer-keeping
qualities than the less mature fruit shown in the upper figure.

Puate III. Methods of wrapping and packing apples. Fig. 1.—Apples unwrapped
and in tissue, parchment, and wax wrappers, in order from left to right.

The wrapper retards the ripening of the fruit, preserves its bright color, checks
transpiration, lessens wilting, protects the apple from bruising, and prevents the
spread of fungous spores from decayed to perfect fruit.

Fig. 2.—Well packed barrel of Esopus Spitzenburg apples removed from stor-
age in March, 1903. The fruit was properly packed in the orchard and repacking
was not needed when the fruit was sold.

Fig. 3.—‘‘Slack’’ packed barrel of Northern Spy apples removed from storage
in March, 1903. The fruit was not packed firmly in the orchard. It settled in
the barrel, leaving it ‘‘slack’’ when removed from storage. Barrels in this con-
dition need to be repacked. The fruit is easily bruised and it deteriorates more
quickly in the storage house and after removal when it is loosely packed.

Puate IV. Baldwin apples from clay and from sandy soils, May 1, 1903. This fruit
was picked in the same orchard in October, 1902, and was stored soon after pick-
ing at a temperature of 32° F. The fruit from the heavy clay soil represented
by the upper figure was generally smaller and was much less highly colored.
Both lots kept well throughout the storage season. The fruit from the sandy
land represented in the lower figure was riper at the end of the storage season,
better in quality, and worth more to the dealer and to the consumer.

Puate V. Scald on Rhode Island Greening apple. The cross section shows that the
scald is a surface trouble and does not extend into the flesh.

Pirate VI. Wagener apple. The upper figure represents the condition of the fruit
when removed from storage in February, 1903, it having been picked in October,
1902, and stored at a temperature of 32° F. There was no scald on the apples
when removed. Forty-eight hours later, after the fruit had been in a tempera-
ture of 70° F., the light-colored portion of the apples was badly scalded, as
shown in the lower figure.

Late in the storage season the fruit is more susceptible to scald, and a high
temperature when the fruit is removed from the storage house may develop it
quickly.

66
O

48, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE II.

TOMPKINS KING APPLES. OVERGROWN ON YOUNG TREES.

Bul. 48, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.

Fic. 1.—APPLES UNWRAPPED AND IN TISSUE, PARCHMENT, AND WAX WRAPPERS.

Fic. 2,—WELL PACKED Esopus SPITZENBURG Fic. 3.—‘* Stack”? PackED NORTHERN SPY
APPLES, REMOVED FROM STORAGE IN APPLES, REMOVED FROM STORAGE IN
MARCH. MARCH.

METHODS OF WRAPPING AND PACKING APPLES.

- 48, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

OF

ome a +

BALDWIN APPLES.

UPPER FIGURE FROM CLAY SOIL; LOWER FIGURE FROM SANDY SOIL.

PLATE IV.

a)
Jadsttayr.

2

i. 48, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.

Fat AAD)
B Angee he?
WS, | QOBSOUESTL..

Reese A

SCALD ON RHODE ISLAND GREENING APPLE.

. 48, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

WAGENER APPLE.

LOWER FIGURE, SCALD DEVELOPED AFTER REMOVAL FROM STORAGE

PLATE VI.

HOUSE.