A
57.2:Y3

MOi'lTAilA DEPARTHENT OF FISH AND GAME

AQUATIC HABITAT INVENTORY

OF THE

BEAVER CREEK DRAINAGE

AND

SELECTED TRIBUTARIES OF THE YELLOWSTONE RIVER

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

S333 95?F2«hl 197»c 1

AquatK habtlat mvsniory of tht B«av*r

lllllllllllllllllllll

FINAL REPORT

3 0864 00052379 8

AFRIL h 1977 - SEPTEMBER 30. J978

i

- J \ ' ; I- Y-. r-r- M , J, /■.

PLEASE RETURN

PREPARED FOR AND SUBMITTED TO

BUREAU OF LArJD mllAGF^£NT
YS-512-CT7-7^

BY:

Al Elser

HRIS ClanCEY
,ANI flORRIS

HARK Georges

STATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION

MAR 2 4 10«^

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

1515 E. 6th AVE.
HELENA, MONTANA 69620

A
57.2:Y3

»

MOilTANA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME

AQUATIC HABITAT INVENTORY

OF THE

BEAVER CREEK DRAINAGE

AND

SELECTED TRIBUTARIES OF THE YELLOWSTONE RIVER

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

S 333.952 F2ahi 1978 c.1

Aquatic habitat inventory of the Beaver

FINAL REPORT

3 0864 00052379 8

AFRfL 1, 1977 - SEPTEMBER 30. 1973

;■•;.'.

'/^.

ummm

PLEASE RETURN

PREPARED FOR AND SUBMITTED TO

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
YS-512-CT7-74

BY

- Al Elser
Chris Clancey
LAN I Morris
Mark Georges

STATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION

MAR 2 4 locf^

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

1515 E. 6th AVE.
HELENA, MONTANA 59620

JUN 271990
MftY 151991

F£B 17 2000

<■

>^

\y)

,0

V

,r.-^

i ^'^ is

TABLr or f.ONTrNT'

List of Tables ii

L ist of riquros i i i

Introduction 1

Description of Study Area 2

Methods 6

Resu 1 ts a

Physical and Chemical Parameters 8

Stream Habitat Analysis 10

Hydrophytes 1<!

Aquatic Invertebrates 12

Fish 47

Beaver Creek 47

Species Composition and Distribution 47

Walleye 52

Sauqer 54

Aqe nnd Growth 55

Channel catfish 56

Northern [)i ke 60

Species diversity 60

Species Interactions 62

Beaver Creek Tributaries 62

Little Beaver Creek 65

Hay Creek 65

Lame Steer Creek 65

Lame Steer Lake 65

Yellowstone River Tributaries 67

Smith Creek 67

Box Elder Creek 67

Cotton Creek 67

Glendive Creek 67

Griffith Creek 68

Hodqes Creek 68

Kruq Creek 68

Classification of Streams 73

Discussion 75

Literature Cited 78

Appendix (Beaver Creek Drainaqe Samplinq Sites) 82

Appendix II (Yellowstone Drainaqe Samplinq Sites) 85

Appendix III (Stream Rating Procedures and Classification Sheets) 87

Appendix IV

LIST OF TABLF.S

Table Page

1. General chemical parameters measured at three sections on Reaver
Creek, 1977 and 1978 11

2. Summary of physical measurements and habitat conditions of Beaver
Creek and Little Beaver Creek, 1977 17

3. Summary of physical measurements and habitat conditions of lower
Yellowstone tributaries 17

4. List of hydrophytes for the Beaver Creek Aquatic Study 18

5. Relative abundance of organisms found in each drainaqe 20

6. Species diversity (d), redundancy (R), and equitability (Em) of
aquatic invertebrates of Beaver Creek, Beaver Creek tributaries and
Yellowstone River tributaries, 1977 46

7. Species diversity (d), redundancy (R) and equitability (Em) of
fish samples from Beaver Creek, Beaver Creek tributaries and
Yellowstone River tributaries for 1977 and 1978 61

8. General water chemistry parameters measured on Beaver Creek
tributaries, 1977 and 1978 66

9. Distribution of fishes in Beaver Creek tributaries, 1977-1978.
Montana species of special concern underlined 66

10. General chemistry measurements from Yellowstone River tributaries

1 977-1 978 68

11. Distribution of fishes in tributary streams of the Yellowstone

River 1977-78. Montana species of special concern underlined 69

12. Stream classification values for Beaver Creek, Beaver Creek
tributaries and Yellowstone River tributaries 74

n

LIST OF nnuRrs

Figure Page

1 . na() of study area -3

2. Map of Beaver Creek drainage showing study sections. (T)
indicates thermograph locations. Streams which were intermittent
and not included at^ shown by broken lines 4

3. Map of Yellowstone River tributaries showing study sections.
Streams which were intermittent and not included are shown by
broken 1 ines 5

4. Longitudinal profile of Beaver Creek 7

5. Mean monthly flows for Beaver Creek near Wibaux, for period of
record ( 1 938-1 968 ) 9

6. Daily mean water temperatures for sections 55 and 84, Beaver
Creek, 1977 13

7. Daily mean water temperatures for section 1, Beaver Creek, 1978. 14

8. Five-day mean-maximum and minimum water temperatures, section 54,
Beaver Creek, 1978 15

9. Five-day mean-maximum and minimum water temperatures, section 84,
Beaver Creek, 1978 16

10. Distribution of taxa at all sites in the Beaver Creek drainage.. 24

11. Distribution of taxa at all sites in the Yellowstone drainage... 36

12. rjumber of genera of the three major orders of aquatic invertebrates
found at each sampling site on Beaver Creek, 1977 45

13. Distribution of fishes found in the Beaver Creek drainage, 1977.. 48

14. Distribution of fishes in the Beaver Creek drainage, 1978 49

15. Kite diagram showing distribution and relative abundance of major
fish species in Beaver Creek. Width of kite at each site is
proportional to the number of that species caught 50

16. Length-freguencv distribution of creek chubs taken in Beaver
Creek, 1978 51

17. Length-freguency distribution of sauger and v/alleye collected
spring, 1978, in Beaver Creek 53

18. Number of sauger caught per sampling effort, Beaver Creek, 1978.. 55

n 1

List of Fiqures Continued

Paqe

19. Lenqth-weight relationship of sauger from Beaver Creek, 1978 57

20. Length-weiqht relationship of walleye from Beaver Creek, 1978 58

21. Discharge of Beaver Creek, sections 1, 54, and 84, 1978 59

22. Comparison of minnow complexes, Beaver Creek, 1977 63

23. Comparison of minnow complexes, Beaver Creek, 1978 64

24. Kite diaqram showinq distribution and relative abundance of fishes
in Little Beaver Creek. Width of kite at each station represents
number of individuals taken 70

25. Kite diaqram showinq distribution and relative abundance of
fishes taken in Smith Creek. Width of kite at each section is
proportional to the number of individuals taken 71

26. Kite diaqram showinq distribution and relative abundance of fishes
in Box Elder Creek. Width of kite is proportional to the number

of individuals collected 72

IV

INTRODUCTinN

Historically, aqriculture has been the most important industry of the
Northern Great Plains. In 1975, over 40"', of the primary employment in
Montana v/as provided by agriculture (Montana Dept. of Community Affairs
1976). Irrigated agriculture is also the largest consumer of water in the
Great Plains region. But another industry looms on the horizon, threatening
not only land but water, and that industry is coal development. In 1971,
the North Central Power Study (North Central Power Study Coordinating
Committee, 1971) described 42 potential power plant sites in the five-state
Northern Great Plains region. These plants fired by Northern Great Plains
coal, would generate 200,000 megawatts of electricity, consume 3.4 million
acre-feet of water annually and result in a large population increase.

Strip mining itself involves little use of water, tiow important the
energy industry becomes as a water user depends on: 1) how much of the coal
mined in the region is exported, and by what means, and 2) by what process
and to what end product the remainder is converted within the region. If
conversion follows the patterns project by the Old West Regional Comnission
Study (Falser, et al . 1977), the energy industry will use from 48,350 to
326,740 acre feet of water annually by the year 2000.

Coal reserves are plentiful in the Beaver Creek drainage and from the
earliest days, the outcroppings were cormon and easily recognizable by early
explorers. Small mines were opened in several vicinities during the homestead
era. The coal was used for fuel, blacksmithing and other activities requiring
the use of heat. But lack of transportation delayed the mining of coal on
a large scale. In 1972, Tenneco, Inc. realized the great potential in these
vast coal deposits and began buying coal leases from landowners along Beaver
Creek. In addition to private coal, federal coal reserves also exist, with
over 43,000 acres of federal coal present in the Wibaux-Beach coal field.

Presently, Intake Water Company, a subsidiary of Tenneco, is interested
in constructing reservoirs and pipelines to serve the industrialization
expected to take place in the Beaver Creek drainage. Mining and possible
gasification of the Wibaux-Beach coal reserves will surely have a great
environmental impact.

The objectives of this study were:

(1) To inventory the aquatic resources of Beaver Creek to determine
species composition, diversity, distribution and relative abundance of aquatic
invertebrates and fishes to assist in predicting impacts of proposed water
storage projects and coal development; and

(2) to collect identical information in selected Yellowstone River and
Beaver Creek tributaries located in Federal Coal Lease Nomination areas.

Funding for the study was provided by the Bureau of Land Management
(BLM), U.S. Department of Interior (USDI). Field seasons extended from May 1
through October 15, 1977 and from March 1 through September 29, 1978.

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

Beaver
a northeast
North Dakota
in northern
North Dakota
to its confl
(Fiqure 1).
Valley's ear
of its rich
later, becau
livestock.
Beaver Creek

Creek is a meanderinq prairie stream whicfi primarily flows in
direction through the Fort Union Coal Fields of Montana and

The stream rises in the table land of the Beaver Creek divide
Fallon County, and flows diagonally across Wibaux County into

emptying into the Little flissouri River. From its headwaters
uence, it flows about 220 km, of which, 131 km are in Montana

It drains an area of over 2050 km2. Most of the Beaver Creek
ly industrial history was dependent on the creek; first because
hunting and trapping resources and as an easy travel route; and
se of the grazing and abundant water it supplied for range
Agricultural activities now rank high in importance in the

basin.

Topography of the basin varies from rolling hills to the flat lands
along the stream bottom, ranging in elevation from nearly 975 to about
671 m at the creeks mouth. Climatic conditions are influenced by topography,
with the higher sections along the Dakota border being wetter. Annual
average precipitation runs around .36 m. The climate is characterized by
warm and humid summers with cold winters.

Soil materials of the Beaver Creek basin consist of weathered sandstones
and shales of Cretaceous Age, a few terrace remnants of old alluvial deposits
and recent alluvium in the stream bottoms. Soils are mostly within the
loam to clay loam texture range, but there are significant areas of sandy
loam and loamy sand soils and local areas of dense clay soils. These soil
conditions are evident in the silty nature of the stream substrate. Relief
is deeply rolling to broken intersected by several sub-drainages. The major
Beaver Creek tributaries; Little Beaver Creek, Hay Creek, and Lame Steer
Creek, flow through similar terrain (Fiqure 2).

North-flowing tributaries of the lower Yellowstone, while not contributing
much to the Yellowstone River in terns of flow, are still important to the
Yellowstone Basin. Smith Creek, Box Elder Creek, Cotton Creek, Gl endive
Creek and its tributaries; Griffith Creek, Krug Creek and Hodges Creek rise
in the rollinq uplands on the Yellowstone-Beaver Divide (Figure 3). These
stream flow through soils derived from glacial till and alluvial deposits
much of which lies over economically strippable coal. Box Elder Creek is
beinq considered by Intake Water Company as the site for an off -channel
reservoir site. Diversion facilities will be constructed on the Yellowstone
River, and the water pumped to a proposed reservoir on Box Elder Creek.

Habitat conditions of Beaver Creek are similar to other prairie stream
environments. The headwater reaches of the sprinq-fed stream consists of
small pools, with thick mats of aquatic vegetation. Velocities are generally
slow with few defined riffles. Vegetative qrowth alonq the stream banks
consists mainly of grasses. The long meandering middle stretch is
characterized by higher, brush-covered banks. Deep pools and channels are
common with a firm, rocky substrate. In the lower reaches, the creek widens

Missouri River

Baker o

MONTANA D NORTH DAKOTA

ri'l'jrn 1. Mao of st'idy <irf',i

-3-

ITI54.

/Ha»\LB5

-Hits

ll Praira D09

Craali,-^ ITM

Little Missouri
yj River

McKanii* Co ^ -> _} , /-i

tT

Goldan Vallay Co V

0 #»^v /

^y<.^yj aJ v'^T' Beaver Creek

R BiMirigsCo

' Elk Creek

J ■

LB11

|-1a Odiand's Dam

,i Vlb^"

,1 '
1 Little Baavet Creek

68;,

82 -t-'--' Lama I.
/^4~>_- Steer ..
ITI8«-f- l^>v. Res

Lone Tre^
Creek -^ \

\
\
' Lame S
Rattlesnake > Creek

Creek 96

Wibaun Co'\^ .

L7

\»J I;

Fallon Co. f

^; "

' Ash
CrMk

Finure 2. Map of Beaver Creek drainaqe s!iov/inT study sections. (T) indicates
thernonraph locations. Streans which v/ero internittont and not
included are sho\yn Iv/ broken lines.

Elm Coul«t C'*<k

Gl«ndiv«

Cf«*k

Finure 3. flap of Yellowstone River triutarios, showinn stud, sections Streams
winch v/ere intcmittent and not included are shown by hroken lines

to form deep pools with more frequent riffle areas. Steep, eroded banks
line the lower reach, resulting in an extremely silt-laden substrate.
The change in elevation from source to mouth was 324.0 m (Figure 4).
Habitat conditions of the tributaries were similar to those noted for
Beaver Creek. Substrate of most study streams was muddy.

A total of 24 intensive sampling stations were established on Beaver
Creek. The number corresponding to the number of the section that the
creek flowed through was assigned to the station. Physical parameters
were measured, aquatic invertebrates and fish ponulations were sampled at
each site. Specific locations for each section are shown in Appendix I.
Each named tributary was given an alphabetical designation and sampled as
follows: Little Beaver Creek (LB), 3 sections; Hay Creek (H), 2 sections;
Lame Steer Creek (L), 2 sections; Smith Creek (S), 3 sections; Box Elder
Creek (BE), 5 sections; Cotton Creek (C), 1 section; Glendive Creek (IG),
2 sections; Griffith Creek (G), 1 section; Krug Creek (K), 2 sections;
and Hodges Creek (W), 1 section. Specific locations for each sampling
section are presented in Appendix II.

METHODS

A visual survey was conducted on all tributaries to Beaver Creek and
all west flowing tributaries to the Yellowstone River between Glendive
Creek and Smith Creek. Streams which did not contain a steady flow v/ere
eliminated from the study. These streams are shown on Figures 2 and 3 as
broken lines. Base maps (BLM Surface Management Quads, 1:126,720; USGS
topographic quads, 1:24,000) and rectified aerial photos (1:24,000) were
used to identify possible study reaches. Each section through which each
creek flowed was consecutively numbered starting at the mouth. Study
sites were selected for each stream based on habitat conditions (inclusion
of variety of habitat types) and access.

Physical parameters were measured at each study section according
to stream survey methods outlined in BLM Manual 6671. Field data were
recorded on stream habitat survey field form number 6671-1. Water
temperatures were recorded at two sections in 1977 (Sections 54 and 84) with
Partlow 31 Day Recording Thermographs and at three sections in 1978 (Sections
1, 54 and 84) with Taylor 31-Day Recording Thermographs (Figure 2).
Temperatures were recorded in °F and converted to OC. Limited chemical
analyses were run using a Hach DR-EL 2 and Hach Model AL-36-P. Conductivity
and dissolved oxygen were recorded using a YSI model S-C-T meter and a
YSI Model 57 oxygen meter, respectively.

Aquatic invertebrates were sampled by a variety of methods. Initial
plans for quantitative sampling were abandoned early in the study when
it became evident that most sites did not have adequate flowing water for
use of either Water's Round or Surber samplers. Organic debris and
rocks eliminated the use of a dredge at most sites. Most samples were
modified kick samples, and many were taken by digging up the stream bottom
with a dip net. A few Water's Round samples were collected. Adult Odonata
were collected with an adult net and/or by shooting with a .22 birdshot.

0)

i.

>

n

o

o

c

c-
c

c

UJ UOI|OA*|J

An habitat types at eac
Samples from any one site on
qualitative analysis of the s
in a formalin solution. In t
a US Series 30 mesh screen an
lowest taxa possible without
then preserved in 50 percent
identification. The Nematoda
by Richard Oswald of Rozeman,
identified by Barbara Marback

h section were sampled for aquatic invertebrates,
any one day were combined to give an overall
amplinq. All samples were fixed in the field
he laboratory, bottom samples were washed through
d all organisms picked and sorted to the
the aid of magnification. Specimens were
alcohol solutions and saved for further
, Oliqocheata and Diptera were identified

Montana, while all other organisms were

Roth of Hillsboro, Oregon.

'I

Several sampling techniques were used to collect and sample fish
populations. Electrofishing qear using a mobile positive from the bank
or a stationary boom positive on a small fiberglass boat was used during
early sampling periods. Seining was conducted with a 25-foot, 1/4 inch mesh
bag seine and a 10', 1/4 inch mesh seine. A fine mesh dip net was utilized
when sample site consisted of a small trickle of water. Gill nets (125'
experimental and 100', 2-inch bar mesh gill nets) were either drifted
through deep holes or dead-set. Traps made of reinforcing bar and covered
with chicken wire were baited and fished for channel catfish. Setlines were
fished overnight during early spring of 1978, however, they were unsuccessful
in capturing any game fish.

All game fish were weighed, measured, fin clipped (walleye and sauger)
and marked with numbered Floy tags. Scale samples were taken beneath the
pectoral fin from the left side. The number of fish of each species was
recorded for most samples but when this was not done, relative abundance
of each species was recorded. Lengths and weights were not measured on all
fish since many of them, particularly cyprinids, are small. Length frequency
analyses were completed for those species where such data was taken. Species
diversity indicies were calculated for each season according to Newell (1977).

RESULTS

Physical and Chemical Parameters

The runoff pattern of Beaver Creek is typical of a prairie stream,
with a bi-modal discharge (Figure 5). Peak runoff occurs in March ,
followed by a smaller peak in June. Flows then taper off to minimal for
the remainder of the year. Maximum discharge for the thirty-year (1938-
1968) period of record at Wibaux was 107 m^/sec (3780 cfs). Historic
records indicated flood stages in 1929 and 1872 reaching about 850 m3/sec
(30,000 cfs) . Periods of no flow occur regularly. Mean flow at Wibaux
(1938-1968) was 0.63 m3/sec (22.3 cfs).

General chemical features of the Beaver Creek drainage are shown
in Table 1, which summarizes measurements taken during the field study.
Alkalinity was high in comparison to other streams, averaging 240 mg/1
at the three stations, reflecting the chemical nature of the drainage.
Specific conductance increased with progression downstream, from an

-8-

Fiqure ^.. [loan riontlilw flows for Heaver Creek near '/ibaux, for period
of record ( 1 031-1 9G3).

-q.

averaqe of 1288 umhos/cm at Station 84, to an average of 1922 umhos/cm
at Station 1. Turbidities were generally low for a prairie stream
reflecting local runoff as a result of storms. The pH ranged from 6.9
to 8.5 while dissolved oxygen levels were considered good. Chemical
features of the tributaries were similar to those of the main stem.
The Yellowstone tributaries showed similar water chemistries except
alkal initios which were considerably higher.

Five day average maximum and minimum water temperatures for April -
September, 1977 and 1978 are summarized in Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9.
Temperatures exhibited the same general trends with peaks in May and
August. The August peak being the yearly maximum. Temperatures declined
steadily through late August and September, Maximum temperatures
recorded in 1978 were: Section 1 (mouth) 24.3°C; Section 54, 25.0°C;
and Section 84, 26. 2^0.

Stream Habitat Analysis

Stream habitat conditions were measured at 5 Beaver Creek stations,
2 stations on Little Beaver Creek and 7 lower Yellowstone tributary
stations. On Beaver Creek, riffles averaged 10.3 cm in depth as compared
to 57.4 cm for pools (Table 2). Widths averaged 3.0 m for riffles and
9.3 m for pools. Habitat conditions were analyzed in terms of optimum
conditions for pool frequency, pool quality, substrate materials, bank
cover and bank stability as outlined in BLM manual 6671 (Duff and Cooper
1976). These parameters are considered "priority A limiting factors."
Pool riffle ratios of 50:50 is considered ideal or optimum. Each pool
is rated in terms of width, depth and fish shelter and class 1 , 2 or 3
pools are considered good quality pools. Substrate materials are
important in terms of fish spawning and aquatic invertebrate production.
The amount of each type of substrate material is determined and a ratio
of suitable:unsuitable is calculated. Judgements are made concerning
bank cover and bank stability. Points are given on each transect,
totaled and divided by the total possible to determine the class for the
stream reach. Points are totaled, divided by total possible and the
percent of optimum obtained. Optimum is considered ideal habitat or
100 percent

All sections measured on
ranging between 60 and 85 perc
was Beaver 59 with a value of
bank stability was considered
damage. This reach of stream
The results of the Beaver Cree
conditions on the stream are a
Beaver Creek had significantly

Beaver Creek showed habitat conditions
ent of optimum. The best habitat rating
34.7 percent of optimum. Bank cover and
excellent and showed very little ungulate
appeared to be \/ery stable and in good shape,
k habitat analysis suggests that physical
bove average (50% of optimum). Little
lower habitat conditions than Beaver Creek.

Tributary stream results are shown in Table 3. The best habitat
conditions were found on Glendive Creek at Station 14 at 93.7 percent of

-10-

Table 1 General chemical parameters measured at three sections on Beaver Creek
1977 and 1978.

Date

4/578

4/10/78

4/25/78

5/9/78

5/25/78

6/5/78

6/14/78

7/6/78

7/17/78

7/31/78

8/9/78

8/21/78

8/31/78

8/12/77
9/22/77

3/29/78

4/6/78

4/17/78

4/25/78

5/5/78

5/18/78

6/1/78

6/20/78

7/7/78

7/18/78

8/1/78

8/11/78

8/18/78

8/30/78

OC
Temp

8/18/77 20.6

13.3
13.3
19.0

24.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
21.0
18.0

16.7
15.6

3.3
5.6
5.6
10.0
10.0
15.6
11.0
20.0
21.0
23.0
24.0
21.0
14.0
16.5

8/29/77 14.4

m3/s
Discharge

1.88
2.08
0.99
3.66

4.73
0.98
0.47
0.32
0.17
0.05

1.53

0.92
0.89
1.57
0.48
3.73
0.62
0.20

0.02
T

mq/1
Alkalinitv

Conductance P.O. Turbidity

250

110
130
130
250
230
240

210
150
210
410
400
410

Section 1
400

340
700
1300
1700
1900
1900
2200
1600
1750
2200
2250
2110
2030

Section 54

400
380

65
100
160
200

210
240
240

220
120

210
380
250
440
430

600

150
490
950

1010
1250
1750
1550
1800
1100
1700
1850
1700
1250
1600

Section 84

360

3/14/78

1.0

^

220

3/23/78

0.0

^

3/30/78

0.0

_

60

4/25/78

7.0

0.36

200

5/5/78

10.0

220

5/18/78

14.4

0.43

220

6/1/78

9.4

1.74

220

6/20/78

16.0

0.13

260

1100

990
150
130
1000
1300
1570
1300
1850

4.5

11.8

-

11.3

-

12.0

85

11.2

500

9.4

40

9.8

-

8.6

70

8.5

500

7.8

120

7.5

30

8.9

30

8.4

15

8.4

0

6.5

60

7.5

-

11.2

-

11.2

-

11.8

30

12.5

-

10.8

10

10.9

20

11.1

30

10.2

10

8.0

500

9.1

105

8.5

30

8.0

20

7.4

40

7.1

0

6.8

8.8

50

11.8

«

12.5

_

9.1

«

9.8

50

10.6

60

8.4

10

PH

7.0

8.0

8.5

8.0

8.5

8.0

8.5

8.0

8.5

8.0

7.5

8.5

8.5

7.5
7.5
6.9
7.5

8.0
8.0
7.5
7.5
8.0
8.5
8.0
8.5
8.5
8.0

8.6

7.5

7.5
8.5
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.5

-11-

Table 1 Continued.

°C

m3/s

mg/1

Date

Temp.

Discharge

Alkalini

tv

Conductance

D.O.

Turbidity

PH

Section

84

continued

mm

20.0

0.40

140

1200

6.9

210

7.5

imm

23.0

0.28

150

1400

6.0

90

7.5

7/31/78

19.0

0.07

160

1250

4.8

45

7.5

8/9/78

20.0

0.02

410

2250

5.6

10

7.5

8/21/78

18.0

0.02

390

1600

6.2

10

8.5

9/3/78

24.0

0.01

460

2050

5.2

10

7.5

optimum, while the poorest was 27.7 percent at Station 3 on Glendive Creek.
The upper reaches of Glendive Creek show qood bank cover, stability and very
little ungulate use resulting in a high rating. However, the lower reaches
of the creek have been altered and the habitat condition rating of 27.7
percent of optimum reflects the stream stability. Box Elder Creek rated
good as did Krug Creek, while Cotton Creek and a tributary to Griffith
Creek rated fair.

Hydrophytes

Aquatic plants are an important source of food for waterfowl, muskrats
and herbivorous fish and insects, forming the food chain base for game fish
and water birds. Cover for fish and aquatic invertebrates is also provided
by hydrophytes. A list of hydrophytes found in the Beaver Creek and
Yellowstone tributary streams is presented in Table
hydrophytes in the study area tend to be widespread
This is indicative of a wide ecological tolerance,
other four geographical affinities for the United States constitute approximately
15 percent of this list. Most of the species have in common a tolerance of
fluctuating water levels, more specifically, a tolerance to low water. As
the margins of the creeks gradually recede, the emergent zone has produced
a luxuriant growth of grasses, sedges and rushes, literally, a sedge meadow
or fen. Representatives of both lotic and lentic waters were identified in
compliance with the diversity of the creek habitats. In lieu of the limited
soil types in the study drainages, the overall plant community is surprisingly
diverse.

4. The species of

in geographic affinities.

Representatives of the

AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

A list of the aquatic invertebrates found in the Beaver Creek and
Yellowstone drainages is shown in Table 5; and their approximate distribution
throughout Beaver Creek and the Yellowstone River tributaries is presented
in Figures 10 and 11. These do not represent a complete distributional list.
They do, however indicate predominate forms.

4

-12-

■i"uro G.

naily nean wnter tciporaturoG for sections [jj and iV , ",9;iv;
Creek, 1077.

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-16-

Table 2 . Summary of physical measurements and habitat conditions of Beaver Creek and
Little Beaver Creek, 1977.

Distance
Above

Riffles

Pools

Habitat

Conditions

Mean

Mean

Mean

Mean

Sectior

1

Mouth (km)

Depth (m)

Width

(m) Depth (n)

Width

(m) {% Optimum)

Beaver

7

14.4

0.04

7.5

0.12

10.1

71.8

Beaver

35

74.0

-

-

0.52

4.9

60.5

Beaver

59

117.5

0.40

5.0

0.54

8.9

84.7

Beaver

84

165,7

0.04

1.5

1.30

9.3

68.2

Beaver

108

201.1

0.04

0.9

0.40

13.4

65.8

Lt. Beaver

5

6.4

0.11

2.1

0.34

4.4

46.0

Lt. Bee

iver

11

12.9

0.05

1.1

0.40

12.3

42.3

Table 3 . Summary of physical measurements and habitat conditions of lower
Yellowstone tributaries.

Distanf~p

Riffles

Pools

Habitat Condition*

Above

Mean

Mean

Mean

Mean

Stream Sec.

Mouth

(km) Depth (m)

Width

(m)

Depth (m)

Width

(m)

{% Optimum)

Glendive 3

3.2

0.03

3.9

.

27.7

Glendive 14

22.5

0.04

2.2

0.08

5.0

93.7

Box Elder 1

1.6

0.06

1.6

0.23

3.9

87.1

Box Elder 6

9.7

0.01

2.6

0.16

7.5

72.7

Krug 11

19.3

0.02

0.1

0.27

6.3

65.4

Cotton 2

1.6

0.04

2.0

-

-

40.0

Griffith 1

1.6

0.02

0.4

0.07

2.9

38.2

Acfianeuila sp is the only species of stonefly collected in Beaver Creek
and its tributaries. The substrate and flow patterns of these creeks are not
conducive to stonefly development. Intermittence of the creek coupled with
sluggish current, shifting and mucky substrates are limiting this group.
Stoneflies are most successful in cobble and gravel substrates of permanent
streams (Hynes 1976).

CaznU, sp and Catiibaetli sp are the two most widely distributed mayflies
in Beaver Creek. These two genera are tolerant of a wide variety of environmental
conditions but seem to prefer productive, slow moving waters. Cazrvii sp. and
CcdllbaeJM) sp. are the dominant mayflies in Sarpy Creek which is similar to
Beaver Creek in many respects (Clancey 1977).

-17-

Yellowstone

Beaver Creek

C

C

F

F

C

C

C

C

F

F

NF

R

UC

UC

Table 4. List of hydrophytes for the Beaver Creek Aquatic Study.

Submersed Hydrophytic Species

PotamogeXon p^cfA-natnA
P. fiOtio6a()

lannichtttia palxK>tnJJ>
CeAdtophtfllum demdUim
HyfUophijtlum exa/be4ce>ti
Vattiin&fila ameAyicana
RananculuA lotxg-iAoitAAJ,

I'mersed Hydrophytic Species

GlycijfiAklza f.epldota C C

ScAJipuA amdhyicaniiA C C

S. patadoi>Uy!i R R

JuMCoi toHAziji. NF R

J. norfo^oi NF R

J. baltlcuA NF UC

J. £.i{^HAiUf> C C

SpanZlna ptctinata C C

Eoiitziona gfiacxZ^A F F

Hon.d^um jubatiun C C

ElijmiLi, sp. UC F

Solidaflo mZ&iouAl^nf) -if, C C

S. canade.nS'iA C C

Ki>cZ^plaA 'ipe.C'io^a C C

Kanthium sp. C C

HaminciiluA glabzMAjma F C

VotzYvtUbx aMe.fu.na. F F

Typha latl^otia NF F

T. angasti^o-Lia R F

T. angmtlffOtia x latiftolla NF R

ALUma ^abcofidatim NF UC

Saglttafila cune.ata UC UC

TfviglLoch-in sp. R R

Men^a oAvzwbii, C C

LtjcopiiA amznlaanuA C C

Ele.ochaAAA acUculaA.-oi C C

E. paluitAAA C C

Cf/pe/LOA sp. C C

CoAex sp. C C

Potijgomtm pzfulca/Ua F C

P. )iafan6 R F

Rtunex sp. C C

Echinocloa cAM-gati F F

Panicum sp. F F

EquAJi^tum kaniamm F F

E. oAvdme. F F

Ratibidia cotimyilf^z'ia C C

Lycknlb sp. NF R

■18-

I

Table 4. Continued

Emersed Hydrophytic Species Continued

C. undiL?atim
Clematii U^iUiticl{\olia
SonahM) ixtlginoAui
Ptantago pataflonica
Ag fiopii^on sp.
AndAopoflon sp.
Ro6a woodiiU.
VlittLchlAJi AtfUcta

Yellowstone

Beaver Creek

C

c

F
F
R
C
C
C
C

C
C

c

F

NF

C

c
c
c

* c

- Conmon

F

- Frequent

uc

- Uncormion

R

- Rare

NF

- Not Found

Damselflies and dragonflies are abundant in Beaver Creek. This group
is generally associated with sluggish waters in which they cling and climb
among the plant forms. TihnuAa sp. and EnaZlagma sp. appear to be
distributed throughout the creek.

C/ictmia^op4 t/c/ie sp. is the most common caddisfly in the creek. This
genus seems to be tolerant of severe environmental conditions such as warm
temperatures, intennittence, low dissolved oxygen levels and shifting
substrates which limit other caddisflies.

Hifci^ella azteca is found predominately in the upper reaches of the
stream. This amphipod is closely tied to sluggish water and a high density
of plant materials (Egqleton 1952). The downstream portions of the creek
are more lotic and contain fewer aquatic macrophytes which are preferred
by HijatzU.a. aztzca.

Diptera is the most conmon group of invertebrates in Beaver Creek
(Figure 11). Their numbers increase steadily from the mouth up to a point
near Section 84 and then decrease. This may be due to intermittence in the
upper most sections which eliminates some forms.

The chironomid fauna is typical of a warm, slow moving stream. The
subfamilies Tanypodinae and Chironominae are widely distributed while the
Orthocladiinae are rare. In South Dakota streams Hudson (1971) found
Tanypodinae and Chironominae most commonly in slow waters of warm climates.
These two groups are tolerant of low oxygen stress (Oliver 1971). The
Orthocladiinae are common under a wide range of conditions but in general
prefer cooler waters (Hudson 1971). They generally decrease in numbers as
water temperatures increase (Oliver 1971).

-19-

Table 5. Relative abundance of organisms found in each drainage.

Taxa

DRAINAGE
Beaver Creek

Yellowstone

Nematoda
Nematomorpha

PaAagoH.dluA
Annelida
Oligochaeta
Tubificidae

LimnodfuZiH) clapafizdiana!)
L. hof, (^mcx6 t-Ml
L. iplAoLU
L. udekzmainuA
LimnocOUluA (immatures)
Hirudinea

Glossiphoniidae
Erpobdellidae
Piscicolidae
Arthropoda
Arachnoidea
Eijtcia,
Crustacea
Cladocera

PoltphomuA
Isopoda

Amphipoda

Hijaldila azteca
Decapoda
Astacidae
Insecta
Diptera
Tipulidae

Hexotoma

Tlpiila
Tabanidae
Stratiomyidae

EutaZla

UejinoteI.uA

StuatLomij-ia.
Dolichopodidae

HijdfiophonovLl)
Ephydridae

Ephifdh.a.
Sciomyzidae

Szp(Ldon
Culicidae (pupae)

CvlIzx

knophzteJi
Chaoboridae

ChaobonuA

XR
XR

R

R

XR

C

C

R
R
R

R

XR
XR
VC
XR

XR

XR

R

XR
A
R

XR

R

XR

XR

R

XR

XR

XR
R

XR

XR

A

C

C

A

A

XR

XR

A

VC

A

XR

XR

R

A

XR

A

XR

XR

XR
A
C
A

XR

-20-

Table 5. continued

Taxa

Beaver Creek

Yellowstone

Simuliidae

S<miitinm

C

C

Ceretopoqonidae

(Tribe) Stilobezziini

R

R

Chironomidae (pupae)

C

R

(sub-family) Tanypodinae

Ablab^mijia

XR

XR

PfLOctadLiU)

R

R

TanifpiLi

R

C

TheA.nejr}aim-imijla (group)

R

XR

(sub-family) Chironominae

Ch-iAonomiu>

VC

VC

CZadotamjtan.bai

c

R

CfiyptocluAonomaf)

R

R

CJiijptocladcpelma

XR

A

VicfLotQ.ndcpef>

C

C

EndockXjionomnA

C

C

GtyptotendipeA

R

A

izptochixo YwmuA

R

A

HicAop6tctAa

R

R

$

Pa^ackifionomiii)

XR

A

Pafialaute. nb o iiu. ztla

XR

A

PcVKvt^ndlpeA

XR

XR

PanatanqtanAHi,

XR

A

Pha/inop6e.ctAa

XR

A

Polijpzdiliun

XR

XR

P6 zadockilo nomab

C

A

RhzotamftaA,f,iiA

XR

A

Stcctoch-Oionomiu,

XR

A

TanijtoAMiA

C

R

Sae.theAA.a tutin

XR

A

(sub-Family) Orthocladiinae

AcUcotopuA

R

R

CoAdlocCad^ui

A

XR

ChAcotopuA

R

A

HudAobazntUs

A

XR

On-thocladiai

XR

XR

'

PcuuirmtAA.ocnejmuA

XR

A

T'lichoctaditU)

A

XR

Plecoptera

Ac^omuAMi
Ephemeroptera
Baetidae

XR

XR

Caena>

VC

C

Caftibactli

c

C

#

CzntJioptiium

c

R

Izptopktabia.

A

XR

Tfu-COKythodu

XR

A

-21

Table 5. continued

Taxa

Beaver Creek

Yellowstone

Ephemen'dae

He.xage.nia.
Heptaqeniidae

Heptage.nla

Stenonema
Odonata
Aeschnidae

Ati hna

Anax
Calopteryqidae

CaloptcAijx
Coenagrionidae

An.gia

AmpkiagfUon

Enattagma

Jichmita

Le.{,tu
Gomphidae

Gomphui
Libel lulidae

Libellula

Pantala

PcA-ithemAj,

SifrnpttAim

TaAneXyiiun

Vtathemu,
Hemiptera
Corixidae

GfiaptocofLLxa
Belostomatidae

8e£o4 toma
Rerridae

Naucoridae

Ambn.ij6i6
Nepidae

RanatAo.
Notonectidae

Notomcta
Trichoptera
Hydropsychidae

Cheimatopii^chz

HLfdAop6tjche.
Leptoceridae

A^thfU.p6 odeA
Limnephilidae

L-ixnneph-iJ.uA
Psychomyiidae

P^tjchomijZa

R

XR

XR

R

A

XR

XR

XR

C

C

C

XR
XR

A
XR
XR

A

VC
XR

R
XR
XR

R

C
C

XR

XR

XR

A
A

R

XR

XR

XR

C

C

C

R

R
A
R

XR
C

XR

VC
A
R
A

XR
R

XR
A

A

A

XR

-22-

Table 5. continued

Taxa

Beaver Creek

Yel

lowstone

Phryqaneidae

Pt(Jo6tom^

XR

A

Coleoptera

Dytiscidae

Bcrfe64(M

XR

A

ColymbeXeA

XR

XR

VytlicuA

XR

XR

HijdatlciLi

XR

R

HqdKopo 'lilt,

XR

R

Hijd'iova.tiiA

XR

XR

Laccodtjto^

XR

XR

NotomicMii,

XR

A

Ofizodijtu

R

A

Rhuntal)

A

XR

Elmidae

XR

A

Vub^Ajaph-ia

C

c

Haliplidae

Hal-ipliuf,

XR

R

PatadiitdA

R

R

Hydrophilidae

P>Zfl06lli,

R

XR

He£.ophofLuA

XR

XR

HiidlochoAa

XR

A

Hijdfiockiifi

XR

A

Hljd/LOplulLLi

XR

XR

Pkae.nonotum

A

XR

TlopiiitdAmiA

XR

R

Lampyridae

XR

A

Mollusca

Gastropoda (unknown)

C

R

Lynmaeidae

C

c

Physidae

VC

VC

Planorbidae

VC

R

Pelecypoda

Marqaritanidae

l^\ac^anA.tl(^Q.'ia

C

A

Key:

A - absent;

XR - extremely rare - <50 indivic
all individuals (number not
R - Rare - <50 individuals but
C - common - 50 to 400 individua
sites;

luals collected and foun
significant) collected

d in <10X of the sites, or
at one <;itP!

found at>10% of the sitp«;:

Is.

or>400 individuals

but

found at<50^ of the

VC - very common - >400 individua

Is a

nd found at >50'^, of

the

sites or

individuals found at >75% of

the

sites.

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-39-

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-40-

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-41.

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-42-

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-43-

ChifionomtLi) sp. , Endoch'OionomiUi sp. , and JaJiijtanA>(.ii> sp. , are the most
prevalent Chirononidae in Beaver Creek. All three prefer slow to standing
water, low to medium oxyqen concentrations, and eutrophic waters (Beck 1977).

i-unnudfviZuA udckemianuA is a common oliqochaete throughout the system.
Hiltenun (1970) and Brinkhurst (1974) both state that this species is
found under a very wide variety of conditions from extremely productive to
oliqotrophic.

Hilsenoff (1977) has used invertebrates to evaluate the water quality
of Wisconsin streams. Each species was assigned a biotic index value on the
basis of the quality of streams from which they were collected. 0 values were
assiqned to species collected only in unaltered streams of very hiqh water
quality and values of 5 assiqned to snecies known to occur in severely
polluted or disturbed streams. Intermediate values were assiqned to species
known to occur in streams with various deqrees of disturbance or pollution.
Hilsenoff s values were applied to the most dominant groups {Chtumatopiijch
ChinonomM sp., Hualcl^a <xztzca and Caeiiii sp.) resultinq in an average value
of 4.25. This does not necessarily indicate that Beaver Creek is altered
or polluted since very adaptable forms can be assigned high values as a result
of the fact that they can adapt to many situations and they are tolerant
of severe environmental stresses which are coimon in intermittent streams.

Diversity indices have been calculated for the invertebrates in Beaver
Creek and they are presented in Table 6.

The presence of certain aquatic organisms often provides a good
indication of the condition of a stream (Goodnight 1973). However, Wilhm
(1970) states that "associations or populations of benthic macroinvertebrates
provide a more reliable criterion of organic enrichment than mere occurrence
of a given species." Diversity indices have been used to analyze biological
cormiunities and provide insight into conmunity structure. Goodman (1975)
suggested that diversity does not necessarily indicate stability and
Herlbert (1971) and Hilsenoff (1977) question the validity of diversity indices.
The attempt to summarize population diversity by two indices (diversity
and redundancy) does not seem to have been successful thus far (Hamilton 1975).
However, diversity and redundancy included with number of taxa and total
number of individuals generally presents valuable information.

With the limitations of diversity indices in mind, these values along
with redundancy have been presented in Table 6. These values can probably
be used as a valuable tool in "before and after" studies. They will
generally show an effect of severe perturbations on an aquatic community.

Intermittent prairie streams often support similar invertebrate faunas.
The sluqqish water of Beaver Creek, coupled with intermittence during dry
years (1977) limits the range of invertebrates. Patrick (1959) found
that organisms with a shorter life span are the quickest to establish natural
populations. Harrel and Dorris (1968) found that during drought, community
structures of several Oklahoma streams were similar. In general, it appears
that species which complete their life cycle in one year or less are
predominant and species which require more than one year to complete their
life cycle are limited to pool dwelling forms.

-44-

20-

15-

c
O

E

Z

}0

5-

'Diptera

-^

21 27 35 43 48 54 59 64 68 74 82 84 96 99 l03 107 11

Sample Sites

Figure 12. Number of qenera of the three major orders of anuatic invertebrates
found at each sampling site on Beaver Creek, 1977.

-45-

Table 6. Species diversity (d), redundancy (R), and equitability (Em) of aquatic
invertebrates of Beaver Creek, Beaver Creek tributaries and Yellowstone
River tributaries, 1977.

C

Site

R

Em

1

1.09

7

2.38

12

2.22

21

2.23

27

. 2.02

35

1.9S

43

3.01

54

1.73

59

3.34

64

2.96

68

2.60

74

2.68

82

2.30

84

3.46

96

2.57

99

2.88

103

3.11

107

3.10

108

2.79

112

2.26

114

2.91

LBS

3.63

LBll

3.02

LB20

2.58

L3

4.08

L7

3.44

HIT3

1.S4

HITS

2. OS

SI

2.55

SIO

3.44

SI 7

3.25

BEl

3. 159

BE2

2.40

BE6

2.02

BEl 5

3.21

BE18

1.36

BE22

1.24

C2

3.55

IG3

2.94

IG14

2.48

G4T1

3.17

Kl

0.90

Kll

3.42

W9

2.75

O.707
0.579
0.283
0.434
0.518
0.558
0.448
0.678
0.404
0.471
0.539
0.502
0.583
0.371
0.518
0.374
0.240
0.243
0.453
0.395
0.311

0.344
0.392
0.445
0.263
0.442
0.730
0.453

0.498
0.316
0.379
0.429
0.433
0.505
0.451
0.730
0.686
0.365
0.561
0.480
0.409
0.827
0.325
0.318

0.171
0.281
0.498
0.428
0.237
0.220
0.358
0.232
0.338
0.338
0.315
0.286
0.227
0.380
0.285
0.352
0.558
0.558
0.300
0.328
0.550

0.360
0.322
0.274
0.489
0.451
0.184
0.253

0.304
0.375
0.344
0.359
0.357
0.263
0.434
0.159
0.212
0.366
0.527
0.393
0.309
0.121
0.362
0.422

r

r

-46-

FISH
f Beaver Creek

Species Composition and Distribution

A total of 30 species of fish were collected in Beaver Creek. Estimates
of the relative abundance of each species was based mostly on the actual
numbers counted, and to a lesser degree on the frequency of occurrence
in collections. Those species occurring in half or more of the samples
were considered abundant, in more than a third of the collections but
less than half, are comnon; in more than a tenth, but less than a third,
are unconmon; and in fewer than a tenth, rare. A list of the fish and their
distribution in Beaver Creek for 1977 and 1978 are shown in Figures 13
and 14. A kite diagram (Figure 15) shows the distribution and relative
abundance of major species in the creek.

Three species of fish, fathead minnow IPimcphalu pnomclciii] , creek
chub {Se:mpt-iiLU> (it^omacu^attit,) and white sucker {Cato.stcmnA cormeAioni]
are widely distributed throughout the Beaver Creek system. Fathead minnows
and white suckers are cormionly distributed in other small eastern Montana
streams. Elser and Schrieber (1978) found white suckers throughout Rosebud
Creek and Clancey (1977) found white suckers and fathead minnows to be
the two dominant species in Sarpy Creek.

The creek chub, while native to Montana, maintains a limited distribution;
being restricted to the Yellowstone and Little Missouri River systems in
the extreme east-central portion of the state. It is considered quite rare
in Montana (Brown 1971). In Wyoming, the creek chub is common throughout
many drainages, inhabiting small streams (Baxter and Simon 1970). The creek
chub is also comrtion in Missouri, preferring small streams which cease to
flow in dry weather (Pflieger 1975). Beaver Creek appears to meet habitat
requirements for the creek chub, which do not thrive in streams that maintain
strong flows. A length frequency distribution of 390 creek chubs collected
from Beaver Creek in 1978 is shown in Figure 16. Fish ranged in length
from 30 to 218 mm . Prior to this study, the largest specimen reported
in Montana was 147 mm (Brown 1971). The dominant size group was from
41 to 70 mm, making up 43.6 percent of the sample (170 of 390).

Several other species found in Beaver Creek also have limited distributions
in Montana. The sand shiner [Motfiopli itiaminuiA) is described as a hardy
species (Scott and Crossman 1973) which is able to withstand highly variable
flows (Summerfelt and Minckley 1969). Erratic flows are comon in Beaver
Creek and the sand shinner is common throughout the drainage.

The brook stickleback {Cuiaca incomtam) is native to Montana, but
is limited to the eastern part of the state, found primarily in tributaries
of the Missouri River. While the stickleback is considered tolerant of
high salinities comon in intermittent streams (Nelson 1968), its preferred
habitat is small, clear streams rich in aquatic vegetation. Distribution
of stickleback in Beaver Creek was limited to the upper reaches (above station 74)
which meets its habitat requirements.

-47-

CT)

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TO

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CI

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o

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S- -r-
(0

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-t-J O)
•I- S-

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S-
13

cr

-50-

70-

60-

50 ri

J)
E

40-

30-

20

10-

\

\

30

40

s

s

s
s
\
\
\
s

s
s

s
s

s
s
s
s

\
\

s

\
s

\

s

s ^

\
\
\
\
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\

61

70

s

s
\
\

s
\
\
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\
s

91

KIN

121

\

MMM

\

PlRNfn

i6o lio

length, mm

160

181
1<^0

E_

211
220

Finure 16. Lenntli-frcfiienc" rlistriliution of creek chubs taken in Beaver
Creek, l"/"..

-51-

Yellow bullheads {Tcta^nAM natal. a>) were collected sporadically in w

Beaver Creek. This species is not native to Montana and previously was
reported only from reservoirs (Brown 1971). When found in streams, it is
generally associated with gravel substrates and aquatic vegetation.

The Iowa darter {Etheo.itoma ex.i?e.) is native to Montana in the lower
Missouri River and Little Missouri River drainages. Habitat preferences of
the Iowa darter is generally slow-moving clear water streams with
abundant rooted vegetation (Scott and Grossman, 1973). In Beaver Creek,
this species was collected mostly in the upstream sections (primarily above
section 68). Habitat conditions in these reaches meet the Iowa darters
requirements.

Distribution of the river carpsucker {CaA}M.odu caiplo) and the 1

smallnouth buffalo {JctiobiiA bubalM) was restricted to the lower reaches
of the stream. Both species prefer pools or quiet backwaters, suggesting
that their occurrence in Beaver Creek was the result of movements out of
the Little Missouri River.

Four species of game fish inhabit Beaver Creek. Walleye [Stizo6tzctLon
vitAtim) , sauger (Stizojfe.ciion canademe] , channel catfish [JctaluAuA
punctatiLA) and northern pike {E6ox tacliiA) were collected during 1977 and
1978.

Walleye - Walleye is the most popular sportfish in the creek. They
were collected as far upstream as section 84. This section seems to be a W

transition zone on the creek. Upstream of section 84 appears to be too
harsh for walleye and also supports low numbers of invertebrates (Figure 10).

Walleye may have been introduced into Beaver Creek when they were
stocked into Lame Steer Reservoir which drains into Beaver Creek on sampling
section 82. The walleye is generally distributed downstream from this site.
Walleye are rare in the Little Missouri River (Durre 1977) and are
probably rare in lower Beaver also.

During the spring of 1978, 13 ripe male walleye were collected in
Beaver Creek. No ripe females were collected. These fish ranged between
3 and 6 years old and were captured between April 18 and May 16 when water
temperatures varied from B-U^C (41-620F) (Figure 7). This corresponds to
the temperatures at which ripe male walleye were collected in Lake Winnebago
(Priegel 1970). Other studies have shown that female walleye are present
only during the actual spawning period which often occurs during one night
(Ellis and Giles, 1965). This probably explains the absence of ripe females
in our sampling on Beaver Creek. Length-frequency distribution for walleye
collected in 1978 is shown in Figure 17. Walleyes ranged in length from 93
to 672 mm with the size class of 441 to 470 mm making up 12.9 percent.
The average length and weight for walleye was 417 mm and 563 grans,
respectively, the largest walleye collected weighed 2500 grams.

-52-

12-

lO-

•-

Z 4-

\

S*ua«r IX]
Wdlay* a

no

S
S

260

Langth Imml

Finure 17. Lenqth-fronnencv distribution of saunor and v/alleyo collected
sprinq, 1070, in lleaver Creek.

n-

Local fisherman have expressed interest in the possibilities of
stocking walleye in Beaver Creek. This creek would probably only support
a put and take fishery due to limited spawninq substrate. Gravel -rubble
substrate seems to be preferred by walleye (Johnson 1961). Gradually
warminf] water temperatures during spring also appear to be important to
strong years classes of walleye (Busch et al. 1975). Rapid fluctuations
in water temperatures and flows were common in Beaver Creek as a result
of spring time storms and would probably severely reduce reproductive
potential of the creek. In Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, stocked walleye
fingerlings added little to the angler harvest in following years
(Kempinger and Churchill, 1972), however, in a small lake in Iowa, stocked
walleye added significantly to the year class strength (Carlander et al.
1960) in subsequent years.

Fishing pressure at the present time would have to be considered light
in Beaver Creek. Few fishermen were seen, and of 43 walleye that were
tagged in 1978 no fisherman tag returns were reported. Stocking of
catchable size fish would increase public interest, possibly to the point
that the fishing harvest would be adequate for future stocking.

Sauger. Sauger do not maintain a continuous distribution throughout

Beaver Creek. This species was collected only as far upstream as section 21

(Figure 13). Most of the larger sauger were collected in spawning condition

between April 21 - May 24.

Ripe female sauger were collected between April 28 - May 3, corresponding
to the period when the highest concentration of sauger was encountered
(Figure 14). Water temperatures during this period ranged between 11-12°C
(52-540F). In Lake Winnebago, Priegel (1969) found sauger spawning
activity to occur between April 24 and May 9 while water temperatures
ranged between 43-520F. He concluded that spawning was essentially
complete in less than two weeks. Eschmeyer and Smith (1943) reported
that sauger below Norris Dam, Tennessee did not spawn when water
temperatures were below 50"F. Spawning may have been initiated earlier
in Beaver Creek than April 28 but high spring runoff precluded any sampling
before this date.

After May 4, sauger numbers dropped off drastically (Figure 18).
Although sampling efforts remained essentially constant, subsequent catches
were low. This probably indicates that the spawning sauger returned to the
Little Missouri River. Durre (1977) indicates that the Little Missouri
River is important to the sauger populations of Lake Sakakawea. The
spawning migration into Beaver Creek probably contributes to this population.

Sauger ranged in length from 233 to 561 mm, with 22.0 percent of the
sample falling into size class from 411 to 440 mm (Figure 17). The average
length was 421 nm and the average wieght was 614 g. The largest sauger
collected weighed 1290 g.

A total of 41 sauger were tagged and released in Beaver Creek during
the spring of 1973. No tags were returned by fishermen indicating that
the sauger harvest is light.

-54-

a:

QJ
<U

i-
O

>

10
O)
CO

c

o
o

O)

c.

to

i-
r.

u
a'

TO

-C?

|t|6nD> j«qujn|^

w

Lower Beaver Creek is distant from any population center and access
is extremely poor in wet weather, explaininq the low level of exploitation.

Age and Growth . The lenqth-weiqht relationship of fish can be
represented by the formula: w = al° (log w = loq a + b (log 1)). where
w = weight, 1 = length, b = regression coefficient and log a = y intercept.

The functional regression value b = 3 describes isometric growth,
such as would characterize a fish having an unchanging body form and
unchanging specific gravity, b values greater or less than 3 characterize
allometric growth: if b= 3, the fish becomes "heavier for its length" as
it grows larger. There are sometimes marked differences between different
populations of the same species or between the same population in different
years presumably associated with their nutritional condition.

A total of 68 walleye were captured during 1978 in Beaver Creek and
figure 19 illustrates the length-weight relationship of these fish. The
growth rate of walleye in Beaver Creek is generally slower than walleye
in the Tongue River Reservoir (Riggs 1978), however, Beaver Creek walleye
have a faster growth rate than walleye in the Yellowstone River and
Columbia River drainage in Montana (Peters 1964).

The length-weight relationship (Figure 20) was derived from the
measurement of 48 sauger captured during 1978. The growth rate of sauger
in Beaver Creek is similar to sauger in the Tongue River Reservoir (Riggs
1978) and generally higher than sauger in the Yellowstone River, Fort Peck
Reservoir, Milk River, Missouri River (Peters 1964) and Lake Winnebago
(Priegel 1969).

Channel catfish. Channel catfish are also present in the lower reaches
of Beaver Creek near its confluence with the Little Missouri River. A total
of 14 individuals were captured in section 1 during May of 1978 when
water temperatures ranged from 12-20OC (54-680F). This species was
observed as far upstream as section 25 and fishermen reported an occasional
catfish caught at Wibaux.

Spawning of channel catfish generally occurs at temperatures between
70 and 850F (21-290c) (Clemens and Snead 1957). Those temperatures
were common during late June in 1978, however, runoff from rainstorms
precluded any sampling during this period (Figure 21). Young of the year
channel catfish were collected in section 1 during August and September
and section 25 in September indicating that channel catfish utilize lower
Beaver Creek for spawning and rearing.

Channel catfish probably move up Beaver Creek from the Little Missouri
River. After the spawning season is over and the water levels in Beaver
Creek reach summer lows, they probably return to the Little Missouri River.
McCammon (1956) found downstream movement of catfish in the lower Colorado
River in the fall. Other studies have concluded that channel catfish
move long distances upstream and downstream from the point of capture
(Harrison 1953, Hubley 1963, Muncy 1958 and Messman 1973). Van Eeckhout
(1974) found that flows delineate when and how much catfish move

■56-

f^

3500

3000-

W =
r =

.000004785 L
.967

3.077

-T-

300

200 300 400 500

TOTAL LENGTH (MM)

600

700

Figure 19. Lenqth-weiqht relationship of walleye from Beaver Creek, 1978.

■57-

35001

3000

2500-

O

3000-

z

o

ui

^ ISOO

1000-

500-

w

r

.000011536 L
.979

2.953

1 1 1 1 I T

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

TOTAL LENGTH {fA^)

Figure 20. Length-weight relationship of sauqer from Beaver Creek, 1978.

-58-

uiui/^ui '<6iet43Sia

f '

L-5

l/l

c
c

o
</1

s-
<_)

s_

>

o

C2

CJ

1_
o
.r-.
u
I/)

and that in July and Auqust catfish moved downstream with increased flow
levels in the Little Missouri River. He also indicates that constant
stream discharqe from mid-June to July will generally result in successful
reproduction. Droughts and flash floods will result in poor reproduction,
poor survival of young and brood stock reductions. While rapid fluctuations
in discharge were common in Beaver Creek during this period (Figure 21),
successful reproduction did occur. However, reproduction nay have been
reduced through environmental fluctuations.

Northern pike. Only four northern pike were collected in Beaver Creek,
one at section 1 and the other three taken in the middle reaches of the
stream. There were at least two age-classes represented in the sample. The
northerns ranged in length from 427 to 693 mm and in weight from 500 to
2268 g. Since "jery few northerns were taken in Beaver Creek, it is
possible that they are in the creek as the result of stocking a stock-
water reservoir. Northerns do not contribute to the recreational fishery of
the stream.

Species Diversity. Measures of species diversity are another tool for
the quantitative and qualitative description of fishery. Investigations
of longitudinal zonation in stream fishes reveal that, in relatively
unpolluted systems, diversity increases downstream (Sheldon 1968), meaning
the number of species increases with proximity to the river's mouth. a f^

Factors v/hich determine the upstream limits of particular species also
apparently contribute to the regulation of species diversity. A study
by Tramer and Rogers (1973) found that variations in water quality upset
the normal pattern of longitudinal zonation of fishes. Where streams
are undergoing stress fron pollution, species diversity may remain at
levels similar to those in the headwaters throughout the entire system.
The disappearance of some of the headwaters species is balanced by the
appearance of others, and gains in the abundance of one species are
canceled out by losses in another. Therefore, from baseline data, a
change in water quality can be reflected by a chanqe in species diversity.
It is a generally accepted concept that a large-scale environmental
stress exerted upon a diverse biological comunity results in a
reduction in species diversity (Cairns 1969).

While species-diversity indices have been used extensively with benthic
macroinvertebrates to evaluate degradational environmental conditions,
they have only recently been applied to fish populations (Sheldon 1968,
Jackson and Harp 1973, and Harima and Mundy 1974). Shannon-Weaver diversity
indices were calculated for the 1977 and 1978 samples (Table 7). In 1977,
d ranged from 1.519 to 2.70 as compared to 0.996 to 3.022 in 1978. No
trend in d from source to mouth was noted in Beaver Creek similar in
magnitude to those calculated on other Montana prairie streams.

".

<t

-60-

Table 7. Species diversity (d), redundancy (R) and equitability (Em) of fish
samples from Beaver Creek, Beaver Creek tributaries and Yellowstone
River tributaries for 1977 and 1978

1977

1978

Site

a

R

Em

a

R

Em

1

1.79

0.603

0.295

2.79

0.361

0.313

7

2.24

0.402

0.289

1.51

0.500

0.234

21

1.84

0.545

0.263

1.00

0.784

0.215

25

2.23

0.140

0.645

1.68

0.488

0.372

27

2.28

0.363

0.303

1.90

0.426

0.266

35

2.43

0.314

0.333

1.31

0.619

0.166

48

1.83

0.401

0.258

2.13

0.227

0.358

54

2.19

0.364

0.304

2.90

0.264

0.344

59

2.36

0.279

0.288

2.33

0.371

0.387

64

2.70

0.237

0.403

2.30

0.201

0.496

67

1.81

0.427

0.329

2.05

0.148

0.343

68

2.38

0.256

0.362

2.52

0.304

0.319

74

1.91

0.509

0.223

3.02

0.268

0.435

78

2.25

0.220

0.292

2.28

0.353

0.294

82

2.46

0.377

0.267

2.43

0.340

0.361

84

2.17

0.318

0.300

1.95

0.454

0.197

96

1.59

0.384

0.259

2.08

0.331

0.251

99

1.65

0.427

0.245

1.97

0.455

0.214

105

1.79

0.413

0.247

2.20

0.163

0.281

108

1.66

0.248

0.334

2.37

0.313

0.285

LB 5

1.84

0.380

0.237

1.89

0.431

0.374

LBll

1.59

0.490

0.215

2.69

0.289

0.348

L3

1.55

0.566

0.444

1.27

0.444

0.213

L7

1.08

0.629

0.137

0.13

0.906

0.017

SI

1.50

0.493

0.277

2.96

0.181

0.430

SIO

1.78

0.339

0.344

0.85

0.228

0.599

S17

1.09

0.709

0.156

3.03

0.141

0.531

BEl

1.85

0.486

0.380

1.96

0.486

0.298

BE15

1.26

0.602

0.160

0.85

0.677

0.107

IG3

0.30

0.941

0.050

1.22

0.440

0.178

IG14

1.05

0.360

0.137

0.11

0.947

0.016

K2

0.45

0.602

0.160

0.16

1.000

0.030

Kll

2.05

0.245

0.310

2.29

0.251

0.262

.61-

Species Interactions

Two minnow complexes were identified and compared in Beaver Creek.
The creek chub complex consisted of the creek chub, fathead minnow and
sand shiner, while the flathead chub complex consisted of the flathead
chub {Htjbop6li> gfiacifxA) , silver minnow {Hijbognathti6 ahgijhxtif,) and the
plains minnow (//. placld^A] . The percent composition of these two
complexes in Beaver Creek for 1977 and 1978 is shown in figures 22 and
23, respectively.

Although the percentages of each complex vary somewhat between
years, the association between the two is similar. The flathead chub
complex dominates the lower portions of the creek while the creek chub
complex is dominant in the upper reaches. Section 24 appears to be the
transition zone for the complexes with the creek chub complex showing
dominance upstream from this section. Together, the complexes generally
dominate the fish numbers throughout the creek. In areas not dominated
by the complexes, goldeye tend to be abundant in the lower reaches,
replaced by white suckers upstream. The flathead chub complex prefers
turbid waters which flow over silty, pebbly substrates and the creek
chub complex chooses clearer water and can withstand mucky habitats with
extensive rooted vegetation (Brov/n 1971 and Baxter and Simon 1970).

Sauger show close association with the flathead chub complex but
walleye are associated with both complexes. Sauger are found as far
upstream as section 21, which is about where the flathead chub complex
begins to lose dominance. Considering the piscivorous nature of sauger
and walleye, these complexes probably represent important forage bases.

Goldeye {Hiodon alofiOldeA] are abundant in Beaver Creek. Although
little information is available concerning competition of goldeye,
walleye and sauger for food, space, shelter, and spawning sites, the
possibility may exist and may limit walleye and sauger numbers. Spawning
for goldeye occurs at temperatures between 10-12. 80C (59-550F),
corresponding to the spawning period of sauger and walleye. Although
goldeye generally spawn in pools and backwaters, competition for space
is likely to occur. Goldeye feed extensively on the water surface
for insects so competition for food is unlikely. Large numbers of
goldeye could prey heavily on walleye fry. Creek chubs are the only
other piscivore present in large numbers in Beaver Creek.

The goldeye and flathead chub complex are predominantly downstream.
In contrast, the creek chub and fathead minnow are generally most corrmon
in the upstream sections. The white sucker is cormion throughout the
drainane. Game fish compose a small percent of fish species present.

Beaver Creek Tributaries

Aquatic invertebrates and fish populations were sampled in three
tributaries to Beaver Creek (Figure 2). Water chemistry measurements are

-62-

X Creek ChubComplex
o Flathead Chub Complex

100-

80-

c
o

u

a
E

o

100

Sample Sites

Figure 22. Comparison of minnow complexes, Beaver Creek, 1978.

-63-

1^

X Creek Chub Complex
o Flathead Chub Complex

100-

c
o

o

a
E
o
u

£

Sample Sites

Figure 23. Comparison of minnow complexes, Beaver Creek, 1978.

-64-

summarized in Table 8. The assemblaqe of aquatic invertebrates was
very similar to the collections made in Beaver Creek. Figure 10 shows
the aquatic invertebrates collected in Beaver Creek tributaries and
their distribution.

Little Beaver Creek. A total of 20 species of fish were collected in
Little Beaver Creek (Table 9). Distribution and relative abundance of the
major species is shown in Figure 24. Only the brook stickleback was
distributed throughout the stream, representing the only species found
in the headwaters. Walleye, northern pike, yellow bullhead, goldeye,
yellow perch and shorthead redhorse were found only in the middle reach.
The creek chub dominated the lower section.

Hay Creek. Seven species of fish were taken in Hav Creek, with
fathead minnows being the dominant species, found in both sample sites
(Table 9). Other species found were similar to species found in
Beaver Creek.

Lame Steer Creek. Table 9 shows the fish distribution of Lame Steer
Creek. Two species, fathead minnows and carp ranged throughout the stream.
The remaining five species were found near the mouth and approximate the
fish populations of Beaver Creek.

Lame Steer Lake
as a probable so
Reservoir was bu
waterfowl . A f 1
1953.

In 1954,
nets fished in 1
bullhead, and 1
crappies (Alvord
of the fish popu

The fish populations of Lame Steer Lake were sampled
urce of the walleye found in Beaver Creek. Lame Steer
ilt by W.P.A. in 1938 to create a resting area for migrating
ood in 1952 washed out the spillway which was rebuilt in
50,000 walleye pike were stocked in the lake. Two gill
956 took 253 crappie, 90 suckers, 1 carp, 2 walleye, 1
bluegill. In 1957, a gill net tool 46 suckers and 23
1959). Recommendations in 1959 were against rehabilitation
lation until fishing pressure warranted such action.

Gill nets were again fished in 1977 to check on the walleyes. A
total of 12 walleyes were taken, ranginq in lenqth from 185 to 505 mm.
The inclusion of several size classes indicates that walleyes are
reproducing in the lake. Other fish taken were 187 carp, 28 white suckers,
4 carp and 4 black bullheads.

Since walleyes have maintained themselves in Lame Steer Reservoir
naturally since 1954, it is probable that this is the source of walleye
in Beaver Creek. Early correspondence about Lamesteer Reservoir
suggested that fish had easy access to the reservoir via the spillway
during spring runoff. It is also possible then that fish spill out into the
stream via the spillway.

-65-

1

Table 8. General water chemistry parameters measured on Beaver Creek tributaries,
1977 and 1978.

Date

Temp.
°C

Alkalinity
mq/1

Conductance
umhos/cm

D.O.
ppm

Turbidity
JTU's

pH

-LBll-

6/7/77
9/22/77

34.4
10.0

500

1300

4.8
6.3

75

8.7
8.8

7/21/78

17.0

160

1800
-HIT3-

10.8

115

7.5

7/12/77
9/22/77

18.9
11.1

100
270

650

8.3

5

9.8
8.5

7/25/78

25.0

170

3100
-L3-

12.0

<10

8.5

7/25/77

18.9

137

-

-

25

10.0

7/19/78

22.0

150

1700

2.4

90

8.5

Table 9. Distribution of fishes in Beaver Creek tributaries, 1977-1978.
Montana species of special concern underlined.

Streams

Species Little Beaver Ha)^ Lame Steer

Carp

*

Creek chub

*

Flathead chub

Lake chub

*

Brassy minnow

*

Silvery minnow

*

Fathead minnow

*

Smallmouth buffalo

*

Shorthead redhorse

*

White sucker

*

Goldeye

*

Black bullhead

*

Yellow bullhead

*

Stonecat

*

Brook stickleback

*

Green sunfish

*

Yellow perch

*

Walleye

*

Iowa darter

*

Northern pike

*

*
* *

*

-66-

Yellowstone River Tributaries

Seven north flowinq tributaries to the Yellowstone River were sampled in
1977 and 1978 (Fiqure 3). Chemical parameters for each stream are shown in
Table 10. The invertebrate fauna of these tributaries is similar to that of
Beaver Creek. Hmfcfln azteca, CkiwnomuA, EndochiAonomui , and Vapknia
are very common throughout the lower Yellowstone basin. A list of the aquatic
invertebrates collected in each tributary is presented in Fiqure 10.

Smith Creek.
(Table 11),

A total of 21 species of fish were collected in Smith Creek

The downstream sections near the mouth of the creek are dominated
by creek chubs, brassy minnows {HubagnathM hantzlmoni] , white suckers and
brook sticklebacks. Younq-of-the-year northern pike and channel catfish were
collected durinq the fall of 1978, suqqestinq that adults of these species
migrated into Smith Creek from the Yellowstone River in the spring and summer
of 1978 to spawn. While adults were not taken, the presence of young-of-the-
year fish indicate the importance of this tributary.

Box Elder Creek. A kite diaqram of the fish distributions and relative
abundance of fish in Box Elder Creek is presented in Fiqure 26. A total of
19 species were found in the stream (Table 11). The flathead chub, silvery
minnow and river carpsucker dominate the lower sections of the creek. These
species are common near the mouth of creeks which run into the Yellowstone
River. The lake chub {CoveAliiA plumbeiiA] and plains killifish become abundant
about midway in the creek. The creek chub is by far the dominant species
throuqhout most of the creek. The white sucker is common except for the
headwaters. Lake chubs, fathead minnows, emerald shiner (Wotic'pc6 atke^nyinoideA)
and sand shiner appear to be headwater soecies. These four species dominate
the upper portions of the creek because of their tolerances to extreme
habitat fluctuations. The sturgeon chub [HijboiMli, gttida) was collected
durinq 1977. This species is rare in Montana and has only been collected in
the lower Yellowstone and it's tributaries. Habitat preference of the
sturgeon chub is turbid water over qravel substrate with moderate to stronq
current, restricted the species to the turbid prairie streams. The presence of
the northern redbelly dace {PhoxinuA e.06] in Box Elder Creek is the first
occurrence of this species outside of the Missouri River drainaqe. They were
probably introduced into the drainaqe as a bait fish by anqlers.

Cotton Creek. Five species of fish were collected in Cotton Creek (Table
11). The plains killifish {fundtLtiLS kamaa) is abundant in this stream.
Prior to 1971, knov/n distribution of this species in Montana was limited to
the Biq Horn River drainaqe (Brown 1971). It has now been collected down-
stream in the Yellowstone River where it has established itself in small
feeder streams. Killifish seem to prefer shallow sandy bottomed streams
which vary qreatly in their thermal and chemical features (Minckley and
Klaassen 1969). Pflieger (1975) suqqests that the distribution of this species
is limited by it's requirements for high salinity or by inability to complete
in the more diverse populations found in a typical stream situation.

Gl endive Creek. Ten
(Table 11). All of these
lower Yellowstone system.

species of fish were collected in Glendive Creek
species are commonly distributed throughout the
Game fish were not collected in Glendive Creek.

-67-

Table 10. General chemistry measurements from Yellowstone River tributaries,
1977-1978.

Date

Temp.

Alkalinity
mg/1

Conductance
umhos/cm

D.O.
ppm

Turbidity
JTU's

PH

-SIO-

17.8
15.6

340
540

1100

4.5

10.5

7.0

15
100

9.5
9.6
9.1

1I\M1?>

25.0

210

2050
-BEl-

8.0

150

8.5

7/28/77

22.2
21.1
15.0

350
400
440

350

7.3
8.0
8.8

65

9.2

8.4

6/21/78

21.1

270

2700
-C2-

8.4

92

9.5

6/10/77

8/2/77

9/15/77

22.8
18.9

400
430

450
180
500

10.5
12.0

5
15

8.4
6.8
8.5

3/16/78

2.0

120

610
-IG3-

12.8

-

7.5

6/6/77

7/19/77

9/15/77

28.3
18.9

880
125
500

400

5.3

8.5

250
4500

9.5
9.4

3/16/78
7/12/78

1.0
20.0

70
280

220
1650

12.5
9.5

>500

8.5
8.0

Griffith Creek. Six species of fish were collected in Griffith Creek
(Table 11). These species are cornnon throughout the area.

Hodges Creek. Two species were collected in this small tributary of
Gl endive Creek (Table 11). Sandshiners and fathead minnows are cormion
throughout the area.

Krug Creek. Thirteen species of fish were collected in Krug Creek
during 4 sampling dates (Table 11). These species are all commonly distributed
throughout the study area.

-68-

Table 11. Distribution of fishes in tributary streams of the Yellowstone River
1977-78. Montana species of special concern underlined.

Streams

Species

Smith

Box Elder

Cotton Glendive

Griffith

Kruq

Hodges

Carp

*

•

*

Creek chub

*

*

*

*

*

Sturgeon chub

*

Flathead chub

*

*

*

*

*

Lake chub

*

*

*

*

Brassy minnow

*

*

N. redbelly dace

*

Plains minnow

*

*

Silvery ninnow

*

*

*

*

. *

Fathead minnow

*

*

*

*

*

*

Emerald shiner

*

*

*

Lonqnose dace

*

*

*

4r

*

Sand shiner

*

*

*

*

Small mouth buffalo

*

*

River carpsucker

*

*

Shorthead redhorse

*

White sucker

*

*

* *

*

Channel catfish

*

Black bullhead

*

*

*

Yellow bullhead

*

*

Stonecat

•

*

Brook stickleback

*

*

* *

*

Blueqill

*

Green sunfish

*

White crappie

*

Northern pike

*

Plains killifish

*

*

*

-69-

t

LBS

IB)1

LB 20

Finure 24. Kite diaqran sliowim distribution and relative abundance of
fislios in Little Reaver Creek, Midtli of kite at each station
represents nunber of individuals taken.

-70-

fc

II

No»lh«tn Pike

Finure ?M.

Kite dianraii showim distribution and relative abundance of
fishes taken in Snith Creek. llidt!i of kite at each section
is nronortional to the number of individuals taken.

t

■71

Creek chub

Northern redbelly doce

Flathead chub

Lake chub

Emerald shiner

Sand shiner

rassy minnow

Silvery minnow

Fotheod minnow

Longnose dace
River carpsucker"

White sucker

Stonecat

Plains killifish

"beI ' BE6 '66611' BE15 ' BE17 ' BE18 ' BE22

Fiqure 26. Kite diaqraii showinn distribution and relative abundance of fishes
in Rox Elder Creek, 'lidth of kite is pronortional to tlio number
of individuals collected.

ki

CLASSIFICATION OF STREAMS

Each stream in the study area was classified and ranked to assist the
Federal aqencies with nakinq the decision concerninq leasinq of federal
coal reserves. The importance of the aquatic resources in relation to
surface coal mininq is therefore recoqnized. A ratinq procedure
developed by Holton and McFarland (1978) was utilized to assiqn each
stream a species and habitat value and a sport fishery potential value.
The fish resource value was then assiqned.

The value assiqned for species and habitat was determined by a point
system in which most points were awarded for important habitats of fish
species of special concern. Native species found in limited numbers and/or
limited waters were considered of special concern. Fewer points were
awarded to less important habitats of species of special concern and for
widespread species occurrinq in larqe numbers. Least points were awarded
for non-indiqeneous species considered of minimal value. Points were also
qiven for esthetics and for importance to local connunity for scientific
study, nature study and/or recreation. The procedure for the ratinq system
is included in Appendix III.

Sport fishery potential was based on a point system in which points were
awarded for (1) productivity as indicated by biomass or numbers and sizes of
qame or sport fish, (2) leqal riqhts of the public to fish or will inqness
of a landowner to permit fishinq, (3) esthetics and, (4) use by fishermen
(fishinq pressure).

Six value classes were established and a stream was rated accordinq to
its score as follows:

Value Class

Class Identification

1
2
3
4
5
6

Hiqhest valued fishery resource

Hiqh priority fishery resource

Substantial fishery resource

Limited fishery resource

Low value fishery resources

Neqliqible fishery resource or not classified

The value and subsequent ratinq for each stream covered by this study
is summarized in Table 12. Computer printouts for each stream reach are in
Appendix III.

Beaver Creek received the hiqhest ratinq of the streams under consideration,
with a value class of 2. Habitat for the creek chub, a class C species of
special concern was considered to be substantial in Beaver Creek. Since
Beaver Creek is the only perennially flowinq stream in the area, it was
qiven special consideration as beinq important to the cormunity. Points
accumulated from the remaininq species brouqht the total to 10.9. A
class 2 stream is considered to have a hiqh priority fishery resource and
should be protected. Activities planned for the Beaver Creek drainaqe

■73-

should be carefully reviewed to insure that this unique aquatic resource is
protected. The water storage project planned for Beaver Creek will undoubtedly
affect this resource. Instream flows necessary to maintain the integrity of
Beaver Creek must be identified and maintained.

Box Elder Creek also received a high rating with a value class of 2. The
creek was considered to have high priority habitat for the creek chub and kill-
ifish, both class C species of special concern. Limited habitat for the
sturgeon chub, a class B species of special concern also increased the rating.
The points accumulated from the remaining 16 species placed the value rating
at 10.0. Sport fishery value was only 5, receiving a class 4 rating, which
is not surprising considering the scarcity of game and sport fish. Since this
class is considered to have a high priority fishery resource, activities
which may affect the aquatic resources should be discouraged. Coal lease
applications for Box Elder Creek drainage should not be considered until
further research has shown that the quality and richness of this resource is
not jeopardized. Water resource development projects being considered for
this drainage should be reviewed very carefully to insure that the integrity
of the system is maintained.

Table 12.

Stream classification values for Beaver Creek, Beaver Creek
tributaries and Yellowstone River tributaries.

Species and Habitat
Value Class

Sport Fishery Potential
Value Class

.1

Beaver Cr.

10.9

Box Elder Cr.

10.0

Smith Cr.

8.3

Little Beaver Cr.

7.7

Krug Cr.

6.3

Griffith Cr.

4.8

Cotton Cr.

4.1

Hodges Cr.

3.8

Lamesteer Cr.

3.6

Hay Cr.

3.3

Glendive Cr.

2.6

2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4

7
5
8
8
5
5
6
7
6
6
5

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

Three streams. Smith Creek, Little Beaver Creek and Krug Creek, were
rated as class 3 streams on the basis of species and habitat values. Habitat
values for the creek chub and plains killifish accounted for the classification.
Class 3 streams have a substantial fishery resource. Resource development
activities in these drainages should be reviewed to protect the aquatic
resources. Guidelines should be established and followed, however, to
prevent substantial riparian damage.

-74-

DISCUSSION

Flow reqime, physical characterist
stream norpholoqy of Beaver Creek, it's
tributaries to the lower Yellowstone Ri
to other southeastern Montana prairie s
is usually characterized by two hiqh-wa
larqest, occurs durinq late winter or ea
snowmelt runoff, while the second occur
with the sprinq rains. Flows for the s
represent an extremely low flow, while
averaqe.

ics, chemical parameters and
tributaries and the small
ver were found to be similar
treams. Runoff in Beaver Creek
ter periods. The first, and
rly sprinq and represents lowland
s in later sprinq and coincides
treams in the study area in 1977
1978 is considered above

Diptera is the most abundant and widely distributed qroup of aquatic
invertebrates in the Beaver Creek drainaqe. The invertebrate fauna
found in Beaver Creek and the tributaries are characteristic of intermittent
prairie streams. Distribution patterns in these streams are influenced by
the sluqqish water and their intermittent nature. Species which complete
their life history in one season appeared to dominate the invertebrate
fauna.

Fishes found in the Beaver Creek drainaqe are similar to those found
in other eastern Montana streams (Elser et al . 1978, Elser and Schrieber
1978, Clancey 1977). Some exceptions particularly creek chub, Iowa
darter, brook stickleback and plains killifish were noted and their
distribution identified. In qeneral most species were distributed in
Beaver Creek in one of three ways: i.e. found only near the mouth, present
only in the headwaters, or distributed throuqhout (Fiqures 13 and 14). Those
species found only near the mouth were likely miqrants from the Little Missouri
River. Water temperatures, water quality and substrate in the upper reaches
favored those fishes found in this area. Other species existinq throuqhout
the creek are obviously tolerant of the entire ranqe of conditions and
habitats existinq there.

Comparisons of fish numbers between stations were difficult to make
because samplinq conditions between stations varied qreatly. However,
for a qiven station, the numbers of each species sampled probably indicate
their relative densities. In addition, the abundance or scarcity of
certain species at a qiven station probably reflects the suitability of
habitat for those species involved. There seemed to be little uniformity
in species diversity of the ichthyofauna within the study area. Diversity
was qreater above the Montana-North Dakota boundary than below. Samples
were not taken frequently enouqh nor were they of adequate size to allow
a completely quantitative assessment.

Observations suqqest that sauqer, walleye and channel catfish
utilize Beaver Creek for spawninq. The importance of this stream to
maintaininq the fish populations of Lake Sakakawea and the Little
Missouri River is unanswered. The lack of anqler returns of taqqed fish
indicates an under-utilized resource. This is not unexpected since
fishinq pressure is low reflectinq the sparse human population density of
the area.

■75-

Younq-of-the-year sport fish taken in the Yellowstone River tributaries
indicates the importance of these streams for maintaining the integrity
of the lower Yellowstone. While it is difficult to evaluate the relative
importance of these streams to the reproductive potential of lower
Yellowstone fish populations, it demonstrates that these streams do provide
spawning and nursery areas. When resource development decisions are
made, the importance of these tributaries should be considered. Channel
catfish and northern pike were collected in Smith Creek, but may also
utilize other streams as well.

5

Classification of streams in the study area indicates that these
prairie streams are important from the standpoint of species and their
habitat values. A serious problem in the preservation of aquatic habitat
is the measurement of the total worth of a stream. A fishery (either
recreational or scientific) does not lend itself to conventional means
of measurement and is too often sold short in comprehensive planning that
involves water resources. Two streams inventoried in this study, Beaver
Creek and Box Elder Creek, were placed in resource value class which is
considered high priority resource fisheries. Decisions concerning
resource development in these drainages should be made only after the
potential impacts are carefully considered.

Among the primary concerns about leasing Federal coal reserves and
the subsequent energy devleopment are the effects of coal extraction on
water quality, the influences of water withdrawals for coal combustion
and the impacts of water storage projects for marketing the water in
other basins. In a strip mine operation, topsoil and overburden are
removed and set aside, sections of a coal seam removed and consumed,
and eventually the void is refilled with overburden (spoils) and recovered
with the stored topsoil. As a result of this operation, the normal flow
of the aquifer and of surface water is disturbed. Natural chemical and
biological processes are altered, hastened or retarded. These may affect
the quality of water passing through the mine site area, and in turn alter
the biological structure of the subsequent receiving waters - the nearby
streams, rivers, ponds and lakes.

Studies on the influences of coal mining on subsurface and surface
water quality have suggested major impacts (Thurston, et al. 1976).
Ground and ground water disturbances associated with mining activity
enhances mineralization processes and thereby increases the rates of
dissolution of many ionic substances in natural waters (VanVoast and
Hedges, 1975). Therefore, it appears likely that coal mining operations
in the Beaver Creek or lower Yellowstone basins would alter the water
quality and impact the aquatic system. Discharge waters from the West
Decker mine have been shown to contain higher concentrations of certain
ions than the receiving waters (Whalen, et al. 1976). Water running over
mine overburden and spoils result in relatively large amounts of soluble
sulfate and carbonate compounds being leached from the overburden and
spoils, resulting in an increase in salinity. Beaver Creek, Little Beaver
Creek, Box Elder Creek, Smith Creek and Krug Creek all were classed as
substantial or better fishery resources and should be protected from
environmental degradation.

-76-

Mercury enrichment of mine water is another problem associated with
coal nininq. Phillips (1978) has found higher concentrations in Decker
mine discharge water; however dilutional rates were high enough so that
the mine does not appear to have a detectable influence on the mercury
content of the Tongue River or Tongue River Reservoir, tleavy metal
contamination of streams in the Beaver Creek drainage and lower Yellowstone
River tributaries is however, a possible impact of coal development in
this area.

Intake Water Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Tenneco, Inc., has
proposed construction of an off channel reservoir on Box Elder Creek, and
a mainstem reservoir on Beaver Creek. An appropriation for 80,650 acre-
feet of Yellowstone River water per year was filed by Intake Water Company.
This water will be pumped to the detention reservoir on Box Elder Creek.
An impoundment on Box Elder Creek would have a negative effect on the
diverse biota of this stream, unless measures are taken to provide
adequate instream flow values. Several native Montana species which are
of special concern are found in Box Elder Creek: creek chub, sturgeon
chub and plains killifish; and their integrity must be maintained.

Water will then be pumped into the reservoir on Beaver Creek and
marketed in industrial areas. However, Intake Water Company is currently
involved in a legal battle to obtain permission to transport Yellowstone
basin water into the Little Missouri Basin. Not only questions involving
states rights, but also questions concerning the Yellowstone Compact
are involved. Several locations for the reservoir have been discussed.
Depending on the final site and future irrigation demands in the area,
the downstream fishery will be dependent on releases from the reservoir.
The fishery in Beaver Creek is also diverse and adequate flows must be
maintained below the dam if the integrity of the fishery is to be maintained.
Instream flows adequate to provide habitat must be maintained.

It is doubtful if a quality recreational fishery could be maintained
in the reservoir. Lamesteer Reservoir has not been able to provide a
sustained quality fishery and there is no reason to believe that a mainstem
reservoir would be any better. Additionally, the Beaver Creek Reservoir
would be subjected to large fluctuations in water levels due to industrial
use of the water.

Baseline information on the current aquatic invertebrate and fish
species composition, distribution, and abundance in Beaver Creek, its
tributaries and tributaries to the Yellowstone is important and necessary
to detect any future changes inihe aquatic cormunities resulting from coal
leasing, mining and energy conversion. Additional studies to monitor the
aquatic populations should be planned so future effects can be detected
and remedial action taken if and where necessary.

-77-

LITERATURE CITED

f

Alvord, W. 1959. Lamesteer Reservoir investigation. Montana Dept. of
Fish and Game. Job Completion Rept. Proj. No. F-ll-R-6. 3 pp.

Baxter, G.T. and J.R. Simon. 1970. Wyoming fishes, Wyoming Game and
Fish Dept. 168 pp.

Beck, W.M., Jr. 1977. Environmental requirements and pollution tolerance
of common freshwater Chironomidae, Env. Mon, Series. No. EPA-600-
4-77-024. 261 pp.

Brinkhurst, R.O. 1974. The benthos of lakes. St. Martins Press. N.Y. 190 pp.

Brown, C.J.D. 1971. Fishes of Montana. Big Sky Book. Montana State Univ.
207 pp.

Busch, W.D.N., R.L. Scholl, and W.L. Hartman. 1975. Environmental factors
affecting the strength of walleye {Stlzo^tzdion vLtium vitlzum) year
classes in Western Lake Eric. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32:1733-1743.

Cairns, J. Jr., 1969. Rate of species diversity restoration following stress
in freshwater protozoan cormiunities. Univ. of Kansas Sci. Bull.,
48:209-224.

Carlander, K. D. , R.R. Whitney, E.B, Speaker, and K. Madden. 1960. Evaluation
of walleye fry stocking in Clear Lake, Iowa, by alternate-year planting.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 89(3) :249-254.

Clancey, C.G. 1977. The fish and aquatic invertebrates in Sarpy Creek,
Montana. Unpub. M.S. Thesis. 54 pp.

Clemens, H.P. and K.F. Sneed. 1957. The spawning behavior of the channel
catfish, Jctaiuniif) panctatai. U.S. Fish and Wild!. Survey, Spec.
Rept. Fish. No. 219, 11 pp.

Duff, D.A. and J.L. Cooper. 1976. Techniques for conducting stream habitat
survey on National Resource land. BLM Technical Note T/N 283: 72 pp.

Durre, D. 1977. Statewide Fisheries Reports. North Dakota Game and Fish
Department. Dingle Johnson Report No. A1041.

Eggleton, F.E. 1952. Dynamics of interdepression benthic communities.
Trans. Am. Microscopical Soc. 71 (3): 189=228.

Ellis, D.V. and M.A. Giles. 1965. The spawning behavior of the walleye.
Stlzo6tzcU.onvWie.nm (Mitchill). Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 94(4):
358-362.

Elser, A. A., R.C. McFarland, and D. Schwehr, 1977. The effect of altered
streamflow on fish of the Yellowstone and Tongue Rivers, Montana. Old
West Regional Commission. Technical Report No. 8. 180 pp.

I

-78-

Elser, A. A. and J.C. Schreiber. 197R. Environmental effects of western
coal combustion. Part I - the fishes of Rosebud Creek, Montana.
EPA Grant No. R8n3 950. 33 pp. (In press).

Eschmeyer, R.W. and C.G. Smith. 1943. Fish spawning below Norris Dam.
Tenn. Acad. Sci. 18(l):4-5.

Goodman, D. 1975. The theory of diversity-stability relationships in
ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology. 50:237-266.

Goodnight, C.J. 1973. The use of aquatic macroinvertebrates as indicators
of stream pollution. Trans. Am. Microscopical Soc. 92:1-13.

Hamilton, M.A. 1975. Indexes of diversity and redundancy. Jour. Water
Poll. Cont. Fed. 47{3):630-632.

Harima, H. and P.R. Mundy. 1974. Diversity indices applied to the fish
biofacies of a small stream. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105:457-461.

Harrel, R.C. and T.C. Dorris. 1968. Stream order, morphometry, physico-
chemical conditions, and comnunity structure of benthic macroinvertebrates
in an intermittent stream system. Amer. Mid. Nat. 80:220-251.

Harrison, H.M. 1953. Returns from tagged channel catfish in the Des Moines
River, Iowa. Iowa Acad. Sci. 60:636-644.

Hilsenhoff, W.L. 1977. Use of arthropods to evaluate water quality of
streams. Wise. Dept. of Nat. Res. Tech. Bull. No. 100. 16 pp.

Hiltenun, J.K. 1970. Aquatic Oligochaeta of the Great Lakes. Great Lakes
Fishery Laboratory. Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, 26 pp. (unpubl.)

Hubley, R.C. Jr., 1963. Movement of tagged channel catfish in the upper
Mississippi River. Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 92:165-168.

Hurlbert, S.H. 1971. The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and
alternative parameters. Ecology. 52:577-586.

Hynes, H.B.N. 1976. Biology of Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology
21:135-154.

Jackson, W.D. and G.L. Harp. 1973. Ichthyofaunae diversification and

distribution in an Ozark Stream in northcentral Arkansas. Arkansas
academy of science proceedings. 27:42-46.

Johnson, F.H. 1961. Walleye egg survival during incubation on several
types of bottom in Lake Winnibigoshish, Minnesota, and connecting
waters. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 90(3) :312-322.

Kempinger, J.J. and W.S. CHurchill. 1972 . Contributions of native and
stocked walleye fingerlings to the anglers catch, Escanaba Lake,
Wisconsin. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 101:644-648.

-79-

McGammon, G.W. 1956. A tagging experiment with channel catfish {Jctatwiui,
punctataf,) in the lower Colorado River, Calif. Fish and Game. Vol.
47(l):5-26.

McFarland, R. and G. Hoi ton. 1978. Procedures for rating Montana Streams.
Montana Department of Fish and Game mimeograph. 8 pp.

Messman, L.D. 1973. Movements, age and growth of channel catfish in the
Republican River, Nebraska. Univ. of Nebraska, unpubl . M. S. Thesis.

Minckley, CO, and H.E. Klaassen. 1969. Life history of the plains killifish,
FandLLlus Kaniae., in the Smokv Hill River, Kansas. Trans. Amer. Fish.
Soc. 98(3):460-465.

Montana Dept. of Cormunity Affairs. 1976. Economic conditions in Montana:
a report to the governor. Research and Infomation Systems Division,
Helena. 35 pp.

Muncy, R.J., 1958, Movements of channel catfish in Des Moines River,
Boone County, Iowa. Iowa State Journal of Science. 23:563-571.

Nelson, J.S. 1968. Salinity tolerance of brook sticklebacks, Culaza incoMtans,
freshwater ninespine sticklebacks, Pungltiiif, pung-itUiA, and freshwater
four spine sticlebacks, ApeZt^d quad/iacuA. Canadian Journal of
Zoology 44(4) :663-667.

Newell, R,L. 1977. Aquatic invertebrates of the Yellowstone River Basin,
Montana Old VIest Regional Comnission. Technical Report No. 5. 109 pp.

Oliver, D.R. 1971. Life histories of the Chironomidae. Annual Review of
Entomology. 16:211-230.

Patrick, Ruth. 1959. Aquatic life in a new stream. Water and Sewage Works,
pp. 531-535.

Peters, J.C. 1964. Age and growth studies and analysis of bottom samples
in connection with pollution studies. Montana Fish and Game Dept.
Fishery Investigation Laboratory. Project No. F-23-R-6. 76 pp.

Pflieger, W.L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Missouri Dept. of
Conservation. 343 pp.

Phillips, G.R. 1978. The potential for long-term mercury contanination
of the Tongue River Reservoir resulting from surface coal mining and
determination of an accurate coefficient describing mercury
accumulation from food. Final Report, April-Sept., 1978. Western
Land Use Team, Nat. Fish. Res. Lab, Proj, 28.2:53 pp.

Priegel, G.R. 1969. The Lake Winnebago Sauger. Wise. Dept. of Nat. Res.
Bull. No. 43. 64 pp.

Priegel, G.R. 1970. Reproduction and early life history of the walleye in
the Lake Winnebago Region. Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources,
Tech, Bull, 45. 105 pp.

^

I

-80-

Riqqs, V,L. 1978. Aqe and growth of walleye and sauger of the Tongue River
Reservoir, Montana, llnpubl. M.S. Thesis. Montana St. Univ. 53 pp.

Ricker, W.E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics
of fish populations. Bulletin 191. Fish. Res. Brd. of Can. 382 pp.

Scott, Vi.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull.
184. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 966 pp.

Sheldon, A.L. 1968. Species diversity and longitudinal succession in
stream fishes. Ecology 49:193-198.

Summerfelt, R.L. and CO. Minckley. 1969. Aspects of the life history of
the sandshiner. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 98(3):444-453.

Thurston, R.V., R.K. Skogerboe, and R.C. Russo. 1976. Toxic effects on
the aquatic biota from coal and oil shale development. Progress
Report - Year 1. EPA-WQO-Res. Grant No. R803950: 448 pp.

Traner, E.J. and P.M. Rogers. 1973. Diversity and longitudinal zonation
in fish populations of two streams entering a metropolitan area.
Am. Midi. Nat. 92(2):366-374.

Van Eeckhout, G. 1974. Movement, reproduction and ecological relationships
of channel catfish, Ictalu/LiU) pimctatiU) (Rafinesque) , in the Little
Missouri River, North Dakota, 1972-1973. Univ. of N.D., M.S. thesis
65 pp.

Van Voast, Vi.A. and R.B. Hedges. 1975. Hydrogeological aspects of existing

and proposed strip coal mines near Decker, southeastern Montana. Bull 97.
State of Montana, Bur. of Mines and Geo!., Butte, MT. December 1975. 31 pp.

Whalen, S.C, P.J. Garrison, and R.W. Gregory. 1976. Limnology of the

Tongue River Reservoir; Existing and potential impacts of coal strip
mining. 2nd Prog. Rep. submitted to the Decker Coal Co. of Sheridan,
Wyo. April, 1976. 70 pp.

Wilhm, J.L. 1970. Range of diversity index benthic macroinvertebrate
populations. Jour. Water Poll. Cont. Fed. 42:R221-R224.

■81

(!

I

'D

L

APPENDIX I
BEAVER CREEK DRAINAGE SAMPLING SITES

'"

0

»

L

?

North

Dakotc

J

Sites

1.

T

145

N,

R

102

W.

Sec.

34

2.

Sec.

33

3.

T

144

N.

R

103

w.

Sec.

1

4.

Sec.

2

5.

Sec.

11

6.

Sec.

10

7.

Sec.

15

8.

Sec.

22

9.

Sec.

23

10.

Sec.

26

n.

Sec.

27

12.

Sec.

28

13.

Sec.

29

14.

Sec.

32

15.

T

143

N,

R

103

w.

Sec.

5

16.

T

144

N,

R

103

w.

Sec.

31

17.

T

143

N,

R

103

w.

Sec.

6

18.

T

143

N.

R

104

w.

Sec.

1

19.

T

144

M,

R

104

w.

Sec.

36

20.

T

143

N,

R

104

w.

Sec.

2

21.

Sec.

3

22.

Sec.

10

23.

Sec.

11

24.

Sec.

15

25.

Sec.

16

26.

Sec.

21

27.

Sec.

20

28.

Sec.

17

29.

Sec.

19

30.

Sec.

30

31.

T

143

N,

R

105

w.

Sec.

24

32.

Sec.

25

33.

Sec.

23

34.

Sec.

26

35.

Sec.

27

36.

Sec.

34

37.

Sec.

33

38.

Sec.

28

39.

Sec.

32

40.

T

142

N,

R

105

w.

Sec.

5

41.

T

143

N,

R

105

w.

Sec.

31

42.

T

142

N,

R

105

w.

Sec.

6

BEAVER CREEK

Montar

ia

Sites

43.

T

16

N,

R

61

E,

Sec.

18

44.

T

16

N,

R

60

E.

Sec.

13

45.

Sec.

14

46.

Sec.

23

47.

Sec.

22

48.

Sec.

27

49.

Sec.

28

50.

Sec.

33

51.

Sec.

32

52.

T

15

N,

R

60

E,

Sec.

5

53.

Sec.

8

54.

Sec.

17

55

Sec.

18

56.

T

15

N,

R

59

E,

Sec.

24

57.

Sec.

25

58.

Sec.

26

59.

Sec.

36

60.

Sec.

35

61.

T

14

N,

R

59

E,

Sec.

1

62.

Sec.

12

63.

Sec.

13

64.

Sec.

24

65.

Sec.

25

66.

Sec.

36

67.

T

14

N,

R

60

E,

Sec.

31

68.

T

13

N,

R

60

E,

Sec.

6

69.

T

13

N,

R

59

E,

Sec.

1

70.

Sec.

12

71.

Sec.

13

72.

T

13

N,

R

60

E,

Sec.

18

73.

Sec.

19

74.

T

13

N,

R

59

E.

Sec.

24

75.

T

13

N,

R

60

E,

Sec.

30

76.

T

13

N,

R

59

E,

Sec.

25

77.

T

13

N,

R

60

E,

Sec.

31

78.

T

13

N,

R

59

E,

Sec.

36

79.

Sec.

35

80.

T

12

N,

R

60

E,

Sec.

5

81

Sec.

6

82.

Sec.

7

33.

Sec.

18

84.

Sec.

19

85.

Sec.

30

86.

T

12

N,

R

50

E,

Sec.

25

87.

T

12

N,

R

60

E,

Sec.

31

-82-

\^

.^

BEAVER CREEK continued

Site

Montana

88. T

12

N,

R 59

E,

Sec.

36

89. T

11

N,

R 59

E,

Sec.

1

90. T

11

N,

R 60

E,

Sec.

6

91.

Sec.

7

92. T

11

N.

R 59

E,

Sec.

12

93.

Sec.

13

94. T

11

N.

R 60

E,

Sec

95.

Sec.

19

96.

Sec.

30

97.

Sec.

31

98. T

10

N,

R 60

E,

Sec.

6

99.

Sec.

5

100.

Sec.

8

101.

Sec.

9

102. T

10

N,

R 60

E,

Sec.

16

103.

Sec.

15

104.

Sec.

22

105.

Sec.

23

106.

Sec.

26

107.

Sec.

25

108.

Sec.

36

109. T

10

N,

R 61

E.

Sec.

31

110.

Sec.

30

111. T

9

N,

R 61

E,

Sec.

5

112.

Sec.

4

113.

Sec.

9

114.

Sec.

8

115.

Sec.

17

116.

Sec.

18

117. T

9

N.

R 60

E,

Sec.

13

LONE TREE CREEK

LT1.

T

12

N,

R

60

E.

Sec.

30

LT2.

Sec.

31

LT3.

Sec.

32

LT4.

Sec.

33

LAME STEER CREEK

LI. T 12 N, R 60 E, Sec. 7

L2 Sec. 8

L3. Sec. 9

L4. Sec. 16

L5. Sec. 15 (Lame Steer

L6. Sec. 14 Lake, LS)

L7. Sec. 23

L8. Sec. 24

LAME STEER CREEK continued
Site

L9.
L10.
Lll. T
L12. T

12
11

N,
N,

61
61

Sec. 25

Sec. 36

E, Sec. 31

E, Sec. 6

HAY CREEK

HI.

H2.

H3.

H4.

H1T1.

H1T2.

H1T3.

H1T4

H1T5.

H1T6.

H1T7.

T 15 N, R 60 E,

T 15 N, R 60 E:

T 14 n, R 60 E,

Sec.

17

Sec.

16

Sec.

21

Sec.

22

Sec.

17

Sec.

20

Sec.

21

Sec.

28

Sec.

33

Sec.

34

Sec.

3

LITTLE BEAVER CREEK

LBl. T 16 N, R 60 E,

Sec.

33

LB2.

Sec.

34

LB3. T 15 N, R 60 E,

Sec.

3

LB4.

Sec.

10

LBS.

Sec.

11

LB6.

Sec.

14

LB7.

Sec.

13

LB8.

Sec.

24

LB9. T 15 N, R 61 E,

Sec.

19

North Dakota

LB10. T 141N, R105W,

Sec.

7

LBll.

Sec.

18

LB12.
LB13.

Sec.
Sec.

8 (Odland
17 Dan)

LB14.

Sec.

20

LB15.

Sec.

21

LB16.

Sec.

23

LB17.

Sec.

27

LB13.

Sec.

34

LB19.

Sec.

33

LB20. T 140N. R 105W,

Sec.

6

LB21.

Sec.

7

-83-

9

% M

I'

k

ELK CREEK

El. T 143N, R 104W, Sec. 11

PRAIRIE DOG CREEK

T 144N, R 103H, Sec. 2

SIX CREEK

T 145N, R 102W, Sec. 26

-84-

n

D

•f

APPENDIX II

YELLOWSTONE DRAINAGE SAMPLING SITES

* \$

h

^

V

GLENDIVE CREEK ^

BOX ELDER CREEK

Site

Site

IGl.

T

16 N, R 56

E,

Sec.

18

BEl.

T

18

N,

R

57

E,

Sec. 31

1G2.

Sec.

19

BE2.

T

17

N,

R

57

E,

Sec. 6

1R3.

Sec.

20

BE3.

Sec. 5

1G4.

Sec.

29

BE4.

Sec. 8

1G5.

Sec.

30

BE5.

Sec. 7

1G6

Sec.

28

BE6.

Sec. 18

1G7.

Sec.

33

BE7.

Sec. 19

1G8.

T

15 N, R 56

E,

Sec.

4

BE8.

Sec. 20

1G9.

Sec.

3

BE9.

Sec. 29

IGIO.

Sec.

10

BEIO.

Sec. 32

IGll.

Sec.

11

BEll.

Sec. 28

1G12.

Sec.

14

BE12.

Sec. 33

1G13.

Sec.

23

BE13.

Sec. 34

BE14.

T

16

N,

R

57

E,

Sec. 1

KRUG

CREEK 'y

BE15.

T

16

N,

R

58

E,

Sec. 6

BE16.

Sec. 7

Kl.

T

16 N, R 56

E,

Sec.

33

BEl 7.

Sec, 8

K2.

Sec.

34

BE18.

Sec. 17

K3.

T

15 N, R 56

E.

Sec.

3

BE19.

Sec. 16

K4.

Sec.

2

BE20.

Sec. 21

K5.

Sec.

11

BE21

Sec. 22.

K6.

Sec.

12

BE22.

Sec. 27

K7.

T

15 N, R 57

E,

Sec.

7

K8.

Sec.

8

BE6T1.

T

17

N,

R

57

E,

Sec. 18

K9.

Sec.

9

KIO.
Kll.

Sec.
Sec.

15
14

SMITH

CREEK

'^).r'^i

K12.

Sec.

13

SI.
S2.

T

19

N,

R

58

E,

Sec. 3
Sec. 10

GRIFFITh

1 CREEK ;)

r.

r\l\

S3.

Sec. 11

S4.

Sec. 14

Gl.
G2.

T

16 N, R 56

E,

Sec.
Sec.

34
35

S5.
S6.

Sec. 23
Sec. 24

G3.

G4.
G5.

T

16 N, R 57

E,

Sec.
Sec.

36
31

0/\

S7.
S8.

T

T

19
19

N,

R
R

59
58

E,
E.

Sec. 19
Sec. 25

Sec.

30

S9.

T

19

N,

R

59

E,

Sec. 30

SIO.

Sec. 29

G4T1.

T

16 N, R 57

E,

Sec.

31

Sll.
S12.
S13.

Sec. 20
Sec. 28
Sec. 33

COTTON CREEK ~

S14.

Sec. 27

S15.

Sec. 34

CI.

T

16 N, R 56

E,

Sec.

5

S16.

Sec, 35

C2.

Sec.

4

S17.

Sec, 36

C3.

Sec.

3

S18.

T

19

N,

R

60

E,

Sec. 31

C4.

Sec.

10

S19.

Sec. 32

C5.

Sec.

11

S20.

Sec. 29

-85-

<1

I

PARSON CREEK

T 19 N, R 59 E, Sec. 34

HODGES CREEK Q) - ^A'J)r>

W9. T 14 N, R 58 E, Sec. 9

-86-

I

b

APPENDIX III

Stream Rating Procedures and Classification Sheets

^

1

I

^

1

APPENDIX III

MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND OAME
PROCEDURE FOR RATING MONTANA STREAMS
December 197S

GENERAL

Six value classes were established:

VALUE CLASS
1
2
3
4
5
6

CLASS DEFINITION

Highest-valued fishery resource

High priority fishery resource

Substantial fishery resource

Limited fishery resource

Low value fishery resource

Negligible fishery resource or
not classified.

The^?nT","^^^"^^''^^"'' '" ^ ^^'"^ '^"^ '°' ^^^^ °^ '^e two cntena below.

Criterion 1 - Species and Habitat Value of Stream Reach

The class of each reach was determined by a point systen, In which i«,8t points
were awarded for mportant habitats of fish species of special concern (natlv
awarled ""? '"/^"""'^ "•"""« ""^/or limited waters). Fewer points were

:: dir : °ir. !.Tr^/^"^!^f°""'' *" substantial numbers. Least points were

Criterion 2

Sport Fishery Potential of Streaa Reach

DETAILED PROCEDURE FOR ASSIGNING VALUE CLASSES

A. Procedure for Criterion 1 - Species and Habitat Value of Stream Reach
I. Standards and Associated Points

. Stand-
Poln'ta— ard

15

2/
I Highest-valued habitat— for class A species of special

3/
conceroi'

10

11 High priority habitat for class A species of special concern.

or
Highest-valued habitat for class B species of special concern.

Ill Substantial habitat for class A soecies of special concern.

or
High priority habitat for class B species of special concern.

or
Highest-valued habitat for class C species of special concern.

IVA Substantial habitat for class B species of special concern.

or
High priority habitat for class C species of special concern.

1.5 IVB Substantial habitat for class C special of special concern.

Limited habitat for any species of special concern.

Abundan

Ml

Al

population of: (1) native not species of special

concern^' or (2) non-native game or sport spec

les ot
iesl'-

VIA Common abundance of: (1) native not species of special concern
or (2) non-native game or sport species.

.2 VIB Same as VIA only abundance rating is uncommon or unknown.

VII Same as VIA only abundance is rated as rare, M (species absent

but might be present if habitat problem corrected) or E (species
expected but not verified).

or
Presence of any non-native non-sport species.

VIII

Esthetics is 3 or higher (on a scale of 1 lowest to 5 highest) ,

IX Stream is one of few streams or only one in the immediate area
and is important to community for scientific study, nature
study and/or recreation.

Stream is a spring stream or spring creek.

\J Points are awarded for each species meeting a standard.

2/ Habitat designations: highest-valued, high priority, substantial, and limited are

based on Judgement decisions of fisheries managers.
3/ See list of species of special concern in Appendix.
5/ See list of Montana fish species In Appendix.

II. AsslRnmenl of 4-l.iss

I'o^l n I s •*'iL^^' H?. Jll^ Habitat Value Class

1^ or more 1

10 to less tli.in 15 2

5 to loss than 10 3

.3 to less th;in 5 U

Greater than zero to less than .1 5

0 6

Important tributaries for trout recruitment are advanced one class but not
higher than class 1.

NOTE: If no fish are present stre.ini riMch is automatically in class 6;
exception. If no fish present but stream has local coninunity Importance
(standard IX above) class 3 Is asslf^ned.

B. Procedure for Crltt-rion 2 - Sport Fishery Potential of Stream Reach
I. Productivity - Aw.tid of Points .ind Assignment of Grade

a. Points for productivity of all trout species comblnedi-'

Blomass (Kr) per 300 m Points

70 and over

12 to less than 70

5 to less than 12

Greater than 0 to less than 5

If trout present but blomass is unknown:

Each species with abundance A,B,C or 11-' Is assigned 1

Each species with abundance U,V, or 7. is assigned .5

b. Points for productivity of class A non- trout game and sport flshi'
Abundance Ratlnfii^ Points

A

B
C
D

1^ V and 7.

Note: Maximum for mountain whitefiah is 2 points.

Assignment of productivity grade

Points (sum of points from a and b above)

9 and over

6 to less than 9

3 to less than 6

Greater than 1 to less than 3

1 or less

Grade

4
3
2
1
0

II. Assignment of Ingress Grade

Ingress ratinn

1
2
3
4
5
6 and 7

■II

Grade

4
3
3
2
1
0

II For species designations see list of Montana fishes in Appendix.
21 See explanation of ratings In Appendix.

III. AssiKnincnt of Ksr het Ics i;rade
Esthetics ratlngl-'

Grade

4
3
2
1
0

IV. Assignment of Use (Ftshiiig Pressure) Grade

Fisherman days/lO km

1250 and over

310 to less than 1250

65 to less than 310

Greater than 0 to less than 65

0 (none or unknown)

Grade

4
3
I
1
0

V. Computation of Sport Fishery Potential Score and Assignment of Class.
A. Score = Sum of (grade for each component x multiplier^''-
fi. Assignment of Class

Score
I . 1 7 and over

2. 17 and over

17 and 18

Gondii Ions

Fish production based on natural
reproduction. Paddleflsh or
bragglng-size_' trout present
and ingress rating of I, 2 or 3
and esthetics rating of 3, 4 or 5
and overall use of 5000 or more-

Ingress rating of 1, 2 or 3 and

at least one condition in 1 above
no t me t .

Ingress rating of 4 to 7

Sport fishery
potential class

4. IS to less than 17

5. 1 5 to less than 17

6. Greater than 11 to
less than 15

7. Greater than 4 to 11

8. Greater than 0 to 4

9. 0

Ingress rating of 1 , 2 or 3
Ingress rating of 4 to 7

2
3
3

I*
5
6

Note: Tf no fish are present stream reach Is automatically in class 6.

1/ See explanation of ratings in Appendix

II Multiplier for productivity is 2; for other components Ungress, esthetic and use)

the multiplier Is 1.
3/ See Appendix for bragging sizes
4/ For this purpose the stream reach will be a composite of adjoining reaches that

meet all other conditions for Class 1.

('.. AsMlnnmcnt "I risli RfRKiiri-f V.iliu' <:inss

The flsli resoiirre v.iliic rinss Is Kimplv tin- hl^lior rl.iss given for rrttorlon
1 or 2 above.

APPENDIX

INCRESS RATING. As used here Ingreiis means the lepal rlpht to enter.
Code

1 - Stream section bordered almost entirely hy public l.inds whioh Insure Ingress by

.inRlers (exclude state school sections).

2 - A stream section bordered by .i mix of private' .ind public land where the public

land Is distributed in such a way that no significant portion of the stream is
unavailable by vehicle and/or walking. Floating may also be a major oeans of
access.

3 - A strc.im section boi-dcred by roo.fltly private lind where ingress Is uncontrolled

or readily available by permission. This portion may be available by floating
or through navigability laws. Also Includes corporate lands - these are currently
open but could go to individual ownership In the future or company policy regarding
ingress could change.

It - A stream section bordered mostly by private l.inii where Ingress is limited but
some fishing is allowed. May Includi- minor portions where public land or road
crossing may provl.le limited Ingress. The portion through private land may be
available by floating or through navigability laws.

5 - A stream section bordered entirely by private land where public fishing is a-

vailable for a fee or where a small group has leased exclusive rights. Legality
■ay be in question on some streams but this category identifies the current "fee"
or "lease" fishing areas.

6 - A stream section bordered mostly by private land where little or no Ingress by

permission is allowed. Floating precluded by stream size or other physical
limitation (no road or public land to reach stream).

7 - A stream or stream segment bordered by publ ic land that is unavailable because of

posting on private land or locked gates on private roads.

FISH ABUNDANCE RATINGS. Abundance of fish refers only to adult fish, or in case game
and sport fish to keeper size (7" minimum for trout; exception 6" minimum for trout
populations which spawn when shorter than 7"). By nature abundance ratings are subjec-
tive. Since trout command the most Interest of Montana fishes, the abundance ratings
for ,ill fishes were geared to trout. The abundance graph (Figure 1) is a guide to
numbers associated with abundant, common, uncommon and rare. The ratings reflect the
peak abundance during the year, e.g., when migratory spawners are present.

A ' Abundant

B ' Abundant with proportional number of bragging size (see appendix)

C - CoiBon

D ' Connon with proportional number of bragging size (see appendix)

U - Uncommon

V • Uncommon with proportional number of bragging size (see appendix)

R - Rare

E - Presence not verified but expected

M <■ Species absent but could be present If habitat problems corrected

N - Not present

I" = Species absent, but might be present if Introduced (e.g., potential

habitat In a barren stream)
7. " AbinidHnf-r iiiikiKi%^

Sneclal codes entered lii abundance column to indicate habitat value of reach for

spi'c les uT special concern. ^P i 11 I

G = Highest-valued
H = High priority
S = Substantia] value
L = Limited value

CODKS FOR FISHES' USE 01' REACH

Codes indicating single use or dominant use:

L = Resident throughout life cycle

A = Spawning elsewhere (Includes hatchery fish) — spends part or most of life
In reach

H = Spawning and hatching — young promptly move downstream

.1 = Spawning and nursery to subadult

C = Passing through — species uses reach as a corridor to migrate upstream and
return downstream

F = Feeding run

N = No use (in connection with abundance codes M, N md P)

Z = Use undetermined

Codes that are combinations of the above codes to indicate more than one population
of a species.

R = L plus H or J

P = C plus L, A, H or J

S = H and J combined

Any other combination: Code entered for dominant use

ESTHETICS RATINGS. Esthetics were rated 1 (low) through 5 (high). Features that
detract from esthetics Include: pollution, dewaterlng, channelization, riprap
(particularly car bodies and discarded building materials), mine tailings, a busy
highway along stream and severe land abuse. As a guide:

1 - A stream with low esthetic qualities.

2 - A stream and area with fair esthetics qualities.

3 - A water with natural beauty but of a more common type that listed under

4 and 5. A clean stream in an attractive setting.

4 - A water comparable to 5 except that it may lack pristine characteristics.

Presence of human development such as roads, farms, etc., usually comprise
the difference between 4 and 5.

5 - A water of outstanding natural beauty In a pristine setting.

MONTANA FISHKS IN FAMILY SEQUENCF.
(Also see species ol speiial concern list)

-7-

cniu S :

Kl- F&C
Cojlc

n 27

n 91

a <>2

MT FiC
Code

28 -
18 -

V, -

Kr urf'.etni*
While sliircriin
r.ill Id sliiri'c""
Shove liiosr siur);c*»n

P.idtllef Ish

01 »

o;' -
(n *

0/i *
OS

06 -

07 *
n 08 *

09 *
n 10 -

> 11 *

> 12 -

> n -
i/i -

!■) *
" 85
8f. -

87 *

HH *

o 89 *

> lis

119

> 12(1 *
>I21 -
>I22 -

" 2) *

29 -

30 •

32 •

33 -

31 •
37-
39-
/il -
«2 -
43-
44 -
45-
4fi-
47 -
48"
49-
50-
51 -
52-
53.

140-

141 -

142 -
143-

31 -

40 -
■1I _
S(. -
'•I -
•,H -
S9 -
hO -

61 -

62 -

63 -

24 -

25 *

64 -

65 *

66 *

lake uhltoflsli (May„be^atlve, In .
, , ,. .St Mary 8 Lake)
*)untaln whltrf ish '

100

26

103

106
109
112
115

71 ■

Shortnosc Rar

Coldcye

Rnlnhow trout* (See 122)

Ciittliront trout*

Hrook troiil

Brown trout

Dolly Vardcn

Lake trout

Golden trout

Kokanee

Coho salmon

Arct ic Kray 1 i iic

Rainbow x cutthroat trout hybrid

Westslopc cutthroat trout (pure)

Yellowstone cutthroat trout (pure)

Whiteflsh*

I

Mo

I'yRmy whltcfish

Chinook salmon

Splake

Salmon*

Trout*

Trout/Salmon*

Rainbow trout x golden trout hybrid

Upper Missouri cutthroat trout tpure)

Native rainbow trout

Northern plko (Native only In

Saskatchewan River Drainage)

Peamouth

(;oldflsh

Carp

Northern squawflsh

Utah chub

Minnow*

l.ongnose dace

Northern redhel ly/Flnescale dace*

Brassy minnow

SI 1 very/Plains minnow*

Flathead chub

Lake chub

Sturgeon chub

Emerald shiner

Sand shiner

Kcdsldc shiner

Creek chub

Pearl dace

Fathead minnow

Colden shiner (May be native In eastern Mont

Silvery minnow

Plains minnow

Flnescale dace

Northern redhel Iv dice

Su. ker*
llul l.ilo*

K i ver ( .irpsucker
l.oii)'.iu>sp sucker
While sucker
l.arr.oscalc sucker
Blue sucker
Blgmouth buffalo
Smallmouth buff.ilo
Shorthcad redhorse
Mountain sucker

Channel catfish
Bui Ihead*
Stonccat
Black bul Ihead
Yellow bullhead

Trout-perch

Burbot

Plains killifish (Probably native)

Mosqui tof Ish
Shortfin molly
Variable platyfish
Green swordtall

Brock stickleback

17*

Largemouth bass

18*

Bass*

19*

Sunflsh*

)

21*

Crapple*

0

73*

Smal Imouth bass

74*

Blueglll

75*

Pumpklnsecd

76*

Green sunflsh

77*

Black crapple

78*

White crapple

79*

Rock bass

20*

Yellow perch

n

22

Sauger/Walleye*

a

81 -

Sauger

n

82*

Walleye

83-

Iowa darter

36- Freshwater drum

16-
130-
131-
132-
133-
134-

Sculpln*
Mottled sculpin
Slimy sculpin
Torrent sculpin
Shorthead sculpin
Spoonhead sculpin

anr)

Trout species

Native riMh. I..... lu.llKe„ou.s

Nin-natlve game or sport fish

N-n-natlve non-game or sport fish

Slrean, class A non-trout gane or sport fish

Undesignated as to species or strain

MONTANA FISH SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN* As of November 1978.

CLASS A - Gene pool Insecure and/or limited habitats in Montana and elsewhere in
North America.

' .|»

White sturgeon

Pallid sturgeon

Paddlefish

Yellowstone cutthroat trout

Arctic grayling

CLASS B - Intermediate between class A and class C

Westslope cutthroat trout
Upper Missouri cutthroat trout
Sturgeon chub
Shorthead sculpln

CLASS C - Limited number and/or limited distribution in Montana, at least fairly
widespread and abundant elsewhere In North America, gene pool not in
leopardy if extirpated from Montana

Shortnose par
Native rainbow trout
Creek chub
Flnescale dace
Trout-perch
Plains killifish
Spoonhead sculpln

BRAr;(;iNG-SIZE FISH

\

i

Species Kg Lbs.

Shovclnose sturgeon 2.7 6

Paddlefish 34.0 75

Mountain whlteflsh .9 2

Knkanee .9 2

Cutthroat trout .7 1.5

Itainbow trout 1.4 3

Brown trout 1.4 3

Urook trout .5 1

DoMy Vardcn 4.5 10

Lake trout 6.R 15

Arctic Graylinp. .9 2

Golden trout .5 1

Species

Kg

Lbs

Northern Pike

6.8

15

Bullhead - black

& yellow

.3

Channel catfish

3.6

8

Burbot

2.7

6

Sraallmouth bass

.9

2

Largemouth bass

1.8

4

Crappie, black f. White

.5

1

Yellow perch

.5

1

Sauger

.9

2

Walleye

1.8

4

.7

*A1 1 are native with possible exceptions of plains kllllflsh and flnescale
dace which arc assumed to be.

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APPENDIX IV

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