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Published monthly by the

University of the State of New York
BULLETIN 295 AUGUST 1903

New York State Museum

FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director
RAIM PoRTER FELT State Entomologist

(BRARy
OCT 2 6 1993

Y &
Cecsiny oF 1S

\0UT INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE

Bulletin 68
ENTOMOLOGY 18

A study conducted at the entomologic field station, Ithaca N. Y. under the direction of
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc.

BY

JAMES G. NEEDHAM PhD. Professor of biology, Lake Forest University
ALEX, D, MacGILLIVRAY Ph.B. Instructor in entomology, Cornell University
O. A. JOHANNSEN M.S. Instructor in civil engineering, Cornell University

K. C. DAVIS Ph.D. Professor of horticulture, West Virginia University

PAGE PAGE
hee eS ae 199 | Part 5 Aquatic Chrysomelidae and a
Part 1 Station Work of the Summer Table of the Families of Coleopter-
|! of 1901. J. G. NEEDHAM....... 200 ous Larvae. A, D. MACGILLIVRAY 288
Part 2. Food of Brook Trout in Bone Part 6 at Gee Dip- :
tera, . A, JORENNSEN ZK, S22: 32
Pond. J. G. NEEDHAM......... 20
iss J area “2 Part 7 Sialididae of North and South
Part 3 Life Histories of meeeadeiai Mice: ee Ci ee 442
suborder Zygoptera. J. G. NEED- Explanation of plates......--..---- 487
HAM .... .---++ 222+ +--+ 222 +++ 218 | List of text figures......--.....--- 499
Part 4 Some New Life Histories of Pintes F525 3 careers bese nee face 499
Diptera. J. G. NEEDHAM...... sey |) PAWS Wn cto sokaacoms Moe compe 501
| ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
1903
Mero4m-—Jl2-3000 Price 80 cents

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University of the State of New York

REGENTS

With years of election

WituiaM_CroswELt Doane D.D. LL.D. Chancellor, Albany

Wuitetaw Rep M.A. LL.D. Vice-Chancellor — New York
Cuauncey M. Depew LL.D. = = ss _ New York
CHaries E. Firch LL.B. M.A. L..D#A= — Reehester
Wittiam H. Watson M.A. M.D. LL.D. - -— Utica.
Henry E. Turner LL.D. <2 Cares ~ Lowville

St Crarr McKetway M.A..L.H.D. LL.D, D.C.L. Brooklyn

DaniEL BEacH Ph.D. LL.D. - - - — Watkins
Carnot. E. Smite. -LL.De= =. = _ LcSyracuse
Pry Tf, Sexton LL.D. = _ _ = — Palmyra
i. Guierorp SMira . M.A, CA. LLB. - — Buffalo
Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - = New York
ALBERT VANDER VEER M.A. Ph.D. M.D. - — Albany

CHARLES R. SKINNER M.A. LL.D.
Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio

Curren. Sicborp’: MA; EERIDE) = — =: Brooklyn
THomas A. Henprick M.A. LL.D. -— = — Rochester
BENJAMIN B. ODELL jr LL.D. Governor, ex officio

Rosert C. Pruyn' M.A. ~ = = = — Albany
Witiiam NottincHam M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - Syracuse
FRANK W. Hiccins Lieutenant Governor, ex officio

Joun F. ©’Brien Secretary of State, ex officio
CHarLes A. GARDINER LL.B. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. New York
CHARLES S. Francis B.S. - _ -: - ~ ‘Exoy

SECRETARY
Elected by Regents

1900 JAMES RUSSELL Parsons jr M.A. LL.D.

DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS
Metvit Dewey M.A. LL.D. State Library and Home Education
JAMEs RussELL Parsons jr M.A. LL.D.

Administrative, College and High School Dep’ ts
FREDERICK J. H. Merritt Ph.D. State Museum

University of the State of New York

New York State Museum

FREDERICK J. H. MeErRrILu Director
EPHRAIM PorTER FELT State Entomologist

Bulletin 68
ENTOMOLOGY 18

AQUATIC INSECTSIN NEW YORK STATE

PREFACE

It is very gratifying to present the public with such a material
addition to our knowledge of the aquatic insects of the State, an
ecological group which has received almost no attention except
from those engaged in a systematic study of the adults. There
is no doubt that insects form an important part of the suste-
nance of some of our most valued food fishes, as shown by Dr
Needham’s studies of the food contents of trout stomachs. Mr
Johannsen’s systematic and biologic study of these minute spe-
cies will do much toward making possible their identification
in the immature as well as the adult condition. The ability to
identify young or immature forms is exceedingly important
when studying aquatic insects, and the great attention given
to the early stages is the most valuable feature of this collec-
tion of papers. The publication of this bulletin marks another
important step in an investigation on the value of insects as
fish food. The consummation of this, as has been previously
pointed out, is a work of years; and it is hoped that each season
may be marked by substantial progress.

The acquisition of new facts is a laborious process; and the
several authors are to be congratulated on their success.

This collection of papers will prove not only a source of in-
formation but also an inspiration to all subsequent workers.

E. P. Fe.tr
State Entomologist

Part 1

STATION WORK OF THE SUMMER OF 1901
BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM

In 1901 the entomologic field station was conducted at Ithaca.
The results of extensive field work at Saranac Inn the preceding
season had not been fully worked up, and it seemed desirable
that this unstudied material should be reported on. Thus
access to collections and libraries became desirable; therefore,
when Professor Comstock generously offered the station work-
ing quarters in his laboratory at Cornell University and the use
of his library, his offer was gladly accepted.

A less ambitious program of field work was arranged for this
Becond season. But, on the other hand, systematic studies of
more importance and value, were planned and successfully
carried out. The field work of the season was directed toward
the study of nematocerous Diptera, aquatic Coleoptera and the
aquatic neuropteroid groups. Breedings of Odonata-Zygoptera
were carried on in order to supplement the extensive collections
made at Saranac Inn in 1900, and to furnish a better basis for the
account of that group in this bulletin. Not many additional
species were reared, but much valuable material was obtained
for some of the species there insufficiently studied. Trap lantern
and other miscellaneous collecting was done through the season.
In addition to the breedings of nematocerous Diptera, conducted
by Mr O. A. Johannsen with great diligence and success, numer-
ous Perlidae and Ephemeridae were reared by Mr Betten and
myself. Collections of aquatic Coleoptera were also made, and
these, together with my own breedings in that group, Mr. Mac
Gillivray has worked up, generously adding thereto previous un-
published breedings of his own. His account of the group pub-
lished herewith is destined to be highly useful to students of
aquatic insects. |

The chief feature of the station work of this season was
cooperation. The station and the entomologic laboratory of
Cornell University worked together most agreeably. Common

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB 201

use was had of the equipment of both. In addition to the
studies made for us by Mr MacGillivray, Professor Comstock
assigned two of his graduate students, Mr O. A. Johannsen and
Mr K. C. Davis, to work on special groups which the station
was desirous of having investigated; and their work, published
herewith, speaks for itself. This arrangement has made it pos-
sible to present now a larger body of work than the station
independently, on its own limited resources, could have secured.

The station sacrificed nothing in natural advantages by re-
moval to Ithaca. While so little is known of aquatic insects,
the fauna of one place is about as new as that of another. For
biologic field work of any sort, Ithaca possesses very great
advantages. It would be hard to find a place with more variety
of situation easily accessible. This is nature’s contribution;
and,it is, of course, the first requisite of a field station. It
rarely happens that so rich and varied a fauna and fiora lie at
the very doors of the laboratories in which their study may be
most advantageously carried forward.

East hill, with the university campus spread out on one of
its terraces, has cool swamps at its head and the Renwick
flats and Cayuga lake at its foot, and is seamed all down its
front by narrow gorges cut by turbulent streams. Across the
narrow valley West hill rises with like abruptness; but it is
of more regular contour, and its upper, gentler slopes are check-
ered by farms. Between the two hills at the head of the lake
is a marshy flood plain, partly timbered, and traversed by sinu-
ous creeks and bayous. Sheltered behind the present natural
embankment of the lake is the Renwick lagoon, characteristic
views of which are shown in plates 1, 2 and 20. This is a great
natural aquarium, teeming with plant and animal life. It is
also a natural foraging ground for many of the lake fishes.

The open lake is but a stone’s throw to the northward, and
the lagoon opens directly into one of the several nearby creeks.
Plates 3 and 32 show situations along two of the creeks of East
hill near the university campus and 600 feet above the lake
‘level. These are pictures of collecting grounds utilized in gath-

202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ering material for the present report. They give but a scant
idea of the great variety and picturesqueness of these streams.
Within easy walking distance of the campus are streams of
all degrees of swiftness and of all sizes from the large creek
to the tiny rivulet. The two creeks that bound the campus
on the north and on the south, flow gently in their upper reaches
and again on the flats below, but they descend the steeps of
East hill in a succession of cascades.

The workers at the station who were more or less directly
participating in its operations were the following:

1 Professor C. Betten, of Buena Vista College, Ia., special
collector of Trichoptera for the Cornell University collection.
Rearing caddis flies and stone flies and running trap lanterns
for the station.

2 Mr O. A. Johannsen of Cornell University, graduate stu-
dent in entomology. Collecting and rearing nematocerous
Diptera.

3 Mr A. D. MacGillivray, instructor in entomology in Cornell
University. Studying aquatic Coleopterous larvae.

4 Mr H. N. Howland of Lake Forest College. Studying
Odonata, and experimenting with apparatus for quantitative
collecting of the insects of shore vegetation.

5 Mr H. D. Reed, instructor in vertebrate zoology in Cornell
University. Collecting and studying aquatic insects and fish
food.

6 Mr T. L. Hankinson of Cornell University. Studying and
collecting the same.

7 Myself, in charge of station operations.

The excellent companionship of this body of enthusiastic stu-
dents, the satisfactory and regular progress of daily routine,
the fine facilities of the laboratory, the rich library, the accessi-
bility of good collecting grounds, the suitableness of the equip-
ment of the station, the beauty of the environment, and the
weekly diversion of the meetings of the Jugataeé made the ses-
sion one long to be remembered. Its work was done under
exceptionally pleasant circumstances.

*Entomologic Club of Cornell University.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATH 203

The results of our work in so far as made ready for publica-
tion appear in the following pages. With the aid of Messrs
Reed and Hankinson, I have studied the food of the 25 brook
trout taken in Bone pond at Saranac Inn, as detailed in my first
report [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47, p. 396], and now report on it.
The food of these trout was almost wholly insects, and there
was found such a preponderance of a single species of gnat larva
(family Chironomidae, order Diptera) in the food, as indicates
that that species may prove of high economic importance in water
culture. In another brief article I have brought together the
descriptions of a few dipterous larvae of unusual types. Most
interesting, perhaps, is the larva of Epiphragma fasci-
pennis, a burrower in fallen willow and buttonbush stems,
lying on the banks of temporary ponds; a larva of enforced
amphibious habits, its residence sometimes submerged, some-
times exposed; and it has a mode of respiration suited to
either condition. My chief contribution to this bulletin is the
description of the life histories and habits of the damsel flies
(order Odonata, suborder Zygoptera). I have been able to des-
cribe the nymphs of all our 10 genera and of 23 of our 42 known
species, all these descriptions being new.

Mr MacGillivray has prepared a table of families of coleop-
terous larvae in general that will be of great assistance to stu-
dents of this order. His careful study of the respiratory ap-
paratus of the Donacia larva solves the old, troublesome prob-
lem as to how that animal, dweller on the submerged roots of
water plants, gets its air. His study of Donacia is complete
for all species of the world fauna now known as larvae, and a
considerable proportion of them are now described for the first
time.

Mr Johannsen introduces his study of the dipterous families,
Blepharoceridae, Simuliidae, Dixidae, Culicidae and Chironom-
idae, with a table of families of nematocerous diptera. His
account of the Simuliidae is a monograph of the species of the
eastern United States in all stages of their development. In
the Dixidae he gives a key to our species (imagos) and offers the
first life history written for an American species. His treat-

POA NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ment of Culicidae is a generic synopsis of the family—and much
more; for he tabulates our known species of each genus, except
Culex. His careful and complete treatment of the Corethriinae
is specially gratifying because this subfamily has been neglected
by other American students of Culicidae. In the Chironomidae,
that Chironomus which is the chief article of diet for brook
trout in Bone pond [see pt 2] is treated as completely as possi-
ble. Life histories are offered in two genera new to our fauna..
This is but the beginning of Mr Johannsen’s work on the Chiro-
nomidae.

Dr Davis’s paper is a monograph of the Sialididae of America,
and will be of great service to students of this neuropterous.
family, since it brings together descriptions of all known Ameri-
can species with an account of what is known of their life his-
tories.

There remain, of station material still to be reported on, some
Chironomidae and a large number of bred Perlidae and Ephemer-
idae.

Part 2
FOOD OF BROOK TROUT IN BONE POND
BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM

I have already given in New York State Museum bulletin 47,
page 395-96, a brief statement of the conditions under which
there were obtained from Bone pond during the summer of 1900:
the stomach contents of 27 brook trout for study. These trout
were all taken with hook and line. They were all adults and
had selected their food in the natural way from what the pond
offered.

The pond itself is a small natural body of water less than
300 meters in greatest diameter and nearly circular. It is with-
out outlet and is surrounded by deep woods. 1 have given a
brief sketch of its shore vegetation in bulletin 47 on page 389-90,
with mention of the commoner animals collected there. It con-
tains no fish but the brook trout. It was artificially stocked
years ago, and has been repeatedly replanted with fry. Of the
three propagating ponds controlled by the Adirondack Hatch-
ery, it is by far the most successful in trout production. From
the beginning the trout have been able to maintain themselves

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 205

in large numbers. Most of the trout I saw taken from it in
1900 were rather lean, though otherwise in good and healthy
condition, and suggested that possibly it was becoming over-
stocked.

Of the 27 stomachs obtained, one was empty, and the con-
tents of another were lost through the breaking of a bottle,
leaving 25 for study. I give below in tabular form a bare state-
ment of what these 25 had eaten, and follow it with an account
of what has been learned elsewhere of the biology of the insects
constituting their food.

Table showing the stomach contents of 25 brook trout from Bone pond

a rj e 3s eS a

ee

= Aes Sat Ss =| pm B =

“cls a7 y = Fy = a 2 * B g Fe
ee lee ele elerelstge 8) = | 4
Riese te ie leileisis|aieis | ¥ 2 g
Zz a 7 bie oko alot |S. | 4 =
1 | 28 July “9 CTS 0 aN A Ee ae Sd yi See hae ws
2/30 « (ESE SG 9 EG RET MR nea ee
cerwer | 14 | 2 |....1---- oh) aged ae illed Wie ED ete Ate =a
re oe Yo oe “EY TOR as Ge i RR Pe Ee ee Be
i i odd <2 Stet oe Se ae ee ee |----/eese| fragments |....
6| 3 « POS OR OSS TT ey 0) ee SS Pe See! PO re
7 fa ee e.g eee Sa) EA aA RI PES 0 ae Se a
S big. (5 =) ce] Ts 2 Ree) Rais: Wey eae a 4 ioaaP Soils: Ba: =e
9/3 « Deen erie boo 5 to | ch. ted oe b
0) 3 « CLES BES TS CRESS RS i CRI PR I TI ny
i oe a cy ete gl aE 2) eae) Seeing acai (Rae Pe een ee ee Cc
w2z\|3 « SO S| SO ey ee nee Faia eines Bem, Bie, BAST ae Smee
2 CORES GE ee Gy ea AR A hy i Be EE:
14-| 3° # ad if 3) Se ee Fed a Bie sd a,
6/3 « ~) okey ee OT: SSS See eae On Seer ea Pena A
oT Waa ill EI em | 2 es Se BR eg Res eae che
17| 3 «& ees erie | 10 |. te 250| e
1/3 « Co ee SS Re ES, Se ee ee f
oo ASG Sale ares: Ore Ol jh Sea eee | A es eee Pee gerne 2 eee
| i Sigel G56 e GO siete Sat an en Nail SiS hee BG atl
21| 8 « Pee OPES Sar Coes ey ee eee ri Sees OPES ete ge ie]
a a ee S608 Gane ee ae ae Be PN Ae g
23115 « 50s go 0S es Ee ee es aes ae bes ay = NESS tres te oes
94118 * eee et | ee ce risa
ete oad fee lo = Ae ps ere: ae

Total..| 2462 |444 | 64 | 92 10 4 77 2\7\| 8 250 |...

aA few brook trout scales.

bOne little fresh-water mussel.

ceAntenna of adult 4 chironomid of small size.

dCarabid beetle claw.

eScolytid beetle elytron and two little adult Chironomids.
fAchorutes sp.? (Order Thysanura).

g Three little adult Chironomids.

206 NEW YORK STATD MUSEUM

In this table the food species have been arranged in what
seemed to be the order of their importance as constituents of the
food of the trout at the time and place taken. The totals,
counting larvae and pupae of a species together, are 2906
Chironomus, 156 Corethra, 14 trichopter larvae, 2 nymphs of
Aeschna constricta, 7 nymphs of Callibaetis,8 Atax
crassipes, 250 (approximately) Daphnidae, and a few wholly
unimportant things listed as miscellanies. The numerical ratio
of these is 116.24 Chironomus, 6.24 Corethra, 10 Daphnidae, .56
trichopter larvae, .32 Atax, .28 Callibaetis, .08 Aeschna to each
of the 25 trout. What may be the relative food value of these
species is, of course, wholly undetermined. In arranging them
in the foregoing table, I have taken into account only their
relative size. I should be inclined to regard only the three
first named in the table as of any considerable importance to
the trout.

To my mind the chief value of this table is that it clearly
indicates one species of economic importance to trout culture—
the Chironomid of whose larvae and pupae an average of 116
specimens had been eaten by each trout. The largest number
eaten by a single trout was 351, while three trout had eaten
none at all. It is possibly significant, possibly only accidental,
that the May fly nymphs were eaten chiefly by those trout that
had found no Chironomids.

NOTES ON THE FOOD SPECIES OF THE TABLE
1 Chironomus sp.?

There can be no doubt that in Bone pond this is an exceed-
ingly important species. Unfortunately, the day this fact be-
came apparent, in the cursory examination of the food as taken
from the stomachs, was the last day of study permitted us at
the pond. What.the species is, consequently remains unknown.
Mr Johannsen has studied the larva and pupa systematically,
and has treated them in part 3. His figures [pl. 49] should
make the recognition of the species possible when other larvae
shall have been obtained and bred.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 207

Professor Forbes in his studies of Illinois fishes (the brook
trout was not one of the fishes he studied), has clearly pointed
out the importance of these small larvae as fish food: “ Among
aquatic insects, minute slender dipterous larvae, belonging
mostly to Chironomus, Corethra and allied genera, are of re-
markable importance, making, in fact, nearly one tenth of the
food of all the fishes studied.”! In his report? on the aquatic
invertebrate fauna of the Yellowstone national park, almost
every page testifies to the abundance, general distribution and
ecological importance of Chironomus. On page 228 are given
some observations indicating that it is of as great importance
to young trout as to adults:

The pond was swarming with mountain trout (Salmo
mykiss), a few of which I dissected for a determination of
their food. One of these an inch and a half in length had eaten
Chironomus larvae and imagos chiefly, the remainder of its
latest meal consisting of other insect larvae, not in condition
to identify, and the entomostrachan Polyphemus pedi-
eulus. <A second, an inch and a quarter long, had also fed
on Chironomus in its various stages of larva, pupa and imago,
but had made about a third of its meal of Entomostracha.
Another, still smaller (.92 of an inch long) taken from the open
lake among the small weeds growing on a flat, muddy rock, had
filled itself with Chironomus pupae only, as had still another
of the same size. A third specimen from this situation had
eaten more larvae of Simulium than of Chironomus, and a
fourth had also eaten Simulium larva and another dipterous
larva unknown to me. I may add here that other young trout,
in a small swift rivulet near the Lake hotel, were feeding con-
tinuously, Aug. 9, on floating winged insects, mostly, if not all,
Chironomus and smaller gnatlike forms.

With these certain indications of the economic importance of
the genus at hand, it is indeed time we were able to recognize
its species. Mr Johannsen’s work in part 3 is a beginning in
that direction. All the above mentioned references, as well as
most others to immature stages wherever publisked, are to the
genus only; and Chironomus is a great genus, and includes
forms with considerable diversity of structure, habitat and

0 ee ES ee ee er ee eee
1Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p.483.
2U. S. Fish Com. Bul. 11, p.207-56.

208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

habits. It is quite probable that with pond culture, as with
agriculture, when real progress begins it will be necessary to
recognize not only species, but also varieties of the more im-
portant species.}

Notwithstanding the indefiniteness of our knowledge con-
cerning Chironomus as a whole, it may be worth while to ven-
ture some general observations concerning the habits of the
genus, since these will explain some peculiarities of the table.
Among the larvae attributed to the genus there is consider-
able diversity of structure, and a very striking range of color.
Color differences have led to the distinction “ white larvae ”
and “red larvae” in such papers as the one above quoted. The
distinction is arbitrary, however, and of very limited applicabil-
ity. The range of color is continuous from bright crimson in
some of the red larvae to translucent pale yellowish or green-
ish in the others. Moreover, all are “white larvae” when
newly hatched; and the red color is correlated with a consider-
able increase in size without a corresponding development of
the tracheal system in the body, and is due to the increase
of hemoglobin in the blood plasma. In general, it may be said
that the “red larvae” are larger, have a more extensive devel-
opment of blood gills, and live in deeper or less well aerated
water; the “ white larvae,” most of which are not Chironomus
in the stricter sense, are as a rule smaller, have little develop-
ment of blood gills or of hemoglobin in the blood plasma, and
live in rapids, on shore vegetation in shallower, cleaner, better
aerated water.

The Chironomus of the foregoing table is one of the larger
species, with larvae of bright red color. Many of them were
alive when taken from the trout stomachs, and wriggled about
as actively as if just taken from the water. In shore collecting
none were found, but a few of their loose, flocculent gelatinous
cases were found at the farthest reach of a long handled net
(depth 5-6 feet). The species is doubtless a denizen of the deeper
water, which is the proper feeding ground of the trout. It lives

1Several British species are characterized in their immature stages, and

a good general introduction to the study of the biology of the genus is
how available in Miall & Hammond’s The Harlequin Fly, Oxford 1900.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 209

on the bottom in the midst of a very thin layer of silt and veg-
etable debris covering the white sand. Its loose gelatinous case
is covered with adherent silt, and takes on the general, protec-
tive color of the bottom. As is well known, the larvae of the
larger red species are among the most characteristic bottom
forms in all our larger and deeper lakes, being usually asso-
ciated with deep water mollusks (Pisidium) and caddis fly
larvae. This distribution, the natural abundance of the larvae,”
and the constant succession of generations through the year,
leaving no period of absence of the larvae from the water, con-
stitute the claim of these larvae to economic importance.

The pupae at first are red, but that color is generally quickly
obscured by the development of the pigment of the adult insect.
Within a few days at most after the transformation from the
larva, the pupa rises to the surface and floats there, descending
when disturbed, but quickly rising again. Pupae are less uni-
formly distributed over the surface than are larvae over the
bottom, for the wind may drive them together in great masses.
Pupae are often taken in numbers in a surface net in towing;
larvae are rarely taken so, and then only at night, and in shal:
low water, for the larvae often leave their retreats at night and
go swimming considerable distances with figure-of-eight loop-
ings of the body.

It will be seen in the table that, with the exception of trout 11,
every trout that had eaten Chironomus at all had eaten either
larvae or pupae largely in excess; a large number of one stage,
few or none of the other. In the light of the differences in hab-
its of larvae and pupae just stated, this should indicate that
some of the fish had been feeding chiefly or wholly at the bot-
tom, others at the surface of the pond. The larger number of
larvae eaten may indicate either that larvae were more easily
obtained, or that they were preferred, or that bottom feeding
was preferred.

2 Corethra
This is another form that is common in our northern lakes

generally. It was not studied at Bone pond, and was collected
there only by the trout. Corethra plumicornis is

210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

common in a pond on the campus at Lake Forest, and there I
have observed its habits for several years.

The larvae are free swimming and are found most abundantly
beyond the line of the shore vegetation. They are entirely
transparent, except for two pairs of air sacs and some pigment
in the eyes, and, generally, food in the alimentary canal, ap-
pearing as a dark line through the middle of the body. Their
transparency doubtless secures them some immunity from ene-
mies. J have experimented with feeding them to a hungry
nymph of a dragon fly Libellula pulchella. Placed
in the nymph’s mouth, they were eaten with avidity, but, placed
thickly in the water with it and swimming around within easy
reach, none were captured or even reached after by the nymph.
It was probably unable to see them, for it quickly seized water
boatmen (Corisa) when substituted for the Corethra larvae.
I very much doubt whether the trout can see them. If they
are as abundant in Bone pond as they often are in my campus
pond, even the considerable number shown in the table, might,
I think, have been taken in the straining of the water through
the gill rakers, without selection of any individuals for capture.

The pupae of Corethra are at first likewise transparent and
free swimming, but soon rise to the surface and float there, like
Chironomus, and just before transformation, become darker
colored. The imagos settle on low vegetation around the bor-
ders of the water, or rise, dancing in swarms in sheltered and
sunny places. The females deposit the eggs on the surface of
the water, laying them down fiatwise, in a spiral held together
by scanty gelatine.

Among insects these larvae are the most independent of the
shore vegetation. They feed on free swimming unicellular
plants and animals. In my campus pond during April and May
(the months of my observation) they: live chiefly on a species of
Peridinium, with a sprinkling of other flagellate infusorians.
Specimens taken freshly from the pond generally show a dis-
tinct brown streak through the middle of the body, due to the
Peridinia eaten. They are not incapable of disposing of much

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 218

larger prey, however. Very frequently in my aquariums, after
the supply of other food has run out, I have found a larva, with
another larva of its own species and nearly of its own size, two
thirds swallowed and one third digested.

We have but few species of Corethra, and they are much alike,
and should be readily recognized generically in larval and pupal.
stages by comparison with the figures given on plate 39.

3 Unknown trichopter larva from bottom of Bone pond

This is another species that lives outside the line of the shore
vegetation. Just outside that line, on bottoms shallow enough
to be reached with a long handled sieve net, Mr Betten found
the cases of the species in great abundance, but they were all
empty. He has described the case in bulletin 47, page 572, as:
no. 2.

Because all students of our lake bottoms have reported caddis:
fly larvae along with Chironomus larvae as a constant part of
the fauna, I have thought it desirable to have the structural
characters of this species illustrated as fully as possible in the
hope of its recognition by comparison in the future. The only
specimens seen were obtained from the trout stomachs, and
were pretty well digested. Some of the cases were fairly well
preserved, but the pupae were so badly disintegrated as to be
hardly distinguishable as pupae; the parts of the larvae most
strongly chitinized, and the parts most important for the dis-
tinguishing of the species were fairly well preserved, and have
been used, together with a perfect case collected from the water
and apparently belonging to the same species, as a basis for the
figures presented on plate 6.

The trout swallow the animals case and all, doubtless being
unable to get them apart. The case persists after the animal
within has been disintegrated, but the sand grains gradually
fall off, and the brown, lining tube of silk gradually breaks up
into fragments. Most of the stomachs contained a little sand,
doubtless derived from this source, and trout nos. 2,3, 6, 7 and 17
contained large quantities loose, in addition to that still on the
walls of the cases remaining.

a NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

4 Aeschna constricta

The nymphs of this dragon fly live in the midst of the shore
vegetation in shallow water. ‘The trout that eat them probably
have to go beyond the confines of their usual feeding grounds
to get them. The advanced stage of digestion in which the spec-
imens were found seemed to indicate that the specimens had
been taken during the preceding night. Aeschna nymphs
attached to a hook were taken by the trout, but not more read-
ily than minnows, small frogs or other bait.

These were the largest animals the trout had eaten. The vol-
ume of one of them would equal perhaps that of 15 to 20 Chi-
ronomous larvae, or 30 to 40 Corethra larvae, or 5 to 7 caddis fly
larvae, or 4 to 5 Callibaetis nymphs. They are among the most
powerful members of the aquatic insect community and clamber
about frequently on exposed places on plant stems, where the
trout, if at hand, might easily seize them.

In a small way the dragon fly nymphs are competitors of the
trout for food. They eat small insects promiscuously, and
doubtless many pupae of Chironomus and, Corethra fall victims
to them. They will eat young trout, also, as long as themselves.
I demonstrated this at Saranac Inn by confining them together
in a breeding cage. One little trout would be captured quickly,
and then the others would be wary of the nymphs and keep
away from them well, so that we would think they would evade
a similar fate, but one by one they would disappear till all had
been eaten. The Aesehna nymph approaches its prey with the
slowness and poise and stealth of a cat till within striking dis-
tance. Plate 5, figure B, shows a nymph of this species pois-
ing for a stroke at a backswimmer (Notonecta).

The adult dragon fly is shown also on this plate. Transforma-
tion occurs in the latter part of June and in July. The female
inserts her eggs by means of an ovipositor into the stems of
plants just below the surface of the water. The eggs hatch in
about three weeks, and the little nymphs at once take up their
abode among the submerged plants and eat promiscuously any
other animals they can overpower; they also eat one another.

-——_— Ts.” cae eS -

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 213

I have not been able to determine as yet whether in relation
to trout culture Aeschna is more disadvantageous than other:
wise. It eats a few of the fry and it eats the food of the larger
trout; but, on the other hand, it furnishes a moderate supply of
food itself for the larger trout.

Out in the proper foraging ground of the trout, burrowing
shallowly under the silt of the bottom of the pond, are other
dragon fly nymphs of the genus Gomphus, which would seem to
be wholly detrimental. They feed voraciously on other insects
of the bottom fauna, and, doubtless, on Chironomus larvae,
while by their burrowing habits they seem to escape the trout
altogether.

5 Callibaetis sp.?

These nymphs, like the preceding, were found in an advanced
stage of digestion. That they were Callibaetis, however, was
determinable from the structure of the jaws, the top of the
thorax and the bases of the setae, which were preserved. Since
no adult May ‘flies were collected at the pond and no nymphs
bred, what the species is could not be established. Cal-

libaetis ferrugina was taken at the hatchery, and the

nymphs may very well have belonged to this species.

This.is a large genus, peculiar to the new world. A consider-
able number of species are already described, and doubtless
many more will yet be discovered. I have found the nymphs ex-
ceedingly abundant in many small lakes and ponds. They are

-most abundant amid the shore vegetation, but wander out into

deeper water, resting on the bottom, and darting rapidly from
place to place. I think it likely that they will be found more
important as the food of young fishes than of adults, because of
their greater abundance in the shallower water.

It is due to the occurrence of a new species! of Callibaetis in
my campus pond at Lake Forest, where, with my students, I

- have watched it year by year, that I am able to give some facts

respecting the genus, which have a bearing on its economic
+ nnn Eee
? While this is going through the press there comes to my table a
description of the nymph of this species with figures by Berry, in the
American Naturalist. 1903. 87:29, 30. .

214 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM -

status. The nymphs are associated with Corethra larvae, and,
like them, are generally in excessive abundance at all seasons of
the year. Unlike the better known May flies, this species has.
ne single period of transformation; but imagos may be found
beside the pond most of the time from April till September.
There are, to be sure, as with Corethra, a larger number in evi-
dence at the beginning of their season, about the middle of May,
than at any time thereafter, but that, I think, is due to the cold
weather retarding the process of transformation more than it
retards. growth. I have found the imagos quite abundant in
September. This repetition and overlapping of generations:
makes for continuity of food supply in the water.

The nymphs at transformation climb up only to the surface on
some support, and then leave their cast skins floating on the
water. The subimago stage lasts about 24 hours and is spent,.
as is usual, inactively. The male imagos are much in evidence,
flying in little flocks in sheltered places in the sunshine, weaving
up and down in their peculiar, rapid, dancing flight, and scatter-
ing on the approach of a net and settling on the reeds so quickly
and sitting so quietly that they usually entirely disappear from
view. I have found it difficult to capture many specimens of this.
species, even when they are abundant. The females are very
seclusive. I have rarely found one flying with the males, or
been able to discover one resting on shore. They are frequently
seen floating on the surface of the pond, resting on the water
with wings outspread, in which manner, like many other species
of May flies, they deposit their eggs.

I append a description of this species in both adult and
nymphal stages. The accompanying figures will suffice for the
recognition of the genus. The adults of the genus are recogniz-
able by the costal band of brown on the wings, best marked in
the female, and the generic characters of the nymphs are stated
in the table for the genera of May fly nymphs given in bulletin
47 on page 419.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 218

Callibaetis skokiana n. sp.
Plate 7

Imago. Length of body 9-10mm; expanse of wings 18-20mm;
length of setae, male 20mm, female 16mm. Ground color pale
flesh tint, tinged with yellow (more yellowish in the female)
marked, mottled and dotted with brown; antennae, legs and
setae white.

Head pale brownish, with whitish margins; in the male,
occupied superiorly by the large turbinate superior portion of
the compound eyes, which are pale egg-yellow on their superior,
faceted surface, with paler margins, and which are as large as
all the remainder of the head; in the female the top of the head
is very flat, and is traversed by two longitudinal, irregular, pale
brown bands, which are surrounded and separated by whitish.

Prothorax paler, thickly dotted with brownish color. Dorsum
of the mesothorax with a pale, longitudinal median suture, each

Fig. 1 Wings of Callibaetis skokiana, male

side of which is a band of brown rounded off posteriorly, and at
the sides there are brown spots inferiorly. The median narrow
pale line is continued posteriorly to the abdomen, and there are
brown spots on the sides of the metanotum. Sides of thorax
irregularly speckled with brown. Leys white with darker mark-
ings at the knees and at the ends of the tarsal segments, the
last one of which is wholly washed with brown. Wings with
the usual costal band, differing in the sexes, behind which they
are hyaline. The band in the female is darker and better de-
veloped. It covers proximally the bases of all the veins and is
regularly narrowed to the apex, ending just before the apex of
the wing, not lobed posteriorly, fenestrate with hyaline on most
of the cross veins except toward the base, and reduced to a yel-
lowish wash in the stigmatic region and about the humeral
cross vein. In the male the costal fascia is paler, and usually
disappears just before the yellowish stigmatic space, which is
sometimes filled with anastomosing cross veins. The venation
of the male is shown in figure 1. There is much variability in the

216 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

number of cross veins in any part, but in general they are more
numerous in the female. Behind the costal brown band in the
female there are about 70 cross veins, not in a single row, not in
regular rows at all.

Abdomen pale yellowish or flesh tinted, thickly dotted and
dashed with brown, tending to form a dark middorsal band, more
or less completely divided on the base of each segment, a line of
brown dashes each side just above the pale lateral margin on
segments 1-9, with a more or less separate curved mark above
the anterior end of each dash. At the sides the metathorax
overlaps the first abdominal segment and almost reaches the
base of segment 2. The ventral side of the abdomen is paler with
more uniform dots and a pair of submedian brown ()— marks

Fig.2 End of abdomen of Callibaetis skokiana, male, ventral view, showing
forceps, rudimentary median caudal filament and bases of lateral filaments

-

on segments 2-9, abbreviated on segment 9. Forceps of the
male [figure 2] and setae of both sexes pure white.

Subimago. Differs in having the setae shorter (about 9mm
long in both sexes), the wings faintly smoky brown, or slightly
tinged with yellowish on the middle of what is to be the costal
band, and the principal bands of brown on the-body faintly indi-
cated.

Nymph. Length of body 12-13mm, setae 6-7mm additional;
width of head 1.2mm, of thorax 1.8mm. Color greenish, marked
with pale fuscous.

Head pale, suffused with brownish around the eyes and across
the ocelli in front, a longitudinal band bounding each eye inter-
nally, tinged with yellowish.

Prothorax pale marked with fuscous on the front margin and
at the sides, with a pair of pale spots in irregularly contoured
brown inclosures on the dorsum. Mesothorax and metathorax

darker dorsally with pale markings at the front margin and at.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE AT

the rear between the wings; brown spots on the base and in the
furrows of the wings. Legs pale, smooth, somewhat infuscated
on the tarsi.

Abdomen with a median dorsal interrupted band of brown,
preceded by an urceolate divided brown mark on the metatho-
racic dorsum, furcate anteriorly on segment 1 of abdomen,
broadly overspreading segments 2 and 3 with additional brown
spots at the sides and divided by paler apically; reduced to a
slender T-mark on 4, the T-mark and lateral spots reappearing
on 5, the T-mark joined to an apical transverse line on 6, and on
7, fused with the lateral spots, a median line with lateral
()-marks on 8 and 9, 10 with the line and the margins narrowly
(the apical margin more broadly) fuscous.

Gills on segments 1—7, on 7 simple, and almost symmetric, a
slightly indicated basal lobe on the posterior side, on 6, 5, 4 and
3 this basal lobe is successively more pronounced, becoming
separated by a deep notch on 3; on 2 and 1 this lobe becomes 4
third as large as the body of the gill under which it is then
folded, and a shallow incision appears on the anterior side of
the body of the gill, nearer apex than base. All gills erect, with
tracheae pinnately branched. The setae are pale with a wash
of darker color near the tip.

Other items in the food

The eight water mites, Atax crassipes Miill., found in
the food may well have been taken accidentally, as they are so
small they could scarcely have been taken otherwise.

The large number of Daphnidae found in a single stomach is a
peculiarity for which I have no explanation to suggest. They
were in an advanced state of digestion, and the number given
is only approximate. There were fragments of what I took to
be Daphniae in the stomach of trout 5 also, but scarcely recog-
nizable. The difficulty of recognizing and counting these was
quite in contrast to the ease and certainty with which the same
things were done for the other food constituents. The heads
of Chironomus and Corethra were most distinctive, and were
the parts longest resisting digestion, so that among a mass of
fragments it was only necessary to count the heads.

The items listed as miscellanies were doubtless all accidental
and unimportant. I think that the trout scales found did not
indicate that any trout had been eaten, but only that they had
been fighting, and this one had bitten another deeply enough to
loosen a bit of its cuticle.

218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Part 3 | a

LIFE HISTORIES OF ODONATA
SUBORDER ZYGOPTERA
Damsel flies

BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM

The discussion of this suborder here is to be regarded as a
continuation of the study of the order from Museum bulletin 47,
wherein the suborder Anisoptera was treated, and 62 life his-
tories were detailed. Only the fauna of the State is discussed,
and the bibliographic notes have here the same limited scope and
purpose. No descriptions of imagos are given, but the reader
is referred to well known descriptive catalogues, and it is hoped
that the keys to imagos given herewith, together with the
figures, may prove sufficient for the determination of our species.
My purpose has been to make known the immature stages, and
to that end, nymphs of all the species whose life histories are
known are newly described.

In the suborder Zygoptera 38 species have been listed from
New York State hitherto: 386 by Calvert! and two additional by
Davis2. To this number we are able to add four species:
Lestes vigilax from Cold Spring Harbor L. I; Enal-
lagma piscinarium and E. pollutum from Ithaca
and Nehallennia gracilis from Saranac Inn. Of the
42 species thus known from the State, we have reared 23, and
describe herewith, in more or less detail, their nymphs. All
these descriptions are new, and apparently the first that have
been written for our species though Hagen? has briefly stated
the group characters of our genera of Calopterygidae. Of these
23, three are Calopterygidae, five are Lestinae and the remaining
15 are Agrioninae: and, fortunately, the nymphs of all our
genera are now known.

—————————————— ee

1Thirty-five in his Odonata of New York State. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour.
3:39-48 and 5:91-96 and one in Ent. News. 12:326.

2Preliminary List of the Dragon Flies of Staten Island. N. Y. Ent. Soc.
Jour, 6:195-98.

3Essai d’un Synopsis des Larves des Calopterygines. C. R. Ent. Soc.
Belg. 1880. 23:65-67. ;

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 219

In view of the fact that the nymphs of about half our species,
including some of the commonest, are still unknown, a word to
the collector, additional to what has been said in Bulletin 47, will
be in order here. The Zygoptera are very easily reared. Nymphs
taken when grown will transform readily in any sort of aquarium
containing plant stems for them to climb on. Males should be
bred for certain determination; and the male imago when well
colored should be placed at once with its cast skin in a vial of
70¢ alcohol and promptly labeled.

But, unlike most Anisoptera, the Zygoptera transform com-
monly in the daytime; and it thus becomes a very easy matter
at the right time to pick up life history material. At the time
when any species known to be locally common is just beginning
to appear on the wing, one may go to its aquatic haunts, expect-
ing to find with a little searching nymphs on stems near the
surface of the water, others crawling out or transforming,
imagos beside their recently abandoned nymph skins and teneral
imagos taking flight. At this time it will not do to assume that
all that look alike are the same species. Owing to the exceed-
ingly close likeness of many of the species in such genera as
Lestes, Argia and Enallagma, one must select males for certain
determination, must keep each imago with its own cast nymphal
skin, and must keep the imago alive till the form of the ap-
pendages and the color pattern are fully developed. This last
point is readily secured by placing the imago and skin when
newly transformed in a paper bag for 24 hours, closing the top
and avoiding undue jostling about at first.

KEY TO FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ZYGOPTERA
Imagos

a Quadrangle [see fig.8] of the wings divided by

a number of cross veins; antenodal cross

veins numerous; pterostigma lacking a special

Drace vein; wings rather broad. .2...o.scccees Calopterygidae
aa Quadrangle without cross veins; antenodal cross

veins but two in each wing; pterostigma with

a brace vein at its proximal end in the space

behind vein R,; wings marrower.............-. Agrionidae

220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

b Vein M3 arising (i. e. separating from vein

Mj+2) nearer the arculus than the nodus...... Lestinae
bb Vein M3 arising nearer the nodus than the
BTCGIUS 24x scone fee eee eas cea eee Agrioninae
Nymphs

@ Basal segment of the antenna very large, as long

as the other six together; median lobe of the

labium with a very deep cleft; gills thick, the
lateral snes? TPiquetrakes. ccs cies sharers oe eee Calopterygidae

aa Basal segment of antenna not longer than suc-

ceeding single segments; labium with a very

shallow closed median cleft or no cleft at all;
Sills thin, Tameliform « vis «Geared divs dele Geis eo were Agrionidae

6 Median lobe of labium with a short, closed,

median cleft; lateral lobe trifid at end;

movable hook bearing raptorial setae; gills

showing transverse segmentation............. Lestinae
bb Median lobe of labium entire; lateral lobe
bifid at end; hook naked; gills various....... Agrioninae

Family CALOPTERYGIDAE

This family includes in our fauna but two genera, Calopteryx
and Hetaerina, both of which frequent strong flowing, perma-
nent streams. The long legged, protectively colored, rather stiff
and awkward nymphs cling to submerged vegetation, generally
where it is washed by the current of the stream.

KEY TO GENERA

Imagos
@ Basal space (space before the arculus) in all wings free
TPO Cross ‘VelS, o.oo aos ek ene ae ee eee Calopteryx
ada Basal space of all wings traversed by cross veins..... Hetaerina
Nymphs

a@ Median cleft of the labium extending far below the
level of the base of the lateral lobes; abdomen with-
out lateral spines; dorsum of prothorax rounded at
TRO SIEGES ons oa WUT ys alin eee ae ee eee eee Calopteryx
aa Cleft of the medium lobe of the labium extending only
to the level of the base of the lateral lobes; lateral
margins of abdominal segments 7-9 generally ending
in small, flattened lateral spines; dorsum of the pro-
thorax with two angulate teeth each side........... Hetaerina

\

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE pet

CALOPTERYX

This strongly marked genus is abundantly represented about
the borders of creeks and small rivers throughout the State,
specially where such streams traverse rocky woods. The showy
imagos, with their black or smoky wings, and bodies of brilliant
metallic green, are very conspicuous, and well known insects.
They usually remain in proximity to their native streams, but
sometimes follow paths for a considerable distance through
adjacent woods. Their flight is poor and fluttering, and on
windy or cloudy days they keep rather closely to shelter. The

Fig. 3 Nymph of Calopteryx maculata

nymphs rest on silt-covered vegetation or on roots swaying in
the current, and are rather inactive, moving but little from
place to place.

The known nymphs agree in the possession of long cylindric
bodies, heads dorsally depressed, antennae with unusually de-
veloped basal segment, exceeding in length all the other seg-
ments put together, labium with a median cleft which divides
the median lobe far below the level of the bases of the lateral
lobes, a pair of spinules beside the cleft within, and three others
at the base of each lateral lobe, legs long and thin, radiately
arranged, gills three, variable in proportions, but always stout,
the lateral pair with external carina, the middle one two-edged,
all easily broken off, and generally wanting from specimens
that have received too rough treatment.

222 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

KEY TO SPECIES
Imagos

a Wings narrow; hind margin straight for a dis-
tance, and parallel to front margin
b Wings uniformly colored or transparent

¢- Wings cleat)... 25.7% a5 os ds sane ete hae are anguSstipennis
COON Is GOLLOWISIY.. 7 5 .'s.t/s se eee pe oe ong e a. Mat a
by. Apical sixth of wines black. ct. g22.0%2.0. vers apicalis
aa Wings dilated, with hind margin visibly rounded
b Apical third of the hind wings blackish........ aequabilis
bb Wings uniformly blackish or smoky............ maculata
Nymphs
a Basal segment of the antenna one third longer
than the’ head iis ‘wide. 3 32 26s eens Smee aequabilis*
aa Basal segment of the antenna hardly longer than
the head is Wildes is. %< cicw-. < Se cp an thty ees - maculata
bee WRKNGWM. << cvs 0s sce es angustipennis, amata, apicatlis

Calopteryx angustipennis Selys

1858 Sylphis angustipennis Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. 20:9

1854 Sylphis elegans Hagen, Monogr. Calopterygines, p.23, 9.

1861 Calopteryx angustipennis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am.
p.56

1875 Calopteryx anguSstipennis Hagen, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
Proc. 18:20 (full bibliography and notes)

1889 Calopteryx angustipennis Hagen, Psyche, 5:242 (descrip-
tion)

1900 Calopteryx angustipennis Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind.
p.258 (description and account of habits)

This elegant, clear winged species has not been found ag yet
within the State, but Mr Williamson has found it locally abun-
dant in western Pennsylvania. Its nymph is unknown.

Calopteryx amata Hagen

1889 Calopteryx amata Hagen, Psyche, 5:242 (original descrip-
1895 C a. teryx amata Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed
from Keene Valley: descriptive notes)

To the above record of a single capture of this species at
Keene Valley, I have only to add the record of another capture
on the other side of the Adirondacks, at Axton in June 1901, by
Mr A. D. MacGillivray. The nymph is unknown.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 223

Calopteryx apicalis Burmeister

- 1839 Calopteryx apicalis Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2:826 (original
description)

1861 Calopteryx apicalis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.56
(description)

1875 Calopteryx apicalis Hagen, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc.
18:21 (bibliography and distribution)

1889 Calopteryx apicalis Hagen, Psyche, 5:246 (a full descrip-
tion)

1893 Calopteryx dimidiata, race apicalis Calvert, Am.
Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:228

1895 Calopteryx dimidiata, race apicalis Calvert, N. Y.
Ent. Soe. Jour. 3:42 (listed from Westchester county)

1900 Calopteryx dimidiata, race apicalis Williamson,
Dragon Flies Ind. p.2538 (description)

This southward ranging species seems likely to be met with
only at the lower altitudes in the southern parts of the State.
Its nymph is unknown.

Calopteryx aequabilis Say

1839 Calopteryx aequabilis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour.
8:23

1861 Calopteryx aequabilis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.58

1875 Calopteryx aequabilis Hagen, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc.
18:21 (bibliography and distribution)

1889 Calopteryx aequabilis Hagen, Psyche, 5:246 (full descrip-
tion)

1899 Calopteryx aequabilis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.9 (descrip-
tion)

1900 Calopteryx a ne eae Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.252
(description)

1895 Calopteryx aequabilis Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42
(listed from Keeseville)

This species is common near Axton along Stony brook and
Raquette river. At Saranac Inn, 15 miles farther north,
but two or three specimens were taken during the entire season.
On July 31, 1900 Mr Betten and Mr Swett made a special trip
down to Axton to get its nymph. All the specimens they brought
back to Saranac Inn were kept there till the close of the season
of our work, but failed to transform. They showed however a
greater length of basal segment of antennae than the nymphs of
C. maculata found at Saranac Inn, and have therefore been
referred by supposition to C. aequabilis. By way of de-

224 NEW YORK STATP MUSEUM

scription I will give the measurements of one of the largest
nymphs, (length 23mm, antennae 5mm and gills 13.5mm addi-
tional) and add that the nymph seems entirely like that of
C. maculata except in its more uniform coloration and in
the diagnostic character already stated in the key.

Calopteryx maculata Beauvois

The blackwing
Plate 11

1805 Agrion maculata Beauvois, Jos. Afr. Am. p.85, Neur. pl.7,
fig.3

1861 Calopteryx maculata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am: p.57

1875 Calopteryx maculata Hagen, Bost. Sec. Nat hiist frie:
18:22

1889 Calopteryx maculata Hagen, Psyche, 5:246 (full deserip-
tion)

1898 Calopteryx maculata Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:227
(description)

1895-97 Calopteryx maculata Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:41
and 5:92 (listed from many localities in the State)

1899 Calopteryx maculata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.8 (descrip-
tion)

1900 Calopteryx maculata Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.251
(description)

This is our common species. In early summer it may be ob-
served poising on some green twig beside any clear stream, or
lending animation to the scene by the show of its brilliant
colors in flight. At this season the cast skins may be looked
for along any bank near which the imagos are flying, sticking
fast to some support in a sprawling attitude close to the sur-
face of the water. ;

Nymph [fig.3]. Length 20mm, antennae 4mm and gills Llinm
additional, 35mm in all.

Elongate, slender, smooth; greenish brown, with a broad band
of paler color nearly covering the flat upper surface of the head,
and tapering backward on the thorax; paler rings on the middle
of femora and gills; obsolete band of darker brown on the sides
of the body, best defined on the sides of the thorax and rear of
the head; a middorsal line of brown on the abdomen, inter-
rupted at the sutures; gills usually paler at extreme tip.

Labium [pl.14, fig.a] elongate, reaching posteriorly between
the bases of the middle legs; no raptorial setae, but a spinule
each side of the deep median cleft within, and three others at

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 225

the base of each lateral lobe. Movable hook strong, arcuate.
Distal end of lateral lobe divided.

Legs long, slender, smooth; no lateral carinae or spines on
the abdomen; wings reaching the middle of the fourth segment;
gills thick, with smooth and not very sharp carinae.

In half grown specimens femora, tibiae and gills are often
distinctly triple banded with brown, and the median cleft of the
labium extends hardly below the level of the bases of the lat-
eral lobes.

The females descend on stems of more or less completely sub-
merged aquatic plants (such as Elodea), and, unattended by the
males, insert their eggs thickly into the green stems, just below
the surface of the water.

HETAERINA

This genus includes some of the most beautiful of insects. It
is abundantly represented in the tropical parts of America; but
for our State a single species is recorded. Another species
which occurs in Pennsylvania may yet be discovered within our
borders.

The common northern species, H. americana [pl.12], fre-
quents slow flowing streams. The imagos are on the wing in late
Summer and early autumn, flitting about the borders of riffles.
The males are very showy, and are easily distinguished from all
our other dragon flies by the presence of a bright crimson streak
on the base of each wing. Though their flight seems rather
fluttering and uncertain, they are not very easy to capture when
at the hight of their activity: they dodge quickly, and fly across
stream frequently. Once, while collecting with a net of red
mosquito bar, after trying vainly for half an hour to capture a
specimen where specimens were not scarce, I stopped in dis-
couragement with the net under my arm, the bag behind me,
and rested. A moment later, looking back over my shoulder,
I saw a fine male Hetaerina sitting on the edge of my net. Care-
fully disengaging the handle from my arm, I managed to sweep
him into the bag. Then I turned my attention to the others
that were fluttering about the stream, and found I could easily
accomplish by strategy what I had failed to do by force. There
were few good alighting places about the stream, and I found

226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

that, if I held the net motionless in front of a flying male he
would promptly alight on the edge of it.

But specimens may be captured directly with little trouble at

morning or evening, or on cloudy days, when they are less active.
Sometimes they assemble in large numbers on the pendant
boughs of a willow bush beside a stream at evening, forming
with their crimson streaked wings and bodies of black and

bronze against the willow background, so charming a picture >

that the collector will hesitate to disturb it.

The nymphs cling to plants in the rapids; occasionally they live
on bulrush stems that fringe the wave-washed shore of a lake.
Transformation takes place just above the edge of the water,
and, with us, in the month of August. Our common species I
have bred several times in widely separated localities. It does
not occur at Saranac Inn. It has been several times taken at the
head of Cayuga lake at Ithaca. This species (H. americana)
may be separated from H. tricolor as follows:

KEY TO SPECIES

a Tibiae with the exterior side yellow. .............ce008- americana
om Tibiae entirely black. 2... f+ 626-6 ee is dace vee eee trieolor

Hetaerina americana Fabricius
Plate 12

1798 Agrion americana Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p.287

18389 Lestes basalis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 8:35

1839 Calopteryx americana Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2:826

1854 Hetaerina americana Selys, Monogr. Calopteryginae, p. 131,
pl12, nes.

1861 Hetaerina americana Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.60

1863 Hetaerina americana Walsh, Mnt. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:211,
267

1875 Hetaerina americana Hagen, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc.
18:23

1893 Hetaerina americana Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:228

1895-97 Hetaerina americana Calvert, N. Y. Hnt. Soc. Jour.
3:42 and 5:92 (listed from Keeseville, Ithaca and Albany county)

1895 Hetaerina americana Kellicott, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist.
Jour. (habits)

1899 Hetaerina americana Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.4

1900 Hetaerina americana Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.254

1901 Hetaerina americana Howard, Insect Book, pl.46, fig.11

1901 Hetaerina americana Calvert, Biol. Centr. Am. vol. Neur.
p.26-29, pl.2, fig.1-17 (a most complete account of imago)

—— eS a,

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATI aot

This is the common and perhaps the only species in New York
State. The above account of the habits of the genus has been
written with this species in mind. It is as yet recorded from
but three localities in the State, but it will doubtless be found
in many other places when proper search is made for it. Its
nymph has not been described, but in 1880 Dr Hagen drew char-
acters distinctive of the genus from nymphs which he referred to
Poem tornica, Hiamericana, H.titia and an
undetermined species from Brazil,! and Calvert? and Williamson®
have used these characters in keys to American nymphs.

Nymph. Length of body 17mm; antennae 4mm additional;
gills 7mm additional. Color greenish or brownish, paler on the
sutures, on legs and on margins of gill
plates, but without distinct color pattern.
Occasional specimens show faint indic:-
tions of darker transverse bands on the
tibiae and gill plates.

Head flat above, with rounded eyes set
well forward, with hind angles obtuse and
having a much less distinct superior tooth
than that of Calopteryx. Antennae long,
inserted into large frontal prominences,
somewhat shorter than the head is wide,
the first segment longer than the following
six, which rapidly and successively decrease
in length and thickness. Labium long, the
hinge extending posteriorly between the
bases of the middle legs; mentum suddenly
and greatly dilated in its apical half, its
median lobe divided into two lobes by a 4,4 antenna, and end of
median cleft, which is rounded basally and 2bfomen enol Slates or
Exccugs Darely helow the level of the bases Dympb, of Betaecrina
of the lateral lobes of the labium; the distal
end of the cleft is closed by the apposition of the two divisions
of the median lobe; beside the cleft on either side is a single
small spinule. Each lateral lobe of the labium is straight on
its outer margin, with a moderately strong and arcuate movable
hook, just before the base of which on the superior margin are
three small spinules. The exposed portion of the inner margin
_is strongly convex, and finely serrulate, and terminates after a
Sigmoid curve, in a short, stout, strongly arcuate end hook;

1Ent. Soc. Belgique, Compte Rendu, 23:65.
2Am, Ent. Soe, Trans. 20:225.
3 Dragon Flies of Indiana, p.247.

228 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

above the end hook on the distal margin are two other strong
hooks, the one next the end hook being twice the size of the
other above it.

Prothorax with a pair of elevated, round tipped prominences
each side of the dorsum. Legs thin, smooth, long. Wing cases
reaching as far as the base of segment 5 of the abdomen.

Abdomen smooth, cylindric, with lateral margins becoming
sharp posteriorly and generally ending on segments 7-9 in a
sharp, fiat, lateral spine. Gills variable in size, and easily broken
off; the median one flat, the two lateral ones triquetral, all with
thin margins, and apexes rather obtuse.

Fig. 5 Hetaerina: male abdominal appendages; a, H. americana; b, H. tricolor

Hetaerina tricolor Burmeister

18389 Calopteryx tricolor Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2:827

1854 Hetaerina tricolor Selys, Monogr. Calopteryginae, p.136,
pl.12, fig.5

1861 Hetaerina tricolor Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.61

1875 Hetaerina tricolor Hagen, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 18:24

1893 Hetaerina tricolor Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:229

1899 Hetaerina tricolor Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.13

1900 Hetaerina tricolor Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.255

1901 Hetaerina tricolor Howard, Insect Book, pl.46, fig.19

This handsome dark colored species is not as yet known from
New York. Its nymph is unknown.

Subfamily LESTINAE

A single genus is included within our fauna.
LESTES
This large and cosmopolitan genus is represented among us
by a number of interesting and beautiful species. They are
abundant in marshes, in shallow pools filled with standing
aquatics and about the reedy borders of streams and ponds.
They are rarely seen either over open water, or at any consider-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 229

able distance from water. They habitually rest among the
stems of tall growing rushes and sedges, or flit from stem to
stem in short, shadowy flights. Notwithstanding the brilliant
metallic colors of some species, they are by no means conspicu-
ous in their native haunts; their greens and browns, and their
slender bodies and transparent wings are lost against a back-
ground of reeds and sedges.

They feed extensively, perhaps chiefly, on such small gnats,
mosquitos etc. as emerge from the water of their own native
shallows, or such as rest in hiding during the daytime among
the rushes. I have often seen a Lestes dart out and capture a
gnat in flight, and then settle on a stem to devour it at leisure.

The females (of two species at least, L. uncata and L.
unguiculata) deposit their eggs in punctures made in the
stems and leaves of plants above the water. For this purpose
they utilize the leaves of bur reed or of any of the coarser sedges
or grasses, or the flowering stems of the blue flag. The stems
and leaves selected for oviposition, usually well exposed clumps
here and there about the pools, are often filled full of eggs fora
distance of a foot above the surface of the water.

I have studied Lestes chiefly in the two species named above,
which are common about my home in Lake Forest, occurring in
shallow pools of the springtime, that dry out thoroughly every
summer, and are usually refilled by the rains of late autumn.
I have already published! some observations made there, on the
destruction of the fruit of the blue flag by the puncturing of the
fruit stalks by Lestes ovipositing. I will give here some addi-
tional observations of facts more immediately concerning the
insects themselves.

In these pools, which are always dried out by midsummer, the
eggs, deposited well above the water, develop normally from
the first, and in the course of two or three weeks attain a
condition which is apparently almost that in which they will
hatch. Then they estivate through the remainder of the sum-
mer and early autumn. Development stops apparently entirely,

1American Naturalist, 34:374-75.

230 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and remains stopped till the pools are refilled in late autumn,
and the stems and leaves, now dead, fall into the water. I have
gathered the eggs in the middle of July and again in the middle
of October and found them at apparently the same stage of de-
velopment. Eggs placed at the latter date in a bowl of water
in my laboratory hatched within a week. I did not try hatching
any of them earlier.

Exposed as they are above the water, these eggs are subject to
parasites, which destroy often a large proportion of them.
From a handful of bur reed leaves well studded with Lestes eggs,

Fig.6 Theegg of Lestes uncata

I once bred large numbers of the following parasites, the two
last named being hyperparasites on the third named in the list.
Brachista pallida Ashm.
Centrobia odonatae Ashm.
Polynema needhami Ashm.
Tetrastichus polynemae Ashm.
Hyperteles polynemae Ashm.

The nymphs live among submerged plant stems. Their ex-
tremely slender legs, long swaying bodies, and leaflike gill
plates, together with a sober color pattern of greens and browns,
render them very inconspicuous when in their native haunts.
In aquariums they are rather shy, and do not feed under observa-
tion so readily as do many other genera. I have observed them
eating some of the larger entomostraca and smaller dipterous
larvae (Corethra and Chironomus).

Since the nine species occurring in or regional in New York
State have all been described several times in recent and avail-
able papers, and since the females are well nigh indistinguish-
able, and determinations must at present be based on the males
and chiefly on the form of the terminal abdominal appendages
of the males, I have not thought it worth while to give descrip-

ag at A nw il pre en

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 231

tions of imagos. I present a key based chiefly on the form of the
male appendages, which will be sufficient, I trust, for the deter-
mination of species. Of these nine species I have reared five.
I regret to acknowledge, after prolonged study of them, that I
find them well nigh indistinguishable specifically. Aside from
slight and inconstant differences in size and a few very minor
structural characters, they are all alike. I will give therefore a
general description of them and supplement it with a tabular:
statement of such differences as I have thus far been able to
discover between them.

Nymph. The nymph of Lestes is exceedingly long and
slender, with wide head, deep thorax and slender, cylindric ab-

Fig.7 Nymphof Lestes rectangularis; A, gills, more enlarged

domen, bearing linear-oblong gill plates. Head twice as wide
as long, only moderately prominent at the front; eyes prominent,
rounded, directed somewhat anteriorly; hind angles low, well
rounded, with a shallow wide notch between them on the hind
margin; antennae longer than the head, with the segments in-
creasing in length to the third, and decreasing thereafter to the
tip, seven-jointed. Labium [pl.14, fig.c] long and exceedingly
slender, the hinge reaching as far posteriorly as the hind legs,
but dependent, and not closely applied to the ventral surface of
the body; mentum linear to the suddenly dilated, and spoon-
shaped tip; median lobe moderately prominent, with a closed
median cleft which extends as far proximally as the level of the
bases of the lateral lobes; mental setae well developed; lateral
lobe very complicated [see pl.14, fig.d], bent almost at a right
angle just beyond its base, having a very large movable hook, be-
yond the base of which the distal portion is cleft into two parts,
the inner one of which bears the end hook and the usual inner
series of teeth, these being very numerous, regular and deeply
cut; the outer part is widened distally, with its distal angles pro-

232 fy NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

duced in long hooks, of which the outer is twice the larger and
each of these hooks is separated by a shallow notch from a row
of 5-9 minute teeth on the distal margin. There are three lateral
setae, two on the movable hook, and one just before its base.

Prothorax conic, tapering forward to its attachment to the
head. Legs very long and slender, generally faintly annulate
with darker color. Wing cases narrow, elevated, their tips
hardly reaching the base of the fourth abdominal segment.

Abdomen cylindric, with lateral margins becoming sharp
posteriorly, ending on the fourth or fifth to ninth segments in
minute but sharp lateral spines; segments 2-9 of about equal
length, 1 and 10 shorter and about equal each to the other.
Gills long, with parallel sides and abruptly rounded ends, dis-
tinctly segmented for part of their length, and generally trans-
versely banded with brown.

KEY TO SPECIES
Imagos'

a Inferior appendages of the male not longer than
half the superiors
b A large metallic green species: length of hind

wing 25-20" MMi:.5.acliew « gee ees ee tee eurina
bb A smaller, blackish brown species: length of
hind Witte: 2S 22am 2... '. i. ois six. wa aie lee = ace congener

aa Inferior appendages of the male abdomen longer
than half but not longer than the supe-
riors
c Inferior appendages, viewed from above, exhib-
iting a sigmoid curvature. .........s.... unguiculata
cc Inferior appendages viewed from above, straight
or nearly so
d Metallic green species (when mature)
e Inferior appendages of the male viewed
; from above strongly dilated toward the

SEK sic: Lal aialars ewes. spain statopele anes ae ; é uneceata
ee Inferior appendages of the male very avait
der and straight in their apical half..... vigilax

dd Blackish brown species
f Apex of inferior appendages of male bent
downward at the: tities... epee rectangularis

ff Apex of inferior appendages not distinctly
a0" declined
/ g Inferior appendages of the male viewed

from above slightly widened at the tip;
of the two teeth on the inner edge of
superior appendage, the basal one is
much ‘the-larger ss sds e100 GA see forcipata

1 After Calvert. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 18938. 20:229-32.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATD 233

gg Inferior appendage of the male not wid-
ened at tip; the proximal tooth on inner
margin of each superior appendage little
lareer than the distal one. .........:..+. disjuncta
aad Inferior appendages of the male longer than the
superior, and bent inward and tufted
mets NE RNSER AIO. OMY coo yo cow vn sw ys 2 2 Sy inequalis

Here are the differences observed to exist between the nymphs
of the species I have reared.

Nymphs
a@ On each side of the mentum five to six raptorial
Setme [pli4 fig.c]....c.-. forcipata and rectangularis
aa On each side of the mentum normally seven raptorial setae
b Length when full grown about 31imm............unguiculata
and uncata
bb Total length when grown about 37MM............eeceeees eurina
Me CIRENOWE fay scisic seta owe ves eoigeper: disjuneta, vVigilax

and inequalis
Lestes eurina Say

18389 Lestes eurina Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 8:36

1861 Lestes eurina Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.70

1891 Lestes eurina Scudder, Psyche, 6:66

1893 Lestes eurina Calvert. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 20:229, pl.3, fig.14

2895 Lestes eurina Calvert. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed
from Dobbs Ferry)

1900 Lestes eurina Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.256

1901 Lestes eurina Davis, Nat. Sci. Ass’n Staten Island. Proc. v.8,
no.3 (not seen by me)

1901 Lestes eurina Needham, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47, p.518 (men-
tion of its habitat and associates)

This large and handsome species was common at Saranac Inn
about the edges of all sphagnum-bordered ponds, where it was
associated with L. uncata and L. unguiculata, and
with other genera. I bred it there on June 20, 1900, and again
at Lake Forest Ill., where it is rather uncommon, on June 12,

1901.
Lestes congener Hagen

1861 Lestes congener Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.67

1898 Lestes congener Calvert. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 20:229, pl,
fig.15

1895 Lestes congener Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed
from Lake St Regis)

1895 Lestes congener Kellicott, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour.
17:200, 202

1899 Lestes congener Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.15, fig.17

1900 Lestes congener Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.256

234 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

For this species I can only add a new locality to the records of
its occurrence; I have taken it at Ithaca. Its nymph is unknown.

Lestes unguiculata Hagen

1861 Lestes unguiculata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.70

1898 Lestes unguiculata Calvert. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 20:230,
pl.3, fig.16

1895 Lestes unguiculata Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed
from Westchester county)

1899 Lestes unguiculata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.16, fig.23

1900 Lestes unguiculata Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.257,
pl7, fig.1

This widely distributed species I have collected at two. unre-
corded localities in New York State, Saranac Inn and Ithaca.
I have bred it several times in June at my home in Lake Forest
Ill., where it is abundant. The metallic green of the mature
males is very brilliant.

Lestes uncata Kirby

1861 Lestes forcipata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.71

1900 Lestes uncata Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p.160 (renamed)

1893 Lestes uncata Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:230, pl.3, fig.18

1895 Lestes uncataCalvert, N. Y. Ent. Soe. Jour. 3:42 (listed from
Keeseville and Ithaca). 5:92 (listed from Buffalo)

1899 Lestes uncata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.17, fig.20

1900 Lestes uncata Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.257, pl.7, fig.2

This species flies through most of the summer at Saranac
Inn, and is a common midsummer species at Ithaca. It is a
characteristic denizen of shallow woodland pools. In such a
pool near Glen Ellyn I11., I once saw dozens of nymphs in trans-
formation at a time on May 30, and I have bred the species
in many places. Notes on the oviposition of this species and the
last have already been given under the account of the genus.

Lestes disjuncta Selys

1862 Lestes disjuncta Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 13:302

1893 Lestes disjuncta Calvert. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:231, pl.3,
fig.19

1895 Lestes disjuncta Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed
from Lake St Regis, Keeseville and Ithaca)

1899 Lestes disjuncta Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.18

1900 Lestes disjuncta Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.258.

I have not seen this species at large. Its nymph is unknown.

nT eg

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 235

Lestes forcipata Rambur

1842 Lestes forcipata Rambur, Ins. Neur. p.246

1861 Lestes hamata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.70

1893 Lestes forcipata Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:231, pl.3,
fig.20

1895-97 Lestes forcipata Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:43 and
5:92 (listed from N. Y. city, Ithaca and Schoharie)

1899 Lestes forcipata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.19, fig.19

1900 Lestes forcipata Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.258, pl.7,
fig.3

This widespread species I bred in June 1896 at Galesburg III.
and in June 1898 at Ithaca N. Y. It was not observed at Sara-
nac Inn. I have always found the species about the borders of
ponds of permanent nature.

Lestes rectangularis Say

1839 Lestes rectangularis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 8:34

1893 Lestes rectangularis Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:231,
pl.3, fig.21

1895-97 Lestes rectangularis Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:43
and 5:92 (listed from Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. city, Ithaca, Saratoga
lake, New Baltimore, Schoharie and Buffalo)

1898 Lestes rectangularis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.20, fig.18

1898 Lestes rectangularis Needham, Outdoor Studies, p.62, 68,
fig.63, 73 (account of habits and figures of imago and nymph)

1900 Lestes rectangularis Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.259,
pL.7, fig.5

This exceedingly attenuated species is quite similar in appear-
ance and habits to the preceding, and its nymph, which I have
several times bred, appears to me quite indistinguishable from
that species. I did not find it at Saranac Inn.

Lestes vigilax Selys
1862 Lestes vigilax Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 13:306
1893 Lestes vigilax Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:232, pl.3,
fig.17
1898 Lestes vigilax Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.20, fig.18
1900 Lestes vigilax Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.259, pl.7, fig.4

This species has not been recorded from the State hitherto.
It is found at Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. Its nymph is unknown.

Lestes inequalis Walsh

1862 Lestes inequalis Walsh, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. p.385
1893 Lestes inequalis Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 20:232, pl.8,
fig.24

236 NEW YORK STATB MUSEUM

1898 Lestes inequalis Davis, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 6:196 (listed
from Staten Island)

1898 Lestes inequalis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.21, fig.22

1900 Lestes inequalis Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.260, pl.7,.
fig.6

This species is as yet known only from Staten Island, but is
very likely to be found elsewhere. Its nymph is unknown.

Subfamily AGRIONINAB
KEY TO GENERA

Imagos

a Spines on the tibiae very long, twice as long as
the intervals between them............. Argia
aa Spines of the tibiae hardly longer than the inter-
vals between them
6 No pale postocular spots on the top of the head;
sexes similarly colored
e Colors of dorsum blue and black; yellow
beneath the thorax i<..4 544.250 ote Chromagrion
ce Colors of dorsum red and black; stout species A m phiagrion
ccc Dorsum bronzy green; slender species........ Nehallennia
66 With round or ovoid postocular spots on the
head
d Sexes with a general similarity in color, the
female often of a lighter shade; no up-
turned, bifid process arising from the
apex of the 10th abdominal segment
(except in the species last in our list);
the superior abdominal appendages of
the male not strongly directed downward
And “IM WREE. TS... Ase es CSR are Enallagm®s
dd Sexes strikingly unlike in color; a bifid pro-
cess arising from the apical margin of
the 10th abdominal segment in the male
and the superior abdominal appendages
Strongly directed downward and inward
€ Males chiefly green and black, with nor-
mal rhomboidal pterostigma; females
with the orange of the abdomen cover-
ing something less than the three basal
Segments (becoming wholly densely
pruinose with age): ...ic.d.s08 a ee Ischnursa
ee Males yellow or orange, with ovoid
Stigma which does not reach the costal
vein; females with the four basal seg-
ments of the abdomen yellow or orange.Anomalagrion

AQUATIO INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB 237

Nymphs

@ Labium with no raptorial setae on the mentum
within; gills broad, thick, dark colored,
oval or oblong in shape and obtuse at
WE ER at oe ee esd ive weet bu Ble We eee vee Argia
aa Labium with mental setae; gills thinner, more
pointed and narrower [pl.15]
b Hind angles of the head strongly angulate
c Gills widest beyond the middle; body slender;

head half as long as wide... ....5- 00+ s.. Chromagrion
ce Gills widest across the middle; body stouter;
head nearly as long as wide............. Amphiagrion

bb Hind angles of the head rounded
d Labium with one mental seta (and a rudimen-
tary second one) each side; antennae six-
jointed; lateral lobe of the labium with
the distal end above the end hook hardly
IEEE > eh Par eee Gas cece. Nehallennia
dd Labium with three to five Sania setae each
side (one may be smaller than the others),
and end of lateral lobe denticulated dis-
tinctly; antennae seven-jointed (with the
possible exception of E. anten-
natum)
e Gills more than half as long as the abdo-
men, lanceolate; third segment of anten-
nae less than a third longer than the
second
f Labium with four to six lateral setae, gen-
erally with five, and witb three (rarely
four) mental setae each side; gills often
with a definite color pattern............ Enallagma
ff Labium with five or six lateral setae, and
with four mental setae each side; gills
generally with no distinct pattern....... Ischnura
ee Gills less than half as long as the abdo-
men, narrower and with a long tapering
point; third segment of antenna more
than a third longer than the second.....Anomalagrion

ARGIA

This is another large genus whose species are nearly all
American, and whose habitat is chiefly tropical or subtropical.
In New York State are recorded five species, and a sixth is
regional and is included in this list. Of these six, four have
been bred, and their nymphs are here described for the first
time.

238 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

In habits our species are somewhat diverse. In general, it
may be said that they frequent the borders of the larger bodies
and streams of water, and both in the water and out of it after
transformation they cling to the surfaces of stones, piers, tim-
bers, bare banks, etc., rather than to vegetation. Imagos may
be found squatting on a bare bank much more frequently than
clinging to its neighboring plants, but they will travel out among
the plants when foraging, following then by preference a bare
path or roadway.

The eggs are deposited mostly on the alga-covered surfaces to
which the nymphs will afterward cling. In ovipositing the male
usually retains his hold on the prothorax of the female, and

Fig. 8 Fore wing of Argia fumipennis, with quadrangle (q) of hind wing

when, as happens frequently with the first species of our list
at least, she descends beneath the surface of the water to place
her eggs at a lower level, he is carried along.

The nymphs of Argia are usually recognizable at a glance, by
reason of their thick set bodies and short, broad and dark col-
ored gills. If these be not sufficient, the entire absence of rap-
torial setae from the mentum of the labium will certainly dis-
tinguish them from all our other genera of Agrioninae. The
nymphs are so much alike that a generic description of them
may be given here, saving much repetition.

Nymph. Short and thick and usually dark colored, with short
legs and short-oblong gill plates [pl.15,a]. The head is some-
what wider than long, flat above, with very prominent eyes,
behind which the sides are parallel as far as the obtusely
rounded hind angles, between which is a deep round posterior
emargination. The antennae are six to seven jointed, with

the third joint longest. The labium [pl.14, e and f] is short,
with hinge barely reaching posteriorly to the base of the

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 239

middle legs; the mentum is less than a third longer than
wide; median lobe spinulose on its prominent free border;
no mental setae; lateral setae one to four; lateral lobe short,
half as wide as long, with short, stout, movable hook and
small end hook separated by a more or less distinct notch from
the inner margin, and with one or more smaller teeth on the
distal end above the end hook.

Prothorax pointed anteriorly and fitting the rear emargina-
tion of the head. Mesothorax and metathorax much thicker,

Fig. 9 Outline of head of nymph of Argia apicalis

with the wings borne at a considerable elevation. Legs short,
usually banded transversely, and bearing spines as well as
hairs.

Abdomen stout, somewhat tapering, and with its segments
decreasing in length to the ninth, the tenth again a little longer.
Gills oblong about half as long as wide, obtuse at apex
and generally with paler apical markings. Among alcoholic
specimens frequently, and among fresh specimens occasion-
ally, the gills are absent, being easily broken off. If their
loss occur early in nymphal life, they are regenerated, and it
is no uncommon thing to find a specimen with one, two or
three of the gill plates of smaller size than the normal. The
loss of the gills seems not to affect seriously the respiration
of the nymphs.

240 NEW YORK STATP MUSEUM

The following keys will serve for the separation of our species.

KEY TO THE SPECIES
Imagos

a Dorsum of the apical segments of the abdomen of

the male blackish; pterostigma surmounting

more than one cell, i. e. longer than the cell
DERING= FE. scab cee s Chae cee ah eemaree tenee ne putrida

aa Dorsum of apical segments of abdomen of male

with blue restricted to W-shaped basal marks

on segments 8 and 9; stigma generally sur-
mounting somewhat more than a single cell.. translata
aaa Abdominal segments 9 and 10 blue, 1-7 black..... tibialis

aaaa Abdominal segments 8, 9 and 10 blue, 1-7 ringed

with blue or violet

b Colors light blue and black: humeral stripe of

black very narrow, a mere line, suddenly
widened at. its lower end... 9. vee dou en Bee apicalis

bb Colors deep blue and black, humeral stripe of

black very broad, broader than the preceding
Stripe-Of BlWC.6..6 ‘xe wie S erdns 2 ee serene bipunctulata

bbb Colors violet and black; humeral stripe bifid

superiorly, the posterior fork not reaching the
LAT CA MMNA C a/c 60 Vishis disins eve e etovancies bay ale nie a aes violacea

Nymphs

a@ With a single very minute lateral raptorial seta........ putrida
aa With three or four well developed lateral setae
b With three well developed lateral setae (occasionally, a a
rudimentary fourth in apicalis)

ce Median lobe of labium one third as long as itis wide apicalis

ce Median lobe of labium one fourth as long as itis wide violacea

bb With four well developed lateral setae. .is. 5.385 «ae Reais tibialis
gen. Unknown. (.30:: sce re ae eases bipunctulata and translata

Argia putrida Hagen

1861 Agrion putridum Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.96

1865 Argia putrida Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 20:385

1898 Argia putrida Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 20:232

1896 Argia putrida Kellicott, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 18:110
(observations on manner of oviposition)

1895-97 Argia putrida Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:48 and 5:92
(listed from Niagara, Ithaca, Schoharie and Buffalo)

1899 Argia putrida Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.23 (description and
habits)

1900 Argia putrida Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.261 (description
and habits)

1902 Argia putrida Williamson, Ent. News, 13:67 (oviposition; feed-
ing, fig. of eggs on pinnule of Osmunda.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 24t

This is our largest species. It was not common at Saranac
Inn, though a few could be found at any time about the timbers
by the shores of the larger ponds. I bred it there. I had pre-
viously bred it at Ithaca, where it is very common, and during
the summer of 1901 I bred from Fall creek many additional
examples. The species is a common and characteristic one
about the shores of the great lakes. It belongs on wave-beaten
shores and in the larger and more rapid streams. In Fall creek
its nymphs are found under stones in even the swiftest water,
clinging, as stone flies cling, to the rocks. It is the only dragon
fly to be found inhabiting such situations.

Kellicott made some interesting observations on the species:
at Lakeside on Lake Erie. The species was ovipositing in pairs
on the dock timbers. The females would sometimes descend the
timbers into the water, carrying the males with them. The
females would remain submerged a long time (once almost an
hour) while ovipositing, but the males would disengage them-
selves and come up out of the water after.5 to 20 minutes. The
descent is made by the backing downward of the female as she
reaches ever for new territory in which to distribute her eggs.

Nymph. Length 17mm, gills 6mm additional, abdomen 10mm;3.
width of head 4mm. Antennae seven jointed, the second joint
one third longer than the first. The single raptorial seta of
the lateral lobe of the labium is very minute, difficult to see at
all. The median lobe of the labium is very prominent, about
half as long as it is wide. In the center of the mentum is an
elongate V-shaped chitinization, the V opening forward. The
abdomen is relatively long, the wing cases reaching scarcely to
the base of the fourth segment. The gills are more than twice
as long as wide, with parallel margins and obtuse apexes, black-
ish, with the apical fifth more or less covered with white.

The head is more depressed, and the legs are more sprawling
than in other species, due perhaps to the habitat. The stone
flies and May flies living in rapids are modified in form along
the same lines. At transformation the nymphs depart farther
from the water than in the other species, often going several
yards up the banks.

The seasonal range for imagos of this species is from May
«ill October.

242 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Argia apicalis Say
Plate 17, fig. 1

1839 Agrion apicalis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 8:410

1861 Agrion apicale Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.91

1893 Argia apicalis Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:233

1898 Agrion apicalis Davis, N. ¥. Ent. Soc. Jour. 6:96 Uisted

from Staten Island)
1899 Argia apicalis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.26 (description)
1900 Argia apicalis Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.264

This species I did not find either at Saranac Inn or at Ithaca,
but I bred it in 1895 at Galesburg Ill., and in 1896 at Havana
Ill. At Galesburg it was exceedingly abundant on the clayey
banks of a rather deep woodland pond; at Havana it is exceed-
ingly abundant at the mouth of the Spoon river, and on the
west bank of the Illinois river below that point. On the sandy
east bank of the Illinois river I did not observe it at all.

Imagos when fully mature are of a very bright, beautiful
blue color, unobscured by pruinosity, as in the last species.
But they are long in attaining their full coloration, and teneral
specimens are of a pale flesh tint. I observed the imagos, both
teneral and mature, at Galesburg feeding voraciously on adult
Chironomids. Transformation takes place on some bank or
projecting timber within a few inches of the edge of the water.

Nymph. Length 12.5mm, gills 5mm additional, abdomen
8mm; width of head 3.1mm. Antennae six-jointed. Lateral
setae three, occasionally four, but then the fourth is much
smaller than the others. Median lobe of labium with a median
Y-shaped chitinization, the arms of the Y projecting forward.
Gills half as wide as long, with margins parallel for a distance,
usually showing a paler transverse streak at three fourths their
length. Wing tips reaching well across the sixth abdominal
segment.

Nymphs of this species kept in an aquarium at Galesburg
intermittently swayed the abdomen from side to side, appar-
ently as an aid to respiration; yet other nymphs in the same
aquarium, having lost their gills, did not seem to suffer in con-
sequence, though kept for weeks, and finally transformed into
perfect specimens.

Argia violacea Hagen
Plate 13, fig. 4, 5
1861 Agrion violaceum Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.90
1893 Argia violacea Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:233

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 243

1893-95 Argia violacea Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:48 and
5:92 (listed from Keesevyille, Dobbs Ferry, Ithaca and Buffalo)
1899 Argia violacea Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.25 (description)
1900 Argia violacea Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.262 (de-
scription)
1901 Argia violacea Needham, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47, p.402,
405, 407 (occurrence at Saranac Inn)

This species is one of the most generally distributed in the
northeastern United States. In habitat it approaches species
of Lestes and. Enallagma, dwelling by ditches and slow streams,
and in the bays of larger bodies of standing water. The beau-
tiful violaceous color of the adult males in life is fairly dis-
tinctive of the species, and has suggested the specific name.

This species like the preceding oviposits commonly in mats
of algae lying at the edge of the water, or covering floating
vegetation. On such mats I have frequently seen many
females at work side by side, each with a male clasping her
prothorax with his forceps, his body sticking up straight in air,
his legs and wings placidly folded. This curious position,
standing, as it were, on the tip of the abdomen, is assumed,
I think, not so much on account of the male trying to avoid
the water, as Kellicott has suggested,’ as on account of the
ereater ease of maintaining this position. The inferior append-
ages of the male are so much longer than the superiors that
were the male to remain with his feet on the ground, when
the female depresses her abdomen in ovipositing, the flexion
of his body would be extreme, and perhaps uncomfortable. At
any rate, he takes the elevated position very philosophically,
folds his legs and waits till his spouse gets ready to let him
down; and, when she wants to move from place to place, he
uses his wings to help her.

Nymph. Length 10mm, gills 4mm additional, abdomen 6mm;
width of head 3mm. Antennae six jointed. Median lobe of
labium less prominent than in the other species. Lateral setae
three. Wings reaching well on the sixth abdominal segment.
Gills ovate broadly, obtuse, with the margins hardly parallel

anywhere, an obscure transverse paler streak at three fourths
their length.

1Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 17:203

244 NEW YORK STATP MUSEUM

The nymphs found in Little Clear creek, where most abun-
dant, were often deeply incrusted with a reddish brown
deposit, and in July many of them were further decorated with
a number of living red hydras attached to their backs, as shown
on plate 18, figure 5.

Argia tibialis Rambur
Plate 15, a
1842 Platycnemis tibialis Rambur, Ins. Neur. p.241
1861 Trichonemis tibialis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.72
1865 Argia tibialis Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 20:413
1893 Argia tibialis Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:233

This species is not yet known from New York State, but it has
been reported from Pennsylvania, and may be found here also.
Its range extends westward and southward to Illinois and
Texas. I have a number of specimens that were bred by Mr
F. G. Schaupp at Shovel Mount Tex., between Aug. 13 and Aug.
18, 1898. From the cast skins, and from a few additional speci-
mens apparently belonging to the same species, I have drawn
the following brief descriptive characters.

Nymph. Length 12mm, gills 4.5mm additional, abdomen 8mm;
width of head 3.2mm. Color greenish or brownish, marked with
darker in a double row of elongate spots on the dorsum of the
abdomen, and in two faint transverse bands on each femur.
Structurally it differs from the preceding species only in the
following points: there are four lateral setae on the labium, in
a regular series; the end hook of the lateral lobe is not sepa-
rated from the inner margin by an incision; the tooth on the end
above the end hook is smooth and not denticulated superiorly;
the gills are ovoid oblong, widest just beyond the middle and
rather abruptly rounded on the tip, and they show hardly any
area of lighter color apically. Antennae six jointed; other char-
acters as in the preceding.

Argia bipunctulata Hagen

1861 Agrion bipunctulatum Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.90
1865 Argia bipunctulata Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 20:415
1893 Argia bipunctulata Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:234

This species is recorded from New Jersey, but is not yet
known from New York State. Its nymph is still unknown.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 245

Argia translata Hagen

1865 Argia translate Hagen, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 20:410
1901 Argia translata Calvert, Ent. News. 12:326 (recorded from
New York State)

This species, discovered in our State by Dr Calvert at White
Lake, Sullivan co., Aug. 2, 1898, was previously recorded only
from Venezuela. Its nymph is unknown.

CHROMAGRION gen NOY.

Since the repartition of the old genus Agrion in 1876, the
North American Agrion conditum of Hagen has gener-
ally been written ?Erythromma conditun,, its affinity
with Erythromma being doubtful on account of notable differ-
ences in venation, in form of abdominal appendages and in type
of coloration between this species and the typical species of the
genus. The discovery of the nymph now gives opportunity for
comparison of nymphal characters; the differences here are
equally noteworthy. A tabular comparison of the principal
characters of the nymph of our species with the nymphs of
typical species of Erythromma and Pyrrhosoma (the only genera
with affinities close enough to make such comparison necessary)
will make clear the reasons (added to the well known differences
of imagos) for proposing the establishment of a new genus.

CHARACTER OF CHROMAGRION
NYMPH (A. conditum type) ERYTHROMMA PYRRHOSOMA
Hind angles of|strongly angulate| strongly angulate/rounded
head

Gills long and narrow, broad, oblong |joblanceolate, con-
widening al-| -with parallel} tracted near tip
most to the tip,| sides, obtusely}| and then point-
then suddenly} rounded on tip| ed
contracted, then

pointed
Mental setae of/|3 and a rudimen-|\3-4, usually 4 1, and a rudimen-
labium tary 4th tary 2d
Lateral setae 5 6-7 7-8
End of lateral squarely truncate, |less square, with|obliquely trun-
lobe of labium,| angled supe-| 3 strong teeth cate, rounded
above end hook; riorly scarcely superiorly and

denticulate not denticulate

246 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

In addition to the differences in coloration and appendages
clearly stated by de Selys as distinguishing this species from
the typical erythromma, there are differences of venation which

may be indicated by tabular comparison:

CHARACTER

Anterior side of
quadrangle

Anal vein separating
from the hind margin

the.

ERYTHROMMA
shorter (f. w.) or equal
(h. w.) to the inner
side

much before the verti-
eal cubitoanal cross
vein

CHROMAGRION
2 (f.w.) to 214(h.w.) times
the length of the in-
ner (proximal) side

just before or opposite
the obliquely placed
cubitoanal cross vein

Vein My, beginning to,opposite the origin of |45 cells beyond the

be angulate (f. wing) vein Mo level of the origin of
vein Mos, and near
the level of the

stigma
Areoles behind vein); wider than long longer (in the axis of
Cueg the wing) than wide

Chromagrioy conditum Hagen
Plate 13, fig. 1-3

1876 ?7Hrythromma conditum Hagen, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2)
41:1305

1893 ?7Erythromma conditum Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.
20 :234

1895-97 Erythromma conditum Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour.
3:43 and 5:92 (listed from Ithaca and Hamburg)
1899 Erythromma conditum Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.28
1900 ?79Erythromma conditum Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind.
p.265

My first morning at Saranac Inn (June 14, 1900) I went out
before breakfast along the southwest side of the outlet of Little
Clear pond, and found in a little trashy bay near the pond
Tetragoneurnia, spinige ria, Ladouaa Waa,
Leucorhinia glacialis and this species all transform-
Later, I found nymphs of Cordulia shurt-
Chromagrion transformed per-

ing together.
leffi in the same shallows.
haps a little farther out from shore than any of the others,
clambering up the projecting twigs of small trees that had
been felled in the edge of the pond outlet, and transforming a
few inches above the surface of the water.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB 247

Previously I had found the species, likewise in transformation,
at MacLean N. Y., when on May 30, 1897, in company with
Mr A. D. MacGillivray, I went on a collecting trip from Ithaca
thither. There it inhabited a spring-fed pool near the banks of
Fall creek. Specimens in all stages were picked from the culms
of the grasses and sedges standing in the pool.

The imagos appear to keep rather close to shelter and to their
native shallows, spending but little time on the wing. Trans-
formation takes place for the most part in the morning or early
forenoon, and the place selected is at most but a few inches
above the water. The species is of wide distribution, but is
everywhere quite local. Imagos will be readily recognized from
the unique combination of blue and yellow on the thorax, shown
on plate 13, figure 2.

Nymph. Measures in length 12mm, gills 6mm additional.
Color greenish brown, paler beneath, marked with darker brown
on frons, hind angles of the head sides of thorax and middle of
abdominal segments; legs with two darker transverse bands on
- the femora and a less distinct, basal one on all tibiae; gills
greenish brown, with a series of darker points along the spinose
margins and with paler apexes.

Body slender; head wide, with large and strongly angulate
hind angles and a deep posterior notch between them; antennae
seven jointed. Labium rather short, the hinge reaching poster-
iorly between, but not beyond, the bases of the fore legs.
Median lobe moderate; mental setae three each side; lateral
setae five. Thorax narrower than the head. Legs slender, very
scantily hairy, but with a double inferior row of spines. Wings
reaching posteriorly well on the base of the fifth abdominal
segment. Abdomen with sides parallel, or very little tapering
toward the tip. Gills narrowly oblanceolate, widest at four
fifths their length.

AMPHIAGRION

A single species falls within the limits of our fauna.

Amphiagrion saucium Burmeister
Plate 18, fig. 1-3; plate 15, c
18389 Agrion saucium et A.discolor Burmeister, Handb. Ent.
2:819.
1876 Amphiagrion saucium Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 41:285
1890 Amphiagrion discolor LKirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p.148
1898 Amphiagrion saucium Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.
20 :235

248 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1895-97 Amphiagrion saucium Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour.
3:43 and 5:92 (listed from Westchester county, Ithaca, Karner
and Buffalo)

1898 Amphiagrion saucium _ Davis, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 6:196

(listed from Staten Island)
1899 Amphiagrion saucium Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.31
1900 Amphiagrion saucium Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.267

This is a meadow-rivulet-loving species. I have found it ina
number of localities, but only in very small, reed-choked, spring-
fed brooks. The imagos, which will at once be recognized by
their deep red color, are found only in the vicinity of their
native streamlet, where they flit about chiefly among the stems
in or overhanging the water.

In 1896 I located the species in a small meadow brook near
the head of Lake George at Galesburg Ill, but too late for
rearing it that season. The following year, having removed to
New York, I requested Dr W. E. Castle, then living in Gales-
burg, to collect and rear the nymphs. This he did, securing the
first transformation of a specimen June 2, 1897. To Dr Castle,
therefore, belongs the credit for material for this life history.
Further specimens of the nymphs from the same brook were
sent me afterward ty Mr G. B. Smith of Knoxville Ill., and I
have since received others from various points in the West.
The nymph is at once recognized among related forms by its
thickset body and the remarkably prominent hind angles of
the head. : f Pesta hA

Nymph [p1.18, fig.3]. Measures in length 11mm, gills 4mm addi-
tional. Color brownish, paler on antennae and on sutures; eyes
and a divided median line on the thorax black; abdomen with
Jateral margins pale, a black point above and another below this
line toward the apex of each segment; gills pale, with a series of
black dashes along the axis; tibial spines and apexes of all leg
segments and claws brown.

Body and legs short and thick. Head quadrangular, hardly
wider than long, with prominent, well rounded eyes and behind
them strongly projecting, squarely cut hind angles; middle third
of hind margin of head deeply excavated; ocelli very evident.

Prothorax closely fitted into excavation of rear of head.
Antennae six jointed. Labium short, mentum a third longer
than wide, considerably contracted at the base; median lobe not

very prominent, serrulate on margin, with short, incurved, flat-
tened microscopic scales arising between the serrulations; men-

Peas

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 249

tal setae four each side, lateral setae five (in one case six); end
hook stout, arcuate, short, above which, on the distal margin
of the lateral lobe and separated from the hook by a deep notch,
are five minute teeth decreasing in size externally. Thorax
narrower than head, wing cases reaching the base of segment
5 of abdomen; segments of the abdomen short, somewhat taper-
ing to apex. Gills [pl.15, ¢] more than half as long as abdomen,
lanceoval, widest in the middle, the superior border more convex
than the inferior specially in the two lateral gill plates.

NEHALLENNIA

Two delicate bronzy green species are included in our fauna.
One is widely distributed and well known; the other has not
been hitherto reported from the State. These are among the
most highly specialized of the Agrioninae, as evidenced by the
reduced wing venation, the skewness of the thorax, the slender-
ness of the body, and the color. Reedy places in still water,
specially places of springs and bogs, are their favorite haunts.
I have bred our common species N. irene, and describe its
nymph below; the nymph of N. gracilis is unknown. The
imagos may be distinguished as follows:

a Apex of the abdomen of the male with bronzy green lateral
triangles laid on the blue of segments 8-10; hind margin
Geerauemoras Gr tomale trioped ... 2. 2.2 ws. cn eee ences irene
aa Apex of abdomen of male all blue on segments 9 and 10,
and on segment 8 except a narrow basal ring; hind mar-
i Gt MrOcnOra sd OF FEMIAIC DIODER. 6... cece cereus avscecs gracilis

Nehallennia irene Hagen
Plate 18, fig. 4, 5
1861 Agrion irene Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.74
1876 Nehallennia irene Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 41:1240
1898 Nehallennia irene Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:234
1895 Nehallennia irene Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:43 (listed
from Ithaca)
1899 Nehallennia irene Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.29
1900 Nehallennia irene Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.265

This species is common about swales, springs and bogs in shal-
low reedy waters, associated with the bronzy green species of
the genus Lestes, which dwell in the same situations. It is ex-
ceedingly common at Lake Forest Ill., where I bred a number
of specimens June 7 and 8, 1899.

250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Nymph. Measures in length 12mm, gills 4 to 4.5mm addi-
tional; width of head 2.5mm. Color greenish, with faint brown-
ish rings on the femora and five pairs of indistinct spots ranged.
along the margins of each gill lamella.

Head much wider than long, strongly narrowed behind the
very prominent eyes to well rounded hind angles, whose curve
is exactly the reverse of the concavity of the excavation of the
hind margin between the hind angles. Legs slender, smooth;,
wing cases reaching the middle of the fourth abdominal seg-
ment. Gills [pl.15, d] lanceolate, pointed, widest a little beyond
the middle, with more or less distinct small, marginal spots.

Antennae six jointed, the six joints having the following
relative lengths:—1:2:3:2:1.7:2. Labium slender, the hinge
reaching posteriorly about to the bases of the middle legs.
Mentum not abruptly narrowed to the hinge, but with the
lateral margins somewhat sinuate in outline. Mental setae 1
(and a rudiment) each side; lateral setae six each side. The end
of the lateral lobe [pl.14,7] above the end hook not denticulate
as in all the other genera.

Nehallennia gracilis Morse

1895 Nehallennia gracilis Morse, Psyche, 7:274

This species, hitherto reported from but two localities in
Massachusetts, was common at Saranac Inn about the edges of
Little Bog pond, where it was associated with N. irene,
Lestes eurina, Ly, yneata,,.Cordudia. eer
leffi, and Dorocordulia libera, a notable assem-
blage of bronzy greens. It swarmed about the edges of the
clumps of lambkill, and could be taken anywhere by sweeping:
with a net the sedges and cotton grass that grew on the sphag-
num beds. I regret I did not observe at the time that I was col-
lecting anything but N. irene; and, having already bred that
species, I made no effort to get the nymph of this one.

ENALLAGMA
This is the dominant genus among our Zygoptera. Twelve
species have been recorded hitherto from the State; two other
species (piscinarium and pollutum) are here recorded,
and several other species are regional. These frequent all sorts:
of fresh water, being most abundant where there is much sub-
merged and floating vegetation. They dwell in still and shallow
water. ae a

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 251

The imagos spend most of their time over the surface of the
water, flying from leaf to leaf, or from one mat of floating algae
to another. They fiy very low, some species so low that
it is well nigh impossible to get a collecting net under them
without dipping the water. In foraging they fly through the
vegetation—not over it, and do not often depart very far from
the borders of the water. They flit easily about among the
grass stems, where their bands of alternating brilliant blue and
black are singularly inconspicuous, and they settle oftenest in a
rigidly horizontal position on the perpendicular culms. So far
as I have observed, their food is the small Diptera Chironomidae
etc., which swarm in such places. They are eaten in numbers by
cricket frogs, which lie in ambush amid the floating algae, and
catch them when they come to mate and oviposit; by swallows,
which can skim close enough to the water to get them, and they
are snared in spider’s webs, and are eaten by other damsel flies,
specially by species of Lestes, as I have observed.

The eggs are deposited in punctures in the tissues of green
plants just beneath the surface of the water. Floating leaves:
seem to be preferred, but, where these are absent, or too few,
the stems of standing aquatics are often found thickly punc-
tured, and filled with eggs in all stages of development. They
generally fly in pairs and oviposit in copulo, but they do not, so
far as I have observed, descend beneath the surface of the water
in ovipositing.

The nymphs live in tangled, submerged vegetation, and are
among the most numerous of the predatory hordes in such situa-
tions. They are protectively colored with green and brown, the
proportion of each color varying somewhat with that of the
surrounding vegetation. When grown, they crawl barely out of
the water to transform. In places where there is more sub-
merged than exposed vegetation, after a period of transforma-
_tion, the exposed stems may often be found encircled with a
mass of empty skins, clinging one above another where they
have been left in a great accumulation, many layers deep.

It is highly probable that not all the species of the following
enumeration will prove entirely distinct; but they have not yet

252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

‘been studied and collected sufficiently for the determination of
this matter. It would be utterly impossible at present to give
a key that would distinguish females, and a key for the males.
based on coloration would have to be offered tentatively, since
the range of variability in color pattern has not been determined.
Instead of attempting a key, I have thought best to present
herewith drawings of the appendages of the male of all species.
known from the State, these being the surest criteria for the
recognition of the species. The males can then be determined
by comparison with the figures, and the females can be kept
with the males with which they are found associated in nature.

As is to be expected in such a genus, the nymphs are very
much alike. <A brief general description here will therefore save
much repetition in treating of the species.

Nymph. The nymph of Enallagma is slender, nearly smooth,.
with the head a third wider than succeeding parts of the body
(the excess of width being wholly due
to the lateral prominence of the eyes),.
and with abdomen very slightly taper-
ing posteriorly. The head is one half
wider than long, with frons moder-
ately prominent, broadly rounded hind
angles, and a wide posterior excava-
tion between them. Antennae long,
Slender, seven jointed, the segments
increasing in length to the third, and
decreasing thereafter to the tip. Legs
slender, nearly smooth, often banded
with brown. Wing cases reach pos-

abdominal segment. Abdomen cylin-
toward the apex. Gills lanceolate,
pointed, with variable color pattern.

median lobe, lateral lobes upcurved at
their external margins; mental setae

Fig 10 Thenymph of Enallagma

signatum: 4, lateral viewofmedian two to four each side. Lateral setae
yt four to five each side. Lateral lobe

gill lamella,

with a moderate movable hook and an arcuate end hook and

several small teeth on the distal end above the latter, of variable

proportions.

teriorly to the middle of the fourth |

dric, its segments decreasing a very
little both in length and in diameter

Labium slender, with prominent

ae or see ae ae

_. a ae

mn 94

-
“ae ; re oy
ESD Pe

_ =. Pres

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 253

Enallagma durum Hagen

1861 Agrion durum Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.87
18938 Enallagma durum Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:236,
pl.3, fig.32
A species that is apparently not common in its range. It is
recorded by Dr Calvert from Rhode Island and New Jersey, but

Fig. 11 Lateral view of end of abdomen of Enallagma durum, 4

it has not yet, apparently, been taken in New York State. Its
nymph is unknown.

Enallagma annexum
Plate 19, a

1861 Agrion annexum Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.87

1893 Enallagma cyathigerum, var. annexum Calvert, N. Y.
Ent. Soe. Jour. 3:43 (listed from Keeseville and Ithaca)

1900 Enallagma annexum Williamson, Ent. News. 11:454, pl.9,
fig.5, 9, 10 and text figure (characters and distribution)

A species with northward distribution. It was collected at
Saranac Inn throughout July.

Enallagma hageni Walsh
Plate 19, b
1862 Agrion n. sp. Walsh, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. p.386
1863 Agrion Hageni Walsh, Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:234
1893 Enallagma hageni Calvert, Am. Ent. Soe. Trans. 20:237,
pl.3, fig.22, 23
1895-97 Enallagma hageni Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:44 and
5:92 (recorded from Ithaca, Lake Bluff, Lake Pleasant, Albany
and Squaw island)
1899 Enallagma hageni Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.39, fig.10
1900 Enallagma hageni Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.269,
pl.15. fig.1, 2

A species widely distributed in the eastern United States, and
often locally very abundant. It is common at Ithaca about the
Cascade pond during July, and about the hatchery grounds at
Saranac Inn during the same month. I have bred the species at
the following dates and places: Lake Forest Ill. May 31, 1899;
Saranac Inn N. Y. July 15, 1900.

254 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Nymph. Length 18mm; gills 4.5mm additional. Mental setae
three each side. Lateral setae five each side. End hook of
lateral lobe of labium preceded by three teeth of moderate size,
that are preceded by three others very minute. Gills with scanty
and diffuse pigmentation along the axial trachea in its basal two
thirds.

Enallagma geminatum Kellicott
Plate 19, c
1895 Enallagma geminatum Kellicott, Ent. News, 6:239
1899 Enallagma geminatum Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.40, fig.11
1900 Enallagma geminatum Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind.
p.272, pl.5, fig.11, 12 (recorded from New York)

This is a little species, which flies habitually within half an
inch of the surface of the water, and is hard to get a net under.
It appears to occur sparingly in New York State, but is abund-
ant westward. I bred it at Havana II]. in June 1896, at which
time and place it was exceedingly abundant.

Nymph. Length 138mm, gills 4mm additional. Mental setae
four (occasionally three) each side. Lateral setae five. Two
minute teeth on the end of the lateral lobe, preceding the three
usual larger ones before the end hook. Gills shorter than usual,
and practically without pigmentation.

Enallagma divagans Selys
Plate 19, e
1876 Enallagma divagans Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 41:521
1898 Enallagma divagans: Calyert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.
20:238, pl.3, fig.15, 16
1899 Enallagma divagans Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.43, fig.12
1900 Enallagma divagans Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.273,
pl.5, fig.15, 16
This species is recorded from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania,
but has not, apparently, been taken as yet in New York State.

Its nymph is unknown.

Enallagma piscinarium Williamson
Plate 19, d
1900 Enallagma piscinarium Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind.
p.273, fig.13, 14
This species was taken several times during July 1901 at
Ithaca, by Mr H. N. Howland, Mrs O. A. Johannsen, and myself.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 255

It was taken by Mrs Johannsen in an orchard in a city lot a con-
siderable distance from water. The nymph is unknown.

Enallagma exsulans Hagen
Plate 16, fig. 2; plate 19, f
1861 Agrion exsulans Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.82
1898 Enallagma exsulans Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:238,
pl.3, fig.29
1895-97 Enallagma exsulans Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:44
and 5:92 (listed from Keeseville, Saratoga lake, Ithaca, Black
Rock)
1899 Enallagma exsulans Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.42, fig.1
1900 Enallagma exsulans Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.274,
pl.5, fig.17, 18
This is an exceedingly common species over the larger part of
the eastern United States. At Ithaca it abounds everywhere.
At Saranac Inn I found it most common about the trashy
borders of the deeper ponds. I have bred the species at the fol-
~lowing dates and places: Saranac Inn July 8, 1900, Galesburg

Ill. June 30, 1895.

Nymph. Length 14.5mm, gills 4.5mm additional. Mental setae
two or three on each side; lateral setae four or five. Three
minute teeth preceding the normal three larger ones on the end
of the lateral lobe above the end hook. Gills lanceolate but not
very sharply pointed, pigmented in two transverse bands and
along the axis and sometimes slightly around the margin.

Enallagma ebrium Hagen
Plate 19, g

1861 Agrion ebrium Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.89

1895-97 Enallagma ebrium Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:43 and
5:92 (listed from Keeseville, Ithaca, Schoharie and the Catskills)

1899 Enallagma ebrium Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.34, fig.5

1900 Enallagma ebrium Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.270,
pl.d, fig.3, 4

An abundant species in the Cascade pond at Ithaca, but I have
neglected to rear it. Its nymph is unknown.

Enallagma carunculatum Morse
Plate 17, fig. 2; plate 19, h
1895 Enallagma carunculatum Morse, Psyche, 7:208
1895-97 Enallagma carunculatum Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soe.
Jour. 3:48 and 5:92 (listed from Niagara, Lake Pleasant and
Piseco lake)

256 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1898 Enallagma carunculatum Needham, Outdoor Studies,
p.62, fig.62

1899 Enallagma carunculatum Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.38,
fig.14

1900 Enallagma ecarunculatum Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind.
p.270, pl.b; fig.7, 8

I bred this species at Havana Ill. July 10, 1896, where it was
common about the banks of the Illinois river. It is a robust and
handsome species, of somewhat stronger flight than most of its
congeners.

Nymph. Length 15mm, gills 5mm additional. Mental setae
three each side, laterals four to six, usually five. The three
minute teeth on the end of the lateral lobe graduate into the
three larger ones abutting on the end hook. Gills lanceolate,
pointed, diffusely pigmented along the axis to. near the tip.

Enallagma civile Hagen
Plate 19, 4
1861 Agrion civile Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.88
1876 Agrion canadense Provancher, Nat. Canadienne, 8:125
1888 Enallagma ecivile Kolbe, Arch. f. Naturg. 44:170
1893 Enallagm a civile Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:236, pl.3,
fig.31
1895-97 Enallagma civile Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:43 and
5:92 (listed from ‘“‘ New York ’’)
1899 Enallagma civile Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.37, fig.15
1900 Enallagma civile Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.270, pl.5,
fig.5, 6

A vigorous western species, apparently not common in New
York State. Its nymph is unknown.

Enallagma aspersum Hagen
Plate 19, j
1861 Agrion aspersum Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.97
1898 Enallagma aspersum Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:237,
pl.3, fig.30
1895 Enallagma aspersum Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:44
(listed from Long Island, Dobbs Ferry and New York city)
1895 Enallagma aspersum Morse, Psyche, 7:211
1899 Enallagma aspersum Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.25, fig.2
1900 Enallagma aspersum Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.271

A species I have not seen at large. Its nymph is unknown.

AQUAT'O INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE See

Enallagma antennatum Say
Plate 16, fig. 4; plate 19, 1
1839 Agrion antennatum Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour, 8:39
1861 Protoneura antennata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.73
1895 Bnallagma fischeri Kellicott, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist.
Jour. 17:206
1897 Enallagma fischeri Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 5:94
(listed from Ithaca)
1900 Enallagma antennatum Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind.
p.274, pl.d, fig.19, 20

In April Mr E. B. Williamson sent me from Bluffton Ind.,.
and Mr R. J. Weith sent me from Elkhart Ind., simultaneously,
nymphs (one of which is shown on plate 16, figure 4) that I
suspected might belong to this species. Mr Williamson had
volunteered to rear the species for me, and early in June he
reported that he had done so, and that it was E. anten-
natum. The nymph differs from others of the genus in the
striking zigzag lines of pigmentation across the eyes, in a
poorer development of the mental setae of the labium and in
the shape and color pattern of the gills.

Nymph [pl.16, fig.4]. Measures (not fully grown) in length
2mm, gills 5mm additional. Colors green and brown, disk of
head and a middorsal longitudinal line on prothorax, narrowing
posteriorly, pale; there is also an oblique pale line starting be-
hind each eye on the sides of the prothorax. The pigmentation
of the eye is in well marked zigzag lines extending horizontally.
Legs pale, with subapical rings of brown on all femora. There
is a narrow pale middorsal line on the abdomen and a paler
wash on the lateral angles of all the segments. The antennae
are but six jointed but I suspect that this may be due to imma-
turity; the two basal segments are brown, the remainder, pale.

Gills lanceolate, unusually long and narrow, widest just
beyond the middle, obscurely marked with brown, which is
deepest in shade just before the white tips.

Labium with five lateral setae, and three mentals each side,
of which one is minute: thus the development of mental setae
is less than in any other species at present known to me.

I have collected a single male specimen at Ithaca.

Enallagma traviatum Selys
Plate 19, k

1876 Enallagma traviatum Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 41:519
1895 Enallagma traviatum Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:44
(listed from Long Island) .

“258 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1895 Enallagma traviatu™m Morse, Psyche, 7:211
1899 Enallagma traviatum Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.36, fig.8, 9
1900 Enallagma traviatum Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.271,
fig. 9, 10
Another species I have not seen at large. Its nymph is
unknown.
Enallagma signatum Hagen
Plate 17, fig. 2; plate 19, m; text figures 10, 11
1861 Agrion signatum Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.84
1863 Agrion dentiferum Walsh, Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:236
1898 Enallagma signatum Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:238,
pl.3, fig.28
1895-97 Enallagma signatum Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:44
and 5:92 (listed from New York and Williamsville)
1899 Enallagma signatum Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.45, fig.4
1900 Enallagma signatum Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.5,
cS ig Weg

To the foregoing record for this species I can add that it
occurs sparingly at Ithaca. I have bred it repeatedly in Illinois
in June, and have its nymph also from North Carolina.

Nymph [fig.10]. Length 14.3mm, gills 5mm additional. Mental
setae three each side; laterals five, or in young nymphs four. An
indistinctly denticulate lobe preceding the three well defined
normal teeth on the end of the lateral lobe of the labium above
its end hook. Gills elongate lanceolate, pointed, with three

broad transverse well defined blackish bands connected with
black on the axis, the apical one broader.

Enallagma pollutum Hagen
Plate 19, n

1861 Agrion pollutum Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.83

1893 Enallagma pollutum Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:239,
pl.3, fig.27

1899 Enallagma pollutum Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.46, fig.18

1900 Enallagma pollutum Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.276,
pl.5, fig.23, 24

Though the range of this species extends from Maine to
Florida and Illinois, it has not hitherto been reported from
New York State. Its nymph is unknown.

Three additional species from Massachusetts, E. laterale,
E.minusculum and E. pictum, described by Morse in
Psyche, 7:207, 274 respectively, and unknown to me, may, per-
haps, be counted regional.

¥
a

ee eee eS eee ies » =

4
-

pe

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 259”

ISCHNURA

This cosmopolitan genus contains a few very common and
widely distributed and well known species. I include three in
this paper, one of which I. posita, has been referred hitherto.

Fig.12 Labia of Enallagma and Ischnura; a and db, labium of E. signatum;
cand d,of I. verticalis
to Nehallennia. The one reason for referring it to Nehallen-
nia, the absence of a spine on the apex of the sternum of the
eighth abdominal segment in the female, appears not to be a

nies i5 Hees of Pschnura werticalis

good one, since a number of species are now referred to Ischnura.
lacking that spine. Ischnura and Enallagma are not very
sharply defined from each other, and this troublesome species
stands in some respects intermediate in characters between the

260 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

two; but I have here referred it to Ischnura chiefly because of
the form of the abdominal appendages in the male, and the small
round postocular spots. Its nymph I am not as yet able to
separate from those of several species of Enallagma. I. ver-
ticalis, seems, on the contrary, to be distinguishable by the
possession of six lateral setae in the nymphal labium; I have
seen one specimen of E. carunculatum with this number
on one side, but no other specimen of Enallagma with more than
five. ,

The species of Ischnura appear early in spring, being often
the first to be seen, and continue till late autumn, and have prob-
ably a number of overlapping broods each season. They fre-
quent all sorts of fresh and even somewhat brackish water, and
flit lightly around the shores, ovipositing in the stems of half
submerged water plants, or they forage somewhat widely over
the adjacent hill slopes.

The nymphs likewise occur everywhere in water in which
there are stems of water plants to clamber on.

Our species may be distinguished as follows:

KEY TO SPECIES

Imagos
a Segments 8 and 9 of abdomen blue with a black stripe
CGH BIGG- 24. Aes SE Oa cetaceans eae ee verticalis
aa Segment 8 of abdomen blue, 9 black.................. ramburii
aaa. Segments 8 and 9 of abdomen bDlack.....:............ posita
Nymphs
a Labium with six lateral setae each side............... verticalis
aa Lateral lobe of labium with five lateral setae.......... posita
GG TSNENOWD. 6 i s2i's sicnisin 6 Stehp: Sim dorm Sie Mate Ges ar nem ramburii

Ischnura verticalis Say
Plate 16, fig. 5; plate 17, fig. 4, 5
1839 Agrion verticalis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 8:37
1861 Agrion verticalis et

Agrion ramburii Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.76 and °
1893 Ischnura verticalis Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:239
1895-97 Ischnura verticalis Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:44

and 5:92 (listed from most parts of the State)
1898 Ischnura verticalis Davis, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 6:196

(listed from Staten Island)

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 261

1898 Ischnura verticalis Needham, Outdoor Studies, p.61, fig.61
1899 Ischnura verticalis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.48
1900 Ischnura verticalis Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.278
This pretty little species is perhaps the commonest damsel fly
in North America. It is everywhere common in this State,
ranges through the whole season, and is out early in the morn-
ing and flies till dusk. It will be readily recognized in the male
sex by the black bars on a blue ground on the sides of the eighth
and ninth abdominal segments.
I have bred the species at every station where I have done any
extended collecting, and at various dates, but oftenest in June
and July.

Nymph. Measures in total length 11mm; gills 5mm additional.

Color greenish, paler beneath and on the sutures with darker
mottlings on the top of the head, and more or less distinct
subapical rings on the femora; abdominal segments with darker
apical rings including a circlet of pale dots; gills hyaline with
tracheae showing very distinctly and pigmentation tending to
form incomplete transverse bands of blackish brown.

Antennae seven jointed. Labium with six lateral and four
mental setae each side; end of lateral lobe with three distinct
and strong teeth above the end hook and a denticulate angle
next the movable hook.

Ischnura ramburil

1850 Agrion ramburii Selys, Rev. Odon. d’Eur. p.186
1876 Ischnura ramburii Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 41:272

1861 Agrion iners )
Agrion tuberculatum>
Agrion credulum )

Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.75, 76, 80

18938 Ischnura ramburii Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:240

1895 Ischnura ramburii Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:44 (listed
from New York)

1898 Ischnura ramburii Davis, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 6:196 (listed
from Staten Island)

A species apparently with coastwise distribution. Its nymph
is unknown.
Ischnura posita Hagen

1861 Agrion positum Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.77
1867 Nehallennia positum Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 41:1242
1898 Nehallennia posita Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:235

262 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1898 Nehallennia posita Davis, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 6:196 (isted
from Staten Island)

1899 Nehallennia posita Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.30

1900 Nehallennia posita Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.266

This species is of wide distribution, and is probably much
more common than our present records indicate. It has hitherto
been reported only from Staten Island. I have taken it at
Ithaca. I bred a single specimen at Galesburg II]. in June 1896.
The cast skin is lacking in gills, and is distinguishable from that
of I. verticalis only by its smaller number of raptorial
setae; five laterals and four mentals, each side; in this, approach-
ing Enallagma, as already mentioned. Another specimen not
bred but apparently of this species, has the gills as slender as in
Anomalagrion [pl.15,e], an interrupted line of blackish dashes
along the axis; a spot before the middle followed by a blackish

crescent band.
ANOMALAGRION

There is a single species.

Anomalagrion hastatum Say
Plate 18, fig. 6, 7
1888 Agrion hastatum Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 8:38
1857 Agrion hastatum Selys, Sagra’s Hist. Cuban Ins. p.469
1876 Anomalagrion hastatum Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2)
41:255
18938 Anomalagrion hastatum Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.
20 :240
1895 Anomalagrion hastatum Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour.
3:44 (listed from Keeseville and New York city)
1898 Anomalagrion hastatum Davis, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour.
6:196 (listed from Staten Island)
1899 Anomalagrion hastatum Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.49
1900 Anomalagrion hastatum Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind.
p.279
This exceedingly delicate species is widely distributed in North
America, but everywhere very local. I have found it in two
places only, in very restricted areas of a few square meters each.
In both there was a dense growth of small club-rushes, with
cool spring water filtering through them. Among the club-rush
stems the linear yellow bodies of these insects are very incon-
spicuous. They do not appear to fly above or to depart from

their native rush patches.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATH 263:

I bred the species at Galesburg Ill. in June 1896, and Prof.
©. F. Baker bred it at Auburn Ala. May 15, 1897, and sent me a
male imago with its cast skin.

Nymph. Measures in length 8mm, gills barely 4mm additional;
width of head 2.3mm.

Color greenish or blackish brown, paler on the legs, on the
distal two thirds of the antennae, and on the sutures. Clearly
marked specimens show on the pale upper surface of the head
a narrow line of brown each side extending from the eye almost
to the median line parallel to the hind margin; in front of which
a broader and less well defined band extends between the eyes on
top of the head. From the head there extends posteriorly to
the end of the abdomen a dorsal, indistinct median band, divided
by a very narrow median line. There are interrupted lines of
black on the carinae of the femora and tibiae, very narrow.
Gills [pl.15, e] pale with interrupted pigmentation, tending to
form diffuse blotches, the most prominent of which is just before
the middle of the gill.

Body slender. Head compact, with eyes prominent, obtusely
rounded, scurfy, hairy hind angles, and deeply and roundly ex-
cavate on hind margin. Legs slender. Wings reaching the base
of the fourth abdominal segment. Abdomen a little longer than
the gills. Gills lanceolate, long pointed, nearly bilaterally
symmetric, widest just beyond the middle.

Antennae seven jointed, the relative length of the joints being
as follows in order from the base: 1:1.3:2:1.3:1.5:1.4:1.2:1.
Labium of moderate length, mentum not strongly contracted at
base, median lobe prominent, fringed with microscopic scales so
arranged as to give a serrate edge, mental setae four and often
a small rudiment of a fifth, lateral setae [pl.14, 7] five, movable
hook short, arcuate, end hook blunt, and above it on the end
of the lateral lobe, three well defined teeth, and above them a
denticulate angular prominence.

APPENDIX ON ODONATA

During the past season there has been opportunity for making
some further observations on the Odonata-Anisoptera; and in
the lapse of time since Bulletin 47 was issued collections have
been received from a number of friends, and among the speci.
mens received are a number of nymphs of species belonging to
the New York fauna. It is now possible to add descriptions of
the nymphs of 11 additional species, with new data on some

264 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of the others, together with a few corrections. Dr P. P. Calvert
has generously offered for publication here additional data on
the distribution of the New York species of Odonata, accumu-
lated since the publication of the second instalment of his list.

In bringing such data together in one place, he shows commend- |

able regard for the convenience of the student of our local
fauna.
1 ANISOPTERA
ADDITIONAL NOTES WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF HITHERTO UNKNOWN
NYMPHS

Hagenius brevistylus, Lanthus parvulus and Dromogomphus spinosus

A number of cast nymph skins of each of these species were
found on the stone embankment at the outlet of Forest lake
(Fall creek, Ithaca) on my arrival in the latter part of June. A
female imago of L. parvulus was found ina mass of foam
floating on the water at the foot of a little fall in Fall creek
July 9.

Gomphus fraternus

The species to which I have several times referred by this
name in print! as coming from Havana Ill. was so determined
for the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History by Dr
Hagen from material obtained from that locality. It appears
from a recent study of this and closely related species by Dr P. P.
Calvert? that Dr Hagen made a mistake in naming it so. The
Havana species is G.externus, and, as may be inferred from
the fact that Dr Hagen confused the two species, they are exceed-
ingly closely related. I was unable to use Dr Calvert’s paper in
the preparation of Bulletin 47, and the description I have given
therein on p.451 is drawn from specimens of G.externus. It
will apply equally well to the nymph of G. fraternus. I took
the latter species in transformation at Ottawa Ill. on May 24,
and have since had bred specimens for study from the United
States National Museum, collected at Detroit Mich. It has re-

1Canadian Ent. 29:164, 165, pl.7, fig.11 and 12. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47,
p.451, pl.20, fig.11 and 12.

20n Gomphus fraternus, externus and cragsus (Order
Odonata), Ent. News. 12:65-73, pl.3.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 265

quired an unusually careful examination of the nymphs of the
two species to detect any differences whatever. I find only the
following, and am not assured as to how constant these will
prove. (7. The front border of the median lobe of the labium in
externus is slightly but distinctly convex [see Bul. 47, pl. 20,
fig12]; in fraternus it is straight or scarcely convex.
This is probably a good character. (2) The lateral spines of the
ninth abdominal segment are something more than two times
the length of the tenth segmentin externus; in frater-
nus they are something less than two times the length of the
tenth segment.
Gomphus borealis

I now regard this as a species, and not a variety of G. de-
scriptus. I described it as a variety because I was unable
to give any satisfactory character for the separation of females;
but a more careful examination of my specimens reveals differ-
ences in the form of the hind margin of the occiput, that appear
to be reliable. In the female of borealis the occipital mar-
gin viewed from the front exhibits two low, rounded lobes, be-
tween which is a depression whose curvature is exactly the re-
verse of the convexity of the lobes. In the female of descrip-
tus the occipital margin is scarcely bilobed, and the median
half of it is straight, not concave in the center at least. Com-
paring the nymphs again, descriptus nymphs from Ithaca
with borealis nymphs from Saranac Inn, I find that the
lateral spines of the sixth abdominal segment in borealis
are half as long as those of the seventh segment; in descrip-
tus, about equal in length on these segments.

GOMPHURUS
This subgeneric name I have used as a convenient designation
for the dilatatus group of Selys. Mr Williamson has in-
cluded some of its species in Stylurus', but I prefer as yet to
restrict that name to the very homogeneous group of species
whose separateness was indicated by Hagen in the Transactions

iam a a __ — _- .0(0—

1Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 27:205-17.

266 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of the American Entomological Society, 12:269, and for which the
name was afterward proposed. Since I have merely applied a
name to one of Selys’s groups of species, lregard G. dilata-
tus as the type of Gomphurus, fixed by Selys’s usage. I have
received from Mr. R. Weith, of Elkhart Ind., a cast s!.u that ean
belong to none other than this huge species. I give a descrip-
tion herewith.

Nymph. Length 38mm, abdomen 22mm, hind femur 7mm;
width of head 6.2mm, of abdomen 10mm. _ Body strongly de-
pressed, with wide abdomen; skin
granulate, but little hairy except on
the sides of the head, antennae and
tibiae; antenna with its third segment
thrice as long as the two first seg-
ments together; labium rather small;
median lobe in front with a deep semi-
circular concavity, the sides of which
are thinly fringed with flattened hairs
or scales; lateral lobes strongly
hooked on the outer end, and with
about six low, irregular, obliquely
truncated teeth on the basal two
thirds of the concave inner margin;
burrowing hooks of the fore and mid-
dle tibiae very large, triangular, as
te Newer neon pages long as the greatest diameter of the

tibia; dorsal hooks of the abdominal
segments very rudimentary, on segments 7-9 only, becoming
better defined on these segments successively; lateral spines on
segments 6-9, strong, increasing in size posteriorly, those of the
ninth segment twice as long as the tenth segment; superior and
lateral appendages paler dorsally, the laterals one fourth
shorter than the superior.

Gomphus spicatus

The nymph which I described as belonging to this species
in Bulletin 47, page 459 does not belong to it. To what it may
belong I am quite uncertain; perhaps, to G. furcifer; per-
haps to some as yet unknown species. The description of the
true G. spicatus nymph will be found in the Illinois State
Laboratory of Natural History bulletin, 1901, 6:76.

AQUATIC INSEOTS IN NEW YORK STATBD 267

Gomphus furcifer

Mr T. H. Hankinson took a specimen of this species on the
Renwick flats at Ithaca in July 1901, thus establishing the fact
that the species belongs to the Ithaca fauna.

Gomphus notatus

This species and G. plagiatus are very closely related.
Both are likely to be found in the State eventually. I have
recently had bred specimens of notatus for study from the
United States National Museum, and from Mr E. B. Williamson,
the former from Detroit Mich. and the latter from Nashville
Tenn. The differences between the nymphs of the two species
are so slight that they will be appreciated with difficulty by a
novice. They are as follows: (1) In notatus the ninth
abdominal segment is more than five times as long as the tenth
segment; in plagiatus, less than five times aslong. (2) The
two to three obliquely truncated teeth on the inner margin of the
lateral lobe of the labium are twice as bigin notatus asin
plagiatus [see Bul. 47, pl.20, fig16]. (3) The rudiment ofa
dorsal hook on the apex of the ninth abdominal segment is a
little better defined in notatus.

Gomphus spiniceps
A nymph of this species was taken from Forest lake, Ithaca,
by Mr O. A. Johannsen, in July 1902, and reared.

Gomphus descriptus

Corrections. In Bulletin 47, page 454, there are stated to be six
to eight teeth on the inner margin of the lateral lobe of the
labium of the nymph of this species; the number should be eight
to ten as given in the key on page 446.

On page 436 the word “tarsi” in line aa in the key at the
bottom of the page should read “ femora.”

CORDULEGASTERINAE
Cordulegaster sayi
I have received nymphs from Mr C. S. Brimley of Raleigh
N. C. that should belong to this species, because of their locality
and their very close resemblance to those of C.diastatops.

268 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Nymph. Length 34mm, abdomen 24—25mm, hind femur 4.5mm;
width of head 7.5mm, of abdomen 8mm.

Head broad, concave between the eyes, and with a prominent
rounded frontal shelf, whose border is fringed with stiff hairs;
eyes capping the anterolateral angles of the head; sides of the
head bulging behind the eyes, and regularly rounded to the
slightly concave middle hind margin, scurfy hairy; thorax and
bases of the legs very hairy; disk of the prothoracic dorsum pro-
duced laterally at its ends into thin, shelflike, bristle-fringed
lobes.

Face blackish; sides of the mesothorax and metathorax brown,
divided by a broad, vertical paler stripe (an indication of the

(3

GEA

i] oma ts i

L.

Fig. 15 Labium of the nymph of Cordulegaster sayi (supposition)

adult color pattern, that is apt to be absent in younger nymphs);
wing cases with darker pigmentation on the nodus and at the
stigma; abdomen with a pale, middorsal line, bordered at either
side with a row of large, brown spots, a pair on each segment,
best defined on segments 7 and 8 and largest on segment 8.
Between these rows and the lateral margins on each side are
two additional equidistant rows of ill defined spots, and the
apical angles of each segment are washed with brown. Abdo:
men little hairy beyond the middle, much less so than in dias-
tatops,; stout, straight, conspicuous lateral spines on seg-
ments 8 and 9; appendages yellow, black tipped and with a
copious fringe of black hairs on their internal margins.

Labium [fig.15] of the usual large size and spoon-shaped form,
with five lateral setae and 11 mentals each side, the six outer-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 269

most of the mentals in a stronger series. Median labial lobe
fringed except in the middle, where there is the usual bifid
median tooth, each half of which in this species andindiasta-
tops is again bifid; but in this species it is about equally
bifid, i. e. the two lobes thus formed are about equal in size, while
in diastatops the lower lobe is much smaller, scarcely ris-
ing above the level of the fringe.

CORDULIINAE
SOMATOCHLORA
Since Bulletin 47 was written, I have obtained nymphs of two

additional species of Somatochlora; and, while neither of them is
bred, I deem it worth while to describe them now, in order that
the new characters they present may allow a better defining of
the genus. The characters which I stated with due caution in
the table of nymphs (loc. cit. p. 485) now need amplification in
but one minor particular: the dorsal hooks, while not cultriform,
may be, as in these two species, sharply pointed.

Somatochlora sp.? no. 2

Length 24mm, abdomen 15mm, hind femur 8mm, antenna
6mm; width of head 6.2mm, of abdomen 8mm.

Body stout, moderately depressed, very hairy on the antennae,
sides of head and thorax, legs and base of abdomen; head wider
than long, eyes small, capping the anterolateral angles; head
narrowed behind the eyes to the broadly concave hind margin;
legs slender, with faint, subapical rings of brown on the femora;
wing cases reaching the base of the sixth abdominal segment;
abdomen triquetral, widest on segment 6, slightly narrowed on
7, more narrowed on 8, strongly narrowed on 9, in so much that
segment 10 is less than half as wide as 9 at base; segment 10
very short, annular, included in the dorsally emarginate apex of
9; appendages as long as segments 9 and 10 together, the in-
feriors slightly longest and the superior a very little longer than
the laterals; lateral spines on segments 8 and 9 equal in length
to one third or one fourth of the length of their respective seg-
ments, those of the ninth hardly longer than those of the eighth
segment; dorsal hooks on segments 4-9 similar, but stouter on
segments 7-8, and spinulose on their very convex, superior mar-
gins on 6—9 (their inferior margin viewed laterally).

Labium with seven lateral setae and 11-12 mental setae, each
side of which the fifth (counting from the side) is longest, and
the outermost 7-8 constitute a stronger series. Teeth on the

270 NEW YORK STATB MUSEUM

opposed margins of the lateral lobes inrolled, moderately well
marked, each about 4 spinulose.

On the middle of the sides of the abdomen are two longitudinal
brownish bands, below which the sides are paler.

One specimen, collected by Mr T. H. Hankinson near Varna,
2 miles above Ithaca, from a cold spring brook near to the place
of its confluence with Fall creek, July 13, 1901. I collected a
specimen of the same species in Six Mile creek a mile southeast
of Ithaca in April 1896. I innocently placed it in a breeding cage
in which were a few Gomphus nymphs burrowing in the mud of
the bottom; for I did not then know that Gomphus nymphs go
foraging in the territory above them. The next morning there
remained in my cage but a fragment of the Somatochlora nymph,
consisting of the dorsal wall of the abdomen and the abdominal
appendages. This fragment I preserved, for I had recognized
that the nymph was a new one, and I find it quite sufficient for
recognition as the same species described above. The dorsal
hooks are perhaps twice as long in this species as in S. elon-
gata. Since 8. elongata is the only species known from
Ithaca, I am unable to say to what species this nymph may
belong.

Somatochlora sp. no. 3

A single nymph, not fully grown, sent me from Raleigh N. C.
by Mr C. S. Brimley. It is a short, flat species with very wide,
abruptly truncated abdomen. Somatochlora tene-
brosa has been collected at Raleigh, and the nymph may be-
long to that species.

Length 16mm, abdomen 9mm, hind femur 5.5mm, antenna

6mm; width of head 5mm, of abdomen 8mm. In form and orna-
mentation of the head and front part of the body and in arma-

ture of the labium similar to the preceding species. Differs in ©

the relatively greater width and flatness of the abdomen, in
having the lateral spines of segments 8 and 9 wider, flatter,
blunter and straighter at tip, and triangular in outline as seen
from above; appendages shorter and more retracted, the tip of
the laterals hardly surpassing the level of the tips of the lateral
spines of the ninth segment (surpassing these by half their length
in the preceding species). Dorsal hooks shorter, on segment 4
a mere rudiment, on 5 small, on 6-9 better developed, spinulose
on superior and straight and bare on inferior margins.

+> a

pray -

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATD yas

LIBELLULINAE
Sympetrum corruptum Hagen

Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell took this species in transformation
at Tempe Ariz. on Salt river Mar. 30, 1902, and kindly sent me
specimens which he has allowed me to describe herewith. He
sent me also a single male with its cast nymphal skin labeled
Las Vegas N. M., October 1901. Thus we.-have the life history
of this species from the western end of its range, and, though
coming from an unexpected quarter, it makes a very desirable
addition to our knowledge of the fauna of the State. In New

Fig.16 End ofabdomen of nymph of Sympetrum corruptum

York State this species flies only in late summer and autumn
(in early spring I have twice found a specimen that, I suppose,
had hibernated); but in the southwest it flies throughout the
greater part of the season.

“Nymph. Length 19mm, abdomen 1imm, hind femur 4.5mm;
width of head 4.5mm, of abdomen 6mm. Body stout, little de-
pressed, sparsely hairy on the rear of the head, the outer margins
of the tibiae and the apex of the abdomen. Head much wider
than long, with prominent eyes directed forward and almost
angulate anterolaterally; sides sloping behind the eyes to the
nearly straight hind margin, and scurfy hairy; top of head with
six longitudinal, scurfy hairy lines behind the transverse suture.

Dorsum of the thorax fuscous, divided by a narrow longitudi-
nal, pale line; the sides with some ill defined fuscous markings;
legs pale.

A NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Abdomen with a pair of broad, dorsal fuscous stripes inter-
rupted on the sutures, extending posteriorly to end at the bases
of the lateral appendages on each side, including a pair of trans-
versely placed darker spots [fig.16]. On each side, half way
from this band to the lateral margin, there are on each segment
a pair of brownish marks, of which the lower one is transversely
placed and rests on the apical carina of the segment; each lateral
appendage is black on its lateral margins.

No dorsal hooks at all. Lateral spines almost wanting, repre-
sented only on the ninth segment by a very minute tooth, which.

Fig. 17 Labium of Sympetrum corruptum

continues the inward slope of the lateral margin. Sides of
abdomen nearly parallel on segments 4-7, slightly narrowed
posteriorly on 8, strongly narrowed on 9; 10 annular, included,
one fourth to one third as long as 9; superior appendages as.
long as segments 9 and 10 together, lateral appendages fully cne
third shorter than the others; the lateral and ventral margins
of segments 9 and 10 very hairy.

This species differs from its nearest relative, S. illotum,
(1) in having 13-14 lateral setae on its labium [see fig.17], in
S. illotum there are but 9; (2) in having about 17 mental
setae, each side of which there are nine in the stronger outer
series—in illotum there are about 13, and seven in the
stronger outer rank; (3) in having the lateral spines even less
developed; (4) in having a better developed color pattern, Ex-
cept in these particulars the nymph of S. illotum (of which

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 273.

I have a number of specimens kindly communicated by Prof.
V. L. Kellogg, of Stanford University) is very similar. In both
these species the labial hinge reaches posteriorly between the
bases of the middle legs.

These two southwestern species are at least subgenerically
distinct from our eastern species; but a study of the not very
homogeneous palearctic species should precede any attempt at
the division of the genus.

LIBELLULA

Of the nine species of this genus which I listed from New
York State in Bulletin 47, the nymphs of four were unknown.
I believe I have the nymphs of two of these, though neither has
been bred, and I describe them below.

Libellula axillena (supposition)
A single nymph not fully grown, from Raleigh N. C., collected
by Mr C. 8. Brimley.

Length 22mm, abdomen 14mm, hind femur 5mm; width of h-ad
5mm, of. abdomen 7.2mm. Very similar to the nymph of
L. auripennis; having sharp pointed dorsal hooks on
abdominal segments 4-8 and five setae on the lateral lobe of the
labium, it would be traced to that species by my key (loc. cit.
p.532); but it differs in the following particulars. (1) The mental
setae are 12-13 each side, the six to seven outermost larger and
closer together than the others. (2) The lateral spines of the
eighth and ninth abdominal segments are less distinctly incur.
vate at tip and bear finer bristles on their external margin. (3)
The lateral abdominal appendages (white with black margins)
are but a third as long as the inferiors (they are one half as
longin auripennis). There is also in this nymph a black
band across the head between the eyes; there are subapical bands
on the femora.

Libellula cyanea

I have received numerous specimens of this nymph from
Newark and Cooch Del., sent by Prof. E. D. Sanderson, and
from Raleigh N. C., sent by Mr C.S. Brimley. These nymphs all
show (what I did not see in the cast skins I described) a sub-
median, ventral double row of round, small, brown dots; there
is a corresponding double dorsal row of plainer dots ending
opposite the lateral appendages, and between the two lines of

274 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

dots on the dorsal side is a double row of broader, obscurer
brownish marks close beside the middle pale line. The number
of lateral setae appears to be somewhat variable: while six is
the normal number, seven occur sometimes; but the species is in
such cases distinguishable from basalis by the brown mark-
‘ings just described.

Libellula plumbea (supposition)

I have a single specimen of this species, received from Mr
C. S. Brimley of Raleigh N. C. It is very similar to the nymph
of L. cyanea, but is at once distinguished by the poss2ssion
of eight lateral setae on the labium.

Length 17mm, abdomen 10mm, hind femur 5mm; width of head
5mm, of abdomen 7mm (not fully grown). Head with an anvil-
shaped black mark on either side of the median ocellus; a pale
median line extends from the median suture of the head to the
base of the abdomen; segments 2-8 of abdomen each with a pair
of large, oblique, brown spots on the sides, becoming diffuse on 7
and 8 and the apical portion of each becoming detached as a
darker, small, round dot; there is also an outer row of dots
blacker on segments 4-9; femora and tibiae faintly twice banded.
There are four lines of pubescence each side down the back of
the head.

Lateral setae of labium 8, mentals 12-13, each side of
which the outer seven are in a larger series. Dorsal hooks of
abdomen on segments 4-8, spinelike on 6-8, and straight on. the
superior margin differing in this from nymphs of basalis,
in which the apexes are declined and the upper margin arcuate).
The superior appendage is longer and more contracted in the
middle and more attenuate to the apex than in basalis.

I conclude my part of this appendix with a tabular statement
of the general features of the habitat of such New York species
as I have had good opportunity for observing in the field. Further
observation will probably discover that some of these have a
wider range of habitat; but I trust that this table contains
hints that will be of use to the amateur collector. My record
for brackish water species is based on a small collection from
Sable island sent me by Dr James Fletcher. There is no fresh
water there; and the material sent included cast nymphal skins
of the two species listed here, taken on the spot.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE

Habitat of some New York Odonata

<
QU

RAPID

STREAMS

SPECIES OBSERVED

Ee
O
O
L

obscurus
aspersus

parvulus

carolus ...
H. brevistylus

ee ee

G. descriptus

Edges of
current
Slow streams

Rivulets

sence] 2seee8/| acuee

MARSHES

SS sO eee: s ee ees
ST a ee oe
G. seudderi......
LL ee ee ee
G. spiniceps
OS eee a ee eee eee
G. villosipes
D. spinosus
EE a ee eee See
B. janata
N. pentacantha
A. constricta
A. junius
C. maculatus
C. diastatops
D. transversa
E. princeps
T. spinigera, cynosura
H. uhleri
SS ee ee ees P|
0 ee a a a
I. bella -... - Rese a eee pees 8, chet ES
P. domitia

C. eponina
C. elisa
L. intacta, glacialis
S. corruptum, rubicundulum, etc.|....|.-..|....|....
P. longipennis
M. simplicicollis
0 LE ee ee eee eee eer
Bee ait, UIOMOLIAs-—. -=-.-.--!--..|----|.---| X

P. lydia
T. lacerata
Ue ae ee ee eee ee

were ew eee ee ee eee eee el eee

weeerecee se wees eee ee eee eee lee eel sees
ween eee ee wees eee el wee eee
ee ee ee ee
wece weeees 2 se ce uwees coe~loeee| coe

wees eee ee eee ew eee wes | owen
ee ee ee ee ee

ween eo see se ew ee eee wes l| eee
ee ee

wees es wees tee ewes (te eel eee el wees ee ee

ot americana... .-icc<<s ie kee
ES oe 2
L.. eurina, uncata, forcipata, ete-.-.|--.-.|--..|----|----
A. putrida x x
0 ES ee Soe Gere eee Cone x

A. violacea x

eel a a are
A. saucium
N. irene
E. hageni, signatum etc......---.
I. verticalis
A. hastatum

ial

eweewwes ewe ewe eee se owe ew ee ee eee el eel wee

en ee ee

x

ee ee ss ee ee ee

--28

|esee

[meee

Brackish

eeeelesace

----|----
x x

DS 5) (Rey oie
BE) SE) CS Cel eae
RK fasceleces| seu
x Sy hoy co
8. "Se (Sece| |eaae

276 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

It certainly is not without interest one observes in glancing
ever this table that while the majority of the species live in
ponds or still water, the more generalized members of both sub-
orders live in rapids of streams.

The species of which nymphs are newly characterized in this
appendix are?:

Gomphus fraternus* Somatochlora, sp. no. 3
Gomphus borealis . Sympetrum corruptum*
Gomphus dilatatus Sympetrum illotum*
Gomphus notatus* Libellula axillena
Cordulegaster sayi LibeNula plumbea

Somatochlora, sp. no. 2

Distribution of New York dragon flies
ADDITIONAL DATA?
By Dr P. P. Calvert

Lestes vigilax. Folwood lake, July 22; Knapp pond, July 30;
Stevensville lake, Aug. 1; Amber lake, Aug. 2; Black lake,
Aug. 2; Beaver brook, Aug. 3; Stump pond, Aug. 3; Green lake,
Aug. 28; Catskill lake, Aug. 30.

Lestes disjuncta. Hunter’s pond, July 30; Mud pond, July 30;
Beaver brook, Aug. 8; Burnt Hill pond, July 29; Catskill lake,
Aug. 30 (abundant).

Lestes rectangularis. Black lake, Aug. 2; Beaver brook, Aug. 3;
Stump pond, Aug. 8; Cairo, Aug. 29; Stony Clove near Hunter,
Sep. 2.

Argia violacea. Jenkins’ pond, July 29; Amber and White
lakes, Aug. 2; Black lake, Aug. 2; Beaver brook and Stump pond,
Aug. 3; Green lake, Aug. 28 (very abundant).

Argia translata. White lake, Aug. 2.

Amphiagrion saucium. Big pond, July 28 (with pruinose
thorax, abdomen still red).

1Those marked with an * are bred. ;
*Supplemental to the two lists by the same author referred to in the
preceding pages, in N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 1895, 3:39-48; and 1897, 5:91-96.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE ott

Ischnura verticalis. Folwood lake, July 22; Balsam lake, July
27; Alder lake, July 28; Big pond, July 28; Jenkins’ and Burnt
Hill ponds, July 29; Knapp, Hunter’s and Mud ponds, July 30;
Cranberry pond, July 31; Stevensville lake, Aug. 1; Amber,
White and Black lakes, Aug. 2; Beaver brook and Stump pond,
Aug. 3; Green lake, Aug. 28; Cairo, Aug. 29; Catskill lake,
Aug. 30.

Enallagma hageni. Knapp pond, July 30 (not very abundant).

Enallagma aspersum. Burnt Hill pend, July 29; Knapp pond,
July 30; Cranberry pond, July 31.

Enallagma exsulans. Port Jervis, July 21.

Enallagma geminatum. Amber lake, Aug. 2; Green lake, Aug.
28.

Enallagma ebrium. Balsam lake, July 27; Alder lake, July 28
(exceedingly abundant, many more males than females); Burnt
Hill pond, July 29; Cranberry pond, July 31; Amber, White and
Black lakes, Aug. 2; Beaver brook, Aug. 3; Catskill lake,
Aug. 30.

Enallagma signatum. Folwood lake, July 22; Amber and
Black lakes, Aug. 2; Stump pond, Aug. 3; Green lake, Aug. 28.

Enallagma pollutum. Black lake, Aug. 2.

Dromogomphus spinosus. White lake, Aug. 2.

Anax junius. Folwood lake, July 22; Alder lake, July 28;
Burnt Hill pond, July 29 (abundant); Knapp, Hunter’s and Mud
ponds, July 30; Cranberry pond, July 31; Black lake, Aug. 2;
Beaver brook and Stump pond, Aug. 3; Green lake, Aug. 28.

Cordulia shurtlefi. Near Tunis lake, July 27.

Dorocordulia lepida. Burnt Hill pond, July 29; Mud pond, July
30; Amber lake, Aug. 2.

Libellula pulchella. Folwood lake, July 22; Balsam lake, July
27; Alder lake and Big pond, July 28; Jenkins’ and Burnt Hill
ponds, July 29; Knapp and Hunter’s ponds, July 30; Cranberry
pond, July 31; Amber lake, Aug. 2 (only a few); Black lake, Aug.
2; Beaver brook and Stump pond, Aug. 3; Cairo, Aug. 29
(1 old ¢ ).

Libellula incesta. Amber lake, Aug. 2; Stump pond, Aug. 3.

278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Plathemis lydia (trimaculata). Beaver brook, Aug 3 (1 2 only);
Cairo, Aug. 29 (1 old ¢ ).

Leucorhinia frigida. Knapp, Hunter’s and Mud ponds, July 30;
Cranberry pond, July 31 (abundant).

Leucorhinia intacta. Folwood lake, July 22 (1 @ ).

Celithemis elisa. Burnt Hill pond, July 29 (one only); Hunter’s
pond, July 30 (one only); Cranberry pond, July 31 (one only);
Amber and White lakes, Aug. 2 (some in cop.).

Sympetrum rubicundulum. Folwood lake, July 22; J enkins’
pond, July 29; Knapp, Hunter’s and Mud ponds, July 30; Black
lake, Aug. 2; Stump pond, Aug. 3; Cairo, Aug. 29.

Sympetrum vicinum. Alder lake, July 28; Burnt Hill pond,
July 29; Stevensville lake, Aug. 1 (just transforming); Amber
lake, Aug. 2; Beaver prook and Stump pond, Aug. 3; Cairo, Aug.
29; Catskill lake, Aug. 30 (some transforming, others oviposit-
ing).

Sympetrum semicinctum. Cairo, Aug. 29.

Aeschna constricta. Stony Clove, near Hunter, Sep. 2.

Localities

Records from Cairo, Catskill lake and Green lake were made
in 1897. All others in 1898.

Big pond, Andes ‘town’ (=township), Delaware Co.
Balsam lake, Hardenburg ug Ulster co.
Tunis “cé be 6é 6é
Alder * = <
Jenkins’ pond, Rockland = Sullivan co.
Burnt Hil “ * ‘ "
Knapp 6é 66 6é > “é
Hunter’s As “ es
Mud * Liberty “ :
Cranberry “ . < 7
Stevensville lake, ‘~ * Mh
White ae Bethel cid oF
Amber “ ed et ¥
Black od ot ic '
Folwood _ Mamakating se 2
Beaver brook, Tusten w
Stump pond, i He ;
Green lake, Athens ae Greene Co.
Cairo, Cairo a *

Catskill lake, Hunter sé 6é

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 279

Eastern Long Island species
COLLECTED AvuG. 18, 1900

Lestes disjuncta. Bridgehampton

Enallagma doubledayi. Bridgehampton

Enallagma aspersum. Bridgehampton

Enallagma durum. Near Mecox bay (abundant; in cop.)

Enallagma civile. Near Mecox bay (abundant; in cop.)

Ischnura verticalis. Near Mecox bay and Bridgehampton

Anax junius. Near Mecox bay and Bridgehampton

Plathemis lydia (trimaculata). Bridgehampton

Libellula pulchella. Bridgehampton

Tramea carolina. Bridgehampton

Mesothemis simplicicollis. Bridgehampton

Near Mecox bay, where I found the two species of Enallagma
above recorded were many individuals of the spider, Epeira
stellata Hentz, whose orblike webs, 4 to 6 inches in diam-
eter, were stretched between the stalks of sedges and of
grasses. Within a distance of not more than -4, mile along the
pond’s edge, I found six individuals of Enallagma in the spiders’
webs. The dragon flies were all fully colored, were more or less
enshrouded in silk, and some of them were partly eaten. In
one and the same web were two Enallagmas.

Part 4

SOME NEW LIFE HISTORIES OF DIPTERA
BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM

During the second season of our station the work done on
Diptera was chiefly done on the families Chironomidae,
Culicidae, Simuliidae, and Blepharoceridae, and is reported
on by Mr Johannsen in part 6. But, in the course of routine
operations, a few other very interesting new forms were come
on, and four of these will be described in the following pages.
Two of these, Tipula flavicans and Epiphragma
fascipennis, were bred, and two were found only in the
larval stage. These larvae, however, are so unique and inter-
esting as to warrant their description at once; one clearly

280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

belongs to the family Tipulidae; the other to the family

Leptidae.
Tipula flavicans Fabricius

1805 Tipula flavescens (in erratis, flavicans) Fabricius, Syst.
Antliatorum, p.24

1821 Tipula flavicans Wiedemann, Diptera otiens 1:25

1828 Tipula flavicans Wiedemann, Aussereur. zweifliig. Insecten,
1:48

1878 Tipula flavjicans Osten Sacken, Cat. Dipt. N. Am. p.38
(listed) ;

This common crane fly is widely distributed over the eastern
United States and Canada. It belongs to the New York fauna,
but I bred it from pupae collected at Lake Forest Ill. The
pupae were found in a peculiar and very restricted habitat.
In the bottom of a glacial pothole on tthe top of a small moraine
there was a deep bottom layer of mud, muck and humus, nearly
dry from the summer’s evaporation, and perforated by a few
crawfish holes, around whose mouths were little hillocks of
clay, brought up by the crawfishes from a deeper stratum. In
these clay hillocks, and only in these, I found the pupae, placed
vertically in cylindric cavities, their heads almost reaching the
upper surface of the clay. I collected a number of the pupae
on Sep. 22, and the imagos began to emerge on the 23d and
were all out on the 27th. During this time the adult flies were
common among the bushes all about the pothole. They were
not so easy to catch as are most crane flies; they readily took
flight on the approach of a net, and, if pursued, would take
refuge high up in the branches of neighboring trees, well out
of reach.

Pupa [pl.10, fig.3]. Length 26mm, abdomen 20mm, respiratory

horns 1.3mm; greatest diameter of the thorax 4mm, of abdomen
omm.

Body cylindric, tapering at ends on the head and from the
eighth abdominal segment, the abdomen with parallel sides, the
thorax thickened toward its middle. Colors (generally obscured
by adherent dirt) brown, paler on wings and legs, on lateral
margins of abdomen and on two broad dorsal and two ventral
areas nearly covering each abdominal segment.

Head unarmed; rostral sheath and base of antennal sheaths
transversely corrugated. Antennae curving posteriorly around

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 281

the eyes and ending at the middle of the thorax on its ventral
side. Palpi ending in a J-shaped hook.

Respiratory horns cylindric, becoming laterally flattened at
tip, erect but bent anteriorly in their distal third. Wings and
legs closely covering the ventral surface; tips of the wing cases
reaching the base of the fourth abdominal segment; legs much
curved beneath the wing cases; tarsi laid straight along the
ventral side of the abdomen, those of the fore legs reaching
the constriction of the middle of the fourth, those of the middle
and hind legs, the apical circlet of spines on the fourth abdom-
inal segment. Thorax unarmed; a low carina between the
respiratory horns, ending posteriorly in a series of transverse
corrugations, on either side of which are spots and lines of
darker color.

Abdominal segments transversely divided by a constriction,
both before and behind which, dorsally and ventrally, is a broad
pale area bordered by darker brown, forming at the sides a
band which includes the row of spiracles at the anterior border
of segments 1-7. In the pale band on the lateral margin there
arises a stout spine in the basal half and a larger one in the
apical half of segments 2-7; here are also numerous brown
dashes, merging into the larger, phalerate markings already
described.

On the dorsal side in the apical half of each of segments 1-7
there is a transverse row of about a dozen sharp, minute thorns,
very minute on 2, but becoming larger posteriorly; on the ven-
tral side of same is a similar row of stouter thorns, becoming
much stouter and fewer and nearer the hind margin posteriorly,
while before them, near the middle constriction, stand an iso-
lated pair of similar size. On segment 8 there are three pairs
of stout spines on the dorsum, the intermediate pair being the
largest, and there are three lesser pairs on the venter. On the
end of the abdomen, and perhaps belonging to a ninth segment,
there are two other pairs of spines, a larger yellowish, brown
tipped, straight pair, and a smaller, terminal, upcurved pair.

Epiphragma fascipennis Say
Plates 8, 9

Limnobia fascipennis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 3:19,
11:823

1828 Limnobia fascipennis Wiedemann, Aussereur. zweifliig.
Insecten, 1:31

1859 Epiphragma payvyonina Osten Sacken, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Proc. p.239

1869 Epiphragma fascipennis Osten Sacken, Mongr. N. Am.
Dipt. 4:194

282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

This beautiful crane fly [p1.8], which Osten Sacken attributes:
to the Atlantic states and Quebec, I have been trying to rear for
several years at my home in Lake Forest; and I succeeded in the:
spring of 1901, and am now able to describe both larval and
pupal stages.

The larvae bore in the dead and fallen stems of buttonbush:
and willow, where these lie on the mud at the borders of shal-.
low ponds. I found them always in stems that were still par--
tially sound, tunneling beneath the bark or even into the deeper:
parts and into the sounder wood. These stems are frequently
submerged in spring and autumn, and even in summer, when the-
pond has gone dry, they are always saturated with moisture..
The first two seasons that I tried to rear the larvae indoors I
failed, because I could not keep their surroundings at the-
proper degree of moisture. In the spring of 1901 I placed the-
stems or pieces of the stems containing the larvae in the bot-.
tom of a big glass jar, hung a large sponge saturated with
water in it, and laid on a loose cover, and with this apparatus:
i reared them, every one. Larvae and pupae were collected
for rearing on May 18; imagos appeared on May 30. No imagos:
were seen at large, notwithstanding they were carefully looked:
for several times after they began to appear in the breeding jar..

The most interesting thing about the larva, aside from its
wood-boring habits, is its singular adaptaition to amphibian life..
It must needs live part of the time wholly submerged beneath
the waters of the pond, and part of the time out on land; it
has, therefore, both open spiracles and tracheal gills; and, more-
over, its tracheal gills are so placed that they may be with-
drawn into the body in a dry time, where they escape the ills.
of too rapid evaporation. The spiracles are the two usual large
ones on the terminal respiratory disk, common to all tipulidae..
If a larva be taken from the stems and allowed to crawl on
the hand, these will be the only respiratory apparatus visible;.
no fleshy anal processes, such as are common in the family, will
be seen. The anal aperture will appear as a narrow longitudi-
nal slit between two opercular flaps. But, if the same larva be

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 283

‘placed in a watch glass of water, these flaps will be seen to
‘be separated, and there will be protruded between them four
‘curved triangular, delicate, whitish, elongate gills, showing in
‘their interior both tracheae and blood currents. These are
doubtless respiratory appendages of the terminal portion of the
walls of the rectum. A similar eversible condition of this part,
‘with a much less perfect development
-of the gills themselves, has recently
been described by Pantel in the
Bulletin de la Société entomologique de
France, 1901, page 59-61, for a Tach-
inid larva. The eversible portion of
the rectum Pantel calls the anal
vesicle, and to it he very properly
attributes a respiratory function.
These four gills in Epiphragma

are comparable to the four anal
processes of the larva next to be Fig. 18 Anal gills of the larva of
a : Epiphragma fascipennis
-described, and shown on plate 10,
fig. 4, even to the constriction forming an apparent seg-
ment near the tip. They are comparable and homologous
‘doubtless with the anal processes of other Tipulidae. There,
however, they are permanently on the outside of the body,
being no longer retractile. The end of the rectum has become
permanently everted in these more aquatic larvae. The larva
‘of Epiphragma is therefore specially interesting as showing
what has been the course of development of this part of the
‘very curious caudal armature of the typical Tipulid larvae.
Larva [pl.9, fig1]. Length 19mm; greatest diameter (base of
thorax) 1.5mm. Cylindric, white, or faintly tinged with yellowish,
~with translucent sides and a brown head capsule. Head large, for
‘the family, with pale antennae and labrum and stout blackish

mandibles and labium. On the ventral side of each of the three
thoracic segments is a pair of minute brownish points—vestiges

1Elsewhere (American Naturalist, 36:185) I have pointed out, in a descrip-
tion of the larva of Bibio fraternus, that the segmental tubercles
have offered the material out of which have been formed the other fleshy
tubercles which surround the caudal respiratory disk.

284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of the larval legs. On the ventral side of abdominal segments
2-7 there is a single median proleg—a mere soft, white, trans-
- versely placed ridge, without hooks or claws. The abdomen is
without other tubercles, spines or hairs. On the posterior end
of the scarcely narrowed abdomen is a broad, white respiratory
disk, with the two usual spiracles [pl.9, fig.2], large, distant,
black, bordered with golden yellow in life. There are four thick
processes at the border of the disk, of which the upper two are
set apart the full width of the disk, have very blunt apexes and
are pubescent externally, while the lower two are a little more
pointed and a little closer together. ,

The anal aperture is closed by two operclelike plates, which
open to allow the protrusion of the four delicate, white, elon-
gate, curved, triangular anal processes (gills).

Pupa [p1.9, fig.8]. Length 12mm, horns almost 2mm additional] ;.
diameter 1.5mm. Color clear yellowish white at first, darkening
with age, and showing before transformation the adult color
pattern through the transparent skin; surfaces shining, nearly
smooth. Head and face directed ventrally, with a pair of short,
sharp pointed, stout, ventrally directed, divergent frontal spines. -

The hypertrophied and functionless respiratory horns are
large, long and stout, abruptly bent forward in their cylindric
middle portion, beyond their short erect bases, and convergent
at their tapering tips. They are very suggestive of cow horns
in their shape, and a crumpled horn on one side is of rather
common occurrence. The antennae curve dorsally around the
eyes and knees and disappear beneath the wings. Legs laid
flat against the ventral surface, the tips of the tarsi all ending
near the apex of the fourth abdominal segment; wing tips reach-
ing only to the level of the carina on the second abdominal
segment.

Abdomen with sides parallel as far as the eighth segment;
the apical carina on each segment is fringed with short, stiff
hairs (on the ventral side of the eighth segment, more comb-
like, and interrupted on the median line in the female). The
rudiments of the four discal processes and the atrophied spir-
acles are plainly seen on the dorsum of the eighth segment.

Beling found the larvae of the European Epiphragma
picta abundant in the rotting stems of ash and beech in the
spring, transforming in May after a pupal period of about two:
weeks. He has described! a very unusual sexual differentiation
in the larvae. The respiratory disk was said to be surrounded
by five processes arranged in a pentagon in the male, by three

1Beling. Th. zur Naturgeschichte verschiedener Arten der Tipuliden.
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien. 1873. 23:590.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATBR 285

processes arranged in a triangle in the female larva. There is
no such differentiation in E. fascipennis; the processes
are four, and alike in the two sexes. Possibly Beling had the
larvae of two species.

An unknown Tipulid larva from a spring

On plate 10, figures 4 and 5 we present a figure of a Tipulid
larva of very unusual form. A few specimens were obtained July
19, 1901, from a small, cold spring brook near Fall creek, be-
tween Ithaca and Varna N. Y. The brook was filled with water
cress, through which the cold water
trickled, and was hidden in the dense
shadow of a thick growth of trees. The
larvae were obtained only beneath the
water cress, in the thin layer of soft mud
overlying the rocky substratum. One
larva was found, apparently preparing
for transformation, occupying a little
excavation among the roots of a layer of
wet moss, in a crevice of a rock above the
level of the water. This specimen was
taken home for rearing, but was after-
ward lost; I do not know anything about
the other stages of this insect. The form
of its respiratory disk is very different

from that of Epiphragma just described, and mouth parts of unknown
tipulid larva described herewitb

but, aside from that, it is more like Epi-

phragma in form.of body and prolegs and in mouth parts than

any other Tipulid larva known to me, and I think it will be found

to belong to some species of larger size belonging near Epi-

phragma in the series.

Since my study of this larva Dr James Fletcher, of Ottawa
Can., has sent me a specimen of it from his home. He says it
is found “from time to time in water brought from a spring
through wooden pipes, and used for drinking.” It may prove a
constant inhabitant of cold spring water.

286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Larva. Length 42mm; greatest diameter of thorax 5mm; of
abdomen 7mm. Body cylindric, smooth, white translucent, with
unusually abrupt narrowing at the anterior end to the wholly
retractile head (fig.19). Seventh abdominal segment inflated.
No surface hairs or spines; but on the ventral side of the three
thoracic segments are three pairs of spine-tipped structures
which I take to be the rudiments of the thoracic legs.

There are stout, brownish prolegs on abdominal segments
4-7, paired and separate on 4, becoming completely fused on
succeeding segments into a transverse ridge, each proleg capped
with a mere obtuse hillock of chitin, bearing no hooks or spines.
Abdomen strongly tapering beyond the inflated seventh seg-
ment. Spiracles black, seated on a narrow and imperfect respi-
ratory disk [p1.10, fig.5], whose dorsal margin is indicated only
by a slight ridge, and from whose ventral side arise two long
processes, approximated at base, tapering, slightly granulate
before the tip, and with about six to eight minute, fragile, un-
equal hairs on the obtuse apex. Anal aperture surrounded by
four equal, taper, pointed, white appendages, each showing a
tendency to the formation of a telescopic joint at two thirds its
length.

An unknown Leptid larva from rapid streams

On plate 10, figure 1 we show a curious larva that seems
clearly to belong to the family Leptidae, but that differs con-
siderably in structure from the Leptid larvae hitherto made
xnown. I first collected small specimens from the rapids in
Six Mile creek at Ithaca in December 1896. During the sum-
mer of 1901 larger larvae were frequently found in Fall creek.
They live in the crevices of the stones in rushing waters, asso-
ciated with stone fly and caddis fly larvae. But few specimens
were obtained, and no attempt was made to rear them. Two
species of Chrysopila, (C. ornata and C. thoracica), are
common at Ithaca, and this larva may belong to one of these.

Larva. Length 16mm; caudal filaments (arising from the ven-
tral border of the respiratory disk) 3mm additional; diameter
2mm.

Color dark greenish; skin subrugose, somewhat shining.
Body nearly cylindric, slightly thickest on the sixth abdominal
segment, with strongly tapering metathorax and mesothorax,
slender and attenuate prothorax and strongly retractile head.
The median ridge of the head is very prominent in front, shaped

like an inverted sled runner. Antennae prominent, slender,
two jointed. Mandibles ending in strong, ventrally directed

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB 287

hooks. <A ventral pair of slender bristles under both meso-
thorax and metathorax.

There are stout ventral prolegs on abdominal segments 1-8,
paired on all the segments except the eighth, each with a double
circlet of hooks at its tip. On segment 1 each proleg is sim-
ple, with hooks directed posteriorly. On segments 2-7 each
proleg is divided at its apex, becoming double, with the hooks
on its two divisions opposed in position [pl.10, fig.2]. On
the eighth segment there is a single median proleg with its
hooks directed forward, and at its base is a pair of low, broad
anal tubercles. There are two pairs of conic, fleshy tubercles
on each of segments 1-7 of the abdomen, one tubercle at either
side of the dorsum and a longer one at the middle of each side,
all increasing in length posteriorly. The abdomen ends on the
dorsal side in a pair of long, fleshy processes, stout at base and
attenuate to apex, each with a lateral fringe of long hairs each
side, on the outer side the fringe extending on segment 8 nearly
to its base. Between the bases of these processes on the dor-
sum of the eighth segment is the single respiratory aperture—
a narrow median slit guarded by white lips, on a low convex
elevation.

The most remarkable features of this larva are (1) the con-
formation of the caudal end of the abdomen, (2) the single res-
piratory aperture and (8) the paired and bifurcated prolegs with
their heavy armature of grappling hooks. This grappling appa-
ratus is doubtless correlated with a life spent clinging to the
surfaces of rocks in the current of rushing streams.

A note on caddis flies described in Bulletin 47

The identity of the species described on p.569-70 as “3 Halesus
sp. ?” has been settled by the rearing of it by Mr Betten at
Lake Forest Ill. It is Halesus hostis Hagen. Larvae,
in cases like the one shown in plate 33, figure 1 of Bulletin
47, were collected from a spring-fed rivulet late in August.
Pupae were found in the breeding cage soon thereafter, and a fine
male imago emerged on Sep. 23.

Two excellent German students of the Trichoptera, Ulmer and
Weltner, simultaneously and very kindly sent information as to
the probable identity of the “ egg-ring of an unknown caddis fly ”
figured on plate 33 of Bulletin 47. Similar egg masses are laid,
they say, by the European species Phryganea grandis
and Phryganea striata, and this one may well have
belonged toour Phryganea cinerea Hagen.

288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Part 5}
AQUATIC CHRYSOMELIDAE
AND A TABLE OF THB
FAMILIES OF COLEOPTEROUS LARVAE
BY ALEX. D. MACGILLIVRAY

Beetles are among the most abundant of insects. They are
easily collected and prepared for the cabinet and probably for
this reason are more extensively studied and collected than any
other order. Their larvae and pupae are usually soft bodied
and inconspicuous and in most cases are very difficult to rear
to maturity. It is probably due to these latter conditions that
the transformations of only a very small proportion of our
beetles are known. The habits of their larvae are more varied
than those of the other orders; some are predaceous, feeding
on the larvae of other insects; some are scavengers, feeding on
decaying plants and animals, dried skins, hair and bones; some
are herbivorous, feeding on the roots, stems and leaves of
plants, mining their leaves, living within their seeds, forming
galls on their leaves, or tunneling through the trunks of trees;
some feed on and destroy many kinds of prepared food products,
while others live commensally within the nests of insects.
Though the majority of the species are terrestrial, yet many
are found on the surface and within the water of ponds and
streams.

There have not been any extended investigations dealing with
the transformations of American Coleoptera. The work done
thus far consists mainly of scattered descriptions by govern-
ment and state entomologists in bulletins, reports and ento-
mological magazines, and they have dealt in great part only
with those species that are of economic importance in some
phase of their life history.

The most important publications for the student of the life
histories of American Coleoptera are the following:

Beutenmuller, William. Bibliographical Catalogue of the Described
Transformations of North American Coleoptera. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour.
aa, beet, 721-52.

This paper gives all the references to descriptions and figures of

American beetle larvae and pupae previous to this date and should be in
the hands of every American student of this subject.

*Not edited according to the rules of the University.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATR 289

Rupertsberger, Mathias. Biologie der Kifer Europas. Bine Ueber-
sicht der biologischen Literatur gegeben in einem alphabetischen Person-
en- und systematischen Sach-Register nebst einem Larven-Cataloge. Linz.
a. d. Donau. 1880. O. 295p.

Die biologische Literatur iiber die Kifer Europas vcn
1880 an. Mit Nachtraigen aus friiherer Zeit und einem Larven-Cataloge.
Linz a. d. Donau und Niederrana. 1894. O. 3810p.

The two papers given above include the references to the literature on
the transformations of European Coleoptera. They are useful to the
American student for the references to the species common to Europe and
North America that they contain. The larger families of Coleoptera are
found in both countries, and, by looking up these references, it is possible
to determine the type of larvae to be expected in the American fauna in
those families where they are unknown.

Schiodte, J. C. De Metamorphosi Eleutheratorum observationes: Bidrag
til insekternes udeldviklingshistoire. Kjobenhaven. 1861-83. 2v. O. 86pl.

Each volume is made up of a number of separate parts which were
originally published separately in the Saertryk af Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift.
Though this work deals entirely with European insects, yet the families
and genera in most cases are found in this country. The text is written
in Latin, the descriptions are very full and suggestive. The figures are
excellent; they are printed from copper plates and show the entire form
of the larva and pupa, together with many useful structural details.

Perris, Edouard. Larves de Coleopteres. Paris 1887. gr. O. 590p.
14pl. with 579fig.

This work consists mainly of descriptions of larvae and pupae, and the
figures deal almost entirely with structural details.

In hope of interesting and aiding others in the study of the
transformations of the Coleoptera, the following table has been
prepared. It is based in great part on the facts contained in
the papers mentioned above and deals only with the more
important families. No one can be more conscious of its imper-
fections than the writer; but a poor tool is better than no tool.

KEY TO FAMILIES OF COLEOPTEROUS LARVAE!

a Tarsi with two claws
b Mandibles of the usual type, with teeth at the base or at middle
e¢ Abdomen not provided with long, slender lateral filaments
d Cerci present, in some cases small; ocelli six
e Abdomen and legs ambulatory; abdomen with eight pairs of

web 2b ASE OAR eee ae Carabidae
ee Abdomen and legs natatory; abdomen with seven pairs of
UD au Se Pa eee eee eerie Amphizoidae

dd Cerci wanting; ocelli four; with hooks on the dorsum
Cicindelidae
ce Abdomen provided with long, slender lateral filaments which serve
J LL So a eee ee Gyrinidae

1In the following table the term setae is applied only to those small
hairs that arise from a single hypodermal cell like those of the Dermes-
tidae, Cerambycidae, and Buprestidae: and the term spine is restricted to
the strongly chitinized hairs that are developed as projections of the body
wall, like those of the Coccinellidae and the Cassidinae of the Chrysomel-

idae.

290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

bb Mandibles suctorial, without teeth at middle or at base
c Apex of the abdomen not armed with four hooks...Dytiscidae
cc Apex of the abdomen armed with four hooks....... Gyrinidae
aa Tarsi never with more than a single claw; in some species the legs
entirely wanting
b Cerci present as jointed appendages, in some cases hardly more than
a jointed tubercle
¢ Larvae long, wirewormlike; the caudal end of the abdomen strongly
chitinized tarvae derresirial..t22% ss See oe taco Elateridae
ec Larvae soft bodied, not wirewormlike; the caudal end of the abdo-
men not more strongly chitinized than the remainder of the body
d Eyes in groups of five or six

e Larvae terrestrial, feeding in fungi......... Scaphidiidae
ee Larvae aquatic
yj Hyes4neromps of Aves o so0-5 tie gees Haliplidae
ff Eyes in: eroups Of Sik... vec Hydrophilidae

dd Eyes in groups of four, two, or none; larvae terrestrial
e Labrum present, distinct; body frequently lepismoid in form

Silphidae

ee Labrum wanting; body not lepismoid in form, the sides sub-
parallel

f Eyes present, usually in groups of four..Staphylinidae

Tf HY CS) AVETMING SF aude cates det aiearete apes tee eee Histeridae

Sb Cerci wanting
c Larvae without thoracic legs
d Head broader than the remainder of the body; the body
depressed; larvae wood borers
é Maxillary palpi with three or four segments; the labial palpi
with three segments; eyes frequently present
Cerambycidae
ee Maxillary palpi with two segments; the labial palpi minute,
unsegmented; eyes usually wanting....... Buprestidae
dd Head not broader than if as broad as the remainder of the body;
the body cylindrical; the larvae infesting seeds..Bruchidae
ec Larvae with distinct thoracic legs
d Larvae scarabaeoid, that is, white grub-like, in form
é Eyes present
f Eyes six in number; larvae case-bearers
Chrysomelidae
ff Eyes two in number; larvae not case-bearers Trox
Scarabaeidae
ee Eyes wanting, or if present, usually of not more than a single

ocellus
f Antennae three jointed, minute, hardly projecting beyond the
side of the head; larvae usually small......... Ptinidae

ff Antennae two to six jointed, never minute, usually as long
as, or longer than, the mandibles; larvae usually large
Lucanidae
Scarabaeidae
dd Larvae not scarabaeoid in form

e Apex of the abdomen not more strongly chitinized than the
remainder nor produced into one or two prominent projec-

tions

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 291

f Body densely covered with long, fine setae which are gener-
ally barbed and frequently aggregated into a pencil at the
womLerior end of the’ body. ..3. 05.6 ade ee. Dermestidae

ff Body not densely covered with long, fine setae, or, if pres-
ent, these are minute and never aggregated in the form of
a pencil at the posterior end of the body. No account is
taken here of the strong black or brownish chitinized
spines

g Larvae aquatic
h Antennae as long as, or longer than, the thorax
Dascyllidae
hh Antennae not as long as the thorax
4 Larvae depressed, with the lateral margins of the seg-
ments greatly produced so as to conceal the ventral
and lateral portions of the body when viewed from
above; with tracheal gills on the abdomen
Parnidae
ii Larvae cylindrical; without tracheal gills
j Labrum wanting: each body segment usually with
four long, filiform appendages; eight abdominal
tergum never with a pair of dorsal spines with
Boeacren at their Dases 7s... o's sss Haliplidae
jj Labrum present; none of the body segments with
long, filiform appendages; eighth abdominal ter-
gum with a pair of dorsal spines with spiracles
at their base; larvae feeding on the roots of
HOGALIC PIANtS 2.02.5. 60 s02% Chrysomelidae
gg Larvae not aquatic
h The lateral margins of the abdominal tergites dilated so
as to conceal the plurae when viewed from above, the
dilatations when elongate, narrowed toward the apex
i Body convex, about twice as long as wide; lateral dila-
tations blunt and covered with numerous minute
SE ee ee oes one nee oe e's Endomychidae
iti Body flattened above, distinctly more than twice as
long as wide; the lateral dilatations frequently
pointed and never covered with numerous minute
Ee a Oe ace ON a. fe won ees Lampyridae
hh The lateral margins of the abdominal tergites not dilated
so as to conceal the plurae when viewed from above
i Body covered with strong, elongate, black or brownish,
chitinized spines
j Median pair of spines of the eighth abdominal ter-
gite long and modified into a faeci-fork for carry-
ing the cast larval skins and faeci, umbrellalike
eerie TOR 3 So 6 are sane Chrysomelidae
jj Median pair of spines of the eighth abdominal ter-
gite not longer than the others, and, if any are
elongate, it is the median pair of the ninth ab-
dominal tergite

292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

k Median pair of spines of the ninth abdominal ter-
gite distinctly longer than any of the other tergal
BDUAMES ¢ .5s4:cuscte Speetan dues Seen brags Erotylidae

kk Median pair of spines of the ninth abdominal ter-
gite not longer, all the tergal spines subequal in
IGN Cos, sae alcln js eee Coccinellidae
ii Body sometimes covered with fine, translucent setae
but never with elongate black or brownish chitinized
spines

j Body covered with fine clavate setae

k Ninth abdominal tergum with a pair of short,

stout, chitinized spines..........Hrotylidae
kk Ninth abdominal tergum not with a pair of stout
chitinized spines........... Endomychidae

jj) Body not covered with clavate setae
k Body completely covered with a white flocculent
mass; larvae aphidivorous...Coccinellidae
kk Body never covered with a white flocculent mass
lL Larvae provided with abdominal prolegs on at
least one abdominal segment
: Chrysomelidae
ll Larvae not provided with abdominal prolegs
m Thorax abruptly broader than the head and
abdomen; living in burrows of mud or sand
im wWet-plaGeS:. oa iadehers Heteroceridae
mm Thorax not distinctly broader than the abdo-
men, if broader, only gradually so and then
only the prothorax markedly so
nm Tergum or sternum or both with distinct
chitinized areas, frequently prominent,
proleglike
0 Body usually depressed; the distance be-
tween the prothoracic legs greater than
the length of the legs
Cerambycidae
00 Body usually cylindrical; the distance be-
tween the prothoracic legs not as great -
as-the length of the legs
Oedemeridae
mn Tergum or sternum never with distinct chiti-
nized areas
o Ninth abdominal tergite with two or more
short cuticular spines
p Apex of the abdomen obliquely trun-
cate; antennael with three segments
; Cioidae

1In counting the segments of the antennae, it is frequently difficult to
determine whether the enlarged globular basal portion should be counted
as a segment or not. Some writers have considered it simply as a pro-
tuberance of the head, while others have looked on it as the first antennal
segment, In this table it is considered as a distinct segment.

AQUATIC INSEOTS IN NEW YORK STATHD 293

pp Apex of the abdomen not obliquely
truncate; antennae with four seg-
FROHES 3. coh tiie sels 0% Nitidulidae
oo Ninth abdominal tergite not with short
cuticular spines
p Antennae consisting of four segmevts
q Labrum distinctly present
Nitidulidae
Cucujidae
qq Labrum wanting......Elateridae
pp Antennae consisting of three segments
q Labrum wanting....Lampyridae
qq Labrum distinctly present
Melandryidae
ee Apex of the abdomen strongly chitinized and usually produced
into one or more prominent projections
f Entire abdomen strongly chitinized and cylindrical, the apex
squarely truncate and not produced into projections
Rhipiceridae
ff Entire abdomen not strongly chitinized and, if so, never
truncate at the apex; flattened or cylindrical, and the apex
always produced into one or more prominent projections
g Antennae consisting of four segments
h Abdomen strongly chitinized only around the bases of
the chitinous projections of the apex of the tergum;
usually somewhat flattened
i Last abdominal segment produced into two strongly
chitinized and bifurcating processes
j Abdomen strongly depressed..P yrochroidae
jj Abdomen cylindrical or subcylindrical, not strongly
depressed
k Bifureating process of the last abdominal segment
with lateral spines or tubercles
Trogositidae
kk Bifurcating process of the last abdominal segment
not with lateral spines or tubercles
Colydiidae
‘ Mycetophagidae
Malachidae
Cleridae
Melandryidae
ii Last abdominal segment produced into a single
strongly chitinized process, which is usually slightly
angularly emarginate at apex..... Mordellidae
hh Abdomen strongly and evenly chitinized throughout,
cylindrical or subcylindrical
ee IIPCE WATCINES oc iore cd ewe awn sesaees Elateridae
ii Labrum present and separated from the clypeus by 4
PISCE. SUCURE sco olor cee v= Tenebrionidae

294 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

gg Antennae consisting of three segments
h Abdomen cylindrical, obliquely truncate at apex, the
chitinized apical projection on the dorsal aspect and
projecting’ Gorsads. v2.2.6 4d ewe Cioidae
hh Abdomen subcylindrical, not obliquely truncate at apex,
and the chitinized apical projection at apex and sub-
HOPIZOn tal: oohak she Weak Oe acct eet La aoe a eace

Family coHRYSOMELIDAE
This family includes about 600 species divided into 11 sub-
families. The larvae feed on the leaves of various plants. Two
of the subfamilies contain species that feed on aquatic plants.
These can be separated as follows:

Larvae
Dorsal surface of the eighth abdominal segment with a
pair of pointed spines; abdominal prolegs wanting..... Donaciinae
Dorsal surface of the eighth abdcminal segment not with
a pair of long spines; abdominal prolegs present...... Galerucinae
Pupae
Pupae inclosed in a tough brownish silken cocoon, not
attached, and whitish im +edlor Me ss... Seen he aoe Donaciinae
Pupae naked, attached to the leaf surface by the apex of
the abdomen, and blackish in cColor............. cee Galerucinae
Imagos
Prothorax not. with a thin-lateral marein...4...0...7< Donaciinae
Prothorax with a distinct thin lateral margin.......... Galerucinae

Subfamily DONACIINAE

In our fauna this subfamily includes two genera, Donacia
with 20 species and Haemonia with a single species. All the
species are similar in habit, the larvae feeding on the submerged
underground stems of aquatic plants. They have been col-
lected on Nymphaea advena, Sparganium andro-
Cladium, Sagittatvia latifolia, Sae@rerar ss
rigida, and Potamogeton.

It is a well known fact that in all insects that live submerged
in water there are special modifications in structure to fit them
for such a mode of life. They are either provided with special
organs for taking their supply of oxygen from the air mixed
with the water, as tracheal gills, or they are so modified that

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATPH 295

they can carry a supply of air with them. Many water beetles
carry a supply of air under their elytra; others carry it on the
ventral side of the abdomen and thorax. This supply is re-
plenished and purified by the insect going to the surface of the
pond from time to time. By the larvae, pupae, and adults
of the Donaciinae, neither of the above methods is in use. In
the following pages the method these insects pursue for
obtaining a supply of air will be described. The account is
based on studies made on the life history of Donacia pal-
mata, which occurs abundantly throughout the summer at
Ithaca.

Specimens of Donacia palmata were found most
plentiful on the plants of the yellow pond lilies growing in the
lagoon extending from the south side of Fall creek just above
where it empties into Cayuga lake. It is known as the White
Lily pond, because it is the only place where this plant is found
at the head of the lake. This lagoon extends off from the main
stream in a rather sinuous course for about 200 yards. At no
place is the water more than 3 feet deep. The bottom consists
of soft loamy ooze about 2 feet deep. It is in this ooze that
the underground stems of the yellow pond lily grow. In order
to obtain the stems containing larvae, it was necessary to get
into the water and pull them up from the bottom of the ooze.
Along the banks of the lagoon there was a luxuriant growth
of Sagittaria, Pontederia, Polygonum sagittatum,
Scirpus, and Typha. It was along here that the larvae
and pupae of Donacia aequalis and Haemonia
nigricornis were obtained. The conditions existing are
well shown by plate 20, where the luxuriant shore growth is
represented in the foreground, while the water just beyond is
almost hidden by the leaves of the yellow pond lilies floating
on its surface. |

In the early summer, while the water is deep or the stems are
not long enough to raise their leaves above the surface of the
water, the eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves of the
large yellow pond lily, Nymphaea advena. Growing in

296 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

this same lagoon there were a number of plants of the white
pond lily, Castalia odorata, and as soon as the leaves
of Nymphaea were raised above the surface of the water
the eggs were deposited on the leaves of this plant [pl. 21,
fig. 1]. In June and early in July the beetles were abundant,
flitting about on the upper surface of the leaves. As the female
beetle apparently can not live submerged in water, she has
adopted the ingenious plan of cutting a hole, round or oval,
about + inch in diameter in the leaf from the upper surface.
She then inserts her long extensile abdomen [p1.30, figs.4-5]
through the hole and lays her eggs in a circle on the underside
[pl.21, fig.4]. Each mass consists of a double row of eggs,
which are fastened together and to the surface of the leaf
by an opaque gelatinous substance, which completely covers _
the eggs [pl.21, fig.4]. The eggs are elongate, the sides are
parallel, and each end is obtusely rounded. The chorion is
smooth, without surface sculpture and opaque white in color.
The beetles do not emerge in definite broods, so that eggs in
all stages of development can usually be collected at almost
any time during the summer and fall.

The other species of Donacia differ from palmata in the
manner and place of laying their eggs. The eggs of cincti-
cornis, whose larvae are also found on the roots of
Nymphaea, are laid in a compact mass on the stems of a sedge
(pl.21, fig.3], while those of porosicollis are laid in a
row along the edge of a leaf sheath of the species of sedge
on which the larvae feed [pl.21, fig.2].

The eggs hatch in about 10 days, and the young larvae find
their way to the bottom of the pond and among the ooze and
attach themselves to the underground stems of the yellow pond
lily. Numerous underground stems of the white pond lily were
examined, and not a single one was found with the larvae of
Donacia attached to it, or with any indications of where larvae
had been feeding on it, though in most cases the stems of the two
species of plants were intertwined. It is certainly marvelous

‘AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB 297

that these delicate larvae are able to locate themselves in this
way, and many of them must fall prey to fishes in their transit.

The larvae just emerged from the egg have all the general
characteristics of the mature larvae, with the addition of many
long, stiff hairs [pl.27, fig.15]. These hairs are very similar
to those found on recently hatched butterfly larvae, as they
liave been figured by Dr S. H. Scudder.t. In specimens
kept in aquaria it was found that these hairs were soon
shed. It has not been possible to determine anything as to
their function, though they may have to do with freeing the
larva from the eggshell or they may be for entangling a supply
of air to be used by the larva till it finds some of the roots of
Nymphaea, though this certainly can not be the reason for their
occurrence in the larvae of the butterflies.

With such conditions as those under which this study was
made it was neither practicable nor possible to follow the larva
from the time it left the egg till it began feeding on the roots
of Nymphaea. In this pond there was only one species of
Donacia larvae found in great abundance feeding on the under-
ground stems of Nymphaea, there was only one species of adult
found abundantly on the leaves of the plant, and in both cases
this was palmata. There was only a single kind of egg
found abundantly that produced Donacia larvae, and this, to-
gether with the above circumstances, certainly warrants the
conclusion that these were the eggs of Donacia palmata.

When the large underground stems were examined, they were
usually found covered with larvae of various sizes and with
cocoons [pl.22]. The larvae were found clinging to the larger
~ roots and feeding on the fine rootlets with which the roots are
covered. Several roots are shown that appear to be covered
with minute tubercles [pl.22r]. These tubercles are the places
from which the rootlets have been cut off by the larvae. In
addition to the above, the larvae also eat holes in the apices
of the larger roots. A larva feeding in this way is shown on
plate 27, figure 18, where the head, prothorax, and mesothorax

1Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of the Eastern United States. v.3, p.70-73.

29s NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

are imbedded in the tissue of the plant. Scars showing where
other larvae have been feeding are representd at e and on plate
28, figure le. Several nearly mature larvae are shown on
plate 222 attached to the underground stems. As the stem
elongates, new leaf stalks are formed at the growing end.
The bases of two of these are shown on plate 227. Just back of
these will be noted a number of rough, pitted, ovate areas
[pl.22y], the leaf scars, the places where leaf stalks were
formerly attached. On many of these scars will be seen ovate,
cylindrical bodies [pl.220], which are the cocoons. The co-
coons are spun by the larvae from silk secreted by glands that
open in the mouth. When the cocoons are opened, larvae,
prepupae, pupae, just transformed adults, or mature adults may
be found at the same time. On plate 22a are shown three co-
coons from which adults have emerged.

The larvae are opaque white or slightly yellowish in color
and scarabaeoid in form. The head [pl.28, fig.1] is minute
and frequently almost concealed by the pronotum. The
eyes are present in palmata, though they are apparently
wanting in some other species. The labrum [pl.25, fig.6] is
minute and usually four sided; projecting from its distal mar-
gin are a number of setae, the marginal setae [fig.6mq} which
are attached to its ental surface; its disk bears six long setae
arranged in pairs, a distal pair [fig.6ds], a median pair [fig.6md]
and a proximal pair [fig.6px%|; laterad of the discal setae
there is on either side a single long lateral seta [fig.6ls], and
near the discal setae there are one or two pairs of pitlike open-
ings, the sensory spots [fig.6sn].. The thoracic segments are
rotund, with six short, hooked legs. The abdomen is composed
of 10 segments, seven of which are well developed, but the last
three are minute and curved beneath the sixth and seventh.

There seems to be considerable disagreement as to the number
of segments that are present. Perris! considers all that portion
beyond the seventh [pl.27, fig. 17 and 19] as one segment,
Heeger that it is made up of two segments, while Schmidt-
Schwedt? and Sanderson® consider this portion to be made up

1Perris, E. Histoire des Metamorphoses de la Donacia sagit-:
tariae. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 1848. 6:33-48, pl.2, no. 2.

*Schmidt-Schwedt, E. Noch einmal itiber der Athmung der Larven von
Donacia crassipes. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1889. 33:299.

*Sanderson, E. D. The larvae of Donacia piscatrix Lac., and
crassipes Fab. Can. Ent. 1900. 32:252.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 299

of three segments, an eighth, ninth, and a minute tenth. When
the dorsal aspect of the segments in front of this region is
studied, they are found to be divided transversely into two sub-
segments, each subsegment bearing a transverse band of setae.
If we compare this with the region behind the seventh segment,
we find that there are four indistinctly marked transverse divi-
sions, each bearing a band of setae, which would seem to indi-
cate that we have to do with two segments. But, when the
ventral aspect is studied, we find that the transverse divisions
separating the segments into subsegments are wanting, and
that each transverse line marks the suture between two seg-
ments, and, when the portion beyond the seventh segment is
examined, there are found two transverse divisions [pl.27,
figs. 17 and 19], which proves conclusively that this portion is
made up of three segments, making 10 abdominal segments in
all. The first transverse division on the dorsal aspect caudad
of the seventh segment is the suture dividing the eighth seg-
ment into subsegments; the ninth and 10th segments are not
divided into subsegments. These conclusions are apparently
refuted by plate 28, figure 17, where only a single ventral divi-
sion is shown beyond the suture of the seventh segment, but
a few sections on either side of the one from which this figure
was made show two well marked ventral divisions.*

Each segment bears a number of minute hair-like setae. The
arrangement of these setae into definite areas and the interre-
lation of the areas seem to furnish the best characters for sep-
arating the larvae of the various species. It has been found
necessary for the sake of exactness and brevity to apply names
to these areas [pl.30, fig.1] which are as follows:

The tergal setae are the double row of transverse setae on
the dorsum of each segment, the anterior row being known as
the anterior tergal setae [fig.Jat] and the posterior row as the
posterior tergal setae [fig.1pt].

The supraspiracular setae are the patches of setae between
the spiracles and the tergal setae [fig.1ss].

The infraspiracular setae are the small patches of setae imme-
diately beneath the spiracles [fig.1is].

The pedal setae are the patches of setae surrounding the
thoracic legs and on the protuberances where the prolegs would
be situated if they were present |fig.1ps].

1“ The long filiform lateral appendages’ referred to by Mr Sanderson
as figured by Kolliker, A. Observationes de prima insectorum genesi
adjecta articulatorum eyvolutionis cum vertebratorum comparatione.
Observationes de prima insectorum genesi. Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2) 1848.
20:267-99, pl.12, fig.6, are the deciduous setae represented on pl.27, fig.13;
and I can not see how they can have any bearing on the question of the
homology of the segments.

300 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The sternal setae are the patches of setae on the ventral side
of each segment between the patches of pedal setae of either
side [fig.1ls¢]. The sternal setae of the thoracic segments are
frequently divided transversely into two groups: the anterior
group may be known as the anterior sternal setae |[fig.Jast] and
the posterior group as the posterior sternal setae [fig.1pst].

In the figures representing the setae of the thorax and ab-
domen, the plan originally devised by Dr Friedrich Brauer for
showing the setae occurring on the larvae of the Oestridae or
bot-flies has been followed. By this method each segment is
represented as a parallelogram and the topographic arrange-
ment of the setae indicated by dots.

There are nine pairs of spiracles present; one pair is situated
on the cephalic margin of the mesothorax and eight pairs on
the first eight abdominal segments. The spiracles on the first
seven abdominal segments are small and, so far as is deter-
minable from their histological structure, are functional. The
first abdominal spiracle is on the lateral aspect of the body, but
the succeeding pairs gradually converge toward each other till
the eighth abdominal segment is reached, which contains a pair
of large active spiracles, opening on the dorsal surface, one on
either side of the meson.

Associated with the spiracles of the eighth abdominal seg-
ment, there are a number of well marked sclerites. The largest
and most prominent is a thick and well chitinized peritreme
which completely surrounds the spiracular opening except in
front at middle, where there is a very evident interruption
[p1.27, fig.19p]. Cephalad and laterad of the peritreme there is
a prominent sclerite, the anterior sclerite, which is of about the
Same size as the peritreme and distinctly separated from it by
a well marked furrow [fig.19as]. This sclerite varies slightly
in position and extent in different specimens. In some cases
its mesal end is interpolated between the peritreme and the
caudal end of the apodeme and in such cases usually contains
a prominent, lateral, tongue-like projection. Projecting ceph-
alad from each cephalo-mesal angle of the sclerite just de-
scribed, there is a long thread-like sclerite, which is one of the
chitinized sides of a large dorsal apodeme which is invaginated
just in front of and between the anterior sclerites. This apo-
deme, together with the anterior sclerites, serves for the attach-
ment of a complicated system of muscles which are used in
moving the caudal spines. Plate 27, figure 14, represents a
longitudinal section of this apodeme, showing the attachment
of 11 distinct groups of muscles. The opening of this apodeme
was mistaken by Mr Sanderson for the opening of the rectum.
On plate 28, figure 17al, is represented a median longitudinal

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 301

section of the alimentary canal of the three apical abdominal
segments, where the position of the rectum is shown at ree and
the position of the apodeme at da.

Projecting from the caudal margin of each peritreme is a long
pointed spine which extends from the eighth abdominal segment
to or near the apex of the abdomen [pl.27, figs.18-19¢cs]. These
are the caudal spines. On plate 28, figure 2, a lateral view of
one of these spines is shown enlarged, together with its con-
nection with the peritreme, pe, the cuticular pocket into which
the spiracle of the eighth abdominal segment opens, cp, and
the outer end of the dorsal apodeme, da. Figure 3 represents
the apex of a spine still more enlarged, so as to show the teeth
on its ventral side. If a spine is examined in cross section near
the middle of its length [p1.28, fig.2d-e], it will be found that
it is ovate in outline [pl1.28, fig.4], the dorsal surface evenly
convex, the sides somewhat flattened, and the ventral surface
produced into a prominent angle. The cuticle of the dorsal and
lateral surfaces is thick and strongly chitinized, while on the
ventral surface the cuticle is thin, soft, and hardly chitinized
at all. This is more marked at the base of the spines and is
evidently to allow for a freer dorso-ventral motion. The interior
of the spine at this point contains 10 cavities, which may be
divided into two classes, those containing hypodermal cells and
those that are empty. Those of the first class are the largest
and most important and will be considered first. Beginning at
the ventral side, the angular portion is filled by a large ovate
shaped cavity which has a tongue-like projection extending four
fifths the length of the section [ fig.4vce]; on either side of this
tongue-like projection is a large cavity, which is ovate in out-
line, its mesal sides straight, and with a large tooth-like projec-
tion extending into its dorso-lateral portion [fig.4pve]. Dorsad
of each of the cavities just described there is another much
smaller cavity, which is almost round in outline [fig.4pde] and
dorsad and mesad of each of these, there is a single minute
cavity which is completely filled with cells. The three ventral
hypodermal cavities [fig. 4ve and 4pve] are continuous with the
cavity at the base of the spines, the three dorsal hypodermal
cavities [fig. 4dec and 4pdc] are cross sections of pockets that
have probably been formed from infoldings from the dorsal
tongue-like portion of the ventral cavity. The cavities of the
second class are minute, four in number [fig.4ec], a pair laterad
and another pair dorsad of the dorsal pair of hypodermal cav-
ities.

If another section is examined near the body at the point f-g
indicated on plate 28, figure 2, it will be found that the three
ventral cavities are much larger [p1.28, fig.5], that the three

302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

dorsal cavities have entirely disappeared, and that the cuticle,
while of about the same thickness, is not so strongly chitinized
except around the periphery of the spine and the periphery of
the ventral pair of cavities [p1.28, fig.5pe]. Then, if a section
is taken at the point h-i [pl.28, figs. 2 and 8], it will be noted
that the cuticular wall of the ventral side of the spine [pl.28,
fig.6] is continuous with the body wall of the eighth abdominal
segment, and that the ventral cavity is merged into the cavity
at the base of the spine, while the ventral pair of cavities have
moved nearer the dorsal surface of the spine, and the portion
represented in figures 4 and 5, pvc, as filed with hypodermal cells
is at this point filled with cuticle, which completely fills the
cavity. Figure 17 of plate 28 represents a sagittal section
through the apex of the abdomen and through one of the caudal
spines, cs, the section passing mesad of the spiracular opening.
At the base of the spine should be noted the cuticular pocket,
cp, which extends into the paired ventral cavities at the base
of the spine, and the thick layer of hypodermal cells, hep, sur-
rounding the cuticular pocket. The base of the spine and its
related portions are shown at figure 8 still more enlarged. The
section from which this figure was drawn was taken laterad
of the spiracular opening. In this figure should be noted like-
wise the paired ventral cavities, pvc, the ventral cavity, vc, and
the cuticular pocket, cp. It shows also the intimate relation
existing between the paired ventral cavities and the cuticular
pocket, the cuticular wall of the pocket extending into the
bases of the cavities like a wedge and completely closing them,
as was described above [p1.28, fig.8w]. Figure 11 is a cross
section taken at about the point j-k of figure 8 and shows the
pair of marked cuticular thickenings which form the proximal
ends or bases of the paired ventral cavities, pvc, the large cavity
contained between and around the cuticular thickenings, and
the caudal part of the spiracular opening, which in this sec-
tion does not communicate with the exterior. The spiracle
opens directly at the base of the spine [pl.27, fig.19s] and ex-
tends from the surface in a cephalo-ventral direction into the
cuticular pocket. On plate 28, figure 10, is shown a section
cephalad of the one just described, which shows the external
communication of the spiracle and the heart-shaped cuticular
mass which forms the cuticular pocket, the heart-shaped form
being derived by the gradual extension of the cuticle into the
cavity lying between the cuticular thickenings forming the bases
of the paired ventral cavities. Figure 13 represents a section
taken at about the level I-m of figure 8. It is located cephalad
of the spiracular opening and shows how the air passage, 0s,
extends cephalo-ventrad into the interior of the cuticular pocket. -

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB 303

Figure 9 is still further cephalad and is taken at about the
level n-o of figure 8, and shows the cuticular pocket entirely sep-
arated from the body wall and the thick cuticular wall inclosing
the air passage on the dorsal side and its almost complete thin-
ning out on the ventral side to allow for the entrance of the
trachea. Figure 12 represents the air passage as crowded still
farther on to the ventral side by the thick chitinous walls, while
figure 7 shows the solid cephalic end of the cuticular pocket and
the tracheal trunk almost completely separated from it, with
three thick bands of muscles near the ventral end of the trachea
which extend to the dorsal apodeme and the body wall and are
effective in holding the trachea in place.

The trachea from each spiracle extends cephalad and mesad
for a short distance, where they are united by a short trans-
verse tracheal trunk [pl.28, fig.14¢tr]. From their dorsal and
mesal angle extend pronounced cuticular thickenings, from
which muscles extend to the dorsal apodeme, da, and other
muscles in turn extend from the apodeme to the body wall.
From the common union just described there extends on either
side as far as the head a single tracheal trunk, which is ovate in
outline in transection, the long diameter being seven or eight
times the short diameter, while the taenidia are long and greatly
thickened and are arranged like a series of parallel rods along
each face of the trachea. This arrangement of the taenidia and
shape of the trachea permit its being expanded and used as a
reservoir for storing the air between air-taking periods. The
taenidia are shown in transection on plate 27, figure 15t,which
is a section across the short diameter of the trachea, and in
surface section by figure 16¢. The tracheal trunks extending
from the large lateral trunks to the spiracles of the other seg:
ments are of the ordinary type, cylindrical and with fine spiral
taenidia.

The cuticle forming the cuticular pocket consists of long, fine
and closely appressed plates or lamellae, which seem to be
intracellular in origin. In specimens stained in borax carmine
it is possible to trace fine branches of the protoplasm of the
cells extending in between the lamellae throughout their entire
length [pl.28, fig.J5ipfl, and, when these plates are examined
under a high power of the microscope, it is found that there
is an anastomosing of the protoplasm of the adjacent branches
[pl.28, fig.16], so that each cuticular area is surrounded on all
sides by protoplasm.

When cross sections at the caudal end of the spiracle of the
eighth abdominal segment are examined, it is found that the
cuticle forming the cuticular pocket lies apparently in a nat-

304 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ural cavity without any adjacent hypodermal cells. Such a.
cavity is represented on plate 28, figure 11ccp in cross sectiom
and at figure 8ccp in longitudinal section. In the latter case it:
will be noted that the cavity is continuous with the ventral
cavity of the dorsal spines described above. In the drawings.
representing the epithelium surrounding the cuticular pocket,
the outlines of the cells are not shown, because they could not
be made out with certainty on the preparations. Because of
the necessity for determining the homology of the threads of
protoplasm extending between the lamellae of the cuticular
pocket, whether more than a single thread arose from a single
cell, which could not be done, it was thought best to leave out
the cell boundaries. The preparations represented by the
drawings give one the impression that we have to do with
a syncytial structure, but it is not improbable that more care-
fully fixed material would show cell outlines. As it is almost
axiomatic that, wherever cuticular structures are found in the
Hexapoda there are epithelial cells closely associated with the
cuticle from which they are derived, an explanation of the con-
ditions existing here is thought necessary. The hypodermal
cells, where they are adjacent to the cuticle and where they -
inclose the cavity, are long and well marked, while the cavity
is filled with a homogenous, lymph-like staining structure. The
specimens studied were not originally intended for histological
study; the entire larvae were dropped into hot water and thence
into either hot Perenyi’s solution or hot vom Rath’s picro-
sublimate. The first impression on studying this structure
was that it was an artifact due to improper fixation. But,
when several series had been examined and it was found that
the location and extent of the cavity was practically the same
in all, this explanation had to be given up as improbable. The
distance of the cuticle from the hypodermal cells sets aside
the possibility of its always having been a cavity and that the
structureless substance within the cavity is blood, because, if
accepted, we have to meet the more difficult problem of ex-
plaining how the cuticle adjacent to the cavity could have beem

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 305

formed. The prevalence of histolytic changes taking place
among insects might make this a way out of the difficulty were
it not that, in all the sections I have examined, I have never
found an undoubted leucocyte within this cavity, while in most
cases they were abundant in the body cavity adjacent to the
hypodermal cells, and, in addition to the above, there was no
indication of any histolysis taking place in any other part of
the body. No hypothesis concerning this cavity is tenable
other than that it was originally completely filled with the
hypodermal cells that surround it and that its present condi-
tion is an acquired one. If sections are examined at about
the level l-m of figure 8, plate 28, of which figure 13 is such a
representation and which is the cephalic limit of this cavity,
we shall find that some of the hypodermal cells, as at vh
are filled with vacuoles, in the sections caudad of the one
represented here, the vacuoles in places so completely fill the
cells that there are left only delicate threads extending be-
tween the cuticle and basement membrane, while the cavities
of the vacuoles are either empty or filled with a homogenous,
nonstainable substance. Though it seems almost impossible to
conceive how such a large cavity could have been formed by
the vacuolization of the inner ends of the hypodermal cells, yet
I have been unable to find any other explanation that would
comply with all the conditions existing here. By this hypoth-
esis we are able to explain the origin of the cuticle, which is
the most difficult condition to explain and was unquestionably
formed before the origin of the cavity. There undoubtedly
exists some relation between this cavity and the dorso-ventral
motion of the caudal spines. In all probability this motion,
after the cells were modified into threadlike extensions, rup-
tured these threads, and in this way was secondary to the
vacuolization of the cells in the formation of the cavity. I hope
later to investigate this problem further and determine defi-
nitely if possible the origin of the cavity.

As was pointed out above, the larvaeof Donacia pal-
mata live at a depth of from 3 to 4 feet under water and

306 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ooze and yet have none of those structures common to insects
that would fit them for such a mode of life. What to the
writer has been the most interesting phase of this investiga-
tion has been the determination of how these insects are able
to obtain a supply of air. The most casual observers have
noticed in walking over swampy places where there is an
abundance of submerged vegetation that at each step great
quantities of‘ bubbles rise to the surface. These bubbles come in
part from the crushed stems of the plants that have been trod on
and are an ocular demonstration of the abundant air supply held
by such plants. If one of the stems of an aquatic plant as Sagit-
taria be taken and sectioned transversely [p1.24, fig.1] we shall
find that it is made up of a great quantity of small cells arranged
in the form of anastomosing rings inclosing large spaces, and
that fully two thirds of the area of the section is occupied by
these spaces. Now, if another stem is sectioned longitudinally
[pl.24, fig.2], we shall find that the cells are arranged
in parallel rows with delicate cross walls dividing the
longitudinal spaces into areas three or four times as
long as broad. Each of these spaces is filled with air, and
it is on such a supply that the larvae and pupae of Donacia
depend. The larvae tap the air supply locked up in the stems
of aquatic plants by pushing their caudal spines through the
epidermis of the plant and rupturing the cells surrounding the
air spaces. The air contained by such plants is of about the
same richness in oxygen as the surrounding atmosphere.
When the tissue of the plant is ruptured, the inclosed air, be-
ing lighter than the water, moves to the outer surface of the
plant, and, if there were nothing to collect it, it would pass on
to the surface of the water. But the spiracular openings be-
ing at the immediate base of the spines [pl.27, fig.19s] and
the larva holding the apex of its abdomen close to the surface
of the plant, the air is collected before it can escape into the
water. Plate 28, figure 1, shows the apical portion of a grow-
ing stem with a larva with its caudal spines inserted into the
tissues of a plant and in the act of respiring. On the many

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 307

stems examined were found numerous examples of larvae with
their caudal spines pushed into the tissue of the plant clear
up to their bases. In every case noted the larvae were at the
apex of vigorously growing stems. As was described above,
the larva eat large round holes in the apices of the growing
stems, and this gnawing of the holes is undoubtedly done while
the larva is respiring, as I have observed many larvae in the
characteristic attitudes shown on plate 28, figure 1, and plate
27, figure 18. These figures, I think, show the larvae in a
frightened attitude, which resulted from pulling the plant from
the mud, and, as a result, one larva stopped feeding while
the other stopped respiring.

Every investigator who has studied the function and struc-
ture of the caudal spines has arrived at a different conclusion.
Perris, who studied Donacia sagittariae in 1848, was
unable to determine the function of the caudal spines and
thought there was a delicate membrane, that is the spiracles at
the base of the spines, stretched over the opening, and that
there was an osmotic interchange of the air of the tracheal sys-
tem with that on the exterior of the membrane; but, when
we consider the size of the membrane and that there is water,
not air, on its exterior surface, this suggestion is seen to be
incorrect. Von Siebold, who studied Donacia linearis
in 1859, concluded that the openings at the base of the spines
were functional spiracles, and that the larva obtained its air
supply from the intercellular air spaces of the plant, and this
was accomplished by the larva eating a hole into the tissue of
the plant, into which it later inserted its caudal spines. From
what follows it will be seen that von Siebold came nearest to
the correct interpretation of the conditions existing here of
any of the investigators. The next investigator to consider
this question was Dr E. Schmidt-Schwedt in 1887, who studied
the larva of Donacia crassipes. He found that some
larvae, kept in a breeding cage, would, when the cage was dark-
ened, insert the tips of their caudal spines into the tissue of the
roots, but removed them as soon as the cage was lighted again.

308 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

This led him to study cross sections of the caudal spines, in
which he found five cavities, two pairs above and a single large
unpaired cavity below, which he thought opened near the tip.
From this he was led to conclude that the larvae, after insert-
ing their caudal spines into the tissue of the plant, were able
to draw the air in through this opening, through the ventral
cavity of the caudal spines, and thence into the tracheal sys-
tem and that there were no openings in the so called spiracles at
the base of the spines. If Schmidt-Schwedt had studied the rela-
tion of the tracheal system to the caudal spines, he would have
seen the fallacy of his conclusions. As I have pointed out above,
this cavity is lined with hypodermis, does not connect in any way
with the tracheal system, and is closed at its base by a thick
layer of hypodermal cells [pl.28, fig.8w]. If plate 28, figure 2, is
examined, it will be noted that there is a line, vv, extending
almost the entire length of the spine, which marks the ventral
boundary wall of the paired ventral cavities, pvc, which are
strongly chitinized and can be readily seen through the exterior
of the spine when it is studied in optical section. It was the
apex of this cavity which Schmidt-Schwedt mistook for an open-
ing.

Dewitz? in 1888 published a short paper on the structure borne
by the eighth abdominal segment in Haemonia equiseti,
in which he maintains that there are no openings in the caudal
spines and that the structures at the base of the caudal spines
are open spiracles directly continuous to the tracheal system.

1Though Schmidt-Schwedt figures such an opening, yet I reproduce his
own description as a proof that he never saw such an opening. “ Bei
mikroskopischer Betrachtung des ganzen Anhangs kommt man zu der
Auffassung, derselbe sei einfach hohl und auf der Unterseite in seiner
ganzen Linge mit einem Liingspalt versehen. Querschnitte zeigten, dass
dies ein Irrthum und dass der innere Bau ungleich verwickelter ist. . .
Der 5te unpaare Kanal ist hohl und von zarterer Wandung umgeben; auch
auf der Unterseite ist er geschlossen. Nach der Spitze zu verjtingt er sich
mehr und mehr und hort noch vor derselben ganz auf. Hier muss er offen
sein. Zwar habe ich das an Querschnitten mit vollstiindiger Sicherheit
nicht festsellen kénnen, ebenso wenig wie das Gegentheil, aber es ergiebt
sich das Erstere aus dem Umstand, dass sich dieser Kanal und zwar nur
dieser beim Einlegen in Paraffin oder Stearin stets alsbald véllig mit der
Einbettungsmasse anfiillte. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1887. 31:328-29

2Dewitz, Dr H. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1888. 32:5-6.

*

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATD 309

‘The following year Schmidt-Schwedt! replied to Dewitz, admit-
ting that the organs at the base of the spines were true spiracles,
but probably used only for expelling impure air, while the air
in the plant cells was taken up by a double row of transverse
slits found on the dorsal side of each caudal spine. Where these
slits occur, they fit like a tongue and groove and are perfectly
concealed. The air finds its way through the slits into the paired
dorsal cavities and then by means of openings between the
paired dorsal cavities and the paired ventral cavities, enters the |
paired ventral cavities along which it follows to the cuticular
pocket. The rod-like cuticular structure of the cuticular pocket
was known to Schmidt-Schwedt and though from the study of
serial sections of this region he could not find any indication of
an opening leading from the paired ventral cavity into the cuti-.
cular pocket, yet from numerous physical experiments, such as
heating larva to drive out the air and then trying to determine
its course, he maintained that the air found entrance from the
paired ventral cavity through the walls of the cuticular pocket.

In 1900 E. Dwight Sanderson reviewed the work that had
been done hitherto and made some original investigations on the
structure of the caudal spines. He concluded that the ventral
canal had absolutely no connection with the tracheal system,
but that “the two upper passages,” that is the paired dorsal
cavities, “ are open above, but can be readily closed by a wedge-
shaped piece which runs along the top of the appendage,” and
that ‘“ the lateral passages,” that is the paired ventral cavities,
“open into the tube surrounding the spiracle,’ and that there
is a double series of elliptical openings along the upper part of
each lateral passage and that from these elliptical openings arise
several tubes, each of which resembles a coarse miniature gill.
He was unable to determine whether these tubes are open at the
tips or not, but, if so, thought that they probably act as a sieve
through which the air is admitted into the lateral passages;
but he rather inclined to the view that they are closed, and
that we have to do with a special structure for aerating the

1Schmidt-Schwedt, Dr E. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 33:299-308.

310 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

tracheae by osmosis. Sanderson’s conclusions, to state them
in another way, were that the paired dorsal cavities [p1.28, fig.
4pde] are connected with the exterior at the point ev, and that
the wedge-shaped apical portion of the caudal spines can be
shut down tightly on either side so as tto close this opening,
and that the air finds its way from the paired dorsal
cavities through a tube into the paired ventral cavities and
thence is carried along this cavity to the tracheal system.
From my own studies I have been led to conclude that there is
never a natural opening leading into the paired dorsal cavities,
and that, when there is such an opening present, it is an artifact.
The cuticle at this point is thin and easily broken, while the
cavity is lined with hypodermal cells; and I do not know of
such a condition existing anywhere among the Hexapoda where
there is a cavity opening to the exterior and lined by an epithe-
lium. It is true that the mouth and rectal openings are lined
with epithelium, but in both of these cases the lumen end of
the cells is covered by a well marked cuticle. In addition to
the above, I have found that the wedge-shaped portion is always
rigid and not capable of any motion, while any air that might
find its way into the paired ventral cavities, if an opening did
exist, would be unable to reach the tracheal system, because
the base of this cavity is completely plugged up by a portion
of the cuticular pocket, as has already been described [pl.28,
fig.8w and fig.6pve]. I have been unable to find any tubes such
as Mr Sanderson describes, while his so called elliptical open-
ings are not openings but areas in the cuticle, that are very thin
and transparent and very liable to lead one into error if one
worked only with thick free-hand sections. When the caudal
spines are mounted in Canada balsam, so that their dorsal
surface can be studied, two rows of these elliptical openings can
be seen forming the ectal surface of apparently well marked
grooves or furrows, but these grooves or furrows are nothing
more than the cavities of the paired dorsal cavities into which
one looks through the transparent outer cuticle. This is further
confirmed by the study of cross sections of the caudal spines;

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 59 a!

for, no matter at what level sections are taken, the dorsal sur-
face is always found to be convex, as is represented on plate 28,
figure 4.

In order to explain how the larva of Donacia obtains its supply
of air from the intercellular spaces of plants, I do not think it
is necessary to assume any extraordinary structures for the
caudal spines. The caudal spines are nothing more than pro-
jections of the body wall for rupturing the tissues of the plant;
and, when this is accomplished, the air, being so much lighter
than the surrounding water and having a strong tendency to fol-
~ low along anything that will carry it to a higher level, simply fol-
lows along the outer surface of the caudal spines to their base,
where it is taken up by the spiracles, while the two large longi-
tudinal trachea connecting with the spines take up the supply
of air and act as reservoirs for storing it between the air-taking
periods.

When the larvae are ready to transform to pupae, they spin
a tough, brownish cocoon, which is attached to the scars on the
upper surface of the rhizome from which the leaf stalks have
been shed. The silk is spun from glands opening in the
mouth. The cocoons are not only water-tight but air-tight
and are of a homogeneous consistency throughout without any
indication of a thread-like structure. The bottom of the cocoon
where it is attached to the plant is much thinner and lighter in
color and is firmly glued to the surface of the plant [pl.220].
In the case of palmata the cocoons are much smaller than
the rhizome and always placed on its upper surface, distant
from each other; but in those species that pupate on the roots
of Sagittaria, Sparganium and Potamogeton, the cocoons are
much broader than the roots and are placed singly, usually near
the point of attachment of the roots to the base of the plant.
Such a condition is shown well by plate 23, figure 6; while in
the case of Donacia cincticornis, which fastens its
cocoons to the larger roots of Nymphaea advena, they
are arranged close together in groups of five or six around the
apices of the roots.

alg NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

If the place from which a cocoon has been removed is ex-
amined, there are found two slits near one end [p1.30, fig.6css]
and a circular excavation near the center which penetrates
through the cocoon into the tissues of the plant [p1.30, fig.6bh].
These slits were undoubtedly made by the caudal setae, as the
openings are of the same size as the setae and the same dis-
tance apart and I believe it is the place where the larva was
attached for the purpose of respiration while it was spinning
its cocoon. Though numerous underground stems containing

larvae were examined, yet I have never found a larva in the act .

of spinning its cocoon nor opened a cocoon with a larva with
its caudal setae inserted in the slits. In every cocoon examined
containing larvae except one, the caudal setae were in the oppo-
site end of the cocoon from the slits, and in those cocoons con-
taining pupae, the cast larval skins were in the opposite end
of the cocoon from the slits. The only other way in which the
slits could have possibly Leen made was by the mandibles, but,
when they are studied and their weak structure and their short-
ness are noted, the impossibility of this explanation is appar-
ent, and one is forced to the conclusion that there is no way

that the slits could have been made other than by tthe caudal.

spines, and that the larvae must turn around in their cocoons
after its completion and kefore shedding their last larval skin.
In the case of the single exception noted the larva had prob-
ably completed its cocoon and had not yet turned around. The
cocoons are usually larger than the inclosed larva, so that there
would be room for it to turn around if it so desired. In the
cocoons of Donacia aequalis and Haemonia nig-
ricornis the circular excavation near the center of the bot-
tom of the cocoon is wanting, and the pupa has to depend en-
tirely on the air that can reach it through the paired slits.

Not only is the attachment of the larvae at the time they are
spinning their cocoons important for furnishing an adequate
supply of air for the larvae while they are undergoing the great-
est muscular activity of their life, but an abundant supply of
air is also undoubtedly important in freeing their cocoons of
water. If, when the cocoon was completed, it were filled with

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE S25

water, then, when the larva transformed to a quiescent pupa,
it would be drowned in its own coffin. Such a calamity is un-
doubtedly averted by the larva entirely surrounding itself while
spinning. its cocoon by a quantity of air sufficient to fill the
vacant space in the cocoon. A small quantity of water might
be absorbed by the body of the larva or pupa, but it does not
seem possible that the insect could absorb the amount of water
the cocoon would hold; while, on the other hand, the under-
ground stems to which the cocoons are attached are always
imbedded in a soft, clayey ooze, and, if the water were absorbed
by the body of the insect, then the interior of the cocoon would
be lined with a clay deposit which would discolor it, whereas
in every case the interior of the cocoons were just as clean as
if they had been spun in the open air. It would be impossible
for the plant to absorb the water because the bottom of the
cocoon would be between the water and the epidermis of the
plant except at the paired slits and the opening near the center.

The large excavation is always near the center of the cocoon
and is undoubtedly made by the larva before transforming to a
pupa. In this way the larva provides a continuous air supply
for itself by tapping the store held in the intercellular air spaces
of the plant. Since some individuals of Donacia live for 10
months or more in the cocoon, need for a copious and continu-
ous air supply becomes apparent. That. there is a bountiful
supply can be readily proved by opening the cocoons under
water, when it will be found that they are completely filled
with air.

The pupa transforms to a beetle long before it is time for it
to emerge. When it is ready to emerge, the end of the cocoon is
broken off and the beetle crawls out. The ventral surface of
most of the species of Donacia is densely covered with fine
silken hairs, so that, when the beetle emerges from its cocoon,
the air contained in the cocoon at this time is held to the ven-
tral surface of the beetle by these silken hairs and in this way
provides an air supply for it till it reaches the surface of the
water. This silken covering is also of use to those species that

_ lay their eggs under water.

314 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

KEY TO GENERA OF DONACIINAE

Larva

Sixth and seventh abdominal tergites each with a double row of setae of
the same length as those found on the other tergites; the supraspiracular
SETHE BIWAYS DPTOSEM Tasco aise ¥ ava hon yee (Toca ita oe. ak eee Donacia

Sixth and seventh abdominal tergites each with a double row of setae,
most of which are twice as long as those found on the other tergites;

the ‘supraspiracular’ setae Wanting =... 60). oc oe sce ee See Haemonia
Pupa

Tarsal segments expanded at either side; the elytra usually truncate at

RT ee oo Ssann a ae ewlta ty avatars & SWS Fiatetones anew wn ae oe Donacia

Tarsal segments of a uniform width; the elytra usually excised with the
outer angle strongly and the inner angle slightly prolonged at apex....
Haemonia

Imago
Tarsi dilated, spongy beneath; the fifth segment of the tarsi subequal to
or shorter than the second and third together............... Donacia
Tarsi not dilated, narrow, glabrous; the fifth segment of the tarsi dis-
tinctly longer than the second and third together......... Haemonia
DONACIA

The beetles of this genus are known as the long-horned leaf
beetles because of their great resemblance to the species of the
family Cerambycidae. They are elongate in form and of a green-
ish, bronze or purplish metallic color. The antennae are long
and slender; the underside of the body is clothed with fine hair,
giving them a silvery metallic appearance.

Species of Donacia are found in all parts of the United States
and Canada, but they are more abundant in the northern, east-
ern and middle portions. Twenty species have been recognized
which can be separated, so far as they are known, by means of
the following tables:

@.Egegs large, 5mm. long: cea ew erie een eee cine ticornis
aa Eggs small, not over 2mm long
b Eggs covered with a gelatinous secretion, laid in a double row around

a circular opening in a leat i ladis «< o00% oso 3s ee palmata
bb Eggs not covered with a gelatinous secretion, and laid in a single row

along the margin of a sedge leat... .... Ftc porosicollis

Larva

a Supraspiracular setae of the first four abdominal segments not extend-
ing caudad as far as the front margin of the posterior tergal band of
setae

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE oL5

& Supraspiracular setae of the first six abdominal segments forming a
single continuous group of setae
ec Sternal setae of the fifth abdominal segment divided longitudinally
by a mesal line into two groups; the posterior sternal setae of the
mesothorax undivided
d Sternal setae of the seventh abdominal segment distinctly di-
vided into two groups; the infraspiracular setae of the seventh
abdominal segment not longer than broad...cineticornis
dd Sternal setae of the seventh abdominal segment continuous; the
infraspiracular setae of the seventh abdominal segment twice
as long AS DrOad... 1... eee eee cece cece cece nena palmata
ee Sternal setae of the fifth abdominal segment not divided; the pos-
. terior sternal setae of the mesothorax not divided longitudinally
into two groups
d Supraspiracular setae of the sixth and seventh abdominal seg-
ments coalesced with the outer ends of their posterior tergal —
Sta RE cd fe kn cts oy w, ore istale b's. Rip mine seiere BHE-S subtilis
dd Supraspiracular setae of the sixth and seventh abdominal seg-
ments not extending as far caudad as the posterior tergal setae
porosicollis
bb Supraspiracular setae of the first six abdominal segments divided
' transversely into two well marked groups............. aequalis
aa Supraspiracular setae of the first five abdominal segments extending
caudad as far as the caudal margin of the posterior tergal setae
emarginata

Pupa

a Antennae with the third segment distinctly longer than the second
palmata
aa Antennae with the second and third segments subequal
b Prothorax distinctly tuberculate on the side; thes pronotum with an
DeeCRse Wine, AE MNO. | Oss. Ce ee Se daw ee ee eee. aequalis
bb Prothorax not tuberculate on the side; the pronotum not with an
impressed line at middle
c¢ First abdominal segment as long as, or longer than, the next four
segments
d Mesosternum between the coxae nearly as broad as the coxae
cineticornis
dd Mesosternum between the coxae about one half the width of the
ee oo ie nde were + os sm wie ew elk sede ss subtilis
ce First abdominal segment as long as the next three segments
emarginata
Imago+
a Head and thorax evidently pubescent above
b Elytra without pubescence
ec Posterior femora with a small tooth............... hirticollis
ce Posterior femora simple. .........ccccecescescceces pubicollis
bb Elytra evidently pubescent; posterior femora toothed..pubescens
ee
1This table was compiled from a table by Charles W. Leng. Revision
of the Donaciae of Boreal America. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 1891. 17:159-76,

316 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

aa Head occasionally, thorax never, pubescent
b Elytra truncate or subtruncate

ce Form decidedly flattened, mesosternum about as broad as each coxa
d Thorax narrowed in front; posterior femora pluridentate in the
male; simple‘ in the: females: os ee eee floridae
dd Thorax quadrate, or wider in front; posterior femora dentate in

both sexes, the male often bidentate or tridentate
e Antennae with the second and third segments nearly equal
cinetieoernuzs
ee Antennae with the third segment much longer than the second
f Elytra truncate; first ventral segment of the male not de-

pressed at middle

g Anterior tarsi of the male dilated............. palmata
gg Anterior tarsi of the male simple........... hypoleuca
ff Elytra subtruncate; form more convex; first ventral segment
of the male depressed at middle............. pisecatrix

ce Form more convex; mesosternum narrower than the coxa
d Eyes of normal size; sutural margin of the elytra straight, except
in dis tine ta
e Thorax punctate, not, or scarcely, tuberculate
f Thoracic punctures coarse, uniform; median furrow not dis-
tinct and punctured at bottom
g Second and third segments of the antennae subequal

subtilis
gg Second segment of the antennae about one half the length
Ofithe third:, «% aecnue aes le inp 4 os 92 Sl aberetente Eee rugosal

ff Thoracic punctures uneven, thorax rugose with punctures
between the rugosities; median furrow distinct, entire, and
not PUNELUTEE al DOLtOM 2.3. eas see see porosicollis
ee Thorax uneven on the disk, tuberculate on the sides
f Sutural margin of the elytra straight
g Elytra with transverse indentations.......... aequalis
gg Elytra not With transverse indentations; posterior femora
of the male dentate, simple in the female
tuberculata

ff Sutural margin of the elytra sinuate...... Bo distineta
dd Eyes small; thorax tuberculate; sutural margin of the elytra
SIN WAU fais aI ave actheralr cag eae ke leds «nerds a harrisit

bb Elytra rounded at tip; the sutural margin sinuate posteriorly; form
convex; mesosternum narrow f
ec Thorax depressed without basal and medial grooves
d Posterior femora dentate in both sexes........... ieee OE oe a
dd Posterior femora dentate in the male only........ femoralis
cc Thorax convex, punctured, and with an evident basal and a more
or less evident medial groove

1This form is considered a variety of subtilis by Mr Leng, but, if
the character given above is worthy of group value in the case of cine -
tileornis., palmata, hypolewea, and pisecatrix yo. can
see no reason why rugosa should not be entitled to specific rank, and
have so considered it here.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE Er

d Posterior femora pedunculate; thorax closely punctulate
e Legs dark

f Posterior femora dentate in both sexes...... emarginata
ff Posterior femora dentate in the male only..... metallica

ee Legs rufo-testaceous; posterior femora dentate in both sexes
flavipes
dd Posterior femora. elliptical, dentate in both sexes; thorax sparsely
punctured; lees rnfo-testaceous... 2.25 .cccc secu sccccence rufa

Donacia cincticornis

Egg. 5mm long, rounded at each end, the sides subparallel,
slightly concave on one side and convex on the other, naked,
laid in an irregular mass on aquatic plants, and attached by one
end [pl.21, fig.3; pl.24, fig.3].

Larva. Mandibles bidenticulate with a few crenulations with-
in [pl.25, fig.1]; eyes apparently wanting; all the segments of
the leg with only a few setae, the basal segment with eight to
10, each of the others with three or four [pl. 25, fig.3]; the
labrum four sided, emarginate in front with eight marginal
setae, the two lateral ones of each side distant from the median
ones and from each other, with six discal setae, the distal pair
about one half the length of the median pair, the proximal pair
as long as the distal and median pairs together, two lateral
setae, each extending beyond the front margin of the labrum,
and two sensory pits [p1.25, fig.6]; the anterior tergal setae of
the mesothorax and metathorax divided into three well marked
groups, those of the first six abdominal segments straight and
broad and not divided, those of the seventh segment consisting
of an irregular row of setae; the posterior tergal setae of the
first six abdominal segments of about the same length as the
anterior tergal setae, those of the seventh abdominal segment
almost as long as the width between the spiracles; the su-
praspiracular setae of the first six abdominal segments broad?
and well marked and coalesced with the lateral extensions of
the anterior tergal setae, and not coalesced with the lateral
extensions of the posterior tergal setae; those of the seventh
abdominal segment consisting of three or four setae and hardly
more than a continuation of the anterior tergal setae; the in-
fraspiracular setae well marked, triangular in outline, becom-
ing smaller caudad; the anterior and posterior sternal setae
of the prothorax broad and separated, those of the mesothorax
and metathorax broad and separated except at middle, the

iBy this expression is meant not a single setae, but the group of setae
known as the supraspiracular setae, and it is used in this sense through-
out.

318 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

sternal setae of the first three abdominal segments broad and
not divided longitudinally, those of the fourth abdominal seg-
ment narrow and hardly continuous at middle, those of the
fifth, sixth and seventh abdominal segments divided longitudi-
nally; the pedal setae of the first three abdominal segments
almost as long as the width of the segment, those of the last
four segments smaller and circular in outline [p1.29, fig.1].

Pupa. Whitish; legs, wing-pads and antennae not closely at-
tached to the body; the second and third segments of the
antennae subequal; the pronotum with a distinct median fur-
row and without lateral tubercles; the first ventral abdominal
segment as long as the next five. Length, 11mm; width, 4mm.

Cocoon. Black; oval in outline, rotund, concave on the ven-
tral surface; and attached in groups to the apices of the large
lateral stems of Nymphaea advena. Length, 13mm;
width, 7mm.

Described from specimens loaned by the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology and collected by George Dimmock at Canobie Lake,
WN. July, 1887;

Donacia palmata

Egg. 1imm long, opaque white, both ends bluntly rounded,
the sides parallel; laid in a double row, 40 or 50 eggs in a mass,
the mass completely surrounded by a thick, gelatinous covering, .
on the under surface of the leaves of Nymphaea advena
and of Castalia odorata [pl.21, figs. 1 and 4; pl. 24,
fig.4].

Larva. Mandibles apically bidenticulate, the inner margins

with poorly marked crenulations [pl.25, fig.11]; eyes present,
- four in number, three in the anterior row [p1.25, fig.10]; the seg-
ments of the legs with few setae, four or five setae to a segment
[pl.25, fig.12]; the labrum four sided, with eight long marginal
setae, the six outer setae much the longer and equidistant from
each other, the median pair about half the length of the others,
with six discal setae, the distal and median pairs near the
middle of the labrum and proximad of the sensory pits, the
distal pair not more than half the size of the median pair, the
proximal pair distinctly longer than the median pair, the me-
dian pair more distant from each other than either the dis-
tal or proximal pairs, the two lateral setae long and slen-
der, and with four sensory pits [pl.25, fig.9]; the anterior
tergal setae of the mesothorax and metathorax and first three
abdominal segments divided into three groups, those of the tho-
racic and first two abdominal segments widely separated, those
of the other segments not so well marked, ‘the anterior tergal
setae of the first five abdominal segments attenuated laterally

=

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 319

and indistinctly connected with the supraspiracular setae, those
of the sixth and seventh segments not attenuated laterally, and
distinctly separated from the supraspiracular setae, the anterior
tergal setae of the seventh segment not more than one half the
width of those of the other segments, the posterior tergal setae
of the seventh segment broad and continuous; the supraspiracu-
lar setae of the first six abdominal segments transverse, well
marked, but not extending caudad as far as the posterior tergal
setae, those of the seventh abdominal segment but little broader
than the band of anterior tergal setae; the infraspiracular setae
broad and somewhat oblique; the anterior and posterior sternal
setae of the thoracic segments distinctly separated, the posterior
sternal setae of the prothorax divided longitudinally, the sternal
setae of the first four abdominal segments broad and continuous,
those of the fifth and sixth abdominal segments smaller and
divided longitudinally, those of the seventh abdominal segment
forming an almost continuous but attenuated band at middle,
and coalescing at its outer ends with the pedal setae; the pedal
setae of the first six abdominal segments well marked and dis-
tinct, not coalesced with the sternal setae [p1.29, fig.2].

Pupa. White; legs, wing-pads, and antennae not closely
attached to the body; the third segment of the antennae almost
twice the length of the second; pronotum with an indistinct
median furrow and not tuberculate on the sides in front; the
first ventral abdominal segment as long as the next three.
Length, 11mm; width 5mm.

Cocoon. Brownish; oval in outline; and attached in groups of
three or four on the leaf scars of the underground stems of
Nymphaea advena. Length, 11mm; width, 5mm.

Described from numerous specimens collected by J. O. Martin
and the writer on the stems of Nymphaea advena at

Ithaca N. Y.
Donacia subtilis

Larva. Mandibles bidentate, the inner margins hardly crenu-
late [pl.25, fig.15]; eves present, five in number, arranged in two
rows [pl.25, fig.13]; the three segments of the legs with numer-
ous large setae of varying lengths [pl.25, fig.14]; the labrum
distinctly five sided, with eight marginal setae, the outer dis-
tinctly longer than the six inner, which are subequal in size and
adjacent and distinctly separated from the lateral marginal
setae, with six discal setae, the proximal pair long and slender,
the median and distal pairs almost in a line, the median pair
the longer, with two lateral setae which are as stout and as long
as the proximal discal setae, and with two sensory pits [pl.25,

320 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

fig.17]; the anterior tergal setae of the mesothorax and meta-
thorax divided into three groups, those of the first six abdominal
segments continuous and connected with the supraspiracular
setae, those of the seventh segment continuous, but with their
lateral extensions widely separated from the supraspiracular
setae, the posterior tergal setae of the mesothorax distinct from
all the other groups, those of the metathorax with their outer
ends curving cephalad and slightly coalescing with the anterior
tergal setae, those of the first five abdominal segments continu-
ous and straight and of about the same length as the anterior
tergal setae, those of the sixth abdominal segment only slightly
separated from the supraspiracular setae, which in this seg-
ment extends much farther caudad than in the others, those of
the seventh abdominal segment curved and extending from one
spiracle to the other; the supraspiracular setae broad, well
marked, those of the seventh segment small, consisting of only
a few setae; the infraspiracular setae of medium size and ob-
lique, those of the seventh segment behind the spiracle and near
the apex of the posterior tergal setae; the anterior and posterior
sternal setae of the thorax distinctly separated and divided lon-
gitudinally into two groups, the sternal setae of the first five
abdominal segments square in outline and continuous, those of
the sixth and seventh segments divided longitudinally into two
groups; the pedal setae well marked and not joined to the ster-
nal setae [pl.29, fig.3].

Pupa. White; legs, wing pads, and antennae not closely at-
tached to the body; the second and third segments of the an-
tennae subequal; the pronotum not with an impressed line nor
tuberculate on the side in front; the first ventral abdominal
segment as long as the next four. Length, 9mm; width, 5mm.

Cocoon. Brownish; oval in outline; and attached along the
middle line of the leaf of a sedge. Length, 10mm; width, 5mm.

Described from numerous specimens loaned by the United
States National Museum and probably collected by Messrs Hub-
bard and Schwarz on rushes along the Detroit and St Clair
rivers in August 1873.

Donacia porosicollis

Egg. 13mm in length; opaque white in color; each end bluntly
rounded, the sides subparallel, naked, not surrounded by a gel-
atinous covering; laid in a single row along the edge of the
leaves of a sedge under water, and attached by one side [pl.21,
fig.2; pl.24, fig.3, 4].

Larva. Mandibles distinctly medially bidentate with well
marked teeth within [pl.26, fig.1]; eyes present, five in number,

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE O21

arranged in the form of a very irregular trapezoid [p1.26, fig.6] ;
all the segments of the leg with many setae [p1.26, fig.5]; labrum
indistinctly five sided, with eight marginal setae, the six median
ones short, subequal in length, and equidistant from each other,
the lateral ones long and distant from the median ones, with
six discal setae, the distal pair in front of a line drawn between
the median pair and about as long as the median pair, the
median pair long and stout, the proximal pair very long and
slender, the distal and median pairs in front of the distal pair
of sensory pits, with two lateral setae which are long and stout,
and with four sensory pits [pl.26, fig.3]; the anterior tergal
setae of the mesothorax and metathorax divided into three
groups, those of the first five abdominal segments not divided
and their lateral extensions united with their supraspiracular
setae, those of the sixth and seventh abdominal segments not
divided and distinctly separated from their supraspiracular
setae, the posterior tergal setae of the mesothorax slightly
joined with the lateral groups of the anterior tergal setae, those
of all the other segments straight and distinct; the supraspir-
acular setae not extending on to the annulet of the posterior
tergal setae, those of the seventh abdominal segment not con-
wisting of more than three or four setae; the infraspiracular
setae of the abdominal segments of medium size, oblique, those
of the seventh segment not reaching cephalad as far as the spir-
acle; the anterior and posterior sternal setae of the thoracic
segments distinctly separated, their posterior sternal setae di-
vided longitudinally into two distinct groups; the pedal setae
circular in outline and separated from the sternal setae; the
sternal setae of the first five abdominal segments forming a
continuous group, those of the sixth and seventh abdominal
segments divided longitudinally, those of the seventh segment
not consisting of more than three or four setae [p].29, fig.4].

Cocoon. Brown; oval in outline; and attached along the mid-
dle line of the leaf of a sedge (Juncus). Length, 11mm; width,
6mm.

Described from specimens loaned by the Museum of Compar-
ative Zoology and collected by Mr H. G. Hubbard in marshes of
Detroit river, Michigan, in August 1873.

Donacia aequalis

-Larva. Mandibles bidenticulate, with one or two well marked
teeth within [pl.26, fig.8]; eyes apparently wanting; each seg-
ment of the leg with a number of long setae [pl.26, fig.12]; the
labrum distinctly five sided, the front margin deeply emarginate

322 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

with eight marginal setae, the six median setae equidistant from
each other and subequal in size, the outer ones more distant
and longer, with six discal setae, the distal and median pairs
almost in a line and subequal in length, the proximal pair long
and slender, with two lateral setae placed near to the proximal
margin of the labrum, and with four sensory pits [pl.26, fig.11];
the anterior tergal setae of the mesothorax and metathorax
divided into three groups, those of the first seven abdominal
segments continuous but slightly broader at the middle of ab-
dominal segments two, three and four, the posterior tergal setae
continuous, those of the seventh abdominal segment extending
as far as the spiracle; the supraspiracular setae of the first six
abdominal segments divided transversely, the cephalic group
being joined to the outer ends of the anterior tergal setae and
the caudal group triangular in-outline and midway between the
anterior and posterior tergal setae; the infraspiracular setae
almost as broad as the segment, oblique; the anterior and pos-
terior sternal setae distinct, the posterior sternal setae of the
thorax divided longitudinally, the sternal setae of the first six
abdominal segments distinct and not divided longitudinally, the
sternal setae of the seventh abdominal segment small and di-
vided longitudinally into two groups, the lateral margins of the
sternal setae of the first two atdominal segments slightly co-
alesced with tthe pedal setae; the pedal setae broad and well
marked [p1.30, fig.1}.

Pupa. White; the legs, wing pads, and antennae not closely
attached to the body; the second and third segments of the
antennae subequal; pronotum with a well marked median line-
like grove and a prominent tubercle on each side in front; the
first ventral abdominal segment as long as the next four.
Length, 8mm; width, 3mm.

Cocoon. Dark brownish, oval in outline, attached to the side
of the roots of Sagittaria and much wider than the roots to
which they are attached. Length, 8mm; width, 4mm.

Described from specimens collected on the roots of Sagit-
taria latifolia and Sagittaria rigida at itiaes
No.

Donacia emarginata

Larva. The mandibles with two median teeth and well marked
denticulations within, the surface with two or three setae [p1.26,
fig.18]; the eyes apparently wanting; the three segments of the
legs with numerous setae [p1.26, fig.16]; the labrum four sided,
with eight marginal setae, the six median setae adjacent, sub-
equal in size, and at the bottom of a slight emargination, the

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE ou

lateral ones two or three times as long as the median ones and
on the outer angles of the labrum, with six discal setae, the
distal and median pairs in a line distad of the anterior pair of
sensory pits, subequal in length, the proximal pair twice as long,
stout, with two lateral setae, which are stout and near the mid-
dle of the lateral margin, and with four sensory pits [pl.26,
fig.13]; the anterior and posterior tergal setae continuous and
coalesced laterally with the supraspiracular setae; the su-
praspiracular setae long, extending almost the entire width of
the segment; the infraspiracular setae forming a broad tri-
angular patch, broadest on its cephalic margin and extending
almost across the segment, the adjacent margins of the su-
praspiracular and the infraspiracular setae of the seventh ab-
dominal segment coalesced; the anterior and the posterior
sternal setae of the prothorax distinctly separated, those of the
mesothorax coalesced on the median line, those of the meta-
thorax broad and coalesced throughout their entire extent; the
sternal setae of the first six abdominal segments broad and
coalesced with the pedal setae, the sternal setae of the seventh
abdominal segment minute in comparison with those of the other
segments and separated from the pedal setae [p1.30, fig.2].

Pupa. White; the legs, antennae and wing pads not closely
applied to the body; the third segment of the antennae subequal
in length to the second; the pronotum not with a well marked
median, impressed line and not with a tubercle on either side in
front; the first ventral abdominal segment not quite as long as
the next three. Length, 10mm; width, 5mm.

Cocoon. Dark brownish, oval in outline, attached to the side
of the small roots of Sparganium androcladium
and much wider than the roots to which they are attached.
Length, 10mm; width, 6mm.

Described from numerous specimens collected by Dr J. G.
Needham at Saranac Inn N. Y. on the bases of the roots of
Sparganium androcladium [pl.23].

HAEMONIA

This genus contains a single American species, Haemonia
nigricornis, which occurs rarely throughout the United
States and Canada. The adult is quite similar in general ap-
pearance to the species of Donacia. It can be readily recognized
by having the tarsus narrow, glabrous, and its apical segment
very long, and the inner and the outer margins of the elytra at
apex usually produced into well marked teeth.

324 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Haemonia nigricornis

Larva. The mandibles bidenticulate, with distinct smaller
teeth within, the surface with three setae |[p1.27, fig.1]; the eyes
present, five in number [pl].27, fig.5]; the basal segment of the
leg with four or five setae and the surface densely papillate
[pl.27, fig.4]; the labrum emarginate in front with four long
marginal: setae, the outer the longer, with four discal setae,
the distal pair not much more than one half the length of the
proximal pair, with two long lateral setae, and four sensory
pits [pl.27, fig.2]; the anterior tergal setae of the mesothorax
and the metathorax divided into three well marked groups, those
of the first five abdominal segments straight and not divided,
those of the fourth and fifth abdominal segments broader at
middle than at the sides, those of the sixth and seventh ab-
dominal segments straight and consisting of from four to eight
setae, most of which are larger than those of the ordinary type;
the posterior tergal setae of the mesothorax and metathorax
and first five abdominal segments straight and of about the
same length as the anterior tergal setae, those of the sixth and
seventh abdominal segments similar in outline but consisting
mainly of setae twice the length of those of the ordinary type,
the seventh abdominal segment with about four extra setae on
the front margin near the middle; the supraspiracular setae of
the first five abdominal segments small and coalesced with the
anterior tergal setae, those of the sixth abdominal segment dis-
tinctly separated from the anterior tergal setae, those of the
seventh abdominal segment wanting; the infraspiracular setae
of tthe first seven abdominal segments all of about the same
size, small and oblique; the anterior sternal setae of the pro-
thorax wanting, the posterior sternal setae indistinct and di-
vided longitudinally into two groups, the anterior and posterior
sternal setae of the mesothorax and metathorax indistinct and
not joined, the posterior sternal setae of these segments divided
longitudinally, the sternal setae of the abdomen in small groups
and not divided; the pedal setae of the abdomen well marked
on the anterior segments and becoming smaller on the posterior
segments; the caudal margin of the seventh abdominal tergite
produced into a blunt projection and constituting the apex of
the abdomen [pl.80, fig.3].

Pupa. White; the legs, wing pads, and the antennae not
closely attached to the body; the second and third segments of
the antennae short and subequal; each shorter than either the
fourth or fifth; the pronotum with a prominent depression at
the middle in front, the front angles protuberant, the sides
emarginate; the first ventral abdominal segment almost as long

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE oan

as the next four; the elytra usually with the outer angle strongly
and the inner angle slightly prolonged at apex; the tarsal seg-
ments of a uniform width. Length, 7mm; width, 4mm.

Cocoon. Light brownish, oval in outline, and attached to the
side of the small roots of an aquatic plant!; the cocoons broader
than the roots. Length, 6mm; width, 3mm.

Described from specimens collected at Ithaca N. Y. by the
writer and by Messrs Hubbard and Schwarz along the Detroit
and St Clair rivers, Detroit Mich.

Subfamily GALE RUCINAE

This subfamily includes several genera and species, a single one
of which is found on the leavesof Nymphaea advena.
The larvae feed on the epidermis of the leaves, and where this

plant occurs they are quite abundant.

Galerucella nymphaeae

Egg. Oblong or short cylindric with smoothly, obtusely
rounded ends; yellow, shining. The egg cluster consists of a
small number (6 to 20) eggs placed closely side by side on end
on the upper surface of a floating leaf of Nymphaea or Brasenia.

Larva. Head black; the antennae mere tubercles, three
jointed; the labrum three sided, the distal and lateral margins
in the form of a continuous convex curve constituting one side,
the remaining sides formed by the proximal end of the labrum
with an angle on the median line, the distal margin with a row
of comb-like bristles attached to the ental surface, two long
discal and two long lateral setae, the two groups forming a
transverse line, and four marginal setae [p1.27, fig.9|; the man-
dibles tridentate, the two inner teeth subequal, the outer one
much shorter [pl.27, fig.8]; the thorax and abdomen black above
except at the sutures and with fine whitish fuscous lines divid-
ing the black into distinct areas—there is such a line on the
meson of the notum of the three thoracic segments, and a line
on each abdominal segment dividing it into two parallel trans-
verse bands, the posterior being the longer, at the end of each
of these bands a quadrangular spot, and laterad of each an-
terior spot another subequal in size which bears the spiracle,
and laterad of the spiracle a much larger spot as long as the

—

1The European species are found on the roots of Potamogeton
natans, and LeConte and Horn record the American species from
Potamogeton; but by an oversight I neglected to record the name of the
plant on which I found them.

326 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

width of the segment; the sternum of the thorax and abdomen
pale except a spot on either side of the thorax laterad of the
legs and homodynamous spots on each abdominal segment, a
spot on either side mesad of the spots just described, and a
median broad spot; and the last ventral abdominal segment with
a well developed proleg, legs blackish except at the sutures.

Pupa. Black, except the sternum of the thorax and abdomen,
the apical segment of the abdomen which is covered by the cast
larval skin, the basal segments of the legs, and a median tergal
line which are yellowish; the legs, wing pads, and antennae not
closely joined to the body; the very young pupae are lighter in
color. Length, 7mm; width, 4mm.

Described from specimens collected at Ithaca N. Y. and from
Saranac Inn N. Y. by J. G. Needham.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to Mr J. O. Martin for assistance and many
Suggestions while carrying on the field work, to Mr Samuel Hen-
shaw for the loan of the larvae and cocoons in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, to Dr L. O. Howard for the loan of the
material in the United States National Museum, and to Prof.
J. H. Comstock and Mr W. A. Riley for help on all parts of the
work.

Bibliography of the transformations of the Donaciinae
DONACIA

aequalis Say
1903 MacGillivray, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68, p.321

bicolor! Zschach

1848 Perris, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 6:33-48, pl.2
1853 Candeze, Soc. Se. Liege. Mem. v.8, pl.9, 1

cincticornis Newman

1877 Packard, U. S. Geol. Geog. Sur. Rep’t for 1875. p.806-7, pl.70, 17-19
1903 MacGillivray, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68, p.317

clavipes! Fabricius
1810 Germar, Neue Schrift. Ges. Halle. v.1, Heft 3, p.9
1854 Heeger, Sitz. Wiss. Wien. 14:28—-40, pl.5
1874 Kaltenbach, Pflanzenfeinde, p.711
1883 Kittel, Corrbl. Natury. Ver. Regenb. 38:149-50

*The European species are marked in this way.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 326

crassipes! Fabricius

1840 Aube, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Bul. p.36

1842 Koelliker, Obs. Prima. Ins. Gen. p.31; pl.3

1845 Koelliker, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) 20:253-84; pl.3

1853 Chapuis, Soc. Roy. Liege. Mem. 8:595-96

1871 Bellevoye, Nouv. et Faits, p.74

1887 Schmidt-Schwedt, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 31: 395-24: pl.bB
1889 Schmidt-Schwedt, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 35:299-308; figures
1900 Sanderson, Can. Ent. 32:249-63

emarginata Kirby
1903 MacGillivray, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68, p.322

limbata! Panzer

1846 Guerin-Meneville, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Bul. (2) 2:76-79
1847 Mulsant, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon. ser.2, v.8, p.16; pl.1

palmata Oliv.
1903 MacGillivray, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68, p.378

porosicollis Lacépéde
1903 MacGillivray, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68, p.320

simplex! Fabricius
1859 von Siebold, Amtl. Ber. Nat. Vers. Breslau. p.211-12
1887 Schmidt-Schwedt, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 31:333-34

subtilis Kunze
1908 MacGillivray, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68, p.319

piscatrix Sanderson
1900 Sanderson, Can, Ent. 32:249-68; figures

HAEMONIA
appendiculata! Panzer

1810 Germar, Neue Schrift. Ges. Halle, v.1, Heft 3, p.3

1818 Kunze, Neue Schrift. Ges. Halle, v.2, Heft 4, p.51

1853 Heeger, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien. 11:940-42; pl.6

1862 Eldit, Schrift Phys. Oecon. Ges. Konigsberg. 2, Abth. 2, p.11
1868 Bellevoye, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Bul. (3) 8:70—104

1870 Bellevoye, Soc. Moselle. Bul. p.30, tab.2

1888 Dewitz, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 32:5-6; figures

nigricornis Kirby
1900 Sanderson, Can. Ent. 32:249-63; figures
1903 MacGillivray, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68, p.324
rosteria curtisii! Lacépéde

1851 Lacordaire, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 12:263-65
1853 Chapuis, Soe. Sc. Liege. Mem. 8:595

1The European species are marked in this way.

328 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Part 6
AQUATIC NEMATOCEROUS DIPTERA
BY OSKAR AUGUSTUS‘ JOHANNSEN

In the following pages will be given an account of the life
histories of a number of small flies, commonly known as black
flies, (Simuliidae), mosquitos, (Culicidae), and midges, (Blepharo-
ceridae and Chironomidae). The material on which this study
is based was for the most part collected in the vicinity of Ithaca
N. Y., though some of it came from Saranac Inn N. Y. and else-
where. The larvae were collected by means of a small hand
net from the ponds; or swept by means of a brush into a cloth
“sag-net” from the surface of the rock on the bottom of the
shallow creeks in the manner described by Professor Needham
in United States National Museum bulletin 39, 1899, part O, page
5. The material thus collected was then transferred to the
breeding cages. These cages for the pond-water larvae consist
of small glass jars containing some water plants. For those
forms that require rapidly flowing water a jar was used from
which the water was drawn by means of a continuous siphon as
rapidly as it entered.t

The material was collected during the summer of 1901, and
studied during the fall of the same year in the entomological
laboratory of Cornell University, under the direction of Prof. J.
H.Comstock, to whom I wish to express my thanks for his advice
in the preparation of this work. I also desire to acknowledge
my obligation to Prof. J. G. Needham, of Lake Forest Univer-
sity, who suggested the work, directed its course and supplied me
with material; to Professor Aldrich, of the University of Idaho,
Professor Smith, of New Jersey, Professor Kellogg, of Leland
Stanford Jr University and Messrs MacGillivray and Houghton
for material from various localities.

The object of the paper is to give the distinctive generic and
specific characters of larvae and pupae of the forms studied,

1 See Comstock. Insect Life, p.330.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 329

tabulated in the form of keys, to enable any one having an ele-
mentary knowledge of entomology to identify members of this
interesting group of insects.

The Simuliidae are treated at greater length than the others,
more material being at hand for the study of this family. In
the descriptions of the wings of the adult, the nomenclature of
Comstock and Needham (1898) has been followed.

The aquatic larvae of the Diptera may be distinguished from
aquatic larvae of other insects by the absence of true, jointed
thoracic legs; in having abdominal prolegs, or in being entirely
legless; in the most degenerate forms the head is reduced and
retracted within the pointed apex of the thorax, and no appen-
dages of the imago are visible. Their pupae either have promi-
nent prothoracic dorsal spiracles, often borne at the end of the
antennaelike processes, or the pupa is formed in the hardened
larval skin. The adults have but two wings, or in a few rare
cases are apterous. The presence of the balancers and the
absence of caudal filaments distinguish them from the males
of the Coccidae. The most familiar examples are house flies
and mosquitos.

The Diptera in general are divided into two suborders:

Larvae with a differentiated head; pupae free or inclosed
in the larval skin; in either case the larval skin bursts
for the extrication of the pupa or imago in a T-shaped
opening on the back of the anterior end, or rarely in a
transverse rent between the eighth and ninth abdominal
rings. The imago lacks the frontal lunule and ptilinum.
Examples are the gnats, midges, crane flies, horse
fiies, snipe flies, robber fiies, ete. (Nematocera and Bra-
“OE SE ay sg er ee Orthorrhapha
Larvae without differentiated head; pupae always inclosed
in the hardened larval skin (forming the so called pupa-
rium); the imago always escaping from the anterior end
through a circular orifice. Frontal lunule present; ptil-
inum usually present. Examples of this suborder are flesh
and horse flies, bots, drone flies, etc. Among these are but
few having aquatic larvae—a few Syrphidae, some of the
Sciomyzidael and other Acalyptrate Muscids....Cyclorrhapha

1See N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47. 1901. p.577.

330 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

KEY TO FAMILIES OF NEMATOCEROUS DIPTERA
Larvae

1 Mandibles opposed, with the jaws moy-
ing in a horizontal plane; when the
mouth parts are rudimentary, the larva
has 13 segments and is peripneustic’ (2)............. Nematocera
Mandibles parallel, their motion in a verti-
eal plane; if the motion is obliquely
inward, then the head is not sharply
differentiated from the first thoracic
OPINION G a sat tov ie ce cere Denes Dome witaeos bales dee wee eee Brachycera2
2 Larva with fully differentiated head, non-
retractile, which contains the first gan-
glion and sometimes the eyes, perip-
neustic or amphipneustic,? with breath-

ing tube or tracheal gills. i2. 2.2.28: (S)e eee. 8 Tribe EHucephala
Larva with only a “jaw capsule” (Kie-
fer: Kapsel).. cos aes oases ee eee (14)

3 Terrestrial forms, living in the earth, in
rubbish, under bark, or in fungi... .(4)

Aquatic: or semlaquatic. .2..5< co..s ene (6)

4 Larvae without thoracic prolegs....... (5)
With thoracic prolegs. Living under bark........... Ceratopogon
5 Body bristly; head usually with eyes..............0002 Bibionidae

Body not bristly, head usually without
CV CS a oye.c aie een vie Oe Ee ore ee ee ee Mycetophilidae

6 Prolegs at least on fourth and fifth seg-
ments (i. e. on first two abdominals) (7)

No prolegs on these segments......... (8)
7 Spiracles on the first and last segments,
with tracheal gills, and a very long

membranous’: breathine’ tabet. ssc. pt. ee Ptychopterinae
No long respiratory tube; larva swimming
in a U-shape: - sbi ors. oe Sen..n ee ee Dixidae :
8 Body flattened, onisciform, and usually
with suckers underneath............ (9)

Body more or less cylindric, without suck-
ers on the intermediate segments. ..(10)
9 The segments alternating small and large,
the outline of the body, serrate. Liv-

ing in rapid flowing streams........... Rade Blepharoceridae
The segments gradually larger at the mid-
dle of the body, becoming smaller

again toward the posterior end.7- 4) oe eee eee Psy ¢ hodidae
4) With thoracie prolegs... .{2:).0.0 cee (13)
Without thoracic prolegs............. (11)

*Spiracles confined to the median segments. The Chironomidae usually
have jaws which move in oblique planes.
*Spiracles confined to the first and last segments.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 331

11 Thorax enlarged; abdomen usually with

long hairs; usually a complex respira-
See eRe ROTI RE GENES NTI CBG. hoon ohste o ayes e.d oath We wae ove Culicidae
Houy amuen eloneated ...... s-..... 0.65. (12)

12 Last segment of the abdomen with two

rp RE DORN aac a ena eos Beas a oh h5, o16.0,tewie we grew are Rhyphidae
Last segment tapering, often with a few
long hairs. Body snakelike, segments of

nearly uniform length. (Ceratopogon).......... Chironomidae
13 With anal prolegs and blood gills. (Chi-
eT ee ge) re rr Chironomidae

Without anal prolegs; a broad abdomen,

with a terminal sucker; head with a

pait oO: tanlike organs: (black flies). \...c0ccc casieccie cea Simuliidae
14 With rudimentary mouth parts; body with

13 segments; peripneustic (i. e. spiracles

on the median segments). Gall gnats......... Cecidomyiidae
With biting jaws. Head incomplete,

small, retractile, not containing nerve

ganglia; 12 body segments; posterior

-stigmata usually with some fleshy fila-

Ce SS a es bipwiirdae
Pupae
1 Prothoracie spiracles, if present, borne on
appendages (Nematocera)........... (2)
PE EmOrBOIG® SINTACION SESSHE o.oo noc ccc ce eo ee ee ws Brachycera

2 Nonaquatiec. Leaf miners or gall makers
(Cecidomyiidae); larvae living in fungi
(Mycetophilidae); larvae living in the
earth (Bibionidae); larvae living under
bark (some Ceratopogon)

PapaaciC) GF Semiaquatic.; :.2.......... (3)
® Pupae in a fibrous cocoon............. (4)
Without cocoon, sometimes in the old lar-
| Se oe ies eee ee (5)

4 Cocoon cornucopialike, the coarse thoracic

filaments of the pupa projecting. These

filaments are usually few in number................ Simuliidae
Thoracic filaments of the pupa if present,

entirely within the cocoon, the latter

a ES er 0 a Some Chironomidae
5 Body convex, hard shelled, and attached
TRIPS Ee LO TOCK ¢ co oie cbs cee (6)
Not attached nor limpetlike........... (7)
6 Shield-shaped, flattened. Thoracic breath-
ie tapest-are SMUCYMNGriC!. .. 0... cc ee eens Some Psychodidae

1See Professor Kellogg’s paper in Ent. News, Feb. 1901.

So2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Convex, oval; breathing tubes composed
of several lamellae: 7. Soe tte eee ee Blepharoceridae
7 Prothoracie respiratory appendages sim-
ple, slender, antennaelike; pupa slug-
oish- OT MOUORIESS..\.n0°55 aad he oe ees (8)
Prothoracic appendages short and pointed,
or club shaped, or composed of numer-
ous fine filaments, or entirely want-

ARES Pe Ate Ro en bd San Ate Sache Near weal e oo (9)
8 First abdominal segment about as long as
POSSE TOMOWING “TEE te etek Poh tae os ae ee oe Some Psychodidae
First abdominal segment about half as
fons as those followine.1t.'t. vi. ACS 2 aiha Se ce ee eee Tipulidae
9 Prothoracic appendages short and pointed............. Rhyphidae
These appendages not as above...... (10)
10 With two rounded paddlelike appendages
at. the catidal end.! - ‘Pupa active. 2.255... oe Culicidae

Without distinct paddles (if present, then
pointed, and with ciliate margin)...(11)
11 The caudal end with two pointed pro-
cesses and usually bent forward over
the pectus; the pupa resting on: its side! .::........ eee Dixidae
Prothoracic appendages either many
branched, simple or apparently want-
ing, the pupa in the larval tube (Chi-
ronomus) or active, Culexlike (Tany-
pus); or floating nearly motionless
(Ceratopaean). «02 haere to eres emis: ste eps ee cia, . ChiFrenomiaae

The above keys are modifications of those given by Mr C. A. Hart,
Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bul. 1895. v.4, art.6, p.186-89.

To determine the imagines, the reader is referred to Comstock’s Manual
for the Study of Insects, or to Williston’s Manual of the North American
Diptera.

Family BLEPHAROCERIDAE
Net-winged midges

These flies are of moderate size, elongate and bare, with long
legs and broad wings. The ocelli are present; the proboscis is
elongated; the antennae are slender, composed of from six to
16 joints, clothed with short pubescence. The thorax has a
distinct though interrupted suture. The empodium is very
small and the pulvilli are wanting. The wings are broad, with-
out hair, with a projecting anal angle; characterized by a net-
work of fine lines which extend in various directions and not

1Corethrella (q. v.) is an exception: having two pointed caudal lobes.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB 333

influenced by the veins of the wing, though apparently constant
in position in a given species.

The larvae live in running water. The head has a pair of
slender antennae; the cephalothorax and the following seg-
ments each with a conical process bearing a bunch of bristles;
pupa flattened, inactive and free, inclosed in a semioyal shell-
like skin, the anterior end with erect breathing tubes; on the
underside the skin is soft and transparent.

Genus BLEPHAROCERA Macq.

This genus is distinguished from the other genera of this
family, in that the eyes are holoptic (i. e. contiguous); bisected
by an unfaceted cross band or by a single groove. The radius
(Comst.) is three branched (i. e. the second longitudinal vein is
not furcate); and the vein M, with its basal end free and begin-
ning in the middle of the wing. See figure in Comstock’s Manual,

p. 488.
Blepharocera capitata Loew

Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1863. Centur. 4; p.43

So far, but one species of this family, Blepharocera
capitata Loew, has been recorded from this State. It is
very abundant in several of the ravines about Ithaca, and larvae
have been found in other parts of the State. The first adults
observed the past year, emerged about June 1, and they had
all disappeared by July 15. The fact that their season of flight
is a short one, and that they are found only near the water’s
edge in deep and comparatively inaccessible ravines, accounts
for the scarcity of the species in collections. The life history of
this species has already been given by Prof V. L. Kellogg in
Entomological News for January 1900, p.805-18; and the imago
has been described by Loew in the Berliner Entomologische
Zeitschrift, 1863, p.43. The life history may be briefly stated as
follows:

The eggs have not yet been discovered. The larvae may be
found throughout the month of May, in shallow but swiftly
flowing water. About Ithaca they have been found most fre-

334 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

quently in the little stream flowing through Coy glen, in Six
Mile creek, and in Cascadilla creek; and have also been col-
lected by Mr A. D. MacGillivray in a brook near Axton N. Y.
During the early part of May the larvae are still quite small,
the smallest found measured 2.5mm in length, and were scat-
tered over the smooth rock bed of the stream where the water
is swift, but only about 1 inch in depth. If removed from the
brook and placed in vials or still water, they soon die, usually
within a few hours.

The larva is a curious black creature, flattened, its length
being about two and one half times its breadth at widest part,
each of the four intermediate segments separated fromeachother
and from the cephalic and anal portion by deep constrictions,
thus dividing it into six distinct parts. Kellogg says (in the
paper just quoted) that the anterior,apparently single segment is
composed of the fused head and three thoracic segments, while
the most posterior part is composed of the last two abdominal
segments, the intervening parts representing each a single
abdominal segment. The larva is footless, but each body part
bears a pair of small unsegmented, pointed projections, situated
on the ventral aspect of the lateral margins. The organs of
locomotion consist of six suckers, one of which lies on the
median ventral aspect of each body part; thus there is but one
sucker for the combined head and thorax, and but one for the
last two abdominal segments. By means of these suckers, the
larva clings to the rock bed of the stream. The larva occasion-
ally moves about on the smooth surface of the rock, from the
necessity of getting farther into the stream as the water les-
sens in quantity, and perhaps also, for seeking its food—the
diatoms on the surface of the rock. The structure of the sucker
is well described by Kellogg (loc. cit.). The larvae breathe by
means of small tufts of short thick tracheal gills, of which
there is a pair on the ventral surface of each of the first to
the fifth abdominal segments. On the last segment there are
two pairs of much larger, thicker, fingerlike processes, perhaps
also tracheal gills. The writer collected during May many liy-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 335

ing larvae, and attempted to rear them, by placing them in
aquaria of running water, but succeeded with only four speci-
mens. The first of these cast its larval skin on May 20; the
second on the 25th, the third on the 26th, and the fourth on the
27th. The casting of the larval skin is most rapidly accom-
plished. A larva in the breeding cage attracted attention be-
cause of its grayish color, not so black as usual, the pale color
owing, probably, to the skin being loosened. A moment later,
perhaps half a minute, the empty larval skin was seen floating
away, leaving the cream-white pupa on precisely the same spot
which had been occupied but a moment before by the larva. In
the new pupa, the constrictions of the body so distinctive in
the larva, were still plainly visible; within half an hour they
began to disappear, and the color gradually became darker. In
from three to four hours the pupa had assumed its character
istic shape, and the coal-black color. The four empty larval
skins examined, all had a small irregular break on the ventral
surface just cephalad of the first sucker, and another small
T-shaped opening on the dorsal surface opposite the one on the
ventral. The rest of the skin, including the suckers, remained
intact.

The pupa is coal-black, heavily chitinized, and is shaped like
the half of a longitudinally cut egg, though somewhat more
flattened. At the anterior end is a pair of dorsal, prothoracic
tracheal gills, each gill consisting of four flattened plates. The
whole of the flat ventral surface of the pupa is fastened so
firmly to the rock that it is practically impossible to remove it
without breaking the shell. The length of pupal life is from
164 to 18 days. If the pupae be taken from the water on the
piece of rock to which they are attached, removed to the
aquaria, and placed with the heads down stream, under a small
stream of water, no difficulty will be experienced in rearing
them. A number of specimens reared in this way were ob-
served by the writer to emerge. From five to 15 minutes
are required for the imago to free its body from the pupal
skin, the wings remaining folded till the abdomen is

336 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

free, when suddenly they spread out fanlike and held above
the surface of the shallow water, the legs all bunched up and
still remaining in the pupal skin. The force of the flowing
water and the struggles of the insect in from one to five minutes
cause the legs to draw out, and, thus liberated, the imago im-
mediately takes flight. In deeper water the wings probably do
not unfold till after the insect is washed to the surface, though
no observations were made upon this. Figures of larvae and
pupae may be found in Comstock’s Manual, and in Kellogg’s
vapers in the Entomological News for 1900, and in Cal. Ac. Soc.
Proc. 1903.
Family siImuLIIDAE
Black flies

In this family the body is short and stout; the legs are short;
and the tibiae possess spurs. The antennae are scarcely longer
than the head, cylindric and 10 jointed; the two basal joints are
differentiated; the others are closely united. Proboscis not
elongated, with small horny labella; palpi are four jointed. The
thorax is much arched, giving the fly a humpbacked appearance;
the scutellum is small; the abdomen is cylindric, composed of
seven or eight segments; the legs strong and not elongate. The
wings are broad, iridescent, and not clothed with hairs. The
veins near the costal border are stout; those on the other parts
of the wing are very weak. [See pl.34, fig. 1]

The larvae are soft skinned, not slender, usually more or less
constricted in the middle. The head is cylindric, with eye spots
on each side. The head bears two large fan-shaped organs,
which aid in procuring the food. Respiration is accomplished
by means of three blood gills which are pushed out from the
dorsal surface of the last abdominal segment (Miall & Ham-
mond say from the rectum). On the segment back of the
head is a foot armed with hooks, and on the posterior
end of the body is a disklike sucker by means of which the
larva clings to the rocks or to plants. The creature moves
about on the surface of the rocks with a looping gait similar
to that of a measuring worm, and a web is secreted which pre-
vents its being washed away by the swiftly flowing water.

AQUATIC JNSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB 5 i

The pupae are incased in cocoons which are firmly fixed to
the rocks, these cocoons sometimes occurring in dense masses,
forming a carpetlike covering on the rocks; in other species they
occur separately or in small groups. The pupae, like the larvae,
breathe by tracheal gills; but in this stage the gills are borne
by the prothorax. The adult fly, on emerging from the pupa
skin, rises to the surface of the water and takes flight at once.
Soon after this the eggs are laid.

Bibliography of the biology of the Simuliidae

Barnard, W.S. The Black Fly in Ithaca N. Y. Am. Ent. 1880. 3:191

Brauer, F. S. ornata. Die Zweifliigler des Kais. Museums zu Wien.
1883

Comstock, J. H. Manual for the Study of Insects. 1895. p.451-53

Eichhorn. Naturges. d. Kleinsten Wasserthiere. Danzig. 1774. Tab.7

Fabricius, O. Tipula sericea. Beschr. d. Atlas Muecke u. ihrer
Puppe. Schr. d. Berl. Ges. naturf. Fr. 1784. 5:254-59

Fries. Obs. entomol. Pars I. Monogr. Simuliarum Sveciae. 1824

Garman, H. A Silk-spinning Cave Larva. Science. 22-25:215-17

Graber. Die Insecten. Th. 2, 2:516

Hagen, H. Simulium sp. Ent. Monthly Mag. 19:254—55

S. pictipes. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 1879. 20:305-7

On Simulium. Canadian Ent. 1882. p.50—151

Heeger. Beitr. zur. Naturgesch. der Kerfe. etc. Isis. 1848. p.328. 'Tab.4

Horvath. Le moucheron de Columbatch. Rovart. Lapok. 1 Bind. p.195—
204.

Howard, L. O. Note on Simulium Common at Ithaca N. Y. Insect Life.
1888. 1:99-101

Kellogg, V. L. Food of Larvae of Simuliidae and Blepharoceridae. Psyche.
Feb. 1901

Koelliker. Obs. d. prima insectorum genesi, adjecta articulatorum eyolu-
tionis cum vertebratorum comparatione, p.11. Tab.2

Kollar. Ueber die Entstehung der Collumbatzer Muecken. Sitz. ber. d. k.
Akad. d. Wiss. z. Wien. 1848. p.1—-16

leeeer, 0. -S. tribulatum. GS. vittatum Zett.) Univ. Minn.
Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 48. 1896. p.205-7, fig. 147-49

McBride, Sara J. The so called Webworm of Young Trout. Am, Ent.
2:365

Meigen, J. Syst. Beschr. 1818 and 1830. v.1 and v.6 (p.309)

Meinert, Fr. De eucephale Myggelarver. 1886. p.90—-96

S. fuscipes og reptans ‘rophi. Dipterorum. _ p.41-45.

Taf.1

Metschnikow. Embr. Studien an Insecten. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. 16:4-18.
Tab.23

Needham, J. G. Simulium Society. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47:407-8,
1901. With plate 15

Osborn, H. Insects affecting Domestic Animals. U. 8. Dep’t Agric. Div.
Ent. Bul. 5. n.s. 1896. p.31-58

338 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Osten Sacken, C. R. On the Transformations of Simulium. Am. Ent.
2:229. With references

Planchon, J. E. Histoire d’une larva aquatique des genre Simulium.
Montpellier. 1844. p.15

Pohl. (Pohl & Koller). “A Brazilian Pest,” in Reise in das Innere von
Brazil. 18382

Riley, C. V. The Death Web of Young Trout. Net of Simulium larvae.
Am. Ent. 1870. 2:227-28

S.piscicidium. Am. Ent. 1870. p.366, 367

Simulium from Lake Superior. Am. Nat. 1881. 15:916

Buffalo Gnat Problem, abstract. Am. Ass’n Ady. Sci. Proc. for

1887. May 1888. 86:362

S. pecuarum and meridionale. U.S. Com. Agme ept
for 1886. 1887. p.459-592 |

Schiodte. S.fuscipes. Kvaegmyggen. Berlingske Tidende. May 16,
1878

Schonbauer. Geschichte der schaedlichen Kolumbatezer Miicken in
Bannat. 1795

Theobald. Simulium Larvae. British Flies. p.166

“Tomosvary, Edward. Im Auftrage d. K. ung. Minist. f. Ackerbau, ete.
Uebers. v. Joh. Wieny. 1885

Townsend, C. H. T. On the Correlation of Habit in Nematocerous and
Brachycerous Diptera, between Aquatic Larvae and Blood-sucking Adult
Females. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:134, 136

On a species of Simulium from Grand Cafion of Colorado. Am.
Ent. Soc. Trans. 1898. 20:45

Verdat, G. J. Mémoire pour servir a Vhistoire des Simulies. Naturw.
Anz. d. Schweiz. Ges. 1822

Webster, F. M. Report on the Buffalo Gnats. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div.
Ent. Bul. 4. 1887. p.29 |

Weissmann. Ueber die Entstehung des vollendeten Insecten in Larve
und Puppe, p.25-30, tab. 1, 2, 3

Westwood. The Water Cress Fly. Gardner’s Chron. 1848. p.204

The life histories of some of the members of this family have
long been known. Otto Fabricius in 1784! published an arti-
cle, “ Beschreibung der Atlasmticke und ihrer Puppe.” A little
later (1795) Schénbauer published his account of the immature
stages of the Columbacz midge. He was the first to state
that these earlier stages are passed in the water. In
1822 appeared Verdat’s paper, on Simulium seri-
ceum (=S. reptans, according to Schiner) in which
he figures the pupa, the larva, together with enlarged
details of the mouth parts of the latter. Among other
early writings on life history may be mentioned Fries’s

a en

1 Schr. d. Berl. Ges. naturf. Fr. 5:254-59, tab.3, fig.1—5.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB ooo

monograph, Simuliar (1824), Westwood’s The Water Cress
Fly (1848) and Heeger’s S. columbaschense (1848). More recently
there appeared in proceedings of the Royal Society of Copen-
hagen (1886) a very useful paper by Fr. Meinert on “De eucephale
Myggelarver,” of which six or seven pages are devoted to Simu-
lium, besides some very good figures. On the early stages of
American species, Riley, in the report of the United States en-
tomologist for 1884, p. 342-43, writes as follows:

The early stages of several of the American species have been:
studied. In the American Entomologist [June 1870, 2:227] un-
der the heading, “ The Death Web of a Young Trout” we de-
scribed the larva and pupa with figures of a species afterward
described by us as Simulium piscicidium [ibid, p. 367].
These larvae were said by Seth Green to live attached to stones
in swift running water and to spin a silken thread in which
young fish became entangled and killed. This statement created
much excitement among fish culturists at the time, and really
seemed very plausible. It was contradicted, however, by Sara
J. McBride, of Mumford N. Y., in an article published in the
same volume [p.365-67|, and also by Fred Mather of Honeoye
Falls N. Y., in private correspondence with us. Mrs McBride
found that the perfect flies issued about April 1, and June 1
thereafter the larvae were found in the streams in great num-
bers—as a general rule attached to water plants 3 or 4 inches.
below the surface of the water. Some were also attached to
stones at the bottom. The majority were fastened to green de-
caying water cress, and these were green in color, while others
which held to dead forest leaves of the previous year’s growth,
which had become entangled in the cress,'were brown. From this
fact she justly argued that they fed on decaying vegetable mat-
ter. There was a succession of generations or broods through-
out the season, the development of a single brood occupying
about two months. The flies issuing in midsummer were smal-
ler than those developed in the spring and fall, although no dif-
ference in the size of larvae and pupae was perceptible. In
the same volume (229-30), Osten Sacken gives an account of an
undetermined species found attached to the roots and plants in
swift running streams in the vicinity of Washington. This ar-
ticle contains also an able review of previous writings on the
subject and is illustrated with figures taken from Verdat. In
the American Entomologist [Aug. 1880, 3:191-93] Dr W. 8S. Bar-~
nard described the stages, with figures of the eggs, of a commor
species in the mountain streams around Ithaca N. ¥. The eggs:

340 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

were found on the rocks on the bank a few inches above the sur-
face of the water; the newly hatched larvae were just at the
surface, and from this point there was a regular gradation in
the size of the larvae down into the stream. The eggs were
found abundantly on June 1. In the proceedings of the Boston
Society of Natural History for January 1880, Dr Hagen de-
scribed Simulium pictipes, a remarkably large species,
the larvae and pupae of which were found in the rapids of the
Ausable river, Adirondack mountains; and in mentioning the
fact in the American Naturalist for April 1881, we stated that
the larvae and pupae of presumably the same species were found
by Messrs Hubbard and Schwarz in the rapids of Michipicoten
river, north shore of Lake Superior. The larvae were there
found to have the peculiarity of floating in long strings, at-
tached to each other by silken threads, while the pupae, found in
the quieter pools close by, resembled coral. We also hazarded
the statement that these were the immature forms of the cele-
brated black fly of the Lake Superior region. In reference to
the probable identity of the Adirondack with the Lake Superior
species, Dr Hagen, in comparison of the specimens of these lar-
vae and pupae, received from Mr Hubbard, with similar stages
of S. pictipes, remarked [Canadian Entomologist, 13:150-51]
that, while the larvae and pupae did not differ materially, ima-
¢os from the Lake Superior, not raised from the pupae collected
by Mr Hubbard, differed from S. pictipes in the much smal-
ler size and in the color of the legs.

The report of the United States entomologist for 1886 con-
tains detailed account of the life history of two species, the
southern buffalo gnat and the turkey gnat. This paper is the
most complete record we have of any species of Simulium in this
country.

Economic importance. In the northern states the attacks of
the black flies on domestic animals, though causing considerable
loss to the stock raiser, is not of such a nature that accurate
Statistics can be obtained. Otto Lugger, late state entomolo-
gist of Minnesota, in his report of 1896, p. 201 and 203, says:

The losses caused by this insect are, in some years, very great,
and the state of Tennessee alone lost in 1874 as much as
$500,000. This southern buffalo gnat occurs as far north as
Minneapolis, at least a few specimens have been found there.

Here in Minnesota we have a number of other species of this
family of flies, which cause more or less injury to our stock.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 341

The first species seen and felt occurs early in the spring, soon
after the snow disappears. It is a very small species, which flies
with great force so that it can be felt when striking the face.
It seems that it does not care much for human blood, but it
irritates considerably by being of a very inquisitive nature,
even entering the mouth, nose, ear and what is worse, the eye.
If horses are left standing for some time in the roads, they are
apt to become restive, shake their heads in a violent manner,
frequently stamping and snorting at the same time. If the ears
of the horse are inspected, we usually find the cause of their
irritation in a large number of such small flies, which are busily
engaged in sucking the blood, and they do so Ly inserting their
powerful piercing organs into a vein, hence they seem to be ar-
ranged in regular rows. If not occuring in very great numbers,
they cause but little harm, and an application of a little grease
rubbed together with a few drops of carbolic acid, soon reme-
dies the evil, and drives away other intruders. This species
flies from May 15 to June 1, and very likely breeds in the Mis-
Sissippi river near Minneapolis, though the earlier stages have,
as yet, not been found. A little later in the season, but chiefly
during June and July, a somewhat larger species (Simulium
decorum Walker) becomes numerous. This species occurs
sometimes in large numbers, but only females have been found
thus far. This is of course easily explained by the fact that
only the females of these flies are bloodthirsty; the males re-
main near the place of their birth, some running water, and, as
they have only a rudimentary mouth, they could not imbibe
blood, even if they were inclined to do so. This fly attacks, by
preference, cows, and is sometimes found in such large numbers
as to cause some injury to them. They are found most usually
in the ears, and between the legs, or wherever the skin of the
animal is thin and not well protected with hairs. Sometimes
the cows suffer severely from their attacks, and, being con-
stantly irritated by these small tormentors, they lose in flesh
and give less milk. The front feet are in constant motion, a
habit all species have, and are utilized more as feelers than as
legs. This species is found active during the whole summer and
autumn, but only in certain places, which can however be very
far from the breeding places, and these insects must possess
some very powerful sense to detect their victims such long dis-
tances.

The damage done in the South is described by Riley as
follows:

As far as can be learned the damage in Louisiana was but
slight prior to 1850; but many animals were killed in 1861, 1862,

342 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1863, 1864 and 1866. In this latter year the parish of Tallulah
La. lost over 200 head of mules, and upward of 400 mules and
horses were killed within a few days in the parishes of Madison,
Tensas, and Concordia, all in the same state. In other states
they also did great damage. In 1868 many mules were killed
in the lowlands of Davies county, Ky. Although frequently caus-
ing more or less trouble and loss, they did not appear again in
such overwhelming numbers until] 1872, 1878, 1874, 1881, 1882,
1884, 1885 and 1886. In 1872 it was reported that the loss of
mules and horses in Crittenden county, Ark., exceeded the loss
from all diseases. In 1873 they caused serious injury in many
parishes in Louisiana. In 1874 the loss occasioned in one county
in southwest Tennessee was estimated at $500,000. The gnats
have been especially injurious since the Mississippi floods of
1881, and 1882; in the latter year they were more destructive
to stock than ever before, appearing in immense numbers in
eastern Kansas, western Tennessee and western Mississippi, and
the great destruction of cattle, horses and mules caused by them
added greatly to the distress of the inhabitants of these sections
of the country caused by unprecedented floods. Many localities
along the Mississippi river in Arkansas also suffered severely.
In 1884 buffalo gnats appeared again in great numbers and were
fully as destructive as in 1882. In Franklin parish, La., within
a week of their first appearance, they had caused the death of
300 head of stock. They were equally numerous throughout
the whole region infested, and for the first time in the his-
tory of the pest they attacked horses and mules on the streets
of the cities of Vicksburg and Memphis. No general outbreak
took place in 1885, yet gnats appeared in sufficient numbers
to kill quite a number of mules in various parishes of Lou-
isiana, especially in Tensas and Franklin. Buffalo gnats ap-
peared again in immense numbers in 1886, and extended
throughout the entire lower Mississippi valley, and swarms
were even observed and doing damage far away from the re-
gion usually invaded. They came very late in the season, and
consequently animals were in tetter condition to withstand
their attacks. The damage was great however in many local-
ities where planters had not taken steps to protect their stock.
Besides the actual loss by death to their stock, planters lose
much valuable time in preparing their fields for the crops.
It so happens that the gnats appear at a time when the ground
becomes fit to be prepared for cotton, and, as it is very impor-
tant to give that plant as much time as possible to mature,
every day is very valuable in early spring. Planters owning
large estates have to use their mules for plowing, notwith-

AQUATIO INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 343

standing the gnats, while farmers on a small scale can keep
their animals in the stable, thus protecting them.1

Remedies and preventives

A number of remedies to counteract the poison of the buffalo
gnats have been tried, but none of them have been sufficiently
tested or have proved uniformly effective. The following appli-
cations have been of sufficient use to merit further trial: (1) Rub-
bing with water of ammonia, and administering internally a
mixture of 40 to 50 grains of carbonate of ammonia to 1 pint
of whisky, repeating the dose every three or four hours until
relieved; (2) continued doses of whisky alone and keeping the
animal in a cool and darkened stable; (3) immersion in cold
water in running streams. Many cases of death of human
beings from the bites of buffalo gnats have been reported, and
some of them seem well authenticated. The painfulness of
their attacks will certainly put people on their guard, but it
would be well for persons in localities subject to their inva-
sion to go prepared with some means cf protecting themselves
when far from shelter during the season of the year when the
flies abound. The adults have so far appeared but little sub-
ject to attack from other animals. But few birds have been
observed to feed upon them, though for the Southern forms
the mocking bird, winter wren, and especially barnyard fowls,
after the flies become gorged with blood feed upon them.
Dragon flies, Libellulidae and robber flies, Asilidae, have been
observed to catch them. The larvae are devoured in large num-
bers by the smaller fishes, minnows, etc., and probably the car-
nivorous beetle, bugs and other aquatic insects prey upon them.
Dr Howard has observed in Washington the larvae of a species
of Hydropsyche feeding upon the larvae of a species common
in that locality. The pupae are pretty well protected by the
resemblance in color to the objects to which they are fastened
and their quiet habits. The eggs would seem to be open to
the attacks of fishes, carnivorous beetles, etc., but no positive
observations have been made. Osborn?

Very little can be done to destroy this insect in its earlier
‘stages. The removal of obstructions in the rivers, which cause
an acceleration of the motion of the water, would destroy some
of their breeding places, but when there are so many this would
make,but little difference. Any chemicals to kill the larvae and
pupae in the water would also kill fish, as they would have to be
used very strong. The only way we have to protect ourselves

1U. S. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t. 1886. p.502.
2U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. 1896. Bul. 5, n. s. p.37, 38.

344 NEW YORK STATBD MUSEUM

and our animals are repelling substances, such as stinking oils
andsmudges. Anumber of repellents are sold, and some of them
are very good, for instance the “ Black-fly cream,” made in
Portland Me. Our fishermen and hunters frequently use a mix-
ture of kerosene oil and mutton tallow, with which the exposed
parts are greased. For animals any of the strong smelling oils
can be used, but repeated applications are apt to hurt them or
to remove the hair. Oil of tar is a simple and easily applied
wash. To make it, a quantity of coal tar is placed in a large
shallow receptacle in which is stirred a small quantity of oil
of tar, or oil of turpentine, or any similar material. After fill-
ing the receptacle with water it is kept undisturbed for sev-
eral days, when the animals to be protected are washed with
the impregnated water whenever necessary. Smudges are the
best as a protection and the animals soon realize their pro-
tection and crowd to them for shelter, even refusing to leave
them when needed elsewhere. As the black flies are active
during the day only, and the mosquitos towards evening and
night, dwellers in our northern woods have a bad time of it
and sometimes suffer very greatly on their account. It is easy,
however, to drive these tormenters from houses or tents. By
burning inside of them a little Pyrethrum powder (Persian or
Dalmatian insect powder) upon a piece of bark these intruders
are either killed or so stupefied that they do not bite for some
time. This method is in general use in the houses and stores
of the Hudson Bay Company, and the writer has always used
it successfully in his numerous trips. The fumes of the burn-
ing insect powder are not very offensive, at least not nearly so
much so as the poisonous bites of such insects as black ilies
and mosquitos. Lwuggert

Structural characters

There is but one genus of the family Simuliidae, Simulium,
which possesses the characters of the family.

The eggs of the known species are deposited in a compact
layer on the surface of rock over which water is flowing in sit-
uations as shown on plate 32. Their shape is elongate ellipsoidal,
but they are usually closely packed with the long axis vertical
and hence assume a polyhedral cross section. Eggs of the dif-
ferent species doubtless vary in size, those of the larger spe-
cies (ec. g. S. pictipes) measuring 40 by 18mm. In

1Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. 1896. Bul. 48, p.207.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATH 345

Hungary the eggs of S. columbatczense midge have
also been studied. When first laid, they are enveloped in a
yellowish white slime, which becomes darker, till, finally, it
becomes black just before the emerging of the larva; the egg
stage lasting about a week. For further notes on the eggs of
Simulium see New York State Museum bulletin 47, 1901, page
408.

Larva. The larval stage of the known species lasts about
four weeks in the summer, though longer in the cold weather.
It is in this stage that it hibernates. Swift flowing water is
essential to its life; if removed to quiet water, it dies within a
day, and usually in a few hours. Fastened to the rock, twig
or leaf by the anal end of the body, it assumes a more or less
erect position and moves its head occasionally with a circling
motion. It is able to move about on the surface of the rock
or sides of the vessel in which it may be placed. Its manner
of progression resembles that of the larva of a geometer moth,
though not so rapid. Attaching itself by means of its thoracic
proleg, it draws up its body in a loop, then, attaching itself by
means of its caudal sucker, it releases the hold of its proleg.
According to the unpublished observations of Miss R. Phillips
(of the class of 1890, Cornell University), the larva feeds on
algae, as Nothix, Cladophora, Vaucheria, on diatoms and parts
of phanerogamous plants. Sand also has been found. in the
digestive canal.

Structure of the larva. The full grown larva of even the
largest species does not exceed 15mm (about 2 inch) in length.
The body is somewhat cylindric in shape, enlarged at both
ends, attenuated in the middle, the posterior half much stouter
than the anterior part, and almost club-shaped [pl.34, fig.9].
Besides the head there are 12 poorly defined segments, the first
two of which consolidate shortly before pupation. The color of
the larva varies with the species, and perhaps also, to some
extent, with the nature of its food. Some are a deep shining
_ black, with paler incisures; others gray, yellow or dark green;
in some the ventral surface is much lighter than the dorsal,

346 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and in most of them the incisures are paler in color. On each
side of the thorax is.a triangular dark spot in the mature
larva which marks the position of the developing tracheal gills
of the pupa. The head is nearly quadrangular, a little longer
than wide, dark brown or blackish in color, heavily chitinized,
with two approximated irregular black eye spots on each side
near the lateral margin.

The antennae are placed at the sides of the head toward the
cephalic end, dorsad of and near the base of the fan. They are
very slender, apparently three jointed, about one half as long
as the width of the head. The first joint is twice as long as
the others taken together, slender, flattened, and sometimes
almost hyaline; cylindric at the articulation with the second.
The second joint is very slender, cylindric. The third joint is
a short pointed process at the apex of the second; and two
Similar processes are usually to be seen at the articulation of
the first and second. The fans are placed laterally at the
cephalic end of the head [pl.34, fig.7]. Each fan consists of
from 380 to 60 scythe-shaped rays (variable with the species),
cilitate on the inner side, with longer setae at regular inter-
vals [pl.34, fig.7, 8]. Each ray is widened dorsoventrally on
about its basal one fourth, and, when spread, presents the
appearance of the arc of a circle extending over the width of
the fan near the base. The rays of the fan are borne on stout
peduncles, to which they are articulated. The fans seem to be
used in sweeping food into the mouth of the larva. When
closed, the tips of the rays come just to the oral opening. The
rays are folded when the larva is disturbed, otherwise wide-
spread. The mandibles are placed ventrad of the fans and move
in a horizontal plane. They are elongate, rather stout, brown,
nearly twice as long as wide, furnished with teeth on the inner
side near the apex, from two to four large, black teeth at the
apex, and from six to 15 paler colored teeth behind these, grad-
ually decreasing in size, excepting that the last two are usually
stouter and larger than those immediately preceding. The
stout apical teeth are difficult to count because, lying in differ-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 347

ent planes and covered by the hair, they are somewhat obscured.
The mandible is furnished with a dense fringe of hairs extend-
ing over its apex, more or less overhanging the teeth. Near
the base on the ventral side (the jaws moving in a horizontal
plane) is a fan of hairs which projects mesad, at right angles
to the long axis of the mandible. Ventrad and mesad of the
mandible are the maxillae. The maxilla with its palpus pro-
jecting outwardly is shaped somewhat like a mitten, the pal-
pus representing the thumb [pl.386, fig.2]. Several long fringes
of hairs extending cephalad and mesad, cover the surface of
the lacinia, among which is a single stout spurlike process.
On the palpus are a few scattered bristles, at its base usually
a small tuft of hairs, and its apex is provided with papillae.
The chitinous labrum is a short, somewhat semicircular shaped
piece overhanging the mouth, its plane being nearly perpen-
dicular to the long axis of the larva. Externally it is stiffened
Ly a T or Y shaped brace, the stem forming a longitudinal
keel [p1.33, fig.11, and pl.36, fig.5]. Extending apically is a long
fringe of hairs, and back of the suture, combed backward and
outward, are long hairs. The apical margin is sometimes ser-
rate. The hypopharynx, through which the silk thread passes,
is a rather complex structure; it consists primarily of two flat-
tened chitinized plates, connected by membrane, forming a flat-
tened tube [pl.37, fig.2]. At the apical (cephalic) end of this
is articulated a complex chitinous doubly arched segment with
two fringes of long, coarse hairs. The ventral plate is some-
what quadrangular in shape, widened cephalad, with its ante-
rior and posterior margins concave, and its lateral margins
sinuous. On its anterior margin, apically, is a transverse chi-
tinous comb [pl.36, fig.4]. The dorsal plate [pl.37, fig.2] is
composed of two triangular pieces joined on the center line.
On its apical (cephalic) edge is a transverse comb which projects
cephalad and ventrad. This comb lies somewhat cephalad of
the comb of the ventral plate. The dotted lines of plate 36,
figure 4, mark the position of the dorsal plate. The ducts from
the silk glands [pl.37, fig.2] pass up between the two plates, the

348 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

threads uniting as they pass between the combs of the dorsal
and ventral plates. I believe the function of the upper plate
to be a press for the silk thread. On each side, extending
dorsad and caudad, is a chitinized, hornlike process. Only the
fringe of hairs of the hypopharynx is visible when the larva is.
viewed from below, the rest being covered by the labium. The
suture between the labium and the ventral surface of the head,
indistinct in some species, seems entirely wanting in others,
and therefore, the labium is immovable. The cephalic margin
of the labium is furnished with regularly placed teeth; the
arrangement of which, together with the number and arrange
ment of the setae on the ventral surface, furnishes some excel-
lent specific characters. Since, in order to identify a species,
it is necessary to dissect out the mouth parts, a few words in
this connection will not be out of place here. If the specimen,
either fresh or alcoholic, be placed on its side, and with a
scalpel a frontal cut made through the head, passing just below
the eye spots separating the dorsal from the ventral surface,
then, placing the sections with the cut surface uppermost, the
mouth parts may be readily picked out with a needle. In the
-ventral part will be found the maxillae, the hypopharynx and
the labium. The hypopharynx lies very close to the labium and
therefore requires some care to remove it. In the dorsal part
will be found the fans, the labrum, and the mandibles. If the
cut be made too far toward the dorsal surface, the mandibles
will be attached to the ventral part, and the labrum will prob-
ably be destroyed, since it lies at right angles to the axis of
the body, overhanging the mouth opening. The separate parts
may then be dehydrated, cleared, and mounted on a glass slide.

The single thoracic proleg attached to the ventral surface
of the first (or second?) segment is an elongate, truncate, conical
process, at its extremity with a number of rows of hooks,
similar to those found at the anal end, to be described later.
The use of this proleg has already been mentioned. From a
narrow, slitlike opening on the dorsal surface of the last seg-
ment of the body are projected the retractile, translucent,

_,

AQUATIO INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE | 349

respiratory filaments (blood gills). These are three branched,
sometimes simple, often much lobed [pl.87, fig.9]. Caudad of
these is a chitinized, X-shaped fold, the anterior branches ex-
tending cephalad and laterad for a short distance. At the
caudal end, with its plane nearly at right angles to the longitu-
dinal axis of the body, are concentric circles of tiny hooks, the
center of the circle being hollowed out, suckerlike. The rows
of hooks, though arranged in concentric circles, are also ar-
ranged radially, so that about 100 radii may be counted, each
radius with from eight to 20 hooks (varying with the species,
and perhaps also, with the age). The function of these hooks
with the suckerlike disk is for attaching the larva to the rock
or rubbish in the water, affording a very firm hold. In some
species the circle is not quite complete, but is slightly open on
the dorsal side. The larva possesses two silk glands, laterally
placed, extending about three fourths the length of the body,
then recurved, U-shaped, extending back to the thoracic seg-
ments. The outlets are the two ducts which lead into the
hypopharynx [pl.37, fig.2]. The silk is used by the larva for
attaching itself to the surface on which it rests, to prevent
its being washed away by the rapid flowing water and to build
its pupal case. According to observations made by Miss
Phillips and recorded in her thesis (1890), the spinning of the
cocoon of S. pictipes is described as follows:

“In spinning, the thread issues from the mouth and is placed
in the different positions by the thoracic proleg. The head is
bent down, and with the proleg the thread is drawn around the
body and other threads placed or twisted in all directions, until
a very irregular network is formed, covering the whole of the
body, except the head. The skin of the head is then cast off,
and the insect pulls itself out of the skin of the body, leaving
it whole. The cast skin may often be found in the cocoon, with
the pupa. The cocoons are commenced at the upper margin and
spun continuously down to the caudal end, where several
threads are drawn from the cocoon and attached to the last
one or two of the body segments of the pupa. The threads hold

350 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the pupa very firmly and are always found when the pupa is
pulled out of its case. Spinning is rarely seen excepting when
the insect is in a stream of running water.”

The pupal cases are usually composed of a rough, tough,
clothlike fabric, and vary in shape with the different species.
Three types of cases are known to me. One is shaped like a
shoe, entirely concealing the pupa [p1.35, fig.5|. This is some-
times slightly modified, the heel being less prominent, and the
instep disappearing, i. e. shaped like a flattened cylinder, the
planes of the bases being parallel, but oblique (S. pictipes,
and in a California species). Another, the most common type,
is like that of a wall pocket, the head and the thoracic filaments
projecting.t The third type is structureless, composed of a
matted mass of thread on the rock, sometimes only partly
covering the pupa; as in S. hirtipes. Large numbers of
pupal cases are frequently found matted together, carpetlike.
The pupa are generally of a pale or golden brown color, the
abdomen being somewhat darker. The eyes of the adult soon
become visible, as also the legs and wing cases. Eight body
segments are visible from the dorsal surface, not counting the
anal. The respiratory filaments arise from a single stalk on
each side; this stalk has a variable number of branches, which
again subdivide into twigs. The number of twigs is constant
for a given species, ranging from four (in a European species)
to upward of 60 in one of our own. For a description of their
Structure see a paper by Dr Volger, Die Tracheen Kiemen der
Simulien Puppen.

On the segments are a number of small, regularly arranged
black hooks, by which the pupa is attaehed to the fibers of its
case. The arrangement of these hooks appears to be uniform
for a given species. The pupal stage lasts about a week, some-
times a little longer. The adult makes its escape from the
pupal skin through a longitudinal rent on the dorsum of the

———

1See Riley’s figure of pupal case in U. S. Dep’t Agric. An. eee t t 1886, of
S. meridionale, or U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 5, n. s. 1896.

‘p.53.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATP 351

thorax, leaving the skin, together with the respiratory filaments,
otherwise intact.

The generic characters of the imagos have already been
given in sufficient detail in the characters of the family; to
which need only be added that the tarsal claws of the male in
all the species I have examined are trifid; those of the female
being either simple or bifid. All the tibiae are provided with
spurs, in a few species only are those of the fore legs rudiment-
ary. The middle and hind metatarsi possess a more or less
regular row of spines on the extensor margin, which are want-
ing on the fore metatarsi. On the second joint of the hind
metatarsus at its articulation with the first, there is usually ¢
leaflike appendage covering the base of the flexor surface [p1.38,
ne. 4,3; 9}.

List of the North American species of Simuliidae, genus Simulium

Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. 1804. 14:294.

1*argus Williston, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7. May 1893. p.253. Cal. (Syn. of
S. vittatum Zett. according to Coquillett, Harriman Exp. 1900.
p.393).

argyropeza. See reptans.

*bracteatum Coquillett, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 10, n. s. 1898.
p.69. Mass., Cal., N. Y., Kan., Mich.

calceatum Harris. A catalogue name according to Riley. Am. Ent. 1870.
p.AG7.

cincta. See reptans.

*cinereum Bellardi, Saggio di ditterologia Messicana. 1:13. Cal. (Town-
send, Baja. ete. 1893). Mex. (Bellardi).

columbatchensis Fabricius nec Schénhauer. See reptans.

decorum Walker, JList of Dipterous Insects, etc. ptl. 1848. p.112.
Hudson Bay Ter. (Syn. of S. vittatum Zetterstedt, according to
Coquillett, n. s. Bul. 10, 1898. p.G8).

elegans. See reptans.

erythrocephala. See reptans.

*fulvum Coquillett, U.S. Nat. Museum Proc. 1902. 25:96:
1898 ochraceum Cog. not Walk. Mont.; Id.; Col.; N. M.; Alaska.
*elaucum Coquillett, U. S. Nat. Museum Proc. 1902. 25:97. Missouri.
*eriseum Coquillett, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 10, n. s. 1898.
p.69. Col.

*hirtipes Fries, Obs. Entomol]. Pars, Monogr. Simuliar. 1824. p.17, 5.
Pert ta. N.Y. ld; Cal.
The following synonymy is according to Schiner:

1830 rufipes Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 6:311-17.

1830 hirtipes Fries, Meigen, Syst. Bescher. 6:512-18.

1850 hirtipes Fries, Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand. 9:3426-28.

1Those names to which a * is prefixed I consider either a distinct species,
or not sufficiently described to warrant placing as the synonym of another.

B52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

innoxium Comstock. See S. pictipes Hagen.
*invenustum Walker, List of Dipterous Insects, ete. 1848. p.112. Hud-
son Bay Ter.
(pecuarum Riley is a synonym of this, according to Coquillett,
1898).
*irritatum Lugger. Figured but not described in Univ. Minn. Agric.
Exp. Sta. Bul. 1896.. p.208.
*meridionale Riley, Dep’t Agric. An. Rep’t for 1886. 1887. p.512.
1891 occidentale Townsend, Psyche, July 1891. p.107. Mass.,
Miss., Neb., Tex. (Synonymy and localities according to Coquillett,
Bul, 10, n. s. 1898), N. J. (Johnson), Kans. and Id.
*metallicum Bellardi, Saggio di ditterologia Messicana. 1859. 1:14. Mex.
*mexicanum Bellardi, Saggio di ditterologia Messicana, Appendix 6. 15862.
Mex.
minutum Lugger, Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1896. p.202. Minn.
(Figured but not described). See vittatum.
molestum Harris. See venustum.
novicum Harris, Ins. Inj. to Veg. p.601. This is a Ceratopogon.
occidentale Townsend. See meridionale.
*ochraceum Walker, Ent. Soc. London. Trans. n. s. 3:332. Mex.
*pecuarum Riley (Synonym of invenustum according to Coquillett).
1887 pecuarum Riley, U. 8S. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t for 1886. p.512.
N. H., N. Y., Mass., Ct., D? C., Mich., Miss., La. (synonymy and
localities according to Coquillett, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Bul. 10, n. s.
1898), N. J. (Johnson).
*pictipes Hagen, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 1880. 20:305.
N. Y., Tex., Cal. (Coquillett, 1898) Id.
1895 innoxium Comstock. Name given in Manual for the Stud7
of Insects.
piscicidium Riley. See venustum.
posticata Meigen. See reptans.
*pulchrum Philippi, Chilian Diptera. 1865. p.633. S. Am. and St Vin-
cent, W. I.
1896 tarsale Williston, Diptera of St Vincent, W. I. p.268.
Synonymy according to Hunter, Catalogue of S. Am. Diptera. 1900.
*quadrivittatum Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1862. Centur. 2, p.2. Cuba.
*reptans Linnaeus, Fauna Suec. 1893. Europe, Greenland (Lundbeck,
1898). 1761.
Synonymy according to Schiner:
1767 sericea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12:978, 58
1776 erythrocephala DeGeer, Ins. 6:161, 37 (Tipula)
1781 reptans L. Schrank, Enum, Ins. Austr, p.985 (Culex)
1787 colombatchensis Fabricius, Mantissa Ins. 2:333 (Rhagio)
1804 argyropeza Meigen, Classif. 1:96
1818 reptans Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:291-92
1818 sericea Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:296-98
1818 elegans Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:296-99
1818 variegata Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:292-93
1823 reptans Fries, Obs. Entomol. Pars 1 Monogr. Simuliar, p.13
1830 cincta Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 6:311, 14
18388 posticata Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 7:52, 21

bhi -b~

Atel

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 35a:

rufipes Meigen. See hirtipes.
sericea Linnaeus. See reptans.
*tamaulipense Townsend, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 1898. v.7. Tex.
tarsale Williston. See pulchrum Phillipi.
tribulatum Lugger, Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t 1896. p.205-7. Prob-
ably equals vittatum. (p.385. Seq.)
(Figured but not described)
*venustum Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Jour. 3:28; Compl. Wr. 2:51
Wiedemann, Auss. zw. Ins. 1:71. Ohio, D. C. (Osten Sacken, cata-
logue). N.J. (Johnson); Can., N. H., N. Y., Mich., Minn., Wyo., B. C.,.
Cal., Tex., La., Miss.; Fla., (Coquillett); Id. The following synonymy
is according to Coquillett. 1898.

1862 molestum Harris, Ins, Inj. to Vegetation. (Not described):
1870 piscicidium Riley, Am. Ent. 2:367. Mumford N. Y.
*virgatum Coquillett, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 1902. 25:97. New Mexico.

*vittatum Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapponica. 1840. p.808. Staeger Groenl.
Antl. Greenland (Osten Sacken’s catalogue); N. J. (Johnson); Alas.
(Coquillett 1900); Cal., Kan., Minn., N. Y., Neb. (Coquillett 1898), Id.,.
S. Dak. The following synonymy according to Coquillett.

148 decorum Walker, List. Ins. p.112. Hudson Bay Ter.
1898 argus Williston, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, p.253. Cal.

KEY TO SPECIES OF SIMULIUM
Larvae
1 Mature larva 6 or 7mm long, with the dorsal surface of the
head nearly white; the rays of the fan number about 30.
Larva from Santa Cruz mountains, Cal. [p.387].
Head usually brown; rays of the fan usually 40 or more............(2)-
2 The top of the head with six black blotches or spots. Larvae
from New Mexico [p.386].

I CMENPOES GATE SHOES. 2 <ciodc 5 foc ce ho oes oct ce ee os oe eae (8):
3 The caudal blood gills are three simple papillae.................... (4)
The three main branches are again subdivided................2000- (6)

4 The middle tooth of the labium is simple and pointed, labium
with six pairs of setae on its ventral surface [pl.35, fig.2].vittatum

eee En ERMINE BE NCEE 1S) ELTIIOS oe cies od owes ov wisets oe be hae wp ales (5)

5 All marginal teeth of the labium except the outer pair are
eee te) Se asl ke ew ce whe oe ape’ ae' eee ees hirtipes

The middle tooth only is trifid; ventral surface with three
pairs of setae [pl33, fig.8]...... pecuarum (invenustum)-

6 Full grown larvae 10-12mm in length, black in color, its
labium with an elongate middle tooth [pl.36, fig.3]....... pictipes
ese eda than 1mm ti lemeth . oie see ee pc we ow ee ee wees (7)

7 No setae on the last joint of the maxillary palpus, middle
tooth of the labium longer than the two lateral ones, four
pairs of setae on its ventral surface. The pair of apical
setae of the mandible not differentiated from the hairs
mee ae CATES BOOB NER sou x0 )e edlai'e « «ce ae eo vw ee meridionale

354 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Mandible with a pair of apical bristles, palpus of the maxilla

With S@b@E % ocesicg cn Dai Geo babe am Paks eit home is Coepehee eat ee (8)
8 Middle tooth of the labium enlarged, ventral surface of
labium with five pairs of setae [pl.37, fig.6].......... -venustum
Middle tooth not enlarged (varieties of venustum)............. (9)
-9 Labium with four pairs of ventral setae [pl.37, fig.14].......... var. a
With seven pairs of seme [ie-o [ec cewek eee var. piscieiginm
Pupae
(Arranged according to the number of filaments in each respiratory
tuft)
1 With six filaments
a Legs in their cases appear bicolored’................s. venustum
DP Bees UWMICOlOTE a w.. o% nice 5 oo pele ayertis 0 5)k (ee lr eracen oe tee EO ie

i)

With eight filaments

a@ Pupa 4.5mm long; Arizona species. Pupa described in

Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. p.45. 1893. |
b Less than 4mm long; eastern SpecieS... 2... 2.5.26 ces ee
venustum, var piserTrenatom

3 With nine filaments. Pupal case like that on pl.35, fig5...pictipes
Be WE 1S SPLAT OTV US sass asd Soo boa & oten ep ate ae yar. a of vennstum
5 With 12 filaments. Pupal case [pl.35, fig.5]. From Santa
Cruz mountains, Cal. [p.3887]

6. With 467 laments. - ose si. ea eee nc coer ch a aie hee ee vittatum

f With 24.to 48 filaments [pl.33, 110) 2. sacs os wate wn OKs pecuarum

S With ‘60 or more mlaments.<..3Geees cies: a os See ee ip atone hirtipes
Imagines

1 Ground color of the thorax and abdomen deep yellow.............. (2)

Gray or black; its hairs may. be pale. . Ssc5 «.... a. » tis oye eee (3)

2 ‘“‘Femora with black tip, length of fly 2mm.’ Mexico..ochraceum
‘*Femora without black tips. Length 3 to 4.5mm. Rocky

FROUN EAMG. 725 sod Oi washes wire Foe Ge ecm Bo ake wie olye cian ete aie ant ae fulvum

3 Hind tarsi with its basal joint partly yellow; legs bicolored ........ (9)

Hind tarsi. tHiculored= 5 Pecans to tke lake oe oie:6o Sen eee (4)

4 Halteres dusky; thorax ‘not striped .\..°.. .<¢4.28 «<< <.'shn: eee (5)
Halteres white or yellow; the female with striped thorax and

bifid tarsal Gla ws... >. cx.<.¢ ss cto wuss oternus ce wee re ieee ahaa oe (6)

on

Body black; the female with dense yellow pile, her tarsal
claws simple; the male with dense hair on the legs, his
tarsal claws trifid. The wing with its radius three
branched. Length3: to~ Camis ce. Feme ie ee 1a ale we g's 6 aoa
“Body gray, legs reddish gray, feet black; length 3mm.”
This is said by Mr Coquillett to be the same as pecua-

Tam Riley ...2. 2. cscs. eee Ue sereuiny cpeactoke invenustum
6 Males, eyes contiguous. 6.6: i) icenew cgi pom de ds Sinem vie 3 elo «eign (7)
Females, eyes separated by a distinct lime... ...... . 005 celen ase (8)

1In order to see this it will be necessary to examine nearly mature speci-
mens and perhaps to draw them from their pupal skins.

2The male of pictipes sometimes has legs nearly unicolored; it is
however included in the preceding section,

Yon

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 355:
7 Thorax velvety black; legs reddish with black tarsi. Length
1.5 to 2mm. Compare here also bracteatum (male),
wre Seme WHOM Y DOWD. 6 os lee cs cces idee eles meridionale
Thorax brownish black; legs usually pale; tip of tarsi not
eee ener trom: 2 to 4mm. se a ee pecuarum
8 Thorax with silvery white pubescence; legs brownish black,
covered with whitish hairs. A small variety ,(less than
2mm long), from New Mexico has been named occiden-
ree ARE CRT SY. 6 Frere ate ores cee nc sere eves cus meridionale
Thorax with yellow hairs; legs reddish brown, covered with
mellaw- lHHits ti) OF tars! DIACKISN: 2 ..6 506s cee ec tee pecuarum
9 Males, eyes contiguous...........%.. Se Abs AR eee Se eee Bee ae en eee ae (10).
a RO SACS) Ue ee ee ee ee ee (20)
10 ‘“‘Mesonotum wholly velvet black; gray spot on sides of the
second, fifth, sixth, and seventh segments of abdomen.
ean oRENEM PREIMIIESY Sokal. 2k bw ok cies bie"s \s.oze Vda wie Os eee practeatum
Metanotum striped, or with grayish or metallic reflections......... (11)
11 Dorsum of thorax with one or more longitudinal stripes........... (12).
a I ne PN ru a opus hw eaten en.le is ae beayehbyalv. 2 6. <ter ars (14)

12 Thorax with four longitudinal stripes; posterior margin
white; abdomen black. Sex not given. Cuban species....
quadrivittatum
maaan CUNT EES ho Pe eins ooo Seok aah Seteere © vw Alen Srl eteage (18)
13 Front and middle femora and tibiae wholly yellow; center of
mesonotum with a black vitta, elsewhere gray. Length
eeeeeieh yy CAGITEDORCE “STVCCIOS «25 5 bss 2 sce clells as ce se wis oe ocd aise e's griseum
Hemora and tibiae wholly’ or partly Drown... .............cscceees (18a):
13a ‘‘ Femora and front tibiae yellow, their apices brown; mid-
dle tibiae brown, a yellow ring be,’ond the base, hind tibiae
brown, the extreme base yellowish. Mesonotum marked
with a narrow median and laterally with a very broad
velvet black fascia.” Length 3mm. New Mexico..... virgatum
Front femora brown, tibiae brown on apical part................ (13b).
13b Mesonotum with two narrow gray stripes (sometimes quite
indistinct) on a velvet black ground, in which there are
Seeman SOMMONN RUNES! Coc ty 5 ata vide aw vised ew o'elee aoe soe he a vittatum
*Mesonotum marked with a narrow median and slightly
wider lateral black vittae.’ Length 2.5mm. Missouri..glaucum
14 Anterior femora yellow. Mexican species. ............ 0022 cc ceces (15)
eee eee BORE PRESTIGE. 5S eg ce cy one o's oc ble 6 ele cece acho eet wloreteca (17)
15 Abdomen with the base of the second segment, and the sides
of the third, fourth, and fifth yellowish white; tibiae fus-
cous black with yellow bases. Length 4mm........mexicanum
CS ae oe Se ee ee ee ee ere a (16)
16 Metallic bluish black species; middle portion of fore tibiae,
base of middle and hind tibiae, base of first and second
joints of middle and hind tarsi, whitish. Length 2mm...
metallicum
Thorax fuscous and cinereous pollinose; the humeri pallid,
fore coxae pale, middle and hind ones dark; femora pale at
the base, black at the tip; tibiae black. Length 3mm..cinereum

356 NEW YORK STATP MUSEUM

17 An oblique metallic streak extending inward from each
humerus; posterior part of the thorax metallic. Length 2

1}. 2 DIS hee ee nee eee cece eee ee ee teen eee eeeeee venustum
Humeral spots-not metallie.. . 2... fi. Jose Soe ade lea (18)

18 Anterior coxae yellow; long hair on femora and hind tibiae;
thorax velvet black with white pruinose margin (Green-
Vad) sac ees See eee b em ere le Gi wleuts ai etate eae eyas eile tema ae reptans
Anterior woxae: DIBCE..:. So. wae als ccd des series eal 3 oe A (19)
19 Thorax velvet black, with oblique cinereous humeral spots,
and usually two tiny metallic spots between them. Length

Se Need 1c 0s ee ee ee ERR rs Ay ee cere oe img Gh aes ee pietipes

Thorax velvety black with two very narrow gray stripes
and posterior margin; hind tibiae usually yellow at the

base, hair on legs SParse. 2.6 .c cee sees eee ene cee eenens vittatum
Merenorakx Striped: ict etawoe oer aes Lele ook Spas ddl whe sts oie te Ree eer (21)
Thorax without Stripes... <<. % oe cisin = 5 oe o ao ms tee (25)

21 Dorsum of thorax with four longitudinal lines, posterior
margin, white pollinose; abdomen opaque black. Cuban
BHECICS <i s ocwe/irs ab clnmewiongl ee te erie ee Secttr ae quadriyv tttharam
Not with four Stripes s.<.%. 060s sh Sot chee we ocho ale sw a ple el (22)
2? Dorsum of the thorax with five stripes, the outer ones spot-
like, the intermediate ones clubbed at the ends; abdomen
with black fascia on each segment, produced posteriorly
at the middle and the ends. Sometimes the last few seg-

ments have only three or five spots............ hae ee vittatum
Thorax with one. or three |Siripes. .j...5 06 2s eels cae eons se (23)
5) With. three ‘stripes. . 6.6. dee Sis 0s bi wid oe eee ee ce Sele alc (24)

‘With an indication of a darker median vitta” [see 31]....griseum
24 Small species, length about 15mm. “Abdomen silvery,
third and fourth segments wholly brownish, sometimes
with a median spot on each; legs yellowish, tarsi blackish

or brownish.” Species from Texas.............. tamaulipense

Larger species 3mm.oF more in length. :)...... 6 4% 22 5eeeeee (24a)
24a Middle tibiae brown with a yellow ring beyond the base;
vittae of mesonotum brownish, the median vitta dilated
posteriorly, wider than either of the lateral ones. New

Mexico |<) 265 Sas be eho ee ee cee ee eee virgatum
‘Femora and tibiae grayish. sometimes quite pale, tips of
tibiae black. Laterodorsal thoracic stripes clubbed at the
anterior end. Third, fourth, fifth, and part of sixth and
seventh abdominal segments with velvet black fasciae;

center of 6, 7, and 8, grayish or dull brown.............. pictipes
25 Abdomen without distinct black Spots....\. 00S o. Ho. 266 eee eee (26)
Abdomen spotted. .. 2. secs vc pee ca bw wn ooo be b-olnn ples een (31)

26 Abdomen black, covered with long yellow pile; legs yellow,
the tips of the femora and tibiae, and all the tarsi except

basal two thirds of the hind metatarsi, brown...... bracteatum
Abdomen nearly Dare. « sii:c icso bacew Foe Se © siete nies » nome (27)

aa Body gray or cinereous. 25.56 face Beas ue wees aente cs pee eee (28)
Boay brown or black 2.66 cose dsc ou ns ee alle ein wld wards ee a ae (29)

7

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE Shy

28 “Body gray with a white milky luster, specially the pleura

and pectus. Legs tawny, femora and tibiae with irregu-

lar piceous bands, tarsi piceous. Length 2.5mm. Hudson

Bay Ter.” This is a synonym of vittatum Zett.
mecermins to Mr Coquillett: (1808)... 2. 6... ee ieee ce wene decorum

Thorax fuscous or cinereous pollinose, humeri pallid, pleura

pale cinereous, scutellum pale at the tip; abdomen black-

ish; fore coxae pale, middle and hind ones cinereous;

femora pale at the base, black at tip; tibiae black. Length
EEC ERE OOP IOS oti.-, & 9 ec ot chelss toa Sb es ae eedces cinereum

29 Abdomen somewhat shining, yellowish gray or whitish at

the sides, and yellow at the base; legs brown, tibiae and

fore coxae white, tip of tibiae and all tarsi black. Euro-
pean species, also occurring in Greenland................ reptans

Basal segments of abdomen opaque, distal four segments!

somewhat shining black or brown. Two long hairs at the
moe tee set ano-third fore tarsal joimts: ... 02. sc ieecec ec ewes (30)

30 Legs reddish yellow, tarsi black, except proximal half of

middle and hind metatarsi which are light yellow. Length

2mm. (St Vincent island) This is a synonym of
eee wees Fil. according to Hunter.<...:..3 22.0%... tarsale

Legs black, base of tibiae, first joint of middle and hind

tarsi and sometimes base of femora yellow; extensor sur-

face of all the tibiae more or less whitish. A widely dis-
MOUetT I) VATIADIC SPECIES. 2 0b cc cee oe ce tee ees venustum

31 Length 1.5mm. Front and middle femora and tibiae wholly
yellow; hind ones, except apices, also yellow. (Colorado).griseum

Length 2.5mm. Legs brownish black, distal part of femora,

base of tibia, and greater part of metatarsi light yellow.
Ls a ee ee ae argus

Some of the characters used in this table have been taken
from the key given in United States Department of Agriculture,
division of entomology, bulletin 10, new series, 1898, page 68,
by Mr Coquillett. In the table given above, I have included all
the North American species. For the southwestern and Mex-
ican species it should however be used with caution as I did not
have specimens of some of these.

Descriptions of the species
S. argus Williston

N. Am. Fauna, No, 7. May 1893. p.253. Cal. (Syn. of S. vittatum
Zett. according to Coquillett, Harriman Exp. 1900. p.393)

Female, Black, the legs in part light yellow; front black,
opaque; face cinereous, with whitish pubescence; antennae
brownish black, the basal joint yellowish; thorax black, the

358 NEW YORK STATB MUSEUM

dorsum thinly pollinose; not shining; pleura densely white pol-
linose with a black spot; abdomen opaque velvety black, the first
three segments with a narrow silvery white spot on either side
at the hind margin, the next three segments similarly marked,
but the interval between the spots successively wider, and each
with two other, successively larger, white spots, leaving a black
space in the middle and a narrower one at the outer sides; ven-
ter white; legs brownish black, the distal part of the femora,
base of tibiae, and the greater part of metatarsi light yellow;
wings pure hyaline, the veins light colored, those posteriorly
very delicate. Length 2.5mm.

One specimen, Argus mountains, Cal. May 1891.

1Coquillett makes this a synonym of vittatum Zett., though
nothing is said above of the handsomely marked thorax so con-
spicuous in the female of vittatum.

S. bracteatum Coquillett

Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 10, n. s. 1898. p.69. Mass., CaL, N. Y.,
Kan., Mich.

Female. Dorsum of abdomen deep black, not marked with
gray, quite densely clothed with nearly erect yellowish tomen-
tum; mesonotum also deep black and covered with appressed
golden yellow tomentum; pleura grayish black; legs nearly bare,
yellow, apexes of femora and of tibiae, and whole of tarsi ex-
cept the basal five sixths of the first joint of the hind ones on
brown; first joint of front tarsi scarcely dilated, the first joint
of the hind ones one half as wide as their tibiae; head gray,
covered with a pale yellow tomentum; antennae black, the two
basal joints yellow, mouth parts black; wings hyaline, costal,
first three veins and first section of the fourth, yellow, the re-
mainder subhyaline. Length 1.5mm.

Cambridge Mass. (May 31, 1889) and Los Angeles county, Cal.
Two females, the one from California captured by the writer.

Male. Mesonotum wholly velvet black; abdomen with a gray
spot on the sides of the second, fifth, sixth and seventh seg-
ments; legs almost wholly brown, otherwise as in the female.
Two male specimens taken with the female.

Some female specimens believed to be this species received
from Professor Aldrich, and a single specimen caught on a win-
dow in Ithaca, Oct. 16, by the writer agree perfectly with Mr
Coquillett’s description excepting that the abdomen of these

1Wash. Acad. Sci. “‘ Harriman Exp.” 1900. p.393.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 359

specimens has two longitudinal rows of small spots which are
not covered by the yellow tomentum. This was particularly
noticeable in the fresh specimen, but, as drying caused shrink-
age of the abdomen, the spots are no longer so distinct.

The fore tibiae are each provided with a single spur, the mid-
dle and hind ones each with a pair. The tarsal claws are each
provided with a large basal tooth or lobe [pl.38, fig.15]. The
halteres are pale yellow.

Cambridge Mass. and Los Angeles Cal. (Coquillett, 1898); Law-
rence Kan. and Battle Creek Mich. (Collected by Professor Al-

drich); Ithaca N. Y.
S. cinereum Bellardi

Saggio di ditterologia Messiana. 1859. 1:13

Male and female. Gray, antennae black, first joint pale.
Thorax fuscous and gray pollinose, the humeri pale; pleura
light gray; scutellum pale at the tip; halteres white. Abdomen
blackish. The front coxae pale, the middle and hind pair gray-
ish brown; the femora pale at the base, their tips black; tibiae
black, their middle section pale; front tarsi wholly black, the
middle and hind pair with the bases of first and second joints
pale. Wings hyaline. Length of body 8mm; with extended
wings 9mm.

Mexico, California (Townsend, 1893).

S. decorum Walker
List of Diptera. Brit. Mus. 1848. p.112

Cinerewm, argenteo micans, antennis piceis, pedibus fulvis, femori-
bus tibtisque piceo fasciatis, tibiis posticis tarsisque posterioribus
basi albis, alis limpidis. Body gray, adorned with white milky
luster, specially on the sides of the chest and on the breast;
feelers piceous; legs tawny; thighs and shanks with irregular
piceous bands; feet piceous; fore thighs adorned with white
luster; hind shanks and four hinder feet white at the base;
wings colorless; fore border veins pale tawny; the other veins
still paler and very indistinct; poisers pale yellow. Length of
the body 2.5mm; of the wings 6.5mm.

St Martin’s falls, Albany river, Hudson bay. Presented by
Mr G,. Barnston.

According to Mr Coquillett, decorum is a synonym of 8.
vittatum Zett.

1U. 8. Dep't Agric. Bul. 10, n. s. 1898.

360 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

In the report of the Minnesota Experiment Station, Bulletin
48, 1896, page 202, is given a figure of a female fly which is said
to be 8S. decorum. In this figure the thorax is represented
as unicolored, the abdomen with the anterior half of the second
segment, a semicircular spot on the anterior margin of the seg-
ments 3, 4 and’5, a blotch on the sixth, and all of the remaining
segments dark; legs dark, excepting the middle section of all the
tibiae, a part of the middle and hind femora, and the basal two
thirds of the hind metatarsi. No description is given, but the
author stated that this fly occurs in large numbers in Minnesota
during June and July. Some specimens kindly lent by Mr
Washburn from the Minnesota Experiment Station Collection,
hearing the label S. decorum proved to be 8S. vitta-

um (oy
S. fulvum Coquillett

U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 25:96

Eight female specimens received from Professor Aldrich of
Moscow Id. which I have examined, agree pretty well with
Walker’s description of ochraceum, excepting that in no case is
there a trace of black at tip of femora, the tarsi are only slightly
darker than the tibiae, and not black, and the length, which ac-
cording to Walker is 2mm, is nearly double that in these speci-
mens. ‘The description of the Idaho specimens is as follows:

Deep yellow o1 ochraceous; the head, upper surface of an-
tennae particularly at the incisures and the two basal joints,
the mouth parts, sides of thorax at the base of the wing, the
abdomen except the basal segments the tips of the tibiae and
all the tarsi, particularly the fore and middle pair, and their
flexor surfaces, and the hind metatarsi, more dusky than else-
where. In fact, in some specimens the tarsi and the abdomen
may be described as blackish. The head, dorsum of thorax and
abdomen are covered with short, sparse, pale yellowish pile.
Legs are without long hair; all tibiae with spurs; the tarsal
claws simple. Halteres dusky yellow. Wings hyaline, slightly
blackish at tip, subcostal cell yellow, the veins yellow except
the apical half of the veins of the anterior margin, which are
blackish. A yellow cloud follows the course of the media and
the anal veins, as in pl.34, fig.1, of hirtipes. Venation as
in hirtipes, the vein R,+, being present; but M,+, bends
down into cell M,+, slightly more than in the wing just men-
tioned. Length 3.5 to 4mm. Length of one wing 5mm. Ac-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 361

cording to Mr Coquillett the species also occurs in Colorado and
Montana [pl.38, fig.21].

Moscow Id. (June 19).

S. glaucum Coquillett
U. 8. Nat. Mus. Proce. 1902. 26:97

Male. Head and body black, face gray pruinose, thorax bluish
gray pruinose, mesonotum marked with a narrow median and
slightly wider lateral black vittae, broad lateral margins, when
viewed from behind silvery white, a pair of large subquadrate
spots on the front end separated by the median black vitta,
which is here greatly dilated; abdomen velvet black, sides of
segments two and five to nine silvery, middle of dorsum of four
also silvery; venter almost wholly silvery; femora and tibiae
brown, bases of tibiae yellow, anterior side of front ones largely
silvery; tarsi black, broad base of first joint of the middle and
hind ones whitish; wings hyaline, veins along the costa yellow-
ish brown, the others nearly hyaline; halteres yellow; length,
2.5mm.

In April. Kansas City, Missouri.

S. griseum Coquillett
Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 10, n. s. 1898. p.69. Colorado

Female. Front and middle femora and tibiae wholly yellow,
hind ones except their apexes also yellow, tarsi brown, bases of
the first two joints of the middle and hind ones yellow;
mesonotum grayish, indications of a darker median vitta, the
sides and front corners yellow, pleura light gray, scutellum yel-
low; abdomen gray, segments 2 to 6 each marked with three vel-
vet-black spots; wings hyaline, the costa, first three veins, and
first section of the fourth, yellow, the others subhyaline; face
and front light gray, antennae brown, the two basal joints yel-
low, palpi black, proboscis yellowish. Length 1.5mm. Colo-
rado. Three females, collected by Mr Carl F. Baker.

Male. Center of mesonotum with a narrow black vitta,
mesonotum elsewhere gray, dorsum of abdomen velvet-black,
the second and seventh segments and a spot on the sides of the
eighth, silvery gray, otherwise as in the female. A male taken
with the female specimens.

S. hirtipes Fries
Obs. entomol. Pars 1. Monogr. Simuliar. 1824. 17:5, Tfl. 1, f.1.
1830 rufipes Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 6:311-17

1830 hirtipes Fries, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 6:312-18
1850 hirtipes Fries, Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand. 9:3426-28 ;

362 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 7

Male. Black. Eyes contiguous, upper facets larger than the
lower; antennae brownish black, including the two rather elon-
gate basal joints, sparsely covered with short grayish white
pile; palpi black, hairy, four jointed, the second joint rather
wide and flattened. Thorax black, unstriped,the dorsum sparsely
covered with an appressed, golden yellow pile, mixed with
some black hairs; the scutellum black, with a tuft of long, nearly
erect yellow hairs on each side; metanotum black, nearly bare;
pleurae brownish black, bare and subshining.

Abdomen black, the basal half of each segment velvet-black,
the apical half of each segment (sometimes only the margin)
subshining, brownish black, everywhere thinly covered with an
appressed pile of yellowish brown and black hairs, the yellow
hairs visible only in certain lights, so that both thorax and
abdomen appear black. On each side on the leaflike posterior
margin of the first abdominal segment is a fringe of long, dark
brown hairs. Legs brown to brownish black, including the
coxae; the tarsi are usually slightly darker; anterior tibiae with
one spur, middle and hind tibiae each with a pair; the legs, par-
ticularly the posterior ones, densely covered with pale brown or
yellowish hairs, posterior metatarsi as long as the following
four joints taken together, wider than the tibia, flattened later-
ally; all tarsal claws tridentate. Halteres entirely black. Wings
brownish yellow tinged, and usually both branches of media,
and the first and second anal veins brown clouded. This is most
apparent in a balsam-mounted wing. The radius is three
branched [see figure]. Length of dried specimens 3.5 to 4.5mm.

Female. Black, everywhere thickly covered with golden yel-
low, appressed pile, so that the fly appears somewhat yellowish.
Eyes separated, the front black with appressed yellow pile;
antennae brownish black, the first two joints paler, sparsely
covered with short, appressed pale yellow pile, and a few scat-
tered black hairs; palpi dark brown, the mouth parts reddish
brown with black tips. Dorsum of thorax black, unstriped,
thickly covered with golden yellow, appressed pile; scutellum
black, with a tuft of long, nearly erect yellow hairs at the sides,
metanotum subshining, brownish black, bare; pleurae brownish
black, bare, and subshining. Abdomen black, when viewed from
behind the posterior margins of the segments often appear yel-
lowish white; wholly covered with yellow appressed pile. On the
sides of the leaflike, posterior margin of the first abdominal
segment is a fringe of long yellow hairs. The coxae are black;
legs yellow, the knees, the tips of the tibiae and all the tarsal
joints slightly darker, the anterior tarsi specially, sometimes
brown; hind metatarsi elongate and flattened, though not so

7

AQUATIO INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 363

wide as in the male. Anterior tibiae each with one spur, middle
and hind tibiae each with a pair. The tarsal claws are simple;
wings as in the male, though the media and anal veins are un-
accompanied by the brownish cloud. Halteres fuscous, peduncle
slightly paler. Length of dried specimens 3.5 to 4.5mm; wing,
3.5 to 4.5mm.

Described from many bred and captured specimens, from Coy
glen, Ithaca N. Y., May 1901, and Adirondack mountains, June
1901, Moscow, Spaulding and Peck, Id.; from Professor Aldrich.

I have compared this with European specimens, and find that
they agree in every particular excepting that the foreign speci-
mens I have are a little smaller. A number of female specimens
collected by Messrs McGillivray and Houghton on Mt Seward in
the Adirondacks, agree perfectly even in size with those from
Europe. According to the testimony of the gentlemen named,
these flies are most persistent biters. Those found around
Ithaca are known to annoy horses, and also have been caught
biting human beings.

Larvae. In this State they are found in the latter part of
April and the first two weeks of May; most of them pupating
before the middle of May; the adults appearing eight or nine
days after pupation. Some adults appear as early as May 1.
The head of the larva is quadrangular, of a rich brown color,
the posterior margin nearly black, with a black, divided eye spot
on each side. The antennae are slender, first joint occupies
about two thirds the whole length, the third joint being pointed,
and but little longer than wide [pl. 34, fig. 5]. The fans have 30
to 50 scythe-shaped rays, each with a row of fine cilia on the
inner side, at regular intervals with a longer and stouter seta
[pl. 34, fig. 8]. The mandibles are stout, with the usual teeth,
the apical ones being black, the others paler. The large one
most remote from the apex is not so differentiated as with other
species. The pair of apical bristles is partly hidden by the
hair at apex. The maxillae are wider than long; the palpus
being only about twice as long as broad. At the base of the
palpus is a tuft of fine setae, and covering it are a few slender
bristles [pl.34, fig.3]. The labium has seven apical teeth, all but:
the outer ones being trifid; on its ventral surface are two rows
of five bristles each [pl.34, fig.4]. The labium and hypopharynx
as in the other species. The dorsal surface of the thoracic
segments is of a dirty yellow color, the ventral surface is nearly

364 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

white. On each side is a triangular shaped spot which marks
the position of the future respiratory filaments of the
pupa. The basal half of the thoracic proleg is fuscous, its
apex paler. Extending from the base of the proleg to the first
abdominal segment is a broad, dark line with sinous margins.
The abdomen is fuscous, paler at the sutures and on the ventral
surface. The underside of the last two or three segments is
nearly white. The hooks (about 100 rows, 12 in a row) forming
the margin of the sucker are dark brown [p1.34, fig.11-12]. In
some specimens a fine fuscous line extends the whole length of
the ventral surface on the median line. Just before pupation the
developing ventral hooks of the pupa become visible. Though
retracted in nearly all the material studied, I have found that
the blood gills of the last abdominal segment consist of three
unbranched lobes. —

Pupa_ [pl.34, fig.10]. Rich brown in color; the two tufts of
thoracic respiratory filaments (one tuft on each side) are each
divided primarily near the base into four main branches, the
two inner ones larger than the outer ones, each branch again
dividing two or three times into twigs, so that upward of 60
filaments may be counted. On the ventral surface close to the
posterior margin of the last six abdominal segments are four
larger upward curved spines; on the dorsal surface near the
base of each abdominal segment is a close row of spines pro-
jecting caudad, and on the dorsal and lateral surface of these
segments, a short distance from the margin, is a row of fine
spines projecting cephalad. The last named are not quite so
close to the margin, nor are they nearly as large. In the figure
the segments are contracted; and the caudad projecting spines
appear to be attached to the posterior margin, whereas they
belong to the middle of the dorsal surface of the following seg-
ment. At the apex of the last segment are two stout hooks
projecting dorsad and cephalad. The pupal cases consist of a
dark matted mass of silk, of no definite form, secreted on the
rock, and in which the pupae are partially imbedded. The pupal
life lasts about eight or nine days.

From Professor Kellogg (Leland Stanford Jr University, Cal.)
I received specimens of larvae and pupae which agree very
closely with those just described. These specimens (collected on
the university campus) appear to differ only in that the labium of
the larvae possesses but three bristles in each row on the ventral
surface. Specimens from Professor Aldrich (Idaho) are identical
with those from New York State.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 365

S. invenustum Walker
List of Diptera. Brit. Mus. 1848

Nigrum, cinereo subfuscum, abdomine basi fulvo hirto, antennis
piceis, pedibus fulvis, alis limpidis. Fem.; Cinerewm, antennis
nigris, pedibus rufo-cinereis, tarsis nigris.

Body black, overspread with a grayish bloom; base of the
abdomen clothed with tawny hairs; feelers piceous; legs tawny
and clothed with tawny hairs; wings colorless; fore border
veins brown; the other veins tawny and slender; poisers piceous.
Female. Body gray; feelers black; legs reddish gray; feet black.

Length of the body 3mm; of the wings 7mm.

St Martin’s falls, Albany river, Hudson Lay. Presented by
Mr G. Barnston. This is said by Mr D. W. Coquillett to be

the species which C. V. Riley called pecuarum.

S. irritatum Lugger
Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 48. 1896. p.204

Figures are given of both male and female in the bulletia,
Dat without description. Neither is its life history given, though
it was apparently known to Mr Lugger. Both the male and
female are represented with an unstriped thorax, a fasciate
abdomen, and bicolored legs. The male appears to have a
light spot on the anterior margin of each segment of the ab-
domen and a pair of spots on the anterior margin of the thorax.
This species is said to be the most common black fly in the
central part of Minnesota.

It is to be hoped that this species may again be found and
fully described in the near future.

S. metallicum Bellardi
Saggio, etc. 1859. 1:14
Male. Metallic blue black. The base of the antennae, the
halteres, the fore femora, the middle portions of the fore tibiae,
the bases of the middle and hind tibiae, the bases of the first
and second joints of the middle and hind tarsi, are white.
Wings hyaline; its veins rather indistinct. Length of bedy
2mm; extended wings 5mm. Mexico,

S. meridionale Riley

Dep’t Agric. An. Rep’t for 1886. 1887. p.512 (turkey gnat) 1891; S.
occidentale Townsend, Psyche, July 1891, p.107 (synonymy according
to Coquillett).

366 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Female. Length 2.5mm to 3mm. Head uniform slate-blue,
verging to greenish, or cerulean blue in some lights, clothed
with silvery pubescence, which becomes longer behind the eyes;
parts below the antennae and trophi more densely pubescent,
producing the effect of a white face; eyes with a metallic coppery
luster; antennae black with very dense white pubescence; no
bristles on basal two joints, which are but very slightly tinged
with red; joint 1 shortest; joints 2, 3, and 11, subequal in length;
joint 3 widest; joints 4 to 9 subequal in length; joint 10 but
slightly shorter than joint 11, which is fusiform; joints 3 to 11
gradually decreasing in width. Maxillary palpi as long as
antennae, blackish, with long, whitish bristles. Thorax slate-
blue, with less dense, silvery white pubescence; markings quite
distinct, producing the effect of a sculpture, and consisting of
three black longitudinal lines, the median narrow, widening a
little at the apex, and the outer one curving inward at base, and
outward at apex, sometimes reaching to base of patagium,
which appears whitish on account of the dense pubescence; on
the lateral edges of prothorax are fine black sutures; underside
uniform slate-blue, with sparse pubescence; space around the
large stigma almost white. Halteres white, very faintly tinged
with red. Abdomen nine jointed, joints subequal in length,
except the last two, which decrease; markings entirely differ-
ent from those of 8S. pecuarum, formed by velvety black,
dark blue and bluish white, almost silvery, colors; the dark blue
appears on dorsal surface of the last five segments, spreading
from a roundish median spot, on 5 to the immaculate blue of the
last two segments; segments 2, 3, and 4 have each a black cross-
bar, and 5, 6, and 7, two narrow, black submedian stripes, which
disappear almost entirely on 7; the bluish white forms an outer
edge to all the black and extends over the whole lower surface
of the abdomen, with the exception of more or less well marked
black cross lines in middle of each segment; a bluish white or
silvery pubescence covers the entire abdomen, but is very sparse
on the dorsal parts. Legs brownish black; tarsi almost black,
and more or less densely covered with white hairs. Wings, sub-
hyaline. Veins bluish white, base ferruginous. Described from
many bred and captured specimens.

Male. Length 1.5mm to 2mm. Very different in appearance
from female. Eyes confluent, very large, brilliant coppery; a
very marked difference in the size of the facets, those on upper
surface being very large and metallic copper, those below and
surrounding trophi becoming suddenly small, black, with bronze
reflections; trophi reddish black, dwarfed; antennae black, with
light, yellowish brown pubescence in front. Thorax above in-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 367

tense black, velvety with a bluish luster; underside grayish.
Legs reddish with black tarsi. Wing hyaline, veins and base
bluish white. Abdomen; above, black with posterior margins
ef segments edged with gray; undersides of segments 2 and 3
light, reddish gray, the others blackish, with gray posterior
margins. Sexual organs black. Thorax and abdomen very
sparsely clothed with white pubescence. Described from three
bred specimens.

Larva. Length when full grown 5.5mm to 7mm. Normal
shape and general appearance differ from S. pecuarum by
the much more irregular markings of segments and head. A
majority of the larvae possess one or two lateral spots on club-
shaped posterior third of body. Head lacks the regular arrange-
ment of spots and lines, which become confused; the two black
spots on each side present. Antennae uniformly pale, much
longer than in pecua rum, slender and three jointed; first
joint almost twice as long as joints 2 and 3 together, and a lit-
tle bent; at base three times and at tip twice as thick as second
joint, which is nearly uniform in width, tapering but very
slightly toward the tip; joint 3 small and pointed, about one
fifth as long as joint 2. Mentum similar to that of S.
pecuarum, but distinguished by a flatter apex, by the pos-
session of three erect bristles on each side, starting from round
pores, which decrease in size toward base; a fourth very small
bristle close to base, and in line with the bristles above; the
sides of mentum have on each side four sharp teeth. Labrum
and labium not different from those of pecuarum. Mandi-
bles possess but seven teeth in the first row; the three first
nearly uniform in length; teeth 4 to 7 gradually decrease in
length; tooth 4 much the longest of all; the two teeth in the
second row similar to those of pecuarum. Maxillae and
maxillary palpus also similar. Fans similar, but the hairs lin-
ing the inside of the scythe-shaped rays are thicker and nearer
together. Prolegs, more slender, last joint bearing a crown
of hooks, usually bent suddenly toward head. Tip of abdomen
similar to that of pecuarum. Breathing organs quite dif-
ferent; the three main trunks branch each six times, and the
branches enter the trunk from both sides. Full grown larvae
show also the newly formed, coiled breathing tubes of the pupae
through their skin. Described from many specimens.

Pupa. Average length 3.5mm; shape and colorations as in S.
pecuarum. The thoracic filaments consist only of the six
original rays, which do not branch. On dorsal surface of the
posterior margins of abdominal joints 4 and 5 is a row of eight
anteriorly curved hooks, similar to those of pecuarum, but

3868 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

none on joint 3; anterior margin of joint 9, and of subjoint with
a continuous row of smaller, anteriorly curved hooks; joints 7
and 8 unarmed dorsally; ventrally joints 6, 7 and 8 have each
four minor hooks.

Cocoon. Length 3.5mm. Neater than that of any other spe-
cies known to me, being formed of fine threads, lined with gel-
atinous ones. The web is quite dense, uniform, with well de-
fined, sometimes thickened riks. The cocoon is always securely
fastened singly to leaf or stick, and if many are fastened on
the same leaf, they do not crowd each other. It fits snugly
about the pupa, which is so securely anchored inside as to be
with difficulty extricated.

Several female specimens taken by Messrs MacGillivray and
Houghton at Axton N. Y. in company with S. vittatum
agree perfectly with Coquillett’s description, though not so well
with Riley’s. Coquillett’s description of the female in United
States Dep’t Agric. bulletin 10, new series, reads as follows:

Abdomen of female gray, marked with a velvet-black fascia
on segments 3 and 4, and sometimes with two subdorsal spots
of the same color on 2, 5 and 6; thorax bluish gray with three
black vittae.

The blue color on the abdomen spoken of by Riley in his de-
scription is not distinguishable in the dried cotype specimen,
the posterior segments appearing grayish. In the male the
thorax is velvety black, with a few pale yellow hairs, specially
anteriorly and posteriorly. The abdomen is velvet-black, the
posterior margins of segments sometimes pale. The fore tibia
possesses a single spur, the middle and hind ones each with a
pair [pl.38, fig.12]. All tarsal claws of the male trifid [pl.38,
fig.18]; of the female bifid [pl.88, fig.16].

It may be mentioned that what Riley calls mentum I have
termed labium. To Riley’s description of the larvae may ke
added that the apical pair of bristles of the mandible is not
present or at least is not differentiated from the other hairs;
the labrum and hypopharynx [pl. 33, fig.11, 3] resemble those
of other species; the labium has four pairs of setae [pl1.33, fig.4],
one of which is quite small; the maxillary palpus has no setae
on the last joint, and but few hairs on the basal joint. No
spines are apparent at tip of the last abdominal joint of pupae,

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 369

the other spines and hooks are as described by Riley. This
species has been reported from New York. I have also seen
specimens from Moscow and Albion Id., Lawrence Kan. and
Axton N. Y.; those from Idaho and Kansas belonging to Pro-
fessor Aldrich.

S. mexicanum Bellardi

Saggio etc. Apx. 6. 1862

Male. Black. Head black, front prominent, triangular, with
whitish reflection; antennae black, first joint and base of second
yellow; face prominent, black, the epistome yellowish, with
grayish reflection; palpi black, paler at the base; thorax wide,
subquadrate, slightly convex, black, with a grayish reflection,
with yellow pile? (aureo-squamuloso); humeri pale; pleurae
black, anteriorly and posteriorly with fuscous spots; scutellum
fuscous; the halteres white; abdomen black, the base of the
second segment pale yellowish, the second, third, fourth and
fifth pale yellowish on the sides; fore and middle coxae wholly
yellow, hind ones fuscous with yellow tips; fore femora wholly
yellow, the middle and hind pairs fuscous black, at base and tip
yellow; all tibiae fuscous-black with yellow bases; fore tarsi
wholly black; middle tarsi black, with bases of all the joints yel-
low; hind tarsi black with base of first joint widely and second
joint narrowly yellow; wings hyaline iridescent. Length 4mm;
extended wings 9mm.

Mexico.

S. minutum Lugger

—=5. vittatum Zett.)
Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 48. 1896. p.202.

The bulletin mentioned above contains a figure of the female
of a species which is said to be common near Minneapolis from
May 15 to June 1. No description is given excepting the state-
ment that it is very small. The figure represents a fly with an
unstriped thorax, the abdomen with a dark fascia on each seg-
ment, the fascia covering nearly the entire dorsal surface of
each segment, excepting the narrow basal and lateral margins.
Its legs are bicolored. Specimens bearing the label S. minu-
tum received for study from Mr Washburn proved to be 8. vit-
tatum Zett.

S. occidentale Townsend
Psyche. 1891

Female. Cinereous; abdomen light fulvous. Head cinereous,
eyes black; face cinereous, raised and somewhat darker in the
center, sparsely clothed with fine silvery hairs; front cinereous,

370 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

widened below into a crossbar, a prong invading the orbital
area on each side; silvery pubescent on occipital margin; pro-
boscis black, brownish at the tip, palpi black; antennae cinere-
ous, with short silvery pubescence, the two basal joints longer
than the following joints, which are nearly equal in length;
occiput cinereous with silvery pubescence around the margin.

Thorax cinereous, mesoscutum entirely covered with silvery
pubescence, with two dorsal lines and usually a fainter median
line between them; pleurae fulvous posteriorly, scutellum black,
silvery pubescent. Abdomen light fulvous sparsely covered
with short silver pubescence. Second, third and fourth seg-
ments above with a brown cross band shading to darker on the
sides and in the middle, particularly on the third and fourth
segments, remaining segments with a broad, median, dorsal,
cinereous band, bounded laterally on fifth, sixth and seventh
segments by a curved more or less faint line of brown; venter
light fulvous, silvery pubescent. Legs black, silvery pubescent.
Wings hyaline, iridescent by reflected lights; halteres white.
Length of body 2mm; of the wings 2mm.

Described from many fresh specimens. This species is smaller
than either S. pecuarunm,. of -S. merrerema ses.
metallicum Bell. from Mexico is given as 2mm long, but the
male is described. The female would be much larger.

I have examined specimens from New Mexico, kindly sent me
by Professor Aldrich of Idaho, to whom the specimens were
sent by Mr Townsend, and named occidentale. The
only difference I have been able to discover between this and
meridionadle is its smaller average size. The tarsal
claws are as in meridionale. The abdominal markings
were too indistinct, owing to shrinkage, to allow of comparison.
For the present I regard it as a small variety of meridio-
nale.

S. ochraceum Walker
Ent. Soc. Lond. Trans. 5:332

Female. Testaceous, with white tomentum; head white;
antennae testaceous; thorax ochraceous, with two white stripes;
abdomen blackish, testaceous at the base; femora and tibiae
with black tips; tarsi black, testaceous toward the base; wings
vitreous; veins pale testaceous. Length of body 2mm; of wings
44mm. Mexico. |

This species can hardly be the female of S. metallicum
Rellardi. ,

AQUATIO INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATD ate

S. pecuarum Riley
U. S. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t for 1886. 1887. p.512 (Coquillett considers this a
synonym of S.invenustum Walker)
Plate 33, fig.6-11

Female. Length 2.5mm to 4mm. Head uniform grayish slate,
clothed with short yellowish hair, which becomes longer behind
the eyes; eyes black, with coppery or brassy reflections; an-
tennae black, with whitish pubescence, and with a few bristles
on two basal joints, which are tinged with red, joints 1 to 11
gradually diminishing in thickness toward the last, joint 1 the
shortest, joints 2 and 3 twice as long as joint 1, joints 4, 5 and
6 as long as joint 1, joints 7, 8, 9 and 10 gradually increasing
in length, last joint fusiform, twice as long as joint 10. Max-
illary palpi a little longer than the antennae, blackish, with
long grayish bristles.

Thorax grayish slate, more or less densely covered with short,
yellow hairs, and with usually very distinct markings, consist-
ing of two median dorsal, and two subdorsal broad, longitu-
dinal, sooty black bands, of which the latter curve to posterior
edge of patagium, which is reddish at tip; lateral edges of
prothorax with fine biack sutures; underside of the thorax uni-
form grayish slate, with sparse yellow hairs, space around the
one large stigma lighter; halteres opaque, reddish white; legs
uniform reddish -trown, densely covered with yellowish hairs;
tips of the tarsi blackish; wings subhyaline; larger veins and
base reddish brown.

Abdomen nine jointed; joints subequal in length except the
last two, which decrease in length; a longitudinal, broad, bluish
eray dorsal band extends from near the base of second segment,
where it is broadest, to the tip curving downward to the anterior
lateral edge of seventh segment; below this band laterally the
color is blackish brown, with the exception of a broad bluish gray
transverse band on the posterior edge of each of the segments
from 1 to 6; underside of abdomen uniform brownish gray,
without markings; abdomen densely covered with yellowish
hair, which is very long upon the posterior edge of segment 1,
forming an overlapping fringe.

Male. Length 1.5 to 2.2mm; differs considerably from the
female. Head not visible from above, being occupied by the very
large confluent eyes; the remaining parts below the eyes are
black, with black hairs and bristles; eyes composed of two differ-
ent kinds of facets, those above very large, twice as large as
those of female, and those in front and surrounding the
dwarfed trophi very minute, the dividing line between the sizes
being abrupt; antenna similar to the female, more pro-

312 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

nounced in color, both the black and reddish being more
vivid; maxillary palpi black, and shorter than the antennae.
Thorax black above with sparse yellow hairs; legs some-
what lighter in color, tip of the tarsi not black; hairs
upon the legs longer than those of the female. Wings
hyaline, veins and base ~ ellowish brown. Abdomen black with
grayish white posterior margins to the segments dorsally and
laterally, and covered with longer yellowish hair. Described
from two bred specimens.

Larva. Average length when full grown 7mm to 8mm, sub-
cylindric, the club-shaped posterior third of body being twice as
stout as the thoracic joints, and joint 4 the most constricted.
Translucent when living, dirty white in alcohol. Immaculate in
a very few specimens; distinctly marked in the great majority
with brownish dorsal cross bands in middle of joints, leaving free
a white mediodorsal longitudinal line. Thoracic joints with
three irregular rings of the same color; underside more or less
irregularly spotted with brown. Head subquadrate, horny, yel-
lowish brown, with a number of brown spots and lines in regular
order, and two roundish, approximate ocellate, black dots on
each side under the skin, and seemingly rudimentary organs of
sight, from which the future eyes originate. Antennae uni-
formly pale, three jointed, about one third as long as greatest
width of the head; joint 1 very stout, fully four times as thick as
2, which is a little longer than 1, straight, slightly tapering
toward the tip. Joint 3 extremely small, a mere triangular tip;
mentum subtriangular, with apex cut away, and replaced by
three groups of very small teeth, of which the central group con-
sists of three teeth, the middle one largest; and the groups on
sides, of four teeth, of which the second from center is largest.
Sides of mentum, near the apex, with two small teeth each; all
the teeth are chitinous and black; a long erect bristle, pointing
upward and inward, near each side of mentum; labrum horny,
densely covered with hair; mandibles resembling in shape the
profile of the inverted last joint of the human thumb, with a
series of teeth in place of the nail. Teeth difficult to see, owing
to the presence of five distinct brushes of hair; on extreme
lower tip of mandibles three large teeth; below them a series of
11 slender and very pointed teeth, of which the first two are the
smallest, teeth 3 to 9 increasing and teeth 10 and 11 decreasing
gradually in length; a second series of teeth below them consists
of two triangular teeth, of which the first is largest. Maxilla
stout, fleshy, with an internal thumb-shaped lobe; maxillary pal-
pus two jointed, first joint cylindric; second very short, crowned
with a regular circular row of short spines or warts; labium

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 373

horny with two brushes of hair above, between which is a very
small ligula, covered with a small brush of hairs. Fans, com-
posed of stout stem, bearing about 46 scythe-shaped rays, lined
on the inside by very minute, equidistant, erect hairs of equal
length. Thoracic proleg, faintly four jointed, subconical, retractile
(introversible), very thin and transparent, crowned with about
20 rows of short, sharp hooks, apparently arranged in a circular
manner; the hooks, of which 10 are in each row, seem to be mov-
able to a certain extent, and are fastened or hinged to small
chitinous rods in the epidermis. Tip of abdomen formed by a
subcylindric body crowned with rows of hooks. Breathing
organs below these hooks and on the upper side of abdomen;
they consist of three short, cylindric, soft and retractile tenta-
cles, which connect with large internal tracheae. In full grown
larvae a spot more or less dark is seen on each side of thoracic
joint; it is produced by the formation of the coiled breathing
tubes of the future pupa.

Pupa. General color when fresh, honey-yellow; prothoracic
filaments brown, and the abdomen dorsally also tinged with
brown, except a mediodorsal space. All the members have also
a fine brown marginal line; prothoracic filaments consisting of
Six main rays, issuing from the basal prominence and subdivided
two or three times, so that in most cases as many as 48 terminal
filaments can be counted. Abdominal joints three, four, and
five, each with eight well separated, dark brown and anteriorly
recurved hooks. The four on each side separated by a medio-
dorsal space; those on joint 3 less conspicuous than those on
joints 4 and 5; joint 6 without armature; joints 7, 8 and 9, and
also subjoint less distinctly armed near anterior margin with a
continuous dorsal row of very minute posteriorly recurved
points; ventrally joints 6, 7, and 8 have each four very minute
anteriorly recurved hooks.

Cocoon. Average length 3.5mm. Not completely made and
not entirely covering the pupa, but tightly surrounding its larger
portion. Shape very irregular, with no distinct rim at the
upper edge, which is more or less ragged. The threads compos-
ing it are very coarse, and the meshes rather open and ordinarily
filled with mud. Not always fastened separately to objects, but
frequently crowded together without forming, however, such
corallike aggregations as in some of the northern species.

That part which Riley called the labium in the above descrip-
tion, appears to be a combination of labium proper and the
hypopharynx. Often in dissection these two parts stick
together and appear as one, but with a little care the hypo-

374 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

pharynx can always be removed entire. To the above description
I may add that the apical pair of bristles of the mandibles
[fig. 6] are present, though slender, the labrum and hypo-
pharynx [fig. 7] as in other species; the labium [fig. 8] has the
middle tooth trifid, and there are three setae (instead of one,
as Riley has it) in each row on the ventral side. The maxillary
palpi have a few slender setae and there are also a few on the
basal joint [fig. 9].

I find eight abdominal segments plus the anal segment in the
pupa [fig. 10], and not nine, as Riley has it. Therefore the
eight hooks are on each of segments 2, 3 and 4, and not 3, 4 and
5. Dorsally, on each of segments 5, 6 and 9 is a transverse row
of minute caudad projecting spines; 7 and 8 with slightly larger
ones. Ventrally, segments 5, 6 and 7 each with four large
spines curved cephalad. In the Cornell University collection
are four specimens of adults, two males and two females, ob-
tained from Riley.

S. pictipes Hagen
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 1880. 20:305
1895 S. innoxium Comstock, Manual for the Study of Insects

Male. Eyes very broadly contiguous, the large facets dis-
tinctly separated from the small by a horizontal line. Face
small, as broad opposite the insertion of the antennae as its
length, considerably narrowed below; a deep groove on either
side running obliquely to the inferior angle, the median part
arched; in color grayish pruinose, or in some reflections almost
silvery; antennae situated at about the lower fourth in profile;
in color black with a slight pruinosity; palpi black, slender, the
first three joints somewhat thickened. Metanotum thinly
covered with golden pubescence; in color velvet-black, the
lateral margins and a spot running upward and inward from
each humerus gray and yellowish gray, but somewhat variable
in different reflections. Mesad of these gray humeral spots is a
pair of small silvery spots. Pleurae, pectus and coxae, gray
pruinose, showing in some reflections the black ground color.
Abdomen with eight visible segments, in color deep velvet-black ;
under the leaflike margins of the first segments and the sides
of the remaining segments gray, or in some reflections silvery
pruinose. Legs black or dark brown, the basal part of the
dilated hind metatarsal joint yellow, in some specimens the ex-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 315

treme base of the tibiae yellowish, with a single short spur on
the fore tibiae, and a pair of longer ones on middle and hind
tibiae [pl.38, fig.8]. Fore and middle tarsi slender, hind ones
widened, all claws trifid [pl.38, fig.8, 17]. Wings hyaline or
slightly tinged; the anterior veins thickened, the remainder
slender [pl.86, fig.7].. Knob of halteres orange yellow. The
male genital organs are short though rather complex, consisting
of a pair of outer sheaths, then a pair of elongate blunt pro-
cesses, within which are two pairs of hooks; the outer, shorter
pair are incurved and clawlike; the longer, inner pair are
slender, with some outwardly projecting hooks. Length 3.5 to
4mm.

Female. Eyes with a small deep sinus on each side, just about
the base of the antennae, above which the front is a little longer
than wide, and a little wider above than below. Face a little
wider than the narrow part of the front, the sides parallel, its
surface gently and evenly convex, clothed with white hairs;
antennae tapering more than in the males, the first two joints
yellowish. Basal joints of palpi stouter. Facets of eyes uni-
formly small, the eyes much smaller and the posterior orbits
conspicuous. Thorax like the head, opaque gray pruinose.
Metanotum with three slender, deep brown or black stripes, the
lateral ones gently incurved back of the anterior knoblike dila-
tion. Abdomen veivet-black, the second segment (or the part
beneath the leaflike margins of the first) and the posterior
margins of three following segments (except at the center),
opaque gray or grayish white; the remaining segments, and leaf-
like sides of the first, lightly pruinose; venter gray; in some
specimens with a small black or grayish triangular spot on cen-
ter of the dorsum of segments 3, 4 and 5. The legs grayish, in
some specimens quite pale; the tips of some or all the tibiae
usually, and the tarsi nearly always, black, except the bases of
hind metatarsi and sometimes the middle also, which are yellow.
The tibial spurs and hind metatarsi as with the male. Tarsal
claws simple [pl.38, fig.20]. Wings as with the male. Knob
of halteres yellowish white. Length 3 to 4mm.

I have compared this species with Hagen’s type, (larvae, pupae
and adults) and find that they agree perfectly. The apparent
discrepancy in comparing Hagen’s description’ with the one
given above is due to the fact that Hagen described his from
bottled material. His description agrees very well with al-
coholic material of this very common Ithaca species. Hagen
was in error in regard to the number of respiratory filaments of

1Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. Proc. 20:305.

376 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the pupa, in stating that there were but eight; for, on examina-
tion of the Cambridge material, nine filaments were counted.
Coquillett (1898) says of the male mesonotum, “usually with
three black vittae”; but this I have found to be an exception
rather than a rule.

Recorded from New York, Texas, California, and Moscow 1d.
(Collected by Aldrich).

Larva. Length 10toi2mm. Plate 36.

The fans of this species have about 60 rays; the cilia and
the regularly arranged setae on the inside of the rays are very
distinct. The antennae, light brown in color, are three jointed,
the second joint about one third as long as the first, the third
very short and pointed, the extremities of the first and second
are hyaline, the two small budlike processes at the end of the
first and the second joint are brown. The mandibles possess
the apical pair ‘of bristles, the apical teeth are quite black, the
others paler; the maxillary palpus with a few scattered bristles
on the shaft and at the base. Labrum and hypopharynx as
usual, in the latter the lateral hornlike processes are quite
prominent. Labium with the toothed area rather narrow, the
lateral and middle teeth elongate, the ventral surface with two
rows of 10 or 11 bristles each [fig.38]. The thorax and abdomen
are a deep black; paler at the incisures, and on the ventral sur-
face, particularly toward the caudal end. A narrow black
longitudinal, ventral stripe is often present. The blood gills
consist of three many branched papillae.

Pupa. The two thoracic respiratory organs each consist of
nine filaments; eight of which are about equal in length, the
ninth arises a little lower on the shaft, and is somewhat shorter
[fig.8]. On the dorsal surface of each of the segments 2, 3, 4,
and 8, are eight black hooks curved cephalad, those on the
second and the eighth segments being much smaller than the
others. Ventrally 5, 6 and 7 each, with four double, curved
hooks, on the caudal segments are two very short blunt spines,
and three smaller ones on each side of 3, 4 and 5. The pupal
case is of the boot-shaped type [p1.35, fig.5].

S. pulchrum Philippi
Chilian Diptera. 1865. p.638
1896 S. tarsale Williston, Dipt. of St Vincent, p.268
Female. Abdomen black, the proximal segments opaque, the
distal four segments shining. Length 2mm.
Front and face black, with a light gray reflection. Antennae
yellow; the distal joints somewhat brownish. Mesonotum deep

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE ait

black; in front, opaque with a silvery shimmer, and with sparse,
short, curly, golden yellow tomentum; behind, shining. Pleura
black, whitish pruinose. Abdomen black, the basal segments
opaque, the distal four segments somewhat shining, and with a
delicate whitish pruinosity. Legs reddish yellow; tarsi black,
except that the proximal half of the middle and hind metatarsi
is light yellow; first and third joints of the front pair each with
two long hairs; second and third joints of the same pair dilated,
the fourth and fifth very small; hind nietatarsi elongate and
stout, the following two joints a little dilated, the fourth and
fifth small. Wangs hyaline; veins yellow. Williston

Three specimens. The above synonymy is according to Hun-
ter.

This species seems to resemble greatly S. venustum ex-
cepting for the color of its legs. | ‘

S. quadrivittatum Loew
Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1862. Centur. 2, p.186

Black opaque, the thorax with four white vittae; the halteres
yellow; middle and hind tibiae and tarsi white banded; wings
hyaline. Body 1.67mm; wing 1.67mm.

Black, opaque. Antennae fuscous; dorsum of the thorax with
four longitudinal lines, the posterior margin whitish pollinose;
scutellum spotless; the pleural spots and the metanotum
whitish pollinose; the legs fuscous black; the knees and the
bases of the metatarsi of the fore legs, the basal rings of the
middle and hind tibiae, the metatarsi excepting the tip, and the
bases of the second and third tarsal joints are white; halteres
yellow; wings hyaline, the heavier veins deep yellow. Ouba.

S. reptans Linnaeus
Fauna Suec. 1803. 1761 (Synonymy according to Schiner, 2)

1767 sericea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12:978. no. 58

1776 erythrocephala DeGeer, Ins. 6:161, no. 37 (Tipula)
1781 reptans L. Schrank, Enum. Ins. Austr. p.985 (Culex)
1804 argyropeza Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:291-92

1818 reptans Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:291-92

1818 sericea Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:296-98

1818 elegans Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:296-99

1818 variegata Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:292-93

1823 reptans Fries, Obs. Entomol. Pars 1 Monogr, Simul. 1:13
18380 cineta Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 6:311-14

18388 posticata Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 7:52, 21

Male. Velvet-black; dorsum of the thorax with a silvery white
margin, spotlike on the humerus, broadly interrupted in front;

378 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

visible only in certain lights. Pleura also with a whitish re- ©
flection; abdomen with silvery white spots on the second and
on the last two segments, wanting in rubbed specimens; the
posterior margin of the first segment with long and dense
brownish cilia. Head black, face grayish white; antennae and
palpi brownish black, the former more slender than is usual
with the members of this genus, with whitish reflections on
some parts. Legs dark brown; front coxae yellowish, fore
tibiae silvery white outwardly; middle tibiae yellow at the base,
hind tibiae ‘likewise, though in less degree, light brown, with a
whitish reflection; metatarsi of the hind legs yellowish at the
base; the hairs of the fore and hind femora, and particularly
on the extensor surface of the hind tibiae, conspicuous. Hal-
teres bright yellow; wings purely hyaline, with delicate and
transparent veins, those of the anterior margin being somewhat
thicker and more conspicuous; the wing surface with a golden
brown reflection; the media not petiolate. The short, scattered
hair of the thorax seldom distinct, the color of the legs variable
in intensity.

Female. In coloring does not resemble the male iu the least.
The ground color is blackish brown; the dorsum of the thorax
covered with a depressed yellow pile, on the margins with a
whitish reflection, on the center with a grayish reflection, the
pleurae grayish white. Abdomen somewhat shining; on the
sides whitish or yellowish gray; on the venter, at least at the
base, in living specimens, yellow, which is continued around on
the dorsum in some specimens, usually not distinct in dried
specimens. Legs brown, usually paler than those of the male;
the tibiae, with the exception of the tip, and the fore coxae whit-
ish or yellowish white, the tips of the tibiae and the tarsi black,
the basal half of the hind metatarsi and sometimes also the
extreme base of the following joint yellowish. Front and face
gray; antennae and palpi brown, the former paler at the base.
In other particulars as with the male. Length 2 to 3mm.
Translation from Schiner, Fauna Austriaca, 2:365

According to Schiner [loc. cit.] this is the species whose life
history has been described by Fries, Westwood and Heeger.
According to Schiner also, sericea is a synonym of rep-
tans. Of sericea Westwood writes that the larva pos-
sesses three unbranched blood gills, and that the pupa has
eight thoracic respiratory filaments on each side.

This European species has been reported by Lundbeck as
occurring in Greenland. (Diptera groenlandica, 1898)

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 379

S. tamaulipense Townsend
N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 1897. 5:171-72

Female. Length 1.5mm. Near S. meridionale, but
smaller, and the outer one on each side of the three thoracic
lines not curved outward at posterior end. Eyes velvet-black,
face and front silvery; front with usually a trace of a linear
black vitta, in one specimen very distinct, in another entirely
wanting. Antennae yellowish with a silvery covering. Thorax
silvery, with three longitudinal lines; middle one longest, very
narrow and linear; outer ones heavier, straight, slightly diver-
gent posteriorly. Looked at directly from above, the outer
lines appear curved, outwardly convex. Scutellum and meta-
scutum below scutellum, both brownish in some lights but in
others they appear wholly silvery, the various portions appear-
ing different in color to the view at the same time. Abdomen
silvery but the third and fourth segments wholly brownish,
sometimes with a round median spot on each. Legs yellowish,
shaded with silvery, tarsi blackish or brownish; hind metatarsi
yellowish except at distal end. Wangs clear, whitish, veins
dilute yellowish. Halteres and wing bases pale dilute yellow-
ish.

Four females, Reynosa, Tamaulipas. A small species taken
on the windowpane of railroad car, May 4. Described from four
dried specimens. Townsend

S. venustum Say
Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 1822. 1:28 and Compl. Wr. 2:51

1862 molestum Harris, Ins. Inj. to Veg.
1870 piscicidium Riley. Am. Ent. 2:367
(Synonymy according to Coquillett, 1898)

Male. Velvet-black. The eves are very large, separated by a
single line, reddish yellow, lower half black. Thorax velvet-
black, a bright pearlaceous, dilated line each side before, and a
large pearlaceous spot behind, sides beneath varied with pear-
laceous. Abdomen with an oblique pearlaceous line at base,
and two approximated lateral pearlaceous ones near the tip.
Tibiae above, and first joint of four posterior tarsi white.
Wings with yellow and iridescent reflections. Poisers black,
capitulum bright yellow, dilated. Near Louisville Ky. at Falls
of the Ohio. Say, loc. cit.

Superhumeral gray stripes metallic, no metallic spots be-
tween them; mesonotum not vittate with black. Coquillett*

The following description of the males is based on specimens
from Ithaca N. Y. and Battle Creek Mich. Velvet-black. An-

1U. S. Dep’t Agric. Bul. 10, n. s. 1898.

380 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

tennae black, covered with short whitish pile; palpi black,
thorax velvety black, with an oblique bluish white metallic
humeral spot, the posterior margin also metallic; scutellum
velvety black; and pectus black, grayish pruinose. Abdomen
deep velvety black; on each side on the margin of the first
abdominal segment is a tuft of fuscous hairs, underneath which
the segments appear metallic. The posterior part of the venter
appears metallic. Legs, black and yellow. The extensor sur-
face of front tibiae, and a basal ring on the middle and hind
tibiae, silvery white; the fore coxae, basal half of all femora,
tibiae and metatarsi, and sometimes also bases of some tarsal
joints more or less yellowish; the rest black. The anterior tibia
with a rudimentary spur, middle and hind pair each with two
spurs; tarsal claws trifid. Halteres orange-yellow; wings whit-
ish hyaline. Length 2 to 2.5mm.

Female. Black. Antennae black covered with short whitish
pile; two basal joints usually yellowish; palpi black with pale
hairs; face and front gray pollinose. Dorsum of thorax black,
bluish gray pollinose, particularly on the sides and front cor-
ners, sparsely covered with very short yellow hairs. Scutellum
black, with erect black bristles; pleura black, gray pollinose.
Abdomen black, the anterior segments velvety, the posterior ones
subshining brown. Legs yellowish, middle and hind coxae brown,
tips of femora and tibiae, the whole of fore tarsi, tips of the
middle and hind, first and second tarsal joints and usually the
whole of the remaining joints, black. Sometimes the femora
are wholly black. The extensor surface of all tibiae is silvery
white. The first and third joints of the fore tarsi are each pro-
vided with a pair of long black hairs near the tip, besides the
usual shorter ones. The anterior tibia with rudimentary spur,
middle and hind ones each with a pair. Tarsal claws simple. ©
Wings whitish hyaline, the heavy veins yellowish brown, quite
yellowish at the base at point of attachment. Halteres pale
yellow. Length 2 to 3mm.

This species is very common in the Adirondacks, where it
proves to be a great annoyance to travelers. It seems to have
a wide distribution, having been reported by Mr Coquillett! as
occurring in Canada, New Hampshire, New York, Michigan,
Minnesota, Wyoming, British Columbia, California, Texas, Lou-
isiana, Mississippi and Florida. I have found it in Ithaca N. ws
and I have seen specimens from Moscow, Marsh and Albion I4.,
and Battle Creek Mich.

1U. S. Dep’t Agric. Bul. 10, n. s. 2. 1898.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 381

Larva. Specimens from Wilmuth and Axton N. Y. [PI1.87,
fig.1 to 6]. Pale brown with paler incisures; head brown, lab-
rum hairy, with serrated edge; fans with 50 to 60 rays; man-
dibles with a pair of apical setae; hypopharynx as usual; labrum
[fig.6] with middle tooth rather prominent, its ventral surface
with five setae in each of the two rows; each of the three
branches of anal papillae with a number of lobes.

Pupa. Six branched respiratory filaments; eight hooks curved
cephalad on dorsum of each of abdominal segments 3 and 4;
four hooks curved cephalad on ventral surface of each of seg-
ments 5, 6 and 7; a close transverse row of small caudad pro-
jecting spines on dorsum of eighth segment, and a pair of short,
blunt tubercles on the anal segment. Cocoon of the wall pocket
type.

S. venustum, var. a
Plate 37, fig.8—14

A number of specimens bred from larvae and pupae taken
from Fall creek, Ithaca N. Y., differ in the adult stage from
venustum as described above in being uniformly smaller
(dength 1.5mm); having the base of wing brownish and not yel-
low, and in having the last four abdominal segments of the
female a shining black instead of brown. The larva differs as
follows: in size averaging less than two thirds that of venus-
tum, labrum with its toothed edge wider in proportion to its
size than in venustum, its teeth more nearly of a size,
_ the ventral setae three in each row plus a very small one. The
pupa differs in haying 10 respiratory filaments in each tuft,
the hooks on segment 2 more distinct, and the tubercles on the
anal segments apparently wanting.

S. piscicidium (Synonym of venustum) Riley
Am. Ent. 2:367

According to Coquillett this is a synonym of 8S. venustum;
but I have larvae and pupae from Professor Needham, taken
at Saranac Inn N. Y., which, though agreeing with Riley’s fig-
ures of piscicidium, differ decidedly from the larvae and
pupae of S. venustum taken by Messrs MacGillivray and
Houghton at Axton N. Y. in 1901, and by Professor Comstock
at Wilmuth N. Y. Of tke adults of the Saranac Inn material
I have only alcoholic specimens, hence can not state definitely
wherein these differ from S. venustum from Axton N. Y.
excepting that it averages a little larger in size. For the pres-
ent I shall regard it as a variety, though in all the material

82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

OO

of larvae and pupae studied I did not find transitional charac-
ters. Should a difference be discovered on the examination of
more fresh specimens of both varieties of adults, the specific
name of piscicidium must be revived. Riley’s description
is as follows:

Female. Head velvet-black; eyes brownish; antennae with
joints 1, 2, 3 and 11, subequal in length, each of the others
half as long. 1 and 2 rufous, 3 to 11 inclusive black and
gradually diminishing in thickness to the last, which is fusi-
form; palpi longer than the antennae, black. Thorax velvety
black with faint fulvous pubescence above; halteres opaque and
white. Abdomen nine jointed, joints equal in length except
the last two, which are smaller and smaller; dorsally velvety
black, laterally and ventrally, especially towards the base and
at the incisures, inclining more or less to rufous. Legs with the
front trochanters white or fulvous, and the middle and hind
ones more dusky; the coxae all either rufous or fulvous; the
femora all dark, though sometimes (two specimens) the base is
paler. Front tibiae with the upper three fourths white, the
rest black; hind tibiae with the upper two thirds white, the rest

lack; middle tibiae with about the upper one half white, the
rest black; front tarsi black; middle and hind tarsi with the
upper half of first joint white or rufous, the rest black. Wings
subhyaline, with the veins fuliginous. Length of the body (in
alcoholic specimens) .14 to .17 inch. Mumford N. Y.—Riley

Larva [pl.87, fig.2,5,7]. Pale grayish, slightly darker dorsally.
Head of the usual shape, brown with darker margins. Fans
with 50 to 60 rays, the longer cilia quite prominent. The apical
pair of bristles of the mandibles present; the labrum with a
serrated margin; the maxillary palpus with a few setae on last
joint and also on base; hypopharynx as usual; labium with the
toothed margin comparatively narrow; its teeth nearly uniform
in size, with seven setae in each row on the ventral surface
[fig.5]. Anal papillae, three much branched lobes.

Pupa. The pupa with eight branched respiratory filaments,
with four hooks curved cephalad on ventral surface of each of
the segments 4, 5, 6 and 7, those on the fourth being quite small.
On the dorsal surface of each of segments 3, 4, 5 and 6 are eight
hooks curved cephalad, those of 5 and 6 being very small; and
on the dorsal surface of 7 and 8 are a number of hooks curved
caudad. The anal segment with two short, blunt spines. The
pupal case is of the “ wall pocket ” type.

In order to obtain characters to separate the adults of the
Fall creek, Saranac Inn and Axton varieties of venustum,

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 383

a number of them: which were nearly ready to emerge were
drawn from the pupal skins and examined for distinctive strue-
tural characters; but, excepting the difference in size, none were
observed. With freshly bred material, perhaps specific char-
acters might be obtained.

The larvae of piscicidium is briefly described by Riley
in the paper just quoted.

S. virgatum Coquillett
K U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 1902. 25:97

Male. Head and body black, antennae and mouth parts dark
brown, thorax gray pruinose, mesonotum marked with a narrow
median and laterally with a very broad velvet-black vitta
(viewed directly from above), mesonotum sparsely covered with
short, appressed hairs; abdomen on first six segments opaque,
velvet-black, a large silvery white spot on each side of the second
and sixth segments, venter near each side with an interrupted
yellow vitta on segments three to seven, composed of appressed
hairs, on each side of base of abdomen is a large cluster of yel-
low hairs, and a smaller cluster on each side of segments three
to five; femora and front tibiae yellow, their apices brown,
middle tibiae brown, a yellow ring beyond the base, hind tibiae
brown, the extreme base yellowish; tarsi black, broad base of
first joint and extreme base of the second on the middle and
hind tarsi light yellowish; wings hyaline, veins along the costa
yellowish brown, the others nearly hyaline; halteres yellow.

Female. Differs from the male as follows. Vittae of mesono-
tum brownish, the median vitta dilated posteriorly, wider than
either of the lateral ones; viewed from in front the mesonotum
appears whitish pruinose and with two velvet-black vittae;
abdomen on the first five segments and sides of the sixth opaque,
gray pruinose, and with a velvet-black fascia at bases of three
to six, broadly interrupted on six, the middle of which and the
portion of the abdomen beyond it is very thinly pruinose and of
a dark brown color. Length nearly 3mm. In August; Las
Vegas Hot Springs, N. M. |

S. vittatum Zetterstedt
Ins. Lapponica. 1844. p.803
(= S. tribulatum Lugger)
(According to Coquillett, decorum Walk. 1848 and argus Will. 1893
are synonyms)

Female. Gray; nearly bare; dorsum of thorax with five black
stripes, the median one entire, the intermediate pairs inter-

384 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

rupted, the exterior pair spotlike. Each segment of the abdo-
men with a black dorsal stripe and basally on each side with
a black spot, the penultimate segment black. Wings whitish
hyaline; halteres white; legs fuscous black, the front side of
anterior tibiae, the base of the middle and hind tibiae, and the -
base of the middle and hind metatarsi white. Length 3mm. _-
Zetterstedt

Female. The abdomen gray, bases of segments 3 to 7 or 8
marked with a velvet-black fascia produced backward in the
middle and at the ends. Length 2 to 4mm. New York, Minne-
sota, Nebraska, Kansas, California.

Male. Hind tarsi bicolorous, mesonotum gray on sides and
hind margin, center largely velvet-black; without gray streak
extending inward from humerus; sides of abdominal segments
4 to 7 with silvery white hairs. Coquillett+

The markings of the female of this species seem somewhat
variable. The thoracic markings are usually quite distinct.
The median stripe is nearly of uniform width excepting at the
posterior end, where it becomes narrower; the intermediate
stripes are / shaped, the extremities larger, the intermediate
portion usually a hair line, sometimes obsolete; the exterior pair
usually elongated spots. The abdominal markings are as de-
scribed by Coquillett, though occasionally there are additional
disconnected, velvet-black lateral spots, one on each side on seg-
ments 3, 4 and 7, and a pair on 5 and 6. Sometimes also, owing
either to the contracted condition of the abdomen or to the
fasciae being narrow, only the black projections of the fasciae
are visible on the more posterior segments, giving the appear-
ance of three spots on each. The legs are often gray; the
femora and tibiae paler at the base, the tibiae black at tip, the
tarsi deep black except basal portion of middle and hind meta-
tarsi. Fore tibiae with one spur, middle and hind with a pair.
Tarsal claws of female simple.

Some specimens from Brookings 8S. D., received from Profes-
sor Aldrich, and which are the males of vittatum, possess
the following characters:

Male. Velvety black, antennae and palpi dark brown; dorsum
of thorax velvety black with the anterior and lateral margins

1Bul. 10, n. s. 1898. p.63.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE .- 385

narrowly, and posterior margins in front of scutellum, widely
silvery gray; also two narrow longitudinal gray stripes on dor-
sum. Or the dorsum might have been described as silvery gray
with three very wide velvety black longitudinal stripes, abbre-
viated behind. Pleura black, bare; scutellum velvety black;
metanotum silvery gray; abdomen yvelvet-black, the sides of
first two or three segments of the ventral surface with a silvery
reflection in some lights; legs black, the tips of the fore femora,
the basal half of fore and hind tibiae (sometimes the middle one
also) the basal two thirds of hind metatarsi, and the extreme
base of the second hind tarsal joint, yellow. Fore tibiae with a
single spur, middle and hind tibiae with each two; tarsal claws
tridentate. Halteres bright orange-yellow. Wings hyaline, the
vein yellow. Length, 3mm.

In an article by Lugger!, it is stated that inS. tribulatum
the male is much smaller than the female, having very large
brilliant, red eyes that meet on top of the head; the body is vel-
vety black with bright golden yellow and blue spots; the female
is gray with black markings. This species is said to be most
abundant in Minnesota, where it is called “the black fly.” No
further description is given; the figures of the male and female
agree with the description of S. vittatum. Some specimens
sent by Mr Washburn of the Minnesota Experiment Station,
labeled S. tribulatum_ proved to be S. vittatum. I
have specimens of larvae and pupae which belong toS. vitta-
tum, which were sent to me by Professor Needham, he having
obtained them from Mr J. C. Bradley of Philadelphia.

Larva (of S. vittatum). Somewhat mottled gray, the
sides of each segment blackish. The larvae and pupae were col-
lected by Mr J. C. Bradley, Philadelphia, 1901. The head is of
the usual reddish brown color; the pale yellow antennae long
and cylindric, the second joint about one third the length of
the first, the third is a pointed process at the tip of the second.
The fans have about 40 rays, the cilia being relatively minute.
The mandibles are provided with three large apical teeth be-
sides the row of secondary ones; the apical pair of bristles is
present. The maxillary palpus has a few spines, and a tuft of
a few spines on the basal joint. Hypopharynx and labrum ap-

parently like those of other species. The labium has an elon-
gate middle tooth, those at the end nearly as long, the

1Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 48, p.207.

/
f

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

in each of the two longitudinal rows on the ventral surface.

gies ones short [pl.35, fig.2], and there are six bristles

y' The three blood gills at caudal end are unbranched.

4

/

Pupa. The thoracic respiratory filaments each consist of a
single main trunk, from which arise eight branches, each of
which divides into two, thus making 16 twigs in all [p1.35, fig.1].
Near the basal margin of the last few abdominal segments, are
a few caudad projecting dorsal hooks, and on the tip of the last
segment is a pair of blunt spines. The pupal case is of the
wall pocket type, from which the respiratory filaments of the
pupa project. Judging from the number of respiratory fila-
ments of the pupa, the species described by Osten Sacken in
American Entomologist, volume 2, seems to belong here.

Simulium sp. C. H. Townsend
Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. April 1898. 15:45

The larva and pupa of a species which appears to differ from
S. var. piscicidium, are described by Townsend [loc. cit.],
the only species with which it might be confused. Specific
characteristics are as follows:

On the dorsal surface of the head are several rows and groups
of nearly concolorous markings ... Antennae pale, nearly as
long as one half anterior width of head, three jointed, first joint
very elongate, and narrow, not swollen, slightly curved, with a
somewhat faint transverse suture on basal two fifths, cylindric
below suture, beyond the suture very slightly and somewhat
irregularly narrowing to tip; second joint narrower than tip of
the first, straight and of equal width except slightly widened at
base, a little more than one third as long as first joint, and with
two small, triangular budlike processes, one on each side at the
base, springing from the junction of the two joints and approxi-
mated to the second joint; third joint extremely small, short,
minute, triangular, but little longer than wide, about the same
shape as the minute processes at base of second joint. Fans
consisting of about 60 scythe-shaped rays each, microscopically
thinly hairy . . . Mandibles furnished with teeth on inner side
at apex; four large teeth on apex, nine or 10 teeth behind these,
gradually decreasing in size, except that the second of these is
larger than the first, a large tooth still behind these; with a
small one directly beside it . . . Thoracic proleg with at least
30 obliquely longitudinal rows of hooks, and probably more; at
base of these there is a marginal transverse row of bristles on
side toward body (the leg being flexed forward) extending
around laterally, but wanting on outer surface ... Blood gills
a soft, retractile, primarily three branched organ just anterior

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 387

to these on dorsum, each branch being subdivided into five
smaller branches or papillae. Length 11-13mm. Width of
head about Imm. Of anal portion 13mm. [The figure given
by Townsend shows the mandible with the apical bristles. |

Pupa. General color pale brownish yellow on the thoracic
portion, abdomen darker; head, wing and leg cases, and fila-
ments pale yellowish, the head sometimes brownish; prothoracic
filaments arising from a single stalk on each side, which
branches at base into usually eight filaments; these do not sub-
divide. Third and fourth abdominal segments with five or six
brown hooks or spines on posterior margin of dorsum. Length
excluding filament, 4.5mm. :

Cocoon or case. Massed in coral-like aggregation. Open at top
but enveloping all of the pupa, except the filaments or the ex-
treme anterior portion of the hunchbacked thorax. Length
4mm. Abundant in a small stream in one of the branches of
Grand canon. July 8-11, 1893. This branch or side cafion, is
one down which the Hance trail leads, being situated about 55
miles in a straight line n. n. w. of Flagstaff Ariz.

Some larvae which I received from Professor Needham, to
whom they were sent by Professor Cockerell from Las Vegas
N. M., may belong here. The general color however is reddish
and it is only about 7 or 8mm in length. The labium has a
more irregular outline than most of the other species [pl.55,
fig.10]. The mandibles have a pair of apical bristles; labrum,
hypopharynx, and mandibles resemble those of other species;
on the head are six blotches arranged symmetrically about a
median axis; each blotch consisting of two or three confluent
black spots.

Simulium, species
Plate 35, fig.4-7

Some specimens of larvae and pupae sent me by Professor
V. L. Kellogg, of Stanford University, collected in Santa Cruz
mountains, differ from all larvae and pupae so far described.

Larvae. Length 6 to 7mm. Pale brownish gray above, with
whitish venter and suture. Head whitish above, the margins
brown. The fans with about 30 rays, its longer cilia conspicu-
ous. The secondary fan at the base of the peduncle of the
larger fan and usually composed of curved hairs, consists here

of coarse, straight hairs. The mandible with apical pair of
bristles [fig.6], maxillary palpus with some stout setae, labrum

388 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and hypopharynx as with other species. Labium with its teeth
nearly of uniform size. Five or six setae in each of the two
ventral rows [fig.7]. Anal papillae were retracted in all the
specimens examined; hence I could not determine the number.
The pupa has 12 respiratory filaments in each tuft [fig.4]. The
abdominal hooks, curved cephalad, are as follows: three or four
on ventral surface of each of segments 5, 6 and 7; eight on the
dorsal surface of 3, 4 and 5; and a pair of very short, blunt
tubercles on the anal segment. The pupal case is shaped as
shown on plate 35, figure 5.

Family cULICIDAE
Mosquitos

The Culicidae, or mosquitos, have been studied and described
by Dr Howard, Mr Coquillett and others in this country, and by
Theobald, Ficalbi, Ross, Nuttall, Shipley, Grassi, and others in
Europe in such detail that it is unnecessary to repeat here that
which has already been done. I shall therefore content myself
with merely giving a synopsis of the generic characters of the
larvae, pupae and adults, and describing a few forms such as
have come under my notice, together with figures illustrating
details of structure. An extensive bibliography is given by
Ficalbi in Bullet. d. Soc. Ent. Italiana, 1896, to which the reader
is referred. Nuttall and Shipley, in the Journal of Hygiene, 1:75,
give a bibliography of the more recent work. I shall therefore
give only a few references to articles which occur in American
literature and a few of the more important of the works of
Europeans.

Brief bibliography of the biology of the Culicidae

Coquillett, D. W. (1900) Table to the genera and species in U. S. Dep’t
Agric. Cir. 40, ser. 2, bul. 25, n. s., and table in Howard’s book, Mos-
quitos (1901).

Dyar, H. (1901) Life History of Uranotaenia, and Descriptions of the
Larvae of Two Species of Culex and One of Aedes. N. Y. Ent. Soc.
Jour. Dec. 1901. .

—— (1902) Illustrations of the Larvae of North American Culicidae.
2, 10:194 and 3, 1:23. N. Y. Ent. Soe. Jour.

—— (1902) Notes on Mosquitoes on Long Island N. Y. Ent. Soc. Wash.
Proc. 5:45. re

—— (1903) Notes on Mosquitoes in New Hampshire. Ent. Soc. Wash.
Proc. 5:140.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 389

Ficalbi, E. (1899) Venti specie di Zanzare. Soc. Ent. Italiana Bul.
(1896) Rev. sistematica d. fam. delle Culcidae Europee. Soe. Ent.
Ital. Bul.
This contains an extensive bibliography.
Giles, G. M. (1900) Gnats or Mosquitoes; a compilation of the descrip-
tions of the mosquitoes of the world.
Howard, L. O. (1900) U.S. Dep’t Agric. Cir. 40, ser.2
(1900) U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25, n. s.
— (1901) Mosquitoes. McClure, Phillips & Co.
This gives the most complete account we have of the biology of mosquitos.
Meinert, F. (1886) De eucephale Myggelarver. in Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6.
Raekke, naturvidensk. og math. Afd. 3.4.

Contains about 60 quarto pages and two plates on the biology and structure of the
Culicidae.

Nuttall & Shipley (1901) Structure and Biology of Anopheles. Jour. of
Hygiene, 1:75.

Osten Sacken, C. R. (1868) Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:47, and Western Dip-
tera, p.191 (1877)

Smith, J. B. (1902) Ent. News. 13:268 and 299.

(1902) N. ¥Y. Ent. Soe. Jour. 10:10.

Theobald, F. V. (1901) Monograph of the Culicidae. 2y.

With atlas of 37 colored and 5 photographic plates.

Weissmann, A. (1866) Die Metamorphose der Corethra plumi-

eornis.

Alsc papers in the reports of the various state experiment stations, by Lugger,
Osborn, Herrick, and others.

The mosquitos are small to medium sized flies, characterized
by the projecting proboscis (sometimes lobed) and by the plu-
mose antennae of the male. The head is small, round; eyes
reniform, and ocelli are wanting. The antennae are threadlike,
composed of 15 joints, counting the disklike base; the first
joint is thick, the following joints small, round and beset with
whorls of hairs, forming in the male a long, dense plumosity;
the last two joints in the male are slender and bare, or nearly
so. The thorax is ovate, arched, but not projecting over the
head, without transverse suture, scutellum narrow; metanotum
arched. Abdomen long and narrow, somewhat flattened, com-
posed of eight segments; male genitalia prominent, ovipositor
short, legs long and slender, the coxae not elongated; the tarsi
long. Wings long and narrow, with numerous veins; the hind
margin fringed, the costal vein extending all around the wing,
and it, all known Ajinerican forms the veins are covered with
scales. Venation as in the figures.

The larvae are known as “ wrigglers.” The head is fully
differentiated and usually has eyes; the mouth is usually thickly

390 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ciliated with hairs, by means of which a current of water is
produced that brings little particles of food within reach.
At the posterior end of the body is usually a single breath-
ing tube, or there are two tubes opening to the exterior on
the dorsal surface of the last segment. The segment behind the
head is without prolegs.

The pupae are free swimming, and very active. The breath-
ing tubes are situated at the sides of the thoracic segments.
The abdomen terminates in two leaflike appendages, that act
as propellers; but in general the pupae remain near the surface,
except when disturbed.

KEY TO GENERA OF CULICIDAE GF THE NORTHERN STATES
Larvae

1 The last abdominal segment with a single dorsal breathing

tube, through which may be seen a pair of large tracheae........ (4)
Last segment without long breathing tube.............. Le aes e adchey ois (2)

2 Last segment dorsally with a flat area in which may be seen
TWO SPITACIES 6 so: ese piste ope ace aise die 4,05 a o)d) Wve © nied lenge ocean (3)

Last segment usually with hooks, no spiracles apparent.
Larva transparent, lasslike® 22°... 2c th.. 26 «tbs ae oe ee Corethra

3 Large species with the anal segment bladderlike. Mandibles
strongly developed [pl.41, fig.1]........ Pelorempis, gen. nov.

Species of medium size with anal segment cylindrical...Anopheles
4 Antennae pendant and ending with four large curved spines.
Mochlonyx (Hurope)

Antennae not. pendant... <s.6c 5 sede oe aks os Oe Se eee (5)
5 Antennae fold back against head and terminate in 2 or 3

Cla TTA, 52 aera occ wise beta marge eee nas ene tare ee Corethrella
Antennae usually only with a few small erect bristles and

one or ‘two. poimted ProceSSesinsc..c4cei.% tel p sles 0s Peceena ener eee (6)

6 With brush of hairs projecting forward from the mouth............ (7)

Brush projects laterad from the mouth. Mandibles long and
sharply toothed; large species about 10mm long..........
Psorophora (ciliata
7 No ventral brush on last abdominal segment. .............-..0...-(10)
Last segment with ventral’ prush. 7... us ec as. cc + caine eee eer (8)
8 Anal blood gills dilated; lateral comb of eighth segment a
single transverse row of spines with elongated bases; anal
segment without hair tufts before barred area............
Stegomyia (fasciata)
Anal blood gills slender: ..:2.%..5 0. WMS ee rid ee eee (9)
9 Anal blood gills sharply pointed, air tube spines with one
tooth; lateral comb of eighth segment a few large spines
in a single or partly double row.........../-.6.0:- Aédes (fuscus)
Notas above in all respects.¢. i000. 20.4. ak eon laa eee

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 391

10 With two anal blood gills; the two lateral combs of the air
tube wanting. Small species; found in water in the pitcher

SMI ele eter Pt ee oe ke oe oe atk ce s Pod kb woe wk Aedes (Smithii)
With four blood gills; with stellate hairs on the abdomen.
Sate BWCCION: Sos oes ke oes ew eo 38 Uranotaenia (sapphirina)

The southern genera Toxorhynchites, Megarrhinus and Con-
chyliastes are not included in the above table; their larvae have
never been described as far as I am aware.

°

_Pupae
1 Swimming paddles, two pointed lobes [pl.40]......... Corethrella
eenraatete WULEMINCH (OFOUMMCU so G.co5 sic oo ea ce od Mio See Seoi-e wis ee each eee (la)
la The respiratory tube of the thorax spindle-shape, pointed at
NNR ete ae ere ee aa ask Te oa iste o e-big See bees 2 (2)
ume mric OF EFOMpet-SHApPG. 02.0.5. ek ee ck cc cc wes es ce veccecces (3)
2 Both inner and outer margins of the swimming paddles with
reinforcing ribs, but without spine at the apex......... Corethra

Only the middle rib present; last segment short, seventh
segment considerably longer than either the sixth or

PIE Poi ols Gic'c wisi os 0 oes ee een ke es Mochlonyx (Europe)
3 Apex of swimming paddle ending in a small spine.................. (5)
mine teow eilld Or Short hairg. . 2... cies bac cee oti eos veme een (4)

4 Small species 2 or 3 mm in length; last two segments with
a thick brush of hairs on each side... ........ Aedes (smithii)
Large species, 7 or 8 mm in lemgth................... Psorophora
_omeee Species at feast S mm in length... ....2...8s-.eeec ec ccwenscce (6)
Penne OF GINA BIZE BPCCIES. 2... 6c Sins. cc cee sceens secs ve vues (7)

6 Apex of swimming paddle ending in a short, sharp spine...
Pelorempis gen. nov.
Apparently without a spine (?), with a pair of stellate hairs
ion. the first abdominal segment. .........c.cceece0s- Psorophora
7 Thoraeic breathing tubes much elongated, about 12 times as
_ long as wide. Abdomen with a number of stellate hairs. .
Uranotaenia (sapphirina)

Tubes not elongate............ Pte ye ok Seca eared SISAL a creel eee (8)

8 Tube about as wide as long.......... Bin Gita STG oats eee Anopheles

PE OMICREMENONGLG!. on wa oie ows bjs Wa. 8 6 3.6 bro82 wae » re ee eee eye Culex

Imagos

1 Proboscis short, not much longer than the head.. b, Reiser ates
Proboscis elongate, longer than the head and ee jieen

RINNE ee occa hee oicle does ester Gite. oe nome & 6 ele Se epane Saye a aaene et eer me (4a)

2 Metatarsus longer than the following joint......................... (3)

Metatarsus shorter than the following joint..Mochlonyx (Europe)

3 Species less than 4 mm in length; tarsal claws simple...... Pal Pe 4 (4)

Large species, 10 or more in length; tarsal claws bifid......
Pelorempis gen. nov.
4 Antennae verticilliate with hairs (i. e. in whorls)......... Corethra

Antennae wholly covered with hairs, legs densely hairy....
Corethrella

092 NEW. YORK STATE MUSEUM

4a Legs bearing many erect scales. Large species..... Ps0r.o p hore
Legs ‘without, these Seales é. «.° snsccwa.s) mausscieiepee OS cies oe ey (5)

® Thorax with metallic blue scales; small species; male with
but a single curved claw on the middle leg; palpi of both

sexes two jointed and short..... Uranotaenia (Sapphirina)
PHOraAX HOE SO MATK OG. i. 2 .cve ee ook s Ww ow we A Rene ots ee (6)
6 “ Hind feet black, their apexes snow white.’ Male palpi
long,..ip the female, shorhoc.: i. .aste sea Seeeen tee Conchyliastes
NOU-RS BDOVEs$ 625 axeSe os Cs Sok is ee Lid ie BR ONES wo fe eee (7)
Meanie Clomerawe re ye cnn sv sc ae ba oo ede WS aly ge aeee be oa ed ee (8)
Balpie snort..2.. soSsie lees Oks Foire See eee (9)
8 The fourth fore tarsal joint shorter than the fifth, about as
long as wide. Palpi elongate and pointed.......... Culex (males)
Fourth fore tarsal, joint longer than wide. Male palpi
Arie, enlareed -apiea): JOINS: t... conics me oe ee eee ee ee Anopheles

9 Small species with two jointed palpi; the cond joint conical..Aedes
Medium sized species, with four jointed palpi, its apical joint
GylIMarigal 6-6. ae een ala hoops bee eee eee Culex (females)

Of the southern genera, Megarhinus and Toxorhynchites may
be known by their strongly curved proboscis and green and
bluish colors. Stegomyia resembles Culex, but has the thorax
marked with lines of silvery scales.

Subfamily CORETHRINAE

Genus CoRETHRA Meigen

This genus together with Corethrella, Mochlonyx and Pelo-
rempis, nov. gen. forms the subfamily Corethrinae, which is dis-
tinguished from the remainder of the family by the comparative
shortness of the proboscis. There are but 15 or 16 species in the
genus, four or five of which occur in North America. The life
history of some of the species has long been known. Some of
the works on the biology of Corethra are:

1844 Staeger. Naturhist. Tidsskr. I. R. 2. B. 549, 600. Corethra
LS, CA",

1865 Weissmann, Dr A. Die Metamorphose der C. plumicornis.

1884 Herrick, A. Minn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. p.10. C. appendi-
culata.

1886 Meinert, F. De Eucephale Myggelarver, p.30 to 53. With bibliog-
raphy.

Generic characters
Usually delicate, moderate sized species of the appearance
of a Chironomid, but distinguished by its many veined wing.

Head transversely oval, epistome somewhat projecting; pro-

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 393

boscis with round labellae, and only one half as long as the
incurved, four jointed palpi; antennae 15 jointed, the basal joint
disklike, the following joints each thickened at the base, in the
male plumose, the last two joints elongated and slender; the
eyes crescent-shaped. Thorax highly arched, without suture;
scutellum rather small; metathorax prominent. Abdomen long
and slender, somewhat flattened, from the base to the middle
gradually widening, and again becoming narrower toward the
end; hypopygium prominent, the ovipositor projecting. Legs
long and slender, the metatarsus longer than the following tar-
sal joint; claws small and simple. The wing veins and the pos-
terior margin thickly haired; venation as in the figures.

List of the North American species
albipesn.sp. Seep. 398. Ithaca N. Y.
appendiculata Herrick, Minn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. 1884. p.10.
Known only in the larval and pupal stage and may belong to some

other genus.
plumicornis Fabricius var. americana. (See subsequent pages for
synonymy)
Saranac Inn N. Y., Lake Forest Ill., White mountains, N. H. (Slosson),
Minnesota (Herrick)
punectipennis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 1823. 3:16, and
Compl. Wr. 2:43. Wiedemann, 1:14. Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
trivittata Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1862. p.186. (Centur. 2,1). Maine,
California, Alaska.
This is a synonym of punctipennis according to Giles in his
work Gnats or Mosquitoes.

The larvae of but three North American species are known.
To assist in separating the species which may be found later, I
have given in the table the characters of some of the European

Species also.

1 Antennae shortish and with a spine outwardly; anterior part

of the head is spiny; club-shaped bodies at the caudal end
Se eS ee appendiculata Herrick
Antennae with four SMES Pa re Rat Ste aes tee eN RS aK .cinye ecw wool s (2)

2 Ventral comb of the last abdominal segment with a row of

brushlike hairs; each consisting of five to seven bristles

SEEIESORICCICH) cage. cv cu ee ne ce wie seb ee Mes ree ees fusca Staeger
Ventral comb consisting of a number of separate feathered
RIS) CEOs so, =. 55a = eres ore wie. Dsllotn = updo aie) Ata ole Sie oe lee a e'ees (3)

3 The pair of leaflike appendages [pl.39, c. fig.4] lying cephalad
of the labrum (I), at least one half as wide as long; ventral
comb of the last abdominal segment with 25 hairs................ (4)

394 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Appendages over the labrum lanceolate and four or five times

as long as wide, ventral comb of last segment with 21 hairs
(CEUPOpeCad) << Vals a 4ae7n nes Ake ae a be om ere ie GRC pallida

4 “One of the four antennal bristles markedly shorter than the
TESE Pil: eal cies oak este e ae hee te pee plumicornis (Europe)

The four antennal bristles of equal length; anal segment with
four ‘dorsal hairs. 34.0555 S00. plumicornis, var, americata
The larva of C. trivittata described by Dyar in N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Jour. 10:201 is said to have but 2 dorsal hairs on anal segment.

Pupae

“ Pxtraordinarily elongate abdomen which terminates in two
paddlelike appendages, loosely ciliate outwardly”..appendiculata
Abdomen of moderate length, see figure; paddles with short cilia

GH he INNET HARE ss Ses os.2 coi 5.4 2 ow OR a ee see plumicornis
Imagos

1 Wings with dark. markings. 00 0is.0 oie « siecw aw <uLe b> sGus ste ee (2)

WINES UMMAPKe oo cecs Scie oe eno oe wa oie vie aceon nie ene een (4)

2 Wings with several cross bands. Length of insect 1.5mm....
Corethrella brakeleyi
Wings with numerous dark Spots: 2 os.5.250 cs 0s ac. eee (3)
3 The apex of both femora and the tibiae, and the base also of
the tibiae, black, antennae with subfuscous hairs. Length -

ATTAIN 55, 0st d bia Dae eee R Toe Sa oe Cee ee Ree CPEVITCTATL a
Legs punctate with numerous small brown spots. Antennae

wath: yellowish “HAIESS ceca .icje s,s be ateeste eee areas punctipennis

4 Yellowish white species; legs white and spotless....... albipes QR. sp.

Pale brown or reddish yellow species............. .+. DDD meee rats

Judging from the description, the larva of appendicu-
lata differs greatly from all the known Corethra larvae, and
I’. Meinert in De eucephale Myggelarver says in regard to its pupa
that the figure given by Herrick resembles that of a Chironomid
rather than a Corethra. In the same paper Meinert expresses
the opinion that fusca is but a darker variety of plumi-
cornis; and attributes the differences in the larva to an error
of Staeger, assuming that the latter described some other
species.

Corethra appendiculata Herrick
Minn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. 1884. p.19, pl.5.

The adult not bred. Larva as follows:

Form is more slender than plumicornis. The tracheal
vessels are of a different form and color, and viscera have obvi-

ous differences. . . Shape of the head is slender and attenu-
ated toward insertion of the antennae. Antennae are shortish

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 395

and have a spine outwardly. The cuticular appendages have an
unusual form, as has the labrum. The anterior part of the head
is spiny. The armature of the end of the abdomen is peculiar.
The posterior rudimentary appendages are of a different form,
and the claws are replaced by club-shaped bodies. <A curious
appendage below is indicated in the name. The pupa has an
extraordinarily elongate abdomen which terminates in two
paddle-shaped appendages, loosely ciliate outwardly. From
Lake of the Isles near Minneapolis Minn. Herrick [loc. cit.]

Corethra plumicornis Fabricius
Plate 39
Ent. Syst. 1794. 4:246-58

The following synonymy is according to Schiner, Fauna Aus-
triaca, 1864. 2:624.

1776 cristallina Degeer (Tipula), Ins. 6:149, 20

1787 pilicornis Fabricius (Tipula), Mantissa Ins. 2:325-49
1788-98 hafniensis Gmelin (Tipula), Syst. Natur. 2826, °108
1794 plumicornis Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 4:246-58

1809 (?) lateralis Panzer, Fauna Ger. 109:16

1818 plumicornis Fabricius, Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:15. 1
1864 plumicornis Fabricius, Schiner, Fauna Austriaca. 2:624

C. plumicornis, var. americana

Male. Reddish brown; abdomen yellowish; the antennal joints
yellow with brown tips, basal joint brown; the hairs pale brown;
the front, the upper surface of the proboscis, and the palpal
joints brown; the incisures of the latter yellow, the vertex, the
cheeks and the underside of the proboscis and neck pale yellow;
thorax pale brown above with three dark reddish brown stripes,
the middle one divided by a fine, pale brown line; the lateral
stripes abbreviated anteriorly, the median one posteriorly; the
pectus and the margins of the pleural and jugular sclerites red-
dish brown; scutellum pale brown, metathorax dark brown;
abdominal segments subequal in length except the first and
Jast, which are less than one half of the others. The dorsal
surface is brown with pale yellow incisures. The brown col-
oring is darkest anteriorly, gradually becoming paler caudad,
so that the posterior margin of the segment is almost as light
in color as the incisure. This is particularly true with segments
3, 4 and 5. On segment 6, 7 and 8 the brown color is almost
wanting excepting a triangular lateral spot which is prolonged
caudad in a fine line. The outline of this spot, however, is not
distinct, but is blended in with the color of the dorsum. <A pair of
yerysmall pale yellowspots with a narrow brown border are more

396 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

or less distinctly visible on each segment. The hypopygium con-
sists of two jointed hooks, is pale brown in color, nearly as long
as an abdominal segment [fig.8]. Venter and the legs are pale
yellow, the last two or three tarsal joints slightly infuscated.
Legs and abdomen densely but delicately haired; wings yellow-
ish, the veins scarcely dark; venation as in figure 10; halteres.
pure white. Length 54mm.

Female. Differs from the male in the following particulars.
Antennae entirely yellow, basal joint, palpi and upper surface
of proboscis with a tinge of brown; frontal spot brown; scutel-
lum with a fine median line and its posterior margin pale yel-
low; abdomen yellow, dorsal surface with a tinge of brown,
specially on the posterior margin. The two little white spots
with pale brown margins also present on each segment. Anal
segment brown, genitalia yellow, venter, legs, halteres etc. as.
with the male. Wings as in figure 9. Length 5mm. Described
from alcoholic specimens. New Jersey, Illinois, New York, Min-
nesota.

Larva differs from Meinerts description [loc. cit.] of the Euro-
pean plumicornis in the following particulars. The four
long bristles of the antennae are of equal length, while in the
Kuropean form one is distinctly shorter than the rest; the head
in all alcoholic specimens is more sharply constricted from the
thorax. In Weissmann’s figure the spines of the antennae are
shown of equal length.

The larva is colorless, in alcoholic specimens pure white; the
large eyes, the pair of air sacs in the thorax and in the seventh
abdominal segment are black and the tips of the mandibles
brown. The head is somewhat elongate, subconical, the antennae
pendant [fig.4a], each with four long bristles of equal length.
Caudad of these are 10 filaments, five on each side of the median
line [fig.4b]; these are the filaments of the third metamere of
Meinert. Then comes the pair of leaflike appendages, ap-
pendages of the third metamere of Meinert, [fig.4¢]; following
which is the labrum.

The labrum [fig.4/] is an elongate fleshy, fingerlike process, ter-
minating in several tufts of hair. The two ventral tufts each with
from 20 to 25 coarse hairs. At the base and somewhat cephalad
of the mandibles [fig.4m] are the fans [f] each consisting of
from 18 to 22 long, coarse hairs. The mandibles [m] have
four or five teeth, two stout spines anteriorly, and a serrate
posterior margin. Closing in the lateral posterior margin of
the mouth are the maxillae [fig.7]; fleshy lobes, each with a
long, jointed appendage anteriorly and two short stout spines.
At the posterior border of the mouth is the labium [/] with

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 397

two short spines. The thorax is cylindrical, of greater diameter
than the abdomen; the two black air sacs distinctly visible.
The abdomen is of circular cross section, tapering gradually
toward the caudal end. Segments are subequal in length ex-
cept the first, which is somewhat shorter; each provided with a
few short hair tufts. The black air sacs of the seventh seg-
ment are large and distinct. On the ventral surface of the anal
segment [fig.6] is a fan of 25 long, feathered hairs, arranged
on a keel or ridge. At the apex of this segment are four elon-
gate blood gills and four long, feathered hairs, and near the
apex, arranged in a transverse row on each side, is a comb
of about 15 small, short hooks, curved cephalad; attached
to the base of each hook is a delicate transparent, sickle-
shaped blade, with a serrate inner margin; the surface of the
blade is covered with transverse ridges, which give it the appear-
ance of a curved pectinate hair, owing to its transparency.
The combs are difficuit to see.. Ventrad of the combs is a pair
of large blunt hooks curved cephalad.

The pupa [fig.2] resembles that of Culex, pale yellow in color,
the thorax with three brown longitudinal stripes, the middle
one divided by a yellow line. Eight abdominal segments are
present, the first and eighth shorter than the others, and on
each are found a few scattered hairs. Attached to the eighth
segment are the swimming paddles [fig.5]; these differ from
those of Culex in having, besides the median rib, each margin
also supported by a rib. On the inner rib is a row of cilia.
The breathing trumpet [fig.20] is spindle-shaped, covered with
a close network of pentagonal and hexagonal figures. The small
aperture is at the apex.

Corethra punctipennis Say

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 1823. 3:16. and Compl. Wr. 2:48. Wiedemann.
1828. 1:14

Whitish; wings and feet punctured with fuscous. Inhabits
Pennsylvania.

Hair of the antennae yellowish white, the centers of the
whorls being fuscous; the shaft of the antennae has a decidedly
annulated appearance; eyes black; thorax with three pale yel-
lowish brown abbreviated, broad lines, the middle one originat-
ing before and terminating at the center of the disk, the lateral
ones originating rather before the middle; feet with numerous
small brown punctures; wings with many very obvious brown
spots.

Size of C. culiciformis Degcer (i. e. 6mm)

398 / NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Corethra trivittata Loew
Berl. Ent. Zeit. . 1862. Centur. 2, p. 186

Male. Pale yellowish, with three thoracic stripes, the meta-
notum, fasciae of the abdomen, with apical rings of the femora,
and basal and apical rings of the tibiae, fuscous black; the
wings with cinereous spots. Length 4.3mm. Wing 5mm.

Pale yellowish, with long, mostly subfuscous pile. Antennae
black, annulated, densely verticellate with subfuscous hairs.
Dorsum of thorax with three black stripes, the double median
one posteriorly, the lateral stripes anteriorly, much shortened.
The sides of the scutellum fuscous; metanotum fuscous black;
the abdomen fasciate with fuscous. Legs pale yellow; the tarsi
from the tip of the first joint pale fuscous; an apical ring on
each of the femora and an apical and a basal ring on each tibia
is blackish. The wing variegated with some smail cinerous
black spots. Maine, California, Alaska. (Osten Sacken)

This is a synonym of C.punctipennis according to Giles
in Gnats or Mosquitos.

The larva and pupa of this species are described by Dr Dyar:.!

The only apparent difference between this and the larva of
plumicornis seems to be that in the former species there
are but two hairs on dorsal surface of anal segment while there
are four in plumicornis.

Corethra albipes nov. sp.

Female. Entire insect pale yellow in ground color; head and
antennae wholly pale yellow; dorsum of thorax with three lon-
gitudinal stripes pale buff in color, the lateral ones abbreviated
anteriorly, the median one posteriorly, the latter divided longi-
tudinally by a pale yellow line. These stripes all narrowly mar-
gined with brown, and on the anterior and outer margins of
the lateral stripe are a few tiny black specks. Scutellum with
a pale buff posterior margin; pleurae yellow, sparsely sprinkled
with small, irregular black specks; abdomen yellowish white
beneath, pale buff colored above, lateral margin sparsely sprin-
kled with smail irregular black specks; legs pale yellowish,
unspotted, fourth and fifth tarsal joints slightly darkened; claws
simple; legs and abdomen covered with long, loose yellow hair;
wings uniformly pale yellowish, the veins, the hair on them,
and the halteres same color. Venation as in plate 39, figure 11.
Length 54mm. Ithaca N. Y. August 1901. :

1N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 10:201.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 399

CORETHRELLA Coquillett

N. Y. Ent. Soe. Jour. 10:191
Plate 40

Through the kindness of Prof. John B. Smith of New Bruns-
wick N. J. from whom I received specimens of larvae, pupae
and adults, I have been enabled to make a study of this inter-
esting species, which in the adult stage has already been
described under the name of Corethra brakeleyi by
Mr D. W. Coquillett.

From Corethra it differs in the following particulars:

In both the male and female the thorax, scutellum, abdomen
and legs are sparsely covered with long coarse hairs, many of
these being as long as the fore metatarsus. The antenna of the
male is thickly covered with long hairs arranged all along the
Shaft excepting on the apical half of the 13th, and all of the
14th and 15th, which have only short hairs. The 15th or
apical joint is slightly enlarged and conical [fig.8]. The an-
tenna of the female has a circlet of a few long hairs at the base
of each joint and another irregular circlet of somewhat shorter
hairs on the middle of it.

In Corethra, at least in those species with which I am famil-
iar, the male has one circlet of many long hairs at the base of
each joint, standing nearly at right angles with the shaft. In
the female these hairs are fewer and shorter; the second circlet
of hairs wanting. In a balsam mount of Corethrella the 15
antennal joints can easily be counted. The eyes are reniform;
the palpi and proboscis are short, the former about twice as
long as the latter; the metatarsus is longer than the following
joint and the tarsal claws [fig.7] are simple and much curved.

Corethrella brakeleyi Coquillett

Larva. The larva resembles that of Mochlonyx much more
closely than that of Corethra; it differs from the former in hay-
ing the antennae attatched near the middle line of the head at
the extreme cephalic end, hinged so that tthey move in a hori-
zontal plane, and normally lie folded back against the side of
the head, as shown in figure 1 and 2. The head is transversely
oval. The antennae [fig.3] have three long curved spines and

460 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

one very short one at the base. Of the longer spines one is:
somewhat longer than the other two. The dorsal sclerite of
the head [fig.1d] is somewhat quadrangular in shape, and is-
provided at its cephalic end with six setae, the median pair
being quite small. The lateral sclerites [fig.1 and 20] are nearly
hemispherical, with a small black pigment spot on the dorsal
surface near the anterior margin; just cephalad of this is a
stout seta, laterad of it is a long slender one, and mesad of it
a small irregular area of ommatidia. On the middle of each
lateral sclerite, arranged in a single transverse row, are about
12 stout spines projecting cephalad, and immediately in front
of this row are two or three long slender setae. At the base
of each antenna on the frontal sclerite is another seta.

The labrum is a transversely oval piece [fig.4] which is at-
tached at the cephalic margin of the head and hangs flaplike
downward and backward over the mouth; its free end provided:
with two curved, pale yellow spines, between which are several
rows of flattened, short, yellow, forked spines. At the base of
the labrum are two pairs of rather long, curved setae, and on the
center are two pairs of very short, delicate ones.

The mandibles [fig.2 md, 5 md, and 6] move in a horizontal
plane and when folded down are visible only from the ventral
aspect. On ‘the inner (mesal) margin near the apical end is a
row of seven stout black teeth; on the dorsoapical margin are
two stout flattened spines, which, when the long axis of the
mandible is parallel to the bedy, projects mesad nearly at right
angles to the long axis of the body. Also on the dorsal surface,
a little apicad of the middle are two unequal long and very
stout setae; and proximad of these are seven long and one
Short lanceolate spine attached to a small crescent-shaped
basal piece. When viewed from the ventral surface [fig.5] two
slender setae may be observed near the lateral margin.

The maxillae [fig.5ma] are two lobed. One is of irregular
shape, about as long as wide, articulated at its base, with a
seta at the apex, and having a small palpus with three or four
pointed processes a little laterad of this seta. On the mesal
margin are a number of long ‘stout, setae, and long slender
hairs. The second lobe [ma, i], ventrad and mesad of the first,
is elongate with a stout seta on the anterior mesal margin. No
suture between it and the head sclerite is visible. It may in
fact, be a cephalic prolongation of the lateral sclerite of the
head. The labium [fig.5/] is immovably joined to the ventral
sclerite of the head, no separating suture being visible. Its
cephalic margin has about 16 stout black teeth, alternating long
and short.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 40L

The hypopharynx (not shown in the figure), is tonguelike, and
lies immediately dorsad of the labium on the floor of the mouth
cavity. It is about as wide as the toothed portion of the labium,
its anterior margin provided with a fringe of pale, short, finger-
like processes, which barely project beyond the edge of the
labium when viewed from below, and is not visible without dis-
section.

The thorax [fig.1] is transversely oval, not as wide as the
head, with the three segments quite distinct. On the lateral
margins of each segment are a few tufts of long laterad pro-
jecting setae, those on the second and third segments being
longer and more numerous than those of the first, and inserted
at the tips of fingerlike processes.

The abdomen [fig.1] is nine segmented with long setae on the
margins; the setae of the anterior segments being longer than
the posterior ones. The tufts of setae of the first and second
abdominal segments are inserted on lobular processes like those
of the thorax. The eighth segment is shorter than those preced-
ing it; the ninth is slender and cylindric, and makes an angle
with the long axis of the body. At its apex are four small
blood or tracheal gills, dorsad of which are a pair of long setae,
and ventrad, a tuft of them.

Projecting from the caudal margin of the dorsal surface of the
eighth segment is the -reathing tube, a cylindric tube, as long
as, or longer than any abdominal segment, its diameter being
less than half its Jength. At the apex of the tube are several
setae, and triangular flaps to cover the aperture.

The color of the head is brown, that of the thorax and abdo-
men grayish with white incisures. On the dorsal surface of
each abdominal segment, surrounded by the whitish field and
caudad of the incisure, is an oval, brownish spot. [Nee fig.1]

Pupa. The pupa [fig.10] resembles that of Culex, but differs
from it and from other Culicidae known to me, in lacking the
broad swimming paddles. In place of them, there are two pointed
processes, each with three spines at the apex and a single one
laterally near the middle. The breathing trumpet as in Culex,
the plane of the margin being quite oblique, but on the rim of the
inner side is a little rounded projection. Each abdominal seg-
ment has several pairs of setae, the median pair quite stout, the
intermediate pair very short and slender and the one or two
laterals long and very delicate. In addition to the laterals,
there is a longitudinal lateral fringe of very delicate hairs, and
the lateral margin is serrate.

Imago. This has already been well described by Mr D. W.
Coquillett; and the description is reproduced below.

A402 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

In addition to the generic characters which have been pointed
out, I may say that the wing is heavily fringed with long hairs.
and the veins are covered with scales. The venation is shown
in fig.9. t

Of the life history Professor Smith has given an account in the
Canadian Entomologist for 1902.

Corethrella brakeleyi Coquillett
Ent. News. March 1902. p.85

Male and female. Dark brown, the antennae, halteres, knees
and tarsi yellow, plumosity of male antennae yellow, mesonotum
opaque, gray pruinose except three narrow vittae and a few spots
near the humeri, hairs of thorax brownish, those of the abdomen
yellow, tibiae and tarsi bearing many long hairs; first joint of
front tarsi slightly shorter than the tibia; wings whitish hyaline,
marked with a brown cross band near one third and two thirds
its length, the first one oblique, the second band produced tri-
angularly near middle of its inner side, costal margin on each
side of this band strongly tinged with golden yellow, fringe
white, marked with a brown spot at posterior end of each cross
band and on either side of the extreme wing tip. Length, 1.5
mm.

One male and three females, bred jointly, Aug. 12 to 14, by
Mr J. T. Brakeley and Prof. J. P. Smith, Habitat-Lahaway N. J.

PELOREMPIS Noy. gen.

Two peculiar larvae were found in a pail of cold spring water
at Saranac Inn by Professor Needham, June 1900. One of them
was kept till the fly emerged; the other till it had changed into
a pupa. Both the larva and adult differ so much from all
the species of the Culicidae that a new genus is necessary to
contain it.

Female. Large species resembling Psorophora in gen-
eral appearance. Head rounded; occiput strongly developed;
proboscis a little longer than the hight of the head with rounded
labellae; palpi longer than the proboscis, four jointed (not
counting the small basal joint [see fig. 10, 11]; the two end
joints each longer than the preceding; antennae 15 jointed, the
basal joint disklike, the second one short and thick, the rest,
including the apical one, small, subequal in length, verticillate
with a few hairs of moderate length; eyes kidney-shaped, much
cut out around the base of antennae, separated from each other
on top of head by only a narrow space; ocelli wanting; thorax

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 403:

well arched, transverse suture wanting; scutellum narrow,
metanotum well developed; abdomen long and narrow, eight
segmented besides the anal segment; genitalia inconspicuous;.
legs long and slender, with fine short hairs, metatarsus nearly
as long as the following four joints taken together; claws.
slender, each with a single tooth on the under side; wings long
and slender, extending almost to the margin of the eighth
abdominal segment; the margins, and veins except the true cross.
veins and the first anal, covered with flattened hairs. Venation.
as in the figure; anal angle obtuse, posterior lobe prominent and.
rounded. Halteres free.

Pelorempis americana nov. sp.
pl.41

Female. Antennae when flexed downward reaches just a.
trifle beyond the outstretched palpi. The upper surface of the
epistome is brown, yellowish on the sides, the labrum pure white.
The labium, which is somewhat prolonged beyond the labrum
is brown beneath; this color extends to near the lobelike tip.
The lobes are hemispherical and pale yellow, covered with black-
ish or dark brown bristles. Black hairs cover both the upper sur-
face of epistome and the under surface of labium, and a few
bristles on inner eye margin. The front is pale yellowon the lower:
part, and brown on the upper; the vertex is brown; back of head
yellow; palpi brown, the articulations and all of the last two.
joints yellow, covered with black hairs; antennae reddish brown,
the two basal joints and all of third joint except tip, and bases.
of all the others pale yellow, its hairs black.” Thorax yellowish
brown; the anterior margin of thorax, a spot on each side of it,
four dorsal stripes, and a spot over the root of each wing reddish
brown. The dorsal stripes are wide, the median pair only sepa-
rated by a fine line much abbreviated posteriorly; the lateral
stripes abbreviated anteriorly. Scutellum, pleura, and meta-
notum yellow, the latter with a triangular spot of brown
anteriorly, which is prolonged backward into a fine median line;
pectus reddish, or reddish brown; thorax and abdomen nearly
bare; abdomen eight jointed plus anal segment, yellow, each
segment with a reddish brown fascia which covers the posterior
third of the segment, excepting its extreme edge. The anterior
margin of each fascia produced forward at the middle and the
sides till the brown color nearly reaches the anterior margin of
the segment. The anal appendage consists of four rounded, in-
conspicuous pieces. The venter is paler than the yellow of the
dorsum. Legs yellow, a few small spots on the coxae, the tip
of all femora, base and tips of all tibiae and the tarsi except the

AOA NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

basal one half of the metatarsus are reddish brown. The
brown of the tarsi seems to be due to the presence of the numer-
ous brown hairs rather than to ground color. Tarsal claws
reddish brown; all tibiae with a single delicate yellow spur;
wings with brownish clouds, one on each of the three vein forks,
a longer one covering the cross veins; an irregular one covers
the bases of the veins and a cloud following the length of the
ecubitus. All veins with scales except the true cross veins and
the first anal; venation as in figures. Halteres yellow with
brown margins on knob. Length 10mm.

Larva. The empty larval skin from which the Acard’ on plate
41 were made is in a very good state of preservation excepting
for a longitudinal break on the dorsal surface of the head and
thorax, and the distorted condition of the skin of the thorax and
abdomen. In figure 1 [p1l.41] the thorax and abdomen are some-
what diagrammatic and the proportions may not be exact owing
to the above mentioned fact; the head and the anal appendages
however are drawn to scale. The larva resembles Corethra and
Mochlonyx (a European genus) in the form of the antennae,
which are elongate, and provided with stout spines, set at an
angle with the long axis of the antennae [fig.1, 2]. The spines
are three in number, wherein this genus differs from Corethra
and Mochlonyx which have four. The mandibles are more
highly developed than in the other genera of this family, and
possess two stout curved teeth, besides several smaller teeth
and spines (ventral view figure 3m; dorsal view figure 5). The
fanlike brush of hairs so conspicuous in Anopheles, Culex, ete.
and somewhat also in Corethra and Mochlonyx seems to be want-
ing entirely here. The labrum [fig.6] is trapezoidal in shape,
its anterior margin being straight. On its upper surface it is
provided with two stout bristles, besides 10 smaller ones
arranged as shown in the figure. Two converging rows of
scales are present, these reaching the extreme front margin.
One of these scales is shown in figure 9. The anterior margin
is somewhat ciliated; and on the under surface are two con-
verging rows of transverse chitinous ridges, five or six ridges to
each row. The maxillae [fig.32] resembles those of Corethra,
its anterior margin provided with numerous scales and hairs.
The scales resemble those of the labrum [fig.9]. At the base
near the articulation of the mandible is a wartlike prominence
with four short spines; this may possibly be the maxillary
palpus. Toward the inner margin is a single stout bristle. The
epipharynx and hypopharynx are wanting in this specimen,
probably torn away when the larval skin was shed. The labium
[fig.3/] is somewhat triangular in shape, its lateral and

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 405

anterior margins serrate, six teeth being present in the lateral
and 10 in the anterior row. The shape of the head resembles
that of Mochlonyx, but with the mandibles more prominent; it
is reddish brown in color and heavily chitinized. No eye spots
are visible in the specimen.

The thorax is provided with about eight tufts of feathered
hairs on each side, the abdomen with about seven pairs. It is
possible that several of the more caudad of what is here termed
thoracic tufts may belong to the first few abdominal segments.
The anal segment and appendages resemble those of Anopheles.
The dorsal breathing apparatus [fig.1, 4] shown somewhat flexed
sidewise in figure 1, is star-shaped with four radiating pointed
lobes, between the anterior pair of which open the two spiracles
[fig.4s]. At the apex of each of the posterior pair is a single
stout bristle. Between the spiracles is a pair of crescent-
shaped chitinized brown patches, laterad of which is a pair of
small bristles, and another pair is cephalad. The anal segment
is ellipsoidal with a row of 31 tufts of hairs, each tuft composed
of several hairs; at the caudal end are four (or six) very smali
blood gills, besides a single large tuft of hairs.

Pupa [fig.8]. This resembles that of Culex and Anopheles.
‘The coloring is like that described for the adult. The breathing
trumpets are somewhat less flaring at the top than Anopheles,
but more so than is usual with Culex. On the posterior margin
of the first segment of the abdomen are three feathered hairs on
each side; 2, 3, 4, and 5 each have two feathered hairs on each
side plus some scattered hairs; 6, 7 and 8 each have three or
four simple hairs on each side. The swimming paddles [fig.7]
have a single median rib ending in a short, stout spine.

The venation of the adult wing clearly locates this genus with
the Culicidae; the form of the proboscis proves its relationship
with Corethra and Mochlonyx, forming with these the subfamily
Corethrinae.

Subfamily CULICINAE

This subfamily is characterized by the possession of the
typical long proboscis, which is longer than the head and therax

taken together.
Genus ANOPHELES Meigen

Pl. 42, fig. 1-7, 9-11
Moderate sized species resembling the ordinary mosquito.
Head rounded, occiput prominent; proboscis bristlelike and pro-
jecting forward, longer than the antennae; the palpi in both
sexes as long as the proboscis, four jointed, the two end joints

406 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

taken together shorter than the one preceding, in the inale long
haired; antennae 15 jointed, the basai joint disklike, the follow-
ing ones small, in the male long haired, in the female short and
sparsely haired; eyes somewhat reniform, the ocelli wanting;

the mesothorax rather long and somewhat pointed in front, and

without transverse suture; scutellum narrow, the metathorax
rather prominent; abdomen long and slender, eight jointed, the
genitalia small and inconspicuous; legs long and slender, nearly
bare; wings with the veins and the margin thickly haired, the
venation as in the figure.

The females may be easily distinguished from Culex by the
presence of palpi about as long as the proboscis; the male may
be distinguished by the following characters. In Anopheles the
last two palpal joints are much thicker than the first and second,
and spatulate in form, while in Culex they are the same in diam-
eter, the last one more or less pointed; further, in all the species
which I have examined, a stump of a vein extends back into the
basal cell from the base of the radial sector and another from
base of R,4,; this venation seems to be rare in Culex; in our
species also the fourth tarsal joint of the fore leg in Anopheles.
is more than twice as long as wide, while in Culex it is no longer

than wide.
Anopheles punctipennis Say
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 1823. v.38 and Compl. Wr. 2:39.1

Male. Brown, covered with cinereous hair; head, antennae
including the long hairs, palpi and proboscis uniform brown;.
thorax dark brown with three longitudinal cinereous stripes,
the middle one divided by a fine brown line covered with sparse
yellow hairs; pleura and scutellum, cinereous brown; metano-
tum and abdomen dark brown, the latter with the basal two
thirds and the extreme posterior edge of each segment with a cin-
ereous bloom, and covered with brown erect hairs; genitalia of
moderate size, consisting of two, two jointed appendages, the
joints of about equal length, the second one slender, curved and
pointed. On the ventral aspect is a sharp caudad projecting
spur [fig.10]. Legs uniformly brown except the knees and the
extreme tips of the tibiae, which are yellow. The fore tarsal
claws have each a long toothed claw and a very short simple
one. The feet of the middle and hind legs each have two simple

a ee ee

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE AQT

claws. Wings with brown scales, a quadrangular patch of yel-
low scales just proximad of the fork of R, and R, covering a
short section of both R, and the costal vein; an oblique patch
at tip of R,, crossing the media, leaving the tips black of all
excepting R,; a few scattered pale yellow patches of scales else-
where; and the posterior margin brown scaled, with patches of
white ones at the tip of Cu,. Halteres pale yellow at base,
the knob infuscated. Length 35 to 5mm, exclusive of antennae
and wings.

Female. Brown, as with the male; abdomen more uniformly
brown, covered with nearly erect, fine, yellow hairs; scutellum
and metathcrax with a fine dark line; tarsal claws all simple;
Wings as with the male but wider in proportion to the length;
venation as in figure 5; the basal section of R,+, distad of the
R-M cross vein, as the male. Everything else as in the male.
Length 4 to 6 mm.

Larva. Three regions may be distinguished in the larva, viz
the head, thorax and abdomen. The head is rounded, brown in
color, and completely chitinized; the eyes are situated laterally
and seem to be of two kinds; one is compact and more or
less circular in outline, the other, visible only in older larvae, is
a crescentlike body compounded of ommatidia-primordia of
adult eyes. On a level with the eyes and cephalad of them are
the antennae, and a trifle caudad of the base of these on the
dorsal surface, arranged in a transverse row, are six feathered
hairs. These are not placed on a band of pigment as is said
to be the case with maculipennis. Between the base of
the antennae and the base of the maxillary palpi, on a chitin-
ized prominence, is a conspicuous branched hair. Near the tip
on the dorsal surface of the labrum are two simple hairs pro-
jecting forward; these are more caudad than in maculipen-
nis. Back of the transverse row of feathered hairs is another
transverse row composed of four small feathered hairs; between
the latter are usually nine more or less distinct pigment spots,
the largest in the center, the others arranged around it. At the
extreme cephalic end, at each side of the labrum, is a dense
brush of brown hairs; another smaller brush is at the tip of the
labrum and on the ventral surface of the labrum are several tiny
tufts of hairs just in front of the mouth opening. The piece
which carries the tufts on the sides of the labrum is called the
scutum of the second metamere or clypeus. The antennae are
two jointed, the first short and apparently immovable; the
second elongate, free, bearing two rather long spines and two
short ones, and a six branched hair, (Nuttall shows four in
maculipennis). About one third of its length from the

AGS NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

base is a branched hair. The mandibles forming the sides of the
mouth opening; each possess two stout, elongate, and four or
five shorter black teeth at the apex, a little below which is a
ridge with a serrated edge (not shown by Nuttall). Overhang-
ing the teeth are three scythe-shaped rays, and between their
bases and the base of the teeth are a number of brown hairs and
one or more curved spines with a serrated inner edge. Project-
ing inward from about the middle of the mandible is a fan of
hairs, and usually also several branched hairs are to be found
on the outer margin.

The maxillae (first pair) each consist of a quadrangular piece
with curved hairs on the cephalic, and straight ones on the inner
margin. On the inner cephalic angle are several stout setae; the
palpus is a conical process covered with short hairs, with three
elongate spines at the tip connected by a web, and several
shorter bristles. Laterally, near the tip, is a hair having four
branches, each branch with several twigs. The maxillae
together with the labium (underlip of Meinert) form the floor
of the mouth cavity. . The labium is a chitinized piece with seven
to nine teeth on the cephalic margin, forming a continuation of
the ventral wall of the head, to which it is articulated [pl.42,
fig.3]. A small toothed piece, in outline resembling the labium
but with fewer teeth, lying just inside of the latter, is what I
take to be the hypopharynx (not shown in figure), Meinert in
his work on Myggelarver [p1.41, fig.24], shows both of these, the
one slightly displaced in dissection. The thorax is rounded, its
segments obliterated. Twelve long feathered hairs stand on
the dorsal surface besides some smaller ones and several sim-
ple hairs [pl.42, fig.2]. The nine segmented abdomen is provided
with a number of feathered hairs besides many bristles. The
first two segments each have two long feathered hairs on each
side, the third has one (in all specimens examined);the fourth and
fifth on each side, each with three or four simple hairs united at
the base, the sixth, seventh and eighth, with but one or two, be-
sides these there are two or three short feathered hairs, and sev-
eral short, simple ones on each side of each segment. The only
difference which I have observed in the hairy armature of the ab-
domen of this species and maculipennis [figured by Nuttall,
Journal of Hygiene, v.1, pl.2, fig.4] is the presence of one or two
more of the long, simple hairs on the sides of segments 4
and 5. The “palmate hairs” on the sides of 3 to 7 mentioned
by Nuttall are also present in this species [pl.42, fig.4a]. On
the posterior half of the dorsal surface of the eighth segment
is the complex respiratory apparatus which surrounds the two
stigmata [p1.42, fig.1]. In front of the two stigmata is a brown,

_ ee

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 409

apparently chitinized plate, which may be folded over them,
flaplike; on each side of them is a conical papilla with a few
bristles at the apex. These are not figured by Nuttall though
figured by Meinert for C. maculipennis. Prolonged back-
ward are two lobes (somewhat pressed apart in the figure), and
between these is an elongate, flattened, checkered plate forming
the floor of the area. On the ventral surface of each posterior
lobe are a branched hair and a few bristles. On either side of
this structure is a comb, its teeth projecting caudad. Each
comb has about seven long teeth, and between each of these are
from one to four shorter ones. The cylindric ninth segment,
when the animal lies horizontal, its dorsal surface uppermost,
jis suspended obliquely below the breathing apparatus, its dorsal
surface covered with a chitinized plate or saddle. From its
ventral surface, attached to a keellike process, is a fanlike
arrangement consisting of two rows, each with nine branched
hairs. On the dorsal surface are four hairs, the two anterior
ones are feathered, the two posterior (and also a little more
lateral) are branched. The anus is at the extremity of the seg-
ment, and surrounded by the four white papillae or blood gills.

Pupa. Resembles that of the other Culicidae. ‘“ When
viewed sidewise, the pupa of Anopheles presents a compara-
tively smooth outline, but in Culex the edge where each tergum
joins posteriorly the soft integument which unites it with the
succeeding tergum stands out as a ridge, and the dorsal out-
line presents a series of salient angles” [Nuttall & Shipley].
“* Respiratory trumpets are not so broad terminally in Culex as
in Anopheles” [Howard]. [p!.42, fig.11]

Anopheles maculipennis Meigen
1818 A. maculipennis Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 1:11 Compl. Wr.
1:241
1823 A.quadrimaculatus Say, Long’s Exp. Apx. p.356.
1828 A. quadrimaculatus Say, Wiedemann, Aussereur. Zwei-
fliig. 1:13
Female. Brown. Wings with four fuscous spots. Head, anten-
nae, proboscis and palpi pale brown. Thorax dull cinereous
brown, covered with sparse yellow hairs; with two brown lines
nearly contiguous posteriorly; pleura cinereous; scutellum
and metanotum brown, the latter bare. Abdomen brown,
rather thickly covered with suberect yellow hairs, ventral sur-
face paler. Legs brown, the femora pale, knees and tips of
tibiae pale yellow. Wings hyaline, the veins with pale brown
scales, a spot of darker scales at the base of the radial sector,
one at the fork of R, and R., one at the fork of the media, and a

410 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

fourth at the cross veins. Venation as in figure 9. The basal
section of R,+; proximad of the R-M cross vein. Halteres pale,
with a fuscous knob. Nuttall and Shipley state and also show
in the figure which they give of the wing of maculipennis
that the subcosta extends almost to the tip of the wing. In all
specimens of females which I have examined this is not the case
with the American form. Should this difference be found con-
stant, Say’s name of quadrimaculatus must be restored.

Larva. According to the description and figure given by Nutt-
all and Shipley [1901], it differs from that of punctipennis
in the following particulars. The six feathered hairs arranged
on the dorsal surface of the head are placed on a transverse
band of pigment. On the dorsal surface of the labrum are two
simple hairs projecting forward; these are more cephalad than
in punctipennis. The pigment spots arranged symmetri-
cally about the median line, so conspicuous in puncti-
pennis, are wanting in this species. At the end of the second
antennal joint is a four branched hair according to the figure
given by Nuttall, whereas this hair has six branches in puncti-
pennis. The mandibles show some differences. The only
differences in the hairy armature of the abdomen which I have
observed in punctipennis, in comparing with the descrip-
tion and figure of Nuttall of maculipennis, is the presence
of one or two more of the long, simple hairs of segments 4 and
& in the former species.

Pupa. Agrees in all particulars with the description given for
punctipennis. A comparison of fresh specimens of both
species will be necessary to reveal differences.

Genus PSOROPHORA Desvoidy

Large species which resemble Culex in having a straight pro-
boscis; the male has palpi as long as the proboscis, those of the
female being short. It differs from Culex in having many nearly
erect scales on the legs.

Two species have been described from. the United States.
They may be distinguished by the characters given in the key
below.

Length 6mm exclusive of the probocis; cell 2d R much longer
than the cell M; body black, the humeri yellow, pleura and
sides of the mesonotum bearing many appressed white scales,
abdomen on the upper side covered with appressed violet pur-
ple scales, those on the first segment and a few at the hind
angles of some of the other segments white. (Hartsville
= 6.) Canadian Mnt., 190) p-255. 7.0.20 .seeere howardii Coquillett

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 411

Length 9 or 10 mm; cell 2d R only a little longer than M [pl.42,
fig.8]. Thorax striped; body brown; legs yellow, with dark
brown or black erect scales. United States, widely dis-
tributed. Wiedemann, Aussereur. Zweifliig. 1828. 1:13....
ciliata Fabricius
The life history of P. ciliata is given by Howard in the
Canadian Entomologist for 1900 and also in his work on mos-
quitos. Of the larva he says, “from Culex it differs in having
a longer breathing tube, longer and more pointed blood gills,
and the hair fringe on the under side of the anal segment much
longer and denser. The jaws are sharply toothed and very
long.” From the figure it appears also that the mouth brushes
project laterally and not forward as in Culex. Figures are
given in both of the papers of Howard, mentioned above.

Genus CULEX Linne

The species of this genus are the ordinary mosquitos. In most
respects they are like the species of the genus Anopheles, but
differ from them in that the male alone possesses the elongate
palpi, in the female these are very short; the mesothorax is more
arched and more nearly vertical in front; and the hypopygium
of the male is quite conspicuous, whereas with Anopheles it is
small and inconspicuous. In other respects, including the biting
habits of the female, just like Anopheles.

It may be added, that in all species of Culex examined it was
found that the fourth tarsal joint of the fore leg in the male is
only about as long as it is broad; and that the last joint of the
palpus is pointed. The wing venation also appears to present
ditterences from Anopheles, in that the spur at the base of
R,+, is usually wanting in Culex.

Larva. The larvae are usually known as wrigglers, and char-
acterized by their rapid wriggling movements, their wormlike
bodies and disproportionately large heads with a pair of prom-
inent eyes, an enlarged thorax, and their possessing on the
dorsal surface of the eighth segment an elongate breathing tube.
The eggs of some species are laid on the sur face of the
pond or pool in an oblong mass or boat, w hich in
the warmer spring or summer weather hatches within
a day or less. The small transparent larvae are
extremely active from birth. They come to the surface to
breathe, the elongate breathing tube of the last segment being
in contact with the surface film, the cephalic end hanging
Gbliquely downward. When disturbed the larva descends to the

412 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

bottom, jerking its body rapidly from one side to the other. It
appears to be heavier than water, for sometimes it may be seen
to descend quietly, apparently without motion; though, in order
to rise, it “ wriggles ” to the surface. In the full grown larva
the head, more or less rounded, is large, usually nearly as wide
as the thorax from which it is separated by a narrow neck.

The antenna, which arises from a slight prominence a little in
front of the eye, consists of a single elongate shaft, with a short
terminal joint (which appears to be annulated), several bristles
and jointed hairs at the end of the first joint, and a tuft of
hairs at about the middle of the shaft. Projecting from the
middle of the anterior end of the head is a complex arrangement
of hairs which spring from two folded ridges one on each side |
of the ventral surface of the labrum [pl.438, fig.5]. The length
of the hairs varies with the species. Meinert [De Hucephale
Myggelarver| speaks of this as a whorl, or rotatory organ, as he
believes that it is by the vibrations of these bristles that the
food is directed into the mouth. The greater part of the upper
surface of the head is formed of a single plate which Meinert
[loc. cit.] calls the dorsal surface of the third metamere. In
front of this is a short, broad plate (“scutum of the second
metamere,” Meinert), called the clypeus by Giles [Mosquitoes].
[pl.44, fig.8c]

Attached to the anterior margin of the latter is the round
prominence covered with hairs; this is the labium [pl.44, fig.8]
or “scutum of the first metamere” [Meinert]. If the front
part of the dorsal surface of the head be removed and turned
ventral surface uppermost [pl.43, fig.5], the two fans or rota-
tory organs [fig.5f] may be seen, mesad and caudad of which
are two tufts of hair projecting caudad. Between the latter is
a rounded process on which are from two to four spines. This
process together with the two tufts of hair, I believe to be the
epipharynx[e].

The eyes are large and placed laterally, behind which and
lying close to, may usually be seen a small ocellus. On each
side of the mouth opening, ventrad of the fans, are the man-
dibles; stout, quadrangular pieces with a number of sharp teeth,
at the cephalic end with two stout spines curved mesad, a row
of hairs arranged on a ridge or keel overhanging the teeth and
another row of long hairs arranged on the posterior margin
[pl.45, fig.1, 2]. <A fingerlike process with hair at its apex pro-
jects mesad from the mesocaudal margin [fig. 2a]. VWentrad of
the mandibles are the maxillae [pl.43, fig.4¢]. These are also
indicated by dotted lines under the mandibles [m] on right hand
side, the figure being a dorsal view of the lower half of the head,

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 413

the dorsal surface having been removed. The maxillae are
fleshy ovoid processes with a longitudinal row or terminal tuft
of hairs, besides the long, loose hairs on the mesal surface.
Attached to the base and projecting laterad is the palpus with
its four or five terminal spurs or papillae. Forming the floor of
the mouth cavity, and attached to the anterior edge or coales-
cent with the sclerite which forms the lower surface of the head
is the labium [pl.43, fig.4/]; a more or less triangular or semi-
circular piece with a toothed margin. The ventral surface and
margin is usually fringed with setae.

The hypopharnyx is a toothed piece resembling the lower jaw-
bone of a mammal, and lies tonguelike on the floor of the mouth
- cavity [pl. 43, fig.4h and pl.44, fig.6]. It is quite small and, being
loosely attached, is easily torn away in dissection, hence some-
what difficult to find. Attached to the posterior edge of the
hypopharynx [pl.44, fig.5], and lying obliquely, with reference
to the frontal plane, but perpendicular to the sagittal plane, is
an elliptic flat ring. This ring is compound, made up of four
lamellae in close contact, so that it appears at first sight as a
single ring; the surface of the lamellae is striated and fringed
on the inner margin with long cilia. A portion of the front end
of this ring is shown on plate 44, figure 5s. It appears to be
the anterior margin of the gullet, and may perhaps act as a kind
of sieve on which the food particles swept in by the rotatory
fans, are caught. A second toothed piece [pl.44, fig.5¢] lies
dorsad of the anterior lobe of the hypopharynx, and is probably
a part of it.

The thorax is circular in outline, and wider than the head.
In the full grown larva the sutures separating the three thoracic
segments can not be distinguished. On its surface are tufts of
long bristles, longer usually than those on the rest of the body.
These bristles are feathered, though not so much so as in Anop-
heles. The hairs appear to act as balancers. In addition to
these hairs are a number of smaller, shorter tufts.

The abdomen is five or six times as long as the thorax, but of
much smaller diameter; consisting of nine segments counting
the anal segment. The segments are subequal in length except-
ing the first, eighth and ninth, which are frequently shorter.
On the lateral margins are tufts of a few long hairs besides a
few shorter ones, the arrangement of which may give specific
characters, though, owing to the ease with which they fall off
in alcoholic specimens, they must be used as distinctive charac-
ters with some caution. Projecting from the dorsal surface,
near the posterior margin of the eighth segment, is a long, more
or less cylindric tube, into which the two main respiratory

414 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

trunks can easily be followed, and are seen to open at its extrem-
ity. On each side of this tube is a single row of short spines,
und at the base is a tuft of short hairs. On each side of the
eighth segment is a comb composed of a variable number of
Short spines [pl.45, fig.6]; the tip of each spine is sometimes
covered with short hairs.

The ninth abdominal segment, usually shorter than the others
and of less diameter, contains the rectum and the anus, being
almost at the extremity of the body. Around the opening are
two pairs of delicate, elongate lobes. These are tracheal or
blood gills. Immediately cephalad of these are dense tufts of
long hairs, the position and arrangement of which are variable
with the species. Usually also, dorsad of the blood gills are a
variable number of long bristles.

Pupa. The pupa differs from those of the other genera of
this family less than does the larva. It is characterized by its
bulky, oval, laterally compressed anterior part, made up of the
head, thorax and its appendages, and a posterior part, consist-
ing of the abdomen with its swimming paddles [p1.43, fig.7]. The
length of pupal life in all observed specimens was about four
days. During this time the pupa would remain quietly floating
with its thorax nearly vertical, its abdomen bent under, unless
disturbed, when it propels itself to the bottom by means of
the violent contractions of the abdomen, after the fashion of a
crawfish. The specific gravity apparently being less than water,
however, it requires a constant effort to remain at the bottom.
i The head is bent down under the thorax, the antennae folded
back arcuate and lying along its sides; the legs folded up'in a
sinuate fashion; the wings extending downward and backward
from the sides. Near the highest point of the thorax, the pupa
occupying its usual vertical position [p1.43, fig.7], are the two
breathing trumpets, elongate, subcylindrical tubes, open and
somewhat flaring at the top [pl.44, fig.11]. On the dorsal surface
near the posterior margin of the thorax,are usually a pair of stel-
late hairs. The abdomen has eight segments, subequal in length
except the first and last two, which are shorter, and on the pos-
terior margins of which are a few tufts of branched hairs.
Attached to the last segment is a pair of broad swimming pad-
dles, each reinforced by a stout longitudinal rib, and ending in
a single short spine. Between the paddles is a furcate fleshy
process in which are contained the genitalia of the inclosed
imago. The shape of this fleshy process differs with the sexes,
and perhaps also with the species. The pupae of all the species
I haye examined resemble one another so closely that I have
been unable to distinguish them. It appears however that there

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 415

are slight constant differences in the form of the air trumpet
and in the number and arrangement of the abdominal hairs.
Fresh specimens should however be examined in order to char-
acterize them correctly.

The arrangement of the bristles on the abdomen is about the
same in all the species examined. On the dorsal surface of the
first abdominal segment are a pair of conspicuous stellate hairs,
the remaining segments each have about three pairs of lateral
discal hairs, and two pairs of small, branched, marginal ones;
one of the marginal pairs of the eighth segment being many
branched. Besides these there are usually a few scattered
hairs.

Much has been written about the species of this genus, but
the fact that most of the older descriptions are inadequate
renders the synonymy much involved. Coquillett has done the
best and most recent work on the North American species; and
the reader is referred to his papers published by the United
States Department of Agriculture, or, better still, to his table
given in Howard’s book on mosquitos, for the determination of
the adults. In the last mentioned work will be found a most
complete description of the life history of several species of
mosquitos. The recent work of Theobald is a monograph of the
Culicidae of the world.

Dr Dyar has recently published in the Proceedings of the
Washington Entomological Society (1902 and 1903) and in the
Journal of the New York Entomological Society (1902 and 1903)
the descriptions of the larvae of a number of species of Culex,
together with keys for their identification. The following key
is adapted from one given by him, modified to include species

more recently described.

KEY TO SPECIES OF CULEX LARVAE

1 Without a longitudinal row of spines on the air tube; hair

tufts of anal segment confined to the barred area; seventh

segment with a round dorsal plate incised amteriorly......
signifer Cog.

With a longitudinal row of spines or hair on the air tube...........- (2)

2 Air tube at least four times as long as its breadth at the
“te Ns Se ee ee eer eto eas rr et ee (3)
Air tube less than three times as long as broad............--eeeeee> (9)
8 Antennae with hair tuft beyond the middle of the joint............. (4)
The antennal tuft at or before the middle............. eee ee ee ee eee (8)

4 Air tube six or more times as long as broad; antennae white
SNES Re ot dc oe is Tid cic aed ane ales = wie aeolian ns ai a 8 a's pes Peels (5)

416 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

“I

10

11

12

13

14

16

Air ‘tube 4:or 5 times’ as long as broad:. 3.2.) 0.2i04. 2tahs ols th coe ee (6):
Tube concave, the tip wider than the terminal portion.

Spines of tube mostly with a single basal branch....... territans
Tube regularly tapered, smallest at the tip. Spines of the

tube: 3) ta 4 tramebed ss. cs 20s cuts wn bt eh beet eee nigritnaws
Anal segment without hair tufts anteriorly of the trans-

Versely ’ DarredeaTeae sos ais sae w-diers «st op S Foo aie @ nse nid > ty (7).
Anal segment with hair tufts on the ventral line up to the

PASO ooo eis co, ee ee ed ne ats in ee sane Sas bun ws we 5 ae See eas eee dyari
Lateral comb of the eighth segment a patch of spines; tube

POPOL, oo oie ons eh oie oars s Us 0 wine caine G bind ate Mie we a ptriee Rae pipiens
Lateral comb a row of bars; air tube black...........7. melanurus
Apex of the labium rounded [pl.44, fig.1]. .Antennae whit-

ish on basal halt os 24 sie. cS kis.e ores wees wee oleate eater ee nee restuans
Anex of Jabium pointed [pl46)] 3.502% <0. 28 sce G eee te arene cantans
Lateral comb of the eighth segment a patch of small spines

three OF MOLre TOWS GEEP. oes ss ah. 0 's:W ele eaase wie alain ts eae ee -. (10)
Lateral comb a few spines on a single or partly double row........ (13)
Anal segment with hair tufts before the barred area...............- (11):
Anal segment without tufts before the barred area.............++. (12)

The spines of the air tube prolonged into setae; tube about

three times as long as wide; the antennal tuft is at the mid-

die- of (the joint nce cise nen emitepenies Helekaee ees Sener consobrinus
The air tube with spines, anal segment broadly plated..canadensis
Antenna with a small tuft a little before middle of the joint.

Air tube about two and a half times as long as wide;

lateral comb about three rows deep........5....0-- bimaculatus
Antenna with a single inconspicuous hair instead of a tuft.

Air tube not over twice as long as wide; lateral comb

about five TOWS+GCED. ski ee ee os ne. ustects sea ae ene atropalpus
Anal segment with hair tufts before barred area.................. (14)
Anal segment without tufts before barred area...........--seee0- (16):
Comb of eighth segment of separate nearly simple spines,

the spines of the air tube each with three teeth....... sylvestris
Comb of eighth segment either toothed or digitate................. (15)

5 Comb of eight segment composed of spines with finely digi-

tately divided tips; antenna with a single long seta instead

OL 2 CUEL.. oc: fin Bie Seve wie ete alreerate weft ade ook Wie te oe erat ee triseriatus
Comb of conspicuously toothed spines, joined on a weak

basal plate. Antenna with a small hair tuft.......jamaicensis
Comb of eighth segment of nearly simple, thorn-shaped

TOCT oo oo wo 00 0's ine 0p Sw iele es iets eee rice eee sollicitans
Comb of eighth segment of pectinated spines in an incom-

plete double row. ...:.2..35 ¢ stem oaks peer Ee taeniorhynechus

The pupae resemble each other so closely that I have been

unable as yet to find satisfactory characters to distinguish them.

——

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE ALT

Culex restuans Theobald
Plate 44
Monogr. of Culicidae, I11:142

Male. Length 4.5 to 5 mm. Uniformly fuscous. Palpi as
in plate 44, figure 12. The thorax is apparently marked with
stripes; bases of the abdominal segments with yellow scales;
bases of the femora and the tips of the tibiae yellow. Tarsal
claws of the fore and middle legs unequal, each with a tooth,
hind claws simple. Male genitalia resemble those shown on
plate 43, figure 11; but the apex of the terminal claw is sinuous,
and with a tiny hooked appendage. Wings hyaline, with fuscous.
scales. Venation as in figure 9. Halteres pale.

Female. Palpi as shown in figure 13. All tarsal claws simple.
Venation of the wing as in figure 10. In other respects like the
male.

Described from alcoholic specimens obtained from Professor
Needham. Bred. Saranac Inn N. Y., July 21, 1900.

Larva. Length 7 to 8mm. The head is round, widest at the
eyes, slightly wider than long, with six moderately long hair
tufts in a transverse row immediately back of the antennae; the
antennae slender, uniform, and brown in color but paler
femebe bases, .On..the shaft is. a.tuft of 10. to 12
long hairs, a little below the middle, and at the tip
are three slender and one stout spine and the stout apical
joint. Rotatory fans normal. The mandibles have immediately
above the teeth a long, stout spine with a serrated inner margin.
The maxillae possess a pair of moderately long dorsal spines.
The cephalic margin of the labium is arcuate, with about 23
teeth, besides three on each lateral margin [pl.44, fig.1]. The
epipharynx is of the usual shape, though its lateral spines are
somewhat longer than the median [fig.6]. The hypopharynx
has a toothed margin and eight spines, four on each side, two
lateral lobed processes each with six fingerlike projections and
a median piece with a lobed margin [fig.5]. The labrum [fig.8]
is hairy as usual, the clypeus [fig.8c] with two stout spines on
its dorsal surface. On the gula are two trifid hairs. The
thorax is rounded, and at the base of the larger tufts of hair
are spurlike processes with four or five teeth projecting ceph-
alad. The long, loosely feathered hair tufts of the thorax con- -
sist of the usual anterior transverse row, and the two lateral
groups [fig.3]. The hairs of the abdomen are arranged in tufts
of about equal length, though there are fewer hairs in the pos-
terior ones; air tube brown, of moderate length, the row of
lateral spines on it each with from 15 to 20 spines; caudad
of which are a few long hairs. The lateral combs of the eighth

A418 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

abdominal segment with 30 to 32 teeth arranged in about three
irregular rows. Caudad of this comb is a tuft of nine feathered
hairs, and dorsad and ventrad of it are several small bristles.
On the dorsal margin of the ninth segment are three or four
long bristles, and on the apical third of the ventral surface is a
brush of long hairs consisting of from nine to 12 tufts. In most
Specimens the blood or tracheal gills are long, extending beyond
the tip of the breathing tube.

Pupa. The breathing trumpet [fig.11] is somewhat widened
at the top, about five times as long as wide, its apical margin
oblique. On the most posterior of the thoracic sclerites are
three pairs of short, stout, branched hairs; on the dorsal surface
of the first abdominal segment, are the usual pair of stellate
hairs; the remaining segments each have about three pairs of
lateral discal hairs and two pairs of small branched marginal
ones, one of the marginal pairs on the eighth segment being
many branched.

Culex pipiens Linnaeus
Plate 43

Male. Length 4mm. Antennal joints grayish white, the tips
black, the long hairs brown; proboscis and palpi pale fuscous,
the latter darker at the tip with long, dark brown hairs; occiput
with yellowish hairs; dorsum of thorax yellowish brown, with
five indistinct, darker brown stripes, on each of which is a row
of a few black or brown bristles, elsewhere covered with yellow
scales; pleura metanotum and scutellum yellowish brown, the
last shghtly darker, with a few long brownish hairs; abdomen
long haired, segments fuscous, at the base rather widely fas-
ciated with yellow scales; ventral surface paler fuscous;
genitalia vellowish, not very prominent [fig.11]; legs fuscous,
quite pale on the coxae and base of femora, gradually becoming
darker distally, the tarsi being quite dark; the knees and ex-
treme tip of tibiae, yellowish. The fore and middle pairs of
claws unequal, the longer one inside, each claw with a distinct
tooth [fig.8]. The hind claws simple. Wings hyaline, scales
fuscous [fig.10]. Halteres pale.

Female. Length 4mm. Antennae, proboscis and -palpi uni-
formly fuscous; abdomen fuscous, with a very narrow basal
fascia of yellow scales on each segment; ventral surface paler;
femora with basal half and flexor surface yellow, gradually
becoming darker distally, tibiae and tarsi as with the male. All
tarsal claws simple [fig.9]. Wings with fuscous scales. Vena-
tion as in figure 12. Allelse as with the male. Bred specimens.
July 18, Aug. 31, and Sep. 7, 1901. Ithaca N. Y.

Larva. Length 7to8mm. The head is nearly circular in out-
line, color pale fuscous, with six moderately long tufts of hair on

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 419s

the dorsal surface, the lateral ones near the base of the antennae,
the others more caudad [fig.2]; eyes large; antennae flattened,
wider on the portion below the hair tuft, which is composed of
20 to 30 loosely feathered, long hairs on the side at about two.
thirds its length from the base; its apex with four slender and
one stout bristle besides the short apical joint. The rotatory
fan [fig.5f], labrum [Jr] and epipharynx [e] normal; clypeus.
with the usual pair of setae; the mandibles with a long, stont,
curved, pale brown spine with a serrate inner margin, projecting:
beyond the black teeth. A pair of small spines are found on the
dorsal surface of the maxillae, and a small seta near the apex
[fig.47]. The cephalic margin of the labium [fig.4/] is elliptic,
the median tooth longer than the others, and the hypopharynx
[h] is of the usual shape [pl.44, fig.5]. The thorax is rounded;.
arranged on the dorsal surface in a transverse row near the
cephalic margin are 10 or 12 equally spaced tufts of long hairs,
the median tuft largest. A little caudad of the middle line, near
the lateral margin are six or eight long hairs in an irregular
transverse row, and on the lateral posterior margin, are two
tufts of five or six short hairs each. The outline of the abdomen
presents a sinuous margin, the segments being somewhat con-
stricted at the incisures. On the prominence of each side of the
segments are three or four moderately long hairs. The lateral
combs of the eighth segment consist of a patch of about 50
spines. Caudad of the lateral comb is a tuft of about eight
feathered hairs, and dorsad and ventrad of this is another
smaller tuft. The ninth segment has five or six long setae on
the dorsocaudal margin, 13 or 14 branched hairs of about six
branches each on the caudal third of the ventral surface and
four rather long sharply pointed blood or tracheal gills. The
breathing tube is rather long, with from 10 to 15 serrate spines:
in a longitudinal row on each side, and on the ven‘ral surface
are three pairs of long and several short tufts of hi’.

Pupa [fig.6,7]. The breathing trumpet is comparatively long,
widest at the apical third, its opening extending downward on
one side to almost the middle. On the abdomen are the usual
bristles, those on the lateral margin being larger toward the
caudal end. Swimming paddles are of the usual shape.

Culex cantans Meigen
Plate 45
Syst. Beschr. 1818. 1:6, 2:6
1848 C. stimulans Walker. List etc. Synonymy according to
Coquillett.
Male. Length 7 or 8 mm. Antennae with long fuscous
hair; proboscis and palpi yellowish brown, the latter

APO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

with a band of dark scales near the base; joints dark;
occiput with yellowish white scales; thorax with a black
or brown ground, thickly covered with short golden
yellow hairs, with five narrow longitudinal stripes of white
seales. The lateral stripes are not parallel with the inter-
mediate pair, but, starting anteriorly quite close together,
diverge rapidly and end near the base of the wing. The white
stripes are frequently quite indistinct, in which case the
thorax might be described as having two rather wide yellowish
stripes; pleura and scutellum with whitish hairs; metanotum
brown and bare; each segment of the abdomen dorsally with
its anterior third covered with short, whitish scales, which ex-
tend also in a narrow more or less broken line along the lateral
margin. Posterior part of the segments is black with an occas-
ional paler scale, particularly on the posterior margin. The
last segment is nearly covered with white scales. Venter with
yellowish white scales, which are rather thickly interspersed
with long, pale brownish hairs; hypopygium prominent, black;
flexor surface of the femora white, extensor surface sprinkled
with brown; flexor surface of the tibiae and metatarsi yellow,
extensor surface brown; tarsi black with the basal third or
fourth white. Claws all with a tooth on the underside of each.
One claw of the middle foot is much longer than the other and
is sinuous in outline [fig.10].. Wings hyaline with blackish
scales and a sprinkling of paler ones. Fourth tarsal joint of the
male short. Venation as in figure 9. Halteres white.

Female. Antennae pale brown; proboscis fuscous; venter of
abdomen without long hairs; genitalia black; anterior femora
and tibiae brownish, with scattered whitish hairs; fore and
middle tarsal claws with a single tooth, hind pair simple. In
all other respects like the male.

Larva. Length 11 to 12 mm to the tip of the breathing tube.
The head is dark brown, antennae with two slender and two
stout apical setae and a short terminal joint; at a little below
the middle is a tuft of about eight hairs, and on the shaft are
a number of short, thick spines. The color of the antennae is
a uniform dark brown. The rotatory fans are rather long, the
individual hairs are noticeably pectinate at the tip. The man-
dibles, maxillae and labrum are normal, the latter apparently
without the pair of dorsal spines, possessing a long, thick tuft
of hair apically and a comparatively large palpus. At the base
of the palpus on the triangular sclerite is a stout spine, and
caudad and mesad of this is another, placed close to the suture
which separates the lateral from the ventral sclerites of the
head. The labium resembles that of C. triseriatus but

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 4?1

is somewhat more rounded, the middle tooth prominent. The
thorax is transversely oval, with three or four rather short,
stout setae on the cephalolateral margins, caudad of which and
near the lateral margin is a tuft of short hairs; on the middie
of the lateral margins are two tufts of feathered hairs, and
caudad of this is another pair. The abdominal segments are
slightly constricted at the incisures; the first segment has three
or four long feathered hairs on each side; the rest of the seg-
ments each have about two on each side, besides some short,
scattered ones. The lateral combs of the eighth segment have
35) or £0 teeth each. The ninth segment has a tuft of about 16
dorsocaudal bristles, one of them longer than the rest, and
“il its ventral surface are about 16 tufts, the first four some-
what separated from the rest and from each other. The dorsal
surface of the segment is covered by a brown chitinized saddle.
The tracheal or blood gills are of moderate length. The breath-
ing tube is long, about four or five times as long as wide; with
20 or 25 lateral serrate spines in the longitudinal row, the basal
four or five being smaller than the rest.

Pupa. The pupa greatly resembles those of the other species.
The breathing trumpet widens at about one third the distance
from the base, its open end only slightly oblique.

Described from a number of bred specimens. May 1901.
Ithaca N. Y.

Culex sylvestris Theobald
Monogr. Culicidae. 1:406

This species will fall in the same couplet with C. stimu-
lans Walker (C. cantans Meigen), in the key given in Dr
Howard’s book on mosquitos (1901 ed.). It is apparently
not uncommon and has probably heretofore been confused
with the above mentioned species. It greatly resembles
€. cantans, it also agrees fairly well with the descrip-
tions of C. vexans Meigen and with Walker’s descrip-
tion of C. stimulans. From the first it differs in having
{in unrubbed, bred specimens) an unmarked thorax, and in having
only the immediate bases of the tarsal joints white. The male
also has the long claw of the middle foot slightly curved but not
sinuous [compare pl.45, fig.10 and pl.40, fig.11]. From C. stim-
ulans it differs in having the posterior fork cell wider and
shorter than the anterior, while in stimulans, according to

Giles, they are “of about equal length and breadth.” From both

422 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of the foregoing and from C. vexans also, the male differs
in having a white band on the middle of the long second joint
of the palpus. In spite of the tooth on the underside of the hind
claws I believe my identification is correct.

Male. Length 5mm. Antennae with long fulvous hairs, pro-
boscis and palpi dark brown, the latter with a white hand on
the middle of the loug second joint, and the bases of the third
and fourth joints white. The occiput with golden yellow hairs
and patches of blackish and whitish scales; dorsum of the thorax
with a black or brown ground uniformly covered with golden
yellow hairs, the posterior margin and the scutellum with a
fringe of longer yellow hairs; metanotum light grayish brown,
bare; pleura brown with whitish scales.

Each segment of the abdomen dorsally with its anterior
fourth covered with short white scales; posterior part of
the segments black slightly produced forward in the center
and the posterior margins of the next to the last whitish;
the last one wholly black; genitalia brown, the apical joint
slender with a spine near its-apex [pl.40, fig.12]; venter pale
brown with whitish scales; entire abdomen with long, erect pale
brown hairs; femora brownish, the bases and the flexor surface
of the middle and hind pairs and sometimes the front pair also,
white; tibiae and tarsi brownish black, flexor surface paler; the
immediate base (about one eighth of the length) of each joint of
the tarsi yellowish white. The hind legs with erect, yellow
setae. All tarsal claws with a tooth on the under side of each.
The long claw of the middle foot as shown in figure 12. The
venation is about as that shown for C. cantans, though
the posterior cross vein is not oblique. Halteres yellowish
white.

Female. Differs from the male only as follows. Antennae
brown, basal two or three joints yellow; abdomen marked like
the male, but the long hairs are only on the posterior margin
of each segment; genitalia black, consisting of two fingerlike
lobes; venter yellow with white scales, posterior margin of the
segments black. Tarsal claws like the male.

Described from bred specimens.

Larva. The larva resembles that of C. cantans. The man-
dibles are like those shown on plate 45, though the teeth are
more blunt; the maxilla is like that shown on the same plate,
though the palpus is rather shorter than shown here, and there
are two lateral spines. The labium is pointed, and the antenna
has a tuft of bristles near the middle. The teeth on the sides
of the eighth segment are arranged in one irregular row. The
spines of the longitudinal row of the breathing tube each have

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 423

two or three short teeth near the base, the two or three elongate
distal spines being separate from the others and from each
other. Breathing tube about two and one half times longer than
wide. The setae of the ninth segment extend forward from the
barred area.

Pupa. The plane of the margin of the breathing trumpet
makes about a 30° angle with its long axis. Specimens taken
July 10, 1902, Ithaca N. Y.

Culex triseriatus Say
Plate 46
Acad. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:12. 4 Compl. Wr. 2:40; Wiedemann, 1:11, 12

Female. Length 44mm. Antennae uniformly grayish, the
large basal joint yellowish, the joints of the flagellum ver-
ticillate, with a few long, black hairs, besides which the
shaft is covered with sparse grayish white, downy hair; pro-
boscis fuscous, including its base and the epistome. Palpi
one fourth as long as proboscis, cylindric. Occiput covered
with silvery white scales; dorsum of thorax with a very
broad black stripe, widened posteriorly, where it covers the
space to the base of the wing excepting a spot of white
scales in the middle line on a line with the bases of the
wing; scutellum and metanotum black; the sides of the an-
terior part of the dorsum, and the pleura, covered with white
scales; abdomen covered with deep black scales. The anterior
margin of the dorsal surface of the segments are fasciate with
dark brown scales, and the anterior margin of all segments on
the ventral surface fasciate with white scales. These latter
fasciae extend to the sides and their extremities are just visible
on the dorsal aspect. The last segment is yellow, genitalia
black; the legs black, the coxae, the flexor surface of all the fem-
ora, the bases of the first and second pairs, the basal two thirds
of the hind pair, and all the knees, white; tarsi sometimes dark
brown. The fore and middle pair of tarsal claws each with a
tooth, those of the hind pair simple. Wings smoky, the scales
black, those on the posterior margin brown. Venation as in
figure 7. Halteres white.

Male. Antennae wanting. Like the female in all respects.
excepting as follows. The black dorsal stripe slightly narrower ;
the long palpi are black, hypopygium prominent, the front tar-
sal claws of unequal size, one long and curved, the other shorter
and nearly straight; both with a single tooth on the underside,
the middle claws each with a tooth, hind ones simple. Described
from specimens bred July 1901. Ithaca N. Y.

Larva. Length 7 to 8 mm. Head [fig.3] is round, in color
brown; in the transverse row between the bases of the anten-

474 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

nae are six tufts of hairs, the median pair short; caudad of these
is one pair of long setae, and directly caudad of each eye is a
single one. The antennae [fig.1] have three or four apical bris-
tles besides the usual small terminal joint, and a little distad of
the middle is a single long seta. Labrum, rotatory fan and max-
illae normal, the two dorsal spines of the latter rather longer
than in C. pipiens and the papillae on the mesal surface
are more prominent. The spines of the epipharynx as in C.
pipiens, but the lateral ones shorter than the median pair.
The stout apical spine of the mandible [fig.2] does not project
beyond the tip of the teeth. The labium [fig.4], is triangular
with 19 teeth, hair on its ventral surface, and caudad of the
transverse suture are two pairs of setae. The hypopharynx,
shown somewhat diagrammatically in figure 6, has a number
of sharp teeth besides two lateral lobes with fingerlike processes
(not shown in the figure). On the dorsal surface, along the ce
phalic margin of the thorax, are six or eight hair tufts, all rather
short except the lateral ones, which are of moderate length;
on the middle and on the posterior end of the lateral margin
are two long tufts. Near the caudal margin are two stellate
hairs. Each abdominal segment has, besides the long lateral
tuft, four short dorsal tufts and a few short lateral and ventral
hairs. The lateral comb of the eighth segment is composed of
about eight spines arranged in one irregular row; the ninth
segment but little longer than wide, is provided with a dorso-
caudal tuft of 10 or 12 hairs, a ventral row of about 10 tufts,
each tuft with four or five hairs. The blood or tracheal gills
are comparatively short. The breathing tube is short, about
twice as long as wide, with a lateral longitudinal row of 18 to
20 spines, at the caudal end of which is a single hair tuft.

Pupa. The pupa does not appear to differ from C. cantans.
The air trumpet is widened at the top, the plane of the margin
of the aperture makes about 45° with the longitudinal axis.
Bred specimens. July 1901. Ithaca N. Y.

Genus AEDES Meigen

Small, brownish or blackish gray species closely resembling
Culex, differing only in that both sexes have very short palpi.
According to Van der Wulp, the palpi, though short as in the
female of Culex, are not cylindric as in the latter genus, but
eonical or pointed, and consist of two joints only. But two
species of adults are known from the United States.

A.fuscus O.S., Western Diptera. 1877. p.191. Cambridge Mass.
A. smithii Coquillett, Canadian Ent. 1901. p.260. New Jersey.

Ol

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 42

Imagines

These two species may be distinguished as follows:

With cross bands of yellowish scales at the bases

Meee MILT HA) BESINCTLS. .6occ «oc os vce wees A. fuseus’@. S.
Without these bands............ eR ers oat A. smithii Coquillett
Larvae
Deere tOur. at) DIOOd CIID... co clec ac csc e ewes fuseus
White Gath ane DIOOd SIS. eck cs Siew ene smithii

Aedes fuscus Osten Sacken

The larva is described by Dr Dyar in the Journal of the New
York Entomological Society for 1902, page 197. This larva
differs from that of A.smithii in having four long narrowly taper-
pointed blood gills instead of but two. The antenna has a tuft
of hair a little before the middle; the breathing tube is about
three times as long as wide; its spines are single toothed. The
ninth segment has tufts before the barred area; the lateral
combs of the eighth segment consist of a single irregular row of
rather course spines.

“The pupa is normal, its air tube cylindrical, slightly bent
but not widened into funnel shape.”

Aedes smithii Coquillett
Plate 47, fig. 1-6
The adult is described by Coquillett in the Canadian Ento-
mologist, 1901. Of the life history Prof. J. B. Smith has discov-
ered the following :+
“The female Aedes lay their eggs in the newest leaves of
the pitcher plants (Sarracenia), and do not always wait for
water to collect in them. Of the specimens of larvae which he
had taken during the winter the last one changed to the pupal
state about Sep. 9; thus being in a larval state since the preced-
ing October.. He thought that there were about three broods,
and that the different specimens vary in their time of appearing,
which seems to give one continuous season.”
The larva has already been well described by Dr Dyar, in
New York Entomological Society Journal, December 1901, page

178, plate 10, figure 1. It greatly resembles the larva of
Culex, this species differing from the known members of that

1Ent. News. 1901. p.254. See also N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. March 1902.

426 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

genus in the following particulars. The mandible has but one
large bristle or curved spine at the apex (in all specimens exam-
ined); the papillae of the maxillae are elongate and sharply
pointed; and the blood gills at the posterior end are only two
in number.

The characters of the species are as follows: Head rounded,
somewhat flattened; eyes very small, round, and black; rota-
tory fan conspicuous; antennae slender, uniformly pale in color,
the lateral tuft represented by a single seta, its terminal appen-
dages short, consisting of two or three slender setae, a blunt
spine and the usual short terminal joint [p1.47, fig.1]. The man-
dibles [fig.2m] are shaped like those of Culex but appear to have
but one stout, curved seta at the apex; the bearded process
caudad of the teeth has a stouter base than in Culex; maxillae
[fig.2x7] elongate, pointed papillae and several terminal setae
besides the usual long hairs. The labrum resembles that of
Culex, the clypeus with a pair of rather elongate blunt spines.
Epipharynx as in Culex, though with but two instead of four
spines. The labium triangular with a long central tooth and
nine teeth on each side of this [fig.27]. The gula is apparently
without setae. On the dorsal surface of the head between
the bases of the antennae in a transverse row are four
small setae, and caudad of each of the two inner ones
is another. Thorax quadrate, wider than long, lateral margin
sinuous; dorsal hairs short, those of the three lateral groups
long; abdomen slender, segments subequal in length, the
long lateral hairs about of equal length, those on the
anterior segment, four to six in number, diminishing in
number caudad, so that on the last two segments there are
usually but two on each side. The dorgsocaudal and ventro-
caudal tufts short and composed of two or three hairs. The
lateral combs of the eighth segment consist of 15 to 20 stout
teeth arranged in a single somewhat irregular transverse row.
The air tubes rather short, about three times as long as its
greatest diameter; with four rows, each with five or six long
setae [fig.6]. The two longitudinal rows of teeth which are
present in Culex are entirely wanting. The anal segment is
short, with two inflated translucent blood gills and with dorso-
caudal, laterocaudal and ventrocaudal tufts of long hairs; the
ventral brush wanting.

The pupa has the posterior margin of the swimming paddles
ciliate with short hairs instead of terminating with a single
bristle as it does in Culex. Near the anterior margin of the
thorax is a pair of long setae, caudad of which are two pairs
of short forked hairs. The breathing trumpet [fig.4] is like

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 427

Culex, the plane of the margin being about at right angles
with the long axis of the tube. On the dorsum of thorax is a
pair of short forked hairs just caudad of the trumpet; on the
metathorax is a transverse row of slender setae, and caudad
of the base of the posterior margin of the wing are five or six
rather long setae. The two stellate hairs on the first abdominal
segment are very conspicuous. The rest of the segments each
with a few subdorsal hairs; on the posterior end of the lateral
margin of segments 4, 5 and 6 is a single long one, and on 7 and 8
a conspicuous fan of hairs [fig.5]. The swimming paddles are
rather small and with cilia on posterior margin. The thorax in
mature specimens is dark brown, the abdomen paler.

Described from specimens kindly furnished by Prof. John B.

Smith.
GenuS URANOTAENIA Arribalzaga

This genus possesses in most respects the same characteristics
as Culex and Aedes; it differs from Culex however in having
short palpi in both sexes, agreeing in this with Aedes, but ditfers
from the latter in having violet blue scales on the thorax. The
palpi of both sexes are two jointed, the basal joint globular,
nearly as large as the basal joint of the antennae, the apical
joint small, conical and pointed; differing thus from the cylindric
palpi of the female Culex.

Uranotaenia sapphirina Osten Sacken (Aedes)
Plate 46, fig. 8-15
Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:47

“Wings unspotted; abdomen dorsally brownish, thorax
tawny brown with a median dorsal, and three lines on the
pleurae, metallic blue; tarsi brownish, unbanded.” Description
of Osten Sacken. 1868. 2:47. “ Fuscous, the frons, a median
thoracic line and stripes on pleurae metallic blue; bases of coxae
and femora pale; apexes of the femora and tibiae snowy. Front
blackish, with a metallic blue reflection along the eyes, spe-
cially in the middle. Antennae blackish, scapus tawny; those
of the male apparently 15 jointed (15 plus two), flagellum with
12 beautifully bearded joints; a 13th elongated, linear joint has
some scattered hairs, but no beard like the preceding ones.
Proboscis long, reaching in the male if bent backward, to about
the middle of the abdomen; rather conspicuously incrassated
at the tip; perhaps still longer in the female (abdomen of my
female injured); thorax brownish, tawny, darker above, paler
on the pleurae; a metallic blue longitudinal line along the middle
of the thorax reaches the scutellum; three similar marks on the
pleurae, the upper of which is in the shape of a short line run-

428 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ning from base of wing toward the head. Abdomen brownisk
above, paler below; knob of halteres brown, stem pale. Feet
brownish paler at the base; a snow-white dot on the upper side
of tip of femora and of tibiae; when looked at very obliquely,
these white dots appear slightly pale bluish, and the tibiae and
tarsi likewise show a faint bluish reflection. Wings clothed
with brown scales, but showing in an oblique light numerous
blue reflections, especially a stripe near the basis between the
third and fourth longitudinal veins. Obs.—In female specimen
the scales are rubbed on the feet; therefore appear pale tawny;
still, white dots are distinctly visible. Length 3mm. Wing
3mm. Habitat United States, Washington D. C., Brooklyn
Ne?

To the above I may add that in well preserved specimens the
abdomen has a very narrow, pale posterior margin, and that the
female also possesses the white spot at the tip of the femora,
rather faint, and at tip of tibia very distinct. The tarsal claws
of both male and female are simple, the middle tarsi of the male
with but a single large strongly curved claw [fig.15]. The claws
of the hind legs small and but slightly curved. Wing venation as
in the figures [fig.18 female, fig.14 male]. The hypopygium of
the male, moderate sized with the jointed appendage slender
and curved up at the tip [fig.12]; its ventral tooth simple.

[P1.46, fig.8-15]. The larva and pupa, and the life history of
this species are described by Dr Dyar.t. According to the figures
and description given by Dr Dyar, this species differs from the
known members of the genus Culex in the following particulars:
“Antennae moderate, divergent [fig.10]. The hairs of the
thorax and abdomen [fig.8] black, the thoracic ones equal,
long; those of the first and second abdominal segment also long;
but the rest very short and inconspicuous, stellate. The lateral
comb [fig.9] of the eighth abdominal segment is a large plate
with a row of stout teeth on the posterior edge .. . air tube
rather short, not longer than two segments, widened at the tip
by four distinct, flattened teeth, as long as the width of the tube;
last segment moderate, with the usual four anal fingers (blood
gills). Pupa essentially as in Culex. .. Segments dorsally

InN. YY. Ent: Soc. Jour. 1901, 9:73.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 429

tufted with stellate hairs and some small tufts about the eyes
and between the prothoracic air tubes. Tubes long, slender, uni-
form in width, not flared, but slightly bent in the middle, about
12 times as long as wide.”

Family pix1IpDAE
Diva midges
Plate 48
These little flies closely resemble mosquitos in size and form;
but may easily be distinguished from them by the venation of
their wings, and in that the veins are not furnished with scales
[pl.48, fig.8]. The antennae are about 15 jointed, and differ but
slightly in the two sexes; the legs are long and slender; and the
caudal end of the abdomen of the male is enlarged. The family
includes only a single genus, Dixa. The flies appear to be rare
in America; at any rate are rarely observed.
The larvae of several European species are known. The fol-
lowing is the first published description of the larva of an
American species, as far as I am aware.

Dixa modesta nov. sp.

Mr Henshaw kindly compared this species with Loew’s types
in the Cambridge Museum and he found that it differs from all
of them.

Male and female. Brown, dorsum of the thorax between the
dark stripes yellowish; scutellum, middle and hind coxae, and
tip of the abdomen either yellowish or pale brown, Length
2 to 2.5 mm.

Head dark brown, including palpi, antennae, and proboscis.
Thorax including the pleura, metanotum, and sternum, brown;
dorsum yellow with three wide brown stripes, scutellum yellow-
ish or pale brown. Abdomen dark brown or black, venter a lit-
tle paler, last segment yellowish, tip of genitalia black. Legs
brown, middle and hind coxae yellowish, and the basal portion
of the femora more or less yellowish brown, the tarsi and the
tips of the tibiae almost black. Wings hyaline very faintly
cinereous, veins fuscous, cross vein not clouded; the peduncle of
the Cubitus about as long or but little longer than the fork.
Venation as shown in figure 10.

Described from a number of captured and bred specimens.
April and October 1902. Ithaca N. Y.

430 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Larva. The larva is found in pond water or in slow flowing
streams. It is almost always bent double in the shape of a letter
U [fig.5], so that the head and tail come close together; the
bend being at the sixth segment. When kept in a tumbler of
water, it will lie on the side of the glass with its body above the
water level; its head and tail toward the water. It appears how-
ever that it is still within the surface film. Its general color is
a pale fuscous with black head and appendages. The body con-
sists of three thoracic and eight abdominal plus the anal seg-
ment. The head [fig.1] is somewhat quadrangular in shape,
with the antennae at the anterior lateral margins. On the dor-
sal head sclerite are three pairs of setae arranged as in figure
6; and on the ventral surface are also three pairs besides a
smaller one at the base of each antenna, as shown in figure 1.
The antennae are slender, slightly curved, and deep brown in
color, with numerous sharp, distad projecting tubercles or spines.
The labrum is attached to the cephalic margin of the dorsal
sclerite [fig.6] and hangs flaplike over the mouth. The margin
is heavily fringed with dense tufts of hair which appear to act as
rotatory organs. Ventrad of this are the mandibles [fig.2], short
and stout, each with a curved spine at its cephalic end, a pair of
curved setae on its outer (lateral) margin, and a row of fine,
curved hairs overhanging the two short, sharp teeth in its inner
(mesal) margin. The maxillae are ventrad of the mandibles, and
are well developed. At the apical end of each are a few fine,
curved hairs [fig.3], and on its outer surface are short, scattered
hairs. Its palpus [fig.3p] greatly resembles the antenna, but is
a little smaller. On its basal joint is a stout seta. The labium
is semicircular in outline, with hairs on its apical margin, but
apparently without teeth. :

On the dorsal surface of the first thoracic segment are a few
long, cephalad projecting setae, and a few shorter ones on each
of the following thoracic and abdominal segments. The first
two abdominal segments each have anteriorly on the ventral sur-
face a pair of short prolegs with rows of short, curved bristles
[fig.5c]. The ventral posterior margin of each of the eighth,
ninth, and tenth body segments (fifth, sixth and seventh abdom-
inal segments) is a fringe of stout caudad projecting bristles
[ fig.5d].

The appendages of the last segment of the abdomen superfi-
cially resemble those of Anopheles. The spiracles open on the
dorsal surface [fig.7s], and surrounding each of these and ex-
tending laterad is a leaflike plate with a ciliated margin. Imme-
diately cephalad of these is a transverse row of six short
branched hairs. Extending caudad are two long, dark brown

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 431

fingerlike lobes, each with a marginal fringe composed of a
single row of stout setae; and lying between these is a third,
cylindric, nearly black in color, provided apically with three
pairs of long black setae, and a short, pale yellow terminal joint
[fig.7]. The middle lobe does not extend quite so far caudad as
do the lateral lobes, differing in this respect from the described
(European) species. It is a little more than twice as long as
wide. Of the four small respiratory gills figured by Meinert in
De eucephale Myggelarver nothing is to be seen in the specimen
from which the drawing was made, though they are present
in specimens discovered later. Caudad of the spiracles and
lying on the dorsal surface is a triangular chitinized plate,
the rounded vertex pointing cephalad, the basal angles each
provided with a single short seta [fig.7p]. On the ventral sur-
face, at the base of each of the long lateral lobes, is a short,
semicircular lobe with a marginal row of short, black spines
[fig.5a]. On each side of the middle line and caudad of the small
lobes is a black ridge or keel with two black setae, the longer
one projecting caudad, the shorter one projecting laterad; and
extending transver gely between the bases of these setae is a mat-
ted fringe of fine, pale vellow caudad projecting hairs.

Pupa. The pupa [fig. 4] is pale fuscous. The single observed
specimen assumed a nearly circular position, its caudal end
nearly touching its head, and remaining motionless on the side
of the glass above the water film. Normally a Dixa pupa rests
on its side, and according to Meinert it may thrive either in or
out of water. The length of pupal life is about three days. No
setae were observed on any portion of its body. The breathing
trumpets are short, with widely flaring conical mouths. There
are eight abdominal segments besides the anal one. The anal
segment has two long, pointed lobes with very finely serrate
margin and a few short, terminal hairs.

The larva on which this description is based, was found in
Ithaca N. Y. in a slow flowing stream Ap. 11, 1902; it pupated
Ap. 18, and emerged three days later. A number of specimens
were found in October.

KEY TO SPECIES OF DIXA

In order to facilitate identification, the following key is
offered, which must however be used with caution, as it is in part
— compiled from descriptions.

1 Species having both the proboscis and the scutellum VOUOW i. s:cat Oo (2)
Having either proboscis or scutellum black.........ceeeeseecseeeees (4)

432 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

2 Knob of the halteres black. With the head, palpi, base of the

antennae, thorax, venter and the legs except the tip of the

femora, yellow. Length 2.7mm. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1863.

Centur. 3, p.1.. District of Columbia...........-. marginata Loew
Knob of the halteres yellow. With the head, antennae, palpi

(except the base), thoracic’ stripes and part of the legs

HeOown Or DIAG a Sle eee oC bbs ts oe Uae eiee ere ae. oe hezete tate a (3)
Cross vein with cloud. “The peduncle of veins R; and R»2

very short.’ Female. Length 2.7mm. Berl. Ent. Zeit.

1863. Centur. 3, p.4. Maryland and New Jersey (John-

SOMA Yeas didicie soto ten saan 9 A iA ahs cals awison fee pas eee aaa notata Loew
Cross vein not clouded. Peduncle of this vein as usual; a

little shorter in the male than in female. Length 2.5mm.

Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1868. Centur. 3, p.3. New York and

Uo

Tihaca N. Y¥. G? D. recens, Walker)....c- ..-u.% .% =. terna Loew

4 Species having both the proboscis and the knob of the halteres
cee eh eh A ae One area A a wR aie ea Re te rai wi An PERI (5):
Having proboscis and halteres of different COlOTS. 2:34 os Se eee (6)

5 Thorax with yellow space between the dark dorsal stripes.
Pingea ONY Nie bled Pate Oe SEE Se eee modesta n. sp.

Without yellow on dorsum. Blackish species. Lower part of
the pleura, sometimes scutellum and metanotum, coxae and
base of the femora, and stem of the halteres yellow. Male
and female. Length 2.5 mm. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1863. Cen-
EOE ec) IN OW IOI so asp dsieas Whale te laiase ep sjotelv vein oe wee eetee fusca Loew
6 With yellow rostrum; halteres with a fuscous head. Head,
palpi, antennae, thoracic and pleural stripe, abdomen and
tip of femora wholly black; tarsi fuscoys. Length 38 mm.
Male. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1872. Centur. 10, p.1. Texas.venosa Loew
With black proboscis; halteres yellowish; palpi and proboscis
and tips of femora and tibia Dlack......... ee cece eee cece cece eeees (7)
Antennae and scutellum black; pleura and metanotum
black; and tarsi and abdomen fuscous black; halteres sor-
didly yellow. Male 2.7mm. Berl. Ent. Ziet. 1863. Centur.
3, p.38. New York, (=D. nova Walker?)........ centralis Loew
Antennae yellow at the base, flagellum pale fuscous, scutel-
lum fuscous testaceous; tip of posterior tibiae thickened.
Metanotum black with yellow margin; abdomen shining
cinereous black; tarsi black toward the tip. Male and
female. Length 4.2 mm. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1869. Centur.
S, p.l.- Massachusetts a. i226. 362 eee ts pe ee eae clavata Loew

=I

Family CHIRONOMIDAE
This family is exceedingly rich in species. Owing to the fact
that the life history of comparatively few is known, it is diffi-
cult to give a key even to the genera of the larvae and pupae.
The Chironomidae may be divided into three groups, the first

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 433

containing Chironomus and allied genera, the second containing
Tanypus and some others, and the third, Ceratopogon etc. Be-
sides this, there are a few aberrant genera which can not well
be placed in any of the above mentioned groups.

The bibliography of the biologic literature is rather extensive,
specially for European species; and I will therefore give only
that which may be of particular interest to the American reader.

Brauer, F. Syst. Studien auf Grundlage der Dipteren-Larven nebst einer
Zusammenstellung von Beispielen aus der Literatur ueber dieselben
und Beschreibungen neuer Formen. Denkschr, d. k. zoo. bot. Gesell.
Wien. 1883. 47:1-100, pl.1-5

Fries. Monographia Tanyporum Sueciae. 1824

Gercke. Verh. Ver. Hamburg. 1877. 4:6, and 1880. y.6

Kieffer, J. J. Allgemeine Zeitsch. f. Ent. Aug. 1901. Ceratopogon and
Wulpiella

Meinert, Fr. De eucephale Muggelarver. With extensive bibliography.
1886

Miall & Hammond. The Harlequin Fly. On the Life History and
Anatomy of Chironomus dorsalis. With bibliography. 1901

Packard, A. S. On Insects Inhabiting Salt Water. Am. Jour. Sci. no. 2.
1871. Species of Ceratopogon (nec Tanypus)

Essex Inst. Proc. 6:42. Chironomus oceanicus

Pettit, R. H. Mich. Acad, Sci. 1900. p.110. A Leaf-mining Chironomus

Osborn, H. Iowa Exp. Sta. Bul. 32. Chironomus Larva

Smith, Sidney. United States Fish. Com. v.2, Rep’t for 1872 and 1873.
Sketch of the Invertebrate Fauna of Lake Superior. Larva of Chirono-
mus

The Chironomidae are gnatlike flies of slender form, the males
conspicuous for their plumose antennae. They may be distin,
guished from mosquitos, which they resemble very much, by the
costal vein not being continuous on the posterior side of the
wing. The larvae are soft skinned, wormlike, and usually
aquatic, though some are terrestrial. These midges are often
seen, specially in the early spring or in the autumn, in immense
swarms, dancing in the air. For a more complete characteriza-
tion of the family the reader is referred to Comstock’s Manual for
the Study of Insects or to Williston’s Manual of the North American
Diptera.

Gercke, in Verh. Ver. Hamburg, 1878, 4:225, distinguishes the
larvae of Chironomus and Tanypus thus: “All Chironomus lar-
vae have a cylindrical body, a short oval head; the smaller spe-

434 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

cies yellowish in color, often colorless; the larger ones often a
deep red. All Chironomus larvae build a cylindrical, gelatinous,
or silky case, in which they usually are hidden. The larvae of
Tanypus possess a distinctly segmented, somewhat flattened
body, with long conical anal prolegs, an elongate triangular
head, with distinct eye spots. They do not appear to build a
larval case.” Those Ceratopogon which in the adult state do not
possess hairy wings, have aquatic larvae. These are very elon-
gate, snakelike in form, with a conical head, no thoracic or
caudal appendages, save sometimes a few bristles at the tip of
the last segment.

The pupa of Chironomus usually lies hidden in the larval case,
keeping the water surrounding it in circulation by the undulat-
ing motion of the abdomen. The pupa of Tanypus is active and
resembles that of Culex. The pupa of Ceratopogon is more elon-
gate than that of Tanypus, and is not active, but floats nearly
motionless, with its body in a vertical position.

For determining the genera of the imagos, the table given
by Williston in his Manual of the North American Diptera is most
useful.

Chironomus (sens. str.) sp.
Plate 49

A large number of larvae and pupae were taken from the
stomachs of brook trout, as has been-described by Professor
Needham in this bulletin. Many specimens were examined and
all found to belong to the same species. The species evidently
being of great importance as fish’ food, it is desirable that it may
in the future be recognized, and therefore I herewith describe
it. Many characters here given apply to the genus as well.

Body slender, 12 segmented, full grown specimens about 18mm
in length. Occasionally, still living specimens were found
within the fish stomachs; these possessed the brilliant red color
so characteristic of certain Chironomid larvae. At the anterior
end of the first segment and at the posterior end of the 12th
are pairs of prolegs. The head is small, dark brown, heavily
chitinized, a little longer than wide. The sclerites of the head
consist of a dorsal, ventral and two lateral plates, besides a
number of smaller ones. The dorsal sclerite resembles that
shown on plate 50, figure 4; but there are three pairs of bristles

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 435

near the suture on the dorsal plate, the anterior pair quite close
to the anterior margin [pl. 49, fig.8], and laterad of the posterior
pair, lying close to the suture, but on the lateral plate is another
éeta. The median plate carries the labrum [lIr, fig.8], which
hangs flaplike in front of the mouth and may be bent backward,
and on its under surface are three pairs of setae. Attached
to the labrum on its ventral surface is the epipharynx [fig.3e].
This is a complex structure attached at its anterior margin, its
free margin projecting ventrad and caudad. On its surface are
a number of spines, its margin is serrate and provided with
three pairs of small serrate teeth. In addition to this is a pair
of long, chitinized, sickle-shaped processes. The shape and the
arrangement of the setae are as shown in figure 3. The lateral
‘plates bear two pairs of rudimentary eyes (pigment spots), as
well as the antennae and the jaws. The antennae [fig.2] are
situated on the anterior end of the lateral plates; they are
small, consisting of a comparatively long basal joint, on which
are two terminal ‘pieces, one four jointed, the other somewhat
shorter and simple. The mandibles, situated ventrad of the
antennae are stout and with a four or five toothed apical margin.
Near the base, overhanging the teeth, is a brush of hair [fig.6
and fig.8m]. The mandibles are articulated in such a manner
that they move in an oblique plane, striking the labium |fig.82
and fig.5/}|. The labium is attached, or rather coalescent
with the front margin of the ventral sclerite of the head, the
suture separating this sclerite from the lateral ones only
faintly marked. Miall & Hammond consider the ventral piece
as a portion of the lateral sclerite. The margin of the labium is
toothed, the three middle teeth somewhat shorter than those
immediately laterad of them [fig.5J]. Near the base and ven-
trad of the mandibles are the maxillae, consisting of fleshy
processes, with forward projecting teeth on the lateral margin;
a bunch of slender lobes and setae on the inner margin; and a
short stout palpus with some terminal spines and papiliae
[fig.5me and fig.9]. On the ventral surface is a long stout seta.
On each side of the labium is a striated and flexible fan-shaped
flap which helps to close in the mouth [fig.5]. On the floor of
the mouth cavity, lying close to the labium, is the hypopharynx.
Its anterior margin is furnished with a number of short spines
and bulb and platelike projections. This is the piece which
Miall & Hammond, in their work on The Harlequin Fly, on page
29, call the upper plate of the labium, or mentum in the figure
on page 30. Its function seems to be that of a guide for the
silk thread, as is undoubtedly the case with Simulium. The
prothoracic pair of feet [fig.4] are furnished with a large num-
ber of slender curved hairs, yellowish in color, the two feet

436 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

very close together so that they appear as one. The first three
segments in specimens which are ready to transform are en-
larged and represent the thorax; the intermediate segments are
subequal in length and apparently without trace of setae. On
the ventral surface of the 11th are two pairs of long blood gills
[fig.7], on the caudal end of the dorsal aspect of the last segment
are two tufts of five or six long hairs; ventrad of whichisa bunch
of four very short processes. The anal feet are about as long as
the 11th segment, each one with a crown of 12 to 15 bifid claws,
resembling the one shown on plate 50, figure 9, but sharper,
straighter and more slender, and the inner one comparatively
shorter, ‘the angle between the two teeth being about 60°.

The pupa [fig.12] is elongate, its abdomen eight segmented,
not counting the anal appendage. The usual respiratory fila-
ments of Chironomus, consist of a pair of much branched tufts.
On the lateral margins of each of the segments are a few deli-
cate, transparent filaments [fig.10]; of these there are five pairs
on the eighth segment, besides ‘a pair of chitinized toothed
claws. On the margin of the anal segment is a close row of
hairs, the basal portions of which are stout, but extremely fine
at the extremity, where they become matted, forming a paddle
[fig.10, 12].

Of course no adults were found in the material, but from
some nearly mature pupae the flies were withdrawn, and these
possess the following characters. Length, 7 to 8mm. Dorsum
of thorax brown, with the usual three dark dorsal stripes;
pectus darker brown; dorsum of abdomen paler brown, ‘the
incisures whitish; the ventral surface of each segment with a
large, rectangular brown spot, the rest whitish; legs yellowish
brown; the tips of all joints blackish. Metatarsus longer than
the preceding joint; all tarsal claws simple. Male genitalia
complex, consisting of two pairs of blunt lobes, the outer pair
the longer; a pair of two jointed claws; and on the dorsal aspect
is a single large, heavily chitinized, ’ downward curved hook.
Figure 11 shows a side view, the dorsal surface being turned
uppermost. The colors given in the above description are doubt-
less intensified in the living fly. It is hoped that by means of ©
this description the fly may later be recognized.

THALASSOMYIA Schiner
Plate 50, fig.1-15
Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. 6:216, 1856
This is the first record of the genus from North America. As
far as I am aware, but two species have been described, T.

frauenfeldi Schiner and T.congregata Tomasovary,

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 437

both European species. The genus belongs to the group Chiron-
omus (sens. lat.); but differs from all the other genera of this
group in having the fourth tarsal joint shorter than the fifth
[ fig.14], resembling in this respect Tanypus, and Diamesa, from
which it differs in the wing venation; the R—M cross vein want-

ing; antennae as in Chironomus.

T. obscura n. sp.

This fly was very common here during the past summer, the
larva living on the rocky bottom of the shallow, swiftly flowing
streams, where the water is but an inch or two in depth
[pl.32], sometimes in company with Simulium; it spins a
leose cocoon so open and transparent that the larva is not -hid-
den by it, though it prevents the larva from being washed away.

Male. Front and epistome yellow, palpi fuscous, shorter than
the antennae, its first joint about one and one half times as long
as broad, the second twice, the third three times and the fourth
about four times as long as the first. Antennae fuscous, 14
jointed, the first disklike, the second longer than broad, the third
to the 13th about as long as broad, the 14th longer than all the
others taken together; all furnished with long brown hairs ex-
cept the apical one fourth of the 14th. Dorsum of the thorax
blackish. Yellow on the humeri and pleura, covered witha
white bloom, most conspicuous on the humeri. The dorsum of
the thorax has a dirty yellow ground color but the three black
longitudinal stripes are so wide that only a little of the ground
color shows, excepting on the humeri and the two very narrow
faint longitudinal stripes separating the three wide, black ones.
The scutellum is chestnut; metathorax black; pectus brown;
abdomen dull black, the dorsum of the first two segments
greenish; the extreme edge of each segment, paler fuscous; the
venter greenish, darker, almost black on the more posterior seg-
ments. The green is sharply separated from the dorsal color
en a lateral line. In dried specimens this green color becomes
dusky. Legs almost black, the coxae and bases of the femora
yellowish, tarsal claws simple; wings hyaline, hairless, the an-
terior veins yellowish, the rest hyaline; venation as in the figure;
anterior and posterior margin delicately ciliate; genitalia in-
conspicuous [fig.13, dorsal view]. Halteres white. Length
3 to 5 mm.

Female. Antennae seven jointed, black, with short hairs.
Thorax with the black stripes a little narrower than in the male,

438 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

hence the yellow stripes separating them and those on the
humeri, more conspicuous. Pectus, scutellum, and a little space
in front of the latter, brown; the pectus in dried specimens
sometimes nearly black; pleura yellow, metanotum black; abdo-
men as with the male, but the venter paler, legs black, coxae
and base of femora yellow; tarsal claws simple; wings hyaline,
anterior margin and tip a little smoky; anterior veins yellow;
wing margins delicately ciliate; venation as with the male;
halteres white. Length 3 to 5 mm.

Larva. The eggs I did not find. The larva is 8 to 10mm in
length when full grown, pale or yellowish green in color, its
head dark brown and heavily chitinized. The head is somewhat
longer than wide, the dorsal suture well marked, and with a
few setae arranged as in figure 4.. Two setae are placed immed-
iately in front of the transverse suture, and at the apical end
of the labrum are two more [fig.4]. A ventral view of the
labrum is given in figure 3; e representing the epipharynx to
which perhaps belongs also the two lateral pieces with their
pointed processes. The anterior margin is furnished with a
number of small fleshy lobes. The antennae are small, the
basal joints about four times as long as wide, with two terminal
pieces, one of which is four jointed, the other simple [fig.1].
The mandibles [fig.2] are about twice as long as broad, heavily
chitinized, and with five short, blunt terminal teeth; articulated
at the base of each is a long slender piece, with foul terminal
spines. This is shown folded down in the figure. The maxillae
are short protuberances, covered with pointed processes; a very
short palpus with terminal papillae, and two stout setae pro-
jecting ventrad. The hypopharynx [fig.5] is tonguelike, with
two long basal pieces. Its apex and its dorsal surface are
covered with pointed papillae; ventrally, there is an open arched
rib. At the cephalic end of the ventral sclerite and coalescent
with it, is the labium, with 11 blunt marginal teeth, the middle
one wide and broadly truncated. On the prothoracic segment
are the two prolegs, each with about 30 long, curved spines, and
a number of small and very short spines on the ventral surface.
At the base is a single slender seta, on each side a little dorsad
of the lateral line are two more, and caudad of these and below
the lateral line a group of three. The 11th segment is without
blood gills; the 12th with two comparatively short legs, each
with a crown of eight to 10 bifid claws [fig.9, 12]; dorsad of
which are two tufts of five or six bristles each. Between the
prolegs and projecting caudad are four short blood gills.

Pupa. The pupa is about 44mm long, with the colors of the
adult. It is much shorter in comparison to its breadth than that
of Chironomus (sens. str... The wings extend to little beyond

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 439

the posterior margin of the second abdominal segment. Eight
segments are present besides the short anal segment. On the
dorsum of each segment, toward the caudal margin, is a trans-
verse band of stout, black bristles. Each band is composed of
five or six rows. The arrangement of these bristles (the longest
of which are about one third as long as an abdominal segment)
is shown in figure 11. The anal segment is composed of two
lobes with a single apical bristle. After two to four days of
pupal life, it transforms into the adult.

Genus DIAMESA Meigen

This genus has long been known to occur in Greenland, but
has not, till now, been recorded from the United States. In
1898, Lundbeck described three new species from Greenland,
one of which, D. aberrata, he considers the species which
Staeger erroneously (?) identified as D. waltlii.

Antennae of the female eight jointed, the basal disklike, the
intermediate ones rounded, the last cylindrical. Antennae of
the males usually plumose and 14 jointed. Eyes oval; the front
wide and flat. The eyes and the wings resemble Tanypus. The
cell M is separated from the cell M ,..:,; by a cross vein, as in
Tanypus. The fourth tarsal joint is shorter than the fifth.

Diamesa Waltlii Meigen

1838 D. waltlii Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 7:13, 1

1846 nivoriundus Fitch (Chironomus), Winter Insects of Eastern
New York nec Orthocladius nivoriundus Johnson, (?)
Cat. of New Jersey Diptera

This fly occurs, sometimes abundantly, in this State from Jan-
uary to April. Fitch’s description is rather indeterminate, but
I believe it to belong to the species which is described below.
I have compared it with specimens from Europe, with which it
- agrees in all particulars. According to Lundbeck [Diptera
Groelandica, 1898], D. Waltlii does not possess cilia on the
posterior margin of the wing, he quoting Meigen as authority;
the European specimens which I have do have these cilia, as
do also the American specimens; and I therefore believe that
aberrata Lundbeck is also a synonym.

Male. Black. Head black, including eyes, mouth parts and
antennae, the latter densely covered with long, dark brown hair.

Its first joint enlarged, disklike, the second twice as long as
broad, the following 11 a little shorter than broad, the 14th

440 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

longer than all the rest taken together. The palpi are some-
what shorter than the antennae, four jointed (besides a small
basal piece), the first joint shorter, the fourth longer than the
other two. Dorsum of the thorax black, subshining, with a
faint cinereous bloom, covering the surface excepting the three
slightly raised longitudinal stripes, which are deep black, and
on which are arranged some scattered black setae; scutellum
dark brown, with black setae; metanotum and pleura black,
the latter with a gray bloom; abdomen black, longer than the
wings in fresh specimens, covered with fine brown or black
hairs, posterior margins of the segments narrowly cinereous.

Genitalia conspicuous and rather complex [pl.47, fig.8 dor-
sal, fig.10 ventral, view]. The apical joint of the appendages,
triangular in outline with a sharp point; the basal joint with
a pointed process attached near its base on the inner side,
mesad of which are two smaller pointed projections. The dor-
sal spur is nearly straight and spikelike. Legs uniformly
fuscous, all the fourth tarsal joints shorter than the fifth,
tarsal claws simple. Wings broad, and nearly as long as the
abdomen in fresh specimens; usually longer than abdomen in
dried specimens; cinereous in color, the anterior veins conspic-
uous, brownish or black; media and cubitus pale, posterior mar-
gin very delicately ciliate. Halteres usually pale, in some spec-
imens pale brownish, the knob triangular in outline. Length
3.5 to 5mm.

Female. Cinereous black, front and epistome cinereous, eyes
but slightly excavated at base of antennae; palpi and antennae
fuscous, the latter with eight joints counting the disklike basal
joint, short haired [fig.7]; scutellum hemispherical, dark brown,
with black setae; abdomen fuscous with short brown hairs,
posterior margin of the segments darker except on the extreme
edge, which is pale yellow; genitalia small, brown and leaflike; ©
legs fuscous; claws simple; wings broad, and longer than the
abdomen; anterior veins black; media and cubitus pale; vena-
tion as in the figure. Length 3.5 to 5 mm. All else as with
the male. Described from bred and captured specimens.

Larva [pl.48, fig.9-13]. The larvae were taken in company
with the larvae of Thalassomyia fusca among the
algae on the surface of rocks over which the water flows rap-
idly. In its pale green color, its general appearance, and even
in many details it greatly resembles Thalassomyia
fusca. The dorsal sclerite of the head is shaped like that
of the last mentioned species shown on plate 50, figure 4;
with two pair of marginal setae, but the hindmost pair are
situated farther back than in Thalassomyia fusca.
On the lateral sclerite there is one seta near the base of the

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 44]

mandible just above the lateral line, one pair below this one
and a little cephalad; another pair about one fourth of the
length of the head caudad of these but lying as far below the
lateral line as the first is above. Directly caudad of the first,
but midway between the front and hind margin of the head,
is another. Close te the dorsal suture, one fourth the length
of the head cephalad of the caudal margin, is still another; and
finally there is a single one on each side at the base of the
labium [fig.10].

The ventral surface of the labrum is shown in figure 9. The
hypopharynx resembles that shown in plate 50, figure 5; and
the maxilla that shown in figure 6. The epipharynx is as shown
on plate 48, figure 9e, its free end having four to six filaments,
the apical pair being stoutest. This member may be bent for-
ward and the filaments then spread out, fanlike. The “ jointed
appendages” | fig.97] are well developed; each is apically expanded
into a handlike process with seven or eight “fingers.” These
appendages are attached at a point near the anterior margin
ofthe labrum. The mandibles [fig.12] have each five blunt teeth,
a fringe of coarse branched hairs projecting mesad,and two stout
setae on the dorsal surface near the base. The labium [fig.10]
possesses about 19 blunt teeth, no suture being visible between
it and the lateral (or ventral?) sclerite. The antennae are of
moderate length [fig.11] and bare, with three terminal, jointed
appendages. The thoracic and abdominal feet are as on plate
50, figures 7 and 12; but the abdominal legs appear a little
longer in proportion to their diameter. The entire body of the
larva is almost devoid of hairs excepting the caudal tuft.

Pupa [fig.13]. The pupa is of a fuscous color with a greenish
tinge; its thorax is apparently without either tracheal gills or
breathing tube. On the dorsal posterior margins of each of the
abdominal segments excepting the first and last there are 10 to
12 short, stout, caudad projecting teeth, the two or three lying
nearest the lateral margin being smaller than those more dor-
sad; and on the ventral posterior margin of the abdominal
‘segments excepting the first, second and last there are six or
eight stout teeth projecting cephalad. At the anal end of the
last segment are three pairs of short holiow filaments, which
may have a respiratory function. The length of pupal life is
about two days.

This pupa greatly resembles that of Diamesa culi-
coides as figured by Heeger in Sitzb. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Wien., 1853, excepting that in the latter there are eight caudal
filaments instead of six. .

Described from specimens taken in Cascadilla creek, Ithaca
N. Y¥:, April 1982.

442 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Part 7.

SIALIDIDAE OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA
BY K. C. DAVIS

The study leading to the preparation of this paper was made chiefly while
the writer was a graduate student at Cornell University, 1898-1900. The
writer is under great obligation to Prof. J. H. Comstock and Mr A. D. Mac-
Gillivray, of Cornell, for much aid and encouragement; to Mr Samuel Hen-
shaw, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, for use of the rich collec-
tions made by Dr Hagen and others; to Mr William H. Ashmead for the
examination and loan of valuable specimens from the United States
National Museum; to Dr Henry Skinner for kindness shown while examin-
ing specimens in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; and to a
number of correspondents and others who have given information in re-
gard to distribution, or lent specimens for examination, or aided in other
ways.

The family Sialididae is of peculiar interest both on
account of the large size and the striking appearance of most
of its members and because it includes some of the most general-
ized members of the order Neuroptera.

As is often the case with more primitive groups, the family
is a small one, including only four living genera; but it has a
world-wide distribution. Fortunately for our purposes, all of
the genera are found in our country, and representatives are
common in many sections. The four genera are represented in
the two Americas by only 32 species.

Family SIALIDIDAE

The members of this family differ from all other Neuroptera
in having the hind wings broad at the base, the anal area being
folded like a fan when the insect is at rest. They differ from
their nearest allies, the Raphididae, in the form of the pro-
thorax, which is quadrangular, while in the Raphididae it is
generally elongated. They also differ from most other Neurop-
tera in being aquatic in their larval state.

Though the family contains only four living genera, these
represent two quite distinct lines of development. So well
marked are these that they may be considered as representing
two subfamilies, which may be designatéd as the Sialidinae and

AQUATIC. INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 443

the Corydalinae. The more important of the distinctive char-
acters of the subfamilies are included in the following tables.

TABLE TO SUBFAMILIES
Adults

a Accessory veins of radial sector on the front side of

vein R; [fig. 23]; ocelli wanting; fourth segment of

Bere RCPIEIICTTLIY PITODEO: ccc s cicicc wees de ccc n cease Sialidinae
Accessory veins of radial sector on the posterior side

of vein Re [fig. 24, 25, 26]; ocelli three; fourth seg-

ment of tarsi obscurely or not at all lobed......... Corydalinae

=~

a

Larvae

a Anal prolegs wanting; lateral filaments only seven
Ber kr SOIC LLY JOMNTER. foc. ew eee ecient Sialidinae

aa Anal prolegs one pair, provided with claws; lateral
filaments eight pairs, slightly or not at all jointed. Corydalinae

Egg masses
were atwaye in one layer [pl51]: 0.6... .cecccces Sialidinae
aa Eggs in more than one layer [pl.52]........... rot ieee Corydalinae
Eggs

a@ Distal portion of micropylar projection cylindric,
twice as long as broad, joined to the egg by a short

CO EI Se Sa ee ee ee Sialidinae
aa Distal portion of micropylar projection nearly globu-
lar, joined to the egg by a long neck [fig.20]...... Corydalinae

Subfamily SIALIDINAE

The adult members of this subfamily are all much smaller
than those of the Corydalinae; the ocelli are wanting; the acces-
sory veins of the radial sector in both pairs of wings arise
from R, and extend forward, giving the insect a very charac-
teristic mode of flight; the fourth segment of the tarsi is promi-
nently two lobed. z

The subfamily includes a single genus Sialis.

statis Latreille
Besides the characters of the subfamily given above, the fol-
lowing additional generic characters should be added:

Adult. Body and wings black or ferruginous; prothorax
quadrangular, almost equal in width to the head, not so long as
the mesothorax and metathorax combined; ocelli wanting; an-

444 NHW YORK STATE MUSEUM

tennae filiform, about equal to the body in length; wing ex-
panse 20 to 40 mm, hind wings somewhat less.

The males are usually a little smaller than the females.

Larva. Suited for aquatic life. 20 to 30 mm long when full
grown; tapering from head to the caudal end of abdomen; head
and thorax yellow on dorsal side, mesothorax and metathorax
bearing some light brown markings; the appendages of the head

and the eyes brown; abdominal seg-
ments brown on the dorsal side and .
Sialis somewhat on the ventral side; first
seven segments of the abdomen each
supplied with a pair of five jointed,
lateral appendages, evidently traci-
eal gills, each with two rows of deli-
Cory dots cate hairs [fig. 20]; within these
thin, white walled, gill appendages
are seen finely divided trachea; from
the last abdominal segment is a
Single caudal appendage similar to
Chauliodes but longer than the lateral ones and
Fig. 20 Eggs of Sialididae | not jointed and supplied with two
large branching trachea and four
rows of delicate hairs. his structure may indicate, as Miall
has suggested, that the caudal appendage may have been
formed by the fusion, of two lateral appendages. There is a
pair of minute spiracles present on each abdominal segment
except the last. Each antenna has five segments, but the basal
one if often obscure.

On the dorsal side of the larva of S.infumata the segments
are translucent, often showing the viscera. The lateral lobes
of the abdominal segments are so transparent that the particles
of blood may be seen and the pulsations of the heart may be
counted. I found the number of pulsations to vary somewhat,
but the average is about 10 a minute. Oenocytes with the finest
branches of tracheoles leading to them are so plainly visible that
they can be photographed.

Eggs. The eggs of S. lutaria, the most common species
in Europe, have been briefly described by Miall [1895] as “ dark
brown, several hundred in one cluster, cylindrical with rounded
ends, and closely packed together; from the free end of each egg
a small, pointed and whitish projection is given off.” The eggs
of our most common species, S.infumata, have been found in
great numbers. They agree with the above description. The
“ whitish projection,” or micropylar projection, is not knobbed
at the end, but the distal portion, which may be the micropylar
surface, is cylindric in form, with a short, narrow pedicel at the
point of attachment to the eggshell.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 445

The masses are often quadrangular but are variable in out-
line, and are not coated with any protecting material. Several
masses are very commonly found near each other; in one case
about 150 masses were found within an area 6 by 12 inches; and
the remains of the masses of former years are also found near
the fresh eggs if the place be a suitable one. The eggs are all
placed in a slanting position, i. e. not perpendicular to the sur-
face of attachment; and are all parallel to each other, in one
layer, with the micropylar projection outward. Exact counts
and estimates show that the number of eggs in a mass is usually
from 200 to 500 [pl. 51].

Life history of Sialis infumata

It is an interesting sight to see a female depositing her eggs.

7

This I have witnessed on several occasions. fom PS /
She deposits an entire row of 10 to 20 eggs a
and then begins another row; as the rows
accumulate, she moves backward over the

mass to reach the place for the succeeding ZS :

behe py S
rows; thus her body and wings cover the / [Ns aoe \ \
egg mass till it is completed. The eggs are Ge a is aN
always deposited over water or in a place | (Se oN
where the young larvae will naturally fall N 3
into water. I found them on the under
sides of boat landings, on the under and
vertical sides of bridges, on stones project-
ing above the water of creeks and lakes.
Stagnant pools are not attractive to mem-
bers of this genus. The adults do not seem

to select the twigs or leaves of trees and
shrubs when such objects as those above
mentioned are accessible. When a high
bridge is selected by the adults, on which ,, 9 tarva‘of Sialis
to deposit their eggs, they know where the ham '” ~ (Aer Nee
limits of the running water are, and deposit the eggs within
those limits.

After seeing females deposit their eggs and after noting the
dates when other new eggs were deposited, say on a given rock,

446 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

it was an easy matter to determine the length of the egg period.
By visiting the region daily till the hatching took place, the
period was found to be nine or ten days. Hatching seems to
take place only in the dark. In the region of Ithaca in 1899, the
hatching took place mostly during the first half of June. It was
observed that many masses of eggs never hatch. Some masses
of old eggs, apparently dried and dead, were found to hatch
when placed in a moist bottle in the collector’s pocket. In sey-
eral cases these were found to hatch within an hour from the
time they were taken. The only explanation is that they had be-
come too dry, and the moisture in the bottle helped to soften the
eggshells so that the young larvae could break through.

Larva. The young larvae when hatched differ somewhat in
.ppearance and structure from the older larvae above described,
specially in having relatively longer filaments and legs, and
larger heads with larger mouth parts and only two jointed
antennae.

Miall [1895], who has made a study of S. lutarius, states
that the larvae live about a year in streams with muddy bot-
toms. My observation of S. infumata indicates that the
larval life is at least two years. However, the exact length is
yet to be determined more certainly. Miall states that he found
freshly hatched larvae of his species “ wriggling out on leaves
many yards from the nearest stream or pond.” I have seen
nothing like this, as S. infumata always places the eggs
where the young when hatched will fall directly into the water.

The larvae live in the bottoms of streams which are either
muddy or sandy. I have most often found them in deep sand
or gravel, perhaps 6 inches or a foot below the bed of the stream.
At this depth the larvae of Corydalis, perhaps their worst ene-
mies, seldom find them. Tests made as to their food habits
show that they are carnivorous, and will eat soft bodied caddis
worms, small Chauliodes larvae and even eat one another very
readily. The larvae do not come to the surface nor abandon
their aquatic life till nearly ready to pupate. When captured,
they often eject a black liquid from the mouth. This means of
defense is much more commonly used by them than by the larvae
of Chauliodes and Corydalis.

Pupa. The pupae of this species have only once been found in
their natural conditions by the writer. Prof. J. H. Comstock
first found them buried several inches in the earth some yards

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 447

from water [fig. 22]. Miall’s observations of 8S. lutaria
quite agree with this, and he further states that the adult
emerges after two or three —
weeks. RZ

Adults. These have already nS

ch
ths x

{}
been described above. They are Ie
very awkward fliers and are EA

easily caught even without a
net. This quite agrees with the
generalized form of the wing
venation [fig. 23]. In fact, the
adults when approached, will
often run rather than attempt
to fly. It is probable that
the insect lives in the winged
form only a few days. All
specimens taken were found
to die within three days. The
dates on which the adults
have been collected near Ithaca
range from May 13 to June
i eeteueh-a series of years. (ater Necaham) ee
They are diurnal in their
habits and seem to prefer bright sunshine. I have found them
most abundantly in their egg-laying places at midday, though
they also frequent the same places and are active till almost
dark.

The short life taken with the fact that the mouth parts of
the adult are very poorly developed, would indicate that the
adults do not take food. It
was reported to Dr Hagen and
to the national museum some
Rs years ago that the adults of
RS nevadensis were very
4... injurious to grapevine leaves.
This is the only case of injury
yet charged to any members
of the family, and may be a
Fig. 23 Fore wing of Sialis infumata x4 false charge. On the other

hand, the adults, flying near .
the surface of water, serve as an abundant supply of food for
fishes.

mo
AY; wl

— SENS

KEY TO SPECIES OF SIALIS
@ Body and wings black or blackish
b Head black with flat, shining streaks and spots
yellowish

448

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

e The proximal cross vein between R,; and Rs op-
posite the proximal cross veins between Rs
and M; fore wings rarely with more than two
accessory veins arising from Rs; cheeks yel-
MOWAGH - Se es Tehie aie ble tAas 9/08 6 ala eae he ee Linfumata
ce The proximal cross veins between R, and R;
distinctly distad of the proximal cross vein
between Rs, and M, and which is generally
opposite the first fork of media; fore wing
never with less than three accessory veins
arising front R53 eheeks black. 2: is.ncewe seen 2fuliginosa
bb Head black in front with a broad orange band

behind

Se Re ee ey Ore ee Sees ke oS 8nevadensis.

aa Body either black or ferruginous. wings pale fer-
ruginous, or pale fuscous
b Head black in front, with broad orange band
behind: “body black... sa: vis ak aso 4 oe alee ee ee 4morrisoni
bb Head yellow, orange, or reddish, with or without
dark markings; body never quite black
c Front of head without dark stripes............ 5 americana
cc Front of head marked with black stripes, or
suffused with. fuscous
d Antennae stout, head with two black stripes;
femora yellowish; eyes normal............ 6 bifasciata
dd Antennae slender; head with a long median
line, suffused with fuscous in front; femora
blackish fuscous; eyes unusually prominent 7 chilensis.

1838
1853
1861
1863
1865
1892
1897
1901

Black;

DESCRIPTION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF SPECIES

SLadis
Sialis
S12, Lig
Sialis
Sialis
Sia. s
Sweats
Sialis
pl.29

1 S. infumata Newman

infumata Newman, Ent, Mag. 5:500

infumata Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur. p.195
infumata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.188
infumata Hagen, Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:181
infumata Walsh, Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:261
infumata Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 19:357
concava Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 24:22
infumata Needham, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47, p.542,.

head a little narrower than the prothorax, but not

narrowed posteriorly, between the eyes convex to concave, caudal
half of head with ferruginous and shining streaks and spots,.

Similar spots between the eyes, more or less conspicuous; an-

tennae black, rather slender; prothorax rounded on the anterior
angles, the sides of dorsal aspect with a few impressed points;.
legs and feet black; wings nearly black, the veins thick and

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 449:

blacker; R, of fore wings with rarely more than two simple or
forked branches; the proximal cross veins of R,-R, and R,-M
are opposite. Length to tip of wings 10 to 15 mm; alar expanse
22 to 26mm. Males are the smaller.

S.concava Banks was said to differ in being always con-
cave between the eyes. This, however, is aot a constant character
as shown by an examination of hundreds of specimens. FTour-
teen specimens in the Harvard collection under this label are
apparently males of S.infumata.

A species of very wide distribution: arctic America, Quebec,
Nova Scotia, throughout New England and New York, New Jer-
sey, Maryland, Washington D. C., Washington N. C., Ohio, De-
troit Mich., Galena and Galesburg IIl., Saskatchewan region, in
Minnesota at Minneapolis and St Cloud, in California at Lake-
Tahoe, Placer co., San Geronimo, San Celito.

2 §. fuliginosa Pictet

1836 Sialis fuliginosa Pictet, Ann. Sci. Nat. pl.3, fig.6

1839 Sialis fuliginosa Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2:947

1856 Sialis fuliginosa Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. p.397

1857 Sialis fuliginosa Brauer & Low, Neur. Aust. p.52

1865 Sialis fuliginosa McLachlan, Ent. Mo. Mag. 2:107, fig.1; and
1866, 3:95

1868 Sialis fuliginosa McLachlan, Ent. Soc. Lond. Trans. 152:8,
fig.2

This European species, not formerly reported in America, dif-
fers from S.infumata in several points: larger, the alar ex-
panse of the female being 38mm and the three brown spots be-
tween the antennae relatively much larger; much more densely
pilose throughout, even slightly so on the hind wings; compound
eyes ferruginous with several black spots or areas; the proximal
cross vein R,-R, is distinctly distad of the proximal cross vein
RK, -M, the latter generally opposite the first fork of media. In S.
infumatathe yellow infusion around the eyes is usually quite:
distinct, while in S. fuliginosa it is much less so. Fore
wings never with less than three accessory veins arising from
R,; these are either simple or forked.

Six specimens collected by Morrison 1878, Reno Ney., one
from Morris county, Cal., two from Mendocino Cal., and two:

450 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

from Webber lake, Cal., agree with this characterization, and are
like the European specimens in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology.
3 S. nevadensis n. sp.

Body black; head not narrowed behind, black with orange
band clear across the caudal half and reaching around under the
eyes to the antennae, smooth streaks and spots of the same color
in the orange band above, no such spots between the antennae;
eyes black; prothorax hardly narrower than the head, black,
not at all marked with the orange color, anterior angles obtuse;
antennae black, very slender; feet and legs black; legs pilose;
wings black, translucent, either shining or dull, veins darker if
possible; Sc-R, cross veins only one or two; R, with two simple
or forked branches. Length to tip of wings 18 to 25 mm; alar
expanse 388 to 40 mm.

Collected by Morrison at Reno Nev., 1878. In Nevada county,
Cal., June 12, 1880, said to be “ very injurious to grapevine,” or
“injuring grape leaves.” Types in United States National Mu-
seum catalogue no. 5177.

4 §. morrisoni n. sp.

Body black; head and thorax shaped and marked as in 8.
nevadensis; legs and feet ferruginous; wings ferruginous,
veins hardly darker; venation as in that species. Length to tip
of wings 20mm; alar expanse 40mm.

Collected by Morrison, Reno Ney., 1878. Type in Museum of
‘Comparative Zoology.

5 §. americana Rambur

14842 Semblis americana Rambur, Hist. Nat. Neur. p.447
1853 Sialis ferrugineus Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur. p.195
1861 Sialis americana Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.188
1892 Sialis americana Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 19:357

General color ferruginous; head narrower behind; eyes black;
caudal half of head with flat streaks and spots shining and sur-
rounded with ferruginous; antennae ferruginous; anterior
angles of prothorax square; prothorax a little narrower than
the head, sides with yellowish impressed punctures; femora fer-
ruginous; feet fuscous; wings pale ferruginous, the veins

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 451

darker; R, only one branched; Sc-R, cross vein only one.
Length to tip of wings 12 to 14 mm; alar expanse 24 to 26 mm.
Reported from Georgia and Pennsylvania. One specimen in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Hagen [1861] is my au-
thority for placing the name given by Walker as synonymous

with the above.
6 S. bifasciata Hagen

1861 Sialis bifasciata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.188
General color ferruginous; head not narrowed posteriorly,
color orange with two. broad, black stripes, shining orange
streaks and spots behind; antennae stout, black, pilose; protho-
rax orange, anterior angles obtuse, sides with broad fuscous
somewhat shining stripe and flat points; femora yellowish with
base fuscous; feet fuscous; wings pale fuscous, somewhat shin-
ing, front ones obscure on costal margin, veins pale fuscous.
Length to tip of wings 10 to 12 mm; alar expanse 17 to 20 mm.

Cuba.
7 S. chilensis McLachlan

1870 Sialis chilensis McLachlan. Ent. Mo. Mag. 7:145

Fusco-nigra, abdomen black; head reddish, an impressed med-
ian longitudinal line reaching the hind margin, joining a sinuate
line in front before the antennae, frontal part and at sides of
median line suffused fuscous, a fuscous spot on each side below
the eyes; labrum truncate in front, testaceous; eyes larger and
much more prominent than in other species; thorax blackish
fuscous, very narrow, clothed witha short pubescence; antennae
and palpi black; legs and feet blackish fuscous, short pubescent;
claws and beneath lobes of fourth tarsal joints testaceous;
wings smoky, somewhat shining, membrane with short, black
hairs, pale space in each wing below the juncture of R with Sc;
veins black, costal area narrow, slightly dilated, with about
seven C-Sc cross veins, R, with but one forked branch; front
wings long and narrow, apex long elliptic; hind pair slightly
broader.

Chile.

S. lutaria Linn. is the most common European member of
the genus. There are seven specimens in the Hagen col-

452 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

lection. The alar expanse of the males is 25 mm and of the fe-
males 355 mm. The antennae are nearly equal to the expanded
fore wings but are variable. The compound eyes are marked
about as in 8. fuliginosa. The species is much like S.
infumata in most particulars, but there are only one or two
Sc-R, cross veins of the fore wings; R, has.two simple or forked
branches going forward, and there is no yellow infusion spread-
ing around the eyes; the legs are ferruginous, not black. Lar-
vae in alcohol have abdomen black with a row of yellow mark-
ings down the middle of the dorsal side. The pupa has no ab-
dominal appendages, and is very light yellow all over, and has
-a whorl of hairs over each abdominal segment.

S. sibirica McLachlan. Four specimens with this label are in
the Hagen collection, but they do not differ from the specimens
Ore lutarira:,

Subfamily coORYDALINAE

Here we find the accessory veins of the radial sector in both
pairs of wings arising from R, and extending backward. The
insects are provided with three ocelli. The tarsi are not at all
lobed or sometimes slightly so. Anal prolegs and claws are
present in the larvae. Three genera are included in this sub-
family, Chauliodes, Neuromus, and Corydalis.

TABLES TO GENERA
Adults

a Mandibles when closed largely concealed by the labrum;
mandibles of male hardly more elongated than those of the
female; white dots rarely found within the cells of the
wings
b Media of the fore wings with only two branches [fig.24];
lateral margins of the head not toothed [pl.52]....Chauliodes
bb Media of the fore wings always with more than two
branches’ [fig.25]; lateral margin -of the head
bidentate or unidentate or only slightly unidentate in
W..C0O (YI PeCM'8.ok ser del a os ee eee Neuromus
ada Mandibles when closed not concealed by the labrum; mandi-
bles of male enormously elongated; white dots always
found in some of the cells of the fore wings........... Corydalis

Larvae

a Tracheal gills wanting; last pair of spiracles raised on prom-
inent conical folds or long respiratory tubes......... Chauliodes

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 453

aa Tracheal gills on ventral side of the first seven abdominal
segments; last pair of spiracles not raised on respiratory
tubes nor on conical folds
D- Antennae -with five segments. :... cbc ce cec cece ees Neuromus
De attreMMe Wilh SIX SESMCTIB.:. otc csc de cde coe css ens Corydalis

Egg masses1

TR TONE OR OEE 105 1s Supt u va x erase. @ Pie dle oid cca 'ee ole e eleos Chauliodes
aa Mass normally covered with a whitish coat of albuminous
MADE RM Ie AA g A 5 conehn eae eee ee vas wfc ae d's’ s 0 eSstare Corydalis
Eggs

a Micropylar projection distinctly at one side of apex; neck less
than half the width of micropylar surface [fig.20]...Chauliodes

aad Micropylar projection near the apex; neck nearly as broad as
UVa ro dE te al bi cay fe a. er Corydalis

CHAULIODES Latreille

Adult. Smaller than Corydalis; body 20 to 40 mm long, the
male often being smaller than the female. Prothorax quadran-

Fig. 24 Fore wing of Chauliodes x3

gular, narrower than the head, and shorter than the mesothorax
andmetathorax combined; no toothed angle on sides of the head;
three large approximate ocelli facing at about 120° from each
other; antennae moniliform serrate, pectinate, or flabellate;
mandibles not prominent, concealed by the labrum when closed;
wings numerously veined, the accessory veins of the radial sector
extend backward from R, in both pairs of wings; radial sector
with four to six branches, and medius always with only two
branches [fig. 24]; cross veins between all the branches of radius
varying in different species, from seven to about 20; hind wings
broad at base and folded in the anal area when at rest; alar ex-
panse 50 to 90 mm; tarsi cylindric, five jointed; caudal append-
ages conical, stout, inferior pair often simple in both sexes, supe-
rior pair simple in female and slightly prehensile in male.

1Eggs of Neuromus have never been described.

454 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Larva. Aquatic; about half as large as the larva cf Corydalis
when full grown; dark fuscous with black or dark head and pro-
thorax; clavate projections on the skin present, similar to those
found on larva of Corydalis, but of a light brown color and much
less distinct. Last four or five segments of the abdomen taper-
ing toward the caudal end of the body; first eight segments of
the abdomen each with a pair of whitish lateral filaments 6 -to
S mm long, which may serve as tracheal gills in the younger
larvae; these are sometimes indistinctly five jointed and are
sometimes only slightly clothed with hairs; no ventral tufts of
tracheal gills present; spiracles are found on a fold between the
prothorax and the, mesothorax and on each of the first eight
abdominal segments, the last pair being raised more or less on
prominent conical folds or terminating a pair of slender tubes.
These tubes, in the species where they are present, are very con-
tractile and vary in length at times from about 5 to 12 mm [see
Lintner, 1898, pl.1]. On the last segment is a pair of anal pro-
legs, each with a pair of claws and a lateral filament which is
decidedly hairy; antennae with five segments, the first segment
often being retracted.

Several larvae in the Museum of Comparative Zoology are
much like the ones I have formerly collected. Eight collected
at Cambridge have no central black stripe on dorsal aspect of
abdomen and thorax. One sent by H. Edwards from California
has last pair of spiracles nearly sessile. The lateral filaments
are unusually long and rather distinctly jointed. Specimens
collected in Kentucky by Sanborn have last pair of spiracles
~ nearly sessile, and the last pair of lateral filaments very long,
reaching much past the anal ones. The last pair of respiratory
tubes are clearly shown, and are confluent or adjacent at their
base on specimens collected at Brookline by Mr Henshaw.

Eggs. The eggs of Chauliodes have been described and photo-
graphed by Dr Needham [1901]. Riley [1879] briefly compared
them with eggs of Corydalis in these words: “ Eggs of Chauliodes
have a larger tubercle or stem on the top, and are not covered
with white, albuminous material as are those of Corydalis.”
These are the only references to the eggs which I have found in
literature. :

The masses are shaped not unlike the masses of Corydalis
eggs, but are more variable in size and shape. 'They are reddish
brown, with no protective coating over the mass. The eggs
of a mass are usually placed in three layers of unequal size,
the smallest layer being on top; the longer axis of each egg is
parallel to the surface to which the mass is attached [pl. 52,
fig. 2].

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 4535

The brown or pink micropylar projection is knobbed, and is
placed a little to one side of one end of the egg; otherwise the
egg is cylindric, with rounded ends [fig. 20].

Life history of Chauliodes

The eggs were first found Ly the writer on the underside
of a boat landing built of wood, on the southeast shore of
Cayuga lake near Ithaca N. Y., June 14, 1899, while searching
for them. In this case there was but a single mass, freshly
deposited within two feet of the surface of the water. The
second lot, found June 16th in Coy glen, was composed of three
groups or clusters, each cluster being made up of about 30 or
40 egg masses. Each mass has from 1000 to 2000 eggs. These
were all within a radius of 2 feet on a large glacial rock, about
2 or 3 feet above running water. Farther up the glen in many
places I found single masses on small rocks overhanging the
water. Some of these were 10 or 15 feet above the water. In
one case a mass was found on an overhanging limb of a tree.
Mr A. D. MacGillivray has frequently found them on leaves and
limbs. Stones seem to be preferred by the adults when deposit-
ing their eggs.

The hatching takes place at night, five or six days after the
eggs are deposited. The young larva breaks from the egg at
the end near the micropylar projection, which is the cephalic
end of the embryo, and readily finds its way to the water, usu-
ally by dropping directly from the egg mass or the object to
which it is attached.

The freshly hatched insect differs from the more mature larva
in having the lateral filaments relatively much longer, and the
head larger; and the antennae only two segmented.

The young are not very active and will remain in the portion
of the stream below the egg mass for several months or prob-
ably longer if not carried away by the strong current. A muddy
bottom is not distasteful to them, though they may be found
in many parts of our common streams; they are less frequently
found in the swiftest parts. The species (C. serricornis)

456 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

with the long caudal breathing tubes have been found only in |
stagnant or quiet water.

The larvae are carnivorous, and do their feeding chiefly in
the dark. The large larvae readily eat smaller ones of their
own species, and larvae of Sialis, caddis worms, small dipterous
larvae, and other accessible forms with soft bodies. Weed
[1889] says that a larva in an aquarium ate Notonecta
undulata, house flies, and a spider.

The length of the larval period has not been definitely deter-
mined. It may be judged from the data already known that it
is about three years. The amount of increase at each molt, if
found from a number of examples, would furnish data for deter-
mining the number of molts. The number of molts compared
with the average time between molts would determine rather
closely the larval period. The great difficulty in the way of
determining the number and average time of the molts, is that
they can not easily be cared for and fed in their exact natural
conditions through a long period and their increase at each
molt carefully measured. Larvae if fed well will doubtless molt
more rapidly than those which are poorly fed. I kept larvae
alive in running water from Sep. 2, 1899, to June 1, 1900. Only 3
two of them molted during that Bee but ie were bad
poorly fed. ae

Young larvae which hatched June 15 to 20, 1899, over a —
part of a brook where the bottom was a large, flat rock deeply
covered with sediment, were found in great numbers and of
nearly uniform size four months later, at the close of the warm
season. It is from these and from the range of sizes observed
at one place as the result of one day’s collecting, that I have
thought the larval period must be about three years.

When fully fed and of proper age, the larva leaves the water,
makes a cell in rotten wood, in the earth, or under a stone or
even in mud, where it sheds the last larval skin to assume the
pupal form.

The pupae are difficult to find, as they are often far from
water and may be buried several inches in the ground. The

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NBW YORK STATE 457

length of the pupal stage has not vet been exactly determined,
but the period is probably not longer than two weeks. Walsh
and Weed both mention C. rastricornis, as being found
under bark of the upper side of logs floating in water. They
were doubtless there to pupate. Weed speaks of the pupa stage
of that species as lasting eight days in one case and 14 days in
another case. H. L. Moody [1878] notes that a specimen of
Cc. pectinicornis spent 12 days in the pupa stage.

The pupae are quiescent but can crawl when disturbed. The
color is at first light brown but becomes dark before the emer-
gence of the adult insect. As in the case of Sialis and Corydalis,
the pupae very much resemble the adults in many points of
external structure. Walsh says of pupae of C. rastri-
cornis, that at least the female has two robust obtuse ab-
dominal appendages, about 2mm long, confluent at base; and
an inferior process of two similar ones, connate throughout.

The adults are better fliers than Sialis, but are still very awk-
ward and are not difficult to catch. They are chiefly crepus-
cular, but often fly in the late morning, and are easily frightened
from their diurnal hiding places along a wooded stream. Speci-
mens taken to cages have all died in a very short time, and it
is probable that the life in the winged state is only a few days.
They have not been known to take food in this state.

Adults of C. serricornis have been collected at Ithaca

from June 9 to 18 in various years.

KEY TO SPECIES OF CHAULIODES

a Wings black or brown with white markings
b A continuous, broad, somewhat arcuate white
band extending across the middle of each wing
almost attaining the hind margin of each; an-
tennae serrate in the female, flabellate in the
Sy a eRe A Se So 1 fasciatus
bb An irregular band of white spots, generally
broadest in front, extending across the middle
of each front wing, on the hind wing repre-
sented by only a few minute dots which may
be wanting; antennae more or less serrate in
eM cot ge oa) se ek te eclee thatnee 2 SCrPICOrnis

458 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

aa Wings somewhat ashy in color with more or less
dusky markings
b Veins of fore wings marked with dark and light
uniformly alternate
‘c Antennae of both sexes serrate; prothorax with
pale line in middle behind...........esseeee 8 rastricornis
ce Antennae of both sexes pectinated........... 4pectinicornis
bb Veins of fore wings uniform in color except
where the dusky markings cross them
c Head yellow behind by the confluence of the
smooth areas

ad Antennae’ DOWD. m0. els ss oon es eencoes 5angusticollis
dd Antennae “blackish s 0.05% ses fis ela cei Oe mies 6 con coler
ce Head with the smooth areas dark brown or
blackish
d Antennae black; alar expanse 50 to 65 mm.. _ 7 minimwys

dd Antennae brown; alar expanse 75 to 100 mm

e Area about ocelli much depressed; anten-

nae of male about equal in length to

head and thorax; those of female much
SHOTESI « .% sce e ava ete wis ES Biss oioteie AUS a ete lean 8disjunctus

ee Area about ocelli not depressed; antennae
of male densely bristly,as long as body..9 californicus

DESCRIPTION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF SPECIES

1 C. fasciatus Walker

1858 Chauliodes fasciatus Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus, Neur. p.201
1861 Chauliodes serricornis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am.
p.190
1863 Chauliodes lunatus Hagen, Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc, 2:180
1868 Chauliodes lunatus Walsh, Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:262
1869 Chauliodes fasciatus McLachlan, Ann, and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4), 4:40
1892 Chauliodes lunatus Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 19:357
General color dark brown or black; head rufous, the disk
fuscous, head of male more slender and more highly colored,
back of head with flat, rufous streaks; prothorax with impressed
rufous spot each side, that of the male more slender and more
highly colored; legs luteofuscous, tarsi duller in color; antennae
black, serrate in female, flabellate in male, each joint with a
large oval plate underneath; wings brownish black, fore pair

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 459

with a broad white band, pointed with fuscous, not attaining
the posterior margin; one or more apical marginal spots, some
cross veins bordered with white; posterior pair with a broad
arcuate white band not attaining the posterior margin, and a
large rounded basal white spot, also a small apical spot and
sometimes the cross veins bordered with white. Length to tip
of wings 35 to 40 mm; alar expanse 60 to 70 mm. The males
are the more highly cclored on the head and thorax, and the
dark part of their wings is more uniformly black.

The inferior appendage of the male is elongated, narrower
at tip, and of a pale brown color. The males are the smaller.

When the wings of this species are spread, the white are
across their center is nearly continuous from one to the other.

New York, Pennsylvania, Glen Echo D. C., Maryland, Sugar
Grove O., Illinois, Lake of the Woods, Missouri, Arkansas,

Mexico.
2 C. serricornis Say
1824 Chauliodes serricornis Say, Long’s Exp. 2:307
1839 Chauliodes serricornis Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2:949
1842 Neuromus maculatus Rambur, Hist. Nat. Neur. p.442, pl.10,
fig.2
1853 Hermes maculatus Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur. p.202
1859 Chauliodes serricornis Say, Am. Ent. LeConte ed. 1:206
1861 Chauliodes maculatus Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.191
1863 Chauliodes serricornis Hagen, Ent. Soc, Phila. Proc, 2:180
1863 Chauliodes serricornis Walsh, Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:262
1869 Chauliodes serricornis McLachlan, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4) 4:40
1892 Chauliodes serricornis Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 19:357
1892 Chauliodes serricornis Say, Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans,
19:357
1901 Chauliodes serricornis Needham, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47,
p.549, pl.27

Body black; back of head with flat, ferruginous streaks and
spots which are sometimes black; prothorax fuscous, impressed
each side; legs and feet nigro-fuscous; antennae serrate in both
sexes; inferior appendage of male is of a shining black at tip;
wings black, a transverse interrupted white line in middle of
front wings, widest at anterior margin, not attaining the pos-

460 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

terior margin; hind wings in middle with a few minute white
dots which may be wanting; some white apical spots in both
wings, these often united in hind wing to form larger white
apical areas. Length to tip of wings 30 to 38 mm; alar expanse
45 to 55 mm [pl.52, fig.1].

Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington D. C.,
Maryland, Georgia; in Ohio along tributaries of the Muskingum
in Knox county; in Minnesota at St Cloud, St Johns and Minne-
apolis.

3 C. rastricornis Rambur

1842 Chauliodes rastricornis Rambur, Hist. Nat. Neur. p.444

1853 Chauliodes rastricornis Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur.
p.198

1853 Hermes indecisus Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur. p.204

1861 Hermes pectinicornis Linnaeus, Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N.
Am. p.189

1861 Chauliodes rastricornis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am.
p.189

1863 Chauliodes rastricornis Hagen, Ent. Soc. Phila. Proce.
2:181

1863 Chauliodes rastricornis Walsh, Ent. Soec.. Phila. ‘Proc,
2:263

1869 Chauliodes rastricornis McLachlan, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4), 4:40

1892 Chauliodes rastriecornis Banks, Am. Ent, ss0e) Beans.
19:357

1901 Chauliodes rastricornis Needham, N. Y. State Mus Bul.
47, p.546

General color luteo-cinereous; head behind with flat, black
streaks and spots; prothorax with a slight impression on the
middle behind, a flexuous impressed stripe each side; legs
luteous, tarsi fuscous; antennae of both sexes serrate; front
wings subcinereous, obscurely clouded with fuscous, veins
marked with dark and light uniformly alternate; hind wings
cinereous. Length to tip of wings 45 to 55 mm; length of body
5 to 50 mm; alar expanse 65 to 80 mm.

New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Georgia, western

Florida, Sullivan Ind., Illinois, Missouri.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 461

4 C. pectinicornis Linnaeus

1763 Hemerobius pectinicornis Linnaeus, Amoen. Acad. 6:412
and Centures Insector, p.29, 87

1767 Hemerobius pectinicornis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12.
p.911

1773 Hemerobius pectinicornis DeGeer, Mem. Ins. 3:562, t. 27,
fig.3

1773 Hemerobius virginiensis Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist. v.2, Apx.

1775 Hemerobius pectinicornis Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p.309

1781 Semblis pectinicornis Fabricius, Sp. Ins. 1:886; and 1787.
Mantissa Ins. 1:244; and 1798. Entom. Syst. 2:72. ;

1805-21 Hemerobius pectinicornis Palisot, Ins. Afr. and Am.
Neur. t. 1, fig.2

1807 Chauliodes pectinicornis Latreille, Gen. Crust. and Ins.

3:198

1836-49 Chauliodes pectinicornis Cuvier, Régne Animal, p.14;
t. 105, fig.2

1837 Hemerobius pectinicornis Drury, Ins. Westw. ed. 1:105,
t. 46, fig.3

1839 Chauliodes pectinicornis Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2:950
1842 Chauliodes pectinicornis Rambur, Hist. Nat. Neur. p.444
1853 Chauliodes pectinicornis Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur.

p.198

1861 Chauliodes pectinicornis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am.
p.189

1861 Chauliodes virginensis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am.
p.190

1869 Chauliodes pectinicornis McLachlan, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4), 4:40

1869 Chauliodes virginiensis McLachlan, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4), 4:40

1892 Chauliodes pectinicornis Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.
19:357

1892 Chauliodes virginiensis Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.
19:357

1901 Chauliodes pectinicornis Needham, N. Y. State Mus. Bul.
47, p.547; also pl.26, fig.1 (erroneously named)

General color luteo-cinereous; hind part of head with yellow-
ish, flat streaks and spots; prothorax with a middle stripe be-
hind yellowish, and a yellow flexuous stripe each side; legs
yellowish, tarsi fuscous; antennae fuscous, pectinated; front
wings grayish, often obscurely clouded, transversely streaked
with fuscous; veins fuscous, uniformly interrupted with white;
radial sector with six or seven branches; hind wings grayish;
cross veins between all the branches of radius in front wings,

462 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

about 20 to 22. Length to tip of wings 45 to 60 mm; alar ex-
panse 58 to 90 mm. The female is the larger.

New England, New York, Ohio, Detroit Mich., Wisconsin, cen-
tral Missouri, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, Lou-
isiana,

5 C. angusticollis Hagen
1861 Chauliodes angusticollis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am.
1869 C a iodesangusticollis McLachlan, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4), 4:40
1892 Chauliodes angusticollis Banks, Am, Ent. Soc. Trans.
19:357

General color fusco-testaceous; mandibles yellow; head small,
yellow behind by the smooth spots and streaks blending to-
gether, black across between the eyes; ocelli yellowish white;
prothorax narrow, a fulvous stripe in the middle posteriorly and
a lateral one each side; legs fuscous; antennae of female nearly
filiform, brown; those of male nearly moniliform, clothed with
brown bristles, the two basal joints nearly smooth; appendages
of male stout, obtuse, oblique; wings gray much marked with
brownish black points and patches scattered over the front ~
wings and costal and distal areas of the hind ones; cross veins
between all the branches of radius in front wings, about nine
to 11; radial sector of same pair with four to five branches.
Length to tip of wings 35 to 42 mm; alar expanse 55 to 70 mm.

Georgia, Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois.

6 C. concolor n. sp.

Body dusky; head light yellow behind by the fusing of the
smooth shining stripes and areas; prothorax longer than wide,
narrower than the head; a brown median line behind, and
irregular brown marks each side; ocelli light colored; antennae
nearly black, rather long, nearly moniliform, clothed with short
bristles beyond the basal joint; legs brown, feet dusky; wings
cinereous with numerous small dusky markings, specially on
front pair and costal area of hind pair; veins mostly dark and
each of nearly uniform color throughout; a transverse dusky
line near base of front wings; in the front pair, cross veins

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 463

between all the branches of radius, about seven to 10, and
radial sector with five branches. Length to tip of wings 45 to
55 mm; alar expanse 70 to 85 mm.

Ithaca N. Y. The dates on all specimens in Cornell collec-
tion, so far as they are dated, are in the latter half of July.

The species is most like C. californicus in general
appearance, but differs in color of the hind part of the head,
color of the antennae and feet, and in other minor points.

7 C. minimus n. sp.

Body color blackish; mandibles black; head small, black, with
smooth raised streaks and spots behind black; prothorax black,
very narrow, smooth raised places almost wanting; legs and
feet black; antennae very slender, filiform to moniliform, black,
nearly equaling the body in length; wings much like those of
C. californicus in color and markings; the front pair
with cross veins between all branches of radius, about seven,
and radial sector divided into five branches. Length to tip of
wings about 28 to 35 mm; alar expanse 50 to 65 mm.

San Rafael Cal. Types in Museum of Comparative Zoology.

8 C. disjunctus Walker
1866 Chauliodes disjunetus Walker, Lord’s Naturalist in
Vancouver isl. 2:334
1869 Chauliodes disjunectus McLachlan, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4), 4:40
General color brown, often with cinereous hairs; mandibles
with black tips; head dark rufous, thickly punctured, hind part
with long, shining, dark streaks, some of which are not continu-
ous; prothorax rather long and much narrower than the meso-
thorax; legs lightest toward the body, varying in color from
blackish to yellowish brown; antennae very short, brown, pilose;
wings cinereous, with numerous dark brown spots and dots,
some of which form incomplete transverse lines most marked
on front wings; that pair with some of the spots collected into
about five costal patches, some very dense basal spots; radial
sector of front wings with five to six branches; cross veins
between all the branches of radius, about seven to nine. Length

464 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

to tip of wings 75 to 90 mm; alar expanse 90 to 125 mm. This
species includes the largest members of the genus found in the.
new world.

Vancouver island; in California at San José, and near Alder
Creek, Sacramento co.

9 C. californicus Walker
18538 Chauliodes californicus Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur.
p.199
1861 Chauliodes californiecus Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am.
p.190
1869 Chauliodes californicus McLachlan, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4), 4:40
1892 Chauliodes ealifornicus Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.
19:357 |
Body brownish black; mouth parts rufous, mandibles often
with only one tooth’ below the apex; hind part of head rufous
with flat, somewhat shining streaks and spots; prothorax behind
with a flexuous, obsolete, rufous stripe, the middle elevated and
more obsolete; legs brown; antennae brown, stout, long as body
in male, much longer than head and thorax in female; those of
the male densely covered with bristles, giving a feathered
appearance; two basal joints naked; wings cinereous, veins of
front pair transversely lined with the fuscous markings of the
cells which cross them; from costal margin of all the wings a
basal brownish black streak, and sometimes apical ones; other
brown spots often present, specially on the front wings; in front
pair, cross veins between all the branches of radius, about seven
to nine; and radial sector with five branches. Length to tip of
wings 45 to 60 mm; alar expanse 75 to 100 mm.
Mariposa and in Siskiyou county, Cal. and Reno Nev.

10 C. cinerasceous Blanchard

1851 Chauliodes cinerasceous Blanchard, Gay, Hist. Chile, v.6,
Neur. pl.2, fig.10

1861 Chauliodes chilensis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.321
(nomen nudum)

1869 Chauliodescinerasceous Blanchard, McLachlan, Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), 4:41

General color ashy; head pale variegated; prothorax rugose,
a pale line behind; legs and feet same color as abdomen, wings

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB 465

cinereous, front pair dusky spotted all over, spots minute and
more obscure at costal margin, some spots larger; hind pair
slightly spotted. Length of body 20mm. (The figure measures
26mm); length to tip of wings about 55mm; alar expanse 75 to
80mm.

In Chile at Valparaiso and Valdivia. Blanchard said, Esta
especie parece rara en Chile.

I have seen no specimens of this species, and therefore I quote
Blanchard’s description:

Ch. omnino cinerasceus; capite pallido-variegato; prothorace
rugoso, linea postica pallida; alis cinereis, anticis undique fusco-
maculatis, maculis minutis margine costali obscurioribus, non-

Fig. 25 Fore wingof Neuromus pallidus x2

nullis majoribus; alis posticis leviter maculatis; pedibus abdom-
ineque concoloribus. Longit., corpor. 10 lin; enverg. alar., 30
lin.

Hagen afterward said his species equals C.cinerasceous
Blanchard.

NEuUROMUS Rambur

Adult. Color from nearly black to light yellow; usually some-
what smaller than Corydalis adults; mandibles of male never
elongated nor annular as in Corydalis. Cheek once or twice
toothed or with a sharp angle. Prothorax quadrangular to
cylindric, narrower than the head, longer than broad and shorter
than the mesothorax and the metathorax combined. Three
large approximate ocelli facing outward. Antennae always fili-
form or nearly so, and usually not longer than the head and
thorax combined. Medius with more than two branches
[fig.25]; cross veins between branches of radius, from 10 to
30, but the number is rather constant in each species; Cu, with
ene or two accessories in some species, to four or five in others.

Larva. No published account of Neuromus larvae has ap-
peared. They are doubtless very rare in the United States, and

466 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

when found have probably been mistaken for larvae of Cory-
dalis.

There are two lots, or 14 unnamed specimens, from the Hima-
laya region, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, sent from
Kullu, by M. M. Carleton, a missionary, some years ago. (One
lot dated 1872). These I consider are larvae of Neuromus, as
they differ materially from the Corydalis larvae so familiar to
us, and as adult specimens of Neuromus were sent by the same
collector from the same region, and Corydalis has never been
reported from that part of Asia.

They are distinguished from Corydalis (1) by the black ring
about the spiracles; (2) by the antennae being only five jointed
as in Chauliodes larvae; (8) by the abdominal gill tufts being
more distinctly peduneled.

They have eight pairs of abdominal spiracles, one well de-
veloped pair and one rudimentary pair on the thorax; seven
pairs of tracheal gill tufts. The body above is very black with
the clavate projections. These are found distributed over the
more flexible parts of the body and filaments. Lateral filaments
eight pairs, with a row of tufted hairs on dorsal side of six
front pairs, more tufts on the others. The head and thorax are
dark without distinct markings. Prothorax longer than wide
and as wide as the head; eyes each with six ocelli; labial palpi
with three joints above the base.

The larvae appear much like those of Chauliodes, but the pres-
ence of the tracheal gill tufts excludes them from that genus,
while the black ring and center of each spiracle, as well as the
five jointed antennae, separate them quickly from Corydalis.

Eggs. The eggs of this genus have never yet been recognized,
but we would expect them to be most like those of Corydalis.

TABLE TO SPECIES OF NEUROMUS

a Sides of head with alate bidentate process,... lsoror
aa Sides of head only once toothed or only
Slightly angled
b Front wings with white dots in most of the

cells back of the costal region........... 2cephalotes
db Front wings not marked as above
¢ Head black, wings brown in distal half... 3 maculipinnis

ce Head and body yellowish; wings mostly
yellowish; dark markings on the pro-
thorax
d Front wings spotted with black or
brown posteriorly, and with their
cross veins mostly dark; metathorax
often marked with black or brown.. 4 hieroglyphicus

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATH 467

dd Front wings not spotted with dark;
cross veins dark or not; metathorax
not marked with black or brown
e Cross veins of fore wings more or less
darkened (brown or black)
f Dark markings on prothorax dis-
tinct; media of fore wings with
six branches; cross veins between
all branches of radius, 25 to 30.. 5corripiens
ff Dark markings on prothorax indis-
tinct; media of fore wings with
3 (?) branches; cross veins be-
tween all branches of radius, 10
BE chro. wield ile Pate RRS D 6 winthemi
ee Cross veins of fore wings not darkened — Tpallidus

DESCRIPTION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF SPECIES
, 1 N. soror Hagen

1861 Corydalis soror Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am, p.193

General color luteous; mandibles brown; cheeks with alate
bidentate process; head broad, not depressed, a brownish stripe
each side; prothorax narrower than head, longer than broad,
each side with a brownish border; legs lurid with knees and apex
of tarsi obscurer; antennae short, slender, black, the two basal
segments yellowish; appendages of male four, superior ones
forcipated, clavate at apex; inferior ones cylindric, extremely
short; wings luteo-subhyaline, an obsolete band on the middle
of front pair, and fuscous spots nearer the apex; veins fuscous,
luteous on the middle of the costal space; cross veins between
all branches of radius, about 18 to 21; medius of fore wing
four branched; Cu, with four to five accessories. Length to tip
of wings 60 to 75mm; alar expanse 85 to 130mm.

Mexico, Cordova.

2 N. cephalotes Rambur

1842 Corydalis cephalotes Rambur, Hist. Nat. Neur. p.441

1853 Corydalis cephalotes Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur. p.208

1861 Corydalis «ffinis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N, Am. p.321
(nomen nudum)

1866 Corydalis hecate McLachlan, Jour. of Ent. 2:499, pl.20

Color of body dark brown, mandibles and mouth parts reddish
brown; head dark brown, roughened behind but not marked

468 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

with lighter color; cheek with sharp tooth; prothorax longer
than broad, blackish brown, hastate groove same color; fe-
mora dusky, tibiae and tarsi yellowish; antennae slender, fili-
form, brownish yellow, blackish at tips, about equal to head
and thorax in length; appendages of male four, superior pair
thin, nearly flat, not angled at the end, shorter than the inferior
ones; wings dull brown with white dots in cells, and mostly
black on costal region of front pair, and white areas in stigma
and back of medius in middle of wing; cross veins mostly
dark, even in the costal region; mediums of fore wing with four
to five branches; cross veins between all branches of radius
about 18 or 19; Cu, with three to four accessories. Length to
tip of wings 70 to 80 mm; alar expanse 105 to 145 mm.
Brazil.
3 N. maculipinnis Gray
1882 Hermes maculipinnis Gray, Griffith’s ed. of Cuvier, 2:331,
pl.72, fig.1
1842 Neuromusruficollis Rambur, Hist. Nat. Neur. p.443
1853 Hermes ruficollis Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur. p.202
1858 Hermes maculifera Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur. p.203
1861 Corydalis illota Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 321 (nomen
nudum)
1869 Hermes maculipinnis Gray, McLachlan, Ann. and Mag. Nat,
Hist. (4), 4:39
Nearly black; mandibles black; sides of head convex, toothed
angle wanting, only slightly angled on each side, back of head
with black or brown shining streaks and dots, two long streaks
in center, other smaller ones each side; prothorax narrower
than head, longer than broad, lurid, darker at each side of cen-
ter; legs and feet ferruginous; antennae longer than the thorax,
slender, slightly serrated in both sexes; wings ferruginous,
hyaline, white in basal part of both pairs, or in the front pair
the two colors are mixed toward the base; a white spot in radio-
medial region about three fourths the way out; other white
spots and blotches between these spots and the white areas;
media of fore wing with six branches; cross veins between
all Lranches of radius, about 18 to 30; Cu, with two accessories

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 469

in both pairs of wings of both sexes. Length to tip of wings
38 to 48 mm; alar expanse 65 to 80 mm.

Brazil.
4 N. hieroglyphicus Rambur

1842 Neuromus hieroglyphicus Rambur, Hist. Nat. Neur.

p.442

1853 Hermes hieroglyphicus Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur.
p.206

1861 Corydalis hieroglyphicus Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am.
p.194

1869 Neuromus hiervuglyphicus McLachlan, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (4), 4:45

Pale yellow; mandibles brown; cheeks convex, one toothed;
head with two black spots behind, which fade out in some speci-
mens; prothorax cylindric with four black or brown spots or
marks; mesothorax with sometimes two to four similar marks;
feet yellow, base and apex of tibiae and apex of tarsi black;
antennae short, black with bases yellow; appendages of male
four, superior ones the longer, apex recurved; inferior ones
stout, apex clavated; wings yellowish hyaline, cross veins in
front pair partly black, and those wings marked posteriorly
with more or .ess distinct black spots; media of fore wings
with three branches; cross veins between all branches of radius,
about 10 to 17; Cu, with 1 to 2 accessories. Length to tip of
wings 40 to 65 mm; alar expanse 65 to 90 mm.

Mexico, Central America, Brazil, Venezuela.

5 N. corripiens Walker
1860 Hermes corripiens Walker, Ent. Soc. Lond. Trans, n. s. 5:180
1861 Corydalis livida Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.321 (nomen
nudum)
1869 Neuromuscorripiens McLachlan, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), 4:45
General color testaceous; mandibles black, marked with dark
brown; head black between the ocelli; heads slightly angled;
prothorax narrower than the head, almost linear; two elongated
black dots on each side, the fore pair sometimes almost obso-
lete; legs yellow above, darker below, tarsi blackish; antennae
simple, black, testaceous toward the base; wings whitish hyaline,
veins testaceous, fore pair with the cross veins more or less

470 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

black, costa very convex; media of fore wings with six branches;
cross veins between all branches of radius, about 28 to 30; Cu,
with three accessories. Length to tip of wings 60 to 65 mm;
ular expanse 90mm.

Brazil. |

6 N. winthemi n. sp.

Yellowish; mandibles reddish brown; head brownish yellow,
lighter on hind part, side of head one toothed; prothorax longer
than broad, dark marking indistinct; legs light yellow, last tar-
sal segment blackish; antennae not seen; wings whitish hyaline;
veins yellow; fore pair with the cross veins and angles of veins
more or less brown; cross veins between all branches of radius ~
about 11 or 12; Cu, with two accessories. Length of body 32mm;
to tip of wings 55mm; alar expanse 90mm.

Brazil. Collected by Winthem. Type in the Hagen collection,
Museum of Comparative Zoology.

7 N. pallidus n. sp.

Light yellow; mandibles brownish; ocelli partly ringed with
black; behind each side of head a brown raised mark; cheek
with a single tooth; prothorax longer than wide, a brown inter-
rupted streak each side, not reaching the caudal margin of the
segment; legs and feet light yellow, claws darker; antennae fili-
form and hairy; wings transparent, obscured in the stigmatal
region of all four wings; a few white scales and hairs along the
veins; cross veins, at least toward base of fore wings, somewhat
darkened; about 12 to 14 cross veins between all the branches
of radius; media of fore wings with three branches; Cu, with
two accessories. Length to tip of wings about 40mm; alar ex-
panse 60 to 65 mm [pl. 52, fig. 3].

Type in United States National Museum, Washington, cata-
logue no. 5176; probably native of Mexico. |

CORYDALIS [Latreille

Adult. This genus includes the largest insects of the order.
Yellow-fuscous, 40 to 60 mm long from base of jaws to end of
abdomen, males usually the larger; wings fuscous with blacl
and yellow veins; white dots always found in some of the cells ©

~

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 471

of the fore wings. Prothorax quadrangular, much narrower
than the head and shorter than the mesothorax and the meta-
thorax combined; large toothlike angles on the back part of the
sides of the head; three large approximate ocelli facing at about
120° from each other; antennae filiform moniliform or slightly
serrate in a few species, as long as, or much longer than the
head and thorax combined; mandibles prominent, not concealed
by the labrum when closed, those of the male more or less elon-
gated and annular, incurved, suited only for clasping. Wings
numerously veined, the accessory veins of the radial sector ex-
tending backward from R, in both pairs of wings, and media
has more than two branches [fig. 26]; hind wings broad at base
and folded in the anal area when at rest; wing expanse 100 to

all [TLL e
Fy eS
ST OY

OS
hse
M,,,
Cu

1

7d 4 2d 4

Fig. 26 Fore wingof Corydalis cornuta x2

150mm. Tarsi cylindric; male caudal appendages long and
usually strongly forcipate; in the female they are short and
simple.

Larva. When full grown, the larva is about 80 to 90 mm long.
The general color is dusky; the head and thorax are supplied
above with pretty figured markings; the whole body is supplied
with black clavate projections except in the intersegmental folds
and on the parts heavily clothed with chitin. The last four or
five segments of the abdomen taper toward the caudal end of
the body. The first eight segments of the abdomen are each pro-
vided with a pair of unjointed lateral filaments, 6 to 7 mm long,
somewhat clothed with hairs; the first seven of these segments
are each provided with a pair of ventral tufts of tracheal gills..
Spiracles are found on each of the first eight abdominal seg-
ments and on the fold between the prothorax and the meso-
thorax, and a rudimentary pair en a fold between the meso-
thorax and the metathorax. On the last abdominal segment are

472 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

a pair of slightly two jointed anal prolegs, each with a pair of
strong, slender claws and a lateral filament. The antennae
have six segments, the basal joint being united with the head,
though Walsh and Riley recognized only five segments. |

Corydalis larvae collected from different localities have been
examined. As they show some variations, a few notes on them
may aid in future work of determining the species.

Label, “ Colorado, Chiquili, Dr Newbery, 1873.” Has no tufts
of hairs on the lateral nor anal filaments. The spongy tufts are
sessile as in C. cornuta. Some tufts of hairs near the spir-
acles on the sides of the abdomen; some yellow markings on
dorsal aspect of abdomen.

Label, “ Texas, Stolley, no. 1640.” Has two rows of hairy
tufts on most of the lateral and on the anal filaments. Thorax
and head brown with some light yellow areas; abdomen dark
above with no yellow markings; mesothorax and metathorax
same color as the prothorax. | :

Label, “ Mobile Ala., 1853.” Has tufts the same as the above
Specimen, but the abdomen is very dark, and the clavate projec-
tions are usually long. Mesothorax and metathorax same color
as the abdomen; prothorax and head reddish brown without the
Striking light markings; lateral and caudal filaments nearly
white above.

Label, ‘“ Rio Negro, Amazon, Thayer Exp.” (about 1869). Has
the six jointed antennae, and the marks of C. cornuta onthe
head and thorax. It differs from that species in that the spongy
tufts stand out ventrally from the abdomen, as a pair of fan-
shaped tufts to each segment.

Label, “ Himalaya, Sutlej river, Billispur M. M. Carleton,
1872.” Very light brown or yellowish; reddish yellow on the
thorax and head. The eight pairs of lateral filaments are
clothed on the ventral side with tufts appearing like the tracheal
tufts. A similar growth fringes the abdominal segments.
Antennae six jointed; ocelli six on each side.

Eggs. The egg masses of Corydalis cornuta were de-
-Scribed by Riley [1877] who found them in the middle of July
1876, along the banks of the Mississippi. His description I
quote:

“The egg mass of Corydalis cornuta is either broadly
oval, circular, or (more exceptionally) even pyriform in circum-
ference, flat on the attached side, and plano-convex on the ex-
posed side. It averages 21mm in length, and is covered with a
white or cream-colored albuminous secretion, which is generally
splashed around the mass on the leaf or other object of attach-
ment. It contains from two to three thousand eggs, each of

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 473

which is 1.3mm long, and about one third as wide, ellipsoidal,
translucent, sordid white, with a delicate shell, and surrounded
and separated from the adjoining eggs by a thin layer of the
same white albuminous material which covers the whole. The
outer layer forms a compact arch, with the anterior ends point-
ing inward, and the posterior ends showing like faint dots
through the white covering. Those of the marginal row lie flat
on the attached surface; the others gradually diverge outwardly
so that the central ones are at right angles with said object.
Beneath this mantled layer the rest lie on a plane with the leaf,
those touching it in concentric rows; the rest packed in irreg-
ularly. Before hatching, the dark eyes of the embryon show
aistinctly through the delicate shell, and the eggs assume a
darker color, which contrasts more strongly with the white
intervening matter.

The egg-burster (ruptor ovi) has the form of the common im-
mature mushroom, and is easily perceived on the end of the
vacated shell.”

Prof. Riley’s description of the “egg-burster” agrees exactly
with the appearance of the micropylar projection, and this is
‘the only appendage I have found on the eggs either before or
after the larvae have hatched [fig.20].

The eggs are found on trees, vines, leaves, stones, bridges, ete,
usually over running water, but sometimes at a very short dis-
‘tance to one side of the stream.

Life history of Corydalis cornuta

Riley and others have given accounts of the life history of
‘this species, but by careful tracing I have been able to add a
few points.

The young larvae of an egg mass all hatch in a single night,
crawl from under the mass and soon drop or crawl to water.
The young differ from the older larvae in having relatively larger
heads and mouth parts, only three jointed antennae, and rela-
tively longer filaments and legs. Riley observed that they lack
‘the ventral spongy tracheal tufts. These tufts do not appear
till a later molt. Riley therefore concluded that these tufts_
are for the purpose of adhering to stones, and not for breathing.
‘The structure of these (showing tracheae), the absence of other
suitable gills, the regular movements of the tufts when a larva
is actively respiring, as when placed in water from which the
air has escaped—all these indicate the true purpose of the tufts.

474 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The larvae live at the bottom of streams of rapid water in the |
swiftest parts, under stones. They readily feed on soft bodied
caddis worms, Sialis larvae, very young Chauliodes larvae,
younger members of their own species; and doubtless have a
wide range of food habits. I have succeeded in getting hungry
larvae to eat bits of fresh beef by placing them in a tray of
water in a photographic dark room. They do not feed well when
exposed to bright light; and they seem to prefer live food. In
the dark room they will sometimes eat large dipterous larvae.

They spend the winter some distance below the bed of the
stream buried in the sand and erayel.

The larvae usually crawl when they care to move about in
the water, but they can swim backward readily and sometimes
are found to swim forward.

Nothing very definite is known as to the number of molts or
as to the length of the larval period. The same problems are
here involved as those stated on a preceding page in speaking
of Chauliodes larvae. I have kept larvae of Corydalis over
winter in running water in dark cells made of flowerpots. Out
of 28 which were kept alive in the cells for nine months, only
two were found to molt, and these do not warrant the drawing
of any general conclusion. In September 1899 I took from one
locality in Fall creek, Ithaca, over 100 larvae and measured
their heads. The range of sizes was so gradual that it gave no
clue to the probable number of years represented in the lot.

Though the larvae naturally live in beds of streams till full
grown, they are capable of living out of water in moist soil for
an indefinite length of time. I thus kept them in a breeding
cage in a greenhouse for over four months, at the end of which
they were accidentally killed. The larval spiracles are doubt-
less open and functional, at least when the insect is out of water,
and may be used for breathing from air which collects under
stones in running water.

The mature larvae leave the water in May or June and pupate
in cavities under flat stones near the stream. At times they
crawl for many rods and even up high banks before selecting

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 475

a suitable place to pass the pupa state. Walsh gives an account
of the crawling of the mature larvae to the top of a chimney
of a small house by the Mississippi river.

When the last larval skin is shed, the pupa is very light brown
or nearly white, but gradually becomes darker up to the end
of the period. The pupa very much resembles the adult in ex-
ternal structure, specially as regards the antennae, tarsal seg-
ments, wing pads, and absence of lateral filaments, spongy tufts
and prolegs. There is great variation in the appearance of the
warty prominences left by the bases of the filaments.

The length of the pupal life was determined by daily observa-
tion of specimens which had just crawled from the water to
find a nest for the pupal life. The transformations of 25 speci-
mens were thus noted. It was found that the time spent in
the nest before the larval skin is shed varies from about one
day to as much as two weeks. The time from this last molt
till the adult emerges, or the actual life of the pupa, is not so
variable, as the table will show.

No of larvae Date of molting larval Date of emerging as Days in pupal
observed skin adults life
4 May 29 June 8 10
5 May 28 June 4 7
12 May 29 June 7 9
2 June 7 June 14 7
i June 9 June 23 14
1 June 12 June 26 14

It will be noticed from the table that the length of life in
this state varies from seven to 14 days with an average of nine
days in the specimens observed. Many (perhaps 10 or 15) others,
which I observed, died during that state. This was probably
partly due to the fact that they were handled too much, or
became too dry in the cages where they were kept, but I have.
often found dead pupae under stones on banks of streams.

The adults are perhaps as good fliers as Chauliodes, and both
of these will make longer flights than Sialis; both are often
found at great distance from streams, while Sialis seldom

476 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

wanders far from water. Corydalis is usually crepuscular, and
is often attracted to lights at night. One large female was seer
to make a flight of several rods, when apparently unmolested,
on a bright, hot June day at 2 o’clock p. m.

The adults are very short-lived, at least when kept in cages,.
and probably also when at large, judging from the short length
of the season when adults are to be found. Of the specimens:
kept in cages, the males never lived longer than three days after
emerging, while the females lived as long as eight or 10 days.
None could be induced to take food, and it is probable that the
adults take no food. The studies made by Mr W. A. Riley and
others indicate that very little histolysis takes place in the
digestive organs. This is explained by the probable fact that
these organs are not used in the adult insect.

The dates on which adult specimens have been taken at Ithacx
range from June 4 to July 8, in a long series of years.

TABLE TO SPECIES OF CORYDALIS

a Hastate or lanceolate pale mark on middle of
hind part of prothorax, irregular light marks
each side

b Costal- cells of front wings mostly with two
white spots in each

¢ Male appendages, upper pair, with the ends

abruptly turned under and back, appearing

as a Separate Se@Ment. .... 0. cee eens linamabilis

ce Male appendages, with upper pair not abruptly
tHe: eee we TO 2% arcs on lets) « cmtageacemaae es Z2cornuta

bb Costal cells of front wings with only one white
SPO IN OAH wi aaceie tere Geiss ee id) wien are Ree 3cognata@

aa Hastate and other marks on prothorax of same
color as the rest or nearly so
b Antennae with two basal joints and most of the
others light yellow, outer three fourths with
minute sharp teeth
c¢ Front wings with no dusky clouds in cells,
except near the stigmatal region; white dots

alinost Wartime. Fics 540 bigs = wien coat eereemes 4crassicornis
ce Front wings with dusky and white clouds;
white dots numerous except in costal region.. 5 peruviana

bb Antennae with basal joints never yellow; seg-
ments of antennae never toothed
c Costal cells often with two white dots in each
d Front wings hardly clouded except in region
OL BUSA 6G entities ace de iam ae eee 61lutea

T

AQUATIC INSECIS IN NEW YORK STATBH 47

dd Front wings densely clouded in many
places, specially just back of R,......... 7T batesii
ce Costal cells with only one or no white dots
d@ Front wings with dark circle near the fork-
ing of media; triangular white spot at
BRI artes eso tte Hokie edo. om a cte's oho Snubila
dd Front wings not marked as above......... 9armata

DESCRIPTION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF SPECIES
1 C, inamabilis McLachlan
1868 Corydalis inamabilis McLachlan, Linn. Soc. Jour. 9:235,
pl.g, fig.3

Pale brown; abdomen pale fuscous; palpi black, with broad
whitish yellow annulations; mandibles long, slender, finely
rugose, pale brown with apical portion black; head yellowish
brown, anterior margin nearly black; finely rugose above,
beneath, and posteriorly with coarsely reticulated spaces; ocelli
yellow; eyes plumbeous; caudal portion of head with im-
pressed streaks and spots; prothorax longer than broad, slightly
widened posteriorly; upper surface convex, pale brown, has-
tate median impression behind; roughened raised places along
the sides; legs and feet pale yellowish brown, tarsi and tips of
tibiae darker; antennae scarcely shorter than body, pale brown,
three or four terminal joints black, basal joints bulbous, joints
beyond basal fourth with a short triangular acute tooth; appen-
dages of the male long, yellowish, slightly pilose; superior pair
sinuate, the tips bent under and somewhat retuse; inferior pair
geniculated, apexes directed upward and slightly dilated; wings
long and narrow, subacute, cinereo-subhyaline; front pair with
white dots in cells everywhere except in the costal area, Sc area
with fuscous spaces, stigmatic region slightly yellowish, C-Se
cross veins black except those near the middle, which are whitish
in the center; all discal and apical cross veins black; longi-
tudinal veins yellow, subcosta and radius marked with fuscous;
hind wings hardly paler, cross veins of discal and apical areas
black, those in basal discal region yellow; front wings with
about 26 cross veins between all branches of radius, media with
four branches, Cu, with three accessories. Alar expanse 100mm;
body without appendages 35mm; mandibles of male 26mm.

Waco and Dallas Tex.

478 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

2 C. cornuta Linnaeus

1758 Hemerobius cornutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10. p.551

1767 Raphidia cornuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p.916

1773 Hemerobius cornutus DeGeer, Mém. Ins. 3:559, pl.27, fig.1

1781 Hemerobius cornutus Fabricius, Sp. Ins. 1:392; and 1787.
Mantissa Ins. 1:246

1788-93 Hemerobius cornutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 13. 5:2639

1791-1825 Corydalis cornuta Olivier, Encycl. Meth. 7:59

1798 Hemerobius cornutus Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 2:81

1805-21 Corydalis cornuta Palisot, Ins. Neur. pl.1, fig.1

1807 Corydalis cornuta Latreille, Gen. Crust. and Ins. 3:199

1836-49 Corydalis cornuta Cuvier, Régne Animal, p.14, pl.104

18389 Corydalis cornuta Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2:950

1848 Corydalis ¢ornutus Holdemon, Acad. Bost. Jour. p.158, pl.1-3

1861 Corydalis cornuta Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.192;
1863. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:181

1863 Corydalis cornuta Walsh, Ent. Soe. Phila. Proce. 2:265

1892 Corydalis cornuta Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 19:357

1901 Corydalis cornuta Needham, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47, p.550,
pl.28

General color luteo-fuscous to luteo-cinereous: head large,
broad, sides convex, hind part with impressed yellow spots and
streaks surrounded by fuscous, each side with oblique yellow
stripe beneath; mandibles never concealed by the labrum, those
of the male normally much elongated and annulated; prothorax
much narrower than head, longer than broad, a light colored
hastate mark in the middle of the hind part, irregular yellow
flat points each side; legs brownish, knees, apex and incisions
of tarsi fuscous; antennae nearly moniliform, long, fuscous;
superior pair of male appendages forcipated, infracted at the
apex, dolabriform; wings subcinereo-hyaline; veins darker, often
black, specially at their angles; C—Sc cross veins pale in middle;
cells mostly supplied with white dots, the costal ones each with
two white dots; in fore wing cross veins between all branches
of radius, about 25 to 35, media with three to four branches, and
Cu, with four to five accessories. Length to tip of wings about
75mm; alar expanse 100 to 140 mm. The size in both sexes is
variable. |

Quebec, New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland,
Washington D. C., Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Minnesota.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 479

3 C. cognata Hagen

1861 Corydalis cognata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.193
1892 Corydalis cognata Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 19:357

General color luteous yellow; head large, broad, sides convex,
marked behind with two punctate ochraceous streaks, and a few
obsolete points; prothorax almost quadrangular, a_ little

narrower than the head, marked behind with a hastate mark
in the middle and ochraceous points each side; feet and legs
lurid, apex of tarsi obscurer, claws fuscous; wings yellowish
hyaline, cross veins dark, front wings with a dark marking on
base and apex of costal area, R, clouded fuscous, costal cells
with one white dot, number of dots in other cells several, cross
veins between all the branches of radius about nine to 11,
medius with three branches, Cu, with three accessories.
Length to tip of wings 55 to 60 mm; alar expanse 80 to 100 mm.
New Mexico, Phoenix Ariz.

4 C. crassicornis McLachlan

1868 Corydalis ecrassicornis McLachlan, Linn. Soc. Jour. 9:233,
pl.g, fig.2

Body pale brown to yellowish; head very broad, flattened
above, finely rugose, blackish around the ocelli, front margins
black, ocelli yellow, head marked behind with three impressed
reticulated spaces; palpi black; mandibles of male very long,
blackish tubercles on inner edges, color same as head but darker
near the tips; prothorax scarcely longer than broad, hardly
dilated behind, brownish with front margin blackish, the has-
tate median mark behind, and raised spaces each side of about
. the same shade as the prothorax; mesothorax and metathorax
nearly equal in width to each other and to the prothorax or
slightly narrower than the hind margin of it; legs pale brown,
tarsi, knees, and parts of the tibiae dark fuscous; antennae as
long as the body or longer, thick, brown, sutures black, three
to four terminal joints black, basal joints bulbous, joints beyond
basal fourth with a short, straight, triangular tooth beneath;
appendages of male very long, slightly pilose; superior pair
nearly cylindric at base, tips dilated and truncated but suddenly

480 NEW. YORK STATE MUSEUM

bent downward and produced toward the body into a short pro-
cess; inferior pair not half so long, cylindric, curved upward at
the tips; wings cinereo-hyaline, front pair with white dots in the
cells, stigmatic region dark, subcostal region often dark fuscous.
and with paler spaces, veins yellowish, cross veins mostly black
except the middle part of many toward the center of C-Sc, cross.
veins between all the branches of radius about 17 or 18, medius
with three branches, Cu, with four accessory veins; hind wings.
scarcely paler than the others, subcostal area clouded, some of
the cross veins dark. Length of body without appendages about
45mm; alar expanse 120 to 135 mm.

San Antonio Tex. |

5 C. peruviana n. sp.

Body brown; head brown, finely rugose behind; mandibles:
darker than the head; prothorax much longer than broad,
the median hastate mark behind concolor, roughened areas.
along each side reaching the whole length; legs and feet
of same shade as the head; antennae of female slender, brown,
black toward the tips; those of male stout, very long, slightly |
toothed, minute papillae all over, bright yellow, bases yellow,
outer end black; wings subcinereo-hyaline, cross veins mostly
darkened, a few of those in costal region lighter in the middle;
white and dusky clouds from stigma across to middle of Cu,, no
white dots in the costal cells and none at all on the hind pair
of wings; in front pair, cross veins between all the branches.
of radius, about 28 to 30, media with four branches, Cu, with
five accessory veins. Length to tip of wings 80 to 85 mm; alar
expanse about 180mm.

Types in Museum of Comparative Zoology; female from “ head
waters of Rio Rimac, Peru, in the Cordilleras ”; male labeled
“ Guatamala purchase.”

6 C. lutea Hagen

1861 Corydalis lutea Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.193

1861 Corydalis vetula Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.321 (nomen
nudum)

1861 Corydalis armigera Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p. 32%
(nomen nudum)

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 48f

General color luteous; head large, broad, ferruginous, the
sides convex, marked behind with obsolete luteous spots; pro-
thorax much narrower than head, longer than broad; sides of
middle obsoletely impressed; concolor or luteous spots behind
and at the sides; legs lurid, base of tibiae and some tarsal seg;
ments nigro-fuscous; antennae slender, light yellow to brown,
dark at outer end; superior male appendages cylindric, long,
oblique, truncated at apex; inferior ones recurved at the apex,
clavate; wings subcinereo to luteo hyaline; cross veins dark
except the middle part of those of costal region; veins luteous,
partly fuscous; a few white dots, usually only one to a cell;
front pair with cross veins between all branches of radius about
25, media with three branches, Cu, with four to five branches.
Length to tip of wings 55 to 85 mm; alar expanse 110 to 140 mm.

Vera Cruz, Mexico, Brazil, Cordova, Spain.

7 C. batesii McLachlan

1868 Corydalis batesii McLachlan, Linn. Soc. Jour. 9:232, pl.8,
fig.1

Color of body brown, or dusky on the abdomen; head above
and beneath dark brown; mandibles of female black at tips;
palpi black; head marked behind with five punctures, front
margin. yellow; ocelli yellow; eyes dark olivaceous; prothorax
longer than broad, scarcely dilated behind, sides nearly parallel,
very convex above, smooth, dull brown, with three short im-
pressed concolor spaces behind; mesothorax and metathorax
scarcely broader than the prothorax, pale brown; legs finely
pilose, fuscous, paler beneath, all tarsi and the apical part of
the tibiae yellowish, specially behind; antennae yellow with
black tips, very slender, not toothed, not over two thirds the
length of the body; wings long and narrow, front pair ashy,
dusky area beyond the middle, many blackish blotches in front
portion, one at stigmatic region, several in subcostal region,
and others back of the radius, white dots in the cells, several
angles of the veins black, cross veins mostly black except the
middle parts of those in the basal half of costal region; hind

-482 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

pair broader and paler than the other, some dusky clouds and
‘black veins and cross veins near front margin.
Ega, Brazil. Type, a female, in McLachlan’s collection.

8 C. nubila Erichson

1848 Corydalis nubila Erichson, Schomburgk, Reise Guiana, 3:583
1861 Corydalis nubila Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.321

Body dark brown to brownish yellow; head broader than the
-prothorax, brown on the sides back of the eyes, roughened
‘behind; prothorax rather narrow, dull brown, concolor; legs and
feet light brown; antennae black, slender, slightly toothed as in
-C. crassicornis, a little longer than head and thorax in
the female; superior pair of male appendages bent downward;
front wings subcinereo-hyaline with brown shade above anal
-area, a dark oval spot about the first branching of medius and
white dots near by, a white triangular cloud at stigma reaching
nearly through cell R,, no white dots in costal region, cross
‘veins mostly dark; medius with four branches, cross veins
‘between all the branches of radius, about 20 to 22; hind wings
more yellowish, and no white dots in the cells. Length to tip
of wings about 60mm; alar expanse 75 to 100 mm.

British Guiana, Venezuela. One female from the latter
-country in the Harvard museum.

9 C. armata n. sp.

1861 Corydalis armata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.321
(nomen nudum)

1842 Corydalis cornuta Rambur, Hist. Nat. Neur. p.440

1853 Corydalis cornuta Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur. p.208

Body brown; head brown, finely rugose; mandibles brown,
with three teeth besides the apex in females; thorax longer than
broad, brown all over, the median hastate mark behind con-
color roughened areas along each side reaching the whole length
of the segment; legs and feet lighter than the head in color;
antennae slender, brown, black toward the outer end; wings
subcinereo-hyaline, veins fuscous, cross veins mostly darkened,
those of costal region mostly light in center; front pair dusky
in stigmatic region, and sometimes near the first branching of

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NW YORK STATE 483°

radius, cells of costal region partly with one white spot, never
two, other cells of front pair and in apical region of hind pair
with white dots; cross veins between all branches of radius in
front pair, about 30 to 31, media with four branches, Cu, with
five or six accessory veins. Length to tip of wings 75 to 85 mm;3.
alar expanse 110 to 140 mm.

Republic of Colombia, Venezuela, Chapada, Brazil, “S. Catha-
rina, Theresopolis, Fruhstorfer, 1887.” Several specimens in:
the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

C. ancilla Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.321 (nomen nudum),.
must still remain undescribed, as the only known specimen is in
the Hagen collection and is too much injured for use. This speci-
men is from Paraguay, and it is hoped that other specimens may
be discovered there.

Bibliography of the family Sialididae

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and adult.

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3, p.2845. Ed. 3. 1899. p.31-53.

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fig.1, wing of pupa of C. cornuta. Reprint of same 1899.

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AS4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

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Scudder’s memoir of the same title, 1880.

Says that Scudder’s Lithentomum harti is of the type of Chauliodes and
probably pertains to Sialina. Hemothetus fossilis belongs to the Sialina.

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—Lameere & Severin. Ann. Ent. Soc. Belgique. 1897. 41:37. Gives new
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1866. 2:334. Ch. disjunctus Walker, n. sp.

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AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 485

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Japan; Corydalis batesii, Ega;C. ecrassicornis, and

C. inamabilis, Texas.

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Ent. Mo. Mag: 1880. 17:62.

Says S. nigripes Pictet equals a small form of S. fuliginosa.

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(eggs).

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486 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

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characters of Corydalis and Chauliodes, and on the development of the
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western North America, presumed to represent the eggs of an insect allied to
Corydalis, and double the size of C. cornuta.

Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. Anniversary mem. 1880. 1:41, pl.l. The
Devonian Insects of New Brunswick.

Includes two that may be Sialididae. Republished by the author 1885, as ‘‘ The
Earliest Winged Insects of America ’’—a reexamination.

Geol. Mag. 1881. p.299.

Proposes new genus Lithosialis for the fossil Corydalis brongniarti Man-
tell, which is of uncertain position.

Sharp, David. Cambridge Natural History. 1895. 5:444-48. Life his-
tory of S. lutaria.

Walker, Francis. Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. 1853. ptz2.

1866. See Lord, J. K.

Wallengren. Oefv. Sv. Ac. 1870. p.152. Records the occurrence of 8.
fuliginosa in Sweden.

Walsh, Benjamin D. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 1863. 2:261-66. Transla-
tion of Hagen’s notes (q.v.); and notes on life history.

Walsh & Riley. Am. Ent. i868. 1:61, 145. Wigures of Corydalis and
notes on Ch. rastricornis.

Weed, C. M. Ohio Exp. Sta. Bul. Tech. Ser. 1889. 1:7-10, pl.1, fig.3.
Metamorphoses of Ch. rastricornis.

Life histories of. American Insects. Habits of larva of Ch.
rasiricorn is. 21897.» pis-16.

Westwood. See Drury.

White, F. B. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1871. 8:65. Occurrence of S. fuligi-
n0sa in the lake district of England.

Wood-Mason, J. Zool. Soc. Lond. Proc. 1884. p.110, pl.8.

Describes male and female of C. asiatica nm. sp. Naga Hills. First record
of the occurrence of the genus in the Old World.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 487

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

Renwick lagoon at the head of Cayuga lake, Ithaca N. Y. Character-
istic shore vegetation. Photo by J. H. Comstock

PLATE 2
Renwick lagoon, open water. Photo by J. H. Comstock

PLATE 3

Upper reaches of a bayou leading from Renwick lagoon across “the
fiats.” Photo by J. H. Comstock

PLATE 4

Two views along Fall creek, near Ithaca N. Y. (1) Forest lake, looking
toward the fall where the creek enters. (2) In the bottom of the gorge;
one of the many small cascades; Simulium territory. Photos by H. N.
Howland

PLATE 5 .
Aeschna constricta Say
1 Male imago. Photo from life by J. G. Needham
2 The nymph approaching a back swimmer. Drawing by Miss Anthony

PLATE 6

Unknown caddis fly larva, eaten by Bone pond brook trout
1 Head of larva. 2 End of abdomen. 3 Case. 4, 5 and 6 Legs of one
side.
PLATE 7
Callibaetis skokiana Ndm.
1 Imago
2 Nymph
Photo from life by J. G. Needham, colored by Miss Anthony, after life

PLATE 8
Epiphragma fascipennis Loew. Drawing by Miss Anthony

PLATE 9
Epiphragma fascipennis, larva and pupa. Drawings by
Miss Anthony .
1 Larva, lateral view, anal gills almost withdrawn into the body
2 Respiratory disk on end of abdomen of larva
3 Pupa, ventral view
PLATE 10
Diptera
Immature stages
1 Larva of an unknown Leptid from rapids
2 One of its paired bifurcated abdominal prolegs, showing grappling
hooklets protruded
3 Pupaof Tipula flavicans Loew
4 Larva of an unknown Tipulid from springs
5 End of abdomen of same from above

488 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

PLATE 11
Calopteryx maculata Beauy. Male and female. Photo from
life by J. G. Needham
PLATE 12
Hetaerina americana, executed from nature, under the author’s
direction, by L. H. Joutel
1 and 2 Males
3 Female
4 and 5 Cast nymph skins
6 and 7 Nymphs in the rapids

PLATE 13
Chromagrion conditum and Argia violacea
1 and 2 Resting and flying attitudes of C. conditum. 38 Nymph of
same
4 Argia violacea male. 5 Nymph of same

PLATE 14
Labia of Zygopterous nymphs
a Labium of Calopteryx maculata. b Labium of Hetae-
rina americana. ec Labium of Lestes rectangularis,
right lateral lobe omitted. d Left lateral lobe of same, more enlarged.
é Labium of Argia sp.?, right lateral lobe omitted, portion of spinulose
edge of median lobe shown highly magnified above. f Right lateral lobe
of same more enlarged. g Right lateral lobe of labium of Chro-
magrion conditum. h Right lateral lobe of labium of Amphi-
agrion saucium. i Left lateral lobe of labium of Nehallennia
irene. j Right lateral lobe of labium of Anomalagrion has-
tatum.
PLATE 15
Median caudal gills of Zygopterous nymphs
a.Atrgia tibialis. b Chromagrion econ ditueaece a
phiagrion saucium. d@dNehallennia irene. eAnoma-
lagrion hastatum.
PLATE 16
Zygoptera
iLestes uncata Kirby. Photo from life by J. G. Needham
2Enallagma exsulans Hagen. Photo from life by J. G. Need-
ham
2&2 Drawing of nymph of Enallagma carunculatum Morse
4 Immature nymph of Enallagma antennatum Say. Photo
from alcoholic specimen by J. G. Needham
5Ischnura verticalis Say. Photo from alcoholic specimen

PLATE 17
Agrioninae
Drawings by Mrs J. G. Needham
A Argia apicalis . Say
2Enallagma signatum Hagen
, 8 Enallagma caruncullatum Morse
4 (male) and 5 (female) Ischnura verticalis Say

‘
>

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 489

PLATE 18

Zygoptera
Photos from alcoholic specimens by Lee C. Stiles
1land2 Amphiagrion saucium Burm. male and female
8and4Nehallennia irene Hagen, male and female
5Hand6Anomalagrion hastatum Say, male and female
7 Nymph of A. saucium
8 Wing of Lestes rectangularis Say

PLATE 19
Enallagma

Male abdominal appendages of New York species
ft asniexum. 0 By Hageni. cE. geminatum. d BE.

mipeGinartum. ¢€¢ HH. divagans. f—f E. exstlans..g W.

eprium. &#E. carunculatum. +B. civile. 7 EK. asper-
Suan. © B traviatum. ¢ BH. antennatum. mE. signa-
tum. nE. pollutum. .

List of abbreviations for plates 20-31

a Cocoons from which adults have emerged
al Alimentary canal

as Anterior sclerite

ast Anterior sternal setae

at Anterior tergal setae

bh ~=Breathing holes

Cc Cuticle

cep Cavity surrounding the cuticular pocket
ep Cuticular pocket

cs Caudal spine

css Holes made by the caudal spines

d Dorsum :

da Dorsal apodeme

de Dorsal cavity

ds_ Distal setae of the labrum

e Holes eaten in the stems by larvae

ec Empty cavities

ex Location supposed opening in the paired dorsal cavities
h Hypodermis

hep Wypodermis of the cuticular pocket

is Infraspiracular setae 3
I Lamellae
lg Leg

In Lumen

Ir Lumen respiratory system

ls Lateral setae

m Muscle

md Median setae of the labrum
mg Marginal setae of the labrum
ms Mesothorax

mt Metathorax

o Cocoons

490 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Os Opening of the spiracle

p Pleura

pe Peripheral layer of chitin of the caudal spines
pde Paired dorsal cavities

pe Peritreme

pf Prothoracic filaments

pr Prothorax

ps Pedal setae

pst Posterior sternal setae

pt Posterior tergal setae

pve Paired ventral cavities

pe Proximal setae of the labrum

r Denuded roots
ree Rectum
S Spiracle

si Sensory spots
SS Supraspiracular setae
st Sternal setae
t Tracheal taenidia
tr Trachea
ttr ‘Transverse tracheal trunk
U Venter
ve Ventral cavity
vh Vacuolated hypodermal cells
vv Ventral border paired ventral cavities
w Cuticular wedge paired ventral cavities
2 Leaf stalks
y Scars of shed leaf stalks
2 larvae
PLATE 20

View near the outlet of the Renwick lagoon, looking southeast.
Photo by J. H. Comstock
PLATE 21

1 Portion of leaf of Nymphaea advena, showing eggs of
Donacia palmata. Photo by J. G. Needham

2 Portion of leaf of a sedge, showing the eggs of Donacia
porosicollis

3 Eggs of Donacia cinctiecornis

4 A single egg mass of Donacia palmata

PLATE 22

Underground stem of Nymphaea advena, _ showing larvae:
and cocoons of Donacia palmata. Photo by J. O. Martin

PLATE 23

Plant of Sparganium androcladium. Photo by J. G.
Needham

a Summit of the plant with beetle on the leaf. b Roots as withdrawn
from the water, showing cocoons of Dornacia emarginata near
the base of the leaves

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 491

PLATE 24
‘Sections of the stem of Sagittaria
1 Cross section. 2 Longitudinal section, both showing intercellular
spaces and arrangement of tissues
3, 4 Eggs of Donacia porosicollis

PLATE 25
Donacia
Anatomie details of the larvae. Enlarged

DONACIA CINCTICORNIS
1 Mandibles. 2 Antennae. 3 Leg. 4 Maxilla. 5 Labium. 6 Labrum

DONACIA PALMATA
7 Maxilla. 8 Antenna. 9 Labrum. 10 Eyes. 11 Mandibles. 12 Leg

DONAOCIA SUBTILIS
13 Eye. 14 Leg. 15 Mandibles. 16 Maxilla. 17 Labrum. 18 Labium.

19 Antenna
PLATE 26

Donacia

Anatomic details of the larvae. Enlarged

DONACIA POROSICOLLIS
1 Mandibles. 2 Maxilla. 3 Labrum. 4 Labium. 5 Leg. 6 Eyes.

‘7 Antenna
DONACIA AEQUALIS

8 Mandibles. 9 Maxilla. 10 Antenna. 11 Labrum. 12 Leg

DONACIA EMARGINATA
13 Labrum. 14 Antenna. 15 Labium. 16 Maxilla. 17 Leg. 18 Man-

‘cibles
PLATE 27

Haemonia, Galerucella and Donacia palmata
Anatomic details of the larvae
HAEMONIA NIGRICORNIS
1 Mandibles. 2 Labrum. 3 Labium. 4 Leg. 5 Eyes. 6 Maxilla.
‘7 Antenna
GALERUCBLLA NYMPHAEAE
8 Mandibles. 9 Labrum. 10 Leg. 11 Labium. 12 Maxilla

DONACIA PALMATA
138 Larva just emerged from the egg. 14 Dorsal apodeme. 15 Longi-
tudinal section of a trachea. 16 Surface section of trachea showing
taenidia. 17 Lateral view of apex of abdomen of mature larva. 18 Por-
tion of a stem of Nymphaea advena witha mature larva feed-
ing with its head and thorax buried in the tissues of the plant. 19 Dorsal
aspect of the four apical abdominal segments of a mature larva

PLATE 28
Donacia palmata
Anatomic details of the caudal abdominal spiracle. Enlarged
1 Portion of a stem of Nymphaea advena with a mature larva
attached to it by its caudal spines, in the act of respiring

2 Lateral view of a caudal spine and its internal attachment
5 Apex of a caudal spine still more enlarged

4 A transection of a caudal spine at the level d—e of figure 2

5 A transection of a caudal spine at the level f—g of figure 2

492 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

“I oO:

mw

1
2
3

A transection near the base of the caudal spines

A transection through the cephalis end of a cuticular pocket

A sagittal section through the base of a caudal spine and its cuticular
pocket laterad of the spiracular opening

A transection of a cuticular pocket taken at about the level n—o of
figure 8

A transection through the spiracular opening

A transection taken caudad of the spiracular opening

A transection of a cuticular pocket, shawing its connection with a
trachea

A transection of a cuticular pocket taken cephalad of the spiracular
opening

A section through the transverse connection of the tracheal trunks and
the dorsal apodeme

A portion of the hypodermis and some cuticular plates greatly enlarged:

Some cuticular plates still more enlarged

A sagittal section through the apex of the abdomen ofa mature larva.
mesad of a spiracular opening.

PLATE 29
Donacia

Setal arrangement of the larvae

Donacia Ccineticernasg

wonacia palmata

Donacia subtilis ; 3
Donacia porosicollis

PLATE 30

Donacia and Haemonia

Setal arrangement of the larvae
Donacia aequalis
Donacia emarginata
Haemonia AlZriecermis

Anatomic details of Donacia palmata

4
5)
6

Lateral view of the abdomen of the adult female
Dorsal view of the same
Portion of a rhizome of Nymphaea advena, showing the at-

tachment of the cocoon
PLATE 31

The food plant, Brasenia peltata, and transformations of
Galerucella nymphaeae. Drawn by Miss Anthony

aor WD

PLATE 32
Simulium territory
A little fall in the bottom of Cascadilla gorge.

PLATE 33
Simulium meridionale

Mandible of larva. x110

Maxilla of larva. x110
Hypopharynx of larva. x110
Labium of larva. x190

Respiratory filaments of pupa. x40

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 493

Simulium pecuarum

6 Mandible of larva. x110

7 Hypopharynx of larva. x110

8 Labium of larva. x190

9 Maxilla of larva. x110

10 Respiratory filaments of pupa. No scale
11 Labrum of larva. x110

PLATE 34

Simulium hirtipes

1 Wing of male. x15. C Costa. Sc Subcosta. R Radius. M Media.
Cu Cubitus. A Anal

2 Palpus of adult. Female. x40

38 Maxilla of larva. x110

4 Labium: of larva. x110

5 Antenna of larva. x110

6 Mandible of larva. ' x110

7 Ventral view of head of larva. No scale. Ir Labrum. m Mandible.
ve Maxilla. J Labium. f Fan

8 One ray of fan of larva. No scale

9 Larva. x6

10 Pupa. x6

11 Ventral view of caudal disk. x6

12 One of the radial rows of hooks of caudal disk. No scale

13 Pupal respiratory filaments. No scale

PLATE 35

Simulium vittatum
1 Respiratory filaments of pupa. x40
2 Labium of larva. x190
3 Mandible of larva. x110
Simulium sp.

From California, Santa Cruz mountains
4 Respiratory filaments of pupa. No scale
5 Pupal case. No scale
6 Mandible of larva. x110
7 Labium of larva. x190

From Leland Stanford jr University campus
r 8 Labium of larva. x190

From Las Vegas N. M.
9 Antenna. x190
10 Labium. x110
PLATE 36
. Simulium pictipes

1 Mandible of larva. x110

2 Maxilla of larva. x110
3 Labium of larva. x110

4 Hypopharynx of larva. x110

5 Labrum of larva. x110

494 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

6 Cross section of hypopharynx. x110
7 Wing of male. x15
8 Thoracic respiratory filaments of pupa. x15

PLATE 37
Simulium venustum and varieties

1 Maxilla of larva. x110
2 Hypopharynx of larva, var. piscicidium. x110
3 Labrum of larva, venustum. x110
4 Respiratory filaments of pupa. x40
5 Labium of larva, var. piscicidium. x190
6 Labium of larva, venustum. x190
7 Respiratory filaments of pupa, var. piscicidium. x110
8 Wing of imago, var. a
9 Caudal appendages (blood gills) of larva, var. a. x110
10 Hypopharynx of larva, var. a. x110
11 Thoracic respiratory filaments of pupa, var. a. x110
12 Labrum of larva, var. a. x110
13 Mandible of larva, var. a. x110
14. Labium of larva, var. a. x190

PLATE 38
Legs. x50; claws. x190

1S. venustum (var. piscicidium). Hind tarsus of male
28S. venustum (var. piscicidium). Middle tarsus of male
38. venustum (var. piscicidium). ‘Fore tarsus of male
48. venustum (var. a) Fore tarsus of female

5S. venustum (var. a) Middle tarsus of female

6S. venustum (var. a) Hind metatarsus of male

7S. pecuarum. Hind metatarsus of female

8 8S. pictipes. Hind metatarsus of male

9S. vittatum. Hind metatarsus of female
10 8. hirtipes. Hind metatarsus of female

11 8. hirtipes. Hind metatarsus of male
128. meridionale. Male and female metatarsus
13 8. bracteatum. Female metatarsus

148. pecuarum. Claw of female

15 8. bracteatum. Claw of female

168. meridionale. Claw of female

17 S. pictipes. Male

18 S. meridionale. Male

19 S. venustum, var. piscicidium. Female
20 S. pictipes. Female

218. ochraceum. Hind metatarsus of female

PLATE 39
Corethra plumicornis

1 Barya of ©. plumicornise 212
2 Pupa of same. x12
2a Breathing tube of pupa. x110

yp 08

© CT SO

10
a4

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 495

Ventral view of head. x40. e Labium. « Maxillae

Lateral view of head, larva. a Antennae. b Filaments of third meta-
mere of Meinert. c Leaflike appendages. 72 Labrum. f Fans.
m Mandibles. @# Maxilla

Swimming paddles of pupa. x15

Anal segment of larva. x40

Head of female. x15

Genitalia of male. x40

Wing of female. x15. C Costa. Se Subcosta. R Radius. M Media.
Cu Cubitus. A Anal

Wing of male. x15

Wing of C. albipesn.sp. x15

PLATE 40
Corethrella brakeleyi Coquillett
Full grown larva, dorsal view. x25. a Antenna. b Lateral sclerite of
the head showing the spines. d Dorsal sclerite of the head
Ventral view of larval head. x25. Ir Labrum. md Mandible. 0b Lat-
eral sclerite of the head. 7 Labium
Antenna of larva. x110
Labrum of larva. x110
Larval mouth parts, ventral view. x110. md Mandibles. max Maxilla:
i Ventral lobe of the maxilla (perhaps cephalic prolongation of
the head sclerite; 7 Labium
Dorsal view of left mandible of larva. x110
Fifth tarsal joint and claws of hind foot of adult male. x190
Antenna of adult male. x37%4
Wing, denuded of hair. Female. x48
Last four abdominal segments of pupa. x37%

Culex sylvestris
Long claws of middle foot of male. x190
One of the claspers of the male. x48

PLATE 41
Pelorempis n. gen.
Larva, ventral view. Thorax and abdomen diagrammatic. x7
Head of same, dorsal view. x7
Mouth parts, ventral view. x40. 7 Labium. # Maxillae. m Mandible
Dorsal aspect of breathing apparatus on the eighth segment. x20.
Ss Spiracle
Dorsal aspect of left mandible. x40
Dorsal aspect of labrum
Swimming paddles of the pupa. x7
Pupa.° x7
A seale from upper surface of the labrum
Head of female
Lateral aspect of head. Female
Fore tarsal claw of female
Fore tarsus of female
Wing of female. C Costa. Se Subcosta. R Radius. M Media. Cu
Cubitus

496 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ee

1

11
12
13

PLATE 42

Anopheles punctipennis

1 Breathing apparatus on eighth segment, dorsal aspect. s Spiracle

2 Dorsal aspect of thorax and first abdominal segment. x15

3 Ventral aspect of head. x40. JU Labium. « Maxillae. p Palpus.

m Mandible

4 Lateral aspect of ninth abdominal segment

4a Palmate hairs on sides of ue third to seventh abdominal Seats ,

5 Wing of female

6 Dorsal aspect of the larval head. x40

7 Mandible of the larva. x110

8 Wing of Psorophora ciliata. Male

9 Wing of A. maculipennis female. C Costa. Sc Subcosta. &
Radius. M Media. Ow Cubitus
(10 Genitalia of male. x110

11 Breathing trumpet of pupa. x50

PLATE 43
Culex pipiens L.

1 Anal end of larva. x15

2 Head of larva. x1d

3 Antenna of larva. x50 .

4 Dissection of ventral part of head, showing mouth parts. x50

m Mandible. # Maxilla. 1 Labium. h Hypopharynx

Ventral aspect of the upper lip. Ir Labrum. f Fans. e Epipharynx.
x50

Swimming paddles of pupa. x40

Fupa:~ x12

Fore tarsal claw of male. x110

Fore tarsal claw of female. x110

Wing of male. x15

Male genitalia. x50

Wing of female. x15. C Costa. Sc Subcosta. R Radius. M Media.

Cu Cubitus
PLATE 44

Culex restuans
Labium of larva. x190
Mandible. x1i10. s Serrate spine
Dorsal aspect of head and thorax. x15
Antenna. x110
Dorsal aspect of hypopharynx. x400
Ventral aspect of epipharynx. x110
Caudal end of larva. x15
Dorsal aspect of labrum. c¢ Clypeus
Wing of male
Wing of female
Breathing trumpet of pupa. x50
Palpus of adult male. x15
Palpus of adult female. x50

=
TAD or WD oO OMDNAQ wrk WN EH

co OO

10
11
12
13
14
15

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE

PLATE 45

Culex cantans Meigen
Ventral aspect of mandible. x110. Larva
Dorsal aspect of mandible. x110
Mavyilla with palpus. Larva
Antenna of larva. x110
Serrate spine of the breathing tube, of larva
Caudal end of larva. x15
Dorsal aspect of thorax. Larva
Third, fourth and fifth fore tarsal joints of the male. x50

Wing of the male. C Costa. Sc Subcosta. R Radius. M Media.

Cubitus. A Anal vein
Long claw on middle foot of male

PLATE 46
Culex triseriatus Say

Antenna of the larva

Mandible, dorsal aspect. x110

Dorsal aspect of the head and thorax of larva. x15
Labium of larva. x190

Caudal end of larva, lateral aspect. x15 ~
Hypopharynx of larva, conventionalized

Wing of female. C Costa. Se Subcosta. R Radius. M Media.

—Cubitus
Uranotaenia sapphirina O. 8.

Dorsal aspect of larva. After Dyar
Caudal end of larva. After Dyar
Antenna of larva. After Dyar
Pupa. After Dyar
Male genitalia, lateral aspect. x110
Wing of female
Wing of male
Fourth and fifth tarsal joint of middle leg of the male

PLATE 47
Aedes smithii Coquillett
Antenna of larva. x110

49%

Cu

Cit

Dissection of ventral part of the laryal head, showing the mouth parts.

x110. m Mandibles. # Maxillae. 1 Labium
Dorsal aspect of the larva. x18
Breathing trumpet of the pupa. x50
Swimming paddles of pupa. x15

od

Caudal end of the larva. x15

Diamesa waltlii Meigen
Antennae of the female. x50

8 Dorsal aspect of the male genitalia. x50
Wing of the female. © Costa. Se Subcosta. R Radius. M Media.

9

10
11

~ Cu Cubitus
Male genitalia, ventral aspect. x50
Fore foot of the female

498 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

att

Om oo bd

“1 & oF WW hoe

00

11
12

10
11

PLATE 48
Dixa modesta n. sp.

Ventral surface of larval head. x50. 7? Labrum. a Antenna. ma Max-
illa with its palpus

Mandible of the larva. x190

Maxilla and its palpus, p. x115

Pupa. x15

Larva, ventral view. x15. a Ventral caudal lobe. b Ventral foot
bristles. ce Abdominal prolegs

Dorsal view of the dorsal head sclerite. x60

Dorsal view of the caudal appendages of the larva. x40. p “ Tri-
angular chitinized plate.’’ s Spiracles

Wing of the imago. x15. Sc Subcosta. R Radius. M Media. Cu
Cubitus. A Anal

Diamesa waltlii Meigen

Ventral view of the labrum of the larva. x190. j Jointed appendages.
e Epipharynx

Ventral view of the labium of the larva. x190

Larval antenna. x190

- Larval mandible. x190

Pupa.: xi2
PLATE 49
. Chironomus gp.
Hypopharynx of the larva. x110
Antenna of the larva. x190

Ventral aspect of the upper lip, showing the epipharynx. x110

Head and thorax of larva, showing the thoracic proleg. x15

Ventral aspect of the head. mn Mandible. max Maxillae. J Labium.
x50

Mandible. x110

Caudal end of larva, with its anal prolegs. x15

Frontal aspect of the larval head. x50. Ir Labrum. m Mandible.
a Antenna. Jl Labium

Dorsal aspect of the larval maxilla. x190

Ventral aspect of seventh, eighth and ninth abdominal segments of
pupa

Genitalia of the male. x50

Pupa

PLATE 50
Thalassomyia obscura n. sp.

Antenna of the larva. x190

Ventral aspect of the larval mandible. x190
Ventral aspect of the upper lip (labrum). x190. e Epipharynx
Dorsal aspect of the head. x50

Dorsal aspect of the larval hypopharynx: x190
Ventral aspect of the larval maxilla. x190
Armature of the thoracic prolegs. x400

Labium of the larva. x190

A claw from the anal prolegs of the larva. x400
Pupa

Armature of the abdominal segments of the pupa

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 499)

12 Anal end of the larva with its prolegs. x50

13 Dorsal aspect of the male genitalia. x50

14 Foot of middle leg of female

15 Wing of male. C Costa. Se Subcosta. R Radius. M Media. Cx

Cubitus
PLATE 51
Sialis infumata
1 and 2 Eggs
3 Lateral filaments of the larva (photomicrographs).
PLATE 52
Corydalinae

Imagos and eggs

1Chauliodes serricornis ¢4. Natural size
2 Eggsof Chauliodes sp.? Enlarged

3 Neuromus pallidus ¢. One-sixth enlarged

LIST OF TEXT FIGURES! PAGE:
mre Gt Calhinagetis 6k OR TAMA So ca ce rete ac eceuue> 215
2 Abdominal appendages of male Callibaetis skokiana.... 216.
aor NM hho pLer yx ie CWI CBs in see oe cob sie Soo eee 221
4 Antenna and gills and end of abdomen of nymph of Hetaerina
ea SEB eno a eno. Nin a of 5, Wien, Gb GIG: oie oo ett, w 0b 8le Wibiexethie @ alee 227
5 Male abdominal appendages of Hetaerina. aH. americana.
AMEE WEE clon arele' a selec, 5 Wig Winin's os Noss aioe oars ke ede sree e 228
na Pa ES ADEE ONE Be Sa oly nie a Sie ao o's .ks 6 e-pic wie. o 06 c's olsis eimiete’s 230
Perera Gf eC SCCS TC CUA DS WEBER SB: caine cc cece cc ceee nwecbes 231
8 Fore wing of Argia fumipennis, with a portion of hind
Re eee eras aio tala: w/endivuaid chal © Sin'Giv's a0, wie a idie.c e's via weed a8, wep 008 238

9 Outline of head of nymph of Argia apicalis, dorsal view.. 239
10 Nymph of Enallagma signatum. @e Lateral view of gill

SR be cas LE GE ee, ee 292

11 Abdominal appendages of male Enallagma durum........ 253.
12 Comparative drawing of labia of Enallagma signatum.
(aand b)and Ischnura verticalis (cand d), with lateral

lobe of each detached and flattened out, and viewed from within. 259

rere tet ee sh VO EGG APTS. 2. ois ee ee we ete ctscen’ 259
14 Labium of the nymph of Gomphus dilatatus............. 266
15 Labium of the nymph of Cordulegaster sayji............. 268:
16 End of abdomen of the nymph of Sympetrum ecorruptum 271
17 Labium of the nymph of Sympetrum corruptum........ 272
18 Anal gills or larva of Epiphragma fascipennisg........ 283.
19 Ventral aspect of head of unknown Tipulid larva from spring..... 285
EE 444
6 SS Tg ag ec a ee <r re 445
ET SESS ESS gir We ae: Se ee ea 447
ere wie Sie lis infumata, x4. 2. eon eu nc nweceees 447
ee IE Or WONTEMOCE, «Robes. we «Se oc was bs Ga cece enasicecseuves 453
wowine OF NE€UTOMUS pallidUs. X2.......ceeccccerss* 465
Pore wie Of Corydalis cornuta. xX2......c.cesenevvcces 471

1Electros from Needham’s Out-door Studies for plate 16, fig. 6, plate 17, fig. 3 and 5 and.
Hig gig 3 and 7 have been kindly loaned for use in this report by the American
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Plate 20

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Plate 21

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Plate 23

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Plate 24

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Plate 25

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Plate 26

Anatomie details of Donacia larvae

Plate 27

Anatomic details and the respiratory apparatus of Donac.a ata

Plate 28

Anatomic details of the dorsal spines of Donacia palmata

Plate 29

Setal arrangement in Donacia larvae

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Plate 34

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Plate 35

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Plate 39

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Plate 40

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Chauliodes and Neuromus

BINDS.

Abbreviations for plates, list of,
489-90.
abbreviatus, Gomphus, 275.
aberrata, Diamesa, 439.
Achorutes sp.?, 205.
advena, maipbaca. see Nymphaea
advena.
Aédes, 388, 390, 391, 392, 424-27; key
to species, 425.
fuscus, 424, 425.
smithii, 391, 424, 425-27.
explanation of plate, 497.
aequabilis, Calopteryx, 222, 223-24.
aequalis, Donacia, see Donacia
aequalis.
Aeschna constricta, 205, 206, 212-13,
275, 278.
explanation of plate, 487.
junius, 275.
affinis, Corydalis, 467.
Agrion, 245.
H.-S. 23.
americana, 226.
annexum, 258.
antennatum, 257.
apicale, 242.
apicalis, 242.
aspersum, 256.
bipunctulatum, 244.
canadense, 256.
civile, 256.
conditum, 245.
credulum, 261.
dentiferum, 258.
discolor, 247.
durum, 253.
ebrium, 255.
exsulans, 255.
hageni, 253.
hastatum, 262.
iners, 261.
irene, 249.
maculata, 224.
pollutum, 258.

Agrion positum, 261,
putridum, 240.
ramburii, 260, 261.
saucium, 247.
signatum, 258.
tuberculatum, 261.
verticalis, 260.
violaceum, 242.

Agrionidae, 219, 220.

Agrioninae, 218, 220, 236-63; key to
genera, 236-37.

albipes, Corethra, see Corethra al-
bipes.

Aldrich, acknowledgments to, 328.

amata, Calopteryx, 222.

americana, Agrion, 226.

americana, Calopteryx,

americana, Hetaerina,
rina americana.

americana, Pelorempis, 403-5

/ americana, Sialis, 448, 450-51.

Amphiagrion, 286, 237, 247-49.
discolor, 247.
saucium, 247-49, 275, 276.

explanation of plates, 488, 489.

Amphizoidae, 289.

Anax junius, 277, 279.

ancilla, Corydalis, 483.

androcladium, Sparganium, 294, 323.
explanation of plate, 490.

angusticollis, Chauliodes, 458. 462.

angustipennis, Calopteryx, 222

angustipennis, Sylphis, 222.

Anisoptera, 263-76.

annexum, Agrion, 253.

annexum, Enallagma, 2538.
explanation of plate, 489.

Anomalagrion, 236, 237, 262-63.
hastatum, 262-63, 275.

explanation of plates, 488, 489.

Anopheles, 389, 390, 391, 392, 405-10,

411, 480.
maculipennis, 407, 409-10.
explanation of plate, 496.

226.
see Hetae-

502

Anopheles punctipennis, 406-9, 410,
explanation of plate, 496.
quadrimaculatus, 409, 410.
antennata, Protoneura, 257.
antennatum, Agrion, 257.
antennatum, Enallagma, 257.
explanation of plates, 488, 489.
apicale, Agrion, 242.
apicalis, Agrion, 242.
apicalis, Argia, see Argia apicalis.
apicalis, Calopteryx, 222, 223.
appendiculata, Corethra, 392, 398,
394-95.
appendiculata, Haemoria, 327.
Argia, 236, 237-45; key to species,
240.
Sp. ?, explanation of plate, 488.
apicalis, 239, 240, 242, 275.
explanation of plate, 488.
bipunctulata, 240, 244.
fumipennis, 238.
putrida, 240-41, 275.
tibialis, 240, 244.
explanation of plate, 488.
translata, 240, 245, 276.
violacea, 240, 242-44, 275, 276.
explanation of plate, 488.
argus, Simulium, see Simulium
argus.
argyropeza, Simulium, 351, 352, 377.
armata, Corydalis, 477, 482-83.
armigera, Corydalis, 480.
Ashmead, William H., acknowledg-
ments to, 442.
asiatica, Corydalis, 485, 486.
aspersum, Agrion, 256.
aspersum, Enallagma,
lagma aspersum.
aspersus, Ophiogomphus, 275.
Atax crassipes, 205, 206, 217.
atropalpus, Culex, 416.
Aube, cited, 327.
auripennis, Libellula, 273.
axillena, Libellula, 273, 276.

see Enal-

Banks, Nathan, cited, 483.
Barnard, W. S., cited, 337, 339.
basalis, Lestes, 226.

basalis, Libellula, 274, 275.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

batesii, Corydalis, 477, 481-82, 485.

Beetle, 288.
long-horned leaf, 314.

Beling, cited, 284.

bella, Nannothemis, 275.

Bellevoye, cited, 327.

Berry, cited, 218.

Betten, Cornelius, work of, 200, 202;
cited; (211:

Beutenmiiller, William, cited, 288.

Bibio fraternus, 283.

Bibionidae, 330.

Bibliography of Chironomidae, 433;
Corethra, 392; Culicidae, 388-89;
Donaciinae, 326-27; Sialididae,.
483-86; Simuliidae, 337-38.

bicolor, Donacia, 326.

bifasciata, Sialis, 448, 451.

bimaculatus, Culex, 416.

bipunctulata, Argia, 240, 244.

bipunctulatum, Agrion, 244.

Black flies, 328, 336-88.

Blackwing, 224-25.

Blanchard, cited, 465, 483.

Blepharocera, 333-36.
capitata, 333-36.

Blepharoceridae, 279, 328, 330, 332-
36, 337.

Bone Pond, food of brook trout in,
204-18.

borealis, Gomphus, 265, 276.

Boyeria, janata, 275.
vinosa, 275.

Brachista pallida, 230.

Brachycera, 330, 331.

bracteatum, Simulium, see Simulium
bracteatum.

brakeleyi, Corethra, 399.

brakeleyi, Corethrella, 394, 399-402.
explanation of plate, 495.

Brasenia, 325.
peltata, explanation of plate, 492.

Brauer, F., cited, 337, 483, 483.

brevis, Gomphus, 275.

brevistylus, Hagenius, 264, 275.

Brevoort, cited, 428.

brongniarti, Corydalis, 486.

Brook trout in Bone Pond, food of,
204-18.

Bruchidae, 290.

INDEX TO

Buffalo gnat, 338, 340-44.
Buprestidae, 290.
Burmeister, Hermann, cited, 483.

Caddis fly, 287; larva, explanation
of plate, 487.

calceatum, Simulium, 351.

californica, Hetaerina, 227.

californicus, Chauliodes, 458, 463,
464.

Callibaetis sp. ?, 205, 206, 213-14.
ferrugina, 213.
skokiana, 215-17.

explanation of plate, 487.

Calopterygidae, 218, 219, 220-28; key
to genera, 220.

Calopteryx, 220, 221-25; key to spe-

cies, 222.
aequabilis, 222, 223-24.
amata, 222.
americana, 226.
angustipennis, 222.
apicalis, 222, 223.
dimidiata race apicalis, 223.
maculata, 221, 222, 228, 224, 275.
explanation of plates, 488.
tricolor, 228.

Saivere, F. P., cited, 218, 227, 232,
253, 264; distribution of New York
dragon flies, 264, 276-79.

canadense, Agrion, 256,

canadensis, Culex, 416.

Candeze, cited, 326.

cantans, Culex, see Culex cantans.

capitata, Blepharocera, 333-36.

Carabid beetle, 205.

Carabidae, 289.

carolina, Tramea, 279.

carolus, Ophiogomphus, 275.

carunculatum, Enallagma, see Enal-
lagma carunculatum.

Castalia odorata, 296, 318.

Cecidomyiidae, 331.

Celithemis elisa, 275, 278.
eponina, 275.

centralis, Dixa, 482.

Centrobia odonatae, 230.

cephalotes, Corydalis, 467.

cephalotes, Neuromus, 466, 467-68.

Cerambycidae, 290, 292.

AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE

503

| Ceratopogon, 330, 433, 434.

Chapuis, cited, 327.
Chauliodes, 452, 453-65, 466; key to
species, 457-58.
sp. ?, explanation of plate, 499.
angusticollis, 458, 462.
californicus, 458, 463, 464.
chilensis, 464.
cinerasceous, 464-65, 484.
concolor, 458, 462-63.
disjunctus, 458, 463-64, 484.
fasciatus, 457, 458-59.
fraternus, 485.
japonicus, 485.
lunatus, 458.
maculatus, 459, 485.
maculipinnis, 484.
minimus, 458, 463.
pectinicornis, 457, 458, 461-62, 484,
485. |
pusillus, 485.
rastricornis,
486. .
serricornis, 455, 457, 458, 459-60,
485.
explanation of plate, 499.
sinensis, 484.
tenuis, 485.
virginiensis, 461.
chilensis, Chauliodes, 464.
chilensis, Sialis, 448, 451-52, 485.
Chironomidae, 203, 204, 205, 279,
328, 331, 332, 482-41.
Chironomus, 217, 433.
Sp., 434-36.
explanation of plate, 498.
sp. ?, 205, 206-9.
dorsalis, 4383.
oceanicus, 433.
Chromagrion, 236, 237, 245-47.
conditum, 246-47, 275.
explanation of plates, 488.
Chrysomelidae, 290, 291, 292, 294-
327; key to subfamilies, 294.
Chrysopila ornata, 286.
thoracica, 286.
ciliata, Psorophora, 411.
explanation of plate, 496.
Cincindelidae, 289.
cincta, Simulium, 351, 352, 377.

457, 458, 460, 484,

504

cincticornis, Donacia, see Donacia
cinecticornis.

cinerasceous, Chauliodes, 464-65, 484.

cinerea, Phryganea, 287.

cinereum, Simulium, see Simulium
cinereum.

Cioidae, 292, 294.

civile, Agrion, 256.

civile, Enallagma, 256, 279.
explanation of plate, 489.

clavata, Dixa, 452.

clavipes, Donacia, 326.

Cleridae, 293.

Coccinellidae, 292.

cognata, Corydalis, 476, 479.

Coleoptera, aquatic, collections of,
200; study of, 200.

Coleopterous larvae, 203, 288-94; key
to families, 289-94.

Columbacz midge, 338.

columbaschense, Simulium, 339.

columbatchensis, Simulium,
852.

columbatczense, Simulium, 345.

Colydiidae, 293.

Comstock, J. H., acknowledgments
to, 326, 328, 442; cited, 328, 329,
332, 333, 336, 337, 483, 446, 483;
mentioned, 329.

concava, Sialis, 448, 449, 483.

Conchyliastes, 392.

concolor, Chauliodes, 458, 462-638.

conditum, Agrion, 245.

conditum, Chromagrion, 246-47, 275.
explanation of plate, 488.

conditum, Erythromma, 246.

conditum, ? Erythromma, 245, 246.

congener, Lestes, 2382, 233-34.

congregata, Thalassomyia, 436.

consobrinus, Culex, 416.

351,

constricta, Aeschna, see Aeschna
constricta.
Coquillett, D. W., cited, 357, 358,

309, 361, 365, 368, 371, 376, 379,
380, 381, 384, 388, 399, 401, 415,
425.
Cordulegaster diastatops,
269, 275.
maculatus, 275.
sayi, 267-69, 276.

267, 268,

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Cordulegasterinae, 267-69.
Cordulia shurtleffi, 246, 250, 277.
Corduliinae, 269-70.
Corethra, 207, 209-11, 217, 390, 391,
392-98.
sp.?, 205, 206.
albipes, 393, 394, 398.
explanation of plate, 495.
appendiculata, 392, 398, 394-95.
brakeleyi, 399.
cristallina, 395.
culiciformis, 397.
fusca, 392, 398.
hafniensis, 395.
? lateralis, 395.
pallida, 394.
pilicornis, 395.
plumicornis, 209, 389, 392, 393,
394, 395, 396, 398.
explanation of plate, 494-95.
var, americana, 394, 395-97. ;
punctipennis, 393, 394, 397.
trivittata, 398, 394, 398.
Corethrella, 332, 390, 391, 399-402. |
brakeleyi, 394, 399-402. 2
explanation of plate, 495. ¥
Corethriinae, 204, 392-405. .
Corisa, 210. i
cornuta, Corydalis, see Corydalis
cornuta.
cornuta, Rhaphidia, 478.
cornutus, Hemerobius, 478.
corripiens, Hermes, 469.
corripiens, Neuromus, 467, 469-70.
corruptum, Sympetrum, 271-73, 275, |
276.
Corydalinae, 448, 452-83; key to
genera, 452-53. 7
explanation of plate, 499.
Corydalis, 452, 453, 454, 466, 470-83;
key to species, 476-77.
affinis, 467.
ancilla, 4838.
armata, 477, 482-83.
armigera, 480.
asiatica, 485, 486.
batesii, 477, 481-82, 485.
brongniarti, 486.
cephalotes, 467.
cognata, 476, 479. ]

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE

Corydalis cornuta, 471, 472-76, 478, |

482, 483, 484, 485, 486.
cornutus, 478.
crassicornis, 476, 479-80, 485.
hecate, 467, 485.
hieroglyphicus, 469.
illota, 468.
inamabilis, 476, 477, 485.
livida, 469.
lutea, 476, 480-81.
lutea?, 484.
nubila, 477, 482, 484.
peruviana, 476, 480.
soror, 467.
vetula, 480.

Corydalites fecundum, 486.
Crane fly, 280, 282.

| Culicidae,

505

Culex triseriatus, 416, 420, 423-24.
explanation of plate, 497.

vexans, 421, 422.

204, 210, coo, o08, Sac,
388-429; key to genera, 390-92.

culiciformis, Corethra, 397.

Culicinae, 405-29.

culicoides, Diamesa, 441.

Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D., cited, 483.

eyanea, Libellula, 273-74.

erassicornis, Corydalis, 476, 479-80, |

485.
erassipes, Atax, 205, 206, 217.
crassipes, Donacia, 298, 307, 327.
crassus, Gomphus, 264.
eredulum, Agrion, 261.
cristallina, Corethra, 395.
Cucujidae, 293. |
Culex, 388, 390, 391, 406, 411-24,
426, 427, 428; larvae, key to
species, 415-16.
atropalpus, 416.
bimaculatus, 416.
canadensis, 416.
eantans, 416, 419-21, 422, 424.
explanation of plate, 497.
consobrinus, 416.
dyari, 416.
jamaicensis, 416.
melanurus, 416.
nigritulus, 416.
pipiens, 416, 418-19, 424.
explanation of plate, 496.
restuans, 416, 417-18.
explanation of plate, 496.
signifer, 415.
sollicitans, 416.
stimulans, 419, 421.
sylvestris, 416, 421-23.
explanation of plate, 495.
taeniorhynchus, 416.
territans, 416.

| decorum,

cyathigerum var. annexum, Enal-
lagma, 253.
Cyclorrhapha, 329.

cynosura, Tetragoneuria, 275.

Damsel flies, 203, 218-63.
Daphnidae, 205, 206, 217.
Dascyllidae, 291.

Davis, K. C., work of, 201; Sialidi-
dae of North and South America,
204, 442-86; cited, 218.

Simulium, see Simulium

decorum.

| De Geer, Carl, cited, 483.
| dentiferum, Agrion, 258.

Dermestidae, 291.
descriptus, Gomphus, 265, 267, 275.
Dewitz, cited, 308, 327.

| Diamesa, 439-41.

aberrata, 439.
culicoides, 441.
nivoriundus, 439.
waltlii, 439-41.
explanation of plates, 497, 498.
diastatops, Cordulegaster, see Cor-
dulegaster diastatops.
dichrous, Neuromus, 483.
Didymops transversa, 275.
dilatatus, Gomphus, 265, 266, 276.
dimidiata race apicalis, Calopteryx,
223.
Diptera, 203, 207, 279-87.
explanation of plate, 487.
brachycerous, 338.
nematocerous, 200, 328-441; key to
families, 330-32.
discolor, Agrion, 247.
discolor, Amphiagrion, 247.
disjuncta, Lestes, see Lestes dis-
juncta.

506

disjunctus, Chauliodes, 458, 463-64,
484.
distincta, Donacia, 316.
divagans, Enallagma, 254.
explanation of plate, 489.
Dixa, key to species, 481-32.
centralis, 482.
clavata, 482.
fusea, 482.
marginata, 4382.
modesta, 429-31, 482.
explanation of plate, 498.
notata, 4382.
terna, 432.
venosa, 482.

Dixa midges, 429-32.

Dixidae, 203, 330, 332, 429-32.

domitia, Perithemis, 275.

Donacia, 203, 294, 314-23, 326-27;
key to species, 314-17; explana-
tion of plates, 491-92.

aequalis, 295, 312, 315, 316, 321-22,
326.
bicolor, 326.
cineticornis, 296, 311, 314, 315,
316, 317-18, 326.
explanation of plates, 490, 491,
492.
clavipes, 326.
crassipes, 298, 307, 327.
distincta, 316.
emarginata, 315, 317, 322-23, 327.
explanation of plates, 490, 491,
492.
femoralis, 316.
flavipes, 317.
floridae, 316.
harrisii, 316.
hirticollis, 315.
hypoleuca, 316.
limbata, 327.
linearis, 307.
metallica, 317.
palmata, 295, 296, 297, 298, 305,
311, 314, 315, 316, 318-19, 327.
explanation of plates, 490, 491-

92.
piseatrix, 298, 316, 327.
porosicollis, 296, 314, 315, 316,

320-21, 327.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Donacia porosicollis, explanation
of plates, 490, 491, 492.
pubescens, 315.
pubicollis, 315.
pusilla, 316.
rufa, 317.
rugosa, 316.
Sagittariae, 298, 307.
simplex, 327.
subtilis, 315, 316, 319-20, 327.
explanation of plates, 491, 492.
tuberculata, 316.
Donaciinae, 294-325; key to genera,
314.
Dorocordulia lepida, 277.
libera, 250, 275.
dorsalis, Chironomus, 483.
doubledayi, Enallagma, 279.
Dragon flies, 212, 218, 241; appen-
dix on, 2683-76; distribution of
New York, 276-79.
Dromogomphus spinosus, 264, 275,
OTT. :
Drury, Drew, cited, 483.
Dugés, Alfred, cited, 484.
durum, Agrion, 253.
durum, Enallagma, 253, 279.
Dyar H., cited, 388, 398, 415, 425,
428.
dyari, Culex, 416.
Dytiscidae, 290.

ebrium, Agrion, 255.
ebrium, Enallagma, 255, 277.
explanation of plate, 489.
Eichhorn, cited, 337.
Elateridae, 290, 293.
Eldit, cited, 327.
clegans, Simulium, 351, 352, 377.
elegans, Sylphis, 222.
elisa, Celithemis, 275, 278.
elongata, Somatochlora, 270, 275.
emarginata, Donacia, see Donacia
emarginata.
Enallagma, 236, 237, 250-58, 259.
annexum, 253.
explanation of plate, 489.
antenuatum, 257.
explanation of plates, 488, 489.

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE

Enallagma aspersum, 256, 277, 279.
explanation of plate, 489.
cearunculatum, 255-56.
explanation of plates, 488, 489.
civile, 256, 279.
explanation of plate, 489.
cyathigerum var. annexum, 253.
divagans, 254.
explanation of plate, 48).
doubledayi, 279.
durum, 253, 279.
ebrium, 255, 277.
explanation of plate, 489.
exsulans, 255, 277.
explanation of plaies, 488, 48).
fischeri, 257.
geminatum, 254, 277.
explanation of plate, 489.
hageni, 253-54, 275, 277.
explanation of plate, 489.
laterale, 258.
minusculum, 258.
pictum, 258.
piscinarium, 218, 250, 254-55.
explanation of plate, 489.
pollutum, 218, 250, 258, 277.
explanation of plate, 489.
signatum, 252, 258, 259, 275, 277.
explanation of plates, 488, 489.
traviatum, 257-58.
explanation of plate, 489.
Endomychidae, 291, 292.
Epeira stellata, 279.
Ephemeridae, 200, 204.
Epicordulia princeps, 275.
Epiphragma, 285.
fascipennis, 203, 279, 281-85.
explanation of plates, 487.
pavonina, 281.
picta, 284.
eponina, Celithemis, 275.
eauiseti, Haemonia, 308.
Erichson, F. W., cited, 484.
Erotylidae, 292.
erythrocephala, Simulium, 351, 352,
377.
Erythromma, 245, 246.
conditum, 246.
?Erythromma conditum, 245, 246.
Eucephala, 330.

507

eurina, Lestes, see Lestes eurina.
exilis, Gomphus, 275.
explanation of plates, 487-99.
exsulans, Agrion, 255.
exsulans, Enallagma, see Enallagma
exsulans.
externus, Gomphus, 264, 265.

Fabricius, J. C., cited, 484.
Fabricius, Otto, cited, 337, 323.
fasciatus, Chauliodes, 457, 458-59.
fascipennis, Epiphragma, see I‘pi-
phragma fascipennis.
fascipennis, Limnobia, 281.
fecundum, Corydalites, 486.
femoralis, Donacia, 316.
fenestralis, Neuromus, 4835.
ferrugina, Callibaetis, 213.
ferrugineus, Sialis, 450.
Ficalbi, E., cited, 388, 389.
fischeri, Enallagma, 257.
Fishes, food of brook trout in Bone
Pond, 204-18.
flavescens, Pantala, 275.
flavescens, Tipula, 280.
flavicans, Tipula, 279, 280-81.
explanation of plate, 487.
flavilatera, Phryganea, 484.
flavilatera, Sialis, 484.
flavipes, Donacia, 317.
Flies, black, 328, 336-88.
caddis, 286.
crane, 280, 282.
damsel, 203, 218-63.
dragon, 218, 241; appendix on,
263-76; distribution of New
York, 276-79.
harlequin, 433.
house, 329.
May, 206, 214.
floridae, Donacia, 316.
Forbes, cited, 207.
forcipata, Lestes, see Lestes forci-
pata.
fossilis, Hemothetus, 484.
fraternus, Bibio, 283.
fraternus, Chauliodes, +85.
fraternus, Gomphus, 264-65,
276.
frauenfeldi, Thalassomyia, 436.

275,

508

Fries, cited, 387, 338, 378, 433.

frigida, Leucorhinia, 278.

fuliginosa, Sialis, see Sialis fuligi-
nosa.

fulvum, Simulium, 351, 354, 360-61.

fumipennis, Argia, 2388.

furcifer, Gomphus, 266, 267.

fusca, Corethra, 392, 393.

fusca, Dixa, 482.

fusca, Thalassomyia, 44.

fuscipes, Simulium, 387, 3338.

fuscus, Aedes, 424, 425.

Galerucella nymphaeae, 325-26.
explanation of plates, 491, 492.
Galerucinae, 294, 325-26.
Garman, H., cited, 337.
Gay, C., cited, 484.
geminatum, Enallagma, 254, 277.
explanation of plate, 489.
Gercke, cited, 433-34.
Germar, cited, 326, 327.
Giles, G. M., cited, 389, 398, 398,
412.
Girard, M., cited, 484.
glacialis, Leucorhinia, 246, 275.
glaucum, Simulium, 351, 355, 361.
Gnats, 203, 389.
buffalo, 338, 340-44.
turkey, 340.
Gomphurus, 265-67.
Gomphus, 213.
abbreviatus, 275.
borealis, 265, 276.
brevis, 275.
crassus, 264.
descriptus, 265, 267, 275.
dilatatus, 265, 266, 276.
exilis, 275.
externus, 264, 265.
fraternus, 264-65, 275, 276.
furcifer, 266, 267.
notatus, 267, 276.
plagiatus, 267, 275.
scudderi, 275.
sordidus, 275.
Spicatus, 266, 275.
spiniceps, 267, 275.
villosipes, 275.
Graber, cited, 337.

NEW YORK STATE

MUSEUM

gracilis, Nehallennia, 218, 249, 250.

grandis, Phryganea, 287.

Grassi, cited, 388.

Gray, G. R., cited, 484.

Green, Seth, cited, 339.

Griffith, Edward, cited, 484.

griseum, Simulium, see Simulium
griseum.

Guerin-Meneville, cited, 327.

Gyrinidae, 289, 290.

Haemonia, 294, 314, 323-25.
equiseti, 308.
nigricornis, 295, 312, 323, 324-25.
explanation of plates, 491, 492.
Haemoria, 327.
appendiculata, 327.
nigricornis, 327.
rosteria curtisii, 327.
hafniensis, Corethra, 395.
Hagen, H., cited, 218, 227, 264, 265,
337, 340, 375, 451, 465, 484.
hageni, Agrion, 253.
hageni, Enallagma, see Enallagma
hageni.
Hagenius brevistylus, 264, 275.
Haldeman, S. S., cited, 484.
Halesus sp.?, 287.
hostis, 287.
Haliplidae, 290, 291.
hamata, Lestes, 235.
Hammond, cited, 208, 336, 483, 435.
Hankinson, T. L., work of, 202.
Harlequin fly, 208, 483, 435.
Harrington, cited, 484.
harrisii, Donacia, 316.
Hart, C. A., cited)-s32.
harti, Lithentomum, 484.
hastatum, Agrion, 262.
hastatum, Anomalagrion, see An--
malagrion hastatum.
hecate, Corydalis, 467, 485.
Heeger, cited, 298, 326, 327, 337, 339,
378.
Helocordulia uhleri, 275.
Hemerobius cornutus, 478.
pectinicornis, 461, 483.
virginiensis, 461.
Hemothetus fossilis, 484.

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE

Henshaw, Samuel,
ments to, 326, 442.
Hermes corripiens, 469.
hieroglyphicus, 469.

indecisus, 460.
maculatus, 459.
maculifera, 468.
maculipinnis, 468.
pectinicornis, 460.
ruficollis, 468.
Herrick, A., cited, 389, 392, 394-95.
Hetaerina, 220, 225-28; key to spe-
cies, 226.
americana, 225, 226-28, 275.
explanation of plate, 488.
californica, 227.
titia, 227.
tricolor, 226, 228.

Heteroceridae, 292.

Heymons, R., cited, 484.

hieroglyphicus, Corydalis, 469.

hieroglyphicus, Hermes, 469.

hieroglyphicus, Neuromus, 466, 469.

hirticollis, Donacia, 315.

hirtipes, Simulium, see Simulium
hirtipes.

Histeridae, 290.

Holtz, Martin, cited, 484.

Horn, cited, 325.

Horvath, cited, 337.

hostis, Halesus, 287.

Houghton, acknowledgments to, 328.

House flies, 329.

Howard, L. O., acknowledgments
to, 326; cited, 337, 388, 389, 409,
411, 415, 421, 484.

howardii, Psorophora, 410.

Howland, H. N., work of, 202.

Hydrophilidae, 290.

Hylaeoneura lignei, 484.

Hyperteles polynemae, 230.

hypoleuca, Donacia, 316.

acknowledg-

illota, Corydalis, 468.
illotum, Sympetrum, 272,
inamabilis, Corydalis, 476, 477, 485.
incesta. Libellula, 277.

indecisus, Hermes, 460.

inequalis, Lestes, 233, 235-36.
iners, Agrion, 261.

509

infectus, Neuromus, 485.
infumata, Sialis, see Sialis infumata.
innoxium, Simulium, 352, 374.
intacta, Leucorhinia, 275, 278.
intimus, Neuromus, 485.
invenustum, Simulium, see Simuli-
um invenustum.
irene, Agrion, 249.
irene, Nehallennia, see Nehallennia
irepe. i
irritatum, Simulium, 352, 365.
Ischnura, 236, 287, 259-62; key to
species, 260.
posita, 259, 260, 261-62.
ramburii, 260, 261.
verticalis, 259, 260-61, 262, 275,
2tT,. 219.
explanation of plates, 488.
Ithaca, entomologic field station at,
200; natural advantages, 201.

jamaicensis, Culex, 416.

janata, Boyeria, 275.

japonicus, Chauliodes, 485.

Jaroshevsky, W. A., cited, 484.

Johannsen, Oskar Augustus, breed-
ings of nematocerous Diptera
conducted by, 200, 202; Aquatic
Nematocerous Diptera, 201, 203,
206, 207, 279, 328-441.

julia, Ladona, 246, 275.

junius, Aeschna, 275.

junius, Anax, 277, 279.

Kaltenbach, cited, 326.

Kellicott, cited, 241, 248.

Kellogg, V. L., acknowledgments
to, 328; cited, 331, 333, 334, 336,
337, 483.

Keys, to Aedes, 425; Agrioninae,
236-37; Argia, 240; Calopterygi-
dae, 220; Calopteryx, 222; Chauli-
odes, 457-58; Chrysomelidae, 294;
coleopterous larvae, 289-94; Cory-
dalinae, 452-53; Corydalis, 476-77;
Culex larvae, 415-16; Culicidae of
the northern states, 390-92; ne-
matocerous Diptera, 330-32; Dixa,
431-32; Donacia, 314-17; Dona-
ciinae, 314; Hetaerina, 226;

510 NEW
Ischnura, 260; lLestes, 282-33;
Neuromus, 466-67; Sialididae, 448;
Sialis, 447-48; Simulium, 353-57;
Zygoptera, 219-20.

Kieffer, J. J., cited, 433.

Kittel, cited, 326.

Koelliker, cited, 327, 337.

Kolbe, H., cited, 484.

Kollar, cited, 337.

Krauss, W. C., cited, 484.

Kunze, cited, 327.

lacerata, Tramea, 275.
Lacordaire, cited, 327.
Ladona julia, 246, 275.
Lagriidae, 294.
Lameere, cited, 484.
Lampyridae, 291, 293.
Lanthus parvulus, 264, 275.
jJaterale, Enallagma, 258.
? lateralis, Corethra, 395.
latifolia, Sagittaria, 294, 322.
latratus, Neuromus, 485.
Latreille, P., cited, 484.
Le Conte, cited, 325, 484.
Leng, Charles W., cited, 315, 316.
lepida, Dorocordulia, 277.
Leptid larva, 286-87.
explanation of plate, 487.
Leptidae, 281.
Lestes, 228-36; key to species, 232-
3a.
basalis, 226.
congener, 232, 233-384.
disjuncta, 233, 234, 276, 279.
eurina, 232, 233, 250; 275:
forcipata, 2382, 238, 234, 235, 275.
hamata, 235.
inequalis, 233, 235-36.
rectangularis, 231, 232, 233, 235,
256.
explanation of plates, 488, 489.
uncata, 229, 230, 232, 238, 234, 250,
210:
explanation of plate, 488.
unguiculata, 229, 232, 233, 234.
vigilax, 218, 232, 233, 235, 276.
Lestinae, 218, 220, 228-36.

YORK STATE

MUSEUM

Leucorhinia frigida, 278.
glacialis, 246, 275.
intacta, 275, 278.
Libellula, 273-74.
auripennis, 278.
axillena, 278, 276.
basalis, 274, 275.
cyanea, 273-74.
inecesta, 277.
plumbea, 274, 276.
pulchella, 210, 275, 277, 279.
Libellulinae, 271-74.
libera, Dorocordulia, 250, 275.
lignei, Hylaeoneura, 484.
limbata, Donacia, 327.
Limnobia fascipennis, 281.
linearis, Donacia, 307.
Lintner, J. A., cited, 484.
Lithentomum harti, 484.
Lithosialis, 486.
livida, Corydalis, 469.
Loew, cited, 333.
longipennis, Pachydiplax, 275.
Lord, J. K., cited, 484.
Lucanidae, 290.
Lugger, Otto, cited, 337, 340-41, 348-
44, 385, 389.
lunatus, Chauliodes, 458.
Lundbeck, cited, 378, 439.
lutaria, Sialis, see Sialis lutaria.
lutea, Corydalis, 476, 480-81.
lutea?, Corydalis, 484.
lydia, Plathemis, 275.
lydia (trimaculata), Plathemis, 278,
279.

McBride, Sara J., cited, 387, 339.
MacGillivray, Alex. D., Aquatic
Chrysomelidae and a Table of the
Families of Coleopterous Larvae,
200, 203, 288-827; work of, 202;
cited, 326, 327, 334; acknowledg-
ments to, 328, 442. .
McLachlan, R., cited, 484.
maculata Agrion, 224.
maculata, Calopteryx, see
teryx maculata.
maculatus, Chauliodes, 459, 485.
maculatus, Cordulegaster, 275.
maculatus, Hermes, 459.

Calop-

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 511

maculatus, Neuromus, 459.
maculifera, Hermes, 468.
maculipennis, Anopheles, 407, 409-
10.
explanation of plate, 496.
maculipinnis, Chauliodes, 484.
maculipinnis, Hermes, 468.
' maculipinnis, Neuromus, 466, 468-69,
Malachidae, 298.
marginata, Dixa, 482.
Martin, J. O., acknowledgments to,
326.
Mather, Fred, cited, 339.
May flies, 206, 214.
Megarhinus, 392.
Meigen, J., cited, 337, 439.

Meinert, F., cited, 337, 339, 389, 392, |

394, 396, 408, 412, 431, 433.
Melandryidae, 293.
melanurus, Culex, 416.
meridionale, Simulium, see Simuli-
um meridionale.
Mesothemis simplicicollis, 275, 279.
metallica, Donacia, 317.
metallicum, Simulium, see Simuli-
um metallicum.
Metschnikow, cited, 337.
mexicanum, Simulium, 352, 355, 369.
Miall, L. C., cited, 208, 336, 433, 435,
444, 446, 447, 485.
Midges, 328, 433.
Columbacz, 338.
net-winged, 332-36.
minimus, Chauliodes, 458, 463.
minusculum, Enallagma, 25S.
minutum, Simulium, 352, 369.
Mochlonyx, 390, 391.
modesta, Dixa, 429-31, 482.
explanation of plate, 498.
molestum, Simulium, 352, 353, 379.
montanus, Neuromus, 485.
Moody, H. L., cited, 457, 485.
Mordellidae, 293.
morrisoni, Sialis, 448, 450.
Morse, cited, 258.
Mosquitos, 328, 329, 388-429.
Mulsant, cited, 327.
Mussel, fresh-water, 205.
Mycetophagidae, 293.
Mycetophilidae, 3380.

Nannothemis bella, 275.
Nasiaeschna pentacantha, 275.
natans, Potamogeton, 325.
Needham, James G., acknowledg-
ments to, 328; cited, 328, 329, 337,
454, 488, 485, 499; Some New Life
Histories of Diptera, 279-87;
Food of Brook Trout in Bone
Pond, 204-18; mentioned, 329;
Life Histories of Odonata, 218-76;
Station Work of the Summer of
1901, 200-4.
needhami, Polynema, 230.
Nehallennia, 236, 237, 249-50, 259.
gracilis, 218, 249, 250.
irene, 249-50, 275.
explanation of plates, 488, 489.
posita, 261.
positum, 261.
Nematocera, 330.
Neuromus, 452, 453, 465-70; key to
species, 466-67.
cephalotes, 466, 467-68.
corripiens, 467, 469-70.
dichrous, 488.
fenestralis, 485.
hieroglyphicus, 466, 469.
infectus, 485.
intimus, 485.
latratus, 485.
maculatus, 459.
maculipinnis, 466, 468-69.
montanus, 485.
pallidus, 465, 467, 470.
explanation of plate, 499.
ruficollis, 468.
soror, 466, 467.
winthemi, 467, 470.
Neuroptera, 483.
Neuropteroid groups, aquatic, study
of, 200.
nevadensis, Sialis, 448, 450.
Newman, E., cited, 485.
nigricornis, Haemonia, see Hae-
monia nigriecornis.
nigricornis, Haemoria, 327.
nigripes, Sialina, 485.
nigripes, Sialis, 485.
nigritulus, Culex, 416.
Nitidulidae, 293.

512

nivoriundus, Diamesa, 4389.
nivoriundus, Orthocladius, 489.
notata, Dixa, 482. |
notatus, Gomphus, 267, 276.
novicum, Simulium, 352.
nubila, Corydalis, 477, 482, 484.
Nuttall, cited, 888, 389, 407, 408, 409,
410.
Nymphaea, 297, 325.
advena, 294, 295, 311, 318, 319,
325.
explanation of plates, 490, 491,
492.
nymphaeae, Galerucella, 325-26.
explanation of plates, 491, 492.

obscura, Thalassomyia, 437-39.
explanation of plate, 498-99.

obscurus, Progomphus, 275.

occidentale, Simulium, see Simulium
occidentale.

oceanicus, Chironomus, 433.

ochraceum, Simulium, see Simulium
ochraceum.

Odonata, life histories, 203, 218-63;
appendix on, 263-76; habitat of
some New York, 275; distribution
of New York, 276-79.

Odonata-Zygoptera, breedings of,
200.

odonatae, Centrobia, 280.

odorata, Castalia, 296, 318.

Oedemeridae, 292.

Olivier, G., cited, 485.

Ophiogomphus aspersus, 275.
carolus, 275.

ornata, Chrysopila, 286.

ornata, Simulium, 337.

Orthocladius nivoriundus, 4389.

Orthorrhapha, 329.

Osborn, H., cited, 337, 343, 389, 438.

Osten Sacken, C. R., cited, 282, 338,
339, 886, 389, 398, 427.

Oulianine, B., cited, 485.

Pachydiplax longipennis, 275.
Packard, A. S., cited, 326, 433, 485.
Palisot, Beauvois, 485.

pallida, Brachista, 230.

NEW YORK STATHD MUSEUM

pallidus, Neuromus, see Neuromus
pallidus.

palmata, Donacia, see Donacia pal-
mata.

Pantala flavescens, 275.

Pantel, cited, 283.

Parnidae, 291.

parvulus, Lanthus, 264, 275.

pavonina, Epiphragma, 281.

pectinicornis, Chauliodes, see Chau-

liodes pectinicornis.

pectinicornis, Hemerobius, 461, 483.

pectinicornis, Hermes, 460.

pectinicornis, Semblis, 461.

pecuarum, Simulium, see Simulium
pecuarum.

pediculus, Polyphemus, 207.

Pelorempis, 390, 391, 402-5.

explanation of plate, 495.

americana, 403-5.

peltata, Brasenia, explanation of
plate, 492.

pentacantha, Nasiaeschna, 275.

Peridinium, 210.

Perithemis domitia, 275.

Perlidae, 200, 204.

Perris, Edouard,
326.

peruviana, Corydalis, 476, 480.

Pettit, R. H., cited, 433.

Phillips, R., cited, 345, 349-50.

Phryganea cinerea, 287.
flavilatera, 484.
grandis, 287.
striata, 287.

picta, Epiphragma, 284.

Pictet, A.-Edouard, cited, 485.

Pictet, F’,, cited, 48a,,

pictipes, Simulium, see Simulium
pictipes.

pictum, Enallagma, 258.

pilicornis, Corethra, 395.

pipiens, Culex, see Culex pipiens.

piseatrix, Donacia, 298, 316, 327.

piscicidium, Simulium, see Simuli-
um piscicidium.

piscinarium, Enallagma, see Enal-
lagma piscinarium.

plagiatus, Gomphus, 267, 275.

Planchon, J. E., cited, 338.

cited, 289, 298,

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE

Plates, explanation of, 487-99:
Plathemis lydia, 275.
(trimaculata), 278, 279.
Platycnemis tibialis, 244.
plumbea, Libellula, 274, 276.
plumicornis, Corethra, see Corethra
plumicornis.
Pohl, cited, 338.
pollutum, Agrion, 258.
pollutum, Enallagma,see Enallagma
pollutum.
Polygonum sagittatum, 295.
Polynema needhami, 230.
polynemae, Hyperteles, 230.
polynemae, Tetrastichus, 230.
Polyphemus pediculus, 207.
Pontederia, 295.
porosicollis, Donacia, see Donacia
porosicollis.
posita, Ischnura, 259, 260, 261-62.
posita, Nehallennia, 261.
positum, Agrion, 261.
positum, Nehallennia, 261.
posticata, Simulium, 352, 377.
Potamogeton, 294.
natans, 325.
princeps, Epicordulia, 275.
Progomphus obscurus, 275.
Protoneura antennata, 257.
Psorophora, 390, 391, 392,
410-11.
ciliata, 411.
explanation of plate, 496.
howardii, 410.
Psychodidae, 330, 331, 332.
FPtinidae, 290.
Ptychopterinae, 330.
pubescens, Donacia, 315.
pubicollis, Donacia, 315.
pulchella, Libellula, see Libellula
pulchella.
pulechrum, Simulium, 352, 353, 376-
ERs
punctipennis, Anopheles, 406-9, 410.
explanation of plate, 496.
_ punctipennis, Corethra, 393, 394,397.
pusilla, Donacia, 316.
pusillus, Chauliodes, 485.
putrida, Argia, 240-41, 275.
putridum, Agrion, 240.

402,

513

Pyrochroidae, 293.

Pyrrhosoma, 245.

quadrimaculatus, 409,
410.

quadrivittatum, Simulium, see Si-
mulium quadrivittatum.

Anopheles,

Rambur, P., cited, 485.

ramburii, Agrion, 260, 261.

ramburii, Ischnura, 260, 261.

rastricornis, Chauliodes, see Chauli-
odes rastricornis.

rectangularis, lLestes,
rectangularis.

Redtenbacher, J., cited, 485.

Reed, H. D., work of, 202.

reptans, Simulium, see Simulium
reptans.,

restuans, Culex, 416, 417-18.
explanation of plate, 496.

Rhaphidia cornuta, 478.

Rhipiceridae, 298.

see lLestes

| Rhyphidae, 331, 332. —
| rigida, Sagittaria, 294, 322.

Riley, C. V., cited, 338, 339-40, 341-
43, 350, 365, 368, 373, 374, 382,
383, 454, 472-73, 485-86.

Riley, W. A., acknowledgments to,
326.

Ross, cited, 388.

rosteria curtisii, Haemoria, 327.

rubicundulum, Sympetrum, 275, 278.

rufa, Donacia, 317.

ruficollis, Hermes, 468.

ruficollis, Neuromus, 468.

rufipes, Simulium, 351, 3538, 361.

rugosa, Donacia, 316.

Rupertsbérger, Mathias, cited, 289.

Sagittaria, 295, 306.
latifolia, 294, 322.
rigida, 294, 322.
sagittariae, Donacia, 298, 307.
sagittatum, Polygonum, 295.
Sanderson, E. Dwight, cited, 298,
299, 309, 310, 327.
sapphirina, Uranotaenia, see Urano-
taenia sapphirina.
saucium, Agrion, 247.

ol4

saucium, Amphiagrion, see Amphi-
agrion saucium.

Saunders, W., cited, 486.

Say, cited, 879, 410, 486.

sayi, Cordulegaster, 267-69, 276.

Seaphidiidae, 290.

Scarabaeidae, 290.

Schiner, cited, 338, 378, 395.

- Schiodte, J. C., cited, 289, 338.

Schmidt-Schwedt, E., cited,
307, 308, 309, 327.

Schoch, Gustav, cited, 486.

Schénbauer, cited, 338.

Scirpus, 295.

Seolytid, 205.

Scudder, S. H., cited, 297, 486.

secudderi, Gomphus, 275.

Selys, de, cited, 246.

Semblis pectinicornis, 461.

semicinctum, Sympetrum, 278.

sericea, Simulium, see Simulium
sericea.

sericea, Tipula, 337.

sericeum, Simulium, 338.

serricornis, Chauliodes, see Chauli-
odes serricornis.

Severin, cited, 484.

Sharp, David, cited, 486.

Shipley, cited, 388, 389, 409, 410. ‘

shurtleffi, Cordulia, 246, 250, 277.

Sialididae, 204; of North and South
America, 442-86; key to subfami-
lies, 448.

Sialidinae, 442, 448-52.

Sialina nigripes, 485.

Sialis, 443-52; key to species, 447-48.
americana, 448, 450-51.
bifasciata, 448, 451. |
chilensis, 448, 451-52, 485.
concaya, 448, 449, 483.
ferrugineus, 450.
flavilatera, 484.
fuliginosa, 448, 449-50, 484, 485,

486.
infumata, 444, 445-47, 448-49, 452,
485.
explanation of plate, 499.
lutaria, 444, 447, 451, 452, 484, 485,
486.
morrisoni,

298,

448, 450.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Sialis nevadensis, 448, 450.
nigripes, 485.
sibirica, 452, 485.
sibirica, Sialis, 452, 485.
signatum, Agrion, 258.
signatum, Enallagma, see Enallag-
ma signatum.
signifer, Culex, 415.
Silphidae, 290.
simplex, Donacia, 327.
simplicicollis, Mesothemis, 275, 279.
Simuliidae, 208, 279, 328, 331, 336-88.
Simulium, 207, 337, 338, 344, 351-88;
key to species, 353-57.
Sp., 337, 386-88.
explanation of plate, 498.
argus, 351, 3538, 357-58, 383.
argyropeza, 351, 352, 377.
bracteatum, 351, 355, 356, 358-59.
explanation of plate, 494.
calceatum, 351.
cineta, 301, ca2eatm
cinereum, 351, 355, 357, 359.
columbaschense, 339.
columbatchensis, 351, 352.
columbatezense, 345.
decorum, 341, 351, 358, 357, 359-
60, 383.
elegans, 351, 352, 377.
erythrocephala, 351, 352, 377.
fulvum, 351, 354, 360-61.
fuscipes, 337, 338.
glaucum, 351, 355, 361.
griseum, 351, 355, 356, 357, 361.
hirtipes, 350, 351, 358, 354, 360,
361-64.
explanation of plates, 493, 494.
innoxium, 352, 374.
invenustum, 352, 353, 354, 360,
Aqt
irritatum, 352, 365.
meridionale, 338, 350, 352, 353,
354, 355, 365-69, 370, 379.
explanation of plates, 492, 494.
metallicum, 352, 355, 365, 370.
mexicanum, 352, 355, 369.
minutum, 352, 369.
molestum, 352, 353, 379.
novicum, 352.
occidentale, 352, 355, 365, 369-70.

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE D15

Simulium ochraceum, 351, 352, 354, | Somatochlora, sp. no. 3, 270, 276.

370. elongata, 270, 275.
explanation of plate, 494. tenebrosa, 270.
ornata, 337. sordidus, Gomphus, 275.
pecuarum, 338, 352, 353, 354, 355, | soror, Corydalis, 467.

365, 367, 371-74. soror, Neuromus, 466, 467.

explanation of plates, 493, 494. Sparganium androcladium, 294, 323.

pictipes, 537 (?), 340, 344, 349-50, | explanation of plate, 490.
352, 353, 354, 356, 374-76. | spicatus, Gomphus, 266, 275.

explanation of plate, 493-94. spiniceps, Gomphus, 267, 275.
piscicidium, 338, 339, 352, 353, | Spinigera, Tetragoneuria, 246, 275.

379, 381-83. spinosus, Dromogomphus, 264, 275,
posticata, 352, 377. Ott.
pulchrum, 352, 353, 376-77. Staeger, cited, 392, 439.

quadrivittatum, 352, 355, 326, 377. | Staphylinidae, 290.
reptans, 337, 338, 352, 353, 356, | Stegomyia, 390, 392.

357, 377-78. stellata, Epeira, 279.
rufipes, 351, 353, 361. stimulans, Culex, 419, 421.
sericea, 352, 353, 377, 378. striata, Phryganea, 287.
sericeum, 338. | Stylurus, 265.
tamaulipense, 353, 356, 379. subtilis, Donacia, see Donacia sub-
tarsale, 352, 353, 357, 376. tilis.
tribulatum, 337, 353, 383, 385. Sylphis angustipennis, 222. .
variegata, 352, 377. elegans, 222. ).
venustum, 352, 353, 354, 356, 357, | sylvestris, Culex, 416, 421-23. |
377, 379-81. explanation of plate, 495.
explanation of plate, 494. Sympetrum corruptum, 271-73, 275,
var. a, 354, 381. 276.
explanation of plate, 494. illotum, 272, 276.
var. piscicidium, 354, 386. rubicundulum, 275, 278.
explanation of plates, 494. semicinctum, 278.
virgatum, 353, 355, 356, 383. _ Vicinum, 278.

vittatum, 337, 351, 352, 353, 354,
355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, | taeniorhynchus, Culex, 416.

369, 383-86. tamaulipense, Simulium, 353, 354,
explanation of plate, 493, 494. 379. ”

sinensis, Chauliodes, 484. Tanypus, 4383, 434.
Skinner, Henry, acknowledgments | tarsale, Simulium, see Simulium

to, 442. tarsule,
skokiana, Callibaetis, 215-17. Tenebrionidae, 293.

explanation of plate, 487. tenebrosa, Somatochlora, 270.
Smith, J. B., acknowledgments to, | tenuis, Chauliodes, 485.

328; cited, 389, 402, 425. terna, Dixa, 432.
Smith, Sidney, cited, 483. territans, Culex, 416.
smithii, Aedes, see Aedes smithii, Tetragoneuria cynosura, 275.
sollicitans, Culex, 416. spinigera, 246, 275.
Somatochlora, 269-70. Tetrastichus polynemae, 230.

sp. ?, 269-70. Text figures, list of, 499.

sp. no. 2, 276. Thalassomyia, 486-39.

Sp.? no. 2, 269-70. congregata, 436.

516 NEW
Thalassomyia frauenfeldi, 486.
fusea, 440.
obscura, 487-39.
explanation of plate, 498-99.
Theobald, F. V., cited, 338, 388, 389,
415.
thoracica, Chrysopila, 286.
Thysanura, 205.
tibialis, Argia, 240, 244.
explanation of plate, 488.
tibialis, Platyecnemis, 244.
tibialis, Trichonemis, 244.
Tipula flavescens, 280.
flavicans, 279, 280-81.
explanation of plate, 487.
sericea, 337.
Tipulid larva, 285-86.
Tipulidae, 280, 331, 382.
titia, Hetaerina, 227.
Tomosvary, Edward, cited, 388.

Townsend, C. H. T., cited, 338, 379, |

386.
Toxorhynchites, 392.
Tramea carolina, 279.
lacerata, 275.
translata, Argia, 240, 245, 276.
transversa, Didymops, 275.
Trap lantern collecting, 200.
traviatum, Enallagma, 257-58.
explanation of plate, 489.

tribulatum, Simulium, see Simulium |
| vittatum, Simulium, see Simulium

tribulatum.
Trichonemis tibialis, 244.
Trichopter larva, 211.
Trichoptera, 205, 206.
explanation of plate, 487.
tricolor, Calopteryx, 228.
tricolor, Hetaerina, 226, 228.
trimaculata, Plathemis, see Plathe-
mis lydia (trimaculata).
triseriatus, Culex, see Culex triseri-
atus.
trivittata, Corethra, 393, 394, 398.
Trogositidae, 293.
Trox, 290.
tuberculata, Donacia, 316.
tuberculatum, Agrion, 261.

YORK STATE

MUSEUM

Turkey gnat, 340.
Typha, 295.

uhleri, Helocordulia, 275.
uncata, Lestes, see Lestes uncata.
unguiculata, Lestes, see Lestes
unguiculata.
Uranotaenia, 388, 391, 392, 427-29.
sapphirina, 427-29.
explanation of plate, +97.

Van der Wulp, cited, 424.

variegata, Simulium, 352, 577.

venosa, Dixa, 432.

venustum, Simulium, see Simulium
venustum.

Verdat, G. J., cited, 338.

verticalis, Agrion, 260.

verticalis, Ischnura,
verticalis.

vetula, Corydalis, 480.

vexans, Culex, 421, 422.

vicinum, Sympetrum, 278.

vigilax, Lestes, see Lestes vigilax.

villosipes, Gomphus, 275.

vinosa, Boyeria, 275.

violacea, Argia, see Argia violacea.

violaceum, Agrion, 242.

virgatum, Simulium, see Simulium
virgatum.

virginiensis, Chauliodes, 461.

virginiensis, Hemerobius, 461.

see Ischnura

vittatum.
Volger, cited, 350.
Von Linné, Karl, cited, 484.
von Siebold, cited, 307, 327.

Walker,
486.

Wallengren, cited, 486.

Walsh, Benjamin D., cited, 457, 472,
475, 486.

waltlii, Diamesa, 489-41.
explanation of plates, 497, 498.

Water beetles, 295.

Water boatmen, 210.

Water cress fly, 338, 339.

Francis, cited, 360, 451,

i efiny
ee =

% £ ne oe
2 eg ee

INDEX TO AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 517

Webster, F. M., cited, 338, winthemi, Neuromus, 467, 470.
Weed, C. M., cited, 456, 457, 486. Wood-Mason, J., cited, 486.
Weissmann, A., cited, 338, 389, 392. Wrigglers, 389.

Westwood, cited, 338, 339, 378, 486.

White, F. B., cited, 486. Zetterstedt, cited, 384.
Williamson, E. B., cited, 227, 265. Zygoptera, 200, 203, 218-63; key to
Williston, cited, 382, 377, 483, 434. families and subfamilies, 219-20.

University of the State of New York
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G3 (21) Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. rpl. map.
Sep. 1808. 5c.

G4 (48) Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and
Borough of Queens. 58p:il. opl. map. Dec. 1901. 25¢.

G5 (56) Merrill, F: J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1001.
42p. 2 maps, tab. Oct. 1902. J0¢.

G6 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co.
In preparation.

Crystalline Rocks of the Northeastern Adirondacks. In preparation.

Kemp, J. F, Crystalline Rocks of Warren and Washington Counties. In -
preparation.

Woodworth, J. B. Glacial Geology of New York. In preparation.

Economic geology. Egl (3) Smock, J: C. Building Stone in the State of
New York. 3152p. Mar. 1888. Out of print.

Eg2 (7) —— First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in
New York. 6+7op. map. June 1889. Out of print.
Eg3 (10) —— Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sep. 1800.

40¢.
Eg4 (11) Merrill, F: J. Salt and Gypsum Industries in New York. gap.
12pl. 2 maps, 11 tab. Ap. 1893. 4oce.
Eg5 (12) Ries, Heinrich. Clay Industries of New York. 174p. 2pl. map.
Mar. 1805. 300.
Eg6 (15) Merrill, F: J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 224p. 2
maps. Sep. 1895. 50c:
— Eg? (17) —— Road Materials and Road Building in New York. 52p. 14pl.
2 maps 34x45, 68x92 cm. Oct. 1897. I5¢.
Maps separate roc each, two for 15.
—Eg8 (30) Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p.
il. 3 maps. Nov. 1899. 5c.
—Eg9 (35) Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses.
4560p. 140pl. map. June 1900. $1, cloth.

—~Egl0 (44) —— Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C.
coer on the Cement Industry. 332p. 1orpl. 2 maps. Dec. 1901.
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Egl11 (61) Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and other Sandstones
in New York. 1108p. 18pl. 2 maps. Mar. 1903. 35¢.

Mineralogy. M1 (4) Nason, F. L. Some New York Minerals and their
Localities. 2op. 1pl. Aug. 1888. [roc.]
~~ M2 (58) Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New
York State Musettm. 150p. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sep. 1902. 400.
M3 (70) —— New York Mineral Localities. Jn press.

Paleontology. Pal (34) Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of East-
ern Montgomery County; Prosser, C: S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of
Mohawk Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. ropl. map. May
1900. I5¢c.

Pa2 (39) Clarke, J: M.; Simpson, G: B. & Loomis, F: B. « Paleontologic
Papers 1. 7a2p. il. 16pl. Oct. 1900. 5c.

Contents: Clarke, J: M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of
the Chenango Valley, N.Y.

——Paropsonema cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone (Portage
Beds) of Western New York.

——Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York.

—The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.

Simpson, G:B Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals.

Loomis, F: B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York.

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

Pa3 (42) Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their
Taxonomic Equivalents. I14p. 2pl. map. Ap. 1901. 25c.

Pa4 (45) Grabau, A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and
Vicinity. 286p. il. 18pl. map. Ap. 1901. 65c; cloth goc.

Pad (49) Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J:} M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleon-
tologic Papers 2. 240p. 13pl. Dec. 1901. 4oc.

Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill.

Clarke, J: M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bituminous
Shales of the Marcellus Stage.

Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co. N. Y.

Clarke, J: M. New Agelacrinites. :

— Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of New
York, Ireland and the Rhineland.

Pa6 (52) Clarke, J: M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28op. il.
opl. map, I tab. July 1902. 4oc.

Pa? (63) —— Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quadrangles. 2
maps. In press.
Pa8 (65) —— Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New

York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth.
Pa9 (69) —— Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. Im press.

Zoology. Z1 (1) Marshall, W: B. Preliminary List of New York Unioni-
dae. 20p. Mar. 1892. 5c.

Z2 (9) —— Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y.
24p. ipl. Aug. 1890. Joc.

Z3 (29) Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 124p.
Oct. 1899. I5c.

Z4 (33) Farr, M. S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Ap. 1900. 25¢.

-Z5 (38) Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North
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Z6 (40) Simpson, G: B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris
and Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl.
Oct. I90I. 25¢.

Z7 (48) Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p.
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Z8 (51) Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F.C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrach-
ians of New York. O64p. il. Ipl. Ap. 1902. 5c.

Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States.
Paulmier, F. C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York.

Z9 (60) Bean, T. H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb.
1903. $1, cloth.

Z10 Kellogg, J. L. Feeding Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. In
press-

Farr, M. S. Birds of New York. In preparation.

Letson, Elizabeth J. Catalogue of New York Shells. Jn preparation.

Entomology. Enl (5) Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 32p.
il. Nov. 1888. Joc.

En2 (6) —— Cut-worms. 36p. il. Nov. 1888. Zoe.

En3 (13) —— San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York
State. 54p. 7pl. Ap. 1895. 5c.

En4 (20) Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. spl.

June 18908. 5c.
See Enrs.
En5 (23) —— 14th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. 15o0p. il. gpl.
Dec. 1898. 20c.
En6 (24) —— Memorial of the Life and Entomologic work of J. A. Lint-

ner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’s Re-
ports I-13. 316p. Ipl. Oct. 1899. 35c.
Supplement to r4th report of the state entomologist.

En7 (26). Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York In-
sects. 36p. il. Ap. 1899. 5c.

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

En8 (27) —— Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. 5pl. May
1899. 5C.
En9 (31) —— rs5th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. I28p. June

1900. I5¢.

Enl0 (36) —— 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 118p. 16pl.

Mar. 1901. 25c.

Enll (37) Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and
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Enl2 (46) Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in
New York State. o4p. il. 15pl.: June Igor. 25¢:

-Enl3 (47) Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the
Adirondacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sep. 1901. © 45¢c.

Enl4 (53) Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p.
il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. 3 oc.

Enl5 (57) Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug.
1902. I5¢.

This isa revision of Enq containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared.

Enl6 (59) Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 15¢.

Enl7 (64) —— 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. 11op. 6pl.
May 1903. 20c¢.

~Enl8 (68) Needham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p.
52pl. Aug. 1903. Soc, cloth.

Felt, E. P. & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. Im press.

Botany. Bol (2) Peck, C: H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of
New York. 66p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print.

Bo2 (8) Boleti of the United States. o6p. Sep. 1889. [soc]
Bos (25) Report of the State Botanist 1898 76p. 5pl. Oct. 1899.
_ Out of print.
Bo4 (28) Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 200.
Bod (54) —— Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. oc.
Bo6 (67) —— Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p. 5pl. May 1903.
50C.

Archeology. Arl (16) Beauchamp, W: M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Im-
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Ar2 (18) Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines.

; 35pl. Nov. 1807. 25¢.

Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct.

1o4p
Ar3 (22)

25¢.

1808.

Ar4 (32) Aboriginal Occupation of New York. t1gop. 16pl. 2 maps.
Mar. 1900. 30c.

Ars (41) —— Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians.
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Ar6 (50) Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 1r2p.
43pl. Mar. 1902. 30c.
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June 1902. 25¢.

Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. Jn preparation.

History of the New York Iroquois. Jn preparation.

—— Perch Lake Mounds. In preparation.

Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. Jn preparation.

Miscellaneous. Ms1 (62) Merrill, F: J. H. Directory of Natural History
Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Ap. 1903. 30¢.

Ms2 (66) Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat-

ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p.
June 1903. 75c, cloth.

Museum memoirs 1889-date. Q.
1 Beecher, C: E. & Clarke, J: M. Development of some Silurian Brachi-
opoda. 96p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. Out of print.

2 Hall, James & Clarke, J: M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 350p. il. 7opl.
1898. $1, cloth.

Ars

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

3 Clarke, J: M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co.
N. Y. 128p. gpl. Oct. 1900. 8oc.

4 Peck, C: H. N. Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 106p. 25pl. Nov. 1900. 75c.

This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the agth, srst and 52d

reports of the state botanist.

5 Clarke, J: M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of
New York State. Jn press.

6 —— Naples Fauna in Western New York. In press.

Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. Jn preparation.

Merrill, F: J. H. Geology of New York City and Vicinity. Jn preparation.

Natural history of New York. 3ov. il. pl. maps. Q. Albany 1842-94.

DIVISION I zooLocy. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The
New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals
hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of
those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri-
ate illustrations. 5v. il. pl. maps. sq. Q. Albany 1842-44. Out of print.

Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W: H. Seward. 178p.

v.I ptr Mammalia. 13+146p. 33pl. 1842.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v.2 pt2 Birds. 12+380p. r4ipl. . 1844.
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v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+o8p. pt4 Fishes. 15+415p. 1842.
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V. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. , Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 7opl.
1842.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v.5 ptS Mollusca. 4+271p. gopl. pt6 Crustacea. 7op. 13pl. 1843-44.
Hand-colored plates: pts5-6 bound together.

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com-
prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith-
erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and med-
ical properties. 2v. il. pl. sq. QO. Albany 1843. Out of print.

v.1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+484p. 72pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v.2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com-
prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State
of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl.
sq. Q. Albany 1842. Out of print.

v.I ptt Economical Mineralogy. pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+536p.
1842.

8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text.

DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W: W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard-
ner & Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4v. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany
1842-43. Out of print.

v.a ptr Mather, W: W. First Geological District. 37+653p. 46pl. 1843.

v.2 pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437p. 17pl.
1842.

v.3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842.

v. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22+683p. map and
1opl. 1843.

DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York;
comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution
of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological
formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri-
cultural productions of the State. 5v. ‘ail. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1846-54. Out
of print.

v.1 Soils of the State, their Composition and Distribution. *11+371p. 2r1pl.
1846

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORE

v.2 Analyses of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 18409.
With hand-colored plates.

v.3 Fruits, etc. 8t340p. 1851.
v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. g5pl. 1851.

and-colored.

v.5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+272p. Sopl. 1854.
With hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. 8v.
il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth.

y.1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System.
23+338p. gopl. 1847. Out of print.

v.2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System.
8+362p. 104p]l. 1852. Out of print.

v.3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany
Sandstone. pti, text. 12+532p. 1859. [$3.50]

=== piz,.143pl.. 1861. 1$2.501

v.4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and
Chemung Groups. 11t+1+428p. gopl. 1867. $2.50.

v.5 ptr Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg,
Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50.

——- ——— Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham-
ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. 51pl. 1885. $2.50.

— pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder-
berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. I, text.
15+492p. v.2, 120pl. $2.50 for 2 v.

v.6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Upper Helderberg and Hamil-
ton Groups. 24+298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50.

v.7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oriskany, Upper Helderberg,
Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill Groups. 641236p. 46pl. 1888.
Cont. supplement to v. 5, pt2. Pteropoda, Cephalopoda and Annelida.
42p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50. 4

v.8 ptr Introduction to the Study of the Genera of the Paleozoic Brachi-
opoda. 16+367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50.

—— pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+394p. 84pl. 1804. $2.50.

Handbooks 1893-date. 734x12% cm.

In quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid as below.

H5 New York State Museum. 48p. il. 4c.

Outlines history and work of the museum with list of staff rgo2.

H13 Paleontology. 8p. 2c.

Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to
biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York.
H15 Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York.

I20p. &c.
Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially
for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the

*

classic rocks of this State.

H16 Entomology. I2p. 2¢.

H17 Economic Geology. In preparation.
H18 Insecticides and Fungicides. 20p. 3c.

H19 Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 28p. 3¢.
In press.

Maps. Merrill, F: J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New
York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15 and the 48th Museum Report,
v. I. 59x67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. Separate edition out of
print. A

Geologic Map of New York. t1g901.~ Scale 5 miles to rinch. In atlas
form $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson sheet 60c.

The lower Hudson sheet, geoiogically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Putnam,
Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sullivan,
Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western Connecticut.
Map of New York showing the Surface Configuration and Water
Sheds. 1901. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. I5c.

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Aquatic Insects in New York
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