. . dedicated to the appreciation and conservation of the Colorado native flora” Volume 18 Number 2 March/April 1994 The Genetics, Ecology, and Conservation Management of the Rare Orchid Spiranthes diluvialis Anna Maria Arft University of Colorado at Boulder Spiranthes diluvialis is one of twelve species federally listed as Threatened or Endangered ^ In Colorado. During the past three years, ve been engaged in research on this species since little was known of the genetic, ecological, and demographic processes affecting its life history and long-term survival. My research addresses three areas concerning the evolution and long-term survival of S. diluvialis: phylogenetic or genealogical history, genetic variation within and among populations, and life history and environmental requirements. Through this research, I hope to provide information critical to the formulation of conservation management plans as well as data on the basic biology of this threatened species. Spiranthes diluvialis is a terrestrial orchid species known from three areas in the western United States: the Front Range in Colorado, the Colorado River drainage in eastern Utah, and the eastern Great Basin of Nevada and Utah (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1 994). This rare orchid inhabits wet meadows near streams, springs, or lakes at elevations between 4300 and 7000 feet, stands 5-18 inches tall, and blooms from July through ^^September producing tubular white flowers arranged in a spiral (Jennings, 1990). Small, inconspicuous leaf rosettes may emerge at the end of the growing season and persist through the winter months. Reproduction appears to be strictly sexual with bumble bees (Bombus species) as the primary pollinators (Sheviak, 1984; Sipes et al., 1993). Upon germination, many species of Spiranthes are infected by a mycorrhizal fungus and may persist underground for many years before leaves emerge above ground. These individuals may not flower in consecutive years or under unfavorable conditions, and may survive due to specific symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi (Wells, 1981). Currently, less than 10,000 individuals of S. diluvialis are estimated to occur in fourteen locations within Colorado and Utah (U. S. Fish and Wildlife, 1994). F ive of the approximately twenty historically documented populations of S. diluvialis have been extirpated as a result of urban development. The remaining populations exist in wetland habitats such as subirrigated meadows, alluvial terraces, and abandoned stream channels where the soil is saturated at least temporarily during the spring and summer growing season. Potential threats to the species’ habitat include stream channelization, water diversions, urban development, and agricultural use. Phylogenetic Origin Although S. diluvialis is currently recognized as a distinct species, in the past some controversy has surrounded its status. The distincmess of 5. diluvialis as a species forms the basis for its protection under the Endangered Species Act. I hope to clarify the allopolyploid origin of S, diluvialis by determining its relationship with its putative parents, S. magnicamporum and S. romanzoffiana (Sheviak, 1984). Whereas diploids, such as humans, have two sets of - continued on page 4 Contents Membership Information 2 Forest Service Planning 11 Dues Reminder 3 Horticultural Notes 12-14 Announcements 3 Spring Workhops 14 Field Trips 6-8 Chapter Activities 15 Field Trip Policy 9 Calendar 16 Field Trip Lists 10 Page 2 Aquilegia Volume 18 In Memoriam - Dorothy Udall i It is with deep sorrow that we report the death of Dorothy Udall of Fort Collins. At the time of her death and for several preceding years, Dorothy was Chair of the Society’s Horticulture and Rehabilitation Committee. As evidenced by her work with that committee, Dorothy had a great interest in the uses of native plants to reclaim and restore damaged land. Among the products of her committee was an important Society guideline on uses of native plants in landscaping. Dorothy was bom in New York State, and earned B.S. and M.S. degrees from Cornell University. She and her husband, Dr. Robert H. Udall, had lived in Fort Collins since 1951. Dorothy and Rob have been steadfast supporters and participants in CONPS activities, both with the Fort Collins Chapter and at the state level. In addition, they have been major driving forces in several other conservation groups in the Fort Collins area. Dorothy was a vital member of the Poudre River Tmst, a group working to protect and redevelop the Poudre River’s corridor through the city of Fort Collins. That interest worked in harmony with her CONPS activities in the Gustav Swanson Nature Area, where the Fort Collins CONPS Chapter participated with several other groups and the city’s Natural Resources Department to revegetate a beautiful spot along the river with native plants. Dorothy and Rob could always be found at work with shovel, bucket, trowel, or whatever was needed. They also devoted time to their beautiful foothills property near Fort Collins, which they generously opened for much-enjoyed CONPS spring field trips or other activities. In memory of Dorothy, several of the organizations to which she contributed so much plan a work day on April 3 0th at the Gustav Swanson - continued on page 3 Aquilegia Aquilegia is published four to six times per year by the Colorado Native Plant Society. This newsletter is available to members of the Society and to others with an interest in native plants. Contact the Society for subscription information. Articles from Aquilegia may be used by other native plant societies or non-profit groups if fully cited to author and attributed to Aquilegia. The Colorado Native Plant Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to the appreciation and conservation of the Colorado native flora. Membership is open to all with an interest in our native plants, and is composed of plant enthusiasts both professional and non- professional. Please join us in helping to encourage interest in enjoying and protecting Colorado's native plants. The Society sponsors field trips, workshops and other activities through local chapters and statewide. Contact the Society, a chapter representative, or committee chair for more information. Schedule of Membership Fees Life $250 Supporting ! $ 50 Organization $ 30 Family or Dual $ 15 Individual $ 12 Student or Senior $ 8 Membership Renewal/Information Please direct all membership applications, renewals and address changes to the Membership Chairperson, Colorado Native Plant Society, P.O. Box 200, Fort Collins, CO 80522. Please direct all other inquiries regarding the Society to the Secretary at the same address. Newsletter Contributions Please direct all contributions to the newsletter to: Tamara Naumann 940 Quinn Street Boulder, CO 80303 Short items such as unusual information about a plant, a little known botanical term, etc. are especially welcome. Camera-ready line art or other illustrations are also solicited. Please include author's name and address, although items will be printed anonymously if requested. Articles submitted on disks (IBM or Mac) are appreciated. Please indicate word processing software and version. Officers President Tom Ranker . 492-5074 Vice-President Janet Hughes . 933-2425 , Secretary Mark Gershman .... . 443-9365 ^ Treasurer Myma Steinkamp . . 226-3371 Board of Directors Ann iY^^strong (95) Boulder . 494-0545 David Buckner (95) Boulder .494-3231 Janet Coles (95) .... Boulder . 440-0595 Mark Gershman (94) Boulder . 443-9365 Andrew Kratz (95) Lakewood .238-6317 Tamara Naumann (95) ..Boulder . 440-8933 Chris Pague (94) ... Lyons .492-4719 Tom Ranker (94) .. Boulder . 492-5074 Velma Richards (94) Englewood .... . 794-5432 Nina Williams (94) 1 Boulder . 499-9858 Chapter Presidents Boulder . Lynn Riedel . 666-6687 Metro-Denver . Jeff Dawson . 722-6758 Fort Collins . Mike Scott . 490-1788 Yamparika . Reed Kelley . 878-4666 San Juan . Gretchen Van Reyper . 835-3268 Committees Conservation . Sally White . 697-5439 Editorial . Tamara Naumann. .. 440-8933 Education . Andrew Kratz .238-6317 Field Trips . Rick Brune ,. 238-5078 Field Studies . Mary Edwards ,. 233-8133( Hort/Restoration .. . VACANT Legislative Affairs Nina Williams ,. 499-9858 Membership . Myma Steinkamp .. 226-3371 Publicity . VACANT Workshops . Susan Eubank .. 277-9458 Number 2 Aquilegia Page 3 Udallf continued from page 2 L Nature Area. Work plans include removing ^*^two “exotics” (non-native crack willows) and replacing them with a group of native cottonwood trees, plus some additional landscaping work around the cottonwood grove. Anyone who wishes to remember Dorothy in this way is welcome to join the work group at 9:00 a.m. on April 30; call Myma Steinkamp or Sue Martin (both 303- 226-3371) for directions. Contributions towards the development of this memorial grove and other activities in Dorothy’s memory, which will be described later, may be made to: Poudre River Trust - Dorothy Udall Fund 201 South College Ave. Fort Collins, CO 80524 A dedication ceremony for Dorothy Udall Memorial Cottonwood Grove will be held at a time to be determined, probably in early summer; it will be announced in Aquilegia. Dorothy’s quiet demeanor, delightful , personality, intellect, and drive will remain C in the memories of those CONPS members and other friends lucky enough to have known and worked with her. Truly, she will be missed among us. Aquilegia is printed on 100% recycled paper TUNE IN TO NATIVE PLANTS! Jim Borland is co-hosting the Gard’n-Wise Garden Talk Show with Keith Funk on KHOW radio (630 on your AM dial.) Jim is a past-president and active member of CONPS. Tune in on Saturday mornings at 8 a.m; to this one-hour show, sponsored by .iicij. Gard’n-Wise. What a great opportunity to promote the use of native plants in Colorado landscapes! Listen for new ideas or share your ideas with others. ANNOUNCEMENTS ASTRAGALUS SEARCHERS SOUGHT The BLM’s Gunnison Resource Area is looking for individuals to volunteer a day or a weekend to search for Astragalus microcymbus (skiff milkvetch) and Astragalus anisus (Gunnison milkvetch). These “category 2” species are candidates for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Time will be spent examining existing colonies and searching for additional populations along South Beaver Creek, located approximately six miles southwest of Gunnison within the sagebrush ecosystem. Uplands adjacent to the drainage are moderately to steeply rolling with slopes ranging from 5 to 30 degrees; elevations range between 8,000 and 8,500 ft. The date for the inventory effort is July 9, 1994, meeting at the Gunnison BLM Resource Area Office at 9:00 a.m. (216 N. Colorado Ave., Gunnison). Work can be extended to July 10th if any volunteers are interested in staying an extra day. BLM will provide a map of locations to search, a visit to known populations, and some transportation to the sites. For further information, or if you want to volunteer on other dates, call Joe Capodice at (303) 641-0471. Deecinampsia caespitoea Artist: Kris Meiring LAST CALL! Check your mailing label... if it says PAID THRU 1 993, your membership has expired, and THIS IS WILL BE YOUR LAST NEWSLETTER!! Renew quickly to avoid missing the coming season’s field trips, workshops, and chapter meetings and other exiting activities — including an excellent Annual Meeting planned for October 15th, 1994 by the Fort Collins Chapter. ROCKY HORROR HORTICULTURAL SHOW Is it a wildflower or a weed? If you’ve ever wanted to know the differences, this slide show developed and presented by the Colorado Native Plant Society can answer your questions. Many of our familiar roadside flowers are actually problem 'weeds from faraway places; often they have been brought here deliberately. As Colorado’s native wildflower heritage is threatened by the spread of these exotic newcomers, so are many of our most important wildlife habitats. Learn how to tell a weed from a wildflower, the problems weeds cause, whaf s being done, and what you can do to help reduce the threats from “invading barbarians." This program is of special interest to gardeners, as new weeds are often brought to Colorado through the horticultural trade. This slide show is currently being presented by Society volunteers to interested groups and organizations. If you Would like to present the slide show to a civic group or organization near you, please call Bobby Henig (297-9762). Full-length text to accompany the text is provided to presenters. V. y Page 4 Aquilegia Volume 18 Spiranthes, continued from front page chromosomes (one fi-om each parent), a polyploid is an organism with more than two sets of chromosomes. Allopolyploidy (i.e., the formation of a polyploid following hybridization between two genetically distinct diploid species) is an important mechanism of speciation in flowering plants. The duplication of chromosomes giving rise to a polyploid confers “instant” speciation on the new fertile polyploid due to complete reproductive isolation from the parental taxa (Ranker and Arft, in press). During the past three years, I’ve conducted a genetic survey employing protein electrophoresis on nine populations of S. diluvialis, as well as several populations of its putative parental species (Arft and Ranker, 1993). Protein electrophoresis separates isozymes (different forms of an enzyme) in an electric field, thus providing an indirect measure of the genetic makeup of individuals. Generally, isozymes are useful for detecting allopolyploid hybridization because the isozymes present in each of the putative parental species will be combined and detectable in the hybrid species (Ranker et. al., 1989). Results indicate the genetic makeup of S. diluvialis is a combination of those found for the putative parental taxa, thus supporting the hypothesis that S. diluvialis is a distinct species resulting from the hybridization of S. magnicamporum and S. romanzojfiana. Genetic Variation Maintenance of genetic diversity is crucial for the long-term survival and evolutionary response of populations to changes in the environment (Huenneke, 1991). Loss of genetic variation may reduce a population’s ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Population genetic analyses of rare plants are particularly important for designing management programs which will allow for the conservation of maximum levels of natural genetic variation and local adaptation. The second part of my study employs protein electrophoresis to assess genetic variation and structure within and among populations of S. diluvialis. In terms of conservation biology perhaps the most relevant information is gained in comparing genetic variability among different populations. For the nine populations I’ve examined, the presence of population unique alleles and genotypes indicates differentiation among populations and argues for the preservation of each population as a unique genetic entity. Genetic diversity may be critical in buffering populations of S. diluvialis against the genetic problems associated with small isolated Spiranthes diluvialis Artist: Carolyn Crawford populations and may allow for its continued evolutionary change and adaptation. Life History and Environmentai Requirements Genetic factors may play the most critical role in terms of long-term evolutionary change. However, demographic factors may be of more importance in the short-term (Lande, 1988). Detailed ecological studies of rare plants help to elucidate factor f constraining the continued persistence oL^-^ the species. The third phase of my research involves collecting demographic and environmental data on experimental managment and control plots containing S. diluvialis. Although some of the sites where S. diluvialis occurs have been used agriculturally in the past, it’ s unclear whetherthe resulting habitat alteration is neutral, beneficial, or detrimental to the orchid (Cross, 1991; McClaren and Sundt, 1992). In Colorado, the largest population of S. diluvialis is on City of Boulder Open Space property at the Van Vleet Ranch, which has been used agriculturally for the past 50-75 years and is still grazed each year in the winter, mown in the summer, and irrigated during the spring and summer. Since its discovery in 1986, the orchid population at Van Vleet has been monitored by the City of Boulder Open Space Department. Large annual fluctuations in population size have been reported. However, due to the difficulty in finding vegetative individuals, the monitoring count were based only on flowering individuals. During the past three years. I’ve established experimental management (grazing, mowing, burning) and control plots at the Van Vleet Ranch. For comparative purposes, demographic plots also have been established along Clear Creek in Colorado and Deer Creek in southern Utah. Individual plants are monitored on a monthly basis from May to September to characterize the life cycle of S. diluvialis and the impact of the environmental treatments on that cycle. For each individual, data are collected on growth and reproduction (e.g. phenological state, longest leaf, height of inflorescence, number of flowers, number of fmits, seed set, and seed viability) as well as environmental variables including herbivory, associated vegetation, vegetation cover, soil characteristics, light intensity, mycorrhizal associations, and microsite hydrology. Data from the first two seasons indicate: 1 ) the proportion of flowering individual , , varies each year; 2) herbivory may prevent-^ a large number of orchids from reproducing; and 3) it remains unclear whether past - continued on page 5 Number 2 AquHegia Page 5 Spiranthes, continued from page 4 management practices such as grazing and mowing are beneficial or detrimental to sexual reproduction in S. diluvialis. The data suggest the large fluctuations in population size reported in the monitoring counts may be fluctuations of flowering individuals, with many individuals remaining vegetative or subterranean. The proportion of flowering individuals increased from 5 8% in 1992 to 80% in 1993 within the control plots, indicating flowering plants alone may not be a good indicator of population size. Perhaps the most surprising observation is the number of orchids that were damaged by herbivores other than cattle. Vole herbivory may be the greatest single threat to the long- term survival of S', diluvialis atthe Van Vleet site. Mumerous tunnels or runways constructed by field voles {Microtus pennsylvanicus) were observed; in many cases, if an orchid was on or near one of the runways, the inflorescence was chewed off and left lying a few inches away, uneaten. At this point ecological data are conflicting as to whether the long-term persistence of 5. diluvialis is enhanced by management techniques. For example, plots within traditionally grazed and mown areas produced the highest proportion of flowering plants; however, fruit set was low due to mowing or vole herbivory. Similarly, although management techniques reduce vegetation cover and may contribute to a reduced vole population, fruit set may be adversely affected since some bumble bees use rodent burrows for nesting. Analysis of environmental variables are currently in progress. I hope my research will provide a better understanding of this threatened species and aid in conservation management decisions affecting its fate. (I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Colorado Native Plant Society for their financial support and Sharon Collinge, Vicki Frey, Sara Simonson, and Kathy Damas for their prodigious efforts collecting field data.) ^ Spiranthes diluvialis range extended! One of two significant discoveries was made last summer when B.E. Nelson, manager of the Rocky Mountain Herbarium in Laramie, WY, came across the Ute ladies’ tresses orchid (Spiranthes diluvialis) in southeastern Wyoming on a parcel of state school land. Approximately 10 plants were observed on August 17, 1993 growing amidst Aster, Solidago, Glycyrrhiza, Phleum, Achillea, Mentha, Medicago, Sisyrinchium, Ratibida, Dalea, Muhlenbergia, Panicum, Agrostis, Bidens, Iva, Lycopus, Equisetum, Spartina, Elymus, Juncus and Carex, along Bear Creek — approximately 14 air miles southeast of Chugwater in Goshen County, Wyoming. The orchids were growing on a streambank approximately one foot above the surface water level and two to three feet from the creek’s edge — a habitat similar to other populations known from Colorado and Utah. Additional suitable habitat reportedly exists in the vicinity. Two weeks later, Ellen Wheeling, a botanist searching for S. diluvialis at the request of Colorado State University, came across 13 orchids along the Poudre River-fed Pleasant Valley and Lake Canal in the northwestern Forth Collins area. Associated species included Agrostis gigantea, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, Juncus nodosus, J. dudleyi, J. longistylis, Lobelia siphilitica, Equisetum laevigatum, Sporobolus asper, and Verbena hastata. ^ic These two discoveries significantly extend the previously known range of Spiranthes diluvialis approximately 125 miles to the north and 40 miles to the east. These two discoveries are not surprising, given the corresponding northerly ranges of 5. romanzqffiana and 5'. magnicamporum, the parental species of our threatened hybrid orchid. {Editor’s note: Anna Arft is a recipient of the John Marr Fund, an endowment made possible by the Colorado Native Plant Society.) BIBLIOGRAPHY Arft, A.M., and T.A. Ranker. 1993. Population genetics and phylogenetic systematics of the rare orchid Spiranthes diluvialis: Implications for conservation. Proceedings of the Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plant Conference, Sante Fe, New Mexico, March 30- April 2, 1992. Cross, A. F. 1991. Vegetation of two southeastern Arizona desert marshes. Madroflo 38:185-194. Huenneke, L.F. 1991. Ecological implications of genetic variation in plant populations. In Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants, eds. D, A. Falk and K. E. Holsinger. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Jennings, W.F. 1990. Final report, Colorado Natural History Small Grants Program, prepared for The Nature Conservancy. Lande, R. 1988. Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241:1455-1460. McClaren, M.P. and P.C. Sundt. 1992. Population dynamics of the rare orchid, Spiranthes delitescens. The Southwestern Naturalist: In press. Ranker, T.A. and A.M. Arft. Allopolyploid species and the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Biological Conservation. In Press. Ranker, T.A., Haufler, C.H., Soltis, P.S., and D.E. Soltis. 1989. Genetic evidence for allopolyploidy in the neotropical fern Hemionitis pinnatifida (Adiantaceae) and the reconstruction of an ancestral genome. Systematic Botany 14:439-447. Sheviak, C. J. 1984. Spiranthes diluvialis (Orchidaceae), a new species from the western United States. Brittonia 36:8-14. Sipes, S.E., Tepedino, V.J., and W.R. Bowlin. The pollination and reproductive ecology of Spiranthes diluvialis Sheyiak (Orchidaceae). Proceedings of the Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plant Conference, Sante Fe, New Mexico, March 30- April 2, 1992. In press. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Ute Lady’s-tresses Orchid Recovery Plan. Denver, Colorado. Wells, T.C.E. 1981. Population ecology of terrestrial orchids. In The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation, ed. H. Synge, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Those of us roaming the wetlands of the eastern plains this summer should keep our eyes peeled for the orchid in late July and early August. Page 6 Aquilegia Volume 18 FIELD TRIPS -1994 NORTH TABLE MOUNTAIN WILDFLOWER WALK Leaders: Sally White and Loraine Yeatts Saturday, May 14: 8:30 a.m. to about 4 p.m. Enjoy spring-flowering wildflowexs and wide-ranging vistas from the top of this lava-capped mesa north of Golden. A moderate climb of 800 feet in elevation will take you to the top. The steep slopes and rolling top of the mesa support a wide variety of plants of the foothills to the west and the plains to the east. Lakes and springs on top have a variety of wetland species. Lava flows support interesting lichen communities, and a nice needle-and- thread grassland occurs at one place. If you’ve taken Jan Wingate’s or Loraine Yeatts’ Basic Plant Identification classes, this Will be a great refresher and you might learn a few new species. Bird watching and other wildlife watching will also be tolerated! North Table Mountain is a threatened island surrounded by development. Will it also be converted to subdivisions or rock quarries, or can it be protected as open space? Join us for a close look at a place you’ve always wondered about and the problems that face it. Meet at 8:30 AM in the parking lot of Table Mountain Ranch east of Highway 93 on the south side of 58th Avenue (between 93 and Easley Road). 58th Ave. is about 2.5 miles north of Golden. Bring lunch, water, etc. To register, contact Sally White at 697-5439. Trip is limited to 20 people. CAP ROCK PRESERVE Leader Terri Schulz Saturday, May 21, 1994 Join Terri Schulz, Stewardship Ecologist for The Nature Conservancy, for a strenuous hike to the Cap Rock Preserve northwest of Fort Collins. We will be scrambling over rocks on part of the short but rigorous hike to the preserve. This preserve contains very high quality foothills shrubland and grassland communities. The rare Larimer aletes {Aletes humilis) is also found on the preserve (unlikely to be in bloom this late). The pristine vegetation on the preserve occurs among convoluted granite outcrops. The difficult access to this site has excluded cattle grazing but the site continues to be used by wildlife (black bear, deer, elk, etc.) This small preserve is a fine example of what the presettlement foothills vegetation was probably like in the area. Bring lunch, water, and sturdy hiking boots. This site is about 75 minutes drive from Fort Collins — not many miles but slow roads. Contact Terri Schulz in Ft. Collins at 303-223-8879 to register and for directions to meeting place. Limit 15 people. RATTLESNAKE CANYON AND SEWEMUP MESA, WESTERN COLORADO Leader: Dr. Walt Kelley Saturday and Sunday, May 28 & 29, 1994 On Saturday we will visit the Rattlesnake Canyon area to see the beautiful arches and flora of this region adjacent to Colorado National Monument. The spring flora should be great at this time. We can search for Cryptantha aperta, the missing Cryptantha unseen since Alice Eastwood collected it in Grand Junction on 27 May 1 892. The hike to Rattlesnake Canyon is about 6 miles round trip, hiking up to the arches from the Colorado River. The hike to inaccessible Rattlesnake Canyon is made much shorter thanks to access across private property provided by local landowners Bob Sherrill and Judy Ronzio. On Sunday we will head down to Gateway for a hike to the top of Sewemup Mesa. This is a beautiful, isolated, and untouched area of western Colorado. The top provides a view of Lone Cone Peak in the San Juans, the Uncompahgre Plateau, and the La Sal Mountains near Moab. We will explore interesting slickrock formations and their associated flora. We should find Quercus turbinella, perhaps hybridizing with Q. gambelii. This hike will also be about 6 miles round trip. Possibly joining us for one or both of these trips will be Robert Sherrill and Steve Werman. Mr. Sherrill is a geologist who will provide us with historical and geologic information about these areas. Dr. Werman is a herpetologist who will point out some of his favorite creatures that we often see running about or hiding under our plants. If time permits on our way back to Grand Junction, we may stop at the Unaweep Seep. We will probably be too early to see much in flower at this site. Both trips can be accomplished with normal transportation and will involve moderate hiking. Bring lots to drink, lunch, sunscreen, and insect repellant. We should (?) be early enough to escape the gnats but come prepared. More details about times and meeting places will be provided to registrants. Trip limit: 20 adults. To register contact: Dr. Walter A. Kelley, Biology Department, Mesa State College, Grand Junction, CO 81501, (303) 248-1650 ^ j or (303) 245-6130 OR Rick Brune, (303) 238-5078. Number 2 Aquilegia Page 7 FIELD TRIPS - 1994 SANDHILLS FLORA OF THE COLORADO HIGH PLAINS Leaders: Bruce Bosley and Don Hazlett Saturday and Sunday, June 4 & 5, 1 994 Join us in exploring the sandhills ecosystem between Wray and Holyoke. Sandy soils, an 18" average precipitation, and the fact that the taxa from this region have been poorly collected are all reasons to attend this trip. Eminent Great Plains botanist Don Hazlett will ^ provide his technical expertise. Very little of the sandhills region of eastern Colorado is open to public access. This is an excellent opportunity to see plant communities and plants not often included in field trips. The field trip will be limited to 35 people and no more than 10 vehicles on the tour. Ample water plus sun, rain, and wind protection are advised. For registration and information on camping, lodging, or other needs, contact Bruce Bosley at 303-867-2493 (days) or 303-842- HABITAT IMPROVEMENT AND PRAIRIE RESTORATION AT ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL Leader: Carl Mackey Sunday, June 12, 1994, 8 AM to Noon BLUE RIVER QUAKING FENS Leaders: Jonathan Friedman and Mike Scott Saturday, July 9, 1994, 9:00 a.m. Jonathan Friedman and Mike Scott of the National Biological Survey will lead a field trip to a rich fen along the Blue River north of Green Mountain Reservoir. Mike and Jonathan discovered this quaking peatland two ye^s ago while driving along Colorado 9. This is one of the lowest-elevation rich fens in Colorado (7700 feet), and the first wetland of its type discovered in this area. The site has never been thoroughly botanized and its affinity with the more extensive peatlands in South Park is unclear. Habitat improvement projects with the goal of restoring short grass, tall grass, mixed grass, and sandhills prairie have been ongoing at Rocky Mountain Arsenal since 1989. A range of sites from newly seeded areas to locations in their sixth season of development will be toured. The grassland restoration process as it has evolved for the Arsenal will be explained and discussed. ^ ^ep t Editors note: The CONPS 1994 Annual Meeting will be about revegetation, thus this should be,a particularly interesting field trip. The puipose of this trip is to gather data on hydrology and vegetation of the site and to determine whether some form of protection is warranted. Get in on the ground floor of documenting this potentially important find! Meet at 9:00 a.m. in Dillon for a one-day trip with the option of staying a second day to explore other botanical opportunities in the area. For more information and registration, contact Jonathan Friedman in Ft. Collins at 303-226-9318. 20-person limit. To register and for directions, contact Sherry James at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at 289-0132. Page 8 Aquilegia Volume 18 FIELD TRIPS - 1994 HOOSIER RIDGE Leader: Robin Bingham Sunday, July 17, 1994, 8:30 a.m. Hoosier Ridge, known for its spectacular displays of alpine wildflowers and diversity of rare plants, will be the focus of this field trip. Located in the central region of Colorado’s Mosquito Range, the ridge harbors an incredible wealth of botanical diversity, including several of Colorado’s rarest alpine plants. Of special interest are several Pleistocene relict species including Braya humilis, Braya glabella, Saussurea weberi, Draba borealis, Armeria scabra ssp. siberica, Eutrema edwardsii, and Ranunculus gelidus. We will meet at the Hoosier Pass parking area at 8:30 a.m. on Sunday, July 17. Hoosier Pass is on Colorado Hwy. 9 approximately 10 miles south of Breckenridge. Be prepared for alpine conditions! (Hoosier Pass is at 1 1,539 ft.) Bring lots of warm clothes (wool sweaters, hat, gloves), rain gear, wind gear, sunscreen and sunglasses. Please also bring a lunch and plenty of water. If you have copies of Weber’s Colorado Flora: Western Slope or Eastern Slope, md Rocky Mountain Flora, tuck those in your day pack also. To register, call Jeff Dawson at 722-6758 (h) or 740-2783 (W). LILIES, LAKES, AND LORE Los Lagos Ranch, Rollinsville Leader Betsy Baldwin Saturday, July 23, 1994, 9:00 a.m. This will be an all-day trip led by Betsy Baldwin, a wholesale native plant grower in the Denver Metro area. The tour will be taken across her family’s ranch (which has been in the same family Tor 1 00 years), a • square mile of forest, meadows and lakes. Y ou can count on beautiful vistas, a bit of history, and an abundance of wildflowers, with the highlight to be the viewing of a nice-sized colony ofthe wood lily, L i I i u m philadelphicum. You will visit an area hit by fire in 1910, a mountain fen, and will walk along what is now called the Flower Trail — a placer mine over a hundred years ago. Those of you who sign up will be provided with a map to the meeting place which is approximately forty- five minutes to one hour west of Denver. The tour will meet at the south gate of the property at 9:00 a.m., Saturday, July 23. The entire walk will be approximately 3 miles. Please bring a sack lunch. There will be a bathroom and water available at the beginning and at lunch. Some of the walk may be a bit soggy on the feet. As the elevation is 8600 feet, ■ ^ there is a possibility of rain and cooler weather, so dress accordingly. Cameras, binoculars, I.D. books and lots of laughs are suggested. To register, call Jeff Dawson at 722-6758 (h) or 740-2783 (W). Number 2 Aquilegia Page 9 C0NP5 Fiald Trip Policy The Society wishes to remind field trip participants of the guidelines for participation in Society trips. By joining a CONPS field trip you indicate acceptance of these policies. 1. Plant collecting is forbidden on CONPS field trips, with two exceptions: (1) Collecing is permissible for scientific study (with the appropriate collecting permit, if one is required for the area in question). “Scientific study” means, for the purposes of this policy, study by a trained botanical scientist with an expectation that the study results will lead to published information; collected specimens will be deposited in a recognized, publicly-accessible herbarium. (2) A trip leader or other person whose responsibility is to instruct trip participants may collect plants for immediate demonstration, explanation, or keying for full identification. Such collecting should be done inconspicuously (so that persons not with the trip group are not offended or motivated to do likewise), and with reasoned regard for any possible effect on the plant population. However, collecting of rare, threatened, endangered or sensitive species should never be done for instructional purposes. 2. Rides and Cost-Sharing Policy: Car-pooling and ride-sharing are encouraged on C CONPS trips. All drivers who provide rides to others will graciously accept payment ^ from passengers according to the following scale: • 1 passenger (in addition to driver) 5 cents per mile • 2 passengers 4 cents per mile • 3 passengers 3 cents per mile • 4 passengers 2 cents per mile Fenetemon ecarlosus var. cyanomontanus Artist: Melinda Smith Passengers should pay the driver at the conclusion of the trip, without being asked. ^Ci. 3. No pets are permitted on CONPS field trips. Pets trample plants, disturb wildlife, and annoy other trip participants. If pets must be brought along (although this is strongly discouraged), they must remain in or restrained to the owner’s vehicle (i.e. walking about on a leash is NOT acceptable). 4. Field trips are designed primarily for adults, unless the trip description specifically states otherwise. Parents should consider the appropriateness of a given trip to a child. If a child is brought, the parent assumes full responsibilty for keeping the child under strict control to prevent his/ her damaging or disturbing the flora or fauna, or becoming a burden to the group. No child unaccompanied by a parent is permitted. 5. CONPS’s expressed purpose is to promote appreciation and preservation of our flora. Use it lightly. Take care not to damage the very features you have come to see and enjoy. Take photographs, make sketches, or use other means of recording the plants you see, but do not pick plants or plant parts. Field trip participants must sign a Page 10 Aquilegia Volume 18 Field Trip Lists Now Available! For the past ten years the CONPS has requested that each field trip leader return to the Society a list of plants observed on his or her field trip. The intention was to create a valuable resource which would be available to guide future trip leaders and participants in these or similar areas. A Field Studies Committee, headed by Mary Edwards, accepted the responsibility of organizing and maintaining a file of information pertaining to all field trips. This has been accomplished at least partially by Loraine Yeatts, who has created a database of field trip plant records which she plans to update as information firom future (or former ! ) trips is received. In addition to the plant lists, this file is intended to include any handouts given to participants, trip descriptions and locations, and a wish list of special plants or features to be observed. Twenty nine plant lists have been returned thus far and are ready for distribution to interested CONPS members for the cost of production and mailing. It should be emphasized that the lists are based primarily on field observations and are not generally documented by specimen collection. Lists are available in two forms and either or both may be ordered for any trip: 1 . Genus list with plants organized alphabetically by genus and species. 2. Family list with plants organized alphabetically by family, genus, and species. Nomenclature is according to Weber and Wittman, Catalog of the Colorado Flora, with commonly used synonyms and common names included. Any information in the database (such as author references, common names, etc.) can be included or excluded, by special arrangement. Also, lists from repeat trips to the same region can be combined. Procedure for Ordering For each field trip list desired indicate: 1. trip name 2. trip date 3 . list format preferred, by fEunily or by genus or one of each 4. total nqmber of pages for all lists requested. Calculate charges based on the rate of $.20 per page with a minimum of $.50 if ordering fewer than three pages. Enclose a check made payable to Loraine Yeatts for the total amount of your written order and mail both to her at 1 395 Nile Street, Golden, CO 80401 . Lists will be mailed unfolded so they may be easily copied. Like antiques, any outstanding field trip lists or trip information will be regarded as valuable and appreciated by the Field Studies Committee, so if you are a former trip leader with a list lurking in some hidden recess, please rescue it to share with fellow CONPS members. Artist: Janet Wingate Field trip Lists # Pages Trip Name Date Leadertst .Fanit Gen. Aiken Canyon 6/6/1992 5 4 Billy Pardee Ranch 6/6/1990 Rick Rhoades SCS 1 1 Butler Ranch 6/6/1990 Rick Rhoades SCS 3 2 - Cedar Mesa & vicinity 5/15/1991 Rick Brane, Loraine Yeatts 5 4 Conejos River Basin 6/20/1992 Patsy Douglas 5 4 Devil’s Head 8/5/1989 Judy Von Ahlefeldt 1 1 Dinosaur National Monument 5/1/1993 Lynn Riedel 4 3 East Carrizo Creek 5/21/1989 Rick Bfune, Meg Van Ness 1 1 East Cottonwood Creek 5/21/1989 Rick Brune, Meg Van Ness 1 1 Florrisant Fossil Beds 6/27/87 Mary Edwards 4 3 Fort Carson: The Hogback 5/20/1989 Rick Brune, Meg Van Ness 2 1 High Creek Fen 2 2 Horseshoe Cirque 7/12/1992 Barbara Siems 4 3 1-25 Rest Area near Pueblo 5/19/1989 Rick Brune, Meg Van Ness 2 1 Kim Area 5/21/1989 Rick Brune, Meg Van Ness 1 1 Mesa de Maya 8/22/1987 Ivo Lindauer 5 4 Middle Park 6/18/1989 2 1 Moffat County 5/28/1987 Steve O’Kane 3 3 Mt. Evans 8/29/1993 Betty Willard 3 2 Pawnee National Grassland 5/29/1987 Rick Brune 4 3 Pawnee National Grassland 6/5/1993 Jim Borland, Rick Brune 6 5 Perly Canyon 5/20/1989 Rick Brune, Meg Van Ness 2 2 Phantom Canyon 6/10/1989 Alan Carpenter 4 3 Pifton Canyon 5/25/83 Tom Eamons 1 1 Poudre Canyon - Laramie River 6/30/1990 4 3 Pueblo West 7/8/1988 3 2 Rampart Range 6/28/1987 Dave Powell, Neal Osbourne 3 2 Rampart Range 6/25/1988 Frank Hawksworth 3 2 Taylor Arroyo 5/20/1989 Rick Brune, Meg Van Ness 2 2 Number 2 Aquilegia Page 11 Colorado’s Forest Flora Needs Your Help lEvery decade the U.S. Forest Service revises its major planning and policy document, the Forest Plan. Changes in forest planning policy reflect public demand for national forest management, advances in ecological understanding, increased know ledge of forest resources, and changes in priorities for allowable uses of public lands. In general, Colorado's National Forests are moving from extractive industries such as mining, logging, road-building, and grazing to management favoring recreation and “ecosystem management.” While this policy shift may seem unquestionably beneficial to native plants and wildlife, we must not blindly accept recreational use as a panacea to our forests’ ills. Recreational impacts to native ecosystems are neither fully documented nor completely understood, although one thing is clear. Increased trails, campgrounds, and ski areas, coupled with rising visitor use levels, contribute to forest degradation in the form of habitat fragmentation, exotic species invasion, trampling, compaction, and wildlife disruption. Recreation in Colorado is as industrial as mining; and while the extracted resource may simply be a peaceful state of mind, the ecological price we pay for networked multiple use trail systems may be as significant as the price paid for a timber sale. Now is the time to speak on behalf of the native flora as forest planners revise these plans. Imminent issues include, but are not limited to, reclaiming old roads with native species, keeping trails out of riparian areas, conducting thorough inventories and monitoring programs for rare plants and native plant communities, and practicing sound integrated weed management. (Below is a schedule of the planning process for Colorado’s forests. Public participation occurs and is encouraged throughout all phases until the Final Environmental Impact Statement is published. Contact your forest supervisor or district ranger and ask how you can help the process. Share your concerns about Colorado’s native flora. You can obtain the forest supervisor's name and phone number by calling the Rocky Mountain Region in Denver at 275-5162. Forest Plan Revision Schedule: FOREST WORK PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PLAN (DEIS) (FEIS) Arapahoe/ Roosevelt ♦10/90 *3/91-6/93 2/95 11/95 Rio Grande *9/91 4/93-11/93 10/94 10/95 Routt *12/91 *6/92-6/93 2/94 11/94 White River 6/94 12/94-1/96 7/96 6/97 Pike-San Isabel 6/95 2/96-6/97 1/98 12/98 Grand Mesa/ Uncompaghre/ Gunnison 10/94 6/95-6/96 1/97 12/97 San Juan 10/94 6/95-3/96 12/96 9/97 * completed phase WORK PLAN: preliminary planning, inventory and data collection PHASE 1 : identify purpose & need, inventory and data collection PHASE 2: formulation/evaluation of alternatives, Draft Environmental Impact Statement PHASE 3: plan approval, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Artist: Janet Wingate Dr. June Latting CONPS was saddened to learn of the death of Dr. June Latting of Riverside, California. Although she never lived in Colorado, June joined CONPS as a Life Member, and always followed the activities of the Society with interest. June was an effective and tireless activist on behalf of conservation of the California Desert. She was for many years actively involved with the California Native Plant Society (CNPS), serving in many capacities including President of a large chapter and on the statewide Board of Directors. CNPS recognized and honored her conservation work by naming her a Fellow, CNPS’s highest award. Several CONPS members who formerly lived in California knew June Latting personally, and many others of us knew of her remarkable conservation efforts on behalf of native plants and the fragile desert ecosystem. We extend our heartfelt sympathy to her husband, H.B. Latting, and family. Page 12 Aquilegia Volume 18 HORTICULTURAL NOTES A Perfect Match: Selecting The Right Plant Means Taking Clues From Its Native Environment Jim Borland {Editor's note: A longer version of this article originally appeared in American Nurseryman Vol. 78 (12). Although intended to guide landscape and nursery professional s in the process of native plant selection and propagation, the article provides valuable insight for home gardeners as they evaluate native plants for use in their landscapes.) Spring is the time when many of us dream up additions to our gardens and landscapes. Nurseries experiment with numerous varieties and species, trying to find something new and exciting for the perennial gardener. Unfortunately, most of these species are not native to our region, and if they are, are not given proper greenhouse conditions to ensure their survival and vigor. Consequently, native plants that could be commercially available often end up in the nursery compost heap, dying a death of poor understanding about growth requirements. information, available from literature and government agencies. If you take the time to look, you can find precise and extremely useful information on what native Western plants require to flourish. Although much of the native-plant data has generally been aimed at ranchers, farmers, foresters, and reclaimers of mines, most of it can be interpreted for horticultural benefit. A lot of information I’ve gathered has come from the U.S. Forest Service, the Society for Range Management, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. For native plant information in areas without much federally held land, contact state and county forest, park, farm, soil-conservation and mineland reclamation offices. Libraries, university cooperative extension services, public gardens and arboretums may also be good sources. The current increase in the use of native plants is a step in the right direction, in part because native plants decrease long-term growing and maintenance problems. This movement deserves to be applauded by those who encourage a lighter touch when it comes to manipulating our environment. However, there is still ample evidence to indicate that even native-plant users have not completely grasped the entire concept. We are still guilty of using plants from a variety of habitats, and throwing them all into a single landscape while we stand back to see what happens. There must be a better way. And there is. This approach includes more than a simple evaluation of personal preferences, such as height, width, and flower color. It also includes a complete evaluation of all known ecological characteristics. In the W est, a great deal of land is held by the government, and a significant portion of the economy is based on some aspect of native- plant biology. Westerners have access to a vast storehouse of plant-environment Some of the available information on native plants, and its implication for horticulture, follows: Plant Response to Grazing: Many of our native plants are browsed by animals at various times of the year. Details on how a plant species responds to browsing can predict the plant’s response to pruning or shearing. Many herbaceous perennials are classified as either “increasers" or “decreasers” under heavy grazing. This information could be valuable, for example, to wildflower growers who intend to mow plants during the growing season. Response to fire: How a species responds to fire temperatures at various stages of growth can indicate how it will react to light or rejuvenation pruning in the landscape. Response to cutting: In an effort to rid areas of “weed” species, certain plants have been cut to the ground. How a species reacts to being cutto the ground is another indication of how it may respond to pruning in the landscape. Response to chaining: One draconian method of clearing land of its woody vegetation is to drag a heavy ship’s anchor chain between two high-powered earth movers. Plants that survive this are practically bombproof Root characteristics: Information of the depth, extent and type of roots has been gathered for many species. Root characteristics can be an excellent indication of how a species will perform during drought conditions. For example, deep, extensive or fibrous roots usually translate into high drought tolerance. Method of reproduction: Information on how species reproduce can indicate a plant’ s potential problems or benefits in the landscape, depending on its intended use. Knowing whether a plant reproduces from seed, or by natural layering, suckering or other forms of root sprouting, can also be helpful to propagators. Tolerance to soil elements and pH: Often, data on a plant’s precise tolerance to individual or multiple elements such as sodium and selenium are available. Keep in mind, though, that tolerances are not absolute requirements for successful growth. Although a species may be found naturally inhabiting soils toxic to other plants, it rarely requires these soils. It could be that the species successfully competes with other plants in poor soils. In “better” soils, it may be an unsuccessful competitor. Tolerance to soil pH is important as well. While many species native to acidic soils do not perform well in more alkaline soils, the reverse is probably not as true. Tolerance to soil types: Many species are found growing only m particular soil textures, such as rocky, gravelly, sandy, loamy or - continued on following page Number 2 Aquilegia Page 13 HORTICULTURAL NOTES Match, continued from page 12 clayey soils. While information on the plant’ s native soil type can be used to make a superior fit to the landscape, it does not always mean that a plant will not grow in another soil type. For example, plants showing a preference for clay soils will probably also grow well in sandy soils, though they will require extra attention to soil-water status. On the other hand, plants found growing only in highly aerated rocky, gravelly or sandy soils often will not perform well in soils with lower aeration, especially when artificially irrigated. Natives found in soils incapable of holding much water are usually good candidates for droughty landscape situations. Growth in varying soil depths; Species found only in deep topsoil may be expected to perform poorly when planted in shallow soil. Moisture regimes: Also related to soil- texture data is information regarding not only soil-moisture content but seasonal soil changes in the native habitat. For example, some plants live in soils that are flooded during the latter portions of winter or early spring, but become dry to droughty as the growing season progresses. Expect plants native to such areas to experience problems when planted in soils with different moisture regimes. Snowfall: Climate maps depicting depth of snowfall can help you determine how a species would react without continuous snow cover in winter. Some h igh-elevation species will develop leaf bum if not protected from the bright winter sun of low elevations. Disturbed-site indicators: Plants found growing in disturbed soil are not usually good competitors in more established plant communities. This is especially true of wildflower mixes that don’t reseed well unless the ground beneath them is disturbed periodically. These species may not persist in a mixed grass and wildflower planting. If this characteristic were known about foreign plants, it would be a good indicator of the plant’ s ability to spread and become invasive. Flowering time: Beginning and ending dates of flowering are useful, especially when correlated with data on a plant’s native climate, elevation and range. Nitrogen-fixing ability: Species with this capability have little or no need for supplemental nitrogen. In fact, these plants may suffer if given extra nitrogen. Edible or poisonous: Information is available on the edibility or toxicity of most of our Western natives, and should be considered when planting areas frequented by small children, pets or livestock. Livestock and wildlife value: A large number of Western natives are valuable as food or shelter for wildlife. This information will help those wishing to attract, or repel, wildlife to their landscapes. Part of the challenge in growing natives, aside from knowing the plants’ ecological characteristics, is being able to adapt growing procedures to suit their needs. It does not follow that, just because a species proves a bit more difficult to propagate and grow, it will not make a good landscape plant. If you use data from Just one of the above categories, you will find occasional solutions to specific plant problems. But if you combine all the available information and view it as a complete picture of what a certain species prefers, you create a powerful tool that allows you to more perfectly match a species to a site. Golden currant {Ribes aureum) Jim Borland Although the scientific community seems perplexed about whether to assign all Ribes to the Saxifraga or to the gooseberry family, the horticultural community continues to use them for both aesthetic value and food. Ribes aureum has many common names, all of which describe some favorable features of the species. These include golden currant, buffalo currant, Missouri currant, flowering currant, fragrant currant and slender golden currant, as well as clove bush. Native to a large portion of the western U.S., golden currant can be found growing with many other native shrubs and trees from the Plains into the Rocky Mountains (zone 2). Although this shrub is more common to creek and riverside habitats, it has proved adaptable to drier sites and poorer soils. Generally, golden currant’s native soil is coarse to medium in texture, shallow or deep, well-drained and fertile with a pH of 6 .5 to 7 .0 .Nursery container soils and garden soils that are either more acidic or alkaline generally result in excellent growth as well. In May, golden currant produces many racemes of 3/4- 1 inch long golden yellow, tubular flowers that are usually tipped with red and emit a wonderful clove or spicy odor. These flowers are coupled with bright green, 2 inch wide leaves attractively displayed on a 3 to 9 foot tall upright, branching, spineless shrub. The leaves’ shape resembles that of gooseberry leaves. Golden currant’s fmits are unusually large for a wild currant (up to 1 /2 inch in diameter) and are either red, yellow or black. These edible berries are excellent for people and animals. While this shrub tolerates some shade, its growth is more compact and it produces - continued on following page Page 14 AquHegia Volume 18 Rites, continued from page 13 more flowers in full sun. Furthermore, its foliage turns to burnished yellows, reds and oranges in sunny locations in fall. Golden currant propagates itself through underground root suckers, which indicates that additional plants can be propagated by division or by planting root pieces. Softwood and hardwood cuttings taken nearly any time of the year will also root through mist propagation or in outdoor beds. In the nursery, this plant can be propagated by exposing the seeds to moist, cold (41 degrees F.) conditions for 60 to 90 days and then germinating them at 70 degrees F. A germination rate of 60 to 90 % can be expected from sound seed. Golden currant grows rapidly both in the nursery and landscape. Due to its affinity to moist habitats, it is difficult to assign a definitive moisture requirement for this species. However, 15 to 20 inches of annual precipitation should ensure good growth. In full sun, additional moisture usually results in a larger, faster- growing shrub that does not become unruly or top-heavy. If pruning becomes necessary, periodically remove the canes entirely to the plant’s base. Although I have noted aphid infestations (among other gooseberry maladies) on golden currant, serious consequences are uncommon in the wild. Towmendia hookeri Artist: Ann Cooper SPRING WORKSHOPS Botanical Sketching in the Field April 23 & 24 at 9:00 a.m. Chatauqua Park, Boulder Basic Plant Identification May 11, 1994: 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Red Rocks and Green Mountain Join well-known botanical illustrator Carolyn Crawford to learn the basics of botanical drawing in the field. Plan to meet at the Ranger Cottage at Chautauqua Park. Please bring a sketch pad and some colored pencils. Forensic Botany May 7 at 9:00 a.m. Arapahoe Community College This will be your chance to solve a botanical mystery! Plant to meet Vicky Trammel for a morning session that will prepare you for an afternoon of crime solving. You will be given an “evidence bag," and with a binocular microscope and your plant knowledge, you will learn how to look for clues in the field. The afternoon session will take you to an outdoor location where you can put your newly acquired crime solving skills into action! There is a limit of 20 people for this workshop. Jan Wingate is a taxonomist who teaches classes for the Native Plant Society and the Denver Botanic Gardens. This workshop will be held in the field (at Red Rocks and Green Mountain) and is for individuals who do not know how to use a botanical key to identify plants. Basic terminology will be covered and participants will learn how to use a simple key {Rocky Mountain Flower Finder) to identify plants in the field. Please bring lunch, water, sunscreen, a hand lens, and be prepared to do some hiking. The Rocky Mountain Flower Finder will be available at the workshop if you do not have one. The fee for each full-day workshop is $10 for CONPS members and $22 for non- members (see membership information or page 2). Payment is made on the day of th^^ workshop. Checks should be made payable to CONPS. Call Susan Eubank (303-277- W0RK5H0P REGISTRATION FORM NAME: ADDRESS:. HOME PHONE: WORK PHONE: Please register me for the following workshop(s): Workshop: Preferred day: Workshop: Preferred day: Workshop: Preferred day: Mail to: Susan Eubank, CONPS Workshops, 710 1st Street, Golden CO S0403. Number 2 Aquilegia Page 15 it Boulder Chapter CHAPTER NEWS Fort Collins Chapter Metro-Denver Chapter April 12: Native Plants For Sustainable Urban Landscapes Janet Hughes, landscape coordinator and designer for the Colorado State Highway Department in the Denver metro area, will discuss her efforts to uSe native plants and xeriscaping along highways. Her work toward sustainable landscapes has resulted in a master plan and guidelines for landscaping in Denver, the formation of a non-profit public support group, an outreach program for at-risk youth, and many low- maintenance landscapes. Foothills Nature Center. May 10 : Spring Walk and Open Space Update Join Dave Kuntz, Open Space Planner, for an evening walk and update on City of Boulder Open Space planning and management activities in the Doudy Draw/ (Eldorado Mountain area. Meet at 6:00 p.m. at the Doudy Draw trailhead (1.7 miles west of Hwy. 93 on Eldorado Springs Dr. on the SOUTH side of the road). Bring a sack dinner. Monthly meetings are held from September through April on the 2nd Tuesday of the month at 7:30 p.m. at the Foothills Nature Center, 4201 North Broadway, unless otherwise noted. For more information call April 5: Riparian Plants of the Colorado River System Renee Rondeau is a botanist with The Nature Conservancy. Over the past two years, Renee has been actively involved in surveying and classifying important riparian areas in Colorado. She will discuss riparian plants of the Colorado River drainage in Colorado, including some new records for the Western Slope. May 3: Spiranthes diluvialis (Ute ladies’ tresses orchid) ip Fort Collins! Ellen Wheeler, a local botanist, surveyed 3 1 sites for the City of Fort Collins. One of them contained a population of this endangered orchid, known recently in Colorado only from Boulder and Jefferson counties on the Front Range! Share her discovery and get to know the orchid’s foothills wet meadow habitat. Monthly meetings are held at 7:00 p.m. at the Headquarters for the Rocky Mountain Station/Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest, 240 W. Prospect, Large Conference Room (adj acent to the front patio). For more information call Michael Scott ( 226-9475 or 490-1788). April 20: Rocky Mountain Xeriscape Plant Guide/and Denver Water’s Master Plan for Sustainable Landscape By David Winger and Ken Ball Two representatives from the Denver Water Department will describe current activities promoting Xeriscape in the Denver Metro Area. The Xeriscape Plant Guide is intended to be an important reference for commercial landscapers and designers, and homeowners. If you want to make sure it gives proper attention to native plants, attend this meeting ! Note: this meeting has been rescheduled from April 27 to avoid conflict with the Richard Schultes lecture at the Denver Botanic Gardens. May 27 : Pot luck and presentation by Dr. Mike Grant: Natural History of Quaking Aspen The pot luck will start at 6:00 p.m. Dr. Grant will begin at 7:30 p.m. Dr. Grant, a professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder, will discuss the ecology and natural history of aspens. Monthly meetings are held on the 4th Wednesday of the month at 7:30 p.m. in the Morrison Center at the Denver Botanic Garden (DBG), 909 York Street, unless otherwise noted. For more information call Jeff Dawson (722-6758). CALENDAR OVERVIEW if nil::: -rEvi'V::::': A;;: 1994 Workshops 1994 Field Trips Apr 23 Field Sketching May 14 North Table Mountain with Carolyn Crawford with Sally White and Loraine Yeatts May 7 Forensic Botany May 21 Cap Rock Preserve with Vicky Trammell with Terri Schulz May 11 Basic Plant Identification May 28 & 29 Rattlesnake Canyon & Sewemup Mesa with Janet Wingate with Dr. Walt Kelley Chapter Meetings June4&5 Sandhills Flora of the High Plains Boulder Chapter with Bruce Bosley and Don Hazlett Apr 12 Native Plants For Urban Landscapes June 12 Habitat Improvement and Prairie May 10 Spring Walk and Open Space Update Restoration at Rocky Mountain Arsenal with Carl Mackey Aprs Fort Collins Chapter Riparian Plants of the Colorado River July 9 Blue River Quaking Fens with Jonathan Friedman and Mike Scott Mays Spiranthes dilavialis in Fort Collins!' Denver-Metro Chapter July 17 Hoosier Ridge ^ with Robin Bingham Apr 20 Rocky Mountain Xeriscape Plant Guide/ Denver Water’s Master Plan July 23 Lilies, Lakes, and Lore with Betsy Baldwin May 27 Natural History of Quaking Aspens and Pot-luck Colorado Native Plant Society P.O. Box 200 Fort Collins, Colorado 80522 Non-profit Organization U.S. Postage PAID Permit #1475 Denver, Colorado