Aquilegia Newsletter of the Colorado Native Plant Society . . dedicated to the appreciation and conservation of the Colorado native flora’' MARK AND STEINKAMP GRANT REPORT A Monitoring Program to Determine the Effect of Climate Change on Alpine Plant Communities in the San Juan Mountains By Dr. Koren Nydick Even though direct human land use has affected alpine areas relatively little, today’s climate warming may produce dramatic species shifts and could result in the reduction of alpine landscape extent. Increased temperatures can disturb the growth of cold- adapted species and may lead to competition on alpine plants from lower elevation species. Climate warming could force alpine plants to migrate upwards until they reach mountaintops with nowhere else to go. Mountain ranges with many endemic plants may suffer important species losses. Upward migration of plants has already been observed in many mountain ranges where monitoring has occurred, but most mountain areas currently do not have the level of observation required to document subtle shifts that may warn of more drastic changes to come. Observations from the Alps show that alpine biodiversity may at first increase as lower elevation plants shift upwards, but model simulations suggest that as warming contin- ues alpine species will be lost and overall diversity will decline. A period of abrupt warming of about 2°F on average has occurred since 1990 in the San Juan Mountains and global circu- lation model forecasts project a 4-5 °F increase by mid-century. Whether or not this will cause alpine plant communities to shift is unknown, but this program ensures that we will be watching. In the summer of 2006 the Mountain Studies Institute (MSI) initiated a long-term monitoring program to detect climate- induced changes in alpine plant communities in the San Juan Mountains. The Institute’s project is one “target area” in the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GFORIA). This international program now has 35 active target areas, with six in the United States. Methods, Location, and Project Team. GFORIA uses a multi-summit approach and standardized low-impact monitoring methodology that allows study of alpine plant communities and climate change impacts both within and among regions. Each target area requires four summits along an elevation gradient beginning just above treeline. The mountaintops have to be as “Monitoring” continues on page 2 Contents About the Society 15 Announcements 11, 14 Articles 1-2, 3-4 Book Review 5 Calendar 16 Chapter News and Announcements 12-13 Conservation Corner. 6-7 Nativescapes 10- 1 1 Society News and Announcements 4, 7, 9, 13, 14 Who’s in that Name? 8-9 Volume 33 Number 1 Aquilegia Spring 2009 “Monitoring” continued from page 1 conically shaped as possible so that plots can be located on all four sides. Furthermore, geology and climate have to be very similar and peaks have to be as accessible as possible, while avoiding areas impacted by recreation or mining. Each of the four summits is monitored using a specific observation protocol extending no farther than 10m below and 100m horizontal dis- tanee from a summit, with four main plots located at a speeific distance below the summit in the primary cardinal directions. There are a total of 16 x 1 m^ temporary gridded quadrats for detailed surveying and eight larger areas for more general obser- vations per summit. To facilitate repeat studies, small monument stakes or paint markers are installed to mark the summit origin point and the plot corners. The protocol also includes installation of a tiny, self-contained soil temperature-monitoring sensor at a shallow depth inside each plot. The multi-summit array is observed at least once every five years, and temperature sensors are downloaded every two to three years. Several candidate locations were considered before picking four summits on public land near Lake City. The peaks range from 12,195 to 13,800 feet elevation. Working at this elevation offered its share of obstaeles, including difficult access, cold tem- peratures, rainy conditions, and lightning. A team of 13 people installed and monitored the plots in 15 very full days. Koren Nydick (Research Director, MSI) coordinated the project and led plot installation. Botanists Peggy Lyon (Colorado Natural Heritage Program) and Julie Crawford (University of Pavia, Italy) identified plants. Kyle Skaggs and Ellen Stein (MSI), intern Lindsey Lennek from Lort Lewis College, and Michael Kelrick and his students from Truman State University rounded out the team. The project evolved into a tremendous educational experi- ence for the undergraduates and a PhD dissertation for Julie Crawford, who is analyzing the baseline data for speeies-environ- mental relationships and the effects collecting data at different spatial scales and taxonomic resolutions. The 2006 baseline data were submitted to the international GLORIA database (www.gloria.ac.at/). The plots will be re- sur- veyed in 2011 and every five years thereafter, with the tempera- ture data loggers being downloaded more frequently. Summary of Findings. A total of 99 plant species were iden- tified at the San Juan target region, with 22, 58, 56 and 43 species found on each summit from highest to lowest. The average num- ber of species found across all target regions globally is 92 and the median is 79. Some of the San Juan species were found on all four peaks, while others were found at only one location. These species appeared on at least one aspect of each summit: slender wheat grass (Elymus trachycaulus); spike trisetum (Trisetum spicatum); alpine fescue {Festuca brachyphylla); condensed phlox, a cushion plant {Phlox condensata); Rocky Mountain spikemoss, a fern ally (Selaginella densa); dwarf clover, a cushion plant {Trifolium nanum); Jacob’s ladder {Polemonium viscosumf ehiekweed, a cushion plant specializing in rocky exposed ridges {Lidia obtusiloba); bluebells {Mertensia lanceolataf and featherleaf fleabane {Erigeron pinnatisectus). The only rare plant found in the plots was Altai ehiekweed {Stellaria irrigua) in the talus under rocks. This species is ranked G4 S2, or rare in the state by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program. Townsend’s Easter daisy {Townsendia rothrockii), ranked G2 S2, was found near the projeet, but not in the plots. Common dandelion {Taraxacum officinale) was the only invasive non-native species observed. Funding Acknowledgement. Funding this type of project is very difficult and we are grateful to our sponsors. Cash sup- port was provided by San Juan Public Lands (USFS/BLM), The Nature Conservancy, Colorado Native Plant Society, Mountain Studies Institute, American Alpine Club, and Colorado Mountain Club. In-kind services were contributed by the Mountain Studies Institute, Julie Crawford, Fort Lewis College, and Truman State University. Peggy Lyon (left) and Julie Crawford (right) identify plant species in a plot. By Koren Nydick. Dr. Koren Nydick is Executive Director of the Mountain Studies Institute (MSI), a non-profit mountain research and education institution based in Silverton. Page 2 Aquilegia Volume 33 Number 1 Memories of a Colorado Botanist: Dr, H.D. Harrington By Marilyn Ritter Colyer In 1957, I had the great pleasure of attending college at Colorado State University. I was most happy to learn that I did not have to choose between the study of plants and the study of animals, as this would be the first yeai' that a new major — Biological Science — would be offered. That meant that I could study both of these life forms, and one of my first classes was botany. Coming from the small town of Mancos, I was prepared to be a small fish in the big pond. However, after my first exam at college. Dr. Livingston announced my grade, “97%, good for you Ritter!” I was motivated to go for the best. When I walked down the halls of the botany building, I often peeked into the office of Dr. Harrington, whose name was well known, as we were using his thick and heavy Manual of the Plants of Colorado. It was September and each week we were told to bring in five or ten plants to key out during our botany laborato- ry. Our reference was tliis very detailed book covering thousands of plants, with descriptions of their size and habit, stamen and stigma, fruit, even leaf hairs. When you finished keying the plant, you knew that you either had it right or not — the elaborate details for each species were there. Harrington was a quiet man with a quiet smile. He seemed always to be working at the microscope. When I passed his office, I would shyly glance at him and say “Hello,” if he looked up. He would smile and return the greeting. I thought to myself, “His hunched shoulders and slouched belly were his price for spending hundreds of hours pouring over the microscope, describing each species, and devising dichotomous keys comparing one plant with another.” This, in addition to traveling the state and searching each nook and corner, added up to an enormous effort. Perhaps traveling and collecting were really the fun part. At least that is what I think now, as I go into little canyons and hidden niches where I might find something extra-ordinary. In 1 963 I had a job as a Museum Aid, GS 2, which paid about $3 an hour. However, we didn’t care so much about the pay. The job was fantastically interesting as hundreds of artifacts poured in each day from the Wetherill Mesa Archeological Excavations at Mesa Verde National Park. The five aids all had a great time washing dirty shai'ds, fitting them together to make pots, catalogu- ing and drawing stone tools, and listening to the five archeologists argue about this and that. However, I went back to school for one more year — that was to get my Teacher’s Certificate. My moth- er was a teacher and there were always jobs available for teachers. Did I want to be a teacher? No, but I’d better get the credentials, just in case. That winter when back at college, I read in the university newsletter that Dr. H.D. Harrington was looking for summer assistants to help gather information for his new book. Useful Wild Plants of the Rocky Mountains. This was what I wanted to do! I had always been interested in the uses of wild plants. Even though I intended to go back to the archeological lab the next summer, I thought that I would drop by to see Dr. Harrington and ask him if I could work part time on his project and full time at the lab. Harrington was delighted that I might get some information from the southwestern corner of Colorado. It was set up and I would earn about $2 per hour, the going rate for college students. So, in the summer of 1964, I spent my weekends talking to elderly Utes at the Ute Mountain Reservation. We went on field trips to the forbidden Ute Mountain, our elderly companions jumping out of the car and charging through the brush to plants that they wanted to show me. These women told me the Ute names and what they meant, such as “dirty sock plant,” or valer- ian, and “under arm plant,” or yellow bee weed, both of which were eaten as potherbs. They showed me how to take a stick and dig up the starchy nodules of “bead potato” or Stellaria jamesii. They cautioned me about the little tubers of this spring beauty, “Do not peel this or the beai' will chase you.” They told me how they harvested large amounts of chokecherries, ground them (seeds and all) into a mush, and made patties that they put out to dry. These patties were sold for 50 cents apiece to the Navajos, who ate them as a tonic. They then said tliat the patties must dry thoroughly to allow the poisonous prussic acid to dissipate into the air. I collected information from the Utes on more than 50 plants and sent every detail to Dr. Harrington. He was delighted and told me that much of this information was new to him. I talked with my 75-year old grandmother who had lived in Disappointment Valley when it was isolated from the conveniences of life. Graimny had laid a tarp under buffaloberry bushes, after frost, and knocked down the fruit. The fruits were mashed to release the juices, producing a beautiful pink vinegai' used to pre- “Harrington” continues on page 4 Volume 33 Number 1 Aquilegia Page 3 “Harrington” continued from page 3 serve other food. I talked to another industrious early settler who collected shepherd’s purse leaves for use as a potherb. She agreed that shepherd’s purse, like dandelion, was probably brought here by early European settlers to provide early spring greens for food. Mr. Martinez told me that he often had bad headaches and kept bundles of snakeweed, Gutierrezia sarothrae, hanging from his porch ceiling. A tea from this would cure his headaches. In fact I talked to every “old timer” that I could. Sometimes they had noth- ing to add, but most of the time they provided insight into a plant or two that they used in one way or another. All of this was good enough for Harrington. He wrote me, saying that his wife and his Japanese illustrator Professor Y. Matsumusa would accompany him to visit me and see some of these plants. The various researchers at the Wetherill Mesa lab thought that this was great. Could Dr. Harrington come to the lab so they could meet him? Of course he did and he was further delighted to be given a tour of this elaborate archeological exca- vation in process. The next two days, I accompanied the Harrington group to several locations on the Ute Mountain Reservations; searched for a few plants, such as our seven species of biscuit roots, Cymopterus ssp and Lomatium ssp, in Mesa Verde; and went to the La Plata Mountains. We went to a cattail patch to check out all of the useful parts of this plant. We did the same thing with the datil yucca, which grows at Mesa Verde. We found some fruits of the large-padded prickly pear and, at this time, I told Harrington that it appeared that the Ancestral Puebloans ate lots of cactus, because my screenings of human coprolite showed prevalent cactus glochids. Matsumura sketched the plants on site, using pen and ink. Harrington had a wonderful time getting a first time view of some plants and seeing the habi- tat. It was evident that he was thrilled to be here. About a year later he sent me a copy of the finalized book and a note thanking me for my help. Marilyn Colyer retired as Resource Biologist for Mesa Verde National Park and served as techni- cal editor for Ancient Pinon- Juniper Woodlands: A Natural History of Mesa Verde Country. WORKSHOP AVAILABILITY! Spots are still available in the following, including a new workshop on botanical photography. Registration details can be found at www.conps.org or by contacting Linda Smith at 719-574-6250 or conpsoffice(a)aol. BASIC WILDFLOWER IDENTIFICATION Leader: Mary Ann Bonnell Location: Morrison Nature Center at Star K Ranch 16002 E Smith Rd., Aurora, CO 80011 Time: 9:00am to 3:00 pm Session 1: Saturday, 2 May 2009 Session 2: Sunday, 3 May 2009 Jump-start the wildflower season with a primer on plant parts, family characteristics, and using a botanical key. In addi- tion to covering the basics, we’ll help you overcome your fear of composites and the pea key. Class will be indoors. Bring a sack lunch and a hand lens. Attendance limited to 15 per session. BOTANICAL PHOTOGRAPHY USING DIGITAL SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERAS Leader: Jacobe Rogers Location: Walker Ranch, Boulder County Open Space Picnic Shelter at Meyer’s Gulch parking lot Time: 8:00am to 3:00 pm Date: Saturday, 20 June 2009 Improve your wildflower photography s kill s with Jacobe Rogers. We will first consider the pros and cons of lenses, lighting methods, and other odds and ends. Then, spend up to four hours photographing plants using various techniques. We will end the day by looking at what techniques work best for varying situations. If you choose to bring a laptop computer, this time at the end of the day will be most beneficial. Attendees should be familiar with their camera equipment. The class is not limited to single lens reflex cameras; however, if you bring a point and shoot or a film camera, please keep in mind the class structure is primarily digital single lens reflex. Regardless, you will still learn some tricks for your camera type. Attendance limited to eight people. Page 4 Aquilegia Volume 33 Number 1 BOOK REVIEW High ami Dry: Gardening with Cold-Hardy Diyland Plants. Robeit Nold. 2008. Timber Press, Portland, OR. $34.95 (hardcover) Reviewed by Jan Loechell Turner If you have an interest in gardening with native plants, this is the book for you. Local gardening expert Robert Nold has pro- duced a guide that focuses on plants that, once established, are likely to survive winter lows of -10‘^F., as little as 10 inches of annual precipitation, intense sunshine, and drying winds — in other words, conditions that can occur in the Denver area. Through decades of experience, the author has learned what works and what doesn’t when growing plants in Denver’s chal- lenging environment without supplemental irrigation. Although plants native to the drier, colder areas of the western United States might be expected to tolerate the conditions in this area, such plants do not always survive or flourish in the Denver garden. Nold provides the reader with information that can increase the odds of success. He reminds us that the amended soils and tech- niques that east coast plants may require are rarely the same as those that our native plants prefer. After all, our native dryland plants are adapted to alkaline, clay soils, lack of moisture, and the unique climate of our area. In the foreword of High and Dry, Panayoti Kelaidis compares Nold’s book to the “beautifully written accounts of plants and gar- dens written by real gardeners (e.g., Claude Ban' and Elizabeth Lawrence) who can wield a mighty pen as well as a trowel.” This is not an exaggeration, since Nold’s writing style is entertaining and humorous, and his well-researched book serves the dual pur- pose of an encyclopedic reference and a pleasure book. Nold is not claiming to have all the answers, but he has shared insights from his own experiences and information gathered from author- itative resources. As well as sharing his experience, Nold also shares his humor, commenting on the ability of the beautiful Astragalus ceramicus pods to turn law-abiding citizens into pod thieves and, in the rock garden chapter, confessing that “botanical names here are dispensed with as much consideration as a drunk- en tank driver heading backward down a freeway at night.” You will almost certainly find yourself laughing out loud. Gorgeous, colorful photographs and artwork by artist Cindy Nelson-Nold, Bob’s talented wife, fill the book and will fill the reader’s heart with joy and anticipation of the spring. Each of Nelson-Nold’s watercolors features an insect, as well as a plant. Practical advice about establishing wild gardens (unplanned gardens) and rock gardens is contained in a chapter that covers watering, soil, pots and troughs, berms, propagation, and insects. Plants are grouped into perennials and annuals, grasses, bulbs, rock garden plants, cacti, yuccas (and other woody rosette-fonn- ing plants), shi'ubs, and trees. Within chapters, plants are ai'ranged alphabetically by genus. A number of species may be included under each genus and color photographs illustrate many of the plants. Different species of the same genus (for example, Sphaeralcea) are included in more than one chapter because of height; the chapter on rock garden plants is limited to species that are usually 12” in height or less. Entries may include the native habitat or range, cultural infoi-mation, and descriptions of the species appropriate for the dryland garden. In a book used for reference purposes, an index is essential and High and Dry contains a thorough index, as well as a multi- page bibliography of resources that Nold consulted. Well- researched and well-written. High and Dry will appeal to native plant gardening enthusiasts. Nold’s previous books, Penstenions and Columbines, are also recommended. If you wish to purchase books online, link through the CONPS bookstore webpage, http://conps.org/bookstore.html, to Amazon. CONPS will receive a percentage of the profits from anything you order. You will have an opportunity to visit Nold’s yai'd m late sprmg or early summer when the Denver Chapter has its Garden Tour. Contact Megan Bowes (BowesM@bouldercolorado.gov) for details. Jan Loechell Turner is Associate Professor at the Regis University Library and a Director on the CONPS Board. Other books on native plant gardening in our region include Growing Native Plants of the Rocky Mountain Area by Robert and Jane Dorn, Native Plants for High-Elevation Gardens by Janice Busco and Nancy R. Morin (The Arboretum at Flagstaff), and Grow Native by Sam Huddleston and Michael Hussey. Readers interested in gar- dening with xeric native and non-native plants will find Jim Knopf’s The Xeriscape Flower Gardener and Waterwise Landscaping with Trees, Shrubs, & Vines, Ellefson and Winger’s Xeriscape Colorado, and Denver Water’s Xeriscape Plant Guide to be useful. For a historical perspec- tive on gardening in our region, check out George Kelly’s Rocky Mountain Horticulture is Different published in 1951. Volume 33 Number 1 Aquilegia Page 5 CONSERVATION CORNER Center for Plant Conservation by Jenny Neale The Center for Plant Conservation is a network of botanic gar- dens dedicated to the preservation of America’s vanishing native flora. Established in 1984, the Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) aims to save the endangered plants of the United States through the use of ex situ (off- site) horticultural techniques, such as seed collection, germination, and propagation. Originally con- sisting of 16 botanical institutions, the CPC is now a network of over 35 institutions nationwide. The species protected by the CPC are part of the National Collection of Endangered Plants, a list compiled by the institutions. Each species that is included in the National Collection was nominated by a participating institution as one in need of ex situ protection to complement in situ (on-site) conservation efforts. To date, more than 600 species are included in the National Collection. Eor each species, seeds, cuttings, or both, are collected and maintained at a participating institution. Germination protocols and growing conditions are determined for species, when possible, and additional seed is stored at the USDA National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation in Port Collins, Colorado. It is important to note that seed collection and ex situ conser- vation measures, in general, are not seen as alternative approach- es to on-the-ground protection for the nation’s rare species, but rather are meant to be complementary measures. Strict collecting guidelines have been developed and are followed by all institu- tions (for details, see the 1991 CPC publication entitled Conservation and Genetics of Rare Plants edited by Donald A.L Surveying for Penstemon pentandii. From Scott Dressel-Martin. Penstemon pentandii. From Scott Dressel-Martin. Falk and Kent E. Holsinger). These guidelines ensure that collec- tions will not harm populations in the wild. They designate how many individuals of a species must be reproductive, and the per- centage of individuals and amount of seed that may be collected in a given year. Due to the rare nature of many species in the National Collection, multi-site and multi-year seed collections are often required in order to collect enough seed to sufficiently main- tain genetic diversity within a species, should that species go extinct in the wild. Beyond facilitating seed collection, the CPC works to educate people about the importance of plant conservation on a national level. In addition, they work to coordinate large-scale conserva- tion efforts with national agencies, such as the National Park Service. Recently, the National Park Service partnered with the CPC to collect and store seed of all species found in national parks that are listed under the federal Endangered Species Act. The CPC also serves as a network for sharing information on reintro- duction and monitoring methodologies and practices among botanic institutions. As stewards of over 50 National Collection species, research staff members at Denver Botanic Gardens are busy identifying appropriate populations for collection and working to grow out and maintain species under our stewardship. As one of the early participating institutions, we have collected seed for the majority Page 6 Aquilegia Volume 33 Number 1 of our stewarded species; however, these collections are aging. Most of our collections are over 10 years old and small in number. We intend to collect, or re- collect each of our species in the near future. If you are interested in helping to identify populations for seed collection or assist with collecting, please con- tact Jennifer Neale at nealej r (2) botanic gardens . org . To learn more about the Center for Plant Conservation, to sponsor a National Collection species, or to see the list of National Collection species under the stewardship of Denver Botanic Gardens, visit the CPC website: www.centerforplant- conservation.org. Jennifer Ramp Neale, Ph.D., is Associate Director of Research at the Denver Botanic Gardens and a Director on the Board for the Colorado Native Plant Society. Calochortus nuttallii USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 1 : 508. Donations for 2008 The Society is extremely grateful to activities and programs, including: Stacey Anderson Katie Becklin Richard Beidleman D. W. Bench Ronald Bic Charlotte Briber John and Christy Bridges John Brink Cheryl Brooks Leo P. Bruederle Dave and Sandy Buckner Patricia Butler Jeffrey Carter Dina Clark Jackson Dennis Kathleen Dwire Paula Edwards Paula Fornwal James Gano Charles and Ruth Guarino Susan Halabrin Benjamin Harrison Georgia Hart Emily Hartman Barbara Hawke Einda Hellow Yvette Henson Elaine Hill Theron Hunter Sue Kamal Charles and Anita King Sarada Krishnan Selma Kristel Dennis Krizek all who contributed in support of our Randall Eentz Susan Martin Stephanie Mason Claire Moore-Murrill Rosemary Moose Patrick Murphy Patrick and Gladys Murphy Tamara Naumann Neal Osborn Elizabeth Otto Deborah Pero Herbert and Elaine Probasco Eric Rechel Gene and Pauline Reetz M. J. Renth Peter Root Mary Eou Rottman Joshua Ryan Terrence Ryan Sherry Schenk Rich Scully Moras and Erne Shubert Priscilla Spears David Steingraeber and Carol Simmons Hazel Tuttle James and Victorine Trammell Karen Vail Gretchen Van Reyper Eleanor Von Bargen J. T. Verbeck Genevieve Walden Olin Webb Steven and Kenna Yarbrough MICROSCOPE FUND Members continue to pay off the purchase of the dissecting microscopes with $8 of the $20 workshop registration fee going directly to this Eund. We have collected approximately 50% of the purchase price in two seasons. You can also contribute directly to the Eund. Mail contributions payable to CONPS at P.O. Box 200, Et. Collins, CO 80522. Volume 33 Number 1 Aquilegia Page 7 WHO’S IN THAT NAME? John Charles Fremont (Part 1) by Al Schneider John Charles Fremont (1813-1890) was a teacher and surveyor; a student of sciences including mathematics, astronomy, botany, geology, and cartography; a military expedition leader; an American icon; a gold rush millionaire; and a governor, senator, and twice candidate for President of the United States. He was a strong-headed, successful, court-martialed, impoverished, bel- ligerent, American success and failure story. Fremont is not a central botanical figure of the 19th century (although his collections were numerous and many plants are named for him), but his life does show so well the relationship of the explorer/scientist/politician to the public, the government, and the botanical world. Fremont’s early life had its significant successes and failures and presaged the same roller coaster experiences that would always be his. In his few years in college he did well, especially in mathematics, but he was expelled for poor attendance. Fremont was fortunate throughout his early life in coming under the guid- ance of influential people; soon after Fremont’s expulsion, Joel Poinsett (of poinsettia [Euphorbia pulcherrima] fame, as well as South Carolina Congressman, first Minister to Mexico, and Secretary of War), obtained a position for Fremont as a mathemat- ics teacher aboard a navy sloop bound for two years to South America. Poinsett later helped Fremont obtain a commission as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers, which led to an assignment as chief assistant to the respected French scientist Joseph N. Nicollet for a survey between the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. Nicollet tutored Fremont in all aspects of expedition logistics and in the gathering of scientific information. Fremont became a national icon between 1842 and 1854, leading five Western expeditions, traveling over 20,000 miles, mapping large areas of the West, collecting thousands of plant specimens, and inspiring a huge wave of pioneers with his expe- ditionary reports (mostly, if not wholly, written by his wife, Jessie Benton). He came to be revered as “The Pathfinder” (although this title should more appropriately have been given to Kit Carson, his guide on three of these trips). Through Nicollet, Fremont met one of the most influential United States Senators, Thomas Hart Benton, who quickly saw Fremont’s promise in helping Benton promote westward expan- sion and Manifest Destiny. Fremont was often in Benton’s home John Fremont. From Library of Congress. and, in 1841, secretly married 17-year-old Jessie Benton. Thomas Hart Benton was infuriated at this action but quickly reconciled with Fremont, became Fremont’s powerful ally, and utilized Fremont’s expeditions to expand America’s boundaries. In 1842, Fremont conducted his first expedition — to map the Oregon Trail to the Rockies. (Prior to the trip, Fremont received a quick course in plant collecting and preserving from the eminent George Engelmann and the expedition collected plants and other scientific data.) Congress published 20,000 copies of Fremont’s report in 1843, the report appeared in major newspapers, and com- mercial American and foreign editions sold several hundred thou- sand copies. Fremont’s maps of the Great Salt Lake area influ- enced the Mormons to settle there, and his maps of routes across the West were studied and followed by westward moving pioneers. Fremont was thus catapulted into being the most famous American explorer of the time and, in fact, he was one of the most famous Americans of his time. But through all of his exploits, he was rash, brash, headstrong, political, knowledgeable, persuasive, brave, and foolhardy, which led him to having strong supporters and powerful enemies. In the mid-1840’s, for instance, during his third expedition, Fremont played a significant role in taking California from Mexico. He was so popular in California that he was appointed Governor of the new Territory in 1846, but he was court-martialed Page 8 Aquilegia Volume 33 Number 1 in 1847 for failing to obey military orders to step down from the governorship. He was convicted and ordered dismissed from the military. President Polk upheld the conviction, but pardoned Fremont from the penalty. Fremont was so furious at the convic- tion that he resigned from the Army in 1848. Running as a Democrat, Fremont was elected in 1850 as one of the first two Senators from California; however, after serving the six-month short term he failed in his bid for re-election. Fremont went on to make a fortune in the Gold Rush, but only after protracted battles in courts and Congress over land claims, payments, partners, and promises. Fremont’s popularity from his Western exploits and his anti-slavery position got him the newly formed Republican Party’s first presidential nomination in 1856. Because Fremont was an outspoken proponent of freeing slaves. Southern states threatened to secede if he were elected. Fremont lost to James Buchanan. When Lincoln became President, he promoted Fremont to Major General. From Fremont’s Missouri command post, he con- fiscated nearby southerners’ lands, freed their slaves, declared martial law, and then refused to obey Lincoln’s order to rescind these unauthorized actions. Lincoln removed him from command after six months of service, but Republican pressure on Lincoln forced him to reinstate Fremont, which some came to regret as Fremont proceeded to lose a number of Civil War battles. Fremont was demoted again and angrily resigned. Fremont lost his gold rush fortune, ran for President as a Democrat in 1864, was convicted by the French in an 1873 swin- dle case involving the Transcontinental Railroad, and was Territorial Governor of Arizona from 1878-1881 until removed from office for failing to perform his duties. Senecio fremontii. From Al Schneider. Fremont’s botanical ventures followed the same path as his life — a roller coaster of success and failure. We will look at his botanical accomplishments in the next issue of Aquilegia. NOTE: Much of the above information is common knowl- edge that can be found in the many books and on-line materials about Fremont. A key source for information about Fremont is The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont by Mary Lee Spence. The primary text for the botanical accomplishments of Fremont is John Charles Fremont, Botanical Explorer by Stanley Welsh, who also wrote A Utah Flora. Al Schneider is the Vice Presdient ofCONPS and contributes reg- ularly to Aquilegia. Award Nominations Requested The CONPS Board of Directors desires to honor contribu- tions to Colorado botany and the Colorado Native Plant Society. Service to the Society takes many forms, from an occasional event to significant contributions over a span of five years or more. Do you know someone who deserves recogni- tion for their time and effort given to CONPS? Perhaps you know an individual who has contributed over a lifetime to enhance Colorado botany? Recognition Gifts: non-members who provide a one-time service to the society. Certificate of Appreciation: members and non-members who provide occasional services to the society. Certificate of Merit: members who have made a significant contribution to the Society in a short period of time (less than five years). Special Merit Award: non-members for short-term contribu- tions to Colorado botany and/or significant contributions to the Society’s goals. Honorary Lifetime Membership: CONPS member for long- term, high quality service to the Society (over ten years). Lifetime Achievement Award: members and non-members for long-term (30+ years) contributions to Colorado botany. Nominations are accepted at any time of the year and may be submitted to President Boyce Drummond at bdrum- mond3(a)msn.com or 970-690-7455. The Directors will review the nomination and supporting materials and vote upon your nomination at their next meeting. For details of award criteria, contact any Director or visit our website: www.conps.org. Volume 33 Number 1 Aquilegia Page 9 NATIVESCAPES Native Landscaping for our Future By Susan Smith Does what we plant in our flowerbeds or how we landscape our yards make any difference to the future of native plant and wildlife conservation? Consider this: “Between 1982 and 2001, about 34 million acres — an area the size of Illinois — were converted to devel- oped uses... the rate of development between 1997 and 2001 averaged 2.2 million acres per year” (USDA National Resources Inventory, www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/NRI/). In our own state. Environment Colorado (www.environmentcolorado.org) esti- mates that 10 acres of open space and/or agricultural land are developed each hour. If we rely on parks and other public lands to preserve plants and ignore what happens in our own yards, will that be enough? Last year, an entomologist caught the attention of botanists, wildlife biologists, and gardeners by proclaiming that our own yards significantly impact local biodiversity. In Bringing Nature Home: How Native Plants Sustain Wildlife in Our Gardens, Dr. Douglas Tallamy built the argument that native plants fulfill a role in the ecosystem that non-natives simply cannot. It is based on the concept of a simple food chain: plants use the sun to produce ener- gy and herbivores consume the energy, which in turn feed higher- level consumers (carnivores and omnivores). Without the herbi- vores, the ecosystem collapses. Plants that have not evolved in a given geographical region are not palatable to the majority of her- bivores (primarily invertebrates) living there, because of differ- ences in leaf chemistry. Dr. Tallamy ’s research was astonishing! Take for example Melaleuca quinquenervia, which was introduced to North America over two centuries ago. Where it is native, it supports 409 species of herbivores; in North America it supports only eight. Or look at Clematis vitalba, introduced about 100 years ago; it supports only one herbivore on this continent, but provides habitat for at least 40 species where it naturally occurs. Bird watchers, who make up one quarter of the US population, should take note, too. Birds may love those sugar-packed berries in the fall, but 96% of our terrestrial birds feed their nestlings inverte- brates, which have more protein per ounce than beef. If our birds do not have a healthy population of insects, spiders, and other creepy crawlies to feed their young, the suc- cess of future generations is in jeopardy. Native plants are also getting attention by those concerned with water and energy conservation. Many people are already aware of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, or LEEDS program, administered by the US Green Building Council. But did you know that they are now expanding their focus to include the outside environment, as well as the built environment? The US Building Council is a leader in the Sustainable Sites Initiative (www.sustainablesites.org) that looks at how the landscape around a building “can address increasingly urgent global concerns, such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, and resource depletion.” Not surprisingly, native plants are taking center stage. In one case study of two residential yards in Santa Monica - a traditional garden vs. a native garden — they found that the native garden Western Tiger Swallowtail on Penstemon strictus. From Susan Smith. Page 10 Aquilegia Volume 33 Number 1 Two-Tailed Swallowtail caterpillar. From Susan Smith. used 77% less water, produced 66% less green waste, and required 68% less money for maintenance labor. The native garden cost a bit more to install ($16,700 vs. $12,400 for the traditional garden), but it is anticipated that the lower costs of maintenance would off- set the initial investment. Not included in these numbers are other valuable benefits, such as, cleaner water and creation of wildlife habitat. I would also offer that homeowners receive another price- less bonus — the enjoyment of a yard that expresses a sense of place and is one step closer to restoring the local ecology. The EPA (www.epa.gov/greenacres/) is also promoting the use of native plants for landscaping, because they find that natives: • do not require fertilizers, • require fewer pesticides than lawns, • require less water than lawns, • help reduce air pollution, • provide shelter and food for wildlife, • promote biodiversity and stewardship of our natural her- itage, • save money. We’ve all seen the disheartening statistics about how current gardening practices can affect the environment: 70 million pounds of pesticides applied to lawns annually in the US; emissions for one gas-powered lawnmower 1 1 times that of a new car for each hour of operation... and the list goes on. Anytime we can take action to reduce our carbon footprint and have a positive effect on the environment is a reason for optimism. Native plants are also a draw for those yearning for a yard that creates a sense of place and connection to nature. Fortunately, there is a growing trend towards gardens that reflect the local envi- rons and culture of our region that rejects the notion of mass-pro- duced yards that look exactly like yards in Ohio or Delaware. For gardeners that enjoy producing their own food or grow “prized” ornamentals, integrating regional natives to the land- scape can be beneficial. Native plants can support predatory insects that provide an invaluable service by keeping pest species in check. As every gardener knows, striking that delicate balance between “beneficial insects” and “bad bugs” is challenging and has its “ups and downs.” But when we can achieve a certain level of dynamic harmony in the garden, the results are amazing. We use fewer chemicals, or none at all, and usually have more time to relax and enjoy the garden. I heard from a friend recently who had met Dr. Tallamy at a lec- ture and asked him to sign his copy of Bringing Nature Home. Dr. Tallamy’s inscription read, “Garden like your life depends on it.” If you are concerned about the future of our environment, then I would echo Dr. Tallamy’s words. . . garden like your life depends on it. Susan Smith is owner of The Habitat Gardener, offering Colorado native plants throughout the growing season. Susan also volun- teers as a Native Plant Master, a Habitat Steward for National Wildlife Federation, and manages the native gardens at the Audubon Center at Chatfield. Plant Conservation Day Saturday, 30 May (10:00a.m.-4:00p.m.), the Butterfly Pavilion will be celebrating Plant Conservation Day. Dr. Douglas Tallamy will present a keynote address at 10:00a.m. There will be a number of other speakers and family activities throughout the day, all focused on home landscaping with natives. In addition, "The Habitat Gardener" will be conducting a native plant sale raising funds for the Butterfly Pavilion that day. Volume 33 Number 1 Aquilegia Page 1 1 Chapter News and Announcements Boulder Chapter March 2009 Tuesday at 7:00 pm Boulder Chapter meetings are typically held on the second Thursday of each month (October through May) at 7:00 pm. All meetmgs will occur in the Community Room at the Boulder REI Store at 1789 28th Street, between Canyon and Pearl. For more information, visit www.conps.org or contact Cathem Smith at smith_cathem@yahoo.com or 202-841-4016. Help make 2008 zero waste — bring your own cup and plate. 9 April 2009 Thursday at 7:00 pm Boulder REI Community Room The Chatterbox Orchid Reveals it’s Secrets Denise Wilson (M.S. Candidate, University of Colorado Denver) will discuss her pollination biology research conducted on the chatterbox orchid, Epipactis gigantea, at three sites near Grand Junction, Carbondale, and Salida. These are beautiful and unique ecosystems of cold seeps and hot springs, which are home to blue- eyed grass, fireflies, long-eared bats, and Brazilian free-tailed bats. 26 June 2009 Friday 9:00am - 3:00pm Liken' Lichens in the Forest Field Trip Meet Trip Leader Ann Henson at 9:00am in the parking lot at Heil Ranch Open Space. From there, we will carpool to the St. Ceran trailhead off Overland Rd east of Hwy 72, where parking is limit- ed. We will begin from here at 9:30am. Bring your magnifier or hand lens, lunch, and the usual layers for all kinds of weather. Lany St. Clair’s book Color Guidebook to Common Rocky Mountain Lichens will be available. We will explore the various growth forms of lichens and review the structures that make them unique. Walking will be fairly easy over relatively short distances at 9500’ elevation. This trip is limited to eight participants. Metro-Denver Chapter Monthly meetings of the Metro-Denver Chapter are typically held on the fourth Tuesday of the month (September through May, except November). Beginning January 2009, Chapter meetings are being hosted by the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Denver (DU), where we will meet in Olin Hall located at 2190 E. Iliff Ave. For details regarding this location, see: http://www.du. edu/maps/index.html?mpType=0&mrkID=8. For more information, visit www.conps.org, or contact Vickey Trammell at jrtrambo@q.com or 303-795-5843. Olin Hall at DU, Room TBA Sensitivity of Grasslands throughout the Great Plains to Future Variability in Rainfall Dr. Jana Heisler White (Post-Doctoral Research Scientist, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming) received her PhD in ecology from CSU. She is currently study- ing the effects of elevated carbon dioxide and warming on range- land ecosystems. 28 April 2009 Tuesday at 7:00 pm Olin Hall at DU, Room TBA The Chatterbox Orchid Reveals its Secrets Denise Wilson (M.S. Candidate, University of Colorado Denver) will discuss her CONPS supported research addressing the polli- nation biology of the chatterbox orchid, Epipactis gigantea, which was conducted at three sites near Grand Junction, Carbondale, and Salida. These are beautiful and unique cold seeps and hot springs, which are home to blue-eyed grass, fire- flies, long-eared bats, and Brazilian free-tailed bats. 26 May 2009 Second Annual Denver Chapter Spring Hike Chapter members, who will have an opportunity to suggest and select the destination for the spring hike, will choose the time and place of the hike. At the end of May, the open spaces around Denver are bright with wild flowers. It’s time to get out on the trail with your fellow wild flower experts and find as many as we can. Northern Colorado Chapter Chapter meetings are held on the first Wednesday of the month (October through April) at 7:00 pm. Meet at the Gai'dens on Spring Creek, 2145 Centre Ave., Fort Collins. Prior to meetings, members meet at 5:30 pm for dinner with the speaker at Cafe Vino, 1200 S. College Ave. If you would like to join us for dinner, please contact Chapter President Pam Smith at 970-223-3453 or pamelas4824@earthlink.net. For more information, visit www.conps.org. Page 12 Aquilegia Volume 33 Number 1 Southeast Chapter The Southeast Chapter is newly revitalized. Activities will be scheduled throughout the year with most meetings in Pueblo and field trips to a variety of sites throughout the area. Southeast Chapter meetings are held on the thkd Thursday of each month (February through May ) from 6:30pm to 8:00pm. All meetings, except the 16 May meeting, will be held at the CSU Extension Office Meeting Room, 212 W. 12th. Street in Pueblo. The 16 May meeting will be at the Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District Demonstration Garden, 31717 United Avenue, Airport Industrial Park, in Pueblo. For more information, visit www.conps.org or contact Warren Nolan at 719-543-6196. Plateau Chapter Chapter activities are scheduled throughout the year. For more information, visit www.conps.org or contact Chapter President Gay Austin at 970-641-6264 or austinaceae@frontier.net. San Luis Valley Chapter Chapter activities are scheduled throughout the year. For more information, visit www.conps.org or contact Chapter President Hobey Dixon at 719-589-3813 or pixies@amigo.net Southwest Chapter The Southwest Chapter explores, preserves, and enjoys the flora of the Four Comers area through activities that are scheduled throughout the year. We welcome new ideas for field trips, activi- ties, and programs, and we especially welcome new members from Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. All meetings and field trips are free and open to everyone. Bring a friend. For more information, visit www.conps.org or contact Chapter President A1 Schneider at 970-882-4647 or webmaster@conps.org. The Chapter has concluded its season of field trips, but members are looking forward to potluck-socials. We always have homemade refreshments. See www.conps.org/southwest.html for details. 30 March 2009 Monday at 6:30 pm Durango Recreation Center Oaks of Mexico and the Four Corners Our March 30 meeting will feature a photo show by Fort Lewis College Professor Ross McCauley on the Oaks of Mexico and the Four Corners. Society News and Announcements Website News The Botanical News page is updated daily with information about botanical jobs, conferences, research results, new botanical publications, etc. Each chapter has a web page at www.conps.org with its field trips and programs announced. “Botanical Slide Shows” is a popular section of the website with photo shows on Orchids, Botiychium., Physaria, and various plant communities around the state. You will also find plant lists from many field trips held over the years. Please contact web master A1 Schneider at 970-882-4647 or webmaster@conps.org with com- ments and suggestions. Annual Meeting Notes Keep watching the CONPS web site for the dates of next year’s Annual Meeting in Fort Collins. The Northern Chapter has already started planning the event and if you would like to assist, please contact Pam Smith at (970) 223-3453 or pamelas4824@eai’thlink.net. Folks are needed to keep continu- ous tally of the electronic and mail-in registration, coordinate a silent auction and native plant sales, visit aiea motels to check out accommodations, compile a list of campgrounds and RV parks, get information about catering services, get volunteers to bake treats, work on obtaining speakers and field trip leaders, etc. Volunteers Needed The Education and Outreach Committee seeks a volunteer to take on the organization of our outreach events, most of which take place along the Front Range. Typically, the committee has requests for roughly five events each year, and some of these require only setting up our booth and don’t need any formal staffing. Please contact Committee Chair Megan Bowes at bowesm@bouldercolorado.gov or 303-561-4883 for details. Field Trip Lists Trip Leaders and Participants: Plant lists are of great value. Please consider keeping a list for each field frip and submitting it to Loraine Yeats, 1395 Nile Street, Golden, Colorado 80401. The lists will be posted at: http://www.conps.org/plant_lists_keys.html Volume 33 Number 1 Aquilegia Page 13 Aquilegia Newsletter of the Colorado Native Plant Society Aquilegia is published four or more times per year by the Colorado Native Plant Society. This newsletter is available to members of the Society and to others with an interest in native plants. Articles from 750 to 1500 words in length are welcome. Previously published articles submitted for reprinting require permission. Digital photographs or line drawings are also solicited. Please include author’s name, address, and affilia- tion. Articles must be submitted electronically as email attachments. Articles and other contributions may be edited. Articles for Aquilegia may be used by other native plant societies or non-profit groups, if fully cited to author and attributed to Aquilegia. Please direct all contributions to the newsletter to: Leo P. Bruederle, Editor leo.bruederle(a)ucdenver.edu University of Colorado Denver Pease direct all questions or comments regarding layout, print- ing, and distribution to: Kim Regier kimberly.regier@ucdenver.edu University of Colorado Denver Aquilegia Deadline Approaches Submit Contributions by 15 April Announcements, news, articles, book reviews, poems, and other contributions are requested for publication in Aquilegia. Articles not exceeding 750-1500 words in length are especially welcome. Consider contributing to a column or submitting a book review. Include author's name, address, and affiliation, as well as credit for images. Please follow closely the format from previous issues. Previously published articles submitted for reprinting require permission. All con- tributions are subject to editing for brevity and consistency. Welcome New Members Isabel Ashton Jim Barkley Brenda Bell Leanne Benton Kerry Byrne Marilynn Chambers Diane Blaser & Ellen Heath Vicki Henderson Carol Jacobs-Carre Jill Jagemann Duane Jones Kristina Koff Randolph Moses Cecily Mui Warren Nolan Eisa Olsen Jeff Ottersberg Susan Pearson Edward Roland Russell Ruof Wendy Schwarting Dr. Susan Sherrod Mike Steinbeiss Suzy Velez John White Penny Whitten Elinor & Bob Williams Paige Wolken. Amazing Amazon Whenever you buy anything through Amazon, be sure to enter Amazon from our CONPS bookstore: http://www.conps.org/bookstore.html. CONPS will then receive 5-7% of your purchase price. You do not pay any- thing extra, nor do you fill out forms — you simply enter Amazon by clicking on any book on our Bookstore page. If every member did this, the Society would receive several thousand dollars from Amazon each year. American Penstemon Society Call for ENTRIES March I -June I, 2009 SUBJECT Eunding for projects of modest dimension that will enhance, expand, or otherwise contribute to the APS objec- tive of promoting the enjoyment of penstemons. GRANT AMOUNT $100-$350 EEIGIBIEITY All members of the American Penstemon Society. It is permissible to join. APS ($ 15/year) in order to enter. EOR MORE INEORMATION Visit www.apsdev.org or contact Barbara Eewis at lewisorders@iriscolorado.com Page 14 Aquilegia Volume 33 Number 1 Colorado Native Plant Society The Colorado Native Plant Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to the appreciation and conservation of the Colorado native flora. Membership is open to all with an interest in our native plants, and is composed of plant enthusiasts both professional and non-professional. Please join us in helping to encourage interest in enjoying and protecting Colorado’s native plants. The Society sponsors field trips, workshops, and other activities through local chapters and statewide. Contact the Society, a chapter representative, or committee chair for more information. OFFICERS President Boyce Drummond bdrummondS @msn.com 970-690-7455 Vice President A1 Schneider webmaster@conps.org 970-882-4647 Treasurer Mo Ewing moewing@q.com (303) 584-8925 Secretary Ann Henson 2henson@kwabena.us 303-772-8962 Administrative Assistant Einda Smith conpsoffice @ aol.com 719-574-6250 CHAPTER PRESIDENTS Boulder Elizabeth Drozda-Ereeman elizabeth.wildflower@ gmail.com 303-443-9460 Northern Colorado Pam Smith pamelas4824@earthlink.net 970-223-3453 Metro-Denver Vickey Trammell vjrtrambo@q.com 303-795-5843 Plateau Gay Austin austinaceae @ frontier, net 970-641-6264 Southeast Ed Roland erroland@daeo.net 719-676-2179 Southwest A1 Schneider webmaster@conps.org 970-882-4647 San Luis Valley Hobie Dixon pixies @ amigo . net 719-589-3813 BOARD OE DIRECTORS John Giordanengo (09) john@wlrv.org 303-996-260 Catherine Kleier (10) ckleier@regis.edu 303-817-6814 Sarada Krishnan (09) krishnas @botanicgardens .org 303-465-4274 Brian Kurzel (10) Brian.Kurzel@state.co.us 303-866-3203 ex 301 Jenny Neale (10) NealeJR@gmail.com 720-865-3562 Laurel Potts (09) kalmial27 @earthlink.net 970-524-3377 Robert Powell (11) robertpo well @ durango .net 970-385-8949 Jan Turner (09) jlturner@regis.edu 303-45-4262 Charlie Turner (11) tumer@ rabbitbrushpublishing.com 720-497-1093 Steve Yarborough (11) steveandkenna@msn.com 303-233-6345 STANDING COMMITTEES Conservation Vacant Education & Outreach Megan Bowes bowesm@ bouldercolorado.gov 303-561-4883 Endowment Eeo Bruederle leo.bruederle@cudenver.edu 303-556-3419 Field Studies Steve Popovich stevepopovich@hotmail.com 970-295-6641 Field Trips Brian Kurzel Brian.Kurzel@state.co.us 303-866-3203 ex 301 Horticulture & Restoration Laural Potts kalmia 1 27 @ earthlink. net 970-524-3377 Media Boyce Drummond bdrummond3 @msn.com 970-690-7455 Membership Eric Lane eric.lane@ag.state.co.us 303-239-4182 Research Grants Jan Turner jlturner@regis.edu 303-458-4262 Sales Linda Smith conpsoffice@aol.com 719-574-6250 Workshops Ann Hensen 2henson@kwabena.us 303-772-8962 Name(s) Address City Phone Chapter: MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION AND RENEWAL EORM State Zip E-mail Boulder Metro-Denver Northern Plateau . San Luis Valley Southeast Southwest DONATION General Eund MEMBERSHIP CLASS Dues cover a 12-month period Individual, $20.00 Eamily/dual, $30.00 Senior, $12.00 Student, $12.00 Organization, $30.00 Supporting, $50.00 Lifetime, $300.00 Endowments in support of small grants-in-aid of research: $ John Marr Eund: research on the biology and natural history of Colorado native plants. $ Myrna P. Steinkamp Memorial Eund: research and other activities that will benefit the rare plants of Colorado. Mail to: Eric Lane, PO Box 200, Et. Collins, CO 80522 DUES AND CONTRIBUTIONS ARE TAX-DEDUCTIBLE Volume 33 Number 1 Aquilegia Page 15 CALENDAR 2008 CHAPTER PROGRAMS Boulder Chapter April 9 Chatterbox Orchid June 26 Lichen Field Trip Metro-Denver Chapter March 24 Grasslands April 28 Chatterbox Orchid May 26 Spring Hike Northern Colorado Chapter Southwest Colorado Chapter March 30 Oaks of Mexico and Four Corners SOCIETY WORKSHOPS March 14 & 15 Mosses, Ferns, Horsetails April 25 & 26 Interesting Grass Genera May 2 &3 Basic Wildflower ID BOARD MEETINGS Apr. 11 9:00 AM Regis University Sep. 11 6:00 PM Larimer Cty Fairgrounds Nov. 14 9:00 AM Regis University See http://www.conps.org/conps.html for details. nvmaiVIAI 3A\1\SH3S aiAlll §jo'sduoD'MMM//:dpq ZZ^OS 0 pnj 0 i 03 ‘suino3 jjoj OOZ xog Od A^apog ;uB|j 3A!;e|yj opejo|oy74V