c

33

34

33

32

43

-+s-
MAP OF IRAQ

■#*'

Field Museum of Natural History

Founded by Marshall Field, 1893

Anthropology, Memoirs

Volume IV

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

THEIR HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY, AND PHYSICAL

CHARACTERS

BY

HENRY FIELD

ASSISTANT CURATOR OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

WITH INTRODUCTION BY

SIR ARTHUR KEITH, F.R.S.

FORMERLY CONSERVATOR, ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

156 Plates, 4S Text Figures, 3 Maps

Field Museum-Oxford University Joint Expedition to Kish, Iraq

BERTHOLD LAUFER

LATE CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

EDITOR

N8544

Chicago, U.S.A.

1935

GN

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA
BT FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

CONTENTS

PAOE

List of Illustrations 5

Preface 9

Introduction by Sir Arthur Keith 11

I. Arabs of the Kish Area 77

Geographical Location 77

Evidence of Prehistoric Culture 77

History of Kish by Stephen Langdon 79

Social Life and Customs 82

II. Anthropometric Data 98

Measurements and Observations 98

Arabs of the Kish Area 101

Soldiers of the Iraq Army 305

Ba'ij Beduins 410

III. Statistical Summaries 430

Vital Statistics 430

Qaraqosh 432

Arabs of the Kish Area 434

Soldiers of the Iraq Army 444

Ba'ij Beduins 448

Tattooing 455

Summary of Anthropometric Data from Southwestern Asia . . 456

Appendix: Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near

East, 1934 458

Bibliography 464

Glossary 467

Index 469

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES
I-LI. Arabs, Kish Area.

LII-CVI. Iraq Soldiers, Hilla Camp.

CVII. Figs. 1-4. Iraq Soldiers, Hilla Camp. Figs. 5-8. Arabs, Kish Area.

CVIII-CXVII. Ba'ij Beduins, near Kish.

CXVIII. Ba'ij Beduins, near Kish. Figs. 1, 2. Herdsmen. Fig. 3. Black tent.

CXIX. Ba'ij Beduins, near Kish. Fig. 1. Woman. Fig. 2. Woman with child.
Fig. 3. Woman with spindle. Fig. 4. Woman weaving.

CXX-CXXII. Arab Children, Kish Area.

CXXIII. Building Mud House, Kish Camp.

CXXIV. Arab Dancing Girl and Musicians, Kish.

CXXV. Building Reed-mat House, Kish Excavations.

CXXVI. Arabs, Kish Area. Figs. 1, 2. Making coffee. Fig. 3. Beside the hearth.
Fig. 4. Author, taking measurements.

CXXVII. Arabs, Kish Area. Fig. 1. Celebrating end of Ramadan. Fig. 2. Horsemen.
Fig. 3. Workmen outside camp, Kish.

CXXVIII-CXXIX. Arab (No. 26), Kish Area.

CXXX-CXXXI. Arab (No. 2), Kish Area.

CXXXII-CXXXIII. Arab (No. 10), Kish Area.

CXXXIV-CXXXV. Arab (No. 74), Kish Area.

CXXXVI. Arabs, Kish Area.

CXXXVII. Arabs, Kish Area. Fig. 1. Native orchestra. Fig. 2. Woman. Fig. 3. Husband
and wife.

CXXXVIII. Scenes at Mahewil and Karbala. Fig. 1. Gubbah, Mahewil near Kish. Fig. 2.
Karbala. Fig. 3. Central arch of gubbah, Mahewil. Fig. 4. Palm groves,
near Karbala.

CXXXIX-CXLIV. Chaldean Women and Girls, Qaraqosh.

CXLV-CXLVI. Types, near Alttin Koprii.

CXLVII-CLIII. Chaldeans, Qaraqosh.

CLIV. Types, near Alttin Koprii.

CLV. Chaldeans, Qaraqosh.

CLVI. Scenes near Qaraqosh and Kirkuk. Fig. 1. Girl in brickyard. Fig. 2.
Street scene in Qaraqosh. Fig. 3. The winnower. Fig. 4. View of
Qaraqosh village. Fig. 5. Threshing. Fig. 6. Wooden threshing sledge.

TEXT FIGURES PAGE

1. Chart I. Head length, breadth, and capacity of thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins ... 21

2. Chart II. Head length, breadth, and capacity of thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins,

thirty-five South Arabs, and six Somalis 23

3. Chart III. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Iraq soldiers (Nos. 500-

550) 24

4. Chart IV. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Egyptians of the Khargha

Oasis 26

5. Chart V. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty men of Chatri caste, United

Provinces 28

6. Chart VI. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty men of Pathan caste,

Punjab 29

5

6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

7. Chart VII. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Iraq soldiers (between

Nos. 553-671) 30

8. Chart VIII. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Iraq soldiers 32

9. Chart IX. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Kish Arabs from camp

of Sheikh Miniehil (Nos. 1-50) 33

10. Chart X. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Kish Arabs from camp

of Sheikh Miniehil (Nos. 100-149) 34

11. Chart XI. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Kish Arabs from camps

of Sheikh Swadi and Sayyid Ruda (Nos. 200-249) 35

12. Chart XII. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Kish Arabs from camps

of Sheikh Hunta and Sheikh Aziz 36

13. Chart XIII. Minimal frontal width and maximal head width in three groups of

Arabs 39

14. Chart XIV. Minimal frontal width and maximal head width in fifty men of

Chatri caste, United Provinces, and fifty men of Pathan caste, Punjab ... 42

15. Chart XV. Nasal width and length of fifty Egyptians of the Khargha Oasis . . 44

16. Chart XVI. Nasal length and width of fifty Kish Arabs (Nos. 1-50) 46

17. Chart XVII. Nasal length and width of thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins 47

18. Chart XVIII. Nasal length and width of fifty Kish Arabs (Nos. 101-150) ... 48

19. Chart XIX. Nasal length and width of fifty Iraq soldiers (Nos. 500-549) ... 49

20. Chart XX. Nasal length and width of fifty men of Chatri caste, United

Provinces .50

21. Chart XXI. Nasal length and width of fifty men of Pathan caste, Punjab ... 52

22. Chart XXII. Upper face length and total face length of thirty-eight Ba'ij

Beduins 53

23. Chart XXIII. Upper face length and total face length of fifty Kish Arabs

(Nos. 1-51) 55

24. Chart XXIV. Upper face length and total face length of fifty Kish Arabs

(Nos. 101-150) 56

25. Chart XXV. Upper face length and total face length of fifty Kish Arabs (Nos.

200-251) 58

26. Chart XXVI. Upper face length and total face length of fifty Iraq soldiers

(Nos. 500-551) 59

27. Chart XXVII. Total face length and total face width of thirty-eight Ba'ij

Beduins 61

28. Chart XXVIII. Total face length and total face width of fifty Kish Arabs

(Nos. 1-50) 63

29. Chart XXIX. Total face length and total face width of fifty Egyptians of the

Khargha Oasis 64

30. Chart XXX. Total face length and total face width of fifty Kish Arabs (Nos.

100-150) 65

31. Chart XXXI. Total face length and total face width of fifty Kish Arabs

(Nos. 201-250) 66

32. Chart XXXII. Stature and sitting height of thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins .... 69

33. Chart XXXIII. Stature and sitting height of fifty Egyptians of the Khargha

Oasis 71

34. Chart XXXIV. Stature and sitting height of fifty Kish Arabs (Nos. 1-50) . . 72

35. Chart XXXV. Stature and sitting height of fifty Kish Arabs (Nos. 101-150) . . 74

36. Household Utensils 91

37. Weapons and Implements 93

38. Graph I. Standing heights. Continuous curve, 376 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 228

Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve,
composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers 438

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 7

PAGE

39. Graph II. Index of relative sitting heights. Continuous curve, 376 Kish Arabs;

dash curve, 228 Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins;
dot-dash curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers 439

40. Graph III. Cephalic indices. Continuous curve, 396 Kish Arabs; dash curve,

227 Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve,
composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers 441

41. Graph IV. Cumulative percentages of cephalic indices. Continuous curve,

396 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 227 Iraq soldiers; dot-dash curve, thirty-eight
Ba'ij Beduins 443

42. Graph V. Fronto-parietal indices. Continuous curve, 395 Kish Arabs; dash

curve, 227 Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash
curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers 445

43. Graph VI. Total facial indices. Continuous curve, 385 Kish Arabs; dash curve,

227 Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve,
composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers 447

44. Graph VII. Upper facial indices. Continuous curve, 391 Kish Arabs; dash

curve, 226 Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash
curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers 449

45. Graph VIII. Nasal indices. Continuous curve, 389 Kish Arabs; dash curve,

226 Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve,
composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers 451

46. Graph IX. Ear indices. Continuous curve, 390 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 226

Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve, com-
posite of Kish Arabs and soldiers 452

47. Graph X. Jugomandibular indices. Continuous curve, 393 Kish Arabs; dash

curve, 227 Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash
curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers 453

48. Graph XI. Jugofrontal indices. Continuous curve, 395 Kish Arabs; dash curve,

227 Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve,
composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers 454

MAPS

Iraq facing page 1

Kish Area 83

Trip from Kish to Tigris River 84

PREFACE

This publication deals with the physical characters and anthropometric data
collected in 1928 on Arabs and Beduins living near Kish, Iraq. During the winter
season, from December, 1927, to March, 1928, 1 was attached as physical anthro-
pologist to the staff of the Field Museum-Oxford University Joint Expedition, at
Kish. The continual discovery of human skeletal remains prevented the
collection of anthropometric data on the living Arabs until the close of the
archaeological season.

Mr. Louis C. Watelin, field director of the expedition, then decided to work
for two weeks at Jemdet Nasr, eighteen miles northeast of Kish. I accompanied
him there, and, with the assistance of Mr. Eric Schroeder, who was attached to
the expedition during that season, I began studies on a small group of the native
workmen. Mr. S. Y. Showket, of the Mesopotamia Studio in Baghdad, was
engaged to take front and profile photographs of each individual measured and
studied.

Early in the month of June, Mr. Showket and an assistant photographer
returned with me to Kish in order to obtain anthropometric data on five hundred
individuals of that region.

I wish to express my gratitude to the late Dr. Berthold Laufer, who en-
couraged and aided my research work by his interest in racial and cultural
problems of the Near East.

Before leaving the United States I had discussed various Arab racial problems
with Professor E. A. Hooton, of Harvard University, who gave me valuable
advice and suggestions. I am also indebted to Mr. Henry Balfour, Dr. R. R.
Marett, and Dr. L. H. Dudley Buxton of the University of Oxford, under whose
tuition no student of anthropology could fail to receive inspiration. Dr. Buxton,
moreover, accompanied me to Kish for a period of three weeks during December,
1925, and January, 1926, and under his direction I learned the technique em-
ployed in recording anthropometric data.

Professor Stephen Langdon, who directed the excavations at Kish during
twelve seasons, has been most generous with his assistance upon all occasions.

I am grateful to the various local sheikhs of the Kish area, particularly
to Sheikh Hadji Miniehil and to the late Sheikh Hadji Hunta, who allowed me
to make observations and measurements on themselves as well as on their tribes-
men. Khalef-el-Jebbar, who was my assistant during the entire season of
excavation, rapidly learned the methods employed in the preservation of skeletal
material. He also assisted my anthropometric work in the Kish area and ac-
companied me to each Arab encampment. His chief duties were to further
cordial relationships and to collect hair samples, which was no easy task.

I must add a few words of thanks to Mr. Showket and his assistant, who
exposed over one thousand negatives, many hundreds of which were developed
under adverse conditions. I wish also to express my thanks to the Mutasarrif

9

10 PREFACE

of the Hilla Liwa and to the officer commanding the Hilla army camp,
who granted me special permission to measure and photograph a number of the
troops in his charge.

In Baghdad, Mr. A. Kerim, owner of the Mesopotamia Studio, was always
generous in his assistance with the photographic work.

Upon my return to Chicago it was necessary to calculate the statistics, and
in this task I was assisted by Professor F. E. Wood and Mr. G. E. Arnold, to
whom I am deeply indebted.

Sir Arthur Keith, formerly Conservator of the Royal College of Surgeons
of England, has written an introduction which places the Arab in a new light
and shows his relationship to the main racial divisions of Asia, Africa, and Europe
from Pleistocene times. I am most grateful to Sir Arthur, who has given me
many valuable suggestions and who has devoted so much time and energy
to this problem.

My thanks are due to Dr. William M. Krogman for his assistance with cer-
tain statistical additions, which were necessary for Sir Arthur Keith's summary
of the anthropometric data.

I also gratefully acknowledge the aid of Mr. Carl F. Gronemann, Staff
Illustrator of Field Museum, and Mr. Richard A. Martin in the preparation of
drawings, maps, and graphs, of Miss Lillian A. Ross in seeing the manuscript
through the press, and of Miss Alice Wilkinson and Miss Elizabeth Reniff, who
assisted with the preparation of this Report.

The spelling of place names conforms to the system adopted by the British
Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, published in London by the
Royal Geographical Society.

As a result of the personal interest of King Ghazi and the generous coopera-
tion of the government officials of Iraq, various problems connected with the study
of the physical anthropology of the peoples of Iraq are now approaching solution.

Henry Field

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

INTRODUCTION

It has given me great pleasure to write this introduction to Mr. Henry Field's
Report for several reasons. The first, a minor reason, was this: When in 1926
I was investigating the human skulls and bones which Sir Leonard Woolley
(Excavations at Al 'Ubaid, 1927) had discovered in the ancient graves of Ur, I
found myself hampered by the almost complete lack of data concerning the racial
characters of the modern inhabitants of Iraq. Dr. L. H. Dudley Buxton, when
he was reporting on the ancient human remains discovered at Kish by the Field
Museum-Oxford University Joint Expedition, was equally embarrassed (Excava-
tions at Kish, by S. Langdon, 1, 1924). He could not determine, any more than I
could, to what extent the human types who lived in the ancient cities of the
plain were represented among the inhabitants of modern Iraq. At Ur I found
men and women who were long-headed and big-headed; at Kish Dr. Buxton
found round-headed as well as long-headed people. We had no data to guide us
as to whether or not these ancient long-headed and round-headed people were
still represented among the Northern Arabs and to what extent. Herein lies part
of the value of the investigations made by Mr. Field during his sojourn in Iraq
during the winter season (1927-28). His Report begins to bridge a hiatus in
modern anthropology.

A knowledge of the Northern Arabs was needed not only for such minor
purposes as Dr. Buxton and I had in view, but for a much more important
purpose, that of obtaining light on the evolution of eastern humanity. The
origin of the Arab is the central enigma of this great problem. As I hope to
show, the data collected and published in this Report provide us with the
means of putting forward an explanation or theory of the evolutionary origin of
the Arab and other types of the East.

Let me first indicate the scope covered by this publication. The people
whose measurements and characters are recorded here were met in the Kish
area, between the rivers. Only men were examined. Records were made of 667
individuals. These fall into the three following groups:

Group A. — Arabs living in the region of Kish in 1927-28. They are numbered in
two series: Nos. 1-288 and 350-471— altogether 398 men.

Group B. — Iraq soldiers measured in 1928 in the army camp at Hilla on the
Euphrates, 231 in number. In the series they are Nos. 500-732.

Group C. — Thirty-eight men of the Ba'ij Beduin tribe, living fourteen miles north-
east of Kish in the direction of Jemdet Nasr. This small but most valuable
addition to the series, comprising Nos. 300-337, was also made in 1928.

The various measurements made of each individual and the racial features
noted will be seen at a glance by consulting the schedule reproduced on
page 101 (Arabs of the Kish Area, No. 1). Of each individual fourteen meas-
urements were taken, three relating to stature, two to dimensions of head,

11

12 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

seven to face, and two to external ear. Nine indices were calculated. Twenty-
three other features were noted and their development determined by eye-
measurement. A record was made of name, age, birthplace, and other items.
More than fifty items were recorded concerning each individual examined, and, as
the number included in this survey amounts to 667 individuals, the total obser-
vations recorded in Mr. Field's schedules are more than 33,000 in number.
Thus, thanks to his labors, our knowledge of the modern Arabs of central Iraq
has passed suddenly from a state of poverty to one of affluence.

Of all the records and measurements, those which were registered by the
camera are for myself of the highest value. Altogether 581 individuals were
photographed, and, as in almost every instance profile and full face of the subject
measured were taken, the total number of photographs amounts to more than
1,150 records. Of the subjects photographed thirty-eight were Ba'ij Beduins,
representatives of what may be spoken of as the essential Arab; 223 were men
enrolled in the Iraq army, all natives of Iraq; 320 were Arabs living or
working in the neighborhood of Kish. I do not underestimate for a moment
the value of exact instrumental measurements. A science of anthropology
cannot come into existence unless we use exact instruments and precise arith-
metical records. Our general impressions are of no value to those who come after
us; only definite measurements are of use to them. They can incorporate our
labors with their own only if we leave behind us precise figures of what we have
observed and measured. Nevertheless, we have a very imperfect knowledge of a
people if we seek to realize their characteristics merely from the examination of
tables of measurements, however elaborate these tables may be. We know a
people only when we have seen them in the flesh with our own eyes. But there
is one substitute — good photographic records.

We are apt to think of anthropology as a new science; in truth it is a very
old art, perhaps the oldest. For since that remote time when man made conscious
observations on the faces and habits of the members of his own family and of his
own tribe, he has been an anthropologist. How soon we learn to discriminate
by the cast of an eye the distinctive races of mankind! A Negro or a Chinese,
a Hindu or an American Indian meets us in the street, and, before he has passed,
we have assessed his racial characters and made our diagnosis. We can never
hope to obtain, by the use of instruments, indices, and angles, the delicacy and
precision of racial diagnosis reached by the tutored and experienced eye. Trav-
elers and explorers may become so skilled that in a cosmopolitan crowd in an
eastern bazar they will recognize the most delicate shades of race. They scarcely
note the shape of head or even of face; a hundred minor points which they have
never submitted to conscious analysis guide them to a true diagnosis.

If we could cultivate those natural gifts and apply them in such a way that
the observations made by one observer could be so formulated that those made
by another observer could be added to them, what an engine of progress would
be at our disposal for the proper discrimination of the breeds and races of man-
kind! A series of photographs such as were collected by Mr. Field among the

INTRODUCTION 13

Arabs of Kish provides me with an excellent opportunity to test my theory in a
practical way. In his series of photographs which reproduce the facial features
is one of 223 men enrolled in the Iraq army. I prefer to begin with this group
for two reasons: the men are in uniform, and their heads are cropped. An Arab
in national dress presents us with a racial diagnosis already made; to ascertain
how far we can distinguish Arabs by their outward features from men of other
races, all should be dressed and barbered alike. The Iraq soldiers present us with
our racial problem in an ideal form. The soldier series also presents the problem
free from another great difficulty, the changes due to age. Presently, in discussing
the photographs of the Ba'ij Beduins, I shall have to draw attention to the
changes which transform the youthful Beduin into the venerable old sheikh, but
among the soldiers we are not confronted with age changes; almost the entire
series falls between the ages of seventeen and thirty.

In order that the degree of racial distinction of the Arab from surrounding
nationalities and races should be tested properly there ought to be, dressed in
the Iraq uniform, an equal number of photographs of Egyptian soldiers, of
soldiers from the various parts of India, from Afghanistan, from Iran, from the
Turkish army, from the Italian, French, and Spanish armies, and, more especially,
photographs of Algerian soldiers. If in such a large, mixed series of photographs I
could recognize every native of Arabia, then that would be proof that the Arab
is a completely differentiated race — a Pan-diacritic race — a hundred-per-cent
race (Sir Arthur Keith, Ethnos, 1931). Or if it happened, as I know would
be the case, that I should succeed in recognizing only a portion of the Arab
soldiers, I should then wish to know the proportion of my successes because that
would be an indication of the extent to which Arabs are differentiated from
surrounding peoples. Especially should I want to know the peoples that I was
most likely to confuse with Arabs, for the extent of my mistakes would be an
index of the relationship of the Arab to these other peoples.

Not having at my disposal materials for comparison from other countries
I made a close examination of the series of Arab soldiers and noted those whom
I believed I could recognize as Arabs from their external appearances. Of 223
men there were 122 (54 per cent) whom I believe I could have picked out as
Arabs from a cosmopolitan crowd. More especially is it important to note the
peoples with whom the Arabs might be confused owing to high degrees of resem-
blance. The dominating resemblances I detected in the Iraq soldier series were
to men of the Mediterranean type. Two examples of Arabs of the Mediterranean
type are reproduced here to illustrate the kind of Arab I have in mind (Nos. 713
or 714, and 500 or 504). In the series of 223 Arabs there were fifty-four whom I
thought might be confused with Greeks or South Italians, giving a South European
relationship of more than 24 per cent. The next group of aberrant Arabs had
resemblances which linked them with peoples of Asia Minor and with Iranis.
There were sixteen Arabs in this group, rather upward of 7 per cent. Certain
minor relationships of these Arabs with the peoples of Africa and India I shall
touch on presently.

14 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

My evidence, as far as it goes, points to the Arab as a branch of the stock
which occupies southwestern Asia and southern Europe; he is an imperfectly
differentiated member — imperfect in a physical sense — of the great Caucasian
stock. In my system of nomenclature, the Arab is a mesodiacritic race, a race
differentiated to the extent that from 40 to 60 per cent of its members can be
recognized at sight in any cosmopolitan crowd. It was not with the Egyptian
or Indian soldier I was most likely to confuse the Arab soldier. The Arab is
akin to the South European; among the Iraq soldiers there were 24 per cent who
might have passed as Mediterraneans. The Arab also has affinities with certain
Asiatic races (7 per cent).

Now this result is somewhat surprising in several respects. One would have
expected a considerable number of Arabs to have Hamitic features, such as would
lead us to confuse them with Egyptians or even with Somalis. In my list only
nine Arabs are noted as showing Egyptian resemblances. Recently I had an
opportunity to scrutinize Egyptian soldiers drawn up along the streets of Cairo
on the occasion of the arrival of a foreign monarch. Most of them were recruits
from provinces in the Delta. I came to the conclusion that the nationality of at
least 85 per cent of these soldiers could have been recognized at sight. The
Egyptian is more sharply differentiated as a racial group than even the Arab, but
that is because he is more distantly related to the Caucasian stock than the Arab.
Less than 10 per cent of Egyptians could pass undetected were they to enroll in
a regiment recruited from a South European (Mediterranean) population. In
reality the Arab and the Egyptian are sharply contrasted physical types. We
shall return to the nature of the differences when discussing head form and stature.

One soldier, No. 522, springs at once to the eye as a Negro. No. 699 is more
than half Negro; although his hair is cropped its tufted arrangement is clearly
discernible. No. 572 plainly has Negro blood in him also. The Arab cannot be
confused with the pure Negro, and yet even in the most representative specimens
there are certain Negroid features. Sometimes these are very evident, as in the
soldiers numbered 581, 584, 595, 599, 602, 670, 694, 715, 719, 722, 729. Among
"these Negroid features which may be counted normal in Arabs are the full,
rather everted lips, shortness and width of nose, certain blanks in the bearded
areas of the face between the lower lip and chin and on the cheeks; large, luscious,
gazelle-like eyes, a dark brown complexion, and a tendency for the hair to grow
in ringlets. Often the features of the more Negroid Arabs are derivatives of
Dravidian India rather than inheritances of Hamitic Africa. Although the
Arab of today is sharply differentiated from the Negro of Africa, yet there must
have been a time when both were represented by a single ancestral stock; in
no other way can the prevalence of certain Negroid features be accounted for in
the natives of Arabia.

Since the Arabs occupy a geographical place which lies between the center
of the evolution of the Negro type in Africa and the center of differentiation of the
Mongol type in Asia, it might be expected that we should find among them
Mongolian as well as Negroid traits. This is not the case. Among the 223

INTRODUCTION 15

soldiers in the camp at Hilla only three show traits which could confuse them
with the least differentiated Mongolian races. These are Nos. 556, 654, 682. The
observer in making his record mentions the Mongolian appearance of No. 682.
There is the same absence of Mongolian features in the Kish series of photographs,
representing 320 individuals. There is in this series a man (No. 29) whom I
should have unhesitatingly recognized as a Southern Chinese, and yet his history
points to a pure Arab descent. No. 2 might pass as an American Indian, also
No. 380. No. 469 has some Chinese features. No. 28 might come from the
neighborhood of Lake Baikal. Thus the affinities of the Arabs lie in the
direction of Africa rather than Mongolia.

Let me now proceed to discuss another set of features which I noted in my
survey of the photographs. They are features which I think most anthropologists
would name Armenoid. Among such features I include a peculiarly shaped head,
one in which the occiput is flattened, rising steeply from the nape of the neck. The
post-auricular length of the head is thus curtailed ; the vault of the head appears
lofty and pushed forward. Now this shape of head seems to have been evolved
in southwest Asia. It is found in its purest form among peoples who occupy a
mountainous tract stretching from the Pamir and the western flanks of the
Himalayas to the mountains of Anatolia and along the western shores of
the Adriatic. There is good reason for believing that the Armenoid shape of head
passes from one generation to the next according to Mendel's law. The Arab
belongs to a long-headed race; we may presume, when we find the Armenoid
skull in an Arab community, that it represents an importation from the north.

Another feature which I have reckoned among Armenoid characters — perhaps
with less reason — is convexity of nose. In the Armenoid nose this organ assumes
great prominence and there is great development of the nasal bones. An
Armenoid or Semitic characterization of the nose is a mark of a certain branch of
the Caucasian stock; it is confined to the Armenoid and Semitic stocks. Like
the Armenoid head the Armenoid nose was also evolved in southwestern Asia,
but the characteristic nose and head do not often occur in the same individual of
any race. I cannot draw any reliable distinction which will serve to discriminate
the Armenoid nose from the pronounced Semitic nose. Now a pronounced
development of nose is very common among Arabs. It is not an imported feature
like the Armenoid head, but an original trait shared with many other racial
strains of southwest Asia. There never was a race in which all its individuals had
pronounced noses any more than there has been one in which all the heads were
molded in the Armenoid manner. A race is characterized by the number of its
individuals who exhibit such features. After this digression I propose to touch
briefly on resemblances to Armenians detected among the individuals photo-
graphed by Mr. Field.

Among the 223 soldiers I noted sixteen with Armenoid traits; among the
320 Arabs of the Kish area, twenty-eight; about 8 per cent of Arabs show Arme-
noid traits. Soldier No. 603 reproduces the Armenoid head, but his features are
frankly Arab, and with the Negroid strain more marked than usual. The

16 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Armenoid head form is also recognizable in Nos. 553, 555, 568, 575, 603, 626, 676,
686. Convexity of nose and certain other Armenian traits mav be seen in Nos.
510, 529, 540, 555, 568, 607, 612, 620, 653, 692, 698, 704, 715.

Among the Arabs of Kish (320 in number) it would be possible to cite
excellent examples of the Armenian type, such as Nos. 26, 134, 142, 144, 243,
245, 273, 393. As to the prevalence of the Armenoid head among the Kish Arabs
we shall have a better opportunity of discussion when we come to deal with actual
measurements; in the meantime we are dealing only with estimates made from
photographic appearances.

There is one point that was elicited in the comparison of the soldier series
with the Kish Arab series of photographs, which may be most suitably mentioned
here. Among the soldiers, 223 in number, I noted only twelve with pronounced
nasal development — prominent, long, convex noses — a little over 5 per cent,
whereas among the Kish Arabs (320) I noted sixty cases, i.e. more than 18 per
cent. This difference is largely attributable to the fact that while the soldiers
were less than thirty years of age, many of the Kish Arabs were more than fifty
years of age. The nose grows in size relatively and absolutely after middle age.
After middle age there are apt to be a loss of teeth and a reduction in the size
of the jaws, the nose being thus rendered more prominent. But with the nose,
and it is the same with the external ear, growth goes on after middle life. The
nose alone is sufficient to give the Arab his place in the Caucasian stock in spite
of a brown or dark brown skin. Between the Arab and the Jewish nose it is hard
to discriminate in many cases. In the Arab, as in the Jew, the nose is not usually
compressed from side to side in the middle of its length; in both there is usually
a fullness at the upper part of the bony aperture.

Perhaps the most valuable of the photographic records are those taken of
the Ba'ij Beduins, thirty-eight in number. Nearly all are in their national
costumes so that an unprejudiced recognition of race is not possible. We cannot
help noting the frequency with which prominent, convex, elongated noses occur
among them.

One other valuable service that is rendered by the Beduin series is to
illustrate the changes which the typical Arab undergoes from youth to old age.
No. 302, M'hssein ibn Hashash, is twenty years of age — an excellent type of the
young Arab. His hair is frizzly and reddish brown in color; his eyes are brown.
There is a thin mustache on his upper lip, and thin hairs peer out from the point
of his chin. The mouth is wide, the lips are quite full and rather thick. The
forehead is wide, the face long and oval, the nose long, aquiline, and thick from
side to side in the middle of its length; the eyes are full. A still younger stage is
seen in Nos. 309 and 323, both being youths eighteen years old. I regard them as
typical Arab youths. Then for a later stage of the same representative type I
would cite No. 306, a man aged thirty. Note the usual Arab distribution of
beard — bare patches on the lower lip between mouth and chin and thin areas
on the cheeks. The nose has become more prominent and longer. A later stage
is seen in No. 316, an Arab with a full beard and straight nose, a man with Euro-

INTRODUCTION 17

pean-like features. Then next to him comes Luti ibn M'Sara, No. 317, reputed
to be ninety years of age. One has difficulty in believing that a youth could be
like No. 323 at eighteen, then at fifty resemble No. 324, and finally assume the
features seen in No. 317. In estimating racial affinities we have to take these age
changes into account. I am of the opinion that as the Arab ages he turns more
Europeanoid in features. Indeed I find it much harder to discriminate Arab,
Egyptian, Hindu, and South European from one another in childhood than in
manhood.

In discussing age changes I have selected the long-faced, aquiline-nosed Arab
as a type. There are thirty-one of the thirty-eight Beduins who may be assigned
to this class, the aquiline-nosed, long-faced type. But there is another type in
which the features are irregular; especially is the bridge of the nose lacking in high
development, leaving a notch at the junction of nose and forehead. The forehead
in this group is often expanded and high, the face short. Seven of the thirty-
eight Beduins are of this short-faced type. Among the Kish Arabs and es-
pecially the Iraq soldiers the short-faced type becomes relatively much more
numerous. Among the Ba'ij Beduins the short-faced type occurs to the long-
faced in a ratio of 26 : 100; among the Kish Arabs the ratio is 60 : 100; among
the soldiers the ratio of short face to long face is 280 : 100. The aristocratic
visage predominates among the Beduins; it is still common in the Kish Arab
group but is overwhelmed by a more plebeian visage among the Iraq soldiers,
unless the effects of shaving, barbering, and military dress have somehow deceived
my eye.

Let me cite among the Kish population and Iraq soldiers examples of the two
types just mentioned. Among the Beduins I have already cited, while discussing
age changes, examples of the long-faced, aquiline-nosed type. I may now mention
examples of the contrasted type among the Beduins — Nos. 307, 310, 315, 319,
322, 327. Among the Kish Arabs, as illustrative of the long face I would cite
as examples Nos. 3, 11, 12, 13, 18, 25, 27, 31, 38, 39, 48, 50, 62, 70, 72, 74, 92, 94,
101, 103, and others. As examples of the short-faced, irregular-featured type,
Nos. 1, 4, 9, 23, 28, 44, 45, 46, 69, 87, 90, 93, 95, 96, 102, 104, 168. Among the
Iraq soldiers I would cite as Type 1 Nos. 501, 503, 505, 506, 508, 510, 513, 515, 516,
517, 522, 523, 527, 528, 529, 536, 553, 565, and others; as Type 2 Nos. 502, 507,
509, 514, 520, 526, 530, 535, 539, 543, 556, 558, 563, 578, 584, 590, 596, 603, 663,
670, 718. It is among the short-faced, irregular-featured Arabs that one meets
with examples reminiscent of the Dravidian of India on the one hand and of the
Hamitic types of Africa on the other. Presently I shall have to discuss the origin
of such types. It is possible that they represent survivals from an ancient or
modern Negroid population of Arabia.

In the foregoing pages the photographic records have been submitted to
an empirical method of anthropological analysis. I have been seeking to ascertain
to what degree the modern people of Iraq have become differentiated from
all surrounding peoples, and also with what peoples we are most likely to
confuse them. The result of this analysis has been to prove that the races with

18 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

which the Arab is most likely to be confused are those of the Caucasian stock.
We must regard the Arab as a member of this stock. Although distinguishable
by external appearances from Hamitic and other African races, the Arab is
marked by numerous minor Negroid traits. While I have cited many examples
of both the long-faced and the short-faced type of Arab, I have not as yet cited
examples of the individuals who if regimented with other nationalities, such as
Iranian, Greek, or South Italian, might pass as true members of these groups.
Let me cite, first, a few examples of Europeanoids from the Beduin series. There
is, first, the handsome Arab No. 320; if in European dress his color and the dis-
tribution of beard might reveal his race to the expert eye, but I doubt it. Nos.
306, 307, 310, 312, 316, and several others, could, if put into uniform, pass as Euro-
peans. Among the Iraq soldiers I should cite Nos. 706, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712,
713, 714, 716 as types which might pass as Europeans. I diagnosed my racial
types without referring to birthplace. On reading Mr. Field's notes I found
that this string of European-like types came from Baghdad and still farther
to the north — Mosul, Kirkuk, and Sulaimaniya. A further analysis revealed
the fact that the men in whom I recognized European-like features came pre-
dominantly from the northeastern side of the plain — from the north bank of the
Tigris and beyond. For example, Amara, Ba'quba, and Basra provided a
higher proportion of European-like individuals than those coming from the towns
on the Arabian side of the plain, the Euphrates side. Altogether I counted that
54 soldiers, out of a total of 223 (more than 24 per cent), might pass as South
Europeans. Examples of these types are Nos. 500, 504, 515, 533, 537, 538,
615, 623, 628, 648, 661, 667, 684.

As said before, the experienced traveler takes unconscious notice of a multi-
tude of points in coming to a conclusion as to the race and place of any stranger
he may chance to meet. There are two characters which weigh with him as of
especial importance: the degree to which skin, hair, and eyes are pigmented;
also the hair texture. Many Arabs, whose features might be those of a European,
cannot pass as Europeans because of their degree of pigmentation. Now Mr.
Field has recorded the color of hair and eyes of the various groups of Arabs
measured by him. Unfortunately no standard set of colors was used to measure
the degrees of pigmentation. There are certainly many Arabs who are not more
deeply pigmented than many South Italians. The hair was dark brown or black
in 86 per cent of the Beduins of the Kish area and in 98.5 per cent of the Iraq
soldiers. There were four of thirty-two Beduins whose hair was light brown
or reddish; among the Kish Arabs this group reached 3 per cent, but it formed
one and a half per cent of the soldiers. Thus, as a whole, the Arabs are more deeply
pigmented than any group of South Europeans. In this feature (pigmentation)
they are nearer to the Dravidians of India and the Hamites of Africa than to any
European group.

As regards eye color there is a considerable difference among the three
groups of Arabs included in the anthropological census made by Mr. Field. Those
in which the eye (iris) seemed black or dark brown made up 23.7 per cent of the

INTRODUCTION 19

Beduins observed, 77.2 per cent of the Kish Arabs, and 86.6 per cent of the Iraq
soldiers. Here again the soldiers appear as the most pigmented of the Arabs
examined. In eyes reckoned as greenish brown the Beduins had 18.4 per cent,
the Kish Arabs 12 per cent, and the soldiers 7.3 per cent. The Beduins with
blue brown eyes numbered 58 per cent, the Kish Arabs 8.3 per cent, the soldiers

5.4 per cent. As regards gray brown eyes, none was observed among Beduins,

2.5 per cent among the Kish Arabs and 0.7 per cent among the soldiers. Thus as
regards coloring the Beduins in their prevalence of black hair (38 per cent) com-
bined with eyes which were of a blue brown shade (58 per cent) differ from all
the other Arabs observed. Blackness of hair and blueness of eyes are character-
istics met in the darker (Celtic) peoples of western Europe.

Whether the Beduin type has been evolved in Arabia by isolation and
selective breeding or whether it represents a type evolved to the north of Arabia
that has mingled with native blood since its arrival, are matters open to debate.
My opinion is that the Arab is a type which has been evolved from the general
population of Arabia by selective breeding continued over many generations.
But as will be mentioned below, there probably was, before this process of
evolution set in, a Caucasian influx from the north.

Before proceeding to discuss the anthropological data collected by Mr.
Field it is important that we should note the position occupied by Iraq,
where the data were obtained, in an ethnological map of the Old World such as
that charted by Ratzel. According to this author, Iraq lies on or near an
ethnological frontier. To the north, in a mountainous region, lies the home
of the Iranians and kindred peoples. In the Iranian group we may include the
peoples of Asia Minor (Ottomans, as Ratzel has named them). The whole of
Arabia, from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf and from the Levant to the Indian
Ocean, is indicated by Ratzel as the home of the Semites. The Semites are
represented as spreading across northern Africa, occupying the southern shores
of the Mediterranean. Adjoining Arabia on the west and south, but separated
by the Red Sea, is the home of the Hamitic peoples. They occupy a tract of
Africa, east of the Nile, which extends from Cairo in the north almost to Zanzibar
in the south. Still farther away in the east is India, occupied by a dark-skinned
people — Dravidians in the south, Aryo-Dravidians in the north. Now, our object
is to discover the relationship of the Arab to these other peoples — to the
Hamites, the Dravidians, the Aryo-Dravidians, the Iranians, other Semites, and
South Europeans — in short, to all peoples whose skins are brown or even black
in color and whose faces are Caucasian in type. Whatever theory we may
advance to account for the origin of the Arab it must be one which will explain
at the same time the distribution and the types of people found between India
in the east and Egypt in the west.

We come now to the examination of the physical measurements made by
Mr. Field of the Arabs living in the neighborhood of Kish. Our purpose is to
ascertain what light these measurements throw on the physical constitution of
the Arabian people and on the relationship of the Arab to races both past and

20 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

present. I propose to begin with a consideration of the two measurements made
of the head, its length and breadth. We shall consider the three groups taken in
this order — Ba'ij Beduins (38), Kish Arabs (398), and Iraq soldiers (231).

The Beduins form a very small but a very valuable group, as they are
representative of a separate class — the tribal Arab — in contradistinction to the
town Arab. The average head length of this group of men of various ages is
191.37 mm, which if we allow 8 mm for flesh would give a skull length of
approximately 183 mm — a short skull. The coefficients of variation for each
measurement are given in the table (p. 455). The average head width of the
Beduin group is 140.24 mm, which with flesh removed and skull dried would give
a cranial width of about 130 mm. Thus we must note that the head dimensions
are small. The relationship of width to length (cephalic index) of the living head
is 73 per cent. If we allow for flesh the index on the skull would be about two
points less; namely, 71. Thus the Beduin is both small- and long-headed
(dolichocephalic).

I am in full agreement with accepted anthropological practice — that averages
of measurements with coefficients of variations must be obtained and recorded
for the complete group of individuals examined, and if the groups are large
enough, as in the case of the Kish Arabs (398) and Iraq soldiers (231), curves
must be drawn to represent the distribution of each item of measurement. In
averages and in distributional curves we lose sight of the individuals; very different
kinds of men have their individuality obscured when included as items in the
statements of averages and as units in distributional curves. Hence I have
been in the habit, these twenty years past, of using an old-fashioned form of
chart for the finer analysis of small racial groups. This form of chart is illustrated
here (Chart I). The vertical lines of this chart represent the head length,
having a range from 160 to 220 mm, one of 60 mm. The horizontal lines represent
head width, beginning at 120 mm and ending at 170 mm, a range of 50 mm.
Each individual is entered on the chart at the point where his measurement of
head width crosses that of his head length. The "o's" on the chart represent
the distribution of the thirty-eight Beduins. Four diagonal lines cross the chart
from top left corner to bottom right; they are marked 70, 75, 80, 85. A head
falling on the 70-diagonal is one whose width is 70 per cent of its length, and so
on with the other lines. The heads which fall between the 75 and 80 lines I name
mesocephalic. In most human races this becomes the most crowded compartment
of the chart. Heads falling on the 75-line and below the 70-line I name dolicho-
cephalic; if on the 70-line or above it, they form an ulira-dolichocephalic group.
Heads which fall on the 80-line and above the 85-line I name br achy cephalic,
and if on the 85-line or below it I name ultra-br achy cephalic. Now, when we look
at the cephalic chart of the Beduins, we see that eight of them are ultra-dolicho-
cephalic (with a cephalic index of 70 or less), twenty-one of them are in the
dolichocephalic group (70-75), while only seven lie in the mesocephalic group.
Two fall in the brachy cephalic group (80-85), but none are ultra-brachycephalic.
The mass of the tribesmen fall between the 70 and 75 lines, but the individuals

INTRODUCTION

21

who stray away from the main mass are, for students of race, as important as
the main mass itself.

A long experience in dealing with racial characters has convinced me that
the actual dimensions of length and width are more important for the determina-
tion of the status of a race than a statement of the cephalic index — the relation
of width dimension to length dimension. I have sought to bring out the value
of actual dimensions by drawing diagonally in Chart I two lines at right angles

mm Head Le.ngrtrh

^c

90

©>

<9 © $

N

s,

0

/

*

t>

mm
12.0

'

s

2

,

^t

o

/

/

6

s

I

/

8

s

k,

'

O

c

)

0

130

/

/

<.

)

Z

/

(

\

■4-

/

/

^

)

6

\

y

^

N

8$

\

\

/

\

s>

V

J

f-\

/40+?

V

b'

u

U

f>

°C

*->

c

Js

P.?,

P,C

Cv

*\

s

t

■XJ

>1

]

i

\

4$

<

if'

\

\

V

J

k

j

6V

8<d

f

\

s

- \

h

c

)y

N

sv

/f>o®

O

P.^

'N

<->

4-

s

\

6

■ *i

\

-N

8

X

160

-0

^

P.

A

7

4-

4

Y

1*1

y

\

s

6

fi

•)/

v

s

<&

*o

a

v

7

\

170

Fig. 1. Chart I. Head length, breadth, and capacity of thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins.
cates an individual. Vertical lines indicate length of head; horizontal ones, width of head,
entered on chart at point where his length and breadth measurements meet.

Each circle indi-
Each individual is

to the cephalic index lines. One of these (line A) is drawn through the point
where the vertical line 188 is crossed by the 140 horizontal. A head falling on
this point (188 x 140) would have a skull length of 180 mm and a width of 130
mm — a small head with a capacity of about 1300 cc. All heads falling on this
line or above and to the left of it, I count small heads. A curved line, with con-
vexity downward and bending to the spectator's left, would give a more truthful
result, but such a conventional line as A will serve our present purpose. The
second diagonal (B) is drawn through the point which represents a head 198
mm long and 150 mm wide — one which gives a skull 190 by 140 mm — with a

22 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

brain capacity of about 1450 cc. This is not really a large head; the cranial
capacity of the average Englishman is 1480 cc. All heads which fall on line
B or below it (i.e. to the right of it as seen by the spectator) I count large
heads; those which fall between the lines A and B I count heads of intermediate
size. When we look at Chart I we see that the Beduins are distributed as
follows: large head one; medium, twenty-four; small, thirteen. The Beduins
are, compared to Europeans, small-headed and small-brained. We shall see pres-
ently how they compare with other groups of Arabs and other races of mankind.
If we pursue our analysis of the Beduins according to size and shape of head,
they fall into the following groups:

Groups According to Cephalic Index
-70/ -75/ - /80+ /85 + Totals

Heads
Small (1300 cc or less) . . .

Medium

Large (1450 cc or more) .

4
4
0

7
13

1

2
5
0

0
2
0

0
0
0

13
24

1

Totals

8

21

7

2

0

38

Now the eccentric individuals revealed in Chart I are of as much interest
as the average Beduin. We must keep an eye open for exceptionally small-
headed individuals. In Chart I a single very narrow-headed individual falls
below a third line I have introduced — one which marks heads about 1150 cc in
size. In such a group of men it is usual to find two or three rising into the big-
headed group; here there is only one, and he reaches only the boundary line.
The two round-headed individuals falling between the 80 and 85 lines in the
medium-headed group are also of interest. There is in the Beduin only a slight
tendency to produce individuals with round heads.

About the time Mr. Field was measuring the Arabs of central Iraq, Captain
Bertram Thomas spent some months among the Arabs of the south coast, pre-
paratory to his daring journey across the southern desert. In Chart II I have
plotted observations made by Captain Thomas on thirty-five South Arabs,
so as to make clear how markedly the South Arab differs from the North Arab
in shape of head. The South Arab is intensely round-headed, while the North
Arab is just as intensely long-headed. The facial type, so common among the
Beduins of the north, does not occur in the south. But the North and South
Arabs are alike in this: both are small-headed, as the following table shows.

Small
heads

Medium
heads

Large
heads

Totals

33

2

0

35

13

24

1

38

South Arabs (35) 33

Beduins, North Arabs (38) 13

The South Arabs are smaller-headed than those of the north. Even allowing
for the circumstance that the straight line A gives an unfair index of size
of brachycephalic heads, the fact still remains that the South Arab is charac-
terized not only by roundness of head, but also by smallness of head. A glance

INTRODUCTION

23

at Chart II will reveal the fact that, as Dr. Krogman was the first to observe,
it is in length not in width of head that the North Arab exceeds his cousin of the
south. One suspects that the South Arab has come by his roundness of head
not by a swelling in its width, but by a contraction in its length.

Chart II brings out very well the extent to which the South Arab, as regards
head form, differs from the Arab of the north. Only two of the Beduins cross
the 80-line to fall in the brachy cephalic group; only four of the South Arabs

mm.

<o

CO

H<zacL L.eng~tr/i

O Beduins, • South Arabs,

Fig. 2. Chart II. Head length, breadth, and
Arabs, and six Somalis.

capacity of thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins, thirty-five South

cross the same line to enter the mesocephalic group. Captain Thomas included
in his list six Somalis whom he found living in southern Arabia, and I introduce
these representatives of a Hamitic people; they fall on either side of the 80-line,
and five of them lie in the small-headed group. When tabulated, the difference
in head form between the South Arab and the Beduin of the north is as follows:

Groups According to Cephalic Index
-70/ -75/ - /80+ /85+ Totals

Beduins, North Arabs (38) 8 22 6 2 0 38

South Arabs (35) 0 0 4 11 20 35

24

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

When we come to discuss the origin and affinities of the people of Arabia,
we shall have to keep in mind the unexpected degree of brachycephaly which
prevails in southern Arabia.

mm

Heacf Length.

p*

mm
IZO

2

<*

6

fl

v.

a

i

»

0

/30

\

\

t

9

W

2

•

<*

X

i

>

6

1

8<

i

9

%

> >

1

i ^

b

4

►

&

4

i»/

2.0

i

x

i

r?

•

a\

*

o

i

1 F

1 1'

(

f

6*
8«6

F

*>

S

» — -w

— «

b

> i

>

\

/50«

c

h

'V

<°,

**

i

5

s

v

'

\

-4

•

\

£

6

V

v.

fl

Q0

&

/6C

n

2

A

y

v

\,

+

c

s.

Po

6

n

■y

>v

%

8

rp

/r<?

6 Ancient- Ch.a.lc£e.an.s, • Iraq Soldiers

Fig. 3. Chart III. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Iraq soldiers (Nos. 500-550) born near
Kish, at Hilla, Nasiriya, and other towns on Euphrates side of plain, compared with ten ancient Chaldeans
(males) whose skulls were found by Leonard Woolley near Ur in graves of fourth millennium B.C. The ancient
skulls have had 8 mm added to their length and 10 mm to their width, to represent their original fleshy coverings
and to make them comparable with heads of modern natives. The ancient skulls were described by Sir
Arthur Keith (Excavations at Al 'Ubaid by Hall and Woolley, 1926). In some series of numbers, such as the
present — Nos. 500-550, where 51 men are represented — one or more men often had to be omitted from the series
because of lack of one measurement. Apparent discrepancies are due to such omissions. In all cases the
group diagrammed contains fifty individuals.

In Chart III are plotted the head dimensions of fifty Iraq soldiers (I chose
the opening series), Nos. 500-550. Most of the men were natives of villages
in the southern part of the plain along the south bank of the Euphrates. I chose
men from this district for three reasons: I wanted to compare them (1) with
the Beduin group; (2) with a group chosen from the northern side of the plain;
(3) with the men who lived in almost the same locality in the fourth millennium
B.C. Let me first classify this group of Arab soldiers according to form and
size of head:

INTRODUCTION 25

IRAQ SOLDIERS (Nos. 500-550)

Groups According to Cephalic Index

-70/ -75/ /80+ /85+ Totals
Heads

Small 3 7 8 0 0 18

Medium 5 11 12 2 0 30

Large 0 110 0 2

Totals 8 19 21 2 0 50

As regards head size, this group of soldiers is in close agreement with the
Beduins; rather a higher proportion of soldiers falls in the small-headed group.
Nor is there any marked difference in head form; there is a movement of the
soldiers away from the dolichocephalic toward the mesocephalic group; there
is a greater tendency toward the brachycephalic line among the soldiers than
among the Beduins. In both groups there is the same representation of small,
narrow-headed individuals; there is, too, as in the Beduins, a representation
of brachycephaly; there are two individuals who fall into the round-headed
group (/80+).

To save description it is convenient to adopt a method to indicate classes
grouped according to measurement; /80-/85 indicates individuals with a cephalic
index of 80 or more, but under 85; /180 mm-/185 mm indicates a group of people
with head length of 180 or more, but under 185 mm; and so on.

The position taken by the ten ancient inhabitants of Ur is very striking.
Their skulls have been clothed in flesh to make them comparable with modern
natives of the plain, 8 mm being added to length and 10 to width. Now as regards
proportion of breadth of head to length of head, ancient and modern heads
agree; they fall very evenly on each side of the 75-diagonal. But as regards
size, seven of the ten ancients rise into the large-headed class, while only two of
the series of fifty modern natives have equal preeminence. Three of the ancient
heads fall in the medium-headed group, which contains thirty of the fifty soldiers.
The modern Arab has the same form of head as the ancient inhabitants of Ur,
but his head is less by at least 100 cc of brain capacity. I am proceeding on the
assumption that the modern Arab represents the same race as lived in the cities
of the lower plain but that decay of the old civilization has resulted in the survival
of a smaller-brained type. Or was it the big-headed people who died out and
thus civilization decayed?

Before proceeding to examine the head form of various other groups of Arabs
measured by Mr. Field, it may be well at this point to ascertain how the Arab
compares, as regards size and shape of head, with other neighboring races. And
here a strange fact emerges: while I see in so many external points resemblances
of the Arab to the South European, it is not with Europeans but with non-
European races that confusion is likely to arise in the comparison of dimensions
and shape of head. The Arab lies in the great brown belt which extends from
Egypt to the farther shores of India. Let us see, first, how the Arab compares
with the Egyptian in the points now under consideration.

26

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

If the Egyptian chart (IV) is compared with that of the Beduins (I) or with
that of the Iraq soldiers (III), a very considerable degree of resemblance is
observed. The Egyptians fall into the following groups:

EGYPTIANS (50)

Groups According to Cephalic Index

-70/ -75/

/80+ ,85+ Totals

mm

tvi \J. vo QQ

^0

8

■v.

Heads
Small
Medium
Large

Totals
CV] ^ <o 00 Q

S

0 12 6

0 20 9

0 10

0 33 15

Head Length.

5 Ol

0 C
2 0
0 0

2 C

eg ^ <a co

o

18

31

1

50
0J ^ <0 CO

V-,

mm
/20

s.

2

-#

6

f,c

8

<}

*

ISO

^

*■;«

t

2

•

*

^

V

<*

a

a

-f

v

V

•

w

•

6

w

\

s%

i

/-«>£

>

>

A

P. *

SJI

1

•.

+\

\

•j

X

6^

»w

&

\

w

*£

^

\,

— \

W~~

2

4

6

8

N

s

■&

ieo

Sj

*w

2

\

4-

6

.

%

1

8

/70

Fig. 4. Chart IV. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Egyptians. Measurements taken and
recorded by A. Hrdlicka (Natives of the Khargha Oasis, 1912). For this purpose I used the first fifty men of
his series.

Now as regards distribution of head size, the Egyptians and the Iraq
soldiers are almost identical :

INTRODUCTION 27

Small Medium Large

heads heads heads Totals

Egyptians 18 31 1 50

Iraq soldiers 18 30 2 50

Beduins 13 24 1 38

The prominent feature of the Egyptian array of heads (Chart IV) is its com-
pactness. Egyptian heads are grouped along each side of the 75-diagonal,
none passing beyond the 70-line on the one side or the 80-line on the other.
There is none of the Arab small-headed ultra-narrow-headed individuals; the
Arab brachycephalic sports are also missing. There are, in the Egyptian series,
one individual who almost sinks into the ultra-small-headed group and one who
rises into the large-headed. It may be held that the uniformity of the Khargha
Egyptian group is due to inbreeding and that the "outliers" of the Arab group
are a result of outbreeding. But it is quite as probable that we have here an
exhibition of real inherent traits of both peoples, the Arab having a tendency
to vary, to produce sports, the Egyptian to breed true to type. In combining
the Beduin and Iraq soldier charts we obtain a distribution of Arab head form
and size which is very similar to that shown in the Egyptian chart. The real
difference lies in the Arab tendency to produce eccentric forms.

Let us now turn to India and compare the head form and size of two peoples
of that country with Mr. Field's Arabs. I shall take fifty men of the Chatri
caste of the United Provinces to represent the Dravidian element. The fifty
examples chosen are from tables in "The Tribes and Castes of Bengal" (II, 1891)
by H. H. Risley. In the following table the distribution is shown according
to size and shape:

CHATRI CASTE (DRAVIDIAN, 50)

Groups According to Cephalic Index
-70/ -75/ /80+ /85+ Totals

Heads

Small 4 12 10 1 0 27

Medium 1 17 4 1 0 23

Large 0 0 0 0 0 0

Totals 5 29 14 2 0 50

Now, the outstanding feature of the Dravidian head is its smallness; in this
group of fifty Chatri twenty-seven fall among the small heads; only twenty-three
rise into the medium group; not one reaches the upper limit, while three indi-
viduals fall on or below the 1150 cc-line. Yet, if we except the degree of smallness,
the distribution of head form among the Chatri is not unlike that among
the Beduins (Chart I). There are five ultra-dolichocephalic Chatri and two
brachycephalic ones. There are reasons, besides the resemblances in head form,
which induce us to suppose that Dravidian and Arab have in them an inheritance
from a common stock — an inheritance which has been retained more completely
by the natives of India than by the people of Arabia.

Turning to a group of Aryo-Dravidians, such as is represented in Chart
VI (taken from Risley 's measurements), we see that the Pathan distribution

28

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

departs from that shown in Chart V of Dravidians and approaches that shown
in Chart III of the Iraq soldiers. The fifty men included in Chart VI were
members of the Pathan caste, Punjab. Their average stature is 1687 mm (5 feet
6.4 inches) — rather taller than the Beduins (1683 mm or 5 feet 6.3 inches), the
Kish Arabs (1677 mm or 5 feet 6 inches), and the Egyptians of the Khargha
Oasis (5 feet 5.5 inches), but shorter than the average of the soldiers of the
Iraq army measured by Mr. Field. The average stature of the soldiers is 1725.6

mm

oj t <S 00

5

%,

(VJ ^ ^ oo

0] ^ vo CQ

1 1,
5j

CO

1

' ^oco

01 ^

<o

00

<V1

0] ^ vooo

1

1/8

P*

120

2

■4

6

rj

8

s

1

4

\'

/SO

v

\

*■

\^\

t

e»

2

/

/

4-

— 1

* — 7

<

> ">

<

>

K

k

6<

v

►Is

I

*w-

S

N

8%
/40^

•■

*^i

* \

\?

■•-

N

►

f

2$

i

p-*

<

►

•

► <

►

-fTI

4

>

•t

(5«3

%

f

/SO

rb

\

\

2

- \

w

\

-4

6

B

c°.

><?

/60

b°

A

2

y

• 0

/

\

4

V

A

y

^

%

%

6

a

Fig. 5. Chart V. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty men of Chatri caste, United Provinces
(after Risley).

mm (5 feet 8 inches). The Pathan is taller than the Chatri (Dravidian) by one
inch (26 mm, to be exact), and it might be thought that the increase of head
dimensions was directly correlated with increase of stature. When, however,
we take into consideration the fact that the soldier Arab is two inches taller than
either the Beduin or the Kish Arab and that the heads of these two latter groups
are larger than those of the taller soldiers, we must hesitate in ascribing any very
close correlation between stature and size of head. Mr. Field regards the greater
height of the Arab soldier as being due to physical drill, but probably there has
also been a selection of recruits. In proceeding we shall find that the soldier Arab

INTRODUCTION

29

departs in many respects from the Kish Arab. Whatever be the right explana-
tion, the fact remains that a native people of the Punjab approximates in size
and shape of head the Arab population of Iraq, and this must be given due
weight when we come to work out the affinities of the Arab people.

rn m.

Head L.e.ng1rh,

£

m. rn.
/20

2

-*

e

*k

8

/C

/30

v\

<:<-

%

2

,'

<%

-4

a

1

s

6

pol

t —

;

•

8<

f

I T

L

b

%

9

j

w

9

2%

<

t

i

i

>

+ ±

1

ji

►

%

9

6-q

8<Q

9

*

1

*

a

\

t

$b

2^

V

'W

I

tJ

4

6

8

%

/60

2

■4

6

N.

%

V

&o

8

/70

Fig. 6. Chart VI. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty men of Pathan caste, Punjab (after Risley).

In the following table the fifty Pathans, represented in Chart VI, are placed
in groups according to size and shape of head:

PATHAN CASTE (ARYO-DRAVIDIAN, 50)

Groups According to Cephalic Index

Heads
Small...
Medium .
Large . . .

-70/

-75/

-

/80 +

/85 +

Totals

0

7

12

5

2

26

0

12

7

3

0

22

0

2

0

0

0

2

Totals.

0 21

19

50

30

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Now, among the Pathans as among the Dravidians there is a large representa-
tion of small heads; twenty-six of the fifty Pathans fall into the small-headed
group, whereas among Arabs we expect only about one-third of that number
to fall into the lower group. Two Pathans rise into the highest group, and one
man falls almost on the 1150 cc-line. Most of the heads fall along either side
of the 75-diagonal; there are no ultra-dolichocephals as among the Arab groups.
On the other hand, there is a much stronger tendency among the Pathans than

mm
O 01 ^

vfi

Q

«]

*

IQ

CO

<y

I L

8<

.e.nQtrn
oq ^ v© co

CV3

t ^ CO

"3

01 ^

•0

BO

v*

mm.
120

2

-*■

6

S

/

IZO

4

N

y

2

4

6

I;

8l

%

»

%

•

J

► .

•

•

a 5

Sfl

►•

**

&

i

•

6*

8<0

\

V

4

>

•4

>

'•

•

4

»

2^

"h

w

^

6

8

•

'60

Qo

--

2

n

^

4

y

,<

i ^r

£

A

y

S.

<fe

%

8

Y-r-j

/7<?

be

rn

Fig
in 1

.7.

s'as

c

riy

ha
a o

•t \
r II

II.

ilia

K

I

eat

1 le

con

«t

ipa

1. 1
rim

rea

n w

at*

ith

. ai
Ch

d c
art

apt

11

H-it

J 0

rn

tyl

raf

so

Idu

rsl

bet

w«

it 1

SV-

. 5j

«3-671),

among the Kish Arabs to brachycephaly. Indeed we see in Chart VI a group
of short, round heads (seven in number) which fall into the compartments occu-
pied by the South Arabs in Chart II. Thus, among the Pathans there is a
greater tendency toward brachycephaly than in the North Arabs, but much less
than among the South Arabs. Further, like the South Arabs, the Pathans and
Dravidians are preponderatingly small-headed. The North Arab has more
than a half (50 per cent) representation in the group of medium-sized heads.

Having made a cursory comparison of the Arab of central Iraq with the Arab
of the south, the Somali, the Egyptian, the Dravidian, and the Aryo-Dravidian,

INTRODUCTION 31

I now return to the examination of the men measured by Mr. Field in the neigh-
borhood of Kish. The fifty soldiers whose head dimensions are reproduced in
Chart III came from the south bank of the Euphrates, from Hilla, Nasiriya,
and other places, but in this group (Nos. 500-550) there were also a number from
villages farther afield. So I took another group of soldiers, all natives of Hilla
or of Nasiriya (between Nos. 553-671) to see what degree of uniformity in head
form there is among the Arabs of the south side of the plain. When the fifty
men included in Chart VII are classified according to head dimensions the result
is as follows:

IRAQ SOLDIERS (50)

Groups According to Cephalic Index

-70/ -75/ - /80+ /85 + Totals
Heads

Small 0 8 14 4 2 28

Medium 0 7 10 2 0 19

Large 0 0 2 10 3

Totals 0 15 26 7 2 50

These two groups of Arabs from the southern area (Charts III, VII) differ
in important respects: in the first group the small heads number eighteen, whereas
in the second they number twenty-eight; nevertheless there are three big heads in
the second group, and two in the first. The chief difference, however, is a
prevalence of ultra-dolichocephaly in the first group (eight individuals), while
in the second there is none of this class; but there are nine individuals who are
brachycephalic or ultra-brachycephalic. The distribution in this second group
is strikingly similar to that given by the Pathans (Chart VI).

When passing in review the facial features revealed in these photographic
records of Arabs I remarked on the predominance of the European visage among
men from Baghdad, Kirkuk, Mosul, and Sulaimaniya. So I took the head
dimensions of these men, thirty-one in number. I made up a group of fifty by
adding nineteen natives from Kut al Imara, which is situated on the lower
Tigris. When the head forms of these fifty men are plotted as in Chart VIII,
the following is the result:

IRAQ SOLDIERS (50)

Groups According to Cephalic Index

-70/ -75/ /80+ /85+ Totals
Heads

Small 1 3 9 8 0 21

Medium 0 4 16 3 2 25

Large 0 0 3 10 4

Totals 1 7 28 12 2 50

The first point to be noted in this group is the prevalence of brachycephaly;
fourteen of the fifty men fall on or below the 80 (brachycephalic) line. There
is in this group a considerable representation of the small brachycephal so

32

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

prevalent among the South Arabs. The second point is the number of men
falling in the large-headed group — four in number (all from Kut al Imara) — but
were the divisional lines marking head size drawn more justly, two of the ultra-
brachycephals might also be added to the large-headed group. Twenty-one
men of this Baghdad group fall in the small-headed class, against twenty-eight
in the Hilla group just examined. We note, too, in the Mosul-Baghdad group
a single representative of the narrow-headed, small-headed type so common in

mm

H<zacL L-eng-th,

S>n]^v8CD$(\)^voQo£(qi'<Qooscvi1:v<oS>ftaY'ooo^nt^'<e<o&

«

N

CD

CQ

Bag-ficLad., Mosul , and. ot-her pi 'aces, O Amar-a

Fig. 8. Chart VIII. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Iraq soldiers, thirty-one from Baghdad,
Kirkuk, Mosul, and Sulaimaniya, nineteen from Kut al Imara.

the Beduin group. From the north comes a tendency to round-headedness and
large-headedness.

As soldiers were recruited from various districts and represent selected
samples of the population, I turned to the Arabs who lived in camps in the
neighborhood of Kish to see if there was any trace to be found of the prevalence
of local types. I took four groups of fifty from the 398 Kish Arabs. The first
group lived in the camp of Sheikh Miniehil (Nos. 1-50). When classified accord-
ing to head dimensions these fifty men fall into the following classes:

INTRODUCTION

33

KISH ARABS (Nos. 1-50)

Groups According to Cephalic Index

-70/ -75/

/80+ /85+ Totals

Heads

Small

... 0

8

15

3

2

28

Medium

... 0

12

8

1

0

21

Large

... 0

0

1

0

0

1

Totals

... 0

20

24

4

2

50

mm

O a) \(- io co

CVi

t <o oo §

Head. Length.

^ OJ Ol

f

mm
/2<?

\

2.

\

s

4

»

<4-

6

jf

•X

8

6°

1

$

A30

f

4

2

}

-*

4

►

6

n

1 1

&<

•3

J*

In

[ i

h

wok

<

P

"1

t

V

2%

t

b

► 4

>a

**

^T '

> *

6^

4

>

3%

4

>

i

►

V

' 4

>

(50^

o

2

4-

6

tf

/6<?

$>

2

V

V

-4

6

*

*o

8

/7tf

_£1

Fig. 9. Chart IX. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Kish Arabs (Nos. 1-50) from camp
of Sheikh Miniehil.

We are struck, first, by the number of very small heads; three fall below
the 1150 cc-line. Only one reaches the 1450 cc-limit. There are no ultra-doli-
chocephals; there are six on or beyond the 80-line; most fall on either side of
the 75-line.

The next group also comes from the camp of Sheikh Miniehil (Nos. 100-149).
A somewhat more compact group than the last; there is only one very small
head; not one reaches the highest standard; there are two small-headed ultra-
dolichocephals; and none of the five brachycephals reaches the 85-line.

34 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

When classified the men in this group fall into the following classes:

KISH ARABS (Nos. 100-149)

Heads
Small...
Medium .
Large . . .

Groups According to Cephalic Index

-70/ -75/ /80+ /85+ Totals

2

8

13

3

0

26

0

10

12

2

0

24

0

0

0

0

0

0

Totals.

18 25

8

CM

t <0 00 £ f\j

He-ad. Length,

<\J ^^oo

0

a.

Fig. 10. Chart X. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Kish Arabs (Nos. 100-149) from camp
of Sheikh Miniehil.

The next group of Arabs (Nos. 200-249) is from other camps, that of Sheikh
Swadi and that of Sayyid Ruda. They are larger-headed men than those of
the two last groups; there is no very small head; four rise into the large-headed
group. There are three ultra-dolichocephals and four brachycephals, but the
latter fall just over the 80-line. This I look on as the chart which is most
representative of the head of the Arab as regards size and shape. When
classified the following is the result:

INTRODUCTION

35

KISH ARABS (Nos. 200-249)

Groups According to Cephalic Index

Heads

Small

Medium . . .
Large

Totals.

-70/ -75/

/80+ /85+ Totals

2
1
0

11

1

13
2

1
2
1

0
0
0

20 23

19

27
4

50

mm

g

^<©Q0 § <VJ

Head. Length.

§ <\J^ <©0O $0]

Fig. 11. Chart XI. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Kish Arabs (Nos. 200-249) from camps
of Sheikh Swadi and Sayyid Ruda.

The last group of Kish Arabs I included in my review is from the camp
of Sheikh Hadji Hunta on the Tigris (seventeen men) and from the camp of
Sheikh Aziz (thirty-three men).

We are struck with the dispersion of the individuals of this group. Three
rise into the highest group, twenty-seven fall into the medium-headed group, and
seven fall toward the bottom of the small-headed group, one being definitely
below 1150 cc. There is a strong representation of ultra-dolichocephals (seven),
and there is no ultra-brachycephal.

36

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

KISH ARABS (50)

Groups According to Cephalic Index

Heads
Small...
Medium .
Large . . .

ro/

-75/

-

/80 +

/85+ Totals

2
5
0

9
9
0

6

10

2

3
3
1

0 20
0 27
0 3

Totals.

18 18

50

mm

Q 0} Y v© Co O

K

0)

^ <G CO o

Head l-<zngrt-h.

N CO 03 O? /P/9

O-From csim.p oPSh<zLHh HajL Hunts, 9From camp of1 SheiHh A-z.cz

Fig. 12. Chart XII. Head length, breadth, and capacity of fifty Kish Arabs, seventeen from camp of
Sheikh Hunta on the Tigris River, thirty-three from camp of Sheikh Aziz.

I have purposely broken up the masses of men measured by Mr. Field into
small groups in order to see if in the army or among the Kish Arabs we should
meet development of local types, but more especially to see if we should find
a group which gave a chart with approximately the same distribution of classes
as that given by the Ba'ij Beduins. We have encountered Arabs, both in the
army and Kish groups, who have the same head dimensions as the Beduins,
but no group gives approximately the same distribution. The Beduin, even
in head form and size, has his points of differentiation. The soldiers from Mosul
and Baghdad also differ from other groups in the proportions of their classes.

INTRODUCTION 37

Let me now take the two hundred Arabs depicted in Charts IX to XII and
add the results together to obtain a general conspectus of the distribution of
head classes among the people of the region of Kish :

CLASSIFICATION OF KISH ARABS
Charts IX-XII

Groups According to Cephalic Index

-70/ -75/ /S0+ /85+ Totals

Heads

Small 6 33 42 10 2 93

Medium 6 42 43 8 0 99

Large 0 15 2 0 8

Totals 12 76 90 20 2 200

Thus, of the two hundred Arabs 4 per cent rise into the large-headed group,
almost half (49.5 per cent) fall in the medium-headed group, while 46.5 per
cent are small-headed. Of the small heads five (2.5 per cent) fall below
1150 cc; of the ultra-dolichocephalic small heads there are six (3 per cent),
whereas among thirty-eight Beduins there are four examples (more than 10
per cent). Of the ultra-brachycephals there are only two examples (1 per
cent). There are twelve (6 per cent) of ultra-dolichocephals. Most fall above
the 70-line and below the 80-diagonal; 166 (83 per cent) fall within these
limits; twenty (10 per cent) fall on or above the 80-line and below the 85-line and
are brachy cephalic. Thus the Arabs are predominantly dolichocephalic, but the
tendency toward brachycephaly is not negligible, there being twenty-two men
(11 per cent) of the two hundred men who fall into the brachy cephalic classes.

Before passing on to consider measurements other than those relative to
the chief dimensions of the head, it will be well to note again the averages and
distributional curves which have been worked out from Mr. Field's data. The
average measurements of the head in the various groups are as follows:

Head length Head width Cephalic

mm mm index

Ba'ij Beduins (38) 191.3 140.2 73.4

Kish Arabs (398) 188.4 141.7 75.3

Iraq army (231) 187.4 143.6 76.7

It will be noticed that in dimensions of length and of breadth of head the
Kish Arabs hold a position intermediate between the other two groups. The
shorter, wider head of the average army Arab must be due to the presence of
the wider-headed men from the north. The head width of the Beduin has a
higher coefficient of variation (4.32, against 3.74 for the width of head of the
soldier and 4.01 for that of the Kish Arab). Nevertheless the peculiarity of
the head diameters of the Beduins is due to the high proportion of ultra-dolicho-
cephalic individuals.

In curves of distribution of head indices (Fig. 40) we lose the individual forms
which are made patent in the charted groups. The curve of the cephalic

38 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

index for the Iraq soldiers rises rather steeply to gain a single apex at 75-76 and
thereafter sinks much more slowly than it rose. In the curve of the Kish Arabs
there are two chief peaks, at 75 and 77, and three minor peaks at 70, 73, and 80.
In our separate charted Kish groups we found no evidence of any differentiation
among the individuals to help us in explaining the occurrence of such peaks.
I suspect that such peaks have no racial or evolutionary significance. Whether
the brachycephalic individuals represent a foreign or imported element, or
whether they are but the extreme of a natural series I will not attempt to decide.
It is, however, most probable that Arabia has been invaded at diverse times
from the round-headed zone which crosses Asia from the Pamir to Asia Minor.

The Arab impresses the onlooker as having a wide forehead. The average
minimal frontal width in the group of Ba'ij Beduins is 110.8 mm, which, if 10 mm
is allowed for flesh, gives a cranial dimension of 100.8 mm — a high mean-width
of forehead. The average for the Kish Arabs is 111.13 mm, almost the same,
but among the soldiers the average width of forehead is much greater (113.8
mm), 3 mm more than in the Beduins. The coefficient of variation was almost
the same in the soldiers as in the Beduins, but rather higher for the frontal
diameter of the Kish Arabs. This difference interested me, and so I pre-
pared Chart XIII to serve a double purpose: (1) to give the distribution of width
of forehead in various groups; and (2) to bring out the degree of correlation
between width of forehead and greatest width of head. The vertical lines (Chart
XIII) which represent width of forehead begin at 94 mm and end at 130 mm,
corresponding to a range on the skull of 84 mm to 120 mm. I separate the
individuals into classes in the following way: (1) very narrow foreheads, under
100 mm, represented thus, -/100; (2) narrow foreheads, 100 mm and more but
under 110 mm, represented thus, /100-/110; (3) wide foreheads, represented
thus, /110-/120; (4) very wide foreheads, more than 120 mm, represented thus,
/120+. The horizontal lines (Chart XIII) represent greatest width of head;
the series begins at 120 mm (110 on the skull) and ends at 160 mm (150
on the skull). The individuals fall into four classes as regards width: (1) very
narrow, represented thus, /120-/130; (2) narrow, /130-/140; (3) wide, /140-
/150; (4) very wide, /150+. In this classification individuals fall into sixteen
sections. In Chart XIII three groups are represented: Beduins (38); Kish Arabs
(50), Nos. 1-50; Arab soldiers (50), Nos. 500-549.

Let us first arrange the three groups of Arabs into classes according to width
of forehead:

Minimal Frontal Width
Very narrow Narrow Wide Very wide

-/100 /100-/110 /110-/120 /120+ Totals

Ba'ij Beduins 0 19 18 1 38

Kish Arabs 3 31 15 1 50

Arab soldiers 0 2 36 12 50

The Beduins are almost evenly divided between the narrow and wide
classes of forehead; there are no very narrow and there is only one very wide.
Among the Kish Arabs three are in the lowest class, and one is in the highest,

INTRODUCTION

39

but there are more than twice as many with narrow foreheads as with wide
foreheads. The Kish Arab has a wider head than the Beduin (141.7 : 140.2),
but far more Beduins have wide foreheads. Among the soldiers we meet an

Mln.i.ma.1 rroniraL WLcLi-fi

rrvrn

N 00 S)

^

5

N,

CVJ K) ^ IQ **

N

CD ^

5:

\

OilO^^^OKOO^

%

V.

<VII9 ^ "0

va

N oq©\

/

a

•3

■4

s

6

7

(.

IA

8

°>

no

V

9

1

?,

\

3

\l

1*1

1

t

1

If

5

A

S

v

5

^

f>

7

q

fl

f

>

9

c

in

'40

0

i

t

!

p,

p<

i

hi

1

rJ\

?

Hi

tf

L

?>

w
t

0^

$C

4

«S

S

f

0

fi

h

<$)

rt

1 j

7

8

c

1

Ay

9

w

1

\

?.

,7

4

5

(^

7

fl

fh

<?

S

w

® Bec/uin.s, O Kish. Arafos, • At~a.£> Solotiers

Fig. 13. Chart XIII. Minimal frontal width and maximal head width in three groups of Arabs:
thirty-eight Beduins, fifty Kish Arabs (Nos. 1-50) and fifty Iraq soldiers (Nos. 500-549). Three diagonal lines
divide the individuals plotted into four groups: (1) where the forehead is less than 75 per cent of width of head;
(2) where less than 80 per cent, but 75 per cent or more, and so on.

unexpected predominance of width of forehead. Not one forehead falls into the
lowest group, twelve rise into the highest; only two soldiers have "narrow" fore-
heads, while thirty-six have wide ones. I think it unlikely that there can be this
difference between the soldier and other groups. The soldiers have their hair

40 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

cropped and their foreheads exposed. I suspect that surface markings then
appear different in the soldiers. Yet, as I shall have to remark later, the soldier
class is differentiated from the other Arab groups by many features besides
great width of forehead.

Now, one may justifiably suppose that there are races with heads relatively
wide in front and relatively narrow farther back; or the opposite may occur,
narrow foreheads and wide hinder heads. Let us see how the Beduins stand in
this respect. The following table shows distribution of forehead width:

BEDUINS (38)

Minimal Frontal Width

Greatest head width ^10° /wo^no /no^120 /120+ Totals

/120-/130 0 2 1 0 3

/130-/140 0 7 5 0 12

/140-/150 0 10 10 1 21

/150+ 0 0 2 0 2

Totals 0 19 18 1 38

Note: 120- 130=head widths 120 mm in width or more but less than 130 mm; 130- 140=head
widths 130 mm or more but less than 140 mm; and so on.

There is a correlation between width of forehead and greatest width of head,
capable, no doubt, of exact mathematical expression; but it serves my present
purpose sufficiently well to point out that of the fifteen Beduins with a head
width less than 140 mm nine had narrow foreheads, six had wide; of the twenty-
three with head widths more than 140 mm ten had narrow foreheads and thirteen
had wide (one very wide).

Let us now tabulate fifty Kish Arabs in the same way.

KISH A

lRABS (Nos.

, 1-50)

Minimal Frontal Width

Greatest head width

-/100

/100-/110

/110-/120

/120 +

Tota

/120-/130

/130-/140

/140-/150

/150+

0
3
0
0

1
11
19

0

0

1

13

1

0
0
0

1

1
15
32

2

Totals

3

31

15

1

50

Of the sixteen men with width of head less than 140 mm fifteen have narrow or
very narrow foreheads — a result very different from that found in the Beduins.
Of the thirty-four men with heads 140 mm or more in width, nineteen have narrow
foreheads, fifteen have wide foreheads, in one case very wide. Here again the
result is not the same as yielded by the Beduins. Although there are relatively
more wide heads among the Kish Arabs, a narrow forehead is much more common
among them. The degree of difference is almost masked in the fronto-parietal
index, the frontal width being 78.57 per cent of the parietal in the Kish Arabs

INTRODUCTION 41

and 79.29 per cent in the Beduins, a difference of 0.72 per cent. In the Iraq
soldiers the forehead measures 79.28 per cent of the greatest width, 0.01 per cent
less than in the Beduins.

The classes among the Iraq soldiers are as follows (see also Chart XIII) :

IRAQ SOLDIERS (Nos. 500-549)
Minimal Frontal Width

Greatest head width -/10° /10°-</110 Z110"/120 /120+ Totals

/120-/130 0 0 10 1

/130-/140 0 1 9 1 11

/140-/150 0 1 24 8 33

/150+ 0 0 2 3 5

Totals 0 2 36 12 50

Taking the twelve soldiers with a head width less than 140 mm, only one has
a narrow forehead as compared with fifteen of sixteen Kish Arabs. One of the
narrow heads has a wide forehead. Then of the thirty-eight men with head
widths of 140 mm or more only one has a narrow forehead. Twenty-six have wide
foreheads and eleven have very wide; among the thirty -four Kish wider heads,
only one has a very wide forehead and fourteen have wide foreheads. On the
data as they stand the Kish Arabs have a relatively and absolutely narrow fore-
head, the opposite state prevailing among the soldiers and rather to a lesser
degree among the Beduins than among the soldiers.

The difference in width of forehead is brought out in Chart XIII by three
diagonal lines, which divide the individuals represented into four groups: those in
whom the forehead is (1) less than 75 per cent of the width of head; (2) /75-/80;
(3) / 80-/85; (4) /85+. Into the lowest group fall nineteen Kish Arabs,
but only one soldier. In the highest group (/85+) there is one Kish Arab, but
there are ten soldiers. The Beduins extend into both classes, ten in the
lowest and five in the highest.

Width of forehead and its relationship to total head width are features
which will prove of service in identifying racial relationships. I will confine myself
to the comparison of our Arab measurement to two Indian peoples noted already
in the discussion of length and breadth of head (see Charts V, VI) — the Chatri
caste (Dravidian) of the United Provinces and the Pathan caste of the Punjab.

CHATRI CASTE (DRAVIDIAN, 50)
Minimal Frontal Width

Greatest head width "Z100 /10°-/110 'n^™

/120-/130 2 0 0

/130-/140 8 18 0

/140-/150 2 17 2

/150+ 0 1 0

Totals 12 36 2 0 50

/120 +

Tota

0

2

0

26

0

21

0

1

42

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

How different is the width of forehead in a Dravidian people as compared
with that of Arabs is seen from the table given above. Forty-eight of the fifty
Dravidians have narrow or very narrow foreheads. Among the Kish Arabs only
three had very narrow foreheads, while sixteen had wide foreheads, one a very

mm

lO vs N CO ^> S

rron.ta.l Width.

O Cna.f-1'i, • Pa.tna.ri

Fig. 14. Chart XIV. Minimal frontal width (vertical lines) and maximal head width (horizontal lines)
in fifty men of Chatri caste, United Provinces, and fifty men of Pathan caste, Punjab.

wide forehead. The correlation of width of forehead with maximal width of
head is very different in these two races.

In Chart XIV are reproduced the frontal and maximal head widths of fifty
men of the Pathan caste (Aryo-Dravidian) as well as fifty of a Dravidian people
(Chatri). The classification of the Pathans is as follows:

INTRODUCTION 43

PATHAN CASTE (ARYO-DRAVIDIAN, 50)
Minimal Frontal Width

Greatest head width "Z100 Z100^110 Z110^120 /120+ Totals

/120-/130 0 0 0 0 0

/130-/140 0 5 5 0 10

/140-/150 0 15 19 2 36

/150+ 0 0 3 14

Totals 0 20 27 3 50

How markedly the Pathan and Chatri differ in width of forehead is seen
from the fact that only two of the fifty Chatri have a wide forehead, while thirty
of the Pathans have wide foreheads, three being very wide. The difference is
also brought out in Chart XIV by the numbers falling below the 75-diagonal.
They represent individuals with foreheads which are less than 75 per cent of the
total width of head. Thirty -two Chatri of the fifty fall in this low class, while
only eleven of the fifty Pathans keep them company. On the other hand nine
Pathans rise above the 80-diagonal line, but only one Chatri. Among the Kish
Arabs (see p. 40; Chart XIII) sixteen had wide foreheads. Here as in the diameters
of the head, there is a resemblance between the Arabs of central Iraq and the
Aryo-Dra vidian peoples of India. The prevalence of narrowness of forehead in the
Kish Arabs is probably due to the survival among them of Dravidian influences.

The racial traits with which we have been dealing relate to the cranial or
brain-containing part of the head. In our judgment of races we are influenced
by facial traits far more than by shape and size of head. And of all the facial
traits perhaps the shape and size and other characteristics of the nose claim our
chief attention. To introduce Mr. Field's data relating to the nose, its length
and width (alar width) as measured in the living face, I propose to refer first
to a race in which the nose is wonderfully uniform in size and shape, the Egyptian.
In Chart XV are set out the length and width of the noses of fifty Egyptians
of the Khargha Oasis measured by A. Hrdlicka. In this chart the nose is divided
into four classes as regards width : (1) noses less than 30 mm in width (represented
by -/SO), which are very narrow; (2) noses 30 mm in width but less than
36 mm (/30-/36), which may be named the medium narrow class; (3) noses
36 mm in width, but less than 42 mm (/36-/42), medium wide noses; (4) wide noses
42 mm in width and more (/42+). As regards length, those less than 50 mm are
counted short; 50 mm but less than 60 mm in length are counted of medium length,
while those which are 60 mm and more form the long group.

When the fifty Egyptian noses are classified, we obtain the following groups:

EGYPTIANS (50)

Nasal Width

Nasal length "/80 /3°-/36 /36-/42 /42+ Totals

Short, -/50 0 8 17 3 28

Medium, /50-/60. 1 3 16 2 22

Long, /60+ 0 0 0 0 0

Totals 1 11 33 5 50

44

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Of this series of fifty Egyptians twenty-eight have short noses, twenty-
two have noses of medium length; none has a long nose. As regards width,
one is narrow, eleven are moderately narrow, thirty-three moderately wide,
and five very wide. Thirty-three individuals fall into two classes, the moderately
wide and short (seventeen), and the moderately wide and moderately long

CM ^

Wi&irh. of Nose

0] K) ^"O^s NCOC^o^/rz/Ti.
<0 39

\

V

4-Q

V

1

\

* k

2

>

s

3

t

i s.

4-

^

t X

5

",.N

i \ 1 1

1

6

1 1

SI i

i

7

>-^>-

S

s

i

\if

t m

9

\

d% i*i

ilf'tS

■Jfc

^° M

\

i

N

1 1

/ <0

1 •

^

v

> %

t %

k

1 f

£>

— < r

\

\.i i

' H

F .

<

3 tl

\

V

* i

>

J

•5 f4

% t

6 -C

7\

8 to

t '

h g nI

s.

^ 60

V

!v /

\

X 2

^

V-

3

^

4-

\ °

5

^

6

7

8

S 9

\

-i. 70

Fig. 15. Chart XV. Nasal width (vertical lines) and length (horizontal lines)
Khargha Oasis, measured by A. Hrdlicka. Diagonal lines indicate percentage of nasal

of fifty Egyptians of
width to nasal length.

(sixteen). Only one individual has a nose in which the width is less than 60 per
cent of the length; fourteen have noses with an alar width of 80 per cent of the
length or more (see Chart XV). The Egyptian nose we may look upon as charac-
teristic of a Hamitic people. The mean length of the nose of the Khargha
Egyptian was 49 mm, its mean width 37.3 mm, the width being 76.3 per cent
of the length.

INTRODUCTION 45

Let us now turn to the Arab nose, taking first a group of Kish Arabs (Nos.
1-50). How different the dimensions of the Arab nose are from those of the
Egyptian will be seen at once if Chart XV is compared with Chart XVI. When
classified according to dimensions of nose the fifty Kish Arabs fall into the
following groups:

KISH ARABS (Nos. 1-50)

Nasal Width
-/30 /30-/36 /36-/42 /42+ Totals

Nasal length

Short, -/50 13 0 0 4

Medium, /50-/60... ., . . 4 16 10 0 30

Long, /60+ 1 10 5 0 16

Totals 6 29 15 0 50

Among the fifty Arabs there are six with very narrow noses (less than 30 mm
in width), whereas among the Egyptians there is but one. Among the Arabs
there is none with a very wide nose (42 mm and more); among the Egyptians
there are five. Among the Arabs twenty-nine have moderately narrow noses,
fifteen moderately wide ones; these proportions are reversed in the Egyptians.
Only six Egyptians fall below the 70-diagonal (Chart XV), while below this
mark fall forty-six of the Arabs. Six of the Arabs have noses with an index
of 50 or less; fourteen of the Egyptians have an index of 80 or more. As regards
length of nose, the difference is even more marked. Among the fifty Arabs
there are sixteen with long noses (60 mm or more) ; among the Egyptians there
is not one. Twenty-eight Egyptians have short noses, while only four Arabs
have them. Nasal development is an Arab character.

Let us now turn to the thirty-eight Beduins. Their nasal chart is given
below (Chart XVII). Compare this chart with that of the Egyptian nose
(Chart XV), or with that of the Kish Arabs (Chart XVI). Among the Beduins
there are no very narrow noses, whereas there are six in the Kish Arab group.
There is one Beduin with a nose surprisingly long and wide, the only very wide
nose in the Beduin group. Among the Beduins there is not a single short
nose; there are four short noses in the Kish group. The prominent feature
of the Beduin nose is its length; twenty-two fall into the long group, sixteen
into the intermediate group. The proportions are reversed among the Kish
Arabs. Among the Beduins are three with an index less than 50 and two with
an index of 70 or more.

The average nasal dimensions in Mr. Field's three groups of Arabs are:

External nasal Nasal (alar) Nasal

length width index

Beduins 60.45 35.16 58.4

Kish Arabs 58.33 35.32 61.2

Iraq soldiers 56.85 34.53 61.1

The average length of nose is greatest in the Beduins, least in the Iraq
soldiers; the width of nose is least among the soldiers, greatest among the Kish

46

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Arabs. We have previously had reason to suspect the retention of a Dravidian
element among the Kish Arabs, which is here indicated by individuals with noses
of more than average width.

/n rn.

CM

WLcfirh. oPNose

• m, rrt
-40

Fig. 16.
(Nos. 1-50).

Chart XVI. Nasal length (horizontal lines) and width (vertical lines) of fifty

BA'IJ BEDUINS (38)

Nasal length

Short, -/50

Medium, /50-/60.
Long, /60+

Totals

-/30

0
0
0

Nasal Width
/30-/36 /36-/42

0
13

9

22

0

3

12

15

/42 +

0
0

1

Totals

0
16

22

38

INTRODUCTION

47

As the group of Kish Arabs charted above (Chart XVI, Nos. 1-50) was
found to differ somewhat from other groups in head dimensions, I charted another

WLcLirh. of Nose.

m m.

f*l

mm

Fig. 17. Chart XVII. Nasal length (horizontal lines) and width (vertical lines) of thirty-eight Ba'ij
Beduins.

group of Kish Arabs, Nos. 101-150 (Chart XVIII). When the second series of
Kish Arabs is classified according to nasal dimensions we obtain these groups:

KISH ARABS (Nos. 101-150)
Nasal Width

Nasal length

Short, -/50

Medium, /50-/60.
Long,/60+

Totals

-/30

/30-/36

/36-/42

/42 +

Totals

0

0

0

0

10

6

0

15

16

0

0

0

16

3

34

25

22

50

48

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

The very short-nosed and very narrow-nosed individual, which occurred in
Group I, is here absent. Indeed, the nasal chart of the second group is almost the
same as the chart of the Beduin group. There is a greater dispersion in the first
group of Kish Arabs; in it six individuals had an index of 50 or less, four of

01 m

01 r> t <o

Vfi

N

03

<3\ O

>*.

<U

Width 'oP Nose,

'•*

N

• co

a

0

"V.

m m,
42.

\

J

>

•4-

5

6

7

8

9

50

/

4

2

f

>-■>

•5 U

1

^ 0

5 *

g

i

f

J

H

1

6 ^

0 0

s J:

6(9 ft)

\-±i

'

r

V

^

\

/>»

1

V

2

\

C5

1

f—

>

L.

1

-4

\

w

1
H

s

t

i

\.

|

f

i

►

e

%

w

V

f

7

\

,

i

>-

-1

\l

1

e

\,

t

1

-A

9

V

70

/

^>

1 \

<¥>

Z

tt

]

ros.

Fig
10

18
I 1

. <
50).

3ha

rt :

KV

III.

N

as;

1 le

Dgt

h (1

lori

ton

tal

lin<

*)

MM

wi

ith

(v<

>rti

:al

ine

s) (

f tl

'ty

Kis

1 Arabs

70 or more; in the second group the corresponding numbers of such individuals
are two and one.

The Iraq soldier surprised us by his width of forehead; there was also in him
a greater tendency to brachycephaly than among the Kish Arabs. We will now
see that the average length of the soldier's nose is less and the width less
than in other Arab groups. In Chart XIX the nasal dimensions of fifty men
(Nos. 500-549) are set out. When classified according to these dimensions,
the following is the result:

Nasal length
Short, -/50
Medium, /50-/6C
Long, /60+

Totals
mm

OJ to

>

INTRODUCTION

IRAQ SOLDIERS (Nos. 500-549)
Nasal Width
-/30 /30-/36 /36-/42 /42 +

0 0 0 0
0 21 19 1
0 5 4 0

0 26 23 1
WLdt-h. o/= Nose
CUK3^1o<OKCO©>$>^CV]t0^tO^KC0

d

O

49

Totals

0

41

9

50

s m m
-40

\

1

s

v

2

V

3

4-

^V

5

\

6

\

7

>

8

\

9

\

50

\

\

\

1 *>

v

^

\

1 V

\

C)
2 0

\

• >

\

>

3*

4

•

K

<\

*%

t

\

-«

> II

1 r \

k

4

i

u
5 ^

t

• i

s

•

•"

6 fc

—^

t

-H

V

'«

>

7 **

7 c:

t

\ i

►

1

4

\

%

' \

t

1

1 \ t

i

P

>

s„

9^

%

t

\

\

60

$>

/

g

>

2

i 1

*

f

t w

3

^

i

^

<

f

5

6

<

t

o

7

%

fc

8

V

2

N

70

Fig. 19. Chart XIX. Nasal length (horizontal lines) and width (vertical lines) of fifty Iraq soldiers
(Nos. 500-549).

The noses of the soldiers are predominantly medium in length; there are
no short noses. There are forty-one of intermediate length and nine long noses;
in the other Arab groups long noses tend to predominate. Nor are there among
the soldiers any very narrow noses and there is only one very wide one. Not
a soldier has a nose under the 50-diagonal, but there are seven on the 70-diagonal

50

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

or above it. The rise in nasal index among the soldiers is not due to an increase
of breadth but a decrease of length. The striking feature of Chart XIX is the
compactness of the array, so different from other Arab groups. The difference
is such that one is tempted to suppose that the soldiers are not recruited from the
Arabs represented in the camps around Kish or in Beduin tents. The population

pi

"0

*

io

vQ

N 00

6*

"■*

CM

10 t

(0 CO N Oq 61

^»

(U 10 t

•0

ifi

NOO ®>

to

1 —

mm.
38

9

\

'

-40

/

jt

2

I k

<3

f

1

*

1

•f

< r

-4

i

5

^

k

6

i

K;

A

v

9

7

1

5

1

S A 1

i

9

V

50 <S

1

>

7 0

a *

1

W

g

n

-i

|

S.I k

3 i

1

f

\fl

0

5" <•
6^

8

9

60

%

1

2

■3

<4-

5

6

J.
o

7

5

\

%

8

9

7(?

ca?

te,

Vn

ted

(
Pr

'ha
jvii

1 >

ice:

.X.
(a

N
rter

asa

Kir

ley

Dgt

h

ior

zor

tai

lin

-

am

: v

•dt"

'

-i-rt

teal

lii

es)

of

:::':

r m

en

jf Chatri

of Baghdad and of the lower towns on the north bank of the Euphrates has been
fed, for a long time, by artisans drawn from populations other than the natives of
Iraq. If soldiers were drawn mostly from town populations, especially those of the
northeast, one could understand their wider foreheads and shorter, narrower noses.
As one has reason to suspect an evolutionary kinship of the Arab with the
native races of India, we shall compare very briefly the Arab nose with that of

INTRODUCTION 51

groups of Indian people chosen to represent the Dravidian type (fifty men of
the Chatri caste, United Provinces, and the Aryo-Dravidian type (fifty men
of the Pathan caste, Punjab). Chart XX represents the Chatri (Dravidian) nose.
When classified we get the following groups:

CHATRI CASTE (DRAVIDIAN, 50)
Nasal Width
-/30 /30-/36 /36-/42 /42 + Totals

Nasal length
Short, -/50
Medium, / 50-/60.
Long, /60+

1
0
0

16

7
0

16
9
0

0

1
0

33

17

0

Totals

1

23

25

1

50

Among the Chatri there are no long noses; we have had to heighten the
scale of Chart XX to bring in the noses which fall below 40 mm in length. There
are thirty-three short noses and seventeen of medium length. The grouping is
much the same as among the Egyptians save as regards three points: there are
more noses of moderate length and of more than moderate width among the
Egyptians; among the Egyptians there are five men with extremely wide noses
(42 mm or more), whereas among the Chatri there is only one; eighteen of the
Chatri have a nasal index of 80 or more, only one having an index below 60.
The Arab did not get his long nose from either Egypt or India.

In Chart XXI are set out the nasal dimensions of the Pathans (fifty men),
and, when classified according to these dimensions, we obtain the following groups:

PATHAN CASTE (ARYO-DRAVIDIAN, 50)

Nasal Width
-/30 /30-/36 /3S-/42 /42+ Totals

Nasal length

Short, -/50 0 13 6

Medium, /50-/60. 0 27 4

Long, /60 + 0 0 0

0

19

0

31

0

0

Totals 0 40 10 0 50

The Pathans are regarded as Aryo-Dravidians, Aryan blood leading to
lengthening and narrowing of the nose. Only one Pathan has a nasal index
of 80 or more, and only one of 60 or less. The Pathan array is very compact.
Neither in this group nor in the last were there noses both narrow and
long; among the Pathans there is no very wide nose. The Pathans differ from
the Chatri in having thirty-one noses of moderate length and only nineteen
short, whereas the Chatri reversed the proportions, thirty-three short and
seventeen of medium length. As regards width, among the Chatri moderately
narrow and moderately wide noses were almost equally common, whereas among
the Pathans the moderately narrow nose predominates. The Pathan nose is a
step nearer to the Arab nose than is the Dravidian or Egyptian, but we have to

52

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

go to the Northwest Frontier Provinces of India to find people who begin to rival
the Arab in development of nose. The great nose is a Caucasian feature, and in
spite of Negroid traits, pigmented skin, sparse development of beard, thick
lips, and other features, the Arab has this Caucasian feature developed to its

rnn%.

CM t<2

WiaH-H oF A/ose

Fig. 21. Chart
Pathan caste, Punjab

XXI. Nasal length (horizontal
(after Risley).

lines) and width (vertical lines) of fifty men of

highest extent. One has reason to suppose that great nasal development is often
associated with marked individuality of character.

Among eastern peoples distributed in the southwestern part of Asia from
the Pamir to Asia Minor, there occurs a type of face which seizes upon the
attention of the student of human races. People with this type of countenance
are sometimes described as "ram-faced"; the upper face carrying the nose is

INTRODUCTION

53

long, while the mandibular part of the face is short. There are "ram-faced"
Arabs, and it will be of interest to ascertain how often this type occurs in Mr.
Field's various groups. We shall come by the prevalence of the type by com-
paring the upper face height or length with the total (naso-mandibular) length

Upper F~ac<z Lengt-fi

,^S N 00 ^ cs

nj

<\j >0 ^ ^ mm

\

1

V

\

\

9

\

<u

\

\

too

\

k

\

I

\

V

2.

\

7>

s

■4

\

5

\

i »

i k

s.

6

* i

i

\

7

i

k

\

8

f

t

\

4Z

\

\,

//<? k.

i

k

\

fc

/ 5

<

r~

\

?.»

1

I

it

\

3 a

—d 1

'

i

% |

4

1

A

-* 0

"

f

t

f!

< p

ii V

,5
o

7 <8

1 v

. i

h 4

1

8*

J t

\ '

<>£

>

%

t

(20

nl

i \

t

1

n1

f

' \

2

i 1

\ f

J

< t

i

1

i \

4 1

4

"

.5

\

^

6

7

N

S^

8

\

1

\

9

\

/30

Fig. 22. Chart XXII. Upper face length (vertical lines) and total face length (horizontal lines) of
thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins. The diagonal lines indicate proportion of upper face length to total face length.

or height of the face. That the "ram-face" occurs more frequently in some of
Mr. Field's groups than in others is evident when we examine his averages.

Upper face Total face

length length

mm mm

Beduins 73.63 117.2

Kish Arabs.... 72.97 119.8

Iraq soldiers ... 73 . 88 120 . 92

Total face

Relative face width Total face

index mm index

62.82 128.5 91.4

60.91 129.5 92.73

61.10 133.85 90.5

54 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

The Beduins have the shortest faces, the soldiers the longest; nevertheless,
the upper face of the Beduin is very little shorter than that of the soldier. There-
fore we should expect the "ram-face" to occur more frequently among Beduins
than among the Arab soldiers. In fact, the soldiers are much bigger-faced than
either Beduin or Kish Arab; the soldier's face on the average is 5.4 mm wider
than the Beduin face. The total length of the face of the Kish Arab is greater
than that of the Beduin, but as regards the upper (or nasal) part of the face, the
Beduin has the higher measurement. In the averages the individual types are
obliterated. We can elicit the occurrence of various types only by a process
of graphic analysis such as I have been employing in connection with other
features. We shall find that each group of Arabs has its prevalent types; the
occurrence of group types is evidence, I think, of local evolution.

As the Beduins promise to provide us with the most characteristic Arab
face form, let us study this group first. In Chart XXII each has been plotted
according to the upper length and total length of face. As regards upper face
length I use four groups: short, less than 64 mm (— /64) ; moderately short,
64 mm and more but less than 70 mm (/64-/70); moderately long (/70-/76);
and long (/76+). As regards total length of face I also use four divisions: short
faces, less than 110 mm (-/110) ; faces moderately short, 110 mm and more but less
than 120 mm (/110-/120) ; moderately long faces (/120-/130) ; long faces (/130+).
When grouped by this system, the Beduins fall into the following classes:

BA'IJ BEDUINS (38)

Upper Face Length
-764 /64-/70 /70-/76 /76+ Totals

Total face length

-/HO 0 10 3 4

/110-/120 0 4 8 8 20

/120-/130 0 2 8 4 14

/130+ 0 0 0 0 0

Totals 0 7 16 15 38

Here we have twenty-four men who are short-faced (less than 120 mm), yet
nineteen have long upper faces, i.e. tend toward the "ram" type of visage. Or
we may state the matter in another way; fourteen of the thirty-eight have upper
faces which are 60 per cent or less of the total face length, while four have faces
in which the index is 70 or more. The latter represent the "ram-faced" type.
Among the Beduins there is not a single man who has a short upper face, but
there are four with short total faces. Very remarkable is the number with very
long upper faces (fifteen). Among the Beduins there occur sports — a very short-
faced man (upper and total) and a very long-faced man (upper and total) ; see
Chart XXII. The eccentric individual is perhaps more interesting than the
average man.

In Chart XXIII the facial dimensions of a group of Kish Arabs are displayed.
When compared with Chart XXII, there is seen to be a greater degree of dis-
persion or scattering, as is apparent in the following table:

INTRODUCTION

55

Total face length

-/HO

/110-/120

/120-/130

/130 +

KISH ARABS (Nos. 1-51)
Upper Face Length

-/64

0
2
0
0

/64-/70

1
9
4
0

/70-/76

1

5

12

3

/76 +

1

1
7
4

Totals

3
17
23

7

Totals.

14

21

13

50

mm

Upper Face Length

K 00

oj to ^ iQ/n/ra
/03

Fig. 23. Chart XXIII. Upper face length (vertical lines) and total face length (horizontal lines) of fifty
Kish Arabs (Nos. 1-51).

56

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Here extremes are represented more freely than among the Beduins; there
are two men with very short upper face lengths and three other men with very
short total face lengths. Whereas among the Beduins there were twenty-four

rrt m

•a <0

(\jK)^lOtOK0O<5*Q

OJ \f) x*. to <£ SOO mm.
/05

Fig. 24. Chart XXIV.
Kish Arabs (Nos. 101-150).

Upper face length (vertical lines) and total face length (horizontal lines) of fifty

men the length of whose faces fell below the 120 mm mark, yet nineteen
of them had long upper faces (70 mm or more). In this group of Kish
Arabs, out of the twenty short-faced men there are only eight who have long
upper faces. The "ram-faced" type is much less common than among the Beduins.
In seven of this group of Arabs the face was very long (more than 130 mm) ; not
one Beduin entered this class. Thirty-one of the thirty-eight Beduin Arabs had

INTRODUCTION 57

long upper faces (70 mm or more); thirty-four of this group of fifty Kish
Arabs had faces 70 mm in length or more. The most remarkable feature of this
group is seen in Chart XXIII; twenty-nine of the fifty had upper faces which
were 60 per cent of the total face, or less; only one man rose above the 70 mark.
We shall meet no other group of Arabs showing such strange faces and noses.
A second group of Kish Arabs, set out in Chart XXIV, has much the same
dispersion as the last group, save that there are fewer individuals with such
exceptional facial characteristics. A remarkable difference between the two
samples lies in the grouping as regards the diagonal divisions (cf. Charts XXIII,
XXIV). Twenty-nine men of the first group fell on or below the 60-diagonal;
here there are seventeen. When the second group is classified, we see how the
various compartments are filled :

KISH ARABS (Nos. 101-150)
Upper Face Length

Total face length "/64 /64-/70 Z70^76 /76+ Tota,s

-/no oooii

/110-/120 0 4 6 5 15

/120-/130 0 0 11 17 28

/130 + 0 0 15 6

Totals 0 4 18 28 50

In this group there is not a single very short upper face length and only
one very short total face length. Of sixteen men who have a short total face length
(less than 120 mm) twelve have long upper faces. Indeed in this group the "ram-
face" is very prevalent. Twenty-eight men have an upper face length of 76 mm
or more, and yet of the fifty only six have a long total face, 130 mm or more.

I have charted a third group of Kish Arabs to ascertain the degree of varia-
tion of type of face from group to group. The result, as regards this third group,
is shown in Chart XXV, and in the following table:

KISH ARABS (Nos. 200-251)
Upper Face Length

Total face length " 64 64-/70 '70"/76 76+ Totals

-/HO 0 110 2

/110-/120 2 13 11 0 26

/120-/130 0 6 9 5 20

/130+ 0 0 0 2 2

Totals 2 20 21 7 50

In this third group we obtain a dispersion in the Chart (XXV) very similar
to that of the first group (Chart XXIII). There is the same preponderance of
individuals on and below the 60-diagonal, the same absence of the relatively
long upper face; not an individual in this third group reaches the 70-diagonal.

58

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

There are, in the third group, the same number of eccentric individuals, two men
with very short upper faces and two other men with shortness of the total face.
As in the first group, too, the individuals with moderately long upper faces
(/70-/76 mm) are much more numerous than those possessing very long upper

mm

*0 vo N 00 O, O

Upper- Face Lengrf-h.

CVJ 10 ^t lr>C£>NCO<S>o\CU>0^10^>^to<^0
N CO

e be

7 o
8 -J

te.o8

/

2 iy

3t

5

6
7
8

9

mo

I
2
3

3

6

Fig. 25. Chart XXV. Upper face length (vertical lines) and total face length (horizontal lines) of fifty
Kish Arabs (Nos. 200-251).

faces (/76+), whereas in the second group of Kish Arabs long upper faces were
in preponderance. Among the Beduins moderately long and long upper faces
occurred in almost equal numbers. In this third group, of twenty-eight men
whose total face lengths were less than 120 mm, only twelve had a long upper
face (more than 70 mm). In this group there can be few of the "ram-faced" type.

(\1 fO ^ mm.
J02

3

5

6

7

8

9

//<?

/

2

3

-4-

\ 5 "■ x 5 V

V v v \ S

X 5 V X \

\- ■ £ £ ■ X- \ -

X V - V Hh^ V

\ $ 3 \ S

3 V ^ " > \5

l _ V \ S \

^ ^ v^ ^

\ _il |u> .JS X

X h>- Ah* X V

S cX X V

H^r H- V S S"°

s S it K K

HA v4X \ \

\i » \ 1 1 i > \

v hX v

V K^ V

-\-<>- HI 1» i>- -A Hr-
K I \ \ 1 k Ik \

^ ^K-HK ^

V HhV S&

5 V v

v Sh V

3 ' ^ S

-V X Hh--

V £

V \

V V°

t$ \

\- V

JL 3 - -IE

INTRODUCTION

59

We have already found that the Iraq soldier departs in many points from
the standard of the Kish Arab. We have seen that in his upper face length, his

mm

S 00 <^ O

>0 VQ

Upper r~ace. L-encrt-h.

C\lK5^^^Koo^S

(\J 10 ^ ^ ^ m*n.
/OZ

\

\

3

<

\

\

<4-

\

V

\

3

\

4

k

\

N

6

\

1

P

\

*>

7

\

k

v

\

8

1

v

\

9

\

V

I

//o

^ j

\

/

^1

2

1

*

i

l

3

i

1

1

p

f

-f

'

1

1

i

4

►

^

i

3"

%

1

i

^

'

71-

\i

k

I

4

V

p

i \

\<

9

t

i

t

\

\\

\

a>

\'

s

4

i

i

t

][

g u

\

%

\

1

2-
o

/20^,

\ 4

k

L

i

4

k\

\

/ o

<

>

f

\

>

2lS°

\ t

'

& 4

,\

V

P

\

3^

1

» «

' V

1

k

*.E

1

f

S*

L

m

fc\

\

7

i

4

y-

8

'

i\

^

<?

'

/30

I

i

/

J

w

2

4

i

i

k

3

k 1

p

*

f

4

\-

-£

|

►-

<

b

1

3

J

P

_<L_

6

^

?°

7

I

l\

fl

&

i

w \

\

9

\

\

A?<?

Fig. 26.
Iraq soldiers

Chart XXVI. Upper face length (vertical lines) and total face length (horizontal lines) of fifty
(Nos. 500-551).

total face length and his total face width (bizygomatic) the soldier has greater
averages than the Beduin and the Kish groups of Arabs. The Iraq soldier is bigger-
faced than the other examples measured by Mr. Field. The fifty soldiers repre-

60 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

sented in Chart XXVI have been examined already as regards diameters of
head; their frontal width is greater, their noses shorter and narrower than those
of the Beduins and Kish Arabs. The massiveness of face is brought out in the
following classification:

IRAQ SOLDIERS (Nos. 500-551)
Upper Face Length

Total face length "/•* IM~^ /70"/76 /76+ Totels

-/HO 0 2 10 3

/110-/120 0 5 11 4 20

/120-/130 0 2 7 9 18

/130 + 0 0 2 7 9

Totals 0 9 21 20 50

The dispersion of the fifty soldiers is not unlike the second Kish Arab group
shown in Chart XXIV, but is unlike the Beduin group (Chart XXII) and the
first and third groups of Kish Arabs (Charts XXIII, XXV). In the first and
third Arab groups a considerable number fell below the 55-diagonal; among the
soldiers there is not one of this class. On the other hand none of the soldiers
rises to or above the 70-group. We find, as was to be expected from the aver-
age face measurements of the soldier class, a large representation of long faces.
Of the fifty men nine have faces 130 mm in length or more, whereas among the
Beduins none reached this long class, and in the third group of Kish Arabs only
two. On the other hand, long upper faces are rare. Only four of the fifty have
a total face length less than 120 mm, and at the same time reach or cross the 76 mm
standard, whereas among the Beduins eleven of the thirty-eight had upper faces
76 mm long or more combined with a total face length less than 120 mm. The
most marked character of the soldier's face is the more harmonious increase
of both parts of the face, the upper as well as the mandibular face. The "ram-
faced" type is much less common among soldiers than among the general Arab
population. The preponderance of the upper face in the Arab is a character
which leads us to seek a relationship among upland peoples of southwest Asia.
It is common among the people of Iran and among those who inhabit countries
to the north and east of Iran.

My introduction to Mr. Field's monograph has led me to greater lengths
than I intended, and in what I have to say regarding the shape of the Arab face —
the proportion which its length (naso-mandibular) holds to its width measured
between the most distant points of the zygomatic arches — I must be brief. Let
us take the faces of the Beduin group first; the Beduin is the essential Arab.
In Chart XXVII I have plotted the total face length and total face width
of thirty-eight of the Ba'ij Beduins and have set out the results in a table
on page 62.

I recognize for the purposes of the present analysis three groups as regards
length of face. I have made the following classes: short, less than 115 mm (-/115) ;
medium, 115 mm and more but less than 125 mm (/115-/125); long, 125 mm or

INTRODUCTION

61

more (/125+). As regards widths three classes were distinguished: narrow
(-/125 mm); medium (/125-/135); wide (/135-f-). There is only one long-faced
Beduin according to this scale; eleven have short faces; twenty-six have faces
of medium length. Only eight of the thirty -eight have wide faces; nineteen have
faces of medium width; eleven have narrow faces. In only one man does face

To-tal Face Widt-h,

5 5" $

*

VSOO^/n.

2.

*4

6

8

4M

100

w

2

4

*m

6

t i

W

8

A

j t

//0*
2^

W^

t

A

m{\

k \

i

M ii

^

W

^T

t *%L

! 1 t

A \

A

1 t i

6 W

JE

w

s.

<

•

i

1

/2<?o

^ t

%.•

<%

21?
•4^

°l

1

•J

•

r&^

s

x- 1)

V

gm

A

W

a

^

%

0

«

/^0

2

-£

%

6

8

/SO

Fig. 27. Chart XXVII. Total face length (naso-mandibular) and total face width (bizygomatic) of
thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins.

length equal face width, and there is not one approaching the 80-diagonal at
which the length of face equals 80 per cent of its breadth. The Arab face tends
to moderate length and less than moderate width. Thirty of the thirty-eight
have faces which are short or of medium length, and are narrow or of medium
width. Long and wide faces such as occur often among the Arab soldiers are rare
in this small Beduin group.

62 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

BA'IJ BEDUINS (38)
Total Face Width
Narrow Medium Wide

Total face length ~mh /,25~/135 /135 + Tota,s

Short,-/115 5 6 0 11

Medium, /115-/125.. 6 13 7 26

Long, /125 + 0 0 1 1

Totals 11 19 8 38

Chart XXVIII shows how very different is the distribution of the face
measurements in the first group of Kish Arabs (Nos. 1-50). There is a very much
greater variety in the combinations of length and width than in the Beduins.
There is not a single long, narrow face among the Beduins; in this group there
are five individuals with such a face. In seventeen individuals the length of the
face is 115-125 mm and the width is less than 125 mm (see Chart XXVIII).
Only six Beduins are in this group. Among the Beduins, faces of medium width
(nineteen of thirty-eight) are common; here there are but twelve, whereas there
are thirty-two narrow faces. In this group of Kish Arabs the face tends to be
longer and narrower, as will be seen in the following classification into groups:

KISH ARABS (Nos. 1-50)

Total Face Width
Narrow Medium Wide

Total face length "/125 /125"/135 <135+ Totals

Short,-/115 10 3 1 14

Medium, /115-/125. . 17 2 3 22

Long, /125+ 5 7 2 14

Totals 32 12 6 50

Among the Beduins there were thirteen men with faces which were medium
in length and width; in the corresponding class of this group of Arabs there
are only two such individuals. The largest class in the Kish Arabs is that to
which are assigned faces which are narrow but of medium length.

Before analyzing the facial characters of other groups of Arabs it will be
well at this point to refer to the facial dimensions of the typical Egyptian, as
seen in the inhabitants of the Khargha Oasis. I have already referred to the
data collected by A. Hrdlicka from the men of this oasis. In Chart
XXIX the facial dimensions of Egyptian males are represented. When classified
according to facial dimensions these fifty Egyptians fall into the following groups:

EGYPTIANS (50)

Total Face Width

Narrow Medium Wide

Total face length ~/125 '12^135 /135 + Totals

Short,- /115 .-. 2 15 4 21

Medium, /115-/125.. 0 19 7 26

Long, /125+ 0 3 0 3

Totals 2 37 11 50

INTRODUCTION

63

The Egyptian faces, like the Egyptian heads, when charted (XXIX) form
a wonderfully uniform group — the dispersion being quite different from that met
with in all Arab peoples. There are only two eccentric individuals in the fifty
Egyptians, one with a short and narrow face, the other with a short and
wide face. In not one is the face length equal to the face width; there are

mm

Total Fa.ce. Width.
^ \ ra ro v-

£ 90

Fig. 28. Chart XXVIII. Total face length (naso-mandibular)
fifty Kish Arabs (Nos. 1-50).

and total face width (bizygomatic) of

four in whom the face length is less than 80 per cent of the face width — Negro
faces. In the Egyptian series there are only two narrow faces and both are
short. Thirty-four of the fifty men fall into two groups: short faces of medium
width, and faces which are medium in width as well as length. There are only
three long faces and these are of medium width. There is no massive face —
both long and wide. Of the fifty Egyptians recorded by A. Hrdlicka thirty-seven
have a face of medium width, twenty-six of medium length. Short faces are much

64

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

more common among Egyptians than among Arabs; twenty-one of the fifty
Egyptians noted here had short faces. The Egyptian face tends to be of medium
width, but rather less than medium length. As compared with the Arab its
tendency to uniformity is the prominent feature; the Arab face tends to vary
widely in all its dimensions. Degrees of variability are a characteristic of race,
and the Arab has a tendency to variability in a marked degree.

mm

ToFal Width. oF Face.

ir ^ in \) S" iO a

m.
90

Fig. 29. Chart XXIX. Total face length (naso-mandibular) and total face width (bizygomatic) of fifty
Egyptians of the Khargha Oasis (Hrdlicka's measurements).

We now return to the faces of the Kish Arabs. In Chart XXX is depicted
the distribution of fifty faces (Nos. 100-150) according to length and breadth.

How different this group of Arabs is as regards face shape and size from the
group depicted in Chart XXVIII is very apparent, and is at once brought out
in the proportion of narrow-faced individuals. In the group containing Nos.
1-50 there were thirty-two Arabs with narrow faces, here there are but three.

INTRODUCTION

65

In the first group of Kish Arabs the people with faces of medium width numbered
twelve; in this second group they amount to thirty-five. There were six wide-
faced people in the first group; in this there are twice as many, twelve. In the
second group the long faces number twenty, in the first they numbered
fourteen. In this second group we have, as among the soldiers, a tendency to

m m

Toi-a.1 Wicti-h of face

1 S . QO

\

s

2.

^

6

8

100

\

z

4-

6

a

\

n

//op

\

A

0

2 SO

w

4*

•A

1

* '

6 o

f

r

o

•i

i

8<

A

2 *

•

'# ^

V A_

$b

V 1

>

•]•

^

■9- ^

"

s

\

A

\

1 ^

w

S

6^

\(

s

>

\

► *

S

*4°

i

}\

•T

%

•

1

\

v.

A5(P,°

A

N

s

K
2

w

4-

4 i

t°

6

8

i

>

\

14-0

\

2

i

4

%

6

i

8

150

Fig. 30. Chart XXX. Total face length (naso-mandibular) and total face width (bizygomatic) of fifty
Kish Arabs (Nos. 100-150).

massiveness of face — a face both long and wide. In the first group there were
seventeen in whom the face length was equal to the face width or more; in this,
the second group, there are but four. To find so great a local or group difference
seems to me an evolutionary fact of great importance. This group differs as
much from the Beduin group as from the first group of Kish Arabs. In the
second group the spread is great, but in the first it was toward narrowness and
shortness, here toward width and length of face, as in the Iraq soldiers. The
table gives the following classification of the faces:

66

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

KISH ARABS (Nos. 100-150)
Total Face Width

-/125

/125-/135 /135 +

Totals

Total face length
Short, -/115
Medium, /115-
Long, /125+.

Totals

-/125..
Total

1 4

2 19
0 12

3 35

Width. oF F~a.ce
!0 ^

03

0
4
8

12

^ ^0 00

%

5
25
20

50

(VI XJ V© oo

mm

90

\

s

2

-4-

6

8

/OO

2

•

4-

6

i

»

8

vol

2 ,~1

^

w

<

►

• 4

il

H

*

<

-9

^

V

|

\

6 o
8 <

•

v

S(J

If

'

'2° to
2*

iir

i

4>

1

'•

*\

fo

JL<

> i

> '

>

4

-K

i

fc

a

V

•

\

tm

X

'\

6 N,

V

4

i

\

^

/30Q

%

>

^

k

N

v,

2^

s

\

-4

4

►

*0

6

8

140

\

2

4-

%

6

8

/SO

Fig. 31. Chart XXXI. Total face length (naso-mandibular) and total face width (bizygomatic) of fifty
Kish Arabs (Nos. 201-250).

As the second group of Kish Arabs (Nos. 100-150) gave a variety of face
forms so different from that encountered in the first group of Kish Arabs (Nos.
1-50), I took a third group (Nos. 201-250). The distribution of the facial forms
of this third group is shown in Chart XXXI and its classification is as follows:

INTRODUCTION 67

KISH ARABS (Nos. 201-250)
Total Face Width
-125/ /125-/135 /135+ Totals

Total face length

Short, -/115 2 6 6 14

Medium, /115-/125.. 4 16 12 32

Long, /125+ 112 4

Totals 7 23 20 50

In the second group (Nos. 100-150) there were twenty Arabs with long
faces and only twelve who had wide faces. Here the proportions are reversed;
there are only four individuals with long faces, while twenty people are in the
wide-faced classes. In group one (Nos. 1-50) there were thirty-two Arabs with
narrow faces; here there are only seven. The present group (Chart XXXI) is
in several respects intermediate to the groups shown in Charts XXVII (Beduins),
XXVIII (Kish Arabs), and XXX (Kish Arabs). To me the occurrence of such
groups, varying as regards dimensions of face, is of high interest. I do not think
they are the result of random sampling, but represent local evolutionary speciali-
zation. The one point which is demonstrated is the extreme variability of the
Arab as regards relative and absolute dimensions of face. And yet, in spite
of this variability, expert travelers are able to recognize the Arab at sight.

The interpretation of the distributional curves which have been constructed
from this data I must leave to those who have the necessary mathematical
equipment. For my part I never like to lose sight of the individuals during
the process of analysis; hence my adoption of graphic forms such as the charts
shown above. I am sure that an examination of Figure 43, which shows the
relationship of length to breadth diameters of the face, will repay examination.
The curves rise steeply to an apex, and then fall slowly toward the right. I sus-
pect this skew form is due to the tendency to narrowing of the face among
most groups of Arabs and also to the peculiar and characteristic development
of the upper face in so many.

Another matter into which Mr. Field inquired is of great interest. It
refers to the manner in which the upper and lower incisor teeth meet. In the
young of all races, when the incisors have just erupted, the lower incisors ascend
behind the upper in mastication. In primitive races, among people who live
much on uncooked food and use the incisor teeth for which civilized people
employ knives, the incisor teeth in biting and chewing meet in the edge-to-edge
position. In the more civilized races the overlap of childhood is retained;
the natural edge-to-edge apposition of the incisors is seen only in a very small
percentage of civilized individuals. In twenty-nine Ba'ij Beduins, Mr. Field
found a marked incisor overlap in six (20.7 per cent), a slight overlap in twenty-
three; none of the Beduins had the edge-to-edge bite. Among 139 soldiers 0.7 per
cent had under bite, 1.4 per cent had edge-to-edge, 90 per cent had slight over-
lap, while in 7.9 per cent there was marked overlap. In this point the Arab does
not differ greatly from Europeans. Of the soldiers 99 per cent had sound denti-
tions, wherein they differ very much from soldiers of the west.

68 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

I have already had occasion to call attention to the average stature of
the various groups of men examined. The soldiers were, on an average, two
inches taller than the other Arabs. Mr. Field is inclined to attribute this
difference to physical training, but as we have found that the soldiers possess
many other physical peculiarities besides excess of stature, I am inclined to think
that the majority of the soldiers are not drawn from the same classes as the
Beduins and Kish Arabs. They are selected individuals but even selection does
not account for their wide foreheads, noses shorter and narrower than those of
Beduin and Kishite, and the width, length, and massiveness of their faces.

I am now to make a brief analysis of the stature of the Arabs, taking first
the Beduin group (thirty-eight). My method of analysis will be understood from
an examination of Chart XXXII. We want to ascertain not only the frequency
with which the various degrees of stature occur among the Arabs but also how
far the stature of each individual depends on length of trunk or on length of
leg. As regards stature I use four classes: the short, under 1600 mm (-/1600) ; the
moderate or medium in stature, under 1700 mm but 1600 mm and over (1700/-
1600/); the tall, under 1800 mm but 1700 mm and over (1800/-1700/) ; the
very tall (/1800+). As regards length of trunk we have to make a finer division:
very short, trunks under 750 mm (750/-); short (800/-750/); medium length
(850/-800/); long trunks (900/-850/); and very long (+900/). When the sit-
ting height stature of each of the thirty-eight Beduins is plotted we are again
struck by the variability of the Arabs; this is brought out when they are classi-
fied according to their places in the chart.

BA'IJ BEDUINS (38)

Sitting Height (Trunk Length)

Very long Long Medium Short Very short

+900/ 900-850/ 850/-800/ 800/-750/ 750/- Totals

Standing height

Very tall, /1800+ 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tall, 1800 -1700/ 1 7 3 1 0 12

Medium, 1700/-1600/. 1 3 15 4 0 23

Short, -/1600 0 0 2 10 3

Totals 2 10 20 6 0 38

Of the thirty-eight Beduins none rises to the 1800 mm limit (5 feet 10.8
inches), twelve are tall (5 feet 7 inches or more), twenty-three are of medium
stature (more than 5 feet 3 inches), and three are short (below 5 feet 3 inches).
Of the thirty-eight, two have really long trunks, six have short trunks. Four
men who rise into the tall group as regards stature have trunks which are moderate
or short in length. These individuals are tall because of length of leg. On the
other hand one longest-trunked man falls into the group of medium stature;
another man, in the tall group, is there because of length of trunk. Three
individuals fall into the short group (below 5 feet 3 inches) ; one is in this group
because of shortness of trunk, the other two because of shortness of legs. Into
Charts XXXII-XXXV I have introduced diagonals which separate the long-

INTRODUCTION

69

legged individual on the one side and the long-trunked individual on the other.
The middle diagonal (A) is drawn so that it marks the line on which indi-
viduals whose trunks contribute 50 per cent to their stature would fall. The
diagonal B marks the line on which the trunk contributes 47 per cent and the

irr
O

o
«

§

?

^0

01

Q

^

Q

•Sit- ting- He.
o o p o o o o
^ CO N v© ir> ^ tf)

igrh

t

§ o ^>

£

^0

to

1

\

\

\

V

\

^

y

p

\

o

\

\

«

\

m

\

•

V

•

}

\

w

\

\

•

•

\

A

m

•

>

I

%

w

•

hi

W

m

•

V

\

•

\

V

\

^>

\

fc

\

\

\

\

i

\

20
10

1800
eo

80
70
60
50
40
30

zo

10
1700

aobo

70'

(0

60^
50 bo
40^
50^

/<?£
600

90

80

70

60

50

40

JO

20

10
1500

mo

Fig. 32. Chart XXXII. Stature (horizontal lines) and sitting height (vertical lines) of thirty-eight
Ba'ij Beduins. Individuals falling on the middle diagonal (A) have a sitting height which is half their standing
height. Diagonal B marks the line on which fall individuals whose limbs form 53 per cent of their standing
height, diagonal C those in whom the limbs form 47 per cent of the stature.

limbs 53 per cent. The diagonal C indicates trunk 53 per cent and limbs 47
per cent. Thus the individuals falling outside or to the right of B have a
standing height in which the limbs make up 53 per cent or more of the stature;
those falling on or outside C have trunks which contribute 53 per cent or more.
In three Beduins the lower limbs make up 47 per cent or less of the stature; in

70 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

five the limbs make up 53 per cent or more of the stature. It is sufficient for
my present purpose to show how variable are the Arabs in stature, in trunk
length, and in the combination of the two.

On every previous occasion when we had to contrast Egyptian with Arab,
we have found the Egyptian the more stable in characters of body. It is so as
regards standing height and sitting height. In Chart XXXIII are set out
measurements made by A. Hrdlicka of the Egyptians of the Khargha Oasis
and in the accompanying table the various combinations of stature and trunk
length are classified:

EGYPTIANS (50)
Sitting Height (Trunk Length)
+900/ 900/-850/ 850/-800/ 800/-750/ 750/- Totals

Standing height

/1800+ 0 0 0 0 0 0

1800/-1700/ 0 5 10 0 6

1700/-1600/ 0 17 19 0 0 36

-/1600 0 0 7 10 8

Totals 0 22 27 1 0 50

The Egyptian statures when plotted out (Chart XXXIII) form a compact
array, very different from the Beduins in Chart XXXII. In increase of stature,
trunk and limbs are involved to a nearly equal extent. But whereas well over
half of the Beduins gained stature from length of leg the opposite is the case
among the Egyptians; in only three do the legs take a larger part than the trunk
in making the stature. In seven Egyptians the trunk forms 53 per cent of stature,
or more. There were two Beduins with very long trunks (900+) ; no Egyptian
falls in this class. Thirty-six Egyptians fall into two neighboring compartments;
in the same two compartments there are only eighteen Beduins. There are twelve
Beduins more than 1700 mm in stature but only six of the fifty Egyptians are
in this class. There are three short Beduins and eight short Egyptians. On the
other hand there are twenty -two Egyptians who have long trunks (900/-850/) ;
only ten of the Beduins fall in this group. The Egyptian and Arab differ in the
contributions made to their stature by trunk and by limb; the Egyptian is
relatively long-trunked; the Arab long-legged.

We return to the consideration of stature and trunk length of the Arabs.
The following is the classification of fifty of the Kish Arabs (Nos. 1-50) :

KISH ARABS (Nos. 1-50)

Sitting Height (Trunk Length)
+ 900/ 900/-850/ 850/-800/ 800/-750/ 750/- Totals

Standing height

/1800+ 0 0 0 0 0 0

1800/-1700/ 0 8 10 0 0 18

1700/-1600/ 1 3 14 6 0 24

-/1600 0 0 0 3 5 8

Totals 1 11 24 9 5 50

INTRODUCTION

71

The grouping of these Arabs is not as scattered as that of the Beduins, but
still much more than that of the Egyptians. There is a great variation in stat-
ure; eighteen individuals are in the tall class, twenty-four have a medium
stature, and eight men are short.

mm

S Q O O O O

tO N VO IT) "^

On

S

I

5i , S , t2i 3.0

\

\

\

s

X

\

\

^9

V

5

\

%

s

t

5

s

*

k

Is

Is

*

$

t

fO

1800
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
JO

\700
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

/600
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
JO
.'500

'490

Fig. 33. Chart XXXIII. Stature (horizontal lines) and sitting height (vertical lines) of fifty Egyptians
measured by A. Hrdlicka in the Khargha Oasis. Diagonal lines as in Chart XXXII.

As regards length of trunk the variation is also very great: twelve fall in
the long-trunked groups; fourteen in the short- trunked groups. In six the lower
limbs are 53 per cent or more of the stature; in only one man does the trunk form
more than 53 per cent of the stature. Of the short-trunked individuals six
are of moderate stature, eight are of short stature. The man with the longest

72

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

trunk falls into the medium stature group. The distribution is not unlike that
of the Beduins (Chart XXXII) except that among the latter there are fewer
short people, especially people who are short because of reduction of both trunk

mm TrunH Length or Sit-ting- Heigrn.t-

jo

s

\

\

10

\

\

T

\

f

idoo

\

o

\

90

\

>

80

\

.

\

70

\

s

\

60

>

L

•

50

\

1

1

40

>

"V

o

\

30

\

•\

w

i \

20

>

v

•

10

\

•

•,

i

1700

\

\

*—

V

90

\

%

t 9

9

\

~%

-•4

t

\

80

\

\

J «

\

70 s>

\

V

\

60 \

\

1

•

lj

»

\

50 ±~

\

•

\

40 I

\

i t^

*

•

\

\

30 CO

\

L

i

>

\

20

\

•

-■ 4

k\

1

\

■

r—

10

\

\

1600

•

N

L

90

«

\

80

\

|

•

70

\

60

\

SO

40

K°

1

w

30

^

20

.

10

\

%

w

1500

\

\

\

mo

^ 20

Fig. 34. Chart XXXIV. Stature (horizontal lines) and sitting height (vertical lines) of fifty Kish
Arabs (Nos. 1-50). Diagonal lines as in Chart XXXII.

and limbs. There are twice as many long-legged Arabs in this group as in the
Beduin group.

In order to ascertain the amount to which one group of Kish Arabs may
differ from another group, I plotted the stature and sitting height of another
section (Nos. 101-150). The results are shown in Chart XXXV and in the
following table:

INTRODUCTION 73

KISH ARABS (Nos. 101-150)

Sitting Height (Trunk Length)

+900/ 900/-850/ 850/-800/ 800-750/ 750/- Totals
Standing height

/1800+ 0 10 0 0 1

1800/-1700/ 0 4 10 4 0 18

1700/-1600/ 0 1 11 13 1 26

-/1600 0 0 2 12 5

Totals 0 6 23 18 3 50

The distribution of the second group (Chart XXXV), although it corre-
sponds in many respects to that shown in Chart XXXIV, differs in some respects.
If we arrange the men in stature classes, these are almost identical in both lots
of Arabs. But if we group the trunk lengths, we see that in the second series of
Arabs there are eighteen in the short-trunked class, whereas in the first there
are but nine. The first series has more long-trunked individuals. I have brought
this difference out by the use of the diagonal lines. In the first series, six
individuals are long-legged on this scale, i.e. have limbs which contribute
53 per cent or more to the stature; in the second series there are nineteen such
long-legged individuals. The Arab stature is highly variable both in its absolute
amount and in the proportions which trunk and limbs contribute to it.

The following conclusions may be presented. Considering the part that
Arabs have played in the history of the world, as pioneers of civilization, as early
cultivators of knowledge, and especially as the initiators in the development of
religions, we have neglected them sadly in an anthropological and racial sense.
No doubt our lack of information concerning the physical make-up of the Arab
is due to Arab aloofness rather than to negligence on the part of anthropologists.
Mr. Field has overcome all obstacles and in this monograph makes a royal gift
to his fellow workers. He has made the Arab known to us in the mass. Where
there was dearth of knowledge there are now facts in plenty. Altogether he has
made records of 667 individuals; his photographic records are of inestimable value.

After working through these data, what are we to say as to the prominent
features of this ancient people? I think the most conspicuous character is their
degree of variability in every one of the physical characters tested. The second
is the prevailing smallness of head, a characteristic we meet with among the
Egyptians and more especially among the peoples of India. Nevertheless in every
group there are a few big heads. I lay stress on these exceptional individuals
because, although they may not represent the actual leaders of their community,
they do represent Galton's exceptional individuals — thrown up in every animal
community to play the part of leaders. Arabs are neither tall nor heavy men;
their stature ranges from 5 feet 4 inches to 5 feet 8 inches; a very few tall people — ■
more than 5 feet 11 inches in stature — occur; diminutive men are also
very common.

It was fortunate that Captain Bertram Thomas should have placed the data
he collected among the South Arabs at my disposal when I was in the midst of

74

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

preparing this Report. No doubt the difference in physique between the South
Arab and the North Arab is remarkable. The South Arab is predominantly
round-headed and small-headed; the North Arab is also small-headed but long-
headed. Among the North Arabs round heads do occur, but never — if we except

m rn
^ 00 N

■Si iri- in.gr He. Lgh t-

Fig.
Arabs (N

35. Chart XXXV. Stature (horizontal lines') and sitting height (vertical lines) of fifty Kish
os. 101-150). Diagonal lines as in Chart XXXII.

northern communities — among more than 10 per cent of the general population.
It is possible that the round-headedness of Arabs is due to racial contamination
by peoples from the northern brachy cephalic belt, but it may be that the
brachycephalic individuals merely represent the normal extreme of a pure
mesocephalic or dolichocephalic people. Certainly the brachycephaly of the

INTRODUCTION 75

South Arab cannot be explained in this way; the right explanation is not yet
apparent. Among the South Arabs, too, fuzzy hair and other Hamitic traits,
which link them to peoples of northeast Africa, occur much more frequently than
among the North Arabs. In the south one never sees the clear-cut features of the
Beduin of the north. And yet a comparison of North and South Arabs has led me
to the conclusion that these two peoples must be counted members of the same
race. In the South Arab as in the North we see, peering through a dark brown
skin, the facial and bodily features which link the Arab race to the Caucasian
stock and separate it from the equally dark-skinned peoples of Africa and India.

How does the Arab stand with regard to other races of mankind? On
entering into this inquiry we must note the relationship of Arabia to adjacent
racial frontiers. The Red Sea separates the great Arabian peninsula from the
Hamitic peoples of Africa, many of which, to be sure, have received Arab infusion.
Arabia is separated from the mainland of Asia by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf
of Oman. This inlet of the Indian Ocean is also a racial frontier separating the
Arab from a people not remotely akin to him, people of the Indo-Afghan type.
Also, in the north the base of the peninsula abuts on another racial frontier, the
southern frontier of the main or purer Caucasian stock. Then away in the east
are the peoples of India, who have many other resemblances to the Arab besides a
dark brown skin and dark brown or black hair. If we presume that the modern
stocks of mankind have been evolved in or near the regions which they now occupy
then we ought to find that the Arab has an evolutionary relationship to all
surrounding peoples. That is what we have found in the course of our analysis.
The Arab shares traits with Hamitic peoples of Africa, with the Dravidian and
Indo-Aryan peoples of India, and with the peoples which extend from the gates
of India to the Levant. The Arab's facial features are often so Caucasoid in
appearance that we may mistake him for a South European but his pigmentation
is usually deeper than that seen in South Europeans. Undoubtedly in his
composition we recognize many Negroid traits, and traits which link him with
Dravidian and with Hamite.

Now, how are we to account for Arabia's being occupied by people who
are mainly Caucasian in their physical make-up and yet possess so many
features in common with dark-skinned neighboring races? In seeking to
explain these facts there are other circumstances and relationships which
have to be considered. Even today a belt of pigmented human races
crosses the Old World. At one extreme we have the Negro of Africa, at the
other extreme the Negro of the Pacific. India lies midway in this pigmented belt,
one which we suspect extended continuously in Pleistocene times from one
extremity of the Old World to the other. On this theory the original inhabitants
of Arabia were deeply pigmented and akin to the Hamites of Africa on the one
hand and to the Dravidians of India on the other. To the north of the black
belt there were two other evolutionary centers: the Mongolian, north of the
Himalayas, and the Caucasian, north of the upland mountainous plateau which
extends westward from the Himalayas across Iran to Asia Minor. That there
was an early break-through from the Mongolian center at the eastern end of the

76 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Himalayas is manifest; the Mongol stock at different times broke into the
black belt and spread out in the Pacific. There was a Caucasian south-
ward migration at the western end of the Himalayas. In Pleistocene times
the great Arabian peninsula was a land to tempt adventurous hunters. The
peoples of Arabia might thus represent a mixture of darker-skinned Dravidians
into which invaders from the southern or Semitic fringe of the Caucasian center
had infused their blood. Such a theory explains many of the facts relating to the
racial composition and affinities of the inhabitants of Arabia. Or did the evolu-
tionary center of the Caucasian type actually extend into Arabia? In the latter
case the Arab would be a pure evolutionary race.

Our interest in the ancient inhabitants of Arabia, particularly of the northern
plain, has been stimulated by the expectation that we shall yet be able to prove
that our modern way of living — our modern civilization — was initiated by a
people or peoples living on or near the frontier of northern Arabia. Were the
pioneers of civilization really Arabs (Semites)? Or were they of the less deeply
pigmented Caucasian stock farther to the north? We have little evidence to
sway us either way, but the only real difference I can perceive between the ancient
Mesopotamians of Kish (fourth millennium B.C.) and the modern Arabs of
central Iraq relates to size of skull and brain. The average cranial capacity
of the ancient Mesopotamian or Arab exceeded that of the average modern in-
habitant of central Iraq. I expect that it will yet be proved that the Arab of
today is the descendant of the men who built the ancient cities and early civiliza-
tion along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.

Arthur Keith

I. ARABS OF THE KISH AREA

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

Ancient Mesopotamia, now called Iraq, was on the alluvial plain between the
Euphrates and Tigris rivers. This location is of considerable importance, as it
was undoubtedly one of the main factors which contributed to the political
domination of this region in the beginning of the historical period.

Let us examine the geographical position of Iraq. To the west lie the
North Arabian and Syrian deserts, which were fertile and well watered when
man in various paleolithic periods inhabited this area. The general contour
of this region shows a gradual rise from water level at the Euphrates to about
2,700 feet near landing ground P, and then a slight downward slope until the
Harrat-ar-Rajil is reached. Farther to the west lie Syria, Palestine, and Trans-
Jordan. To the north of Iraq are Anatolia and the inhospitable mountain
regions of Lake Van. To the east lies Iran, and to the south the Persian
Gulf, with a long sea passage to India. The southwestern borderland of Iraq
joins the great wilderness and deserts of Arabia.

There are, however, two gorges through which the Mesopotamian plain
can be reached. These passes in the eastern mountains, which separate the
plain from Iran, are located near Rowandiz and Sulaimaniya, where archaeo-
logical research should be conducted. Thus, from a geographical point of view,
the hypothetical "Garden of Eden" was located in a position destined to be
the center of cultural development as well as the natural battlefield for various
peoples. It is therefore small wonder that the ancient city of Kish was founded
on the banks of the Euphrates, since the site of this city is in the central
southern portion of Iraq. Historical evidence shows that Kish was the "first
city founded after the Flood," and from a geographical point of view this
was not altogether unexpected. Kish lies sixty-five miles south of Baghdad and
eight miles due east of the ruins of Babylon. The region in which these anthro-
pometric studies have been made is in the vicinity of Kish, where the Field
Museum-Oxford University Joint Expedition conducted excavations from 1922
to 1933.

EVIDENCE OF PREHISTORIC CULTURE

It is desirable to trace in outline the main features which dominated the
history of Kish from a late neolithic phase of culture down to the time of the
modern Arabs, who form the main study of this publication. At Kish no evidence
for the existence of paleolithic man has yet come to light, although in a limited
area virgin soil has been reached. At the time when man in the various paleo-
lithic stages of culture inhabited northern Iraq and the North Arabian Desert
and adjacent territory, I believe that the entire alluvial plain, at least south
of Baghdad, was under water. This large lake connected with the Persian Gulf
to the south and was replenished by the Tigris and the Euphrates. These two

77

78 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

rivers at that time carried an enlarged volume of water owing to the increased
rainfall over this entire area. Geological and climatological evidence lends
support to this view, although it is impossible in the light of existing knowledge
to correlate periods of time with the Pleistocene of western Europe or with the
pluvial periods of British East Africa.

From archaeological and geological evidence obtained during the Field
Museum North Arabian Desert Expeditions of 1927-28 it may be stated that man
in various paleolithic phases of culture lived in the North Arabian Desert between
Rutba and the Hedjaz Railway. Flint implements were collected from several
hundred surface sites, and at Bayir Wells hand-axes, upper Chellean in type, were
unearthed from a gravel bed at a depth of 11 feet 6 inches. Hundreds of crude
paleoliths were collected, as well as a number of neolithic tools and rejects.
The most recent implements, from a typological point of view, apart from those
flakes made by modern Beduins, suggest an extremely late neolithic technique.

The earliest archaeological evidence from Kish, which is derived from a
stratum between present water level and virgin soil, suggests a late neolithic
phase of culture. Flint implements associated with a black incised ware as well
as the entire absence of copper indicate that the earliest inhabitants at Kish
were in an advanced neolithic cultural stage. From this archaeological evidence,
combined with a comparative study of the flint-working technique employed, as
well as from the geological and climatological data now available, I am sug-
gesting the following hypothesis.

The earliest inhabitants of the North Arabian Desert, the Proto-Mediterra-
neans, lived in a lower paleolithic phase of culture, and there is abundant evidence
of their wide distribution over this area. During the long period of time in which
their flint-chipping technique evolved from crude hand-axes to late neolithic
tools, the climate slowly changed and that once fertile and well-watered region
gradually became less able to support the population. Finally a climax was
reached about six or seven thousand years ago when a semi-nomadic existence
became untenable.

This climatic change was the dominant factor in forming the civilizations
of Mesopotamia and Egypt, to which our own civilization can be traced. There
was an alternative for the early dwellers in North Arabia: they could remain as
nomads in this hostile and barren wilderness, or they could trek to the east, west,
or southwest. The former mode of life was chosen by the ancestors of the
modern Beduins, who with their flocks and herds wander from well to well
across the wilderness, which only becomes green after the spring rains. During
the remainder of the year this region is swept by wind and sandstorms; in the
summer a blazing heat beats down upon it. The Beduins must often long to see
water in the dry stream beds of the countless wadis, which are the evidence of a
former fertility and which are now waterless except for a few hours after heavy
rains. The aridity of this region has definitely increased since the Roman occu-
pation; for example, at Qasr-el-Burqu', the easternmost outpost of the Roman
Empire, the legionaries constructed a reservoir about five hundred meters long

ARABS OF THE KISH AREA 79

and one hundred meters wide. When we visited this ruin in 1928, there was
no water in the reservoir; according to our Beduin guides, water could be
obtained only from deep local wells, which had been dry for several years
except during the rainy season.

It may be suggested that various groups of the prehistoric population
wandered from this now inhospitable region to more fertile and well-watered
lands. To the north and south lay desert or wilderness; they could travel west-
ward into Palestine and eventually to the Nile, in a southwesterly direction
into Abyssinia, or to the east until they found the pleasant lands watered by the
Tigris and Euphrates. These wanderers brought with them a late neolithic
culture which included or developed the making of heavy, black, incised pottery.

From among advantageous sites, Kish was chosen by these stragglers, who
founded the first community at the spot, which was afterwards to be designated
as "the first city founded after the Flood." From a physical standpoint, these
settlers were part of the Proto-Mediterranean group whose descendants are
the modern Beduins of North Arabia. They were relatively tall in stature and
dolichocephalic. About 4200 B.C. the Sumerians, who were probably brachy-
cephalic and racially different in several respects, swooped down upon the
settlers at Kish and conquered them in a decisive victory.

The Sumerians imposed their sway upon the conquered Proto-Mediter-
ranean group and ruled them for several centuries, until they themselves were
subjugated. It seems probable that the dawn of the fourth millennium before
our era witnessed the arrival of Semites at Kish. This would account for the
apparently mixed population discovered by means of skeletal remains from the
lower levels. Under a second Sumerian domination, however, which began five
centuries later, Kish grew to be the first capital of the civilized world. Stephen
Langdon, Director of the Field Museum-Oxford University Joint Expedition,
and Professor of Assyriology at the University of Oxford, has kindly contributed
the following brief summary of the history of Kish.

HISTORY OF KISH

BY

Stephen Langdon

According to the consensus of traditions, Kish was the first capital of Sumer
after the Flood, a date impossible to fix with certainty, but on our records clearly
in the neolithic age and before 5000 B.C. Chronological traditions place this
date about 34,000 B.C., but that is obviously impossible. The first dynasty at
Kish had twenty-three kings, among whom was the famous Etana, the shepherd
who ascended to heaven on the back of an eagle in quest of the plant of birth,
that his wife might bear a son to inherit the kingdom. This legend was known
throughout Sumer, Babylonia, and the entire ancient world. Seals of every
Sumerian city have representations of this ascension of Etana. A fine Accadian
poem based on an older Sumerian epic has been preserved in the myth of Etana.

About 4000 B.C., Kish, having been the capital of the entire land from the
Persian Gulf to the Armenian plateau for centuries, lost the hegemony of the

80 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Sumerians. It is possible that the Semites then began to arrive, and a civili-
zation of advanced type, marked by the invention of writing and the production
of painted pottery, appeared all over the Kish area, and in fact all over Sumer.
Kish, although not now the capital, thrived greatly under the dynasty of Erech
and later under the dynasty at Ur. A sterile period followed — the great but brief
period of painted pottery, which was in my opinion entirely a Sumerian culture.
Soon after, about 3500 B.C., the first great buildings at Kish appeared, and the
sterile period caused by the invasion of Elamitic conquerors of Awan ceased.
Kish again became the capital, and at that time the first palace, which was
excavated by Mr. E. Mackay, was built.

Later arose a line of kings whose tombs were found in a stratum eighteen
feet thick, marking a long civilization characterized by great buildings and the
savage rite of slaying servants to accompany their masters and mistresses into
the future life. Copper and stone work, carving of precious stones, and gold
and silver work then attained a high standard. These kings were undoubtedly
the "pigtail people" of the palace carvings.

After the great tomb period, Kish lost the hegemony of Sumer for centuries,
until about 3000 B.C., when the first famous woman in history, Kug-Bau, a
wine merchant, appeared. She rallied the whole Sumerian people and enabled
them to shake off the foreign rule of the northern Semites at Maer. She became
queen of the whole land, and is said to have ruled one hundred years! She
founded a dynasty of seven kings, her son Gimil-Sin succeeding her on the throne.

Then came the great Sargon, a priest in the temple of the war god of Kish,
now the ruins Tell-el-Uhaimir, situated in western Kish. He was a pure Semite.
Uniting the Semites against the Sumerians, he conquered in a few years the
whole of Mesopotamia, Elam, Syria, Anatolia, and the islands of the Levant,
and subdued Palestine and Phoenicia. He forsook Kish and founded his capital
at Agade. This city has never been found, although it existed as a great city
down to the days of Nebuchadnezzar. From records of this dynasty at Kish,
Agade cannot be far away.

The Sargonic dynasty did little at Kish, but numerous inscriptions of that
period have been unearthed. The great Sumerian dynasties at Kish, just before
Sargon, had carried out colossal building operations — the entire temple area
was reconstructed, the huge stage towers were rebuilt, and the palace was repaired.
In such splendid condition did Sargon find Kish. But that famous son of Kish,
and his equally famous sons and descendants, Rimush, Manistusu, Naram-Sin,
and Shargalisharri, devoted their attention to Agade, where they created
schools of sculpture, literature, and art.

As splendid and rapid as was the rise of the fortunes of Agade and its mighty
empire, so sudden and humiliating was its fall. A few feeble kings ended its
rule, and the barbarians of Gutium invaded the land. The whole of Sumer,
including Kish, sank into political and cultural mediocrity, save at Lagash in
the extreme south. After 125 years of barbaric decay, the Sumerians united
under the leadership of Erech and Ur, and the Guteans were expelled.

ARABS OF THE KISH AREA 81

In 2416 B.C. arose the mighty kingdom of Ur, ruling the whole of western
Asia for 108 years, succeeded by the contemporary rule of Isin and Ellasar, until
the rise of the Semitic dynasty of Babylon, in 2169 B.C. Nothing is yet known
of the history of Kish during the turmoil of the Gutean age, nor have we found
anything of importance yet under the great kingdoms of Ur, Isin, and Ellasar.
Only a few tablets dated during these latter kingdoms have come to light.

But the memory of former glory remained strong at Kish. The city
asserted its ancient rights to become the capital and three independent king-
doms sprang up there suddenly to oppose the growing and aggressive kingdom
of Babylon. From that period tablets dated by the names of these kings have
been found. They failed, and Kish was soon received into the empire of Baby-
lonia, with its capital at Babylon. Henceforth Kish remained, until the days of
Nebuchadnezzar and Nabunidus, a thriving metropolitan suburb of Babylon,
retaining the memories of its past and the privilege of being the center of the
cult of the mighty earth goddess and of the god of war.

During the long history of Babylonia, 2169-538 B.C., when Cyrus put an
end to the political kingdom of Sumer and Accad, little is known of the local
history of Kish. We have found there nothing dating from the Cassite period
(nearly five hundred years). Temples were repaired by the kings of Babylon at
Kish. Their scribes wrote grammars, lexicons, and poems and edited ancient
texts. At the end of the period Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt the temple of the earth
goddess on a magnificent scale, unequaled anywhere in his kingdom.

There followed the Persian, Greek, and Parthian periods, extending to the
third century of our era. Kish remained a thriving city and the center
of a flourishing agricultural section of Babylonia during all these critical periods
of ancient history. The commercial cuneiform records are especially prolific
under the Persians of the dynasty of Cyrus, as well as under the Greeks; tablets
from the period of Alexander the Great have been unearthed. Numerous Par-
thian tombs have also been found.

The Sasanian-Neo-Persian rule of Mesopotamia held sway from A.d. 226
to 628. The Persians chose Kish as their western capital, at least from the
fourth century onward, and two fine palaces (probably one near the Manichaean
Church) have been found just east of the temple of the earth goddess.

Then followed the magnificent Arab period of the caliphs of Baghdad and the
advent of Jewish influence at Kish. The caliphs had a palace at Abu Sudaira, three
miles east of Kish, and their coins are found in many mounds of the city itself.
Ruins of the canals of the caliphate period break the surface of the plain at and
around Kish in every direction.

It is clear that the Kish area remained a thriving center of agriculture and
the city a great metropolis as late as A.D. 1000. From that time its history can
no longer be traced, until European travelers visited Kish in the nineteenth
century and found it a desert with only one tribe of Arabs living in the district.
Moslem and Turkish rule had put an end to the oldest consecutive city history
of western Asia. It is probable that in A.D. 1000 families still lived in Kish who

82 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

were related to the earliest Semitic people, of 3500 B.C. What was the Sumerian
admixture of blood in them cannot be determined. Nor can the exact relation-
ship of the modern Arab tribesmen to their predecessors be traced.

SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS

The Arabs who are the subject of these studies live within a small radius
of Kish. They comprise three main groups: Arab workmen employed at the
excavations and their relatives living near Tell-el-Uhaimir; members of the
Iraq army stationed at Hilla camp; and a small group of Ba'ij Beduins.

It is desirable to study in some detail the physical characters and the life
and customs of the modern inhabitants of the Kish area. These Arabs appear
to belong to the same racial group and, from the result of preliminary studies on
the excavated skeletal material, appear to be direct descendants of the people who
were inhabitants of Kish in the early part of the fourth millennium before our era.
In the modern population the predominant shape of the head is long and narrow
(dolichocephalic). This also appears to have been the basic element in head
form at the dawn of civilization in the "Fertile Crescent." There is also a small
percentage of round-headed peoples or brachycephals among the modern Arabs.
This latter element appears to have been superimposed upon the original doli-
chocephalic population. It is probable that the earliest inhabitants of Kish
were conquered by brachycephalic invaders at an early date. A comparison of
the anthropometric data obtained from the skeletal material and that recorded
from the modern inhabitants will be of interest.

The purpose of this Report is to record the data obtained on modern peoples
of the Kish area, accompanied by some notes on their life and customs ob-
served during 1927 and 1928, when I was attached to the expedition.

From a cultural point of view the Arabs are entirely separate from the
Beduins of Iraq, who wander at will in the desert (jazirah) between the Tigris
and Euphrates. The Arabs and Beduins undoubtedly form part of the same
racial group, but the centuries of agricultural life on the one hand and nomadism
on the other have tended to separate them in many cultural adaptations. I
shall record details of Beduin tribal life and customs in a subsequent publication.

Within a radius of several miles from Tell-el-Uhaimir, the deep red temple
tower (zikkurat) dominating western Kish, there is a group of small Arab encamp-
ments, each of which is ruled over by a sheikh. The power of each sheikh
depends largely upon the size of his camp and thus upon the number of men
and their families who respect him as a leader and a dispenser of justice. These
sheikhs are insignificant in power and wealth compared with the great Beduin
sheikhs of the North Arabian and Syrian deserts. The location of the main
villages in the Kish area, and more particularly of those encampments where the
following anthropometric data were obtained, is shown upon the map (p. 83).

The majority of workmen at the Kish excavations were drawn from the village
of Sheikh Hadji Miniehil, which lies about three miles west of Tell-el-Uhaimir.

<

w

03
<

en

O

84

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

I was therefore able to examine the people of this large village closely, as
the sheikh and his two sons, Ralli and Razi, were favorably disposed toward
the members of the expedition. Before discussing the villages in detail it will be
necessary to include a brief description of the country surrounding Kish.

With the exception of the two temple towers, Tell-el-Uhaimir and Tell
Inghara, which dominate the western and eastern sections of Kish respectively,
some low mounds covered with broken pottery sherds — relics of former habi-
tation— and large dry Abbassid canals, the entire region between Hilla, on the

SHEIKH HADJI HUhlTA

FIASHADA

JEMDET NASR£;

JEMDET

■Shifting Sand Dune-s

4*

MAP OF TRIP FROM KISH TO TIGRIS RIVER

Euphrates, and the Tigris, is a flat, alluvial plain. The rivers have changed their
courses many times during the past six thousand years. Even today the Eu-
phrates, which flows past Babylon, is denuding its western bank and gradually
moving away from the great complex of mounds once ruled over by King
Nebuchadnezzar.

The Shatt-en-Nil is a small canal about twenty feet in width, which flows in
an easterly direction from the Euphrates River to the eastern boundary of Kish
near Abu Sudaira, and, turning northward, irrigates the country nearly one-third
of the way toward Jemdet Nasr. There are numerous small canals which branch
off from the Shatt-en-Nil. This network of canals partially irrigates the land,
which is naturally fertile but for the most part lacks an adequate water supply.
There are no palm trees except around several villages (Mahewil and others)

ARABS OF THE KISH AREA 85

between Kish and Tell Ibrahim (ancient Cutha). There is considerable growth
of camel's thorn (hatab) and rank grass surrounding two large lakes south of the
Shatt-en-Nil and about two miles from Tell-el-Uhaimir. During the winter these
lakes are the abode of wild fowl, including ducks, geese, and flamingos.

The larger villages, such as that of Sheikh Hadji Miniehil, are composed of
mud huts of various shapes and sizes. Around each village is a wall of mud
brick, supplemented by a thick camel's-thorn fence. As an additional precaution
against surprise visits of strangers there are numerous mongrel dogs which bark
savagely and continually during the approach of a person either mounted or
on foot. The Arabs apparently do not object to the almost incessant clamor
of their dogs, as they make little or no effort to prevent it. Far into the night
these dogs howl to their mates or in answer to the challenge of a fox, hyena, or
jackal, as he prowls around in search of prey.

Each village has a large mud-walled hut roofed with beams of palm covered
with reed mats overlaid with mud. This house belongs to the sheikh, and is
the central meeting place for the men of the village. About this house are
grouped the smaller mud huts of the inhabitants of the village. Around each
entrance is a camel's-thorn fence with a narrow opening directly opposite the
door of the hut. The mud huts are constructed in the following manner. A
foreman or master mason is engaged to direct the work of building the side
walls and roof. The floor of the proposed building is drawn on the ground
by means of a pointed stick, four large stones being left at the respective corners
as markers. Eight men are generally employed to assist the master mason. The
division of labor is such that two men bring water in buckets to moisten the
clay during its preparation for use as a building material. One man digs clay
from the edges of a small hole in the ground, while two men, adding water and
occasional handfuls of straw, knead the clay with their feet into the correct
consistency.

In this connection it is interesting to note the punishment Pharaoh inflicted
on the Israelites because Moses and Aaron begged (Exodus V:l-22) that the
Israelites might pray and sacrifice to Jehovah three days' journey into the wil-
derness so that they might be delivered from pestilence or death by the sword.
Pharaoh refused to grant this request and ordered the imposition of additional
tasks upon the Israelites to keep them occupied. Pharaoh said, "Ye shall no
more give the people straw to make brick, as heretofore; let them go and
gather straw for themselves. And the number of the bricks which they did make
heretofore, ye shall lay upon them; ye shall not diminish aught thereof: for they
are idle; therefore they cry, saying, 'Let us go and sacrifice to our God.' ... So
the people were scattered abroad throughout all the land of Egypt to gather
stubble for straw."

The duty of the builder's chief assistant is to knead the clay which is taken
from the damp pit into balls about twice the size of a baseball. These balls are
then carried by two other assistants, one ball in each hand held at eye level
with the palm upward, and thrown in turn to the master mason. The mason
places the balls of clay one on top of another until the wall is about three feet

86 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

high, when operations are interrupted for a day to allow the clay to dry out.
Then another few feet are built on top of the first and allowed to dry. This
program is followed until the walls are about ten feet high. As a plummet
a stone attached to a string gives the more or less correct upright angle for the
wall. The never-ending chain of men carrying water, stamping the clay, kneading
it into balls, and carrying it to the mason, enables rapid building of the side walls.

The roof is a more complex matter. In the case of the central house of the
sheikh, split palm trunks, purchased for one and one-half or two rupees (forty-
eight to sixty-four cents) apiece in Hilla, are placed at intervals on top of the
side walls of the hut. Reed mats, which are also purchased at Hilla for about
eight annas (sixteen cents), are laid across the beams and tied down with
twisted palm fiber. When this has been completed, the mud ball system is again
commenced, and the mason stands upon the roof to catch the mud balls, placing
them upon the top of the reed mats to form a continuous layer of mud (Plate
CXXIII). A bucket of water is always beside the mason so that he can keep the
clay at the desired consistency. In this way the mats are covered with a layer
of mud, which is allowed to dry for several days. The same process is then
repeated, and the hut finally becomes habitable.

Windows are made by cutting a hole in the wall and setting bottles or a
pane of glass in the space, the intervening holes being filled with mud. The
approximate total cost of building a hut of this kind with dimensions 18 feet long,
10 feet wide, and 10 feet high would be about $40.00, and one week would be
necessary for its construction. It is probable that houses of this type have been
built in the Kish area for the past six thousand years.

A bridge (jisr) spans each irrigation canal, in order to allow the passage of
wheeled traffic as well as to facilitate the portage of supplies from Hilla. Each
bridge is constructed in the following manner: Large split palm trunks, similar
to those used to support the roofs of mud houses, are laid across the stream at a
convenient point. The spaces between the planks are filled with camel's thorn,
and a layer is spread over the bridge. The entire surface is then covered with
the arenaceous earth and stamped into place with the bare feet or pounded with
a wooden beam. The result is eminently satisfactory for the passage of horses
and donkeys, but always precarious for wheeled traffic.

The bridges which connect the various parts of the track between Hilla
and Kish are kept in constant repair by Arab workmen, who use long-handled
shovels to scoop the earth upon the surface of the bridge.

There are horses, donkeys, sheep, and chickens within the village walls.
A few camels are often seen browsing upon tufts of camel's thorn. There is no
community ownership; there is much individual pride of possession. Every
Arab desires to own beautiful horses and he is a good judge of a horse from the
standards of speed and endurance. Several times during the winter season
of excavation every horse owner in the village of Sheikh Hadji Miniehil galloped
across the hard, flat plain to the camp at Kish. Upon their arrival they raced
each other around amid wild screams of excitement. The horses are small and

ARABS OF THE KISH AREA 87

stocky and poorly groomed, with the exception of those belonging to the sheikh
or to his rich sons. The bridle consists of a rope tied as a halter over the head
and passing around the nose through a slip knot. The loose end is held in the right
hand and is used as the sole means of guiding the animal. For those accustomed
to riding with a double-reined bridle and bit and perhaps even a standing martin-
gale, the Arab's method of guiding the horse seems almost impossible. However,
after a little practice the secret between horse and rider becomes established.

There are three kinds of saddles. The most common type used by the Arabs
is a narrow-seated leather saddle with sharp angles in front and behind. There
is often a silver knob or pommel on the front of the saddle to which the less skilful
riders cling when the horse goes out of a walk. A thin, flat leather saddle which
closely resembles the type used in racing in America and Europe is also used.
Lastly, second-hand British military saddles are seen occasionally, but the price
(twenty rupees, about $6.40) prohibits their general use. The stirrups are very
small metal loops; the leathers are short and often consist of thin leather or even
string. Safety devices are unknown. The Arabs ride short with a forward
seat, while little or no weight is placed on the stirrups. The saddle girths are
narrow canvas bands attached on both sides beneath the saddle flap. Since
the horses are fed only on grass and are usually turned out when not being ridden,
their stomachs are dilated, and it is impossible to keep the girths tight. Conse-
quently it is a common occurrence for the saddle to slip around beneath the horse.

Trappings of various kinds are worn behind the saddle. Saddlebags (khurj)
of camel's hair or wool, with two large, wide pockets and decorated with
colored tassels, hang on both sides. In Spain, the saddlebag (al-Forja) is carried
in front of the rider. It has a loop which fits over the back portion of the saddle
and which theoretically keeps it in place. The rich Arabs place a colored
saddlecloth (gamis) from the back of the saddle to the crupper. Each rider
generally carries a rifle slung over his back or he rests the butt of the firearm
upon his right knee with the muzzle pointing in the air.

Donkeys and camels are used as beasts of burden. All necessities of life
are brought from Hilla market on these overladen animals. Cattle and pigs
are not kept, since they are deemed unclean according to Mohammedan law.

Each Arab wears a long cotton garment (dishdashi or thob) resembling a
nightgown in appearance, which is fastened at the throat with several buttons.
It has long, wide sleeves terminating in points. Over the dishdashi is worn a
coarse brown cloak ('aba) which is made of camel's hair and resembles the standard
type of university gown. On the head is worn a white or a black-and-white speckled
cloth (kaffiyah), held in place by a brown or black camel's-hair head-dress ('agal).

The feet are often bare, but coarse leather sandals or shoes are sometimes
worn. Each village has a shoemaker who knits the uppers from coarse string.
The leather soles are purchased in Hilla. These shoes (kalhe) are also worn by
Kurdish shepherds and by Beduin tribesmen of northern Iraq.

The sheikh or his son wears a white kaffiyah with a gold or silver thread
'agal and a tight-fitting colored garment (ziburi) over the dishdashi. The sons
of a sheikh often wear European shoes.

88 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Each woman wears a dark blue dishdashi with a correspondingly dark
blue kaffiyah, the ends of which are wound around the head. The feet are always
bare. Each little boy and girl wears some form of white or blue dishdashi,
and the children run about barefoot. Dark blue outer garments are generally
worn by women and girls.

The men wear no ornaments or jewelry, but they are extremely vain concerning
their personal appearance. Each young man carries a small folding mirror and
frequently a brush and a small jar of kohl, which is applied above and below
the eyes. The women also are fond of this form of cosmetic. In the graves
excavated in Cemetery A and also in the graves in Y-trench at Tell Inghara,
small shells (Pecten sp.) containing traces of kohl were found. These shells and
the small copper toilet sets belonging to a period anterior to 3000 B.C. prove
that the same types of cosmetics and depilatories have been in vogue at Kish
for about five thousand years. The men and women apply henna to their hands
to stain them a reddish brown, which is considered beautiful. Some of the
women stain their feet with henna.

The majority of the men bear tattooed marks, while the women and girls
of marriageable age are tattooed with blue spots or more complex designs. As
a rule, the faces of these Arab women are not as heavily tattooed as those of
the Beduins, who desire a tattooed upper lip and chin.

The women are not veiled, although young maidens always cover the lower
portion of the face when a man approaches. The small groups have to a great
extent intermarried, but they realize the necessity for fresh blood. The greatest
possible care is taken to secure a suitable match. The method generally employed
is as follows: A young man may fall in love with a girl whom he has known from
childhood or who has taken his fancy when he visited some neighboring village.
The boy's father calls on the girl's parents, who at once state that several other
young men have requested their daughter's hand in marriage. The primary
question to be solved is the amount of the girl's dowry. The girl is then brought
into the family circle and admired, particularly by her parents. After consider-
able discussion over cups of coffee and glasses of tea, the girl's parents state the
amount of money or property the young man must possess before he can marry
her. When an agreement is reached, the girl and boy are told that their engage-
ment has been arranged. The amount required varies from two hundred to five
hundred rupees ($64-$160). The young man has to collect this amount, which
may be in animals or money.

When the money or its equivalent has been raised, the boy's father announces
this to the parents of the girl. A date is set for the wedding, which is duly per-
formed by the sheikh in the presence only of members of both families. In the
stricter Mohammedan groups the bridegroom does not see the face of his bride
until after they are married. Among the richest members of the community the
marriage is celebrated with preliminary dances by the sisters and female cousins
of the bride. They dance to the rhythmic beat of drums and wind instruments
from dawn until far into the night. In the meantime the bride is not allowed
out of her house until the wedding ceremony takes place.

ARABS OF THE KISH AREA 89

The Arabs, though fatalists, are superstitious, and this feeling of dread
of the supernatural appears to be more deeply rooted in the women than in the
men. The men, however, sometimes wear a stone on a string around the neck
to remove a pain in the throat or to heal some disease which is gradually becoming
chronic. Many of the women wear charms or amulets consisting of beads or
cylinder seals which are supposed to keep away the evil eye. All young children
wear blue beads of some kind around either the neck or the wrist, or sewed on
their garments. The evil eye is credited with supernatural powers; the Arabs
believe that it may be the will of Allah to allow an individual to be tormented
by the Evil One, who, however, dreads the color blue and therefore cannot harm
a person wearing blue beads. Unless there is sickness in the family the men
ridicule the women for their superstitions. These same men, however, have
blue beads sewn on the harnesses of their horses, camels, and donkeys. I have
not seen any harness that does not include this simple protection against the evil
eye. The beads are manufactured by the thousands at Birmingham, England,
and cost of protection is thus negligible, even for the poorest Arabs.

FOOD

The main articles of food include unleavened cakes (chupatties), rice (tim-
min), sour milk (laban), and dried dates (tamr). The food is stored in earthen-
ware containers. There are no special storehouses in these small villages. Meat is
rarely eaten, owing to its high cost, but on festive occasions a lamb or kid is
killed. All meat is eaten fresh, except that of the gazelle, which is allowed to
hang for several days. Gazelles, which are to be found only in the jazirah, are
rarely killed. I believe that there is prejudice against the killing of this animal,
which may result from a former primitive clan totemism.

The unleavened bread (khubz) is baked in a crude oven (furn) outside the hut.
The oven, consisting of a hole in the ground, is lined with clay and partially filled
with camel's thorn, which is fired. Coffee (gahwah) is prepared by roasting the
beans in a long-handled iron dish (sage, in Kurdish). After being roasted, the
beans are pounded with a heavy metal pestle in a large brass mortar (Plate
CXXVI, Figs. 1, 2; Fig. 36, k, I). The coffee grounds are boiled in an iron vessel, in
which the sediment is allowed to accumulate. Wheat (huntah) and barley (sha'ir)
are grown in this district. Charred grains of both these cereals have been found
during the excavations (cf. my article, Amer. Anthr., XXXIV, pp. 303-309).

Pottery of various kinds is purchased in the market at Hilla, but I did not see
any glassware in the various encampments visited, except small thick glasses for tea.

The water supply is obtained from a local spring, or is carried in large
earthenware jars from the nearest irrigation canal.

Since Mohammed strictly forbade alcoholic liquor in any form, there is no
drinking of any kind in these communities. In the town of Hilla, however, the
general principles of Mohammed are not so religiously and strictly obeyed, and
a local alcoholic drink called 'araq is imbibed. This beverage contains a high
percentage of alcohol and is therefore very potent. The mention of 'araq, the
only stimulant of which they have heard, is forbidden among the Kish Arabs.

90 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

According to the "Encyclopaedia of Islam" (1924, pp. 1, 111) there is a description
of the preparation of this intoxicating drink from the time of the Mughal Emperor
Akbar, who lived in the second half of the sixteenth century. In Persia, however,
according to Herbert (p. 261), "arrack and aquavitae [first edition: "arack or
usquebagh distilled from dates or rice"] they also drink."

The lighting of the houses or tents is done by means of oil lanterns and hurri-
cane lamps, which are purchased at Hilla.

MUSIC

The Arabs enjoy music (musiga), and often chanted some refrain during the
work of excavation. In the evenings they sit around the fire (nor) and sing to the
monotonous wail of the rababah, the single-stringed instrument of the Beduins.

An end-flute (mutlug) with two tubes of the same length held together by
bitumen is also used by the Kish Arabs. This musical instrument is composed
of cylindrical tubes open at both ends and is sounded by blowing across the upper
end. A series of six open stops along each tube enables a variety of notes to be
produced, since, by opening or closing the stops, the vibratile length of the
column of air in the tube can be varied. There are two small reeds connected
by a black thread, which can be raised or lowered to alter the pitch. This instru-
ment is called mutlug by the Arabs, and duzahle by the Kurds, who call the
reed mamzah. The strolling minstrel players use the rababah and several kinds
of drums, with which they beat time for the dancing girls.

WEAPONS

An Arab is always armed with a rifle, a dagger, or a club, and after
nightfall no man is anxious to travel without a rifle. There is no great danger,
but at any moment in the darkness of the night the challenge Menu hadha?
("Who goes there?") may ring out. An unarmed man walking alone across the
plain would be robbed by a stranger or by anyone who did not expect to be
recognized. Apart from this danger, there are hyenas and foxes which may
cross the path.

The Arabs are inexpert marksmen mainly because of the high price of
cartridges, which practically forbids target practice. Throughout this region
cartridges represent a form of wealth; consequently, few bullets are wasted.
The cartridges are worn in native leather belts or in crossed bandoleers. The
old Turkish rifle is the most common weapon, but occasionally an out-of-
date rifle of German pattern may be found among the Arabs. The ammunition
is Turkish, and many cartridge cases bear a ten-year-old date of manufacture.

The dagger (khanjar) is a short, curved knife with a wooden or bone handle
made from the horn of an ox or a water buffalo. The blade, which is made of
good steel, is not decorated or marked in any way, although the bone handle may
have silver bosses attached. The silver knobs are fashioned from hammered
Turkish buttons, and they are in some degree decorative. The handle is
fastened to the blade by means of two nails. The scabbard may be of leather,
and in this case is undecorated. On the other hand, the sheath may consist

Fig. 36. Household Utensils, a, coffee roaster (mahmus); b, metal coffee cup holder (finjan); c, china
coffee cup (finjan) ; d, metal water jar (bugwa) ; e, tea glass (istikan) ; /, large water pot (gumgum) ; g, h, coffee pots
(telgamat); i,j, small copper coffee pots (dilal); k, brass mortar (hawan); I, pestle (id al-haivan).

91

92 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

of two curved strips of wood fastened together by means of some resinous material
and covered with hammered silver or gold. The metal is obtained by melting local
currency, and thus an approximate estimate of the value of the dagger can be
obtained. The metal work, although not done by the famed Amara silversmiths,
is very fine. The upper portion of the scabbard may be ornamented with parallel
lines of dots and more rarely with a semicircle of small turquois beads on the
outer side. Each scabbard appears to have its individual motif of ornamental
design, which is reproduced on both sides. The lower portion of the scabbard
tapers to a curved point, and is decorated with a heavier band of metal orna-
mented with lines or dots. The point is broad and is decorated with five lines.
On one silver scabbard fish and birds have been engraved (Fig. 37, k). The former
are an emblem of happiness; the latter, a symbol of good news.

The khanjar is worn on the right side, and is held in position by a camel's-
hair girdle, which also serves to keep the dishdashi in place. The khanjar is a
serviceable weapon; its curved blade inflicts a terrible blow. The excavators
found these daggers most useful in removing the compact alluvial soil from around
a buried object. The value of a khanjar varies from eight to ten rupees ($2.50-
$3.50) for an undecorated handle and scabbard, to forty rupees ($13.00) for a
silver case, and up to five hundred rupees ($160) for a magnificent gold scabbard.

The striking club (Arabic, magivar; Kurd, mazrak) has a round wooden handle
which varies from two to three feet in length. The head of the club is made of
wood, bitumen, or stone (Fig. 37, a-c). In the last-named case a Sumerian cere-
monial macehead is occasionally used, a nail being driven through the pierced
stone into a wooden handle. The magwar is carried constantly by these Arabs
as a means of protection.

GAMES AND PASTIMES

The Arabs drink large quantities of black coffee (gahwah) and sweetened
tea {chai). They smoke long, native cigarettes, or suck the narghile. The
cigarettes, which are very mild, are about twice the length of American
cigarettes. Virginia or Turkish tobacco appears strong to the Arabs, and
cigars are never smoked since they cause nausea. Coffee is drunk from china
cups which bear red or blue designs (Fig. 36, c). These cups are often supported
by brass holders, each of which is called a jinjan. One finjan in Karbala bore the
Arabic inscription, fi Al-'ajalah al-nadamak ("Haste makes waste"). Tea is
sipped from a thick glass container (istikan) which is made in Warsaw and
imported through Iran.

During these pleasures they gossip continually and allow their innate
inquisitiveness a free hand. Horses are their chief joy and pride. According to
an old Arab proverb heaven on earth can be found only on the back of a horse
or in the arms of a woman.

I have seen but two games enjoyed by these people. One of these
is played as follows: A small hole is made in the ground, and a dagger is
held in the right hand about six inches above the mark. The palm of the left
hand is placed directly above the hole. As the dagger is plunged into the hole,

Fig. 37. Weapons and Implements, a, club (chmagh) with wooden head; b, club (sakhariya) with
Sumerian macehead; c, club (magwar) with bitumen head; d, finger guard (chinagh); e, sickle (minjal); f,
leather pouch (chis); g, spindle (maghzal); h-k, daggers (khanajir); I, donkey halter (rashmak).

93

94 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

the left hand must be moved to the side and then replaced over the hole as the
dagger is drawn upward into position. Skill is shown by the rapidity with which
the dagger can be plunged into the hole as the hand is drawn aside. The left
hand can be moved either toward or away from the person playing the game.
Several of the Kish Arabs plunge and retract the dagger as fast as the eye can
follow the rapid movements. The winner is merely the contestant who gains
the most approval from the onlookers.

The other game is a variety of astragals, which is so called from the fact
that it is played with the astragalus or knucklebone of a sheep or some other
animal. This pastime is of great antiquity, since one of the British Museum
Tanagra terra-cottas, which date from the eighth century before our era, repre-
sents two girls playing this game. In Horace's "Satires" (Book II) we read, "Ever
since I saw you, Aulus, carrying your knucklebones and nuts in the loose fold
[of your toga], giving them away and playing with them, but you, Tiberius,
counting them and solemnly hiding them in holes, I have feared that different
kinds of madness may seize you and that you will follow Nomentanus and you
Cicula." (Nomentanus is used by Horace as a type of a prodigal and spend-
thrift; Cicula is a very cautious money-lender.)

The Kish Arabs draw a circle on the ground and place an astragal in the
center. The object of the game appears to be to knock the astragal outside the
perimeter of the circle by flicking another astragal against it with the thumb
and forefinger. This game is akin to marbles, and is generally played only by
children, although I have seen young men passing the time in this manner.
(For further information see E. Lovett, "The Ancient and Modern Game of
Astragals," Trans. Folklore Soc, XII, No. 3, pp. 280-293.)

In Hilla the Arabs play a game with three brass cups and a thimble. Each
cup is turned upside down, and the thimble is artfully hidden beneath one of
them. The game consists in deciding under which cup the thimble reposes.
This is similar to the three-card trick, which pays the traveling expenses of many
professional gamblers. The game of mancala is also played in the market at
Hilla. I have never observed any ball games among these Arabs.

The Arabs lead a quiet existence provided that they do not draw police or
government attention. The latter can be drawn through unwillingness to pay
the annual taxation.

TAXES

The local government taxes agricultural Arabs by making them work
a certain number of hours a year. The government pays a fixed wage of one
rupee (thirty-two cents) daily. Each sheikh must supply the requisite number
of men each day for two weeks out of every year. These men are employed either
on irrigation and agricultural projects, or on road repairs. The government
standard of wages fixes the salary of the workmen employed at the Kish excava-
tions, since if lower wages were given they would prefer government service
whenever opportunity offered. The Kish Arabs seemed to enjoy the govern-
mental tasks mainly because of the additional revenue received thereby, although

ARABS OF THE KISH AREA 95

they in turn have to pay part of their salaries to the sheikh, who has given them
this means of revenue. The objects of making money among these Arabs are to
purchase live stock or a wife or wives.

RELIGION

At noon the older Arabs cease work in order to pray. Each man faces toward
Mecca, places his 'aba on the ground at his feet, and, muttering several
verses from the Koran, kneels on the 'aba with lips moving in prayer. He
touches the ground with his forehead three times. Finally he arises to his feet,
shakes the dust from his 'aba, throws it around his shoulders, and continues with
the affairs of the day.

Each holy man (imam) is buried in a sacred, domed building (gubbah) . Dressed
in flowing robes, I was allowed to enter the gubbah of Mahewil (Plate CXXXVIII,
Figs. 1, 3) between Kish and Tell Ibrahim. I took off my shoes and came into the
holy place with a guide. The tomb was under the central portion of the small dome
and consisted of a block of hewn stone supported by two flanking stone blocks.
A high, wooden, openwork screen surrounded the tomb. At each of the four
corners and on the central portion of each side and end of the screen were carved
wooden rosettes. As we moved slowly around the tomb, my guide bent forward
to press his lips against each rosette, murmuring prayers for help from the saint.
This scene recalled the numberless pilgrims who with their kisses have partially
worn away the bronze toes of St. Peter at Rome. Near the village of Sheikh
Hadji Miniehil stands the domed Imam Sa'id. This tomb was considered so
sacred that I was not allowed to enter.

Islam, which means submission to the divine will, is the name given by all
Mohammedans to their religion. Every man must worship God five times each
day: namely, at dawn, at noon, before and after sunset, and at the close of day.
Before beginning his prayers, the worshiper turns toward the holy city of Mecca.
While on a journey or during warfare or in special circumstances such as sickness,
a man does not have to conform to the general rules of worship. During each
week Friday is observed as a day of prayer, and in accordance with local custom
the excavations at Kish were closed on that day, while work was continued during
the Christian Sabbath. According to the Mohammedan doctrine, strict fast-
ing is part of religion. In Islam the period of fasting falls in the month of
Ramadan, during which period the Koran was revealed to the Prophet. The
date of Ramadan, like the Christian Easter, varies each year. It begins with the
rise of the new moon in March or April and lasts until the appearance of the next
new moon. The fast commences daily when a white thread can be distinguished
from a black one and continues until nightfall. During these long hours no
particle of food or drink may pass the lips unless special dispensation is claimed.

The workmen employed at the Kish excavations occasionally had to work
through the month of Ramadan. The older men adhered rigidly to the letter of
the Moslem law, and found the continual work with a pick-ax almost too hard
to endure. The younger men and basket boys made little attempt to abstain
from food and water, since their youth obtains a special dispensation for them.

96 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Each evening at sunset the men gathered outside the village for the close of the
day's fasting period. During Ramadan sounds of feasting reached the expedition
camp at Tell-el-Uhaimir far into the night.

As the month of Ramadan draws to a close, great excitement prevails among
the Arabs. There is considerable speculation on the probability of seeing the
rise of the new moon. In many places, however, this spectacle is invisible
because of clouds or mist. Therefore, when the new moon is visible in any portion
of Iraq the information is telegraphed to every outpost, so that news of the
termination of Ramadan can be relayed far and wide. This is followed by
frenzied rejoicing among all Arabs, and there is singing, dancing, and revelry.

In a discussion regarding the local belief in life beyond the grave, the work-
men stated that they believed implicitly in a future life. I asked them for their
conception of heaven and of the intermediate step between life on the earth and
the celestial state. One of the men replied that he visualized the transition as
follows: Each person must cross a narrow bridge over a yawning chasm to the
promised land. Each sinner, who has made little or no attempt to appease the
Creator by ritualistic prayers, will be pushed off the bridge into the seething
abyss to await purification before a further attempt can be made. There are
two bridges, one for men and the other for women, who, however, are less harshly
treated owing to the fact that they are seldom allowed to make their own decisions
under Mohammedan law. Arabs do not believe that animals have a future life.

EDUCATION

With the exception of a few of the older men, whose religious zeal has inspired
them to learn to read the words of Mohammed, the population is illiterate. The
children attend no school, but are taught in the family. They devote their early
childhood to play but are soon forced to assist with the work around the home,
whether this be mud hut or black camel's-hair tent. From the moment when a
child becomes helpful there is little respite allowed for play from sunrise to sunset.
The children are proportionately more alert and intelligent than at the age of
maturity. They are eager, quick, and responsive, but become slow and dull-
witted in their late twenties.

The lazy or mischievous child is punished and often beaten by the mother;
but the father, particularly if the child is a boy, will not touch one hair of his head.
Paternal pride for the young boy who will carry on the family traditions is
almost unbounded. A girl child is a disadvantage unless, when she reaches the
marriageable age, she becomes the wife of a strong, healthy, and prominent
young member of the group.

The young men and maidens talk and think of little but marriage and the
family hearth. During excavation work, agricultural labor, or while riding across
the plains, the Arabs chant romantic love songs.

Education, according to our concept, is unknown. There are no books or
papers of any kind with the exception of copies of the Koran. These Arabs have
seen no books, and it is often difficult for them to recognize the significance of a

ARABS OF THE KISH AREA 97

photograph. Many an Arab was unable to recognize his own photograph or
those of his friends. He would turn the photograph on its side or upside down,
and often was unable to see the resemblance even when the original was
pointed out. However, there was a small percentage of men to whom the above
would not apply. They were naturally of the more intelligent type, who were
chosen as head men (rais) of the gangs (jogat) employed at the excavations.

The Kish workmen had little mechanical sense and seemed particularly slow
in grasping even the most rudimentary mechanical principles. Achmed Hamadi
(No. 34) was the most efficient mechanic, although his general intelligence did
not appear to be above the average.

The Arabs are very inquisitive and have no hesitation in asking any
question which may occur to them. Upon the occasion of my first visit to Kish,
in the winter of 1925, 1 was asked where the objects were shipped at the conclusion
of each season of excavation. I replied that the most important archaeological
treasures remained in the new Iraq Museum at Baghdad, while the other portions
were sent to Chicago and Oxford. I was immediately questioned as to whether
Oxford was near London, and I was impressed with their geographical knowledge
until I discovered that London, Berlin, and Constantinople constitute all their
knowledge of Europe. Not one of the 150 workmen had heard of the Americas.
One of the foremen asked the distance and number of camel journeys from Kish
to Chicago, but when I described the intervening ocean I was not believed by
any member of the group. Repeatedly they would ask me to explain why we
could not bring part of the great ocean to them, so that they might irrigate
their properties.

These Arabs, from an early age, are interested in the moon and stars. The
former controls the fast at Ramadan, and the latter guide them by night. As a
result they know many of the stars by name. The evening star and the Dipper
(mizari) are immediately recognized by young and old alike. It is interesting
to note that when Babylon was the capital of central Mesopotamia, Kish had
degenerated into a mere outpost and then was the center of astronomical
and mathematical research.

II. ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA
MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS

The anthropometric statistics in this chapter were obtained from three groups
of Arabs living at that time in the Kish area. The largest group includes 398
Arabs, who live in various encampments in the region of Tell-el-Uhaimir. The
second group comprises 231 members of the Iraq army, located at Hilla in 1928.
These Arabs were recruited from all over Iraq, and thus form a non-homogeneous
group. The third series of anthropometric data was obtained from thirty-eight
Beduins belonging to the Ba'ij tribe, which wanders north and south between
the Tigris and the Euphrates.

An anthropometer was used for measuring the stature, height from acromion
to sole, and sitting height. This instrument is a graduated metal rod which is in
sections, fixed to a metal base and provided with a sliding horizontal branch.
In order to obtain the stature the sections of the anthropometer were screwed
together and inserted in the metal base. The instrument was then placed against
the main tent pole and tied with a loose string to hold it upright. Each subject
was placed with his back to the tent pole and the sliding horizontal bar was moved
down until it rested on the top of his head. With two Arab assistants it was
possible to obtain this measurement, although the standing height figures of the
Kish Arabs show considerable variation, since it was impossible to make them
stand uniformly straight. The Iraq soldiers, however, were accustomed to drill
and therefore stood erect.

The acromion to sole measurement was obtained on the standing individual
by placing the horizontal bar of the anthropometer on the left superior and
external border of the acromion process. This measurement immediately
followed the standing height, since it involved little change of position.

The sitting height was obtained by seating the subject on a four-gallon
gasoline can about 34 cm in height. The knees were flexed, the dorsal aspect
of the trunk made contact with the anthropometric rod in the sacral region and
between the shoulder blades. The axis of vision remained horizontal. The
height of the vertex from the ground was measured and later the height of the
seat subtracted to give the correct sitting height. It was found advisable to
carry a gasoline can as a seat for this measurement, since the various native
wooden stools varied in height, and it was easier to subtract a constant figure
for the height of the seat from the ground.

The measurements obtained on the head were as follows: greatest occipital
length, greatest breadth, minimum frontal diameter, bizygomatic breadth,
bigonial breadth, total facial height, upper facial height, nasal height, nasal
breadth, and left ear length and breadth.

Since there are several systems used in the taking of these anthropometric
measurements, it will be necessary to state the methods employed. The spread-
ing calipers were held with a branch reposing on the palm of each hand. Each

98

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 99

forefinger guided the metal end of the calipers to the desired point, and when they
were satisfactorily adjusted the reading was made. The elbows were held parallel
to the ground and in some cases the butt or joint of the instrument rested against
the chest in order to give support, while the scale was being read. The facial
measurements were obtained with the same instrument, which was firmly held
by the hands when the body could not be used as the support.

In the majority of cases the landmarks used for determining the exact
point on the head upon which the extremities of the sliding calipers should be
placed followed the international agreement for the unification of anthropometric
measurements made on living subjects, contained in the report of the commission
appointed by the Fourteenth International Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology
and Archaeology at Geneva (1912), to supplement the work commenced
by the Thirteenth Congress at Monaco (1906). This report was translated by
W. L. H. Duckworth, and is quoted in A. Hrdlicka's "Anthropometry" (pp. 25-31).

The measurements on the head were taken in the following manner. The
head length (glabella to opisthocranium) was measured with the spreading calipers
from the most prominent point of the glabella to the most prominent point
on the occiput, as shown by the maximum determinable spread of the branches
of the compass. The two landmarks were taken in the median line and a
slight pressure was used on the ends of the calipers.

The head breadth (euryon to euryon) was measured with the spreading
calipers from the widest points above the supramastoid and zygomatic crest.
The ends of the instrument were pressed lightly to the sides of the head and
moved in an anterior to posterior line until the maximum reading was obtained.

The head height could not be measured, since the Arabs would not allow
any instrument to penetrate the auditory meati.

The minimum frontal diameter was obtained by measuring the shortest
horizontal diameter between the two temporal crests on the frontal bone. The
ends of the spreading calipers were guided by each forefinger to the deepest
part in the curve of each temporal line above the lateral angular processes of the
frontal bone, and the reading thus obtained.

The bizygomatic breadth (zygion to zygion) was measured by placing the
spreading calipers on the most widely separated points on the external surface
of the zygomatic arches.

The bigonial breadth was obtained with the spreading calipers by placing
the ends of the instrument on the most prominent external points of the angles
of the lower jaw (gonion).

The total facial height was measured with the spreading calipers from the
lowest point in the middle of the bony chin (menton) to the point in the median
sagittal line where the nasal bones join the frontal bone (nasion). This measure-
ment was obtained by holding the calipers in a vertical position, while the scale
was read from the side.

The upper facial height was measured from the nasion to the point between
the two front incisor teeth where they enter the gum of the upper jaw.

100 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

The nasal height was measured with the spreading calipers from the nasion
to that point where the septum of the nose joins the upper lip (subnasale).

The nasal breadth (alare to alare) was obtained with the spreading calipers
by measurement of the maximum normal external breadth of the nasal alae,
determined without the exertion of any pressure.

The sliding compass was used for the measurements on the ear. The left ear
was measured wherever circumstances permitted. The ear length was measured
from the highest point on the border of the helix to the lowest point on the lobe.
The rod of the sliding compass was held parallel to the long axis of the ear.

The ear breadth was obtained with the sliding compass by measuring the
distance between two lines parallel to the long axis of the ear, one of these lines
being tangent to the anterior, the other to the posterior border of the helix.

In recording observations the following subdivisions were used: hair, eye,
eyebrow, nose, teeth, ear, scapulae, chest, musculature, and health. The form of
the hair was noted as straight, with low or deep waves, curly, frizzly, or woolly;
the texture was recorded as coarse, medium, or fine; the quantity on the head,
beard, and body was noted; the color was recorded as black, dark brown, reddish
brown, light brown, golden, red, white, or gray. The color of the eye was noted as
black, dark brown, blue brown, gray brown, green brown, blue, or gray; the
sclera as clear, speckled, yellow, or bloodshot; the iris as homogeneous, rayed, or
zoned. The thickness, concurrency, and lateral extension of the eyebrows were
noted. Median or continuous brow-ridges, and the prominence of the glabella
were observed. The nasion depression, nasal root, and thickness of the nasal tip
and its elevation or depression were recorded. The nasal wings were compressed,
medium, or flaring, and the nasal septum was straight or convex with an upward or
downward inclination. The prominence of the malars was mentioned whenever
conspicuous. The eruption of the teeth was recorded as complete or unerupted.
The wear on the teeth, occurrence of caries, number lost, and whether the bite
was under, edge-to-edge, slight over, or marked over were noted. With regard
to the ears the development of the lobe, whether it was attached or free, the
degree of roll of the helix and the presence of Darwin's point were recorded.
The vertebral borders of the scapulae were straight, convex, or concave. The
chest development, general musculature, and state of health were recorded.
Any pathological characters were observed, particularly the occurrence of
smallpox, "Baghdad boils," or attacks of fever. The presence or absence of
tattooing was observed and a general discussion of body-marking in southwestern
Asia, together with a detailed report on tattooing in Iraq, will be published later.

Since the anthropometric data already published on Arabs are limited, it
seemed desirable to publish in full the figures and other data obtained. The
statistics have been tabulated in Chapter III. It must be noted, however, that
Dr. L. H. Dudley Buxton, with myself as the recorder, made anthropometric
measurements on 164 adult Arab males at Kish during January, 1926. The
results are included in the article by Buxton and Rice, entitled "Report on
the Human Remains found at Kish" (J.R.A.I., LXI, 1931, pp. 57-119). The

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

101

figures are quoted here, since these Arabs belong to the groups studied and
included in this Report. Each individual was asked if he had been measured
before, and if so was omitted, so that little duplication could have resulted.

In the following group 164 persons were measured in every case, except for
the stature, when only 159 individuals were recorded.

MEAN MEASUREMENTS OF LIVING ADULT MALES FROM KISH

{After Buxton and Field. Season, 1925-26)

Standard

Measurements Mean deviation

Stature 169.56±0.33 6.11±0.23

Glabella-occipital length .... 189 . 94 ± 0 . 33 6 . 21 ± 0 . 23

Greatest breadth 143.48±0.26 4.88±0.18

Minimum frontal diameter. . 107 . 39 ±0 . 21 3 . 99 ±0 . 15

Bizygomatic breadth 133 . 32 ±0 . 26 4 . 81 ±0 . 18

Bigonial breadth 104.83±0.29 5.35±0.20

Nasal height 46.98±0.23 4.27±0.16

Nasal breadth 33.54±0.15 2.86±0.11

Upper facial height 66.51±0.23 4.35±0.16

Total facial height 114.53±0.37 6.71±0.25

Indices

Cephalic index 76.61±0.18 3.43±0.13

Nasal index 72.80±0.46 8.64±0.32

Upper facial index 49.56±0.18 3.45±0.12

Total facial index 85.14±0.29 5.42±0.20

Coefficient
of variation

3.61±0.14
3.27±0.12
3.40±0.13
3.71±0.14
3.61±0.13
5.10±0.19
9.08±0.34
8.43±0.32
6.54±0.24
5.86±0.22

4.54±0.17
11. 87 ±0.45

6.96±0.26
6.37±0.24

ARABS OF THE KISH AREA
NO. 1. PLATE I, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 12, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 24; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: horse on right arm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1660

820

1420

184

139

108

126

97

114

66

46

31

59

31

Indices

Cephalic 75.6

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 77.7

Total facial 90.5

Upper facial 52 . 4

Nasal 67.4

Ear : 52.6

Jugomandibular 77 . 2

Jugofrontal 85 . 7

Hair. — Form: straight. Texture: coarse. Color: reddish brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, medium; body, medium.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median.

Glabella: plus.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness plus, depressed. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.

102

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: convex.
Chest. — Development: average plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 2. Plates I, Figs. 3, 4; CXXX; CXXXI

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 12, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on right hand (identification mark); on right arm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1700

835

1435

192

143

115

130

108

129

76

54

33

63

33

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

74.5
49.1
80.4
99.2
58.5
61.1
52.4
83.0
88.4

Hair. — Form: straight. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. 7ns: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: slight. Canes: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: convex.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature.— Excellent.

Health.— Good.

Brother of No. 1.

No. 3. Plate I, Figs. 5, 6

Date: March 12, 1928.

Locality: Jemdet Nasr.

Birthplace: near Imam Sa'id. Age: 20; married 18 months

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

No children.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1660

855

1360

183

140

114

116

104

124

73

56

35

61

30

Indices

Cephalic 76.5

Relative sitting height 51.5

Fronto-parietal 81.4

Total facial 108.7

Upper facial 63 . 5

Nasal 62.5

Ear 49.2

Jugomandibular 89 . 6

Jugofrontal 98.2

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 103

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: medium-fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head,

plus; beard, minus; body, medium.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled and yellow. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: free.

Scapulae.— Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 4. Plate I, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 12, 1928.

Birthplace: near Bagala on Euphrates. Age: 30; married 12 years. Sons: 1 living, 1 dead.

Daughters: 2 living, 2 dead.
Birthplace of father and mother: Bughaila.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1690 Cephalic 75.1

Sitting height 890 Relative sitting height 52 . 6

Acromion to sole 1435 Fron to-parietal 82.0

Head length 185 Total facial 91.2

Head breadth 139 Upper facial 54 . 8

Minimum frontal diameter. . 114 Nasal 54.9

Bizygomatic maximum 124 Ear 54 . 2

Bigonial breadth 99 Jugomandibular 79.8

Total facial height 113 Jugofrontal 91.9

Upper facial height 68

Nasal height 51

Nasal breadth 28 •

Ear length 59

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: rayed.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: average. Brow-ridges:
median. Glabella: average.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed.

Teeth. — Wear: slight. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: double plus.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: average plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 5

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 12, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1545 Cephalic 75.2

Sitting height 710 Relative sitting height 45.9

Acromion to sole 1273 Fronto-parietal 76. 1

104

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length. ."

Ear breadth

MM

173

130
99

115
84

111
68
47
26
52
34

Indices

Total facial 96.5

Upper facial 59.1

Nasal 56.3

Ear 65.4

Jugomandibular 73.0

Jugofrontal 86.0

Hair. — Form: straight. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Helix: plus.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: poor.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 6

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 12, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Mugheir. Age: 16; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1497

722

1250

187

135

105

120

82

115

63

46

30

54

33

Indices

Cephalic 72.2

Relative sitting height 48 . 2

Fronto-parietal 77.8

Total facial 95.9

Upper facial 52.5

Nasal. 65.2

Ear 61.1

Jugomandibular 68 . 3

Jugofrontal 87 . 5

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, medium; beard, medium;

body, medium.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Brow-ridges: median.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Caries: plus. Lost: none.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature.— Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 7. Plate II, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 13, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Atiyeh. Age: 25; married for 7 years. No children.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: on glabella.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

105

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bi zygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1654

820

1432

180

130

109

128

95

111

63

50

37

66

33

Indices

Cephalic 72.2

Relative sitting height 49 . 5

Fronto-parietal 83.9

Total facial 86.7

Upper facial 49.2

Nasal 74.0

Ear 50.0

Jugomandibular 73.2

Jugofrontal 85 . 1

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown black. Quantity: head,

double plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Brow-ridges: median.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness plus. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: slight. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: convex.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health.— Good.

No. 8

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 13, 1928.

Birthplace: the desert near Jemdet Nasr. Age: 25; unmarried.

Birthplace of father and mother: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle, as "identification mark."

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1672

842

1402

167

134

109

114

96

123

72

57

36

53

40

Indices

Cephalic 80.2

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fronto-parietal 81 .4

Total facial 92.8

Upper facial 63 . 1

Nasal 63.1

Ear 75.5

Jugomandibular 84 . 2

Jugofrontal 95 . 6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median. Glabella: average.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: minus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: convex.
Chest. — Development: average.

106

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Excellent.

No. 9. Plate II, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 13, 1928.
Birthplace: between Hilla and Baghdad. Age: 20; unmarried.
Birthplace of father and mother: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on left forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1752

854

1451

176

139

102

119

81

114

65

48

32

55

32

Indices

Cephalic 78.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 7

Fronto-parietal 73 .4

Total facial 95.8

Upper facial 54.6

Nasal 66.6

Ear 58.2

Jugomandibular 68.0

Jugofrontal 85 . 7

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness plus, elevated. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Wear: slight. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: average.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

No. 10. Plates II, Figs. 5, 6; CXXXII; CXXXIII

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 13, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 19; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead (infant).
Tattoo marks: gazelle on right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1641

811

1432

196

142

112

123

91

134

84

60

37

61

29

Indices

Cephalic 72.4

Relative sitting height 49 . 3

Fronto-parietal 78.8

Total facial 108.9

Upper facial 68.3

Nasal 61.7

Ear 47.5

Jugomandibular 73 .9

Jugofrontal 91.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, average; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

107

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges:

median. Glabella: plus.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none. Condition: excellent.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: minus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: good.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 11. Plate II, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 13, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 25; married for 5 months.

Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: spot on end of nose.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1713

865

1446

171

122

104

113

82

122

76

59

34

51

27

Indices

Cephalic 71.4

Relative sitting height 50 . 5

Fronto-parietal 85 . 3

Total facial 107.9

Upper facial 67 . 2

Nasal 57.6

Ear 52.9

Jugomandibular 72 . 5

Jugof rontal 92 . 0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, medium; body, medium.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 12

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 13, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Mugheir. Age: 50; married for 30 years, 3 wives. Divorced

one wife, one left him, and one with him now. Sons: 4, 0, 0, dead. Daughters: 3, 0, 0,

living; 4, 0, 0, dead.
Brothers: 1 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: 2 spots on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height ........

mm Indices

1726 Cephalic 76.0

867 Relative sitting height 50.3

1456 Fronto-parietal 69 . 2

196 Total facial 95.9

149 Upper facial 63.1

103 Nasal 59.3

122 Ear 49.2

99 Jugomandibular 81.1

117 Jugofrontal 84.4

77

108 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Nasal height 59

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 30

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus;

beard, double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled and bloodshot. 7m: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median. Glabella: plus.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none. Condition: poor.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Poor.

No. 13. Plate III, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 13, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: band with two spots on right wrist; three spots on right and left frontals.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1503 Cephalic 76.5

Sitting height 740 Relative sitting height 49 . 2

Acromion to sole 1265 Fronto-parietal 72.4

Head length 183 Total facial 100.0

Head breadth 140 Upper facial 60.5

Minimum frontal diameter. . 102 Nasal 66.0

Bizygomatic maximum 114 Ear 53 . 6

Bigonial breadth 89 Jugomandibular 78.0

Total facial height 114 Jugofrontal 89.5

Upper facial height 69

Nasal height 50

Nasal breadth 33

Ear length 56

Ear breadth 30

Hair. — Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double minus; body, double minus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Ijost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: average.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: poor.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Poor.

No. 14. Plate III, Figs. 3, 6

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 13, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 17; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on tip of nose and on right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1620 Cephalic 75.0

Sitting height 766 Relative sitting height 47 . 2

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

109

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1363

184

138

102

120

96

116

73

52

28

57

35

Indices

Fronto-parietal 73 . 9

Total facial 96.7

Upper facial 60.8

Nasal 53.8

Ear 61.4

Jugomandibular 80 . 0

Jugofrontal 85 . 0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, triple

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: average. Brow-ridges:

continuous. Glabella: plus.
Nose. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Wear: slight. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 15

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 13, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 40; married for 22 years, 2 wives (both living,

the second the aunt of No. 13). Sons: 1, 1, living. Daughters: 2, 2, living.
Birthplace of father: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Birthplace of mother: camp of Sheikh

Hadji Hunta on Tigris.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1709

847

1456

169

148

113

138

100

113

71

53

40

66

30

Indices

Cephalic 87.6

Relative sitting height 49 . 6

Fronto-parietal 76.4

Total facial 81.9

Upper facial 51 .4

Nasal 75.5

Ear 45.5

Jugomandibular 72 . 5

Jugofrontal 81 . 9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus; beard, triple plus;
body, triple plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: average. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges:
median. Glabella: plus.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness plus, horizontal. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: on right side 1 upper, 1 lower pre-
molar, 2 lower molars. Condition: very poor.

Ear. — Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.

110

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Chest. — Development: good.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Often fevered and has headaches.

Locality: Jemdet Nasr.

Birthplace: Hilla. Age:
1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

No. 16

Date: March 13, 1928.
28; married for 12 years.

Sons: 2 living, 1 dead. Daughters:

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1717

865

1464

182

145

110

123

99

120

70

59

39

57

37

Indices

Cephalic 79.7

Relative sitting height 50.4

Fronto-parietal 75.9

Total facial 97.6

Upper facial 56.9

Nasal 66.1

Ear 64.9

Jugomandibular 80 . 5

Jugofrontal 89 .4

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness plus, horizontal. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: plus. Lost: 2 right lower molars.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus. Helix: minus. Darwin's Point: minus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: good.
Musculature.— Good.
Health. — Fair.

No. 17. Plate III, Figs. 4, 5

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 14, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Adi at Shomali. Age: 20; unmarried.

Birthplace of father: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Birthplace of mother: camp of Sheikh

Mutlukh at Butafia.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1653

Sitting height 820

Acromion to sole 1394

Head length 192

Head breadth 141

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110

Bizygomatic maximum 132

Bigonial breadth 106

Total facial height 120

Upper facial height 71

Nasal height 58

Indices

Cephalic 73.5

Relative sitting height 49 . 6

Fronto-parietal 78.0

Total facial 90.9

Upper facial 53 . 7

Nasal 60.3

Ear 66.7

Jugomandibular 80.3

Jugofrontal 83.3

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 111

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 54

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, double

plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Wear: slight. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

No. 18. Plate IV, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 14, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 24; married for 9 years. Sons: 2 living, 1 dead
Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 4 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: 2 spots on left hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1623 Cephalic 79.2

Sitting height 801 Relative sitting height 49.3

Acromion to sole 1374 Fronto-parietal 73 . 1

Head length 183 Total facial 91.9

Head breadth 145 Upper facial 58.4

Minimum frontal diameter . . 106 Nasal 44 . 4

Bizygomatic maximum 137 Ear 54 . 2

Bigonial breadth 104 Jugomandibular 75.9

Total facial height 126 Jugofrontal 77.3

Upper facial height 80

Nasal height 63

Nasal breadth 28

Ear length 59

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Form: straight. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: gray brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: average. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges:

median. Glabella: average.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness average, depressed. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Wear: slight. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature.— Good.
Health. — Always good.

No. 19

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 14, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 19; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 4 dead. Sisters: 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: dog, gazelle, horse, etc., on right arm; design on forehead over glabella.
Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1764 Cephalic 71.9

Sitting height 837 Relative sitting height 47 . 4

Acromion to sole 1473 Fronto-parietal 81 . 6

112

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

196

141

115

132

110

127

76

62

37

64

37

Indices

Total facial 96.2

Upper facial 57 . 6

Nasal 59.7

Ear 57.8

Jugomandibular 83.3

Jugofrontal 87.1

Hair. — Form: straight. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: gray brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus; depressed. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Wear: slight. Caries: none. Lost: 1 right lower molar.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: average.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Always excellent.

No. 20

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 14, 1928.

Birthplace: near Jemdet Nasr. Age: 22; unmarried.

Birthplace of father: near Jemdet Nasr. Birthplace of mother: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.

Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 4 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: snake design and gazelle on right arm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1701

836

1461

190

143

109

110

83

120

70

61

31

64

33

Indices

Cephalic 75.3

Relative sitting height 49 . 1

Fronto-parietal 76.3

Total facial 109.1

Upper facial 63 . 6

Nasal 50.8

Ear 51.6

Jugomandibular 75.4

Jugofrontal 99.1

Hair. — Form: straight. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, double plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: gray brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: rayed.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges:

median. Glabella: plus.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness plus, depressed. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: slight. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: good.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Always excellent.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

113

No. 21

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 14, 1928.

Birthplace: near Kut. Age: 30; married 10 years. Sons: Hiving, 3 dead.

Birthplace of father and mother: near Kut, Charrib tribe.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Daughters: 2 dead.

Indices

Cephalic 73.7

Relative sitting height 49 . 1

Fronto-parietal 74 .3

Total facial 102.3

Upper facial 59 . 8

Nasal 51.6

Ear 49.3

Jugomandibular 80 . 3

Jugofrontal 83 . 4

Measurements mm

Standing height 1744

Sitting height 857

Acromion to sole 1503

Head length 190

Head breadth 140

Minimum frontal diameter . . 104

Bizygomatic maximum 127

Bigonial breadth 100

Total facial height 130

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 64

Nasal breadth 33

Ear length 71

Ear breadth 35

HAIR. — Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, average; beard, triple plus; body,

double plus.
Eye. — Color: gray brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Concurrency: average. Lateral extent: average. Brow-
ridges: median. Glabella: average.

Wings: compressed.
Lost: 2 right upper incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: plus.

and 1 molar, 1 right lower canine.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: plus
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Poor.
Health. — Fair.

NO. 22

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Bughaila. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: 3 on left hand.

Darwin's Point: average.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1663

781

1361

179

143

107

119

98

123

76

63

34

60

33

Hair. — Form: straight. Texture: coarse,
average; body, average.

Indices

Cephalic 79.9

Relative sitting height 47 . 0

Fronto-parietal 74.9

Total facial 103.3

Upper facial 63 . 9

Nasal 54.0

Ear 55.0

Jugomandibular 82.4

Jugofrontal 89.9

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

114 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eye. — Color: gray brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: average. Lateral extent: average. Brow-ridges:

median. Glabella: average.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness plus. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: average.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 23. Plate IV, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 24; married for 6 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: on right hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1615 Cephalic 83.2

Sitting height 821 Relative sitting height 50.8

Acromion to sole 1340 Fronto-parietal 71.0

Head length 178 Total facial 90.1

Head breadth 148 Upper facial 55.4

Minimum frontal diameter. . 105 Nasal 52.0

Bizygomatic maximum 121 Ear 56 . 6

Bigonial breadth 103 Jugomandibular 85 . 1

Total facial height 109 Jugofrontal 86.8

Upper facial height 67

Nasal height 52

Nasal breadth 27

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 34

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard, triple plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: average. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, average; depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: average. Caries: average. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: good.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Generally good; sometimes fevered.

No. 24

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: desert near Kish. Age: 18; unmarried.

Birthplace of father and mother: camp of Sheikh M'Mahil.

Brothers: 1 living (half-brother). Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: gazelle and dots on forearm, 3 dots and right angle on hand and wrist.
Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1575 Cephalic 75.0

Sitting height 724 Relative sitting height 46.0

Acromion to sole 1297 Fronto-parietal 75.9

Head length 188 Total facial 105.2

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 60 . 6

Minimum frontal diameter . . 107 Nasal 62 . 3

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

115

Measurements mm Indices

Bizygomatic maximum 114 Ear 50 . 0

Bigonial breadth 91 Jugomandibular 79.8

Total facial height 120 Jugofrontal 93.9

Upper facial height 69

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 33

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 30

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: average. Concurrency: average. Lateral extent: average.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: average. Caries: average. Lost: first lower premolar.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Protrusion: double plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: good.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 25. Plate IV, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 dead. Sisters: 5 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1730

856

1481

197

145

109

113

100

104

77

57

37

55

31

Indices

Cephalic 72.6

Relative sitting height 49.5

Fronto-parietal 76.3

Total facial 92.1

Upper facial 68 . 2

Nasal 64.9

Ear 56.4

Jugomandibular 88 . 5

Jugofrontal 96.5

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled and bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median.

Glabella: average.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: elevated. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: right lower, 2 premolars, 2 molars.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: good.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 26. Plates IV, Figs. 7, 8; CXXVIII; CXXIX

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.

Birthplace: near arch of Ctesiphon. Age: 28; married for 10 years. Sons: 3 living, 1 dead.
Daughters: none.

116

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Birthplace of father: Baghdad. Birthplace of mother: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: on left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1660

825

1410

194

145

111

130

111

129

72

66

35

66

36

Indices

Cephalic 74.7

Relative sitting height 49.7

Fronto-parietal 76.6

Total facial 99.3

Upper facial 55 . 4

Nasal 53.1

Ear 54.5

Jugomandibular 85 . 5

Jugofrontal 85 . 5

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Brow-ridges: median. Glabella: average.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: average. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: good.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

Head and face closely resemble features portrayed in Sumerian art.
External eye folds: double plus.
Had fever and vomiting fits during cholera outbreak in 1927 and 1928.

No. 27. Plate V, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on right forearm.

Also had jaundice.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1614

775

1344

186

145

108

120

100

121

66

53

36

62

33

Indices

Cephalic 78.0

Relative sitting height 48 . 0

Fronto-parietal 74 . 5

Total facial 100.8

Upper facial 55 . 0

Nasal 68.0

Ear 53.3

Jugomandibular 83.3

Jugofrontal 90.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median. Glabella: average.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

117

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health.— Good.

No. 28. Plate V, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1632

Sitting height 786

Acromion to sole 1423

Head length 187

Head breadth 138

Minimum frontal diameter. . 103

Bizygomatic maximum 126

Bigonial breadth 113

Total facial height 114

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 31

Indices

Cephalic 73.7

Relative sitting height 48 . 2

Fronto-parietal 74 . 6

Total facial 90.5

Upper facial 57.8

Nasal 63.1

Ear 49.2

Jugomandibular 89 . 7

Jugofrontal 81.7

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average;

none.
Darwin's Point:

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled and bloodshot.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Brow-ridges: median. Glabella: average.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: plus. Lost:
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus. Helix: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: double minus.
Musculature. — Poor.
Health. — Poor; sick every year with fever.

No. 29. Plate V, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Seara on Euphrates. Age: 17; unmarried.
Birthplace of father and mother: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

average.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1587

Sitting height 751

Acromion to sole 1327

Head length 180

Head breadth 144

Minimum frontal diameter. . 103

Bizygomatic maximum 119

Bigonial breadth 97

Total facial height 110

Indices

Cephalic 80.0

Relative sitting height 47 . 3

Fronto-parietal 71 . 5

Total facial 92.5

Upper facial 56 . 3

Nasal 61.4

Ear 56.9

Jugomandibular 81 . 5

Jugofrontal 86 . 5

118 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Upper facial height 67

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 33

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head,

plus; beard, double minus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

EYEBROW. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: average. Lateral extent: average. Brow-ridges:

median.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: plus. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Poor, often fevered, especially during 1927.

No. 30

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.

Birthplace: near Bughaila. Age: 23; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: on right wrist; spot on left cheek; spot above glabella.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1683 Cephalic 80.5

Sitting height 812 Relative sitting height 48.2

Acromion to sole 1390 Fronto-parietal 73.9

Head length 185 Total facial 91.1

Head breadth 149 Upper facial 49.6

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110 Nasal 61.9

Bizygomatic maximum 135 Ear 51 . 6

Bigonial breadth 103 Jugomandibular 75.5

Total facial height 123 Jugofrontal 81.5

Upper facial height 67

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 33

Hair. — Form: straight, low waves at ends. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity:

head, double plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median. Glabella: average.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: elevated. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: double plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: good.
Musculature.— Good.
Health. — Always excellent.
Thickness of lips double plus, suggesting Negro blood.

No. 31. Plate V, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.
Birthplace: near Jemdet Nasr. Age: 20; unmarried.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

119

Birthplace of father and mother: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.
Brothers: 1 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 3 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1751

850

1506

195

144

108

124

100

124

79

60

33

60

33

Indices

Cephalic 73.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal 75.0

Total facial 100.0

Upper facial 63 . 7

Nasal 55.0

Ear 55.0

Jugomandibular 80 . 6

Jugofrontal 87 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, average; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7ns: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median.

Glabella: average.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: poor.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Always good.

No. 32

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Alhai on Tigris east of Jemdet Nasr.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: 3 spots in line on right hand.

Age: 18; unmarried.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1594

786

1352

184

144

109

115

96

121

72

60

30

60

36

Indices

Cephalic 78.3

Relative sitting height 49 . 3

Fronto-parietal 75.7

Total facial 105.1

Upper facial 62 . 6

Nasal 50.0

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 83 . 5

Jugofrontal 94.8

Hair. — Form: straight. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: elevated. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: average.

120

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: double plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: minus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: convex.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

No. 33

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 30; married for 2 years. No children.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 3 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on right forearm; spots on wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1708

840

1456

187

145

113

115

98

123

74

54

34

60

36

Indices

Cephalic 77.5

Relative sitting height 49 . 2

Fronto-parietal 78.0

Total facial 107.0

Upper facial 64 . 4

Nasal 63.0

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 85 . 2

Jugofrontal 98.3

Hair. — Texture: medium fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard, double

plus; body, triple plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges:

continuous. Glabella: plus.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Lost: 1 lower right molar.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent since marriage; fevered often before.

No. 34. Plate CVII, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Ramadi. Age: 25; married for 5 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

Birthplace of father : camp of Sheikh Miniehil . Birthplace of mother : Musaiyib near Hindiya .

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: on right hand, "to give strength."

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1761

847

1481

188

137

105

120

109

127

66

58

28

65

35

Indices

Cephalic 72.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 1

Fronto-parietal 76 . 6

Total facial 105.9

Upper facial 55 .0

Nasal 48.3

Ear 53.9

Jugomandibular 90.8

Jugofrontal 87 . 5

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 121

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled and bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: slight. Lost: 1 lower premolar on each side.

Ear. — Lobe: attached.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health. — Excellent except for occasional fever attacks.

No. 35

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 16; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on right arm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1410 Cephalic 78.0

Sitting height 675 Relative sitting height 47 . 9

Acromion to sole 1176 Fronto-parietal 74.6

Head length 182 Total facial 97.4

Head breadth 142 Upper facial 58.7

Minimum frontal diameter . . 106 Nasal 58 . 2

Bizygomatic maximum 114 Ear 45.4

Bigonial breadth 86 Jugomandibular 75.4

Total facial height Ill Jugofrontal 92.9

Upper facial height 67

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 66

Ear breadth 30

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Concurrency: minus. Lateral extent: minus.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium-flaring.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Good .
Health.— Excellent.
Not included in statistical summaries.

No. 36

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Mugheir. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1681 Relative sitting height 48.3

Sitting height 812 Fronto-parietal 76.5

Acromion to sole 1411 Total facial 94.3

Head breadth 136 Upper facial 53.7

Minimum frontal diameter. . 104 Nasal 70.6

Bizygomatic maximum 121 Ear 55.2

122 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Bigonial breadth 99 Jugomandibular 81 .8

Total facial height 114 Jugofrontal 91 . 1

Upper facial height 65

Nasal height 51

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.

EYEBROW. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median.
Nose. — Tip: depressed. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: average.
Ear. — Lobe: attached.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent except for occasional fever attacks.

No. 37

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 17; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: spot on center of back of right hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1526 Cephalic 78.7

Sitting height 711 Relative sitting height 46.7

Acromion to sole 1297 Fronto-parietal 71.5

Head length 178 Total facial 90.3

Head breadth 140 Upper facial 59 . 4

Minimum frontal diameter . . 100 Nasal 51.6

Bizygomatic maximum 123 Ear 54 . 5

Bigonial breadth 93 Jugomandibular 75.6

Total facial height Ill Jugofrontal 81 .3

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 62

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 55

Ear breadth 30

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, double minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: rayed.
Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Excellent.

No. 38. Plate VI, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace : camp of Sheikh Mugheir. Age : 25 ; married for 3 years. Sons : none. Daughters :

1 dead.
Brothers: 4 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on right forearm; 3 spots on both temples.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

123

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1653

826

1400

190

140

108

113

90

135

70

57

34

55

32

Indices

Cephalic 73.7

Relative sitting height 50 . 0

Fronto-parietal 77 . 1

Total facial 119.5

Upper facial 61 . 4

Nasal 59.6

Ear 58.2

Jugomandibular 79 . 6

Jugofrontal 95.6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: rayed.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges:

median.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.
An excellent pickman. Brother of No. 40.

No. 39. Plate VI, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Daghghara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist; single spot on both temples.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1739

804

1472

188

147

108

119

97

126

75

62

32

55

32

Indices

Cephalic 78.2

Relative sitting height 46.3

Fronto-parietal 73 . 5

Total facial 105.9

Upper facial 63 . 0

Nasal 51.6

Ear 58.2

Jugomandibular 81 . 5

Jugofrontal 90 . 8

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: horizontal. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: slight.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: plus.

124

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Excellent.

No. 40. Plate VI, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Mugheir. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 4 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1714

814

1434

202

145

110

125

98

130

75

64

31

60

30

Indices

Cephalic 71.1

Relative sitting height 47 . 5

Fron to-parietal 75 . 9

Total facial .104.0

Upper facial 60 . 0

Nasal 48.4

Ear 50.0

Jugomandibular 78.4

Jugofrontal 88.8

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;
beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Sckra: clear. Iris: zoned.

EYEBROW. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: double plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-
ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: average. Caries: minus. Lost: 1 lower right molar.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent except for occasional attacks of fever which last from three to four days.

Brother of No. 38.

NO. 41

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1619

815

1345

181

138

98

123

96

109

72

53

34

62

35

Indices

Cephalic 76.2

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fron to-parietal 71 . 0

Total facial 88.6

Upper facial 58. 5

Nasal 64.2

Ear 56.5

Jugomandibular 78.0

Jugofrontal 79.7

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;
beard, minus; body, minus.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

125

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: flaring.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: minus. Darwin's Point: double plus.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 42

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 28; married for 8 years.

Daughters: none.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 3 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 3 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1560

797

1345

179

138

99

113

96

116

68

52

32

67

40

Indices

Cephalic 77.1

Relative sitting height 51 . 1

Fronto-parietal 71.7

Total facial 102.7

Upper facial 60 . 1

Nasal 61 . 6

Ear 59.7

Jugomandibular 84.9

Jugofrontal 87 . 6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

double plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: rayed.
Eyebrow. — Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus.
NOSE. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: 1 upper left molar.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: minus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good except for slight fever attacks of four or five days' duration.

No. 43. Plate VI, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Mugheir. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: 3 dots on right hand.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1760

Sitting height 895

Acromion to sole 1500

Head length 196

Head breadth 152

Minimum frontal diameter. . 120

Bizygomatic maximum 127

Bigonial breadth 97

Total facial height 132

Indices

Cephalic 77.6

Relative sitting height 50 . 7

Fronto-parietal 78.9

Total facial 103.9

Upper facial 59 . 8

Nasal 62.3

Ear 59.7

Jugomandibular 76.8

Jugofrontal 94 . 5

126 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 61

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 37

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, average; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent except for occasional fever attacks.

No. 44. Plate VII, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.

Birthplace of father and mother: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.

Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1690 Cephalic 75.8

Sitting height 820 Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Acromion to sole 1420 Fronto-parietal 82 . 3

Head length 186 Total facial 89.1

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 52.2

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116 Nasal 60.4

Bizygomatic maximum 138 Ear 50 . 0

Bigonial breadth 110 Jugomandibular 79.7

Total facial height 123 Jugofrontal 84.1

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: average. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: average. Brow-ridges:

median.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Tip: horizontal. Wings: medium.

Ear. — Lobe: attached.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature.— Excellent.

Health. — Excellent except for slight attacks of fever.

No. 45. Plate VII, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 19; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 3 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

127

Indices

Cephalic 86.4

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fron to-parietal 72.4

Total facial 82.1

Upper facial 46 . 9

Nasal 70.2

Ear 60.3

Jugomandibular 66 . 9

Jugofrontal 75 . 9

Measurements mm

Standing height 1610

Sitting height 810

Acromion to sole 1360

Head length 176

Head breadth 152

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110

Bizygomatic maximum 145

Bigonial breadth 97

Total facial height 119

Upper facial height 68

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 40

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 38

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. 7ns: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Concurrency: minus. Lateral extent: average. Brow-ridges:
median.

Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: plus. Lost: first lower right molar.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Excellent except for occasional fever attacks.

No. 46

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: about 40; married for 7 years. Sons: 1 living,

1 dead. Daughters: none.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist and forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1735

831

1525

193

145

110

121

93

120

73

60

36

62

30

Indices

Cephalic 75.1

Relative sitting height 47 . 9

Fronto-parietal 75.8

Total facial 99.2

Upper facial 60.3

Nasal 60.0

Ear 48.4

Jugomandibular 76 . 9

Jugofrontal , 90 . 9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head,

average; beard, average; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: 1 upper right molar, 1 upper left molar.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.

128

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good. Fever attacks of five days' duration.

No. 47. Plate VII, Fig. 5

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 24;
Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

unmarried.

MM

Indices

Cephalic 73.4

Relative sitting height 46.6

Fronto-parietal 74.6

Total facial 94.4

Upper facial 56.4

Nasal 57.6

Ear 60.7

Jugomandibular 79 . 8

Jugof rontal 83 . 1

Measurements

Standing height 1667

Sitting height 777

Acromion to sole 1381

Head length 188

Head breadth 138

Minimum frontal diameter . . 103

Bizygomatic maximum 124

Bigonial breadth 99

Total facial height 117

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 52

Nasal breadth 30

Ear length 56

Ear breadth 34

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: 1 lower right molar.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 48. Plate VII, Figs. 6, 7

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Mugheir. Age: 25;

Daughters: 1 living.
Brothers: 5 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist; gazelle on arm.

married for 7 years. Sons: 1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1640

795

1393

188

144

114

128

90

125

84

66

31

67

36

Indices

Cephalic 76.6

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal .... 79.2

Total facial 97.6

Upper facial 65 . 6

Nasal 47.0

Ear 53.7

Jugomandibular 70 . 3

Jugofrontal 89 . 1

Hair. — Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, average; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

129

Wings: medium.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: average.

Ear. — Lobe: attached.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

NO. 49

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: below Kut al Imara. Age: 30; married for 7 years. No children.

Birthplace of father: below Kut al Imara. Birthplace of mother: camp of Sheikh Swadi.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Indices

Cephalic 76.0

Relative sitting height 50 . 0

Fronto-parietal 73 . 8

Total facial 99.4

Upper facial 57 .4

Nasal 63.4

Ear 60.4

Jugomandibular 75.7

Jugofrontal 78.7

Measurements mm

Standing height 1711

Sitting height 856

Acromion to sole 1440

Head length 191

Head breadth 145

Minimum frontal diameter . . 107

Bizygomatic maximum 136

Bigonial breadth 103

Total facial height 135

Upper facial height 78

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 68

Ear breadth 38

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;
beard, double plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: average. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-
ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 50. Plate VIII, Figs. 1, 4

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 23; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

MM

1692

870

1423

184

138

105

110

97

132

73

60

Indices

Cephalic 75.6

Relative sitting height 51.4

Fronto-parietal 76 . 1

Total facial 120.0

Upper facial 66 . 4

Nasal 59.3

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 88 . 2

Jugofrontal 95 .4

130 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 35

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard, average;
body, minus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: average. Caries: double plus. Lost: 1 lower right molar, 1 lower left pre-
molar, and 1 lower left molar.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good except for fever attacks lasting four or five days.

No. 51

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1691 Cephalic 76.2

Sitting height 920 Relative sitting height 54.4

Acromion to sole 1402 Fronto-parietal 72 . 3

Head length 189 Total facial 96.0

Head breadth 144 Upper facial 57.9

Minimum frontal diameter . . 104 Nasal 56 . 4

Bizygomatic maximum 126 Ear 61 . 6

Bigonial breadth 97 Jugomandibular 76.9

Total facial height 121 Jugofrontal 82.5

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 37

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: average. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

CHEST. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

NO. 52

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Mugheir. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1662 Cephalic 73.0

Sitting height 847 Relative sitting height 50.9

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

131

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1423

192

140

110

130

101

125

72

53

36

66

40

Indices

Fronto-parietal 78.0

Total facial 96.2

Upper facial 55.4

Nasal 68.0

Ear 60.6

Jugomandibular 77 . 7

Jugofrontal 84 . 6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: average. Lateral extent: average. Brow-ridges:

median.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good except that he is often fevered.

No. 53

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Age: 20. Married twice: first time 6 years ago, wife

died 3 years after marriage. No children. Second time 3 years ago. Sons: 1 living.

Daughters: none.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1770

851

1457

194

148

113

132

109

116

74

57

33

68

37

Indices

Cephalic 76.3

Relative sitting height 48 . 0

Fronto-parietal 76.4

Total facial 87.9

Upper facial 56 . 1

Nasal 57.9

Ear 54.4

Jugomandibular 82 . 6

Jugofrontal 85.6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Concurrency: average. Lateral extent: minus. Brow-ridges:

median.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Wear: average. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.

132

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 54

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1610

777

1292

181

138

107

120

90

120

77

59

37

65

34

Indices

Cephalic 76.2

Relative sitting height 48 . 3

Fronto-parietal 77.6

Total facial 100.0

Upper facial 64 . 1

Nasal 62.7

Ear 52.3

Jugomandibular 75 . 0

Jugofrontal 89.1

Hair. — Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Wear: average. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good except for occasional fever of three or four days' duration.

Four plaits of hair. Thick lips suggestive of Negro blood.

No. 55

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: near border of Iran. Age: 30-35; married for 10 years. Sons: 3 living, 1 dead.

Daughters: none.
Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

mm

1656

881

1416

194

143

108

124

106

123

68

60

38

Indices

Cephalic 73.7

Relative sitting height 53 . 2

Fronto-parietal 75.5

Total facial 99.2

Upper facial 54 . 9

Nasal 63.4

Ear 57.2

Jugomandibular 85.4

Jugofrontal 87. 1

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 133

Measurements mm

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double plus; body,

plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Excellent.
Health. — Excellent except for some attacks of fever.

No. 56

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: near Kut al Imara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spots on forehead.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1701 Cephalic 84.4

Sitting height 826 Relative sitting height 48 . 6

Acromion to sole 1404 Fronto-parietal 75.9

Head length 167 Total facial 101.5

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 61 . 6

Minimum frontal diameter . . 107 Nasal 48 . 5

Bizygomatic maximum 125 Ear 56 . 7

Bigonial breadth 94 Jugomandibular 75 . 2

Total facial height 127 Jugofrontal 85.6

Upper facial height 77

Nasal height 66

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 34

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: double plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 57

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.
Birthplace: near Kutal Imara. Age: 17.
Birthplace of father and mother: Kish near Abu Biaraq.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1677 Cephalic 81.9

Sitting height 834 Relative sitting height 49 . 7

Acromion to sole 1450 Fronto-parietal 71 .8

134

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

182

149

107

120

97

123

72

59

32

61

30

Indices

Total facial 102.5

Upper facial 60.0

Nasal 54.3

Ear 49.2

Jugomandibular 80 . 8

Jugof rontal 85 . 8

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, average; body,

plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Excellent.

No. 58

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Daghghara. Age: 18; unmarried.
Birthplace of father and mother: camp of Sheikh Swadi.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

.1583

776

1344

178

145

105

115

94

121

76

56

31

57

30

Indices

Cephalic 81.5

Relative sitting height 49 . 0

Fronto-parietal 72.4

Total facial 105.1

Upper facial 66 . 1

Nasal 55 . 4

Ear 52.6

Jugomandibular 81 . 7

Jugofrontal 91.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Concurrency: minus. Lateral extent: minus. Brow-ridges:

median.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: minus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Excellent.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

135

No. 59

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: near Muftiya. Age: 20; unmarried.

Birthplace of father: near Muftiya. Birthplace of mother: camp of Sheikh Atiyeh.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 7 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1695

815

1440

192

140

110

117

90

128

72

60

30

64

31

Indices

Cephalic 72.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 1

Fronto-parietal 78 . 6

Total facial 109.4

Upper facial 61 . 5

Nasal 50.0

Ear 48.4

Jugomandibular 76.9

Jugofrontal 94.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: minus.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.
Skin very dark in color, suggesting Negro admixture. Marked wrinkling on forehead.

No. 60

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Mugheir. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1703

839

1454

186

153

114

124

107

125

74

61

33

57

33

Indices

Cephalic 82.2

Relative sitting height 49 . 3

Fronto-parietal 74 . 5

Total facial 100.8

Upper facial 59 . 6

Nasal 54 . 1

Ear 57.9

Jugomandibular 86 . 3

Jugofrontal 91.9

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body,
average.

136 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: slight.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Excellent except for occasional fever attacks.

NO. 61

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: near Jemdet Nasr. Age: 20; unmarried.
Birthplace of father and mother: camp of Sheikh Mugheir.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1657 Cephalic 75.6

Sitting height 807 Relative sitting height 48 . 7

Acromion to sole 1344 Fronto-parietal 69 . 8

Head length 197 Total facial 86.5

Head breadth 149 Upper facial 50.0

Minimum frontal diameter. . 114 Nasal 72.2

Bizygomatic maximum 140 Ear 61 .4

Bigonial breadth 103 Jugomandibular 73 . 6

Total facial height 121 Jugofrontal 81 .4

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 54

Nasal breadth 39

Ear length 57

Ear breadth 35

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average;

beard, average; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: attached.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good except for frequent fever attacks, especially in January.

No. 62. Plate VIII, Figs. 2, 3

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 38; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: on right hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1586 Cephalic 77.2

Sitting height 806 Relative sitting height 50.8

Acromion to sole 1351 Fronto-parietal 74 . 6

Head length 184 Total facial 114.0

Head breadth 142 Upper facial 73.6

Minimum frontal diameter. . 106 Nasal 61.2

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 137

Measurements mm Indices

Bizygomatic maximum 114 Ear 56.7

Bigonial breadth 92 Jugomandibular 80.7

Total facial height 130 Jugofrontal 93.0

Upper facial height 84

Nasal height 67

Nasal breadth 41

Ear length 67

Ear breadth 38

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average;

beard, plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Sclera: speckled and bloodshot. Iris: rayed.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges:

median. Glabella: plus.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: double plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good but often fevered.

No. 63. Plate VIII, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta on Tigris. Age: 48; married for 6 years. No children.

Birthplace of father and mother: camp of Sheikh Atiyeh.

Brothers: 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: on right wrist and gazelle on forearm.

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double plus;

body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Concurrency: plus. Brow-ridges: median.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: 2 right upper molars, 1 right lower molar.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: average.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
M usculature. — Good .
Health. — Excellent.
No measurements obtained.

Lips thick. Prominent in malar region. Marked wrinkling on forehead.
Hard worker, employed as sakka (water-carrier).

NO. 64

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 27; married for 6 years. Sons: none. Daughters:

1 living.
Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on end of nose.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1648 Cephalic 72.4

Sitting height 817 Relative sitting height 49 . 6

Acromion to sole 1404 Fronto-parietal 80 . 2

138

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

188

136

109

120

104

134

73

58

35

60

34

Indices

Total facial 111.8

Upper facial 60.7

Nasal 60.3

Ear 56.6

Jugomandibular 86.7

Jugofrontal 90.8

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Brow-ridges: median.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 1 lower left premolar.
Ear. — Lobe: attached.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 65

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 19; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist and two spots on frontal.

Measurements

MM

Indices

Cephalic 75.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 8

Fronto-parietal 68

Total facial 101

Upper facial 60

Nasal 50

Ear 51

Jugomandibular 74 . 1

Jugofrontal 82.8

Standing height 1631

Sitting height 796

Acromion to sole 1370

Head length 186

Head breadth 141

Minimum frontal diameter. . 96

Bizygomatic maximum 116

Bigonial breadth 86

Total facial height 118

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 59

Nasal breadth 30

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 30

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: homogeneous.
Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: none. Condition: bad.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

139

NO. 66

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 17; married for a few months.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

MM

Indices

Cephalic 73

Relative sitting height 48

Fronto-parietal 78

Total facial 100

Upper facial 56 . 8

Nasal 66.7

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 72.0

Jugofrontal 87.3

Measurements

Standing height 1615

Sitting height 774

Acromion to sole 1375

Head length 178

Head breadth 131

Minimum frontal diameter . . 103

Bizygomatic maximum 118

Bigonial breadth 85

Total facial height 118

Upper facial height 67

Nasal height 51

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 55

Ear breadth 33

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good except for fever attacks which last six days.

No. 67. Plate XXIII, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: three spots on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1750

858

1450

193

141

108

119

82

127

77

64

43

59

36

Indices

Cephalic 73.1

Relative sitting height 49 . 0

Fronto-parietal 76 . 6

Total facial 106.8

Upper facial 65 . 6

Nasal 67.2

Ear 61.0

Jugomandibular 68 . 9

Jugofrontal 90.7

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body,

plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Brow-ridges: median.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: elevated. Wings: medium-flaring.

140

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Teeth. — Caries: average. Lost: 2 upper molars on each side.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good.

No. 68

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Mugheir. Age: 27; married for 4 years.

Daughters: none.
Brothers: 5 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1716

870

1456

195

137

119

123

96

122

79

53

34

71

36

Indices

Cephalic 70.3

Relative sitting height 50 . 7

Fronto-parietal 87.0

Total facial 99.2

Upper facial 64 . 2

Nasal 64.2

Ear 50.7

Jugomandibular 78 . 0

Jugofrontal 96.7

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled and bloodshot. Condition: bad.

Eyebrow. — Concurrency: plus. Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: none.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Fair; often fevered and suffers from headaches.

No. 69

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 23; unmarried.

Brothers: 5 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: spot on end of nose and on right wrist; 3 spots on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1590

791

1312

187

138

105

121

96

121

70

52

35

56

31

Indices

Cephalic 73.8

Relative sitting height 49 . 7

Fronto-parietal 76.2

Total facial 100.0

Upper facial 57.8

Nasal 67.4

Ear 55.4

Jugomandibular 79 . 3

Jugofrontal 86 . 8

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 141

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges:

median.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: minus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good except for occasional attacks of fever.

NO. 70

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 17; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: 3 spots on right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1680 Cephalic 79.4

Sitting height 812 Relative sitting height 48.3

Acromion to sole 1418 Fronto-parietal 74.7

Head length 184 Total facial 96.1

Head breadth 146 Upper facial 61.3

Minimum frontal diameter . . 109 Nasal 55 . 8

Bizygomatic maximum 129 Ear 53 . 5

Bigonial breadth 90 Jugomandibular 69.7

Total facial height 124 Jugofrontal 84 . 5

Upper facial height 79

Nasal height 61

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 31

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body,

average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: rayed.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: double plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges:

median.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: attached.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health.— Good.

No. 71

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Atiyeh. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on right forearm; series of spots on both temples.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1574 Cephalic 72.6

Sitting height 797 Relative sitting height 50 . 6

Acromion to sole 1307 Fronto-parietal 76.4

142

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

186

135

103

107

84

127

61

52

33

61

30

Indices

Total facial 113.7

Upper facial 57 . 0

Nasal 63.5

Ear 49.2

Jugomandibular 78 . 5

Jugofrontal 96 . 3

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard, minus;
body, minus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: average. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-
ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: double plus. Darwin's Point: average.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 72

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Daghghara. Age: 18; unmarried.
Birthplace of father and mother: camp of Sheikh Swadi.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist and gazelle on right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1654

808

1400

178

144

110

126

96

113

67

54

33

61

34

Indices

Cephalic 81.0

Relative sitting height 48 . 8

Fronto-parietal 76.4

Total facial 89.7

Upper facial 53 .2

Nasal 61.1

Ear 55.7

Jugomandibular 76 . 9

Jugofrontal 87.3

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard, minus;
body, minus.

Eye. — Color: gray brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: rayed.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: average. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: average. Brow-
ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: average. Caries: average. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: average.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

143

Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 73

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 dead. Sisters: 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

MM

Indices

Cephalic 77.1

Relative sitting height 45.9

Fronto-parietal 77.7

Total facial 103.2

Upper facial 68 . 3

Nasal 66.1

Ear 55.4

Jugomandibular 91.6

Jugofrontal 95.8

Measurements

Standing height 1732

Sitting height 796

Acromion to sole 1474

Head length 192

Head breadth 148

Minimum frontal diameter . . 115

Bizygomatic maximum 120

Bigonial breadth 110

Total facial height 124

Upper facial height 82

Nasal height 62

Nasal breadth 41

Ear length 65

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Texture: fine. Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, double plus; beard,

plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: rayed.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 74. Plates IX, Figs. 1, 2; CXXXIV; CXXXV

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 3 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1753

796

1480

186

150

107

125

94

138

77

60

37

67

37

Indices

Cephalic 80.7

Relative sitting height 45.3

Fronto-parietal 71 .4

Totalfacial 110.4

Upper facial 61 . 6

Nasal 61.7

Ear 55.3

Jugomandibular 75 . 1

Jugofrontal 85 . 6

Hair. — Texture: medium,
body, plus.

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus;

144

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled and bloodshot. Iris: rayed.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: average.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Ear. — lA>be: attached. Size: average.

Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 75

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 17, 1928.
Birthplace: near Kutal Imara. Age: 17; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1687

864

1444

178

142

107

125

101

127

68

58

30

60

32

Indices

Cephalic 79.8

Relative sitting height 51.3

Fronto-parietal 75.4

Total facial 101.6

Upper facial 54.4

Nasal 51.7

Ear 53.3

Jugomandibular 80 . 8

Jugofrontal 85 . 6

No. 76

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Kut al Imara. Age: 60; married for 30 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1711

Sitting height 803

Acromion to sole 1442

Head length 185

Head breadth 152

Minimum frontal diameter. . 115

Bizygomatic maximum 136

Bigonial breadth 105

Total facial height 125

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 62

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 70

Ear breadth 30

Indices

Cephalic 82.2

Relative sitting height 47 . 0

Fronto-parietal 75 . 7

Total facial 92.0

Upper facial 55 . 9

Nasal 58.1

Ear 42.8

Jugomandibular 77 . 2

Jugofrontal 84 . 6

No. 77

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 16, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Age: 40. Married twice: first time 10 years ago, wife
died; second time 7 years ago. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

145

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1594

Sitting height 763

Acromion to sole 1346

Head length 187

Head breadth 140

Minimum frontal diameter . . 105

Bizygomatic maximum 129

Bigonial breadth 107

Total facial height 124

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 65

Ear breadth 35

No. 79

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 15; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on right forearm.

Indices

Cephalic 74.9

Relative sitting height 47 . 8

Fronto-parietal 75.0

Total facial 96.1

Upper facial 56 . 6

Nasal 65.5

Ear 53.8

Jugomandibular 82 . 9

Jugofrontal 81 . 4

Indices

Cephalic 80.0

Relative sitting height 47.7

Fronto-parietal 75.0

Total facial 88.4

Upper facial 60 . 5

Nasal 90.4

Ear 58.1

Jugomandibular 67.2

Jugofrontal 90.8

Measurements mm

Standing height 1491

Sitting height 711

Acromion to sole 1263

Head length 180

Head breadth 144

Minimum frontal diameter . . 108

Bizygomatic maximum 119

Bigonial breadth 80

Total facial height 115

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 31

Nasal breadth 28

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 36

NO. 80

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Age: 15; unmarried.

Birthplace of father: camp of Sheikh Atiyeh. Birthplace of mother: camp of Sheikh Hadji

Hunta.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height ,

Upper facial height

Nasal height

MM

1555

741

1260

182

135

108

127

96

110

73

53

Indices

Cephalic 74.2

Relative sitting height 47 . 6

Fronto-parietal 80.0

Total facial 86.7

Upper facial 57 . 5

Nasal 60.4

Ear 65.4

Jugomandibular 75 . 6

Jugofrontal 85 . 0

146

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 55

Ear breadth 36

NO. 81

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: Karbala. Age: 18; unmarried.
Birthplace of father and mother: Hindiya.
Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1521

671

1274

175

140

95

117

87

110

66

52

39

61

35

Indices

Cephalic 80.0

Relative sitting height 44 . 1

Fronto-parietal 67.8

Total facial 94.1

Upper facial 56 . 4

Nasal 75.0

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 74.4

Jugofrontal 81.2

NO. 82

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 15; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1458

809

1173

176

140

96

108

76

105

68

49

29

53

35

Indices

Cephalic 79

Relative sitting height 55

Fronto-parietal • 68

Total facial 97

Upper facial 62.9

Nasal 59.2

Ear 66.0

Jugomandibular 70.4

Jugofrontal 88.9

NO. 83

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Age: 16; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

MM

Measurements

Standing height '. . 1504

Sitting height 716

Acromion to sole 1263

Indices

Cephalic 79.8

Relative sitting height 47 . 6

Fronto-parietal 73.2

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

147

Measurements mm

Head length 173

Head breadth 138

Minimum frontal diameter. . 101

Bizygomatic maximum 113

Bigonial breadth 86

Total facial height 104

Upper facial height 71

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 28

Ear length 53

Ear breadth 30

NO. 84

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: near Hilla, west of Euphrates. Age
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1700

Sitting height 849

Acromion to sole 1421

Head length 177

Head breadth 143

Minimum frontal diameter. . 108

Bizygomatic maximum 127

Bigonial breadth 101

Total facial height 118

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 59

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 57

Ear breadth 36

Indices

Total facial 92.0

Upper facial 62.8

Nasal 52.9

Ear 56.6

Jugomandibular 76 . 1

Jugofrontal 89 . 4

18; unmarried.

Indices

Cephalic 80.8

Relative sitting height 50 . 0

Fronto-parietal 75.5

Total facial 92.9

Upper facial 56.7

Nasal 54 . 4

Ear 63.2

Jugomandibular 79 . 5

Jugofrontal 85 . 0

NO. 85

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1452

714

1201

178

134

102

118

80

100

67

52

35

51

33

Indices

Cephalic 75.4

Relative sitting height 49 . 2

Fronto-parietal 76.2

Total facial 84.8

Upper facial 56 . 8

Nasal 67.4

Ear 64.7

Jugomandibular 67 . 8

Jugofrontal 86.4

Locality: Jemdet Nasr,
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Swadi

No. 86
Date: March 18, 1928.

Age: 17; unmarried.

148

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1666

769

1413

188

143

100

117

95

121

85

64

35

57

33

Indices

Cephalic 76.1

Relative sitting height 46.2

Fronto-parietal 70.0

Total facial 103.4

Upper facial 72.6

Nasal 54.7

Ear 57.9

Jugomandibular 81.2

Jugofrontal 85.4

No. 87
Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 17; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: on inside of elbow.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1681

816

1431

182

136

108

122

96

113

71

64

32

62

36

Indices

Cephalic 74.7

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal 79.4

Total facial 93.6

Upper facial 58.2

Nasal 50.0

Ear 58.1

Jugomandibular 78 . 7

Jugofrontal 88 . 5

No. 88

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 17; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on end of nose.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1492

700

1235

177

140

100

121

91

144

70

53

28

58

32

Indices

Cephalic 79.1

Relative sitting height 46 . 9

Fronto-parietal 71 . 5

Total facial 119.0

Upper facial 57 .8

Nasal 52.8

Ear 55.2

Jugomandibular 75 . 2

Jugofrontal 82.7

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

149

No. 89

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Age: 90. Married twice: first time 50 years ago, wife

died after 2 years; second time 5 years ago.
Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1720

864

1469

189

132

113

128

104

121

77

60

36

70

43

Indices

Cephalic 69.8

Relative sitting height 50 . 2

Fron to-parietal 85 . 6

Total facial 94.6

Upper facial 60 . 2

Nasal 60.0

Ear 61.4

Jugomandibular 81 . 3

Jugofrontal 88.2

No. 90. Plate IX, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Age: 50; married for 4 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters:

2 dead.
Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: on right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1594

761

1382

194

151

106

133

106

125

74

61

38

71

41

Indices

Cephalic 77.8

Relative sitting height 47 . 7

Fronto-parietal 70.2

Total facial 94.0

Upper facial 55 . 6

Nasal 62.3

Ear 57.7

Jugomandibular 79.7

Jugofrontal 79.7

No. 91. Plate IX, Figs. 7, 8

Date: March 18, 1928.

Locality: Jemdet Nasr.

Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 25; married for 6 years

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 2 living. Daughters: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1702

Sitting height 830

Acromion to sole 1410

Head length 191

Head breadth 148

Indices

Cephalic 77.5

Relative sitting height 48.8

Fronto-parietal 72.4

Total facial 106.8

Upper facial 57 . 5

150

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements
Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

107
120
90
128
69
56
35
60
40

Indices

Nasal 62.5

Ear 66.7

Jugomandibular 75.0

Jugofrontal 89.2

No. 92. Plate X, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.

Birthplace: Bismaya. Age: 50; married for 30 years. Sons: 3 living. Daughters: 1 living,

1 dead.
Brothers: 3 dead. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1647

740

1404

180

142

108

130

97

121

84

57

30

60

35

Indices

Cephalic 78.9

Relative sitting height 45 . 0

Fronto-parietal 76.1

Total facial 93.0

Upper facial 64 . 6

Nasal 52.7

Ear 58.4

Jugomandibular 74 . 6

Jugofrontal 83 . 1

NO. 93

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 25; married for 6 years.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

No children.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1636

761

1380

181

138

107

124

88

124

72

56

34

58

32

Indices

Cephalic 76.3

Relative sitting height 46.5

Fronto-parietal 77.6

Total facial 100.0

Upper facial 58 . 1

Nasal 60.7

Ear 55.2

Jugomandibular 71 .0

Jugofrontal 86 . 3

No. 94

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 18, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on right forearm.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

151

Measurements mm

Standing height 1640

Sitting height 805

Acromion to sole 1396

Head length 186

Head breadth 130

Minimum frontal diameter. . 107

Bizygomatic maximum 127

Bigonial breadth 94

Total facial height 116

Upper facial height 74

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 52

Ear breadth 32

Indices

Cephalic 69.9

Relative sitting height 49 . 1

Fronto-parietal 82.4

Total facial 91.4

Upper facial 58 . 3

Nasal 69.8

Ear 61.5

Jugomandibular 74 . 0

Jugofrontal 84 . 2

Locality : Jemdet Nasr
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

No. 95. Plate X, Figs. 7, 8
Date: March 18, 1928.

Age: 19; unmarried.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1644

785

1355

184

148

107

120

90

115

62

58

36

53

31

Indices

Cephalic 80.4

Relative sitting height 47 . 7

Fronto-parietal 72.4

Total facial 95.5

Upper facial 51 . 6

Nasal 62.1

Ear 58.5

Jugomandibular 75.0

Jugofrontal 89 . 1

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: flaring.

No. 96. Plate XI, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Age: 40; married for 15 years.

Daughters: 1 living.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 4 living.
Tattoo marks: 3 spots on right hand.

Sons: 2 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height ,

mm

1545

764

1310

186

144

105

115

85

117

74

61

Indices

Cephalic 77.5

Relative sitting height 49.5

Fronto-parietal 72.9

Total facial 111.5

Upper facial 64 . 4

Nasal 52.5

Ear 62.1

Jugomandibular 73.9

Jugofrontal 91.3

152

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard, double plus;

body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: double plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-
ridges: median.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: depressed. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: 3.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: convex.
Chest. — Development: poor.
Musculature. — Poor.
Health. — Poor, often sick.

No. 97

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: March 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Jebel Hamrin. Age: 55; married for 20 years.

Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1 living, 1 dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1777

838

1509

185

135

110

115

90

123

73

56

30

62

34

Indices

Cephalic 73.0

Relative sitting height 47 . 1

Fronto-parietal 81.5

Total facial 107.0

Upper facial 63 . 5

Nasal 53.6

Ear 54.8

Jugomandibular 78.3

Jugofrontal 95.6

NO. 100

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.
Age: 25; married for 1 year. No children.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: on left wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

MM

1645
820

1394
191
146
110
129
103
134
86
70

Indices

Cephalic 76.5

Relative sitting height 49 . 8

Fronto-parietal 75 . 4

Total facial 103.9

Upper facial 66.6

Nasal 57.2

Ear 59.7

Jugomandibular 79.8

Jugofrontal 85.3

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 153

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 40

Ear length 67

Ear breadth 40

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: none. ImsU 1 left premolar.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

Circular shaved area on back of head.

No. 101. Plate XI, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1810 Cephalic 77.7

Sitting height 896 Relative sitting height 49.5

Acromion to sole 1526 Fronto-parietal 77.4

Head length 188 Total facial 107.9

Head breadth 146 Upper facial 60.3

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113 Nasal 57.2

Bizygomatic maximum 126 Ear 53.8

Bigonial breadth Ill Jugomandibular 88 . 1

Total facial height 136 Jugofrontal 89.7

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 63

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 65

Ear breadth 35

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: rayed.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Concurrency: minus. Lateral extent: average.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: average.
Musculature. — Good .
Health . — Excellent.

No. 102. Plate XI, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1625 Cephalic 77.9

Sitting height 757 Relative sitting height 46.5

Acromion to sole 1375 Fronto-parietal 78.7

Head length 181 Total facial 92.9

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 57.6

154

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements
Minimum frontal diameter . ,

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

111

125
96

116
72
57
35
56
35

Indices

Nasal 61 . 4

Ear 62.5

Jugomandibular 76 . 8

Jugofrontal 88.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: yellow. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Concurrency: average. Lateral extent: average.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: minus. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 103. Plate XI, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.
Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: on back of right hand.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1715

Sitting height 781

Acromion to sole 1430

Head length 185

Head breadth 134

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110

Bizygomatic maximum 127

Bigonial breadth 100

Total facial height 114

Upper facial height 68

Nasal height 59

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 33

Date: June 4, 1928.

Indices

Cephalic 72.5

Relative sitting height 45.5

Fronto-parietal 82 . 1

Total facial 89.8

Upper facial 53 . 6

Nasal 57.6

Ear 55.0

Jugomandibular 78.7

Jugofrontal 86 . 6

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;

Sclera: yellow. Iris: zoned.
Concurrency: average.

Hair. — Texture: medium

body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown
Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus.

ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: slight. Caries: average. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Excellent.

No. 104. Plate XII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: on back of right hand.

Lateral extent: average. Brow-

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

155

Indices

Cephalic 79.1

Relative sitting height 46.0

Total facial 92.0

Upper facial 53 . 3

Nasal 70.0

Ear 59.7

Jugomandibular 73 . 7

Measurements mm

Standing height 1793

Sitting height 825

Acromion to sole 1513

Head length 187

Head breadth 148

Bizygomatic maximum 137

Bigonial breadth 101

Total facial height 126

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 42

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 37

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: zoned.

Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Excellent.

No. 105. Plate XII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 22; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1590

811

1291

181

141

111

130

103

119

80

34

65

37

Indices

Cephalic 77.9

Relative sitting height 51.0

Fron to-parietal 78.8

Total facial 91.6

Upper facial 61.6

Ear 56.9

Jugomandibular 79 . 2

Jugofrontal 85 .4

Hair. — Form: straight, low waves at ends. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus.

Nose. — Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: slight. Caries: plus. Lost: 2 right premolars.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good, except for yearly fever attacks.

No. 106. Plate XII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 18; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

156

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1720

804

1441

181

141

110

133

96

123

78

65

33

61

35

Indices

Cephalic 77.9

Relative sitting height 46 . 7

Fronto-parietal 78.0

Total facial 92.4

Upper facial 58 . 6

Nasal 50.7

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 72 . 2

Jugofrontal 82.7

Hair. — Form: straight. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: double plus.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good, fevered one year.

Cousin of Nos. 1 and 2. Bears family resemblance.

Very prominent malars.

No. 107. Plate XII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 50; married twice, 30 years ago and 1 year ago. Sons: 3 living. Daughters: 2 dead.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: on right wrist and gazelle on forearm.

Indices

Cephalic 76.9

Relative sitting height 46 . 4

Fronto-parietal 79.0

Total facial 97.0

Upper facial 56.4

Nasal 63.4

Ear 45.1

Jugomandibular 78 . 2

Jugofrontal 85 . 0

Measurements mm

Standing height 1760

Sitting height 817

Acromion to sole 1420

Head length 186

Head breadth 143

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Bizygomatic maximum 133

Bigonial breadth 104

Total facial height 129

Upper facial height 75

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 71

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Texture: fine. Quantity: head, average; beard, double plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, average. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: minus. Lost: 2 right lower molars, 2 left lower molars.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health.— Good.

No. 108. Plate XIII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 15 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: none.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

157

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on right inside forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1766

810

1472

185

146

105

128

100

126

78

58

34

51

33

Indices

Cephalic 78

Relative sitting height 45

Fronto-parietal 72

Total facial 98

Upper facial 61.0

Nasal 58.6

Ear 64.7

Jugomandibular 78.1

Jugofrontal 82.0

Hair. — Texture: fine. Quantity: head, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed. Tip: horizontal.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: double plus. Darwin's Point: average.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good, sometimes fevered.

No. 109. Plate XIII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 4 living.

Tattoo marks: on right wrist and spot on glabella.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

784

1404

187

146

119

138

102

118

76

63

35

61

36

Indices

Cephalic «.. 78.1

Relative sitting height 46.4

Fronto-parietal 81 . 5

Total facial 85.5

Upper facial 55.1

Nasal 55.6

Ear 59.0

Jugomandibular 73 . 1

Jugofrontal 86 . 2

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;

body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns.' zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: horizontal. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent, except for occasional fever attacks.

158

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 110. Plate XIII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 40; married for 20 years. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 2 living, 2 dead.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1695

820

1420

198

148

114

132

118

128

83

63

38

60

36

Indices

Cephalic 74.7

Relative sitting height 48.4

Fronto-parietal 77.0

Total facial 97.0

Upper facial 62 . 8

Nasal 60.3

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 89 . 4

Jugofrontal 86 . 4

Hair. — Texture: fine. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Helix: average. Dancin's Point: double plus.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good, except for occasional attacks of fever.

No. 111. Plate XIII, Figs. 7, 8

Date: June 4, 1928.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil
Age: 60; married for 15 years, wife now dead
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 5 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1723

761

1450

181

147

120

134

110

125

76

65

38

60

33

Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 1 dead.

Indices

Cephalic 81.3

Relative sitting height 44 . 1

Fronto-parietal 81 .6

Total facial 93.4

Upper facial 56.7

Nasal 58.5

Ear 55.0

Jugomandibular 82. 1

Jugofrontal 89 . 6

Hair. — Texture: medium. Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: minus. Lost: third left lower molar and right lower
molar.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

159

Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: double plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 112. Plate XIV, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.
Age: 35; married for 15 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 3 living.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1673

811

1401

187

140

115

125

107

122

77

69

42

70

38

Indices

Cephalic 74.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal 82 . 2

Total facial 97.6

Upper facial 61.6

Nasal 60.9

Ear 54.3

Jugomandibular 85.6

Jugofrontal 92 . 0

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, double

plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: elevated. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: 3 right and 3 left lower molars.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Development: average. Helix: double plus. Darwin's Point: triple plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good, except for poor teeth.

No. 113. Plate XIV, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 60; married twice, 40 years ago and 5 months ago. Sons: 4 living.

2 dead.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 4 living, 3 dead.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on right inside forearm.

Daughters: 3 living,

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1712

820

1438

187

144

113

134

94

130

82

68

36

70

40

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 47 . 9

Fronto-parietal 78.5

Total facial 97.0

Upper facial 61 .2

Nasal 52.9

Ear 57.2

Jugomandibular 70 . 1

Jugofrontal 84 . 3

Hair. — Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, minus; beard, triple plus; body, double

plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

160 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: minus. Lost: 2 right lower molars, 1 left lower molar.

Chest. — Development: minus.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good now, formerly frequently fevered.

Father of No. 74. Very prominent malars. Cheeks very thin.

No. 114. Plate XIV, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 60; married for 30 years. Sons: 3 living. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1655 Cephalic 73.1

Sitting height 822 Relative sitting height 49 . 7

Acromion to sole 1415 Fronto-parietal 78.7

Head length 193 Total facial 90.0

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 57 . 9

Minimum frontal diameter. . Ill Nasal 63.1

Bizygomatic maximum 140 Ear 66 . 2

Bigonial breadth 110 Jugomandibular 78.6

Total facial height 126 Jugofrontal 79.3

Upper facial height 81

Nasal height 65

Nasal breadth 41

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 41

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard,

double plus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: elevated. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: nearly all.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Helix: double plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.
Father of Nos. 1 and 2.

No. 115

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 38; married for 15 years. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 1 dead.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 5 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1629 Cephalic 78.6

Sitting height 761 Relative sitting height 46.8

Acromion to sole 1372 Fronto-parietal 81 . 1

Head length 182 Upper facial 46.3

Head breadth 143 Nasal 67.9

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116 Ear 63. 1

Bizygomatic maximum 136 Jugomandibular 88.2

Bigonial breadth 120 Jugofrontal 85.3

Upper facial height 63

Nasal height 56

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 161

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 65

Ear breadth 41

Hair. — Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: average. Lost: 1 right upper molar.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: plus.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good. Fevered last year.

No. 116. Plate XIV, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 20 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: slight line on back of right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1660 Cephalic 72.7

Sitting height 772 Relative sitting height 46.5

Acromion to sole 1425 Fronto-parietal 78.6

Head length 187 Total facial 91.7

Head breadth 136 Upper facial 54 . 9

Minimum frontal diameter . . 107 Nasal 64 . 1

Bizygomatic maximum 133 Ear 55.0

Bigonial breadth 103 Jugomandibular 77.4

Total facial height 122 Jugofrontal 80.5

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 33

Hair. — Form: straight. Texture: coarse.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: front lower teeth broken.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: plus. Helix: double plus. Darwin's Point: double plus.

Chest. — Development: minus.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Excellent.

NO. 117

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 6 years (wife now dead). Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 4 living.

Tattoo marks: on back of right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1676 Cephalic 77.4

Sitting height 755 Relative sitting height 45.0

Acromion to sole 1328 Fronto-parietal 74.9

Head length 190 Upper facial 57.5

Head breadth 147 Nasal 59.0

162 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110 Ear 62.6

Bizygomatic maximum 127 Jugomandibular 81 . 1

Bigonial breadth 103 Jugofrontal 86.6

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 33

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 40

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Concurrency: minus.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness plus. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Fair.

NO. 118

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 65; married for 20 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1590 Cephalic 73.0

Sitting height 773 Relative sitting height 48 . 6

Acromion to sole 1325 Fronto-parietal 74 . 5

Head length 188 Total facial 102.6

Head breadth 137 Upper facial 60.7

Minimum frontal diameter . . 102 Nasal 64 . 9

Bizygomatic maximum 115 Ear 59.6

Bigonial breadth 93 Jugomandibular 80 . 9

Total facial height 118 Jugofrontal 88.7

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 37

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: average. Lateral extent: average.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: 10 or more.

Ear. — Size: plus.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good. Formerly suffered from fever attacks.

No. 119

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 56; married for 20 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1743 Cephalic 70.9

Sitting height 876 Relative sitting height 50.3

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

163

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1496

195

138

108

141

117

127

82

70

42

70

41

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

78.3
90.1
58.2
60.0
58.6
83.0
76.6

Hair. — Form: very low waves. Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: horizontal. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: 1 right lower incisor.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Fair except for bad teeth.

NO. 120

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: on right wrist and gazelle on right inside forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1701

786

1411

188

144

110

126

100

127

73

60

36

61

33

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

. 76.6
. 46.2
. 76.4
.100.8
. 58.0
. 60.0
. 54.1
. 79.4
. 87.3

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: horizontal. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: none. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 121

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right wrist.

164

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1581

745

1305

196

149

115

142

105

128

78

61

32

65

34

Indices

Cephalic 76.0

Relative sitting height 47 . 1

Fronto-parietal 77.2

Total facial 90.1

Upper facial 54 . 9

Nasal 52.5

Ear 52.3

Jugomandibular 73 . 9

Jugofrontal 80.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: plus.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: horizontal. Wings: compressed.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Darwin's Point: double plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

NO. 122

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.
Age: 20; married for 3 years. No children.
Brothers: 3 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 3 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1682

792

1420

195

127

109

130

106

127

85

65

36

61

37

Indices

Cephalic 65.1

Relative sitting height 47 . 0

Fronto-parietal 85 . 9

Total facial 97.7

Upper facial 65 . 4

Nasal 55.4

Ear 60.6

Jugomandibular 81 . 5

Jugofrontal 83.8

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;

Wings: medium.
Darwin's Point: plus.

Hair. — Form: low waves

body, minus.
Eye. — Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Poor, always fevered.

NO. 123

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 80; married for 60 years. Sons: 2 living, 1 dead. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

165

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . ,

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1621

720

1480

192

136

113

137

105

122

86

67

41

72

30

Indices

Cephalic 70.9

Relative sitting height 44 . 4

Fronto-parietal 83.1

Total facial 89.1

Upper facial 62.7

Nasal 61.2

Ear 41.7

Jugomandibular 76 . 6

Jugofrontal 82 . 5

Hair. — Form: straight. Color: white. Quantity: head, double minus; beard, double plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: elevated. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: double plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Poor.
Health. — Poor.

No. 124

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1754

875

1461

178

146

105

128

92

124

80

63

30

61

30

Indices

Cephalic 82.0

Relative sitting height 49 . 8

Fronto-parietal 72.0

Total facial 97.0

Upper facial 62 . 5

Nasal 47.6

Ear 49.2

Jugomandibular 71.8

Jugofrontal 82 . 1

Hair. — Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, shaved; beard, average; body, minus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Poor, due to stomach trouble.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.
Age: 50; married for 17 years. Sons:
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

No. 125

Date: June 4, 1928.
1 living. Daughters: 3 living.

166

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1796

840

1140

188

145

108

135

76

67

40

65

42

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Nasal

Ear

77.0
46.8
74.5
59.7
64.6

Hair. — Form: very low waves. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned. Blind: right.

Nose. — Profile: convex.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Helix: triple plus.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 126. Plate XV, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.
Age: 26; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1690

Sitting height 824

Acromion to sole 1426

Head length 178

Head breadth 129

Minimum frontal diameter. . Ill

Bizygomatic maximum 131

Bigonial breadth 100

Total facial height 119

Upper" facial height 81

Nasal height 66

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 70

Ear breadth 41

Indices

Cephalic 72.5

Relative sitting height 48 . 7

Fronto-parietal 86.1

Total facial 90.9

Upper facial 61.8

Nasal 51 . 5

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 76.3

Jugofrontal 84.7

Color: dark brown.
Iris: zoned.

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: double plus. Darwin's Point: plus.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 127. Plate XV, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 27; married twice, 6 years ago and 4 years ago. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 dead.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 5 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on back of right hand and inside of right forearm.

mm

Measurements

Standing height 1631

Sitting height 775

Indices

Cephalic 77.6

Relative sitting height 47 . 5

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

167

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1342

178

138

107

128

96

115

67

61

36

62

33

Indices

Fronto-parietal 77 . 6

Total facial 89.9

Upper facial 52.4

Nasal 59.0

Ear 53.3

Jugomandibular 75.0

Jugofrontal 84.4

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 2 left upper premolars.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.
Son of Sheikh Hadji Miniehil.

No. 128. Plate XV, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: Jemdet Nasr. Date: June 4, 1928.
Birthplace: Kut al Hai. Age: 16; married for 4 years.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 dead.

Indices

Cephalic 75.4

Relative sitting height 46 . 5

Fronto-parietal 75.2

Total facial 96.0

Upper facial 57 . 7

Nasal 52.5

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 80 . 5

Jugofrontal 83 . 8

Measurements mm

Standing height 1396

Sitting height 650

Acromion to sole 1150

Head length 182

Head breadth 137

Minimum frontal diameter. . 103

Bizygomatic maximum 123

Bigonial breadth 91

Total facial height 113

Upper facial height 71

Nasal height 61

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 55

Ear breadth 33

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: average. Concurrency: plus. Lateral extent: plus. Brow-ridges:

median. Glabella: average.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, average; depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: average. Lost: none.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: minus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Yearly attacks of fever.
Nervous and rather stupid. Marked wrinkling on face.

168

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 129. Plate XV, Fig. 7

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 12 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living, 2 dead.

Brothers: 5 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: spot on right wrist and on end of nose.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1663

760

1415

188

144

107

124

101

120

80

60

40

60

35

Indices

Cephalic 76.6

Relative sitting height 45 . 7

Fronto-parietal 74.4

Total facial 96.9

Upper facial 64 . 5

Nasal 66.6

Ear 58.4

Jugomandibular 81 . 4

Jugofrontal 86.3

Hair. — Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus; beard, plus (white).

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: double plus. Darwin's Point: average.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Excellent.

No. 130. Plate XVI, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date:
Age: 70; married for 40 years. Sons: none.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1677

828

1442

180

145

106

134

100

120

76

60

36

71

36

June 4, 1928.
Daughters: 1 living.

Indices

Cephalic 80.6

Relative sitting height 49.4

Fronto-parietal 73.2

Total facial 89.6

Upper facial 56 . 6

Nasal 60.0

Ear 50.7

Jugomandibular 74 . 6

Jugofrontal 79.1

Hair. — Color: gray and white. Quantity: head, double minus; beard, double plus; body,

double plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: extreme. Caries: triple plus. Lost: all but 2 incisors in both lower jaws.

Decay of teeth and absorption of gums.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: minus.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

169

Musculature. — Very poor.
Health. — Poor.

No. 131. Plate XVI, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.
Age: 45; married once, wife died 13 years ago. No children.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: three dots on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1590

800

1340

189

132

103

127

101

120

71

56

36

64

35

Indices

Cephalic 69.9

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fronto-parietal 78 . 0

Total facial 94.5

Upper facial 55 . 9

Nasal 64.4

Ear 54.6

Jugomandibular 79 . 5

Jugofrontal 81 . 1

1 lower molar right and 1 left.
Darwin's Point: plus.

Hair. — Color: dark brown; beard, gray. Quantity: head, double minus; beard, double plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: zoned. N

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: depressed.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost:
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: minus. Helix: double plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.
In prison at Omsk, captured from Turkish army in 1914.

No. 132. Plate XVI, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 4 years. No children.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1657

783

1416

196

141

113

131

104

129

79

60

35

58

32

Indices

Cephalic 72.0

Relative sitting height 47 . 3

Fronto-parietal 80 . 1

Total facial 98.5

Upper facial 60.3

Nasal 58.3

Ear 55.2

Jugomandibular 79.4

Jugofrontal 86.3

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown,
plus; beard, minus; body, average.

Quantity: head, double

170

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eye. — Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, double plus; depressed. Wings: medium.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: minus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 133.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.

Plate XVI, Figs. 7, 8

Date: June 4, 1928.
Age: 31; married 6 years ago (wife now dead). Sons: none.
Brothers: 5 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on right forearm.

Daughters: 1 living.

Indices

Cephalic 74.3

Relative sitting height 46 . 3

Fronto-parietal 75 . 9

Total facial 95.3

Upper facial 63.0

Nasal 62.3

Ear 54.6

Jugomandibular 80.3

Jugofrontal 84 . 2

Measurements mm

Standing height 1710

Sitting height 793

Acromion to sole 1414

Head length 190

Head breadth 141

Minimum frontal diameter . . 107

Bizygomatic maximum 127

Bigonial breadth 102

Total facial height 121

Upper facial height 80

Nasal height 61

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 35

Hair. — Texture' medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, plus; horizontal. Wings: medium.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: average.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Excellent.

Brother of No. 129.

No. 134. Plate XVII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 3 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1672

Sitting height 782

Acromion to sole 1380

Head length 185

Head breadth 143

Minimum frontal diameter. . 109

Bizygomatic maximum 125

Bigonial breadth 97

Total facial height 110

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 58

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 53

Ear breadth 38

Indices

Cephalic 77.2

Relative sitting height 46 . 8

Fronto-parietal 76.2

Total facial 88.0

Upper facial 58.4

Nasal 62.1

Ear 70.4

Jugomandibular 77.6

Jugofrontal 87.2

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

171

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, plus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: medium-compressed.
Ear. — Lobe: attached. Helix: double plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 135. Plate XVII, Fig. 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 13 years. Sons:
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

2 living. Daughters: 3 living.

MM

1651

790

1335

184

142

110

124

98

110

75

60

34

61

41

Indices

Cephalic 77.3

Relative sitting height 47 . 8

Fron to-parietal 77. 5

Total facial 88.6

Upper facial 60 . 5

Nasal 56.7

Ear 67.2

Jugomandibular 79 . 1

Jugofrontal 88.7

Hair. — Color: black. Quantity: head, double minus; beard, double plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned. Blind: right.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, plus; elevated. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: one. Condition: poor.

EAR. — Lobe: free. Size: double plus. Helix: double plus. Danvin's Point: double plus.

Chest. — Development: double minus.

Musculature.— Poor.

Health. — Poor, always sick.

No. 136. Plate XVII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.
Age: 38; married for 2 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

MM

1601
830

1330
185
140
106
130
109
120
72
58

Indices

Cephalic 75.6

Relative sitting height 51.7

Fronto-parietal 75.7

Total facial 92.4

Upper facial 55.4

Nasal 62.0

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 83 . 9

Jugofrontal 81 . 5

172

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, average; elevated. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 1 right lower molar.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: double plus. Darwin's Point: double plus.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

Brother of No. 82.

No. 137. Plate XVII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 2 years. No children.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living, 3 dead.
Tattoo marks: spot on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1760

823

1460

186

139

109

131

101

123

74

63

34

60

36

Indices

Cephalic 74.7

Relative sitting height 46 . 7

Fronto-parietal 78.4

Total facial 93.9

Upper facial 56 . 5

Nasal 54.0

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 77 . 1

Jugofrontal 83.2

Hair. — Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: minus. Concurrency: minus. Lateral extent: average.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 2 right lower molars.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: average. Darwin's Point: double plus.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil
Age: 35; married for 5 years. Sons: 3 dead
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

No. 138. Plate XVIII, Figs. 1, 2

Date: June 4, 1928.

Daughters: 1 dead.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1740

Sitting height 821

Acromion to sole 1443

Head length 182

Head breadth 144

Minimum frontal diameter . . 107

Indices

Cephalic 79.1

Relative sitting height 47 . 2

Fronto-parietal 74 . 4

Total facial 92.0

Upper facial 60 . 8

Nasal 54.8

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

173

Measurements mm Indices

Bizygomatic maximum 138 Ear 52.4

Bigonial breadth 103 Jugomandibular 74 . 6

Total facial height 127 Jugofrontal 77.5

Upper facial height 84

Nasal height 62

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, triple plus;

beard, double plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus; depressed.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: plus. Lost: 1 right lower molar.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 139. Plate XVIII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 16 years. Sons: 1 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 3 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: 3 spots on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1704

812

1440

185

142

113

144

110

125

80

63

36

61

35

Indices

Cephalic 76.7

Relative sitting height 47 . 6

Fronto-parietal 72 . 5

Total facial 86.8

Upper facial 55 . 6

Nasal 57.2

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 76.4

Jugofrontal 78 . 5

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, plus. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: 2 left upper premolars, 1 right upper

molar.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.
Brother of No. 45.

No. 140. Plate XVIII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: dog on right inside forearm.

174

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Indices

Cephalic 82.6

Relative sitting height 45 . 9

Fronto-parietal 79.6

Total facial 88.9

Upper facial 51 . 8

Nasal 59.6

Ear 61.0

Jugomandibular 74.9

Jugof rontal 85 . 9

Measurements mm

Standing height 1650

Sitting height 757

Acromion to sole 1400

Head length 178

Head breadth 147

Minimum frontal diameter. . 117

Bizygomatic maximum 135

Bigonial breadth 101

Total facial height 120

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 52

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 59

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, average; horizontal.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 141. Plate XVIII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 4, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 15 years. Sons: 4 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

MM

Standing height 1697

Sitting height 800

Acromion to sole 1450

Head length 183

Head breadth 144

Minimum frontal diameter. . 117

Bizygomatic maximum 134

Bigonial breadth 100

Total facial height 133

Upper facial height 92

Nasal height 68

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 30

Indices

Cephalic 78.7

Relative sitting height 47 . 2

Fronto-parietal 81

Total facial 99

Upper facial 68

Nasal 55

Ear 48

Jugomandibular 74

Jugofrontal 87 .3

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus;

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

beard, double plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned. Slight cataract in left eye.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, average; depressed.
Teeth. — Caries: plus. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: minus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: triple plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 142.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.

Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Plate XIX, Figs. 1, 2

Date: June 4, 1928.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

175

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1681

803

1397

192

142

109

137

108

118

73

60

36

66

36

Indices

Cephalic 74.0

Relative sitting height 47 . 7

Fronto-parietal 76 . 8

Total facial 86.1

Upper facial 53 . 3

Nasal 60.0

Ear 54.6

Jugomandibular 78 . 8

Jugofrontal 79 . 5

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eve. — Color: dark brown. 7ns: zoned.
Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus; depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: average. Caries: average. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: attached. Size: average. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: double minus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 143. Plate XIX, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 5, 1928.
Age: 55; married for 4 years. No children.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: spot on left temporal.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1640

785

1375

191

145

120

137

113

132

79

66

31

67

38

Indices

Cephalic 75.9

Relative sitting height 47 . 9

Fronto-parietal 82 . 8

Total facial 96.4

Upper facial 57 . 6

Nasal 47.0

Ear 56.7

Jugomandibular 82 . 5

Jugofrontal 87 . 6

Hair. — Color: dark brown and gray.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7ns: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, plus; depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 1 left lower molar.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 144. Plate XIX, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 5, 1928.
Age: 50; married 4 times, the last time 4 years ago. Sons: 2 living, 1 dead.
3 living, 1 dead.

Daughters:

176

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1705

865

1455

187

150

116

148

110

137

78

70

35

67

35

Indices

Cephalic 80.2

Relative sitting height 50.7

Fronto-parietal 77.3

Total facial 92.6

Upper facial 52 . 7

Nasal 50.0

Ear 52.3

Jugomandibular 74 . 3

Jugofrontal 78.4

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus;

body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7m: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, minus; depressed. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: right lower canine.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
M usculature . — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 145. Plate XIX, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 50; married 3 times, all wives dead. Sons: 3 dead. Daughters: 2 living, 3 dead.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1520

745

1255

178

139

102

126

92

109

76

60

32

64

35

Indices

Cephalic 78.1

Relative sitting height 49 . 0

Fronto-parietal 73.4

Total facial 86.5

Upper facial 60 . 3

Nasal 53.3

Ear 54.7

Jugomandibular 73 . 0

Jugofrontal 80.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus;

beard, double plus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: at least half.
Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Very protruding at top.
Chest. — Development: double minus.
Musculature. — Very poor.
Health. — Good but looks weak.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

177

No. 146. Plate XX, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 25; married for 18 months. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right wrist and 3 spots on each temporal.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum .

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1671

830

1335

200

145

115

128

101

129

81

70

35

60

38

Indices

Cephalic 72.5

Relative sitting height 49.7

Fronto-parietal 79.4

Total facial 100.8

Upper facial 63.3

Nasal 50.0

Ear 63.4

Jugomandibular 78.9

Jugofrontal 89.8

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double
Iris: homogeneous.

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium
plus; beard, minus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot
Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: plus. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: double plus.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health.— Excellent.

No. 147. Plate XX, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 40; married for 20 years (wife now dead). Sons: 3 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 3 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1710

851

1410

187

141

111

134

105

116

69

58

33

72

30

Indices

Cephalic 75.4

Relative sitting height 49.7

Fronto-parietal 78.7

Total facial 86.6

Upper facial 51.5

Nasal 56.9

Ear 41.6

Jugomandibular 78.3

Jugofrontal 82.8

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye.- — Color: dark brown. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 1 upper molar left and 1 right.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: double plus.

178

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good except for fever attacks.

No. 148

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 40; married for 20 years. Sons: 3 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: spots on back of left wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1668

811

1396

193

142

108

127

105

123

74

64

37

63

32

Indices

Cephalic 73.5

Relative sitting height 48 . 6

Fron to-parietal 76.0

Total facial 97.0

Upper facial 58.2

Nasal 57.8

Ear 50.7

Jugomandibular 82.7

Jugofrontal 85 . 0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: light brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Ins: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Caries: double plus. Lost: upper left canine.
Ear. — Helix: plus. Darwin's Point: plus. Marked protrusion.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 149

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right forearm, spots on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1725

830

1418

197

145

114

128

102

121

73

60

33

58

31

Indices

Cephalic 73.6

Relative sitting height 48 . 1

Fronto-parietal 78.7

Total facial 93.8

Upper facial 57 . 1

Nasal 55.0

Ear 53.4

Jugomandibular 79.7

Jugofrontal 89.1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double
plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

179

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: elevated. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 1 lower molar on each side.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 150

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: on back of right wrist and on both temporals.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1711

802

1420

190

140

113

132

103

119

68

52

34

63

34

Indices

Cephalic 73.7

Relative sitting height 46.8

Fronto-parietal 92.9

Total facial 90.2

Upper facial 51 . 5

Nasal 65.4

Ear 54.0

Jugomandibular 77.0

Jugofrontal 85.6

Blind: right.
Wings: medium.

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, triple plus;

beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7ns: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus; horizontal.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 151

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1750

880

1470

183

147

121

134

110

115

76

55

35

58

27

Indices

Cephalic 80.4

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fronto-parietal 82 . 4

Total facial 85.9

Upper facial 56 . 6

Nasal 63.6

Ear 46.6

Jugomandibular 82 . 1

Jugofrontal 90.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double
plus; beard, plus.

180

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, plus; elevated.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

Lost part of right hallux in railway accident at Tell Inghara.

No. 152. Plate XX, Figs. 5, 6

Date: June 5, 1928.

3 living. Daughters: 2 dead.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.

Age: 45; married for 25 years. Sons:

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: on back of left hand, spot on right upper lip, and spots on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1685

815

1425

197

157

120

139

122

129

72

62

38

66

35

Indices

Cephalic 79.7

Relative sitting height 48 . 4

Fronto-parietal 76.0

Total facial 92.8

Upper facial 51 . 7

Nasal 61.3

Ear 53.0

Jugomandibular 87.7

Jugofrontal 86 . 3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus;

beard, double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: gray brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus. Wings: medium.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 153. Plate XX, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 55; married 3 times, one wife now dead. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead.

2 dead.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right wrist.

Daughters: 2 living,

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1730

823

1440

191

153

119

131

115

120

74

62

34

71

37

Indices

Cephalic 80.1

Relative sitting height 47 . 5

Fronto-parietal 77.9

Total facial 91.6

Upper facial 56 . 5

Nasal 54.7

Ear 52.1

Jugomandibular 87 . 8

Jugofrontal 90.9

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

181

Hair. — Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, shaved; beard, double plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: speckled. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, plus; depressed. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Excellent.

Health. — Excellent except for fever attacks.

No. 154. Plate XXI, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.
Age: 55; married for 2 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth . .

MM

1764

830

1505

193

138

114

133

102

132

77

62

35

70

37

Indices

Cephalic 71.5

Relative sitting height 47 . 0

Fronto-parietal 82 . 6

Total facial 99.2

Upper facial 65 .4

Nasal 56 . 4

Ear 52.9

Jugomandibular 76 . 7

Jugofrontal 85 . 7

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus; beard, plus; body,

minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus; depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 1 lower molar left and 1 right.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 155

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1710

830

1435

196

141

118

135

110

140

68

52

41

60

34

Indices

Cephalic 73.5

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal 83 . 7

Total facial 103.7

Upper facial 50 . 4

Nasal 78.9

Ear 56.6

Jugomandibular 81.5

Jugofrontal 87.4

182

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body, average.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, average; depressed.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Fair but frequent stomach trouble.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied.
Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 156
Date: June 5, 1928.

MM

1702

740

1410

191

144

113

133

103

123

72

56

35

59

33

Indices

Cephalic 75.4

Relative sitting height 43 . 5

Fronto-parietal 77.5

Total facial 92.6

Upper facial 54 . 1

Nasal 62.5

Ear 56.0

Jugomandibular 77.4

Jugofrontal 85.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: none. Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 157. Plate XXI, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 15 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1670

740

1382

196

151

115

130

100

117

64

56

40

65

36

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 44 . 3

Fronto-parietal 76.2

Total facial 90.0

Upper facial 49 . 2

Nasal 71.5

Ear 55.4

Jugomandibular 76 . 9

Jugofrontal 88.4

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

183

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, plus; depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: plus. Lost: 1 left lower premolar.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 158. Plate XXI, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 40; married for 20 years (wife now dead). Sons: 1 living, 3 dead. Daughters: 2 living,

1 dead.
Brothers: 2 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 4 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1700

855

1410

194

138

110

138

110

110

74

58

40

57

34

Indices

Cephalic 77.2

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fronto-parietal 79.7

Total facial 79.7

Upper facial 53 . 6

Nasal 69.0

Ear 59.7

Jugomandibular 79 . 7

Jugofrontal 79.7

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double plus.

Eye. — Color: gray brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: 3 left lower molars, 2 right lower

molars.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 159. Plate XXI, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 50; married for 14 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living, 2 dead.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand, and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

1597
780

1310
197
134
108
127
104
115
70
58

Indices

Cephalic 68.0

Relative sitting height 48 . 9

Fronto-parietal 80.6

Total facial 90.6

Upper facial 55 . 2

Nasal 58.6

Ear 57.2

Jugomandibular 81 . 9

Jugofrontal 85 . 0

184

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus; beard, plus; body,

plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus; elevated. Wings: medium.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 160. Plate XXII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: spot on inside of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1635

800

1360

191

135

113

133

97

106

63

49

32

60

36

Indices

Cephalic 70.7

Relative sitting height 49 . 0

Fronto-parietal 83.7

Total facial 79.7

Upper facial 47 . 4

Nasal 65.4

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 72 . 9

Jugofrontal 85 . 0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7ns: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: elevated.
Teeth. — Lost: 1 right upper molar.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 161. Plate XXII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 10 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1635

Sitting height 840

Acromion to sole 1345

Head length 190

Head breadth 136

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Bizygomatic maximum 130

Bigonial breadth 101

Total facial height 113

Indices

Cephalic 71.6

Relative sitting height 51 . 4

Fronto-parietal 83 . 1

Total facial 87.0

Upper facial 58.4

Nasal 64.4

Ear 55.2

Jugomandibular 77 . 7

Jugofrontal 86.9

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 185

Measurements mm

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: elevated.
Teeth. — Lost: 1 right upper molar.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 162. Plate XXII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle on right hand and forearm and four spots on each temporal.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1675 Cephalic 75.8

Sitting height 850 Relative sitting height 50 . 7

Acromion to sole 1400 Fronto-parietal 75 . 7

Head length 190 Total facial 94.7

Head breadth 144 Upper facial 55.6

Minimum frontal diameter. . 109 Nasal 54.0

Bizygomatic maximum 133 Ear 66 . 1

Bigonial breadth 107 Jugomandibular 80 . 5

Total facial height 126 Jugofrontal 82.0

Upper facial height 74

Nasal height 63

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 53

Ear breadth 35

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 163. Plate XXII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: spots in cluster on back of right hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1655 Cephalic 72.7

Sitting height 785 Relative sitting height 47 . 4

Acromion to sole 1400 Fronto-parietal 81.6

Head length 194 Total facial 97.6

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 61.6

Minimum frontal diameter. . 115 Nasal 69.3

Bizygomatic maximum 125 Ear 54.0

Bigonial breadth 90 Jugomandibular 72.0

186

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Indices
Jugofrontal 92.0

Measurements mm

Total facial height 122

Upper facial height 77

Nasal height 52

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 34

Hair. — Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, plus; depressed. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health . — Excellent.

No. 164. Plate XXIII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age : 40 ; married twice, 20 years ago and 1 year ago. Sons : 2 living. Daughters : 3 living.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle on right hand and arm, spot on right side of upper lip.

Indices

Cephalic 73.3

Relative sitting height 47 . 7

Fronto-parietal 83 . 1

Total facial 89.6

Upper facial 53 . 7

Nasal 56.7

Ear 54.6

Jugomandibular 85.8

Jugofrontal 91 .0

Measurements mm

Standing height 1720

Sitting height 820

Acromion to sole 1345

Head length 201

Head breadth 148

Minimum frontal diameter . . 123

Bizygomatic maximum 134

Bigonial breadth 115

Total facial height 120

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 66

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: gray. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, double plus.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 1 left lower premolar.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 165

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 45; married for 25 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 4 living.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1744

Sitting height 740

Acromion to sole 1425

Head length 186

Head breadth 156

Indices

Cephalic 83.9

Relative sitting height 42 . 4

Fronto-parietal . . .• 77 . 6

Total facial 87.5

Upper facial 52 . 1

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

187

Measurements
Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

121

144

114

126

75

64

34

57

38

Indices

Nasal 53.2

Ear 73.1

Jugomandibular 79.2

Jugofrontal 84.0

Quantity: head, plus.
Iris: zoned.

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 1 right upper premolar.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 166

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 30; married twice, 12 years ago and 8 years ago. Sons: 2, 1, living; 1, 0, dead. Daughters:

1, 1, living.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: cross on right wrist following wrist injury.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1700

855

1435

198

155

115

124

96

117

61

56

32

60

31

Indices

Cephalic 77.2

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fron to-parietal 74 . 3

Total facial 94.4

Upper facial . . . 49.3

Nasal 57.2

Ear 50.4

Jugomandibular 64 . 4

Jugofrontal 77.2

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body,

average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 2 upper and 2 lower molars.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.
Son of Sheikh Abied.

NO. 167

Residence: camp of Sheikh Abied. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 55; married for 20 years. Sons: 3 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 4 living.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1640

Sitting height 770

Indices

Cephalic 71.7

Relative sitting height 46 . 9

188 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Acromion to sole 1390 Fronto-parietal 81 . 0

Head length 198 Total facial 99.3

Head breadth 142 Upper facial 64.5

Minimum frontal diameter. . 115 Nasal 60.0

Bizygomatic maximum 140 Ear 63 . 8

Bigonial breadth 115 Jugomandibular 82.2

Total facial height 139 Jugofrontal 82.2

Upper facial height 91

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 37

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double

plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus; horizontal.
Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: 6.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Poor.
Health. — Fair now, formerly often fevered and sick.

No. 168

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil.

Age: 23; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand and gazelle on outside of right wrist.
Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1620 Cephalic 74.0

Sitting height 730 Relative sitting height 45.0

Acromion to sole 1340 Fronto-parietal 78 . 5

Head length 192 Total facial 88.9

Head breadth 149 Upper facial 49 . 6

Minimum frontal diameter. . 117 Nasal 71 . 7

Bizygomatic maximum 135 Ear 57.8

Bigonial breadth 105 Jugomandibular 77.8

Total facial height 120 Jugofrontal 79.3

Upper facial height 67

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 37

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 170. Plate XXIII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: 3 spots on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1651 Cephalic 75.9

Sitting height 854 Relative sitting height 51 . 7

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

189

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1360

186

141

119

128

113

120

65

56

38

64

36

Indices

Fronto-parietal 84 .4

Total facial 93.8

Upper facial 58. 6

Nasal 67.9

Ear 56.3

Jugomandibular 88.3

Jugofrontal 93.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good.

No. 171. Plate XXIII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: design on right inside forearm.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1725

Sitting height 890

Acromion to sole 1426

Head length 195

Head breadth 146

Minimum frontal diameter. 117

Bizygomatic maximum 140

Bigonial breadth 106

Total facial height 127

Upper facial height ........ 75

Nasal height 67

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 65

Ear breadth 35

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium

beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.
Scapulae. — Vertebral borders: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good.

No. 172.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: on back of right hand.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1700

Sitting height 845

Indices

Cephalic 74.9

Relative sitting height 51.6

Fronto-parietal 80. 1

Total facial 90.7

Upper facial 53 . 5

Nasal 53.8

Ear 53.9

Jugomandibular 75.7

Jugofrontal 83.6

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;
Iris: zoned.

Plate XXIV, Figs.

Date: June 5, 1928.

1,2

Indices

Cephalic 74.9

Relative sitting height 49 . 7

190

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1395

179

134

98

124

97

106

67

48

33

55

33

Indices

Fronto-parietal 73.1

Total facial 85.5

Upper facial 54 . 0

Nasal 68.8

Ear 66.0

Jugomandibular 78.3

Jugofrontal 79.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: reddish brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: average. Caries: none. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: fair.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 173. Plate XXIV, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 60; married twice, 20 years ago and 15 years ago. Sons: 2, 0, living.

1, 1, living.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: on back of right hand.

Daughters:

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1660

840

1400

195

138

115

120

110

122

78

63

36

60

36

Indices

Cephalic 70.8

Relative sitting height 51 . 6

Fronto-parietal 83.4

Total facial 101.8

Upper facial 65 . 0

Nasal 57.2

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 91 . 7

Jugofrontal 95.8

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double minus; beard,

double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: 3 or more.
Chest. — Development: poor.
Musculature. — Poor.
Health. — Good.
Father of No. 43.

No. 174. Plate XXIV, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.
Age: 30; unmarried. Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

191

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1653

867

1370

190

146

115

142

113

122

73

60

34

64

32

Indices

Cephalic 76.9

Relative sitting height 52 . 4

Fronto-parietal 78 . 8

Total facial 86.0

Upper facial 51.4

Nasal 56.6

Ear 50.0

Jugomandibular 79.6

Jugofrontal 81 .0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, plus. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: 1 left premolar.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 175. Plate XXIV, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 5 years. No children.

Brothers: 5 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: on back of right hand and inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1740

860

1440

192

142

110

130

104

132

78

61

36

56

36

Indices

Cephalic 74.0

Relative sitting height 49.4

Fronto-parietal 77 . 5

Total facial 100.8

Upper facial 60.0

Nasal 59.0

Ear 64.4

Jugomandibular 80 . 0

Jugofrontal 84 . 6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus.
Eye. — Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus; depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: plus. Lost: 1 left lower premolar.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 176

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 70; married for 40 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

192

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1726

890

1440

182

131

108

130

101

128

75

62

37

70

45

Indices

Cephalic 72.0

Relative sitting height 51 . 6

Fronto-parietal 82 . 5

Total facial 97.7

Upper facial 57 . 6

Nasal 59.6

Ear 64.4

Jugomandibular 77 . 7

Jugofrontal 83.1

Plate XXV, Figs. 1, 2

Date: June 5, 1928.

Hair. — Color: gray and light brown. Quantity: head, double minus; beard, double plus;

body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: first lower molar on each side.
Chest. — Development: minus.
Musculature.— Poor.
Health. — Good.

No. 177.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie.
Age: 35; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1674

870

1380

180

144

109

137

106

101

73

55

33

64

34

Indices

Cephalic 80.0

Relative sitting height 52 . 0

Fronto-parietal 75.7

Total facial 73.7

Upper facial 53 .4

Nasal 60.0

Ear 53.1

Jugomandibular 77 . 3

Jugofrontal 79.5

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: reddish brown. Quantity: head, minus;

beard, plus; body, average.
Eye. — Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, minus; horizontal.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus.
Chest. — Development: average.
M usculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

NO. 178.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie.
Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Plate XXV, Figs. 3, 4

Date: June 5, 1928.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

193

Measurements mm

Standing height 1670

Sitting height 810

Acromion to sole 1394

Head length 181

Head breadth 133

Minimum frontal diameter . . 109

Bizygomatic maximum 130

Bigonial breadth 100

Total facial height 122

Upper facial height 66

Nasal height 61

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 55

Ear breadth 35

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: reddish brown.

plus; beard, minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health.— Good.

NO. 179

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.
Age: 18; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 3 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Indices

Cephalic 73.5

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal 82 . 0

Total facial 93.9

Upper facial 50 . 8

Nasal 62.4

Ear 63.6

Jugomandibular 77 . 0

Jugofrontal 83.9

Quantity: head, double

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1625

813

1324

176

146

115

134

106

113

63

51

36

54

33

Indices

Cephalic 83.0

Relative sitting height 50 . 0

Fronto-parietal 78 . 8

Total facial 84.4

Upper facial 47 . 0

Nasal 70.6

Ear 61.1

Jugomandibular 79 . 1

Jugofrontal 85 . 8

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: reddish brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard,

minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus. Wings: medium-flaring.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 180. Plate XXV, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 55; married for 12 years. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 3 dead.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1650 Cephalic 72.0

Sitting height 845 Relative sitting height 51 .2

194

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1375

196

141

120

142

117

113

67

56

41

63

36

Indices

Fronto-parietal 85.1

Total facial 79.6

Upper facial 47 .2

Nasal 73.1

Ear 57.2

Jugomandibular 82.4

Jugofrontal 84 . 5

Hair. — Color: gray. Quantity: head, double minus; beard, double plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, plus. Wings: flaring.

TEETH. — Wear: double plus. Caries: minus. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 181. Plate XXV, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie.
Age: 40; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Date: June 5, 1928.

MM

Indices

Cephalic 62 . 6

Relative sitting height 48 . 8

Fronto-parietal 87. 1

Total facial 98.5

Upper facial 55 . 6

Nasal 61.8

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 81 . 7

Jugofrontal 85.7

Measurements

Standing height 1700

Sitting height 830

Acromion to sole 1390

Head length 198

Head breadth 124

Minimum frontal diameter. . 108

Bizygomatic maximum 126

Bigonial breadth 103

Total facial height 124

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 34

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: reddish brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: 1 left lower.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 182. Plate XXVI, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 10 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: back of right hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1760

Sitting height 885

Cephalic 75.8

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

195

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1455

194

147

120

142

105

110

65

57

31

57

32

Indices

Fronto-parietal 81.7

Total facial 77.5

Upper facial 45.7

Nasal 54 . 4

Ear 56.1

Jugomandibular 73 . 9

Jugofrontal 84 . 5

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: reddish brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 183. Plate XXVI, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.
Age: 40; married for 5 years. No children.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

850

1460

201

146

110

140

110

113

77

50

37

62

35

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

72.4
50.3
75.4
80.7
55.0
74.0
56.5
78.5
78.5

Texture: medium.

Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Hair. — Form: low waves.

Eye. — Color: dark brown.

Nose. — Profile: convex.

Teeth. — Lost: 3 right lower molars, 1 right upper molar

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 184.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie

Age: 60 or more; married for 30 years. Sons: 2 living

Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Plate XXVI, Figs. 5, 6

Date: June 5, 1928.

Daughters: 1 dead.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1650

Sitting height 780

Acromion to sole 1365

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height.
Fronto-parietal

71.8
47.3
77.0

196

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Xasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

188

135

104

124

97

120

86

62

35

71

35

Indices

Total facial 96.9

Upper facial 69 . 3

Nasal 56.4

Ear 49.4

Jugomandibular 75.2

Jugofrontal 80.6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: gray. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

double plus; body, triple plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, minus; depressed.
Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: many.
Chest. — Development: minus.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

No. 185. Plate XXVI, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 40; married for 20 years. Sons: 1 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1720

875

1455

197

145

115

140

107

123

74

61

39

53

36

Indices

Cephalic 73.6

Relative sitting height 50 . 7

Fronto-parietal 79.4

Total facial 87.9

Upper facial 52.9

Nasal 64.0

Ear 68.0

Jugomandibular 76.4

Jugofrontal 82.1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double

plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 1 left upper molar.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Good.
Health.— Excellent.

No. 186. Plate XXVII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.
Age: 28; married for 5 years. Sons: 1 dead. Daughters: 1 living.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 5 living.
Tattoo marks: a spot on each temple and each wrist.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

197

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1660

873

1385

186

148

103

135

116

114

68

56

40

55

36

Indices

Cephalic 79.5

Relative sitting height 52 . 6

Fronto-parietal 69 . 6

Total facial 84.5

Upper facial 50 . 4

Nasal 71.5

Ear 65.5

Jugomandibular 85 . 9

Jugofrontal 76.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, minus; depressed.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

No. 187. Plate XXVII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 25; married for 5 years. No children.

Brothers: 5 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on right wrist and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1691

860

1390

197

131

108

124

100

108

70

57

40

56

35

Indices

Cephalic 66 . 5

Relative sitting height 50 . 8

Fronto-parietal 82.5

Total facial 87.1

Upper facial 56 . 5

Nasal 70.2

Ear 62.5

Jugomandibular 80 . 7

Jugofrontal 87 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 188. Plate XXVII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Eliowie. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

198

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture:
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera:
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

MM

1810
905
1530
194
137
107
131
103
107

67

56

36

58

31

medium-fine,
clear. Iris: zoned.

Indices

Cephalic 70.6

Relative sitting height 50 . 0

Fronto-parietal 78.1

Total facial 81.7

Upper facial 51 . 1

Nasal 64.3

Ear 53.5

Jugomandibular 78.6

Jugofrontal 81.7

NO. 189

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1620

843

1331

190

147

108

117

104

115

58

37

63

32

Indices

Cephalic 77.4

Relative sitting height 52 . 0

Fronto-parietal 73 . 5

Total facial 98.4

Nasal 63.8

Ear 50.8

Jugomandibular 88.9

Jugofrontal 92.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 190

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 48; married for 25 years. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 2 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1702

Sitting height 849

Acromion to sole 1456

Indices

Cephalic 77.9

Relative sitting height 49 . 8

Fronto-parietal 77.5

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

199

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

194

151

117

143

102

120

71

55

40

65

35

Indices

Total facial 84.0

Upper facial 49 . 6

Nasal 72.7

Ear 53.9

Jugomandibular 71.3

Jugofrontal 81.8

HAIR. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head,

double plus; beard, double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: plus. Lost: 1 upper molar on each side. Upper incisors

very large.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature . — Poor.
Health. — Good.

NO. 191

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 living, 1 dead. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1906

874

1600

206

148

119

142

120

126

72

60

46

67

32

Indices

Cephalic 71.8

Relative sitting height 45.9

Fron to-parietal 80.4

Total facial 88.8

Upper facial 50 . 7

Nasal 76.6

Ear 47.7

Jugomandibular 84 . 5

Jugofrontal 83 . 8

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.
Chest. — Development: triple plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

Overgrowth, probably due to unbalanced metabolism caused by irregular functioning of
endocrine glands.

No. 192

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 5, 1928.
Age: 40; married for 4 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

200

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1646

820

1380

175

141

123

134

114

115

64

56

29

55

35

Indices

Cephalic 80.6

Relative sitting height 49 . 8

Fron to-parietal 87 .4

Total facial 85.9

Upper facial 47.7

Nasal 51.8

Ear 63.6

Jugomandibular 85 . 1

Jugofrontal 91.8

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

NOSE. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: minus.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Good.

No. 193

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 10 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 4 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1631

852

1350

189

137

113

128

104

118

72

55

35

56

35

Indices

Cephalic 72.5

Relative sitting height 52 . 2

Fronto-parietal 82 . 5

Total facial 92.2

Upper facial 56 .2

Nasal 63.6

Ear 62.5

Jugomandibular 81 .2

Jugofrontal 88.2

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, double plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, minus. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 194

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age: 60 or more; married for 40 years. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 2 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 1 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

201

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1757

885

1492

196

138

121

140

114

137

74

67

37

66

42

Indices

Cephalic 70.4

Relative sitting height 50.3

Fronto-parietal 87 . 8

Total facial 97.9

Upper facial 52.9

Nasal 55.3

Ear 63.6

Jugomandibular 81.4

Jugofrontal 86.4

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: gray. Quantity: head, plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 195

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 5, 1928.
Age: 40; married for 20 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 1 living.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand, gazelle on inside of right forearm, and spots
below nasion.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1740

885

1447

193

148

107

134

115

120

73

58

38

62

37

Indices

Cephalic 76.6

Relative sitting height 50 . 9

Fronto-parietal 72.3

Total facial 89.6

Upper facial 54 . 5

Nasal 65.6

Ear 59.7

Jugomandibular 85 . 8

Jugofrontal 79.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown and gray.

plus; beard, double plus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
M usculature . — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 196

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 5, 1928.

Age : 50 ; married for 30 years. Sons : 1 living. Daughters : 2 living.

Brothers: 4 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Quantity: head,

202

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1620

834

1357

194

148

117

120

115

123

79

50

39

76

43

Indices

Cephalic 76.4

Relative sitting height 51.5

Fronto-parietal 79.0

Total facial 102.5

Upper facial 65.8

Nasal 78.0

Ear 56.6

Jugomandibular 95.9

Jugofrontal 97.5

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown and white. Quantity:

head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none. Condition: good.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 197

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 45; married for 20 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 3 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1675

828

1411

200

150

114

138

120

126

75

57

41

62

36

Indices

Cephalic 75.0

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 76.0

Total facial 91.4

Upper facial 54 .4

Nasal 72.0

Ear 58.1

Jugomandibular 87 . 0

Jugofrontal 82.7

Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus.
Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Hair. — Form: low waves.

Eye. — Color: dark brown.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, plus.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health.— Excellent.

NO. 198

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 65; married for 40 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

203

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1730

893

1472

197

138

110

123

104

123

73

53

34

67

36

Indices

Cephalic 70.0

Relative sitting height 51 . 6

Fronto-parietal 79.9

Total facial 100.0

Upper facial 59 . 4

Nasal 64.2

Ear 53.7

Jugomandibular 84 . 6

Jugofrontal 89.4

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: gray. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

double plus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7ns: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, double plus; depressed. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Poor.

No. 199

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 75; married for 50 years. Sons: 3 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 4 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1636

820

1331

184

144

105

128

103

115

69

64

37

68

33

Indices

Cephalic 78.3

Relative sitting height 50 . 1

Fronto-parietal. 73.0

Total facial 89.9

Upper facial 53 . 9

Nasal 57.9

Ear 48.5

Jugomandibular 80 . 5

Jugofrontal 82 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium

beard, double plus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: half.
Chest. — Development: minus.
Musculature. — Very poor.
Health. — Poor.

No. 200. Plate XXVII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 8 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Color: white. Quantity: head, double minus;

204

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1761

862

1470

187

144

115

115

113

50

37

60

33

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 48.9

Fronto-parietal 79.9

Nasal 74.0

Ear 55.0

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 201

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 80; married for 60 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: spots on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1675

863

1430

195

146

117

138

115

120

70

56

32

61

38

Indices

Cephalic 74.9

Relative sitting height 51 . 5

Fronto-parietal 80.2

Total facial 87.0

Upper facial 50 . 7

Nasal 57.2

Ear 62.3

Jugomandibular 83 . 3

Jugofrontal 84.8

Hair. — Color: white. Quantity: head, shaved; beard, plus; body, average.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: several.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health. — Poor; eye trouble.

No. 202

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 40; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: 2 spots on back of right hand.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1740

Sitting height 870

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

71.6
50.0

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 205

Measurements mm Indices

Acromion to sole 1470 Fronto-parietal 77 . 6

Head length 187 Total facial 100.0

Head breadth 134 Upper facial 61 .7

Minimum frontal diameter . . 104 Nasal 56 . 6

Bizygomatic maximum 123 Ear 53 . 3

Bigonial breadth 96 Jugomandibular 78.0

Total facial height 123 Jugofrontal 84.5

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Texture: medium. Quantity: head, shaved.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, double plus.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: minus.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Poor; eye trouble.

No. 203

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 75; married for 35 years. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 2 dead.

Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: spots on back of each hand and on each temple.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1730 Cephalic 73.4

Sitting height 890 Relative sitting height 51.5

Acromion to sole 1490 Fronto-parietal 77.9

Head length 191 Total facial 94.6

Head breadth 140 Nasal 62.0

Minimum frontal diameter . . 109 Ear 64 . 1

Bizygomatic maximum 128 Jugomandibular 85.2

Bigonial breadth 109 Jugofrontal 85 . 2

Total facial height 121

Nasal height 58

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 41

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: gray. Quantity: head, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Caries: double plus. Lost: 4.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Good.

No. 204

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.
Age: 20; married for 8 years. Sons: 1 dead. Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1650 Cephalic 78.5

Sitting height 828 Relative sitting height 50 . 2

Acromion to sole 1390 Fronto-parietal 76.0

206

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth : . . .

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

181

142

108

132

100

115

70

54

33

60

39

Indices

Total facial 87.1

Upper facial 53 . 0

Nasal 61.1

Ear 65.0

Jugomandibular 75 . 7

Jugofrontal 81.8

Color: dark brown. Quantity:
Iris: zoned.

Hair. — Texture: fine

body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent except for cataract in eye

No. 205

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.
Age: 40; married twice, 25 years ago and 12 years ago.
2, 1, living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

head, double plus; beard, minus;

Sons: 1, 0, living. Daughters:

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1765

868

1470

195

148

113

139

106

121

77

60

34

63

37

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.9
49.2
76.4
87.1
55.4
56.6
58.7
76.3
81.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, plus.

Teeth. — Lost: none. Condition: excellent.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 206

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 40; married for 30 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 3 living, 2 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

207

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1635

808

1392

191

137

113

126

100

114

71

62

35

58

36

Indices

Cephalic 71.7

Relative sitting height 49 . 5

Fronto-parietal 82 . 5

Total facial 90.5

Upper facial 56.4

Nasal 56.5

Ear 62.1

Jugomandibular 79 . 4

Jugofrontal 89.7

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 207. Plate XXVIII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 35; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1771

858

1471

188

149

108

134

108

120

68

54

36

65

34

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

79.3
48.5
72.5
89.6
50.7
66.6
52.3
80.6
80.6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest.— Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 208

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 35; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

mm

Measurements

Standing height 1687

Sitting height 800

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

77.6
47.4

208

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1396

188

146

120

126

104

121

74

60

34

55

35

Indices

Fronto-parietal 82.2

Total facial 96.1

Upper facial 58 . 7

Nasal 56.6

Ear 63.6

Jugomandibular 82 . 6

Jugofrontal 95 . 3

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 209

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.
Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1681

849

1406

188

149

115

135

102

120

65

52

28

58

31

Indices

Cephalic 79.3

Relative sitting height 50 . 5

Fronto-parietal 77.2

Total facial 88.9

Upper facial 48 . 1

Nasal 53.9

Ear 53.4

Jugomandibular 75 . 5

Jugofrontal 85 . 2

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Lost: none. First right upper incisor broken.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 210

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1620

Sitting height 820

Indices

Cephalic 71.9

Relative sitting height 50. 6

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

209

Measurements mm

Acromion to sole 1330

Head length 188

Head breadth 135

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110

Bizygomatic maximum 128

Bigonial breadth 100

Total facial height 110

Upper facial height 66

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 36

Indices

Fronto-parietal 81 . 5

Total facial 86.0

Upper facial 51 . 6

Nasal 58.5

Ear 56.3

Jugomandibular 78.2

Jugofrontal 85 . 9

Hair. — Form: low waves

body, minus.
EYE. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

Texture: medium. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;
Iris: zoned.

NO. 211

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 42; married for 20 years. Sons: 1 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1660

878

1385

189

147

109

131

103

117

68

54

32

63

39

Hair. — Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health.— Excellent.

Indices

Cephalic 77.7

Relative sitting height 52 . 9

Fronto-parietal 74.2

Total facial 89.4

Upper facial 52 . 0

Nasal 59.3

Ear 61.9

Jugomandibular 78 . 6

Jugofrontal 83.2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi.
Age: 32; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 5 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

No. 212

Date: June 6, 1928.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1620

Sitting height 812

Acromion to sole 1345

Indices

Cephalic 81.0

Relative sitting height 50 . 1

Fronto-parietal 77.8

210

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

194

157

122

140

119

123

72

61

33

54

32

Indices

Total facial 87.9

Upper facial 51.5

Nasal 54.1

Ear 59.3

Jugomandibular 85.0

Jugofrontal 87.2

Hair. — Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, minus.
Teeth. — Lost: 2 right upper premolars.
Chest.— Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Excellent.

No. 213,

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi

Age: 45; married for 5 years. No children

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Plate XXVIII, Figs. 3, 4

Date: June 6, 1928.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

861

1410

186

144

114

123

102

126

74

59

37

61

33

Indices

Cephalic 77.4

Relative sitting height 50 . 9

Fronto-parietal 79.2

Total facial 102.4

Upper facial 60. 1

Nasal 62.7

Ear 54.1

Jugomandibular 82 . 9

Jugofrontal 92.7

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Caries: double plus. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Excellent.

NO. 214

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1860

Sitting height 898

Indices

Cephalic 74.5

Relative sitting height 48.3

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

211

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length ,

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . ,

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1490

188

140

110

126

102

120

66

58

35

65

36

Indices

Fron to-parietal 78 . 6

Total facial 95.3

Upper facial 52 . 4

Nasal 60.4

Ear 55.4

Jugomandibular 81.0

Jugofrontal 87.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 215

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: one spot on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1740

888

1453

203

147

115

130

108

135

81

64

36

63

37

Indices

Cephalic 72.4

Relative sitting height 51.0

Fronto-parietal 78.2

Total facial 103.9

Upper facial 62 . 3

Nasal 56.2

Ear 58.7

Jugomandibular 83 . 1

Jugofrontal 88 . 5

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus; body,

plus.
Eye. — Color: black. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 216

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 58; married for 30 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1711

Sitting height 902

Indices

Cephalic 75.0

Relative sitting height 52 . 7

212

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1450

188

141

113

130

104

113

74

57

37

71

37

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

80.1
86.9
57.0
64.9
52.1
80.0
86.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 217

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 62; married for 40 years. Sons: 1 living, 4 dead. Daughters: 3 living.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and spots on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1700

852

1450

199

144

119

136

109

123

82

57

37

60

41

Indices

Cephalic 72.4

Relative sitting height 50 . 1

Fronto-parietal 82.6

Total facial 90.5

Upper facial 60.3

Nasal 64.9

Ear 68.4

Jugomandibular 80.1

Jugofrontal 87.5

Hair. — Texture: fine. Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, minus; beard, double

plus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 218

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 30; married twice, 12 years ago and 1 year ago. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead.

2 living.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: 3 spots on left side of glabella.

Daughters:

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

213

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1746

878

1500

195

131

108

138

110

117

64

52

37

65

38

Indices

Cephalic 67.2

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fronto-parietal 82.4

Total facial 84.7

Upper facial 46 . 4

Nasal 71.2

Ear 58.4

Jugomandibular 79.7

Jugofrontal 78.2

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus; body,

plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

NO. 219.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi.
Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

Plate XXVIII, Figs. 5, 6

Date: June 6, 1928.

mm

1670

813

1375

183

143

109

136

100

119

64

52

30

58

32

Indices

Cephalic 78.2

Relative sitting height 48 . 6

Fronto-parietal 76.2

Total facial 87.5

Upper facial 47 . 1

Nasal 57.7

Ear 55.2

Jugomandibular 73 . 5

Jugofrontal 80 . 1

Texture: coarse. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus.
Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Hair. — Form: low waves.
Eye. — Color: green brown.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 220. Plate XXVIII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 50; married for 15 years. Sons: 4 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

214

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1594

794

1330

191

141

113

135

114

123

74

55

35

73

41

Indices

Cephalic 73.8

Relative sitting height 49 . 7

Fronto-parietal 80.2

Total facial 91.1

Upper facial 54 . 8

Nasal 63.6

Ear 56.2

Jugomandibular 84.4

Jugofrontal 83.7

Hair. — Color: dark brown.
Eye. — Color: dark brown.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

Quantity: head, plus; beard, double plus; body, plus.
Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Caries: double plus. Lost: 4.

No. 221. Plate XXIX, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

813

1386

187

147

120

134

104

121

67

62

36

60

40

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

78.5

.1
.6

.2

48.

81.

90.

50.0

58.0

66.6

77.6

89.5

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: zoned.

NOSE. — Profile: convex.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health.— Excellent.

No. 222. Plate XXIX, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 17; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

215

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1663

814

1370

192

140

114

123

100

124

77

60

36

62

38

Indices

Cephalic 72.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 9

Fronto-parietal 81 . 4

Total facial 100.8

Upper facial 62.6

Nasal 60.0

Ear 61.3

Jugomandibular 81.3

Jugofrontal 92.7

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Teeth. — Caries: double plus. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health.— Excellent.

No. 223

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.
Age: 32; married once. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Indices

Cephalic 74.9

Relative sitting height 52 . 0

Fronto-parietal 79.7

Total facial 76.4

Upper facial 52 . 1

Nasal 38.1

Ear 63.4

Jugomandibular 92 . 8

Jugofrontal 81.4

Measurements mm

Standing height 1727

Sitting height 898

Acromion to sole 1445

Head length 191

Head breadth 143

Minimum frontal diameter. 114

Bizygomatic maximum 140

Bigonial breadth 130

Total facial height 107

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 97

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 38

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus; beard,

minus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 224. Plate XXIX, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 40; married 3 times, 15 years ago, 6 years ago, and 2 years ago.

Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 5 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living, 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

216

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1720

868

1420

199

150

115

145

110

124

75

56

39

66

40

Indices

Cephalic 75.3

Relative sitting height 50 . 5

Fronto-parietal 76 . 6

Total facial 85.5

Upper facial 51 .7

Nasal 69.6

Ear 60.6

Jugomandibular 75.8

Jugofrontal 79.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Quantity: head, minus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 225. Plate XXIX, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 13 years, wife now dead. No children.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1745

868

1460

197

145

114

138

105

113

64

58

37

60

35

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.6
49.7
78.6
81.8
46.3
63.8
58.3
76.1
82.6

Hair. — Color: dark brown black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

CHEST. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 226. Plate XXX, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

217

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1600

818

1310

189

137

117

131

108

115

69

60

35

56

35

Indices

Cephalic 72.4

Relative sitting height 51.2

Fronto-parietal 85.4

Total facial 87.8

Upper facial 52 . 7

Nasal 58.3

Ear 62.5

Jugomandibular 82 . 5

Jugofrontal 89.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown black. Quantity: head,

plus; beard, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 227. Plate XXX, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 7 years. No children.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1736

878

1450

198

149

110

138

117

118

73

57

32

60

40

Indices

Cephalic 75.2

Relative sitting height 50 . 6

Fronto-parietal 73 . 8

Total facial 85.4

Upper facial 52 . 8

Nasal 56.1

Ear 66.6

Jugomandibular 85 . 5

Jugofrontal 79.7

Color: dark brown.
Sclera: clear. Iris:

Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus,
zoned.

Hair. — Form: low waves.

Eye. — Color: dark brown.

Nose. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 228. Plate XXX, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 18; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand, spot on glabella, and spots on both temples.

218

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1604

813

1301

182

148

114

128

100

120

73

55

34

58

33

Indices

Cephalic 81.2

Relative sitting height 50 . 6

Fronto-parietal 77.0

Total facial 93.8

Upper facial 57 .0

Nasal 61.8

Ear 56.9

Jugomandibular 78 . 1

Jugofrontal 89.1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, double minus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: double plus. Unerupted: third molar.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 229. Plate XXX, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 10 years. Sons: 2 dead. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1680

840

1410

184

143

117

140

119

115

66

50

33

60

35

Indices

Cephalic 77.7

Relative sitting height 50.0

Fronto-parietal 81 . 8

Total facial 82.1

Upper facial 47 . 1

Nasal 66.0

Ear 58.3

Jugomandibular 85 . 0

Jugofrontal 86 . 0

Color:

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine.

double plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris:
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth.— Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 230. Plate XXXI, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 50; married for 30 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

black. Quantity: head, double plus; beard,
zoned.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

219

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1690

838

1430

182

142

109

128

109

123

69

58

36

61

43

Indices

Cephalic 78.0

Relative sitting height 49 . 6

Fronto-parietal 76.7

Total facial 96.1

Upper facial 53.9

Nasal 62.1

Ear 70.5

Jugomandibular 85 . 1

Jugofrontal 85 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head,

plus; beard, plus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: gray brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good.
Deformed right hand, radius, and ulna.

No. 231. Plate XXXI, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.

Age: 55; married for 22 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: two crosses on inside of left forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1740

898

1470

192

156

122

144

115

130

82

70

40

65

40

Indices

Cephalic 81.2

Relative sitting height 51.6

Fronto-parietal 78.2

Total facial 90.2

Upper facial 56 . 9

Nasal 57.2

Ear 61.5

Jugomandibular 78 . 8

Jugofrontal 84 . 7

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard, plus; body,

plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Excellent.
Health.— Excellent.

No. 232. Plate XXXI, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi. Date: June 6, 1928.
Age: 25; unmarried.

220

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1660

823

1374

195

142

113

130

103

122

72

60

37

61

46

Indices

Cephalic 72.8

Relative sitting height 49 . 6

Fronto-parietal 79.5

Total facial 93.8

Upper facial 55 . 4

Nasal 55.2

Ear 75.4

Jugomandibular 79 . 2

Jugofrontal 86 . 9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown black. Quantity: head, triple

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Swadi.
Age: 100; married for 50 years.
Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

NO. 233
Date: June 6, 1928.

MM

1770

883

1470

190

132

110

128

107

115

70

62

41

70

40

Indices

Cephalic 69.4

Relative sitting height 49 . 8

Fronto-parietal 83.3

Total facial 89.9

Upper facial 54 . 7

Nasal 66 . 1

Ear 57.2

Jugomandibular 83.6

Jugofrontal 85 . 9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: gray. Quantity: head, minus; beard,

triple plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Eyebrow. — Thickness: double plus. Concurrency: double plus. Lateral extent: double plus.
Brow-ridges: median.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: flaring, plus.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: plus. Lost: none.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: average. Helix: double plus. Darwin's Point: double plus.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

221

Chest.— Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 234. Plate XXXI, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1764

940

1478

188

139

113

121

110

119

74

61

36

64

31

Indices

Cephalic 73.9

Relative sitting height 53 . 3

Fronto-parietal 81 . 3

Total facial 98.3

Upper facial 61 . 1

Nasal 59.0

Ear 48.4

Jugomandibular 90.9

Jugofrontal 93.4

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double
Iris: zoned.

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda.
Age: 21; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 2 dead
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 235. Plate XXXII, Figs. 1, 2

Date: June 7, 1928.

MM

1664

830

1380

183

141

108

127

100

116

75

55

37

64

37

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 49.9

Fronto-parietal 76.5

Total facial 91.3

Upper facial 59 . 1

Nasal 67.2

Ear 57.8

Jugomandibular 78.8

Jugofrontal 85 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Iris: zoned.

222

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 236. Plate XXXII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1701

870

1420

191

147

115

137

103

113

66

53

34

65

40

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 51 . 1

Fronto-parietal 78.2

Total facial 82.5

Upper facial 48 . 2

Nasal 64.2

Ear 61.5

Jugomandibular 75.2

Jugofrontal 84 . 0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

Color: black but dyed with henna.
Iris: zoned.

No. 237. Plate XXXII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda.
Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: spot on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height.

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

Date: June 7, 1928.

MM

1636

790

1337

183

141

115

135

96

113

70

55

38

55

34

Indices

Cephalic 77.1

Relative sitting height 48 . 3

Fronto-parietal 81 . 5

Total facial 83.7

Upper facial 51.8

Nasal 69.1

Ear 61.8

Jugomandibular 71.1

Jugofrontal 85 . 2

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: coarse. Color: black.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
NOSE. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

223

Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 238. Plate XXXII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 25; married for 8 years. No children.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter. ,

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1730

890

1421

188

138

106

132

101

114

68

50

37

70

32

Indices

Cephalic 73.4

Relative sitting height 51 .4

Fronto-parietal 76 . 8

Total facial 86.4

Upper facial 51 . 5

Nasal 74.0

Ear 45.7

Jugomandibular 76 . 5

Jugofrontal 80 . 3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown, dyed with henna.

Quantity: head, double plus; beard, average; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 239. Plate XXXIII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 dead.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand, spots on both temples.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length .

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1882

880

1525

185

148

115

137

109

113

65

53

37

61

40

Indices

Cephalic 79.9

Relative sitting height 46 . 7

Fronto-parietal 77 . 6

Total facial 82.4

Upper facial 47 . 4

Nasal 69.8

Ear 65.6

Jugomandibular 79.6

Jugofrontal 83 . 9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double
plus; beard, average.

224

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose.— Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, minus. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health.— Excellent.

No. 240

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 7 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 4 living.

Tattoo marks: spots on back of right hand and one spot on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1777

896

1510

179

138

115

134

100

116

71

54

34

60

42

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot.
Nose. — Profile: concave.
Teeth. — Lost: first right upper molar.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health.— Excellent.

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 50.4

Fronto-parietal 83.3

Total facial 86.6

Upper facial 53.0

Nasal 62.9

Ear 70.0

Jugomandibular 74.7

Jugofrontal 85 . 8

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, triple
Iris: zoned.

No. 241. Plate XXXIII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 26; married for 15 years. Sons: 1 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 1 dead.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1666

Sitting height 870

Acromion to sole 1411

Head length 178

Head breadth 143

Minimum frontal diameter . . 109

Bizygomatic maximum 137

Bigonial breadth 96

Total facial height 114

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 58

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 36

Indices

Cephalic 80.3

Relative sitting height 52 . 2

Fronto-parietal 76.2

Total facial 83.2

Upper facial 51.1

Nasal 65 . 5

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 70 . 0

Jugofrontal 79.6

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

225

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concave.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Poor.

No. 242. Plate XXXIII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1670

805

1425

179

133

113

128

102

113

66

52

33

59

29

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

74.4
48.1
84.9
88.3
51.6
63.4
49.2
79.7
88.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Excellent.

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda

Age: 35; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1630

Sitting height 850

Acromion to sole 1360

Head length 191

Head breadth 146

Minimum frontal diameter . . 105

Bizygomatic maximum 136

Bigonial breadth 105

Total facial height 120

Upper facial height 66

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 40

No. 243. Plate XXXIII, Figs. 7, 8
Date: June 7, 1928.

Indices

Cephalic 76.3

Relative sitting height 52. 1

Fronto-parietal 71.8

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal 77.2

88
48
54
66

77

226

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse.

beard, plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 244. Plate XXXIV, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;
Iris: zoned.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth "

Ear length

Ear breadth

Hair. — Form: low waves.
Eye. — Color: dark brown.
NOSE. — Profile: convex.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Excellent.

MM

1727
860
1455
190
138
108
123
96

124

70

54

.• 35

61

34

Texture: fine.
Sclera: clear.

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

. 72.6
. 49.8
. 78.2
.100.8
. 56.9
, 64.8
55.7
. 78.1
. 87.9

Color: dark brown.
7ns: zoned.

3,4

No. 245. Plate XXXIV, Figs.

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 12 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1723

867

1455

196

152

120

138

110

128

77

60

34

60

33

Indices

Cephalic 77.5

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fronto-parietal 78.9

Total facial 92.7

Upper facial 55.8

Nasal 56.7

Ear 54.9

Jugomandibular 79.7

Jugofrontal 87.0

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

227

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown and gray.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, minus; depressed. Wings: compressed.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 246. Plate XXXIV, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 21; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1745

900

1465

190

143

110

130

110

115

63

53

37

65

37

Indices

Cephalic 75.3

Relative sitting height 52 . 6

Fronto-parietal 76.9

Total facial 88.4

Upper facial 48 . 5

Nasal 69.8

Ear 56.9

Jugomandibular 84 . 6

Jugofrontal 84 . 6

Hair. — Color: dark brown. Head shaved.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Poor, much fever.

No. 247. Plate XXXIV, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: spots on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1690

835

1415

182

137

107

122

100

113

68

50

35

62

30

Indices

Cephalic 75.2

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 78 . 1

Total facial 92.6

Upper facial 55.7

Nasal 70.0

Ear 48.3

Jugomandibular 82.0

Jugofrontal 87.7

Hair. — Form: low waves,
average.

Texture: fine. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus; body,

228

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eye.— Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Teeth. — Condition: good.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 248. Plate XXXV, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 4 living.

Tattoo marks: spots on right wrist and one spot on nasion.

Indices

Cephalic 75.8

Relative sitting height 49 . 2

Fronto-parietal 81 . 4

Total facial 86.5

Upper facial 53 . 8

Nasal 71.2

Ear 67.8

Jugomandibular 79.0

Jugof rontal 92 . 4

Measurements mm

Standing height 1730

Sitting height 850

Acromion to sole 1420

Head length 178

Head breadth 135

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110

Bizygomatic maximum 119

Bigonial breadth 94

Total facial height 103

Upper facial height 64

Nasal height . 52

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 59

Ear breadth 40

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, triple plus; beard, minus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health.— Excellent.

No. 249. Plate XXXV, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 40; married twice, 20 years ago and 10 years ago. Sons: 2, 0, living. Daughters: 1,

1, living.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1765

Sitting height 847

Acromion to sole 1500

Head length 196

Head breadth 137

Minimum frontal diameter . . 114

Bizygomatic maximum 128

Bigonial breadth 103

Total facial height 113

Upper facial height 68

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 37

Indices

Cephalic 69.9

Relative sitting height 47 . 9

Fronto-parietal 83.2

Total facial 88.3

Upper facial 53 . 1

Nasal 61.7

Ear 57.8

Jugomandibular 80 . 5

Jugofrontal 89.1

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

229

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, average; beard,

plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 250. Plate XXXV, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 45; married twice, 20 years ago and 5 years ago. Sons: 2, 0, living; 1, 0, dead.

Daughters: 1, 0, living.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: spots on right wrist and spot on each temple.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1605

Sitting height 814

Acromion to sole 1318

Head length 191

Head breadth 138

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110

Bizygomatic maximum 125

Bigonial breadth 104

Total facial height 123

Upper facial height 74

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 65

Ear breadth 40

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown and gray.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: elevated. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 251. Plate XXXV, Figs. 7, 8

Indices'

Cephalic ' 72.2

Relative sitting height 50 . 6

Fronto-parietal 79.7

Total facial 98.2

Upper facial 59 . 2

Nasal 63.1

Ear 61.5

Jugomandibular 83 . 2

Jugofrontal 88 . 0

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda.
Age: 40; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: spot on each temple.
Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

Date: June 7, 1928.

MM

1672

810

1410

188

145

113

141

107

118

73

57

35

58

34

Indices

Cephalic 77

Relative sitting height 48

Fronto-parietal 77

Total facial 83

Upper facial ...;.. 51

Nasal 61.4

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 75.9

Jugofrontal 80 . 1

230

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

HAIR.— Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex.

Teeth.— Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 252. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 40; unmarried.

Brothers: 7 living. Sisters: 4 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand and gazelle and spots on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1554

794

1312

177

141

115

129

105

125

71

62

36

53

37

Indices

Cephalic 79.6

Relative sitting height 51.1

Fronto-parietal 81 . 5

Total facial 96.8

Upper facial 55.0

Nasal 58.1

Ear 69.8

Jugomandibular 81.4

Jugofrontal 89.2

Hair. — Form: low waves.
Eye. — Color: dark brown.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

Texture: medium.
Sclera: bloodshot.

Color: dark brown.
7m: zoned.

No. 253. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sayyid Ruda. Date: June 7, 1928.
Age: 35; married for 3 years. No children.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: spots on both wrists.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1600

862

1320

194

141

107

128

108

122

76

54

48

61

36

Indices

Cephalic 72.6

Relative sitting height 53.9

Fronto-parietal 75.9

Total facial 95.2

Upper facial 59.4

Nasal 88.8

Ear 59.0

Jugomandibular 84.4

Jugofrontal 83.6

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

23i

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 254. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Miniehil. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 55; married for 30 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1744

850

1544

187

141

115

138

106

130

53

36

60

32

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.4
48.7
81.5
94.2
67.9
53.4
76.8
83.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown and gray.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth.— Lost: 5.

CHEST. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 255

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.
Age: 40; married for 14 years. No children.
Brothers: 3 dead. Sisters: 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1680

857

1425

175

131

105

131

105

128

83

66

30

65

36

Indices

Cephalic 74.9

Relative sitting height 51.0

Fronto-parietal 80.2

Total facial 97.6

Upper facial 63 . 3

Nasal 45 . 4

Ear 55.3

Jugomandibular 80.2

Jugofrontal 80.2

Hair. — Form: low waves,
plus; body, plus.

Texture: fine. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus; beard,

232

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eye.— Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Lost: 2. Condition: poor.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 256

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 25; married for 10 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle on right hand and forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1685

872

1425

197

138

109

135

107

126

76

62

30

61

35

Indices

Cephalic 70.0

Relative sitting height 51 .8

Fronto-parietal 78.9

Total facial 93.3

Upper facial 56.3

Nasal 48.4

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 79.3

Jugofrontal 80.7

Hair. — Form: low waves
Eye. — Color: dark brown
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good.

Texture: medium. Color: black.
Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Wings: medium -compressed.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem.
Age: 42; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on right hand.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1710

Sitting height 892

Acromion to sole 1455

Head length 196

Head breadth 151

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116

Bizygomatic maximum 138

Bigonial breadth Ill

Total facial height 116

Upper facial height 74

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 39

Ear length 65

Ear breadth 42

NO. 257

Date: June 7, 1928.

Indices

Cephalic 76.9

Relative sitting height 52 . 2

Fronto-parietal 76.8

Total facial 84.1

Upper facial 53.6

Nasal 65.0

Ear 64.7

Jugomandibular 80 . 5

Jugofrontal 84. 1

Hair.- — Form: low waves.
Eye. — Color: gray brown.

Color: dark brown black.

Sclera: speckled and bloodshot. Iris: rayed.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

233

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.
Teeth. — Caries: double plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Poor.

No. 258.

Plate XXXVI, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Age: 40; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: spots on back of left wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1660

887

1340

184

149

113

138

115

120

77

62

38

65

38

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

80.9
53.4
75.8
86.9
55.8
61.3
58.4
83.3
81.9

Hair. — Quantity: head, average; beard, minus; body, average.

Eye.— Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7ns: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health.— Good.

Skin very dark in color. Appears to have some Negro blood.

No. 259. Plate XXXVII, Figs. 1, 2

Date: June 7, 1928.

1 dead. Daughters: 1 living.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem.

Age: 30; married for 10 years. Sons

Brothers: 3 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle on right hand and forearm

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1650

867

1370

183

138

106

122

95

113

78

64

31

61

36

Indices

Cephalic 75.3

Relative sitting height 52 . 6

Fronto-parietal 76.8

Total facial 92.6

Upper facial 63 . 9

Nasal 48.5

Ear 59.0

Jugomandibular 77.9

Jugofrontal 86 . 9

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: zoned.

234 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: elevated. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Excellent.
Health. — Good.

No. 260. Plate XXXVII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Ghatal. Age: 40; married for 20 years. Sons: 1 living, 2 dead.

Daughters: 2 living.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle on right hand and forearm; spots on left hand; 6 spots over

left eye, and 7 spots over right eye.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1744 Cephalic 76.8

Sitting height 889 Relative sitting height 51.0

Acromion to sole 1460 Fronto-parietal 76.1

Head length 185 Total facial 100.0

Head breadth 142 Upper facial 60.3

Minimum frontal diameter. . 108 Nasal 69.1

Bizygomatic maximum 121 Ear 61 . 5

Bigonial breadth 92 Jugomandibular 76.0

Total facial height 121 Jugofrontal 89.2

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 65

Ear breadth 40

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown black. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled and bloodshot. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: elevated. Wings: medium.
Teeth.— Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 261. Plate XXXVII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Abdullah on Tigris River.
Married for 6 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle on right hand and forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1690 Cephalic 74.5

Sitting height 819 Relative sitting height 48.5

Acromion to sole 1442 Fronto-parietal 74 . 5

Head length 189 Total facial 98.4

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 59 . 3

Minimum frontal diameter . . 105 Nasal 55 . 1

Bizygomatic maximum 128 Ear 65.2

Bigonial breadth 100 Jugomandibular 78.2

Total facial height 126 Jugofrontal 82.1

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 58

Nasal breadth 32

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

235

Measurements mm

Ear length 46

Ear breadth 30

Hair. — Texture: fine. Color: dark brown black. Quantity: head, average; beard, average;

body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 262

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Abdullah. Age: 26; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: spot on right wrist and one on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

857

1443

187

136

104

128

100

122

81

70

38

62

32

Indices

Cephalic 72.7

Relative sitting height 50.7

Fronto-parietal 76.4

Total facial 95.3

Upper facial 63.2

Nasal 54.3

Ear 51.6

Jugomandibular 78.2

Jugofrontal 81 .3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 263. Plate XXXVII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Abdullah. Age: 32; married twice, 13 years ago and 9 years ago.

Sons: 1, 1, living. Daughters: 0, 2, living.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

mm Indices

1720 Cephalic 75.4

847 Relative sitting height 49.2

1450 Fronto-parietal 78:6

192 Total facial 95.5

145 Upper facial 59.7

114 Nasal 5078

134 Ear. 45.9

108 Jugomandibular; 80.6

128 Jugofrontal 85.1

80

236

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Nasal height 63

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 61

Ear breadth... 28

Hair. — Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Dyed with henna.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Wear: plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 264. Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 35; married twice, 15 years ago and 3 years ago. Sons: 0, 1, living.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1720

847

1445

187

140

113

136

105

115

83

61

32

65

28

Indices

Cephalic 74.8

Relative sitting height 49 . 2

Fronto-parietal 80.7

Total facial 84.6

Upper facial . . '. 61 . 0

Nasal 52.4

Ear 43.1

Jugomandibular 77 . 2

Jugofrontal 83 . 1

Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Wings: compressed.

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, average; beard,

plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 265. Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.
Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Abdullah. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spots on right wrist.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1712

Sitting height 890

Acromion to sole 1442

Head length 184

Head breadth 143

Minimum frontal diameter. . Ill

Bizygomatic maximum 130

Bigonial breadth 116

Indices

Cephalic 78.1

Relative sitting height 51 . 9

Fronto-parietal 77.6

Total facial, 90.7

Upper facial 54 . 6

Nasal , 53.3

Ear 51.6

Jugomandibular 89 . 3

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 237

Measurements mm Indices

Total facial height 118 Jugofrontal 85.4

Upper facial height 71

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: speckled and bloodshot. Iris: zoned. Condition: fair.
Nose. — Profile: convex.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Fair.
Right eye blind and left eye strained. Cataract forming in left eye.

No. 266

Locality: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Ghatal. Age: 50; married for 20 years. Sons: 2 living, 1 dead.

Daughters: 3 living.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: glove on right hand; line of spots across forehead (one-inch gap at glabella).

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1780 Cephalic 79.8

Sitting height 877 Relative sitting height 49.4

Acromion to sole 1530 Fronto-parietal 78 . 1

Head length 188 Total facial 94.3

Head breadth 150 Upper facial 58. 1

Minimum frontal diameter . . 117 Nasal 61.7

Bizygomatic maximum 141 Ear 54.4

Bigonial breadth 110 Jugomandibular 78.0

Total facial height 133 Jugofrontal 83.0

Upper facial height 82

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 68

Ear breadth 37

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health.— Excellent.

No. 267

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 80; married for 50 years. Sons: 1 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 2 dead.

Brothers: 4 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1730 Cephalic 70.6

Sitting height 867 Relative sitting height 50. 1

Acromion to sole 1460 Fronto-parietal 80 . 7

Head length 191 Total facial 83.1

238

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Xasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

135

109

136

107

113

74

61

37

60

37

Indices

Upper facial 54 .4

Nasal 60.7

Ear 61.7

Jugomandibular 78 . 7

Jugofrontal 80.2

Hair. — Color: gray (reddish from henna). Quantity: head, average; beard, double plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
NOSE. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 15 or 16.
Chest. — Development: minus.
Musculature. — Poor.
Health. — Good.

No. 269

Locality: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Abdullah. Age: 40; married for 30 years. Sons: none.

Daughters: 2 living.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1680

882

1450

174

143

110

124

106

113

79

60

31

66

31

Indices

Cephalic 82.2

Relative sitting height 52 . 4

Fronto-parietal 76.9

Total facial 91.1

Upper facial 63.7

Nasal 51.7

Ear 47.0

Jugomandibular 85.5

Jugofrontal 88.7

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Derelopment: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 270A

Locality: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Birthplace: camp of Sheikh Abdullah. Age: 34; married for 2 years. Sons: none. Daughters:

1 living.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: 2 spots on right wrist and on inside of right forearm.
Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1693

Sitting height 892

Cephalic 75.2

Relative sitting height 52.7

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

239

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1402

186

140

111

126

105

116

77

62

31

55

29

Indices

Fronto-parietal . . 72.3

Total facial.... 92.1

Upper facial 61 . 1

Nasal 50.0

Ear 52.7

Jugomandibular 83 . 4

Jugofrontal 88 . 1

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

NO. 270B

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 15 years. Sons: 2 living, 1 dead. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle on right hand and forearm.

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

198

152

108

133

118

123

78

65

39

68

36

Indices

Cephalic 76.7

Fronto-parietal 71.0

Total facial 92.4

Upper facial 58 . 7

Nasal 60.0

Ear 52.9

Jugomandibular 88 . 7

Jugofrontal 81.2

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, triple

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. —Excellent.
Health. — Good.

NO. 271

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle on right hand and forearm.

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

mm Indices

178 Cephalic 79.8

142 Fronto-parietal 75.3

107 Total facial 91.6

240

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Bizygomatic maximum 130

Bigonial breadth 100

Total facial height 119

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 58

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 38

Indices

Upper facial 55 .4

Nasal 58.6

Ear 65.5

Jugomandibular 77 . 0

Jugofrontal 82.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, average;

body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none. Condition: good.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 272. Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 18; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

184

139

116

128

97

117

72

58

34

64

35

Indices

Cephalic 75

Fronto-parietal 83

Total facial 91

Upper facial 56

Nasal 58

Ear 54.7

Jugomandibular 75.8

Jugofrontal 90.6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns; zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Teeth. — Lost: none. Third molars unerupted.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 273. Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 7

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.
Age: 25; married for 10 years. No children.
Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on nose.

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

mm Indices

188 Cephalic 71.8

135 Fronto-parietal 77.7

105 Total facial 96.0

125 Upper facial 60.8

101 Nasal 60.0

120 Ear 54.8

76 Jugomandibular 80.9

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 241

Measurements mm Indices

Nasal height 60 Jugofrontal 84.0

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 34

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

NO. 274

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 15 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle; spots on right temple.

Measurements mm Indices

Head length 182 Cephalic 78.0

Head breadth 142 Fronto-parietal 71.1

Minimum frontal diameter. . 101 Total facial 94.4

Bizygomatic maximum 125 Upper facial 62 . 3

Bigonial breadth 90 Nasal 48.5

Total facial height 118 Ear 56.9

Upper facial height 78 Jugomandibular 72.0

Nasal height 66 Jugofrontal 80 . 9

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 33

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7ns: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.
Brother of No. 266.

No. 275. Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: cross on each temple.

Measurements mm Indices

Head length 187 Cephalic 74.8

Head breadth 140 Fronto-parietal 81.4

Minimum frontal diameter. . 114 Total facial 74.6

Bizygomatic maximum 134 Upper facial 59 . 7

Bigonial breadth 110 Nasal 56.6

Total facial height 100 Ear 50.0

Upper facial height 80 Jugomandibular 82. 1

Nasal height 60 Jugofrontal 85 . 1

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 32

242

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 276

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem.
Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on right hand.

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter. .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

Date: June 7, 1928.

MM

183

139

104

127

97

114

67

58

30

63

30

Indices

Cephalic

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.9

74.8
89.7
52.8
51.7
47.7
76.4
81.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned. .

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, double plus.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

NO. 277

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 2 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: line on left temple.

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth :

mm

198

130

108

119

100

117

68

53

38

62

35

Indices

Cephalic 65.6

Fronto-parietal 82 . 9

Total facial 98.3

Upper facial 57 . 1

Nasal 71.7

Ear 56.4

Jugomandibular 84.1

Jugofrontal 90.8

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, plus. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 243

Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 278. Plate XXXIX, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 70; married for 30 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living, 2 dead.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Head length 198 Cephalic 71.2

Head breadth 141 Fronto-parietal 80 . 8

Minimum frontal diameter. . 114 Total facial 87.2

Bizygomatic maximum 133 Upper facial 57 . 1

Bigonial breadth 100 Nasal 64.3

Total facial height 116 Ear 52.9

Upper facial height 76 Jugomandibular 75.2

Nasal height 56 Jugofrontal 85 .7

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 68

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Color: gray. Quantity: head, average; beard, double plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 279. Plate XXXIX, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 50; married for 15 years. Sons: 2 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 1 dead.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Head length 193 Cephalic 69.2

Head breadth 137 Fronto-parietal 85.4

Minimum frontal diameter. . 117 Total facial 93.3

Bizygomatic maximum 136 Upper facial 56 . 8

Bigonial breadth 100 Nasal 54 . 6

Total facial height 127 Ear 55.2

Upper facial height 76 Jugomandibular 73 . 6

Nasal height 66 Jugofrontal 86 . 1

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard, average; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Teeth.— Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 280. Plate XXXIX, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.
Age: 20; unmarried.

244 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Head length 187 Cephalic 71.6

Head breadth 134 Fronto-parietal 87.3

Minimum frontal diameter . . 117 Total facial 95 . 5

Bizygomatic maximum 134 Upper facial 56 . 7

Bigonial breadth 113 Nasal 70.2

Total facial height 128 Ear 52.4

Upper facial height 76 Jugomandibular 84.3

Nasal height 57 Jugofrontal 87.3

Nasal breadth 40

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Form: straight. Texture: medium. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

High cheek-bones suggest Mongoloid blood.

No. 281A. Plate XXXIX, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 15 years. Sons: 3 living. Daughters: 1 living, 2 dead.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Head length 193 Cephalic 70.4

Head breadth 136 Fronto-parietal 83.8

Minimum frontal diameter. . 114 Total facial 90.0

Bizygomatic maximum 131 Upper facial 58.8

Bigonial breadth 99 Nasal 60.0

Total facial height 118 Ear 54.3

Upper facial height 77 Jugomandibular 75 . 6

Nasal height 60 Jugofrontal 77 . 1

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 70

Ear breadth 38

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 1.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 281B

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 55; married for 4 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Head length 193 Cephalic 74.6

Head breadth 144 Fronto-parietal 76.4

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

245

Measurements
Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

110

136

116

122

78

66

35

63

41

Indices

Total facial 89.7

Upper facial 56 . 3

Nasal 53.0

Ear 65.1

Jugomandibular 85 . 3

Jugofrontal 80.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, double

plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 2.
Ear. — Darwin's Point: double plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 282. Plate XL, Fig. 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 80; married for 50 years. Sons: 1 living, 3 dead. Daughters: none.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

198

153

112

146

113

127

66

76

34

86

33

Indices

Cephalic 77.2

Fronto-parietal 73 .2

Total facial 86.9

Upper facial 45 . 2

Nasal 44.7

Ear 38.4

Jugomandibular 77 . 3

Jugofrontal 76.7

Hair. — Color: gray. Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus; body, average.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7ns: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: many.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

Very prominent malars. Cheeks full.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem.
Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter. .

No. 283
Date: June 7, 1928.

mm Indices

184 Cephalic 74.4

137 Fronto-parietal 83.2

114 Total facial 89.4

246 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Bizygomatic maximum ..... 132 Upper facial 53.8

Bigonial breadth 104 Nasal 67.9

Total facial height 118 Ear 53.9

Upper facial height . 71 Jugomandibular 78.8

Nasal height 53 Jugofrontal 86.4

Nasal breadth ; . 36

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 34

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none. Unerupted: third molars.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

NO. 285

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 18; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: spots on back of right hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Head length 191 Cephalic 72.2

Head breadth 138 Fronto-parietal 79.0

Minimum frontal diameter . . 109 Total facial 89 . 8

Bizygomatic maximum 127 Upper facial 52 . 7

Bigonial breadth 101 Nasal 61.8

Total facial height 114 Ear 68.7

Upper facial height 67 Jugomandibular 79 . 5

Nasal height 55 Jugofrontal 85.9

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 44

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none. Unerupted: third molars.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 286. Plate XL, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem. Date: June 7, 1928.

Age: 90; married for 70 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Head length 182 Cephalic 70.3

Head breadth 128 Fronto-parietal 83.6

Minimum frontal diameter . . 107 Total facial 98 . 3

Bizygomatic maximum 121 Upper facial 76 . 0

Bigonial breadth 98 Nasal 40.0

Total facial height 119 Ear 47.8

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

247

Measurements mm

Upper facial height 92

Nasal height 80

Nasal breadth.. • 32

Ear length 67

Ear breadth 32

Indices

Jugomandibular 81.0

Jugofrontal 88 . 4

Hair. — Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: speckled and bloodshot. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: all but 1.

Chest. — Development: double minus.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Poor.

Deformed right hand. Condition of eyes poor. Extremely thin.

No. 287

Residence: camp of Sheikh Khadem.
Age: 30; married for 4 years. Sons:
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

Date:
none.

194

144

106

114

105

114

70

61

34

62

37

June 7, 1928.
Daughters: 2 living.

Indices

Cephalic 74.2

Fronto-parietal 73 . 6

Total facial 100.0

Upper facial 61 .4

Nasal : . . . 55.7

Ear 59.6

Jugomandibular 92.0

Jugofrontal 93 . 0

Hair. — Color: dark brown.
Eye. — Color: dark brown.
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good.

Quantity: head, average; beard, plus; body, plus.
Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

No. 288. Plate XL, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Ghatal.
Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spots over glabella.
Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . .

Bizygomatic maximum .....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

Date: June 7, 1928.

MM

180

138

108

127

107

118

80

64

34

60

38

Indices

Cephalic 76

Fronto-parietal 78

Total facial 92

Upper facial 63

Nasal 53

Ear 63.3

Jugomandibular 84 . 3

Jugofrontal 85 . 0

248

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 350

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 40; married for 15 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 4 living, 2 dead.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1700

831

1400

188

151

114

142

100

130

78

60

32

63

32

Indices

Cephalic 80.3

Relative sitting height 48 . 8

Fron to-parietal. 75 . 5

Total facial 91.6

Upper facial 54 . 9

Nasal 53 . 4

Ear 50.8

Jugomandibular 70 . 5

Jugofrontal 80.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: many.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 351

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 3 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1630

793

1333

180

134

107

115

93

121

66

58

34

67

33

Indices

Cephalic 74.5

Relative sitting height 48.7

Fronto-parietal 79.9

Total facial 105.2

Upper facial 57.4

Nasal 58.6

Ear 49.3

Jugomandibular 80.9

Jugofrontal 93 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;
beard, plus; body, plus.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

249

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth.— Lost: 1.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 352

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 20; married for 1 year. No children.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: cross and spot on back of right wrist.

MM

Indices

Cephalic 68.7

Relative sitting height 45 . 4

Fronto-parietal 85.0

Total facial 91.3

Upper facial 57 . 1

Nasal 56.4

Ear 54.9

Jugomandibular 81.0

Jugofrontal 90. 5

Measurements

Standing height 1695

Sitting height 770

Acromion to sole 1395

Head length 195

Head breadth 134

Minimum frontal diameter. . 114

Bizygomatic maximum 126

Bigonial breadth 102

Total facial height 115

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 34

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 1.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 353

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1600

760

1310

195

143

107

128

100

134

74

60

36

52

39

Indices

Cephalic 73.4

Relative sitting height 47 . 5

Fronto-parietal 74.9

Total facial 104.8

Upper facial 57.8

Nasal 60.0

Ear 75.0

Jugomandibular 78.2

Jugofrontal 83 . 6

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: coarse. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body,
average.

250

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eye. — Color: green brown.
Nose. — Profile: concave.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

Sclera: clear. 7ns: zoned.

No. 354

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 2 years. No children.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1770

875

1405

205

138

117

141

120

131

77

62

36

66

41

Indices

Cephalic 67.4

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 84.9

Total facial 92.9

Upper facial 54 . 6

Nasal 58.0

Ear 62.1

Jugomandibular 85.2

Jugofrontal 83 . 0

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous. Blind in right eye.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Lost: 1.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 355. Plate XL, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 75; married for 8 years (wife now dead). Sons: none. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1725

805

1500

191

147

113

143

108

125

72

57

39

80

45

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 46.6

Fronto-parietal 76.9

Total facial 87.5

Upper facial 50 . 4

Nasal 68.4

Ear 56.3

Jugomandibular 75 . 5

Jugofrontal 79.0

Hair. — Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

251

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: many.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz.
Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 356. Plate XLI, Figs. 1, 2

Date: June 9, 1928.

1605

743

1330

181

136

108

130

98

106

65

60

33

60

37

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.2
46.2
79.4
81.6
50.0
55.0
61.6
75.4
83.1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
NOSE. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-flaring.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

No. 357. Plate XLI, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 50; married for 20 years. No children.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: spots on back of left wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height.

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1655

722

1370

184

130

106

126

100

■111

69

60

40

61

34

Indices

Cephalic 70.6

Relative sitting height 43.6

Fronto-parietal 81.6

Total facial 88.1

Upper facial 60 . 2

Nasal 66.7

Ear 56.7

Jugomandibular 79 . 5

Jugofrontal »•> 84.2

Hair. — Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, average; beard, double plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium.

252

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Teeth.— Lost: 1.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

No. 358. Plate XLI, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sisters: 1 living, 4 dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1695

844

1380

198

147

110

138

107

127

85

61

33

65

30

Indices

Cephalic 74.2

Relative sitting height 49 . 8

Fronto-parietal 74.9

Total facial 92.1

Upper facial 61.6

Nasal 54 . 1

Ear 46.2

Jugomandibular 77.6

Jugofrontal 79.7

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good.

No. 359. Plate XLI, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1750

805

1450

193

140

110

128

99

120

78

61

38

67

35

Indices

Cephalic 72.6

Relative sitting height 46 . 0

Fronto-parietal 78 . 6

Total facial 93.9

Upper facial 60 . 9

Nasal 62.3

Ear 52.3

Jugomandibular 77 . 3

Jugofrontal 86 . 0

Hair. — Form: frizzly woolly. Texture: coarse.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

253

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 360. Plate XLII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 40; married for 10 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 dead.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: spot on chin.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1710

830

1405

197

145

119

136

109

117

66

45

31

60

32

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear...

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.6
48.6
82.1
86.1
48.6
69.9
53.4
80.1
87.5

Hair. — Quantity: head, average.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth.— Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

Very prominent malars. Cheeks full.

No. 361. Plate XLII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living, 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: spots on inside of right upper arm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1725

835

1452

203

141

116

135

104

118

73

56

35

67

33

Indices

Cephalic 69.4

Relative sitting height 48.4

Fronto-parietal 82 . 3

Total facial 87.4

Upper facial 54 . 1

Nasal 62.5

Ear 49.3

Jugomandibular 77.0

Jugofrontal 85 . 9

254

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous. Slightly cross-eyed. Right

Hair. — Color: dark brown
Eye. — Color: dark brown.

eye bad.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 362. Plate XLII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 33; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Xasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1645

782

1375

188

146

118

138

105

121

71

58

35

58

34

Indices

Cephalic 77.7

Relative sitting height 47 . 6

Fronto-parietal 80.9

Total facial 87.7

Upper facial 51 . 4

Nasal 60.4

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 76 . 1

Jugofrontal 85.5

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Lost: 1.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 363. Plate XLII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1655

805

1365

198

144

119

136

96

114

67

53

34

60

30

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

72.7
48.6
82.7
83.9
49.3
64.1
50.0
70.6
87.5

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

255

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 364. Plate XLIII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 20; married for 3 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1625

728

1320

184

131

114

134

103

108

68

55

35

59

32

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

71.2

44.8
87.1
80.6
50.7
63.6
54.3
76.9
85.1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Lost: none. Condition: good.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 365. Plate XLIII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 19; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1614

770

1340

187

145

108

130

98

113

70

60

32

58

34

Indices

Cephalic 77.6

Relative sitting height 47.7

Fronto-parietal 74.5

Total facial 87.0

Upper facial 53 . 8

Nasal. 53.4

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 75.4

Jugofrontal 83 . 1

256 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Hair. — Texture: medium. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body, average.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

Marked prominence of malars.

No. 366. Plate XLIII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 17; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: spot on nasion and gazelle on back of right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1610 Cephalic 80.4

Sitting height 740 Relative sitting height 46 . 0

Acromion to sole 1341 Fronto-parietal 76.4

Head length 184 Total facial 84.4

Head breadth 148 Upper facial 49,2

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113 Nasal 53.6

Bizygomatic maximum 128 Ear 50 . 0

Bigonial breadth 104 Jugomandibular 81.3

Total facial height 108 Jugofrontal 88.3

Upper facial height 63

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 30

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 31

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Lost: none. Third molars unerupted. Teeth in good condition.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 367. Plate XLIII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 90; married for 40 years (wife now dead). Sons: 1 living, 1 dead. Daughters: none.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.
Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1570 Cephalic 69.5

Sitting height 755 Relative sitting height 48. 1

Acromion to sole 1320 Fronto-parietal 88 . 1

Head length 193 Total facial 95.2

Head breadth 134 Upper facial 57.3

Minimum frontal diameter. . 118 Nasal 67.7

Bizygomatic maximum 124 Ear 40 . 9

Bigonial breadth 113 Jugomandibular 91.2

Total facial height 118 Jugofrontal 95.2

Upper facial height 71

Nasal height 62

Nasal breadth 42

Ear length 88

Ear breadth 36

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

257

Hair. — Color: gray and white. Quantity: head, average; beard, double plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: all.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 368. Plate XLIV, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 45; married twice, 15 years ago and 4 years ago.
Sons: 2, 1, living. Daughters: 3, 1, living.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1770

780

1435

195

134

113

126

104

109

77

60

36

58

45

Indices

Cephalic 68.7

Relative sitting height 44 . 1

Fronto-parietal 84 . 4

Total facial 86.5

Upper facial 61 . 1

Nasal 60.0

Ear 77.6

Jugomandibular 82 . 6

Jugofrontal 89.7

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 369

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 50; married 4 times (all wives dead). Sons: 1, 0, 0, 1, living. Daughters: 1, 0, 0, 0,

living; 0, 0, 2, 0, dead.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

MM

1680

760

1380

206

137

116

137

118

127

78

60

40

Indices

Cephalic 66.5

Relative sitting height 45 . 2

Fronto-parietal 84 . 7

Total facial 92.8

Upper facial 56.9

Nasal 66.6

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 86 . 1

Jugofrontal 84.7

258

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 35

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 370. Plate XLIV, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 50; married for 10 years. Sons:
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

1 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1728

780

1480

198

136

114

133

110

115

71

63

35

64

30

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

68.7
45.2
83.9
86.5
53.4
55.6
56.3
82.7
85.7

Hair. — Quantity: head, minus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: 1.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 371. Plate XLIV, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 50; married for 10 years. Sons: 2 dead. Daughters: 2 living, 1

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on right wrist.

dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

MM

1720

800

1415

191

144

117

138

110

115

77

66

40

Indices

Cephalic 75.4

Relative sitting height 46 . 5

Fronto-parietal 81.3

Total facial 83.4

Upper facial 55 . 7

Nasal 71.5

Ear 47.8

Jugomandibular 79 . 7

Jugofrontal 84 . 8

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

259

Measurements mm

Ear length 67

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus; beard, plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 372

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz.
Age: 40; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

Date: June 9, 1928.

mm

750

1375

192

138

117

131

100

115

69

61

35

64

41

Indices

Cephalic 71.9

Fron to-parietal 84 . 9

Total facial 87.9

Upper facial 52 . 6

Nasal 57.4

Ear 64.0

Jugomandibular 76 . 4

Jugofrontal 89.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 373

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 4 years. No children.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

mm

1614

753

1350

198

146

111

136

100

118

78

67

33

Indices

Cephalic 73.8

Relative sitting height 46 . 6

Fronto-parietal 79 . 5

Total facial 83.1

Upper facial 57 . 4

Nasal 49.3

Ear 52.5

Jugomandibular 73 . 6

Jugofrontal 81 . 6

260

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 32

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, plus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

NO. 374

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 6 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: 3 spots on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1784

800

1475

192

144

115

134

102

113

75

53

32

60

31

Indices

Cephalic 75

Relative sitting height 44 . 8

Fron to-parietal 80 . 0

Total facial 84

Upper facial 56

Nasal 60

Ear 51

Jugomandibular 76

Jugofrontal 78

0

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus;

body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature.— Excellent.
Health.— Good.

No. 375

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 40; married for 12 years. Sons: 1 dead. Daughters: 3 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

mm Indices

1695 Cephalic 70.1

810 Relative sitting height 47 . 8

1426 Fronto-parietal 79.4

194 Total facial 92.5

136 Upper facial 54.1

108 Nasal 76.0

133 Ear 59.1

102 Jugomandibular 76.7

123 Jugofrontal 81.2

72

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 261

Measurements mm

Nasal height 54

Nasal breadth 41

Ear length 66

Ear breadth 39

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Lost: 1.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Good.

No. 376. Plate XLIV, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 80; married 5 times, 40, 35, 31, 29, and 25 years ago. Sons: 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, living.

Daughters: 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, living.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1708 Cephalic 76.9

Sitting height 792 Relative sitting height 46.3

Acromion to sole 1435 Fronto-parietal 75 . 4

Head length 190 Total facial 92.6

Head breadth 146 Upper facial 57 .3

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110 Nasal 83.4

Bizygomatic maximum 136 Ear 51 . 5

Bigonial breadth 110 Jugomandibular 80.9

Total facial height 126 Jugofrontal 80.9

Upper facial height 78

Nasal height 54

Nasal breadth 45

Ear length 68

Ear breadth 35

Hair. — Color: gray. Quantity: head, average; beard, plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

Very good teeth considering his age. Four wives are dead.

No. 377

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 35; married once (wife now dead). Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1735 Cephalic 71.9

Sitting height 832 Relative sitting height 47.9

Acromion to sole 1437 Fronto-parietal 84 . 1

Head length 192 Total facial 93.3

Head breadth 138 Upper facial 56. 1

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116 Nasal 55.2

262

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Bizygomatic maximum 132 Ear 61 . 9

Bigonial breadth 110 Jugomandibular 83.4

Total facial height 123 Jugofrontal 87.9

Upper facial height 74

Nasal height 58

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 39

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 378. Plate XLV, Fig. 1

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1560

710

1292

191

137

106

122

104

66

52

35

60

30

Indices

Cephalic 71.8

Relative sitting height 45 . 5

Fronto-parietal 77.4

Total facial 85.3

Upper facial 54 . 1

Nasal 67.4

Ear 50.0

Jugofrontal 86.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, minus; depressed.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 379. Plate XLV, Fig. 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 50; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand, gazelle on inside of right forearm; spot on left
wrist; 2 spots to the left of glabella.

mm

Measurements

Standing height 1685

Sitting height 775

Acromion to sole 1415

Indices

Cephalic 70.4

Relative sitting height 45.9

Fronto-parietal 79.8

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

263

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

196

138

110

137

110

121

75

58

36

70

35

Indices

Total facial 88.4

Upper facial 54 . 8

Nasal 62.1

Ear 50.0

Jugomandibular 80 . 3

Jugofrontal 80.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, double plus; elevated.

flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: 1.
Chest. — Development: plus
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 380. Plate XLV, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: 2 spots on left wrist and spot at nasion.

Wings: medium-

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1680

794

1390

195

154

116

130

103

124

68

60

36

60

31

Indices

Cephalic 79.0

Relative sitting height 47.2

Fronto-parietal 75.4

Total facial 95.5

Upper facial 52 . 4

Nasal 60.0

Ear 51.7

Jugomandibular 79 . 2

Jugofrontal 89.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth.— Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 381

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 30; married twice, 10 years ago and 1 year ago. Sons: 2, 0, living,
living; 1, 0, dead.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 5 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Daughters: 3, 0,

264

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1740

800

1443

201

138

110

138

108

121

72

58

38

66

42

Indices

Cephalic 68.7

Relative sitting height 45 . 9

Fronto-parietal 79 . 7

Total facial 87.8

Upper facial 52 . 2

Nasal 65.5

Ear 63.6

Jugomandibular 78 . 3

Jugofrontal 79.7

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: 1.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 382. Plate XLV, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 80; married for 50 years (wife now dead). Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 10 living, 7 dead.

Brothers: 4 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1720

832

1443

188

134

115

126

100

134

82

63

36

71

38

Indices

Cephalic 71.3

Relative sitting height 48 . 3

Fronto-parietal 85.9

Total facial 106.3

Upper facial 65 . 1

Nasal 57.1

Ear 53.5

Jugomandibular 79 . 4

Jugofrontal 91.2

Hair. — Color: gray. Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: 4.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

Lips very thick. Marked wrinkling on face.

No. 383

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 45; married for 15 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 5 living, 2 dead.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

265

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: bar with 3 lines on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1625

760

1344

182

136

108

130

100

105

64

46

35

55

35

Indices

Cephalic 74.8

Relative sitting height 46.7

Fronto-parietal 79.4

Total facial 80.9

Upper facial 49 . 2

Nasal 76.1

Ear 63.7

Jugomandibular 76 . 9

Jugofrontal 83 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Lost: 3.
Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 384

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 43; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: 4 spots on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1683

796

1384

195

137

119

136

106

116

76

56

33

64

41

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

70.4
47.3
79.6
85.3
55.8
59.0
64.1
77.9
87.5

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none. Condition: good.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 385

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 4 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

266

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1655

765

1318

188

140

111

138

110

116

70

58

33

61

36

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

74.5
46.2
79.4
84.1
50.6
57.0
55.7
79.7
80.4

Hair. — Fornix deep waves. Texture: fine. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.
Teeth.— Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good.

No. 386

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 40; married for 14 years. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1792

875

1520

193

143

122

128

116

113

66

56

35

68

38

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

74.1
48.8
85.4
86.0
51.6
62.5
56.0
90.7
95.3

Hair. — Form: low waves.
Eye. — Color: dark brown
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth.— Lost: 1.
Chest. — Development: plus
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.
Sclera: clear.
Tip: depressed. Wings: compressed.

No. 387

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 30; unmarried.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

267

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1570

740

1260

186

144

102

124

100

111

73

53

34

56

34

Indices

Cephalic 77 . 5

Relative sitting height 47. 1

Fronto-parietal 70 . 9

Total facial 89.6

Upper facial 59 . 3

Nasal 64.2

Ear 60.7

Jugomandibular 80 . 7

Jugofrontal 82.3

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: coarse. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;

body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: average.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

Third molars unerupted. Marked prominence of malars.

NO. 388

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 8 years. Sons: 1 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 1 dead.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle on hand and inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1730

795

1435

203

142

120

134

110

124

75

60

36

64

34

Indices

Cephalic 70.0

Relative sitting height 45 . 9

Fronto-parietal 84 . 5

Total facial 92.6

Upper facial 56 . 0

Nasal 60.0

Ear 53.2

Jugomandibular 82 . 1

Jugofrontal 89.6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, double plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

268

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 389

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 60; married twice, 30 years ago and 20 years ago.

1, living.
Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Sons: 1, 2, living. Daughters: 7,

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1570

770

1300

194

140

110

133

113

123

74

56

39

61

30

Indices

Cephalic 72.2

Relative sitting height 49 . 0

Fronto-parietal 78.6

Total facial 92.5

Upper facial 55 . 7

Nasal 69.6

Ear 49.2

Jugomandibular 82 . 0

Jugofrontal 87.3

Hair. — Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, minus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

NOSE. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

NO. 390

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 dead. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1596

800

1340

186

137

110

126

104

118

68

50

31

53

32

Indices

Cephalic 73.6

Relative sitting height 50 . 1

Fronto-parietal 80.4

Total facial 93.6

Upper facial 54 . 0

Nasal 62.0

Ear 60.4

Jugomandibular 82 . 5

Jugofrontal 87.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

269

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz.
Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 391

Date: June 9, 1928.

MM

1571

858

1405

188

134

113

127

100

114

71

57

32

58

36

Indices

Cephalic 71.4

Relative sitting height 54 . 6

Fronto-parietal 84.4

Total facial 82.0

Upper facial 55.9

Nasal 56.1

Ear 62.1

Jugomandibular 78 . 8

Jugofrontal 88.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine.

double minus; body, minus. .
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none. Unerupted: third molars.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 392. Plate XLV, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: cross on inside of right forearm.

Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus; beard,
Iris: homogeneous.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1647

790

1360

187

150

113

138

106

116

70

59

34

64

39

Indices

Cephalic 80.2

Relative sitting height 47 . 9

Fronto-parietal 75.4

Total facial 84.1

Upper facial 50 . 7

Nasal 61.0

Ear 61.0

Jugomandibular 76 . 8

Jugofrontal 81 . 9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: black. Quantity: head, triple plus; beard,

minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

270

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 393. Plate XLVI, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 45; married twice, 15 years ago and 5 years ago. Sons: 1, 0, living; 1, 0, dead. Daugh-
ters: 3, 0, living; 1, 0, dead.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

815

1355

196

147

110

135

95

126

83

68

35

61

36

Indices

Cephalic 75.0

Fronto-parietal 74.9

Total facial 93.5

Upper facial 61 . 5

Nasal 51 . 5

Ear 59.0

Jugomandibular 70 . 3

Jugofrontal 81 . 5

Hair. — Color: black and gray. Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus; body, plus.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 394. Plate XLVI, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sisters: 2 living, 4 dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1683

820

1380

195

133

124

138

97

108

71

54

34

64

33

Indices

Cephalic 68.3

Relative sitting height 48 . 7

Fronto-parietal 93.4

Total facial 78.3

Upper facial 51.4

Nasal 57.6

Ear 51.6

Jugomandibular 70 . 3

Jugofrontal 89.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: reddish brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 395. Plate XLVI, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.
Age: 18; unmarried.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

271

Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sisters: 7 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth . . . . :

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1650

800

1355

191

147

118

132

99

103

68

57

36

60

34

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal 80.4

Total facial 78.0

Upper facial 51 . 5

Nasal 63.2

Ear 56.6

Jugomandibular 75.0

Jugof rontal 89 . 4

Quantity: head, double plus; beard,

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: black.

double minus; body, double minus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 396

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 15 years. Sons: 2 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 7 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1715

817

1460

198

137

108

134

102

115

70

53

38

64

42

Indices

Cephalic 69.2

Relative sitting height 47 . 6

Fronto-parietal 78.9

Total facial 82.8

Upper facial 50 . 3

Nasal 71.7

Ear 65.6

Jugomandibular 76 . 1

Jugofrontal 80.6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health.— Good.

No. 397

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 8 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 2 living, 1 dead.

272

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand, and 2 dots and cross on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1520

737

1270

186

143

108

127

104

118

68

51

34

50

34

Indices

Cephalic 76.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 4

Fronto-parietal 75.5

Total facial 93.0

Upper facial 53 . 6

Nasal 66 . 6

Ear 68.0

Jugomandibular 81 . 9

Jugofrontal 83.1

Hair. — Quantity: head, average; beard, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

NO. 398

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 50; married for 20 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1660

805

1430

180

138

113

127

98

116

70

65

33

59

40

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

76.

48.

81.

91.

55.

50.8

67.8

76.1

89.0

.7
.5

.9
.4
.1

Hair. — Color: dark brown and gray.

EYE. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Caries: plus. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: minus.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health.— Good.

No. 399

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 9, 1928.

Age: 18; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: glove and gazelle on right hand and inside of right forearm.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

273

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter . ,

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1640

750

1360

195

138

110

120

90

118

74

57

35

55

37

Indices

Cephalic 70.8

Relative sitting height 45.7

Fron to-parietal 79.8

Total facial 98.4

Upper facial 61 . 6

Nasal 61.4

Ear 67.3

Jugomandibular 75.0

Jugofrontal 91.7

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown-black. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double

minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: speckled. Blind in right eye, cataract in left eye.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: minus.
Musculature. — Poor.
Health. — Fair.

No. 400. Plate XLVI, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 45; married twice, 10 years ago and 3 years ago. Sons: 1, 0, living. Daughters: 2,

1, living; 4, 1, dead.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 15 living, 12 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1790

892

1500

189

138

121

139

104

124

79

61

42

64

33

Indices

Cephalic 73.0

Relative sitting height 49 . 8

Fronto-parietal 87 . 7

Total facial 89.2

Upper facial 56 . 8

Nasal 68.9

Ear 51.6

Jugomandibular 74 . 8

Jugofrontal 87 . 1

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium.

beard, double plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris:
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;
homogeneous.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta.
Age: 23; unmarried.

No. 401. Plate XLVII, Figs. 1, 2

Date: June 11, 1928.

274

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1723

838

1435

185

147

118

133

97

118

76

60

33

67

37

Indices

Cephalic 79.5

Relative sitting height 48.4

Fronto-parietal 80.3

Total facial 88.7

Upper facial 57.2

Nasal 55.0

Ear 55.3

Jugomandibular 73 . 0

Jugofrontal 88.7

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 402. Plate XLVII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 25; married for 10 years. Sons
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

MM

1723

843

1430

194

141

107

137

104

126

70

58

35

58

34

Indices

Cephalic 72.7

Relative sitting height 48 . 8

Fronto-parietal 76.0

Total facial 92.0

Upper facial 51 . 1

Nasal 60.4

Ear 58.7

Jugomandibular 75.9

Jugofrontal 78 . 1

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 403. Plate XLVII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.
Age: 39; married for 8 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

275

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1706

893

1410

176

135

113

128

100

108

70

56

34

55

31

Indices

Cephalic 76.7

Relative sitting height 52 . 3

Fronto-parietal 83.7

Total facial 84.4

Upper facial 54 . 6

Nasal 60.7

Ear 56.4

Jugomandibular 78 . 1

Jugofrontal 88.3

Hair. — Color: black and gray. Quantity: head, minus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 404

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 25; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 3 dead.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 4 living.

Tattoo marks: 3 spots on back of right hand and 1 spot on inside of left wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1650

833

1350

196

138

110

126

99

114

69

60

35

57

37

Indices

Cephalic . 70.4

Relative sitting height 50 . 4

Fronto-parietal 79 . 9

Total facial 90.6

Upper facial 54.7

Nasal 58.4

Ear 64.9

Jugomandibular 78 . 6

Jugofrontal 87.3

Hair. — Texture: fine. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, average.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 405

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 43; married twice, 20 years ago and 5 years ago. Sons: 1, 0, living; 2, 0, dead. Daughters:
1, 0, living; 0, 1, dead.

276

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1775

829

1440

193

148

114

138

110

74

64

36

63

38

Indices

Cephalic 76.7

Relative sitting height 47.4

Fronto-parietal 77 . 1

Upper facial 53 . 6

Nasal 56.3

Ear 60.3

Jugomandibular 79 . 7

Jugofrontal 82.6

Hair. — Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus; body, minus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: 4.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 406. Plate XLVII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 23; married for several months. No children.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right forearm; glove on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1670

878

1430

182

147

116

135

101

130

72

61

33

63

31

Indices

Cephalic 80.7

Relative sitting height 52 . 5

Fronto-parietal 78.9

Total facial 96.2

Upper facial 53 . 2

Nasal 54 . 1

Ear 49.2

Jugomandibular 74 . 8

Jugofrontal 85.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body,

minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none. Condition: good.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health.— Good.

No. 407

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: circle with 8 rays and glove on right hand; designs on back of left wrist.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

277

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1670

809

1410

197

144

108

129

97

118

67

53

34

68

36

Indices

Cephalic 72.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 4

Fronto-parietal 75.0

Total facial 91.4

Upper facial 51.9

Nasal 64 . 1

Ear 52.9

Jugomandibular 75.2

Jugofrontal 91 . 5

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Good .

Health.— Good.

No. 408. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and design on back of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

835

1410

176

141

121

135

98

115

72

62

43

54

30

Indices

Cephalic 80.1

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 85.8

Total facial 85.2

Upper facial 53 . 3

Nasal 69.3

Ear 55.6

Jugomandibular 72 . 6

Jugofrontal 89 . 6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none. Condition: good.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.
Skin dark in color; some Negro blood.

No. 409. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.
Age: 18; unmarried.

278

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove and cross on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1665

825

1394

184

130

104

113

90

115

64

56

37

67

34

Indices

Cephalic 70.7

Relative sitting height 49 . 5

Fronto-parietal 86.9

Total facial 101.8

Upper facial 56 . 6

Nasal 66.1

Ear 50.7

Jugomandibular 79 . 7

Jugofrontal 92.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 410

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 9 years. Sons: 4 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1682

831

1401

185

137

118

138

107

134

82

70

35

63

37

Indices

Cephalic 74.1

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 86 . 1

Total facial 97.1

Upper facial 59 .4

Nasal 50.0

Ear 58.7

Jugomandibular 77 . 5

Jugofrontal 85 . 5

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, minus. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

NO. 411

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 75; married twice, 30 years ago and 25 years ago. Sons: 0, 1, living; 1, 0, dead. Daugh-
ters: 1, 1, living.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

279

Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand; design on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length :

Ear breadth

MM

1685

835

1395

190

144

118

145

109

118

74

59

42

80

44

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.7
49.6
81.9
81.4
51.0
71.2
55.0

75
81

Hair. — Color: gray.
Eye. — Color: blue brown
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: half.
Chest. — Development: plus
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

Sclera: bloodshot. 7m: zoned.
Wings: medium-flaring.

No. 412

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 4 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1534

735

1240

180

141

113

122

90

110

63

54

40

57

31

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

78.4
47.9
80.1
90.2
51.6
74.1
55.4
73.8
92.7

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 413

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.
Age: 40; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living.

2M>

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1730

860

1440

191

134

115

125

107

116

66

53

37

64

37

Indices

Cephalic 70.2

Relative sitting height 49 . 7

Fronto-parietal 85

Total facial 92

Upper facial 52

Nasal 69

Ear 57

Jugomandibular 85 . 6

Jugofrontal 92.0

Hair. — Form: low waves

Eye. — Color: dark brown

Nose. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: double plus

M usculature . — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

Texture: medium.
Sclera: bloodshot.
Wings: medium.

Color: black. Quantity: head, plus.
Iris: homogeneous.

NO. 414

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 30; married twice, 12 years ago and 6 years ago. Sons: 0, 1, living. Daughters:

2, 3, living.
Brothers: 4 dead. Sisters: 4 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1685

850

1390

177

133

116

126

97

118

75

56

31

64

46

Indices

Cephalic 75.1

Relative sitting height 50 .4

Fronto-parietal 87.2

Total facial 93.6

Upper facial 59 . 5

Nasal 55.4

Ear 71.9

Jugomandibular 77 . 0

Jugofrontal 92.1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, double plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.

Teeth.— Lost: 3.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 415

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta.
Age: 22; unmarried.

Date: June 11, 1928.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

281

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1711

850

1570

185

140

108

131

97

117

71

53

33

61

30

Indices

Cephalic 75.7

Relative sitting height 49 . 6

Fronto-parietal 77 . 1

Total facial 89.3

Upper facial 54.2

Nasal 62.2

Ear 49.1

Jugomandibular 74 . 0

Jugofrontal 82 . 5

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: coarse. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 416

Residence: camp of Sheikh Hadji Hunta. Date: June 11, 1928.

Age: 75; married for 35 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove and 2 spots on inside of right wrist; circle and spot on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1610

834

1380

190

148

113

141

102

126

76

70

36

76

44

Indices

Cephalic 77.9

Relative sitting height 52 . 8

Fronto-parietal 76.3

Total facial 89.3

Upper facial 53 . 9

Nasal 51.4

Ear 57.9

Jugomandibular 72 . 3

Jugofrontal 80 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: black and gray.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex.

Teeth. — Lost: 6.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 425

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 50; married for 22 years. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

282

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on back of left wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1760

749

1425

181

133

116

138

102

118

69

53

38

55

32

Indices

Cephalic 73.4

Relative sitting height 48.2

Fronto-parietal 87.2

Total facial 85.5

Upper facial 50.1

Nasal 71.7

Ear 58.2

Jugomandibular 73.9

Jugofrontal 84 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black and gray. Quantity: head, plus;
beard, plus; body, double plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Teeth.— Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 426. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 60; married three times, 30, 20, and 15 years ago.
Daughters: 3, 1, 2, living; 0, 0, 2, dead.

Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1, 1, 0, living; 0, 1, 2, dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1644

813

1380

198

138

114

136

101

119

76

60

35

60

36

Indices

Cephalic 69.7

Relative sitting height 49.6

Fronto-parietal 82 . 6

Total facial 87.5

Upper facial 55 . 9

Nasal 58.3

Ear 59.9

Jugomandibular 74.3

Jugofrontal 83.8

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: gray.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth.— Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

283

No. 427. Plate XLVIII, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 55; married twice, 30 years ago and 15 years ago. Sons: 0, 2, living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1695

843

1390

194

147

107

130

104

115

63

50

35

55

34

Indices

Cephalic 75 . 7

Relative sitting height 49 . 7

Fronto-parietal 72.8

Total facial 88.4

Upper facial 48.4

Nasal 70.1

Ear 61.8

Jugomandibular 80 . 0

Jugofrontal 82.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: black and gray.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: 1.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 428. Plate XLIX, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 45; married three times, 24, 20, and 14 years ago. Sons: 0, 1, 3, dead. Daughters: 3,

2, 1, dead.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1710

865

1430

184

148

114

136

108

116

73

60

35

68

42

Indices

Cephalic 80.5

Relative sitting height 50 . 6

Fronto-parietal 77.0

Total facial 85.2

Upper facial 53 . 7

Nasal 58.4

Ear 61.7

Jugomandibular 79 . 4

Jugofrontal 83.8

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 3.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;
Iris: homogeneous. Blind: left.

2M

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

NO. 429

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 55; married twice, 20 years ago and 15 years ago. Sons: none.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Daughters: 4, 4, living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1745

887

1483

202

132

113

131

110

110

76

56

41

77

44

Indices

Cephalic 65.4

Relative sitting height 50 . 8

Fronto-parietal 85.6

Total facial 84.0

Upper facial 58.0

Nasal 73.3

Ear 57.2

Jugomandibular 84 . 0

Jugofrontal 86 . 3

Hair. — Color: black and gray. Quantity: head, average; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous. Slightly cross-eyed, left eye

in bad condition.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

NO. 430

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.
Age: 20; married for 3 years. No children.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1752

847

1470

195

138

114

131

102

107

64

52

33

64

35

Indices

Cephalic 70.7

Relative sitting height 48.3

Fronto-parietal 82.7

Total facial 81.7

Upper facial 48 . 8

Nasal 63.4

Ear 54.7

Jugomandibular 77 . 9

Jugofrontal 87.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 4. Unerupted: first lower molars.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

285

No. 431

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 60; married for 15 years. Sons: 4 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1620

775

1355

188

148

114

143

109

113

74

61

43

75

44

Indices

Cephalic 78.8

Relative sitting height 47 . 8

Fronto-parietal 77.0

Total facial 79.8

Upper facial 51.7

Nasal 70.5

Ear 58.7

Jugomandibular 76.2

Jugofrontal 79.7

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: gray.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: 5.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Fair.

Marked prominence of malars.

No. 432

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.
Age: 23; married for 1 year. No children.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: 5 spots on back of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1670

807

1417

195

155

117

132

96

120

74

59

38

66

40

Indices

Cephalic 79.5

Relative sitting height 48.4

Fronto-parietal 75 . 5

Total facial 91.0

Upper facial 56 . 1

Nasal 64 . 4

Ear 60.6

Jugomandibular 72 . 7

Jugofrontal 88 . 6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus; elevated. Wings: flaring.
Teeth.— Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE . — Good .

Health.— Good.

286

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 433

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.
Age: 70; married for 50 years, wife now dead. Sons: 1 living.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1628

795

1410

196

148

120

139

120

117

80

60

53

70

41

Indices

Cephalic 75.5

Relative sitting height 48 . 8

Fronto-parietal 81 .0

Total facial 84.2

Upper facial 57 . 5

Nasal 88.4

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 86 . 3

Jugofrontal 86 . 3

Hair. — Color: gray. Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus; body, double minus.

Eye.— Blind.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: many.

Ear. — Lobe: free. Size: triple plus.

Chest. — Development: minus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Fair.

NO. 434

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 7 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1667

825

1386

196

153

113

125

109

122

81

61

37

70

37

Indices

Cephalic 78.1

Relative sitting height 49 . 6

Fronto-parietal 73.8

Total facial 97.4

Upper facial 64 . 8

Nasal 60.7

Ear 52.9

Jugomandibular 87 . 2

Jugofrontal 90 . 4

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye.— Blind.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

287

Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Fair.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz.
Age: 33; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter. ,

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 435
Date: June 13, 1928.

MM

1620

822

1365

182

133

108

124

102

120

73

57

38

67

34

Indices

Cephalic 73.1

Relative sitting height 50 . 7

Fronto-parietal 81 .2

Total facial 96.7

Upper facial 58 . 9

Nasal 66.6

Ear 50.7

Jugomandibular 82 . 3

Jugofrontal 87.1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 436

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1730

Sitting height 845

Acromion to sole 1460

Head length 194

Head breadth 144

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Bizygomatic maximum 135

Bigonial breadth 103

Total facial height 118

Upper facial height 74

Nasal height 47

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 66

Ear breadth 33

Indices

Cephalic 74.2

Relative sitting height 48 . 9

Fronto-parietal 78.4

Total facial 87.4

Upper facial 54 . 8

Nasal 80.9

Ear 50.0

Jugomandibular 76 . 3

Jugofrontal 85 . 0

Hair. — Form: low waves,
Eye. — Color: dark brown
Nose. — Profile: straight.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.

Texture: medium. Color: black.
Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Wings: medium.

288

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 437

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 1 year. No children.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Indices

Cephalic 71.3

Relative sitting height 49 . 0

Fronto-parietal 83.4

Total facial 90.4

Upper facial 52 . 5

Nasal 66 . 1

Ear 54.5

Jugomandibular 78.9

Jugofrontal 84.7

Measurements mm

Standing height 1730

Sitting height 846

Acromion to sole 1430

Head length 195

Head breadth 139

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116

Bizygomatic maximum 137

Bigonial breadth 108

Total facial height 124

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 66

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 438

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.
Age: 25; married for 1 year. No children.
Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1740

845

1405

195

158

118

142

109

131

78

66

37

63

38

INDICES

Cephalic 81.0

Relative sitting height 48 . 6

Fronto-parietal 74.7

Total facial 92.3

Upper facial 54 . 9

Nasal 56 . 1

Ear 60.3

Jugomandibular 76.8

Jugofrontal 83 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

plus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

289

Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

NO. 439

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 65; married seven times. Sons: 2 living, 5 dead. Daughters: 3 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: 3 spots on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1590

865

1325

187

138

110

126

107

125

76

63

37

75

37

Indices

Cephalic 73.8

Relative sitting height 54 . 4

Fronto-parietal 79 . 8

Total facial 99.3

Upper facial 60 . 4

Nasal 58.8

Ear 49.4

Jugomandibular 84 . 9

Jugofrontal 87.3

Hair. — Color: gray. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double plus; body, minus.

Eye.— Blind.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: many.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Poor.

No. 440

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 40; married for 20 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm
1690

825

1425

201

140

108

135

96

124

70

60

41

72

42

Indices

Cephalic 69.7

Relative sitting height 47 . 8

Fronto-parietal 77.2

Total facial 92.0

Upper facial 51.8

Nasal 68.3

Ear 58.3

Jugomandibular 71.1

Jugofrontal 80.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

290

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

NO. 441

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 8 years. Sons: 1 living, 5 dead. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 9 living, 6 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and 12-rayed circle on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1755

890

1473

187

140

113

128

111

128

76

58

33

64

35

Indices

Cephalic 74.9

Relative sitting height 50 . 7

Fronto-parietal 80.7

Total facial 100.0

Upper facial 59.4

Nasal 56.9

Ear 54.7

Jugomandibular 86 . 7

Jugofrontal 88.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium-fine. Color: dark brown.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 442. Plate XLIX, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 40; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Head length

Head breadth

MM

1660

835

1390

182

151

117

137

106

121

76

61

36

62

36

Indices

Cephalic 82.9

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fronto-parietal 77.5

Total facial 88.4

Upper facial 55.4

Nasal 59.0

Ear 58.1

Jugomandibular 77.4

Jugofrontal 85 .4

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth.— Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

291

NO. 443

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 23; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: design.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1740

860

1470

195

146

120

141

106

120

71

55

39

70

38

Indices

Cephalic 74.9

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 82.2

Total facial 85.1

Upper facial 50 . 3

Nasal 70.9

Ear 54.3

Jugomandibular 75 . 2

Jugofrontal 85 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body, minus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

Residence : camp of Sheikh Aziz.
Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 444

Date: June 13, 1928.

MM

1750

835

1460

188

143

110

130

100

118

74

48

34

72

34

Indices

Cephalic 76.1

Relative sitting height 47.7

Fronto-parietal 77.0

Total facial 90.9

Upper facial 56 . 9

Nasal 70.9

Ear 47.3

Jugomandibular 77 . 0

Jugofrontal 84.7

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health. — Good.

292

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz
Age: 17; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 445. Plate XLIX, Figs. 5, 6

Date: June 13, 1928.

MM

1702

879

1425

185

140

110

128

101

113

73

58

32

61

35

Indices

Cephalic 75.7

Relative sitting height 51 . 6

Fronto-parietal 78.6

Total facial 88.2

Upper facial 57.0

Nasal 55.2

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 78.9

Jugofrontal 86.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 446

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1705

860

1430

187

140

113

127

102

128

77

66

36

69

38

Indices

Cephalic 74.9

Relative sitting height 50; 4

Fronto-parietal .■ . 80.8

Total facial 100.8

Upper facial 60 . 6

Nasal 54.6

Ear 55.1

Jugomandibular 80.3

Jugofrontal 89. 0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: black.
Eye. — Color: black. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

No. 447. Plate XLIX, Figs. 7, 8

293

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 18; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand and cross with 3 spots on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1702

820

1430

176

146

104

127

104

110

72

58

33

70

37

Indices

Cephalic 83.0

Relative sitting height 48 . 1

Fronto-parietal 71 .3

Total facial 86.7

Upper facial 56 . 7

Nasal 56.9

Ear 52.9

Jugomandibular 81.9

Jugofrontal 81 . 9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none. Unerupted: third molars.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health.— Good.

NO. 448

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz.
Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Date: June 13, 1928.

MM

Indices

Cephalic 76.7

Relative sitting height 51 .3

Fronto-parietal 76 . 4

Total facial 91.9

Upper facial 55 . 3

Nasal 60.7

Ear 53.5

Jugomandibular 73 . 4

Jugofrontal 81.3

Measurements

Standing height 1690

Sitting height 867

Acromion to sole 1412

Head length 193

Head breadth 148

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Bizygomatic maximum 134

Bigonial breadth 102

Total facial height 123

Upper facial height 74

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 31

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;

body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

294

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 449
Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.
Age: 60; married for 34 years, wife died 1 year ago. No children.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: 5 spots on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height \ . .

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1605

825

1320

189

146

110

132

101

107

71

61

43

66

34

Indices

Cephalic 77.2

Relative sitting height 51 .4

Fronto-parietal 75.3

Total facial 81.0

Upper facial 53 . 8

Nasal 70.4

Ear 51.5

Jugomandibular 76 . 5

Jugofrontal 83.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus;

body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Caries: double plus. Lost: 2.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 450

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 38; married three times, 24, 16, and 15 years ago, first wife now dead. Sons: 0, 2, 0,

living. Daughters: 0, 1, 0, living.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height.

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1752

845

1434

197

145

120

138

110

118

70

60

36

70

40

Indices

Cephalic 73.6

Relative sitting height 48 . 2

Fronto-parietal 82.7

Total facial 85.4

Upper facial 50.7

Nasal 60.0

Ear 57.2

Jugomandibular 79.7

Jugofrontal 87.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

295

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz.
Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 451

Date: June 13, 1928.

MM

1670

810

1373

186

137

105

124

96

116

78

57

37

63

37

Indices

Cephalic 73.7

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal 76.7

Total facial 89.9

Upper facial 62.9

Nasal 64.9

Ear 58.7

Jugomandibular 77 . 4

Jugofrontal 84.7

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, minus; body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health.— Good.

No. 452. Plate L, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1605

795

1315

168

136

113

128

107

108

64

53

30

61

35

Indices

Cephalic 80.9

Relative sitting height 49 . 5

Fronto-parietal 83 . 1

Total facial 84.4

Upper facial 50 . 0

Nasal 56.6

Ear 57.3

Jugomandibular 83 . 6

Jugofrontal 88 . 3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

beard, double minus; body, double minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Fair.
Health. — Good.

Quantity: head, plus;

296

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz.
Age: 35; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 453
Date: June 13, 1928.

MM

1730

815

1480

200

138

120

134

108

122

78

57

37

63

36

Indices

Cephalic 69.0

Relative sitting height 47 . 1

Fronto-parietal 86.9

Total facial 91.0

Upper facial 58 . 2

Nasal 64.9

Ear 57.1

Jugomandibular 80 . 6

Jugofrontal 89.6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus; body,

average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 1.

Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature.— Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 454. Plate L, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and 3 spots on each temple.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1740

Sitting height 895

Acromion to sole 1485

Head length 176

Head breadth 134

Minimum frontal diameter. . 123

Bizygomatic maximum 128

Bigonial breadth 108

Total facial height 118

Upper facial height 68

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 42

Ear length 68

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: flaring.

Teeth.— Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE.— Good .

Health.— Good.

Indices

Cephalic 76.1

Relative sitting height 50 . 9

Fronto-parietal 91 .7

Total facial 92.1

Upper facial 53 . 1

Nasal 75.0

Ear 52.9

Jugomandibular 84.4

Jugofrontal 96 . 0

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

297

No. 455. Plate L, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 23; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove and 3 spots on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height . *.

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1770

875

1490

185

131

120

130

108

132

80

64

36

63

36

Indices

Cephalic 70.8

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 91 .6

Total facial 101.7

Upper facial 61 . 5

Nasal 56.2

Ear 57.2

Jugomandibular 83 . 1

Jugofrontal 92.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good.

No. 456

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.
Age: 55; married for 20 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1710

845

1430

198

138

117

130

108

127

77

66

33

58

36

Indices

Cephalic 69.7

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 84 . 7

Total facial 97.7

Upper facial 59 .2

Nasal 50.0

Ear 62.1

Jugomandibular 83 . 1

Jugofrontal 90.0

Hair. — Color: gray. Head shaved.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: many.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Fair.

298

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

NO. 457

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.
Age: 65; married 30 years ago (wife now dead). No children.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on arm.

MM

Indices

Cephalic 73.9

Relative sitting height 50 . 4

Fronto-parietal 80.9

Total facial 86.4

Upper facial 60 . 1

Nasal 61.7

Ear 50.7

Jugomandibular 85 . 7

Jugof rontal 86 . 5

Measurements

Standing height 1595

Sitting height 805

Acromion to sole 1340

Head length 192

Head breadth 142

Minimum frontal diameter. . 115

Bizygomatic maximum 133

Bigonial breadth ' 114

Total facial height 115

Upper facial height 80

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 77

Ear breadth 39

Hair. — Quantity: head, average; beard, double plus; body, double plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Wear: triple plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: many.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 458. Plate L, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 80; married for 25 years. Sons: 2 living, 2 dead. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1710

805

1455

191

137

114

133

109

117

74

58

41

65

58

Indices

Cephalic 71.7

Relative sitting height 47 . 1

Fronto-parietal 83.2

Total facial 87.9

Upper facial 55 . 7

Nasal 70.7

Ear 89.2

Jugomandibular 82.0

Jugofrontal 85.7

Hair. — Color: white. Head shaved.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Lost: 3.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature.— Good.

Health.— Fair.

Some Negro blood.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

299

No. 459

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.
Age: 30; married for 5 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1675

830

1425

196

142

114

126

113

120

72

58

40

64

41

Indices

Cephalic 72.4

Relative sitting height 49.6

Fronto-parietal 80.2

Total facial 95.2

Upper facial 57 . 1

Nasal 69.0

Ear 64.1

Jugomandibular 89.7

Jugofrontal 90. 5

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: coarse. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard,

double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 460. Plate LI, Figs. 1, 2

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 35; married twice, 6 years ago and this year (1928) (first wife now dead). Sons:

1 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1705

Sitting height 835

Acromion to sole 1430

Head length 198

Head breadth 145

Minimum frontal diameter . . 108

Bizygomatic maximum 133

Bigonial breadth 105

Total facial height 116

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 64

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 39

Hair. — Quantity: head, average; beard, minus; body, average.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health.— Good.

Indices

Cephalic. 73.2

Relative sitting height 49 . 0

Fronto-parietal 74 . 5

Total facial 87.2

Upper facial 54.9

Nasal 59.3

Ear 62.9

Jugomandibular 79.0

Jugofrontal 81.2

300

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 461. Plate LI, Figs. 3, 4

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.
Age: 55; married once (wife now dead). No children.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1683

895

1420

190

142

113

133

107

126

77

63

34

68

32

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

74.7
53.1
79.5
94.6
57.8
54.0
47.0
80.4
85.0

Hair. — Color: gray. Head shaved.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 462. Plate LI, Figs. 5, 6

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 35; married for 15 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1735

910

1456

194

142

107

134

98

114

81

58

36

64

30

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.2
52.5
75.3
85.1
60.4
62.0
46.9
73.2
79.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth.— Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

301

Residence : camp of Sheikh Aziz
Age: 27; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 463
Date: June 13, 1928.

MM

1696

855

1400

194

136

107

120

107

108

62

50

35

65

35

Indices

Cephalic 70.1

Relative sitting height 50 . 4

Fron to-parietal 78 . 6

Total facial 89.9

Upper facial 51.7

Nasal 70.0

Ear 53.9

Jugomandibular 89.1

Jugofrontal 89 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body,
average.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Wear: double plus. Caries: double plus. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health. — Good. Bad throat. Voice always hoarse.

No. 464

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1705

850

1450

184

140

115

128

103

110

66

53

35

64

35

Indices

Cephalic 76.1

Relative sitting height 49.8

Fronto-parietal 82 . 1

Total facial 85.9

Upper facial 51.6

Nasal 66 . 1

Ear 54.7

Jugomandibular 80.5

Jugofrontal 89.9

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.

302

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Musculature.— Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 465

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Xasal height

Xasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1690

821

1410

180

143

113

124

108

126

72

60

30

61

35

Indices

Cephalic 79.4

Relative sitting height 48 . 6

Fronto-parietal 78.9

Total facial 101.7

Upper facial 58 . 1

Nasal 50.0

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 87 . 1

Jugofrontal 91 . 1

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;

body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
XOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Good.
Health.— Good.

NO. 466

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 6 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 2 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: design on inside of right forearm.

M EASUREMENTS

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Xasal height

Xasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1627

815

1374

186

148

115

134

110

122

72

53

37

68

41

Indices

Cephalic 79 . 5

Relative sitting height 50 . 0

Fronto-parietal 77.7

Total facial 91.0

Upper facial 53 . 7

Xasal 69.8

Ear 60.3

Jugomandibular 82 . 1

Jugofrontal 85 . 8

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: homogeneous.

Xose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth.— Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: average.

M usculature. — Fair.

Health.— Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

303

No. 467

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 20; married for 5 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bi zygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1710

860

1401

192

146

110

132

94

113

70

58

32

61

43

Indices

Cephalic 76.0

Relative sitting height 50 . 2

Fronto-parietal 75.3

Total facial 85.6

Upper facial 53 . 1

Nasal 55.2

Ear 70.5

Jugomandibular 71 . 3

Jugofrontal 83.3

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, double minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Lost: 2.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 468

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 30; married for 10 years. Sons: 2 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1710

845

1425

198

144

115

133

99

122

75

58

34

68

36

Indices

Cephalic 72.7

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 79.8

Total facial 91.7

Upper facial 56 . 3

Nasal 58.6

Ear 52.9

Jugomandibular 74 . 4

Jugofrontal 86 . 5

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, plus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none. Eruption: complete. Bite: marked over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

304

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Health. — Good.
Brother of No. 432.

No. 469. Plate LI, Figs. 7, 8

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1640

795

1355

183

135

106

107

116

71

58

38

66

31

Indices

Cephalic 73.7

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal 78.0

Total facial 108.3

Upper facial 66.3

Nasal 65.5

Ear 46.9

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, double minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 470

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz. Date: June 13, 1928.

Age: 80; married for 35 years. Sons: 1 living, 1 dead. Daughters: 2 dead.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1760

815

1510

197

136

119

138

103

133

84

72

51

73

42

Indices

Cephalic 69.0

Relative sitting height 46 . 3

Fronto-parietal 87.4

Total facial 96.3

Upper facial 60.8

Nasal 71.8.

Ear 57.6

Jugomandibular 74.7

Jugofrontal 86.3

Hair. — Quantity: head, double plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: homogeneous. Condition: bad.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Wear: double plus. Caries: triple plus. Lost: nearly all.
Bite: under.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

305

Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Average.
Health. — Fair.

Residence: camp of Sheikh Aziz.
Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

No. 471
Date: June 13, 1928.

MM

1660

745

1390

186

147

114

131

104

108

66

35

63

33

Indices

Cephalic 79.0

Relative sitting height 44 . 8

Fron to-parietal 77.5

Total facial 82.4

Nasal 53.0

Ear 52.4

Jugomandibular 79 . 4

Jugofrontal 87.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, minus;

body, average.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

SOLDIERS OF THE IRAQ ARMY

No. 500. Plate LII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 7 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on left wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1765

878

1462

183

135

114

134

113

103

67

55

35

64

34

Indices

Cephalic 73.8

Relative sitting height 49 . 7

Fron to-parietal 84.4

Total facial 76.8

Upper facial 50 . 0

Nasal 63.7

Ear 53.2

Jugomandibular 84 . 4

Jugofrontal 85 . 1

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye.- — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

306

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 501. Plate LII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Mahewil near Kish. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1691

822

1400

188

145

123

137

115

113

76

60

34

55

38

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height.

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

77.1

48.6

84.

82.

55.

56.

69.1

84.0

89.8

.9

.5

.4
.7

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 502. Plate LII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Samawa. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth ...',

MM

1665

819

1378

183

134

114

124

100

114

64

53

32

55

31

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.2
49.1
85.1
91.8
51.7
60.3
56.3
80.7
91.9

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear.

Iris: zoned.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

307

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 503. Plate LII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Samawa. Age: 30; married for 15 years.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 2 dead. Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1692

928

1403

196

128

117

128

109

134

84

58

36

61

38

Indices

Cephalic 65 . 3

Relative sitting height 54 . 8

Fronto-parietal 91.4

Total facial 104.8

Upper facial 65 . 6

Nasal 62.0

Ear 62.3

Jugomandibular 85 . 2

Jugofrontal 91.1

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 504. Plate LIII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: near Hilla. Age: 25; married for 16 months.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: 3 spots on right wrist.

No children.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1798

819

1509

191

147

117

132

113

118

66

55

33

58

32

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

76.9
45.5
79.6
89.4
50.0
60.0
55.1
85.6
88.6

Hair.— Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

308

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 3.
Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 505. Plate LI 1 1, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1742

828

1454

183

145

114

138

113

123

72

56

31

61

41

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

79.2
47.5
78.6
89.1
52.2
55.3
67.2
81.9
82.6

Hair. — Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 506. Plate LIII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 21; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 3 dead.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand, two spots and cross on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1722

808

1410

204

141

123

137

106

118

77

50

35

60

36

Indices

Cephalic 69 . 1

Relative sitting height 46.9

Fronto-parietal 87.2

Total facial 86.1

Upper facial 56.2

Nasal 70.0

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 77 . 4

Jugofrontal 89.8

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear.

7ns: homogeneous.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

309

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 507. Plate LIII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: spots on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

**Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1683

828

1400

190

130

114

128

106

113

72

58

35

55

35

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

68.4
49.2
87.7
88.3
56.2
60.3
63.7
82.8
89.1

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 508. Plate LIV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: spots and line on right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1710

818

1404

188

146

122

133

115

118

77

64

41

55

40

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

77.6
47.8
83.5
88.7
57.8
64.0
72.7
86.5
91.7

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

310

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 509. Plate LIV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; married for 4 years. No children.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: spots and line on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1770

808

1471

188

150

115

142

115

133

77

58

38

59

43

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

79.8
45.6
76.7
93.6
54.2
65.5
72.9
81.0
81.0

Hair. — Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 510. Plate LIV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 27; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spots on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1718

820

1430

206

141

116

133

111

138

82

66

35

60

38

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

. 68.4

. 47.7

. 82.2
.103.8

. 61.6

. 53.0

. 63.3

. 83.5

. 87.2

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot.

Iris: homogeneous.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

311

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 511. Plate LIV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 19; unmarried.
Brothers: 6 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: glove on right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height . . ;

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1784

868

1480

184

144

118

132

105

118

65

55

38

63

33

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

78.3
48.6
81.9
89.3
49.2
69.1
52.4
79.5
89.4

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 512. Plate LV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1715

798

1421

201

141

111

132

106

116

72

57

36

54

35

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

70.1
46.5
78.7
87.9
54.6
63.1
64.8
80.3
84.1

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

312

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 513. Plate LV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1794

866

1507

191

140

118

135

115

126

75

55

32

57

33

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.2

48.2

84.2

93.3

55.5

58.

57.

85.

87.

.2
.9
.2

.4

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: very compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: marked over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 514. Plate LV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1782

1340

188

135

118

128

100

116

68

55

35

63

40

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

71.8
49.8
87.3
90.7
53.1
63.6
63.5
78.2
90.7

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

313

Teeth. — Eruption: complete.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Good.
Health. — Good.

Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

No. 515. Plate LV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1772

898

1460

194

148

118

140

113

131

77

58

31

60

40

Indices

Cephalic 76.3

Relative sitting height 50 . 6

Fron to-parietal 79 . 7

Total facial 93.6

Upper facial 54 . 9

Nasal 53.4

Ear 66.6

Jugomandibular 80 . 7

Jugofrontal 84 . 3

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 516. Plate LVI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1710

824

1390

185

148

118

135

115

128

80

57

35

70

36

Indices

Cephalic 79.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 2

Fron to-parietal 79.7

Total facial 94.7

Upper facial 59 . 3

Nasal 61.4

Ear 51.4

Jugomandibular 85.2

Jugofrontal 87.4

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.

314

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Teeth. — Eruption: complete.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

No. 517. Plate LVI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spots on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1810

884

1534

201

133

113

133

110

135

76

60

36

64

34

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

66.1
. 48.8
. 84.9
.101.4
. 57.1
. 60.0
. 53.1
. 82.7
. 85.0

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, minus. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 518. Plate LVI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: gazelle and design on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1700

768

1413

184

138

117

137

110

131

72

57

35

58

32

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.0
45.2
84.7
95.6
52.6
61.4
55.1
80.3
85.4

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

315

Chest. — Development: plus.
M usculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 519. Plate LVI, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 28; married for 4 years. Sons: 1 living.

Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Daughters: none.

MM

Indices
Relative sitting height .

Nasal

Ear

Measurements

Standing height 1730

Sitting height 845

Acromion to sole 1460

Head length 196

Bigonial breadth 101

Total facial height 113

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 40

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 38

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 520. Plate LVII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

48.8
72.8
61.3

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1732

822

1454

198

146

118

138

103

114

70

55

40

54

33

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.7
47.4
80.8
82.6
50.7
72.8
61.1
74.6
84.0

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

316

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 521. Plate LVII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 22; married for 3 years.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: 3 spots in line on right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1750

828

1424

192

147

115

137

110

117

65

50

40

52

38

Sons: none. Daughters: 1 dead.

Indices

Cephalic 76.6

Relative sitting height 47.3

Fron to-parietal 78.2

Total facial 85.4

Upper facial 52.2

Nasal 80.0

Ear 73.1

Jugomandibular 80 . 3

Jugof rontal 84 . 0

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 522. Plate LVII, Fig. 5

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 23; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1674

835

1390

200

144

115

138

110

118

74

56

40

62

40

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

72.0
49.8
79.9
85.5
53.6
71.5
64.6
79.7
83.3

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

317

No. 523. Plate LVII, Figs. 6, 7

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 29; married for 4 years.
Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: straight line on back of right hand.

Sons: 1 dead. Daughters: 2 dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1731

832

1455

196

151

116

140

116

133

74

60

33

55

38

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 48 . 1

Fronto-parietal 76.9

Total facial 95.0

Upper facial 52 . 8

Nasal 55.0

Ear 68.1

Jugomandibular 82 . 9

Jugofrontal 82.9

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 524. Plate LVIII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1772

843

1483

192

143

117

129

105

136

80

62

35

61

39

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

, 74.5
, 47.6
. 81.9
.105.3
. 62.1
. 56.5
63.9
. 81.4
. 90.7

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 2. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health.— Good.

318

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 525. Plate LVIII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 21; married for 2 years. Sons: 2 dead.

Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1726

785

1445

202

154

128

147

106

128

77

57

40

66

40

Indices

Cephalic 75.5

Relative sitting height 45 . 4

Fron to-parietal 83 . 1

Total facial 87.1

Upper facial 52 . 4

Nasal 70.2

Ear 60.7

Jugomandibular 72 . 1

Jugofrontal 87.1

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 526. Plate LVIII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

790

1395

194

141

121

140

110

117

68

55

33

57

42

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

72.7
46.7
85.8
83.6
48.6
60.0
73.7
78.5
86.5

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

319

No. 527. Plate LVIII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1710

838

1425

183

144

116

133

101

124

80

60

36

58

35

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

78.6
49.0
80;5
93.2
60.1
60.0
60.3
75.9
87.2

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 528. Plate LIX, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Married for 3 years. No children.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

Measurements mm

Standing height 1810

Sitting height 803

Acromion to sole 1530

Head length 200

Head breadth 145

Minimum frontal diameter . . 126

Bizygomatic maximum 142

Bigonial breadth 118

Total facial height 129

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 40

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

72.5
44.3
86.9
90.8
50.7
61.7
63.5
83.1
88.7

320

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 529. Plate LIX, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1660

822

1381

197

142

110

128

106

121

73

57

35

60

41

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

72.1
49.5
77.4
94.5
57.0
61.4
68.3
82.8
86.0

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 530. Plate LIX, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: spot on nasion.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1720

Sitting height 803

Acromion to sole 1451

Head length 185

Head breadth 136

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Bizygomatic maximum 130

Bigonial breadth 113

Upper facial height 68

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 52

Ear breadth 37

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 531

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 25; married 14 years ago (wife now dead).
Daughters: none.

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.5
46.6
83.1
52.3
66.7
71.1
86.9
86.9

Sons: 1 living.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

321

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1724

818

1433

201

148

125

143

107

121

78

56

37

70

46

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.6
47.4
83.4
84.7
54.5
66.1
65.7
74.9
87.4

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 532. Plate LIX, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 19; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on nasion.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1690

774

1420

186

144

113

127

100

123

80

60

34

54

35

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

77.4
45.8
78.4
96.9
63.0
56.7
64.8
78.8
89.0

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 533. Plate LX, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 20; married in June, 1928.
Brothers: 5 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: spot on back of right wrist.

:V22

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1700

818

1423

193

145

113

136

107

115

70

53

36

50

37

Indices

Cephalic 75.1

Relative sitting height 48 . 1

Fronto-parietal 77.3

Total facial 84.6

Upper facial 51 . 5

Nasal 68.0

Ear 74.0

Jugomandibular 78 . 7

Jugofrontal 83.1

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 534. Plate LX, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1666

832

1410

200

140

110

128

121

115

76

56

37

62

40

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

70.0

49.9

78.6

89.

59.

66.

64.

94.5

85.9

.9

.4
.1
.5

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 535. Plate LX, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 18; married for 4 months.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.
Measurements mm Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Standing height 1730

Sitting height 809

70.1
46.8

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

323

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1452

200

141

113

138

111

128

74

55

33

57

42

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

80.1
92.9
53.6
60.0
73.7
80.5
81.9

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 536. Plate LX, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1734

818

1440

185

137

113

135

107

124

77

58

32

56

36

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

74.1
47.1
82.5
92.0
57.0
55.2
64.3
79.3
83.7

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 537. Plate LXI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1673

Sitting height 791

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

67.4
47.2

324

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth. .'

MM

1387

193

130

113

129

95

119

71

52

35

54

36

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial \

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

87.0
92.4
55.0
67.4
66.7
73.6
87.6

Eye. — Color: very dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

Some Negro blood.

No. 538. Plate LXI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Karbala. Age: 23; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1686

822

1417

187

141

117

133

108

122

80

57

40

62

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.4
48.7

83,
91.
60,
70,
56
81,

88.0

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 539. Plate LXI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1706

Sitting height 781

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

76.8
45.7

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

325

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1405

185

142

113

132

98

116

73

54

37

55

35

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

79.7
88.0
55.3
68.6
63.6
74.3
85.6

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 540. Plate LXI, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1711

808

1421

191

155

120

136

108

135

78

62

36

61

36

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

81.2
47.2
77.5
99.3
57.4
58.1
59.0
79.4
88.3

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 541. Plate LXII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1690

Sitting height 853

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

78.4
50.4

326

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1445

189

148

113

132

103

123

73

56

35

60

38

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

76.4
93.3
55.4
62.5
63.4
78.0
85.6

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 542. Plate LXII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 23; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1751

874

1411

186

145

123

132

105

115

72

57

35

63

36

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

78.0
49.9
84.9
87.1
54.6
61.4
57.2
79.5
93.2

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 543. Plate LXII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1660

Sitting height 824

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

74.4
49.6

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

327

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1350

182

139

126

138

103

117

72

55

43

61

41

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

90.7
84.9
52.1
78.2
67.2
74.6
92.8

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 544. Plate LXII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and star on right temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1690

858

1400

188

138

118

134

105

121

67

57

36

54

37

Indices

Cephalic 73.4

Relative sitting height 50.7

Fronto-parietal 85.6

Total facial 90.3

Upper facial 50 . 0

Nasal 63.2

Ear 68.5

Jugomandibular 78 . 3

Jugofrontal 86 . 6

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 545. Plate LXIII, Figs

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; married for 6 years
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: 2 spots on left temple.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1764

Sitting height 909

1,2

No children.

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

79.6
51.5

328 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Acromion to sole 1471 Fronto-parietal 81.2

Head length 186 Total facial 90.4

Head breadth 148 Upper facial 50.3

Minimum frontal diameter . . 120 Nasal 53 . 5

Bizygomatic maximum 135 Ear 56 . 7

Bigonial breadth 105 Jugomandibular 77.7

Total facial height 122 Jugofrontal 88.9

Upper facial height 68

Nasal height 58

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 34

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 546. Plate LXIII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 24; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 8 living.

Tattoo marks: 4 spots on back of right hand; glove on back of left hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1730 Cephalic 75.0

Sitting height 880 Relative sitting height 50.8

Acromion to sole 1394 Fronto-parietal 81.6

Head length 188 Total facial 96.3

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 57.5

Minimum frontal diameter. . 115 Nasal 70.2

Bizygomatic maximum 132 Ear 54 . 8

Bigonial breadth Ill Jugomandibular 84 . 1

Total facial height 127 Jugofrontal 87.1

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 40

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 34

Hair. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 547. Plate LXIII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Ad Diwaniya. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and spot on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1643 Cephalic 75.0

Sitting height 835 Relative sitting height 50 . 8

Acromion to sole 1355 Fronto-parietal 74 .3

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

329

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth '.....

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

192

144

107

127

106

117

72

56

33

64

37

Indices

Total facial 92.2

Upper facial 56 . 7

Nasal 58.9

Ear 57.8

Jugomandibular 83 . 4

Jugofrontal 84 . 3

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 548. Plate LXIII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Ad Diwaniya. Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 5 living.

Tattoo marks: spot and lines on right hand; spots on left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1720

903

1460

193

150

120

138

118

120

72

55

36

62

36

Indices

Cephalic :..... 77.8

Relative sitting height 52 . 5

Fron to-parietal 80.0

Total facial 87.0

Upper facial 52 . 2

Nasal 65.4

Ear 58.1

Jugomandibular 85 . 5

Jugofrontal 87.0

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. -Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 549. Plate LXIV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on left hand behind thumb.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1694

Sitting height 843

Acromion to sole 1397

Head length 184

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

77.8
49.7
81.1
90.2

330

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

143

116

142

115

128

81

62

32

57

34

Indices

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular
Jugofrontal

57.1
51.7
59.6
81.0
81.7

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 550. Plate LXIV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: spot on back of right wrist; 1 spot on inside of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1758

875

1470

183

145

115

133

106

113

70

52

35

56

32

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

79.3
49.8
79.4
85.0
52.6
67.3
57.2
79.7
85.5

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 551. Plate LXIV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1721

Sitting height 838

Acromion to sole 1436

Head length 185

Head breadth 141

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Indices

Cephalic 76.3

Relative sitting height 48.6

Fronto-parietal 80.2

Total facial 89.7

Upper facial 53 . 3

Nasal 56.2

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 331

Measurements mm Indices

Bizygomatic maximum 135 Ear 67.3

Bigonial breadth 110 Jugomandibular 81 . 5

Total facial height 121 Jugofrontal 83.7

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 55

Ear breadth 37

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 552. Plate LXIV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Basra. Race: Sudanese Negro. Age: 28; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: snake and other designs on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1812 Cephalic 75.3

Sitting height 850 Relative sitting height 46 . 9

Acromion to sole 1525 Fronto-parietal 83 . 6

Head length 186 Total facial 85.5

Head breadth 140 Upper facial 52.7

Minimum frontal diameter. . 117 Nasal 67.2

Bizygomatic maximum 144 Ear 57 . 4

Bigonial breadth 116 Jugomandibular 80.6

Total facial height 123 Jugofrontal 81.3

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 61

Nasal breadth 41

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 35

Hair. — Form: woolly. Texture: coarse. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring plus.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: one. Bite: marked over.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

Negro; therefore not included in statistics.

No. 553. Plate LXV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 21; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: cross on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1770 Cephalic 74.9

Sitting height 893 Relative sitting height 50.4

Acromion to sole 1445 Fronto-parietal 90.8

332 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Head length 187 Total facial 101.5

Head breadth 140 Upper facial 65.4

Minimum frontal diameter. . 127 Nasal 63.7

Bizygomatic maximum 130 Ear 53.3

Bigonial breadth 106 Jugomandibular 81 . 5

Total facial height 132 Jugofrontal 97.6

Upper facial height 85

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 32

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 554. Plate LXV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 18; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and line on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1650 Cephalic 73.6

Sitting height 828 Relative sitting height 50.2

Acromion to sole 1328 Fronto-parietal 77.0

Head length 182 Total facial 91.9

Head breadth 143 Upper facial 54.8

Minimum frontal diameter . . 110 Nasal 65 . 5

Bizygomatic maximum 133 Ear 56 . 0

Bigonial breadth 106 Jugomandibular 79 . 7

Total facial height 122 Jugofrontal 82.7

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 66

Ear breadth 37

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 555. Plate LXV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Karbala. Age: 20; married for 3 years. No children.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1670 Cephalic 80.1

Sitting height 853 Relative sitting height 51.0

Acromion to sole 1335 Fronto-parietal 80.6

Head length 180 Total facial 83.5

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

333

Measurements

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

144

116

133

121

111

73

56

33

57

37

Indices

Upper facial 54 . 8

Nasal 58.9

Ear 64.9

Jugomandibular 91 .0

Jugofrontal 87.2

Hair. — Quantity: head, plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over. Caries: double plus.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 556. Plate LXV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; married in 1928.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1701

833

1405

187

142

113

128

106

113

73

54

41

56

32

Indices

Cephalic 76.0

Relative sitting height 48 . 9

Fron to-parietal 79 . 6

Total facial 88.4

Upper facial 57 . 1

Nasal 75.9

Ear 57.3

Jugomandibular 82 . 8

Jugofrontal 88.3

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 557. Plate LXVI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; married in 1928.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand, design in three colors; figures 7663 on inside of
left forearm.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1736

Sitting height 898

Acromion to sole 1441

Indices

Cephalic 75.3

Relative sitting height 51.7

Fronto-parietal 81.9

334

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

190

143

117

134

106

121

74

61

38

58

33

Indices

Total facial 90.2

Upper facial 55.2

Nasal 62.2

Ear 56.9

Jugomandibular 79.1

Jugofrontal 87.3

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 558. Plate LXVI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 22; married for 18 months.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

No children.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1673

850

1370

192

147

117

135

105

117

68

50

34

60

31

Indices

Cephalic 76 . 6

Relative sitting height 50.8

Fronto-parietal 79.6

Total facial 86.8

Upper facial 50.4

Nasal 68.0

Ear 51.6

Jugomandibular 77.7

Jugofrontal 86.7

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Derelopment: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 559. Plate LXVI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: line on back of left wrist.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1673

Sitting height 840

Acromion to sole 1410

Indices

Cephalic 79.4

Relative sitting height 50.3

Fronto-parietal 78.2

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

335

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

184

146

114

131

106

123

74

52

38

56

35

Indices

Total facial 93.9

Upper facial 56 . 5

Nasal 73.0

Ear 62.5

Jugomandibular 80 . 9

Jugofrontal 87.0

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 3. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 560. Plate LXVI, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: slight line on back of left wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1662

801

1393

188

143

114

136

108

117

78

54

33

61

35

Indices

Cephalic 76.1

Relative sitting height 48 . 2

Fronto-parietal 79.8

Total facial 86.1

Upper facial 57 . 4

Nasal 61.2

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 79 . 4

Jugofrontal 83.8

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bile: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 561. Plate LXVII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1671

Sitting height 823

Indices

Cephalic 75.0

Relative sitting height 49.3

336

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

Measurements mm

Acromion to sole 1390

Head length 188

Head breadth 141

Minimum frontal diameter . . 108

Bizygomatic maximum 127

Bigonial breadth 94

Total facial height 116

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 54

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 51

Ear breadth 38

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 2. Caries: plus. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 562. Plate LXVII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

76.6
91.4
57.5
68.5
74.0
74.5
85.0

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1770

869

1455

189

144

117

132

107

116

77

57

37

60

36

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

76.3

49.0

81.

87.

58.

64.

.3
.9

.3

.9

60.0

81.
88,

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 563. Plate LXVII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1730

Sitting height 919

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

82.5
53.1

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

337

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1465

177

146

120

148

107

115

72

53

32

58

36

Indices

Fronto-parietal 82.2

Total facial 77.7

Upper facial 48 . 6

Nasal 60.4

Ear 62.1

Jugomandibular 72 . 3

Jugofrontal 81 . 1

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 564. Plate LXVII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 22; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: girl in red and blue on back of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1764

908

1452

189

146

125

143

114

115

70

63

40

56

35

Indices

Cephalic 77.3

Relative sitting height 51.5

Fronto-parietal 85 . 7

Total facial 80.4

Upper facial 48 . 9

Nasal 63.5

Ear 62.5

Jugomandibular 79 . 7

Jugofrontal 87.4

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Caries: plus. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 565. Plate LXVIII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 22; married 4 years ago (wife now dead). No children.

Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1685

Sitting height 838

Acromion to sole 1360

Head length 168

Indices

Cephalic 86.9

Relative sitting height 49.6

Fronto-parietal 71.2

Total facial 96.2

338 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Head breadth 146 Upper facial 56.9

Minimum frontal diameter . . 104 Nasal 61.8

Bizygomatic maximum 130 Ear 61.5

Bigonial breadth 93 Jugomandibular 71 . 5

Total facial height 125 Jugofrontal 80.0

Upper facial height 74

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 52

Ear breadth 32

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Caries: plus. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 566. Plate LXVIII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Karbala. Age: 26; married for 5 years. Sons: 1 dead. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1700 Cephalic 76.5

Sitting height 832 Relative sitting height 48.9

Acromion to sole 1404 Fronto-parietal 75 . 5

Head length 187 Total facial 94.5

Head breadth 143 Upper facial 54 .7

Minimum frontal diameter . . 108 Nasal 63 . 8

Bizygomatic maximum 128 Ear 69 . 1

Bigonial breadth 108 Jugomandibular 84 . 4

Total facial height 121 Jugofrontal 84.4

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 47

Nasal breadth 30

Ear length 55

Ear breadth 38

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 567. Plate LXVIII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 23; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1800 Cephalic 72.6

Sitting height 861 Relative sitting height 47.8

Acromion to sole 1452 Fronto-parietal 83.0

Head length 194 Total facial 103.6

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 339

Measurements mm Indices

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 59 . 6

Minimum frontal diameter. . 117 Nasal 58.1

Bizygomatic maximum 136 Ear 54 . 0

Bigonial breadth 113 Jugomandibular 83.1

Total facial height 141 Jugofrontal 86.0

Upper facial height 81

Nasal height 62

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 34

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 568. Plate LXVIII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 17; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand, gazelle on inside of right forearm, and spot on
nasal tip.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1704 Cephalic 83.6

Sitting height 891 Relative sitting height 52.3

Acromion to sole 1400 Fronto-parietal 76 . 4

Head length 177 Total facial 86.3

Head breadth 148 Upper facial 54 . 2

Minimum frontal diameter . . 113 Nasal 60 . 8

Bizygomatic maximum 131 Ear 60.8

Bigonial breadth 96 Jugomandibular 73 . 3

Total facial height 113 Jugofrontal 86.2

Upper facial height 71

Nasal height 51

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 56

Ear breadth 34

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 569. Plate LXIX, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 17; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and snake on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1740 Cephalic 75.4

Sitting height 868 Relative sitting height 49.9

Acromion to sole 1432 Fronto-parietal 78.7

Head length 187 Total facial 97.0

340 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 63.3

Minimum frontal diameter. . Ill Nasal 51.7

Bizygomatic maximum 128 Ear 68 . 2

Bigonial breadth 103 Jugomandibular 80 . 5

Total facial height 124 Jugofrontal 86.7

Upper facial height 81

Nasal height 62

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 41

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 570. Plate LXIX, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1810 Cephalic 80.1

Sitting height 849 Relative sitting height 46.9

Acromion to sole 1504 Fron to-parietal 78.6

Head length 181 Total facial 82.9

Head breadth 145 Upper facial 46.8

Minimum frontal diameter. . 114 Nasal 72.0

Bizygomatic maximum 128 Ear 60 . 0

Bigonial breadth 100 Jugomandibular 78 . 1

Total facial height 106 Jugofrontal 89.1

Upper facial height 60

Nasal height 50

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 55

Ear breadth 33

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 571. Plate LXIX, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Ad Diwaniya. Age: 30; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove, small bird, spots and lines on back of left hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1720 Cephalic 74 .2

Sitting height 817 Relative sitting height 47 . 5

Acromion to sole 1450 Fronto-parietal 75.2

Head length 190 Total facial 91 .0

Head breadth 141 Upper facial 54 .9

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

341

Measurements
Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

106

133

108

121

73

53

30

57

34

Indices

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

56.6
59.7
81.2
79.7

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Caries: plus. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 572. Plate LXIX, Fig. 7

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 21; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1771

888

1477

188

144

115

140

110

124

70

52

34

62

33

Indices

Cephalic 76.6

Relative sitting height 50 . 1

Fronto-parietal 79.9

Total facial 88.6

Upper facial 50 . 0

Nasal 65.4

Ear 53.3

Jugomandibular 78 . 5

Jugofrontal 82 . 1

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 573. Plate LXX, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 30; married twice, 2 and 5 years ago.

Daughters: 1, 1, living.
Brothers: 1 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: 3 spots on back of left hand.

Sons: 1, 0, living.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1790

Sitting height 882

Acromion to sole 1511

Head length 197

Head breadth 140

Minimum frontal diameter . . 110

Indices

Cephalic 71.1

Relative sitting height 49 . 2

Fronto-parietal 78 . 6

Total facial 100.9

Upper facial 56 . 4

Nasal 58.9

342 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Bizygomatic maximum 133 Ear . 50 . 0

Bigonial breadth 103 Jugomandibular 77.4

Total facial height 132 Jugofrontal 82.7

Upper facial height 75

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 33

Ear length 66

Ear breadth 34

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 574. Plate LXX, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1811 Cephalic 79.6

Sitting height 918 Relative sitting height 50 . 6

Acromion to sole 1538 Fron to-parietal 72.4

Head length 186 Total facial 87.4

Head breadth 148 Upper facial 59.7

Minimum frontal diameter . . 107 Nasal 52 . 5

Bizygomatic maximum 134 Ear 58.2

Bigonial breadth 113 Jugomandibular 84.3

Total facial height 117 Jugofrontal 79.9

Upper facial height 80

Nasal height 61

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 55

Ear breadth 32

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 575. Plate LXX, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; married for 2 years. No children.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: thick line on back of right wrist; large spot and line on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1743 Cephalic 72.8

Sitting height 857 Relative sitting height 49.2

Acromion to sole 1455 Fronto-parietal 84 . 0

Head length 180 Total facial 93.0

Head breadth 131 Upper facial 58.3

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110 Nasal 58.4

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

343

Measurements mm Indices

Bizygomatic maximum 127 Ear 62 . 1

Bigonial breadth 101 Jugomandibular 79 . 5

Total facial height 118 Jugofrontal 86.6

Upper facial height 74

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 66

Ear breadth 41

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 576. Plate LXX, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1685

843

1400

187

134

111

132

96

117

75

64

34

66

37

Indices

Cephalic 71.6

Relative sitting height 50 . 0

Fron to-parietal 82.9

Total facial 88.6

Upper facial 56 . 8

Nasal 53.1

Ear 56.1

Jugomandibular 72 . 7

Jugofrontal 84 . 1

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring. Tip: thickness, minus.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE.— Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 577. Plate LXXI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1784

Sitting height 778

Acromion to sole 1495

Head length 188

Head breadth 135

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

71.8
43.6
81.5
94.7
60.6

344

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements
Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM
110

132
100
125
80
57
32
60
41

Indices

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

56.1
68.4
75.8
87.1

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 578. Plate LXXI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: An Najaf. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1735

898

1444

192

146

116

132

101

126

76

60

41

63

32

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

76.0
51.8
79.5
95.5

57.6
68.4
50.7
76.5
87.9

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, plus; elevated. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 579. Plate LXXI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 17; unmarried.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1730

Sitting height 838

Acromion to sole 1430

Head length 180

Head breadth 143

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

79.4
48.4
79.0
89.7
60.3
57.1

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

345

Measurements mm Indices

Bizygomatic maximum 117 Ear 57.7

Bigonial breadth 104 Jugomandibular 88.9

Total facial height 105 Jugofrontal 96.5

Upper facial height 71

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 52

Ear breadth 30

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature.— Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 580. Plate LXXI, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on back of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1711

893

1416

178

140

113

132

100

117

75

56

33

62

35

Indices

Cephalic 78.7

Relative sitting height 52 . 1

Fron to-parietal 80.7

Total facial 88.6

Upper facial 56.7

Nasal 59.0

Ear 56.5

Jugomandibular 75.8

Jugofrontal 85.6

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 581. Plate LXXII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 25; married for 10 years.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 2 living. Daughters: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1760

Sitting height 910

Acromion to sole 1466

Head length 188

Head breadth 137

Minimum frontal diameter. . 114

Bizygomatic maximum 135

Bigonial breadth 115

Indices

Cephalic 72.8

Relative sitting height 51.7

Fron to-parietal 83 .3

Total facial 88.2

Upper facial 57 . 8

Nasal 70.7

Ear 67.3

Jugomandibular 85 . 2

346 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm Indices

Total facial height 119 Jugofrontal 84.5

Upper facial height 78

Nasal height 58

Nasal breadth 41

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 41

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 582. Plate LXXII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Shatra. Age: 22; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 7 living.

Tattoo marks: 3 spots on back and 5 spots on inside of right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1747 Cephalic 75.6

Sitting height 899 Relative sitting height 51-4

Acromion to sole 1430 Fronto-parietal 81 .3

Head length 188 Total facial 86.1

Head breadth 142 Upper facial 54 . 6

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116 Nasal 54.8

Bizygomatic maximum 137 Ear 55.0

Bigonial breadth 103 Jugomandibular 75 . 2

Total facial height 118 Jugofrontal 84.7

Upper facial height 75

Nasal height 62

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 33

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 583. Plate LXXII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: cross and two spots on right wrist.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1820 Cephalic 75.2

Sitting height 902 Relative sitting height 49 . 5

Acromion to sole 1511 Fronto-parietal 78.0

Head length 193 Total facial 92.7

Head breadth 145 Upper facial 55 . 6

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113 Nasal 56.2

Bizygomatic maximum 135 Ear 63 . 5

Bigonial breadth 106 Jugomandibular 78.5

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

347

Measurements mm

Total facial height 125

Upper facial height 75

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 40

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 584. Plate LXXII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Ad Diwaniya. Age: 25; married for 3 years.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of left hand.

Indices
Jugofrontal 83.7

No children.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1866

963

1557

200

151

118

137

102

116

71

57

39

65

32

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.5
51.6
78.2
84.6
51.8
68.4
49.3
74.4
85.1

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 585. Plate LXXIII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: near Baghdad. Age: 19; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1817

Sitting height 885

Acromion to sole 1502

Head length 193

Head breadth 150

Minimum frontal diameter . . 113

Bizygomatic maximum 137

Bigonial breadth 105

Total facial height 121

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

77.8
48.7
75.4
88.4
48.9
62.5
62.0
76.6
82.5

348

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Upper facial height 67

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 36

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 586. Plate LXXIII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 22; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand; 2 lines with dot between on left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1666

880

1368

180

142

113

130

104

117

73

53

35

61

35

Indices

Cephalic 78.9

Relative sitting height 52 . 8

Fronto-parietal 79

Total facial 90.0

Upper facial 56 . 1

Nasal 66.1

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 80 . 0

Jugofrontal 86.9

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 587. Plate LXXIII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 17; married for 2 years. Sons: none.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Daughters: 1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

mm Indices

1682 Cephalic 76.3

839 Relative sitting height 49.8

1410 Fronto-parietal 75.3

185 Total facial 96.9

141 Upper facial 58.6

106 Nasal 66.1

128 Ear 62.1

100 Jugomandibular 78.2

124 Jugofrontal 82.8

75

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

349

Measurements mm

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 37

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 36

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 588. Plate LXXIII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: spots forming snake, high upon inside of left arm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1685

878

1400

188

140

113

136

104

130

73

60

35

60

31

Indices

Cephalic 74 . 5

Relative sitting height 52 . 1

Fronto-parietal 80.7

Total facial 95.6

Upper facial 53 . 7

Nasal 58.4

Ear 51.6

Jugomandibular 76.5

Jugofrontal 83 . 1

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 589. Plate LXXIV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 14, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age:
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters:
Tattoo marks: none.

19; unmarried.
1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

MM

1750
865

1449
183
142
106
129
110
127
73
58

Indices

Cephalic 77.6

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 74.7

Total facial 98.5

Upper facial 56 . 6

Nasal 59.7

Ear 59.

Jugomandibular 85.

Jugofrontal 82 .

.6
.3

.2

350

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

30

57
34

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: convex. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 590. Plate LXXIV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1700

842

1427

186

131

106

130

95

116

74

60

35

60

33

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

70.4
49.5
80.7
89.3
56.9
58.4
55.0
73.0
81.5

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 591. Plate LXXIV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living, 4 dead. Sisters: 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

1666

842

1382

186

149

115

135

113

118

76

56

38

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

80.1
50.5
77.3
87.4
56.3
67.8
54.4
83.7
85.1

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

351

Measurements mm

Ear length 57

Ear breadth 31

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 592. Plate LXXIV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 17; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1685

824

1422

185

148

110

127

103

115

65

56

32

60

33

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

80.0
48.9
74.3
90.6
51.2
57.2
55.0
81.1
86.7

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 593. Plate LXXV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: spots on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1725

885

1446

194

149

117

137

114

121

76

58

34

58

36

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

76.7
51.3
78.6
88.4
55.4
58.6
62.0
83.2
85.4

352

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 594. Plate LXXV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1723

885

1440

190

136

113

128

98

106

66

57

31

57

34

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

71.6
51.4
83.1
82.7
51.6
54.4
59.7
76.5
88.3

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: third molars unerupted. Lost: none. Bite: marked over.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature.— Fair.

Health. — Good.

No. 595. Plate LXXV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1711

836

1430

189

145

117

134

100

123

75

55

35

54

36

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

76.7
48.9
80.7
91.8
55.9
63.7
66.7
74.7
87.3

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-flaring.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

353

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

Bite: slight over.

No. 596. Plate LXXV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1790

1517

183

139

110

130

100

124

73

60

35

56

36

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.9
49.6
79.1
95.4
56.1
58.4
63.3
77.0
84.6

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 597. Plate LXXVI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Hindiya. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: 3 spots on back of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1783

857

1484

188

136

115

130

98

122

80

65

35

63

40

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

72.3
48.0
84.5
93.9
61.5
63.6
63.5
75.4
88.5

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, minus. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

354

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 598. Plate LXXVI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 4 living.
Tattoo marks: two spots and animal on right arm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1680

853

1381

180

149

107

133

113

117

75

62

30

58

33

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

82.7
50.7
71.7
88.0
56.4
48.4
56.8
85.0
80.5

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 599. Plate LXXVI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 19; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: 4 spots on right temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1750

876

1466

194

141

110

129

100

120

74

60

35

55

34

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

72.6
50.1
78.1
93.1
57.3
58.4
61.7
77.5
85.3

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

355

No. 600. Plate LXXVI, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1745

930

1410

196

152

119

136

115

128

85

63

43

70

43

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

77.6

53.3

78.3

94

62

68

61

84

87.5

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Caries: plus. Lost: 2.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 601. Plate LXXVII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: near Kut al Imara. Age: 21; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove with circle and spot on back of right hand; gazelle on inside of right
forearm; ring of spots on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1838

880

1534

195

159

124

144

114

121

75

60

37

65

36

Indices

Cephalic 81 . 5

Relative sitting height 47 . 9

Fronto-parietal 78 . 0

Total facial 84.1

Upper facial 52 . 1

Nasal 61.7

Ear 55.4

Jugomandibular 79 . 2

Jugofrontal 86 . 1

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, minus. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: marked over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health.— Good.

356

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 602. Plate LXXVII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 30; married for 3 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: spot on right side of nose.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1785

878

1495

194

142

106

132

110

115

70

54

37

63

40

Indices

Cephalic 73.3

Relative sitting height 47 . 5

Fron to-parietal 74 . 6

Total facial 87.1

Upper facial 53 . 0

Nasal 68.5

Ear 63.5

Jugomandibular 83 . 3

Jugofrontal 80.3

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 603. Plates LXXVII, Figs. 5, 6; LXXVIII, Fig. 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 18; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1760

875

1470

173

147

115

128

100

120

74

56

35

57

35

Indices

Cephalic 85.0

Relative sitting height 49 . 6

Fronto-parietal 78.3

Total facial 93.9

Upper facial 57 . 7

Nasal 62.5

Ear 61.5

Jugomandibular 78 . 2

Jugofrontal 89.9

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

357

No. 604. Plate LXXVII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 23; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1726

876

1448

185

138

110

134

102

120

71

58

35

63

35

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

74.6
50.6
79.7
89.6
53.0
60.3
55.6
76.1
82.1

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health.— Good.

No. 605. Plate LXXVIII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: near Kut al Imara. Age: 30; married for 6 years. Sons: 2 living.

1 living.
Brothers: 9 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: line on back of left wrist.

Daughters:

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1720

900

1428

187

144

114

134

109

115

74

65

35

60

35

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 52 . 3

Fronto-parietal 79.3

Total facial 85.9

Upper facial 55.2

Nasal 53.9

Ear 58.3

Jugomandibular 81.3

Jugofrontal 85 . 1

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

ar>s

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 607. Plate LXXVIII, Fig. 5

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; married for 3 years.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 6 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1754

896

1450

183

148

117

138

106

117

80

60

36

56

34

Indices

Cephalic 80.9

Relative sitting height 51 . 1

Fronto-parietal 79. 1

Total facial 84.8

Upper facial 58 . 0

Nasal 60.0

Ear 60.7

Jugomandibular 76 . 8

Jugofrontal 84.8

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 608. Plate LXXVIII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1770

923

1450

189

144

120

139

115

120

74

62

33

62

37

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

76

52

83

86

53

53.3

61.3

82.7

86.3

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

359

No. 609. Plate LXXIX, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 21; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1798

925

1495

180

135

107

128

111

123

77

60

37

60

34

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.0
51.5
79.3
96.2
60.2
61.6
56.7
86.7
83.6

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health.— Good.

No. 610. Plate LXXIX, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 19; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1665

881

1390

195

140

110

127

100

116

73

64

30

52

33

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

71.8
52.9
78.6
91.3
57.5
46.8
63.4
78.8
86.6

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
NOSE. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Good.
Health. — Good.

360

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 611. Plate LXXIX, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Shatra. Age: 19; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand; animal design on inside of left forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1741

839

1437

193

147

116

137

107

128

85

57

34

64

32

Indices

Cephalic 76.2

Relative sitting height 48 . 2

Fronto-parietal 79.0

Total facial 93.5

Upper facial 62.0

Nasal 59.6

Ear 50.0

Jugomandibular 78 . 1

Jugofrontal 84.7

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 612. Plate LXXIX, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Khanaqin. Age: 30; married for 3 years.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: triangles and lines on right wrist.

No children.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1727

899

1441

173

147

110

132

110

120

75

61

35

61

42

Indices

Cephalic 84.9

Relative sitting height 52 . 0

Fronto-parietal 74.8

Total facial 91.0

Upper facial 56 . 8

Nasal 57.4

Ear 68.7

Jugomandibular 83.3

Jugofrontal 83.3

Hair. — Color: light brown.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

Note: Omitted from averages due to artificial cranial deformation.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

361

No. 613. Plate LXXX, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 23; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 4 living.
Tattoo marks: 2 crosses on back of left wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1740

885

1457

189

149

118

147

110

116

75

57

36

57

41

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

78.9

50.8

79.

78.

51.

63.2

71.9

72.2

77.6

.3

.9
.1

Hair.— Color: black.

Eye. — Color: very dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: marked over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health. — Good.

Some Negro blood.

No. 614. Plate LXXX, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Samarra. Age: 25; married for 11 years.

1 dead.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Sons: 1 living, 3 dead. Daughters:

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1654

835

1376

191

136

107

131

100

113

67

56

32

52

35

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

71.2
50.4
78.8
86.3
51.2
57.2
67.3
76.3
81.7

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.

362

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 615. Plate LXXX, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Shatra. Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: 3 spots and line on back of right hand; 3 spots on back of left wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

861

1402

176

145

115

133

110

116

72

60

35

64

37

Indices

Cephalic 82.4

Relative sitting height 50 . 9

Fron to-parietal 79.4

Total facial 87.3

Upper facial 54 . 2

Nasal 58.3

Ear 57.8

Jugomandibular 82 . 7

Jugof rontal 86 . 5

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 616. Plate LXXX, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: 6 spots on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1640

860

1345

199

152

113

138

113

118

80

62

32

55

37

Indices

Cephalic 76 . 4

Relative sitting height 52.4

Fronto-parietal 74.4

Total facial 85.6

Upper facial 58 . 0

Nasal 51.6

Ear 67.3

Jugomandibular 81.9

Jugofrontal 81 . 9

Eye.— Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. 7m: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

363

Musculature.— Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 617. Plate LXXXI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 23; unmarried.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1741

860

1448

194

142

116

137

108

122

74

54

34

60

37

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.2
49.4
81.7
89.1
53.6
63.0
61.6
78.9
84.7

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 618. Plate LXXXI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Mosul. Age: 24; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1703

870

1438

184

142

116

132

103

120

74

55

32

60

35

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

77,

51

81

91.0
56.1

58.2
58.4
78.0
87.9

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

364

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 619. Plate LXXXI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Mosul. Age: 25; married for 1 year.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1601

845

1349

172

144

110

137

105

114

71

58

34

52

30

No children.

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

83.6
52.7
76.4
83.3
51.7
58.6
57.7
76.7
80.3

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 620. Plate LXXXI, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Basra. Age: 24; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1645

843

1391

169

147

110

121

110

128

85

65

36

69

40

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

. 87.0

. 51.2

. 74.7
.105.8

. 70.2

. 55.4

. 59.4

. 90.9

. 90.9

Eye. — Color: gray brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: marked over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health.— Good.

Note: marked facial prognathism.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

365

No. 621. Plate LXXXII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 26; married for 3 years. No children.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle and spots on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1765

894

1485

200

155

114

140

113

115

78

60

34

57

33

Indices

Cephalic 77.5

Relative sitting height 50 . 6

Fron to-parietal 73 . 6

Total facial 82.2

Upper facial 55.7

Nasal 56.7

Ear 57.9

Jugomandibular 80 . 7

Jugofrontal 81.4

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 622. Plate LXXXII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 26; married for 3 years. No children.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height.

Nasal breadth .'

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1747

895

1446

182

143

106

132

103

114

74

66

32

73

34

Indices

Cephalic 78.6

Relative sitting height 51.2

Fron to-parietal 74 . 1

Total facial 86.4

Upper facial 56.1

Nasal 48.5

Ear 46.6

Jugomandibular 78.1

Jugofrontal 80.3

EYE. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 623. Plate LXXXII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 26; unmarried.

366

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: line on right index finger and spot on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1875

908

1565

192

146

110

143

114

122

76

56

30

61

33

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

76.1
48.4
75.4
85.4
53.1
53.6
54.2
79.7
76.9

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 624. Plate LXXXII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1788

858

1501

196

155

115

142

100

125

77

62

35

65

37

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

79.1
48.0
74.3
88.0
54.2
56.4
56.9
70.4
81.0

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 625. Plate LXXXIII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 23; married for 4 years. No children.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

367

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1747

908

1456

197

158

117

148

113

123

74

60

35

70

43

Indices

Cephalic 80.2

Relative sitting height 52 . 0

Fronto-parietal 74. 1

Total facial 83.2

Upper facial 50 . 0

Nasal 58.3

Ear 61.4

Jugomandibular 76.3

Jugofrontal 79.1

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 626. Plate LXXXIII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: near Kirkuk. Age: 26; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: long slanting line crossed by 8 short lines on left wrist.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1780

Sitting height 935

Acromion to sole 1457

Head length 187

Head breadth 145

Minimum frontal diameter . . 116

Bizygomatic maximum 134

Bigonial breadth 110

Total facial height 134

Upper facial height 80

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 68

Ear breadth 40

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 627

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Kirkuk. Age: 22; unmarried.

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

. 77.6

. 52.5

. 80.0
.100.0

. 59.6

. 59.6

. 58.7

. 82.1

, 86.6

368

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sisters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ...

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1694

888

1404

184

158

116

144

110

130

82

65

37

60

35

Indices

Cephalic 85.9

Relative sitting height 52 . 4

Fron to-parietal 73.4

Total facial 90.4

Upper facial 56 . 9

Nasal 56.9

Ear 58.4

Jugomandibular 73 . 8

Jugofrontal 77.9

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Good.

No. 628. Plate LXXXIII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Ad Diwaniya. Age: 28; married twice, 7 and 1 years ago. Sons: 1, 0, living.

Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1750

918

1465

188

147

122

137

116

116

71

46

34

62

34

Indices

Cephalic 78.3

Relative sitting height 52 . 4

Fronto-parietal 83.0

Total facial 84.7

Upper facial 51.8

Nasal 74.0

Ear 54.8

Jugomandibular 84.7

Jugofrontal 89 . 1

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 629. Plate LXXXIII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 25; unmarried.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

369

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1773

843

1505

191

147

123

138

110

125

74

57

34

68

40

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 47 . 5

Fronto-parietal 83.7

Total facial 90.6

Upper facial 53 . 6

Nasal 59.6

Ear 58.8

Jugomandibular . .' 79 . 7

Jugofrontal 89 . 1

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: depressed. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 630

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1805

910

1531

191

142

110

134

104

123

77

64

33

67

36

Indices

Cephalic 74.4

Relative sitting height 50 . 4

Fronto-parietal 77. 5

Total facial 91.9

Upper facial 57 . 4

Nasal 51.6

Ear 53.7

Jugomandibular 77.7

Jugofrontal 82.1

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 631

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 30; married for 5 years.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on back of right wrist.

Sons: none. Daughters: 2 living.

370

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1636

808

1350

186

141

122

132

106

142

73

50

34

64

33

Indices

Cephalic 75.8

Relative sitting height. . ... 49.4

Fronto-parietal 86 . 5

Total facial 107.5

Upper facial 55 . 3

Nasal 51.6

Ear 51.5

Jugomandibular 80 . 9

Jugofrontal 93 . 1

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 632. Plate LXXXIV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: near Kirkuk. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 6 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1730

908

1427

176

141

110

128

96

113

80

55

34

61

44

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

80.1

52.4

77.0

88.4

61.

61.

72.

75.0

85.9

.7
.8

.2

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 633. Plate LXXXIV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and circle of spots on each temple.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

371

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum. . . .

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1650

858

1480

186

142

113

130

106

122

73

60

38

63

42

Indices

Cephalic 76

Relative sitting height 52

Fronto-parietal 79

Total facial 93

Upper facial 56 . 2

Nasal 63.4

Ear 66.6

Jugomandibular . . 81.5

Jugofrontal 86 . 9

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 634. Plate LXXXIV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: near Ramadi. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1724

896

1410

188

136

115

131

101

134

74

64

35

65

40

Indices

Cephalic 72.3

Relative sitting height 52 . 0

Fronto-parietal 84 . 6

Total facial 102.1

Upper facial 56 . 4

Nasal. .'. 55.7

Ear 61.5

Jugomandibular 77.1

Jugofrontal 87.8

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 635

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: line on back of right wrist.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1733

Sitting height 873

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

75.0
50.3

372

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1508

184

138

114

136

105

107

73

51

32

68

36

Indices

Fronto-parietal 82.6

Total facial 78.7

Upper facial 53 . 6

Nasal 62.7

Ear 52.9

Jugomandibular 77.2

Jugofrontal 83.8

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, minus.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 636. Plate LXXXIV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Basra. Age: 30; married for 3 years.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

No children.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1660

Sitting height 861

Acromion to sole 1378

Head length 180

Head breadth 150

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116

Bizygomatic maximum 141

Bigonial breadth 103

Total facial height 134

Upper facial height 82

Nasal height 66

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 70

Ear breadth 37

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

Indices

Cephalic 83.4

Relative sitting height 52 . 2

Fronto-parietal 77.4

Total facial 95.1

Upper facial 58 . 2

Nasal 47.0

Ear 52.9

Jugomandibular 73 . 1

Jugofrontal 82.3

No. 637. Plate LXXXV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1750

Sitting height 877

Indices

Cephalic 75 . 5

Relative sitting height 50 . 2

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

373

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1490

188

142

113

131

110

120

80

50

30

54

32

Indices

Fronto-parietal 79 . 6

Total facial 91.6

Upper facial 61 . 1

Nasal 60.0

Ear 59.3

Jugomandibular 84 . 9

Jugofrontal 86 . 2

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 638. Plate LXXXV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 30; married twice, 5 and 1 years ago. No children.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1730

909

1441

180

143

113

137

107

122

78

63

40

71

34

Indices

Cephalic 79.5

Relative sitting height 52 . 5

Fronto-parietal 79 . 1

Total facial 89.1

Upper facial 55 . 4

Nasal 63.5

Ear 47.9

Jugomandibular 78 . 1

Jugofrontal 82 . 5

Hair. — Color: dark brown and gray.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M usculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 639. Plate LXXXV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Shatra. Age: 24; married for 5 months.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: line on back of right wrist.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1685

Sitting height 859

Indices

Cephalic 78.3

Relative sitting height 51.0

374

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1402

184

144

105

137

105

121

73

55

34

55

30

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

72.9
88.4
53.3
61.7
54.6
76.7
76.7

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 640

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

Measurements mm

Standing height 1698

Sitting height 884

Acromion to sole 1436

Head length 188

Head breadth 143

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Bizygomatic maximum 137

Bigonial breadth 104

Total facial height 131

Upper facial height 86

Nasal height 61

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 32

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 641

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

71.3
52.1
79.0
95.7
62.7
57.4
50.0
75.9
82.5

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1766

Sitting height 873

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

75.0
49.4

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

375

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length "

Ear breadth

1498

188

141

109

132

102

117

73

53

35

60

36

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

77.4
88.7
55.4
66.1
60.0
77.3
82.6

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 642. Plate LXXXV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Shatra. Age: 22; married for several months.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: 2 spots on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1727

858

1460

193

157

127

148

113

126

76

52

35

53

36

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

81.4
49.6
80.9
85.2
51.4
67.4
67.9
76.3
85.8

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 643. Plate LXXXVI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1702

Sitting height 859

Acromion to sole 1415

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .
Fronto-parietal

77.5
50.4
84.9

376

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

178

138

117

140

108

116

71

61

30

60

36

Indices

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

82.9
50.6
49.3
60.0
77.1
83.5

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 644. Plate LXXXVI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Samawa. Age: 24; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1614

820

1342

178

138

104

107

101

106

76

58

32

54

38

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

77.5
50.7
75.3
99.1
71.1
55.2
70.4
94.3
97.1

Hair.— Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 645. Plate LXXXVI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Karbala. Age: 25; married for 1 year.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

No children.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1730

Sitting height 861

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

77.8
49.8

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

377

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1465

180

140

101

127

99

123

76

57

30

60

36

Indices

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

72.1
96.9
59.7
52.6
60.0
77.9
79.6

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 646. Plate LXXXVI, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.

Birthplace: Mosul. Age: 22; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: figures 8090 in Arabic on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1668

886

1366

194

152

113

140

117

116

74

57

35

62

32

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

78.4

53.1

74.4

82.

51.

61.

51.

83.6

80.7

.9
.4
.4
.6

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE.— Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 647. Plate LXXXVII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Shatra. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

MM

Standing height 1707

Sitting height 843

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

74.3
49.4

378

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Indices

Fronto-parietal 83 .0

Total facial 100.0

Nasal 76.7

Ear 61.6

Jugomandibular 88.3

Jugofrontal 88.3

Measurements mm

Acromion to sole 1434

Head length 190

Head breadth 141

Minimum frontal diameter. . 117

Bizygomatic maximum 113

Bigonial breadth 128

Total facial height 113

Nasal height 73

Nasal breadth 56

Ear length 52

Ear breadth 32

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, triple plus. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 648. Plate LXXXVII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 15, 1928.
Birthplace: Mandali. Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

843

1403

190

147

115

141

110

132

78

51

35

65

37

Indices

Cephalic 77.4

Relative sitting height 49.8

Fronto-parietal 78.3

Total facial 93.6

Upper facial 55.4

Nasal 68.6

Ear 56.9

Jugomandibular 78.0

Jugofrontal 81 . 5

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

NO. 650

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1661

Sitting height 811

Acromion to sole 1345

Head length 189

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

74.1
48.8
83.6
92.4

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

379

Measurements

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

140

117

132

102

122

80

57

35

64

37

Indices

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

60.6
61.4

57.8
77.3
88.6

Hair. — Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

No. 651. Plate LXXXVII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Khanaqin. Age: 22; married for 3 years.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1734

832

1450

188

135

105

128

108

111

66

55

36

57

32

Indices

Cephalic 71.7

Relative sitting height 48 . 0

Fronto-parietal 77 . 8

Total facial 86.7

Upper facial 51.6

Nasal 65 . 5

Ear 56.2

Jugomandibular 84.4

Jugofrontal 82 . 1

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

No. 652. Plate LXXXVII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; married for 1 year.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

MM

1753
861

1452
185
146
115
137
102
119
74
53

No children.

Indices

Cephalic 78.9

Relative sitting height 49 . 1

Fronto-parietal 78 . 8

Total facial 86.7

Upper facial 54 . 0

Nasal 64.2

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 74.5

Jugofrontal 83.9

380

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 36

Hair. — Form: low waves. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

No. 653. Plate LXXXVIII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; married for 2 years.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1716

776

1437

191

146

119

144

105

123

73

50

35

56

30

Indices

Cephalic 76.4

Relative sitting height 45 . 3

Fronto-parietal 81.5

Total facial 85.5

Upper facial 50 . 7

Nasal 70.0

Ear 53.6

Jugomandibular 72 . 9

Jugofrontal 82 . 6

Hair. — Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

NOSE. — Profile: convex. Wings: medium.

No. 654. Plate LXXXVIII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Basra. Age: 21; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: line on back of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1690

739

1423

178

137

106

128

102

120

68

48

30

60

35

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 43 . 6

Fronto-parietal 77.4

Total facial 93.9

Upper facial 53.2

Nasal 62.5

Ear 58.4

Jugomandibular 79 . 7

Jugofrontal 82.8

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

381

No. 655. Plate LXXXVIII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Sulaimaniya. Age: 20; married for 1 year. No children.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1722

865

1415

176

157

117

140

111

125

73

61

41

70

41

Indices

Cephalic 88.7

Relative sitting height 50 . 3

Fronto-parietal 74.5

Total facial 89.4

Upper facial 52 . 1

Nasal 67.2

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 79 . 3

Jugofrontal 83 . 6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: convex. Wings: flaring.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature.— Excellent.

No. 656. Plate LXXXVIII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Mosul. Age: 20; married for 3 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and circle with 8 rays on back of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1682

761

1405

192

145

113

134

107

120

72

51

31

55

36

Indices

Cephalic 75.5

Relative sitting height 45.2

Fronto-parietal 78 . 0

Total facial 89.6

Upper facial 53 . 7

Nasal 60.8

Ear 65.6

Jugomandibular 79 . 9

Jugofrontal 84 . 3

1,2

No. 657. Plate LXXXIX, Figs.

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; married for 1 year. No children.

Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and animal on inside of right forearm.
Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1715 Cephalic 78.2

Sitting height 857 Relative sitting height 50.0

Acromion to sole 1478 Fronto-parietal 76 . 8

382

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Indices

Totalfacial 89.6

Upper facial 53.7

Nasal 64.3

Ear 64.3

Jugomandibular 79 . 1

Jugofrontal 84 .3

Measurements mm

Head length 188

Head breadth 147

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Bizygomatic maximum 134

Bigonial breadth 106

Total facial height 120

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 56

Ear breadth 36

No. 658. Plate LXXXIX, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: near Kut al Imara. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: his name and figures 7030 on inside of right forearm.

Indices

Cephalic 75.2

Relative sitting height 48.1

Fronto-parietal 81.0

Totalfacial 95.5

Upper facial 58.7

Nasal 55.4

Ear 60.7

Jugomandibular 74.0

Jugofrontal 84.7

Measurements mm

Standing height 1750

Sitting height 841

Acromion to sole 1450

Head length 182

Head breadth 137

Minimum frontal diameter. . Ill

Bizygomatic maximum 131

Bigonial breadth 97

Total facial height 125

Upper facial height 77

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 37

No. 659. Plate LXXXIX, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; married for 1 year. No children.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: his name and figures 6424 on inside of left forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1731

854

1436

197

151

118

137

104

132

81

60

37

60

38

Indices

Cephalic 76 . 6

Relative sitting height 49.4

Fronto-parietal 78 . 2

Totalfacial 96.4

Upper facial 58.4

Nasal 61.7

Ear 63.4

Jugomandibular 75.9

Jugofrontal 86 . 1

No. 660. Plate LXXXIX, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 21; unmarried.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

383

Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1741

Sitting height 791

Acromion to sole 1443

Head length 181

Head breadth 140

Minimum frontal diameter . . 115

Bizygomatic maximum ...... 131

Bigonial breadth 98

Total facial height 110

Upper facial height 65

Nasal height 46

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 34

Indices

Cephalic 77.4

Relative sitting height 46 . 5

Fronto-parietal 82 . 2

Total facial 84.0

Upper facial 49 . 6

Nasal 69.6

Ear 56.7

Jugomandibular 74 . 8

Jugofrontal 87.8

No. 661. Plate XC, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 22; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: 3 spots on back of right hand; spot on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1860

865

1576

178

147

119

137

98

117

73

57

31

64

36

Indices

Cephalic 82.6

Relative sitting height 46 . 5

Fronto-parietal 81.0

Total facial 85.4

Upper facial 53 . 2

Nasal 54.4

Ear...! 56.3

Jugomandibular 71.5

Jugofrontal 86 . 9

Extreme height, very large hands, and feet of abnormal size suggest unbalanced metabolism
caused by irregular functioning of endocrine glands.

No. 662. Plate XC, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 24; married for 3 years.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: large spot on each temple.

No children.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ...

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

mm Indices

1676 Cephalic 78.6

788 Relative sitting height 47.0

1400 Fronto-parietal 77.0

187 Total facial 83.4

148 Upper facial 49.3

114 Nasal 80.0

138 Ear 61.5

106 Jugomandibular 76 . 8

115 Jugofrontal 82.6

68

384

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Nasal height 50

Nasal breadth 40

Ear length 52

Ear breadth 32

No. 663. Plate XC, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and spots on temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1706

784

1405

182

144

117

135

103

117

71

50

31

55

31

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

79.2
45.9
81.3
86.7
52.6
62.0
56.4
76.3
86.6

No. 664. Plate XC, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: spot on back of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1675

769

1390

188

148

110

132

118

74

52

41

68

41

Indices

Cephalic 78.8

Relative sitting height 44 . 0

Fronto-parietal 74.4

Total facial 89.4

Upper facial 56 . 1

Nasal 78.8

Ear 60.3

Jugofrontal 83 . 4

No. 665. Plate XCI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 22; unmarried.

Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle and selugi on inside of right forearm.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1734

Sitting height 825

Acromion to sole 1470

Indices

Cephalic 76.2

Relative sitting height 47 . 6

Fronto-parietal 76.7

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

385

Measurements

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

185

141

108

130

110

113

71

48

32

57

31

Indices

Total facial 86.9

Upper facial 54 . 6

Nasal 66.8

Ear 54.4

Jugomandibular 84 . 6

Jugofrontal 83 . 1

Right ear: length 46, breadth 29, due to part having been cut off.

No. 666. Plate XCI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: west of Mosul. Age: 20; married for 8 months.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: "Ghasim Sinjar" and figures 8242 on inside of right forearm.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1741

Sitting height 810

Acromion to sole 1453

Head length 186

Head breadth 140

Minimum frontal diameter. . 119

Bizygomatic maximum 137

Bigonial breadth 110

Total facial height 114

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 52

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 54

Ear breadth 31

Indices

Cephalic 75.3

Relative sitting height ..... 46 . 5

Fronto-parietal 85 . 0

Total facial 83.2

Upper facial 51 . 1

Nasal 65.3

Ear 57.4

Jugomandibular 80 . 3

Jugofrontal 86 . 9

No. 667. Plate XCI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 25; married three times, 6, 4, and 1 years ago.

Daughters: 1, 0, 0, living.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: line on back of right wrist; also spots on each temple.

Sons: 0, 1, 0, dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1632

845

1425

194

146

110

136

102

124

76

52

39

60

34

Indices

Cephalic 75.3

Relative sitting height 51.8

Fronto-parietal 75 . 3

Total facial 91.2

Upper facial 55 . 8

Nasal 75.0

Ear 56.7

Jugomandibular 75 . 9

Jugofrontal 80.9

386

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 668. Plate XCI, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 21; married for 5 years.
Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1665

826

1359

184

144

106

128

98

110

66

46

33

50

31

Indices

Cephalic 78.2

Relative sitting height 49 . 6

Fronto-parietal 73.6

Total facial 86.0

Upper facial 51.6

Nasal 71.7

Ear 62.0

Jugomandibular 76 . 5

Jugofrontal 84 . 4

No. 669. Plate XCII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: line on back of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1786

897

1466

187

142

113

135

111

120

74

51

37

60

34

Indices

Cephalic 76.0

Relative sitting height 50 . 2

Fronto-parietal 79 . 6

Total facial 88.9

Upper facial 54 . 7

Nasal 72.6

Ear 56.6

Jugomandibular 82 . 2

Jugofrontal 83.7

No. 670. Plate XCII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: An Najaf. Age: 19; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1756

Sitting height 815

Acromion to sole 1455

Head length 192

Head breadth 148

Minimum frontal diameter. . 115

Bizygomatic maximum 137

Bigonial breadth Ill

Indices

Cephalic 77.2

Relative sitting height 46 . 4

Fronto-parietal 77.7

Total facial 83.9

Upper facial 47 . 4

Nasal 70.0

Ear 57.8

Jugomandibular 81.0

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

387

Measurements mm

Total facial height 115

Upper facial height 65

Nasal height 50

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 37

Indices

Jugofrontal 83.9

No. 671. Plate XCII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1829

844

1540

192

138

112

133

98

122

74

58

30

70

37

Indices

Cephalic 71.9

Relative sitting height 46 . 2

Fronto-parietal 81.2

Total facial 91.8

Upper facial 55 . 6

Nasal 51.7

Ear 52.8

Jugomandibular 73 . 7

Jugofrontal 84 . 2

No. 672. Plate XCII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Mosul. Age: 18; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: sun on back of right hand; bird carrying letter on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1644

782

1434

180

146

107

130

108

117

76

57

30

55

33

Indices

Cephalic 81.2

Relative sitting height 47 . 5

Fronto-parietal 73.3

Total facial 90.0

Upper facial 58 . 5

Nasal 52.7

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 83 . 1

Jugofrontal 82.3

No. 673. Plate XCIII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Kut al Imara. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: gazelle and two spots on inside of right forearm.

388

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Standing height 1802

Sitting height 860

Acromion to sole 1478

Head length 182

Head breadth 145

Minimum frontal diameter. . 110

Bizygomatic maximum 129

Bigonial breadth 108

Total facial height 120

Upper facial height 73

Nasal height 54

Nasal breadth 30

Ear length 57

Ear breadth 34

Indices

Cephalic 79.7

Relative sitting height 47.7

Fron to-parietal 75 . 9

Total facial 93.1

Upper facial 56 . 6

Nasal 55.6

Ear 59.7

Jugomandibular 83.7

Jugof rontal 85 . 2

No. 674. Plate XCIII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: near Ba'quba. Age: 21; married for 1 year.
Brothers: 5 living. Sisters: 1 living, 5 dead.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

No children.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1772

907

1477

194

144

111

138

124

122

66

51

31

66

40

Indices

Cephalic 74.3

Relative sitting height 51.1

Fronto-parietal 77 . 1

Total facial 88.5

Upper facial 47 . 8

Nasal 60.7

Ear 60.7

Jugomandibular 89 . 9

Jugofrontal 80 . 5

No. 675. Plate XCIII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1600

773

1424

192

138

106

128

100

116

75

55

34

54

33

Indices

Cephalic 71.9

Relative sitting height 48.4

Fronto-parietal 76.7

Total facial 90.6

Upper facial 58.6

Nasal 61.8

Ear 61.1

Jugomandibular 78 . 2

Jugofrontal 82.8

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

389

No. 676. Plate XCIII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 24; married for 2 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: spot on glabella and spot on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

775

1406

176

142

110

133

101

122

72

51

32

60

37

Indices

Cephalic 80.6

Relative sitting height 46 . 8

Fronto-parietal 77 . 5

Total facial 91.8

Upper facial 54 . 1

Nasal 62.7

Ear 61.6

Jugomandibular 75.9

Jugofrontal 82.7

No. 677. Plate XCIV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; married for 6 years. Sons: 2 living.

Brothers: 10 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1802

885

1511

168

139

110

131

109

115

72

50

32

53

34

Indices

Cephalic 82.8

Relative sitting height 49 . 0

Fronto-parietal 79 .2

Total facial 87.9

Upper facial 55 . 0

Nasal 64.0

Ear 64.2

Jugomandibular 83 . 2

Jugofrontal 84 . 0

No. 678. Plate XCIV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: spot below thumb on back of right hand.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1735

Sitting height 822

Acromion to sole 1448

Head length 182

Head breadth 147

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Bizygomatic maximum 136

Bigonial breadth Ill

Indices

Cephalic 80.7

Relative sitting height 47 . 4

Fronto-parietal 76 . 9

Total facial 89.1

Upper facial 55 . 8

Nasal 53.4

Ear 54.0

Jugomandibular 81.6

390

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Total facial height 121

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 34

Indices
Jugofrontal 83.0

No. 679. Plate XCIV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 21; unmarried.

Brothers: 3 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1801

909

1505

180

150

120

140

114

117

70

60

36

53

36

Indices

Cephalic 83.4

Relative sitting height 50 . 4

Fronto-parietal 80.0

Total facial 83.6

Upper facial 50.0

Nasal 60.0

Ear 67.9

Jugomandibular 81.4

Jugofrontal 85.7

No. 680. Plate XCIV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Kut al Imara. Age: 21; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 3 dead.

Tattoo marks: 2 spots and cross on right hand below base of third finger.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1747

798

1447

184

144

109

134

106

129

78

55

36

65

42

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

78.3
45.6
75.7
96.4
58.2
65.5
64.7
79.1
81.4

No. 681. Plate XCV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 5 living. Sisters: 6 living.
Tattoo marks: elaborate glove on back of right hand.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

391

Measurements mm

Standing height 1822

Sitting height 836

Acromion to sole 1555

Head length 187

Head breadth 149

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116

Bizygomatic maximum 142

Bigonial breadth 113

Total facial height 120

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 63

Ear breadth 37

Indices

Cephalic 79 . 7

Relative sitting height 46.0

Fronto-parietal 77 .9

Total facial 84.6

Upper facial 50 . 7

Nasal 54 . 4

Ear 58.7

Jugomandibular 79 . 6

Jugofrontal 81.7

No. 682. Plate XCV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: near Ba'quba. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: cross on inside of left forearm and gazelle on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

821

1395

192

145

117

133

104

120

72

57

30

63

46

Indices

Cephalic 75 . 5

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal 80.7

Total facial 90.4

Upper facial 54 . 1

Nasal 52.6

Ear 73.0

Jugomandibular 78 . 2

Jugofrontal 88.0

No. 683. Plate XCV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.
Birthplace: Basra. Age: 23; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1786

779

1400

182

157

115

134

110

108

66

57

33

66

40

Indices

Cephalic 86.4

Relative sitting height 43 . 6

Fronto-parietal 73 .3

Total facial 80.6

Upper facial 49.3

Nasal 58.0

Ear 60.6

Jugomandibular 82 . 1

Jugofrontal 85 . 8

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, plus; beard, minus; body, plus.

392

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 684. Plate XCV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: Ba'quba. Age: 30; married for 10 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 1 living, 5 dead. Sisters: 5 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1701

855

1410

188

145

115

128

103

117

75

60

37

66

41

Indices

Cephalic 77.1

Relative sitting height 50 . 2

Fronto-parietal 79.4

Total facial 91.8

Upper facial 58 . 6

Nasal 61.7

Ear 62.1

Jugomandibular 80 . 5

Jugofrontal 89.8

Hair. — Form: low waves,
average.

Texture: fine. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, average; body,

No. 685. Plate XCVI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 16, 1928.

Birthplace: near Ba'quba.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Age: 25; unmarried.
Sisters: 1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1691

832

1332

184

136

111

133

106

127

74

60

37

67

38

Indices

Cephalic 74.

Relative sitting height 49 ,

Fronto-parietal 81 .

Total facial 95.

Upper facial 55 ,

Nasal 61

Ear 56

Jugomandibular 79.

Jugofrontal 83 . 5

No. 686. Plate XCVI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 26; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1720

Sitting height 809

Acromion to sole 1445

Head length 176

Head breadth 147

Minimum frontal diameter. . 115

Indices

Cephalic 83.5

Relative sitting height 47 . 0

Fronto-parietal 78.3

Total facial 94.9

Upper facial 58 . 1

Nasal 49.8

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

393

Measurements mm

Bizygomatic maximum 134

Bigonial breadth 106

Total facial height 127

Upper facial height 78

Nasal height 62

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 57

Ear breadth 38

Indices

Ear 66.7

Jugomandibular 79 . 1

Jugofrontal 85 . 8

No. 687. Plate XCVI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Ad Diwaniya. Age: 21; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand, gazelle on inside of right forearm, and spot on
nasal tip.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1645

812

1361

185

138

104

126

95

118

74

58

32

61

37

Indices

Cephalic 74.6

Relative sitting height 49 . 4

Fronto-parietal 75 . 4

Total facial 93.7

Upper facial 58 . 7

Nasal 55.2

Ear 60.7

Jugomandibular 75.4

Jugofrontal 82 . 5

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

No. 688. Plate XCVI, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Mosul. Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 4 dead. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: line and 4 spots on back of right wrist and spots on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1853

806

1544

188

144

113

133

102

139

84

70

37

64

42

Indices

Cephalic 76 . 7

Relative sitting height 43 . 5

Fronto-parietal 78.5

Total facial 104.5

Upper facial 63 . 2

Nasal 52.8

Ear 65.6

Jugomandibular 76.7

Jugofrontal 85 . 0

No. 689. Plate XCVII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Samawa. Age: 20; married for 6 months.

394

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1804

Sitting height 789

Acromion to sole 1530

Head length 177

Head breadth 144

Minimum frontal diameter. . 118

Bizygomatic maximum 135

Bigonial breadth 92

Total facial height 119

Upper facial height 71

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 36

Indices

Cephalic 81.4

Relative sitting height 43 . 7

Fronto-parietal 82.0

Total facial 88.3

Upper facial 52 . 6

Nasal 56.2

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 68.2

Jugofrontal 87.4

No. 690. Plate XCVII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Amara. Age: 23; married for 2 years.
Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1735

828

1445

194

148

108

133

105

124

74

62

34

58

37

Indices

Cephalic 76.3

Relative sitting height 47 . 7

Fronto-parietal 73.0

Total facial 93.2

Upper facial 55 . 6

Nasal 54.7

Ear 63.8

Jugomandibular 78 . 9

Jugofrontal 81.2

No. 691. Plate XCVII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 20; married for 1 year.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

MM

1711
772

1430
188
128
106
123
100
123
72
58

Indices

Cephalic 68.1

Relative sitting height 45 . 1

Fronto-parietal 82.9

Total facial 100.0

Upper facial 58. 5

Nasal 58.6

Ear 61.2

Jugomandibular 81.3

Jugofrontal 86 . 2

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

395

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 54

Ear breadth 33

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

No. 692. Plate XCVII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1700

741

1415

191

138

106

122

98

114

67

55

33

54

35

Indices

Cephalic 72.2

Relative sitting height 43 . 6

Fronto-parietal 76 . 8

Total facial 93.5

Upper facial 54 . 9

Nasal 60.0

Ear 64.8

Jugomandibular 80 . 3

Jugofrontal 86 . 9

No. 693. Plate XCVIII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 4 dead. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1670

812

1377

184

145

105

132

102

115

73

58

37

60

40

Indices

Cephalic 78.8

Relative sitting height 48 . 6

Fronto-parietal 72.5

Total facial 87.2

Upper facial 55 . 2

Nasal 63.8

Ear 66.7

Jugomandibular 77.3

Jugofrontal 79 . 5

No. 694. Plate XCVIII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

mm

Measurements

Standing height 1692

Sitting height 781

Acromion to sole 1394

Indices

Cephalic 73.4

Relative sitting height 45 . 1

Fronto-parietal 75.7

396

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Head length 191

Head breadth 140

Minimum frontal diameter. . 106

Bizygomatic maximum 125

Bigonial breadth 99

Total facial height 108

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 30

Ear length 52

Ear breadth 36

Indices

Total facial 86.5

Upper facial 56.0

Nasal 50.0

Ear 69.3

Jugomandibular 79 . 2

Jugofrontal 84.8

No. 695. Plate XCVIII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 20; married twice, 4 and 1 years ago.

Daughters: none.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1, 0, living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1790

920

1474

189

151

115

138

110

120

74

65

32

55

36

Indices

Cephalic 79.9

Relative sitting height 51.4

Fronto-parietal 76.2

Total facial 87.0

Upper facial 53 . 6

Nasal 49.3

Ear 65.4

Jugomandibular 79 . 7

Jugofrontal 83.4

No. 696. Plate XCVIII, Figs. 7, 8
Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: spots on back of right hand and single spot on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1760

807

1465

186

140

114

135

102

113

67

58

34

56

38

Indices

Cephalic 75.3

Relative sitting height 45 . 8

Fronto-parietal 81 . 5

Total facial 83.7

Upper facial 49.6

Nasal 58.6

Ear 67.9

Jugomandibular 75 . 6

Jugofrontal 84 . 5

No. 697. Plate XCIX, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 22; unmarried.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

397

Brothers: 4 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1745

Sitting height 910

Acromion to sole 1426

Head length 186

Head breadth 141

Minimum frontal diameter. . 113

Bizygomatic maximum 135

Bigonial breadth 120

Total facial height 122

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 57

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 66

Ear breadth 40

Indices

Cephalic 75.8

Relative sitting height 52 . 0

Fronto-parietal 80.2

Total facial 90.4

Upper facial 56 . 3

Nasal 59.7

Ear 60.6

Jugomandibular 88 . 9

Jugofrontal 83.7

No. 698. Plate XCIX, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 21; married twice, 2 and

Daughters: none.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: 2 spots on back of right wrist.

4 years ago. Sons: 1, 1, living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1750

859

1442

181

145

117

138

114

130

74

55

37

65

43

Indices

Cephalic 80.2

Relative sitting height 49 . 0

Fronto-parietal 80.7

Total facial 94.2

Upper facial 53 . 6

Nasal 67.3

Ear 66.3

Jugomandibular 82 . 6

Jugofrontal ... 84.8

No. 699. Plate XCIX, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Race: Sudanese Negro. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

MM

1658
816

1360
187
146
113
135
116
113
75
56

Indices

Cephalic 78.1

Relative sitting height 49 . 2

Fronto-parietal 77.4

Total facial 83.7

Upper facial 55 . 6

Nasal 64 . 3

Ear 74.5

Jugomandibular 86.0

Jugofrontal 83.7

398

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 51

Ear breadth 38

Negro; therefore, not included in statistics.

No. 700. Plate XCIX, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 17; married for 2 years. No children.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: cross enclosed by circle on back of left hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1745

795

1466

185

140

118

135

111

123

62

53

33

65

39

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

75.7
45.5
84.3
91.2
45.9
62.3
60.0
82.3
87.4

No. 701. Plate C, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Ba'quba. Age: 30; married for 7 years. Sons: 1 dead. Daughters: none.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1758

852

1470

188

147

113

138

108

120

78

63

30

55

37

Indices

Cephalic 78.4

Relative sitting height 48 . 5

Fronto-parietal 76 . 9

Total facial 87.0

Upper facial 56 . 5

Nasal 47.6

Ear 67.3

Jugomandibular 78 . 2

Jugofrontal 81.9

No. 702

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 18; married for 3 years.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 dead.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1694

Sitting height 790

Acromion to sole 1390

Indices

Cephalic 77.7

Relative sitting height 46 . 6

Fronto-parietal 74.0

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

399

Measurements mm

Head length 188

Head breadth 146

Minimum frontal diameter . . 108

Bizygomatic maximum 138

Bigonial breadth 105

Total facial height 127

Upper facial height 80

Nasal height 63

Nasal breadth 38

Ear length 56

Ear breadth 38

Indices

Total facial 92.0

Upper facial 58 . 0

Nasal 60.3

Ear 67.8

Jugomandibular 76 . 1

Jugofrontal 78.3

No. 703. Plate C, Figs. 3, 4

Date: June 17, 1928.

Place: Hilla Army Camp.

Birthplace: Amara. Age: 26; married for 5 years

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth ....

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1790

835

1526

181

143

103

133

101

122

76

53

30

57

41

Indices

Cephalic 79.1

Relative sitting height 46 . 6

Fronto-parietal 72 . 1

Total facial 91.7

Upper facial 57 . 1

Nasal 56.6

Ear 72.0

Jugomandibular 75 . 9

Jugofrontal 77 . 5

No. 704. Plate C, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Shatra. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 7 living. Sisters: 3 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and spot at nasion.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter. .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1751

790

1471

193

145

114

136

104

127

80

64

30

63

40

Indices

Cephalic 75.1

Relative sitting height 45 . 0

Fronto-parietal 78.6

Total facial 93.5

Upper facial 58.7

Nasal 46.9

Ear 63.5

Jugomandibular 76.5

Jugofrontal 83.8

No. 705. Plate C, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Sulaimaniya. Age: 25; unmarried.

400

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 3 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1666

Sitting height 802

Acromion to sole 1361

Head length 183

Head breadth 150

Minimum frontal diameter. . 114

Bizygomatic maximum 141

Bigonial breadth 130

Total facial height 123

Upper facial height 77

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 30

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 36

Indices
Cephalic 82.0

Relative sitting height 48. 1

Fronto-parietal 76.0

Total facial 87.3

Upper facial 54.6

Nasal 53.6

Ear 58.1

Jugomandibular 92.2

Jugofrontal 80.8

No. 706. Plate CI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand and gazelle on inside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length *

Ear breadth

MM

1761
816

1476

184

140

107

128

106

114

72

61

30

68

41

Indices

Cephalic 76.1

Relative sitting height 46.4

Fronto-parietal 76.4

Total facial 89.1

Upper facial 56.2

Nasal 49.2

Ear 60.3

Jugomandibular 82.8

Jugofrontal 83 . 6

No. 707. Plate CI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Ba'quba. Age: 30; married twice, 8 years and 6 months ago. Sons: 2 living.

Daughters: none.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

MM

1731

809

1430

190

141

113

138

106

132

81

73

Indices

Cephalic 74.2

Relative sitting height 46.7

Fronto-parietal 80.2

Total facial 95.7

Upper facial 58.0

Nasal 43.8

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 76.8

Jugofrontal 81 .9

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

Measurements mm

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length . 58

Ear breadth 34

401

No. 708. Plate CI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1676

860

1360

193

138

109

131

98

135

84

62

35

64

39

Indices

Cephalic 71 . 5

Relative sitting height 51 . 3

Fronto-parietal 79.0

Total facial 103.1

Upper facial 64 . 1

Nasal 56 . 5

Ear 61.0

Jugomandibular 74 . 8

Jugofrontal 83.2

No. 709. Plate CI, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 29; married for 4 years.
Brothers: 1 living, 5 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1748

880

1445

178

148

110

134

107

122

75

57

34

54

35

Indices

Cephalic 83.2

Relative sitting height 50 . 4

Fronto-parietal 74.3

Total facial 91.1

Upper facial 53 . 9

Nasal 59.6

Ear 64.9

Jugomandibular 79 . 8

Jugofrontal 82 . 1

No. 710. Plate CII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living.

Tattoo marks: girl in red and blue tattooed on inside of right forearm.

mm

Measurements

Standing height 1672

Sitting height 846

Acromion to sole 1377

Indices

Cephalic 76.3

Relative sitting height 50.6

Fronto-parietal 81 .2

402

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Indices

Total facial 88.4

Upper facial 51 .4

Nasal 68.0

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 79 . 4

Jugofrontal 85.3

Measurements mm

Head length 186

Head breadth 142

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116

Bizygomatic maximum 136

Bigonial breadth 108

Total facial height 120

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 36

Ear length 50

Ear breadth 30

No. 711. Plate CII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 45; married for 25 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1687

895

1403

190

146

113

128

107

124

76

50

38

71

37

Indices

Cephalic 76.9

Relative sitting height 53.0

Fronto-parietal 77.4

Total facial 96.9

Upper facial 59 . 4

Nasal 76.0

Ear 53.5

Jugomandibular 83.6

Jugofrontal 88.3

No. 712. Plate CII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: on right arm, two hands joined, girl's head, Turkish armored car; on left arm,
armored car and nude woman.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1736

875

1460

192

143

121

140

114

124

65

55

37

65

40

Indices

Cephalic 74.5

Relative sitting height 50.4

Fronto-parietal 84.6

Total facial 88.6

Upper facial 46 . 5

Nasal 67.3

Ear 61.5

Jugomandibular 81 . 4

Jugofrontal 86 . 4

No. 713. Plate CII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 27; unmarried.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

403

Brothers: 3 living, 7 dead. Sisters: 3 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: spot on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1701

907

1440

178

145

111

128

108

121

70

50

31

52

31

Indices

Cephalic 81.5

Relative sitting height 53.3

Fronto-parietal 76.6

Total facial 94.6

Upper facial 54 . 8

Nasal 62.0

Ear 59.6

Jugomandibular 84.4

Jugof rontal 85 . 7

No. 714. Plate CIII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Mosul. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: large spot on outside of right forearm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1673

857

1380

183

149

111

138

107

115

76

56

36

57

32

Indices

Cephalic 81.5

Relative sitting height 51.2

Fronto-parietal 74.5

Total facial 83.4

Upper facial 55.1

Nasal 64.3

Ear 56.2

Jugomandibular 77 . 5

Jugofrontal 80 . 5

No. 715. Plate CIII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

MM

1765

895

1471

183

152

116

142

110

127

76

50

33

Indices

Cephalic 83.1

Relative sitting height 50 . 7

Fronto-parietal 76.4

Total facial 89.4

Upper facial 53 . 1

Nasal 66.0

Ear 56.9

Jugomandibular 77 . 5

Jugofrontal 81.7

-104

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Ear length 58

Ear breadth 33

No. 716. Plate CIII, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 22; married for 3 years.
Brothers: 3 living, 4 dead. Sisters: 3 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons: 1 living. Daughters: none.

Measurements

Standing height. .

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1731

866

1405

175

144

118

131

104

118

66

52

31

52

34

Indices

Cephalic 82.3

Relative sitting height 50 . 1

Fronto-parietal 82.0

Total facial 90.1

Upper facial 50.4

Nasal 59.6

Ear 65.4

Jugomandibular 79 . 4

Jugofrontal 90 . 1

No. 717. Plate CIII, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 33; married for 2 years. No children.

Brothers: 3 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 3 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1727

876

1431

185

144

114

131

108

127

66

55

36

55

38

Indices

Cephalic 77.9

Relative sitting height 50 . 7

Fronto-parietal 79.2

Total facial 97.0

Upper facial 50 . 4

Nasal 65 . 4

Ear 69.1

Jugomandibular 82.4

Jugofrontal 87.0

No. 718. Plate CIV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Baghdad. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living, 7 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 3 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1773

Sitting height 895

Acromion to sole 1444

Head length 197

Indices

Cephalic 75.1

Relative sitting height 50 . 4

Fronto-parietal 81 .2

Total facial 88.5

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

405

Measurements mm

Head breadth 148

Minimum frontal diameter . . 120

Bizygomatic maximum 138

Bigonial breadth 115

Total facial height 114

Upper facial height 68

Nasal breadth 44

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 40

Indices

Upper facial 49 . 3

Ear 66.6

Jugomandibular 83 . 3

Jugofrontal 87.0

No. 719. Plate CIV, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Nasiriya. Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living, 5 dead. Sisters: 3 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1745

Sitting height 796

Acromion to sole 1440

Head length 180

Head breadth 147

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116

Bizygomatic maximum 130

Bigonial breadth 100

Total facial height 122

Upper facial height 77

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 40

Ear length 64

Ear breadth 37

Indices

Cephalic 81.7

Relative sitting height 45 . 6

Fronto-parietal 79 . 0

Total facial 93.9

Upper facial 59 . 2

Nasal 66.7

Ear 57.8

Jugomandibular 77 . 0

Jugofrontal 89.2

Place: Hilla Army Camp.
Birthplace: Ba'quba. Age
Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

No. 720. Plate CIV, Figs. 5, 6

Date: June 17, 1928.
: 20; unmarried.
Sisters: 1 living, 2 dead.

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

Measurements mm

Standing height 1641

Sitting height 829

Acromion to sole 1322

Head length 178

Head breadth 143

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116

Bizygomatic maximum 137

Bigonial breadth 110

Total facial height 122

Upper facial height 67

Nasal height 55

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 55

Ear breadth 36

No. 721. Plate CIV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Ba'quba. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

80

50

81

89

48

61.8

63.6

80.3

84.7

406

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Standing height 1676

Sitting height 871

Acromion to sole 1391

Head length 184

Head breadth 145

Minimum frontal diameter . . 109

Bizygomatic maximum 131

Bigonial breadth 114

Total facial height 118

Upper facial height 77

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 35

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 32

Indices

Cephalic 76.7

Relative sitting height 52 . 0

Fronto-parietal 75.2

Total facial 90.1

Upper facial 58.8

Nasal 66.1

Ear 52.4

Jugomandibular 87.0

Jugofrontal 83 .2

No. 722. Plate CV, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Kirkuk. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1816

921

1511

178

146

113

138

105

124

75

53

37

54

42

Indices

Cephalic 79.2

Relative sitting height 50 . 8

Fronto-parietal 77.4

Total facial 89.9

Upper facial 54 . 3

Nasal 69.9

Ear 77.8

Jugomandibular 76 . 1

Jugofrontal 81.9

Place: Hilla Army Camp
Birthplace: Ba'quba. Age: 20; unmarried.
Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

No. 723. Plate CV, Figs. 3, 4

Date: June 17, 1928.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1651

839

1386

184

143

113

137

100

124

68

54

33

63

34

Indices

Cephalic 77.7

Relative sitting height 50.8

Fronto-parietal 79 .0

Total facial 90.6

Upper facial 49 . 6

Nasal 61.1

Ear 54.0

Jugomandibular 72. 5

Jugofrontal 81.9

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

407

No. 724. Plate CV, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Ba'quba. Age: 28; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 living.

Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: designs on inside of upper part of right forearm.

Daughters: 1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1611

851

1337

187

148

113

138

108

114

69

44

34

52

37

Indices

Cephalic 79.1

Relative sitting height 52 . 7

Fron to-parietal 76 .4

Total facial 84.8

Upper facial 50 . 0

Nasal 77.3

Ear 71.2

Jugomandibular 78.3

Jugofrontal 81.9

No. 725. Plate CV, Figs. 7, 8

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Ba'quba. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 3 living, 1 dead. Sisters: 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: 3 spots on back of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1711

840

1424

194

147

116

138

115

126

80

57

38

57

38

Indices

Cephalic 75.7

Relative sitting height 49 . 1

Fron to-parietal 78.9

Total facial 91.4

Upper facial 58 . 0

Nasal 66.7

Ear 66.6

Jugomandibular 83.3

Jugofrontal 84 . 1

No. 726. Plate CVI, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Ba'quba. Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1714

Sitting height 873

Acromion to sole 1410

Head length 196

Head breadth 141

Minimum frontal diameter. . 116

Bizygomatic maximum 137

Bigonial breadth 106

Indices

Cephalic 72.0

Relative sitting height 50 . 8

Fronto-parietal 82.3

Total facial 99.3

Upper facial 55 . 4

Nasal 55.2

Ear 59.7

Jugomandibular 77.3

408

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Indices

Jugofrontal 84.6

Measurements mm

Total facial height 136

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 58

Nasal breadth 32

Ear length 62

Ear breadth 37

No. 727. Plate CVI, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Ba'quba. Age: 35; married for 10 years. Sons: 1 dead.

Brothers: 4 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Daughters: 1 dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear breadth

MM

1774

867

1463

186

138

103

128

107

128

72

63

30

31

Indices

Cephalic 74.3

Relative sitting height 48 . 9

Fronto-parietal 74 . 6

Total facial 100.0

Upper facial 56 . 3

Nasal 47.6

Jugomandibular 83 . 6

Jugofrontal 80 . 5

No. 728. Plate CVI, Figs. 5, 6

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.

Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 20; married for 1 year. No children.

Brothers: 7 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand; name and figures 15815 on left arm.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1726

881

1470

191

144

110

132

106

117

71

55

30

56

30

Indices

Cephalic 75.3

Relative sitting height 51.1

Fronto-parietal 76.4

Total facial 88.7

Upper facial 53 . 7

Nasal 54 . 6

Ear 53.6

Jugomandibular 80.3

Jugofrontal 83 . 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp.
Birthplace: Hilla. Age: 22; unmarried.
Brothers: 2 living, 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: 3 spots on back of right hand

No. 729. Plate CVI, Figs. 7, 8

Date: June 17, 1928.

MM

Measurements

Standing height 1700

Sitting height 876

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

70.3
51.5

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

409

Measurements mm

Acromion to sole 1415

Head length 195

Head breadth 137

Minimum frontal diameter . . 108

Bizygomatic maximum 130

Bigonial breadth Ill

Total facial height 124

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 65

Nasal breadth 31

Ear length 57

Ear breadth 41

No. 730. Plate CVII, Figs. 1, 2

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: An Najaf. Age: 21; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 1 living, 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Indices

Fronto-parietal 78.9

Total facial 95.5

Upper facial 58 . 5

Nasal 47.7

Ear 71.9

Jugomandibular 85 . 4

Jugofrontal 83 . 1

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1706

895

1432

179

145

117

134

116

123

76

48

31

58

34

Indices

Cephalic 81.0

Relative sitting height 52 . 4

Fronto-parietal 80.7

Total facial 91.8

Upper facial 56 . 7

Nasal 64.6

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 86 . 6

Jugofrontal 87.3

No. 731. Plate CVII, Figs. 3, 4

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Mandali. Age: 28; unmarried.
Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1751

Sitting height 892

Acromion to sole 1460

Head length 202

Head breadth 153

Minimum frontal diameter. . 114

Bizygomatic maximum 136

Bigonial breadth 103

Total facial height 124

Upper facial height 76

Nasal height 58

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 56

Ear breadth 35

No. 732

Place: Hilla Army Camp. Date: June 17, 1928.
Birthplace: Kirkuk. Age: 25; unmarried.

Indices

Cephalic 75.0

Relative sitting height 51.0

Fronto-parietal 74 . 5

Total facial 91.3

Upper facial 55 . 9

Nasal 58.6

Ear 62.5

Jugomandibular 75.8

Jugofrontal 83.8

410

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: 5 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1670

Sitting height 850

Acromion to sole 1372

Head length 181

Head breadth 142

Minimum frontal diameter . . 116

Bizygomatic maximum 136

Bigonial breadth 103

Total facial height 118

Upper facial height 72

Nasal height 53

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 54

Ear breadth 40

Indices

Cephalic . 78.5

Relative sitting height 50 . 8

Fronto-parietal 81 .7

Total facial 86.8

Upper facial 52 . 9

Nasal 64.2

Ear 74.1

Jugomandibular 75 . 7

Jugofrontal 85 . 3

BA'IJ BEDUINS
No. 300. Plate CVIII, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 35; married 20 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

mm

1640

845

1377

201

147

118

121

110

119

75

66

36

64

38

Indices

Cephalic ,

Relative sitting height

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.1
51.5
80.2
98.3
61.9
54.6
59.4
90.9
97.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 301. Plate CVIII, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 60; married five times. Sons: 2 living, 5 dead. Daughters: 2 living, 3 dead.

Brothers: 4 dead. Sisters: 2 dead.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices
Standing height 1775 Cephalic 68.4

Sitting height 861

Relative sitting height 48 .

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

411

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1511

190

130

103

123

108

118

77

63

37

60

36

Indices

Fronto-parietal 79 . 2

Total facial 95.8

Upper facial 62.6

Nasal 58.7

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 87 . 8

Jugofrontal 82.9

Hair. — Quantity: head, average; beard, double plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. 7m: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Wear: plus. Caries: double plus. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Poor; extremely thin.

No. 302. Plate CVIII, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 20; married 2 years. Sons: none. Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 living, 3 dead. Sisters: 2 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Lost: 2.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1620

828

1340

181

125

107

124

101

120

72

57

34

63

37

Indices

Cephalic 69.0

Relative sitting height 51.1

Fronto-parietal 85 . 6

Total facial 96.7

Upper facial 58 . 1

Nasal 59.6

Ear 58.7

Jugomandibular 81.5

Jugofrontal 86.3

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: coarse. Color: reddish brown. Quantity: head,

double plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Excellent.

No. 303. Plate CVIII, Figs. 7, 8

Date: July 10, 1928.

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: spot on right side of upper lip.

412

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1745

908

1450

198

147

114

135

100

124

71

56

35

65

37

Indices

Cephalic 74.2

Relative sitting height 52 . 0

Fronto-parietal 77.5

Total facial 91.8

Upper facial 52 . 6

Nasal 62.5

Ear 56.9

Jugomandibular 74 . 1

Jugofrontal 84 .4

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

No. 304. Plate CIX, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 25; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1680

868

1430

196

136

109

134

105

114

73

60

36

61

37

Indices

Cephalic 69.3

Relative sitting height 51 . 6

Fronto-parietal 80 . 1

Total facial 85.1

Upper facial 54 .4

Nasal 60.0

Ear 60.6

Jugomandibular 78 . 3

Jugofrontal 81.3

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown,
plus; beard, double plus; body, double plus.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: double plus.

Musculature. — Excellent.

Health. — Excellent.

Quantity: head, double

No. 305. Plate CIX, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 40; married (wife now dead). Sons: none. Daughters: none.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

413

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1706

823

1450

194

136

107

127

100

116

77

59

31

68

37

Indices

Cephalic 70.1

Relative sitting height 48 . 2

Fronto-parietal 78 . 6

Total facial 91.3

Upper facial 60 . 6

Nasal 52.6

Ear 54.4

Jugomandibular 78.7

Jugofrontal 84 . 2

Hair. — Texture: medium.

Eye. — Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: elevated. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Wear: double plus. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 306. Plate CIX, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1708

868

1430

193

141

115

128

98

118

78

63

36

67

34

Indices

Cephalic 73

Relative sitting height 50

Fronto-parietal 81

Total facial 92

Upper facial 60 . 9

Nasal 57.2

Ear 50.7

Jugomandibular 76 . 5

Jugofrontal 89.8

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: medium. Quantity: head, double plus; beard,

double plus; body, double plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: depressed. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 1. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 307. Plate CIX, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 74; married 40 years. Sons: 2 living. Daughters: 1 living.

414

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1730

858

1490

190

144

104

128

117

124

76

64

41

73

38

Indices

Cephalic 75.7

Relative sitting height 49 . 5

Fronto-parietal 72 .2

Total facial 96.9

Upper facial 59 .3

Nasal 64.0

Ear 52.1

Jugomandibular 91.4

Jugofrontal 81 . 2

Hair. — Color: gray and white. Quantity: head, minus; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bile: slight over.

Chest. — Development: average.

M usculature. — Average.

Health.— Good.

No. 308. Plate CX, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 20; unmarried.

Brothers: 2 living. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1680

783

1330

182

140

113

126

100

120

68

52

31

60

38

Indices

Cephalic 76.9

Relative sitting height 46.0

Fronto-parietal 80.7

Total facial 95.2

Upper facial 54 . 0

Nasal 54.7

Ear 63.3

Jugomandibular 79 . 3

Jugofrontal 89 . 6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: reddish brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, double minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: marked over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature.— Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 309. Plate CX, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 18; unmarried.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

415

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1700

848

1430

189

147

106

121

91

114

74

55

34

62

38

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial ,

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

77.7
49.8
72.1
94.2
61.1
61.8
61.3
75.2
87.6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: marked over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 310. Plate CX, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 25; married 5 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 2 dead.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

844

1375

194

143

109

125

96

114

68

54

38

70

41

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height

Fronto-parietal

Total facial ,

Upper facial

Nasal ,

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73

49

76

91

54

70

58.5

76.8

87.2

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.

Nose. — Profile: concavo-convex. Tip: thickness, minus. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 311. Plate CX, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 30; unmarried.

416

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1650

1410

188

137

108

124

100

113

71

55

32

58

34

Indices

Cephalic 72.9

Relative sitting height 53 . 8

Fronto-parietal 78.9

Total facial 91.1

Upper facial 57.2

Nasal 58.1

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 80 . 6

Jugofrontal 87.0

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium-compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: marked over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 312. Plate CXI, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 25; married 1 year. Sons: none. Daughters: none.
Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1652

854

1351

193

129

110

126

106

123

77

61

31

65

38

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

66.8
51.6
85.2
97.6
61.1
50.8
58.4
84.1
87.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: coarse. Color: dark brown.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, plus. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 313. Plate CXI, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 35; married 20 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 2 living.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

417

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: gazelle on back of right wrist.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1628

828

1350

200

141

105

116

108

116

77

59

36

61

40

Indices

Cephalic 70.5

Relative sitting height 50 . 2

Fronto-parietal 82.3

Total facial 100.0

Upper facial 66 . 3

Nasal 61.0

Ear 65.6

Jugomandibular 93 . 1

Jugofrontal 90 . 5

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, double plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: double plus.
Musculature. — Excellent.
Health. — Good.

No. 314. Plate CXI, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 30; married 4 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1692

838

1420

198

143

118

133

110

118

74

60

38

58

36

Indices

Cephalic 74.1

Relative sitting height 49 . 5

Fronto-parietal 82 . 5

Total facial 88.7

Upper facial 55.6

Nasal 63.3

Ear 62.0

Jugomandibular 82 . 7

Jugofrontal 88.7

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: coarse. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: green brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium-flaring.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

418

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 315. Plate CXI, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 25; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1643

772

1361

187

151

113

130

91

118

78

62

31

57

32

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine.

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: speckled.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

Indices

Cephalic 80.7

Relative sitting height 46 . 9

Fronto-parietal 74.8

Total facial 90.7

Upper facial 60.0

Nasal 50.0

Ear 56.2

Jugomandibular 70 . 0

Jugofrontal 86.9

Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;
Iris: homogeneous. Blind: right.
Bite: slight over.

No. 316. Plate CXII, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 45; married twice, 19 years and 2 years. Sons:
Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

3 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1635

816

1347

196

128

108

123

100

114

78

63

30

56

31

Indices

Cephalic 65.3

Relative sitting height 49 . 9

Fronto-parietal 84.3

Total facial 92.6

Upper facial 63.4

Nasal 47.7

Ear 55.4

Jugomandibular 81 .3

Jugofrontal 87.8

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, double

plus; beard, triple plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete.
Chest. — Development: plus.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

419

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 317. Plate CXII, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 90; married 60 years. Sons: none. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1691

848

1460

194

142

111

135

107

121

78

64

38

70

37

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height ,

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

73.2
50.1

78.2
89.6
57.7
59.4
52.9
79.2
82.2

Hair. — Color: gray. Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned. Blind: left.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: all but 2. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Poor.

Health. — Poor.

No. 318. Plate CXII, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 45; married twice. Sons: none. Daughters: none.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1754

822

1496

195

134

104

129

97

106

76

63

32

65

39

Indices

Cephalic 68.7

Relative sitting height 46.8

Fronto-parietal 77 . 6

Total facial 82.1

Upper facial 58 . 9

Nasal 50.8

Ear 60.0

Jugomandibular 75 . 2

Jugofrontal 80.7

Hair. — Color: black and gray. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. 7ns: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Bite: marked over.

420

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 319. Plate CXI I, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

1 living. Daughters: 1 living, 1 dead.

Age: 40; married 16 years.
Brothers: 2 living, 1 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Sons:

Sisters: 1 living.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1554

828

1390

184

134

111

126

91

108

78

58

35

62

34

Indices

Cephalic 72.9

Relative sitting height 53.2

Fronto-parietal 82 . 9

Total facial 85.7

Upper facial 61 . 9

Nasal 60.4

Ear 54.8

Jugomandibular 72 . 2

Jugofrontal 80 . 1

Hair. — Color: dark brown and gray. Quantity: head, average; beard, double plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, double plus.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 3. Bite: marked over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 320. Plate CXIII, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age : 45 ; married twice, 25 years and 15 years. Sons:
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

none. Daughters: 2, 0, living; 0, 2, dead.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

918

1415

196

137

115

134

101

116

78

60

35

67

43

Indices

Cephalic 69.9

Relative sitting height 54 . 3

Fronto-parietal 84 . 0

Total facial 86.6

Upper facial 58 . 2

Nasal 58.4

Ear 64.2

Jugomandibular 75.3

Jugofrontal 85.8

Hair. — Color: black and gray.

Eve. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Caries: double plus. Lost: none.

Bite: slight over.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

421

Chest. — Development: plus.
M usculature.— Good .
Health. — Good.

NO. 321

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 40; unmarried.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: two spots on inside of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1650

813

1396

188

136

117

124

105

117

69

55

33

56

34

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fron to-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

72.4
49.2
86.0
94.3
55.6
60.0
60.7
84.6
94.3

Hair. — Quantity: head, minus; beard, double plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

NOSE. — Profile: concave. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature.— Good .

Health. — Good.

No. 322. Plate CXIII, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 35; married 3 years. Sons: 1 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 1 dead. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: 3 spots and cross on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1690

818

1430

188

146

116

131

102

123

74

61

37

58

34

Indices

Cephalic 77.6

Relative sitting height 48 . 4

Fron to-parietal 78.1

Total facial 94.0

Upper facial 56 . 5

Nasal 60.6

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 77 . 8

Jugofrontal 88 . 5

Hair. — Form: curly frizzly. Texture: coarse. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;
beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned. •
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

422

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 323. Plate CXIII, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 18; unmarried.

Brothers: 1 living. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: spot at nasion, spot on each temple and behind each ear.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1553

758

1282

182

140

104

119

94

100

66

55

34

58

35

Indices

Cephalic 77.0

Relative sitting height 48 . 8

Fronto-parietal 74.4

Total facial 84.0

Upper facial 55 . 5

Nasal 61.9

Ear 60.4

Jugomandibular 79 . 0

Jugofrontal 87.3

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: fine. Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double

minus; body, minus.
Eye. — Color: dark brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: homogeneous.
NOSE. — Profile: concave. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.

M USCULATURE. — Good .

Health. — Good.
Some Negro blood.

No. 324. Plate CXIII, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 50; married twice, 14 years (wife dead) and one year. Sons: 2, 0, dead. Daughters: none.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1696

828

1396

188

137

108

137

105

128

83

70

41

66

39

Indices

Cephalic 72.9

Relative sitting height 48 . 8

Fronto-parietal 78.9

Total facial 94.5

Upper facial 60 . 6

Nasal 58.6

Ear 59.1

Jugomandibular 76.6

Jugofrontal 78.8

Hair. — Form: deep waves.
Eye. — Color: blue brown.

Texture: fine. Color: dark brown.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

423

Nose. — Profile: convex. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 325. Plate CXIV, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 65; married 25 years. Sons: 1 dead. Daughters: 5 dead.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter .

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1682

782

1432

198

148

114

132

100

121

70

65

39

67

43

Indices

Cephalic 74

Relative sitting height 46

Fronto-parietal 77

Total facial 91

Upper facial 53 . 0

Nasal 60.0

Ear 64.2

Jugomandibular 75 . 7

Jugofrontal 86 . 3

Hair. — Color: black and gray. Quantity: head, average; beard, plus; body, plus.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose.— Profile: straight. Wings: medium-flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: many.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 326. Plate CXIV, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1649

818

1400

188

139

105

130

95

113

77

59

32

64

40

Indices

Cephalic 74.0

Relative sitting height 49 . 6

Fronto-parietal 75 . 6

Total facial 87.0

Upper facial 59 . 2

Nasal 54.3

Ear 62.5

Jugomandibular 73 . 0

Jugofrontal 80.7

Hair. — Color: black. Quantity: head, plus; beard, double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

424

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: 2. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 327. Plate CXIV, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 35; married 5 years. Sons: none. Daughters: none.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1600

818

1295

189

141

116

137

113

122

72

60

34

60

38

Indices

Cephalic 74.6

Relative sitting height 51 . 1

Fron to-parietal 82.2

Total facial 89.0

Upper facial 52.6

Nasal 56.7

Ear 63.4

Jugomandibular 82.4

Jugofrontal 84 . 6

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: dark brown. Quantity: head, plus;

beard, double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 328. Plate CXIV, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 50; married 15 years, wife now dead. Sons: 3 dead. Daughters: 1 dead.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1761

858

1495

188

138

118

136

110

117

74

64

48

58

37

Indices

Cephalic 73.4

Relative sitting height 48 . 7

Fronto-parietal 85 . 5

Total facial 86.0

Upper facial 54 . 4

Nasal 75.0

Ear 63.8

Jugomandibular 80 . 8

Jugofrontal 86 . 7

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

425

Hair. — Color: gray.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Tip: thickness, double plus. Wings: flaring.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Average.

Health. — Good.

No. 329. Plate CXV, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 35; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1724

859

1435

193

145

107

133

98

123

68

58

40

66

36

Indices

Cephalic 75.1

Relative sitting heigh' 49 . 8

Fronto-parietal 73 . 8

Total facial 92.4

Upper facial 51.1

Nasal 68.9

Ear 54.5

Jugomandibular 73 . 6

Jugofrontal 80 . 4

Hair. — Texture: coarse. Color: reddish brown. Quantity: head, double plus; beard, plus;

body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good .
Health. — Good.

No. 330. Plate CXV, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.
Age: 30; unmarried.
Brothers: none. Sisters: none.
Tattoo marks: spots on each temple.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

1692

815

1435

192

143

111

115

98

110

66

52

33

Indices

Cephalic 74.4

Relative sitting height 48 . 1

Fronto-parietal 77.6

Total facial 95.6

Upper facial 57 . 3

Nasal 63.5

Ear 54.9

Jugomandibular 85 . 2

Jugofrontal 96 . 5

426

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements mm

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 33

Hair. — Form: deep waves. Texture: fine. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
NOSE. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 331. Plate CXV, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 30; married 5 years. Sons: 3 living. Daughters: 1 living.

Brothers: 4 living. Sisters: 6 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1740

829

1460

192

138

113

124

100

116

68

61

36

60

37

Indices

Cephalic 71.8

Relative sitting height 47 . 6

Fronto-parietal 81.8

Total facial 93.5

Upper facial 54 .8

Nasal 59.0

Ear 61.6

Jugomandibular 80 . 6

Jugofrontal 91 . 1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, minus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: compressed.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

No. 332. Plate CXV, Figs. 7, 8

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 25; married twice, 4 years and 2 years. Sons: none.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Daughters: 1, 0, dead.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1742

Sitting height 871

Acromion to sole 1500

Head length 198

Head breadth 144

Minimum frontal diameter . . 108

Bizygomatic maximum 136

Bigonial breadth 97

Indices

Cephalic 72.7

Relative sitting height 50.0

Fronto-parietal 74.9

Total facial 86.7

Upper facial 51 .4

Nasal 56.7

Ear 50.0

Jugomandibular 71.3

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 427

Measurements mm Indices

Total facial height 118 Jugofrontal 79.4

Upper facial height 70

Nasal height 60

Nasal breadth 34

Ear length 60

Ear breadth 30

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: reddish brown. Quantity: head,

double plus; beard, plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: average.
Musculature. — Average.
Health. — Good.

No. 333. Plate CXVI, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 35; married four times: 12, 5, 4, and 2 years. Sons: none. Daughters: none.

Brothers: none. Sisters: 1 living.

Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1695 Cephalic 74.3

Sitting height 819 Relative sitting height 48 . 3

Acromion to sole 1425 Fronto-parietal 75 . 3

Head length 191 Total facial 96.1

Head breadth 142 Upper facial 56.3

Minimum frontal diameter . . 107 Nasal 58 . 9

Bizygomatic maximum 126 Ear 63 . 9

Bigonial breadth 105 Jugomandibular 83 . 3

Total facial height 121 Jugofrontal 84.9

Upper facial height 71

Nasal height 56

Nasal breadth 33

Ear length 61

Ear breadth 39

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: marked over.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health. — Good.

No. 334. Plate CXVI, Figs. 3, 4

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 45; married twice, both wives dead. Sons: 1, 0, living; 0, 1, dead. Daughters: 2, 0,

living.
Brothers: 2 dead. Sisters: 3 dead.
Tattoo marks: glove on back of right hand.

Measurements mm Indices

Standing height 1760 Cephalic 75.8

Sitting height 779 Relative sitting height 44 . 2

Acromion to sole 1410 Fronto-parietal 73.4

Head length 194 Total facial 85.7

428

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Measurements

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

147

108

140

105

120

72

67

32

64

37

Indices

Upper facial 51 .4

Nasal 47.7

Ear 57.8

Jugomandibular 75.0

Jugofrontal 77.1

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black and gray.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: clear. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Wear: double plus. Caries: average plus.

slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health.— Good.

No. 335. Plate CXVI, Figs. 5, 6

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 38; married 16 years. Sons: none. Daughters: none.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: spot on back of right wrist.

Lost: 4. Bite:

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1710

859

1445

181

152

114

125

101

121

70

64

30

60

40

Indices

Cephalic

Relative sitting height .

Fronto-parietal

Total facial

Upper facial

Nasal

Ear

Jugomandibular

Jugofrontal

83.9
50.2
74.9
96.7
56.0
46.9
66.6
80.8
91.2

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none.

Chest. — Development: plus.

Musculature. — Good.

Health.— Good.

No. 336. Plate CXVI, Figs. 7, 8
Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 80; married 50 years. Sons: 1 living, 2 dead.
Brothers: none. Sisters: 2 dead.
Tattoo marks: none.

Measurements mm

Standing height 1650

Sitting height 779

Daughters: 2 living, 1 dead.

Indices

Cephalic 71 .

Relative sitting height 47 .

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

429

Measurements

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.

Bizygomatic maximum

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

MM

1238

195

140

113

136

103

118

74

62

38

70

41

Indices

Fron to-parietal 80 . 6

Total facial 86.7

Upper facial 54 . 4

Nasal 61.3

Ear 58.6

Jugomandibular 75 . 7

Jugof rontal 83 . 0

Hair. — Color: gray and white.

Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.

Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.

Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: half. Bite: marked over.

Chest. — Development: average.

Musculature. — Average.

Health. — Fair.

No. 337. Plate CXVII, Figs. 1, 2

Locality: near Jemdet Nasr. Date: July 10, 1928.

Age: 40; married 2 years. Sons: none. Daughters: none.

Brothers: none. Sisters: none.

Tattoo marks: 2 dots and cross on back of right hand.

Measurements

Standing height

Sitting height

Acromion to sole

Head length

Head breadth

Minimum frontal diameter.
Bizygomatic maximum ....

Bigonial breadth

Total facial height

Upper facial height

Nasal height

Nasal breadth

Ear length

Ear breadth

1687

819

1410

188

140

123

132

110

111

80

67

35

64

36

Indices

Cephalic 74 . 5

Relative sitting height 48

Fronto-parietal 87

Total facial 84

Upper facial 60

Nasal 52

Ear 56

Jugomandibular 83

Jugofrontal 93

Hair. — Form: low waves. Texture: medium. Color: black. Quantity: head, double plus;

beard, double plus; body, plus.
Eye. — Color: blue brown. Sclera: bloodshot. Iris: zoned.
Nose. — Profile: straight. Wings: medium.
Teeth. — Eruption: complete. Lost: none. Bite: slight over.
Chest. — Development: plus.
Musculature. — Good.
Health. — Good.

III. STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

This chapter contains the tabulated summaries of vital statistics and
anthropometric data as well as some notes on the Chaldean village of Qaraqosh.
The graphs in this section are frequency graphs, with the exception of Figure
41, which records the cumulative percentages of the cephalic indices of 396
Kish Arabs, 227 Iraq soldiers, and thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins. In plotting the
index numbers, an index, for example, falling between 74 . 5 and 75 . 5 is indicated
as one unit in the 75-frequency group. Those indices falling on 74.5 are split,
a count of half an individual being credited to the 74 group and half to the
75 group. There is a brief summary of anthropometric data obtained in
southwestern Asia during the past decade. A general description of the Field
Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near East during 1934, together
with a list of the 3,056 individuals measured, is to be found in the Appendix.

The bibliography does not include references to the early explorations and
excavations at Tell-el-Uhaimir (Kish). For this information the reader is
referred to "Excavations at Kish" by S. Langdon, Paris, 1924, pp. 43-55, where
excerpts from the travels and scientific reports of Benjamin of Tudela, Buck-
ingham, Bellino, Mignon, Oppert, Baillie, Layard, de Genouillac, Jensen, and
others will be found. A list of bibliographical references will be published in the
Report of the Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to \he Near East, 1934.

VITAL STATISTICS

With the assistance of C. Champion de Crespigny the vital statistics have
been summarized as follows:

A

B

C

D

Males

Females

Total

Males

Females

Total

Males

Females

Total

0

16.21

1

12.56

12.56

4.36

4.36

7.87

6.48

14.35

2

8.37

4.19

12.56

4.58

.66

5.24

9.03

7.17

16.20

3

14.15

4.95

19.10

12.37

3.35

15.72

6.78

10.35

17.13

4

11.24

6.10

17.34

13.63

5.58

19.21

5.00

5.65

10.65

5

7.49

4.32

11.81

11.09

6.81

17.90

4.07

3.80

7.87

6

5.61

3.18

8.79

9.16

4.81

13.97

3.24

3.24

6.48

7

5.53

3.26

8.79

8.48

3.75

12.23

1.85

2.32

4.17

8

2.26

1.26

3.52

1.25

.93

2.18

1.15

1.63

2.78

9

1.50

1.26

2.76

1.70

.92

2.62

.55

.84

1.39

10

.58

.68

1.26

1.05

.70

1.75

.18

.28

.46

11

1.11

.64

1.75

.59

.80

1.39

12

.50

.50

1.00

1.06

.69

1.75

13

.46

.46

14

.35

.09

.44

15

.32

.12

.44

16

.30

.14

.44

17

.24

.01

.25

19

.04

.42

.46

32

.04

.21

.25

A = number of children in each family.

B = percentage frequency of brothers and sisters in families of 398 Kish Arabs.

C = percentage frequency of brothers and sisters in families of 229 soldiers in Iraq army.

D=percentage frequency of children in families of 216 Kish Arabs.

430

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES 431

A random selection of individuals throughout a comparatively small area,
made necessary by the condition of the country at that time, prohibits definite
conclusions. But from this material may be drawn fairly accurate generaliza-
tions of interest and value, which can only be confirmed when a census of the
territory is undertaken by the government of Iraq.

One group of statistics is based on 398 male Kish Arabs. Each individual
in reply to routine questions gave the number of his brothers and sisters, alive
or dead, so that the size of the families of his father's generation could be deter-
mined, and distinction was made between his male and female offspring.

It is surprising that the families are so small. In an agricultural community
it might well be expected that the higher frequency percentages would fall in
the five, six, and seven children groups. On the contrary, there is a noticeable
drop from a high of 19.10 per cent in families of three, to only 11.81 per cent
in families of five. Further, the astounding frequency of 12 . 56 per cent of families
containing only one child suggests that preventive measures, generally more
common in urban sections, are also used widely in the agricultural settlements.

Upon examination the figures reveal that male children were usually recorded
in families where only one child was present. This is due to the fact that an
Arab father wishes above all else to have a son, who shall perpetuate his name
and tradition. The important factor is for the first-born to be a male. Thus
the disappointment of a female first-born child is often concealed from the
anthropologist by denying the very existence of the girl. For example, a man
who is disappointed by the arrival of a girl will be so delighted with his new-born
son that he may not even mention the former when questioned. Furthermore,
to admit of only one child and that a daughter would test the veracity of an
Arab of the Kish area almost beyond the breaking point.

If a first-born female child dies in infancy its death is considered little cause
for sympathy; but the death of a young son is a major tragedy. As a direct
result of this a female baby receives less care and attention and is therefore
more subject to death. In the Kish area the infant mortality rate is high due to
the lack of medical knowledge and sanitation.

The frequency distribution of children, rather than brothers and sisters,
of 216 of these 398 Kish Arabs was tabulated. The trend toward small families
is intensified by a percentage of 16.21 of childless families. The fact that some
of the men reported upon had hardly been married long enough to have children
is to some degree responsible for this distortion. A comparison of figures in the
tables shows a distinct gain in females in the progeny of the 216 married Arabs,
over the relatively small percentage of females in the families into which they
were born.

The majority of the males were married after the age of thirty and after the
forty-first year all had taken wives. These late marriages are due to economic
conditions outlined in the section dealing with the social life and customs (p. 88).

In the group of 229 soldiers, the much larger percentages of families con-
taining four, five, six, and seven children in the fathers' families and the rare

432 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

occurrence of families of only one and two children predispose the conclusion
that the army is a good resting place for surplus sons in families overburdened
beyond the point of having enough to eat. This conclusion, however, is liable
to error, since, if conscription be in force, other factors would contribute to this
distribution.

The number of children by each wife was recorded in the cases where a man
had more than one wife. For example, "Sons: 2, 0" and "Daughters: 0, 1"
mean that the first wife had borne two sons and no daughters while the second
wife had no sons and one daughter.

QARAQOSH

During the summer of 1928 accompanied by S. Y. Showket I visited northern
Iraq. The road from Baghdad to Mosul passes through Erbil, the ancient
Arbela (Babylonian, Arba-ilu), and continues across the plain to the village of
Qaraqosh. The inhabitants were friendly as soon as they learned that we
were Christians (Nasrani). Mr. Showket addressed them in Chaldean, their
native tongue, and they were overjoyed to find a visitor who could talk to them
in their own language. The physical features of these people, different from
the Arabs, Beduins, and Kurds, indicate that they are a homogeneous group.
Except for the young girls, who were shy in posing before the camera, both men
and women wished to be photographed. This seemed a valuable opportunity
to take a large series of photographs; so Showket and I, each with a camera,
exposed as many negatives as possible in the hour and a half at our disposal.

Time did not permit us to stay overnight in this village, and consequently
we were unable to take anthropometric observations or measurements. Kappers
(Kon. Akad. van Wet., XXXIII, No. 8, p. 806) refers to measurements on
nineteen male and female Chaldeans from Qaraqosh. The cephalic index for
males was 86 . 01 and for females 86 . 17. The people appeared to me to be taller in
stature and stronger in general physique than the Arabs of the Kish area. The
men possess fine features which suggest an Arab-Kurdish mixture without any
trace of the long, thin features of the Beduins. They wear head-dresses, kaffiyah
(Kurd, aghabanu), wrapped about the head in Turkish fashion and the 'agal was
little seen. The faces are hard and stern in appearance, and wrinkled, particularly
in the region of the glabella. Masseter muscles, which are well developed in
many cases, broaden the lower portion of their faces. The nose is straight and
leptorrhine with a suggestion of a downward curve at the tip. Some of the men
have coarser features, more flaring nostrils, and thicker integumental layers
of the lips. The ear is medium in size and the helix lies close to the head. The
eyes are dark brown in color and set relatively close together. The teeth are
clean and white; caries is less conspicuous than among the Arabs of the Kish
area. The color of the skin shows a tendency toward medium brown, and there
appears to be an entire absence of the negroid element in the population.

The older men wear beards and the younger ones wear mustaches, dark
brown in color. This is the usual shade of the hair also, neither light- nor black-
haired individuals being seen.

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES 433

Dressed in Arab clothes of various colors, many of the men wear leather
shoes resembling Dutch sabots (yamani). These shoes are made by hand in the
suk at Mosul and brought to the village by traveling salesmen. The men smoke
stone pipes (sabil) which are ornamented, or cigarettes which they roll for
themselves. Although European cigarettes are considered too strong and cause
irritation in their throats, the men smoke tobacco (titin), a light green mixture
which is harsh to the palate. The tobacco is carried in a cloth pouch (chis).
Older men often carry a rosary (sibha).

Though shorter in stature than the men, the women are strong and willing
workers and the men do little manual labor. The women have pleasant faces,
round in shape, wide in the zygomatic arches and the bigonial breadth. The
hair is dark brown in color and relatively coarse in quality. The nose is broader
and shorter than that of the men, and the majority of the girls wear a golden
nose ring (khazzamah) through the right nostril (arnabah). In a few cases we
observed the nose ring worn in the left nostril. Dressed in black heavy robes
(izar) which hang down to the ground, the older women cover their heads with
a black cloth (kaffiyah) so that only the face, hands, and poorly shod feet are
visible. The young girls are decorated with golden ornaments which include
nose, ear (idhin; Kurd, guwarhe), and finger rings (mahbas; Kurd, hangustir),
bracelets (kahwas; Kurd, kol-bend), and anklets (hijul; Kurd, pa-bend), and a
circlet or diadem of golden coins (Kurd, karmak) around the forehead, fastening
beneath the chin (Kurd, cheneghe). Their long robes are covered with many
designs while the headcloth is often tucked in at the back of the neck. The
teeth appeared to be clean and strong, but among the older women there was
considerable evidence of dental decay.

Due perhaps to carrying pottery jars {kuwaza) filled with water on their
heads or left shoulders, the girls have straight and well-proportioned figures.
They draw water from the wells by means of a rope (habil) and pulley wheel
(bakara) attached to a leathern bucket (dalu).

The people of this village appeared homogeneous; at some future date I
should like to obtain anthropometric data and additional historical information
on this interesting Christian group.

We asked one of the old men if there were any books (makatib) in the village.
He replied that one of the religious elders possessed a very old and valuable
manuscript. Although we made numerous attempts to examine this manuscript,
thinking that it might be of important historical interest, the owner refused us
permission, explaining courteously but firmly that we might be of the same
faith, yet our foreign eyes would defile the holy book.

The site of the battle of Gaugamela in which Alexander overthrew Darius
Codomanus on October 1, 331 B.C., was named after Arbela, the modern Erbil.
The exact location of the battlefield has remained in doubt. According to
Ptolemy and Aristobulus the fighting took place at Gaugamela and not at Arbela.
Furthermore, the word Gaugamela means "the black bird" or "the black eagle,"
which is exactly the same meaning implied by the modern name of Qaraqosh

434 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

in Turkish (cf. Kara-qush as transliteration). Thus, on the basis of philology
and a detailed study of the historical sources, it seems probable that the battle
of Gaugamela took place near the modern village of Qaraqosh. Dr. Alexander
Sushko of the University of Chicago brought this information to my attention.

ARABS OF THE KISH AREA
STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

Number of

Hair individuals Percentage
Form:

Straight 12 4.6

Low waves 222 85.0

Deep waves 14 5.4

Curly frizzly 12 4.6

Woolly 1 .4

Texture:

Coarse 38 12.7

Medium 191 63.6

Medium-fine 5 1.7

Fine 66 22.0

Color:

Black 42 13.4

Dark brown '202 64.4

Dark brown black 8 2.5

Reddish brown 8 2.5

Light brown 1 .3

Gray 15 4.8

Black and gray 6 1.9

Dark brown and gray 20 6.4

Gray and light brown 1 .3

Gray and white 6 1.9

Dark brown and white 1 .3

White 4 1.3

Quantity:
Head:

Double minus 8 2.9

Minus 30 10.7

Average 34 12 . 1

Plus 104 37.1

Double plus 96 34.3

Triple plus 8 2.9

Beard:

Double minus 10 3.7

Minus 78 29.0

Average 21 7.8

Plus 94 34.9

Double plus 61 22.7

Triple plus 5 1.9

Body:

Double minus 4 1.6

Minus 49 19.7

Average 57 22.9

Plus Ill 44.6

Double plus 25 10.0

Triple plus 3 1.2

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES 435

Number of

Eye individuals Percentage
Color:

Black 2 .6

Dark brown 275 76.6

Blue brown 30 8.3

Gray brown 9 2.5

Green brown 43 12.0

Sclera:

Clear 230 63.2

Speckled 26 7.1

Yellow 2 0.5

Bloodshot 95 26.1

Speckled and yellow 1 .3

Speckled and bloodshot 10 2.8

Iris:

Homogeneous 100 28 . 6

Rayed 2 .6

Zoned 247 70.8

Eyebrow
Thickness:

Minus 14 22.2

Average 7 11.1

Plus 26 41.3

Double plus 16 25.4

Concurrency:

Minus 6 12.5

Average 11 22.9

Plus 27 56.3

Double plus 4 8.3

Lateral extent:

Minus 3 6.2

Average 15 31.3

Plus 29 60.4

Double plus 1 2.1

Brow-ridges

Median 59 96.7

Continuous 2 3.3

Glabella:

Average 12 60.0

Plus 8 40.0

Nose
Profile:

Straight 209 57.6

Concave 40 11.0

Convex 73 20.1

Concavo-convex 41 11 .3

Tip:

Thickness:

Minus 10 13.5

Average 8 10.8

Plus 32 43.2

Double plus 24 32.5

Depression :

Depressed 80 70.1

Horizontal 14 12.3

Elevated 20 17.6

436 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Wings: Number of

Nose individuals Percentage

Compressed 35 12.3

Medium-compressed 13 4.6

Medium 166 58.5

Medium-flaring 31 10.9

Flaring 39 13.7

Wear: Teeth

None 16 12.7

Slight 14 11.1

Average 12 9.5

Plus 33 26.2

Double plus 32 25.4

Triple plus 19 15.1

Caries:

None 37 28.9

Minus 7 5.5

Average 10 7.8

Plus 25 19.5

Double plus 29 22.7

Triple plus 20 15.6

Lost:

None 197 64.0

One 40 13.0

Two 29 9.4

Three 10 3.2

Four 11 3.5

Five 2 .7

Six 2 .7

Seven 1 .3

Ten 1 .3

Half 2 .7

Several 1 .3

Many 8 2.6

Nearly all 3 1.0

All 1 .3

r i Ear

Lobe:

Attached 51 44.4

Free 64 55.6

Size:

Minus 7 8.5

Average 29 35.4

Plus 42 51.2

Double plus 3 3.7

Triple plus 1 1.2

Roll of helix:

Minus 2 2.3

Average 27 31.4

Plus 44 51.2

Double plus 12 13.9

Triple plus 1 1.2

Darwin's Point:

Double minus 1 1.1

Minus 4 4.5

Average 25 28.1

Plus 39 43.8

Double plus 18 20.2

Triple plus 2 2.3

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES 437

Number of

Scapulae individuals Percentage

Vertebral borders:

Convex 6 9.4

Straight 58 90.6

Chest
Development:

Double minus 10 2.8

Minus 13 3.6

Average 56 15.7

Plus 238 66.7

Double plus 39 10.9

Triple plus 1 .3

Musculature

Poor 23 6.2

Fair 51 13.7

Good 198 53.2

Excellent 100 26.9

Health

Poor 20 5.4

Fair 15 4.1

Good 210 56.7

• Excellent 125 33.8

In recording the data of the Kish Arabs it was necessary to estimate the
ages of many individuals since after thirty years they did not have any exact
knowledge of their ages. For this reason, among the older men the greater numbers

of individuals are grouped at ages 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55. The statistical sum-
maries follow:

Number of

Number of

Number of

Number of

Age

individuals

Age

individuals

Age

individuals

Age

individuals

15

3

25

37

38

4

58

1

16

4

26

3

39

1

60

11

17

13

27

4

40

33

62

1

18

25

28

4

42

2

65

4

19

6

30

60

43

2

70

4

20

61

31

1

45

11

75

5

21

2

32

3

48

2

80

8

22

3

33

2

50

20

90

3

23

9

34

1

55

12

100

1 (No. 233)

24

4

35

26

56

1

The average age for 397 individuals is 33.70 years. No age was recorded
on No. 261.

Hair samples were obtained from all individuals except those listed below.
Many of the men were shaved so that it was impossible to cut a specimen long
enough to be of value. Permission was refused by No. 60 because he was in
mourning. In the case of No. 71 a sample was not taken because the hair was
diseased. No hair samples were obtained from the following individuals: Nos.
25, 49, 58, 60, 62, 63, 71, 89, 97, 111, 113, 119, 123, 124, 125, 128, 130, 131, 135,
137, 143, 152, 153, 154, 158, 159, 162, 166, 167, 173, 176, 180, 192, 198, 199,
201, 202, 206, 217, 225, 231, 246, 258, 267, 274, 286, 355, 357, 367, 370, 371, 376,
382, 389, 393, 405, 411, 429, 433, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 466, and 470.

I I I I I I I I I I ' I I I I I I 1 I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

438

1

i i i i i i

i

1

1 ' '

1 ' 1

i

120

K

— ,

no

—

i

I \

—

-

/

\

-

6

/

\

"~

100

—

/

i

\

i

I

—

-

/

-

/

\

~

90

/

i

—

o

/

i

-

i

_

/

•

:

80

/'

i

\

—

/

o

\

_

j

A \

-

70

/

\ \
\ \

—

-

/

6

\ \

\ \

-

60

—

/

\ \

—

—

/

\ \

—

-

/

\ \

-

50

/

\ \

_

/ /
/ /

~"

6

1 \
~ 1 \

_

40

i f

4

-M

—

i /

/

/

O

A >

-

i I

/

M '

—

1

/
/

\\

I

_

30

i 1

i
i

\

\

—

i f

i
i

V

o

\

-

20

// o"
// /

f

\

\

6

\

i

\

—

/' / A

\ ■

? / P

V

10

1 6 /

A

s\\

—

JD

:

/ q/.-6

if

...o-

••</

v^.

am

E

3

-

'b— -o.

-

Z

i—

«— #-.0 L.-0-" ,

1

1

1 . .

**o T'^oa-

*^<^

40 Index

45

50

55

Fig. 39. Graph II. Index of relative sitting heights. Continuous curve, 376 Kish Arabs; dash curve,
228 Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers.

439

440 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 14 had a remarkable abundance of hair all over his forehead but his
face was not hirsute. In contrast to the long plaits of hair often worn under
the head-dress (Nos. 43 and 54) No. 15 was slightly bald. No. 171 had a marked
absence of pilosity all over his body.

Nos. 1, 7, 9, 24, 69, 236, 238, 263, 267, and 407 had applied henna to their
hair. No. 1 said he used it to encourage growth.

The following individuals had mustaches: Nos. 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 22,
25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 57, 61, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
74, 75, 95, 97, 105, 107, 126, 127, 138, 146, 171, 269, 350, and 388.

Nos. 7, 17, 20, 28, 30, 34, 46, 52, and 112 wore a mustache and a slight
beard. Nos. 12, 15, 21, 33, 42, 55, 63, 77, 92, 96, 108, 118, 129, 130, 131, 147,
167, 173, and 383 had mustaches and full beards.

No. 4 had a small shaved area in the region behind the bregma. No. 100
had a circular shaved area on the top of his head.

Nos. 68, 286, and 470 had bad eyes. In the case of No. 361 the right eye
was defective and Nos. 23, 189, and 429 had poor vision in the left eye. A white
spot impaired the sight of the left eye in the case of No. 31 and the right eye
of No. 150 was missing. The eyes of Nos. 189, 361, and 429 were slightly crossed.

The eyes of Nos. 28 and 47 were in poor condition, practically closed.

Cataract occurs frequently among these people. No. 257 had cataracts in
both eyes while the left eyes of Nos. 104, 141, 195, 265, and 399, and the right
eyes of Nos. 202 and 204 were similarly afflicted.

Nos. 433, 434, and 439 were blind in both eyes. Nos. 195, 202, and 428 were
blind in the left eye, No. 202 since childhood. Nos. 135, 201, 265, 354, and 399
had lost the sight of their right eyes, No. 201 since childhood.

The teeth of Nos. 10, 109, and 376, who was 80 years old, were in excellent
condition. Those of No. 255 were bad and Nos. 65, 123, and 135 had very bad
teeth. Nos. 12, 112, and 119 complained of trouble with their teeth and dental
decay and absorption of the gums was very apparent in the case of No. 130.
The teeth of No. 1 were stained with nicotine.

No. 190 had markedly large front incisors. No. 135 had irregular teeth.
The first right incisor of No. 209 was broken while No. 116 had a front lower
tooth broken.

The following numbers of individuals had lost molars: 1, one left lower; 2,
one left upper; 1, first right upper; 3, one upper on each side; 1, two upper on
each side; 1, three right lower and one right upper; 1, two right lower and two
left lower; 1, two right lower and one left lower; 1, two right upper and one right
lower; 1, three right lower and three left lower; 1, third left lower and third
right lower; 1, two upper and two lower; 8, two right lower; 3, one right upper;
1, first right lower; 3, one lower on each side; 1, first lower on each side.

The following numbers of individuals had lost premolars: 5, one left lower;
1, two left upper; 1, one left; 1, first lower; 1, one lower on each side; 1, one right
upper; 1, two right upper; 1, two right.

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

441

The following numbers of individuals had lost incisors: 1, all but two in
both lower jaws; 1, one right lower.

1

1 1

—t—

1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1

i

!

— I-

! 1

I i i i ; I i i i i 1

o

-

;

:

70

■

_

•

O

1 '

\
\/

-

1

/ \

-

V

-

-

i

o

'■

■

60

/

i

I

i

i

6

\

-

_

i
1

—

50

—

\

—

i

\

-

.0

o —

)

\
\
\

-

1

1 ,

-

i /

\

.0

40

-

i /
i i

0^

i :

i ;

30

-

i
i
i

I

0-

■°n

i i i i i | i i i

9 i /

o ' -

/'\ /

°>

A i -

/ M/

\

v \ /
^ \ /
o V

\ o

20

-

la / ,
IN I

i 0
/ ° /'

d ' °

\
\

\
\

\ \ 1
\ \

» \
\ \ \

\ \ ° \

10

-

7 ' °

i/ o ; /

o — _\\

z

-

o.

-<y

"Q%

"o-

~o-

-Q.

\s^~

~o~

••••!■•

-1 1 1 1 P 1 i 1

1

!

1

p ''••J

Index

65

70

75

80

85

90

Fig. 40. Graph III. Cephalic indices. Continuous curve, 396 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 227 Iraq soldiers;
dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers.

The following numbers of individuals had lost canines: 1, one left upper;
1, one right lower.

442 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

The following special cases of teeth lost were noted for individuals: one
lower molar on each side, one lower left premolar; one upper and lower premolar
on right side and two lower molars; two right upper incisors, one canine, and two
premolars; one molar and one right lower canine; two right lower premolars
and two molars; two left upper premolars and one right upper molar.

No. 50 had a diseased left ear. The right ear of No. 125 was peculiarly flexed
in the apical region. No. 192 had his left ear slightly punctured near the lobe.

The following individuals suffered from recurrent fever attacks which lasted
usually from three to eight days: Nos. 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29,
34, 36, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 52, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 70, 105, 108,
109, 110, 122, 128, 147, 153, and 246.

Nos. 29, 47, 48, 64, 67, and 115 had fever attacks during 1927.

Nos. 113, 118, and 167 had completely recovered from such fever attacks.
Nos. 15, 68, and 201 were subject to headaches. Nos. 124 and 155 complained
of stomach trouble.

For four successive months three years ago No. 2 had fever, headaches,
and stomach ache. No. 4 had bad headaches for a continuous period of one
year. No. 16 suffered from bi-yearly fever; he said that coffee made him ill
and that the east wind affected him. No. 17 was sick for two years with fever.
No. 25 said that his recurrent fever was due to the heat twelve years ago. No. 26
had fever and vomiting attacks during the cholera outbreak in 1927-28; he
turned yellow then, perhaps from jaundice. Before his marriage No. 33 claimed
that he had been often fevered but was now wholly recovered. No. 106 had
fever for one year. No. 122 said he was always fevered. He had "Baghdad
boils" on his left upper lip near the nasal orifice. There were lined scars on the
right temple of No. 32 where blood was let to cure his headaches. No. 463
had a bad throat and said his voice was always harsh. Nos. 28 and 145 were
sick-looking and Nos. 96 and 135 complained that they were often sick. No. 123
said his health had improved since Ramadan.

An admixture of Negro blood was apparent in the case of individuals Nos.
30, 54, 59, 258, 359, 408, and 458. In No. 30 this was suggested by thickness
of lips and in No. 59 by darkness of pigmentation.

Wide bizygomatic areas suggested a Mongoloid strain in Nos. 1, 2, and 393.

No. 26 bears a close resemblance to the type portrayed by Sumerian artists.

Smallpox scars were noted in the case of Nos. 19, 42, 44, 51, 58, 97, 102,
105, 108, 117, 132, 143, 174, 196, 208, 222, 232, 381, 411, 453, and 469.

No. 13 (age 20) was physically undeveloped. No. 191 was obviously a case
of overgrowth which was due to irregular functioning of the endocrine glands.

The right hand, radius and ulna of No. 230 was deformed. No. 286 also
had a deformed right hand. A cut on the upper lip of No. 398 caused a slight
disfiguration.

The following individuals had scars: No. 22, across nose; Nos. 24 and
29, on left cheek from boils; No. 32, on left part of chin; No. 50, under

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES 443

left eye; No. 60, on glabella; No. 170, above glabella on right side;
No. 233, on right side of nose, due to kick from mule; No. 284, behind right ear,
not due to mastoid. No. 35 had a mark on his right wrist from burning, and No.
155 had a scar over the right squamosal due to burning.

No. 14 had warts in profusion on his hands and feet. No. 358 had warts
on his right wrist.

A mole over the left eye was observed on No. 11, and No. 43 had a mole
scar on the left side of his nose.

uu

Ss~ ^^***

/

/ jS

90

/
/ .
/ /
/ /

/

80

/ / ,
/ / /

70

:

/' / /
/ / /
/ / -''
/ / /

60

-

—

/ / /

50

:

/ / /
/' / /

40

/' / /
/ / /

30

-

/' / /

/ / /

/ / /

/ /

20

—

/ /

^

/ / /

S

—

/ / /

o

/ X '

10

—

J / s

i i [

_L*-t^

y

<l 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

60 Index 65 70 75 80 85 90

Fig. 41. Graph IV. Cumulative percentages of cephalic indices. Continuous curve, 396 Kish Arabs;
dash curve, 227 Iraq soldiers; dot-dash curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins.

No. 151 lost part of the right hallux in a railway accident. No. 154 had
recovered from a fractured leg. No. 198 wore a kind of truss.

There were two individuals who were reputed to be insane, Nos. 59 and 62.
No. 62 was indeed slow-minded and rather stupid but he was a careful worker.
Nos. 48, 63, 64, and 67 were good workmen. No. 37 was unusually intelligent.
No. 34 (Achmed Hamadi) had a fair working knowledge of mechanics and was
useful in light railway work on excavations. No. 178, on the other hand, was
a very poor workman who had to be dismissed for attempting to hit the foreman
(Rais) with a shovel (misha).

No. 76 was very talkative. No. 128 was nervous and rather stupid. Among
the workers No. 49 was known as a good dancer and No. 41 could imitate animals,
especially the barks of a dog, with exceptional skill.

444

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

No. 131 had been in prison at Omsk after he was captured from the Turkish
army in 1914. Formerly No. 264 had been a policeman in Ad Diwaniya for six
years.

No. 13 wore a string on his right wrist to show that he had grown thinner.

In addition to those who had applied henna to their hair No. 45 had tinted
his nails to make them beautiful and painted the palms of his hands to harden
them. No. 158 had applied kohl to his under eyelids.

ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLE

Number of Standard Coefficient

Measurements individuals Mean deviation of variation

Standing height 376 1676.80±.23 6.68±.16 3.98±.10

Sitting height 378 821.30±.16 4.64±.ll 5.65±.14

Acromion to sole 377 1402.80±.23 6.55±.16 4.66±.ll

Headlength 396 188.44±.24 7.01±.17 3.71±.09

Head breadth 397 141.73±.19 5.69±.14 4.01±.10

Minimum frontal diameter .395 111 . 13 ± . 18 5 . 28 ± . 13 4 . 75 ± . 11

Bizygomatic breadth 396 129.46±.26 7.79±.19 6.01±.14

Bigonial breadth 394 102.54±.27 7.84±.19 7.64±.18

Total facial height 393 119.81±.25 7.30±.18 6.09±.15

Upper facial height 392 72.97±.26 5.51±.18 7.55±.25

Nasalheight 393 58.33±.17 5.09±.12 8.72±.21

Nasalbreadth 396 35.32±.12 3.48±.08 9.85±.24

Earlength 396 62.32±.18 5.43±.13 8.71±.21

Earbreadth 395 35.31±.12 3.60±.09 10.19±.24

Indices

Relative sitting height 376 48. 98 ±.07 2. 11 ±.05 4. 31 ±.11

Cephalic 396 75.26±.13 3.71±.09 4.92±.12

Fronto-parietal 396 78.56±.14 4.32±.10 5.49±.13

Totalfacial 392 92.73±.25 7.35±.18 7.92±.18

Upperfacial 391 56.62±.17 5.02±.12 8.86±.21

Nasal 397 61.15±.26 7.69±.18 12.57±.30

Ear 396 56.91±.21 6.16±.15 10.82±.26

Jugomandibular 394 79.21±.17 4.92±.12 6.21±.15

Jugofrontal 394 85.89±.15 4.45±.ll 5.24±.12

SOLDIERS OF THE IRAQ ARMY

In dealing with this group of soldiers a number of statistics were recorded
which show that these men were selected for their good physique and health.
The average age of this series is low; all the individuals with three exceptions
fall between the ages of 17 and 30. In general I have avoided obtaining anthro-
pometric data on immature individuals but to avoid this was impossible in
the Iraq Army group, a factor which must be given due consideration.

AGE
The age of each soldier was carefully noted and checked against the official
army records so that the results can be tabulated as follows:

Number of

Number of

Number of

Age

individuals

Age

individuals

Age

individuals

17

6

23

10

29

2

18

13

24

7

30

15

19

8

25

44

33

1

20

61

26

7

35

1

21

15

27

2

45

1

22

26

28

4

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

445

No age was recorded for individual No. 528. The average age for 223
individuals is 22.16 years.

1 1

1 | 1 1 1 1 |

1 1 I

— r-

1 ' '

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

| 1 1 1 1 |

70

-

0

•

-

60

~

1

t

i

l\

I
\
\

\
\

\

-

50

—

i

i
i

\

—

\

o

-

t

1

\

-

\

-

o

—

-

i

\

-

40

i
i /

i /

/' /

\

\

\

o

\

\

-

30

-

i 1
i J
i \

° l
j
i \

0

11

1 \
1 \
1 \
1 \

1

\
\
i
i
i

-

i
i j

\ \ / \

\ \ /
1 \/
> 0
O' i

v i

-

i i

' x /

\

20

-

! ° |
/' j

'A / -o
i vr -

// /

: °

i

i
i
t
i
i

4

\

X

\
\

\

\

1

>

\ -'\

v \

\ \

\\ \ R

-

10

-

'/ ;

a '

P '
/ /
/ *
/ /

' /vs/V

-

U

-

/ '°

p

-

£

J* / A

""°:

.o

'k---* \

"

3

1/ 1

— o / .o.. ..o"
1 W' V 1 1 1

"° /

i i i

1

■•o -0"'" '"

1 1 1

.8 \ \

O-- —or V \

i i 1 i -i..- TVai

Pv

l / y\ \A i

\l 1/ M 1,'M -.1

-

Index 70

75

80

85

90

95

Fig. 42. Graph V. Fronto-parietal indices. Continuous curve, 395 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 227 Iraq
soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers.

HAIR

The majority of the soldiers had dark brown hair of medium texture with
the form low waves. Sixty-four individuals had dark brown hair. Nos. 504, 505,
613, 644, and 653 had black hair. No. 612, who had a very peculiarly shaped

446 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

head, had light brown hair. Nos. 509 and 555 had an unusual quantity of hair
on the head. There were no observations recorded on No. 514.

EYE
The majority of the soldiers had dark brown eyes with clear sclera and
homogeneous irises. The following information was recorded:

Number of

individuals Percentage

Color:

Very dark brown 2 (Nos. 537, 613) 1.4

Dark brown 126 85.2

Blue brown 8 5.4

Green brown 11 7.3

Gray brown 1 (No. 620) .7

Sclera:

Clear 144 97.8

Bloodshot 3 2.2

Iris:

Homogeneous 150 89.9

Zoned 17 10.1

No. 525 was cross-eyed and had the right eye partly closed.

NOSE
The majority of individuals had straight noses with medium wings. The
following information was recorded:

Number of

individuals Percentage
Profile:

Straight 81 57.0

Concave 14 9.9

Concavo-convex 3 2.1

Convex 44 31.0

Wings:

Medium 66 53.3

Medium-compressed 6 4.8

Compressed 6 4.8

Medium-flaring 29 23.4

Flaring 17 13.7

In regard to thickness of the nasal tip No. 647 was triple plus; Nos. 543,
555, 575, 587, 611, and 638 were double plus; No. 578 was average. Nos. 517,
576, 597, 601, and 635 were thin. No. 578 had an elevated nasal tip and Nos.
600 and 629 had depressed tips.

TEETH
The average condition of the teeth was good. The occlusion was normal
and the majority of the soldiers had lost no teeth. The following statistics
were recorded :

Number of
individuals
Bite:

Under - 1

Slight over 125

Marked over 11

Edge-to-edge 2

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

447

Lost:

Number of
individuals

None 106

One 22

Two 3 (Nos. 524, 561, 600)

Three 2 (Nos. 504, 559)

Eruption:

Complete 131

Incomplete 13

Caries:

Plus 5 (Nos. 561, 564, 565, 571, 600)

Double plus 1 (No. 555)

-i — i — | — r— i — i — i — | — i — i — i — ■ — | — i — i — i — i — | — i — i — i — i — | — i — i — i — i — |— r — i — i — i — I — ' — i — i — ' — I — 1~

50

40

30-

20

10-

\y *o — o--:&. *'-o'

75 Index 80

85

90

95

100

Fig. 43. Graph VI. Total facial indices. Continuous curve, 385 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 227 Iraq
soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers.

CHEST
The average development as recorded on 132 soldiers was good. Nos.
609, 627, and 655 were excellent and Nos. 505, 529, 530, 536, 539, 579, and
594 were average.

MUSCULATURE
The average muscular development as recorded on 133 individuals was
good. Nos. 584, 609, 627, and 655 were excellent and Nos. 505, 529, 530, 539, 579,
and 594 were average.

HEALTH
The statistics recorded on 142 soldiers showed them to be in good health.

448 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

SMALLPOX
Nos. 531, 537, and 603 had smallpox scars.

PATHOLOGICAL CASES

No. 661 was extremely tall and his general development suggested a patho-
logical condition due to unbalanced metabolism as the result of irregular func-
tioning of the endocrines.

NEGRO BLOOD
Nos. 537, 552 (Sudanese), and 613.

ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLE

Number of Standard Coefficient

Measurements individuals Mean deviation of variation

Standing height 228 1725.6 ±.23 5.11±.16 2.96±.09

Sitting height 228 850.2 ±.19 4.16±.13 4.89±.15

Acromion to sole 228 1435.5 ±.22 4.93±.16 3.43±.ll

Headlength 228 187.38±.28 6.27±.20 3.34±.ll

Headbreadth 227 143.64±.24 5.38±.17 3.74±.12

Minimum frontal diameter.. 227 113. 82 ±.22 4. 91 ±.16 4. 31 ±.14

Bizygomatic breadth 227 133.85±.25 5.49±.17 4.11±.13

Bigonial breadth 227 106.78±.28 6.22±.20 5.82±.18

Total facial height 227 120.92±.30 6.81±.22 5.63±.18

Upper facial height 228 73.88±.21 4.64±.15 6.28±.20

Nasalheight 227 56.85±.21 4.66±.15 8.19±.26

Nasal breadth 227 34.53±.13 2.91±.09 8.42±.27

Earlength 225 59.54±.22 4.85±.15 8.14±.26

Earbreadth 227 36.18±.15 3.33±.ll 9.20±.29

Indices

Relative sitting height 228 49. 23 ±.10 2. 28 ±.07 4. 62 ±.15

Cephalic 227 76.66±.17 3.87±.12 5.04±.16

Fronto-parietal 226 79.28±.17 3.70±.12 4.66±.15

Totalfacial 226 90.52±.24 5.46±.17 6.03±.18

Upperfacial 226 55.23±.17 3.96±.13 7.17±.23

Nasal 226 61.12±.31 6.83±.22 11.17±.35

Ear 226 60.68±.25 5.54±.18 9.13±.29

Jugomandibular 226 79.69±.19 4.29±.14 5.38±.17

Jugofrontal 227 85.03±.15 3.40±.ll 3.99±.13

BA'IJ BEDUINS

During June, 1928, a sub-tribe of the Ba'ij Beduins was encamped between
Kish and Jemdet Nasr. Twelve miles from Kish, on the desert track toward
Tell Barguthiat, about fifty black tents were grouped. Sheikh Abbas ibn
Diab, leader of this Beduin sub-tribe, which wanders between the Euphrates
and Tigris rivers, possesses large herds of camels and sheep and is much feared
by the fallakin or pastoral Arabs. The Beduins feel contempt and scorn for the
settled Arabs. When desert pasturage is poor, they do not hesitate to drive their
camels to feed in fields sown with corn. The Arabs, however, can only rain
down curses on the heads of the marauding Beduins, for they dare not attempt
to drive them away.

Sheikh Abbas gave us a cordial reception although the trappings of his
tent indicated great poverty for the sheikh of a large tribe. After tea and coffee

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

449

had been served, I invited Sheikh Abbas to examine the head calipers and the
cameras. He then allowed me to make anthropometric observations and measure-
ments on him as well as frontal and profile photographs. A hair sample was
obtained only after much persuasion.

~i — | — i — i — i — i — | — i — i — i — I — | — i — i — I — i — | — I — i — i — I — | — I — i — i — i — | — i — i — I — r

60

50

40

30

20

10

45 Index

75

Fig. 44. Graph VII. Upper facial indices. Continuous curve, 391 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 226 Iraq
soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers.

The anthropometric data on his tribesmen are of particular interest since
they were obtained from a group of Beduins from the jazirah lying between the
Euphrates and Tigris rivers. While the number of individuals upon whom
measurements and observations were taken is small, and therefore no definite
conclusions can be drawn from them, the racial indications suggested are of
importance.

It seems probable that the Beduins, including the hundreds of individuals
with whom I came into contact in the various camps of the Huwaitat, Ruwalla,
Bani Sukhr, Anaiza, and Sba'a visited by the Field Museum North Arabian

450 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Desert Expeditions, 1927-28, are directly connected racially with the earliest
inhabitants of the Kish area.

Racial admixture among the Beduins is at a minimum owing to their inde-
pendent nomadic life and to the resultant tribal inbreeding. The latter thus
tends to preserve the ancient dominant strain and would leave little room for
racial variation. The outline of the face, the stature, and the general muscula-
ture of the body at once separate the Beduins from the dwellers in cities who
have become racially mixed. The only exception to the purity of the Beduin
peoples is the infiltration of Negro blood through the importation of slaves.
Negroid characteristics are apparently more dominant than are those of the
Beduins, and thus usually appear in the progeny. One of the Beduin children
appeared to have a relatively high percentage of Negro blood in his veins.
Inquiries revealed that he was the son of an unattractive young Beduin girl
and one of the big Negroes forming the Sheikh's bodyguard. As soon as the
other children saw that we were particularly interested in this child, they
began to make fun of his flaring nostrils and thick lips, and to shout that he was
no true Beduin boy.

The eyes of the majority of the Ba'ij Beduins were blue brown in color with
clear sclera and zoned irises. This eye color was observed occasionally among
the Kish Arabs, but was not predominant among them. Several individuals
complained of eye soreness due to wind and dust storms.

The teeth were in fairly good condition considering that they never brush
nor take any care of them. The soft diet, however, consisting of starches and
sugar, with the rare addition of proteins, tends to soften the gums and to cause
dental caries and general decay at an early age. The smoking of the narghile
is a general pastime and the nicotine and other injurious tobacco ingredients
stain the teeth and cover them with a yellow film. The Negroes and those
members of the community with Negro blood possess excellent, white teeth.

As will be seen from the anthropometric data recorded on this group of
Ba'ij Beduins, they are dolichocephalic, but the cephalic index of the Kish Arabs
is only slightly higher (1.89), probably due to the arrival of a brachycephalic
element, which forced itself racially as well as culturally upon the original
population. A preliminary study of the skeletal material excavated at Kish
from the earlier graves belonging to the period about 3250 B.C., suggests that
the physical features of the peoples of the Kish area have become little changed
during the past five thousand years.

The ages of the Ba'ij Beduins can only be estimated, since no individual
could give an exact figure.

Number of

Number of

Number of

Age

individuals

Age

individuals

Age

individuals

18

2

38

1

65

1

20

3

40

4

74

1

25

5

45

4

80

1

30

6

50

2

90

1

35

6

60

1

The average age of the thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins is 38.37 years.

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

451

HAIR

Color.— Dark brown: Nos. 300, 302, 309, 312, 316, 324, 327. Dark brown
and gray: No. 319. Reddish brown: Nos. 302, 308, 329, 332. Black: Nos. 310,
311, 313, 315, 322, 323, 326, 330, 331, 333, 335, 337. Black and gray: Nos. 318,
319, 325, 334. Gray: Nos. 307, 317, 328, 336.

Form.— Low waves: Nos. 300, 305, 307-312, 315, 323, 327, 331-335, 337.
Deep waves: Nos. 303, 304, 313, 314, 324, 330. Curly frizzly: Nos. 302, 306,
316, 322.

-j — i — i — i — i — 1 — i — i — r-

50-

40-

50-

20-

10-

i^N^

Fig. 45. Graph VIII. Nasal indices. Continuous curve, 389 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 226 Iraq soldiers;
dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers.

Texture.— Fine: Nos. 315, 323, 324, 330. Medium: Nos. 300, 303, 305,
306, 311, 313, 316, 327, 331-335, 337. Coarse: Nos. 302, 304, 308-310, 312,
314, 322, 329.

Quantity.— Head: Minus: Nos. 307, 317, 321. Average: Nos. 301, 319,
325. Plus: Nos. 318, 323, 326, 327. Double plus: Nos. 302-304, 306, 308, 309,
311, 313-316, 322, 329, 330, 331, 332, 337. Beard: Double minus: Nos. 308, 323.
Minus: Nos. 309, 331. Plus: Nos. 302, 303, 307, 315, 322, 325, 329, 330, 332.
Double plus: Nos. 301, 304, 306, 311, 313, 314, 317-319, 321, 326, 327, 337.
Triple plus: No. 316. Body: Minus: Nos. 309, 323. Plus: Nos. 302, 307, 311,
314, 315, 318, 319, 322, 325-327, 329, 330, 337. Double plus: Nos. 304, 306.

Hair samples from twenty-three individuals were obtained. It was impossi-
ble to obtain specimens from Nos. 301, 305, 307, 313, 317, 319-323, 325, 329, 336,
and 337.

452 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

EYE

Color.— Dark brown: Nos. 300, 303-305, 308, 310-313. Blue brown:
Nos. 315-322, 324-337. Green brown: Nos. 301, 306, 307, 309, 312-314.

Sclera.— Clear: Nos. 302-305, 308-313, 318, 319, 321-323, 326-332, 334.
Bloodshot: Nos. 300, 301, 306, 307, 314, 316, 317, 320, 325, 333, 335-337.
Speckled: No. 315.

Iris.— Homogeneous: Nos. 302, 304, 305, 309, 310, 312, 315, 323. Zoned:
Nos. 300, 301, 303, 306-308, 311, 313, 314, 316-322, 325-330, 332-337.

-] — i — i — i — r

-i — i — i — r

-| — i — i — i — i — | — r

-i r— i r

«-^

45 Index

Fig. 46. Graph IX. Ear indices. Continuous curve, 390 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 226 Iraq soldiers;
dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers.

No. 315 was blind in the right eye and No. 317 in the left eye. No. 329
had a spot under the right eye.

NOSE

Profile.— Concave: Nos. 300, 305, 314, 319, 321, 323. Straight: Nos.
301-304, 306, 308, 311-313, 315-318, 320, 322, 325-337. Convex: No. 324.
Concavo-convex: Nos. 307, 309, 310.

Tip.— Thickness: Minus: No. 310. Plus: No. 312. Double plus: Nos. 307,
317, 319, 323, 324, 328. Depression: Elevated: No. 305. Depressed: No. 306.

Wings.— Compressed: Nos. 305, 306, 313, 318, 320, 326, 331. Compressed-
medium: No. 311. Medium: Nos. 302-304, 308, 312, 315-317, 321, 322, 327,

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

453

329, 330, 332-337. Medium-flaring: Nos. 314, 325. Flaring: Nos. 307, 310,
323, 324, 328.

TEETH

Eruption.— Complete: Nos. 300-314, 316-322, 324-334, 336, 337.
Wear.— Average: No. 332. Plus: No. 301. Double plus: Nos. 305, 334.
Caries.— Nos. 301, 320, 334.

1

T" 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 | i i

1

i

| i i i i | 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 i i | i i i

-

60

A

-

o

/'

<\

-

1

V1

\
\

o

-

50

i
i
i

r

i

4

I

i
i
i
i

i

:

40

i
i
i

i

A i A

-

30

-

l /

i a /

i /

O /

/' /

\ \
\ * »

-

* V '•

-

20

1 /

A

\ /

' \ S

_

/ / 6

o

d 1

-

f I I

1 ' \ A \

-

i /

1 ' \ / \
1 ' t, / \ .

-

i I

i , W \o

-

4 4

1/ H o \\

"

10

—

/ f i

-

°- / /

-

-

a>oy ,o

'' \/\bN

-

1

1

/ --0

° / 1° °:.

.q

. \ \ / V *-« °

r i a \ ° \

-

3
2

-

a^°\ / j/ "t> °"

' \.' i -~u' i I r I I 1 I I

'•d'

i

1

-

Index

70

75

80

85

90

95

Fig. 47. Graph X. Jugomandibular indices. Continuous curve, 393 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 227
Iraq soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers.

Lost.— None: Nos. 300, 302-305, 307-314, 320-322, 324, 328-330, 332, 333,
337. One: No. 306. Two: Nos. 301, 317, 326. Three: No. 319. Four: No.
334. Many: Nos. 325, 336.

Bite.— Slight over: Nos. 300, 301, 303, 305-307, 310, 312-314, 317, 320,
321, 324, 326-332, 334, 337. Marked over: Nos. 308, 309, 311, 318, 333, 336.

CHEST
Development.— Average: Nos. 301, 307, 317, 336. Plus: Nos. 300, 303,
305, 306, 308-312, 314-316, 318-335, 337. Double plus: Nos. 302, 304, 313.

454

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

70

60-

1 1"

n — r

1 ' ' ' — i — 1 — r

"i — i — I 1 — i — 1 — i — | — r

n — ' — n

50

40

30

20

10

100

Fig. 48. Graph XI. Jugofrontal indices. Continuous curve, 395 Kish Arabs; dash curve, 227 Iraq
soldiers; dotted curve, thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins; dot-dash curve, composite of Kish Arabs and soldiers.

MUSCULATURE
Minus: Nos. 301, 317. Average: Nos. 307, 328, 336. Plus: Nos. 305, 306,
308-312, 314-316, 318-327, 329-335, 337. Double plus: Nos. 300, 302-304, 313.

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

455

HEALTH
Poor: Nos. 301, 317. Fair: No. 336. Good: Nos. 305-316, 318-335, 337.
Excellent: Nos. 300, 302-304.

No. 327.
No. 323.

SMALLPOX SCARS
NEGRO BLOOD

ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLE

Number of Standard

Measurements individuals Mean deviation

Standing height 38 1682.90±.57 5.23±.40

Sitting height 38 834.00±.39 3.57±.28

Acromion to sole 38 1408.10±.66 6.06±.47

Headlength 38 191.37±.55 5.20±.39

Head breadth 38 140.24±.66 6.07±.47

Minimum frontal diameter ... 38 110 . 79 ± . 53 4 . 80 ± . 37

Bizygomatic breadth 38 128 . 45 ± . 66 6 . 07 ± . 47

Bigonial breadth 38 102.05±.66 6.07±.47

Total facial height 38 117.21±.61 5.55±.43

Upper facial height 38 73.63±.45 4.13±.32

Nasalheight 38 60.45±.46 4.19±.32

Nasalbreadth 38 35.16±.41 3.72±.29

Earlength 38 62.74±.47 4.25±.33

Ear breadth 38 36.95±.32 2.94±.23

Indices

Relative sitting height 38 49 . 51 ± . 23 2 . 10 ± . 16

Cephalic 38 73.37±.40 3.63±.28

Fronto-parietal 38 79.29±.45 4.14±.32

Total facial 38 91.42±.50 4.56±.35

Upperfacial 38 57.37±.41 3.73±.29

Nasal 38 58.42±.65 5.90±.46

Ear 38 58.99±.45 4.10±.32

Jugomandibular 38 79.53±.59 5.35±.41

Jugofrontal 38 86.09db.52 4.79±.37

Coefficient
of variation

3.11±.24
4.28±.33
4.30±.33
2.72±.20
4.32±.33
4.33±.33
4.72±.37
5.94±.46
4.73±.37
5.61±.43
6.93±.54
10.58±.82
6.77±.52
7.95±.61

4.24±.33
4.94±.38
5.22±.40
4.98±.39
6.50±.50
10.09±.78
6.95±.54
6.75±.52
5.56±.43

TATTOOING

A detailed report on the tattooed designs will be published later. The
word "glove" refers to an elaborate design, consisting of a line across the wrist
and a line of spots on the back of the hand leading to the base of the thumb
and to each finger, forming a kind of mitten, a pattern which the Arabs call a
glove (chaff).

TABULAR SUMMARY OF TATTOOING

Position

Right hand 91

Right wrist 62

Right forearm 80

Upper arm 1

Left hand 13

Left wrist 10

Left forearm 2

Glabella 8

Temples 23

Kish Iraq Ba'ij
Arabs Soldiers Beduins

62 9
23 2
35

1
10

7

6

1
15 1

Kish Iraq Ba'ij
Arabs Soldiers Beduins

Design

Spots 86 53

Lines 4 22

Glove 67 51

Gazelle 71 18

Snake 1 3

Dog 2 1

Horse 2

Army number 4

Armored car 1

(J
1

Iraq

Ba'ij

Soldiers

Beduins

231

38

125

14

54.1

36.8

456 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Kish Iraq Ba'ij Kish Iraq Ba'ij

Position Arabs Soldiers Beduins Design Arabs Soldiers Beduins

Forehead 5 Cross 8 6 2

Nasion 4 3 1 Triangle 1

Nasal tip 7 2 Sun 2 2

Nose 1 Girl 4

Upper lip 2 1 Name 4

Cheek 1 Animal 5

Chin 1 Bird 2

Behind ear 1 Star 1

Thumb 1 Design 53 4

Colors 3

Circle 1 3

Circle with diagonal ... 1

Right angle 1

Ellipsoid 1

Hands joined 1

Total
Design number

Glove and gazelle 44

Glove (alone) on right hand 74

Glove (alone) on left hand 6

Gazelle (alone) on inside of right forearm 37

Gazelle (alone) on inside of left forearm 1

Gazelle on right wrist or right hand 8

Kish
Arabs

Number of individuals 398

Number tattooed 216

Percentage tattooed 54 . 0

SUMMARY OF ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA
FROM SOUTHWESTERN ASIA

In surveying the anthropometric data from southwestern Asia we find that
during the past decade a wealth of statistical data has been obtained. C. U.
Ariens Kappers has published reports on the head length, head breadth, and
cephalic indices of numerous groups, including Kurds, Circassians, Persians,
Turks, Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, etc. (see Bibliography). Harald and
M. Krischner of the American University, Beirut, published reports on the phys-
ical anthropology of Iraq and Iran, including measurements of head length and
breadth, and the cephalic indices of 363 Armenians, 197 Chaldeans, 83 Assyrians,
91 Yezidis, 60 Kurds, 52 Jews, 32 Beduins and 690 Arabs of Iraq, and 1,140
"Persians" and 343 Armenians of Iran. In Iraq studies have been made on
5,696 individuals, which form definite contributions to the racial problems of
this region.

Number of
individuals
Years measured

Buxton and Field 1926 165

Krischner 1927-31 1568

Field 1928 667

Field 1934 1817

Smeaton 1934 731

Rassam 1933-34 500

Smeaton 1935 248

Total 5696

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES 457

Krischner studied a number of Persians (see Bibliography) and I recorded
observations on 246 individuals in Iran and 53 Lurs from Pusht-i-Kuh, who were
measured in Baghdad. From South Arabia come the small but important series
measured by Captain Bertram Thomas (see Arabia Felix, 1932) and the un-
published measurements made by Dr. Carleton Coon of Harvard.

In Syria Dr. Nejla Izzeddin of the Oriental Institute of the University of
Chicago measured about one thousand Druze men and women.

In Trans- Jordan Dr. William M. Shanklin of the American University in
Beirut measured 791 tribesmen and villagers (see Bibliography). During the
spring of 1935 he made blood group studies on more than four hundred
members of the Lazadat and the Mowali tribes. He also took measurements
on three hundred of these tribesmen.

In Turkey groups have been measured by Dr. Shevket Aziz of the University
of Istanbul and by Professor Eugene Pittard of the University of Geneva.

The greater portion of this material still remains unpublished but that is
a matter of time. Furthermore, additional anthropometric research is being
conducted in southwestern Asia and, provided that the political situation remains
unaltered and the good will of the local governments toward anthropometric
work remains favorable, there is every reason to hope that the racial composition
of the peoples of the Near East will be determined. Similarly, the physical rela-
tionship of the peoples of southwestern Asia to the inhabitants of Asia, Africa,
and Europe will become known. In conclusion, when the measurements of
ancient skeletal material from the eastern borders of Iran to the Mediterranean
and from Anatolia to the Arabian Sea are compared with anthropometric
data on the modern inhabitants of southwestern Asia light will be thrown on
many historical problems.

APPENDIX: FIELD MUSEUM ANTHROPOLOGICAL
EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST, 1934

This expedition, sponsored by Mr. Marshall Field, began work in Baghdad,
Iraq, on April 2, 1934. I was accompanied by Mr. Richard A. Martin, of
Chicago, who was in charge of photography and the collection of zoological
specimens. The expedition continued the anthropometric studies of the peoples of
the Near East which had been begun at Kish, in December, 1925, by Dr. L. H.
Dudley Buxton, who measured 164 Arabs of the Kish area.

In 1928, I had measured 398 Arabs of the Kish area, 231 members of the
Iraq Army stationed at Hilla, and thirty-eight Ba'ij Beduins near Jemdet Nasr.
These data are included in this publication. During a period of ten months in
1934 we traveled approximately 17,000 miles and made anthropometric measure-
ments and studies on 3,056 individuals in Syria, Iraq, Iran, and the Caucasus
region of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. I submitted each subject to the
following measurements and observations, following the technique of Rudolf
Martin: standing height, sitting height, head length, head breadth, bizygomatic
and bigonial breadths, total facial height, upper facial height, nasal height, nasal
breadth, left ear length and breadth. From these data the following indices have
been calculated : relative sitting height, cephalic, fron to-parietal, total facial, upper
facial, nasal, ear, jugomandibular, and jugofrontal. Observations were made
on the color, form, and texture of the hair; eye color, sclera, and iris; nasal pro-
file, tip, and wings; prominence of malars; teeth eruption, wear, caries, number
lost and type of bite; chest development; general musculature; state of health;
anomalies. There are also pathological notes and special remarks. The sex,
age, birthplace, marriage, number of children, brothers, and sisters, living and
dead, tattooed marks, and use of henna were noted. Apart from these measure-
ments and observations every individual was photographed front and profile,
a hair sample taken, a blood sample wherever possible, teeth smears, pulse,
weight, and temperature of certain groups. The sixteen groups studied in Iraq,
with the number of individuals in each, are listed in the following table:

INDIVIDUALS STUDIED IN IRAQ DURING 1934

Marsh Arabs Males Females

Albu Muhammed 221 3

Al Suwa'id 50 0

Beduins

Shammar 298 129

Anaiza 23 0

Dulaim 137 0

Non-Beduin nomads

Sulubba (Sleyb) 39 10

Gypsies (Nawar) 6 4

Groups near Beirut, Syria 37 0

458

APPENDIX 459

Various groups Males Females

Kurds 610 32

Yezidis 235 77

Assyrians 106 137

Subba (Mandaeans) 92 33

Jews Ill 52

Turkomans 64 31

Armenians 2 4

Chaldean from Tell Kaif 1 0

Miscellaneous 0 3

Total 2032 515

The males were measured by the writer, the females and some of the males
by Miss Winifred Smeaton, of Ann Arbor, Michigan.

It will be interesting to compare the various elements of the modern Iraqi
population and particularly to see if the Kurds from each of the mountain
valleys of Zakho, Aqra, Rowandiz, and Sulaimaniya show variations or whether
they appear to be a homogeneous people. There is a marked difference in the
average cephalic index of the Yezidis of Balad Sinjar and that of the Sheikh
'Adi district. The measurements on the group of 427 Shammar Beduins under
Sheikh 'Ajil are valuable since they are the largest racial group in the north-
western part of Iraq.

Dr. Carl Rassam of the Royal College of Medicine in Baghdad gave me
his measurements (head length and head breadth) on 500 males, females, and
children, the majority of which were obtained in the Royal Hospital.

The results of this and former anthropometric studies in Iraq should enable
the anthropologist to study the relationship of the Arab to the peoples of Africa,
Europe, and Asia. A comparison between the measurements of ancient crania
and those of the modern inhabitants of Iraq reveals the fact that there has been
little change in the physical characteristics of these people during the past five
thousand years. There is, however, still further work to be done on many other
groups in this region.

In Iraq several specialists collected data for the expedition. Miss Smeaton
accompanied the expedition for three months in order to make anthropometric
measurements and studies on 515 women in various parts of Iraq. She is also
preparing a detailed report of tattooing in Iraq. Mrs. E. S. Drower, of
Baghdad, has completed an ethnological and linguistic report on the Marsh
Arabs (Albu Muhammed) of the Chahala district, east of Amara. Mrs. M. Rue
Clawson, of Beirut, Syria, made a special study of the teeth of 300 Kurds and
Shammar Beduins. The report on these teeth smears has been prepared for
publication by Dr. M. D. Clawson of the Iraq Petroleum Company. At the
suggestion of Sir Arthur Keith, blood samples were obtained wherever pos-
sible. About 500 samples were taken from Kurds, Shammar, Anaiza, Dulaim,
Yezidis, and Jews in Iraq and Iran. These were sent to Dr. Walter P. Ken-
nedy, of the Royal College of Medicine in Baghdad, where they are being studied.
Publication of the polynuclear count in 121 individuals (Kurds, Dulaim, and

460 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Jews) has been made in the Journal of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine
and Hygiene (XXVIII, No. 5, pp. 475-480, London, March, 1935).

According to Dr. Kennedy "the results differed considerably from the two
sets of normal counts made in Britain. The average weighted mean was 1 . 980±
0.171 and the standard deviation was 0.279. This corresponds to counts
which actually occurred:

I

II

III

IV

V

31

46

19

2

2

31

42

25

2

0

"The results gave an average mean of 2. 628 ±0.135, with a standard devia-
tion of 0.19. The difference between the means of Iraq is thus 0.648. This
is more than three times the probable errors of either, and therefore the differ-
ence is statistically significant."

Dr. Kennedy summarizes his results, based on a simple modification of
Arneth's count and its application to the study of 121 male Iraqis, in the
following words: "The average of the counts shows a marked shift to the left
when compared with the health standard of the polynuclear count as laid down
in Britain." Dr. H. F. Brewer, of St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, very
kindly arranged for the purchase of the haemagglutinating sera sent to Dr.
Kennedy.

Dr. James Macfarlane, Senior Medical Officer of the Iraq Petroleum Com-
pany at Kirkuk, and Dr. Kennedy have recently concluded a joint paper entitled,
"Investigations into the Human Blood Groups in Iraq," based on blood samples
collected by the Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near East,
1934, and on other samples obtained in Baghdad and in the Anthropological
Research Laboratory in Kirkuk. The following information and tables are
quoted from this forthcoming paper.

"The bloods were typed by the three spot method on slides, and all agglu-
tinations were checked by microscopic observation.

"Table I gives the percentage of each type in the five racial groups we have
tested, and also the frequencies of the three genetic factors, O, A, B, using the equa-
tions: r = 0: p = 0-A-0: and q = 0-B-0. As a check p-q-r = 10, and the
deviation of the sum of the frequencies from this figure gives a measure of
the equilibrium of the population, assuming that the agglutinations have been
performed without error.

Number of
persons
Group typed

Kurds 737

Arabs 367

Jews 97

Turkomans 67

Christians 150

Percentage in

lBLE I
each group

Frequencies

0 A

B

AB

P

Q

r

p-q-r

42.3 30.9

16.7

10.1

2.04

1.18

6.51

9.73

33.8 35.7

24.3

6.2

2.53

1.81

5.81

10.15

41.2 25.8

26.8

66.2

1.77

1.83

6.42

10.02

41.8 41.8

14.9

1.5

3.21

1.06

6.47

10.74

33.3 39.3

17.4

11.0

2.88

1.47

5.78

10.13

APPENDIX 461

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

Group A B AB O Total

Arabs 44 29 8 40 121

Kurds 125 66 41 164 396

Turkomans 25 9 1 26 61

Christians 6 4 10

Assyrians 13 1 10 24

Armenians 4 1 2 3 10

Jews 2 13

Total 219 106 52 248 625

"In Table II the actual numbers and constitution of the first three groups
are given, but as some of the sub-groups are rather small the frequencies are
not calculated as their significance would be doubtful.

TABLE II

O A B AB
Kurds

Kirkuk 250 191 97 61

Sulaimaniya 16 4 6 3

Baghdad and neighborhood 44 33 15 10

Yezidis 6 5 0 1

Beduins

Anaiza 11 3 6 0

Dulaim 15 12 4 1

Arabs

Kirkuk, various origins 40 40 29 8

Baghdad, various origins 47 37 42 8

Christians 10 17 6 4

Jews

Sandur 21 12 10 1

Isfahan, Iran 12 5 10 2

Baghdad 7 8 6 3

"The significant differences between the various groups in the above data
indicate that fruitful results may be expected from an extension of blood typing
investigations in Iraq."

Mr. Khedoory Muallim, whose services were lent to the expedition by Dr.
Sinderson of the Royal College of Medicine in Baghdad, collected birds in the
Amara marshes; Mr. Albert Meymourian, entomologist of the Rustam Agricul-
tural Experimental Farm, collected insects in the Amara marshes; Mr. S. Y.
Showket, of Basra, acted as interpreter and general assistant from April until
the end of July; Mr. Yusuf Lazar made a valuable collection of plants and insects
in Iraq, Trans- Jordan, Syria, and Iran.

In addition, collections of zoological and geological specimens were made
in every district visited.

The expedition received unusual cooperation from Iraq officials, as well
as from many private individuals. Outstanding among the many persons who
rendered valuable assistance are the Prime Minister; Ali Jaudat Beg; the Minister
of the Interior; Sir Kinahan Cornwallis; Mr. C. Grice, of the Ministry of the

462 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Interior; Major W. C. F. Wilson, adviser to the Iraq Government at Mosul;
Sir John Burnett, the Air Vice-Marshal; the American Minister, Mr. Paul
Knabenshue; Squadron Leader A. R. M. Rickards, of the Royal Air Force;
Dr. Walter P. Kennedy, of the Royal College of Medicine, Baghdad; Dr. T. H.
McLeod, of the Royal Hospital, Mosul ; and the Mutasarrifs of the Mosul, Kirkuk,
Erbil, and Amara Liwas.

Through the courtesy of Professor James H. Breasted, Dr. H. Frankfort,
director in Iraq of the Oriental Institute Expeditions of the University of
Chicago, very kindly lent the expedition a station-wagon for general use in Iraq.
Mr. Gabriel Malak also gave generous assistance.

A search was made for archaeological sites in the North Arabian desert,
lying in Iraq, Trans- Jordan, and Syria. Flint implements collected on the surface
prove the former existence of paleolithic and neolithic man in that region. The
Iraq Petroleum Company invited the members of the expedition to use their
pipe-line stations and cooperated in every possible way.

In Kurdistan flint implements of upper paleolithic types were found in the
gorges of Zakho, Aqra, Rowandiz, and Sulaimaniya, proving that ancient man
once roamed the territory between Kurdistan and the Mediterranean.

At the end of July, we proceeded to Iran, accompanied by Dr. Walter P.
Kennedy and Mr. Yusuf Lazar. The members of the expedition were guests of
Dr. and Mrs. Erich Schmidt for four weeks at Rayy, near Tehran, during work in
that vicinity. At Isfahan we visited Mr. and Mrs. Myron B. Smith and accom-
panied them to Persepolis, where Professor Ernst Herzfeld, field director of the
Oriental Institute Expedition to Iran, cordially received the party. Anthro-
pometric data were obtained on 74 Persians in the village of Kinnareh, near
Persepolis; 99 Jews in Isfahan; 48 Persians in Yezd-i-Khast; 18 workmen at
the Rayy excavations; and 3 Assyrians, 3 Kurds and 1 Moslem. In Baghdad
53 Lurs from Pusht-i-Kuh were measured. Zoological, botanical, and geological
specimens were also collected. Cordial cooperation was received from the
American Minister, Mr. William H. Hornibrook; the Prime Minister; the Minister
of the Interior; the Minister of Education; the Chief of Police; and the Governor
of Isfahan.

On September 14, we entered the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at
Baku on the Caspian Sea. At the request of the United States Department of
State and Ambassador William C. Bullitt, the Soviet officials allowed free entry
into the Soviet Union for all the expedition equipment. Traveling was greatly
facilitated by VOKS (the Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries)
and Intourist (the Soviet travel organization), whose representatives cooperated
in every possible way. With the assistance of VOKS fifty-one male Yezidis were
measured in the Kurd Club, Tiflis. These observations will form valuable ma-
terial for comparison with the data obtained on the two groups of Iraqi Yezidis.

Ordzhonikidze was reached by automobile over the Georgian Military
Highway. The peoples of Northern Ossetia in the Caucasus have been little
studied from the standpoint of physical anthropology. Through the assistance

APPENDIX 463

of T. Demurov, local chairman of Northern Ossetian Education, anthropo-
metric observations, measurements, and photographs of 107 men and fifty women
were made. In addition, a staff of medical assistants was provided by the Soviet
government to obtain specimens of blood, hair samples, weight, pulse, tempera-
ture, and hand pressure of these individuals. The 156 blood samples were
sent to Dr. Walter P. Kennedy, Royal Hospital, Baghdad, for study. At
Ordzhonikidze nineteen deformed skulls from Nal'chik were measured and photo-
graphed in the Ossetian Museum. In the Dargavskaia Valley near Koban
twenty skulls were measured in the tombs of the "Valley of the Dead."
Classifying the data and photographs obtained by the expedition is now
in progress and the zoological, botanical, and geological specimens have been
distributed to the various departments of the Museum. The Reports are now
being prepared for publication.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Altounyan, E. H. R.

1927. Blood Transfusion in Syria. The Lancet, II, 1342.

Buxton, H. L. Dudley, and Rice, David Talbot

1931. Report on the Human Remains Found at Kish. Jour. Roy. Anthr. Inst., LXI,
pp. 57-119.

Chantre, E.

1895. Recherches anthropologiques dans l'Asie occidentale. Arch, du Mus. d'Hist.
Nat., VI, Lyons.

Field, Henry

1926. New Discoveries at Kish; a Great Temple, 5,000 Year-Old Pottery. Illus.

London News, Sept. 4, p. 395.
1929a. The Field Museum-Oxford University Joint Expedition to Kish, Mesopotamia,

1923-29. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthr. Leaflet No. 28.
1929b. Early Man in North Arabia. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Natural History,

XXIX, pp. 33-44.
1931a. The Field Museum-Oxford University Joint Expedition at Kish. Art and

Arch., XXXI, Nos. 5 and 6, pp. 243-252 and pp. 323-324, Washington.
1931b. Among the Beduins of North Arabia. Open Court, XLV, pp. 577-595.
1932a. Human Remains from Jemdet Nasr, Mesopotamia. Jour. Roy. Asiat. Soc,

pp. 967-970.
1932b. The Cradle of Homo Sapiens. Amer. Jour. Arch., XXXVI, pp. 426-430.
1932c. Ancient Wheat and Barley from Kish. Amer. Anthr., new ser., XXXIV,

pp. 303-309.
1932d. The Ancient and Modern Inhabitants of Arabia. Open Court, XLVI, pp.

847-871.
1932e. Threshing Sledges in Kurdistan. Man, XXXII, No. 75.

1933. The Antiquity of Man in Southwestern Asia. Amer. Anthr., new ser., XXXV,
pp. 51-62.

1934. Sulle caratteristiche geografiche dell' Arabia settentrionale. Boll, della Reale
Soc. Geogr. Ital., ser. VI, XII, Jan., pp. 3-13.

1935a. The Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near East, 1934. Science,

Feb. 8, vol. 81, No. 2093, p. 146.
1935b. Ibid. The Oriental Institute Archaeological Report on the Near East, Fourth

Quarter, Amer. Jour. Semitic Languages, LI, No. 3, April, pp. 207-209.

Field, Henry, and Martin, Richard A.

1935. Painted Pottery from Jemdet Nasr, Iraq. Amer. Jour. Arch., XXXIX, pp.
312-320.

Fleure, H. F.

1932. An Early Chapter of the Story of Homo Sapiens. Bull. John Ryland's Library,
XVI, No. 2, July, Manchester, England.

Frankfort, H.

1932. Archaeology and the Sumerian Problem. Oriental Inst. Publ., IV, Chicago.
Genouillac, Henri de

1924-25. Premieres recherches archeologiques a Kich. 2 vols. Paris.
Jensen, Peter

1900. Kis. Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie, XV, pp. 210-256.
Kappers, C. U. Ariens

1930. Contributions to the Anthropology of the Near East. Kon. Akad. van Weten.,
I, II, vol. XXXIII, Amsterdam.

1931. Ibid. Ill, IV, V, VI, vol. XXXIV.

464

BIBLIOGRAPHY 465

Kappers, C. U. Ariens, and Parr, Leland W.

1934. An Introduction to the Anthropology of the Near East in Ancient and Recent
Times. Amsterdam.

Keith, Sir Arthur

1926. Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations. I, Excavations at Al 'Ubaid,
by Hall and Woolley, London.

1932. See Thomas, Bertram (1932b).
Kennedy, Walter P.

1935. The Polynuclear Count in an Iraq Population. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. and
Hygiene, XXVIII, No. 5, pp. 475-480.

Krischner, H. and M.

1932. The Anthropology of Mesopotamia and Persia. Kon. Akad. van Weten., XXXV,
Nos. 2 and 3, Amsterdam.

Krogman, W. M.

1932. See Thomas, Bertram (1932b).

1933. See Schmidt, Erich F.

Langdon, Stephen

1924. Excavations at Kish. I, Paris.

1928a. Pictographic Inscriptions from Jemdet Nasr, Excavated by the Oxford and
Field Museum Expedition. Cuneiform Texts, VII, Oxford.

1928b. Ausgrabungen in Kisch und Charsagkalama. Der Alte Orient, XXVI, pp.
55-75.

1930. Excavations at Kish. Ill, Paris.

1934. Ibid., IV, Paris.

LUSCHAN, F. VON

1911. The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia. Jour. Roy. Anthr. Inst., XLI, pp.
221-244.

Mackay, Dorothy

1927. Painted Potsherds. The English Review, July, pp. 81-89.

Mackay, Ernest

1925. Report on the Excavation of the "A" Cemetery at Kish, Mesopotamia. Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthr. Mem., I, No. 1.

1929. A Sumerian Palace and the "A" Cemetery at Kish, Mesopotamia. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Anthr. Mem., I, No. 2.

1931. Report on Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, Iraq. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthr.
Mem., I, No. 3.

Martin, Richard A.

1935. See Field, Henry, and Martin, Richard A.
Mocchi, A.

1907. Sulla antropologia degli Arabi. Archiv. per l'Antropo. e l'Etnolog.,
XXXVII.

Olmstead, A. T.

1923. History of Assyria. New York.

1931. History of Palestine and Syria. New York.

Parr, Leland W.

1929. Studies in Isohaemagglutination. Jour, of Immunology, XVI.

1930. Die Blutgruppenverteilung in der Bevolkerung des nahen ostens und Nord-
afrikas. Ukrainisches Zentralblatt fiir Blutgruppenforschung, IV, part 2.

1931. Blood Studies on Peoples of Western Asia and North Africa. Amer. Jour, of
Phys. Anthr., XVI, p. 15.

1934. See Kappers, C. U. Ariens, and Parr, Leland W.

466 ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

PENNIMAN, T. K.

1934. Excavations at Kish. IV, pp. 64-72, Paris.

Prentice, William K.

1931. A Greek Inscription from Kasr Burka. Amer. Jour. Arch., XXXV, pp. 48-50.

Schmidt, Erich F.

1933. Alishar Huyuk, Season of 1928-1929. Part II, Oriental Inst. Publ., XX, Chicago.
See pp. 122-137, by W. M. Krogman.

Seligmann, C. G.

1917. The Physical Characters of the Arabs. Jour. Roy. Anthr. Inst., XLVII, pp.
214-237.

Shanklin, William M.

1934. The Anthropology of Transjordan Arabs. Psych, en Neurol. Bladen, Nos. 3-4,
Amsterdam.

1935. Blood Grouping of the Rwala Arabs. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., 32, pp.
754-755.

Speiser, E.

1930. Mesopotamian Origins. Philadelphia.

Thomas, Bertram

1929. Among Some Unknown Tribes of South Arabia. Jour. Roy. Anthr. Inst., LIX,
pp. 97-111.

1930. Alarms and Excursions in Arabia. London.

1932a. Anthropological Observations in South Arabia. Jour. Roy. Anthr. Inst.,

LXII, pp. 83-104.
1932b. Arabia Felix. New York. See Appendix by Sir Arthur Keith and W. M.

Krogman.
Ungnad, A.

1933. Die altesten Volkerwanderungen Vorderasiens. Breslau.

Watelin, L. C.

1929a. Rapport sur les fouilles de Kich. Jour. Asiat., CCXV, pp. 103-116, Paris.
1929b. Notes sur l'industrie lithique de Kich (Iraq). L'Anth., XXXIX, pp. 65-76.

1930. Excavations at Kish. Ill, Paris.

1931. Essai de coordination des periodes archaiques de la Mesopotamie et de l'Elam.
L' Anthr., XLI, pp. 265-273.

1934. Excavations at Kish. IV, Paris.

GLOSSARY

The colloquial words as used by the Arabs of the Kish area have been listed
with the classical forms in parentheses, followed by page references in text.
In some cases alternative spellings have been added. As in other parts of Iraq,
the letter k is usually pronounced ch and the letter q as g. In the glossary the
diacritical marks have been added by Dr. A. Frayha of the Oriental Institute of
the University of Chicago. All words and phrases are Arabic unless designated
as follows: B = Babylonian; G = Greek; H = Hindustani; K = Kurdish; L = Latin;
S = Spanish.

'Aba, 87, 95. Long robe which forms outer

garment.
'Agal ('Iqal), 87, 432. Head-dress of camel's

hair, sometimes of gold or silver thread,

used to keep kafflyah in place.
Aghabanu (K), 432. Head-dress (see 'Agal).
Al-Forja (S), 87. Saddlebag.
'Araq, 89. Alcoholic beverage distilled from

dates or rice.
Arba-ilu (B), 432. Town of Erbil (G,

Arbela), 75 km east of Mosul.
Arnabah, 433. Tip of nose through which

nose-ring is inserted.

Bakara, 433. Pulley wheel used for drawing
water.

Bugwa, 91. Brass water jar with handle.
Water for coffee-making is kept in this
container, which stands beside hearth.

Chaff (Kaff), 455. Glove or mitten. This
refers to an elaborate design in tattooing,
consisting of line across wrist and lines
of spots on back of hand leading to
base of thumb and each finger, forming
a kind of mitten, a pattern which the
Kish Arabs call a chaff (for kaff).

Chai (Shai), 92. Tea.

Chakow (K). Steel blades of threshing
sledge (kotan).

Cheneghe (K), 433. Chin.

Chinagh, 93. Metal finger guard used to
protect finger and back of hand from
sickle blade during reaping.

Chls (Kls), 93, 433. Small leather bag used
for mirror or money. Worn over right
shoulder and hangs by left side. This
is also the general word for any kind of
bag.

Chmdgh, 93. Club with wooden head.
Chupatties (H), 89. Unleavened cakes.

Dallah (pi. Dilal), 91. Spouted vessel used

for making coffee.
Dalu, 433. Leather bucket.

Dishddshi, 87, 88, 92. Long cotton garment
generally white in color (same as thob).
Duzahle (K), 90. End-flute (see Mutlug).

Fallahin, 448. Peasants.

Fass, 123. Pickman employed at excava-
tions.

Fl al-'ajalah al-nadamah, 92. Means liter-
ally "in haste there is repentance,"
which is our proverb, "haste makes
waste."

Finjan, 91, 92. China coffee cup or deco-
rated metal holder for cup.

Furn, 89. Oven.

Gahwah (Qahwah), 89, 92. Coffee.

Gamis (Qamis), 87. Saddlecloth.

Gubbah (Qubbah), 95. Sacred building con-
taining bones of holy man.

Gumgum (Qumqum), 91. Water for coffee is
kept in this large metal vessel with
curved spout, which stands beside hearth.

Guwarhe (K) {Idhin), 433. Ear.

Habil, 433. Rope.

Hadji (Hajjl). A man who has made the

pilgrimage to Mecca.
Hangustir (K) (Mahbas), 433. Finger rings.
Hatab, 85. General word for firewood.

Kish Arabs use this term for camel's

thorn.
Hawan, 91. Brass mortar in which coffee

beans are ground with rhythmic beats

of pestle.
Hijl (pi. Hijul) (K, Pa-bend), 433. Anklet.
Huntah (Ilintah), 89. Wheat.

Id al-hawan, 91. Iron pestle used for pound-
ing coffee beans (see Hawan).

Idhin (K, Guwarhe), 433. Ear.

Imam, 95. A holy man.

Imam Sa'id, 95. Tomb of holy man called
Sa'Id near Kish.

Istikan, 91, 92. Thick tea glass.

467

468

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

Izdr, 433. Garment worn by women.

Jazlrah, 82, 89, 449. Desert. In Kish area
this refers to wilderness beyond irriga-
tion canals.

Jisr, 86. Bridge.

Jogah (pi. Jogat) (Juqah or Jawqah), 97.
Gang of workmen employed at excava-
tions (for description see Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Anthro. Leaflet 28).

Kaffiyah (K, Aghabanu), 87, 88, 432, 433.
Cloth worn over head.

Kahwas (K, Kol-bend). Bracelets.

Kalhe (K), 87. Leather-soled shoes with
string uppers worn by Kurdish shep-
herds and Beduins.

Karmak (K), 433. Circlet or diadem of
golden coins.

Khanjar (pi. Khandjir), 90, 92, 93. Dagger
(see p. 93).

Khazzdmah, 433. Nose ring.

Khubz, 89. Bread.

Khurj, 87. Saddlebags.

Kol-bend (K) (Kahwas), 433. Bracelets.

Kotan (K). Threshing sledge with steel
blades (chakow).

Kuwdza (Kuz), 433. Pottery jar for water.

Laban, 89. Sour milk.

Liwa, 462. Administrative district.

Maghzal, 93. Wooden spindle ornamented
with bands of red and yellow.

Magwar, 92, 93. General name for club;
only correctly employed when head is
made of bitumen (see Mazrak, K).

Mahbas (K, Hangustir), 433. Finger rings.

Mahmus, 91. Long-handled flat metal dish
used for roasting coffee.

Makdtlb (sing. Mdktub), 433. Books.

Mamzah (K), 90. Reed in end-flute (see
Mutlug).

Mazrak (K), 92. Striking club (see Magwar).

Menu hadha, 90. "Who goes there?" Reg-
ular challenge of sentry or watchman.

Minjal, 93. Sickle with wooden handle.
Shape resembles pottery sickles to which
saw-toothed flints were attached by
bitumen to form blade. Many pottery
sickle handles and thousands of flint
blades were excavated at Kish and
Jemdet Nasr. The example in Figure 37
was purchased near Erbil.

Mishd, 443. Long-handled wooden shovel
used at excavations and for digging
irrigation ditches.

Mlzdn, 97. Ursa Major, the constellation
of the Great Bear.

Musigd (Muslqd), 90. Music.

Mutasarrij, 462. Governor of a district, liwa.

Mutlug, 90. End-flute.

Ndr, 90. Fire.
Nasrdnl, 432. Christian.

Pa-bend (K) (Hijl), 433. Anklet.

Pecten (L), 88. Small shells used for kohl.
Found in Sumerian graves.

Rabdbah, 90. Single-stringed instrument
played with horsehair bow. Obtained
from Beduins.

Rais (Rayyis or Ra'ls), 97, 443. Foreman
at excavations.

Rashmah, 93. Donkey halter usually deco-
rated with cowrie shells and with small
blue beads sewn on leather for protec-
tion against evil eye.

Sabll, 433. Pipe.

Sage (K), 89.' Long-handled iron dish for
roasting coffee (see Mahmus).

Sakhariya, 93. Club with stone head.
Ancient maceheads are sometimes used.
They are attached to handle by means
of large nail.

Sayyid. Descendant of Prophet. A Sayyid
wears a green band around his head or
around his waist, as a mark of distinction.

Selugi (Saluql), 384. Sometimes written
slughi. Hound used by Beduins and
Arabs for hunting gazelle.

Sha'lr, 89. Barley.

Shenhe (K). Wooden fork used in harvest.

Sibha, 433. Rosary, usually of amber beads.

Suk (Suq), 89, 433. Native market.

Tamr, 89. Dates.

Telgama (pi. Telgamat), 91. Coffee pots.
Thob (Thawb), 87. Long cotton garment
(same as dishddshi).

Timmin, 89. Rice.
Titin, 433. Tobacco.

Wddi, 78. Dry river or stream.

Yamani, 433. Leather shoes worn by men.

Zibun, 87. Tight-fitting colored garment
worn over dishddshi and under 'aba.

INDEX

Abu Sudaira (Kish), 83

Agade, 80

Albu Muhammed (Marsh Arabs), 458, 459

Alexander the Great, 433

Al Suwa'id (Marsh Arabs), 458

Amara, see Kut al Imara

American Indian traits among Kish Arabs,
15

American University, Beirut, 457

Anaiza Beduins, 449, 458; blood samples of,
459; blood typing of, 461

Anthropological Research Laboratory, Kir-
kuk, 460

Anthropometric method, 11, 12, 98-101;
graphic analysis in, 20, 21, 37, 38, 54,
67; photographic, 12, 13, 16, 17; tech-
nique of Rudolph Martin, 458

Anthropometric tables, see Ba'ij Beduins,
Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs

Aqra, Kurds from, 459; paleolithic site near,
462

Arabia, home of Semites, 19; invasion of by
brachycephals, 38; Negroid population
in, 17; original inhabitants of, 75, 76;
Pleistocene period in, 75, 76

Arabs, age changes among, 17; ancestry of,
76; Armenoid traits among, 15, 16;
Aryo-Dravidian traits among, 29, 43,
51; beard of, 16; blood typing of, 460,
461; brachycephaly among, 27, 38, 74;
Caucasian traits among, 14, 16, 18, 19,
52, 75; Dravidian traits among, 14, 17,
18, 27, 51, 75, 76; eccentric forms among,
27; European traits among, 17, 25, 75;
facial characteristics of, 16, 60, 61, 75,
"ram-faced" type, 52, 53, 60; Hamitic
traits among, 17, 75; head form and size
of, 25, 27, 74, compared to Pathans, 29,
30; Jewish traits among, 16; leg length
of, 70, 73; Mongoloid traits among,
14, 15; Negroid traits among, 14, 17, 18,
52, 75; nose of, 15, 16, 45, compared to
Chatris, Egyptians, 51, Jews, 16, Pa-
thans, 51; origin of, 19; pigmentation
of, 18, 75; racial affinities of, 14, 15, 19,
25, 29-31, 56, 75, 76; racial evolution
of, 19; southern Chinese type among,
15; South European traits among, 17,
25, 75; stature of, 73; variability of
racial characters in, 27, 64, 65, 68-70,
73; see Anaiza Beduins, Ba'ij Beduins,
Beduins, Egyptians, Iraq soldiers, Kish
Arabs, North Arabs, South Arabs

Arbela, see Erbil

Armenians, blood typing of, 461; of Iraq,
456, 459; of Iran, 456

Armenoid characters and type, 15, 16

Arneth's count, 460

Aryo-Dravidians, 19, 27, 28; home of, 19;

traits of among Arabs, 29, 43, 51; see

Pathans
Assyrians, 456, 459; blood typing of, 461
Astragals, game of, 94
Astronomy, 97
Aziz, Shevket, 457

Babylon, 77, 81, 84

Baghdad, see Iraq soldiers from

"Baghdad boil," 442

Ba'ij Beduins, 448-455; acromion to sole
measurements of, 455; age changes
among, 13, 16, 17; ages of, 450; anthro-
pometric table of, 455; beard of, 16;
brachycephaly among, 23, 25; cephalic
indices of, 20-23, 37, 441, 450, compared
to Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs, 37, to
Somalis, South Arabs, 23, cumulative
percentages of, 443; chest of, 453; ear
indices and measurements of, 452, 455;
European features among, 16-19; eyes,
450, 452, color of, 18, 19, 450, 452; facial
indices of, relative, 53, 54, total, 60-62,
447, 455, upper, 449, 455; facial measure-
ments of, 53, 58-60, 455; facial types of,
long-faced type, 17, "ram-faced," 54, 56,
short-faced, 17; fron to-parietal indices of,
39, 445, 455; hair of, 451, color of, 18,
451; head form and size of, 20-23, 27,
28, 36, compared to Chatris, 27, to
Egyptians, 26, 27, to Iraq soldiers, 25,
27, to Kish Arabs, 36, 37, to Kish crania,
450, to South Arabs, 22, 23, correlation
of with stature, 28; health of, 455; jugo-
frontal indices of, 454, 455; jugoman-
dibular indices of, 453, 455; minimum
frontal diameter of, 38-41, 455; muscu-
lature of, 454; Negroid traits among,
450, 455; nose of, 16, 452, 453, indices
and measurements of, 45-47, 451, 455;
numerical series of, 11; relative sitting
height indices of, 69-70, 439, 455; sitting
height of, 68-70, 455; smallpox among,
455; statistical tables on, 448-455;
stature of, 68-70, 438, 455, compared to
Egyptians, Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs,
Pathans, 28; tattooing of, 455, 456;
teeth of, 67, 450, 453; see North Arabs

Balad Sinjar Yezidis, 459

Balfour, Henry, 9

Bani Sukhr Beduins, 449

Ba'quba, European type from, 18

Basra, European type from, 18

Bayir Wells, Trans-Jordan, Chellean im-
plements at, 78

Beduins, descendants of Proto-Mediterra-
neans, 78, 79; racial relationships of,

469

470

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

449, 450; see Anaiza, Ba'ij, Bani Sukhr,

Dulaim, Huwaitat, Ruwalla, Sba'a,

Shammar
Beduin type, evolution of, 19
Beirut, American University at, 457; nomads

near, 458
Blood, Arneth's count, 460; polynuclear

count, 459; samples of, 459-461, 463;

typing of, 460, 461
Brachycephaly, see Arabs, Ba'ij Beduins,

Chatris, Egyptians, Iraq soldiers, Kish

Arabs, North Arabs, Pathans, South

Arabs
Bread, 89

Breasted, James H., 462
Brewer, H. F., 460
Brick-making, 85
Building techniques, ancient brick-making,

85; bridge, 86; mud hut, 85, 86
Bullitt, William C, 462
Burnett, Sir John, 462
Buxton, L. H. Dudley, 9, 11, 456, 458

Camels, see Domestic animals

Caucasian race, evolutionary center of, 75,
76; migrations of, 76; traits of, see
Armenoid characters, Arabs, European,
South European

Caucasus, anthropological data obtained in,
458, 462, 463

Cephalic indices, grouping of, 20; see Ba'ij
Beduins, Chatris, Egyptians, Iraq
soldiers, Kish Arabs, North Arabs,
Pathans, Yezidis

Chaldeans, ancient, compared to Iraq soldiers,
24, 25; modern, 456, 459; see Qaraqosh

Champion de Crespigny, C, 430

Chatris, brachycephaly among, 27; cephalic
indices of, 27, 28; Dravidians, 27;
fronto-parietal indices of compared to
Pathans, 42; head form and size of, 27,
28, compared to Ba'ij Beduins, 27, to
North Arabs, 30, to Pathans, 30; mini-
mum frontal diameter of, 41-43; nose
of, 50, 51, compared to Arabs, Egyp-
tians, Pathans, 51; stature of compared
to Pathans, 28

Chellean implements, Bayir Wells, Trans-
Jordan, 78

Chinese features among Kish Arabs, 15

Christians, Iraq, blood typing of, 460, 461

Clawson, M. D., 459

Clawson, M. Rue, 459

Climate, influence of on culture of Egypt,
Mesopotamia, North Arabia, 78

Coon, Carleton, 457

Cornwallis, Sir Kinahan, 461

Craniometry, see Anthropometric method

Cutha (Tell Ibrahim), 85

Cyrus, 81

Dargavskaia Valley, Koban, U.S.S.R., skulls
measured in, 463

Darius, 433
Demurov, T., 463
Dogs in Kish area, 85
Domestic animals, 85-87, 89, 92
Donkeys, see Domestic animals
Dravidians, home of, 19; traits of among

Arabs, 14, 17, 18, 27, 51, 75, 76, among

Kish Arabs, 46; see Chatris
Dress, see Kish Arabs, Qaraqosh Chaldeans
Drower, E. S., 459
Druze, 457
Dulaim Beduins, 458; blood samples of, 459;

blood typing of, 461

Ear indices and measurements, see Ba'ij
Beduins, Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs

Education, 96, 97

Egypt, climatic influence on, 78

Egyptians, Khargha Oasis, brachycephaly
among, 27; cephalic indices of, 26, 27;
facial indices and measurements of, 62-
64; head form and size of, 26, 27, com-
pared to Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq soldiers,
26, 27; nose of, 16, 43-45, compared to
Arabs, Chatris, 51, Hamitic character
of, 44; relative sitting height indices of,
71; sitting height of, 70; stature of, 70, .
71, compared to Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq
soldiers, Kish Arabs, Pathans, 28

Endocrine glands, 442, 448

Erbil (Arbela), 432

European features, see Arabs, Ba'ij Beduins,
Caucasian, Iraq soldiers, South Euro-
peans

Evil eye, 89

Eye and eye color, see Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq
soldiers, Kish Arabs

Facial characteristics, indices, measurements,
types, see Arabs, Ba'ij Beduins, Egyp-
tians, Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs

Field, Marshall, 458

Food, 89, 90

Frankfort, H., 462

Frayha, A., 467

Fronto-parietal indices, see Ba'ij Beduins,
Chatris, Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs,
Pathans

Games and pastimes, 92, 94

"Garden of Eden," 77

Gaugamela, battle of, 433, 434

Graphic analyses of types, description of,

see Anthropometric method
Grice, C, 461
Gutium, barbarians of, 80
Gypsies (Nawar), 458

Hair and hair color, see Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq

soldiers, Kish Arabs
Hamites, Egyptian nose characteristic of,

44; head form and size of, 23; home of,

19; Somalis typical of, 23

INDEX

471

Hamitic traits among Arabs, 17, 75; among
South Arabs, 74

Head form and size, see cephalic indices and
head measurements under Arabs, Ba'ij
Beduins, Chatris, Hamites, Iraq soldiers,
Kish Arabs, Pathans; see Kish crania

Health, see Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq soldiers, Kish

Henna, 88, 440, 444

Herzfeld, Ernst, 462

Hilla, see Iraq soldiers from

Hooton, E. A., 9

Hornibrook, William H., 462

Horse, 86, 87, 92; harness of, 87

Household utensils, 91

Houses, Kish area, 85, 86

Hrdlicka, A., 26, 43, 44, 62, 64, 70, 71

Huwaitat Beduins, Trans-Jordan, 449

India, natives of, see Aryo-Dravidians,
Chatris, Dravidians, Pathans; racial re-
lationship of with Arabs, 75

Indo-Afghans, racial relationship of with
Arabs, 75

Indo-Aryans, racial relationship of with
Arabs, 75

Irani ("Persians"), 456, 457, 462

Iranian group, ethnological definition of, 19

Iraq, anthropometric data obtained in (1934),
458-461 ; blood samples from, 459; blood
typing in, 460, 461; ethnological lo-
cation of, 19; geographical position of,
77; migrations into, 77; modern in-
habitants of compared with Meso-
potamians, 459; neolithic period in, 77;
paleolithic period in, 77

Iraqis, 456-461; see Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq
soldiers, Kish Arabs

Iraq Petroleum Company, 459, 460, 462

Iraq soldiers, 444-448, acromion to sole
measurements of, 445; ages of, 444, 445;
anthropometric table of, 448; Armenoid
traits among, 15, 16; brachycephaly
among, 25, 31; cephalic indices of, 24,
25, 27, 31, 32, 37, 38, 448, compared to
Ba'ij Beduins, Kish Arabs, 37, graph of,
38, 441, cumulative percentages of, 443,
chest of, 447; ear indices and measure-
ments of, 448, 452; endocrine abnormal-
ities in, 448; European features among,
18, 31; eyes, 446, color of, 19, 446; facial
indices of, relative, 53, 59, 60, total, 53,
447, 448, upper, 448, 449 ; facial measure-
ments of, 53, 54, 59, 60, 448; facial types
of, long-faced type, 17, "ram-faced,"
53, 54, 59, 60, short-faced, 17; fronto-
parietal indices of, 39, 445, 448; hair,
445, 446, color of, 445; head form and
size of, 24, 25, 27, 31, 32, compared to
ancient Chaldeans, 24, 25, to Ba'ij
Beduins, 25, 27, to Egyptians, 26, 27,
to Kish Arabs, 36, 37, to Pathans, 28, 31,

to South Arabs, 32, correlation of with
stature, 28; health of, 447; jugofrontal
indices of, 448, 454; jugomandibular
indices of, 448, 453; Mediterranean type
among, 13; minimum frontal diameter
of, 38, 39, 41; Mongoloid traits among,
14, 15; musculature of, 447; Negroid
traits among, 14, 15, 17, 448; nose of,
16, 446, indices and measurements of,
45, 48-50, 448, 451; numerical series of,
11; pathological conditions of, 448; rela-
tive sitting height indices of, 439, 448;
sitting height of, 448; smallpox among,
448; statistical tables on, 444-448;
stature of, 68, 438, 448, compared to
Ba'ij Beduins, Egyptians, Kish Arabs,
Pathans, 28; tattooing of, 455, 456;
teeth of, 67, 446, 447; vital statistics of,
430-432

Iraq soldiers, from Baghdad, 50; from Bagh-
dad, Kirkuk, Mosul, Sulaimaniya, ceph-
alic indices of, 31, 32, 36, European
features in, 18, 31, head form and size of,
32; from Hilla, Nasiriya, cephalic indices
of, 30, 31, head form and size of, 30, 31;
from Kut al Imara, cephalic indices of,
31, 32, European features of, 18, head
form and size of, 31, 32

Irrigation, Kish area, 84

Isfahan, Iran, Jews in, 462

Izzeddin, Nejla, 457

Jaudat, Ali, 461

Jemdet Nasr, 9, 84

Jemdet Obeid, 84

Jews, blood typing of, 460, 461; nose of com-
pared to Arabs, 16

Jews from Iran, 459; anthropometric data
on, 462

Jews from Iraq, 456, 459

Jugofrontal indices, see Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq
soldiers, Kish Arabs

Jugomandibular indices, see Ba'ij Beduins,
Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs

Kappers, C. U. Ariens, 432, 456

Keith, Sir Arthur, 10, 24, 459

Kennedy, Walter P., 459, 462, 463

Khargha Oasis, see Egyptians

Kinnareh, Iran, anthropological data from,

462
Kirkuk, see Iraq soldiers from
Kish, ancient human remains at, 11; crania

from, 11, compared to Ba'ij Beduins,

450; earliest inhabitants at, 79, 81, 82;

founding of, 77, 79; history of, 79-82;

location of, 77; neolithic phase at, 78;

pottery, neolithic at, 78, 79; Proto-

Mediterraneans' arrival at, 79; Semites'

arrival at, 79, 80; Sumerians' arrival

at, 79
Kish Arabs, 82-97, 434-444; acromion to

sole measurements of, 444; ages of, 437;

472

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

American Indian traits among, 15;
anthropometric table of, 444; Armenoid
traits among, 15, 16; "Baghdad boil"
among, 442; brachycephaly among, 30,
33-35, 37, 450; brow-ridges of, 435;
cephalic indices of, 32-38, 444, compared
to Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq soldiers, 37, graph
of, 38, 441, cumulative percentages of,
443; chest of, 437; children of, 96, 430,
431; Chinese features among, 15; Dra-
vidian traits among, 46; dress of, 87, 88;
ear indices and measurements of, 436,
442, 444, 452; education of, 96, 97;
endocrine abnormalities of, 442; eye-
brow of, 435; eyes, 88, 435, 440, color of,
19, 435; facial indices of, relative, 53-58,
61, total, 53, 62-67, 444, 447, upper,
444, 449; facial measurements of, 53, 60-
67; facial types of, long-faced type, 17,
"ram-faced," 56-58, short-faced, 17; food
of, 89, 90; fronto-parietal indices of, 444,
445; games and pastimes of, 92, 94; hair,
434, 437, 440, color of, 18, 434; head form
and size of, 28, 32-37, compared to Ba'ij
Beduins, 36, 37, to Iraq soldiers, 36, 37,
to Pathans, 30, correlation of with stat-
ure, 28; health of, 437, 442; henna used
by, 88, 440, 444; household utensils
of, 91; jugofrontal indices of, 444, 454;
jugomandibular indices of, 444, 453;
kohl used by, 88, 444; marriage cus-
toms of, 88; minimum frontal diameter
of, 38-40, 42, 43, 444; Mongoloid traits
among, 15, 442; musculature of, 437;
music of, 90; Negroid traits among, 17,
442; nose of, 16, 435, 436, indices and
measurements of, 45-48, 444, 451; nu-
merical series of, 11; pathological con-
ditions of, 442, 443; racial characteristics
of, 82; relative sitting height indices of,
70-74, 439, 444; religion of, 95, 96;
scapulae of, 437; scars of by burning,
443; sitting height of, 70-74, 444; small-
pox among, 442; social life and customs
of, 82-97; statistical tables on, 434-444;
stature of, 68, 70-74, 438, 444, com-
pared to Ba'ij Beduins, Egyptians,
Iraq soldiers, Pathans, 28, correlation
of with head size, 28; Sumerian type
among, 442; superstitions of, 89;
tattooing of, 88, 455, 456; taxation of,
94, 95; teeth of, 436, 440-442; tobacco
used by, 92; variability of racial char-
acters in, 71; vital statistics of, 430-432;
weapons of, 90-93

Kish area, 77-97; domestic animals of, 85-
87, 89, 92; geographical character of,
84; irrigation of, 84; map of, 83; mud
huts used as houses in, 85, 86; villages
of, 85; women of, 88

Knabenshue, Paul, 462

Koban, U.S.S.R., see Dargavskaia Valley

Kohl, 88, 444

Krischner, Harald, 456, 457

Krischner, M., 456

Krogman, W. M., 10, 23

Kug-Bau, 80

Kurdistan, paleolithic sites in, 462

Kurds, 456, 459; blood samples of, 459;

blood typing of, 460, 461
Kut al Imara, see Iraq soldiers from

Lagash, 80

Langdon, Stephen, 79, 430

Laufer, Berthold, 9

Lazadat tribe, Trans-Jordan, 457

Lazar, Yusuf, 461, 462

Leg length, see sitting height and stature

under Ba'ij Beduins, Egyptians, Iraq

soldiers, Kish Arabs
Lurs from Pusht-i-Kuh, Iran, 457, 462

Macfarlane, James, 460

Mackay, Ernest, 80

McLeod, T. H., 462

Maer, battle of, 80

Mahewil, 84, 95

Malak, Gabriel, 462

Mancala, 94

Mandaeans (Subba), 459

Marett, R. R., 9

Marriage customs, 88

Marsh Arabs, 458, 459

Martin, Richard A., 10, 458

Martin, Rudolph, technique of, 458

Mediterranean type among Iraq soldiers, 13

Mesopotamia, 77; climatic influence on, 78;

see Iraq
Meymourian, Albert, 461
Minimum frontal diameter, see Ba'ij Beduins,

Chatris, Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs,

Pathans
Mongoloid traits among Arabs, 14, 15;

among Iraq soldiers, 14, 15; among Kish

Arabs, 15, 442; type, evolutionary

center of, 75
Mosul, see Iraq soldiers from
Mowali tribe, Trans-Jordan, 457
Muallim, Khedoory, 461
Mud hut, 85, 86
Music, 90

Nabunidus, 81

Nal'chik, deformed skulls from, 463

Nasiriya, see Iraq soldiers from

Nawar (Gypsies), 458

Nebuchadnezzar, 81

Negroid, population, see Arabia; traits, see

Arabs, Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq soldiers,

Kish Arabs
Neolithic phase, in Iraq, 77; at Kish and in

North Arabian Desert, 78, 79
North Arabian Desert, archaeological sites

in, 462; climatic influence on, 78;

INDEX

473

earliest inhabitants of, 78; paleolithic
man in, 78

North Arabs, brachycephaly among, 30, 74;
cephalic indices of, 23; head form and
size of, 22, 23, compared to Chatris,
Pathans, 30, to South Arabs, 22, 23, 30,
74, 75; physical characters of compared
to South Arabs, 75; see Ba'ij Beduins

North Ossetians, anthropometric studies of,
462, 463; blood samples of, 463

Nose, Armenoid, 15, development of, indices,
measurements of, etc., see Arabs, Ba'ij
Beduins, Chatris, Egyptians, Iraq
soldiers, Kish Arabs, Pathans; growth
changes of, 16

Ordzhonikidze, U.S.S.R., 462, 463

Oriental Institute, University of Chicago,

457, 462
Ossetian Museum, Ordzhonikidze, U.S.S.R.,

463
Ossetians, see North Ossetians

Paleolithic period, see Aqra, Bayir Wells,
Iraq, Kurdistan, North Arabian Desert,
Rowandiz, Rutba, Sulaimaniya, Zakho

Pathans, Aryo-Dravidians, 27, 28; brachy-
cephaly among, 30; cephalic indices of,
29, 30; fronto-parietal indices of com-
pared to Chatris, 42; head form and size
of, 27-30, compared to Arabs, 29, 30, to
Chatris, 30, to Iraq soldiers, 28, 31, to
Kish Arabs, North Arabs, South Arabs,
30; minimum frontal diameter of, 42, 43;
nose of, compared to Arabs, Chatris, 51,
indices and measurements of, 51, 52;
stature of compared to Ba'ij Beduins,
Chatris, Egyptians, Iraq soldiers, Kish
Arabs, 28

Pathological conditions, see Iraq soldiers,
Kish Arabs

"Persians" (Irani), 456, 457, 462

Photographic records, anthropometric analy-
ses by, 12, 13, 16, 17

Pigmentation, 18, 75, 442; see eye, hair,
under Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq soldiers, Kish
Arabs

Pittard, Eugene, 457

Pleistocene period, 75; in Arabian peninsula,
75,76

Polynuclear count, 459

Pottery, neolithic, from Kish, 78, 79

Proto-Mediterraneans, ancestors of Beduins,
78, 79; conquered by Sumerians, 79;
migrations of, 79

Punjab natives, see Pathans

Pusht-i-Kuh, Iran, Lurs from, 457, 462

Qaraqosh, Chaldean village of, 430, 432-434;
modern Chaldeans at, dress of, 432, 433,
physical characteristics of, 432, 433,
women of, 433; see Gaugamela

Qasr-el-Burqu', Roman occupation of, 78

Race study by means of photographs, 12,

13,17
Ramadan, 95-97
"Ram-faced" types, see facial types under

Arabs, Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq soldiers, Kish

Arabs
Rassam, Carl, 456, 459
Ratzel, F., 19
Rayy excavations, Iran, anthropometric

studies on workmen at, 462
Relative facial indices, see facial indices

under Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq soldiers, Kish

Arabs
Relative sitting height indices, see Ba'ij

Beduins, Egyptians, Iraq soldiers, Kish

Arabs
Religion, 95, 96
Rickards, A. R. M., 462
Risley, H. H., 27, 28, 29, 50, 52
Rowandiz, 77; Kurds from, 459; paleolithic

site near, 462
Royal College of Medicine, Baghdad, 459,

461
Rustam Agricultural Experimental Farm,

Hinaidi near Baghdad, 461
Rutba, paleolithic site near, 78
Ruwalla Beduins, 449

Sargon, sons and descendants of, 80

Sayyid Ruda, camp of, 34, 35

Sba'a Beduins, 449

Scars by burning, 443

Schmidt, Erich F., 462

Schroeder, Eric, 9

Semites, Arabia home of, 19; Armenoid traits
in, 16; arrival at Kish of, 79, 80; racial
relationship of with Arabs, 76

Shammar Beduins, 458, 459

Shanklin, William M., 457

Sheikh Abbas ibn Diab of the Ba'ij Beduins,
448, 449

Sheikh 'Adi Yezidis, 459

Sheikh 'Ajil ibn al-Yawir, Paramount Sheikh
of the Shammar, 459

Sheikh Aziz, camp of, 35, 36

Sheikh Hadji Hunta, 9; camp of, 35, 36

Sheikh Hadji Miniehil, 9; camp of, 32-34, 85

Sheikhs of Kish area, 82

Sheikh Swadi, camp of, 34, 35

Showket, S. Y., 9, 432, 461

Sitting height, see Ba'ij Beduins, Egyptians,
Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs

Sleyb (Sulubba), 458

Smallpox, 442, 448, 455

Smeaton, Winifred, 456, 459

Smith, Myron B., 462

Somalis, cephalic indices of compared to
Ba'ij Beduins, South Arabs, 23; repre-
sentative of Hamites, 23

South Arabia, anthropometric data from, 457

South Arabs, brachycephaly among, 22-24,
30, 74, 75; cephalic indices of, 23, 24,

474

ARABS OF CENTRAL IRAQ

compared to Ba'ij Beduins, Somalis, 23;
Hamitic traits among, 74 ; head form and
size of, 22, 23, compared to Ba'ij Beduins,
22, 23, to Iraq soldiers, 32, to North
Arabs, 22, 23, 30, 74, 75; physical charac-
ters of compared to North Arabs, 75

Southern Chinese type among Arabs, 15

South European features, among Arabs, 17,
25, 75; among Iraq soldiers, 18, 31; see
European features

Southwestern Asia, anthropometric data
from, 456, 457

Stature, see Arabs, Ba'ij Beduins, Chatris,
Egyptians, Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs

Subba (Mandaeans), 459

Sulaimaniya, 77; Kurds from, 459; paleolithic
site near, 462; see Iraq soldiers from

Sulubba (Sleyb), 458

Sumerians, conquest of Kish by, 79, of Maer
by, 80; type of among Kish Arabs, 442

Superstitions, 89

Sushko, Alexander, 434

Suwa'id, see Al Suwa'id

Tattooing, 88, 455, 456

Taxes, 94, 95

Teeth, occlusion of in primitive and civilized

races, 67 ; see Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq soldiers,

Kish Arabs
Tell Barguthiat, 84, 448
Tell-el-Uhaimir (Kish), 80, 82-84
Tell Ibrahim (Cutha), 85
Tell Inghara (Kish), 83, 84
Tell Kaif, Chaldean from, 459
Thomas, Bertram, 73, 457; Somalis measured

by, 23 ; South Arabs measured by, 22
Tobacco, 92
Total facial indices, see Ba'ij Beduins,

Egyptians, Iraq soldiers, Kish Arabs

Trans-Jordan, anthropometric data from, 457
Trunk length, see Relative sitting height
Turkomans, 459; blood typing of, 460, 461

United Provinces, India, see Chatris
University of Chicago, 434, 457, 462
Upper face length, see "ram-faced" under

Arabs, Ba'ij Beduins, Iraq soldiers, Kish

Arabs
Ur, ancient inhabitants, cephalic indices

of, 24, 25, cranial capacity of, 25, skeletal

remains of, 11; dynasty of, at Kish, 80;

kingdom cf, 81
U.S.S.R., anthropological data obtained in,

458, 462, 463

Variability of racial characters, see Arabs,

Kish Arabs
Villages of Kish area, description of, 85
Vital statistics, 430-432
VOKS (The Society for Cultural Relations

with Foreign Countries), U.S.S.R., 462

Watelin, L. C, 9

Weapons, 90-93

Wilson, W. C. F., 462

Women, status of in Kish area, 88; Chaldean,

see Qaraqosh
Woolley, Sir Leonard, 11, 24

Yezd-i-Khast, Iran, anthropological data

from, 462
Yezidis, 450; blood typing of, 461; cephalic

indices of, 459; studied in Tiflis, U.S.S.R.,

462

Zakho, Kurds from, 459; paleolithic site near,
462

4

E

41

a

o
55

bo

E

O

2

bo

e

3

o

bo

E

o

S5

bo

E

o
S5

bo

E

o

55

E

<

3

<i

w

CO

i— i
W

|
M

o
55

bo

E

o

55

bo
E

*

^

^

^

^

a

s

>

o

£

a

i

<

o

bo
E

o
55

be

E

o

55

bo

E

bo

E

o

55

bo

E

<
<!

a

pa
5

o

55

bj

E

55

a

fc^ '

bO

E

o

>

C

'5

I

s

I

fa

o
2

be

E

o

55

bo

E

I

S5

S

e

o

as

so

E

o
2

bH

E

o

H

3

<!

W
-/.

«

PQ
H

o
&

bi

E

I

i

i

"3

&

a

s

!

e

■A

be

3

o
55

bo

-
<!

W

i—l

Q

PQ

2

o

be

s

\

X

>

S

>

o

i
s

1
I

o

Z

be
E

o

Z

be
E

o

Z

S

o

Z

3
S3

•s

a

p

s

2

o

Z

be

E

<s
w

«

a

CO

h-t

w

«

«

o

2

E

o

E

>

1

04

|

I

a

e

1

<

1

o
Z

e

o

Z

em

E

c<

I

Z

^

"3

^

I

t\

i

a

V

1

^

o
Z

CM

e

o

z

60

o
Z

bt

E

o

Z

e

n

o
Z

bg

£

be

E

>

o

>

I

d

2

bo

e

O

2

E

o

2

bo

E

o
55

be

E

<

<!
M

CO

3

S5
"S

-a

o

2

be

E

o

5

bo

E

r

I

58

I

I

a

<

o

z

be

E

o

Z

E

E

o

Z

■<

s

.Sf tn

E n

$

^
V

Z

-a
E

o

Z

be

E

X

>

>

So

o
~o
a.
o

I

bo

E

be

E

o

55

bo

E

o

55

bo

E

<

a

55
"3

S
2

E

bo

E

o

55

bo
E

o

£

to

bo

E

o
55

bo

E

I-

K

Oh

O

>

"o

a
o

|

<

E

be

E

o

55

s

^

*

>K

«

I

55

2

•a

1

s

bO

o

55

bo

E

03
<

a

—

9

X
5

I

I
S

a

3

o

be

E

o
S5

be

E

H
<!

H

w

S

a!

2
E

X

1

>

o

>

e

'3
E

1

O
Z

o
Z

bo

-

a

e

Z

2

o
Z

o
Z

be

o
Z

pa

<

3

X

I

i

i
§

s

a

3

o

be

E

o

bo

E

o

o

55

E

w
«

I

"8

S

1

E

en

9

o
55

E

o

E V

>
s

E

o
>

o

=

S

£

"o

a
o

c

<

o
55

be

o
be

o

55

E

o
55

be

E

V

O

.2

W

a

55

«—
o

£

s

E

o
55

be
E

o
55

be
E

<
H

<!

W

w

3

P5

o

55

be
E

o
55

be

E

>

X

8
<s

E

>

2
'5

e

2

o

s

<

o

bo

E

o

w
bi

e

v9

O

E

a

&

o
.S3

a
n

3

*-»

z
s

a

T3

o

2

bo

E

CO

o

E

5

o

to

E

00
i— 1

6

g,

lO

X

be

E

N*

^

&

\

>
E

o

>

E

S

a

a

S

o
a
o

3

o
55

be

E

o

55

E

o

55

£

o
SB

be

E

<!
H

PJ

W

O

w

.S3

w

S
55

o
8

o
55

bo
E

o
55

bo
E

o
55

bo

E

o
55

bo
E

>

X

I

E
>

o

>

o
E

i
!

■5
3

I

SI

55

S
E

o
55

E

bo-

E

bo

E

o

55

E

cc
be

E

o

55

to

E

o
55

bo

E

o

£

bo

E

W
w

3

CO

>

£

s
$

!

o

55

be

E

o

Z

E

o

55

be

E

o
55

E

V

^
^

^

.a
a

55

S
2

o
55

be
E

o
55

be

e

W

s

a

w

l-H
«

PQ
<

5

o

55

be

E

o
55

be

E

fr

X

X

Pi

£

1

1
1

o

55

bo

E

o
Z

be
E

in

o

55

Cn

o
55

bo

E

w

<A
<

k

•3

2
E

Vo

§

R

\

r

o
55

bo

E

o
5i

be

E

3

be

E

o
55

be

E

X
X

I

I

s

o
a

be

O

CO

M

E

3

o

z

tit

o

55

en

ft

I

2

O
S5

be

3 -

o
2

SO

E

^

X

X

si

Oh

E

'3

I

a

I
1

o

bo

£

o
2

E

o
55

o

t>0

E

I

55

a

I

o

55

to

E

o
55

*

*

<!

w

a

CO

w
PQ
-D
H

•<

&\

%

^

^

^

^

a
x
x

I

£

S

a

a
<

1

a

•s

£

a

XI

"3
E

o
S5

be

o

bs

2

■-■*-,

o

■ »

bo

o

be

s

o
55

be
E

<

H

a
«

Pi

o

be

e

o

bo

a

A^^^Mttfl

1

Oh

>

l"H A

^ (i

i 1

° \ 1

I V3

s

i

i

l

^^ta^^

'J^\T

\ n •

N

o

55

E

o

55

E

<

H
<!
W

I

55

•s

E

9

<

o
55

E

o

55

E

x

I

t

I
I

I

3

o

bt

E

o

be

E

o

S5

bO

E

o

bt

E

<

s

•<
w

a

E

o

as

be
E

o
55

be

E

o
2

be

E

o

55

be

E

>

X

X

-

>

£2

o
o

c

s

o

as

E

tit

E

S

o

as

bO

E

5

of

o

55

bo

S

o

1

^.^^■^M

n

E
3

at

55

t«-l

M

I

o

s

3
<u
m
3

'!■

i

s

"0

"3
E

o
55

so

E

I

bo

E

O

bo

E

^

>

X

as

-

o
>

.s

3

S

>>

be

o
a
o

c
<

o
Z

o
2

be

H

3

09

Z
o

E

o
Z

o
Z

be

X

s

t

I

s

o

!

o

z

oc

E

o
Z

00

00

E

o
o

d

z

H
<!
W

w

*

CD

Z

to

00

o

z

oo

E

o
Z

oo

E

1

00
00

o

z

00

E

a

I

CO
CM

d
Z

bo

E

o

<N

d
Z

W

CO

d
Z

00

e

o

z

bo

E

o

d

Z

t>0

O

Z

bo

e

«

l-H

pa

3

d

Z

bo

e

en

d
Z

bo
E

X
l-l
X
X

E

8?

I

a

i
I

1

E

o

55

bo

E

o
55

cm

E

«

■s

a

I

o

55

be

E

o
55

fe

03

M

«
5

O

55

o
55

be

E

X
X

I

o
Z

be
E

o
Z

E

CM
CM

6

Z

E

*

g

fr

z

s

•o

1

co

CM
CM

6

z

E

CO
O]
CM

6

Z

PS

a

1/3

«

-

PS
<

00

6
Z

be

E

o
Z

se

E

X

X
X

E

o

>

o

i

s

o

"o
o

o

*

co

6
55

bo
E

W

b

o

S

"3

s

o

£

S
2
E

o

CO
IN

d
55

E

o

CO
CM

*

-J!

(M

CO
Cvl

d

e

<N
CO
<N

O

si

E

X
X

I

I

I

1

<

CO
CO
OJ

O

Z

o
Z

s

W

is
<

x

s.

f

z

o
E

•a
I

m
<

o
Z

CO
CM

6

z

^

X
X
X

■S

£

1

s

6

I

1

I

"8

a

73

3

<!

W

CO

«

CO

«
3

d

as

be

s

X
X
X

8

«

E

c

>

s

S

I

i

2
■S

c

<

1a

O

55

be
E

o

55

bo

e

00

bt

o

z

to

E

£

CK
$

*
*

fr

2

s

E

o
55

E

o
55

E

6
S5

bo

E

o
55

be

E

>

X

X

>

o
6

a)

s

o

a

a
<

o

55

bo

S

OS

•m

Oi

6
55

£

o
55

S

3

o
55

bo

b

o
.3

ID

3
■*->

55
"3
£

2

00

N

d

£

o
55

bo

o
55

be

I

I

2

a

4

^1

o

bi

E

E

00
<N

d
Z

bO

E

-

<!

W
tn

3

a

2:

•ft

o
E

3
E

E

o
Z

be

E

S

d
Z

bo

E

3

d

Z

be

E

J?

o

>

i

1
I

o

g,

bi

o
25

bo

e

IM

d

bo

e

bo

E

2

CO

"S

g

IN

d

bo

e

6

55

bo

E

o

bo

E

so

d
55

bo

E

J*

*

I

s

a

$

o

55

bo

o

55

bo

E

o

55

be

<
»

w

.a

M

1

+■>

CH

55

3

T3

E ^

s

^

^

B
x

X
X

I

J?

CM

I"
I

a

|
1

OS

d

bo

e

o

bo

E

1

a

o
25

bo

E

«

o
55

be
E

oo
d

bi

E

3

31

u

w

H

M

tn
B

CO

O

*

o

00
CI

d

bo

E

$

I

o
2

be

E

fee

E

s

^

^

^

01

2

2
E

o

be
E

U5
CO

d

g,

00

fee

E

o

60

be
E

H

W

h-l

a

.s

I

s

o
"3
a
o

3

55

2
I

II-
TO

6
55

s

t-

TO

o

55

o

55

be

B

o

bo

w

en

H

Ed

10 PQ

o
55

bo

TO

d
55

3

*

E

I

a

!

o

be
E

o

E

to

bo
E

o

2

bo
E

fc

^

^

*

^

I

X

a
55

"S

£

3

2
E

o

CO
CO

o

a;

be

E

<
w
PJ
<

a
2
«

of
PQ
<
K

CM

CO

eo

d
55

fa

o

55

bo

E

3

1

a,

i
I

s

I

a

3

10

to

CO

6

z

be

E

o
55

C*

E

<o

CO

d

E

SO
CO

d

cxi

E

•8

a

•1

O

E

o
Z

<
«

4

1

to
t-

eo

o
£

00

ti

e

E

<

s

01

•s

a

o
S5

bo

E

o
SB

bo

go

|

o

*

o
55

E

£

s

I

I

'*-r.

o

00
CO

6

bo

E

o

CO

d

bo

E

O
CO

bo

E

<

<

2
1

«
<

<

o

E

00
CO

d

5

OS

E

^

s

o

cm

'■-

§

o

be

o

■ -

—

o
o

o

55

be

X

55

"8

s

o

55

bo

<
w

<

7

io ^J

-

§

&

i

o

&

a

\

o

so

<3
<

!

z

s

«
<

I

o

be

■2

o
S5

bO

s

o
55

o

ex

E

^

*

K

*

o
5:

IX

E

o

ex

E

«

W

«

pa
<:
«

o

be

E

o

be

E

X

s

£

1
I

3

o
2

bo

6
2

bo

I
S

•8

S

00

6
55

o

bo

s

o

2

bo

W

■«ii

d

CO

6
2

bo
E

I

s

o
55

3

o
55

e

o

55

bo

e

o

55

e

W
O

2

o

z

bO

E

^
^
V

H
*

*

i

CD

55

S
1

o
55

bO

E

o

55

to
ti

E

o

5

be

E

S

>

i

o

&

2

I

C

ss^

4 E

o

2

bo

E

o

55

bo

E

CO

6

g,

t-

<

53

.a

55

a

o

55

CO

->*

6

55

bo

E

■

E

cm

CO

6

55

bo
E

2

-

g

6

55

a*

e

be

E

V

•8

2
E

o
o

6
55

E

o
o

o
55

-

s

<:

<

a

t«

PS

w

t— I

Q
►J
O
y.

•<

PS

o
d

be

E

o
55

2

a
S

£

o

s

s

I

I

bo

E

S
6

00

bi

e

o

E

o
to

o

as

bo

E

o

i

s

0]

a

I

o
S5

o
55

bo

E

1
s

I

o

lO

o

■i

CO

o
6

^

IS

-

I

I

i

2

!

I

a

o
£

3

U
3

P.

T3

I

2

<

1

a

a

H
Q
O

V.

23

5
&

-

I
I

a
1

I

c

em

o

00
bo

£

6

bo

Cm

(M

d

bo

£

55

S
1

o
S5

bo

£

I
I

*

K

*

>

-

a

o
>

£

'S
E

s

o
c.
o

-

o
55

o

CO

en
to

o
55

5C

o

2;

^r

&

o
.9

K

"5

t-

55

O

E

3

2
■a

o
55

E

Oh
2

<!
O

►J

l-H

Q
o

<

E

s

I

a

!

o
S5

(Ml

s

TO
O

bo

E

CO
(M

6

bo

o

I

•s

s

o

bo

s

o

bo

s

(M

d

§

HH

Q
o

1/2

<

C3

>
►J

-

>

i

'o

s

<*>

s

a

3

o

is

bo

o

o

o

be

^

o

.a
w

2

3

z

s

be

-

9

o

►J

-

K
£

o

o

b»

E

I

Cm

S

i

S

a

I

o

E

bO

E

o

bo

E

o

bO

E

S

o
S5

b»

E

oo
d

o
m

6

E

s

Of

23

o

bo

E

a

t

^

CO

6
Z

bt
E

o

z

bi

o
Z

so

lO

6
Z

E

*

^

^

* >.

^

o
Z

bo

o
Z

-

o

z

be
E

3

o
Z

£

X

&

a
E

I

a
|

55

E

oo

CO

10

6

55

be

E

W

"S
8

3

o

55

bo

E

o

55

E

o
55

E

^

^

r

o

55

be

E

s

<l

a

i— i

w

H

h-l

o
o

P5

bo

E

CO

in

6
55

bo

E

I

<

s

6
55

E

3

6
55

be

s

E

3

o
55

it

E

^

1
I

55

"3

S

o
55

bo
E

o
55

be

E

S

d

55

S
•<
o

£
S

o

w

<!
P3

CO

s

d

be

E

X

►J

a

-

o

>

£

o

£

s

o

1

o

c
<!

to

s

d

55

bo

E

2

6

M

ti

e

00

s

6

5z

£

Esc
E

o

as

a

OS

55

73

"a!

E

PL,

3

o

w

l-H

Q

o

CO

H

o

55

[X,

^

a

o

>

i

o

i
a

1

o

d

DO
S

o

00
bo

o

z

00

3

o

V

r

C8»tf>

3

ft.

<

<

n

tf

en

s 2

o

Z

bo

s

i

o

a

i.

o

z

be

E

3

o

be

E

o

55

bO

E

a,

a

<
o

<j

E

s

D
O

CO

<

P3

o

55

bo

E

I

OS

55

a

o
55

to

E

in

bo
E

fr

I

a

I
I

<

w

o
to
>o

6

&

be

E

o
55

tr-
io

d

z

bo

e

01

55

•s

E

3

a

73

O

5

bo

K

-

a

<

►J
■J

1/3

«

w

Q

o

w

at

<

o
55

bo

o

55

*

^

>

X
►-J

&

a
E

>

£

'3

E

12

o
"o

Q.

o

a
<

CM

to

IS

6

as

bo

3

6

00

oi

E

o

CO

bo

E

3

d

Z

1

Z

s

3

E

9

o

w

$

a

Q

o
w

a

<

E

o

Z

bo

e

CO
lO

d

bo

E

^

>

X

►J

s

o

>

i

s

to
to
10

6

E

00

to
6

ss

a

<

o

bo

E

00

to

d

55

SO

E

p*
S

<!
O

U3

to

6

60

S

i
J
^

^

I

s

S
•a

to

Id

o

oo

E

S

Q
|

E

X

X

►J

0)

-

S

8
E

&

o
o.
o

c

<

©
6

lO

6

E

S

W

a

Q
.J

E

o

&

1

w

o

e

a

T3

/

to

d
2

bo

o

2

$>

X
>

o

>

£

o

I

O

a

o

c

<

o

-

X

^

o

.a

3

CD

E

3
3

S

6

bo

o

bO

i

—

Q
►J
O

cy

■<

lO

6
55

o

be

1

£

I

l
I

o
!Z

oo

6
85

be

E

o

00

us
6
&

00

fci

s

o

00

6
S5

9

►J

a

so

•5

S

o
S5

06

i

s

I

E

o

bo

5

s

o
2

00

E

1

00

6

on
E

E

E

$

v

^

^

-.
z

3

E

E

H
Q
o

go.

Of

<

on

E

CO
00

m
o

2

bo
E

X

X

s

a

-

o
>

£

o
E

o
"o
p.

I

3

E

CO
OO

d

60

E

P2

E

I

p

3

■M

CD
55

2

"3

E

00
00

d

bo
E

PL,

P

w

1
i

BO

E

X

I

i

s

8
<

©

6
Z

be

'-

o

Oi

o

Z

bt

E

o

Z

^

5

^

f

a
Z

s

2
E

o
Z

Oh

2

o

-
ffi

g

—

Q

O
en

0>

«

o
Z

be

o
Z

bl

^

5
S

I

i

|
1

o

z

bo

E

o

as

I

to
d

bo

E

I

a

55

o

55

E

E

E S

a

s

s

s

P5

Oi

d

55

bo

E

o

bo

E

^

1

I

Hi

6

be

o

Z

00

bo

—

Pl,

a

X
^
^

^

^

09
Z

Si

8

S

S

o

CO

o

Z

bo

en

OS

>

X

a

i

s

o

>

.8

1

$

I

c

<

bo

o
2

bo

E

o
55

E

a

I

a

1

o

2

to

E

I

£

a

i

<

bo

E

^

"8

10

o
to

6

5.

be

E

g.

00

S

be
£

o

bo

<

-

£

H

Q
►J
O
w

us

o
so

o

S5

bo

o

55

be

£

X

— I

X
►4

2

o
I

o
a
o

c

o

bO

o
50
6
S

CO

bi
E

esi

CO

6

00

bt

E

o

g,

E •<
o

o
.2

u

3
■*-*

55

s

a>

3

s

o
<o

o

as

E

en

o

d

a

a

1

E

o

2:

bo

X
X

s

Pi

o

>

i

s

a

c

<

f

^

£

X

~a

i-

2

Z

«—
o

E

3

s

S

o

55

Ph

5

<

-

M

w

W

Q
>J
O

w

C?

<;
p«

I

i

I

I

00
CO

6

55

t>0

I e.

bo

E

o

60

o

55

£

n

55

s

s ^

£

*.

\

fr

tr-

6

55

bo

E

o

55

bo

E

£

d

55

bo

E

9

<j

o

a

CO

H

Q
►J
O

GO

X

a
I

i

a

<

o
55

at

E

o

bo

E

Ph

S
<

►J

i
^

N

*

\

u

3

as

o

E

3

"3

E

o

55

bo

E

1

W

Q
►J
O

o>

-J!

o
55

ex

E

iX

X

a
&

i

i

i

1

o

z

30

E

to

CM

to

6
S5

30

E

S5
•3

S

o

30

E

N

1 V

\

30

E

00
CO

so

30

E

V

*

PL,

9

<J

<
3
I

GO

«

hH

Q
►J
O
oo

a

<

OS

^

X

X

0)

>

o

>

o
E

<u

o

o.
o

<

o
55

be

e

o

bo

E

^

>>

O

•—

3

+>

03

55

E

3
o
tn

3

s

bo

E

o

55

bo

E

<

a

ta

l-H

Q

►J

O

X

<

o
2

o
55

bo

E

>

X

a

.S

o

I

!

00
CO

to

bo
E

o

3

6

oo

bo

E

o

SO

EM

s

<!

o

n

s

.a

I

o
2

ex

E

o

5

E

<

P3

o
SB

bo

E

i> '

\

X

I

i

5

I

3

^

o

■u

o

cm

o

x

73

"3

73

CO

s

d

bo

s

be

S

a.
S
<

03

-

—
Q
,J
O
ai

cy

<

S

d

be

s

s

d

55

be

s

a

£

S

!

o

te

E

o

t>0

E

SO

6
55

to

E

i

1

o
S5

bo

E

PL,

o

a

CO

h

t— I

Q

-
O

VI

o

bo

E

*

^

I

£

s

o

55

bo

E

a

3

co
6

5,

si

E

CO
CO

d

5

oo

o
55

E

P-

a

o
55

bo

E

s
S

s

<y

<

in
CO

d

55

be

E

55

•s

55

bo

E

in

CO

d

55

bo

E

X

a

I

o
85

00

E

o

85

1

o
85

bo

E

\

PL,
S

i

I— I

w

2

I

S

T3

O

85

be

e

o
55

E

s

s

o
S5

to

E

85

bo

E

x
E

£

a
is

1

be

to

tO

d

CO

be

o

bo

E

3

to

6
S5

be

E

-

a

1

|

"8

z

•s

X

£■

a

o

bo

E

»

S
Q
3
o

«

CO
tO
SO

d

be

E

CO

to
to

6

2

bo

E

X

a
E

o
>

£

'o
E

*o
a
o

to
to
to

6

•z

60

E

o

E.

5

s

o

be

E

K

hH

o
►J
o

w

E

to
to

6

[x,

X

£

s

1

o
to

6

bo
E

bO

E

d

be

E

<N

t-

d

55

bo

E

bo

E

I

b

o

s

1

55

s

4s" »

Pm

«5
pJ
pj

H
3

—
O

o

CO

O"

«

o
H

i

I

o

a

I
I

o

CO

d

to
tO

6

to
c-

to

d

a
<

1

■s

a

3

£

o

bo

s

n

S

B

Q

s

o

g

to

be

4^

o

£

a

I

c

o

as

bO

00

d

SB

bC

be

e

o
55

be

K

«

^

^
*

^

^

!

1

E

t-

«>

6

55

bo

S

<

3

H
►-<

Q
o

02

o
55

bo

OS

d

55

bo

E

>
o
X

I

1
*

o

!

cm

00

to
d

bo

s

00
CD

6

bo

£

o

K

a

2

1

a

w

w

I— I

p

►J
o

<

CO
00
CO

d

o

be

£

>

X

o

>

i

o

£

s

o

a

-
<

o

be

bo

s

00
00

d
S5

£

oo

00
CO

d

2:

bo

9

<!
O

bo

I

^

*

z

Mm

o
B

3

3
P.

o

be

r

2
W

s

O

<y

<

C5

bo

o

in
be

o
X

•I

s
a

|
I

o

6

55

o
55

be

E

o
55

bo

E

d
55

E

Cm

a

U

55
•5

a

o
55

bo

E

bo

E

o

55

bo

E

o

5

bo

E

02

a

W
D

o

»

H

>

X

>

>

£

'o
B

§2
o

"o

a

o

c

<

51 S

E

$

*

EX

CO
OS

o

!Z

o

to

to

Ah

s

n

o

<

o

cm

o

X

l-l

o

X

E

£

o

I

S

i

00

<Ji

CD

6

E

M

o

Z

00

E

o

1

"3

S

I

-

s

-J!
O

-U

►J
t— t

w

I

s

<

o

SO

E

CI

-:

o

bo

E

I

i

I

c

o

55

E

o

55

ttt

E

o

55

O
55

E

Oh

s

O

■<

I— *

«

a'

£

1

K

8

1
55

i

2

I

o
en

a

<

o
55

on

o
55

be

s

o

£

i

!

o

6

55

bo

E

o

55

bO

E

o

55

bo

E

o
55

E

o

55

Em

E

•3

S

'*

to

O

o

55

be

E

o

55

bo

E

Oh

5

O

a

$
w

h-l

Q
►J
o

CO

Q>
<J

00

o

d

55

bo

E

o

1

I

3

i
I

1

o
S5

e

e a

o

60
E

~. o

<N CO

T— I

E

ix

I

"S

s

1

fa

E

o

Si

S

O
>

i

o
E

o

—
o

bo

s

E

o

o
S5

it

I

"8

S

o

bo

a

<!

<

w

05

-
—

Q
O

W

<:

05

o

bo

V

>

—

o

>

i

o

e

5

_o
"o
a
o

s
<

55

be

E

t-

6

55

60

O

55

E

o

55

be

E

>>

o

.2

W

a
55

o

=

3
HI

5

3

£

o

55

bo
E

o

55

bo

E

a,

3

■<

s
s

o

<!

be

E

o
55

bo

E

>

$

s

a

CO
CM

t-

6

55

CM

O

5

£

3

o

55

to

e

CM

O

55

bo

E

-

5

<

w

CM

O

55

E

—
o
►J
o

OQ

o

55

SO

E

OS

55

CM
CM

d

55

So

E

E

V

^

M

6

bo

E

o

*

o
S5

be

E

o
SB

be

^

$

^

^

«

25
"3

S

2
E

O

55

bo

e

o
55

be

E

«

W

K

«

l-H

s

o

W

<

to

o

55

bo

E

>

a
£

o

>

o
£

CD

I

c

<

o

g,

CO

si

o

bO

o
55

h

00

J,

3

i

W
05

«

«

<

S3
2

3

I

I

m

i

3

a

2
"3

^

E

S

bo

Oh
§

O
<

J

l-H

«

—
Q

s

I

*

^

I

£

S
I

o

55

bO

o
55

BO

eo

o

o
55

£

j£

^x*^_

-$

o

CO

6

25

bo

w

s

w
55

\3

^

I

a

55
"S

s

T3

O
O
CO

d
55

bo

o

55

bO

o
eo

6
55

e

M

O
CO

6
55

bt

Q

pa

l-l

o

3

o
>

£

'S

1

I

o
55

E

bo

s

o

CO

d

00

bi

E

o

CO

d

55

bo

E

<!
H

55

o
55

so

E

o
eo

6
55

CO

55

i-i

P
Q

h

to
o
eo

6

&

bo

E

<£>

O
CO

d
55

E

X

o

£

I

s

I

o
2

be

E

o
Z

t>0

£

1

2:

3

a

o
SB

bo

E

bo

E

i— f

<!
W

z

Z

«

B

B

o
Z

o
eo

d

Z

bo

E

X
E

>

I

£

"3
a
o

u

a

1/3

Pi
w

55

o

1

a

"a

t-

I

55

o

s

3

0)

3

S

1

E

o

55

E

Q
w
PQ

eo
d

*

o
55

E

s

I

a

a

CO

6

55

bo

co

6

55

E

en

CO

6

55

bo

e

o
55

bo

e

IS

*>

1

01

55

■s

g

2

T3

*-)
CO

d

55

bo

E

CO

d

55

bo

E

a

H
55

w
55

Q

pa

PQ

00

<-*

CO

d
55

bo

E

00
tH
CO

d

55

bo

E

X
o

1

1

i
a

I

IN
<M

CO

6

as

bO

E

<N

TO

O

55

em

e

(N

TO

i 5

e

o

55

bo

E

a

i— i

«

<!
H
55

I

a

55

1

O

BE

o

55

bo

E

o

55

TO
<M

TO

d
&

bo

E

CO

55

I— I

P

Q

H

m

<
«

>

I— I

X

o

o>
a
E

o
>

i

o

s

s

>>

be

o

I

c

<

55

be

£

CO

6
55

be

E

o

as

be
E

a

CO
t— (

«

<!
H
55

CO

55

$
^

^

^

I

o
B

3

1

o

55

be

E

N

CO

d

55

be

E

Q

«

«

o
55

>
o

-

4

s

s

a

I

N

OS
CO

6
55

bo

^

b o

bo

E

!

•8

o
55

e

as

be

E

«

CO
t— (

M

«

2

w

P

O

w

«

o

55

em

E

o

be

E

>

X

-*-

S3

-

O
>

o

a

o

o.
o

c

CO

co

6

55

bo

o
55

o

a

St

55

o

&

3

5

E

fc

o
55

E

o
55

00

E

CO

o

55

e>o

E

a

en
M

<
H
55

w"
55

P

Q
H

n

-

^

>

o

S

I
I

I

i

*

a
•8

S

e

E

t-

CO

6

eo

^ |

bo

E

c

3
O

&

T3

c3

eg

.a

I

o
cm

8

E

w

M

Pi
<

S3

Q

w

e

pq

yu* " /(* v / &

fii*

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate C XVIII

i, «jr

Fig. 1. Herdsman

Fig. 2. Herdsman

Fig. 3. Black tent made of camel's hair
BA'IJ BEDUINS, NEAR KISH

%'V^7/

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology,

Memoirs;

, Vol. IV, Plate CXIX

^}

Kl

i ■ ,-Mi

m

&

1T/

i

Fig. 1. Woman

Fig. 2. Woman with child

Fig. 3. Woman with spindle Fig. 4. Woman weaving

BA'IJ BEDUINS, NEAR KISH

X

I

I

i

s

!

c

<

^

I

X

•z.

"S

2

I

w

PS

•<

X

03

55

-
PS
Q

I— I

w
o

«

■<

PS

o
3

£

s

f

a

I

s

§

Q

a
o

«

I

53

■s

-a

fc

V

^

^

E

£

a

o

I

§

^
fc

V
fr

I

«

•3

E

s

OS

1

S

T3

itf&Sfrr*

^-~

rjff4 Hi

/^ri

i ftB**^^ ^c'*

v ^H

\-

" "'

G ■

'*^0W0f^m i*--

^ ^jk

^£^*-

^-'

*

<
bs

a

in

H

PS

Q

J

I— I

a
o

pa

<
PS

<:

o

o
>

3

>»

bo

3
"o
a
o

c

<

.3

£

in

3

c

C3

T3

3

S

>.
■

C

2
9

£

s

a,

9

<

o

a

CO

I— I

W
H

CO

§

o
s

O

—

Q

^
\

^

*

s*

^ * 7^2.

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXIV

Fig. 1. Native orchestra

^"\

♦"•a

Fig. 2. Dancing girl Fig. 3. Dancing girl

ARAB DANCING GIRL AND MUSICIANS, KISH

>

X
o

1

s

•I
I

"o
o.
o

1

I

w

1

•s

s

I

s

T3

1

IV

a

PL,

bo

s

a

8

o

&

&

2

bO

c

■c

<u

>

o

bo

E

bo

S3

o

Eh

>

X
W

W

BQ

t— I

M

!

&

a

I

Q
H

3

o

i i

CD

C

e

bo

s

ft.

#» " 76 try

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXVI

Fig. 1. Making coffee

Fig. 2. Grinding coffee

Fig. 3. Beside the hearth Fig. 4. Author, taking measurements

ARABS, KISH AREA

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXVII

Fig. 1. Celebrating end of Ramadan

Fig. 2. Horsemen

7^* 7t> 7*7

Fig. 3. Workmen outside camp, Kish
ARABS, KISH AREA

^ * % fff

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXVIII

ARAB (No. 26), KISH AREA

^*7<* W

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXIX

ARAB (No. 26), KISH AREA

■ty " 7^ 4*7-4

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXX

ARAB (No. 2), KISH AREA

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXXI

ARAB (No. 2), KISH AREA

;*? *;£•/?-/*

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXXII

ARAB (No. 10), KISH AREA

^ * 76 *fo

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXXIII

ARAB (No. 10), KISH AREA

7^ "76*7/

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXXIV

ARAB (No. 74), KISH AREA

^ # 7^ +?*.

Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXXV

ARAB (No. 74), KISH AREA

g
5

a

•z

o
£

3

5

3

s

2
■«

H

•<
«

CO

«

CO

PQ
<

<

7(?*7£7y7

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXXVII

Fig. 1. Native orchestra

Fig. 2. Woman

Fig. 3. Husband and wife

ARABS, KISH AREA

5

£

£

2

i
I

I

^

o

3

«

Z

o

E

3
0)

x
3

a

2
■3

o

•g

<a

H

■~

-
O

DC

<

m
«

Q

a
<
a

w
W

z
o

-fy * jc4?r

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXXXIX

CHALDEAN WOMEN AND GIRLS, QARAQOSH

-
X

PL,

o

>

i

o
E

1

o

E

£

c

<

>.
o

a

3

55

2

2

a

V.

O

<
pj
><
cy

$

O

Q
55

55

pa

a

§

55

Q

■J

a

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXLI

\

V

CHALDEAN WOMEN AND GIRLS, QARAQOSH

£

a

ft*

o

>

o

a
o

c

<

rt'v^-

- v

a

VI

O
9

<

(A

tn
►J
OS

O

Q

->3
55

9

o

<

a

<
«

o

-4->

.2

s

a!

£

3

S

3

2

■^ # 7t#??

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXLIII

CHALDEAN WOMEN AND GIRLS, QARAQOSH

>

E

>

E
S

I

a
o

s

t

«

O

a

<

—

O

o
<
z,

W

2

o

M
Q

O

DO

w

55

&

m

3

2

^ * 76 ro/

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXLV

TYPES, NEAR ALTTJN KOPRU

7^ ^7^^!?^

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXLVI

TYPES, NEAR ALTtfN KOPRtJ

TUj * %r03

•I

S

3

a
55

"S

T3

«

CO

O

<;
<

Q

<
a

^

<c

I

I

"S

s

iuj « 7&jrof

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CXLIX

CHALDEANS, QARAQOSH

7Uj * 76 $-#&

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CL

Fig. 1. Craftsmen

Fig. 2. Peeling melon

Fig. 3. Holding tobacco pouch Fig. 4. Priest

CHALDEANS, QARAQOSH

^ * 7(, f07

3
S

o

1

S

a
I

b

w

OS

2

a
t»
o

<

W

<

H

Q

W

o

I

3

CD

z

"3

a
o

<!

3

K

Q

X

3

s

I

•s

2

* /

o
9

<

3

w

<

W
Q
t-5

«

■ .

TUf

76f/0

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV, Plate CLIV

TYPES, NEAR ALTUN KOPRU

-?{$ * 76 ft

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Memoirs, Vol. IV,

, Plate CLV

|

\m ^J| /

fmf "

^

w.

CHALDEANS, QARAQOSH

5

£

I

c

<

3

o
tx
a

OS

9

—

»

a

DO
O

a?

<

<
w
z

EC

w
z

s

!

1

55

a

CO

u

C

o

CO

o

OS

cy

"5

I