NUNC COCNOSCO EX PARTE THOMAS J . BATA LI BRARY TRENT UNIVERSITY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.0rg/details/archaeologicalcoOOOOsmit 'All'"' ; ... - ■■' r *•*' i± © 'A H ' '■ f-: r-» - V. t n. 4 41383 — Frontis’piece. Plate I The Thompson River region. View up the Fraser river, looking north from Lytton across the mouth of the Thompson river. THE ARCHEOLOGICAL COLLECTION FROM THE SOUTHERN INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BY Harlan I. Smith 41383—1 CONTENTS PAQK, Introduction . The exhibit. (1) The ThompBOn River region . (2) Resources . (3) The securing of food . (4) The preparation of food . (6) Habitations . (6) Tools used by men . (7) Tools used by women . (8) The manufacture of special objects . (9) Weapons used in war . (10) Dress and ornament . (11) Games, amusements, and smoking . (12) Art . ! . (13) Method of burial . Conclusion . Publications on the archaeology of the southern interior of British Columbia.. I 7 9 12 10 18 19 23 25 28 29 32 34 30 38 40 Plate I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. 1. 2. 3. Figure ti ft ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGS. The Thompson River region . Frontispiece. The securing of food . End. The securing of food . « The preparation of food . « The preparation of food . <• Habitations . « Tools used by men . “ Tools used by women . « The manufacture of special objects . The manufacture of pestles or hammers Weapons used in war . Dress and ornament . Games, amusements, and smoking . Art . “ Art . “ Method of burial . ** Index map of Canada showing location of the Thompson River region . 7 Index map of the Thompson River region and vicinity . 8 Diagram showing how decay and wind may reduce a semi¬ subterranean winter house to a hole surrounded by an em¬ bankment . 19 41383— IJ "i \ ( i ,1 i i i ■ . V 1 THE AECH^OLOGICAL COLLECTION FROM THE SOUTHERN INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. INTRODUCTION. In the archaeological section of the Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa — the national museum of Canada — there is an interesting collection of specimens from the Thompson River region of the southern interior of British Columbia. This exhibit is typical and compre¬ hensive enough to give a good general idea of the handiwork, or material culture of the older people who dwelt in that area, and who, it is evident, were the ancestors of the Indians now living there. An important feature of the collection is that it is representative of the general material culture of a very much larger area than the Thompson River region: probably including the whole plateau region. The term “plateau” being used to include the interior of the State of Washington; a narrow strip to the south¬ ward of that State; the Thompson River region, and the remainder of the interior of British Columbia, and probably, the interiors of Yukon, Mackenzie, and Alaska. The archaeology of this culture area is very imperfectly known, for the collections from the respective plateaus in Canada — with the exception of those from the Thompson River region are exceedingly small. 2 When an archaeological survey of the entire plateau region in Canada is completed, slight variations in the material culture will, no doubt, be disclosed; but not until this general investigation has been made will it be possible to differentiate the handiwork of one part of the plateau region from that of another. A com¬ parative study of the plateau culture of the Washington State interior, on the one hand, and the Thompson River region, on the other, shows a somewhat different culture in the respective areas; but it is evident that both belong to the same general plateau culture; a material culture in marked contrast to that found on the Pacific coast to the west, and entirely different from that of the Great Plains to the east. Archaeological remains are useful data from which to reconstruct the life of a prehistoric people, as far as it is possible to do so from the imperfect materials which have withstood the ravages of time. They are col¬ lected sometimes from the earth’s surface — where they have been either lost or discarded — sometimes by excavating in the sites of old camps and villages, and are sometimes dug from ancient graves. Our Previous Knowledge. — The life of the prehistoric people of the main Thompson valley was practically unknown to the world until about 1897. There were, perhaps, a dozen pages published which gave some little information on the life of these people, but ignorance prevailed as to the character of their handi¬ crafts or material culture; the things which they made and used. It was not generally known, for instance, whether they knew how to make pottery; whether they used straight or crooked pipes; or whether they were good carvers and etchers. 3 But stored away in the old Museum of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, were splendid specimens collected in the Thompson Valley region by various persons, among whom were members of the staff of the Survey; notably the late Dr, George M, Dawson, for many years director. Since then other specimens have been added — hence there is now a representative series in the national collections at Ottawa. The Opportunity to Increase Knowledge. — In the spring of 1897 it became possible for the writer, as American Archaeologist on the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, to go to the Thompson River valley to find out about these early people. This was necessary because, as before suggested, it was impossible to learn about them by reading, since the literature on the subject was very meagre. Funds for the purpose were provided by Mr. Morris K. Jesup, President of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, who had become deeply interested in the abor¬ igines — both past and present— of the North Pacific coasts of America and Asia, and who had set aside a large sum of his own money for the purpose of carrying on investigations in the whole region bordering the North Pacific ocean, so that the results might go to the museum of which he was president. The archaeological work in the Thompson River valley was carried on as part of the expedition which was organized by Professor Franz Boas, of Columbia University. The largest number of men employed in the archaeological excavations at any time was four, while most of the time only two men were engaged. It is interesting to know that so few men, in such a short time, could secure the large number of specimens 4 found; specimens which were needed in order to reconstruct an idea of the prehistoric culture of the region. From the material collected there were selected representative specimens, which were illustrated in the scientific volumes that gave an account of the work of the expedition and were used in museum exhibitions to teach the general facts deduced from the research work. A large number of duplicate specimens re¬ mained, but these were not useless, for some were exchanged with other museums, and the Victoria Memorial Museum obtained casts of some of the more unique specimens. A large quantity of material is needed in order to determine which articles were in common use, which were special objects, and which were brought in from other peoples and other regions. When only one specimen is found no one knows but what it may be an exception; when, however, many are found, it is inferred that they were articles in com¬ mon use. The scientific reports of this work were printed in order that the facts might not be lost, as might be the case if only one manuscript or one printed book existed. Over one hundred copies were given to leading libraries and learned societies in all the great countries of the world. In the same way that we desire to cling to the prop¬ erty of our ancestors, so the Indians reverence and guard the land of their forefathers. It was sometimes difficult to persuade the Indians who owned the land where most of the explorations were conducted to allow the work to be carried on. But when the purpose of the investigation was explained to them, some of the Indians highly appreciated the work; in fact they favoured it more than many of our own people do. 5 The photographs reproduced in this pamphlet were made by the author. The specimens are shown about one-half of their natural size, except in Plate XI, where they are reduced to one-fourth their actual length. How We Learn of the Prehistoric Inhabitants. — In order to learn about the prehistoric inhabitants, and to determine whether the Indians living in this region to-day are at all like them, it was necessary to dig into old graves and hearths and under the places where their houses and villages were. The things found in this way tell us practically all that it is possible for us to learn of their former owners. The Similarity of the Prehistoric and Present Cultures. — After studying all the collections it was found that the culture of the prehistoric people was similar to that of the present native inhabitants, the Thompson River Indians of to-day. Collections from the latter are also shown in this Museum, and it will be noted by those who look at them that many of the objects are made of wood, horn, skin, and other materials subject to decay; consequently we cannot expect to find such objects among the prehistoric remains. AU that we can hope to find are things of an enduring nature ; among them those made of stone, bone, antler, and shell, and the larger objects made of metal. An examination of the bones found in the graves has shown that the prehistoric people were physically much like the Indians living in the same region today. Intercourse with Coast and Other Tribes. — ^Although an inland people, thay had secured sea shells, which suggests that they had traded with the people of the 6 coast — one hundred and fifty miles to the west. Some of the carvings (See Plate XI, and Plate XV, a, b) so much resemble those made by the coast people, and are so different from the carvings usually found inland, that it seems that the people must either have obtained them from the coast people or else, after having seen the work of the coast Indians, must have endeavoured to imitate that work. The general character of most of the remains found on the coast is totally different from that of the inland remains. Moreover, the resources of the coast country — sea and cedar products — are different from the scattered though varied resources inland. The coast country is very wet, while the interior is dry. The character of the objects in general suggests that the prehistoric Indians of the Thompson River valley were more comparable to the people of the western plateaus, and even the plains, than to the coast people. When the People Lived. — We cannot teU definitely the age of the specimens, that is, when they were made and used, because they were found in sandy valleys and hiUsides, where the wind is continually shifting the soil; but judging from the complete absence of objects made by the whites in many of the places explored, we may conclude that the specimens found there must have been made and used before the coming of white traders — probably several hundred years ago. 7 THE EXHIBIT. (1) THE THOMPSON RIVER REGION. The The region of the main Thompson Location river — a part of the great interior plateau of the of the southern interior of British Colum- Country. bia, immediately north of the State of Washington — is indicated upon the ac¬ companying index map (Fig. 1) by a square spot. The Fig. 1. Index map of Canada showing location of the Thompson River region. other map (Fig. 2) shows in more detail the geo graphical features of this area. 8 The photograph accompanying the The Charac- exhibit (Plate I) shows one of the largest ter of the village sites and burial places in the area : Region. the place where many of these specimens were collected. The locations of all the sites examined are indicated on the detail map. A Fig. 2. Index map of the Thompson River region and vicinity. glance at Plate I, which was taken from Lytton, look¬ ing northward up Fraser river, shows that the country has a dry or arid climate. Consequently the vegeta¬ tion is very scanty, and, except on the highlands, trees are scarce. The range of temperature is extreme: the summers are hot, the winters cold. 9 (2) RESOURCES. The prehistoric inhabitants, like the Materials Thompson Indians living there to-day, Used by the relied upon the many, though limited People. natural resources of their country. Some of these are shown in Section 2 of the exhibit. The fact that these materials were found in the form of implements and other objects, undoubtedly made by the aborigines, proves their economical value to those people. They may be classified as mineral, animal, and plant. Many domestic articles were made of Minerals. stone. Glassy basalt was the material most frequently chipped into points for arrows or for knives and driUs. Yellow, red, and green jasper, chalcedony, and obsidian were also used for this purpose. We find skin-scrapers made of quartzite and fish knives of slate and argillite. Mica schist was used for whetstones. Sandstones were made into pipes, a coarse variety of the same rock into arrow shaft smoothers, and into grinders that were used to cut pieces of hard green stones, which materials were extensively used for chisels and adzes. Many pipes were made of soapstone. Yellow, red, green, and white earths must have been collected, for we find them in the graves as if they had been in paint bags. Moreover, we find red earth, known as red ochre, daubed on some of the objects. We know that copper was used because we find copper pendants, bracelets, and beads, and the stains of copper on human bones. Even if no necklaces of copper beads had been found, the fact that one of the neck bones is stained by copper would 10 suggest that copper had been worn as a necklace. The copper found in modern graves probably came from white men, while that from the ancient graves may have come from the mountains north of Lytton, where native copper occurs. In one modern grave was found a piece of iron. This, the Indians probably secured from the whites, and its occurrence, alone, is sufficient to suggest that the grave was not an old one. Besides these, galena — a form of lead ore — and mica, used for pendants, were found, also crystals of quartz and calcite; and there are many other mineral products represented in the collection. We know that materials from the fol- Animal lowing animals were available: the bear, Materials, puma, wolf, beaver, woodchuck, weasel, deer, and elk; because we find in the old hearths the bones of these animals. We shall see that bones and antlers were made into implements; bone into points, adzes or chisels, knife handles, scrapers, awls, needles, pendants, and beads; antler into handles, harpoon points, wedges, daggers, war-clubs, and carv¬ ings ; and if they had the bones as an economic resource, they had also the flesh, furs, and skins of these animals. Fragments of deer skin — so useful for clothing were actually found. The dryness of the climate no doubt had much to do with their preserv¬ ation. We found the teeth of the beaver; and we know that they were utilized by these people, because dice made from such beaver teeth were found. Bear and elk teeth drilled for pendants were also found. Besides these, there are the bones of many other animals — including the salmon which to this day supply the 11 Indians with much of their winter food. Bone of whales, used for clubs, must have come from the coast. We may draw the conclusion, when we find the bones of a certain animal, that they had this animal to use; otherwise we should not find its remains buried in grave or hearth. For instance, when we find the bone of a dog we do not know positively that they ate the dog, or utilized his skin, or had him for a companion, but we are at least sure that they had the dog to use according to their best knowledge. Among the shells we find some from the fresh waters of the vicinity. The number of these shells found was, however, so small as to show that fresh water shell fish were not used as a common article of food. Shells of varieties that live in the sea, and must have been brought from the Pacific ocean, were seen . Among these are the iridescent haliotis, or abalone shell and the large scollop {Pecten caurinus). Olivella shells were found at Lytton. Whether the sea shells were collected by these people or secured by them from other people, is not known. On the coast, cedar, and sea products such as whales, seals, salmon, and shell-fish, were the great staple re¬ sources; but of these the salmon is the only resource which was at all conspicuous in this interior country. This marked difference in the nature of the natural resources partly explains why the material culture of the two regions differed. Among plant materials we find bits of Plant charcoal in the hearths; and the expert Materials, can tell us by examination of the charcoal what sort of wood the old Thompson Valley people burned. Bits of birch bark were found; 12 for, owing to the dry climate, it had not decayed. The gum of some kind of pine tree, and charred berries which had not decayed, were also found. The fire when it charred the berries consumed everything that would easily decay, leaving charcoal which does not decompose under the conditions where these charred berries were found. Seeds of Lythospermum were found at Lytton. The climate is so dry that fragments of cords, and even of woven mats made of cat tail stalks; of sacking of sage brush bark; and of fibre of cedar, have been preserved; hence we know that not only did they use these materials, but also the way in which they employed them, and their style of weaving. Perforated pieces of antler, found in the graves, are exactly like the handles of the digging-stick of to-day. This suggests that edible roots were among their resources. (3) THE SECURING OF FOOD. Next, let us glance at the methods by which they secured their food. These methods, as suggested by the specimens themselves, and by the mode of life of other primitive people, were, undoubt¬ edly, hunting and fishing, and the col¬ lecting of wild plant products — as by picking berries and digging roots. They, evidently, had no domestic animal except the dog, and did not make a practice of cultivating the land. Hunting and Fishing. Digging Roots. 13 Stone Points for Arrows, Spears, and Knives. Many points for arrows, spears, and knives, chipped and flaked out of stones that chip well, especially glassy basalt, were found. Examples are shown in Plate II. Points ground out of mica schist, or argillite— one of which is shown in Plate III — ^were rarely found; but if we were to go to the coast, we should find that the ancient coast people ground many more points in proportion to those they chipped. The large points may have been used for knives, with or without short handles. The points could have been set in the split end of a handle, and held there by winding with wet thongs, which, on drying, would shrink and hold the knives securely. Some of the large points, as, for instance, those shown in Plate II, figs, n-p, may have been used also as spear heads. The small points, such as those shown in Plate II, figs, g-j, were probably made for arrows used with bows, such as those the modern Indians still remember making and using. The small fantastic points with peculiar serrated edges, such as those shown in Plate II, figs, k-1, may have been used in a sort of primitive surgery or quack¬ ery, or for some other purpose. An interesting thought arises in con- Prehistoric nexion with the unnotched, leaf-shaped Arsenals. points, shown in Plate II, fig. c, of which, sometimes, as many as forty were found deposited together in the ground. A few of them only, were finished with notches at the base to facilitate fastening to arrows or spears, but by merely making two notches in these leaf-shaped forms, finished points 41383—2 14 could be made. The style of these points was governed entirely by the position of the two little notches. It would seem that these deposits were small arsenals, for the man, family, or village owning them; but in some cases several such deposits were found within a distance of one hundred feet of each other, suggesting that they were under individual houses. Possibly they were the stocks of arrow makers, for we do not know whether each man made his own arrows, or whether one or more men made the arrows for each community. It is considered that a higher plane of human develop¬ ment has been reached when there is a division of labour; one man, for instance, could make the arrows for a number, while, perhaps, another man hunted not only for himself, but for many, among whom, of course, would be the man who supplied his arrow points. Besides the chipped stone points there Bone Points were also found a few points and barbs for Arrows rubbed out of bone. One is reproduced and Spears, in Plate III, fig. b. In the old sites on the coast there are found more bone points than points made of stone, but in the interior, bone points are rather scarce. Some of those found are large, made of antler, and are barbed. One is shown in Plate III, fig. c. The Indians say that the last named points were used for beaver spears. The preservation of a wooden fore- Fore-Shafts shaft of an arrow or spear, and another for Arrows larger one made of bone is manifestly or Spears, due to the dryness of the climate. Several fragments of bows were also found. 15 Certain grooved stones were probably Net Sinkers, used as net sinkers. One is illustrated in Plate III, fig. d; while another may be seen in the part of the collection described as “Tools Used by Men."” They suggest to us a means of secur¬ ing salmon by the use of nets. Possibly, however, they may have been either club heads or hammer- stones. Scrapers were found made of bone; they were used for securing vegetable or plant food (See Plates III, fig. f, and XIV, fig. i). Not knowing the purpose of these implements an old Thompson Indian was interrogated who stated that when a child he had seen his parents after removing the outer bark of certain trees, use such tools to scrape or cut off the soft inner bark which they used for food. Besides tools like the above, there are bone implements resembling paper knives, which it is supposed were used for the purpose of peeling or cutting bark while securing bark for food. Imple¬ ments for Securing Sap and Bark for Food. The next exhibit is the handle of a root Handles digger. The whole of the root digger for used by the modern Indian is usually Digging- made of wood, hence would more easily Sticks decay than the old handles of antler found by archaeological research. It is likely that the root diggers of the ancient Indians were often made of wood, which may be the reason why only the handles, such as the one shown in Plate III, fig. e, have been found. These are perforated in the middle, for receiving the butt of a digging stick. 41383— 16 (4) THE PREPARATION OF FOOD. Among the articles used in the prepar- Pestles and ation of food, are stone pestles of various Hammers forms, usually made of fine grained, for Crush- tough river pebbles — two of which are ing Food, shown in Plate V, figs, b and c. They may have been used also as hammers, and are referred to again under “Tools Used by Men.’' The pestles conform to two general types: one (fig. c) the type of pestle or hammer made by the people near the mouth of the Thompson river; the other (fig. b) the type made by the people of the Kamloops region. In addition to these, a few pestles were found which are of types common to other regions. One variety rarely found in the Thompson River region, is the com¬ mon type on the coast. It has a short striking head, and a top of similar shape, but smaller. Certain speci¬ mens are probably mere cylindrical stones, selected for pounding or rubbing; while others have been artifi¬ cially formed with care; some have the tops carved to represent the heads of animals (See Plate XV, fig. d). These pestles served for crushing dried meat, berries, and other food. On aU the old village sites there were Stones many fiat oval boulders, some with upon which shallow, saucer-shaped depressions in one Food was or both sides. Occasionally, large slabs Crushed. of sandstone were found, the sides of which are ground smooth. It would seem that these stones were employed as anvils or hand mills, upon which to crush berries and other food. 17 Mortars for Grind¬ ing Food. Stone mortars are scarce; but some were found, and they were probably used for grinding food, preparing medicine, red ochre, and other paints. One is shown in Plate IV. No fragment of ancient pottery has been Pottery. found in this region, nor on the adjacent coast, or anywhere in British Columbia, therefore, it is natural to conclude that the aborigines were not acquainted with the potter’s art. Slate knives, resembling in shape the Knives for blade of our common chopping knives. Cutting were found, chiefly in the western part of Food. the area. One is reproduced in Plate V, fig. a. The Indians in the region at the present time use similar knives, but they are made of iron procured from the whites. The modern Indians, after placing The Boiling their uncooked food in closely woven of Food. baskets, and covering it with water, dropped in hot stones and thus boiled the food. It is interesting to note that, on these ancient village sites we find stones cracked and blackened by fire, as though they had been used for cooking food after the same fashion as that until recently followed by the modern Indians. On the village sites in the Mississippi valley, and other regions where pottery was used, such stones are not so common. 18 (5) HABITATIONS. All through this region are evidences of prehistoric habitations located at varying distances from the larger village sites. This suggests that the mode of life of the prehistoric people was similar to that of the present Indians, of whom, one or two families often live at some distance from the main villages. On the sites of the old villages there Summer are shallow saucer-shaped depressions. Houses. like those formed by continual sweeping in the conical lodge or summer house of the modern Indians. The shape of the lodge is one of the points of resemblance of the culture here with that of the plains to the east. Until recently the Thompson Indian Winter built his house partly underground. He Houses of dug a hole from ten to thirty feet in Modern diameter, upon the edge of which he Indians. rested a roof that covered the entire excavation. An opening was left in the top which served as doorway, window, and chimney. The Indians entered and left the house by means of a curious ladder made of a notched log. Two of these still existed in 1897, though they were fast going to ruin. One is shown in Plate VI, fig. b. On aU the old village sites are found Winter numbers of circular depressions, ten to Houses of thirty feet in diameter, and two to five Prehistoric feet deep (See Figure 3). Each is sur- Indians. rounded by a ridge of earth. One is shown in Plate VI, fig. a. Excavations in these show that the fireplace was near the centre of 19 the house. It would seem that these depressions are the remains of winter houses similar to those of the Fig. 3. Diagram showing how decay and wind may reduce a serni-subterranean winter house co a hole surrounded by an embankment. Horizontal shading represents the earth on the roof of the house. Vertical shading represents the same earth after the house has gone to ruin. modern Indians. We consequently conclude that the summer and winter habitations of both the prehistoric, and the present day Indians, were practically the same. Small pits of similar appearance, but deeper in proportion to their diameter, are found near the house-sites, and are supposed to be remains of caches or cellars. Near Kamloops a considerable number of caches of another sort were found. These contained pieces of glassy basalt and hammer-stones; while in others were awls, needles, and sap-scrapers, all made of bone. (6) TOOLS USED BY MEN. Wedges made of the antler of the elk Wedges. were not uncommon, and among other uses may have been utilized for splitting out the timbers for the roof of the house. One is 20 shown in Plate VII, fig. e. Some of these wedges are curved, a shape that indicates that they may have been used in hollowing out canoes. Some are battered on the upper end from having been struck with a hammer, and one has a groove on each side, showing that it was partly cut, and then broken from the antler of which it was made. It will be remembered that certain of Hammers, the stone pestles considered under “The Preparation of Food,’^ particularly those with concave bases, may have been used as hammers. The articles thought to be net sinkers, or club heads — one of which is shown in Plate VII, fig. g — were perhaps employed as hammers, although the modern Indians doubt it. Tough pebbles were used for pounding; but the deeply bipitted hammer-stone of the east is not often found here. There have been found many celts Adzes. here, no doubt used chiefly as chisels or adzes. These were made of green stones, ranging from serpentine to a hard semi¬ precious translucent rock called nephrite. Examples of these are shown in Plate VII, figs, a, b, and f. The last one (fig. f), a chisel or adze, was made by sharpening a flake from a nephrite boulder. It will be seen that many of these imple¬ ments have grooves along the edges (figs, a and b) showing that they were partly detached and then broken from larger pieces of the same material; and a few boulders (Plate IX, fig. a) show the process of manufacture. Some of the celts are double bitted 21 (Plate VII, fig. b) and many are so sharp that they must have made effective instruments for cutting wood. One (Plate VII, fig. a) shows the stain left by the haft in which it was used; others show wear on the cutting edge. Chisels made of bone were also found. Some specimens shown in Plate VII Scrapers, are apparently points for scrapers (figs. Knives, h and i), knives (fig. 1), and drills (figs. Drills. j and k). These tools were made from such materials as glassy basalt, jasper, opal, chalcedony, and chert. These may have been held in the hand; but one piece of bone has every appearance of having been used as a handle. Perhaps a chipped knife point was fastened into it at one end by means of gum. The front tooth of the beaver was also formed into what is, no doubt, a blade for a carving- knife. Instruments of this nature are extensively used by various living tribes. Some of the chipped imple¬ ments, supposed to have been drills, were possibly used for boring holes in blocks of steatite, to make pipes like those shown in Plate XIII. Half cylinders of sandstone, with a Arrow groove lengthwise in the flat side, were Shaft common (Plate VII, fig. d). Some Smoothers, are decorated with geometric designs made up of incised lines filled with red paint. They were probably used for straightening and smoothing the shafts of arrows, in the same way as we would use sandpaper. It is interesting to notice that some of the grooves trend towards the right; while the right lower, and left upper corners 22 of the flat side are the most worn. This would be caused by grasping the two objects in the right hand and sliding them up and down on a shaft, for the thumb and fingers would tend to push the upper one to the left at the top, and to the right at the bottom. It would seem, therefore, that the right hand was the one usually used when working with this tool. These are similar to the modern arrow-shaft smoothers, which have not yet been discovered among archaeo¬ logical finds on the coast, or among the present Indians there; their presence here strengthens the belief in the affiliation of the culture in this area with that of the plateaus, and the east. Whetstones of gritty mica schist were Whetstones. often found. One is shown in Plate VII, fig. c. Such whetstones may have been used for sharpening the bone and stone chisels. Spatulate objects of bone were also found. They may have been used for flaking the fine edges of arrow points. There is one very interesting carved Toggle for specimen made of antler, which the Dog Halter, modern Indians believe to have been used as a toggle for a dog halter, to keep the rope from slipping up and choking the dog. It is again mentioned on page 35, and is also shown in Plate XV, fig. a. There are many other articles which we may consider as tools, the exact use of which is at present unknown. 23 (7) TOOLS USED BY WOMEN. Tools used by women may be considered as distinct from those used by men. Among these are scrapers for preparing skins, awls for piercing them, and needles. These tools were used in making clothing of skin and other material. Some of the scrapers are chipped from Scrapers for stone. Two are shown in Plate VIII, Preparing figs, a and b. In 1898 I photographed Skins. a Shuswap woman near Kamloops who was scraping and preparing a skin with such a stone scraper hafted in the split end of a wooden handle; although she was within two miles of a rail¬ way roundhouse where iron could have been picked up. She had learned to wear calico clothing, but in her work she stiU clung to the implement of her ances¬ tors. We might say she was a Stone Age woman in 1898. The Thompson Indians also use such a scraper. The little chipped scrapers (Plate VII, figs, h, i) con¬ sidered as tools used by men, may have been used as skin scrapers, and some of the large chipped forms (Plate VIII, fig. c) may have been used by the women for knives. There were also found scrapers made of bone and of antler. One shows that something had been wound around the ends. The modern Indians wind horse ribs in a similar way, and use them like a drawshave for scraping skins which they lay over a pole or beam. There has been seen even part of a scythe blade so wound and used. In the case of skin scrapers made of a leg bone of the deer, needles and awls were some¬ times placed in the natural groove of the bone and were bound in, for safe keeping when not in use. 24 After the skin has been prepared, Awls. stone, bone (Plate VIII, figs, d, f), and antler perforators were no doubt used in making them into garments, pouches, and the like. All these things have been found in this area. It might not be out of place to class as awls some of the artifacts seen among the chipped points under the section of “The Securing of Food,” and the section of “Tools Used by Men.” Some natural pieces of chalcedony were also found, which may have been used as awls. Some of the bone awls are decorated with incised designs and notches, or both (Plate XIV, g, h). Others had been daubed with red ochre. A few of these implements may have been used for plaiting baskets. The awls made of the ulnae and metapodial bones of the deer are of forms and materials common to many parts of America. The iron found in a grave — previously An Iron mentioned as being a more modern speci- Awl. men than the others, perhaps obtained by barter from the whites — was in the form of an awl. It was set in a bone handle, stained green by copper salts. No spindle whorls, known to be such. Spindle were found in this region; but there is a Whorls. perforated stone which was possibly so used for spinning. It is similar in shape to the spindle whorls used to-day among the coast people, a halfday’s ride by rail to the west. The perforated stone mentioned above is in the Provincial Museum at Victoria, and is illustrated in the national collection by a drawing. 25 Needles made of bone were found. Needles. The eye is usually elliptical and at some distance from the end. Some have two eyes, and a few are decorated with incised lines . Needles were probably used not only for sewing skin garments, but for fastening together cat tails and rushes, to make mats similar to those seen among the present day Indians, for use as house covers. Similarly shaped needles are made of iron by the Thompson Indians, and are used for this purpose. Many fragments of bags or mats, made Fabrics by weaving strips of the bark of the sage and Skins, brush, and also some fragments of skins bearing fur, have been preserved, owing, in some cases, to the dryness of the climate, in others to the preserving action of copper salts. One piece of birch bark is of interest as showing where the stitches had been put through. (8) THE MANUFACTURE OF SPECIAL OBJECTS. Some specimens suggest the mode of The Making manufacture of certain objects. For ex- of Chipped ample, we found pebbles of agate. Stone Points jasper, and the like, as well as rough for Arrows, pieces of glassy basalt the raw Spears, etc. material out of which points were chipped — also the pebbles which could have been used as mauls for breaking up such material 5 fragments of basalt, broken up by means of a maul, small pebbles possibly used as hammers for chipping pieces of glassy basalt into the rough form of an imple- 26 ment; chips, and flakes, probably the refuse from these chipping processes; and pieces of basalt in the forms of points for spears, arrows, and other artifacts probably made by means of such small hammer pebbles. Pieces of antler and bone probably were used for pressing off the fine flakes in making points for arrows and other things. Experiment has shown them to be most suitable for the purpose. These pieces have been mentioned under the section “ Tools Used by Men.’’ Some of the fine flakes were found. There are also many blades and points finished by specializing such blanks into various shapes, some with and some without the notches which were used to facilitate fastening the points in the split end of a shaft or handle. It is interesting to fill the notches in one of these specimens with plaster-of-paris, so that one may see the small amount of chipping necessary to change the cache or leaf-shaped forms into the finished implement. Quantities of cache forms were found deposited in the ground, and such deposits are called caches. The Indians now living in the Thompson River region stiU possess the art of making small chipped arrow-points. They make journeys up the mountains, where they break glassy basalt fresh from the quarry, in which state they claim it can be worked more easily than if weathered. One stage in the manufacture of a pestle or hammer is shown in Plate X. It is a boulder which has been bruised or pecked with a stone until the ends have been flattened, and the part around the middle hollowed out in the process of reducing it to proper form. 27 Natural boulders, and fragments of The Ma- green stone, some of which is nephrite — king of about as hard as steel, and usually of a Celts beautiful, translucent, greenish colour — (Chisels were numerous along the banks of the and Adzes) streams, and in the gravel. Small sand- from Green stone slabs, worn sharp at the edge. Stone. which exactly fit the artificial grooves ground in some of the boulders and frag¬ ments, were found. These grinders show striations which indicate that in use they were shoved back and forth somewhat as planes are used. Evidently pieces were cut from the boulders with them. That these sandstone plough grinders were most numerous where the grooved boulders were found, strengthens this idea. A Lillooet chief informed me that his old people said that beaver teeth were used to cut these green stones, while deer ribs were used in like manner to cut antler, and that by experiment he had found the latter method remarkably successful. Dr. G. M. Dawson believed that quartz crystals (Plate IX, fig. b) were used for cutting grooves in nephrite. From some of the boulders a piece or pieces have been first partly cut out by groov¬ ing, evidently by means of these slabs, or with crystals of quartz, slabs of wood used with sand, or, perhaps, sometimes even with a string used with sand and water. Some grooves like the one shown in Plate IX, fig. a, being deeper in the middle than at the ends, could not have been cut with a string, but only with something like the slab of sandstone which might be made to plough deeper in the middle of the cut than at the ends. After grooving on both sides, these pieces have been broken free. The broken surface clearly shows in many speci- 28 mens. Pieces of nephrite, broken from boulders, and still showing the groove or grooves which were made to partly detach them, are also found. These were finally made into adzes or chisels. Some of these adzes (Plate IX, fig. c) or celts, as they are called by arch- seologists, show traces of the grooves which were cut in order to break the piece from which each of them was made from the rough boulder, or from a slab cut in like manner from the boulder. A few (Plate IX, fig. d) even show a broken surface not yet effaced by grinding and polishing. At last we find the finished celt which has been rubbed and polished until no trace of these grooves remains. Skin scrapers were made from quartzite pebbles, which are numerous aU over the country. Some of the flakes broken off from such pebbles have been used until the edges are polished smooth. Others were finished by chipping before they were used, and some of these were used until the sharp¬ ened edges were rounded . N atural bones of the deer and finished scrapers made from the same bone were found. The Ma¬ king of Skin Scrapers. Pipes were made from rough pieces of The Making soapstone. A fragment of soapstone of Pipes. which has been partly cut into the form of a pipe, may serve to illustrate one stage in the process, while pipes made of soapstone, and here classified under the section of “Games, Amusements, and Smoking,’' may complete the series showing the history of the manufacture of pipes. 29 (9) WEAPONS USED IN WAR. It is probable that the chipped stone points and rubbed stone and bone points for arrows, spears, and knives, mentioned on pages 13 and 14 (Plate II and Plate III, figs, a-c), were also used in war. Club heads made of stone, like the object shown in Plate VII, fig. g, were also used as weapons employed in war. All these have been mentioned under the sections entitled “The Securing of Food,” and “Tools Used by Men.” There were certain implements, however, which were probably used exclusively in warfare, such as daggers or lance heads made of bone and antler. One of these is ornamented by pits and incised lines. War clubs were also found. One is made of copper, and another by sharpening a short prong of an antler and using the long one for a handle. Others were made of whale- ribs, and are represented by the specimens shown in Plate XI. These two, each have a knob, at the end of the handle, carved to represent a human head, in a style resembling that of the coast. (10) DRESS AND ORNAMENT. Among the specimens which may be Paint. termed articles of luxury are a certain white earth, red ochre (Plate XII, fig. a), yeUow ochre (fig. b), and green copper material (fig. c). These were, probably, used for painting the face and body. A fragment of a comb made of antler Combs. was found. Sharp bones ornamented by incised lines and called head-scratchers by the Indians of to-day, were also found. Two of the articles shown in Plate XIV, figs, g, h, and considered as awls, may be such. 41383—3 30 Skins of deer and birds and woven Dress fabrics made of the bark of the sage Materials, brush and other fibres, were used for dress. Some fragments of these had not decayed because of the dryness of the cfimate. Others were preserved by the salts of copper, near pieces of which they were buried. Copper was made into pendants for Copper the ear or necklace. At least one speci- Ornaments. men has been found suspended by a thong which was preserved by the action of the salts of the copper. It hung from the middle of a necklace made of copper and shell beads strung upon twisted vegetable fibre. Such copper ornaments are reproduced in Plate XII, figs, j, 1. There are some other copper articles which the modern Indians think were used by their ancestors for hair ornaments. The Indians of southern Alaska use hair ornaments of a similar shape made of iron. While the copper bracelet shown in Plate XII, fig. m, may be modern, yet copper stains on human wrist and ankle bones suggest the ancient use of bracelets and anklets. Pendants ^ pear-shaped stone, perforated at the of Other found by Mrs. Bailey. Materials Provincial Museum at Vic¬ toria. Pieces of galena (Plate XII, fig.k) , mica, calcite crystals, and sea shells, some of them of the large scollop {Pecten caurinus), others of Pectun- culus (Plate XII, fig. f), and the iridescent haliotis or abalone, bone daubed with red ochre, pieces of bone, incisor teeth of the deer, the canine and incisor teeth 31 of the elk, canine teeth of the bear (Plate XII, fig. d) and wolf, and the claw bones and nails of the bear, were all made into pendants. Perhaps some of these were used as ear-rings. Many of the beads found were made Shell Beads, from several kinds of shells, at least three varieties of which must have come from the sea. One of these is the dentalium shell (Plate XII, fig. g). which is only found in deep water. Little olivella shells were also used. Necklaces were made by stringing shell disks, dentalium shells, sections of such shells, and copper beads upon twisted vegetable fibre. In one case the fibre was identified as cedar bark . Sometimes the dentalium shells were engraved with geometric designs. Some of the beads are of bone, such as Beads of are shown in Plate XII, fig. e; while Other others, shown in fig. i, were made in Materials, recent times, of copper obtained from white men. Some of the articles found were prob- Nose ably used as nose ornaments, and inserted Ornaments, horizontally through the septum of the nose. A bar of wood covered with copper and preserved by the action of the copper salts, a bar of white stone, and certain articles made by inserting a brush or tassel of hair in the large ends of dentalium shells, were probably used in this way. Indians still living remember to have seen such articles worn in the nose. 32 (11) GAMES, AMUSEMENTS, AND SMOKING. Woodchuck and beaver teeth were Dice. ornamented, some with straight lines, others with pits. The Indians of to-day use similar objects in gambling; it is probable, there¬ fore, that the ancient Indians used these teeth as dice. An astragalus bone of the deer, which was found, may have been used in gambling, or as a buzz. The bars of bone found decorated by incised lines, and the tubes cut from bird bone — all of which resemble present-day Indian gambling implements in that country — may have been used in games. Large perforated pecten shells were Rattles. found. One is shown in Plate XIII, fig. f. These must have come from the coast, where the natives, to-day, tie together large pecten shells, and employ them as rattles when dan¬ cing. The dances are more often a religious obser¬ vance rather than a mere amusement, as among us. There are other articles which were Miscellan- probably connected with amusement, or eous religion. The young people when they Objects. were being trained for adult life, probably drank through a perforated bone tube, similar to the one we found in excavating; at least, this is the explanation which the modern Indians give of the utility of the tubes found. The tubes were probably suspended by a cord tied through the hole. These specimens, however, may have been used as whistles or calls rather than in initiations. 33 The story of the modern Indian youth’s initiation into tribal manhood is a long one, full of interest. Animal, and fantastic forms chipped from glassy basalt are said by the modern Indians to have been made as tests of skill, or for play. Crystals of calcite (Plate XIII, fig. d), quartzite, and pretty or grotesque pebbles of agate and other stones are sometimes found in the graves. They may have been charms, or symbols of property. Old pipes are usually tubular in shape. Pipes. and made of soapstone, shaped somewhat like a slender wine glass. Some are orna¬ mented with incised lines. Specimens of old pipes are shown in Plates XIII, figs, a, e; XIV, figs, a-d; XV, figs. b,c. A fragment of one carved in the style of the art of the coast was found (Plate XV, fig. b) . It is mentioned again under the section on “Art.” On one tubular pipe (Plate XV, fig. c), is a little animal form carved in the round. The Indian of the present time uses a pipe with a crook or elbow (Plate XIII, fig. c) ; but none of these are found in old graves, although simple pipe bowls are (Plate XIII, fig. b). As late as 1891, how¬ ever, there were Indians who still used the straight tubular pipe. The Indians tell us, that before the Tobacco. advent of the white man in this region, they used a native wild tobacco; it is probable that the earlier people used the same. In recent times the Indians have substituted commercial tobacco for the wild tobacco. They reduce its strength with leaves of the bearberry. 34 (12) ART. The art of this ancient people is one of the most inter¬ esting of their achievements. Many of the specimens, such as the Engraved antler handle for a digging-stick, the war Designs. club made of copper, the awls, pipes, gambling bones, and dentalium shells, are ornamented with incised or engraved notches and lines, forming geometric designs or pictographs, both of which are interpreted by modern Indians. The pur¬ pose of such specimens has been considered under the respective sections to which they belong, but the designs are of interest to us here. An interesting geometric design is found on one of the pipes in the national collection. It is shown in Plate XIV, fig, c; and another, which represents animal forms in a schematic or conventional way, is shown in Plate XIV, fig. d. Judging by what we know of the modern Thompson Indians, the owners of these pipes may each have had a dream in which he thought he received his Manitou, or Guardian Spirit. The drawing on his pipe probably represents the being that appeared to him in that dream. A dagger made of antler is ornamented Engraved by little pits. The circle-and-dot design and Drilled is frequently found on old articles as well Designs. as on those of modern origin, not only in this region but also on the plateau to the south and the coast to the west. 35 The incised geometric and pictographic The Typical decorations described, as made by Art of this engraving and drilling, were most Region. common and consequently we think of them as the type of art char¬ acteristic of the ancient people of Thompson River valley, in fact of the whole of the southern interior of British Columbia. This is partly illustrated in Plate XIV. Carvings were sometimes made in Carvings. bone and stone. The toggle of the dog halter, previously mentioned, and shown on Plate XV, fig. a; as well as the handles of the war clubs made of whale rib, and represented on Plate XI, are illustrations of carving in bone; while work in stone is shown by the fragment of a pipe bowl illustrated on Plate XV, fig. b. All these represent animal forms, and are admirably done. The art resembles somewhat that of the coast people, and may be the work of the coast artist or one familiar with coast art. There seems to be a slight difference between these carvings and those of the coast ; which suggests that they were made by the people of the Thompson River vaUey, though, doubtless, in imitation of the art of the coast people. The sculptured animal form on the pipe shown in Plate XV, fig. c, and those on the tops of pestles (Plate XV, fig. d), however, seem to be distinctively representa¬ tive of the art of the Thompson River valley. Red paint was used for marking upon Paintings, great boulders. It was probably mixed with grease, which would prevent its being washed off by the slight rains of the region. A 36 sample of rock painted in this way shows the indefinite outline of these drawings, why copies sometimes differ, and why a photograph can bring out only a little more than is apparent to the eye. It is said that these markings are records of the various experiences of youths while undergoing the purifications, fastings, and training necessary to prepare them for admission to adult society. These may have been made recently, as the modern Indians paint geometric and figure patterns in red ochre on the boulders. Their skill in this line, as well as in carving, and in ordinary handi¬ work, is manifestly inferior to that on articles found on the old sites. (13) METHOD OF BURIAL. . Having considered the life of these from people, it remains to notice some of the „ articles found in their graves. Among raves. these are roUs of birch bark. The bark may have been used to line the graves, and in course of time became rolled up. With the skeleton — as is the case in many parts of the world — are usually found the various belongings of the individual; some are often in a pouch placed near the middle of the body, if of a man, tools and implements for hunting; if of a woman, needles, awls, and the like. Red paint is frequently found in the grave, and the body was probably often painted with it for burial. Near some of the bodies were found skeletons of dogs. It is interesting to note that, in the graves of the coast people, whether in stone cairns or in shell-heaps, we seldom find any articles that, apparently, were purposely buried with the body, such as those above mentioned. 37 The dead were buried a short distance The Graves, from the villages, none were found in the house sites. Many of the graves are in the sandy tops of the foot hills, terraces, and bottom lands along the streams; they are solitary or in groups. Some were covered or marked with a few boulders, but these are supposed to be of recent origin. Sometimes the body is found covered with fragments of a canoe, or a little tipi made of sticks, which have been preserved below the surface of the sand. Some of the bones are partly cremated, especially those of children, as found near Kamloops. We photographed a grave after the Opened sand around and within it had been Graves. removed from the skeleton and the accompanying objects (Plate XVI, fig. a). In all graves the bodies were found to have been originally buried about two feet deep, flexed on the side. Some were wrapped in cloths, and covered with mats of rushes. Rockslide Thompson River region there Burials another mode of burial, as illustrated in Plate XVI, fig. b. The body and the articles to be buried with it, were placed at the base of a rock slide, and then the rocks were loosened so as to cause them to slide down and cover all. Such graves were found marked by large rocks, or by twigs in the last stages of decay. One skeleton resting upon the rockslide was in a little tent of poles covered with mats made from the stalks of the common cat tail. The rockslide had been worked down around the tent to the height of about two feet over the 41383—4 38 skeleton. The burial customs as revealed by our explorations, agree closely with those recorded of the Thompson Indians, as given by Mr. Teit. CONCLUSION. From the various specimens which have withstood the ravages of time and the weather, we learn certain facts in regard to the early inhabitants of the Thomp¬ son River region. Perceiving that the non-perishable articles found resemble in general character those made of similar materials and used similarly by the modern Indians of this area, we may conclude that many of the perishable articles and even some of the customs of the prehistoric people were similar to those of the Indians inhabiting the region to-day. In fact, it w^ould seem that the earliest people living in the Thompson River vaUey, of whom we have any knowledge, had the same material culture and led practically the same life as that led by the Indians found there by the first white explorers. In other w^ords, there is evidence of only one physical type and material culture in this region. The modern Indians make their graves like the prehistoric Indians; they know the use of the rock- slide burial, and they interpret the conventional marks found on the prehistoric remains. Yet differences exist between the old and the new. The modern pipe is a bowl or has an elbow-crook like a type found on the Plains. The absence of native pottery is characteristic of all British Columbia, in both prehistoric and historic times. Ethnological investigations have shown a eonnexion of the recent culture of this area with that of the Rocky 39 Mountain region. Correspondingly the old pipes and mortars are somewhat like those found as far south as California. Points rubbed out of slate-like rocks, harpoon points made of bone and antler, fish knives made of slate, the sea shells, bone of the whale, and the resemblance of certain carvings to those of the coast, point to contact with the coast. On the other hand, the celts or adzes of the coast are on the average shorter than those of this area. No specimens made of abalone shell have been found by us farther to the east than Spence Bridge. Both the physical type and the cul¬ ture suggest that the people of the coast and those of the interior developed on distinct lines, and that points of resemblance are due to intercourse. Such contact, at least with the culture on the coast and that of the plateau to the south, was greater in the past than at present. In recent years the region seems to have taken elements of material culture from the east. The remains in the Lillooet valley show influ¬ ences of the coast as well as of the interior. Here, it is obvious that the interior culture and the coast culture merge. The culture of the interior of southern British Col¬ umbia seems to have been a unit; that of the coast constituted another unit. In central Washington was a culture differing a little in some respects from that of the interior of southern British Columbia, but greatly from that of the coast. 40 PUBLICATIONS ON THE ARCHEOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. The foregoing account is intended to be a popular guide for the general public, and for teachers accom¬ panied by classes. The scientist will find more elabor¬ ate discussions of the questions in the original sources; among which the following may be consulted. Smith, Harlan, I.. . .Archaeology of Lytton, British Columbia. (Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. I, Part 3). Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural hlis- tory, Vol. II, Part 3, 1899. Smith, Harlan, I.. . .Archaeology of the Thompson River Region, British Columbia. (Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. I, Part 6). Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. II, Part 6, 1900. Teit, James The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. (Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. I, Part 4), Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural His¬ tory, Vol. II, Part 4, 1900. Plate II. The Securing of Food. Chipped stone points for arrows, spear, s, and knives. rig. a. Chipped from greenish quartzite, Kamloops. Collector, C. F. Newoombe, 1905. Cat. No. XI-A-653. b. Chipped from white chalcedony. Burial ground near Lytton. Collector, C. Hill-Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-153. c. Chipped from glassy basalt. Grave opposite Kamloops. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1888. Cat. No. XI-A-21. d. Chipped from glassy basalt. Grave at Lillooet. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-316. e. Chipped from glassy basalt. Burial ground near Lytton. Collector, C. Hill- Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-128. f. Chipped from chert. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-623. g. Chipped from glassy basalt. Main burial place, Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-422. h. Chipped from glassy basalt. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895, Cat. No. XI-A-106. i. Chipped from glassy basalt. Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-546. j. Chipped from glassy basalt. Burial ground near Lytton. Collector, C. Hill- Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-148. k. Chipped from glassy basalt. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-S52. l. Chipped from glassy basalt. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-551. m. Chipped from glassy basalt. Grave opposite Kamloops. Collector, G. M, Dawson, 1888. Cat. No. XI-A-22. n. Point chipped from brown chalcedony. From surface of 6th site, Lytton. Collector, Harlan I. Smith, 1897. Original in American Museum of Natural History. See Fig. 5. Smith. “Arch. Lytton.” From cast. Cat. No. XI-A-556. o. Chipped from obsidian. Fraser river, interior of B.C. Collector, C. F. Newcombe, 1905. Cat. No. XI-A-557. p. Chipped from mottled yellowish chalcedony. From 2j miles below Lytton. Collector, J. W. McKay, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-513. 41383 il 3TAj‘i .Loo^ lo gnjiiiioy nilT eWinjl ban .ffiftaqf: .wane lol ntninq onoic liujqirlO .adrao37»9H .1 .0 .mJooIIoO .Kqnobnn'A ,9jhticjjp ilainaaig moil boqqidO •fiSO-A-TZ .oZ .iii'.J .gOCI .toJyalloO mna hiiucns hdiuil .-inohaol/iffr.’ oiWv? mm} hfwjqirf'D €ci-A-IZ .oZ .JfiO .JnoT-lIiPf ■ M .O .TiiJaalioO .tiqoolnixiZ ajfeoqqo ovuiO .ilsemf vaBelg laoi} baqqidD •IS-A-IZ .oZ .jbO .8881 .noswaCI ,n<-*WBCI ,M .0 .loloalloO ,J-xx)JIiJ }« gvBiO .jljsefsd iaaisls nicnl bsqqijffO , .OrS-A-lZ .oZ .laD .6881 -lltll .O .TOlftoltoO .nollyj ■u-ou bnooig InitssH .llsead veaals moil beqqiriD .8S1-A-IZ .oZ -JbD .eC8t .luoT oZ -JbO .TYbl .noewBO ,M .O .TOtoaiJoO .nollYl diado mo-rl beqqiriO .K2?.-A-IX M .£» .loloalloO .aolt'id .s-iisiq Isimd nijsM .Jlfised \:eaBla nioil bsqqiriO SSP-A-IZ .i>Z ,}bO .TT81 .noavraQ ,6881 .aoiauM .fl .H ,i;olo9J(fV. ) .svbiI) .jlaead yasnls moil bsrqidO , -<10I-A-JZ .oZ .taO taJ .6881 ,90-iflwM .a .II .•tolot.HoO .noU^J .llaead xsenls moil bgnqiilO H » .0M-A-1Z .OZ JiH J .losoeiloj MOJt^cJ laoa biiuois UiuH .jlaaad yssbIs moil baqqcxia .gtl-A-IZ .,.Z .laCj .8881 Juof : 0881 ,yoinqM .3 .H .lOtaalloO noM^pI .evaiO tl^aad -vreaals .mr.1 faaqqid^ 'os,f »/r Cl tr . Sae-A-IZ .oZ .JaM .0881 .ooinuM .a .H .loJoalioO .nojj-pl .yvaiO . tlasad ysaaia moil baqalri' ) 1 If ^ 166-A,-IZ .oZ .ieO .O lolooKo^ .aqooimaZ aJiaoqqo sjvaiiO^ .llagad fi&'aia moil faaqqrdO . .2S-A~XZ .oZ .laD .8881 .noavyaCI .aojjTca ,9lia die lo^^ooahue iiioiT .ifnobsolarir) .iwoid moil bsaaiilo inin'r .tftJ.Jgajrnoil .noU;J .doiA .dinar. .6 .yM ', >8. . /lolpiH taiulat< ■i- > , 4 „ . , .066-A-IZ ,oZ 1 .A ,mmf)lloO . ).a lo iqmini iwh lagai'i .naildedo mod baqqidO .oV[ JisO .60Gt .admo'jv/eVT ■ floJlYj wolsd aalua .iaoboylady daivmlls-i bolltom mod boqqidO .l.Io-A-lZ ,oZ ..jtiO .8881 .v.iiHiTv* .W .1. .•loii-dloO .gi'-I -d .b .0 1 .a .d .i I .'A .1 mip Plate II The securing of food. 41383 Plate III. Fig. a. b. c. d. The Securing of Food. Point rubbed out of mica schist. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-719. Point rubbed out of bone. Grave at Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-721. Fragment of a barbed point made of antler. Grave at Lillooet. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-722. Net sinker made of mica schist. Kootenay. Collector, C. F. Newcombe, 1905. Cat. No. XI-A-730. e. Digging stick handle made of antler. Near Lytton. Collector, C. Hill- Tout. Cat. No. XI-A-73L f. Sap scraper made of bone. Grave, Lillooet. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-724. 41383 .IIIaTAjS[ .boo'5 io snhoooS srfT •Si'l ,TOI ,no8WBQ -M .O .loioslIoO .noMifJ .tgirioa coim io Juo bsddin inio‘1 .& .en-A-lX .oVi .tfiO .6681 .acnnuM .3 .H .loioalJoO .noJJvJ Jb otbiO .anotf lo Jito baddui t0(o3 .d .ISV-A-IX .oX .teO . f) .noJoalloO .JauoIIiJ }b avBiO .lalins io abism Jnioq badisd b lo laatnasil .0 .2ST-A--IX .oX -IbO .6881 .noawBQ .M .adnioowaX .0 ,ioloallo0 .^BnalooX Js'uias soira lo absin laJnia laX .b .08T-A-IX .oX .Ib'J -6061 -UiH .0 iTOloalloO .aollitJ iBaX .laLtoB lo ebBm albnad jloila gnigaiQ .9 .I8T-A-IX .oX -IbO .JboT .0881 .noawBG .M .0 .TOloalloO .Jaboili.! ,avjiiO .anoJ lo ab/sin laqaio? qaB .1 .:t2T-A-IX .oX .JbO 8881^ Plate III. The securing of food. 41383 ■ •C ( 3 ,4* I 'C I'M ‘i It Plate IV. The Preparation of Food. Mortar or anvil made of a boulder. Boothroyd’s flat, 11 miles above Boston Bar. Gift of H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-733. 41383 .VI aTAJ*! •booa io xioiJeiBqsi^I 9 *■» ssi 'N» -? . .. St. :.!j 'J'.y: /= -.' ... .i , *^.? ?: 4 ^f.r f 'v^ 4 ' if •a- IT ■' 1. e • I ■fir I . '.* i . 'ji =•■■ I k V;-- •1 ~f 4. ^ ♦■f: ? tc ■■•t V ^4 r . :i ' iL m % •? • ' ■' f ■ "H.^' ■rg -•■ I :ri ' V Plate VI. Fig. a. b. Habitations. View across the Fraser river from the main site at Lytton, showing in the fore^ound a hole surrounded by an embankment — the remains of an ancient semi-subterranean house. Recent semi-subterranean winter house of the Thompson Indians, Nicola valley. 41383 D .Yf :irhYi noHvJ ts on- njiiirt '.rfi aTO->! ovh otf>: .^ojV .s, ^;!o;;uK;;:;Yn8aiB.noT -ni Bk nvr ,«a00^8 nsgia lo sxf/sra JleO .s oVI ..tfiO .BC8£ ,3O!n0M -fit ,H .TOtoalluO .tiotJvJ .svsiO .dad lo niBJa e/)V-A-IZ -ciotl^d jSvaiO -snivoois ^niwoila .anoia 09373 io ahsm iho baiJid alduoQ .0 .S9T-A-IZ .oZ .isO '.SQSi .winuM .H H .todaslIoO ,9t5tauM fl .H .loJrjadoO .nolJ’id .avaiO .jeirioa jsahri lo ab^fa anolaJari'// .0 X18-A-IZ .oM JsO .mt •fl .H .aotnsIIoO .noJd-^i J ,3VBtD .snolafaiiBe logbKrmadJoomaliBdB woitA .b •TST-A-iZ .oZ .JbO . ,5081 .aoiauM .qM .V1f8l .noawad .M .O /lolosiloO .nol^vJ .Tdllna lo obBoi asbaW lev-A-iz <90700^ -H -H .•sol^alloO .iioW'^ j ,9'/b7D .9J!OJg09973 lo absm JIbd aid, t-iieV 1 •MiT-A-IZ iO’Z .teO .5081 -A-IZ .oZ .lay .TT8X .nnaweCI .M .D ,70-£59lIo3 .aoi7'{J .slddoq bsvooTO 3. .0681 ddoT-IIiH ,.0 (loioaHoO .aoilv,d .raqtijsi b&i xnoil baqqido laqaiag .d ; ■ .ISft^A-IZ -oZ .JbO -Util .D .iCKfasdldO bnoM'jJ .vnobeoIadD daiwoIIaY niotl boqqitfD laqaiofi .t .S83-A-IZ .oZ .jbQ .9681 ,,tuoT ,H .H lo lliO .noilYU ,9YfixO .Hnb a 7oi ,jissped v^sssls moil baqqido Iniod .i .088-A.-IZ .oZ ..JeO 5881 .aotouM aolJvJ ,99fi{q laiiud nieM .llhb a toI' .Uaead 'iaaaSs moil hsqqido Inio'I’ A . MI- A-IZ .oZ .laD .mr .noewfid . M . O ,707991100 .'lo.t.oatloC) .yvbxD .oiiad 7ol .tlaaad morl beqxjida jaio'T 1 .85-A-rZ .«Z ..JaO .5881 .aoTrtuM .8 .H Plate VII Tools used by men. Plate VIII. Tools Used by Women. a. i--.Rin scraper cmppeu h^*- Dawson, 1890. Cat. No. XI- • QoUgctor C. Hill-Tout, 1899 b Skin scraper chipped from quarteite. Lytton. Collector, L. B irsS- o.‘'or."' cX^«. C. BiB-Tou. .S,5. O.. No. XI-A- ., A«i*t!l«de ot b»e, Grove. Litton. Collector, H. B. Mumoe, 1895. C.t. , Awl'^m.^e^tone. Lillooet. Collector, G. M. Dnweon. 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-847. ■ lii / aPA^rj, .n3njoW y:d hsaU ekjo T K .0 .;«™p «o,, vOXi trinT ffrPT -* ir ^ -^Sg-A-fX .o/; .-iij- ) .0^81 ,nos-/r£G .mi .JuoT-IitH .G ..OJOOIIOD moj^baqgido .d .-.pjosIloU -^l^^aionsqg jWfe^q ^ A ly v * X , r .isnuM A riaiforrit nenwaG .M .O -A-IA ,ot< .t«D .se<^l J,;QT-mH.Q ,ioWIoO -no-tn J .e„od lo aJ>«m I-;,A .h .1^0 -seal .ootnnM .a .H ,TOi09d«a .noi^^J .sv^xO .9.iod}aelJf(v,A .9 • old .teO. .0881 ,me.wsa .M O .TojodfoO ..i.oollij .on^l^'YbnS^l^rA i ■Vt-A-A-IX Plate VIII Tools used by women. Plate IX. The Manufacture of Special Objects. a. Boulder of green stone showing grooving and break by means of which a piece was detached. Near Lytton. Collector, G. Hill-Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-858. b. Quartz crystal. Possibly used to cut grooves in green stones. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-860. c. Celt made of green stone showing grooving by means of which it was out out. Main burial place, Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-768. d. Celt made of green stone showing grooving and break by means of which it was cut out. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1896. Cat. No. XI-A-766. .XI axAjq .eJooidO IjjiooqS lo siuJ.DsiunjBM sdT •Si'^ eoaiq J5 doidy/ lo gnsafQ Yd 3leOTd bne s«ivooTs aniwods eaofs naoig lotabluoa .8 .o>I .iaO .0681 ,JuoT-iliH .0 .loJosIfoO .nolJYd itsVT .badofiJsb axiw .8g8-A-IX . now Y^I 1 3 VBiO .89flo*a ^9^^s ai sevoois iuo oi bgsu xldiaaol . lidavio sbrsuO . d .098-A-IZ .oVs JsD .5681 .soinuM .3 .H .lo^oalloD .luo Juo S8V/ ii doidw lo anaara Yd gntYOOTa gjiiwoda enote naaig lo absm JlaO .o ,oVL .teO .T'i8I .noewnd .M .O ,toJaaIIoO .noJJY'd ,aD8lq fniiud aiaV .8aT-A-IX li daxdw to snaam Yd d^aid bnn aniyoois aniwoda anato naaia to abam ilsD .b .Oid .iaO .5681 .aomuM .3 .H .TOloalloO .noWYd ,a vaiO .loo loo saw .5dT-A-IZ Plate IX The manufacture of special objects, Plate X. The Manufacture of Special Objects. Boulder showing pecking around the middle and at the ends by means of which it was being reduced to the form of a pestle or hammer. Lytton. Col¬ lector, C. Hill-Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-745. .7 d'lj.x'i IjJWskig io ai!it:ji;lljnj;J^ .'»;{'l' ifoiii #? lo 'CO abfro tB bnfi sibbi jU siit imvm: gtild-Jiq ^ni m}d>. Tibliii >< J -io^ > .iioj S'/.t .'ismjrijsi-l to oK^seq b te anol arid ol baaiibat aniad Bun Ji .cUT-A-I/. .6M .>b0 ..'ucT-IfiH ■ ) . to:o9l Plate X . The manufacture of special objects. 41383 Plate XI„ Weapons Used in War. Clubs made of whale’s bone. Kamloops. Collector, Harlan I. Smith, on Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897. Fig. a Original in American Museum of Natural History. From cast. Cat, No. XI-A-862. b Original in American Museum of Natural History. From cast. Cat. No. XI-A-863. 41383 JX ota-iH .ibW ni lisaU anoqjssV/ 00 .ifiiniS .1 nehaH .mto^lloO .aqoolrtifi/! .yood e'yieriv/^ lo yl)«m gdulO .T681 .aoilibyqxH oiiioa}*! iliioVl qugyl Si'^ ft tJaO .JKBO moi'fl -VTOiEtH Ibib^bK lo oiuyauM UBahymA ni .)■■ S;8^A-IZ .0'/. .ifiO .J8i!a aicn'i .^oleiH IbiuJbM lo moyeuM nuoiiycnA ui j-rt'- iBois-'i^l cl .r48-A-IZ .oK gailk Plate XI, Weapons used in war. 41383 Plate XII. Dress and Ornament. rig. a. Red ochre. Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-865. b. Yellow ochre. Vermilion cliff, Tulameen river. Collector, L. M. Lambe, 1906. Cat. No. XI-A-866a. c. Green paint. Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-867. d. Pendant made by perforating the canine tooth of a bear. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-868. e. Beads made of bone. Grave, Lillooet. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-874 a , b, c, d, e. f. Perforated Pacific Ocean shell (Pectunoulus). Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-87G. g. Pacific Ocean tooth shells (dentalium). Grave, LiUooet. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-879 a, b, c, d. h. Pendant made of shell. Summit of Murray mountain. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI~A-881. i. Modern copper beads on braided string. Kamloops. Collector, W. F. Tolmie, 1884. Cat. No. XI-A-884. j. Copper pendant. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-885. k. Pendant made of galena. Grave, Lillooet. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-882. l. Copper pendant. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-886. m. Bracelet made of copper, perhaps modern. Grave, Lytton. Gift of H. B Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-887. 41383 JIX aTAj'I ■idamaaiO bap. s^9^C^ c&ft-A-IX .oVl ;t/jO ,66'81 .wtoi/M .3 .H .lOioalloO ' .OTdoo'bafl ,» .adiilfij .M J ,-ri>Jo»IIoO leVh asgrtiisIuT ,Mo noiijfmgT .airioo woUaY .d ■edffHr-A-J^ .o>I .tiiD .0061 .Tdg-A.-£X .old ..tJsO .5081 .aoiirolA .f[ .H .loioaiJoO .itoit'iJ. Jn'iBqaeeaO o iTOlaallo© .aoJJijvI .tAed a io rildbJ onifffio sdl gnltsTOliaq \^d ebaat ^aabaa'I fa .888-A-IZ, ,(>■« .'V’v81 .noawea M .O .te3 .eSSI.aoeWaCT .M .O .tolai&lIoO .aaooffiJ.a'/BiO .anod loafaafti gfaaaa a ; . ^ .9 ,fa ,0 ,d , B ITS-A-IX .oZ -M .O (lotaoiloO .no'Wyd .(sBlUsOnBdaaa) Haifa rtBaaO ofUpea faateTohaa .1 .&T8-A-IZ .oZ .JbD .”T8f .ndawAQ M .O .lofoalloO .laoullij ,avBiO .(inuiiBjnafo) aflarls dtoot aseaO aSiae^ .a ■ h ,0 ,d ,fi 6T8-A-1X .oZ .JbO .VT8f .ndawBCI ■ M .O .TOtoalfoO .flisfnBom YaawM io liinmuB ..!hds Jo ^faijra ^fiefa/iaa .d .£88-A.“IX .oZ .JfiO .0881 .ndawsCf .aioiIoT .a .W .TOtoalloO .BqoofiHEJi -snhla bafaieid ndafaBad laqqoa irrofaoM i .M8-A-IX.OK .tfi'J .1881 •oH .liivj :5081 jaoiaiiM .if .H .tditbalfoO .aollY'-I la'/BiO .Inafanaq laqqoO i G88-A-IZ .0881. .aoawsQ .M .O .•lojoatlo'jf -laooUiJ ,a-//nO .BnalBg }o afaBin jnBfanaa .d , . .S88-A*XX .oX .IbO .oX .ctsD .5081 .aoinuM .5 .H .TOlaalloO .nolJ^J .9vmO .luefanaq laqqoO I .a88-A-lZ a ,11 lo diO ,*>VBiO .inafaorn aqariiaq .laqqoo Jo absni JalaoBiS lu •TSB-A-IX .oH .tuD .6081 .aoiauM 88811 Plate XII. Dress and ornament. 41383 LiJ- Plate XIII. Games, Amusements, and Smoking. Fig. a. Tubular pipe made of soapstone. Grave, Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-896. b. Pipe made of soapstone. Grave, Lytton. Gift of J. W. McKay, 1890. Cat. No. XI-A-902. c. Elbow pipe made of soapstone. Probably modern. Nicola. Cat. No. XI- A-903. d. Crystal of calcite. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-908. e. Fragment of pipe made of sandstone, daubed with red paint. Grave, Lytton. Gift of H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. Xr-A-907. f. Perforated Pacific Ocean shell (Pecten caurinua, Gould). Probably one of num¬ ber for a rattle. Found under three feet of gravel opposite Day bar. Gift of F. Soues. Cat. No. XI-A-909. 41383 .11 ly ■Sniilom'^ bmt .atnofu-ieucfi/. .ri^meA) si" .rtOBV/isO M .r) .TOjoslIu',' .aojJ iJ .svx'.tO .oaoJaqxMTia io ejb/sni sqxq ixjluduT .xj .9G8-A-IX .o'/[ . Jx;' ) 7T?I Ixj’ ) .068t . // .L }o xlifJ .rtoJb/J .'xvxxiiD' .xtiiolaqBOa ?o 'i.'ifixii loty ,ci -tOO-y.-IZ .0’/ -IX .oX ;ixi ^ .x;Io')iX .xn-xboxn yildxxdo'i'l .omxjecxioa lo oiixirti ‘xqiq xxodlX . ) .809-A •oX .leU .6681 .soinixM .a H .xrotlYd .otblfio lolxtjxvi') .b .80G-A-rX' .nollYiI ,f>vxjiD .tiiixsq hai dim badqxsb .anotgbajBfi Id afxfixn aqiq lo Jaaraaiji'i a .m-/AX .oX .Jjs' ) .6081 .ad-xnDM .a .il lo tliO -inun lo ano v;M«doTa .(bluoO .c,«nh«TO nsSo-xa ) Ibxi& nxiooO uflbjs‘1 bolxsTohaa .1 lliO .led '/eG afboqqo lo^eia lo J'xol ssiilt labno bnuo'-I • .olljei a lol lod .0(16-A.-IX .oX .leb .goixoa .a lo Plate XIII, Games, amusements, and smoking. 41383 l|.i 1. • i Si;.. r ■j *. »' ■ ?'t ' A- rt t Plate XIV. Art. Incised, Geometric, and Pictographic Characteristic of the Southern Interior t:,. of British Columbia. Pig. a. Inci^d pictograph onjpipe made of soapstone. Lytton. Collector, C. Hill- Tout. Cat. No. XI-A-926. Inci^d pictograph on fragment of pipe made of soapstone. Lytton. Gift of H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-927. Incfed pictograph on pipe made of soapstone. Grave, Lytton. CoUector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-928. Inci^d pictograph on pipe made of soapstone. Lytton. Collector, C. Hill- Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-929. Incised pictograph on antler handle of digging stick. From surface, Lytton. Collector, Hplan I. Smith on Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897. Or- C^Tno XIA Museum of Natural History. From cast. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. b. d. f Incised design on tip of antler. Cat. No. XI-A-931. g. Inci^d notches and design on awl made of bone. Grave , Lillooet. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-932. h. Incised design on awl made of bone. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson. 1877 Cat. No. XI-A-933. i. Incised design on sap scraper made of antler. Grave, Lillooet. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-934, 41383 . V i X, j^j y "■ -!- > ■' .rtA ■. y ■ ■ , lohdidX in«djoofc i<» oidqy'iso.Joi'^! bnj; . in ' laio-'O .b-ij-Jani drtfthH l(j ' „ ' •HiH .D .ioioofloD . .nojj'i J .onniftqaO'r’. io abfsjii 9qiq-nf> dqataoJ-jiq.bfwbaJ .d£fi-i^-lX .oVl .iiiO ” .jm/r ' Xq JifD .ftOWykl .gnoiaqsoe lo ab«}n sqjq Xo lasxusBil no dqi«Taot')jq Xi-jai ml .d .TSe-A-lX .n'/ .?.e?f,x)iiinM ;a .H (lOJoalloO .rto-jX'4,1 .3yB7{> .fjxioJ*qxK»6 lo abara sqiq no rfqmaotoiq .bsai-jiil .d i&6-A.-IX .qXl . JbO .TT8t .noawBtr .1a .D ' '-lixl-l .O ,TOt3a][i)0. -.anoJeqBtiB ?a afaain. oqiq no dqsigOJoiq boaianl b - /i£t>-A-4x :ee8t juof noWyJ ,90Bhu?, mo-fi sntasib io albnBxf nolins nf) rfqBijioJMq boeioni i '■lO ."68f .aoiiibaqxitl aj3i->B3 qnaab no d'fiflife .In^hjiH ) .JBB-i moiU ■ ■ .ytoJftill IiiiuteV! Jo xnuaauK isBohaiTiA. yilJ- ai jrpJ liiniai . •TTai .HOBw.uO M .O .lotoalloO no+Jvil .TdinB Jo qiJ- no ngiaab. baBbnl J .JSe-A.-|_Z .oZ .)e') • .lojaallov) ■■ -teqofCJ .avBTO anod Jo sbafn Iwa no nstasb bna saiiaion baaiaal .a S8fi*A-LZ. otd ,JbO .0881 .noewsCl .J.X . O " ; .TT8I ,froawB(T .i/t .O .TOJoatio'J .noliy*! laod io-jb«fn Iwnno naieal) fxaat-iul U -S86-A-IX :o’/. .teO ti loJaaJIoO . JaobifKI .svmp "laiJns Jo absm taqBaJia qxsfi no ngif^b btiaianl i X£0-A'IX oV Xe'. .* 0x8t ,B(‘«V7atI tA 888(1^ Plate XIV, Art, Plate XV. Art. Carved Animal Forms. The first two show influence of the art of the coast. Fig. a. Animal form carved on a dog halter toggle made of antler. Grave, Lytton. Collector, Harlan I. Smith, on the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897. The original is in the American Museum of Natural History. From cast. Cat. No. XI-A-935. b. Fragment of an animal form carved in soapstone, being part of a pipe bowl. Collector, Harlan 1. Smith, on the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897. Original in American Museum of Natural History. From oast. Cat. No. XI-A-9'36. c. Animal figure carved on a pipe made of soapstone. From Thompson Indian area. Collector, C. Hill-Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-9.87. d. Animal head carved on a pestle made of stone. South Thompson valley. Collector, A. B. Clarke, 1893. Cat. No. XI-A-767. e. Human forms carved in stone. Kamloops. Original in Provincial Museum, Victoria. Formerly owned by C. Hill-Tout. From cast. Cat. No. XI- A-938a. .VZ axAJ^f .11/, ■Jaaoo srfi lo arfi 5o oonwRni worfa O ffi Jaiil iriT .enrno'l lunJn A. byviuO .gn .nojjiid .svB'iO .-laltnfi lo ‘ibssni oljfgoj lejlfirf ^ob fi no fauviBO iiiiol IxsminA e .^681 .aoijibaqxd ;i3ioB4 ilJioVT quaat ariJ ho .tinmH .1 nnliisH .lOjoalloO Hioad .^cioiaiH IfiiuJa'/l io mu'tauM nnofisniA srlt tii ai Icaiaho siiT oS'J-/;-IK .oVj. .IhO .Jaao .I'ffod aqiq a io iiBq siiiod .onoJeqKoa ni bovieii imoi Infninjs ms lo laaai^Jti'I d .TG8I .noiiiboqxd rfbioid qiragT, 9iiJ ao ,r[jira8i .1 hhIibH .lotssUod • tflO JsB:) moi'T -viotgiH [jjiuIb'/I io niuyguM HBoiwmA ni -“^p InnighO .<')8e-A-IX .07: ngibnl nfiaijinodT inoi't .enoiaqjjoe lo ybnrir gqiq b no ba’nno oinsft ininin/, .-i .T80-A-IX .o7 .tnO .Gfi8t ,JuoT-IIiH .0 .noJoalloO .bsus • YsIIby notqmoriT dtuoP. .onoJa lo 9bBin ylig'sq b no bsyiao bayrl IfirainA .b .T5V-A-IZ .o7: .}bO .8081 .sdinlO .8. .A ,10*991100 ,mu9aifM Ii5i9nr/oi‘I ni lanishO .sqooimnX .snoJa ni biviay smiol nnainH .9 -IZ .o7 -ffiO Oaao inofi .titoT-IliH .O '^d benwo vliainio'l .isiioloi'/ .a88e-A Plate XV. Art. Date Due Date Due TR 0 1164 T„U,N V 043! QHl .C13 no.l Smith, Harlan I. ^ The archaeological collection from the Southern interior of British Columbia