GoprightNo. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: THIS EDITION IS LIMITED TO 1,200 COPIES OF WHICH THIS IS ae ISLI[O} UVdISI9A sey pue sqniys SumeMoy jye Jo snowoyaU ysou ay} Jo UO SI (BOF Ze] vie) jeiney] URW 9q] Pris lOCRATS OF THE GARDEN wy BY ERNEST H! WILSON, M.A., V.M.H. AUTHOR OF “‘A NATURALIST IN WESTERN CHINA” ILLUSTRATED GARDEN CIty New York DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1917 Copyright, 1916, 1917, by DouBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY All rights reserved, including that of translation into foreign languages, including the Scandinavian MAR 2! 1917 ©Oc1a457528 L LAAe PE : 17 vty .22 an PL CONTENTS ra The Story of the Modern Rose. II. ‘Consider the Lilies” III. Midseason Flowering Trees aa eee IV. The Best of the Hardy Climbing Shrubs V. Ornamental Fruited Trees and Shrubs ‘VI. The Glory of the Autumn VII. The Best Hardy Conifers ; VIII. Broad-Leaved oe for Northern Gardens . ~IX. New Chinese Trees a Shrubs toe th Pacific Slope and Other Favored Regions . Si nm. - Harly Spring Flowering Tetes and Shrubs . ; XI. Japanese Cherries oa Asiatic Cun: apples mt. In“ Lilacdom”™ XIII. New Herbaceous Plants AP China XIV. ‘Hardy’ Rhododendrons XV. The Story of the Davidia Epilogue Index . 138 153 175 195 213 230 244 279 296 301 - ona a e eA So oe LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS The American Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) is one of the most meritorious of all flowering shrubs . . . . Frontispiece “ FACING PAGE The Sargent Rose, shell pink, raised at the Arnold Arboretum by Jackson Dawson Lilium Sargentiae has pure white aiswees Among the later flowering trees the native Andean Gordania altamaha is one of great interest ‘ Clematis montana, var. rubens is an attractive vine with rose colored flowers The Snowberry (Symphoricarpos racemosus) is deservedly popular . ; The barks of many trees have highly deceive rales As a lawn tree and for ornamental planting eat the con- color Fir is the most beautiful of conifers é The flowers of Yucca flaccida make this a valuable pins for most gardens : As a practical substitute for ivy the breed: hae clirabins Evonymus (E. radicans, var. acme is an excellent ever- green vine The Chinese Pistach Tree ‘dines in ne regions The Magnolias are pe the most notable DERE flowering trees and shrubs : Why are Crabapples so lt tle gro ee They are hardy, most floriferous, and grow on almost any soil The common Lilac is known in a great number of varieties Senecio clivorum has Aster-like flowers three to five inches in diameter Aes Primula pulverulenta fas ower: scapes fully a jb tall Rhododendron caucasicum is hardy and produces in Breit sion its flowers of rose-red, white within . } Davidia involucrata, appepeas called the Dove ee is indeed remarkable . Ne vi 244 ' 275 © ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN The Sargent Rose, shell pink semi-double flowers, raised at the Arnold Arboretum by Jackson Dawson, combines the qualities of Crimson Rambler and Baroness Rothschild H. P. ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN CHAPTER I THE STORY OF THE MODERN ROSE THIS UNIVERSAL FAVORITE COMING OUT OF THE EAST IS THE PRODUCT OF BUT A FEW SPECIES—LATENT POSSIBILITIES YET BEFORE THE ROSE LOVER HE establishing of a trading factory at Canton, in southern China, by the English East India Company toward the close of the seventeenth century, would appear to have very little—if, indeed, anything—to do with the development of modern horticulture in general and the Rose in particular. But as a matter of fact it has had a great deal todo with both, and garden lovers generally (though they may not know it) owe a big debt to the directors and officers of that grand old Company. The Company met with great opposition from the Chinese and others and it was a century before it fully established itself in China. Nevertheless, in the earliest days of its career there, an officer of the Company sent to England some dried plants, among them two Roses, 3 4 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN known nowadays botanically as Rosa multiflora var. cathayensis and R. laevigata, and these were mentioned by Plukenet in his Almagestum in 1696. Toward the end of the eighteenth century, despite the Napoleonic wars and the fact that each vessel was armed and often had to do battle against foes, the captains of the East- Indiamen, as the Company’s ships were called, used to carry home plants which they, or the factory officials at Canton, found growing in the gardens of the Chinese. These plants found their way into the gardens of the Company’s directors and their friends and from hence into the Royal Gardens, Kew, and elsewhere. To these agencies we owe our earliest varieties of Chrysanthemums, Camellias, Moutan Peonies, China Primrose, China Azaleas, and, what here concerns us chiefly, the first plants of the China Monthly, Tea, and Rambler Roses—parents of the modern Rose. Early in the eighteenth century India received through the same source many plants including these and other Roses. It is important to remember this since one of these, the China Monthly Rose (Rosa chinensis), was afterward erroneously considered to be native of India and became generally known as the Bengal Rose. This Rose and its var. semper- florens were introduced by the French into the Isle of THE STORY OF THE MODERN ROSE 5 Bourbon, doubtless from India, during the eighteenth century. The Bengal Rose was known to Gronovius in 1704, and came into cultivation in Haarlem in 1781, having probably been introduced by Dutch East-Indiamen. But, preoccupied with their Tulips and other bulbous plants the Dutch have done little toward developing the modern Rose. In 1789, Sir Joseph Banks intro- duced it into England and, chronologically, our story here begins. In 1789, the Crimson China Monthly (Rosa chin- ensis, var. semperflorens), through the captain of an Eng- lish East-Indiaman, came into the possession of Gilbert Slater, Esq. In 1804, Thomas Evans sent from China to England through the same agency the first Rambler Rose (Rosa multiflora, var. carnea). In 1809, Sir Abraham Hume received from China through a similar agency the first Tea-scented Rose, which had double pink flowers and was christened Rosa odorata. And, to complete the independent activities of the English East India Company, between 1815 and 1817 Charles Francis Greville, Esq., received from China a Rambler Rose (Rosa multiflora, var. platyphylla) which enjoyed lasting popularity under the name of Seven Sisters and by which name it will be remembered by many readers of these pages. 6 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN Meanwhile, in 1792, Lord Macartney brought back with him from China a Rose (R. bracteata) which was styled the Macartney Rose and which is now natural- ized in some of our warmer states. Another Chinese Rose—the Cherokee Rose—the date of whose introduction into this country is un- known, is also naturalized widely in the warmer states and received its earliest name (R. laevigata) in 1803, from Michaux who firmly believed it to be native of this country. In 1796, Rosa rugosa, native of Japan, Korea, and extreme northeastern Asia, was introduced into Eng- land by Messrs. Lee and Kennedy. These new and amazing plants from China quickly attracted the attention of patrons of horticulture in England and men were despatched to China ex- pressly to send home all the novelties they could find; and, intermittently, from the commencement of the nineteenth century down to the present day, ardent collectors have been busily employed, but this won- derfully rich country is not yet exhausted of its floral treasures! One of the first of these collectors—Wil- liam Kerr—sent home in 1807 the double white- flowered Banksian Rose (Rosa Banksiae). In 1824, John Damper Parks sent home the double yellow- flowered Banksian Rose (R. Banksiae, var. lutea) and THE STORY OF THE MODERN ROSE 7 a semi-double yellowish Tea Rose (R. odorata, var. ochroleuca). In 1825, the Small-leaved Rose (R. Rox- burghii, better known as R. microphylla) with double reddish flowers blossomed for the first time in Messrs. Colville’s Nursery in London. We have already mentioned that China Roses were introduced into India in the eighteenth century and that some of them toward the end of that century were introduced into the French Isle of Bourbon, south of the equator, where we learn they thrived amazingly and produced new forms. From Mauritius in 1810, Sweet introduced into England the Fairy Rose (R. chinensis, var. minima); this I consider to be merely a variant of var. semper- florens, the Crimson Monthly Rose. About 1819, from the Isle of Bourbon, the Rose Edward reached France, and, crossed with the French Rose (R. gallica), gave rise to the Hybrid Bourbon Roses. This Rose Edward is of much interest; long ago it was cultivated in Calcutta and it is obviously a Hybrid China. The specimen I have seen strongly suggests R. chinen- sis X R. centifolia as its parentage. The China Monthly Rose (R. chinensis) crossed with the French Rose (R. gallica) gave rise to the Hybrid China Roses. The Hybrid China and the Hybrid Bourbon crossed with the Damask Rose (R. 8 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN damascena) gave rise to the Hybrid Perpetual or Remontant Roses. The Hybrid Perpetual crossed with the Tea Rose (R. odorata) gave rise to the Hybrid Tea Roses which to-day are the dominant class of Roses. Lastly, Rosa chinensis crossed with the Musk Rose (R. moschata) gave rise to the Noisette Roses, a beautiful class which, unfortunately, has gone out of favor. But to return to the collectors: In 1846, Robert Fortune sent from China to England the yellow-buff Fortune Rose (R. odorata, var. pseudoindica), a Tea- scented Rose rather similar to the var. ochroleuca and widely known under the name “Beauty of Glazen- wood.” In 1850, he sent home from China a Rose with relatively large double white flowers supposed to be a cross between the Banksian and Cherokee Roses and which was named Rosa Fortuneana. In 1886, the Wichuraiana Rose (R. Luciae) was intro- duced into Brussels from Japan. In 1878, Prof. R. Smith sent from Japan to a Mr. Jenner in England a Rose which the recipient named The Engineer in compliment to the profession of its donor. In course of time this Rose came into possession of a nursery- man named Gilbert who exhibited some cut flowers of it under the above name in 1890, and received an Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Soci- THE STORY OF THE MODERN ROSE 9 ety. Soon afterward Messrs. Chas. Turner, of Slough, purchased the stock and changed the name to Crimson Rambler. This Rose is generally as- sumed to be a hybrid between Rosa multiflora and some China Monthly Rose, but to me this view is untenable. I do not think it has any China Monthly blood in it at all. It has long been cul- tivated in China and I consider that, like the Seven Sisters Rose, it is a sport from the common, wild pink-flowered China Rambler (R. multiflora, var. cathayensis). ‘These various Chinese Roses were introduced from Chinese gardens where they have been cultivated from time immemorial and their wild prototypes were not discovered, much less intro- duced, until comparatively recently. The true Rambler Rose (R. multiflora) is a native of Japan and has single white flowers in large panicles. This was sent to Lyons, France, from Japan in 1862, by Monsieur Coignet, anengineer. The pink-flowered Chinese variety has only just been dignified by a distinctive name. In 1888, General Collett dis- covered, in the Shan Hills of Upper Burmah, a Rose with white, pale yellow, or buff flowers six inches across and this was named Rosa gigantea. He intro- duced it into Europe and it thrives wonderfully on the Riviera but in England it flowers sparingly. This 10 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN Rose is common in Yunnan, southwest China, and has given rise to a race of double-flowered Roses which are cultivated for ornament by the Chinese in that region. This Giant Rose is very fragrant and I believe it to be the prototype and parent of the Tea- scented Roses so long cultivated by the Chinese. The prototype of the China Monthly Rose (Rosa chin- ensis, var. spontanea) was first found growing wild in 1885, by A. Henry, in the province of Hupeh, central China, and in this same region the wild form of the Banksian Rose with single white flowers is extraor- dinarily abundant; so also is the Cherokee Rose; and further west, in Szechuan, the prototype of the Small-leaved Rose (R. Roxburghii) is one of the most common wayside shrubs. The genus Rosa is confined to the Northern Hemi- sphere and its members are found scattered over the cool and warm temperate and the sub-tropic regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Some of them are found in northern Africa but no species is endemic there. It is an exceedingly difficult genus to classify and botanists differ greatly in the estimate of the number of species. One botanist asserts that all may be included under three species; in the Index Kewensis more than five hundred species are enum- erated. Inthe Arnold Arboretum Herbarium twenty- THE STORY OF THE MODERN ROSE 11 six species are recognized as indigenous in North America; and of these virtually only one (R. seti- gera), the Prairie Rose, has been utilized by the hybridist to date, and this but sparingly. However, it is well to mention that a double-flowered form of Rosa virginiana, the Rose d’Amour, has been known since 1768, and quite recently Rosa humilis has been crossed with Rosa rugosa. Except in gardens devoted to forming collections of plants, species of Rose, with a few exceptions, are rarely cultivated and it is trite to say that Roses as ordinarily understood are ‘‘made,” not discovered wild. In other words, they are the product of the gardeners’ skill. I would I could take the readers of this work to the mountain fastnesses of central and western China, and to certain remote parts of Japan and there introduce him to the wild types—the raw material—from which have been evolved our ‘‘Kil- larneys,” “‘American Beauty,” “Mrs. Chas. Russell,” “Lady Hillingdon,” “Caroline Testout,” ‘Mrs. George Shawyer’’; our ‘‘Rambler” and ‘“ Wichur- aiana” hybrids and innumerable others, and _ his or her astonishment would be profound. Truly it hardly seems credible that the Roses of to-day had such lowly origins. The French Rose (R. gallica), Provence Rose 12 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN (R. provincialis), and Cabbage Rose (R. centifolia) are said to be the only Roses known to Pliny, and it must be confessed that the distinctions between these so- called species are not obvious. From earliest times in the Occident, down to the end of the eighteenth century, the Roses so much extolled by ancient writers and by our ancestors were either wild species native of Persia, Asia Minor, and Europe, or garden forms derived therefrom. These would include, in addi- tion to those aforementioned, the White Rose (R. alba), the Musk Rose (R. moschata), the Damask Rose (R. damascena), the Cinnamon Rose (R. cin- namomea), the Moss Rose (R. centifolia, var. muscosa), Sweet Briar (R. eglanteria), Sulphur Rose (R. hemis- phaerica), Austrian Briar (R. foetida), and the Aus- trian Copper (R. foetida, var. bicolor). About the end of the eighteenth century the Ayrshire Roses were originated from R. arvensis, and early in the nineteenth century the Boursault Roses were developed, through crossing the Alpine Rose (R. pendulina) with R. chinensis, and the Scotch Briars from R. spinosissima. Virtually all have dis- appeared from general cultivation in the gardens of Europe and North America. And all the species of Rose indigenous in North America, Europe, and Asia Minor have fallen into disfavor and are no longer used THE STORY OF THE MODERN ROSE 13 by the Rose hybridist with the exception of those which have yellow flowers. In Bulgaria and other parts of the Balkan Penin- sula, and on a small scale in parts of India, the French, Cabbage, and Damask Roses are extensively culti- vated for the preparation of Attar of Roses. But as garden Roses the old have given place to the new, and the gardens of to-day are resplendent with the products of the China, Tea, Rambler, and Wichurai- ana Roses, natives of China and Japan. New garden Roses are originated by the hybridiz- ing of different species, varieties, and forms, and as sports from existing forms as in the case of ‘‘ White 3 Killarney’? and many others. They are raised by means of seeds, cuttings, layering, budding, and grafting, but it is no part of my purpose to enter into these details. The object here is to tell of what has been, to show the source of what is, and to hint of what may yet be evolved. Of the vast array of Rose species not more than two dozen have in the past history of the Rose been employed in the breeding of garden Roses. Thus, leaving completely aside the innate tendency to variation on the part of Roses of to-day, it is obvious that Rose breeders and specialists have still a wide untrodden field in which to experiment. It cannot 14 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN be expected that every species will be found useful in the advancement of the Rose, yet at the same time only experiment, long continued, can decide which are useful or useless. Be it remembered that our pres- ent-day Roses owe their principal origin to forms cultivated, we know not how long, by the flower- loving Chinese. The prototypes of the China and Tea Roses have single flowers, and blossom but once a year. When these forms gave rise to “monthly blooming”’ Roses, or how the latter originated is un- known. Possibly, it was some erratic sport or maybe it was due to a radical change in environment caused by the removal of the parent plants to a region where the seasons were less fixed or winter unknown. How- ever, be this as it may, a Rose with a decided ten- dency toward perpetual blooming was the most marked advance in the genus, from a garden view- point, that had occurred up to that time. How mod- ern hybridists have taken advantage of this variation needs no comment. All Rose breeders have their ideals, but in striving after size, form, color, freedom of blossom and of habit, after good foliage, hardiness, constitution, keeping qualities of the flowers and the like, fragrance should not be lost sight of. We want Roses good in all points. We want fragrant Roses in increasing THE STORY OF THE MODERN ROSE 15 quantities. We want a Rambler Rose with pure- white flowers as large and as freely produced as in the Crimson Rambler. Also we want yellow Ramblers, yellow Hybrid Perpetuals, more yellow Hybrid Teas and Tea Roses. Where can we look for these yellow Roses? Now, of wild Roses with clear yellow flowers there are only known six species: the Simple-leaved Rose (R. persica), Austrian Briar (R. foetida), Sulphur Rose (R. hemisphaerica), Mrs. Aitchison’s Rose (R. Ecae) —all natives of Asia Minor and Persia to central Asia (Austrian Briar is also found in the Crimea)— Father Hugh’s Rose (R. Hugonis), and Lindley’s Rose (R. xanthina) natives of northern China. The latter, though named in 1820 from a Chinese drawing and long cultivated in Peking where double and single- flowered forms occur, was only introduced to cultiva- tion in April, 1908, by F. N. Meyer of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Father Hugh’s Rose was raised at Kew in 1899. The others have been known for a long period and some have been and still are being used by Rose breeders. The Double Sul- phur or Yellow Provence Rose has been known since the seventeenth century. The Yellow Persian was brought from Persia in 1838, by Sir Henry Wil- lock, and is presumably a form of R. foetida. The 16 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN Harison Rose is either a form of this or more prob- ably a hybrid between it and R. spinosissima. All these Roses will doubtless play an important part in the future, but, personally, I am of the opinion that the yellow and buff-colored forms of Rosa odorata, var. gigantea are the Roses that will be found of greatest value in the evolution of the yellow Roses of the future. The rampant growth and sparseness of blos- som may be urged against them, but who can say how much these characters may be modified under culti- ~ vation and by the hybridist? Forms of the Scotch Rose (R. spinosissima) have nearly yellow flowers, but the only other really yellow Roses known are R. Banksiae, var. lutea and the single-flowered R. Banksiae, var. lutescens, neither yet known in a wild state. Wild Roses are pretty and charming plants, yet it cannot be claimed that their beauty transcends that of other groups of wild flowers. Nevertheless, the Rose holds a unique place in the thought and estimation of civilized man. In poetry and prose its beauty has been extolled far and wide in many tongues. The old Persian poet, Omar Khayyam, in the eleventh cen- tury, sang its praises and a Damask Rose now grows on his grave and also on that of his first English translator, Edward Fitzgerald. THE STORY OF THE MODERN ROSE Ly The Rose is the one flower whose name is common to the polyglot people of this land. In English, French, German, Danish, and Norwegian its name is Rose; in Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, and Latin it is Rosa; in Swedish it is Ros, in Dutch Roos, in Bohemian Ruze, in Hungarian Rozsa and in Greek Rhodon. Isnot this both remarkable and significant? It is the national flower of one great race, but it is loved by all and is the monopoly of no one race nor creed. In one internecine war it was used as an emblem by opposing factions. In this country’s Civil War the Cherokee Rose was often planted as a memorial on the graves of fallen heroes by their surviving comrades. And to-day, the sight of the white flowers of this Rose wells up from the heart of many a veteran scenes of carnage and strife and brings back memories of comrades laid to rest be- neath its shade. In this and other lands the Rose has societies de- voted to encouraging its advancement, and rightly so. But in some ways the Rose of al flowers least needs the help of special societies. It is the one flower which for some inscrutable reason has never lost its popularity and by this same token never will. The story of the Modern Rose is a story of progress and as such holds a peculiar fascination over all. 18 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN The Near East gave the first fruits to the West; the Far East in due course added its bounty. Europe began the improvement, and soon this country took up ashare. The peoples of Asia, Europe, and North America have evolved the Modern Rose. With the rapid advance in the science of hybridizing and the introduction of species and forms from far and near new races will be evolved and new eras in the develop- ment of the Rose will arise. The story here briefly sketched is but the prelude to the full story of the Rose which the future will gradually unfold. Lilium Sargentiae has pure white flowers and is quite hardy in Northern gardens CHAPTER II “CONSIDER THE LILIES” COMMON ERRORS OF BELIEF IN THE REQUIREMENTS OF THESE SUPERB FLOWERS—A DOZEN SPECIES THAT ARE REALLY HARDY N A recipe for jugged hare some one once made the sage remark “First catch your hare!’’ This aphorism is sound, and apropos of growing Lilies it may be altered to “‘ First secure healthy bulbs.” In the matter of the hare every epicure cannot go forth with dog and gun and hunt his game; neither can every lover of the Lily journey forth to distant regions and dig a stock of bulbs. Both, perforce, must resort to the dealer and depend upon his knowl- edge and honesty, or on their own judgment. As one who has hunted the Lily on cliff and dale, on mountain-slope and alpine moorland, and through woodland and swamp in many remote parts of China and the Thibetan borderland, and from the extreme south of Japan northward through that pretty country to Saghalien and the lonely shores of the Okhotsk Sea, I propose here to consider, cursorily, how Lilies grow. No class of herbs is more widely 19 20 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN known or more highly appreciated; on no class of plants is more money annually spent (I had almost written wasted); and with no class of flowers do amateurs succeed less. The Lily growers who have achieved outstanding success can be counted on one’s fingers, and nurserymen have failed as completely as have amateurs. _ Some species, like the Tiger Lily (L. figrinum,) succeed almost everywhere and often under the most unfavorable conditions. Others, like the Madonna Lily (L. candidum), thrive amazingly in unexpected places where they receive no thought or attention. The Madonna Lily is the glory and pride of many a cottager’s garden in the south of England yet often on the “‘squire’s estate”’ near by neither skill nor care can induce it to happily make itself at home. David Harum opined that “‘a reasonable amount of fleas is good for a dog—they keep him from brooding on being a dog.” How far the Lily enthusiast can apply this philosophy to his own particular troubles depends upon the individual and is very much a moot point. However, a good many of these troubles are directly or indirectly of his own seeking although he may be quite unconscious of the fact. It would be absurdly fallacious to contend that with knowledge and care every Lily-lover can successfully cultivate any kind CONSIDER THE LILIES 21 of Lily that pleased his fancy, but knowledge and care will teach what particular kinds can successfully be grown and in time convince the enthusiast that he must be content with a limited number. Such knowledge may be of slow growth and painfully acquired but such we value most. Now, in passing, let us devote a few moments to considering the noblest of all the Lilies—Z. auratum, the “‘Golden-rayed Lily of Japan.” How many millions of bulbs of this Lily have been imported; how many thousands of purchasers have been disap- pointed; how many letters protesting, or seeking advice, have been penned? This wonderful Lily flowered first in this country in 1862, in the garden of Francis Parkman, the historian, at Jamaica Plain, Mass., having been received from Japan through Mr. F.Gordon Dexter. In July, 1862, it flowered in Eng- land, for the first time in Europe, with Messrs. Veitch, from bulbs sent from Japan by their collector, John Gould Veitch. The Japanese eat the bulbs of Lilium auratum and several other species, but for its beauty they do not esteem it or any other true Lily—they never did. But in due time, after intercourse was established between Japan and western nations, largely through the vigorous action in 1853-54, of Commodore Perry 22 _ ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN of the U. S. Navy, the Japanese discovered that Lily bulbs could be sold for much money, so they began ransacking their country in quest of these bulbs. In those early days we are told the Yama-juri, or Mountain Lily (LZ. auratum), grew abundantly in the volcanic ash and detritus which form the slopes of sacred and sublime Mount Fuji. To-day it still grows there but in decreasing numbers; yet it is even now the most common wild Lily in Japan. In the volcanic deposits throughout the province of Idzu it is abundant and near by on the small island of Oshima, whose central part is an ever active vol- cano, grows in quantity the broad-leaved auratum (L. auratum, var. platyphyllum). For western markets the dealers demand Lily bulbs of certain sizes. After a few years the Japanese discovered that the supply of wild bulbs meeting the necessary requirements was virtually exhausted, but they quickly found that in rich, moist farm land, in one or at most two years, they could grow the small bulbs culled from the mountain slopes and moorlands into large saleable bulbs and, incidentally, that the larger the bulb the higher its market value. Then began in Japan the growing of Lily bulbs for the western markets and here commenced the troubles of would-be cultivators in the Occident of Lilium auratum. In CONSIDER THE LILIES 23 books on Lilies one reads “Lilium auratum grows in porous, open soil largely composed of volcanic detritus overlaid by a deep carpet of woodland soil.” The first part of this statement is true but the “deep carpet of woodland soil” is pure fiction. In Japan there is much poor and hungry soil but none more so than the slopes of august Fuji and the volcanic deposits of the Idzu province. Around Matsushima, a beauty spot in northern Japan, I saw this Lily wild in quantity growing among coarse grass and shrubs on low hills and hillocks of pure, gray sandstone. In western Japan, in the province of Uzen, I also met with it growing wild on gravelly banks and hillsides among small shrubs and coarse grasses. It is the open, porous soil, and not the rich humus, that this Lily luxuriates in. Leafsoil it loves in common with all Lilies, but it wants no unaérated acid peat and it loathes raw nitrogenous manures. True, bulbs transferred from their natural haunts to fields and cultivated like potatoes increase rapidly in size but the constitution of the plant is undermined and it becomes a prey to fungoid diseases. There is a minimum size to every kind of Lily bulb below which it cannot produce strong, flowering stems. This size varies according to the particular species, but in every case a firm, solid bulb of moderate 24 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN size will be found more healthy and will give results more satisfactory than a large, loose, and flabby bulb. Purchasers who make mere size their standard of value often defeat the object they have most closely in view. I examined some bulbs of the wild L. auratum and found them only about a couple of inches in diameter though they bore heads of from three to six flowers and, also, were absolutely free of any sign of disease. Later, I asked one of the largest and perhaps the best-informed Japanese grower of Lilies why he did not dig and sell these wild bulbs since they were so healthy and vigorous. With a smile he answered: “‘My dear sir, I tried it once and found that neither in Europe nor America could a purchaser be found for bulbs so small!”’ Of the genus Lilium, to which all true Lilies belong, about eighty species are known. All are confined to the waste places of the Northern Hemisphere and more than half of them are indigenous in China and Japan. The genus ranges through the temperate and sub- tropic regions from eastern North America to Cali- fornia and through eastern Asia, the Himalayas, and Siberia to the extreme limits of western Europe. It is absent from the plains of the middle west of North America and from central Asia, and there are other considerable gaps in the field of distribution. Two CONSIDER THE LILIES 25 species are found within and confined to the tropics, viz., L. philippinense in the Philippine Islands, and L. neilgherrense on the Neilgherry Hills in southern India. In this wide domain species of Lilium are found under diverse conditions and a moment’s reflec- tion should convince us of the futility of attempting to cultivate in any one garden all the species obtainable. Botanists, chiefly on the shape of the flowers, divide Lilies into five groups, viz.— I. Flowers strongly recurved and suggestive of a Turk’s cap, a familiar example being the Tiger Lily (L. tigrinum). II. Flowers large and funnel-shaped as in the common Easter Lily (L. longiflorum). III. Flowers like a saucer or shallow basin as in the Golden-rayed Lily of Japan (L. auratum). IV. Flowers erect as in the Umbellate Lily (L. umbellatum). __ V. Leaves broad and heart-shaped as in the Giant Lily (L. giganteum). For horticultural purposes a much more simple classification may be invoked. For gardens in cool temperate regions Lilies may be divided into two broad groups: | (A.) Hardy Lilies of which L. tigrinum, L. regale, and L. Henryi may serve as examples. 26 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN (B.) Not Hardy, of which may be cited L. longi- florum, L. sulphureum, and L. nepalense. Again, they may be divided into Swamp Lilies which would include nearly all the American species, and Dry-land Lilies which would include most of the species of China and Japan. With almost equal propriety these groups might be styled humus-loving and loam-loving respectively. Also, we might divide Lilies into shade-loving kinds, as for example, L. giganfeum, and sun-loving such as L. regale. But, not to waste time it may be laid down as a law that in the average garden situated in the temperate parts of North America, only such species of Lily as are perfectly hardy withstand sun, and, call for moderately dry land, have any chance of becoming successful denizens. For such gardens swamp Lilies, woodland Lilies, and alpine Lilies, with a few exceptions, may be ruled out entirely. Most species of Lilies detest lime; to many it is a deadly poison; to none, so far as we know, is lime essential; but some, like L. candidum, L. martagon, and L. testaceum, are apparently indifferent to its presence in the soil. All Lilies demand good drainage. When one thinks of swamp Lilies this statement may sound un- CONSIDER THE LILIES 27 scientific. But dig up a few of these Lilies and note carefully the exact conditions under which they grow. It will be found that the bulb rests on a stone or a piece of rock, or in a tuft of firm sod, or nestles in gritty sand. The roots are in wef mud or may even hang free in the water; but the bulb is so placed that water cannot stagnate immediately under and around it, and in winter it is fairly dry. A few swamp Lilies like the native L. superbum and the Panther Lily (L. pardalinum) of California may be grown without difficulty among Rhododendrons; but for those requiring more moisture, if their culture be attempted, it is a good plan to invert a flower-pot at the requisite depth, place the bulb on the upturned base and surround it with silver- or gritty river-sand. Sun-loving Lilies, although the upper part of their stems are fully exposed and their blossoms flaunt in the sun, really require a certain amount of protection from the direct rays in the early stages of their growth. Lilies are not desert plants, and the most sun-loving among them are never found in areas where no other plant grows. True, some of them are denizens of semi-arid regions but they are ever associated with grasses or twiggy shrubs, among and through which their young shoots are upthrust and which break the sun’s direct rays. Some species like the Regal Lily 28 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN (L. regale, better known under the erroneous name of L. myriophyllum), can withstand much desiccation but these in a natural state have their foil of herbs and scrub. Journey in thought with me, for a moment or two, westward until “west” becomes “‘east”’ although we still chase the setting sun. Across this continent, across that broad ocean misnamed “Pacific,” to Shanghai, — the gate of Far Cathay; onward and westward up the mighty Yangtsze River for eighteen hundred miles, then northward, up its tributary the Min, some two hundred and fifty miles to the confines of mysterious Thibet; to that little-known hinterland which sep- arates China proper from the hierarchy of Lhassa; to a wild and mountainous country peopled mainly by strange tribesfolk of unknown origin; to a land where Lamaism, Buddhism, and Phallism strive for mastery of men’s souls; to a region where mighty empires meet. There in narrow, semi-arid valleys down which thunder torrents, and encompassed by mountains composed of mudshales and granites whose peaks are clothed with snow eternal, the Regal Lily has its home. In sum- mer the heat is terrific, in winter the cold is intense, and at all seasons these valleys are subject to sudden and violent windstorms against which neither man nor beast can make headway. There, in June, by the CONSIDER THE LILIES 29 wayside, in rock-crevices by the torrent’s edge, and high up on the mountainside and precipice this Lily in full bloom greets the weary wayfarer. Not in twos and threes; but in hundreds, in thousands, aye, in tens of thousands. Its slender stems, each two to four feet tall, flexible and tense as steel, overtopping the coarse grass and scrub and crowned with one to several large, funnel-shaped flowers more or less wine- colored without, pure white and lustrous on the face, clear canary-yellow within the tube and each stamen tipped with a golden anther. The air in the cool of the morning and in the evening is laden with soft, delicious perfume exhaled from each bloom. For a brief season this lonely, semi-desert region is trans- formed by this Lily into a veritable fairyland. Since we have, figuratively, traveled so far to see one Lily in its home surroundings, let us in the same manner journey a hundred miles or so farther and to the southwest, and there, in valleys clothed with coarse grasses and low shrubs and under conditions but little less severe than the preceding and in equal abundance, we find Mrs. Charles S. Sargent’s Lily (L. Sargentiae) reigning supreme. Westward some few miles and on the margin of shrubberies at eight thou- sand feet above sea level and on the very edge of the Thibetan grasslands grows Mrs. Bayard Thayer’s Lily 30 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN (L. Thayerae). ‘There are other Lilies which we have not time to consider but on our homeward journey let us pause for a moment in the geographical heart of China, in the region of the famous Yang- tsze Gorges, and visit the haunt of the Orange- flowered Speciosum (L. Henryi). Inland a few miles from the riverine city of Ichang, on formations of conglomerate and hard carboniferous limestones, at the edge of woods and among tall shrubs we find here a few and there many of Henry’s charming Lily. From these distant regions came the bulbs of these Lilies, and I count it a privilege to have been the for- tunate discoverer of two, the introducer of three, and the medium through which the fourth (L. Henryi) first became common in cultivation. I could tell of others equally beautiful were any good purpose to be served and I mention these four not for personal reasons but to direct attention to the conditions under which they grow wild and to emphasize that, though sun-loving and capable of withstanding much desicca- tion both from the action of sun and frost, they grow naturally among protective herbs and shrubs. These herbs and shrubs afford protection in two ways: in spring they screen from the sun’s direct rays the young flower-stem of the Lily after it emerges from mother earth; in the autumn the fallen leaves of the shrubs CONSIDER THE LILIES 3l and the dying culms of the herbs form a protective mulch which as it decays becomes a nourishing food. This brief sketch of the conditions under which certain Lilies grow wild enables us to deduce certain facts of cultural importance. In the first place, Lilies should be planted among Ferns, or dwarf shrubs such, for example, as Lavender, wild Roses, Deutzias, Indi- goferas, Lespedezas, Comptonia, Vacciniums, Ericas, Calluna, native Azaleas, Rhododendrons and, where climate admits, shrubby Veronicas and Olearias. Planting Lilies among shrubs is no new idea; twenty-five years or more ago it came into vogue. Some one achieved great success through planting Lilies among Rhododendrons and the cry went forth that this was the solution of the Lily grower’s troubles—plant Lilies among Rhododendrons! It is quite true that a number of species like L. pardali- num, L. superbum, L. speciosum, L. Hansonit (and I have also seen L. auratum) do well under such con- ditions. Also it is true that Rhododendrons require peat and here is the rub. All Lilies love leafsoil but a great many detest peat. I have seen L. Henryi grow ten feet tall in loam and leafsoil and continue to thrive for many years. I have seen this Lily disap- pear completely in two seasons when planted in pure peat. Plant Lilies among shrubs, but let the class of on ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN shrubs depend upon whether the particular species of Lily loves loam or humus. For my own part I would keep away from peat except for swamp Lilies and use fibrous loam, sand, and leafsoil, the latter in increas- ing proportion as to species that grow naturally in fairly open country, thickets, or woods. Another and very obvious deduction is the im- portance of mulching. In every garden much ground © is bare of vegetation and fully exposed to the sun and elements. In spring, as the frost disappears, an in- spection will show that this ground is fissured and furrowed in many directions and any kind of bulb which had been planted in such bare soil is often more or less exposed. This may be avoided and much benefit bestowed on all bulbs by covering them in autumn with a mulch of rotted leaves or exhausted manure. Strictly speaking, a bulb is a bud just as much so as the winter-bud of a Hickory or Horsechestnut, but with this difference: its scales are fleshy storehouses of starch and other food reserves instead of merely dry and chaffy protective scales, and roots are emitted from the base. These basal roots anchor the bulb and supply it with water and certain food salts. If we examine Lilies like L. Henryi, L. auratum, and L. regale we find that the underground part of the CONSIDER THE LILIES oo flowering stem bears masses of roots. These help to feed the growing stem and prevent undue exhaustion of the bulb. After flowering this root system assists in the rehabilitation of the bulb. Roots emitted from the stem above the ground quickly perish. An appreciation of these facts shows the necessity of deep planting. The bulbs of all stem-rooting Lilies (and the majority are such) should be planted twice their own depth down. That is to say, a bulb three inches high should have six inches of soil covering it and so on in proportion. The importance of deep planting is not sufficiently understood, but go and dig up a few Lily bulbs from their native haunts and it will be found they are usually deeper down than twice their height. The majority of Lilies are at rest, or nearly so, dur- ing the winter months but all kinds benefit from plant- ing as early in the fall as is possible. The Madonna Lily (L. candidum) is an exception in several ways. In the first place, it resents moving. When this has to be done it should be undertaken not later than six weeks after flowering as the resting period of this Lily is unusually short. Again, it should be noted that this Lily has a mass of broad basal leaves independent of the flowering stem and it is these leaves with the assistance of the roots that 34 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN build up the bulb. This Lily should have the top of its bulb only just covered with soil. It prefers rather stiff loam in a situation fully exposed to the sun but it will grow in dry and hungry limestone soils. Bulbs grown in the south of England are the best though the majority of dealers still insist that French-grown bulbs are superior. From this cursory consideration of the conditions in which Lilies grow wild in various parts of the world a few facts of cardinal importance to the Lily lover may be deduced. In the first place, since Lilies inhabit the waste places of the Northern Hemisphere it is obvious that they are unaccustomed to rich food. For this reason even stable manure should not be used in their culture and artificial fertilizers are absolutely inimical. All Lilies grow naturally in places where each autumn they receive a mulch of fallen leaves. Leafsoil and not manure is the requisite essential. Nearly all grow in well-drained situations and good drainage is absolutely necessary to ensure success. Lilies of the swamp, woodland, and alpine meadow are with rare exceptions difficult to cultivate. Those which grow among shrubs and herbs more or less exposed to the sun are less exacting and in this class is found the majority of the sorts amenable to cultivation in ordinary gardens. CONSIDER THE LILIES 30 It is not possible to lay down any hard and fast rules, but good, sound bulbs and a common-sense at- tention to a few elementary details are the essentials. Several kinds of Lilies present no more difficulties under cultivation than do Narcissi and Tulips; never- theless in most gardens to maintain Lilies in good health new soil or removal to a new site is necessary every few years. The following species will be found to thrive and give satisfaction in any and every garden in tem- perate climes with the sine qua non that sound bulbs only be planted: L. tigrinum, L. umbellatum, L. Hansonii, L. pardalinum, L. superbum, L. candidum, “L. croceum, L. Henryi, L. regale, L. Sargentiae L. auratum, L. speciosum, L. testaceum, and L. Thayerae. CHAPTER III MIDSEASON FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS LITTLE REALIZED OPPORTUNITIES FOR FLOWERS IN THE SUMMER TIME—WHAT OUR PARKS AND GARDENS MIGHT EASILY DISPLAY HE geographical area of the United States of America is so immense and the climate is so diversified that there is ample room in which to accommodate out of doors all the kinds of woody plants known from the Northern and Southern hemispheres outside of the tropics. In California the trees and shrubs of the temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere thrive amazingly, and it is probable that in this state alone a greater variety of woody plants can be successfully grown in the open ground than in any similar area in the world. I mentioned the Southern Hemisphere, but it should be added that the trees and shrubs of China, Japan, the Himalayas, southern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Mediterranean region of northern Africa are equally at home in California. In contrast it may be stated that in the Arnold 36 Among the later flowering trees the native American Gordonia altamaha is one of great interest. The white flowers appear in August and September MIDSEASON FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS 37 Arboretum, Boston, Mass., it has not been found possible to cultivate successfully any tree or shrub native of the Southern Hemisphere. Many of the trees native of Europe thrive indifferently here and virtually no exotic broad-leaved evergreen will with- stand the vagaries of this austere New England cli- “mate. The United States of America is a land of extremes but the horticultural possibilities are well-nigh illimit- able. Theday will dawn when throughout the length and breadth of this land there will be country homes and their attendant gardens. Much pioneer work has been done and progress is being made but the consummation of these efforts is with the future. Though paradoxical, it is none the less true, that the very size of this country and the diversity of its climate simplify in general, and at the same time complicate in detail, the efforts of those who treat of horticultural matters. Statements of a general nature may be absolutely true yet utterly misleading unless duly qualified. For example, I might assert that several species of Eucalyptus and Acacia are perfectly hardy and quick-growing trees in the United States of America and recommend their being extensively planted in parks and gardens. To the people of California such a statement would be 38 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN accepted as demonstrably true. To the people of Massachusetts it would seem ridiculous nonsense! Therefore, in writing on horticultural matters, and especially on those which are strongly influenced by climate, it is necessary that one specify to what particular part of a country his statements are in- tended to apply. It is unfortunate that one’s efforts must be circumscribed, but the controlling factors are beyond human restraint. In the case of these pages it must be remembered that they have definite reference mainly to gardens in the temperate parts of eastern North America. The scope is broad, but details are necessary; and it is climate that controls these details since the plants I write of are recommended for the embellishment of parks and outdoor gardens. Eastern North America is singularly rich in native species of ornamental flowering trees and shrubs, and in spring and early summer the waysides and woodlands are everywhere gay with conspicuous flowers. About midsummer this wealth of blossom ceases in so far as woody plants are concerned, and tall- growing herbs in meadow and swamp, in thicket and forest-glade, proudly flaunt their multicolored flowers. Even in cold New England, Nature so economizes that there are very few weeks in the whole year when absolutely no flowers are to be found out of doors. MIDSEASON FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS 39 Taking a lesson from Dame Nature every well-ordered garden should be so stocked that a succession of flowers be maintained. At summer resorts the gardeners’ efforts are largely directed toward the growing of plants which blossom from the beginning of July to mid-September. Her- baceous perennials, tender herbaceous exotics, and certain bulbous plants, together with a few shrubs such as Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), the Hardy Hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata), and the Tender Hydrangea or Hortensia (H. opuloides, commonly known as H. hortensis), and H. opuloides, var. otaksa are utilized to produce the necessary display of flowers. Without being critical it may be said that there is a sameness in the floral displays of most sum- mer gardens which is varied only by design and quan- tity. There is no particular reason for being dissat- isfied, but, among woody plants which flower during this season a much greater variety could advantage- ously be grown and much beauty and charm added thereby. The number though relatively small is much greater than many suppose. Some of these plants are natives of eastern North America, a good many are indigenous in China and Japan, whilst others hail from various parts of Europe and temperate Asia. Some of these I now propose to discuss in brief detail. 40 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN During the early part of July the Lindens (Tilia), the largest genus of summer-flowering trees, put forth their fragrant, honey-laden, pendent blossoms. The native Sweet Bay (Magnolia glauca) with cup- shaped white flowers is also in blossom, and in wet seasons a second crop of flowers appears on Magnolia cordata. ‘This medium-sized native tree has beauti- ful cup-shaped yellow flowers and its history is more than ordinarily interesting. It was originally dis- covered by the elder Michaux in the neighborhood of Augusta, Georgia, some time between 1787 and 1796, and by him (or his son) introduced into France. The trees now in cultivation are derived from these original introductions of Michaux. All efforts to rediscover this Magnolia failed until about two years ago when Mr. Louis A. Berckmans accidentally ‘‘happened” upon it in a dry wood some eighteen miles south of Augusta. Michaux describes it as a tree from forty to fifty feet tall, but the recent discoveries are bushes from four to six feet tall. From the middle to the end of July the Sourwood or Sorrel Tree (Oxydendrum arboreum), another Amer- ican tree, is in flower. A native of the Appalachian Mountains where it grows thirty feet and more tall, this member of the Heath family is quite hardy in Massachusetts where it commences to blossom when MIDSEASON FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS 41 only a few feet high. The white, urn-shaped flowers are produced in great profusion in terminal, spreading and slightly drooping compound clusters and last for alongtime. The bright green leaves have a pleasant acidulous taste and turn in the autumn bright scar- let. The Sourwood is apparently free of disease and is not subject to insect pests; it is perfectly hardy and well deserves a place in every garden. Of the several hardy exotic trees which flower in July and August at least three merit wider recogni- nition, viz.—the Varnish Tree (K6elreuteria paniculata), the Pagoda Tree (Sophora japonica), and the Acan- thopanax (Kalopanaxz ricinifolium). The Koelreuteria is native of northern China and was introduced into Petrograd from the neighborhood of Peking some time between 1740 and 1756. It was introduced in 1763, into England by Lord Coventry, presumably from Petrograd. Though known in cul- tivation for more than a century and a half it is far from being as generally planted as its beauty warrants. It is a small tree from twenty to thirty feet tall with spreading branches, large, shining green, pinnately, divided leaves, and erect much-branched panicles, a foot and more high, of numerous bright yellow flowers which are followed by bladder-like top-shaped fruits. In the color of its flowers K6elreuteria is unique among 42 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN midseason flowering trees. It is much cultivated in Peking gardens and will withstand heat and drought as well as cold. In the semi-arid valleys of western China another and closely allied species (K. apiculata) is common and is now in cultivation in western gardens. The Sophora is allied to the Locust tree but, for- tunately unlike the latter, it is not subject to attacks of boring insects. Its specific name notwithstanding, Sophora japonica is indigenous in China and is only known as a cultivated tree in Japan, having been in- troduced by Buddhist priests perhaps a thousand years ago. In China this tree is widely dispersed and in the extreme west is very common in rocky and sandy semi-arid valleys. It is a very hardy tree, from sixty toeighty feet tall, and has a dense wide- spreading oval or flattened crown, and toward the end of July and in August every branchlet termi- nates in an erect branching cluster of creamy-white flowers which are followed by slender, curiously con- stricted saponaceous pod-like fruits. This Sophora flowered first under cultivation near Paris in 1779, having been raised from seeds sent from Peking by Father d’Incarville, a Jesuit priest, about 1747. On sandy soil in the Royal Gardens, Kew, where it was received from Paris through J. Gordon in -MIDSEASON FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS 43 1753, this tree thrives remarkably and some magnifi- cent specimens may be seen there. Here in Boston, Mass., there are growing several fine old trees. In the park in which stands the Temple of Heaven at Peking there is a grand old avenue of this tree. The individuals are large, with deeply furrowed dark gray bark and in winter they are singularly Oak-like in general appearance. In temple grounds in Japan fine specimen trees are occasionally met with. In China the flowers of the Sophora are used in prepar- ing a yellow dye for silk. The Kalopanax is a member of the Ivy family and is one of the noblest trees of the cool temperate regions. It occurs wild, scattered through the moist forests from the extreme south to the limits of northern Japan. It is most abundant in Hokkaido, in Korea, and also in central and western China where it is a valuable timber tree. This tree grows to a large size and in Japan specimens eighty feet tall with a trunk from fifteen to twenty feet in girth are not rare. In old trees the bark is gray and deeply furrowed, the branches thick and spreading to form a flattened or rounded crown. In young trees the branches are erect-spreading and both they and the trunk are armed with scattered, short, stout spines. The dark green leaves on long stalks are very like those 44 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN of the Castor-oil plant (Ricinus) and to this re- semblance the tree owes its specific name. In late July and in August each branchlet bears a broad, flat compound cluster of white flowers which are rapidly followed by shinng black Elderberry-like fruits. The large and handsome palmate leaves give this tree a tropical appearance yet it is perfectly hardy and quick-growing. In the Arnold Arboretum may be seen two trees each thirty-five feet tall, raised from seeds collected in Japan by Professor Sargent in 1892. These trees flower and fruit each year and have done so for several years past. This Kalopanax thrives in ordinary garden soil but prefers a moist situation. As far as is known it is not attacked by any insect or disease. As a lawn tree or as a specimen tree by side of water it is unsurpassed and also it ought to be used for street planting. In Hokkaido this tree is known as the “Sen,” and the wood, which is white with a fine grain, is exported to China for railway ties and to Europe for making shop-fittings, panels, and office furniture. Another Japanese tree, Stewartia pseudo- camellia, a member of the Camellia family, also blossoms about the end of July and is much too rare in gardens. In the moist forests of the Nikko region this tree is abundant and is easily recognized by its perfectly smooth gray-brown bark; the branches are MIDSEASON FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS 4) ascending and form a narrow head. The flowers are saucer-shaped, white with a mass of yellow stamens; they are very freely produced and the tree is strikingly ornamental. Its eastern North American relative (S. pentagyna) which is native of the southern Appalachian region, is a tall shrub with larger, more cup-shaped flowers which appear about mid-July. Both these Stewartias are hardy as far north as Boston. A near and equally hardy relative of these is Gordonia al- tamaha, one of the most beautiful and most interesting of late-flowering American plants. It isa shrub from fifteen to twenty feet high with obovate-oblong leaves and pure white cup or saucer-shaped flowers with con- spicuous yellow stamens which are produced from August to late September. It was discovered in the region of the Altamaha River, in Georgia, by John Bartram, in 1765, and introduced by his son William into England in 1774, but all plants now in cultivation are from his second collection in 1778. No one has seen this plant wild since 1790. Other late-flowering trees worthy of a place in gardens are Rhus javanica (better known as R. Osbeckii or R. semialata), Clerodendron trichotomum, and C. trichotomum, var. Fargesii, all three native of China and Japan. Unfortunately the two Cleroden- drons are not hardy as far north-as Boston, Mass. 46 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN Of shrubs there is quite a variety which blossom during the midseason. By the middle of July the last of the Buckeyes (Aesculus parviflora) is in flower. This native of the southeastern states is a broad, round-topped, much-branched shrub from six to ten feet high, and every branchlet terminates in long, narrow, erect spikes of small white flowers in which the stamens are long exserted. ‘This shrub requires good soil and a moist situation, and is well suited for planting in large masses or as a single speci- men. The Pepperbush (Clethra), of which three species are hardy in the Arnold Arboretum, is perhaps the most beautiful group of native shrubs which flower from mid-July. The most common is Clethra alni- folia, a denizen of swamp borders and moist places in the neighborhood of the coast from Maine to Florida. As usually seen it is a bush from four to six feet tall, with white, fragrant flowers borne in erect, terminal com- pound clusters. Unfortunately the leaves are often disfigured by attacks of red spider. A second species (C. tomentosa) is native of Florida and flowers two or three weeks later than the preceding from which it differs chiefly in the covering of white hairs on the lower surface of the leaves. The third (C. acuminata) is an inhabitant of the forests of the southern Ap- MIDSEASON FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS 47 palachian Mountains and is a less desirable garden plant. A fourth species (C. canescens), hardy in the vicinity of Boston, hails from Japan and exceeds in beauty any of the American kinds, but unfortu- nately it does not readily make itself at home with us. The inflorescence is larger than in the American species and the plant grows to a greater size. As I write I have in mind a fine specimen fully fourteen feet high, which is growing on a windswept corner in a garden at Winchester, Mass. Every year each branchlet of this bush terminates in large clusters of fragrant white flowers. In Japan this Pepper- bush is widely distributed and in moist forests is often a tree forty feet tall with a smooth gray-brown trunk five feet and more in girth. At midseason the Spireas are all past but their place is well taken by the closely allied genus Sorbaria which is distinguished by its pinnate leaves and ter- minal compound panicles of flowers. Five species are hardy in the Arnold Arboretum and thrive in ordinary garden soil. The best results are obtained by planting them in rich loam in a moist place, and by the side of a pond or stream their grace and beauty are seen to best advantage. ‘They are excellent sub- jects for the wild garden and to develop their full beauty they must have plenty of room. One of the 48 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN finest of these Sorbarias is S. arborea, a very common shrub in central and western China whence I intro- duced it into the Arnold Arboretum and elsewhere. On the Chino-Thibetan borderland this plant is very abun- dant and grows from fifteen to twenty feet high and as much through, and bears in profusion much-branched arching panicles often two feet long of pure-white flowers. From the extreme northwestern Himalayas came S. Aitchisonii, with smooth shoots and pale green leaves and even larger masses of flowers than the preceding which it resembles in size and habit. In Hokkaido and Saghalien the well-known S. sorbifolia is a Shrub from three to five feet tall with erect shoots which terminate in rigidly upright wide-branched panicles eighteen inches high. I retain a vivid recol- lection of the picture this shrub presented during August in Saghalien. There, on the margins of grassy swamps and swampy woodlands and by the side of streams and ponds, this plant luxuriates in great abundance; its pyramids of white flowers with their prominent stamens, reared on rigid stems three to five feet tall and subtended by numerous large deep green leaves, presented a never-to-be-forgotten spec- tacle in that lonely, silent land. | The other two species (S. assurgens from western China and S. stellipila from northern Japan) are also MIDSEASON FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS 49 well worth growing. A sixth species (8. Lindleyana) from the Himalayas is not hardy with us. Three species of Adam’s Needle (Yucca flaccida, native of the southern Appalachians, Y. filamentosa from Stone Mountain, Georgia, and Y. glauca, native of the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains) are hardy in the Arnold Arboretum. With their spear- like leaves these plants are interesting at all seasons and when in flower there are few if any subjects more beautiful. The tall, branching inflorescence and nod- ding white flowers, in the daytime more or less top-shaped, expand on moonlight nights when they attract the moths which effect the fertilization of the flowers. Of shrubs with yellow flowers there are several, all native of southern Europe, the Caucasus, and Asia Minor, which blossom in July. Most interesting among these are Cyfisus nigricans, C. capitatus, and Genista tinctoria, var. elata, all three good garden plants unfortunately too rarely seen in American gardens. The Bladder Sennas (Colutea arborescens and C. cilicica) flower in July, and C. orientalis, which flowers earlier is covered with large, thin-walled in- flated pods which are tinged with pink and are very ornamental. The yellow shrubby Cinquefoil (Pofentilla fruti- 50 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN cosa), its variety parvifolia and the white-flowered variety Veitchii, blossom in early and late summer and do well in sunny situations. A St. John’s Wort (Hypericum patulum, var. Henryi), a newcomer from western China which grows from two to three feet tall and bears large deep yellow flowers, is also worthy of note. With blue or bluish flowers two shrubby species of Clematis (C. heracleaefolia from northern China, C. stans from Japan) bloom during this midseason. Of each there are several varieties and the flowers are more or less tubular in shape. These plants grow about three feet tall and behave much as do herbace- ous perennials. Another beautiful little plant with blue flowers unfortunately not hardy around Boston is Caryopteris incana (better known as C. Mastacan- thus), a native of Japan and China. The largest group of midseason shrubs has flowers of pink, red, and purple. Belonging to the Pea fam- ily the most beautiful are Indigofera and Lespedeza. Of the first named J. Kirilowii, with bright rose-pink flowers, hails from Korea and northern China, and I. decora, with white flowers, from Japan and northern China. Both are low, sub-shrubby plants with twiggy shoots and bright green pinnate leaves and large, lovely flowers on long, erect racemes. They com- mence to blossom in late June and continue to do so MIDSEASON FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS 51 fora couple of months. Another species, I. Gerardi- ana from the Himalayas, has rose-colored flowers but it is a less valuable plant for northern gardens. A fourth and new introduction from central China is I.amblyantha. Thisisan erect, little-branching shrub from five to six feet tall with erect racemes of pink or rose-red colored flowers. It isa pleasing plant and remarkable inasmuch as the racemes continue to elongate and produce blossoms from late June until the frosts appear. Of Lespedeza the hardiest are L. bicolor, L. for- mosa, and L. crytobotrya, all three twiggy, floriferous shrubs. A very charming subject much too infrequently met with in gardens is Callicarpa japonica. ‘This plant has opposite leaves and from the axil of each and every one arise short-stalked flattened clusters of pinkish flowers. These are quickly followed by - masses of small, round, rose-purple fruits which last until the frosts come and which, as the generic name indicates, are very beautiful. A comparatively new and highly desirable plant is Elsholtzia Stauntonit, introduced in 1905, into the Ar- nold Arboretum by Mr. J. G. Jack from near the Great Wall of China north of Peking. This is almost a herbaceous plant and may be treated as such. It 52 ARISTOCRATS OF THE GARDEN has terminal and lateral, more or less erect racemes of rose-purple flowers with long, exserted stamens and is most attractive. As a group with lilac, rose, and vinous-purple flow- ers the most valuable recent addition to midseason shrubs is unquestionably Buddleia Davidii (more gen- erally known as B. variabilis) and its varieties, and these are fast winning well-deserved popularity in this country under the name of Summer Lilac. They are inhabitants of central and western China where they are essentially fluviatile plants though here and there they ascend moist herb or shrub-clad slopes. They are scarcely hardy as far north as Boston, Mass., but cuttings of half-ripe wood inserted under glass in autumn root readily and these if planted out early in June will make large bushes and flower profusely in August and September. A rich, loamy soil, full sunshine, and an abundant water supply are the essentials. Grown in this manner I have measured the tail-like inflorescence over thirty inches long. In the Garden Magazine, April, 1916, appeared an illustrated article on these plants so there is no need even for the introducer to enter into further details concerning them. But as an expression of opinion perhaps I may be allowed to say that my own favorite is the var. magnifica which is distinguished by its MIDSEASON FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS’ 53 relatively large, intense violet-purple flowers with the edge of the petals crinkled and slightly recurved. And, further, I do vigorously protest against the ab- surd name of “Butterfly Bush” which some dealers would fain foist upon us as a popular name for these shrubs. As finality is impossible I must omit details on some of the more generally known midseason flowering shrubs such as Veronica augustifolia, its varieties and hybrids, Ceanothus hybridus and others, Abelia grandiflora, Amorpha canescens and certain other plants, yet I must have a word or two on those favorite low-growing shrubs, the Ling and Hardy Heaths. People other than those of Scotch descent have a warm affection for these charming little shrubs and there is no valid reason why this fondness should not be indulged. Ling and Heaths are sun- loving plants and their successful culture demands that they be planted in open situations fully exposed to the sun. Pinus peuke, 123 Pinus pumilio, 132 Pinus resinosa, 124 Pinus Strobus, 114, 123 Pinus Strobus, var. nana, 131 Pinus sylvestris, 124 Pinus Thunbergii, 124, 125 Pinus virginiana, 125 Pistacia chinensis, 172 Plant collectors first sent to China, 6, 8, 9 INDEX Pliny, Roses known by, 12 Plukenet, in his “Almagestum,” 1679, mentions new Roses from China, 4 Plum, 106 Plum Gardens of Tokyo, 187 Plums, for ornamental fruits, 83 Poison Dogwood, 107 Poison Ivy, 106, 110 Polygonum baldschuanicum, 66 Polygonium multiflorum, 66 Poplar, 106, 177 Populus lasiocarpa, 173 Populus Simonii, 174 Populus suaveolens, 174 Populus szechuanica, 174 Populus Wilsonii, 174 Potentilla fruticosa, 50 Potentilla fruticosa, var. parvifolia, 50 Potentilla fruticosa, var. Veitchii, 50 Primrose, China, introduced into England, 4 Primrose hybrids, 240 Primula hybrids, “Unique” and “Unique Im- proved” 240 Primula Cockburniana, 239 Primula pulverulenta, 239 Primula pulverulenta, var., Mrs. R. V. Berkeley, 240 Primula Veitchii, 239, 241 Privets (Ligustrum), 96 Provence Rose (Rosa provincialis), known to Pliny, 12 Prunus, for ornamental fruits, 83 Prunus ansu, 190 Prunus Armeniaca, 190 Prunus Davidiana, 189 Prunus glandulosa, 191 Prunus incisa, 202 Prunus japonica, 191 Prunus Lannesiana, 201, 202 Prunus Lannesiana Gioiko, 202 Prunus Lannesiana grandiflora, 201 Prunus mira, 189 Prunus mandschurica, 190 Prunus mume, 187, 190 Prunus Persica, 188 Prunus spams ibabe 201 Prunus Sargentii, 200 Prunus serrulata, 201 Prunus serrulata albo-rosea, 201 Prunus serrulata ‘James H. Veitch,” 201 Prunus serrulata, var. sachalinensis, 200, 202, 203 Prunus Sieboldii, 201, 202 Prunus subhirtella, 198 Prunus subhirtella, var. pendula, 199 Prunus tomentosa, 191 Prunus triloba, ror Prunus triloba plena, 191 Prunus yedoensis, 200, 203 Pseudolarix Kaempferi, 134 Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 118 Pussy Willows (Salix), 177 Pyracantha angustifolia, 160 Pyracantha crenulata, 92, 160 Pyracantha coccinea, 92, 160 ‘ Pyracantha coccinea, var. Lalandii, 92, 160 Quince, 106 Rambler Rose, introduced into England from China, 4, 5; into France from Japan, 9; wild prototype of, 11 Raspberries, for ornamental fruits, 83 Red fruits, trees, and shrubs with, 84 Redwoods (Sequoia), 113 Reeves, John, sends Wistaria sinensis to England from Canton, China, 60 INDEX Remontant or Hybrid Perpetual Roses, parentage ol, Retinispora obtusa nana, 130° Rhamnus, for ornamental fruits, 83 Rhamnus alpinus, 94 Rhamnus catharticus, 94 Rhamnus davuricus, 94 Rhamnus Frangula, 94 Rheum Alexandrae, 237 __ Rhododendron Albrechtii, 257 Rhododendron Album elegans, 261 Rhododendron Album grandiflorum, 261 Rhododendron altaclarense, 267 Rhododendron amoenum, 256 Rhododendron arborescens, 252 Rhododendron arboreum, 266, 273 Rhododendron arbutifolium, 259 Rhododendron Atrosanguineum, 261, 273 Rhododendron austrinum, 252 Rhododendron azaleoides, 266 Rhododendron Boule de Niége, 266 Rhododendron brachycarpum, 269, 270, 271 Rhododendron calendulaceum, 251, 254 Rhododendron californicum, 269 Rhododendron calophytum, 273 Rhododendron candidum, 252 Rhododendron canescens, 251 Rhododendron Caractacus, 261 Rhododendron carolinianum, 257 Rhododendron catawbiense, 264, 265, 269, 270 Rhododendron catawbiense album, 261 Rhododendron caucasicum, 264, 265, 269, 270 Rhododendron caucasicum album, 2 Rhododendron, Charles Dickens, 273 Rhododendron chrysanthum, 269, 270 Rhododendron ciliatum, 259 Rhododendron Coriaceum, 266 Rhododendron dahuricum, 194, 259 Rhododendron delicatissimum, 261 Rhedodendron Everestianum, 261 Rhododendron Fargesii, 273 Rhododendron ferrugineum, 258 Rhododendron flammeum, 252, 253 Rhododendron flavidum, 260 Rhododendron flavum, 253 Rhododendron Fortunei, 267 ododendron Griffthianum, 267 Rhododendron H. W. Sargent, 261, 273 eo Henrietta Sargent, 261 Rhododendron hirsutum, 258 Rhododendron Hybrid Maximum, 266 Rhododendron Hybrids, 260, 266, 271, 273 Rhododendron intricatum, 260 Rhododendron japonicum, 250, 253 Rhododendron Jacksonii, 266 Rhododendron Kaempferi, 255 Rhododendron King of the Purples, 261 Rhododendron Lady Armstrong, 261 Rhododendron laetevirens, 259 9 Rhododendron lapponicum, 257, 258 Rhodedendron ledifolium, 256 Rhododendron luteum, 250, 253, 254 Rhododendron Madame Carvalho, 261 Rhododendron maximum, 264, 266, 269, 270 Rhododendron Metternichii, 269 Rhododendron micranthum, 260 a minus, 257, 258 Rhododendron Mrs. Charles Sargent, 261 Rhododendron Mrs. H. H. Hunnewell, 261 Rhododendron Mont Blanc, 266 Rhododendron mucronulatum, 194, 259 Rhododendron myrtifolium, 258 Rhododendron nudiflorum, 251, 254 Rhododendron obtusum, 256 Rhododendron occidentale, 250, 253 , Rhododendron odoratum, 266 Rhododendron orbiculare, 273 309 Rhododendron oreodoxa, 973 Rhoddoendron ponticum, 246, 264, 265, 269 Rhododendron poukhanense, 256 Rhododendron praecox, 259 Rhododendron punctatum, 258 Rhododendron purpureum elegans, 261 Rhododendron purpureum grandiflorum, 262 Rhododendron racemosum, 260 ododendron rhombicum, 256 Rhododendron roseum elegans, 261 Rhododendron Schlippenbachii, 257 Rhododendron sinense, 250, 253 Rhododendron Smirnowii, 269, 270, 271 Rhododendron sonomense, 250 Rhododendron strigillosum, 273 Rhododendron Ungernii, 269 Rhododendron viscosum, 252, 254 Rhododendron wellesleyanum, 271 Rhododendron Wilsonii, 259 Rhododendrons, planting Lilies among, 27, 31; culture of, 245; preparations for in limestone areas, 248; in England, 264-268; natural habitat, 260 Rhodora Azaleas, 249 Rhodora canadense, 249 Rhodora Vaseyi, 249 Rhodora Vaseyi album, 250 Rhus, for ornamental fruits, 84 Rhus javanica (R. Osbeckii or R. semialata) for summer display, 45 Ribes, for ornamental fruits, 83 Rodgersia aesculifolia, 236 Rodgersia pinnata, var. alba, 236 Rodgersia sambucifolia, 236 Rosa, confines and classification of the genus, 10 Rosa alba, 12 Rosa arvensis, 12 Rosea Banksiae, 6 Rosa Banksiae, var. lutea, 6, 16 Rosa Banksiae, var. lutescens, 16 Rosa bracteata, 6 Rosa Brunonii, 155 Rosa centifolia, 7, 12, 13 Rosa centifolia, var. muscosa, 12 Rosa chinensis, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12 Rosa chinensis, var. semperfiorens, 4, 5, 7 Rosa chinensis, var. spontanea, 10 Rosa cinnamomea, 12 Rosa damascena, 7, 12, 13 Rosa Ecae, 15 Rosa filipes, 156 Rosa foetida, 15 Rosa Fortuneana, 8 Rosa gallica, 7, 11, 13 Rosa Gentiliana, 156, 157 Rosa gigantea, 9 Rosa Helenae, 156, 157 Rosa hemisphaerica, 12, 15 Rosa Hugonis, 15 Rosa humilis, rz Rosa laevigata, 4, 6 Rosa longicuspis, 156, 157 Rosa Luciae, Rosa microphylla, 7 Rosa moschata, 8, 12 Rosa multibracteata, 157 Rosa multiflora, introduced into France from J wea : Rosa multiflora, var. carnea, introduced into England, 5 ar r Rosa multiflora, var. cathayensis introduced into England from China, 4 Rosa multiflora, var. platyphylla, introduced into England from China, 5 Rosa odorata, 5, 8 Rosa odorata, var. gigantea, 6, 155 Rosa odorata, var. pseudoindica, 8 310 Rosa pendulina, 12 Rosa persica, 15 Rosa provencialis, 12 Rosa Roxburghii, 7, 10 Rosa Rubus 156, 157 Rosa rugosa, 6, I1 Rosa setigera, 11 Rosa spinosissima, 12, 16 Rosa virginiana, double flowered form, 11 Rosa Willmottiae, 157 Rosa xanthina, 15 Rose American Beauty, wild prototype of, 11 Rose d’Amour, double flowered form of Rosa virginiana, 11 Rose Edward, 7 Rose, Moss, 12 Rose, Musk, 8, 12, 156 Rose of Sharon, for summer resorts, 39 Roses, introduced into Europe from China, 3, 4; parentage of modern varieties, 7; now in cul- tivation mostly made varieties, 11; kinds used by hybridists, 12; varieties known to ancient writers, 12; old varieties displaced, 13; how propagated, 13; ideals in breeding, 14; new varieties desired, 15; name, Rose common to all peoples, 17; its place in the history of the world, 17; societies, devoted to encouraging its advancement, 17; new introductions, 156 Roses, climbing organs of, 57 Roses, for ornamental fruits, 83 Roses, Wild, Lilies planted among, 31 Rouen Botanic Garden, origination of Syringa chinensis (or Syringa rothomagensis) at, 228 Rowan, for ornamental fruits, 83, 87 Royal Gardens, Kew, receives first plants from China, 4; Sophora japonica thriving at, 42 Rubus, for ornamental fruits, 83 Rubus, bambusarum, 168 Rubus chroédsepalus, 168 Rubus flagelliflorus, 168 Rubus Henryi, 168 Rubus ichangensis, 169 Rubus Swinhoei, 169 St. John’s Wort (Hypericum patulum, var. Henryi), 50 Salix Bockii, 170 Salix magnifica, 170 Salvia Przewalskii, 238 Sarcococca humile, 166 Sarcococca ruscifolia, 166 Sargent, Prof. C. S., flowers for first time Mag- nolia kobus, var. borealis, 185; introduces Malus Sargentii, 211; introduces, Rhododen- dron Kaempferi, 255; met in Boston by Mr. Wilson en route to China in search of Davidia, 276 Sargent, Mrs. Charles S., Lily named in honor of, 29 Sassafras, 84, 102, 107 Sambucus, for ornamental fruits, 83 Sambucus callicarpa, 91 Sambucus canadensis, 94 Sambucus canadensis, var. maxima, 95 Sambucus pubens, 95 Sambucus pubens, var. leucocarpa, 95 Sambucus racemosa, 91 Scale insects, to control, 203, 212 Schizophragma hydrangeoides, 68 Sciadopitys verticillata, 126 Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), 88 Senecio clivorum, 233 Senecio tanguticus, 234 Senecio Veitchianus, 233 Senecio Wilsonianus, 233, 234 “Seven Sisters” Rose (Rosa multiflora, var. platyphylla), 5,9 INDEX Shadbush, 107 Sheep Laurel, 142 Shepherdia canadensis, 88 Shisandra chinensis, 64 Siberian Moonseed (Menispermum dauricum), 75 Silky Cornel (Cornus Amonum), 98 Silver Maple, 106 Sinomenium acutum, 75 Slater, Gilbert, obtains first Crimson China Monthly Rose in England, 5 Smilax, climbing organs of, 56 Smilax hispida, 75 Smilax rotundifolia, 75 Smilax Sieboldii, 75 Smith, Prof. R. sends from Japan to England “the Engineer” Rose, 8 Smoketree (Cotinus), 107 Snowberry, Creeping, 150 Snowberry Bush (symphoricarpos), 99 Snowberries, for ornamental fruits, 83 Snowy Mespilus, 107 Sophora japonica, for summer display, 41; intro- duced into France from China by Father d’Incarville, 42 Sorbaria Aitchisonii, 48 Sorbaria arborea, 48 Sorbaria assurgens, 48 Sorbaria Lindleyana, 49 Sorbaria sorbifolia, 48 Sorbaria stellipili, 48 Sorbarias for summer display, 47 Sorbus, for ornamental fruits, 83 Sorbus americana, 87 Sorbus Aucuparia, 87 Sorbus decora, 87 Sourwood or Sorrel Tree, 40, 106 Spicebush"(Benzoin aestivale), 84, 110, 180 Spindle-tree, for ornamental fruits, 83 Spondias axillaris, 173 Spraying solutions for scale insects, 203, 212 Spruce, Canadian, or White, 121 Spruce, Colorado Blue (Picea pungens), 119 Spruce, Engelmann’s, 121 Spruce, Norway, 120 Spruce, Oriental, 122 Spruce, Serbian, 121 Stachyuras chinensis, 170 Staphylea holocarpa, 171 Staphylea holocarpa, var. rosea, 172 _ Stewartia pentagyna, summer flowering native, 45 Stewartia pseudocamellia, for summer display, 44 Stranvaesia Davidiana, 161 Stranvaesia Davidiana, var. undulata, 161 Sumach, 84, 106, 107, IIo Summer Lilac, 52 Summer gardens, shrubs suitable for, 39 Summer Grape (Vitis aestivalis), 72, 73 Supple-Jack (Berchemia scandens), 65 Sweet, introducer of Fairy Rose, 7 Sweet Bay (Magnolia glauca) for summer dis- play, 40 Sycopsis sinensis, 167 Symplocos crataegoides, 97 Symplocos paniculata, 84, 98 Symphoricarpos, for ornamental fruits, 83 Symphoricarpos mollis, 99 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, 99 Symphoricarpos racemosus, 99 Symphoricarpos racemosus, var. laevigatus, 99 Syringa affinis, 215,219 Syringa affinis, var., Giraldii, 219 Syringa alborosea, 223 Syringa amurensis, 226 Syringa chinensis, 228 Syringa chinensis alba, 229 Syringa emodi, 215, 225 INDEX Syringa Henryi, 228 Syringa Henryi Lutéce, 228 Syringa hyacinthiflora, 229 Syringa japonica, 215, 227 Syringa Josikaea, 214, 224, 228 Syringa Julianae, 222 Syringa oblata, 215, 219, 220, 229 Syringa pekinensis, 226 Syringa persica, 221, 228 Syringa persica, var. alba, 221 Syringa persica, var. laciniata, 221 Syringa pinnatifolia, 221 Syringa pubescens, 220 Syringa reflexa, 221 Syringa Rehderiana, 223 Syringa rothomagensis, 228 Syringa Sweginzowii, 225 yb tomentella, 223 yringa villosa, 223, 228 Syringa vulgaris, 213, 214, 228, 229 Syringa Wilsonii, 223 Syringa Wolfii, 224 Tamarack or Hackmatack, 134 Taxodium, 113 Taxus baccata. 136 Taxus canadensis, 136 Taxus cuspidata, 136 Taxus cuspidata, var. nana, 137 Tecoma radicans, 67 Tecoma radicans. var. praecox, 67 Thalictrum dipterocarpum, 238 Thayer, Mrs. Bayard, Lily named in honor of, 29 Thea cuspidata, 164 Thuja gigantea, 127 Thuja occidentalis, 128 Thuja occidentalis Little Gem, 133 Thuja occidentalis, var. lutea, 129 Thuja occidentalis, var. pendula, 129 Thuja occidentalis, var. plicata, 127, 120 i Thuja occidentalis, var. plicata argenteo-varie- gata, 129 Thuja occidentalis recurva nana, 133 Thuja occidentalis Reedii, 133 Thuja occidentalis Tom Thumb, 133 Thuia occidentalis umbraculifera, 133 Thuja occidentalis, var. Vervaeneana, 128 Thuja occidentalis, var. Wareana, 129 Thuja occidentalis, var. Wareana aurea, 129 Thuja occidentalis Woodwardii, 133 Thuja orientalis, 129 Tiger Lily (Lilium tigrinum), 20, 25 Tokyo, Plum Gardens of, 187 Trailing Arbutus, 148 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus), 172 Trellises for climbing plants, 58 Tripterygium Regelii, 64 Trumpet-flower (Campsis radicans, or Tecoma radicans), 67 Trumpet-flower, climbing organs of, 57 Tsuga canadensis, 114, 122 Tsuga canadensis, var. compacta, 122 Tsuga canadensis, var. microphylla, 123 Tsuga canadensis, var. pendula, 123 Tsuga canadensis, var. Sargentiana, 122 Tsutsutsi Azaleas, 249 Tulip-tree, 102, 106, 107 Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), 84, 106, 108 Turner, Messrs. Chas., purchase stock of “The Engineer” Rose and change name to “Crim- son Rambler,” 9 Ulmus americana, 176 Umbellate Lily, type of the group, 25 Ume (Japanese Apricot), 187 Under-tree planting, shrubs for, 166 oll Vaccinium, for ornamental fruits, 84 Vaccinium Vitis-idaea, 148 Vacciriums, planting Lilies among, 31 Van Houtte, first to produce double Rhododen- dron luteum, 254 Varnish Tree (Kéelreuteria paniculata), for summer display, 41 Veitch, John Gould, first to send Lilium auratum to England, 21 Veitch, Messrs., first in England to flower Lilium auratum, 21; receive first seeds of Giant Arborvitae (Thuja plicata), in England, 127; send E. W. Wilson in search of the Davidia, 275 Veronica angustifolia, 53 Veronicas, planting Lilies among, 31 Viburnum, 106, 110 Viburnum acerifolium, 95 Viburnum alnifolium, 95 Viburnum americanum, 9r Viburnum buddleifolium, 163 Viburnum Canbyi, 97 Viburnum cassinoides, 97 Viburnum coriaceum, 162 Viburnum Davidii, 161 Viburnum dentatum, 97 Viburnum dilitatum, 91 Viburnum furcatum, 95 Viburnum Harryanum, 162 Viburnum Henryi, 161 Viburnum Lantana, 95 Viburnum lantanoides, 95 Viburnum lentago, 97 Viburnum Opulus, 91 Viburnum Opulus, var. xanthocarpum, 92 Viburnum plicatum, 95 Viburnum propinquum, 162 Viburnum prunifolium, 97 Viburnum pubescens, 95 Viburnum rhytidophyllum, 95, 162 Viburnum rufidulum, 97 Viburnum Sargentii, 91 Viburnum Sieboldii, 95 Viburnum tomentosum, 95 Viburnum utile, 162 iburnum Veitchii, 95 Viburnum Wrightii, 91 Viburnums, for fruits and flowers, 79, 83 Vilmorin, Maurice de, raises first tree of Davidia involucrata in Europe, 294 Vinca minor, 147 Virginia Creeper, 106, 107, 110 Vitis aestivalis, 72 Vitis amurensis, 71 Vitis armata, 71 Vitis betulifolia, 72 Vitis bicolor, 72 Vitis cinerea, 72 Vitis Coignetiae, 70 Vitis cordifolia, 73 Vitis Davidii, 71 Vitis Davidii, var. cyanocarpa, 71 Vitis Doaniana, 72 Vitis flexuosa, var. parvifolia, 72 Vitis flexuosa, var. Wilsonii, 72 Vitis labrusca, 73 Vitis Piasezkii, 72 Vitis pentagona, 72 Vitis reticulata, 72 Vitis Romanetii, 72 Vitis rupestris, 73 Vitis, climbing organs of, 56 Von Siebold, Philip Franz, introduces Prunus subhirtella, var. pendula, into Holland, 199; introduces Malus floribunda into Holland, 207; introduces Malus Sieboldii, 208; distributes Malus ringo, 210 312 Walnut, 106 d Washington, George, plants Lilac at Mount Vernon, 214 Washington Thorn, for ornamental fruits, 85 Waterer, hybridizer of Rhododendrons, 268 Wayfaring Tree (Viburnum Lantana), 95 Waxwork (Celastrus scandens), 65, 83 Weld, Gen. Stephen M., Primula pulverulenta in garden of, 240 ; Wichuraiana Rose (Rosa Luciae), introduced into Belgium from Japan, 8; wild prototype of, 1r Wild Roses, extolled in poetry and prose for centuries, 16; Lilies planted among, 31; for fruits and flowers, 79; in autumn colors, 106 Williams, S. T., introduces Syringa affinis into Arnold Arboretum from Japan, 219 Willock, Sir Henry, introduces Yellow Persian Rose, 15 Willow, ros Willows, new introductions, 170 Wintergreen, or Checkerberry, 149 Wistar, Dr. Caspar, Wistaria named in honor of, by Nuttall, 60 Wistaria, 56 Wistaria, how named, 60 INDEX Wistaria, Chinese, 60 Wistaria, Japanese, remarkable for long racemes of flowers, 61; when and by whom introduced es Europe and America, 62; how propagated, 3 Wistaria floribunda, var. macrobotrys, 61 Wistaria frutescens, 60 Wistaria multijuga, 61 Wistaria sinensis, introduced into England from China, 60 Witch Hazels (Hamamelis), 177 Woodbines (Lonicera Periclymenum), 66 Xylosma racemosum, 173 Xylosma racemosum, var. pubescens, 173 Yellow flowered shrubs, 49 Yellow and orange fruited shrubs, 92 Yew, 136 Yew, English, 136 Yew, Japanese, 136 : Yoshino-sakura, Japanese Flowering Cherry, 300 Yucca filamentosa, 49, 147 Yucca flaccida, 49, 147 Yucca glauca, 49,147 | Yulan (Magnolia conspicua), 182 PRINTED AT THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y¥. i: sis als TIM AIUT 00026424958