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he Latest Discovery ^

The old belief that Arizona was a desert has been suddenly broken down by one of the most important discoveries of the century, namely, that with an intelligent employment of natural agencies which exists there in abundance the most astonishing results in agriculture can be accomplished.

The State has some of the richest and most friable land in the world, and can easily be made to yield crops of grain and rare fruits that wholly surpasses the experience of the farmers of the richest sections of the great Northwest.

Irrigation of the land with the abundant waters of the streams which ramify throughout the Territory is the main solution of the problem that has been a sealed mystery for many generations; but in the ages gone and forgotten it was the secret of the splendid civilization which existed long before Cortez devastated the noble country tributary to the Rio Grande.

The almost incredible cheapness with which land may now be purchased in Arizona is a condition which is rapidly passing away before the active demand which now exists and which is steadily increasing.

The best sections of the Territory are along the lines of the Southern Pacific Company or immediately contiguous to them.

The best way to see Arizona, with its rich lands and striking scenery,

its extraordinary vegetation and ancient ruins, is to travel over the SuNSHT

Route of the Southern Pacific Company. Visitors from the East should

take the SuNSET Train at New Orleans. Full particulars may be learned

by addressing any of the following agents of the Southern Pacific Company:

T. H. GOODMAN, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, San Francisco E. HAWLEY, Assistant General Traffic Manager, 343 Broadway, N. Y. W. G. NEIMYER, Genera! Western Agent, 204 Clark Street, Chicago W. C. WATSON, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, New Orleans W. C GREGORY, Traveling Passenger Agent, - - - Cincinnati, Ohio G. W. ELY, Traveling Passenger Agent, - - Montgomery. Alabama j

R. H. HILL, Passenger Agent, _ _ _

T. F. McCANDLESS, Traveling Passenger Agent, -

Atlanta, Ga. Houston, Texas

i

RIZONA.

^

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OE ITS

HISTORY, COUNTIES, PRINCIEAI.

CITIES, RESOURCES AND

PROSPECTS,

^

TOOETHER WITH NOTICES OK THE BUSINESS NlEN AND ElRMS WHO HAVE M:ADE

THE Territory.

)] (3.S-H^Sfi-r.,C^-n

^

rK- 18 91 ^i

ioneer Roll Paper Co.

Sole Agents for Pacific Coast for

Hopking's Holders and Cutters

For Roll Paper of All Grades and Sizes

227 North Los Angeles Street

Los Angeles, California

LIST OF ROLL WRAPPING PAPER

No. I Jute Manilla Red X Manilla No. 2 Manilla

Tissue Fancy Printed Brownies, Stripes, Etc.

Tinted and White Book, No. i Tinted and White Book No. 2

White Tea Grocers' or Bakers' Light Straw

Butchers' Straw . No. i Red Express

No. I Gray Express Granite Hardware

Rag Hardware, Rag Grocer's Furniture Paper

Black Pattern, Red and Blue Manilla Documents

IXL Brand Waterproof Sheathing Sackets B Tarred Manilla

Straw Board, Felt Carpet Lining Folded Carpet Lining

We carry a complete Stock of Sheet Paper in Manilla, Straw, Hardware and Book, Grocers' Millinery, and Nail Bags, Twines, Wood and paper Plates, Butter Trays, Confection- ery Boxes, Etc., Etc.

Send for Prices

Headquarters for Orange Wrappers

J. E. SILLS, Vice-Pres. and Treas. M. S. BAKBR, President

Bancroft Library

F. L- BAKKR, Sec. and Supt.

aker Iron Works

Los Angeles, Cai. 950-966 Bucna Vista St.

Manufacturers of and Dealers in

BOILKRS AND KnGINES

Krom 1 to 500 Horse- Power

Mill and Mining Machinery; Steam Hoisting Machinery Oil and Artesian Well Boring Rigs and Tools

Otis Bros' Patent Safety Steam and Hydraulic Elevators Hand and Power Elevators; Street Cars Street Car Axles and Wheels

Shafting, Pulleys and Gearing

Architectural Iron Work of All Kinds Hotel Ranges, Boilers, Etc. Patent Feed Water Heaters and Purifiers Steam Jackets, Kettles and Tanks

Heating and Ventilating Furnaces for Public Buildings and Residences Worthington Duplex Steam Pumps The New Pulsometer

The Defiance Steam Cyphon Pump

Steam Road Rollers and Road Making Machinery Portable and Traction Engines.

Estimates on all Classes of Special Work Cheerfully Made

«niiiii:ir :. .."''■"''j'

'''.^nmiiiiiFniiiiDiiii"!"

W. L. PACKARD

SUCCESSOR TO

HALL & PACKARD

jSpot Cash Grocery House

CHEAPEST -r PjLKCE IN •?• t- THe STKTE f

A PuLIv AND COMPIvKTK StoCK

OF

Staple and Kancy

GROCERIES

Write for Price Current Quotations Furnished on Application

NO CHARGE for packing or Drayage

441-443 South Spring Street

Los Angeles, Cal.

Prefack -

7n^ijio Ie)[~\/iir\A/of Arizona, resum6 of its resources and

(«)Hlb l\hiVlhiW . , f, r, . . , ,,

^^ ^ forecast of its future is given to the

public in all candor. There has nothing been overstated nor has there been any attempt to boom the Territory beyond what its merits justify. On these it can well afford to stand.

In the compilation of the story of the Territory, the publishers wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to the exhaustive work of the Hon. Patrick Hamilton, to J. W. Evans, Esq. of Phoenix, to Sheriff O'Neill of Yavapai County and to the editors of the Daily Gazette of Phcenix, and of the Daily Citizen and the Daily Star of Tucson, for valuable assistance rendered by them in the work of collecting data.

If the result of the publication of this volume should be the increase of the immigration of home-seekers into a land where there is no end to the opportunities for home- making, the aim and purpose of the publishers will have been amply served.

March, iSgi.

H. [C. STINSON )

W. N. .CARTER 1 Compilers.

(o'NTENTSi^

Pioneer Roll Paper, Los Angeles

Baker Iron Works, Los Angeles - - .

W. L. Packard, Los Angeles -

Historical Sketch of the Territory of Arizona

The Modern History of the Territory -

Cession of the Territory to the United States

The General Topography of the Country

The Mountain Ranges which Traverse Arizona

The Rivers of Arizona

The Mines and Mining Enterprises

Animal Life and Vegetation ...

Grass-Covered Valleys where the Beeves grow

Climatic Conditions that make Arizona what it is

Means of Transportation provided in the Territory

Hon. M. A. Smith, M. C. -

The Counties of the Territory and Leading Cities -

Maricopa County - . . .

Principal Mines in Maricopa County

The Kind of Climate Maricopa enjoys

Phcenix — The County Seat and Territorial Capital General Sketch of the Salt River Valley and its Contents -----

The Chamber of Commerce of Phoenix

Andre, R. G.

Arizona and Eastern Colonization Co.

Arizona Gazette - • - -

Arizona Improvement Co. - - - .

Blinn, L. W., Lumber Co.

Burtis, D. H.

Byers & Ryder - - - -

Commercial Hotel - - - - .

Davis, H. C. -

Evans, J. W.

Eschman, C. & Co. - - - -

Farmers' Irrigation Co. - . . .

Hartwell, F. A.

He wins & Craighead . . . .

Holmes, Gregory & Lindsey

Holmes & Lindsey - - - - .

Hotel Vendome - . - .

(Yi)

PAGI		PAGE.
- 2	Ganz, E. ----- .	66
3	Goldman & Co. - - . .	64
- 4	Kemp, Henry E. & Co. •-	- 68
9	Lamson, E. M. -	67
-11	Maricopa & Phoenix R. R. -	71
11	Maricopa Loan & Trust Co. -	62
12	McNulty, W. F. & Co. -	64
16	Mills House - - . . .	52
17	Minor, P.-	67
19	Perkins, G. B.	70
21	Peters, 0. W. & Co.	54
26	Prowell, E. E.	60
28	Phoenix Electric Light Co. -	62
29	Phoenix Flour Mills - - - -	64
31	Phoenix Iron Works - - . .	69
31	Phoenix & Prescott Stage Line -	65
32	Phcenix Water Co. - - - . .	55
36	Ryder, H. W. -	57
38	St. Clair & Pratt -----	55
	Talbot & Hubbard - . - -	60
39	Tantan & Kellner - - - - -	57
	Tulburt & Ming - - . .	53
41	Valley Abstract Co. - - - .	63
50	Valley Bank -----	69
58	Valley Railroad Co. . - . .	54
66	Western Investment Banking Co.	62
59	Williams Hotel, Maricopa - - - -	71
56	Wilson, P. F.	55
61	Los Angeles Business College	78
68	F. W. Braun & Co., Los Angeles -	74
57	Pima County — its History, Resources and Cities	75
61	Tucson, the Oldest City in Arizona	79
54	Allison, G. & Sons ....	86
52	Arctic Ice Co. -----	87
70	Arizona Daily and Weekly Citizen	91
65	Arizona National Bank of Tucson -	89
66	Buehman, H - - • -	103
70	Consolidated National Bank of Tucson	93
51	Cosmopolitan Hotel - . - -	90
51	Drake, Chas. R - - - - -	86
58	Eagle Milling Co. - - - -	88

CONTBNTS.

vu

El Poloma Mining & Smelter Co. - Fleishman, Fred & Co. Frank, I. & Co. Franklin, Selim M.

Ford, Pierce . . - -

Giant Powder Co. - - - -

Goldbaum, J. ....

Goldschmidt, A. & Co. Grossetta, A. V. & Co. - Harding & Harding ...

Hofif, Charles F. - ■

Hughes, Stevens & Co. Jacobs, Washington JI. Jeffords, Hon. Harry R. - Manning & Oury ....

Mansfeld, J. S. -

Martin, Dr. Geo. ....

Miltenberg, Frank - . - .

Orndorf House . . . - -

Roskruge, Geo. J. - - -

San Xavier Hotel ....

Sievert W.- St. Joseph's Academy . - - . St. Mary's Hospital Snyder, M. S. -

The Star ..... Tucson Gas Co. ....

Villaescusa, F. J. - Zabriskie, Hon. J. A. - Zeckendorf, L. & Co. The Border City of Nogales Gumming, D. J. - Doherty, A. A

International Drug Store (Chenoweth & Mix) International Hotel .... La Moda, Leon Horvilleur & Co. Levy & Raas ....

Montezuma Hotel - - - -

Nogales Bazaar and Red House Nogales Sampling Works - Ramirez, Cirilo ... - -

Sandoval, P. & Co. Sonora News Co. ....

histoby and description op c0chi8e county

The City op Tombstone ...

Arizona Mail & Stage Co. - - .

Bank of Tombstone - - . .

Blinn, L. W., Lumber Co. -

Can Can Restaurant

Cochise Hardware & Trading Co. -

Durward & Read ....

Hart, S. L.

Hoefler, Joseph ....

La Eaperanza. (G. Nardini & Co.)

PAGE. 98

- 87

97

84

86

92

94

89

102

101

102

103

85

105

95

99

105

92

92

101

104

104

99

84

85

100

91

90

93

■ 96

106

108

108

109

114

109

112

109

111

110

113

112

108

115

117 124 120 121 122 118 121 118 120 121

K7

	AOB
McAllister & McCone ...	120
New York Store ....	- 128
0. K. Livery Stable	122
Palace Hotel ....	- 123
Patton, J. J. ....	119
Vickers, J. V. ....	- 119
Warnekros, Paul B. -	123
Yable, Frank ....	- 122
History and Description of Benson	124
Delehenty, P. J. -	- 125
Gerwien, H. -	126
Goldwater, L. & H.	125
Miller & Lowenstien	125
Virginia Hotel . . . .	. 126
Description of Pinal County	127
Description of Florence	. 127
Florence & Casa Grande Stage Line .	130
Florence Hotel ....	. 128
Pinal County Bank	128
Smith, W. C. & Cb.	. 129
Tillman, Chas. W. . . .	128
Description of Yavapai County and the Ci'^
OF Prescott ....	131
Arizona Real Estate, Loan & Investment Asso-
ciation .....	136
Baer, Erwin ....	. 140
Bank of Arizona ^ . Bashford & Burmister	134
137
Bellvue Hotel ....	140
Calles, J. S.	. 136
Campbell, John G. . . . .	141
Clark & Adams ....	. 136
Curry, Geo. H. .	138
Fisher, J. L.	. 139
Gardner, J. I. .	134
Hotel Burke ....	. 141
Kelly & Stephens ....	139
Levy, D. & Co. ....	. 136
Marks, Jake .....	138
New York & Boston Store .	. 140
Osenburg. J. F. .	135
Prescott Lumber Co. . . .	. 137
Wilson, J. W. & Co. .	138
A Geological Freak ....	. 141
The Town of Flagstaff	142
The Town of Jerome	. 142
The Other Counties of the Territory —
Yuma County ....	142
Gila County ....	. 143
Graham County ....	143
Mohave County ....	. 143
Apache County ....	144
Arizona Press Association .	. 144

1^=^

TO THE READER

-^ ^ ^

This publicalion was prepared for the benefit of Arizona, hi consideration of its gratuitous circulation all persons who receive a copy are requested to I St. Preserve it for reference: 2d. Read it carefully and thoughtfully: ^d. Search its pages when they desire to trade with the leading reliable business men of the Territory^ and

4th. To mention that it was reading this volume that induced correspondence.

Historical Sketch of the Territory of Arizona.

; BRIEF SKETCH, though in the merest outline, of the history of the Territory of

Arizona will be regarded as no unfitting introduction to what is to be told, in the

following pages, of its natural features, its resources and its industries. This will

;bc given here as fully as the space available will permit, and the resume, brief

although it will necessarily be, will, it is believed, be found far from uninteresting.

A PRE-HISTORIC RACE.

That Arizona was inhabited before the dawn of history, and indeed, at a period regarding which even tradition is silent, by a people — and possibly

by two distinct races of people — who had attained to a certain de- gree «f civiliza- ^ ,_^2j-. -; -'Tra^^^^w I U tion, is unques-

\ *» ^^^ggmg^"^^ -^ .-'I tionable. The

traces of their oc- cupancy of the country are of the clearest and most unmistak- able character, and, while the period during which they pos- sessed it and the time ana cause of their expulsion or extinction are shrouded in impenetrable mystery, proofs of their presence, doubtless for thousands of years, are to be found in the mounds, caves and canals which abound in the valleys through, which the Gila, the Salt River, the Verde, the San Pedro and the Little Colorado pass. In some of those mounds, and even scattered around in their neighborhood, have been found frag- v.xM- rjmmtm^^^^^^^ ments of pottery of a coarse, but perfectly serviceable, quality,

^.'**^ i^niB '-^''^hrf "^^^•^^ earthen jars, or alias, filled with calcined or roasted corn or beans,

stone hammers and axes, and, in some instances, human skel- etons. The remains of the concrete and cement buildings are sufliciently numerous to show that this pre-historic race was well skilled in the erection of edifices suited to the country and the climatic conditions under which they lived. The outlines of numerous canals which traverse the country prove that they were also skilled in the theory and practice of irrigation. The contents of the caves are

found to be more scanty and less suggestive of civilization than those of the mounds.

9

NATURAI, SPIRES O.N THE GILA RIVEK

AND

A GLIMPSE OF THE CASA GRANDE.

■::i:~.i^:^\

10

ARIZONA

Six miles below the town of Florence, in the valley of the Gila and about five miles south of that river stands the best preserved and, at the same time, the most significant indication of the nature and degree of the civilization of this mysterious race — the Casa Grande. It is the ruin of what once was a magnificent edifice (built of blocks of cemented concrete), distinguished by no mean pretensions to architectural beauty and symmetry, but every year sees it reduced in size by the effects of the weather, and it is only a matter of a short time when it will entirely disappear, or, at best, be little more than one of the many iumuli which are found in this and the adjoining valleys. As it now stands, its dimensions are fifty by thirty feet, but it

is described by the earliest white visitors to it (in 1540) as being four stories in height and with walls six feet in thickness. A visitor in 1777 said the walls, from north to south, were 420 feet, and from east to west, 2G0 feet. Its interior con- sisted of five halls, the three in the middle being 26 feet long by 10 feet wide and the others longer. Around it were, at the time mentioned, the remains of several other buildings, showing that, at one time, there had been in the valley a large city, of which the Casa Grande was, doubt- less, the principal public building, while the traces of a canal, forty miles long, extending to the Gila River, indicate the way in which the city was supplied with water and the lands of the valley irri- gated.

The remains of similar cities are found scattered over various parts of the Territory, in the form of mounds, stone buildings, etc. In the Chino Valley, north of Prescott, and at Walnut Grove, south of the same city, are found stone buildings in a fairly good state of preserva- tion. Prescott is said to be built on the site of one of these ancient cities, and many other instances might be given where proofs, the most indis- putable, are found that a race which, though belonging to the Stone Age, as shown by the prim- itive implements found in the mounds, yet had attained to no inconsiderable skill in the arts of agriculture and mining.

The traces of the existence of the cave-dwellers are chiefly found uoME OF THE CLIFF DWELLERS, j^ Northcastem Arizona, in the

cafions and cliff's around the Rio de Chelly and its tributaries, and along the streams that feed the Colorado Chiquito, the largest settlement probably having been in the canon of Cosnino Creek, in Yavapai County. From the few domestic utensils found in those cliff'-dwemngs, it is impossible to say what sort of people they were, or on what they subsisted.

From neither the mounds nor the caves can anything be learned of the fate of these people, or even of the period in which they lived. The Pima Indians have not even a tradition regarding them, and it is pretty certain that no light will ever be thrown on this ethnological mystery.

ARIZONA. 11

The Modern History of the Territory.

TIE history of Arizona strictly begins with the advent of the first three Spaniards in 1538, the ^ companions of Alva Nufiez Cabeza de Vaca. He was a member of the ill-fated expedition to Florida under Narvaez in 1527, and had been cast ashore in a boat and made a slave by his Indian captors. Falling in with two other Spaniards and a Negro, who had also been members of the expedition, he contrived to effect their escape, and they concluded to attempt to cross the continent in a westerly direction and join their countrymen in Northern Mexico, as no other avenue of flight seemed feasible. After innumerable adventures, and a weary journey, during which, however, they were shown great kindness by the Indians, who regarded them as a sort of demi-gods, they passed through Southern Arizona and Sonora, and finally fell in with their countrymen at Culiacan in Sinaloa, and Cabeza de Vaca afterwards wrote and published a thrilling account of the adventures of the party, in which he gave, among other things, much interesting information in regard to the part of Arizona which they had traversed.

The oral descriptions, which he gave to his compatriots, of the country through which he had passed, roused the cupidity of the fighting men and the missionary spirit of the Padres. In 1539 an ineffectual attempt was made by Padre Marco de Niza to establish a Mission. The news he brought back, however, served to increase the desire of the Spaniards to know more of the country, and, in 1540, Vasquez de Coronado pene- trated with an expeditionary force as far north as the Moqui and Zuni Indian Villages, and, being disappointed in not finding the treasures he expected, he turned east to the New Mexico Pueblos, then proceeded north to the place where Denver noiv stands, and from thence went east as far as the Canadian River. A naval expedition which was dispatched at the same time, effected nothing beyond discovering the Colorado and Gila Rivers and the Gulf of California.

The unsatisfactory results of those expeditions damped the ardor of the Spaniards, and it was not till 1582 that another expedition started for the North under Antonio de Espejo. The only notable result of his visit to Arizona was the discovery of silver ore somewhere in the Rio Verde country.

A century afterwards, in 1686, the Jesuit Padres Kino and Salvatierra were endeavoring to Chris- tianize the natives of Sinaloa and Sonora, and, the following year, they established the first Mission in what is now Arizona, at Guevavi, some distance south of Tucson. Other Missions were established, making nine in all, and excellent work was done by the priests in the conversion and civilization of the Pimas and Apaches, but they were much harassed by the unconverted Apaches, and in 1751, many of the priestfl were slain by revolting Pimas. This caused the erection of the presidios of Tucson and Tubac by the Viceroy for the protection of the missionaries and their converts.

In 1767 the missionaries were driven out of Arizona, in consequence of a royal decree issued by the King of Spain, two years before, expelling the Jesuits from Spain and her colonies. This was the death blow to the Missions, for, although a number of San Franciscan monks were afterwards sent to replace the Jesuits, they failed to make them the success their predecessors had done, and, in 1828, the Missions were abandoned entirely, in accordance with a decree of the Mexican Government.

Cession of the Territory to the United States.

^N 1847 all the land north of the Gila River was, by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ceded to the United States. The country was, at that time, entirely under control of the Apaches. In 1854 the portion south of the Gila was purchased from Mexico, through the American Minister, Mr. Gadsden, for 110,000,000, and, in 1855, was formally turned over to the United States.

Several surveys were made by the U. S, Government with the view of opening up the country by roads and railways, and, in 1856, two military posts were established, one at the head of the Sonoita, called Fort Buchanan, and the other near the mouth of the Arivapai, called Fort Breckenridge. In the same year an expedition, h'd by Charles 1). Poston, afterwards the first Territorial Delegate to Congress, started from San Antonio, Texas, to work certain silver mines said to exist in the Santa Rita and Arivaca

12

ARIZONA

districts, and Eastern corporations operated extensively in mines in these and adjoining parts of the Terri- tory, making Tubac their headquarters. Other indications of progress and prosperity were being shown on all sides, when the breaking out of the Civil War put an abrupt stop to everything of the sort. The troops at the two forts, acting according to instructions, burned the buildings and Government stores and evacuated the Territory. The rfiail stage lines were stopped in consequence of the attacks of the now unrestrained savages, and every white man who could get away did so as fast as possible, to escape the murderous Apaches who had everything their own way in Southern Arizona, and burned and massacred without mercy.

In February, 18G2, Tucson was seized by a Company of Texans under a Captain Hunter, but they were forced to evacuate the town the following May by the approach of the California Volunteers. The presence of the latter force in the country, restored a feeling of comparative safety and confidence, and immigrants began again to pour in, attracted by the rich discoveries of gold made in various parts of the Territory, notably, on the Colorado and at Weaver Hill.

Various efforts had been made to obtain recognition as a Territory, but from political opposition, civil discord, or some other cause, the bills were defeated, and Arizona continued attached to New Mexico until, at last a bill declaring it a Territory received the President's signature on February 24, 1863. The Territorial Government began actual official work in December of the same year. The first Governor was John M. Goodwin, and the first Legislature convened at Prescott, September 26, 1864.

For ten years thereafter, the Apaches committed the most frightful atrocities, and the scattered military posts, established by the government, could do but little to check their ravages. It has been computed that over 1,000 victims fell during that time, beneath the knife or the tomahawk of the savage. By and by, however, under the systematic and persistent attacks of the United States soldiers under General Crook, the fierce Apaches had to yield, and, in 1874, they were placed on reservations.

From that time the numerous extensive discoveries of gold which were made in various northern parts of the country increased immigration at a very rapid rate. New cities arose, as if by magic, in the neighbor- hood of those rich finds, and all the other industries of the country became active and prosperous in sympathy with the prosperity of the mines.

The establishment of communication with the rest of the world, and especially with the great markets of the Continent, by means of railways, opened up a magnificent future for Arizona, and gave her the means of transporting her exhaustless products of farm and forest, and range and mine, not only quickly but cheaply, to the great centers of commerce. As her railway systems are still further developed — and they cannot fail to be — the wealth and prosperity of the Territory will increase to an extent undreamt of by her pioneer settlers, and, indeed, hardly suspected by her citizens to-day.

The General Topography of the Territory of Arizona.

HE Territory of Arizona extends from the 109th degree, west longitude, to the Great Colorado, and from 31" 28', north latitude to the thirty-seventh parallel. The States immediately adjoining it and lying without the limits named, are: on the west California and Nevada, on the south the State of Sonora, Mexico, on the east the Terri- tory of New Mexico, and on the north State of Nevada and the Territory of Utah. It is the extreme southwestern corner of the United States and comprises 113,947 square miles. The general features of the country are full of variety, and abound in striking and picturesque contrasts. At once the fairest and the wildest, the most picturesque and the most fruitful scenes are to be found on the elevated plateau, of which Arizona mainly consists. In the northern portion, especially, are found tremendous chasms, gloomy caflons and narrow, but fruitful, valleys, hemmed in by majestic mountains. The same diversified scenery, the same mingled grandeur and beauty are found in every part of the Territory in a more or less marked and striking degree, and it would be hard to find, on this or any other continent, a range of country of equal extent, where so many grand and beautiful " bits " of landscape tempt the brush of the artist. When, in addition to this, it is remembered that, over all this sublimity and beauty of scenery, there is a cloudless sky, illuminated by a sun of undimmed brilliancy, it may safely be asserted that Arizona has a claim that cannot well be disputed to being the Paradise of America.

But the idea must not be entertained that Arizona is merely a land where the eye is pleased with beauty and the other senses gratified with peculiar delights. It is not simply a locus-eater's land, " where it

ARIZONA. 13

is always afternoon," and devoid of those inducements to labor and industry which allure and incite men to activity in the pursuit of wealth. Its mountains are not merely picturesque and awe-inspiring in their grandeur; they abound in the mineral wealth from which so many vast fortunes have been already drawn, and from which 80 many more are destined to be derived. The vast plains, covered with a rich herbage, support countless flocks and herds which are the source of untold wealth, and the cultivated plains and valleys, blessed by a climate unsurpassed on earth, produce every conceivable cereal and fruit required for man's sup- port or the gratification of his palate. In short, if there be any drawback mixed up with the unquestionable and self-e\adent attraction which Arizona holds forth to the man who is in search either of wealth, health or a home,. it has not been found, up to date.

It will be of interest to run over, very cursorily, and without any pretense of elaborate or detailed description, the salient features of the Territory. Its greatest length, from north to south, may be rpughly stated at 400 miles, while, from east to west, it measures approximately 350 miles. As has been already said, it is mostly an elevated plateau or mesa — a very vast table-land — rising to a height of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet above sea-level in the northern part. Towards the southwest corner it slopes down to the level of the shore.

The highest point of the entire Territory is the summit of the extinct volcano, San Francisco, which reaches an elevation of nearly 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. It is visible over a radius of 200 miles, and, during at least half the 3'ear, the summit and sides of the defunct crater are covered with snow, forming one of the grandest sights imaginable, as it towers in its unspotted garb of heaven's ermine, and in solitary majesty over the adjoining scenery, •' monarch," in verity, as well as appearance, " of all it surveys."

THE COLORADO PLATEAU.

First, in extent as well as in varied beauty, of the great mesas is the Colorado Plateau. It is in the extreme northern part of the Territory, and varies in elevation, as already stated, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Besides the giant peak of San Francisco, there are the Bradshaw and Mogollon ranges of mountains rising from this vast viesa with an abruptness which, while it redeems the scene from monotony, does not interfere with the unity — or rather continuity — of the vast tableland. Besides these there are numerous detached spurs of the monarch peaks, striking off on either side like the ribs of some mammoth vertebrate. The intercostal spaces are filled by verdant and fertile valleys, widening, in many instances, into grassy plains, where armies of cowboys raise herds of cattle to supply the wants of a great proportion of the world's markets. This vast plateau is watered — or drained, if you will — by numerous streams, the chief of which are the Colorado of the West, the Colorado Chiquito, the Gila and the Verde.

THE SOUTHERN PLAINS.

Almost from the base of the San Francisco peak, the rapid declivity of the land begins toward the Gulf of California. The change in the contour of the country is abrupt, and consequently striking, while the climatic change is no less so, but the country is one of remarkable fertility, enriched as it is by the detritus carried down from the more elevated part of the Territory by the numerous mountain streams. There are detached ranges of mountains intersecting this portion, which, while not of any such majestic height as the peaks and ranges of the Colorado Plateau, yet serve to vary the scenery and redeem it from the monotony of a merely prairie country.

The only portion of the whole Territory which might be denominated in the strictest sense of the term, a desert, is in the extreme southwest, bordering on the Gulf of California. There the soil is gravelly, and, consequently, unproductive, and water is exceedingly scarce. Vegetation is consequently very sparse, being limited to a scanty growth of very coarse grass and stunted shrubs.

In the southeast, on the contrary, the ranges of mountains known as the Santa Catalinas, the Santa Ritas, the Huachucas, the Graham chain, and the Chiricahuas, attract the rain-clouds and send down their contents by many a mountain stream to fertilize the valleys and plains below. Water and consequently, verdure and timber are, therefore, abundant there, and, as a natural result, the valleys and plains are covered with vast herds, right to the base of the Sierra Madre in Mexico.

14

ARIZONA

NORTH OK THE THIRTY-KIKTH PARALLEL.

The portion of the Territory, north of the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude, and east of the Colorado Chiquito and Great Colorado, is, to a very great extent, non-productive, but, is, yet, redeemed from the stigma of being merely a desert, by the fact that, between the numerous mesas which constitute its chief features, there are interspersed, narrow, well-watered valleys where large and thriving herds of cattle find excellent

pasturage. A great part of the district is included in the Navajo Indian Reservation, and being well watered by the Rio de Chelly and its feeders, affords pasturage for numerous herds of ponies and sheep, from which the Indians derive a considerable revenue every year.

THE PAINTED

DESERT.

This remarkable region lies north of the confluence of the Little and Great Colorado. It is a tract on which " no flower blooms or ver- dure grows." It is entirely devoid of water and, consequently, of vege- tation. Its surface is covered with lofty columns shaped from the sand- stone, which is the geological form- ation of the plateau, by the wind and rainstorms of centuries, and these alternate with peaks and buttes of the same material fash- ioned by the same persistent hand. The phenomenon which, however, gives the district a unique position among the " show places " of the world, and which has given it its somewhat fanciful, but decidedly appropriate name, is the " mirage," which shows up there with regu- larity— but not with monotony, inas- much as the scenes presented to the wondering beholder's gaze, depicted as by the hand of a necromancer on the '' viewless canvas " of the intensely clear atmosphere, have as much variety as they have accuracy and distinctness of detail, shading and prospective. No speculative scientist or imaginative theorist has, so far, been able to give even a plausible raison d' etre for the visions (for such they literally are) of palaces, hanging gardens, colonnades, [temples, fountains, lakes, fortresses, woods, groves, armies, groups of people, herds of deer, etc., such as certainly do not all exist in the neighborhood, but which are as plainly seen, and depicted with as much vividness and accuracy of detail,

THE PAINTED CAVE.

ARIZONA.

15

as if put on canvas by the hand and brush of a master of the painter's art. It is no wonder that the mind of the untutored Indian regards it as a sort of Spirit Land, and thinks and speaks of it with superstitious — or rather reverential — awe.

THE COCCONINO KOREST.

The only other topographical features of the Territory that call for special mention, in a general survey of it, are the Cocconino Forest, a fine body of timber lying forty miles northeast of San Francisco peak, and an immense extent of grazing country in Yavapai County, to the description of which fuller attention will be given in the later pages of this work.

CENTRAL ARIZONA.

The vast tract of country that lies between the great Colorado Plateau and the tract of country last des- cribed, is almost entirely agricultural, and is particularly well adapted for the purposes of the husbandman. Here there are countless acres of land which, from its natural fertility, and the benignant influences of a climate absolutely perfect for the development of the products of the farm and the orchard, is capable of producing in their highest perfection every product of the semi-tropical and the temperate zones. Indeed, in respect of fertility and wide range of productiveness, the lands of Central Arizona can safely challenge the world to not only surpass, but even to rival, them. Here, also, is found the same remarkable variety of scenery which characterizes the more northerly part of the Territory in the shape of the alternation ('at much greater intervals, however,) of rugged mountains, deep canons and fertile plains and valleys. Of course the moun- tain ranges are not so continuous, but their occurrence contributes the scenic variety indicated, and, what is even more important, from the point of view of the practical man and the utilitarian, they are the magnets that attract the fertilizing rains, and contribute from the results of their own decomposition, to the fertility and beauty of the smiling valleys below.

A MIEAQE IN AKIZONA.

16 ARIZONA

The Mountain Ranges Which Traverse Arizona.

HE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE of Arizona is its magnificent mountain ranges. They not only, as has been already sjiid, diversify the scenery and add to its wondrous beauty but, as a natural result, contribut ■ very materially to the fertility of the interven- ing valleys. The system is undoubtedly a continuation, though a somewhat disconnected and irregular one, of the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada. Hon. Patrick Hamilton well describes the connection of the system with those ranges : "In 43" 30' north latitude the Wind River chain of the Rocky range divides about the remote sources of the Great Colorado. One branch trends southward and, passing around the sources of the Platte, the Arkansas and the Rio Grande is merged into the Guadalupe mountains, and, at last, loses itself in the great prairie plains of the Southwest. The other branch, turning to the west and >outh, forms the Wasatch range, the eastern rim of the Utah Basin, and widening out to the level of the Great Plateau reaches the canon of the Colorado near 112"^ of longitude. A branch of the Sierra Nevada deflects from that range east of Owen's River, and, with a general trend to the southeast, passes by the head of the Rio Virgen, becomes merged in the Plateau, and unites with the Wasatch at the Grand Caflon. These united ranges form the mountain system of Arizona, and, south of the Great River, break up into parallel ridges, isolated groups, detached spurs and peaks, which are again united in one massive chain in the Sierra Madre, in Northern Me.vico. The San Francisco Peak may be considered the apex of the Arizona mountain plateau, and the northern limit of the numerous ranges extending from the 35th parallel to the Sonora line and from the 109th to the 113th degree of longitude. Prom the San Francisco Mountain, a ridge extends southeast, separating the waters of the Little Colorado from those of the Gila, and is known as the Mogollon, while its southeastern spurs are known as the Sierra Blanca, or White Range. These ranges are well wooded and watered, and contain abundance of excellent feed for stock. West of the Mogollon, and running parallel with that range, is the Sierra Mazatzal, another extension of the San Francisco Mountain system. It also is well wooded and plentifully supplied with streams of water, and its valleys and foothills are covered with an abundant supply of rich grasses. Among the detached spurs the Sierra Ancha is to be noted. It rises in the Tonto Basin, and is a flat-topped mountain, some 30 miles in length and covered with one of the largest and finest bodies of pine timber to be found in Arizona. The scenic beauties of the Tonto Basin are unequaled in the Territory. On Pine Creek is the great Natural Bridge of Arizona, one of the most remarkable curiosities in the West.

Between the Salt River and the Gila are several mountain groups, the principal of which are the Superstition range, the Pinal range, the Salt River range, the Apache mountains, the Gila range, the Sierra Natanes and the Sierra de la Pitahaya.

West of the Rio Verde, the country between the Great Colorado and the Gila is intersected by several mountain ranges, the principal being the Verde mountains (the northern end of which is known as the Black Hills), the Bill Williams' Mountain, the Bradshaw and Sierra Prieta, a magnificent range 50 miles in length with ap average width of about 20 miles, and the Juniper range. Between the last named and the Colorado, to the north of Bill Williams' Fork are a series of irregular spurs running parallel to each other, and including the Mount Hope, the Cottonwood, the Hualapai, the Corbat and the Black mountains. Nearly all of these last named ranges are rich in precious metals, and have been successfully mined since the first settlement of northern Arizona. The Weaver range extends southwest of Prescott from Date Creek to Hassayampa, and in it is Antelope Peak where, in 1863, the great gold " find " was made which gave such an impetus to mining in the northern part of the Territory.

South of the Gila and extending to the boundary of Sonora are : the Peloncello range immediately west of the line of New Mexico, a low, broken, untimbered range ; the Chiricahua, "one of the largest and most continuous ranges in Arizona" (being over 100 miles in length and in some places 20 miles in width), and the Dragoon range.

In sight of Tucson, and north of the Whetstones, rises the majestic Santa Catalina from the midst of a desert plain, the range of which it forms a part extending north to the Gila, the upper portion being known as the Tortilla mountains. The Galiuro Mountain, including the peak known as Mount Turnbull

'ARIZONA. .17

extends from the caflon of the Gila, southwesterly, for between 30 and 40 miles. Southwest of the Santa Catalinas are the Santa Ritas, a group in which mining was first engaged in by Americans in Arizona. Southeast of the Santa Ritas is the Huachuca range, a well watered and wooded mountain land with fertile valleys lying between its various peaks.

West of the Santa Rita range and between the Gila and the Sonora line, the country is not so distinctively mountainous, having only detached ranges and isolated peaks, large, grassy plains filling the intervals. Among the principal ranges and peaks may be mentioned the Atascoso, the Sierra Verde, the Baboquivera Peak (8,000 feet in height) and Mt. Quijotoa, famous for containing extraordinarily rich mines.

A precisely similar stretch of country — in respect of conformation — extends from the Gila to the 34th parallel, and west of the 112th meridian. Among its ranges and peaks may be mentioned the Harcuvar, the Sierra de Estrella, the White Tank mountains, the Haqui-hcla, the Big Horn, the Plomosa, the Castle Dome, the Chocolate range, etc. These mountains are barren and rugged, being unwatered and, consequently, unlimtered, while the intervening plains are covered with coarse grass and stunted shrubs. The mountains, however, abound in mineral wealth, and water can bo. obtained by digging wells.

The following is the altitude of some of the leading peaks of this grand mountain system : San Francisco 12,561 feet. Sierra Blanca 11,496 feet. Mount Graham 10,516 feet and Mount Wrightson (in the Santa Ritas) 10,315.

When it is remembered that, with hardly an exception, these mountain ranges are either heavily timbered or rich in the precious metals and other minerals, it will be admitted that, so far from being a drawback to the Territory, they add enormously to its wealth as well as enhance its beauty.

§The Rivers of Arizona. he; GRANDEST OF ALL the rivers of Arizona, whether we consider its volume, its length or the extent of country which it drains, is, beyond all question, the Colorado of the West. Indeed, except the Columbia, it is by far the largest river that flows into the Pacific Ocean. It takes its rise in the Wind River chain of the Rocky mountains, about 12,000 feet above the sea level, and, until its junction with the Grand River in Southeastern Utah, it is known as the Green River. From that point until it debouches into the Gulf of Cali- fornia, it is called the Colorado. Its course is southwesterly until it reaches the mouth of the Virgen, when it turns its course almost due south and continues to flow in the same direction until it reaches the Gulf. Its other principal tributary is the San Jaun, which joins it above the entrance of the Grand Caflon. The whole length of the river is over 1,500 miles, and the area drained by it is computed to be larger than New England, Pennsylvania and Virginia combined. It is not a good stream for commercial purposes on account of its channel continually shifting, although it is navigable for boats of light draught for about 600 miles. It drainb the whole Territory of Arizona, though within the limits of Territory it receives only two tributaries of any great size — the Little Colorado and the Gila.

THE ORAND CANON.

The Grand Cafton of the Colorado, 400 miles in length, is the most remarkable feature of the whole course of the river. This stupendous gorge, cut out by the Colorado, through the plateau, in the course of countlcsB ages is one of the grandest sights on earth, and dwarfs, by comparison, all tlie other natural wonders which attract the tourist, the descriptive writer and the artist. Let the reader imagine, if he can, a cleft in the volcanic rock over 400 miles in length, with walls varying from 1,000 to 6,000 feet in height, descending sheer to the bed of the river, carved into all manner of fantastic shapes, either by the action of the river, ages ago, or by the sUjrms of centuries. Imagine, at the bottom of this awful chasm, the great river dashing along in billows and foam, through its rocky channel, which it is BtiH busied in deepening, being joined, here and there on its course, by tributaries, dashing down side-cafions which they have hollowed out for thcm- selves in imitation of the sovereign stream. Imagine the varied effects of light and shadow which must result from such an association of precipitous height and varied outline. When all this is done the human

18 ARIZONA. "

imagination, however vivid, will utterly fail, ag human powers of description will, to give anything like an adequate idea of the Grand Canon of the Colorado. Even when seen with the eye, it seems too stupendous to be grasped by the mind, and too sublime for description.

The Little Colorado, or Colorado Chiquito, as the Mexicans call it, rises in the Sierra Blanca and follows an almost uniform northwesterly course of 200 miles until it joins the Great Colorado near Grand Canon. Its tributaries are — taking them in the order in which they join it — the Zuni from New Mexico, the Kio Puerco likewise from New Mexico, the Leroux Fork, Chevelon's Fork (both small mountain streams) and the Moencopy.

The Rio Puerco, about ten miles above its junction with the Little Colorado, is joined by the Lithodendron (Stone-tree) Creek on the banks of which is one of the most wonderful natural phenomena to be found in the world, in the Petrified Forest. The Forest is several miles in extent and consists of trees of the cone-bearing variety literally "turned into stone." All over the ground, between the trunks of the trees, are strewn branches and leaves in a state of petrification and, here and there, bodies of birds and animals are said to be found in the same condition. Some of the trees are of vast size and are not unlike, in many respects, the Sequoia Gigantea, of California.

The Gila, the largest tributary of the Great Colorado and the next to it in size of the rivers of Arizona, rises in the eastern part of the Mogollon mountains. It flows in a westerly course, though with many windings from the time it enters the Territory at the New Mexico line until it joins the Great Colorado at Yuma. It receives the Rio San Francisco from the Sierra Natanes, the Bonita and Eagle creeks from the Sierra Blanco, all three clear and rapid mountain streams. From the point where the Bonita joins it, the Gila flows through the Pueblo Viejo, a beautiful valley nearly 40 miles in length, and varying from 2 to 4 in width. The Rio del Sur, an underground river, joins the Gila near the town of Solomonville, and the San Carlos, a large stream from the valley of the same name falls into it just before it enters the cailon which it has cut through several rocky ranges which cross its course soon after it leaves the Pueblo Viejo. After emerging from this canon, a few miles above the town of Florence, it enters on the wide and unbroken plain which stretches from there to the Colorado River, the destination of the Gila.

One tributary of the Gila, to wit, the Salt River, is large enough to merit special mention by itself. It is formed by the union of the Black and White rivers in the Mogollon mountains, these rivers receiving many tributary creeks, from their rise in the Sierra Blanca until they join to form the Salt River. Like the Gila, the Salt River passes through a picturesque caiion in which it receives several tributaries such as the Tonto, Cherry and Cibicu creeks, and after a course of about 200 miles joins the Gila below Phoenix, losing its name and individuality in those of that river. The canon cut by the Salt River, through the same range of mountains which the Gila pierces, is longer, and, if possible, even more picturesque, as regards scenery, than that made by the river to which it is tributary. A somewhat curious, though not unparalleled, circumstance is that, though the Salt River is called a tributaiy of the Gila, it is. as a matter of fact, a considerably larger river, and should, by rights, absorb the name of the latter, instead of vice versa.

Its own principal feeder is the Rio Verde which rises in the Chino Valley, in the Colorado Plateau between the Juniper and Bill Williams' mountains. Into it flows Granite Creek, on which the city of Prescott stands, and it picks up numerous mountain streams from the Black Hills, San Francisco peak and the Mazatzal range. It is a beautiful stream teeming with fish, and passing through many rich and fertile valleys in its course.

A tributary of the Gila which calls for special notice is the Santa Cruz, which, rising in the Patagonia mountains, in the extreme south of Pima County, crosses the Mexican line, and, after running for several miles through Sonora, turns back and flows due north to the city of Tucson, whence it takes a northwesterly course and joins the Gila. The peculiar thing about this river is, that its channel being through a loose sort of gravel, it disappears, here and there in its course, to reappear at some other point, and wherever it shows on the surface, it has been made available for irrigation with the most gratifying results.

The Agua Fria, which, rising ten miles east of Prescott, circles around the northern part of the Sierra Prietas, flows parallel to the Rio Verde, and, after making a trip underground, joins the Gila at Big Bend. Its whole course is about 120 miles.

A number of minor streams and mountain creeks (whose name is legion for they are many) might be enumerated, but sufficient has been said to show that Arizona is a well favored land in this regard, and that while she has some unproductive spots, and some desert tracts, she has, nevertheless, within her boundaries, immense stretches of the most fertile soil, blessed with abundance of that life-giving and fertilizing element which was the first thing the Creator provided for Eden, and which has rendered so many portions of Arizona, in all respects, " like unto a garden which the Lord hath blessed."

ARIZONA

19

CE0S8 SECTION OF A MODERN CONCENTRATING GOLD MILL.— CAPACITY, 1,000 TONS PER DAY; 240 STAMPS.

Built by RISDON IRON WORKS.

The Mines and Mining Enterprises of Arizona.

HE FAME OP ARIZONA'S mines of gold, silver and copper has spread over all the world, but it is doubtful if ever those who have looked into the subject with sonic degree of attention realize how exhaustless her wealth, in this respect, is, or how fabulously rich her deposits of those minerals are. Notwithstanding the immense amount which has been already exported in the form of ore, or bullion, there is no exaggeration in saying that only a beginning has been made, and that, with increased facilities of transportation, improved appliances, and the introduction of additional capital for investment in mining and prospecting, devel- opments will yet be .-nade that will astonish the whole world, and raise Arizona to the undisputed position of the premier gold and silver mining country of the earth.

When Coronado and his companions were traversing Pinicria Alta (as Arizona, south of the Gila River, was then called) and passing over the great northern plateau, in their wildgoose chase after the "Seven Cities of Cibola," they little thought that they were treading on soil and crossing mountains which contained greater wealth, for the taking, than ever their wildest dreams had pictured, or the romancers, who told of the treasures of the Moqui Cities, liad ever conceived of. Yet such was literally the case.

The Jesuit missionaries were wiser in their generation. They were the first to realize the mineral wealth of the country, and to set to work to secure it. Judging from the extensive traces of their workings around the old Missions, those holy fathers did not pass much of their time in idleness, however much of it they may have devoted to prayer, the conversion of the Pinias, and their subsequent instruction as Papagos.

20 ARIZONA.

There is abundant evidence that they impressed upon their converts the eminently practical view of religion, that "faith without toorks is dead," and the Indian, while he learned to be an expert miner, according to the primitive methods of those days, greatly enriched his ghostly advisers, by the output of the mines in which he toiled.

Others, besides the Mission Fathers, worked in the veins of Pimeria Alta, and took out much valuable ore— chiefly silver ; and soon the fame of the district spread over the whole world. The appliances for working the ore were, indeed, of the very rudest kind, but then the ore was of the very easiest description to reduce, much of it being virgin silver. Nuggets of the pure metal were found, varying from 200 to 2,700 lbs. in weight.

So long as Spanish rule obtained in Mexico, mining prospered amazingly in Arizona, but when the war for Mexican independence broke out, the industry got a serious set-back; and, afterwards, so long as the country remained under Mexican rule, there was no noticeable revival of the industiy, operations finally ceasing altogether. The chief cause of this was that the Mexican government took no trouble to protect the miners from the raids of the murderous Apaches, and it was impossible to carry on that, or any other, industry, so long as those fiends were subjected to no effective restraint.

The aspect of affairs changed, as indicated in the preceding articles, when Charles D. Poston organized two companies to work the mines in the Santa Ritas. In the face of many, and apparently insurmountable, obstacles and difficulties, those companies carried on their operations bravely, taking up the work at the point where the Mission Fathers had dropped it, and they did so with marked success. With Tubac as their central point, they built reduction works at Santa Rita, Sopori and Arivaca, and prospected and mined in all directions.

The breaking out of the Civil War, however, put an end to all this prosperity and promise of success. The withdrawal of the United States troops virtually threw the country back into the defenceless condition in which it was during the Mexican regime, and the bloodthirsty Apaches resumed their work of devastation and death. Outlaw bands, too, from Mexico, ably seconded the raids X)f the Indians, and everything had to be abandoned — even the town of Tubac — and the fugitives had to seek shelter in Tucson to escape being massacred.

The events which succeeded, and which effectually stopped all mining in Arizona for two years, have been narrated elsewhere. In 1862 Pauline Weaver discovered placer gold near La Paz, on the Colorado, Northern Arizona, and a rush was made to the new El Dorado. A year later the same man discovered what are still known as the Weaver Mines in Yavapai County, and, soon after, the great find at Antelope Peak was made. These discoveries, of course, attracted miners by the thousand to Yavapai and Mohave counties, and an unexampled period of mining prosperity began in Northern Arizona, for the ledges and placers were abundant, easily worked, and rich beyond all precedent.

There were, of course, all sorts of difficulties to be encountered, obstacles to be overcome, and hardships to be endured. The chief difficulty was that of procuring supplies, owing to the remoteness of the mines from civilization, and the absence of roads; the principal obstacle was the treacherous and murderous Apache, who was ever on the alert to pick off his victim; and the hardships, though less trying than in other mining countries, not blessed with such a genial climate, were yet such as none but the most hardy and resolute would care to face in that remote wilderness.

Fortunately for the miners, the Apaches were placed on reservations in 1874, and their country thrown open to the prospector, who soon discovered the famous mines known as "The Globe" and "The Silver King," the report of which "finds" brought many thousand more miners into the country. The discovery of Tombstone added immensely to the excitement, and the superiority of Arizona as a mining country, over all others, which was then universally conceded, is still maintained unquestioned, and the lead she then took is altogether certain, not only to be maintained, but immensely increased as the march of development proceeds.

ARIZONA

21

Animal Life and Vegetation in Arizona.

I

S MIGHT BE INFERRED from the genial character of the climate, and the fertility of by far the greater part of the soil, the representatives of the fauna and flora of Arizona are numerous and varied. So copious, indeed, are the latter that it would take an expert botanist some years of his scientific life to classify them — if they are all capable of being listed in existing classes, which is exceedingly doubtful — in view of the infinite fecundity of Mother Earth in the Territory.

Of the mammals in Arizona there is an abundant representation. Bears exist in a variety to suit the most fastidious hunter. The grizzly, which California, with a monopolistic grasp, has secured as her insignia, is prevalent — even "frequent and free," as Mark Twain puts it — especially in the White Mountains. One of his favorite haunts used to be in the neighborhood of Fort Apache, but the epidemic of "boys in blue" which has recently set in in that vicinage, has made him somewhat of an emigrant, and forced him to seek "fresh fields and pastures new." The other varieties of bear are found in ample abundance in almost every mountain range in the Territory, for the cinnamon, the black and brown representatives of the bruin family are to be found in numbers which "make the heart of the hunter glad" in every mountain range in the Territory.

It has been said, but with wliat truth deponent sayeth not, that elk have been killed and that specimens still exist in the wild caflons of the San Francisco Peak and the Sierra Blanca.

The California lion or Congar is prevalent, but scary.

The leopard is a fully appreciated rarity.

Of "game" animals there is an abundance. Chief of them all is that rare target for the Eastern huntsman's rifle, the black-tailed deer. All over Arizona he is found, and his pasturage seems to suit him, for he is not unfrequently brought in by the hunter after attaining an avordupois of 200 pounds. In some parts of the Territory, so great has been the demand for the meat of this magnificent animal that he has almost become extinct, but measures are being taken by local gun clubs to get this grand race of "antler-bearers" preserved during the "rutting" or procreation season. This will go a long way towards the perpetuation of the species in the country — "a consummation devoutly to be wished."

Other species of deer are so rare as not to merit mention.

Is it worth while to name among the fauna of Arizona the coyote and the skunk ? Hardly. The one is as offensive to the ear as the other to the nostril. Arizona is afflicted with both, and the farther away one can keep the former, and the farther away one can keep from the latter, the larger balance of good, serviceable blasphemy he will have to draw on when fit occasion serves. In respect of both plagues, however, the Territory is anything but alone among Western countries.

The dam-building beaver is found in the streams of the Mogollon and White Mountains and along several of the rivers in other parts of the Territory, but his fur is evidently affected for the worse, as compared with that of his Northern congener, by the more genial character of the climate and the consequently diminished necessity for heavy underwear.

The fox of Arizona is smaller than, but quite as sly as, his Eastern cousin, and almost as numerous in the neighborhood of henroosts. The wildcat thrives in Arizona wherever he finds elbow room, affecting chiefly the wooded and mountainous districts. The jack-rabbit and the cotton-tail increase and nmltiply, and the latter supplies the settler with easily attainable, and remarkably toothsome food. The wood rat, kangaroo rat, gopher and "such small deer" about conclude the roll of the four-footed ferse natural of the Territory.

22

A R I ZO M A

The Feathered Inhabitants of the Territory of Arizona.

JHE BIRDS OF THE TERRITORY are numerous and of great variety. Almost all the species of birds of prey abound ; there are plenty of game birds for the sportsman, and all the species of song-birds found on the North American continent have their habitat in Arizona. The eagle has his eyrie in the cliffs of the lofty mountain ranges; various kinds of hawks hover in the air and "stoop" on their prey with the swiftness of an arrow; the wild turkey is frequently met with in the principal mountains but is difficult to stalk and kill, being a shy and wary bird ; the wild duck, ih all its varieties, and the wild goose occasionally is found in all the rivers in the season, while the quail is seen in every part of the Territory and is rapidly on the increase. The other birds may be briefly listed as follows: The mocking-bird, the blackbird, the owl, the thrush (several varieties), the crow, the water-ousel, the humming-bird (different species), the woodpecker, the oriole, the lark, the swallow, the bunting, the wren, the grosbeak, the linnet, the virro, the heron, the snipe, the sandpiper, the plover, etc. In respect of the number of species, the beauty of their plumage and the sweetness of their notes the birds of Arizona are unsurpassed by those of any other country in the world.

The Reptiles and Insects Which Are Found in the Territory.

JRIZONA has somehow, got for itself, a very unfortunate, but most unfounded, reputation as being the haunt of innumerable poisonous reptiles and insects. This erroneous impression has been caused by the reports of visitors to the Territory, who were either highly imaginative or utterly unscrupulous in the means they adopted in order to furnish sensational writing. The truth is that there are not any more poisonous reptiles or insects in Arizona than in any other of the western semi-tropical countries, and the cases of death resulting from the bite or sting of such animals are of much rarer occurrence than is generally supposed. It is well that this should be distinctly understood, since the statements to the contrary, which have been so generally circulated, are liable to work injury to the Territory as a desirable home for the settler.

The Gila Monster is, almost everywhere, regarded as, at once most venomous, and the most repulsive of all reptiles. The latter he certainly is; the former he as certainly is not. He is literally as ugly as Sin (whom Milton pictured sitting at Hell gate) but he is asserted to be perfectly harmless,* notwithstanding his fierce aspect, the disgusting spume which he discharges from his mouth and his menacing puffing and snorting as he lies, two feet in length, blackish-red in hue, and covered with scales, basking in the sun on some flat rock on one of the barren mesas in the southern part of the Territory. He is of the lizard family, and alleged to be like all lizards, quite free from any poisonous qualities whatever. Numerous other species of lizards abound in Arizona, but none of them have the repulsive appearance and unenviable reputation of the Gila Monster.

Arizona, unlike Iceland (see Sterne's " Sentimental Journey" ), has certainly snakes, and " rattlers " at that; but they are very far indeed from being as numerous as the imaginative writers, above referred to, would have the world believe, and they are scarcely ever found on the more elevated regions of the country. In the same way, a liberal discount must be made on the travelers' tales about the prevalence of tarantulas, scorpions and centipedes in Arizona. That those troublesome specimens of insect life do exist in the Territory there is no denying, but that they are so numerous as seriously to interfere with the comfort of the inhabitants is certainly a lie " made out of whole cloth." In point of fact they are not, or any of them, a millionth part as numerous nor a billionth part as annoying as the pulex irritans of California, or the

* See "Resoorces of Arizona " by the late Hon. Patrick Hamilton, 3d Ed., p. 65.

ARIZONA.

23

mosquito of New Jersey or Minnesota. To be sure they turn up occasionally, but the discoverer has almost invariably '' the drop " on the " varmint," and the acquaintance closes, about as quickly as it was begun, with the insect " a mangled remain," as Bill Nye would say.

The fact of the matter is that, with the sole exception of Washington State, in which, it is claimed, no venomous reptile or insect has, so far, been found, no State or Territory in the West can claim to be so exempt from danger to life from venomous creatures as Arizona. But the " cheerful liar " — of whom some perverse humorist has written that he is " beloved of the Lord " — has been " abroad in the land," and he is the most venomous reptile that can be let loose in any community.

The Fish that are Found in the Rivers of Arizona.

flesh has but a

HERE is abundance of fish in the rivers and creeks of the country, but, with the exception of the splendid mountain trout which are to be found in the head-waters of the Great Colorado, the Colorado Chiquito, the Gila, the Salt River and the various mountain creeks and streams which are tributary to them, it must be admitted that their quality as food fish is not high, either as regards flavor or delicacy. The Colorado salmon, found in considerable numbers in the Great Colorado and the Gila, is a very large fish, but its

poor flavor, and is not regarded as a delicacy by any means. It reaches a great size and and there is considerable sport to be had in its capture. The "humpback" is an

weight, however

inhabitant of the Salt River, and though it is toothsome enough in flesh it has so many bones that the man who eats it is tempted to conclude, after dining off it, to say that, " the game is hardly worth the candle." An attempt has been made, and with every probability of ultimate gratifying success, to introduce the carp into the rivers of the Territory, the legislature having appoined a Fish Commission, and made liberal appropriations to encourage the propagation of this valuable food-fish. A geat deal of spawn has been already "planted," both in the leading rivers and in private ponds, and the fish seem to take kindly to their locality and surroundings, and are multiplying at a great rate. The time is, probably, not far ofl^, therefore, when the rivers of Arizona will teem with a fish of excellent flavor, and good size, for the table.

The Luxuriant Vegetation That Grows in Arizona.

jRIZONA, as has been already made clear in the preceding pages, is abundantly supplied with timber, especially on her mountain ranges, and an abundant supply, not only for home consumption, but for export as well, is annually drawn from her forests. The lumbering industry is, however, only in its infancy as yet. The time will come, and is, even now, near at hand, when increased facilities of transportation and a growing demand caused by the rapid settling up of the country will vastly augment the number and the output of the sawmills throughout the length and breadth of the country where wood abounds, and Arizona will add yet another gigantic industry to the number of those she has already developed. Pine, cedar, spruce, oak and juniper are found on nearly all of the principal mountain ranges. One immense pine forest — that of the Mogollon^-extends, exclusive of deflections, for over 200 miles with an average width of sixty miles. The trees are all of fine growth and dimensions, and some of them will rival the finest specimens of pines to be found on the continent. The Bradshaw and Sierra Prieta ranges are covered with splendid forests of pine, oak and juniper. White and black oak, sycamore, elder, ash, walnut, willow, maple and cottonwood grow in abundance along the rivers of the Territory, and are all found to be of high manufacturing and commercial value.

The mesquite tree i8, taking it all round, one of the most valuable of the trees in Arizona. It grows chiefly in rich soil such as the bottom lands of the large rivers south of the Great Plateau, but it is found also on the banks of nearly all the streams in the Territory. The trees often grow to a height of forty feet with a

24

A R I :ZO N A.

diameter of two feet. The wood is used for nian>' purposes, but is found most useful for wagon building. The fruit resembles a bean, and after being ground into flour it is formed into a kind of bread which is quite a staple article of food with the Indians. The bean itself is highly prized, also, as feed for cattle, being jwsaessed of excellent fattening qualities.

The ironwood tree, lignum t-itx, is another product of Arizona, and bears a bean which is not unlike that of the mesquite, and it also is used by the Indians as an article of food. The wood is so hard, when dry, as to " gap " the best axes.

The pnlo verde is a stunted tree that grows on the tiusas and barren plains, and is next to worthless. There are numbers of other trees that flourish well in the Territory, but they are so well known as to need only the merest mention. Such are the pepper tree, the poplar, the mulberry, the China umbrella tree and many others.

There are any number of shrubs, such as an excellent substitute for the coffee plant, bearing beans which much resemble the berry of Mocha in appearance and flavor. The tobacco plant grows wild, as do also the potato and the flax plant. Wild grapes, gooseberries, currants, strawberries, blackberries and raspberries abound in the mountainous wooded districts, and a fair quality of wine is made from the grapes.

THE CACTUS AND ITS KINDRED.

In the mind of the average reader, the Territory of Arizona has become associated with the cactus almost as intimately as with the Gila Monster and the tarantula. Many misinformed people have an idea that Arizona produces little else besides cactus and poisonous reptiles. What has been written already, in

this volume, abundantly disproves both impressions ; but, aside from that, some readers may be surprised to learn that, if the prickly, and even repellant-looking, cactus be not an unmingled blessing where it grows, it is very far indeed from being an unqualified nuisance.

The sahuaro (or, as it is known to botanists, the Cereus giganteus) is indig- enous in Arizona and reaches its highest development there, often growing as high as forty feet. The body of the tree is formed of thin pieces of wood, like the staves of a barrel, forming a cylinder which is bound together by the bark. A few branches are sent out near the top, and the wjiole tree is covered with sharp, prickly thorns. The top is where first a blossom and then the fruit (shaped like a pear and exceedingly toothsome) is formed. The sahuaro grows in the most barren tracts of the Territory, far from water, and decays and falls to the ground almost as soon as its fruit is ripe. The wood is used in the natural strips for roofing buildings and other purposes for which its shape adapts it.

The nopal, or prickly pear, bears a fruit known as the tuna, and it is greatly relished by the Mexicans and Indians, while the green leaves of the tree are cooked and eaten by them with great gusto. The vinegar cactus, the red berry of which is exceedingly acid, is used bj' the Indians as a preventive of scurvy.

One of the most interesting, curious and valuable species of the cactus family is the so-called "Well of the Desert," or bisnaga. It grows in the dry plains and foothills, and when the heart of the plant (which is

THE TASAJO CACTUS.

ARIZONA.

25

cylindrical in shape) is cut out, the hollow space thus formed is soon filled with the most delicious water, a draught of which is often found to be a great boon to the traveler in the thirsty land where the bisnaga flourishes.

The maguey or mescal plant is one of the most useful products of Arizona. It is best known, to the outside world, in connection with a somewhat fiery and very potent spirit distilled from it, chiefly by the Mexicans, and it is said that it is so strong as to lay out the most seasoned toper in very short order. Large tracts of land are devoted to the cultivation of the plant in Mexico for the express purpose of the manufacture of this spirit ; but, in addition to this, a coarse kind of cloth and paper of a very high grade are made from the fibres. From the center of the plant a long, straight shaft rises, on the top of which there are a number of branches bearing small, yellow flowers which contain a sweet, strong syrup. In the center of those branches the fruit, or head, grows, which, when cooked in an oven formed of heated stones, is regarded by the Apaches as a great vegetable delicacy, and is one of their chief food staples. In the form of cakes they "pack" it with them as their "commissariat" when on their forays against their white foes. It is believed that these do not exhaust all the possibilities of the mescal plant, and that ingenuity will yet discover many more purposes of usefulness to which it can be applied.

— _ — igjgff'j^

THE CHOLLA CACTUS.

Among the miscellaneous plants of the Territory may be mentioned the amole or soap plant, with its highly saponaceous and powerful cleansing qualities, and the greasewood which, by the way, is common all over the arid portions of California and Arizona.

In the list of the cactus family the cholla, a dwarf species, growing in clusters among the grass, the ocotilla, a very beautiful and striking plant when in bloom, and the tasajo should not be omitted. They are — e8i)ecially the former — very common throughout the Territory. There are numerous other varieties, but those mentioned are the most interesting, and are of no inconsiderable value, as will bo readily perceived, to the inhabitants of the country.

The gramma grass, which is indigenous in the Territory, is most succulent and beef-making. It is found in luxuriant growth in every valley in Arizona, and is the stock-breeder's main dependence.

26

ARIZONA.

The Grass-Covered Valleys Where the Beeves Grow.

HE vast plains of Arizona afford unsurpassed facilities for cattle raising, and, consequently, millions of capital have been invested in this industry, not only by citizens of the United States, but by many from other countries, and especially from England. The result is that the vast grassy areas are black with roaming herds of cattle, from which the supply of beef, for no inconsiderable proportion of the markets of the world, is derived. That there is money in cattle-raising no one, can doubt, who gives the subject any intelligent consideration. The demand is contin- ually increasing as the population of the various countries grows, and the trend of probability is manifestly in the direction of the raising of beef being even a more remunerative industry in the future, than it either has been, oris now, for the area of wild grass land is becoming daily more contracted as the agriculturist encroaches, with his gangplow and his harvester, on the territory over which the cowboy has so long held undisputed sway.

But, meantime, the busy workers in far-off European cities, look to the great plains of the West for their gupply of animal food, and, were if not for the raising of beeves on those great grass-covered plains, the table of many of the mechanics of England and the European continent would be innocent of butcher meat the year round.

Arizona has special advantages as a grazing country. Of its 114,000 square miles of area, nearly one- half consists of fine grazing land, with an abundant supply of water, and a climate in every way calculated to promote the thrift of the herds of cattle. Wherever there are no springs or streams, it has been found that an abundant supply of water can be everywhere obtained by sinking wells, and that, too, without having to go very deep. The climatic conditions are such that the expense of conducting a cattle range is reduced to a minimum, the percentage of loss is found to be smaller than in any other country, and the rates of natural increase greater. By the sinking of an artesian well, millions of acres of good grazing land have been made available, and it may be safely asserted that, to-day, there is not an acre of grass land in the Territory that is unavailable for the raising of stock, because of the lack of water. Windmills are employed in some places for the diffusion of the water, and it is on the cards that a system of water storage will be adopted in the near

future to save, and use, for irri- gation purposes and the watering of stock, part of the abundant precipitation which descends dur- ing the rainy season. There are plenty of indications that the prehistoric inhabitants of the country did something of this sort with decided success, and there is no reason why the present inhab- itants, with their improved appli- ances and, presumably, better knowledge of engineering should not do the same thing on a much larger scale.

A remarkable circumstance in connection with the condition of the herds on the ranges of Arizona is the universal health- iness of the cattle. Epidemics, such as carry off thousands of animals in other cattle-raising districts, are almost entirely unknown in Arizona, the air being so pure, and the conditions favorable to animal life bo

AN ARIZONA CATTLE SCENE.

ARI2;ONA. 27

nearly perfect, that the germs of disease have no chance to develop. There are no blizzards to destroy a whole herd in a night, and no extreme variations of temperature to cause pneumonia and kindred diseases of the respiratory organs among the cattle. In short, Arizona is the stock-breeders' paradise.

It has been estimated that the grazing lands of Arizona are capable of maintaining 8,000,000 head of cattle a year. Ten years ago it was estimated that there were 4,000,000 head of cattle feeding on the gramma grass of its plains, and it is no over-estimated reckoning to judge that the number has doubled since that time.

The excellent service rendered by Arizona's system of railroads has greatly increased the business of rais- ing cattle, from the rapid and cheap rate at which the products of the range can be transported to market. As the branch lines now projected are gradually completed, this effect will become still more marked, and it would be no easy matter to predict to what dimensions the industry may yet grow.

The profits made in this business are phenomenally liberal, and the returns rapid. Failure in stock- raising is absolutely unknown in Arizona, and many large fortunes have been made by men who began with comparatively limited means. The annual increase in the herds is claimed to be between 80 and 90 per cent — a sufficient indication of the enormous profits to be made in the business. As a sample of the rate of increase, the following figures are significant. A man, starting with 100 head of stock, finds the result, in five years, to be:

Ist year 194 head

2d " 314 "

3d " 495 "

4th " 782 "

5th " 1,302 "

During the past few years, breeders of stock have vied with each other in introducing into their herds new and better blood than was wont to prevail in the early days of stock-raising in the Territory, and now the cattle of Arizona will not suffer by comparison with those of any other cattle-raising State or Territory in America. The result is, of course, that the beef commands a higher price in the market, and the business of the producer becomes proportionately more remunerative.

It will not be necessary to enumerate the various cattle ranges in the different counties. The task would be well nigh an endless one, and would not serve any particular object. All that is necessary to say, has been said in general terms, to show how great a future is ahead of Arizona, in this one industry alone.

Wool-growing is also a thriving business in the Territory. The climatic conditions, which are found so favorable for cattle-raising, are equally favorable for sh^p-breeding. There is no danger of whole flocks being smothered by a snowstorm in a few hours, but, on the contrary, all the year round, the sheep can roam over the pasturage of pine-grass on the mountain districts, or the alfileria of the plains, and increase in numbers and avoirdupois in a way unparalleled elsewhere. As in the case of the cattle, the breed of sheep is being improved by the introduction of Merino, Southdown and Cotswold strains, with the immediate result of an improvement in the quality both of the mutton and the fleece. The sheep are shorn twice a year, and yield an average of eight pounds of wool per head.

Five years ago it was estimated that there were 680,000 head of sheep in Arizona. This number may easily have — and probably has — doubled since that time.

Taking all these facts (for they are simple facts, and are stated without exaggeration or elaboration) into consideration, is not the candid reader compelled to admit that he has been moft liberally lied to regarding Arizona hitherto, and that, of her grand resources of ranch and range and mine and climate, "the half had not been told him?"

28

A R I 2: O N A

The Climatic Conditions that Make Arizona What it is.

RIZONA has been written up to the world as "the Territory of sunshine and of silver." Much has, and justly, been made of her capacity for producing the precious metals, and a great deal has been said of her sunshine — a great deal more, indeed than the nsality justified. Instead of a gleam, a glare was spoken of The inhabitants were made to " swelter " in the summer months and mere " simmering " was represented as a luxury to them.

Anything further from the truth could not well be told. It is true that the sun- shine of Arizona is unclouded. It is true that her thermometer "climbs," but, withal, the year round, not only is life not endangered, but the greatest comfort is secured. The atmosphere of Arizona is clear. There are none of the fogs hanging around which are the curse of San Francisco, and the whole of the California Pacific Coast. The atmosphere is ever pure and rarefied, and, when the sun beats its hottest and the thermometer climbs its highest, the lightness and dryness of the air relieves the work of respiration of everything like the labor that attends the heated period in, for example, the interior of Southern California.

So far as healthiness is concerned, Arizona can compete with the world and come

out an easy winner. In its clear air there hangs no tinge of malaria. No epidemic

can live where the atmosphere is daily purged so thoroughly by the brilliant rays of semi-tropical sunshine, and, in its varied temperature, ranging from the soft and kindly warmth of the plains to the bracing air of the plateaus, is found evory condition of perfect health that man can demand. In no part of the Territory is the heat found to be oppressive, for the air is so pure and dry that 110° or even 120° is not found so oppressive as 90° in California. Sunstroke in Arizona is almost unknown — a fact which, of itself, should suffice to convince any unprejudiced mind of the superiority of the climate of " the Land of Sun- shine " to that of any other.

There is a practical side to this question of climate that must not be overlooked. Not merely the pleasure to be derived from the enjoyment of balmy air, clear skies and continual sunshine, is to be taken into account. There is a commercial value in good weather. During its continuance the laborer can keep on working, and does not have to lie idle on account of the inclemency of the skies. In Arizona there are no "off days." All the year round the miner can dig the precious ore from the bowels of the earth, the farmer can either prepare the soil for the seed, or reap the crop without any fear of delay or detriment from the weather, and with a profound disregard for "old Probs" and the Signal Service Bureau. How much this means may be asked of the cyclone-plagued or blizzard-vexed dweller in Eastern States, and his answer will give an idea of how much falls to be counted up on the credit side of Arizona's ledger in this regard.

The ideal climate of the world is found in the Great Plateau north of the 34th parallel. In the summer, at an elevation of about 4,000 feet above sea level, the average summer heat is 70° during the day, while the nights are just cool enough to ensure comfortable repose to the man who is well wrapped up. In the winter, the cool, bracing atmosphere is just sufficiently cold to make the blood go tingling through the veins, and the man who breathes the ozone-laden air, feels as if he were inhaling, with every breath, new life and vigor, as those were fabled to do who drank of the fountain of perpetual youth. In short, for the man who would either regain or retain health, there is no place on the American continent where the climatic conditions are so entirely favorable as in Arizona.

The climate of Northern Arizona is claimed to be not only preventive of disease, but absolutely curative. Rheumatism, neuralgia, Bright's disease of the kidneys, and various phases of nervous exhaustion are not only allayed, but permanently cured, by the re^dence of the patient in this favored clime, and the man who lives there is exempt, positively and entirely, from those fevers and diseases of the respiratory organs which annually carry off such a large percentage of the dwellers in the Eastern States. Especially does the clear, pure, rarefied atmosphere act beneficially on the lungs and bronchia, so that consumption is virtually an unknown disease among the people of Arizona. A prominent medical gentleman thus sums up the merits of the climate of the more northerly part of the Territory:

" Here the san shines nearly every day In the year, and few are cloudy. Even during the rainy season, which begins about the first of July and tasta six weeks, the frequent daily showers are followed by the brightest sunshine. The air is pure and highly oxygenated. The nights are clear and cool, often cold, yet the air is too dry to make the depression of the mercury sensibly or painfully affect the invalid, and he awakes in the morning with an excellent appetite, having secured what his system so much requires— a delicious and refreshing slumber.

ARIZONA. 29

Generally speakius, the temperature rauges during the year, from 90° to 10^ above zero ; the snow melts as it falls, except on the higheaj mountains, and out-door life is at all times enjoyable. The average rainfall is about twenty inches, which, together with the melting snow of the mountains, is ample to moisten the soil and produce a luxuriant growth of grass. Cyclones and sunstrokes are alike unknown, and high winds are infrequent. • • » * standing here enraptured with the surrounding scenery, breathing the iuvigoratiug air of the mountains, and viewing the cloudless sky, one imagines it must have been such an atmosphere and empyrean as that of the Colorado Plateau which made the ancients, in the childhood of the human race, think the blue sky the floor of heaven."

Of the climate of the southern portion of the Territory, another medical authority says :

"We never have any sunstrokes in summer, nor are we oppressed by perspiration. The light, dry air absorbs it immediately, causing a very agreeable, cool and refreshing sensation. Nights are always cool and pleasant in summer, but if one should feel like withdrawing from the heat of the warm months, Tucson ofTers also a nice summer resort at its doors, over its mountains, which are always cool and very attractive."

The following records (official) of the temperature and rainfall, will probablj' give the best idea of the climate at representative points in the Territory :

At Prescott, the highest mean temperature, for any month in throe years, was found to be 72.9, and the lowest 30.4. The average precipitation (including snow) was a fraction over 15.30 inches a year.

At Fort Apache in the Sierra Blanca, in the northeastern part of the Territory, the highest temperature reached in three years and a half was 70.7 and the highest mean temperature 52.4, while the greatest precipitation during the same period was 31.12 inches in one year, the average being 24.5 inches.

At Fort Grant, in Graham County, the highest temperature reached during the same period was 101.5 (June) and the lowest 10° (January), while the total precipitation was 15.74 inches in one year.

At Phcenix. the capital of the Territory, the highest temperature reached, in the year 1882, was 112.5 (August), and the lowest 72.5 (February), while the precipitation during the same period was 6.67.

At Tucson the highest temperature reached in a year was 108 (July), and the lowest 73 (Navember).

At Yuma, to which place John Phoenix said a dead (and damned) soldier sent back from hell for his blankets, the mean temperature, for seven years, was found to be 72.3, and the mean annual precipitation 2.04 inches.

In short, while there may be parts of the Union where the climate is more even, and the variations less marked, there can be no question that, for salubrity of atmosphere jyid the conditions which tend not only to maintain but to restore health, Arizona stands without a rival. The evidence lies to hand in the fact that the diseases, which annually sweep away thousands of victims in other parts of the country, are absolutely unknown in Arizona, and that men and women live there to such a ripe old age as less fortunately located people never dream of attaining to.

The Means of Transportation Provided in the Territory.

wo LEADING IDEAS controlled the policy of the builders of the railroads now operated by the Southern Pacific Company in establishing a great southern highway between San Francisco and New Orleans. One was to secure the best and most attractive route for southern traffic, and the other was to traverse the best country along that route. Both these ideas were fully developed in the construction of that part of the line which runs through Arizona. The traveler from the Eastern States, accustomed to a verdure-covered country, rolling hills, noisy brooks and splendid forests, will likely discover an aspect of dreariness, for a certain education is required to understand and appreciate features which are strange and wholly unique. Great barren plains and bald mountain ranges give little hint to the passing observer of a wonderful fertility of soil, developed by the artificial ai)i)lication of water, and the sterile mountain slopes do not seem to invite effort to dig out the vast stores of precious metals which lie concealed within them; and time is required to understand the marvels of a climat« in which the sky is clearer, the air purer, the stars brighter, the freedom from disease greater, than anywhere else in the United States.

Coming westward on the Southern Pacific, we may make a short detour into Arizona by taking the Arizona and New Mexico Railroad at Lordsburg, a station in New Mexico a few miles east of tlie Arizona line, on the Southern Pacific, and make a run up to the end of the line at Clifton, a thriving mining town in the upper Gila Valley.

Soon after entering Arizona on the Southern Pacific, we arrive at Bowie, an important distributing point, from which lines of stages penetrate some of the most important gold, silyer and copper districts of Graham

30 ARIZONA.

and Cochise counties, famous for their mines. One of these runs daily to St. Thomas, 68 miles distant on the Gila River, passing on the way such important mining communities as Solomonville, Safford, Thatcher, Central and Pima. Another line runs daily to Foit Bowie, the key to one of the richest grazing districts in the Territory.

Wilcox, on the Southern Pacific, 24 miles west of Bowie, is another important distributing point. Here there are no less than five stage lines, three of them tapping the rich mines of the Gila country, in Graham and Gila counties, the others running southward to the region east of Tombstone. One of the northern lines runs 25 miles to Fort Grant, which, like Solomonville, is an exceedingly fertile agricultural district. Another runs 140 miles to Globe, the county seat of Gila County, and one of the most delightful spots in the Territory. On the way to Globe the stage crosses the Gila River at San Carlos.

Benson is the next important point, 40 miles west of Wilcox. From this place the New Mexico and Arizona Railroad runs south and west to Nogales, on the Mexican border, where it connects with the Sonora Railway for Guaymas, on the Gulf of Mexico. On the way to Nogales it connects at Contention with stages for the famous Tombstone mining district, where is the remarkable city of Tombstone. All the way to Tombstone the traveler is in the valley of the San Pedro Rii'er. A line of stages runs northward from Benson down the San Pedro River, and there are two other lines running northward — one to Mammoth, 70 miles away, and the other to Riverside, 110 miles distant.

Eighteen miles west of Benson, on the Southern Pacific, is Pantano, whence a stage line runs to Greaterville.

Next we* come to Tucson, one of the most important cities on the "Sunset Route," and situated in one of the most delightful spots in the Santa Cruz Valley. Daily stage lines run hence to Nogales, 75 miles; Quijotoa, 85 miles'; Oracle, 36 miles; Mammoth, 55 miles; and American Flag, 36 miles from Oracle. These various lines make easily accessible some of the finest mining, agricultural and grazing districts in the Territory. It is near Tucson that the old mission San Xavier is found.

Sixty-five miles west of Tucson iS^Casa Grande, one of the most interesting points on the Southern Pacific. It, as well as the other points just mentioned, has stage lines running to various rich mining and agricultural sections, and is the shipping place for gold and silver ai d agricultural products of a wide stretch of country. Florence, reached by stage, and 28 miles from Casa Grande, is one of the most beautiful towns in the Southwest, and is the center of one of the finest orchard districts in the Territory. From Florence stages run to Riverside, Globe, Reymert, Pinal and Silver King. Stages run from Casa Grande also to Vekol, 43 miles; Sacatan, 16 miles; and Silver Reef, 14 miles.

The Southern Pacific, running northwesterlj', makes its first near approach to the Gila River at Maricopa, which receives a large part of the products of both the Gila and Salt River valleys. A local railroad, the Maricopa and Phoenix, runs from Maricopa to Phoenix. The last named place is the gem of the Territory, and is situated in the choicest part of the famous Salt River Valley. The region contiguous to Phoenix is growing rapidly, the unapproachable charms of the country having become better known to the outside world.

The Southern Pacific, after leaving Maricopa, runs westerly, coming near to the Gila River again at Gila Bend, from which point it drops down the Gila Valley till it strikes the Colorado River at Yuma. Much interesting country is passed through. At Sentinel, 72 miles west of Maricopa, there is a stage line for Harrisburg. A rich mining district is penetrated soon after Yuma County is entered, near Aztec, whence one stage line runs 5 miles to Doanville, another 7 miles to Toltec, and another 60 miles to Harqua and Hala.

It will thus be seen that all the best parts of Arizona — the splendid fruit and agricultural regions of the Gila and Salt rivers and their tributaries, and all the rich mines of gold, silver and copper, which lie south of the 34th parallel — are made accessible by the Southern Pacific and its local connections. This whole country is growing with remarkable rapidity, and further extensions of transportation facilities are beginning to take shape. For those who intend to make a visit to this land of wonders and riches, the ride from New Orleans or San Francisco over the "Sunset Route" will prove both instructive and entertaining, bringing under review an extent and diversity of interesting occupations and scenery not surpassed in the country.

ARIZONA

31

MARCUS A. SMITH,

THE PRESENT DELEGATE TO CONGRESS FROM THE TERRITORY.

Marcus A. Smith, Arizona's able delegate to Congress, is one of the best known men in the Territory. Mr. Smith was born in Kentucky in 1852, and having received a fine education, he entered the law office of a prominent attorney at Lexington, and soon became one of the leading lawyers of that city. The year following his admission to the bar he was elected prosecuting attorney for Lexington, a city of some 20,000 people. At the end of his term he refused to accept a renomination for the office and turned his face toward the West, arriving in San Francisco in 1879, where he practiced law for one year, and left for Tombstone, Arizona. On account of his pre-eminent abilities as a lawyer, he soon established for himself a lucrative practice. He was elected prosecuting attorney of Cochise County and served one term. He administered the affairs of his officje with such ability that he soon rid the community of the large criminal element that at

that time infested the then prosperous mining city of Tombstone. In 1886 he received the Democratic nomination for delegate to Con- gress, and was elected by a majority of nearly 2,000. In 1888 he was again nominated for Congress, and was elected by the handsome majority of nearly 4,000, Maricopa County giving him more than 1,000 majority. He has served his constituency in the halls of Congress with as much distinction as he did Cochise County as prosecuting attorney. To his indi- vidual efforts was due in a great measure the defeat of the McGreary land court bill. During his four years' Congressional career, he proved himself a fearless and unrelenting enemy of every land-grab measure. He also has been the steady friend of every bill that sought to aid the reclaiming of the arid lands of the country by the adoption of a wise and judi- cious water storage system, and in 1890 he was nominated by the Democracy of Arizona for Congress for the third term, without a dissent- ing vote — an honor rarely ever accorded to a candidate in Arizona. Mr. Smith was opposed by every corporation and land-grab claimant in the Territory — but, after one of the hardest fought campaigns ever witnessed in Arizona, he was elected by an overwhelming majority, ha%'ing carried eight out of the ten counties in the Territory. Marcus A. Smith is, without question, one of the ablest young men in the nation, and he is as fearless and incorruptible as he is able — a man in whom the people repose the utmost confidence, and, when Arizona shall have attained her place in the union of States, Marcus A. Smith will be her unanimous choice for Senator.

MARCOS A. SMITH.

The Counties of the Territory and Leading Cities.

Jjeit RIZONA is divided into ten counties, Pima, Yavapai, Cochise, Maricopa,* Pinal, Apache, Graham, Gila, Mohave and Yuma. The principal city, and the capital of the Territory, is Phoenix. The capital seat was transferred from Prescott, in January, 1889.

32

ARIZONA

MARICOPA COUNTY.

Maricopa County probably " bears the bell " as the agricultural county of Arizona. It has the very largest areas of land fitted to the hand of the husbandman that any country in the neighborhood of the semi-tropical belt can claim, while the climate and the water supply leave no condition lacking to render the country the paradise of the farmer, and the ideal spot for the settler to seek a home. In fact, it would be hard to find, in the whole world, a valley more perfectly adapted for the growth of everything needful for the use of man than the Salt River Valley, the choicest part of which is comprised in Maricopa County.

Maricopa was cut out of Yavapai County in 1871, and, at the same time, Phojnix was selected as the county seat, the site of that city having been laid out just a year previous (1870), and the first lots sold in December of that year. The county lies in the southwestern portion of the Territory, and is bounded on the north by Yavapai County, on the east by Gila County, on the west by Yuma County, and on the south by Pinal and Pima counties. It is equal in area to the combined States of Massa- chusetts and Delaware, being 9,354 square miles in extent.

THE FALLS, MAIN LINE ARIZONA CANAL.

Right in the center of it lies, as has been already said, the Great Salt River Valley, which may well be styled the garden spot of Arizona, and which is fifty miles in length, by an average of fifteen miles in width. It is reached from Maricopa station, on the line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, by the Maricopa and Phcenix Railroad. It would be hard to rival and impossible to surpass, this glorious valley in fertility, and the variety of its products. It is an emerald jewel, in a setting of arid mesa, and its beauty and fertility are, of course, greatly enhanced by the contrast. The traveler's eye rests, with a sense of peculiarly refreshing delight, on vast field after field, covered with luxuriant crops of rich alfalfa; on endless fields of waving grain, heavier and finer than can be grown on the richest bottom lands of any other part of the world; on sleek herds, fattening for the market, in fields of rich grass, in which they stand knee-deep; on orchards and vineyards, bearing fruit in gnater abundance, and of finer flavor and size, than that grown in the much vaunted orchards and vineyards of Southern California.

ARIZONA. 33

What has wrought such a contrast as this, between this valley and its surroundings? The answer is, in one word, irrigation, the magic influence which has caused so many acres of mesquite and greasewood — covered soil to " blossom like the rose."

The soil of the valley is of three kinds; one, dark alluvial, another, adobe, and the third, a light, sandy loam, the latter comprising all the laud lying beyond four miles from the river, and being best adapted for growing oranges, dates, olives, etc. On the other two kinds of soil, rich crops of alfalfa, and cereals are grown, as well as some varieties of fruits.

The irrigation of this fertile vale is effected by over 300 miles of canals, capable of irrigating 266,600 acres, and therein is found the secret of the transformation of what was, twenty years ago, an arid desert, into the paradise of wealth and comfort which it is to-day.

The fruit-raising capabilities of the Salt River Valley are, as the result of the rich soil, the abundant water, and the perfect climate, simply unrivalled. Consequently, this industry is being prosecuted with energy and success. "Within the past three years," says a writer in the Arizona Gazette of September 7, 1889: "Nearly 10,000 acres have been planted in fniit. This great progress is due to the fact that no portion of the United States is more favorably situated than this valley for the production of semi-tropical fruits, located as it is in the extreme southwestern portion of the United States, within a region that possesses a temperature equal to the most favored horticultural districts in the Union, being near enough to the ocean to enjoy its moderating influences, but yet far enough removed from it, not to be within the region of fogs, which, within the borders of this valley, never occur. Here there are present all the conditions that are needed to make an almost perfect semi-tropical fruit country. Here is enjoyed a temperature that is sufficiently warm to mature and ripen the finest varieties of oranges and grapes. Here, with the balmy, cloudless summer days, with their constant and cheerful heat, and the breezy nights, with their steady, but not unpleasant warmth, fruits grow and mature with such rapidity that their yield and superior quality have become the admiration of many of the leading horticulturists of the Pacific coast. Here the season of growth lasts eleven months in the year, and, not before December do the trees of this valley begin to shed their leaves."

Speaking of the agricultural products of the valley, the same writer says: "Well adapted as is the soil of this valley to the cultivation of fruits, yet there were raised in it last year about 45,000,000 pounds of barley. From fields in this valley there has been gathered at one cutting as high as 3,500 pounds of barley to the acre. The average yield here of this grain is about 2,000 pounds to the acre. Of wheat, there was produced here last year about 25,000,000 pounds. Many fields here yield as high as 2,000 pounds to the acre, while the average yield is about 1,500 pounds to the acre. The average price of barley here, for the year, is about $1 per hundred, and that of wheat about $1 60 per hundred. There was cut in this valley last year about 250,000 tons of alfalfa. The yield of this grass here is immense. On fields there have been cut as high as fourteen tons to the acre in a season. The average yield is from six to eight tons per acre. Here, in April, they begin to cut this grass, and continue to gather a crop each month afterwards for a period of about eight months; then through the winter and spring months upon these fields they graze their stock. So prolific is the yeld of this grass, that one acre will feed two and a half head of horses or cattle continuously. Last autumn 35,000 head of cattle were driven from the ranges of Arizona into this valley to be fed on these rich alfalfa meadows, and to be fattened for the market. Alfalfa hay sells here for about $4 to $7 per ton the year around, and a ready sale is found for the grain and hay among the various mining camps and govern- ment posts and ranch settlements that are tributary to Phcenix. In addition to the cutting of this vast amount of hay, there were produced here 225,000 pounds of alfalfa seed, worth ten cents a pound."

With regard to the special suitableness of the soil and cHmate of the valley to the growth of the orange and citrus fruits generally, the writer says: "Superior as is the soil of this valley for the growing of grain and alfalfa, yet it has been demonstrated that, on this soil, and in this climate, can be raised fruit surpassing that of any other State or Territory in the Union. Here is the home of the orange, the lime, and lemon. There is a strip of land in this valley, containing about 13,000 acres, lying along the Arizona canal, under the lee of the foothills that He to the north and northeast of Phoenix, that is not to be surpassed by any other citrus belt within the borders of the Union. Here the thermometer is scarcely ever known to go below the freezing point. The winter before last — the coldest known here for many years — the lowest point it reached was 28°. Here the orchards are well protected by the foothills from the cold north winds. The light, sandy soil of this area being well drained, the trees that have been planted have made remarkable progress. Here may be seen trees that have grown up from the seed, in two and a half years to a height of about three feet, while, in Southern California, a growth of a foot, in the same time, is about the average. In this valley, Mediterranean Sweet oranges ripen in November, thirty days earlier than they do in California, and are found to be superior in size and flavor, to the same variety grown in Riverside. This variety of orange, when

34

ARIZONA

picked here, is pyerfectly clean to handle, while those of California soil the hand. This peculiar difference in the flavor of the oranges grown here is supposed to be owing to the rare occurrence of fogs and dews. In this valley may be grown the famous Sonora orange, which is justly considered the finest orange cultivated. The region where this excellent variety is grown, is but a short distance from this valley, and the same conditions of climate and soil that exist in Sonora, are precisely similar to those found in this valley. There are growing, at present, here, about 50,000 orange trees, of the finest varieties, such as the Washington Navel, St. Michael, Malta Blood, and Mediterranean Sweet. The time is not far distant, when the fame of this valley will be wafted far and wide, on account of its orange product."

ORCHARD SCENE IN SALT RIVER VALLEY.

With regard to the adaptability of the valley for grape culture, an interesting communication will be found further on in this article from Hon. J. De Barth Shorb, who is acknowledged to be one of the highest authorities in America on viticulture, and in that communication he speaks in the most emphatic terms of the superiority of Arizona generally, and of the Salt Kiver Valley especially, to all other countries on the Continent for growing the wine and raisin grape.

It is claimed that the grapes raised in Salt River Valley contains 25 per cent more saccharine matter than does the same variety of grapes grown in California, and, as is well known, this is the essential element needed to produce a rich and heavy wine. The grapes, too, ripen in this valley from twenty to thirty days earlier than they do in Southern California, while the yield is two tons more to the acre in Salt River Valley than in the district mentioned.

The cultivation of the raisin grape is pursued with a success which is unapproached elsewhere. From 100 pounds of Muscat grapes is obtained about 48 pounds of raisins, while the yield in California is about 28 pounds. No fogs, dews, or autumnal rains interfere with the curing of our raisins. No disease exists among our vines like that which has wrought such havoc among the vineyards in the coast counties of California. There it is attributed to climatic influences, the like of which are unknown in the balmy and clear atmosphere of Arizona.

$41	7G
$11	50
9	50
14	57

ARIZONA. 35

The cost and profit of a raisin vineyard in this valley is about as follows:

Land, per acre, $25 00

Preparation for planting 2 50

Cuttings at $2 per 1000, 1 26

Planting, 1 50

Water, 1 50

Labor, irrigating and cultivating, 10 00

Second year: Filling vacancies, irrigating, cultivating and water

Third year:

Labor, water, etc.,

Add interest at 10 p;'r cent.,

Total cost, $77 23

The third year the product will be three tons of fresh grapes, worth 2 cents per pound, $120 00. Or 2,5201b8 of raisins, @ 6 cents ....... 15120.

OTHER FRUITS.

The apricot is most buccessfuUy grown in the valley, and has been found a most remunerative crop for the horticulturist. The immense crops of this fruit that a full-grown tree yields, and the sweetness and fine fiavor of every variety of this fruit, are the astonishment of the visitor. Here, the first week in May, the Early Pringles ripen, and are ready for the market. This fruit, when shipped at such an early day to the East, has brought 30 to 50 cents a pound, by the carload, in Chicago and New York City. The next variety to ripen, about the last of May or first week in June, is the Royal, a productive bearer, and stands shipping well. And still later to mature and ripen, are such varieties as the St. Ambrose and Moor Park. This fruit, as has been said, is one of the most profitable here cultivated, besides being among the first of the deciduous fruits to reach the market. It is a superior canning fruit. The cost and profit of an apricot orchard in this valley, is given as follows:

Land, with water, per acre, . . . . . $25 00

One hundred trees, at 15 cents, - - - - 15 00

Planting, cultivating, etc., - - - - - 31 50

$71 50 Second year: Labor, water, etc., ...... $15 00

Interest on investment, @ 10 per cent., - - - 9 65

Total cost, - - - - - - $96 15

The yield the second year will be 10 pounds per tree, or 1,000 pounds per acre. The third year will be a yield of 30 pounds to the tree. The fourth year will yield 150 pounds to the tree. The fifth year will produce 250 to 300 pounds to the tree, and which, when fully matured, will average, in a good season, 600 pounds to the tree. This fruit, when early, commands here from 10 to 15 cents a pound, and averages about 4 cents for all varieties. One hundred and eight trees are planted to the acre.

The first dates ever grown in the United States were raised in this valley. In the spring of 1880 a citizen purchased a few dates in one of the stores of the city, the seeds of which he planted. They immediately began to germinate, and the first date-bearing palms seen in the United States, began to appear, and year after year they increased in size, until the sixth year, when they began to bloom, and would have borne fruit that year, but for the curious carrying away the bloom, on account of its novelty. On the coming of the recurring season, these same trees again bloomed, and were allowed to bear. They produced immense bunches of delicious fruit, some of which, it is claimed, weighed 20 pounds.

Pigs are equally at home in the valley. Every variety flourishes, and no insects exist to mar the growth. The favorite variety is the White Adriatic. This fruit- is one of the most profitable cultivated. Last season the dried fruit of this variety, commanded 25 cents a pound in California. Fig trees will bear

36 ARIZONA.

the second year after planting, and, when in full bearing, their yield is immense, 1,000 to 1,500 being gathered in a single season. The first crop is gathered here in the middle of May. The second, the latter part of June, and the third, about the first of August.

The peach fiourishes also, in the valley, and attains to a high degree of excellence, such as is not to be seen among the orchards of Delaware. The flavor of the fruit has all the doliciousness of the best peaches produced in that State. The early peaches ripen the third week in May, and for the ne.%t eight months in the year, as the various varieties are made to ripen in their order, people arc able to get. In the market, this favorite fruit.

The pomegranate, which is a native of Mexico, grows in this valley, with all the luxuriance with which it grows in its native country. In addition to the fine fruit it bears, it is greatly prized on account of the handsome ornamental hedge it makes.

Pears, especially the Winter Nellis, are successfully grown, and their flavor is admitted by expert- judges, to be superior to the product of California.

The olive has been cultivated in this valley, with notable success, in the light, sandy loam, which lies outside the four-mile belt on each side of the river bank. It yields fruit after the fifth year, and will bear plentifully every year thereafter, for half a century.

Apples, which, as is known to every horticulturist, are partial to a cold climate, cannot be numbered among the successfully cultivated fruits of this valley, or of the Territory, although some late varieties have done well.

The nectarine, on the contrary, thrives Avell, and is a fruit much affected by the growers in the immediate vicinity of the cities. The same is true of the almond, the plum, the quince, and even the banana. Smaller fruits, like the strawberry, grow to an unprecedented size, and their flavor is unsurpassed. All kinds of vegetables grow all the year round, and there is no month in which the table cannot be supplied with onions, beets, lettuce, radishes, turnips and parsley, fresh from the kitchen garden. Even during the winter months, cauliflower, asparagus, carrots, celery, parsnips, green peas, white potatoes, artichokes, and such "garden truck," are on sale in the markets, and the size and quality of those vegetables challenge comparison with those grown in any other country in the world.

There are many otlier agricultural industries, which are either being started, or might be profitably developed in this valley, and which might be here enumerated, but enough has been surely said to show that the enterprising and intelligent farmer can find no better, or more promising field for the exercise of his energy and industry, with the assurance of a sufficiently ample reward, than in the Salt River Valley.

The same is true, in a measure, of the Gila Valley, which is also included within the limits of Maricopa County. Indeed, there is not a statement that has been made regarding one valley, that does not hold appreciably true of the other. Something has been said, in preceding pages, of the extensive traces of irrigating canals, dug by the hands of the prehistoric races of Arizona .Their modern successors are, to-day, wisely following the teachings of those ancient husbandmen, and the Gila Valley is covered with a perfect network of such ditches, rendering the land a perfect garden of fertility and productiveness. A fuller description of the system of irrigation of the Salt River Valley, will be given hereafter.

The Principal Mines of Maricopa County.

I HE existence of the precious metals in Arizona was the first feature of the country that led to the advent of white men there. In fact, the Jesuit missionaries, although, doubtless, their ostensible and, primarily, real object, was the introduction of Christianity among the benighted Pima and Apache Indians, were, almost certainly, attracted, secondarily and irresistibly, by the tales of the fabulous wealth to be acquired in the country. The progress they made in mining, by the primitive methods employed in those days, and the amount of bullion which they secured, and sent over the border to Sonora and Sinoloa, are abundant evidence that they had a practical eye to "the main chance," while they were, at the same time, undeniably, doing good work in the way of reforming the habits, and, ix)ssibly, the beliefs, of the Indians.

ARIZONA. 37

In their track, followed, in due time, the more enterprising, and more skillful American miner, and, in a comparatively short time, in spite of the serious difficulties and the incessant raids of the Apaches, the country became settled up, in a somewhat sparse, but yet effective, fashion, and the development of the many mines, of rock and plain, awaiting the pick, shovel, pan, rocker or stamp-mill of the miner, to render up their riches, followed. As rich " find " after " find " was opened, the population became denser. As the Indian bandits became more and more circumscribed in the area of their forays, and law and order came to be more and more strictly enforced, the wonderful riches of the Territory were proportionately realized and appreciated, and the tide of immigration increased, until, to-day, Arizona claims — and with good reason — to be the most attractive home in the Union for the settler who brings to his search for a home and a fortune the "will to work, and wait for the reaping time which as surely follows the sowing as the fruitful autumn follows in the train gf the toiling spring.

Maricopa County has her full share of the deposits of the precious metals. Indeed, in this respect, she seems to be "doubly crowned" above any part of the United States. The surface of her soil is fertile, beyond all possibility of rivalry, and, in the sards of her rivers, the ledges of her mountains, and the veins, "deep hid from the light of prying day." there are treasures of mineral wealth which have, as yet, been merely "skimmed," and the richness of which only future years and further exploration will fully disclose.

Year after year — we had almost said month after month — new veins and deposits of extraordinary richness are found, and fortunes, which would have seemed fabulous a few years ago, but which are now matters of common occurrence, are made by fortunate prospectors. As examples, we need only instance the "finds" at the Haqua Hala, from which vast sums of money have been drawn within the brief time since their discovery. From the Vulture Mine alone, over $10,000,000 have been taken, and anything like "the end" is not yet. It was discovered in 1863, and lies 68 miles northwest of Phoenix. It produces free milling gold ore, and consists of four veins, worked from two inclines, 300 feet apart, which have been sunk to a depth of about 450 to 500 feet. The water used for the mine is brought from the Hassayampa River, a distance of 16 miles, and in its course is forced over a range 350 feet high. The formation of the mine is porphyry and limestone.

Another mining district, which has proved very remunerative, is that of Cave Creek, located about 32 miles from Phoenix, in the foothills of the Verde mountains. The principal mine is the Phoenix, on the east side of Cave Creek, and the formation is porphyry and slate.

Other mines in the district are the Maricopa, the Chautauqua, the Mexican, etc.

The Magazine district, in which is the famous "Red Rover" mine, lies' east of the Cave Creek district. From this mine gold ore has been shipped that assayed .$500 to the ton. To the north of Phoenix lies the Winnifred district, from which great things are expected, as soon as water, which is the great desideratum, can be made available. So far, the water used has been brought from the Arizona Canal, and that has been conveyed chiefly to the Union Mine, which was located in 1876. The vein matter in this mine is found in a slate dike, which is encased in a granite formation. This dike varies in width from six to ten feet, and runs about $15 in gold, to the ton. Ore has been strnck in the lower cross-cut that will assay $25 to the ton. The mine is worked through an incline sunk on the ore body a distance of 140 feet, from the bottom of which a vertical shaft is sunk a distance of 400 feet. All of the ore body above the 60 foot level is a free milling gold rock, while below that point it is sulphuret. A ten stamp mill has been erected at the mine.

The most noted of the mines near the Union, are the West Point and Gila Monster. The Contention mine, of this district, is working a large force of men.

The principal other mines in this portion of this district are the Hidden Treasure No. l,Toughnut, Grey Eagle, and Hidden Treasure No. 2.

The Arizona Gazelle, in. a recent issue, speaks in the highest terms of the prospects of the mines in the Haqua Hala, 86 miles northwest of Phoenix, between which city and the mines, there is constant communi- cation, as all the miners' supplies are drawn from there. The mine at Gold Hill is thus described in the Gazelle:

"The rich gold-bearing vein o( thia hill Ilea t>etwoen qunrtzite and granite, and is from twelve to twenty feet wide, and averages almost thirty dollnn In golJ per ton. Va«t carbonate deponits have been dlHcloscd in this camp, which cnntain thirty to sixty per cent, in lead, and run high in sliver. There was tested at the ten stump mill, located at the town of Harrlsl)urg, which is distant aboutsi.x miles from Gold Hill, ore from the two Bonanzaciaims on this bill that ran 410U to the ton."

The Harcouvar mining district, is another of the many mining districts tributary to Phoenix, and lies 90 miles northwest of tl!e city. The company operating it owns twenty-six full claims, GOO x 1,500 feet. One vein, a mile in length, averages 4 feet in thickness, and runs $20 in gold, and silver, and 20 per cent, in copper.

38 ARIZONA.

On the same side of the mountain on which this company's mine is situated, a vast deposit of ore has been disclosed, on which an open cut has been run, exposing an ore body 57 feet in thickness, and which runs $22 in gold and silver, and 22 per cent, in copper. On the San Dulac claim, belonging to this company, a rich gold-bearing vein has been disclosed, carrying $40 in gold and silver.

In the Tonto Basin, Tip Top and Humbug mining districts, there have been located a large number of valuable mining properties. It is estimated that there are over 1,000 mining claims in this county, upon which assessment work is done each year.

An indefinite number of other paying mines might be enumerated, such as the Old Rowe, the Hicks, the Boss, the Spring, the Bonita, the Monarch, the Carbonate Chief, the Rackensack, the Golden Star, the Lion^ the Hunter's' Rest, the Chico, the Catherine, and many others, which have been either recently opened, with every indication of "paying big moneyj''or have been worked for years, with the most gratifying results to the investors; but enough has been said to show that Maricopa County has every inducement within its borders, for the enterprising and persistent prospector, and there is no rashness in making the prediction that there is a vast deal more of mineral wealth, within her confines, which has not been located, and which is left for future embryo bonanza kings to find and unearth.

The Kind of Climate that Maricopa County Enjoys.

fHE MERITS OF MARICOPA COUNTY, as they present themselves most effectively to the ej'e of the settler, are found in the results which show up, in unquestionable shape, in her fields of grain and alfalfa, her productive orchards and vineyards, her great cattle ranges and her rich mines, but the efficient cause of all this (or, at least, in the case of the mines, the efficient aid to effective operation and paying results), is to be found in the climate of the Territory. In point of fact, there is no more equable climate and no purer atmosphere to be found in the United States than those of the Salt River Valley. Florida, Colorado, or California, is simply '' not in it " in comparison of the percentage of clear and fair days enjoyed. Just think of it ! There are not a dozen days in the whole year when the sun does not shine, and shine, too, with a glow and a glory, unknown in less favored latitudes.

'' The Valley of the Salt River is about 1,100 feet above the level of the sea, and is shut

in on all sides by lofty hills and mountains, and is well protected against the cold winds of the north. It is far enough removed from the Gulf of California to escape the fogs that are so detrimental to health and comfort in Southern California, and is not subject to those sudden changes which overtake all the coast counties of that State.

From the tables of the signal service office at Phoenix it is learned that the mean temperature for three years ranges from 52° in January and December to 85° in July and August. The difference between the highest and lowest mean temperature during the year does not exceed 33°. This is much lower than that which rules in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California.

The average rainfall in the same period is about 8 inches. During three months of the year the weather in the valley is warm, but, the air being dry, pure and bracing, it is not that kind of heat which produces exhaustion east of the Rockies. Laborers in the field work with impunity in midsummer and feel no bad effects whatever from the heat. Sunstrokes in the valley are unknown. The moisture in the atmosphere is from 25 to 50 per cent, as against 75 to 80 in the middle and Eastern States. The day during the summer months may be warm, but the nights are always pleasantly cool. Every afternoon there springs up a grateful and refreshing breeze, coming from the Gulf of California. There are eight months in the year, from October to May, when a more perfect climate than exists in the valley is not to be found anywhere in the world. One who has been accustomed to the cold, rigorous winters of the north is amazed to witness the genial, pleasant summer-like winter that the people of the Salt River Valley enjoy, during the mid-winter months. Here, at that time, may be seen men going about their daily work in flieir shirt sleeves, and the markets of Phoenix full of green, luscious fruits and fresh vegetables. In January may be seen roses budding and green fields of grain and alfalfa. To the invalid this valley is found to be a paradise. Hundreds

ARIZONA. 39

who have left their homes in the Northern and Eastern States to escape from the severities of the winter and gone to Southern California, have been obliged to leave that much vaunted climate on account of its fogs, dews, and sudden changes, and seek the more even climate of the Salt River Valley.

Pneumonia is unknown during any season of the year. Fevers and malaria cannot germinate or prevail. During the twelve months of the year may be found a climate that is dry and warm, and free from dampness and cold winds, such as is not to be found in the United States, or, for the matter of that, in any other part of God's green footstool.

Phoenix, the County Seat and Territorial Capital.

fyX 1867 THE PIONEERS, who first explored the Territory of Arizona, were surprised to find that they had been anticipated, and that a new object-lesson in the self-repeating habit of history had to be scanned and learned by them. There were mounds in which the intelligent observer could discover the remains of houses which had formed a part of large cities, and there were traces of canals by which water was conveyed to what must have been a large and prosperous settle- ment of a prehistoric race.

Acting on the hints thus conveyed, the first settlers in the valley resolved to inaugurate a course of irri- gation on the lines laid down by the ancient people, who had, as a matter of fact, " builded better than they knew,'' and " left a legacy for an undeserving posterity." As those settlers increased in number, the necessity for a central marketing point, in other words, a town, became manifest, and three years after the first settlers " took up land " in the Salt River Valley, — that is to say, in 1870, — the city of Phoenix was platted and the foundation of the County Seat of Maricopa County, and of the ultimate capital of Arizona, was laid.

The origin of the name was as suggestive as it was appropriate. The relics of cities, whose relics only remained to tell of their former existence, were on every hand around the site of the prospective city, and, although it could not be definitely ascertained, or even approximately guessed at, that they had been wiped out by fire, and their inhabitants exterminated by a power stronger than, and as mysterious as, they themselves were, it was agreed to give the name of Phoenix to the new city, inasmuch as, if it had not literally risen on the ashes of a former city, it certainly rose on the ruins of a previous, and extinct, civilization.

The site chosen for the new city was well selected. It lies, as nearly as possible, in the center of the valley, on the northern bank of the Salt River-, at a point 28 miles from where it enters the valley.

And, right here, just as well as elsewhere, may be stated the explanation of the somewhat peculiar name which has attached to this river. A more inappropriate misnomer — unless on the lucns a non lucendo princi- ple— could not well be found. The river, indeed, passes by certain salt springs in its course, but they do not in the least affect the quality or taste of its water, and the name seems to have been bestowed more in fun than otherwise, and to have adhered — as such names are apt to do — out of sheer habitual use.

The city of Phoenix is situated thirty-five miles north of Maricopa Station, on the line of the Southern Pacific Railroad. It comes into view as a surprise to the traveler who has, for hours, been traversing a barren plain, covered with cactus and mesquite. On a sudden, he finds himself in a perfect bower of verdure and vegetation — and he is in Phoenix.

The city is the center, and entrepot for all supplies, of the great valley of the Salt River. It was laid out, as the site was selected, with the finest judgment. It is central in situation and its streets are from 80 to 100 feet in width, more frequently the latter than the former. The " blocks'' are 300 feet square. The further history of its development is thus told by the Arizona Gazette :

" At the close of the second year after Its location, the city contained a population of about 600, during which time alxiut two hundred houses were erected. Bnt, from 1873 to 1876, It grew very slowly on account of the fierce, warlllte bands of Indians, that eyerywhere infested the surrouud- iOK hills and mountains of this valloy. On the concluding of the peace that General Crook made with the various bands of Apaches in i87(J, and which led to their removal from the whole of this section of Arizona, this city again began to grow, and, ever since, has stendily advanced in popu- lation and wealth. In 18)9, when the Sontbern Pacific Railroad reached Maricopa, which is distant thirty-flvo miles from Plicenlx, the city contained a population of about two thousand. After that time oncgreat improvement after another was Inaugurated in this valley, which tended tolDcresse the wealth and population of the city. The beginning of the construction of the Arizona Canal in 1K8,1, gave employment to a grent number of meu, there having been expended on this one undcrtaliing alone the sum of $700,000 during four years, the period of its construction. On the fonrth of July, 1887, the ambition of this rising and progressive young city was, for a time, apparently satisfied by the completion of the thirty-Ore miles of railway which cunoects Phcenix with Maricopa, thereby Insuring to the city a complete railway communication with the lend- InC cities of the West and East.

"The oocupatloa of the early settlers was in raising hay and grain for the use of the government. Before the advent of any railroads in Ari- »jQa. m gtMt uamber of wagoas were engaged la battling from PtusuU those products to the various government posts and mining camps, scattered

40

ARIZONA

throughout Arizona and New Mexico. To manage and conduct this business there sprung up In Phoenix large mercantile houses. To-day tlie vol- ume of business done in this oily exceeds that of any other city in Arizona. It amounts to about two million dollars annually. The last three years have been the most eventful in the history of Phoenix, for during that time wore witnessed the completion of the Arizona Canal, that was designed to reclaim 100,000 acres of land, and the construction of the Maricopa & Phoenix railroad, whereby the city is connected with the Southern Pacific railway system."

The beauty of the city of Phoenix — not only that of its residences but of its natural surroundings — strikes the most unobservant visitor, and causes him to give vent to expressions of astonishment and admi- ration. The shaded streets, lined with finer and more umbrageous trees than shelter and shade the imperial boulevard street in Berlin, known, the world over, as " Unter den linden," are not to be matched in the world for beauty, while the cool rivulets which run on each side of the streets not only rival but surpass those in the vaunted streets of Salt Lake City. The leafy bowers that surround the residences have all the luxuri- ance of growth that is characteristic of the countries bordering on the tropics and fostered by a semi-tropical sun, and, in no other country can such a setting of leafy shade and sheltering boughs be found around the homes of citizens as in the Queen City of Arizona.

MARICOPA COUNTY COURT HOUSE

The main artery of the commerce of the city is Washington street, and a busier scene than that thorough- fare presents, during business hours, could hardly be paralleled in cities of three times the population. The secret is found in the extensive and fertile country tributary to the city, in the productive mines located in the neighborhood, and in the fact that all the wants of the busy workers on range, 'and on ranch, and in mine, draw all their supplies from Phoenix. It is, in short, the pulsating commercial heart from which the arterial blood of food, clothing, and all other necessaries are sent forth, and to which the venous flow of gold, silver and copper ore, cattle and farm produce of all kinds are returned. Of such material is the prosperity of Phoenix built up. Judge, then, of the certainty of its stability and permanent success. It needs no prophet to forecast it.

Describing a market scene in the city, a writer in the Arizona Gazette says : " Here, on a week day, may be seen trading, the prosperous and happy ranchers and fruit-growers from all over the Salt River Valley.

A R I\ZO N A. 41

To this city come the settlers along the Gila, for a distance of a hundred miles east and west of Phoenix, to do their shopping and to sell the products of their ranches. From the many rich raining districts that are tributary to Phcenix come the mine owners or the superintendents of mining companies, to buy their supplies and to arrange for the shipping of their ore. From the countless cattle ranches, that are scattered over the vast territory that is tributary to Phoenix come the proprietors for their household supplies and to arrange for the shipment of their stock to the various leading markets of Southern California and to Chicago."

The city was incorporated in 1880 by a special act of the Legislature of the Territory.

In the center of the plaza, which is situated on the main street in the heart of the city, a municipal hall has been built, the like of which is not excelled for beauty and appearance, by that in any city in Arizona. This handsome structure was built in 1888, at a cost of $22,000, and is 60x90 feet. The avenues of approach to it are thickly lined on each side with stately cottonwoods, and around the outer edge of the enclosure there are set an abundance of shade trees. On the removal of the capital from Prescott to Phcenix in January, 1889, the rooms in the second floor of the building were used by the Legislature as an Assembly hall. The two finest rooms on the first floor were set apart as offices for the use of the Governor and Secretary of the Territory. On this floor the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce occupies a room for the purpose of holding its meetings and displaying its fine collection of fruits. Another of these rooms is occupied as a Council cham- ber by the City Council and as the office of the Recorder and Marshal of the city. The balance of this floor is occupied by the Fire Department for the lodgment of its apparatus, while the basement is used as a jail.

Supplementary to the above general description a more particular and minute one has been courteously furnished for this wiJrk, and is subjoined with pleasure, as being not only very full and accurate, but thor- oughly authentic and reliable.

A General Sketch of the Salt River Valley and its Contents.

jHE VALLEY OF THE SALT RIVER is embraced within the limits of Maricopa County, Territory of Arizona. Its position is very near the center of the Territory, and ^ it contains the largest body of irrigable land in the United States. It contains over «l I'B 1>000,000 acres. Its surface is almost as level as a table. It is walled in by rugged

^ UMAnMmof& H mountain ranges, and watered by Salt River, which flows through its center. Its chief town, Phoenix, is 30 miles north of the S. P. Railroad, and is connected with the trunk line by a branch.

This magnificent vale has been exceptionally blessed by the bounteous gifts of nature. The soil is of the richest to be found in the United States. Near the river it is, in places, a dark, alluvial mould, well adapted for the production of cereals and grasses; farther back, it is a rich loam of extreme fertility, while, nearer the foothills, the soil has something of a lighter, and more porous character, being especially adapted to the cultivation of every variety of fruit. It has been demonstrated that this rich and productive soil has a depth of from 10 to 40 feet, throughout the entire valley, and, although portions of it have been cultivated in the same crop for 21 years, there is no diminution in the yield, or exhaustion of its durable fertility. The water used for irrigation constantly gives new life to the land. "What," you will inquire, "are the productions of this fair valley?" Everything grown in the temperate zone, and semi-tropical climate. All of the cereals and grasses indigenous to the temperate zone; every fruit that ripens under semi-tropic suns. Among the fruits produced in the Salt River Valley, are the following: Oranges, apples, peaches, almonds, figs, lemons, pears, apricots, strawberries, plums, quinces, nectarines, olives, grapes, dates. Of cereals and grasses, the valley produces the following: Wheat, oats, barley, rye, corn, buckwheat, cotton, tobacco, hemp, flax, sugar cane, alfalfa, blue grass, millet, timothy, clover, and broom corn. Besides the foregoing, vegetables of every kind give a most prolific yield. Briefly, such is the Salt River Valley of Arizona, a land of wonderful fertility, manifold in its productiveness and bounteous in its returns for the labor bestowed. It may not inaptly be termed a beautiful oasis in the dreary desert which stretches between the corn-fields of Kansas and the groves and vineyards of Southern California.

42 ARIZONA.

Of the 1,000,000 acres embraced within the limits of the valley, not more than 123,000 acres are at present under cultivation. This area is divided as follows:

Barley 40,000 acres.

Alfalfa .45,000 "

Wheat 15,000 "

Vineyards and orchards 11,200 "

Miscellaneous products 10,000 "

Two to five crops can be produced a year in the valley, and so rapid is the growth that the labor of the cultivator is reduced to the minimum. The planting season begins on the first day of November, and the grain harvest is ended by July 1st.

The climate, it must be remembered, is almost perpetual spring and summer, snow never falls, and frost is rarely seen. Roses are in bloom, fruit trees are blooming, and the grain fields are a sea of green, when the lands of the Eastern farmers are covered with ice and snow. The sugar cane and the cotton plant seem indigenous to the Salt River Valley. One of the most notable productions of the Salt River Valley is the forage plant known as alfalfa, or Chilian clover. In the warm, dry climate of this region its yield is something phenomenal. It is cut from 4 to 5 times a year, yielding, on the average, 2 tons to the acre, to the cutting. Whether cured as hay or in its green state, it is unexcelled as feed for horses, cattle, hogs, and other live stock, its fattening qualities not being equalled by any cultivated grain, or known forage plant.

Horses, cattle and hogs, find a genial home in the rich alfalfa pastures of the valley. Summer and winter, autumn and spring, they crop the nutritious feed, or rest contentedly in the shade of the leafy Cottonwood. In a region like this, when men go about their daily avocations in their shirt sleeves during the entire winter, the housing of cattle is entirely unknown. The hogs run on the alfalfa fields until the harvest is over, when they are turned on the stubble, which, in a short time, puts them in prime ccflidition for market. Beef, fattened on the alfalfa pastures, is tender and juicy, and is almost equal to the stall-fed article of the Eastern States. California receives a large portion of its beef supply from this region, and many thousand head of cattle are annually shipped to Kansas City, Missouri.

When the stock-grower has fenced a tract of land, planted it in alfalfa, and set out cottonwood shade trees, his labors are nearly at an end, and his expenses become merely nominal. Cattle that pasture on the green fields for from 6 to 8 weeks are ready for the butcher at all seasons. Each acre of alfalfa, properly cared for, will support 2 head of cattle or horses, or 20 head of hogs during the entire year. Within the past 3 years, some of the purest breeds of the equine race have been imported from the far-famed blue grass regions of Kentucky, and other sections of the country, and to-day the city of Phcenix and the surrounding country can show as fine a breed of horseflesh as any place of like population in the Union. The soil, climate and feed are all that could be desired, and the valley will yet become famous for its fast stock. Horses and cattle, 3 years of age, have attained their full growth.

The natural stock ranges throughout the Territory have been so heavily stocked for a number of years that they can no longer turn off cattle fit for beef; hence, the cattlemen rely entirely upon the alfalfa fields of this valley to put their cattle in condition for market.

While capable of bearing an almost unlimited variety of productions, it is to the cultivation of fruits that this valley must look for its greatest prosperity. With the exception of some favored spots in California, there is not a region between the Atlantic and the Pacific that possesses so many natural advantages for the prosecution of this industry. Shut out from the fogs and mists of the sea-coast valleys, its pure, dry atmosphere has all the desirable qualities for the growing, ripening and curing of high-priced semi-tropical fruits. The soil is natural fruit land, and has all those ingredients requisite for its production. Owing to the more rapid growth of vegetation the fruits of the Salt River Valley are ripe and ready for market from two to four weeks earlier than those of California. This gives the Arizona producer an immense advantage over his competitor of the Golden State, and enables him to dispose of his entire crop free from competition.

It may appear like "sending coals to Newcastle," but it is a fact that the Salt River Valley has, for several seasons past, shipped apricots to Los Angeles a month before they were ripe in that city. Of this fact, the Los Angeles Times speaks as follows: "Prophet Potts left at the Times' sanctum yesterday a little box of rif>e apricots. They are a full month earlier than those that ripen here, and were grown in the Salt River Valley, near Phoenix, Arizona. • • * * The prospects, in view of the Salt River Valley development, are that Arizona will, some day, send back a Roland for our Oliver, supplying this section with early high-priced fruit."

The yield is something unprecedented ; the fig gives two and sometimes three crops a year. This tree, whose cultivation is successful in so few places in the United States, thrives wonderfully here, and grows

ARIZONA.

43

almost as strong and vigorously as the native cottonwood. Cuttings set out have borne within three months, the fruit being large, rich and luscious. The White Adriatic variety is the most popular, and is as much at home as on the hills of its native Dalmatia. Figs, grown and packed here, have been pronounced by experts in the Eastern markets to be most perfect, equal in every respect to those grown in Smyrna. There are but few places in the world where the fig of commerce is successfully produced ; and the perfect success attained here in its production will render this valley famous throughout the civilized world. Its cultivation is destined to be one of our principal and most profitable industries. It is a much more profitable crop than the orange. The largest fig orchards in the United States are in this valley.

No spot on the Pacific Coast is better adapted to the cultivation of the grape. Cuttings will bear in eighteen months, and two crops a year from the same vines is a common occurrence. The yield of vines, in full bearing, is from four to eight tons per acre. The chief varieties planted thus far, are the Muscat of

S::^^ f f ^ W%

"/^ «-

T 'Jf'^-

^■:. J^

A VINEYARD IN SALT RIVER VALLEY.

Alexandria, Zinfandel, Sultana and Tokay. The attention of experienced fruit growers of California have recently been attracted to the great natural advantages of this valley for the production of the raisin grape. Few places in the world are found adapted to its successful growth. The drying and curing of the fruit requires, above all else, a warm, dry climate, which this valley possesses to a perfect degree. If the reader will consider that fully 50 per cent of all the raisins consumed in the United States are imported, he will understand what the profits must be when they are produced at home.

Oranges have not yet been extensively planted in the valley, yet we now have about six hundred acres in perfect condition in their second and third year, which demonstrates beyond a question of doubt that they can be successfully grown here.

To make special mention of every variety of fruit named is impracticable from lack of space, but it may be said that each and all grow strong and thrifty, and give a bounteous yield. With the advance of land values it is only a question of time when nearly all of this grand valley will be devoted to the production of high-priced citrus and deciduous fruits.

Presuming that the reader has followed us thus far in ourefiforts to describe the resources and attractions of the Salt River Valley, he is apt to inquire, "How is it that you produce such bounteous crops of cereals,

44

ARIZONA.

grains and fruits in a region so proverbially dry as Arizona, and with so slight a rainfall ? " The answer is a simple one, "By the aid of irrigation."

Irrigation brings life and verdure and beauty and productiveness to plant and tree, shrub and flower. By its agency the barren desert is made to blossom, and yield its wealth of grains and grasses and fruits ; it makes of the desolate and worthless plains a blooming garden ; it brings value to the land formerly given over to the cactus and coyote. Like the 'magic rod of Moses, it causes the life-preserving streams to come forth, carrying in their wake wealth and lasting prosperity. To Arizona, irrigation is what the life-blood is to man, or the piston-rod to the steam engine. The farmer and the horticulturist must rely entirely upon it for success, and upon its proper application to the thirsty soil depends the future of tillage in this Territory.

To the Eastern agriculturist, where such a system of cultivation is unknown, the term carries a vague and indefinite meaning. A few words descriptive of this method of tilling the ground may not, therefore, prove uninteresting.

ONE OP 24 FALtSIN CROSS-CUT BRANCH OF ARIZONA CANAL.

Irrigation is the oldest system of cultivation known to man. In those Eastern lands, which were the cradle of the Aryan race, it was practiced long before the dawn of history. The mighty empires of antiquity, which flourished in Asia and Africa, depended almost entirely upon irrigation for the production of crops. Canals and waterways made of the now desolate Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and Persia, the garden spot of the ancient world ; and to-day nearly all the Levantine countries owe their prosperity to the same system. More than two-thirds of the human family have pursued this mode from time immemorial, and will continue to do so as long as the present climatic conditions remain unchanged.

Briefly, irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil. Canals and ditches divert the water from the river-bed and convey it to the land which it is desired to irrigate ; lateral ditches run from the main canal, carrying the precious fluid to all parts of the cultivated area. Sometimes the entire field is flooded to a certain depth, which is usually the manner of irrigating grains and grasses ; but, for fruits, small ditches

ARIZONA.

45

are opened near the trees and vines, through which the water runs and soaks to the roots. When the orchard, the vineyard or the field requires moisture, the cultivator has but to open the gates in the side of the main ditch and conduct the water to the desii-ed spot, and, after thorough saturation, the gate is again closed. It has been well said that the irrigator is independent of the clouds, and can supply his fields whenever and as often as they may require.

In the Salt River Valley there are at present, eight main canals, having an aggregate length of about 190 miles and a carrying capacity of 117,000 miner's inches. In explanation it may be said that a miner's inch is that quantity of water which flows through an inch square orifice under a pressure of four inches. Forty of these inches make a cubic foot per second. The cost of these waterways is something like .$1,000,000, and the area they enclose is about 400,000 acres. The "Arizona" is the largest of these canals. It is 41 miles in length, .36 feet wide on the bottom, and 58 feet on top, having an average depth of 7^ feet, and a carrying capacity of 40,000 miner's inches.

CROSS-CUT BRANCH OF ARIZONA CANAL, SHOWING A SUCCESSION OF FALLS IN THE DISTANCE.

Irrigation is the most perfect method of tillage known to man, and the land so cultivated, commands the highest price, the world over. The delta on the Nile, the plains of Lombardy and Castile, and the valleys of Southern California bear testimony to this fact. The process is one easily mastered, and, for the extra labor expended, the return is five-fold. Improved land with water rights can be bought at 125 to $50 per acre.

46

A R I ZO M A

CITY OK KHCENIX.

Nearly in the center of Salt River Valley, is situated the flourishing city of Phoenix, the county seat of Maricopa County, and the capital of the Territory. Its present population, including suburbs, is about 5,500, and is rapidly increasing. Surrounded by a wealth of flowers, fruits, and foliage, it is one of the handsomest towns in the Southwest. Throughout the streets flow streams of pure water, while rows of handsome shade trees line both sides of many of its thoroughfares. So dense is this forest of verdure that the traveler, approaching it from any direction, will not see the houses until he is fairly within the town. The

CITY HALL.

streets are wide and level, facing the cardinal points. The buildings, which were formerly adobe, are now nearly all brick and wood, those erected during the last year, being entirely of these materials. Washington street, the principal thoroughfare of the city, is three miles in length, lined on either side, for several blocks, by handsome business houses.

The City Hall is a handsome three story, brick building. It is situated on the center of a plaza, 300 feet square, and is surrounded by a blue-grass lawn, ornamental shade trees, and flowers.

The courthouse is likewise an imposing brick structure, and occupies a block 300 feet square, and is also surrounded by blue-grass, ornamental trees, and flowers.

There are three commodious and elegant public school buildings in the city. The Methodists have two places of worship, while the Catholics, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Episcopalians, have handsome structures devoted to religious purposes.

ARIZONA.

47

The secret societies are well represented; there are Lodges of Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Red Men, Order of United Workmen, Chosen Friends and Good Templars. There are three daily newspapers, the Gazette, Herald, and Republican, each of which issues a weekly edition. Phoenix is lighted by gas and electricity, and is supplied with street railroads and water works. It has a well organized and efficient Fire Department. There are two manufactories of artificial ice, three planing mills, one flouring mill, and four banks. There are good hotels, and many good lodging houses. Business of every description is well represented in Phoenix, and it being the natural trade center for an extensive region, has a large, and steadily increasing traffic. During the past year a number of fine brick structures have been erected, and the work

of improvement goes on without inter- mission.

Phoenix is connected by rail with the Southern Pacific road, and addi- tional railroad connection will soon be had.

Although Arizona has an unen- viable reputation abroad for the caloric properties of its temperature, this, like many other statements relating to the Territory, is very much exaggerated. To be sure, the thermometer sometimes goes above 100° during the months of June, July and August, but, so pure in quality and free from moisture, is the air, that people here feel the effect of such heat much less than do the residents of the Eastern States when the mercury marks &5° or 90°. For nine months of the year the climate of this valley is unsurpassed. There is scarcely a day without its bright sunshine, and, under a pair of blank- ets one can rest comfortably in the open air during every month of the winter. As has been stated before, snow never falls in this region, the nearest approach to it being a light frost which occasionally visits the valley during the months of January and February. The average mean temperature of Phojnix ranges from 52° in January to 85° during July. This is lower than that of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys of California. The praises of the climate of the Golden State have been published the world over ; its salubrity, healthfulness and equable quality, have been so* thoroughly advertised that it has been, and is, drawing an immense immigration to that commonwealth; and yet it is a fact that, in all the qualities mentioned, the Salt River Valley region can fairly lay claims to superiority. Shut in from fogs, mists, and cold winds, so prevalent along the seacoast, it is not subject to those sudden changes, which are such a great objection to the California climate. It has, in a marked degree, that dry, pure, bracing, health-giving quality natural to all regions with a limited rainfall. Those who have passed their lives under the leaden dome, the rains and snows of the northern winter, can scarcely conceive of the luxury of existence in a land with bright sunshin e balmy air, and cloudless sky every month in the year. Here is a region where Spring and Summer hold joint reign, where Health welcomes the afflicted, and where strength awaits tlie weak and debilitated. There is no spot in North America with a climate so conducive to the curing of lung diseases; this fact has already been fully demonstrated in many cases. The population of the Salt River Valley is principally American gathered from all the States of the Union.

Though far distant from the great centers of population, the society of Phoenix can lay just claim to being cultured, liberal, and progressive, and the amenities of social life are observed as fully as in lands of an older fivilizatioti. The stranger will find a people broad-minded and generous in their views, intelli- gent and progressive, who will give him a hearty welcome.

The residents of the valley may well point, with pardonable pride, to their public schools, which num- ber forty-two. There are also a number of good private schools.

MONIllON liLOCK.

48

ARIZONA

^:^^. ^.-r>--.^-;*ffv.

PORTER BLOCK.

The following letter is from Hon. J. De Barth Shorb, of Los Angeles, California. Mr. Shorb has long and prominently been identified with horticultural and viticultural enterprises, and is at present one of the two Commissioners-at-Large of the California State Board of Viticulture. His views upon the questions he discusses are worthy of the highest consideration:

Eamona, Calit., Oct. 1, 1890.

Dear Sir: — In compliance with your request, I herewith submit to you my view of the Salt River Valley, agriculturally, horticulturally and viniculturally.

It may be granted without argument or appeal to historic records, or the proof furnished in various parts of the world, at the present time, that the country which is a natural wheat country, produpijjg a fair yield, of average qualify, of wheat, Is one that is capable of supporting a very large population to the acreage ; and, if there should be added to this, a capacity of producing the other cereals in equal excellence, a greater value necessarily attaches to such a country; and its lands must, in time, increase in value, and its owner in wealth and importance. That quality of land and climate, which produces good wheat, may be, then, considered as forming the solid basis on which the natural wealth of the country can be founded; and, just in proportion as it is capable of producing either products of value, whether of necessity or luxury, is its natural wealth increased.

Only a small area of the cultivated world produces the higher soil productions which may be considered as luxuries, as far as the maintenance of human life is concerned, and yet, these have, by reason of their general introduction and use, become necessarie.", the deprivation of which would make the lives of civilized men almost intolerable.

Now, to the practical man, what are the facts presented for his consideration respecting the Salt River Valley ?

First: The climatic conditions are not excelled anywhere. The temperature, either in summer or in winter, is faultless, and the health of its people could not be improved. There are no malarious vapors to produce fevers in summer, nor are those rapid changes, incidental to and prevalent in other parts of America, in winter, producing colds, pneumonia and consumption, pretent at Phoenix and in the Salt River Valley. The excessive heat of the summer months is more imaginary than real, being, in fact, not as hot as it is in many parts of the Sacramento, San .Joaquin, and upper portions of the Napa or Sonoma valleys of California ; and, in no wise, equalling the Mississippi Valley. The quality of the temperature, being entirely dry, makes even the hottest day tolerable in the open sun, while a lower temperature in any of the F/astern States, or Canada, would not only be intolerable, but dangerous to human life.

Second : The writer has seen wheat growing, under the very best conditions, in the finest wheat producing sections of America, and is familiar with the records of competing sections in Europe, Asia and Egypt; and has no hesitation in asserting that Salt River Valley surpasses the world in its wheat production, both in quality and quantity.

With equal truth can he say the same as to its barley and rye crops. Kern Island, in Kern County of this State, is acknowledged to be the best alfalfa section in California ; and yet, in comparison with the production of the Salt River Valley, it cannot be considered. Horticulturally considered, the Salt River Valley, I believe, excels any other portion of the world known to civilized man. Every variety of fruit tree, I saw growing, showed such evidences of luxurious health as are not observable in any other sections that I am familiar with, personally or by statistics. A close examination of the

ARIZONA. 49

growing trees failed io show any disease due to climatic or soil eonditions, and, as to insect pests, that are so troublesome and injurious elsewhere, you are entirely free from them. This fact is almost as important a factor in establishing a great fruit industry as is the soil and climate. The best fruit of any kind or variety always sells at high and remunerative figures, even on so-called, glutted markets, and the best fruit cannot be grown on unhealthy or insect-ridden trees.

Third: The viticultural possibilities of your section are beyond any man's comprehension. From all the evidences furnished me, from the growing vines, I must say, here is the natural home of the vine, for they attain a greater size in the short space of two years than they do in this State in five years, the yield corresponding to their growth and size. As for the quality of the wine, so far produced, the methods of manufacturing are so crude and iirimitive, the knowledge of the wine-men so very limited, that it would be manifestly unfair to express any judgment upon the wine generally. 1 directed what should be done with one barrel of so-called white wine, as a matter of experiment, and, upon examination of it, a few months later, found, as anticipated, that it had turned into a sherry of most excellent quality.

I have no hesitation in saying that the Phoenix country is the only port and sherry wine country of America, so far known ; and, with trained judgment in the selection of proper varieties of grapes, adapted to your conditions, wines of the highest commercial value, if scientific methods be substituted for thoee now in vogue in the manufacturing of the wines, will be the inevitable result.

As a raisin-producing country, all the conditions are present to make it the best in the world. You can not only grow the raisin grapes to perfection, but you have the best climate to cure them in, and, under no circumstances, will recourse be necessary to artificial heat in completing the curing process.

In the production of early and late vegetables and shipment to the Eastern markets, you might employ one quarter of the entire valley most profitably. The natural quality of the soil, its perfect topography for irrigation, and its phenomenal smoothness makes it more easily irrigated than any country I ever saw. In point of early production of all you can raise, some four or six weeks earlier than any portion of this State, you have an advantage scarcely capable of computation. The world over, the early markets are always the best. The irrigation facilities are not excelled anywhere, and this fystem of agriculture, which insures the laborer against all loss by reason of the uncertainty of the seasons, can be more economically followed in the Salt River Valley than anywhere in Europe or America.

Considering every factor that goes to make a country great and prosperous, I believe you are more particularly blessed than any other portion of the world's surface. All that Egypt can claim in the way of natural advantages, which made her the granary of the world for ages, you may also claim, in greater abundance ; and, while civilization had its origin in the Nile by reason of its agricultural conditions, it shoiild have its highest achievement in the Salt lliver Valley for the same reason. Very truly yours,

J. De Barth Shore."

Senator W. M. Stewart, of Nevada, who was the prime mover in the matter of government aid to the arid district of the nation, had a good word to say for the Salt River Valley to a Washington reporter recently. The following is a synopsis of his remarks :

"Well, Senator, in your travels, the past summer, through the arid regions in company with the Senate Committee, what sections of the country pleased you most, and offered the greatest inducements to settlers ?"

"Well, that is a diflBeult question, as we traveled many thousand miles, and viewed a large country, many portions of which are grand, but the country which pleased ine most, and which also pleased my associate, Senator Reagan, was a valley of which but little is known, but which, in my opinion, will become greatly and widely known the next ten years — the Salt River Valley, in Arizona, in which Phoenix, the capital city of the Territory, is located. The committee debated for hours as to the propriety of visiting any portion of Arizona, and particularly that section, as it is thirty miles off of the main line of railroad. But we finally consented to make it a three hours' \'isit, and to say that we were astonished at what we saw upon our arrival would not express it. I, for one, was dumbfounded. Mark Smith had told me of the beautiful valley and its resources, and had extolled its virtues in several good speeches in Congress, but I thought Mark was 'stuffing me,' but when we looked at this beautiful city and its magnificent surroundings, I confess, my surprise was unbounded. Why, Mr. Reporter, it is a veritable garden spot, and we extended our three hours' visit to nearly two days ; and I confess, both myself and Reagan, desired to stay two weeks.

"These people have constructed the finest canal system in Am3rica, which embraces something upwards of 200 miles of a water system that has no equal on this continent. I believe the soil is a slide from the adjacent mountains, and contains all the elements needed for the cultivation of fruits of all varieties, among which can be mentioned the orange, lime, fig and lemon, also the date. Portions of Southern California are somewhat similar to that valley. But I am free to confess that in all our entire visit we saw nothing yuperior to the country I am speaking of

"Reagan is even more enthusiastic than myself, and avowed to me, after we departed, that he was tempted to sell his 'sand dune' in Texas, as he called it, and make his home in the Salt River Valley, 'I would do it sure, Stewart, but I am too old now to make the change.'

"Yes, sir, a great future awaits Arizona, as there is sufficient land and water in this valley alone to make it so."

"I think, Senator, you must have been captivated in Arizona. Have you any mining or other interests in the country ? "

50

ARIZONA.

"No, sir, I have not. I do not o^^rn a. dollar's worth of anything in Arizona ; but I believe I will before many months pass by."

"Well, Senator, what will Congress do with your- report, anyway ?"

"I don't know ; but I do know that it will result in advertising the country, and let people know under authority of Congress, what a good country we have as yet undeveloped. Now, good morning."

John H. Reagan, senator from Texas, and one of the nation whose opinions are at all times to be regarded with great respect, in conversation with a reporter of the New York World, said, in the course of a long and general talk upon the arid belt, over which he had so recently traveled : "I was very much surprised at the great magnitude of our arid belt. It is simply beyond the power of man to describe. Its extent seems almost boundless, and its possibilities are incomparable. Now there is Ancient Arizona — the name of this Territory has struck terror to the Eastern and Middle States men for years, but, of course, my home in Texas gave me a better and more accurate idea of its character than those Eastern people had. But, I tell you, I was not prepared for what the Senate Committee observed in the Salt River Valley in Central Arizona. It is a land that is little known beyond the limits of the Territory, but, in candor, I can say, that it is the most beautiful country I ever beheld in my life, and, what is even better than its beauty, is its wonderful and phenomenal productive qualities ; and Phoenix, its principal city, is a gem in its way. It is said that 'God made the country, and man made the town,' but the same lavish hand of Nature has endowed this charming little city and its equally charming surroundings.

"1 think, like Senator Stewart, that Arizona has a great future. Its mineral deposits are unbounded, and its agricultural lands extensive and rich ; and, with the fostering hand of the nation to assist in reclaimiag the millions of acres of desert lands, now unoccupied, its prosperity and progress is only a question of a short time."

The Chamber of Commerce of the City of Phoenix.

HE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, of the City of Phoenix, was organized November 13, 1888, its members being the leading business men of the city, all of them actuated by the kind of public spirit which builds up new cities, and consolidates those of older growth.

The rapidity with which the city was developing rendered such an institu- tion an absolute necessity, and, no sooner was the fact recognized that it would be for the good of the community that such a body should be put in shape, than the preliminary measures were promptly taken, and the thing was done. The public spirit manifested, on this occasion, by the business men of Phoenix cannot be too highly commended, and they showed then, an example which it would be well for all other growing cities in the Territory to follow. What has been the result of their organiza- tion? It is not easy to estimate it. They have served as a nucleus round which all schemes for the improvement of the city and its surroundings have circled, and from which they have drawn encouragement in words, and more solid assistance in actual hard coin, where such was necessary. In other words, by the formation of the Chamber of Commerce, Phoenix has developed from being the flabby centre of an inchoate and molluscular mass of probabilities, into a vertebrate organism, of which the backbone is the aforesaid Chamber of Commerce.

It is not too much to say that all the progress that Phoenix has made, for the past two years, has been not only largely, but almost exclusively, due to the aggressive, and effective work of its Chamber of Commerce. That body has spared neither pains nor expense to advise the world of the pre-eminent attractions of the Salt River Valley, it has stood on the intrinsic merits of the city of Phoenix, and challenged — as well as defied^-contradiction; and it has, in short, done everything, that a public-spirited aggregation of citizens could possibly be expected to do, to attract the home-seeking settler to locate in the Queen City of Arizona. That they have succeeded, is made abundantly evident by the rapid increase of population, by the energy shown by the citizens in making improvements in public buildings and in other directions, and the general increase of activity that is noticeable, not only in the city itself, but in the whole valley tributary to it.

The Chamber is now in a very flourishing condition. The recently elected president, J. W. Evans (whose portrait is given elsewhere in this volume), is one of the most enterprising and energetic men in the Great

ARIZONA. 51

West or Southwest; and in his election to the honorable position which he so well fills, the Chamber showed at once its good judgment and its appreciation of thorough business qualificationB, and its clear sense of what are the qualities necessary in a man who undertakes the direction pf the work of building up a new city.

Mr. Evans has, at his hand, all the conditions requisite to the work he has, at the call of his fellow citizens, undertaken, and all who know him will be very much mistaken in their estimate of their man, if he does not turn out to be "the right man in the right place."

The directorate of the Chamber of Commerce, at present, is as follows: President, J. W. Evans; directors: Walter Talbot, W. B. Pratt, Charles Goldman, B. Heyman, D. H. Burtis, H. H. Logan, H. E. Kemp and T. J. Trask.

Following will be found sketches of the leading business men and firms who have grown up and prospered with the city of Phoenix:

The Business Men of Phoenix.

Jfofmexi) ^ k)iniLi>PeLj pPar^Itio- MiPf 00.

TN the rapid growth of the city of Phoenix during the past two years, the Holmes & Lindsley Planing Mill Company have taken a prominent part. The extensive mill and yards of the company are among the most important works of the kind in the city, and the volume of this company's business is a large item in the sum total of trade in this flourishing Southwestern Metropolis. In the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, mouldings, brackets, etc., the firm occupies a large frame building, 125x140 feet, and the establishment is equipped with the latest improved wood-working machinery, operated by steam, and all kinds of building material are made to order or kept in stock, in quality and at prices which cannot fail to give entire satisfaction.

Having a capital stock of $26,000, and an annual business, in gross, of $50,000, giving employment to twenty skilled workmen, and supplying customers in all portions of the Territory, it becomes apparent that this firm enjoys every facility for conducting their business.

The individual members of the firm are J. H. Holmes and P. B. Lindsley, both of whom have been associated with the people of Phoenix in asocial and business capacity long enough to win the confidence and esteem of all classes.

^ofmeA, (SJjregorLj ^ TsIai-APe^, bam^er ar^il $^uiP^eri>' MaferiaPx*).

T^ OR many years past the lumber trade of Arizona has largely centered in the city of Phoenix, and since the building of the Maricopa R. R., allowing of the shipment of goods by rail, direct from California, Phoenix has become a more important distributing point. Foremost in this trade is the firm named at the head of this article. The business was begun 13 years since by J. M. Gregory. One year ago the present Company took charge, and are now employing four assistants. J. H. Holmes, B. M. Gregory and P. B. Lindsley are the members of the present firm. They carry an average stock of $10,000, and their annual business amounts to $50,000. Their office and yard occupy 75x300 feet, and they keep there only the very best quality of lumber. Their place is situated on the south side of Washington street, one block east of the Plaza, which is an excellent business stand, and commands a large trade.

Mr. Lindsley was formerly in business in Wisconsin, in that noted lumber center, Oshkosh. This is a guarantee that he understands his business, and can select the choicest lumber. They sell for cash only, which ensures a safe business. Those in want of building materials will do well to call on them and see their fine stock and get their prices before purchasing elsewhere. This business may be considered as well established as any in the city, and the firm may congratulate themselves in having succeeded to an old business 80 long and ably conducted by the former business head.

52

ARIZONA

^. ©Y^. Q>9aQA.

N

0 man occupies a more responsible position or is intrusted witli greater vital interests than a real

estate agent, who has the confidence of the community in which he resides. The successful development of any new section of country is largely attributable to the energetic, reliable and conscientious real estate dealer. Mr. J. W. Evans has been residing in this Terri- tory about eighteen years. He is the pioneer in Phoenix in the real estate and loan business, in which he is pre-eminently successful ; building up for himself an extensive and lucrative business so that he is now considered to be the best authority on real estate matters in Central Arizona. He is an earnest and persistent worker in the develop- ment of the resources of his county and enjoys the unbounded confidence and esteem of his fellow men. As a money leaner, he is cautious and conservative. His business is one of the most extensive in the Territory. His office, 20x70, occupies one of the most conspicuous corners in the city, being on the ground floor of the Porter building, southwest corner of Washington and Center streets. Mr. Evans is President of the Grand Canal .Company, the Maricopa Canal Company, the Salt River Valley Canal Company — three of the principal canals in the valley — and is also President of the New England Land Company, a wealthy corporation; and a Director in the Arizona Canal Company, whose canal is one of the largest irrigating canals in the United States. He is also a Director in the Arizona Improvement Company, the wealthiest corporation in Arizona, and President of the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce, a body

J. W. JiVA.Ni

whose intelligent and progressive policy has made Maricopa County what it is.

Miff<«> JToux*>6, a. M. ni^?6, propriefor.

'TpHERE is no surer index of the business of a city than the extent and character of its hotel accommo- dations, and, estimating the city of Phoenix upon this basis, we can arrive at some correct idea of its growth and progress. There are, in this city, a goodly number of hotels, which, taken as a class, are equal to those of any city in the South or Southwest. One of the best of these is the Mills House, conducted by Mr. E. M. Mills, and none offers superior inducements to the traveling public.

Although built and opened so recently as March last, it at once assumed a high place in the estimation of the public, which place it has since continuously maintained. During this comparatively short period of proprietorship Mr. Mills has, by his politeness and care for his guests, as well as by the improvements he makes from time to time, constantly increased his patronage, until now the Hotel ranks among the very first in the city. The building, a two-story brick, 50x137^ feet, is situated at the corner of Washington and Maricopa streets, in the center of the city, and within convenient distance of the railroad depot, the street cars for the various parts of the city passing the doors on Washington street.

The house is finely furnished throughout, and supplied with electric lights. The city water is carried to each of the fifty rooms by the latest modern methods. In short, every department of the house is complete, and no pains or expense is spared to make the sojourn of guests pleasant and comfortable. Ladies and gentlemen visiting Phoenix, either for business or pleasure, will find, at this popular house, the best of accommodations, the most polite attendance, and a table supplied with the best the market affords, and equal to that at any similar establishment in the city. The prices charged are reasonable, and within the reach of all.

Mr. Mills, though yet a young man, was for two terms a member of the City Council of Phoenix, and is now, as he has been for the past six years, Deputy United States Marshal.

A native of Canada, he has been identified with the people of Phoenix for the past ten years, and is one of her most popular citizens.

Having had twelve years' experience in the hotel business, he possesses also, in an eminent degree, all the qualifications necessary for a successful manager. Space will not allow of all being said that is due to

ARi:20NA. 53

the proprietor of this popular house, but this much may be said, that, in every department of his house the most perfect system prevails. Mr. Mills is to be congratulated upon having infused so much of his own spirit through the establishment over which he presides with such rare ability, and in which he has achieved such signal success, ably seconded by his amiable wife, who is untiring in her efforts to please the guests, and sees to it that they are well treated and made perfectly comfortable. She is kind, affable and accommodating, and just the kind of wife for a hotel man to be proud of.

TT is well known that rapid and comfortable conveyance from one point to another is one of the indispensable

necessities to the business man in any well organized city. Whether his business be within the municipal limits, or beyond them, he has to have the means of rapid and comfortable locomotion at hand.

Especially is this the case in the Salt River Valley, where the agricultural and mining interests are so extensive and so widely separated.

To meet this manifest want in the needs of the Valley the business of Tulburt & Ming was organized three years ago, Mr. Tulburt being its founder. Two years later John 0. Ming joined him in the business, and the previous prosperity of the house has been not only continued but largely increased since his addition to the concern.

The firm carries a stock of the goods described above of .the value of over $8,000, and does a business of $20,000 annually. The sphere of their trade extends all over Arizona, and there is hardly a ranch, range, or orchard in the Territory where their name is not known and their workmanship seen and appreciated.

Their store is on Washington street, the main thoroughfare of the city, adjacent to the Hartford Bank. The firm has been characterized from the first start they made in business by ability and judgment, and their reputation stands to-day on the same high plane on which the}' took their stand at the beginning.

They have made it a point, in all the manufacture of goods, to use only the best materials and the very highest class of workmanship, consequently their reputation extends over the whole Territory. They have the most improved modern machinerj' in use, and their workmen are the most skillful to be obtained anywhere.

Mr. Tulburt is a native of North Carolina and has resided in Phoenix for five years, while his partner Mr. Ming, who is a n.ative of Missouri, has been in the city a little over a year.

Their business is thoroughly established and is rapidly increasing, giving the most flattering evidence of great and permanent success. The firm employs four skilled workmen, and their monthly pay roll amounts to $250. Too high commendation cannot bo given to the partners for the excellent business tact and integrity they have shown, and their increasing hosts of patrons know by experience that they can always depend on getting a first-class article at a fair price from Tulburt & Ming.

ehfooolae ^ Csraigfteael, 5^eaP Gx^^fafe anil (#ax*)uraace (^aenfA.

A NY one taking into coasidjration the immense transactions between buyers and sellers of real ■*^^ estate in this city, cannot question the importance of the agent as operator between parties. One of the livest and most thoroughly reliable firms engaged in this line of enterprise, is that of Messrs. Howine & Craighead. This firm commenced operations in 1889, and is conducting an extensive business in buying and selling real estate, furnishing the most reliable of abstracts, negotiating loans on long time and at short notice, and placing insurance in the best companies in the United States. Messrs. L. E. Howine and G. W. Craighead compose the firm. These gentlemen have been here long enough to become fully acquainted with every piece of property, to learn the choice locations and the value. Their finej spacious office is found on Montezuma street, in the Anderson Block, where those who call upon them are always treated with the courtesy which marks the true gentleman everywhere. In both social and business affaire, these gentlemen well deserve the honor and respect accorded them, as possessing those qualities which go to make up cultured intelligence, and honorable and reliable business character and reputation.

54 ARIZONA.

WITHIN the past decade, a most important change has been effected in the Men's Furnishing and Hat business of Phcenix. From small and unassuming proportions, this branch of industry has come to be considered an important factor in the commerce of the city.

The inconvenience attending delay and misfits, the advantages of procuring, at short notice, a complete outfit in this line, the ability to supply articles as good and as cheap as can be procured elsewhere, led to the inauguration of the establishment, a brief sketch of which is presented to the reader. Mr. Peters, represent- ing the firm of Peters & Co., is a native of Canada, and has resided in Phoenix for two years past. He started the present business a year since, with a stock valued at $5,000. Having traveled for years for one of the largest Furnishing Goods Houses in the country, he brought with him one of the first requisites, a thorough knowledge of his business. This, backed by indomitable energy and enterprise, has placed his house in the first rank of the line of business he represents. His storeroom, 15x60 feet, is well appointed, and the arrangement all that can be desired. His trade includes the entire Territory. Mr. Peters acts as agent for Wanamaker & Brown, the Merchant Tailors, of Philadelphia. This house is a pleasant and profitable one with which to establish business relations, commanding the respect of the trade, and the high regard of the community at large.

©Ifte ^^affe^ J^alfroac^ CsompariLj.

AMONG the conveniences of civilization, the street railway has become a necessity, even in small towns. Lines running through the business parts, and out into the suburbs, are well supported in all our thriving towns and cities. These lines enable persons of moderate means to select a suburban lot, erect a neat cottage and, while living somewhat in country style, and, in a semi-rural situation, yet enjoy all the advantages of those only a few blocks from the center of bueiness who happen to be off the line of the street railroad. The children, too, may have all the privacy of a country home, and yet take the cars to school a mile or two away. Is there a lecture in the Opera House? You are only a few minutes from it. Is there a chui'ch service? The car carries you up to the door. Is there a circus or fair? The car is at hand.

Such a convenience is the Street Railway of Phoenix. The company was incorporated in 1889, at the last session of the Legislature. The President is M. H. Sherman, who is also Manager; the Valley Bank is Treasurer; and J. McMillan is Secretary. The lines are those of the Valley Street Railroad Co., the Phoenix Street Railroad Co. and the Park Co.

The established reputation of the men who are conducting this enterprise are a guaranty of its success, and its extension according as it may seem to be required. At present, there are about 7 miles in successful operation. It is hoped that great success will attend this enterprise, in the interest both of the public and of the company.

Jf. (s, ©avjiix*), f^eaf Et&tate ^gen^ anc^ Mining Si)rofter.

i i T) EALTY is the basis of all security," and the basis of all security, in real estate transactions, is found -^ in the knowledge and probity of those through whom they are conducted. In the purchase of real estate or the taking of a mortgage, there are few buyers or lenders who are competent to pronounce upon the validity of a title; and hence all prudent men must secure, in such transactions, the services of an agent who is competent to investigate and decide upon these questions. Besides, this agent should be a man who has an established reputation for honesty and integrity. While transactions in houses and lands are no part of the mercantile business of cities, they are still so intimately connected with the growth and progress of the manufacturing and commercial industries, that references to the real estate interests cannot be omitted in a review like this.

ARIZONA. 55

Holding a prominent position among the real estate agents of this city is H. C. Davis, Esq., who has always borne a high character for fair dealing and ability. The business of Mr. Davis extends to all parts of the Territory and is conducted in such a manner as to secure the confidence of his patrons and the public. He is well supplied with maps, abstracts of title, and whatever is necessary to his business, and will answer promptly all communications addressed to him. People from abroad will find it to their interest to communicate with him before making purchases in Salt River Valley. His offices are at rooms 1 and 2, Porter block, corner Washington and Center streets.

S. iJ. ©\f/'\^)bon, ©y/afcfimalCer anil (^eaoefer, deafer Afreet.

To attain success in the artistic and delicate business of Watchmaker and Jeweler, a combination of qualities are required such as few men possess. When, therefore, we find an individual whose work proves most conclusively that he has those qualities in a high degree, we are justified in regarding him as certainly worthy of the patronage of a discerning and appreciative public.

Mr. Wilson's success in meeting the demands of a city like Phoenix, has proved his skill and thorough knowledge of his business as a practical watchmaker and jeweler. Having come here five j^ears ago, he has had time to win the confidence and respect of the community — who have ever found him a punctual, reliable, courteous man of business.

Carrying a stock worth $3,000, with an amount of business per annum represented by $5,000, a trade extending beyond the city suburbs and far into the surrounding country, he needs no further evidence of his having given entire satisfaction to his numerous patrons.

TI^OR the past two years the establishment of Messrs. St. Clair & Pratt has been a familiar resort of lovers of music and art in Phoenix. Occupying the spacious brick building 30x100 ft. on Washington street, the firm has at all times the best of musical instruments and supplies, jewelry and stationery, besides a fine collection of the Indian curios and pre-historic relics which are now interesting so large a portion of the civilized world. Messrs. St. Clair & Pratt make this branch of their business a specialty; and the courteous and affable manners of the gentlemen themselves and their employees render a visit to their establishment not only profitable, but enjoyable. Their average value of stock is $10,000, while the amount of business carried on per annum reaches $30,000. The business is wholesale as well as retail, and covering, as it does, not only the city and surroundings, but the entire Territory of Arizona, gives ample proof that the inducements this firm ofiers are fully appreciated by an intelligent and cultured people.

Ufie pftoeal^ ©y/afer <3o.

THE first attempt to supply Phoenix with water was made in 1887, by J. J. Gardiner, who put in a small pump at his planing-mill and run two or three hundred feet of two and three inch pipe to the business part of the town. The venture proved a success and Mr. Gardiner was encouraged to put in a larger pipe which he did in 1888 and also increased his pump and tank capacity. The next year the City Fathers discovered that it was necessary to have an adequate supply of water for fire purposes and entered into a contract with Mr. Gardiner to furnish the city fifty fire hydrants to be supplied from a stand pipe at least one hundred feet high. Under this contract Mr. Gardiner organized the Phoenix Waterworks Co., with a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars and put in the present water system; running at that time about nine miles of mains.

The Phoenix Water Co. operated the system till December, 1889, when a new company also known as the Phoenix Water Co. succeeded to the franchise and works of the old company by purchase. The new company have made extensive improvements, increased the water supply, raised the stand tower forty feet and in other ways are giving a very efficient service. Capital stock, $1,000,000.

The officers are : Thos. W. Hine, President; M. H. Sherman, Vice-President; Jerry Millay, Treasurer; B. N. Pratt, Secretary.

56 ARIZONA.

oKrlyoaa (^mpro^sement (sompan^.

'nr^O those away from the arid sections of our country, anything contributing to give them a fair idea of the improvements which are being made to bring the fertile, thougli arid, lands under cultivation, and utilize the treasures latent in the parched, but productive, soil must be of considerable interest. The Salt River Valley, in which Phoenix is situated, is'l5x50 miles in area, and presents as fair a field for such operations, and yields as fine results as can be found outside of California. The long, wide and deep canals, aggregating over 300 miles in length, and capable of irrigating 190,000 acres of land are an assurance — to the rest of the world — that the people who are best acquainted with the dry sections, and best know the capabilities of the soil when supplied with the necessary water, have unbounded confidence in the future of these sections. When highly intelligent men, from all parts of our country, organize to develop lands heretofore compara- tively useless, build towns, dig canals, build railroads, invest their capital in the lands, establish experimental farms and do all that capitalists have been, and are, doing in developing other sections that depend upon the uncertain rains, it is a warrant to the world at large that there is entire reliance to be placed on the perma- nence of the water supply, and all that pertains to the successful cultivation of the soil. The experimental farm, vineyard and orchard of the Arizona Improvement Company are a standing testimony to the great ease of propagation, irrigation and cultivation. In no section of arid lands is irrigation made so easy by the physical conformation of the country. The slope of the land being about seven feet to the mile, there could be no better plan devised than that which Nature has adopted for easy and successful irrigation.

The soil consists of the detritus washed into the valley from the mountainous sections adjacent, and is exceedingly fertile. That it is so finely pulverized shows that it has been the work of ages, and, in this respect, it differs from the alluvial soils of the rich bottom lands of rivers, which depend for their fertility on the vegetable matter deposited by the wash of the river. These soils are from two to fifteen feet deep and absorb the water in a natural and healthy manner. Finer soils to work in cannot easily be found.

The Arizona Improvement Company owns a controlling interest in all the canals on the northwest side of the Salt River. Its business is real estate and irrigation. It sells or rents lands, sells water rights, or rents them, and carries on the experimental farm. The Falls in the Arizona Canal give a fine water power, the whole body of water falling fifteen feet, perpendicularly, and the current of water having the velocity of a rapid stream. The capacity of all the canals can be more specifically given by particularizing. The Arizona Canal, 42 miles long, yields 50,000 inches of water, capable of irrigating 100,000 acres. The Grand Canal yields 10,000 inches, is 22 miles long, and irrigates 60,000 acres. The Maricopa Canal yields 5,000 inches, is 18 miles long, and waters 15,000 acres. The Salt River Canal yields 5,000 inches and irrigates 15,000 acres ; it is 18 miles long.

Land can be purchased from the Company at from $25 per acre up to higher prices, according to location. The water rent for such lands will be from $1.00 to $1.25 per acre annually.

The President of the Arizona Improvement Company is W. J. Murphy. The Vice-President is William Christy. The Secretary is W. D. Fulwiler, and the Treasurer is the Valley Bank. The office of the Company is in the Monihon Building. The capital stock, all paid up, is $3,000,000. It "was organized in 1887, and has been a power for* development, such as is much needed in the Territory. The officers and stockholders are first-class men who have come to stay, and are determined that this beautiful Valley shall " blossom as the rose." Their young orange grove is a convincing proof that the citrus fruits can be grown here in their perfection. This grove stood the unusual cold of the winter of 1889-90, when only a year had elapsed since the setting. In the same winter all the citrus trees in Florida, under five years of age, were either killed or seriously injured.

The Company is also experimenting with that rich and popular jelly fruit, the guava. The shrubs and bushes are doing well and the promise is good for this and other semi-tropical fruits.

Strangers, before leaving town, should surely go out to the Arizona Falls and the farm of the Arizona Improvement Company. A Southern gentleman, M. L. Smith, who is one of the largest orange and lemon growers in Eastern Florida, on visiting the Improvement grove in September, 1890, said that the safety and success of citrus culture was assured, from what he had seen.

The lands of this Company are among the very best in the world for citrus culture.

ARIZONA. 57

TX all cities noted for enterprise and for progress in commercial affairs and growth in population, there are no more efficient and substantial contributors towards those desirable ends than those branches of industry which are connected with the building interest. Through their enterprise and exertions and the practical knowledge of the proprietors, cities are built up, adorned and made attractive. In growing cities, men who are conversant with the planjng-mill business, practically acquainted with its details, and, withal, energetic determined and industrious, are certain to succeed, and they are valuable acquisitions to its trade and aids in its progress. Such men are Messrs. Byers & Ryder, possessing, as they do, a thorough practical knowledge of the business in all of its departments, in a mechanical and scientific point of view — a knowledge acquired by a practical connection with the business for some time. This firm does a large business, employs seven hands, obtains its motive power by using a 45 horse-power engine, and, besides doing planing, makes door and window frames, mouldings, brackets and all kinds of woodwork at short notice. It also does scroll-sawing and turning. The mill and workshops are on Jefferson street, opposite the City Hall. Their principal building is 50x1.37^ ft. and is fitted up in modern style with planers, scrollsaws, mortising and tenon machines, lathes and all that is necessary to do good work. Their trade extends into all parts of the Territorj', and is rapidly growing. They are enterprising citizens, and their thorough practical knowledge and experience, coupled with energy and legitimate business principles, have gained for them an honorable position among the manufac- turing and prominent business men of this growing city.

J^°. &\f/, S^Ljilerj kum^er i@)eafer.

TN the endeavor to make, on these pages, some historii'Jil record of those commercial firms which have con- tributed to the importance and standing that the city of Phojnix now holds in the mercantile world, we find none more worthy of notice or special con^deration than the above. This enterprise was started some ten years since by Roberts & Ryder, H. W. Ryder assuming the business in 1881. He deals in lumber, doors, blinds, sashes, lime, hair, plaster and cement, paints and oils, and is doing a successful business. He carries a large stock and does a business of $75,000 per annum. He occupies half a block on the south side 5f the Plaza, where he keeps a fine assortment of well seasoned lumber and a full supply of all things in his line of trade. He is the sole agent for the Pish Bro. wagons, with a branch house at Tempe. He is a native of Massachusetts, has lived in Phoenix 12 years, and has won his way by his courteous manner and fair dealing. He employs five assistants, and transacts business with residents in all parts of the Territory. His business will no doubt keep pace with the growth of the city and country.

'npHESE names have been prominent in trade circles in Phoenix for the last five years. There are few that have exercised a greater influence in business circles during that time, than this firm.

Doing a wholesale business with all parts of the Territory, they are well known as honorable dealers and prompt in fulfilling all that they promise or undertake. Their groceries and general merchandise are carefully selected, and are sufficiently extensive to meet all the»demands of the city and country, of the business man, the farmer, the fruit-grower or the stockman. The average value of the stock carried is about $15,000, and the annual business amounts to .|80,000. They are situated on Washington street, using the first floor and basement, 30x50 feet in dimensions.

Mr. Tantan is a native of Germany, and has been in Phoenix twelve years. Mr. Kellner is a native of Texas, and has been in Phoenix the same length of time. Combining their capital and business ability in 1885, they have, since then, built up a large and prosperous business which is rapidly increasing. They are courteous gentlemen, and take a lively interest in the development of this county and city.

58 ARIZONA,

5^. (S\. eKnsLre, ^aelslPexi), ^arrie/b/b, Gtc.

/^NE of the industries of the city of Phoenix which exercises a most favorable influence upon her eommer-

^-"^ cial prosperity is the branch in which the above-named gentleman is engaged.

There are but few branches of trade that contribute so greatly to the imperative demands of all classes of people and whose goods are so indispensable in an extensive stock country like Arizona. Mr. Andre's business was founded in 1883 upon an assured basis of capital. As far as ability and business manage- ment are concerned, this gentleman is too well known to need commendation at our hands. The goods manufactured by this house are of the very best possible- quality, and the material used is only that capable of bearing the most trying tests, everything in the way of modern appliances being found in the establishment.

Mr. Andre is a native of France, but has been a resident of this city for seven years, during which time he has been engaged in his present branch of trade. He is not only fully Americanized, but is one of our most pafriotic Americans, being not only Captain of Company B, National Guards of R. G. .\NDRE. Arizona, but its successful organizer. His' trade, which is co-extensive with

the bounds of the Territory, has become firmly established as the result of superior workmanship as well as

business ability.

(Kotef ^^ensLome.

As the central point in Southern Arizona, and the capital of the Territory, Phosnix commands a position that imperatively calls for first-class hotel accommodations of large capacity, and under able management. In this regard, the city will be found in all respects capable of maintaining a reputation equal to that of any other leading city of the country, being in the possession of several houses unsurpassed iu their appointments and the excellence of their supervision; all of which tends greatly to increase the conifort of guests and visitors.

In confirmation of these assertions, it is only necessary to refer to the Hotel Vendome, recently built and established, but modeled after the best appointed hotels in the line of travel.

It was opened by the proprietor, Mr. G. M. F. Herrett, in October, 1889. No hotel in the city is better located to suit the traveling public, as well as the commercial traveler, it being situated but one block from the County Court House, on Washington street, and equally accessible to the retail and the wholesale trade. It is also convenient to the railroad depot, as the street cars for that point pass its doors. These facts are never overlooked by a discriminating public, as the patronage of this hotel amply testifies. All the modern conveniences and appliances are also brought into requisition to support its claims to pre-eminence in interior comfort.

The furnishing is superior; and all the rooms are papered with fine gilt paper. The twenty guest rooms, single and en suite, are well lighted, and ventilated in the most approved style, and free baths are furnished to all guests. In short, this house is a first-class family hotel.

The building is an ornament to the city, being a handsome brick structure, two stories in height.

The genial proprietor, Mr. G. M. P. Herrett, is a native of New Brunswick, and, as one of Phoenix's well known citizens, is noted for his cordial and courteous manners, and untiring efforts to win an enviable reputation for his house.

As Phoenix is rapidly becoming a wmter resort, by reason of its charming climate, many will find a desirable abiding place at the Vendome, and, during the winter months, it will be extensively patronized, no doubt, by Northern tourists. The attendants are experienced in the business, and, under their courteous and able manager, cannot but accord to the guests all the polite attention and care which contribute so materially to their comfort and entertainment.

As one of the best equipped hottls in the city, an emblem of her growing prosperity, the handsome and reliable Hotel Vendome is confidently recommended.

ARIZONA.

59

©Jfte '' oKrlzona ^vayette.

J5

To the Press of the country much of its prosperity is due. This is singularly true in the Southwest. In new countries where the papulation is sparse, resources undeveloped and transportation meagre, the great majority of the labor of development devolves upon the enterprise and energy of the newspapers. It is under such circumstances and surrounded by such conditions that the great leverage of the Press comes to be known and esteemed. •

<K TilK ARi/A^NA ItA/.ElTK,'

The upbuilding and development of the great Salt River Valley is largely due to the courage, the determination and the never failing efforts put forth by the press of Phcenix ; and the Arizona Gazette, published in the city of Phrenix, has always taken a leading part in the great work. Other industries would cease, hard times would somewhat discourage men in their maiden efforts, but like the pendulum of the ancient clock in the tower of Strasburg, the Gazette went on in its efforts of good work. Born, as it was, when Phcenix and the Salt River Valley were in their infancy, it, from the date of its first issue, many years ago never ceased to tell to the outside world that of all of the choice lands of the earth, none ever has, or could be, superior to the flowery dales of this beautiful land. From a village of a few hundred inhabitants, the Gazette has seen Phoenix emerge from the obscurity that surrounded it in its youth, till it, by almost the unanimous choice of the people of Arizona it was chosen as Arizona's capital city, and during those varied changes the paper has always maintained its position as the leading daily newspaper of Arizona. Although Democratic in politics, it has never stultified itself or insulted the people with whom it was associated, by

60 ARIZONA.

supporting an unworthy man because of his politics. Its owners and managers, Col. C. W. Johnstone and J. 0. Dunbar, have ever aimed to make it a journal that would command the respect and confidence of the people of the Territory, and that it has thus succeeded is demonstrated by the fact of its being the best-paying and most widely known newspaper in Arizona.

Mr. Dunbar has had many years' experience in nearly every department of journalism, and it is conceded that, as a concise, vigorous and successful writer, he has few'equals in the West ; with a command of language that is surpassed by few in the profession, a capacity to judge of public men and measures, and the courage and manhood to express his convictions in English that never fails to be comprehended, he stands, to-day the peer of any newspaper man on the Pacific Coast.

Colonel Johnstone, while his attention is wholly devoted to the business department of the Gazette, yet is a man of fine ability, and a writer that could command attention in any city in the Union. Those gentlemen are known far and wide in the profession, and it is not saying too much, to assert that one of the very best newspaper properties in the Southwest, and one that will make its mark in the future history of the State of Arizona, is the Arizona Gazette.

A paper that is fearless for the principles of the right, and tireless in its devotion to the best interests of Arizona — such a newspaper is the Gazette ; and, under the admirable management of Messrs. Johnstone & Dunbar, its determination to stand as one of the foremost dailies in the Southwest will surely be realized.

G. Q. procoeff, ©pera ahfouxiie ©rug (iitore.

TI^VERY branch of science has contributed, and is daily adding, to the long list of general and specific -^ remedies which enter into, and contribute to, the development of the drug trade. A prominent house in this line, in Ph(Knix, is that of Mr. E. E. Prowell, on the Opera House Block. Although established as recently as April, 1890, the business has been conducted with marked success, and this house does, already, a large amount of business, and has assumed a prominent position among the leading drug stores of the city. The premises occupy one floor, 20x60 feet, and are well fitted up for the expeditious transaction of the wholesale as well as retail business carried on in the city and surrounding country. The stock of the estab- lishment, worth about 14,000, eml)races the most complete assortment of goods in the drug line, the list including every article that belongs to the trade, and also tlie well-known proprietary medicines, and- all those goods generally denominated "druggists' supplies and sundries." Mr. Prowell makes it a point to deal in none but the best class of pure drugs, chemicals and medicines, which are selected with the utmost care. He is a thorough business man, and skillful druggist. Coming here from Oregon less than a year ago, as a Phoenician, he has won the esteem of all, in commercial, financial and social circles. The celebrated No. 7 Liniment ia manufactured by Dr. Prowell, both here and in Portland, Oregon. It is a wonderful pain cure, and must be used to be appreciated. Don't fail to call for a bottle.

npHE special branches of commercial industry pursued by the dealers in hardware and kindred supplies are of such importance, and, withal, are so conducive and necessary to the industrial advancement of the community, as to be deserving of special mention. Among the firms engaged in this line of trade, none is more prominent or occupies a more substantial position than Messrs. Talbot and Hubbard. Their place of business is located on Washington street, three doors east of Center. Their commodious building 25x140 feet, contains the most complete stock of general hardware, cutlery, tools, iron, steel, wagon wood, etc., to be found in this section.

This live house was established in May, 1888, and does both a wholesale and retail business, three experienced hands being fully employed all the time. Its trade extends over nearly the entire Territory, and it is counted among the most substantial business enterprises of the city.

The members of the firm are Mr. Geo. E. Hubbard, of Michigan, and Mr. Walter Talbot, a native of Massachusetts, who has been a resident of Phoenix the past three years, and enjoys an enviable reputation as one of the city's most successful merchants, as well as one of her most reliable citizens.

ARIZONA.

ei

I

(Somn|ercIaf eKofeP, (Sy. aH", H,. l^uKrx*), proprietor.

A REVIEW of the most interesting features and enterprises of Phoenix would be incomplete without a "^^ description of her principal hotels; and among these the Commercial occupies the leading place, being in all respects the most modern and completely fitted out and best equipped in the Territory. This house was opened to the public in December, 1886, by Messrs. Herrick & Luhrs.' In the following year it was greatly enlarged to meet the demands of its rapidly increasing patronage, until now it is one of the finest and most commodious in the Territory, having 60 large and elegantly fitted up bedrooms, where 100 guests

can be accommodated comfortably. The dining-room is 40x65 feet, and can seat 200 people. The table is, at all times, supplied with all the delicacies of the sea- son, served in a manner to please the most fastidious taste. The waiters are polite and attentive, and do everything in their power to please the guests of the house. The building has a frontage of 137-J feet on Cen- ter and 101^ on Jefferson streets, and is three stories in height, making it one of the most imposing structures jn the city. It is lighted by gas throughout, and has a large parlor for the special accommodation of its lady guests. The oflice is on the first floor, and immediately adjoining it are the reading, billiard, and bar rooms, all fitted up in the most elegant style.

The proprietor, Mr. G. H. N. Luhrs, who bought out his partner on October 27, 1890, is a gentleman of great business ability and rigid integrity; and is well and favorably known all over the entire western country.

Mr. Luhrs was elected Councilman from his ward for two years, and is, at present, one of the Commissioners of the Insane Asylum. He is also an active member of the County Chamber of Commerce, being one of the nine directors of that honorable body.

*\Vith such a gentleman as Mr. Luhrs giving its management his personal direction and supervision, it is no wonder that the Commercial has gained, and retained, the good will of its guests and of the community at large.

COMMERCIAL HOTEL

iJfie b. ©y/. S^finr^ bumper do.

' I ^HE rapid and substantial growth of Phoenix and the Salt River Valley has created a large field for the operations of lumber dealers; and the practicability of shipping an unlimited amount of all kinds to the points where buildings are being erected, enables the lumber merchant to supply all demands at fair prices. In the absence of the N. & S. R. R. the citizens of Southern Arizona must look to the west for their present supply. The L. W. Blinn Lumber Company is doing its part toward supplying the. demand for first-class lumber, well seasoned and adapted for immediate use. This Company was formed three years ago, under the above title. Mr. C. A. Hooper is the President, Mr. E. F. Burrcll the Secretary, Mr. Geo. W. Hooper the Treasurer, and Mr. L. W. Blinn, General Manager. The Phoenix office is on Washington street and their yards are at the Maricopa Depot. A side-track of the road runs through the yards, which are 2.50x300 feet in dimensions, and are always filled with a well selected stock of all kinds of lumber used in building, bridging or fencing. The Company does a large wholesale business throughout Maricopa and the surrounding counties. By great care in purchasing, and honorable methods in dealing, this firm is fast winning its way among its competitors to a success at once gratifying and well-deserved.

Mr. R. C. Markley, the gentlemanly agent at Phcenix, is a native of New Jersey, but has been in business here for the past four years, during which time he has made a host of friends for himself and the Company he represents. He is the right man in the right place, and the Company are to be congratulated on having secured the services of such a popular gentleman.

62 ARIZONA.

/'^HOICE and eligibly located properties are more than ever i50ught for by conservative capitalists, and in their investments they rely greatly upon the advice, assistance and superior knowledge of our leading brokers Sind agents. Prominent among these is the firm incorporated under the title of the Western Investment Banking Co., organized March 4th of last year, with an authorized capital of $100,000. This company is located on the corner of Washington and Mohave streets, in the business center. Besides doing a general banking business, and dealing in loans, investments and real estate, the company are agents for the Sun Insurance Company of London, the Anglo-Nevada Insurance Company, the Connecticut Insurance Company, the Niagara Insurance Company, the Agricultural Insurance Company, the Lancashire Insurance Company, and the Travelers Life Insurance Company. Their field of operation covers the whole of the United States. The books of the Company give descriptions of the best available bargains in city and country real estate. It also efiects exchanges, procures loans at the lowest rates upon bond and mortgage, makes collections at reasonable rates, and has fine facilities for writing policies of insurance in the most substantial companies named above; in fact, it is fully prepared to meet all requirements in a prompt and satisfactory manner, being noted for the most honorable business methods. It may be added that this is the oldest real estate agency organized in Phcenix.

©Jfte P^oem^ Gfectric Tsigftf (©o.

T^OREMOST among the wonderful inventions of the age is the marvelous system of illumination known as the electric light. It stands side by side among scientific improvements and discoveries with the electric telegraph, the telephone, the generation and application of steam, and other great trophies which inventive genius has wrested from nature's great treasure house of knowledge. Without going into details as to the peculiarities of this marvelous system, it may be stated that the arc is a light of great intensity. Concen- trated in one small spot and eminently suited to the illumination of long areas of space, particularly facto- ries, where there are no perpendicular obstacles to cast large shadows, it is employed in public buildirfgs, hotels and squares, and its radiance, notwithstanding its brilliancy, does not fatigue or injure the eye. The incandescent is a small, soft, steady light of the brightness of a large gas jet, and is especially adapted for both domestic and factory purposes. These two systems are radically distinct, a fact which must be borne in mind when comparing the arc with the incandescent.

The Phcenix Electric Light Company was organized in 1888, with ample capital, and has for its officers some of the best known and most popular business men of the city. The plant covers six lots, and the station is a fire-proof structure 30x40 feet in dimensions. The machinery is driven by a seventy- five horse power engine, and when running at its full capacity, produces 45 arc and 600 incandescent lights. All of which are of the Brush manufacture. The business has been a success from the very beginning, and a bright future (literally as well as figuratively) is undoubtedly ahead of the company.

Maricopa Tsoaa aac| Uruxi>f (so., Si>anK°er/*.

A BANK is an institution authorized to receive deposits, loan money, etc., and the business dates back to -^^ the earliest antiquity. Banking was introduced into England in the 17th century, where it was carried on by the goldsmiths of London, who seem to have borrowed it from Holland. On May 17, 1781, a plan for a National Bank was submitted to Congress by Robert Morris, of Pennsylvania, and the bill passed May 26th the same year. On December 31st of the same year, the new Congress incorporated the stockholders. The old Bank of the United States came into existence in 1791, and was wound up in 1811. The second Bank of the United States, organized by Act of Congress in 1810, was wound up in 1840. Subsequent to this date, and prior to the act of 1864, all banking institutions were chartered by the States and were known as States Banks.

ARIZONA. 63

The development of the resources, the increase in natural products, and the progress and advancement of our commerce and manufacturing interests, bringing about a system of exchange, which rendered the State system crude and slow, necessitated an improvement in facilities and a uniformity of system in the banking operations of the country. The National Banking system was enacted June 3, 1864, which, in the opinion of financiers of great experience and marked ability, was a decided improvement on the old systems of this country and Europe.

Among the numerous institutions of this kind in Phcenix, there are none more notable for their business sagacity than the Maricopa Loan and Trust Company. Their business includes general banking, savings banks, and dealing in mortgage securities.

The President is J. W. Spaulding; Vice-President and Manager, Jerry Millay; Cashier, M. E. Spaulding; Assistant Cashier, T. W. Hine.

This Bank transacts business throughout the United States and Europe. It was begun in 1888, with a capital stock of 1100,000, all paid up.

It is located on the corner of Montgomery and Washington streets. The building is of brick, and the arrangements are in keeping with the business. To show the standing of the Company, financially, they report a surplus of 120,000. The President, J. W. Spaulding, is a non-resident. Mr. Millay, the Manager, is a native of Maine, and has resided here eight years. Mr. Spaulding, the Cashier, is also a native of Maine, and has been here three years. Mr. Hine is of the same nativity, and has resided here eight years. This Bank has, from its organization, wielded a controlling influence on the finances of this section; an influence uniformly of a beneficial character — consistent of course with its successful management. Its policy has always been to keep its business entirely within its control, to keep its resources available for any emergency, and to allow no temptation to lure it beyond the line of absolute safety, its officers believing that conservatism in banking is the great balance wheel which keeps the whole commercial machinery of a community always in good working order. This institution merits the confidence of the public in Arizona. With such well known men as J. W. Spaulding as President, Jerry Millay, Manager, M. E. Spaulding and Thos. W. Hine, Cashiers, and H. W. Adams, Thos. W. Hine, Herbert H. Logan, Jerry Millay and M. E. Spaulding as the Executive Committee, the future of the Bank is well assured.

Tfte ^affe^ eK^^tracf do.

A NY one taking into consideration the immense transactions between buyers and sellers of real estate in ■^^ this county cannot fail to realize the importance of the agent as operator between the parties transacting business.

One of the livest and most thoroughly reliable firms engaged in this hne is that of The Valley Abstract Company. Incorporated in 1887, they are doing the largest business of any company in the Territory in searching records and furnishing abstracts of title to land. In addition to this they act as agents for non- residents and are resident agents of the Brooklyn, Phoenix and American Fire Insurance Companies.

The Board of Directors of the Company consists of William Christy, Cashier of the Valley Bank, E. H. Hiller, Cashier of the Hartford Banking Company, Sam P. Webb, one of the most prominent capitalists, ranchers and stock-raisers in the Territory, C. H. Moore and B. A. Fickas.

The last named is the President of the Company, and was born in Indiana. He came to this Territory fifteen years ago. In 1881 he was a member of the Territorial Council, and, since that time, has filled various positions of trust in the Territory. He came to Phaanix about four years ago, and has, since that time, spared no expense or labor in perfecting the books of the Company.

C. H. Moore, the Secretary of the Company, is a native of England. He came to the United States in 1875, going directly to Southern California, where he soon engaged in the Abstract business, and learned practically everything connected with this complicated and difficult profession. He came to Phoenix four years ago, and this Company has had the benefit of the vast knowledge he acquired and has used in perfecting the unique system of abstracts belonging to the Company.

One of the important features of the work of the Company is their daily reports of instruments filed for record in the office of the County Recorder.

Their steady application to business, their thorough acquaintance with the city and county, and their complete lines of abstracts enable them to accommodate all applicants with promptness.

64 ARIZONA.

pfoaal^ iJfour MifP4>, Scoffer proceAx*).

i i I ^HE Milling Interest," as it is called, constitutes one of the chief sources of revenue to the commerce of

Phoenix. Under the new order of things, the "Garden City of the Southwest" is rapidly forging to

the front in this direction, and will one day become the most extensive "Milling City" in the "New West."

As a representative establishment, in this line, the Roller Mill of Mr. J. Y. T. Smith, is one of which any city should be proud. The business is just begun, but the quality of the flour cannot be surpassed by the older establishments, the fine, dry air of Arizona enabling the miller to use the best grain for flouring. The motive power is obtained by using a 60 horse-power engine, with boiler of 54 inches by 16 feet. The mill is 32x.50 feet, and three stories high. The engine house is 14x50 feet, and the flour warehouse 28x50. Mr. Smith also has a large warehouse for the storage of grain.

Mr. Smith was a member of the Territorial Legislature for three terms, Speaker of the Territorial Assembly and School Trustee. He is now Territorial Treasurer. He was born in New York, and has lived in Arizona since 1866. He employs five hands, and pays liberal wages. His mill fills a long felt want in this part of the Territory.

A visit to the mill will convince anyone that the proprietor is not satisfied to be behind the age, but wishes his manufactory to turn out as good an article as any other similar establishment in the world. Tireless energy, unceasing vigilance, and persistent perseverance are the elements counted on by him for success.

©y. ^. McRuft^ ^ (30., g^rocerA

TN looking over the history of any country, and especially any new country, one is frequently struck with

the remarkable strides in advance which some cities have made over others, the reason being the greater liberality in policy and enterprise in impr.ovements of their citizens. In the same way in cities one finds that some citizens far outstrip others in the race for wealth and business success. The cause is the same in the one case as in the other. Phcenix shows numerous instances of such successful, because enterprising and progressive, business men. Prominent among such is the firm whose name is mentioned above.

Mr. McNultj' established his business in 1881. It has thriven in a remarkable manner, standing unshaken by all the serious drawbacks which are incidental to all new sections, and of which Arizona had more than the normal share.

In 1889, Mr. C. F. Chapman was taken in as a partner in the business. The average amount of stock carried is $3,000, and the yearly sales amount to $20,000.

Mr. McNulty was born in New York and has been in Arizona fifteen years. He has been County Recorder four years, and has fully identified himself with the interests of the place.

Mr. C. F. Chapman was born in Alabama, and has been here two years. The firm occupies a commodious brick building on Washington street near the Plaza, and is ready at all times to fill orders for cash in their line of business. All of the operations of the house are under the immediate supervision of the proprietors, and the promptitude with which business is dispatched is a warrant of continued success. The firm is in every way worthy of the extensive patronage which it receives, and the confidence which the public reposes in it.

TN preparing for the perusal of readers, both at home and abroad, historical and descriptive notes on the representative industries and commercial enterprises of the Territory, it is important to select typical

institutions and establishments, more particularly those whose success has made them prominent and gained

for their proprietors leading positions in the mercantile circles of each city.

The firm of Goldman & Co. takes high rank as a leading house in general merchandise. With a branch

house at Tempe, they are controlling a large business, both wholesale and retail. The firm consists of Charles

ARIZONA. 65

and Leo Goldman, and has been established since 1874. They carry an average stock of $100,000, and do an annual business of $400,000. They employ fifteen hands, and their pay roll is commensurate with the number of their employes. Their main store is 50x137^ feet. Their agricultural department occupies a room 150x1374, and the depot warehouse is 50x150, and is of brick.

Their branch house at Tempe is doing a wholesale business, and both houses are agents for the Studebaker Bros.' far-famed wagons. With regard to so well known a house but little can be said that is not already known of its importance as a mercantile industry ; and a detailed description is therefore unnecessary beyond giving the plain facts connected with its operations.

Goldman & Co. are the sole agents for the celebrated Maggioni Francesco Kid Glove, formerly handled by P. Centemeri & Co. It is the most perfect fitting and best wearing glove sold in the world.

PKcei^i^ 3*?^^ prex«>eott ©aif^ ^ta^e W\ne.

As the purpose of this business review is to describe the important industries, for the benefit of our people, ■^^ as well as tourists who visit the country, it is essential that mention be made of the Company whose name heads this article.

This line was started about sixteen years ago, and came into the hands of the present proprietors in 1890. They run stages daily between Phoenix and Prescott on two different routes. The one, via Black Caiion, makes the 110 miles in 24 hours ; the other, via the Congress and Vulture mines, a distance of 150 miles, takes 32 hours to accomplish. Both carry the United States Mail. The Company have 10 stages, 70 horses, and employ 20 men. The drivers are competent and reliable. Messrs. W. L. and R. B. George are the proprietors. Mr. J. B. George is the Manager. The Phcenix Agent is Mr. C. W. Greenleaf and the Prescott Agent is Mr. W. L. George, Jr. — all well and favorably known along the entire route. Messrs. W. L., R. B., J. B., and W. L. George, Jr., are all natives of Kentucky, but for the last four years have lived in Arizona, and are closely identified with the progress and improvement of this, their adopted home. Through long experience in every detail of their business, and a high reputation for integrity and fair dealing, they are justly entitled to the confidence and patronage of the traveling public.

iJarmer/' (irrigation (^o.

OOME two and a half miles southwest of the City of Phoenix, the canal of this company, with a capacity of fifteen thousand miner's inches, or two hundred and fifty million gallons of daily flow, takes its water from the north bank of the Salt River, feeding, with its hundreds of ditches, as fertile a range of country as can, perhaps, be found on the habitable globe. Gradually leaving the river, its course, though westward, is more northerly until it crosses the Agua P'ria River, embracing some ninety square miles of a garden spot. •

The land covered by this canal is about the most choice in this fertile valley — or rather, sloping plain- In this sparsely settled region, strange as it may seem, land can be purchased at fifteen to twenty dollars an acre, which in a better known country would readily bring ten times the amount, and be considered cheap, much of it having been taken up by poor settlers, who would sell half their holdings to enable them to fully develop, at once, the remainder. The soil is a rich alluvial, from ten to fifteen feet deep, and capable of producing oranges, lemons, figs, grapes, cereals of all kinds, and sending its products to market three weeks to a month earlier than the most favored spots in California.

The climate of this section has no peer in the world for healthfulnes. No bugs, caterpillars or locusts, to destroy or injure crops, no fogs, no frosts, no malaria, no fever; and these lands contain a wealth of producing power, at a minimum of cost, which, once it becomes fully known, will pfomjitly increase their value and importance, it is safe to say, tenfold.

66 ARIZONA.

©Kriyona al^t) Esa&Tern. (©ofonizat'ioQ (So.

npHIS Company, with a capital of half a million dollars, has for its object, the providing of homesteads in the Salt River Valley for the thrifty settler, at lower rates of expense, in any and every way, than he could do it alone, securing him water for irrigation, tools and implements, seed, etc., on easy terms of payment, thus protecting him from the usurers and land sharks which are such a curse to newly settled districts.

The Company clearly sees that the great need, at present, is, in some measure, on a secure basis, to bring the thrifty farmer in contact with this fertile region, where the result must inevitably be the production of immense wealth, increase of values, and general prosperity. Their mode of procedure is on the co-operative and installment principle, which has proved so successful in the East. Each settler is a member of the Company, and entitled to his share of the profits accruing from its operations, inconstantly increasing values. This principle bids fair to far outstrip, in its results, the pernicious methods of "booming" the country, which have been adopted in California, wasting money by exaggerated and expensive advertisements, which money has to be drawn from the working public.

Q. (^anz, ©^^oPexi>aPe ©eafer In blcjuorx^) aric^ Uo6accox<>.

r^NE of the most reliable, as well as among the largest establishments in the liquor and tobacco line in the ^-^ Territory, is that of E. Ganz, situated on Washington street, the most prominent business street in Phoenix. He carries an excellently selected stock of fine goods, embracing leading brands of imjxjrted and domestic liquors, such as brandies, gins, rum, wines, etc. His stock of old Kentucky whiskies represents some of the leading brands of that great whisky-producing State, and must be tasted to be thoroughly appre- ciated. He is sole agent for Anthony & Kuhn's celebrated St. Louis Imager Beer. He also carries a large and well assorted stock of chewing and smoking tobacco, carrying an average stock of about $6,000. His yearly sales will amount to the handsome suui of from $35,000 to $40,000. His storeroom is a handsome brick structure, 25x50 feet in dimensions.

Mr. Ganz is one of the best known and most popular men in the Territory, having been twice elected to fill the important office of Mayor of Phoenix, and having served one term as Commissioner of Asylums for Arizona, both of which offices he filled with credit to himself, and to the perfect sajiisfaction of the community.

iJ. oK. (KartaocPf, eKrti^ditlic P'^ofograpfter.

'T^HE progress that has been made within recent years in the art of photography is nothing short of marvelous. The methods, the apparatus, and even the manner of posing, all are, virtually, revolutionized by the march of progress, and methods and improvements closely approaching perfection, are now employed. In no photographing establishment is this more strikingly illustrated than in the gallery of Mr. F. A. Hartwell, of this city. Coming here from Tucson, but a year and a half ago, Mr. Hartwell has built up a business already acknowledged to be the finest in his line of any in all Arizona. The high order of work done, the uniform satisfaction rendered to his patrons, together with the unmistakable business capacity, energy and sound judgment which characterize the management of this deservedly popular establishmei^t, have been the chief features contributing to the positive and permanent success Mr. Hartwell to-day enjoys. The business, already large, is constantly increasing, and is very extensive, being restricted only by the boundaries of Arizona. The premises, of brick, and 75x25 feet in dimensions, are favorably situated on Maricopa street, opposite the City Hall, in the center of the city's busiest business portion. The rooms are finely fitted up^ spacious and commodious.

Mr. Hartwell, who 'm a Canadian by birth, is a man of keen intelligence, courteous and gentlemanly manners, and of the highest integrity.

ARIZONA. 6T

p. riiQorj eKrctic (#ce Maau^acfurer.

TN the region of Lake Superior, where the soil freezes to the depth of six feet, and the ice, near the shore, attains a thickness of four feet ; and where the blocks of "crystal coolness" can be seen floating in the lake in July and August, and the water, dipped from the lake, takes the thermometer down to 50° Fahrenheit, there seems little call for the manufacture of ice for family use. Indeed, none is needed for more than three months in the year ; but all the warmer sections south of the Ohio and the parallel of 40°, feel the need of the great cooler, for from six to nine months in the year. Before the invention of artificial ice in quantity for general use, people were glad to get it in localities where it cost them three to eight cents per lb. Now, this precious commodity is to be had in all towns and hamlets, at a price that brings it within the reach of all. The Arctic Ice Manufactory of Phoenix, is an enterprise that has come to stay. The latest improved machinery is used, and the ice is made of condensed purified water. The freezing of the water is effected at about 12 degrees Fahrenheit, when running steady, and the result is pure Arctic ice. Thus artificial ice may be made as much below the freezing point as the appliance produces a greater cold. All this inures to the benefit of the consumer, since 50 lbs of ice at zero is worth much more than 50 lbs at 32". It is the cold we are after. Therefore the producer of Arctic ice not only gives us a cheaper article, but a purer one. This Company can produce six tons a day. Their works are run by an engine of 12 horse-power. Their building is 46x80. They employ five hands. Mr. P. Minor established these works in 1887. He has been in Arizona 12 years, and is thoroughly identified with this city's best interests, and always ready with hand and purse to aid in any enterprise looking to the public good. He has a large number of steady customers, who have dealt with him for years, and possess every confidence in his judgment ancl honesty. With such a past, it is to be hoped he may long continue in his position as one of our representative business men.

G. M. Isamx^ioa, 5i>uAiriex*>A (^offege.

npHE Commercial College sustains the same relative position to the world of trade, commerce and finance, as the normal school does to school teaching, the law school to the legal profession, the theological seminary to the clergy, the medical college to the physician, West Point to military men, and Annapolis to those who are in training for the naval service.

The Lamson Business College is a comparatively new departure in the educational field of Phoenix, having been started as recently as September, 1889. In this short time, however, it has won a reputation for thorough practical business methods, equal to many of the old, well established institutions of the East. Professor Lamson's circulars and testimonials from high sources, show him to be well qualified in ability, culture, and experience to fill his important position in training our young men for business with credit to himself and advantage to his pupils. He was a teacher in the public schools of Lake County, Illinois, for two and a half years ; one of the instructors in the great Bryant & Stratton Business College, Chicago, III., for four and a half months ; Secretary of the Lakeside Business College for a time ; and Principal of the Watertown Business College, Watertown, Dakota, for three years. His Institution affords superior training in the various departments of a symmetrical commercial education, qualifying for an intelligent engagement, on the part of the graduate, in business pursuits of all kinds, and for the successful conduct of public and private affairs. It is open to both sexes, and all ages, and provides a separate academic course, embracing the usual studies of such a course. In addition to these, Mr. Lamson conducts a commercial night school, three evenings in the week, also an evening school for Penmanship.

Professor Lamson is a native of Illinois, and has had an experience of eight years in this kind of educa- tional work. His building is centrally located in the Monihon block, and has accommodations for one hundred pupils.

Professor Lamson enjoys an honorable reputation as a business man, and a citizen having shown himself, invariably, an upright, conscientious, courteous gentleman, winning the confidence of all who know him.

He is recommended to the public as a first-class teacher of bookkeeping and penmanship — in short, of all commercial branches, and Phoenix is proud to recognize him among her most successful and popular cducatvirB.

68

ARIZONA

A LARGE wholesale and retail house contributes in an important degree to the advancement of a city by its large business interests, the employment it offers, the certainty of supply and its contributions to the convenience of the population of the city in which it is located, and surrounding coiintry. Such an establishment is that of Henry E. Kemp & Co. on Montezuma street, just west of the City Hall. Hardware of all kinds, wagons, buggies, plows, mowers, harvesters, and everything the farmer, builder or mechanic needs are in stock in full lines.

This business has been established five years. The firm carries a very large stock and does an annual business of $150,000. It employs six hands, and its trade extends to all parts of the Territory.

The partner of Mr. Kemp is Emory L. Grant,

who also thoroughly understands the business.

The main building of the firm is 50x100 feet and

their implement depot 80x150 feet. Mr. Henry

E. Kemp was, until quite recently, president of the

Chamber of Commerce, and is fully identified with

the business, educational, civil and political interests

of the City of Phoenix and the Territory of Arizona.

Mr. Kemp and Mr. Grant were both born in

Wisconsin, and inherit the push and enterprise

characteristic of the natives of that thriving State. The success they have already attained is an abundant

guaranty for the future. The popularity enjoyed by this firm is the best testimony to their honorable and

fair dealing.

HEXRV E. KEMP.

As a branch of industry peculiarly successful in Phoenix, and forming an important factor of the com- - merce of the city, the plumbing and tinware trade ranks high, and those engaged therein are entitled to more than ordinary consideration in the compilation of a work having for its object a histortcal review of the mercantile and industrial resources of the city. The business in which Mr. Burtis is now conducting was established in 1884, and has had a steady growth up to this time, being fully entitled to a place among the live business enterprises of the city. His orders come from nearly every part of the Territory and are promptly filled. He makes a specialty of work for the various mines and mills scattered among the moun- tains and hamlets, and is ready to supply everything needed in his line.

Mr. D. H. Burtis was born in Illinois, and has been here seven years. He employs 12 hands and carries on a business of many thousands annually. His store and workshop are 30x125 feet on the ground floor, and his warehouse is 40x60 feet.

Mr. Burtis has a well-earned reputation for fair and honorable dealing, is entirely reliable and responsi- ble, and all his transactions are marked by a careful regard for the interests of his patrons. His success is assured. _

ARIZONA. 6&

pftcerjix (#rori ©y/orlCil).

No place of much size is fully supplied with the necessities of civilization without such works as the above, including foundry and general work in iron and brass. To this the agriculturist must come for repairs, the mechanic for his fittings, the miller for his castings and the miner for his machinery. Even a small establishment is of invaluable service, as it furnishes a thousand things on the spot which would, otherwise, have to be sent for to a distant city. Such an establishment is that of Mr. G. R. Williscraft, on Yavapai street, Phcenix.

His factory and yard cover half an acre, and are well adapted for the purpose for which they are used, The business was started in August, 1889, and has been very successful from the start. Mr. Williscraft's patrons come from all parts of the Territory, finding it to their interest to do so. He has in use a 40 horse- power engine, giving ample power for his foundry. He does a general foundry business in iron and brass, makes to order pumps, well cribs, scrapers and land levelers, repairs agricultural and mining machinery of all kinds, and furnishes, on short notice, irrigating pumps, water wheels, engines, boilers, and machinery of every description. The Pioneer Works are of great value in a new country, and should be liberally patronized.

Mr. Williscraft is a native of Canada, and has been in business in Phoenix for the past two years. He is a young man of energy and ability, and a bright future is undoubtedly before him.

IN reviewing the business progress and industries of any city, her banks, as the depositories and principal lenders of the money on which her prosperity depends, naturally demand the greatest attention. Phoenix is fortunate in possessing institutions which, in all respects, compare favorably with any in the Territory; and among these we find the Valley Bank. This bank was established on the 28th of November, 1883, as a National Bank, and continued so till April, 1884, when it was incorporated under the Territorial law as a corporation. The capital stock is $50,000, all paid up, the surplus in the last statement (April 9, 1890), was $40,000, but by the time this article is in print it will be $50,000 or more. Following is the statement referred to :

STATEMENT OF THE CONDITION OF THE VALLEY BANK, AT CLOSE OF BUSINESS, APRIL 9, 1890.

RE80UBCE8,

Loans and discounts ....... $166,482.04

Overdrafts, ........ 9,637.86

Real Estate, ........ 6,477.30

Furniture and Fixtures, ....... 3,000.00

Expense, ......... 1,509.04

Due from Banks, ........ 27,252 55

Cash, ......... 39,887.68

$254,246.47

UABHJTIES.

Capital Stock, ........$ 50,000.00

Burplus, ......... 40,000.00

Undivided Pro6t8, ........ 3,969.34

Re-discounts, ........ 10,000.00

Deposits, ......... 150,277.13

$254,246.47 Territory of Arizona, I

County of Maricopa, f I, Wm. Christy, Cashier of the Valley Bank, of Phoenix, Arizona, do solenanly swear tliat the above statement is true to the best of my knowledge and belief, WM. CHRISTY, Cashier.

Subscribed and sworn to before me, this 10th day of April, 1890.

E. J. BENNirr, Notary Public. Following are the officers of the bank : Andrew Crawford, President; M. H. Sherman, Vice-President; William Christy, Cashier; E. J. Bennitt, Assistant Cashier. The Directors are : A. Crawford, Wm. Christy, F. C. Hatch, E. J. Bennitt, M. H. Sherman, M. W. Messenger.

A general banking business is transacted, the correspondents being in the principal cities of the United States and Europe. The premises occupied are large and commodious, being 16 feet, fronting on Washington Btreet, and running back 100 feet. The building is well fitted up for the rapid transaction of the business and the convfort of its patrons. The officers are all well known in and out of business circles. With such a jiersonnel, and the prestige of an honorable past, the future of this bank is well assured.

70 A R I Z O N A

®. Q/^cfiman ^ ©o. oKpoifLecarie/^.

'T^HE name of this house is fully identified, and may be used synonymously with the progress of the drug trade in this city. This trade, in any city, is one of the most important factors in the general make-up, and exercises an influence not exceeded by that of any other branch. The leading house of this class in Phoenix, is that of Mr. C. Esehman, and has been in his charge since 1883. With regard to so well known a house, but little can be said that is not already known, of its importance as a mercantile industry, beyond giving an outline of its operations.

Mr. Esehman occupies a large, fine, conveniently arranged building of brick, 30x60 feet in area, whose doors will be found open day and night, to accommodate the public. His stock, which embraces drugs of all description, patent medicines, and a full line of toilet articles, is estimated at $10,000 in value. He employs a competent assistant, and does an extensive business throughout this city, and all over the Territory, his amiual transactions reaching $18,000. Mr. Esehman is a native of Germany, and has lived in this city for the past seven years, having, during a portion of, that time, occupied the important oflices of Public Administrator and Coroner. He brings to his business a professional experience of 21 years, and states that he is the only graduate in Pharmacy in the city. He can be confidently recommended as a thoroughly reliable man of business, and of great skill in his profession.

Jf ecjoin^ ^ OraigfteaiL, S^eaf Qit^fafe ant) ^r^/^urance

•' \ NY one taking into consideration the immense transactions between buyers and sellers of real estate '^^ in this city, cannot question the importance of the agent as operator between parties. One of the livest and most thoroughly reliable firms engaged in this line of enterprise, is that of Messrs. Hewins & Craighead. This firm commenced operations in 1889, and is conducting an extensive business in buying and selling real estate, furnishing the most reliable of abstracts, negotiating loans on long time and at short notice, and placing insurance in the best companies in the United States, Messrs. L. E. Hewins and G. W. Craighead compose the firm. These gentlemen have been here long enough to become fully acquainted with every piece of property, to learn the choice locations and the value. Their fine, spacious oflice is found on Montezuma street, in the Anderson Block, where those who call upon them are always treated with the courtesy which marks the true gentleman everywhere. In both social and business affairs, these gentlemen well deserve the honor and respect accorded them, as possessing those qualities which go to make up cultured intelligence, and honorable and reliable business character and reputation.

npHE intelligent reader will hardly need to be told what important factors the transaction of real estate business and the lending of money to be used for purposes of improvement and development, are in securing the rapid settlement and speedy progress of a newly settled city or district. The fact is self-evident, and, it, further, goes without saying that an essential condition of the success, alike of that city or district and of the person who conducts the line of business referred to, is that lie be strictly honorable and reliable, known for integrity and square dealing and be, in short, the very opposite of an insatiable land-shark or a grasping usurer.

There are other qualifications, no doubt, necessary, as well, to the equipment of a successful real estate "dealer and judicious negotiator of loans. Activity, energy and constant watchfulness in observing the fluctuations of the market are indispensable to success. It is also necessary that the man engaged in this

ARIZONA. 71

line of business be quick to know exactly what his prospective customer wants and to show him readily what will exactly suit him — this requiring not only a natural gift of reading human nature but also an amount of experience which it is not given to every man to possess or acquire.

Mr. Perkins who now is sole partner in the business named at the head of this article has been in the country five years, during the last four of which he was associated with Mr. Coble under the firm name of Perkins & Coble. Mr. Perkins has, thus, had ample opportunity to thoroughly acquaint himself with the nature, quality and capabilities of all the land in the valley and his reputation has been established for years as a thoroughly reliable as well as a courteous and obliging business man in whose hands the interests of any one who entrusts him with his business will be absolutely safe. He is an enterprising, public-spirited and therefore, prominent citizen. He has ample capital to give stability and security to his business and will always be found ready and willing to give every facility and accommodation to any one wishing to gain information about the lands of the Salt River Valley. Mr. Perkins is a native of Utica, N. Y. His office is situated two doors west of the Hartford Bank, on Washington Street, where he has a carriage always ready to convey visitors to view any property which they may be desirous of inspecting with a view to purchase.

©Nyf/iffiaiTj^ eKofef, Maricopa.

TV /TARICOPA is a town of about 300 inhabitants. It is situated at the junction of the Southern Pacific and Maricopa railroads, 892 miles from San Francisco, and 37 miles from Phoenix, the terminus of the Maricopa road. The most important institution in the town is the Williams House. It is the eating hoiise for both roads, besides being a regular hotel with 12 sleeping rooms and a large dining-room with a capacity for seating 50 people at one time. A fine bar and billiard saloon are attached to the house, where guests waiting for trains can pass the time pleasantly. The proprietors, Messrs. Perry M. and Cyrus M. Williams are both clever and accommodating, and see, in person, that all their guests are made comfortable.

Besides keeping the only hotel in town they are large land owners, owning 1,000 acres immediately surrounding the town. The\' are also largely interested in the mining and stock industries, being the owners of no less than 12 mines within 35 miles of Maricopa, some of which show ore equal to any in the Territory. They buy and sell cattle, fruit and vine lands, and have a large assortment of Indian curios always on hand for the inspection of tourists.

The hotel is a frame structure 44x50 feet, two stories high, and, being new and well equipped, is a pleasant place to stop.

Both the proprietors are natives of Wisconsin. Perry M. came to Arizona seven years ago and Cyrus M. three years ago. They are thoroughly identified with the business interests of this, their adopted, home, and are ever ready to do anything in their power to advance its interests. Their business has been a success from the beginning, both being well known, in and out of business circles, as honorable and reliable gentlemen. Their future success is thus fully assured.

Maricopa a^r^ti ^ftcBni^ J^aiProac|.

TDREVIOUS to the year 1887, the only means of transportation between the Salt River Valley and the outer world was by train to Maricopa, a statiou on the Southern Pacific Railroad, about thirty miles nearly directly south of Phoenix.

In the beginning of the settlement of the valley, its principal market was found in supplying the military posts scattered throughout the country to which its supplies of hay and grain were also distributed by team. A few mining opsrations were also contributors to the welfare of the valley by absorbing its productions, such as the Vulture in the northwest, and the Tiptop and Phoenix mines more directly north.

Upon the building of the Southern Pacific Railroad, it was discovered that the military posts which had been the chief reliance of the farmers of the valley could be supplied more economically from Southern California. Operations at the mines also failed, or were very nearly entirely suspended, so that, in the years 1884-1836, the problem which confronted the people of the valley was, "What is to be done by way of securing additional means of transportation ? "

72 ARIZONA.

AiK)ut this time, or even earlier, Judge De Forrest Porter, then a resident of Phoenix (since deceased) with others, saw the necessity of an outlet by rail, and mainly through his efforts, ably backed by those of other prominent residents of Phoenix and Tempe, a charter was obtained from the Legislature with authority for the County of Maricopa to issue a subsidy to assist in building a railroad to the Southern Pacific Railroad connection, which eventuated in the construction of the existing Maricopa & Pha>nix Railroad.

At about the same time, the construction of the existing Arizona canal had been so far advanced that it was evidently about to be' a success, and, as an addition to the existing problem came the question as to what should be done with the largely increased products of the valley incident to the cultivation of the lands to be supplied with water from this canal.

Although the question of the charter and the subsidy had been Utterly opposed before the Legislature, these considerations led to general acquiescence in the results there obtained, and a new means of transportation was thus secured.

As soon as this object was attained, the people of the valley began to make use of it, a new impetus was given to business, values increased, the assessed valuation of the County of Maricopa was in 1885, $2,266,772 in 1886, $2,343,.310, rose to 13,276,209, in 1887, to $4,060,922 in 1888, in 1889 $4,844,901, and in 1890, the current year, amounted to $5, .543, 904.

All this increase was chiefly made possible by the building of the railroad. Previously, the cost of transportation by team between the Salt River Valley and the Southern Pacific Railroad varied from 25 to 60 cents per 100 lbs. At the present time, for the year 1890, the average rate of freight has been from Phoenix and Tempe to Maricopa 10 1-10 cents per 100 lbs.; from Maricopa to Phojnix and Tempe, 16 4-5 cents per 100 lbs., the products of the valley being carried at the lowest rates of freight.

With the opening of the new railroad began a competition with Southern California for supplying the markets of southwestern Arizona, New Mexico and Texas with agricultural products, resulting in a complete establishment of the fact that the Salt River Valley is amply able to hold its own, shipping at least forty carloads per month of hay and as many more of grain, competing also in the articles of flour and bran shipping by the carload hay and bran to Southern California itself. It now delivers to the Southern Pacific Road at Maricopa a very large amount of traffic in tonnage, more than is received from that road.

In addition to the means of transportation by railroad, the people of Salt River Valley are now building, by private subscription, a wagon road to the Bradshaw mining region which will enable them to ship out their products to the northern part of Arizona, and supply the mining region at much less expense than has heretofore been done.

Itisexpectedthatthisroad will soon be superseded by a railroad. In addition to this, steps are now being taken to secure a wagrfb road to Globe, which will be followed by an additional demand for the products of the valley, which are yearly increasing to a very large extent.

ARIZONA. 73

W^eho6 ^nae^eA Si)U<^lQeAx*) ©offege, af^ti GngPiA^ ©Iralr^iti^ 'l)cftoo-C,

d2|4 ^outft Main ^treet, bo^ eKngefe<ti, daP.

n^HE above institution is prepared to offer to students advantages of the highest character. The principal ^ branches taught are Book-keeping, Commercial and Written Arithmetic, Commercial Law, Plain and Ornamental Penmanship, Correspondence, Spelling, Practical Assaying, Analytical Chemistry, Short-hand, Type-writing, Telegraphy, and all the .common English branches.

The College occupies the entire third floor of the Weil Block, which gives it by far the largest rooms occupied by any Business College in Southern California.

These rooms of the various departments have been constructed and furnished with reference to the health, comfort and convenience of its students; light, temperature and proper ventilation having been made a special study.

The members of the large faculty have been selected with particular reference to their qualifications in the branches in which they instruct.

Their experience in teaching and in actual business extends over periods ranging from five to twenty years, and covers work in Public Schools, both in this State and in the East, Bryant's Business College of Chicago, Heald's Business College of San Francisco, Gem City Business College of Quincy, Illinois, University of Southern California, and the Columbian University of Washington, D. C.

It is the chief aim of this institution in enlarging its facilities and expanding its course of study to bring up the standard of Business College work, so that it may compare favorably with that of the older and more popular literary institutions of the country.

Particular attention is given to those branches which come into constant use in the common walks of life and daily instruction is given in commercial forms, business methods, spelling and rapid business calculations, all of which are important in the office of the humble merchant as well as in the counting rooms of the millionaire.

The vast material devejopment of all the territory west of the Rocky Mountains has already begun.

Here lies immense stores of wealth inviting the activities of mind and muscle.

Here the great commercial problems of this Continent are to be solved.

The demand for shrewd and thoroughly trained business men and women is already upon us and this

demand will increase with the increased development sure to come in the years to follow 1891.

The Los Angeles Business College has already heard the call and is in line for the work that is opening up before it.

Its courses of study embrace almost all lines of practical business enterprise.*

Its department of actual business practice has no superiors and few equals on the Pacific Coast.

It is completely in harmony with the latest and best business methods, and students who have graduated from this department, are now filling responsible positions to the entire satisfaction of their employers.

The Short-hand and Type-writing department affords instruction so thorough and practical that students go from this department right into practical oflSce work with results both cheering to the student and flattering to the school.

The Telegraph department is prepared to fit students for office work on railroad, commercial or local lines.

The Assay department is a special feature of this College. It is no amateur or play department. Here the work of testing, reducing and estimating the value of ores is actually being done dally, and the accuracy of the work is attested by the fact that work done here compares favorably with the best results obtained in the State University.

Any communications directed to the Los Angeles Business College, 144 South Main streel, will be promptly answered.

F. W. BRAUN & CO.

Importers, . Wholesale . Druggists

AND

Manufacturing Pharmacists

LOS ANQEUES, CAL.

This firm is Headquarters for everything in the line of Drugs, Medicines, Toilet Articles, Perfumes,

Notions and Sundries ; and all Arizona Dealers will consult their best interests

by corresponding with them before buying

A SAFE REMEDY

For all kinds of

SKIN DISEASES, CUTS BURNS, WOUNDS

OLD SORES, BRUISES

MANGE, ITCH, SCAB

SPRAINS, SWELLINGS INFLAMMATION

CRACKED AND

SORE HEELS

8ADDLEGALI,8

CANKERWORM

SCREW-WORM

Ere, ETC.

OF

Horses, Cattle, Dogs, and all Other Animals

A Sore Cure of RouporDiph- -^^.^^ theria, Swelled Head and ^^ Kindred Diseases In Poultry

Inialuable for Ever; Stock and Dairy Farm

Veterinary Surgeons Approve of it

Ix>s Angeles, Nov. fi, 1889. F. W. Braun & Co., City.

i>«ar Str«.*— We have been usinp California Stock Soap, and find it veiy satisfactory.

DRS. BlaCKINTON & PlKRCE,

Proprs.LosAnEelesVeterinarv

Hospital, 314 South Fort

Street. Los Angeles.

Telephone 337.

■^VRIXE FOR QITOXAXIOKJS

''«-^;i:*^^

/|fOi^]^it)ci^o

Los Angeles, Aug. 31, 1889. F. W. Braun & Co., Los Angeles

(rents:— We have been using your California Microbicide in our stables for all kinds of cuts, sores, galls, etc. on our horses, and found it a most excellent remedy. We can recommend it conscientiously to every owner of horses.

SANDERSON A COOPER, Eureka Stables, 217 W. 5th St.

The Best Remed; Yet Tried

Los ANGELE.S,CAL.,Sept.ll,'89.

F. W. Braun <feCo., Los Angeles. Gal. Dear Sirs: — I have used Cali- fornia Microbicide in our stables and fiud it is the best remedy I ever had. I did not find any trouble at all to cure nores on horses which were use'd romtantly, I also cured the .Spanish itch on a horse in a remarkably short time; this horse had been sutTering from it for aljout three or four months, and no other remedy had the least etfect, until I puton California Microbicide. -W-S^ I am also using the Cali- '"--■■gf^ fornia Stock .Soap and find it n^Z^^ the best soap I ever had. s-.::;;^ J. D. CHAMBERS.

^^ ^ Foreman Washington St. ~i_ _ Stable Department of Los =^=^- Angeles Cable Ry. Co

Los Angeles, Aug. 31, 1889. Messrs. F.. W. Braun & Co.

Gents;— We have used the California Stock Soap and must say that is the best soap without exception we ever had. Horses afflicted with an itchy, .scaly skin have been licrmaucutly cured. We are sure it will give general satis- fuction wherever used.

SANDERSON & COOPER, Eureka Stables, 217 W. 6th St.

'Ap

Is the Best-known Remedy for SCREW WORMS 4n Stock ; and will quickly Cure SPANISH ITCH in Horses; and MANGE in Dogs, Cattle and other Animals

SOLD BY DRUGGISTS AND GENERAL DEALERS

California Microbicide /" California Stock Soap

Are Manufactured and Sold at Wholesale by

R W. BRAUN & CO., Wholesale Druggists

405 anci 407 N. MAIN STREET LOS ANGELES, CAL.

ARIZONA

75

Pima County, Its History, Resources and Cities.

S ALREADY INDICATED, in the introduction to this sketch of the Territory of Arizona, Pima County was the first part settled by Europeans, the Mission Fathers having "broken ground" — both in the natural and in the spiritual sense, by opening mines and missions with praiseworthy industry and no little measure of success. The causes of their ultimate abandonment of both undertakings — or rather their forcible expulsion from the scenes of their labors — have been, also, set forth ; as likewise have been the repeated subsequent attempts to settle up the country, and the obstacles which thwarted those attempts for so many long and troublous years. Pima was also the first political division of Arizona organized under American rule, having been made a county in 1864 by the first Territorial legislature. It was, at first, bounded on the north, by the

Gila River; on the south, by the boundary west, by the Gulf of California ; and on 113° 20' west longitude ; which limits part of the famous Gadsden bounds have, however, ually contracted by the from it of Cochise, and

line of Sonora ; on the the east, by the line of included the greater purchase. Its been grad- cuttingoff parts of Pinal

PIMA COUNTY COURT HOUSE, TUCSON.

and Graham counties. It now contains about 10,500 square miles, and is bounded on the north, by Maricopa and Pinal counties; on the east, by Cochise County ; on the west, by Yuma ; and on the south by the Mexican boundary line.

The general topography of the county has been incidentally described in the general description of the Territory ; but a more detailed notice may be found interesting.

76

ARIZONA

%

%4aw/)i»im|lllHWW*'"'*

CATHOLIC CATHEURAL, TLXSON.

The country between Tucson, which is the county seat and the oldest city in the Territory, consists of an alternation of lofty mountains, rolling foot-hills and grass-covered plains ; and the same description fits the eastern portion of the county, stretching to the boundary line separating it from Cochise. The northern part of the county consists of arid plains, the monotonous expanse of which is only broken by the abrupt

and massive Santa Catalinas. The western portion, lying along the Gulf of California, is a vast rolling plain, with here and there a lone peak, or butte, rising out of it, and presenting a >;> jagged, broken and uninviting appearance. Except for the mineral wealth contained in those rocky peaks, they ^ would offer no inducement whatever

^ ' '' for the foot of man to explore them,

for the surrounding plains are arid and covered with a sparse sprink- ling of coarse grass and scrub mesquite.

The other mountain ranges, besides the Santa Catalinas, are the Santa Rita, the Patagonia, the Whetstone and the Atascoso ranges, all of which lie in the southern and eastern part of the county.

The only river of any conse- (juence in Pima County is the Santa Cruz, the course of which is from the Mexican boundary north to Maricopa, and its peculiarity a trick of disappearing in its gravelly bed and reappearing at greater or lesser intervals. Wherever it cond scends to show itself, so as to be made available for irrigation, the country is a very garden of fertility and productiveness. Indeed, independent of this, in the portion of the county from Tucson south to the Sonora boundary, there are many valleys embosomed in the Santa' Rita and Patagonia ranges which are of great beauty and richness, and form ideal grazing grounds.

But little can be added on the history of the county to what has already been said, under the head of the early history of Arizona, for, up to its organization as a Territory in 18C3, the amiuls of Arizona were synonymous with those of what was afterwards called Pima County. Its early history is a checquered record of perils, outrages and vicissitudes undergone by those who made the first attempts to civilize and settle it ; and, even after its acquisition from Mexico by the United States, it was in a condition little, if any, Ijetter than anarchy, bo far was it removed from the seat of anything approaching the semblance of gov- ernment. The country was, more- over, swept periodically by the ruthless Apaches on the one hand, and raided systematically by thiev- ing outlaws from Sonora on the other, until it came almost to be regarded as moon-struck madness for any one to propose to settle there.

The close of the civil war and the placing of the Apaches on reservations, however, marked the beginning of an era of prosperity, rapid settlement and substantial progress ; and, to-day, the opening up of its magnificent resources in mines and grazing lands is being proceeded with, with a rapidity and success

lacsoN.

ARIZONA. 77

which cannot fail to give Pima County, in a short time, a very high place indeed among the rich and prosperous portions of the Southwest.

The principal resources of Pima County at present, are mining, agriculture and stock. Irrigated lands will produce two crops a year of almost everything planted, while in hay from four to six crops are regularly and successfully harvested. The plowing season is from November to March for hay and grain ; July for corn, wheat, barley, oats and potatoes for winter seeding ; sorghum, corn and millet for summer planting. Vegetables are cultivated all the year round. A novel sight to an Eastern stranger in Tucson during the winter, is the Chinese vegetable wagon, which makes regular trips every day in the year.

But while agriculture in the county is yet in its infancy, sufficient has been accomplished to demonstrate the success to be attained and the possibilities to be looked forward to. What has been done in the way of agriculture, so far, has been largely experimental, and in every instance the soil has proved itself a marvel in richness ; with proper irrigation it needs only to be scratched, and the yield is comparable with that of any other known country in the world. The average hay crop for each single cutting is about two tons to the acre, and thirty to fifty bushels of wheat and barley. Fruit trees blossom in February and March and the fruit begins to ripen in May. Grape vines have produced from two to three crops during the season, and many small garden vineyards in the county yield grapes that for size of bunch and berry, and richness of flavor, far excel any grapes brought to this market from California, from whence all fruit was received till within the past two or three years. The olive and palm flourish, and in some instances the castor bean has with- stood the winter, making a good-sized tree.

More attention is given to stock-raising now than to any other one industry, and a low estimate would place the number of cattle browsing on the succulent grasses and mesquite of this county at 150,000 head, representing a value approximating 11,500,000. During the last spring there were 15,000 two-year-old steers shipped to Montana, realizing for their owners nearly $200,000 in cash, besides supplying the regular demand for beef cattle from California.

The following abstract from the assessment roll of Pima County for the year 1889, gives a fair estimate of the assessable value of property in the county :

No. acres land, 213,246,9-10 $ 289,574.00

Value of improvements 125,159.00

Value of lots, town and city 251,356.00

Value of improvements 646,457.00

No. miles railroad, 125 910,419.64

No. horses, 5,311 91,083.00

No. mules, 303 8,555.00

No. asses, 70 706.00

No. cattle, 109,260 952,961.50

No. sheep, 1,604 1,604.00

• No. swine, 183 450.00

No. goats, 80 , 80.00

Gross value all other property 600,388.-50

Gross amount all property. $3,878,793.64

Loss exempt act. widows 58,513.00

Total amount taxable property $3,820,280.64

Number of miles railroad as reported by a Territorial Board of Equalization, report signed by J. T. Meador, Chairman and Auditor, and Henry J. Andrews, Secretary, 125,65-100 miles ; value, $896,404.44.

The indebtedness of the county aggregates $275,000, of which $250,000 is in bonds, the remaining $25,000 being outstanding in warrants on the several funds of the county.

The rate of taxation in the county is a fraction less than 3 per cent. In the city of Tucson it is a cent more. Now while these taxes appear high, people can better afford to pay them than people in the Eastern States can pay half the amount.

The papulation of the County, is, in round numbers, 19,000. The total vote cast at the last election was a little less than 2,000. Many miners in the hills failed to vote, and the large population of nonvoting Mexicans not being accorded that privilege, accounts for the small size of the vote cast.

When the beauties and healthfulness of the climate of Southern Arizona become more generally known, and the great boon to the afflicted its soft winter temperature affords, thousands of people from the Northern

78

ARIZONA

and Eastern States will pass their winters in our sun-kissed land and grow strong and robust under its healthful skies. Our winters are perpetual spring-time, entirely free from waves of intense frigidity, and sufficiently warm for plenty of out-door exercise. No one who has not experienced our climatic advantages can have any conception of its wonderful perfection. Invalids come to our county seeking health, and go away in the spring-time with a new lease of life. Men who have been pronounced by their physicians as beyond recovery, with consumption, have grown strong, and apparently sound and well, in this climate. They remain in and about the towns during the balmy daj's of fall, winter and spring, and seek the moimtain shades and cooling breezes in summer, growing stronger with each passing day. When we have suitable accommodations for the care of the afflicted, and for the diversion of those who come to enjoy this paradisiacal climate, we can extend a general invitation to the denizens of the cold and frozen North to come and sit beside us and experience some of the delights of the finest climate on earth. The three or four months of the annual heated term in Southern Arizona is a great bugaboo to people who have never expe- rienced the delights of even its warmest summer weather. The general expression is, "But oh, your terribly hot summers !" These people forget the sultry days and still more sultry nights of their Eastern summer- season, when even sleep is banished by the stifling heat that is never felt here. In every season they meet with weather changes far more disagreeable than the even and moderate heat of our summers of bright

sunshine. Our atmosphere is dry and pure, and by its absorption of the per- spiration a cooling effect is produced, thereby giving a real temperature of one hundred degrees the seeming tem- perature of but seventy-five in the Eastern States. More real suff'ering is experienced in the East, with the ther- mometer at eighty degrees, than we have at any time in Southern Arizona when it has reached one hundred and twelve degrees for a few hours in the middle of the day. By adding grass and shrubbery and shade trees, as well as vines to keep the sun's rays from one's windows and doors, their force is lessened, and one can experi- ence no more delightful climate any- where on earth than amid such sur- roundings. But the crowning glory of this climate, even in the hottest weather, is its cool nights. One's rest need never be broken by such sultriness as prevails in the East, and from the time the sun sinks to rest at night, until it rises again, a gentle and refresh- ing coolness is spread out over the land like a benison from heaven. Nothing can compare with our climate, anywhere and even with the summer heat our causes for complaint are far less than those of other States and Territories, and as an all-the-year round climate nothing can surpass it. The winters of Arizona are not only conducive to health, but there are other considerations worthy of observance. In the East the winter is the season of great suffering among the poor, and great expense among the more fortunate. Winter consumes what summer produces. Large supplies of provisions and fuel must be provided for the family. Stock must be housed and fed five or six months, and during the same time the ground is frozen constantly, and little or nothing can be done in agricultural or other out-door pursuits. In short, the winter is a season of vacation to the rich, and of extreme suffering to the poor. With us it is quite different. Nature is kind alike to rich and poor, man and beast. Our stock herds graze on good pasture lands the year round. The revenues of the rich are constant, and the poor find abundant means for support and comfort. We may be accused of prejudice in favor of Arizona, but our statements are facts in the true sense of the word. Nature has highly blessed this Territory — this county in particular — and a little energy on the part of man, is all that is required to make Arizona the most luxuriant spot on the continent of America.

An era of prosperity is approaching Pima County, and it is heralded by a dozen signs that does not admit to question. We have had a long season of dullness, a season of inactivity and discouraging features. The evil of this spell has been particularly felt on account of following in the wake of years of unprecedented prosper- ity, when money was plenty and business throughout our territory remarkably good. The advent of the railroad ; the discovery of hidden treasures of the Tombstone district; the heavy productions of the precious metals

MISSION SAN XAVIER DEL B.^C.

ARIZONA. 79

throughout the several rich mining districts of the Territory tended, with many things, to make the period from '78 '83, a most propitious one for the enterprising, thrifty business man. We had a veritable boom that was carried along by a force of circumstances begotten of extraordinary ooccurrenees ; this unusual state of affairs proved ephemeral, and commencing with '85 came a heavy offset to the preceding j'ears, in the shape of stagnation in general business, and an almost absolute cessation of mining sales and mine developments. Those who had reaped a rich harvest during the honeyed days between '78 and '83 forgot in the moment of depression, the duty they owed the territory that had rocked them in the lap of luxury, and turning their backs on Arizona, they drifted to California in the wake of the boom, or sought what they considered more promising fields. On the contrary, the far-sighted, energetic business man made the best of the existing cir- cumstances, cut down expenses, and prepared in every conceivable way to weather the financial stress that was unquestionably upon the country for the time being. To these men belong the rewards that will be reaped within the next few years. They are not of that class of humanity that drift with the wind of wild rumors and great promises. They do not think that every other place is better than their own, and that they can make money in any place, except the place they actually live in, but they look at the matter philo- sophically, and say to themselves, when good times strike other places, we will have our legitimate share of the prosperity. Most of the other class that left us have come back like the prodigal son, are content to stay at home, and take their chances with Arizona. Foreign capital, particularly English and German capital, is reaching out for a country of profitable investment with a longer arm than at any time heretofore in the history of our nation ; a brighter mineral outlook has not been seen for years. A good mine can find a ready purchaser, and it is evident that a man developing his prospect into a mine, is putting his money into as good a stock of goods as the drygoods man or the grocer, and one that is equally marketable. Careful methodical work begets economy, and economical work on prospects begets mines. Our prospectors have been loath to linger in town looking for purchasers for undeveloped prospects rather than have mines that will stand the light of inspection, and will sell.

A better feeling pervades every branch of business. More strangers will be among us this winter than at any time for years before. The city shows marked signs of improvement, property is being repaired and l)eautified, while many new buildings arc being erected. The Building and Loan Association is largely instrumental in the happy state of affairs. New enterprises or irrigation, etc., are being agitated. Where irrigation schemes are good enough to invite capital it will be readily forthcoming, and forthcoming without the suspension of great tracts of our lands by the government. Such a suspension as some of our citizens anticipate would set Arizona back twenty-five years. The Spanish land grant suspensions are sufficiently unfortunate without farther suspensions of the public domain. What Arizona wants is a natural development with private capital, unless government aid can be secured without any sacrifice on our part. It is not to be supposed that it is the intention to want to have lands suspended from entry that would require unwarrantable amounts of money to irrigate. Such irrigation as is contemplated is naturally such as is practicable from a financial standpoint. Then again, after lands were selected as feasible they might be tied up under suspension twenty years waiting for Congress to make appropriations. No, what we want is to be left on our merits, and time will demonstrate the values within our boundaries in a satisfactory manner. On this eve of prosperity, we say, let our progress be natural, and good times, when they come, will come to stay with us.

Tucson, the Oldest City in Arizona.

UCSON (pronounced " Chook-son" by the Pima Indians), may be said to have been founded in 1694, when the Spaniards established a fort there for the protection of the Mission of St. Xavier. Its site was well chosen, not only on account of its being one well calculated for defense but also, because of the beautiful and striking scenery suiTOunding the mesa on which it is located. It stands on the right bank of the Santa Cruz River at a point 2r)0 miles west of the Great Colorado, and 300 miles north of Guaymas. The vrtlley in which the Tucson mesa stands is surrounded on all sides by n)ountains whose precipitous sides — though at a long distance — seem to wall in the city as with giant ramparts. Those ranges are the Santa Catalinas, the Santa Ritas and the Sierratas. The mise en scene thus formed is strikingly beautiful and impressive.

80

ARIZONA.

RESIDENCE OF W

The city was, for many years of its early history, in a state of stagnation, so far as any progress, increase of population, or material advancement was concerned. It had, of course, its share of the troubles which preceded the removal of the Jesuits, the failure of the Missions under their successors, the San Franciscans, and the final collapse of the propaganda under the edict of the Mexican Government. But,

up to the time of the breaking out of the gold fever, and the conse- quent rush of eager adventurers to the place where rumor said the precious metal was to be had for the picking up, the village (it was then nothing more) was in a state closely resembling coma. When, however, the Southern Pacific Rail- way reached it, the era of its true advancement began, and it has, ever since, been growing in pros- perity, population and wealth, until, to-day, it is marked by all the signs of enterprise, push and general go-ahead-ativeness in its citizens, which form the best guarantee of permanent develop- ment and stable prosperity.

The city is the curious result of the grafting of the modern on the ancient civilization. The streets of the newer portion are wide and commodious, and are lined with imposing edifices, which would do credit to any metropolis; while the older portion has narrow, tortuoirs streets, formed by low, flat-roofed, adobe buildings, where a heterogeneous population of Mexicans and Indians live in more or less harmony, and (it must be admitted) rather more than less squalor. This portion is simply a replica of the average Mexican town across the border, and its presence, in immediate contiguity to the handsome, and even elegant, part of the city, where the America and do business, makes a contrast which

is no less unusual than, to the stranger, at mmaamimMmixir/' ■»., "js^s? ^ least, it is inexplicable. Ir '"''".sw. ^.''^'5^ •'» >

Tucson possesses, as has been said, many very fine public build- ings, built mostly of brick and stone. Among the more prominent may be mentioned the County Courthouse, constructed of brick, faced with stone and surmounted by a lofty tower. It was erected at a cost of $75,000. The Roman Catholic Cathedral is a very fine structure, with a lofty spire, and of decided architectural beauty. The various Protestant denomina- tions are also provided with hand- some and commodious places of worship, and the High School, on

the Military Plaza, which cost 145,000, is a model, both as regards design and interior arrangement, of what such a building should be. The private residences are so numerous, and, withal, so elegant, that it would be invidious to select any for special mention; and space will not permit of their being all enumerated, still less described.

K*Mrr«M\-C«- Cfvtt^.

RESIDENCE OF A. V. GROSSETTA.

ARIZONA. 81

As a commercial center and distributing point, Tucson easily takes the lead among the cities of the Territory. Its merchants, of whom a number of the most prominent will be noticed at length hereafter, carry larger stocks of goods, and do a more extensive trade than is possible for those of any other city in Arizona to do, owing to the fact that they do a very large portion of their business with Sonora and other parts of Northern Mexico.

In all other respects, Tucson may fairly claim to be as well equipped with all modern conveniences and appliances for securing the comfort of its citizens, and of the sojourners within its gates, as any contemporary city of its size anywhere. Its streets and buildings? are well lighted by gas and electricity; it has an abundant supply of water, which is piped from the Santa Cruz River, from a point seven miles up that stream; it has a handsome opera house, a fine public library, and, in short, everything that could be wished for by the highly-developed taste of the modern citizen — be he business man or man of leisure.

com;m;krce and industries ok tucson.

Following will be found a list of the leading commercial enterprises and industries which contribute to the prosperity and progress of Tucson, and which show, by the marked success which has attended the efforts of those who have undertaken and carried them on, what a splendid field Tucson offers for the man of energy, industry and business capacity.

NIANUKACTORIES.

While Tucson may not be as a whole considered a manufacturing town, in comparison ■with some of her more enterprising eastern rivals, she can still make a better showing in this direction than any town of like jwpulation in the southwestern territories.

KLOUR IVIILIvS.

There are two flouring mills in Tucson, one steam and the other water power. The former is owned by the Eagle Milling Company, with Mr. Leo Goldschmidt as manager. The latter is owned by Messrs. G. Allison & Sons, who purchased the property about two years since. The Eagle Milling Company's mill has recently t^een remodeled and partl3^rebuilt, and machinery of the latest and most improved pattern has been put in. Rollers have been substituted for the old time burrs, and its capacity has been increased to one hundred barrels per day.

SMELTER.

The smelting works are situated about a mile and a half north of Tucson, on the Santa Cruz River, where water is abundant and conveniently at hand. The track of the Southern Pacific company runs within a short distance of its site, and a siding has already been constructed for the delivery of ores to the smelter. It is capable of handling thirty tons of ore per day. When the smelter starts work, which will be in the near future, it will not only provide employment for a large number of men about the works, but will be the means of giving work to every miner and prospector within a radius of thirty miles, having ore of sufficiently high grade to allow a profitable margin on its reduction.

COM.VIERCIAIv CLUB.

William Zcckendorf, President ; H. D. Underwood, Secretary. Foremost among the social organizations of Tucson, is tlie Commercial Club. It has for its object not only the divertmetit of its local members, but it makes a special point of the entertainment of visiting strangers. Everyone who has paid Tucson a call, no matter how short, has left enamored with the social cordiality which he everywhere received and especially at the hands of the Commercial Club. The occasional winter hops which are given by this Club are most enjoyable affairs and add much to the pleasure of living in Tucson.

82 ARIZONA.

CHURCHES.

The spiritual wants of the people of Tucson are well attended to. There are five places of worship in the city, namely : the Catholic, Congregational, Episcopal, Baptist, and Methodist temples. Each one of these has a large congregation and it is to be noted that Tucson is remarkable for the number of its citizens that are church-going members of society.

HOTELS.

There are five hotels in this city, besides numerous restaurants and lodging houses, and all are provided with the conveniences necessary to the comfort of guests. Our climate has so clearly proven its superiority over all others in the United States in its health-restoring (lUJilities, that each winter brings with it a large influx of health-seekers, and the hotels are all arrayed with a view of affording especial accommodations to the visiting sick, besides furnishing the usual conveniences to travelers.

IVIARKETS.

Tucson is happily provided with excellent markets. Being the center of a vast cattle country, the choicest beef is here to be obtained at a very small cost. Vegetables, which are raised in the adjoining valley-lands, can be bought at an almost nominal price. Fruits, fish, oysters, etc., are always kept on hand fresh, at our market places, and are sold at very reasonable rates, so much so, that the expense of good living in Tucson is even less than in many of the Eastern cities.

OPERA HOUSE.

Our theater, under the management of the enterprising Mr. Wm. Reid, is a well conducted one. All the best troupes traveling east and west stop over in Tucson, and its residents are very frequently afforded an evening's entertainment in this way.

With all its mammoth enterprises, and the advantages and conveniences which Tucson possesses, it may well claim to be one of the most important cities in the Southwest \^ithout any brag, blow, or boom; its advancement has been gradual but steady, in the past. Many new industries have been inaugurated, and many more will soon be so, and with the energy, enterprise and activity, which its citizens are displaying, it is safe to predict, that Tucson is destined to become one of the cosmopolitan cities of the West.

The railroad officials in this city report an average receipt of 1,500,000 lbs. of general merchandise every thirty days, the freight charges on which amount to over i|!50,000. It will thus be seen that Tucson merchants pay over a half million dollars yearly for freight charges alone.

BUILDINO AND LOAN ASSOCIATION.

This institution is worthy of a special mention, inasmuch as it has done a great amount of good for this city during the short time in which it has been in existence. It was established in 1888, and already the Association have furnished about $17,500 in loans, all of which has been put into new residences, ranging in value from $600 to $1,500. The report of its Secretary at the last meeting of the Association contains the following :

"Rate of premiums to date, about 26^ per cent."

The good eff'ect of this institution was felt from the start, and a feeling of confidence in the value of real estate which did not exist prior to the establishment of the Building and Loan Association amongst the residents of Tucson is now prevalent.

The following are the officers : Geo. Roskruge, President ; Fred Fleishman, Vice-President; Thos. Hughes, Treasurer; W. W. Gillette, Secretary. Directors — Thos. Wilson, A. V. Grossetta, Chas. Hoff", John Martin, Sam Drachman, Chas. Shibell, A. Goldschmidt, Wm. Reid.

ARIZONA.

83

fciCx^OQ ®i't^ 3^^°°^'^'

TUCSON PUBLIC SCHOOL.

'T^HE main Public School building of the city, as shown in the above cut, is a large, commodious and handsome brick structure, erected in 1882 at a cost of $45,000. Its furnishings and appointments are all first class and up with the times, including a library and fair laboratory and apparatus for the illustration of physics and chemistry. This main building accommodates about 400 pupils and is well filled. In addition to ifs eight regular grades or departments, each in charge of its appropriate teacher, it has a High School department in charge of the principal, W. C. Bowman, in which a two years' course of instruction is given in the more advanced studies of mathematics, the natural sciences and languages, preparing pupils for College or the University. There are also four primary ward schools in different parts of the city which are well attended. All needed supplies, except books and slates, are furnished at the public expense. The schools are maintained ten months in the year, and teachers are paid from $70 to $125 per month.

84

ARIZONA

The Business Men of Tucson.

M. ^raq^^ln.

w

"^AS born in San Bernardino, California, October 19, 1859. After having gone througli the pubHc schools of that city, he engaged in the business of newspaper publisher and short-hand reporter, and continued in this business for two years, when he left it in order to attend college. In 1878 he entered the University of California, where he was noted for his close application and studious habits, and in 1882 he was graduated with honors from that institution as a Bachelor of Arts. He at once devoted himself to the study of the law, and in the sanie year was admitted to the bar by ihe Supreme Court of the State of California. He practiced law in San Bernardino for a short time, and May, 1883, left for Tucson, Arizona, where he has since resided and practiced his profession. In 1884 he was elected a member of the 13th Legislative Assembly of Arizona on the regular Democratic ticket, and it is a notorious fact, that in the midst of all the abuses and accusations of corruption that have been heaped on that body, the actions of the Hon. S. M. Franklin stand without reproach from anybody. He afterwards became attorney for the city of Tucson, and in 1885 formed a law partnership with the Hon. Harry R. Jeffords, under the firm name of Jeffords & Franklin, and has ever since been a member of that firm. He was Deputy District Attorney of Pima County in 1887-8, and is at present a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Arizona, and also a member of the Territorial Capital Commission. The straightforward and incorruptible course which he has ever followed in his public actions, and his undoubted ability, have gained for him well merited prominence, both as a lawyer and as a worthy citizen.

SELIM M. FRANKLIN.

^f. Marv'A ^oApitaf.

I ^HE watchful, tender care of woman at the bedside of the sick and wounded is more to the patient than all the gold and silver that could be brought to him. No one can care for the sick like a woman. None seem to sympathize and feel so much for those in distress. The good Sisters of St. Joseph have this Hospital in charge. It belongs to their order. This institution was founded about ten years ago, according to the directions of the Most Rca'. I. B. Salpoint, who is now Archbishop of Santa Fe, New Mexico. One notable feature in the Hospital is that it was constructed fnm stone out of the mountains near by. Its location is about one and a half miles from the city of Tucson, and is on the west slope of the beautiful Santa Cruz Valley. Its proximity to the mountains insure a healthy atmosphere, and patients who seek this resort in illness obtain great relief in the balmy air thereto be found. Three of the leading physicians of Tucson have charge of the various departments.

The building is two stories high, and about 200 feet long by 50 feet wide, and has department houses attached. Great pains were taken, in building it, to have all the improvements that would insure to the sick that comfort and ease which they so much require. The Mother Superior has shown great tact in employing assistant nurses and attendants.

The water at this institution is of the best, and everything that can be had in the market, is procured for the tables. The grounds are laid out with a symmetry that can only be effected by artistic taste and

ARIZONA

85

skillful work. Beautiful shade trees abound in the valley. Below the main hospital, there are large buildings which are used as a school for orphans. This also is naanaged by the Sisters, and, as they have competent teachers among them, the little ones who are intrusted to their care, are sure of receiving the best attention and instruction. There are some of the best gardens and orchards in the country around the hospital, and vegetables of all kinds are raised. A large farm is also attached to the institution. A carriage runs daily, twice each way, between the city and the hospital. One of the clergy from the Cathedral attends to divine services, both at the hospital and at the Home. The charges at this hospital are moderate, and all information desired, will be cheerfully given upon application by letter.

M.

In viler.

I HE thriving little town of Springwater, in Living- ston County, New York was the place of nativity of M. S. Snyder, our gentlemanly assessor and collector. He was born April 25, 1853. Attended first the North Dansville Seminary, and afterwards the Genessee Wes- leyan Seminary in New York State. Ho was for two years bookkeeper for a firm in Rochester, New York. In 1874, he was appointed deputy collector of customs in St. Louis, Missouri. Mr. Snyder was one of the first United States store-keepers appointed in St. Louis after the completion of the "Whisky Ring" trial. In 1876 he was appointed deputj- collector of Internal Revenue in the same city, and served in this capacity until 1878, when he came to Arizona, arriving at Tucson, August 8th of the same year, and remaining in Arizona since that time. He was connected with the Arivaca Milling and Mining Co. for about one year, and was afterwards in the Recorder's Office for a short time. Later he became managing agent for the Arivaca Mail and Stage Co., which position he retained for one year. He was a mem- ber of the 11th Legislature of Arizona. For two years he

was Deputy Sheriff and Assessor, of Pima County, under R. H. Paul, after which time he engaged in and mining. In 1886 he was elected County Clerk of Pima County, and when that office was abol March, 1887, he was appointed Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, which position he retained until 1,1889. In the election of 1888, he was Republican candidate for Assessor and Tax Collector, elected to the place. This position he at present occupies, and he does it well.

M. S. SNYDER.

ranching ished, in January and was

©y/axi^ftlngi'oQ M. ^aco6Aj Minlt^ 5i)ureau, (^Ma\/ ©fflce a"fj&

"^0 one enterprise will be of more interest to the public of Arizona generally than the one heading this article. The number and value of the mines here require competent assayers, and men who have the confidence of the public. This business was started by W. M. Jacobs about the year 1870, and he is widely known throughout Arizona as a reliable assayer, and occupies a prominent position as a mining expert. His scales and other apparatus are models of excellent workmanship and perfect accuracy. In short, he has on hand the best that art and science can produce.

Mr. Jacobs was born in Charleston, S. C, and has resided here for the past ten years.

In addition to his assay business, he deals in real estate and mining property and is a very popular man in this locality, having held the office of Justice of the Peace for several terms.

All ore sent in from abroad for assaying will receive immediate attention, and accurate assays will be promptly rendered.

86 ARIZONA.

€v. J\fPl;d>oi2 ^ (i)orix«>, ©^ftofexi)afe a"r2t3 S^etaif 5®)eafer/ In ^rocerle/,

Among the prominent business men in Tucson no one is more successful than Messrs. G. Allison & Sons, '^^ who are considered as among Tucson's most active and energetic business men. Their place of business is located at the corner of Congress and Church streets, in the main business portion of the city. The business was established in 1881 by the present firm. They carry a very large stock of goods and do a general commission business, buying and selling in car-load lots. Their trade extends over the northern portion of Sonora, Mexico, and Southern Arizona.

The individual members of the firm are Mr. F. Allison, Mr. G. Allison and Mr. W. Allison. All three are agreeable gentlemen and from their long residence in the Southwest are enabled to suit the requirements of their customers. Ever courteous, obliging and attentive to business, they have well earned the success which has crowned their efforts, and they rank, as a firm, as one of the foremost in the mercantile circles of Tucson.

pierce iJorsL, (^arc^coare.

/'"Considered as a whole, the hardware trade of any business community forms a very important item ^-^ in the sum total of her industries, especially is this the case in a new country, and where farming and mining interests predominate, the importance of the business can hardly be over-estimated.

The business of Mr. Pierce Ford was established in 1883 by the present proprietor and has been a decided and continuous success from the start, though its progress has been so marked as to be almost phenomenal within the past two years.

Mr. Ford manufactures tinware of all kinds, and deals in all "kinds of stoves and lamps, both fancy and plain, crockery, glassware, stamped ware, cutlery, etc. Besides, this house is the sole agent for the Charter Oak stoves and ranges. They have one advantage over others in the fact that they are located at No. 21 Congress street in the most central part of the city.

Their trade from the adjoining mining camps and from the northern district of Sonora, Mexico, far exceeds that of any other like business in the Territory. Their buildings front on Congress street and extend 117 feet back.

Mr. Ford is a wide awake business man and came here at a time when men of energy and tact were the only ones who could stay. For many years he has worked hard both for the public and his own good , so that, now, he stands as one of the leading merchants of the Territory.

(sftad). S^. ©raiCe, Syeneraf (^QAurance ©Kgeat.

TN every community, business or profession, are to be found men, men who stand head and shoulders above their fellows in ability, perseverance and uprightness, and these are the men who, to, use a common phrase, invariably reach " the top of the tree." Such a man, it is admitted on all hands, is Mr. Chas. R. Drake, whose agency ranks high in this line of business. Mr. Drake has resided in Arizona since 1871. He came here and settled down to help build up the great Southwest. He was assistant postmaster at Tucson from 1876 to 1880. He was twice elected County Recorder of Pima County, from 1881 to 1884, twice a member of the City Council, and has held many positions of trust, both of a public and private character. He was elected to the Territorial Council (Senate) for two terms from Pima County, and was elected the President of that body during the last (15th) Legislature. To-day he is the Receiver of Public Moneys at the U. S. Land Office, Tucson.

Mr. Drake is the resident agent in this city for the Safety Nitro Powder Co. of California. He has also charge of all sub-agencies throughout Arizona, New Mexico and the State of Sonora, Mexico. He has on hand, at all times, a general supply both of powder, caps and fuse. And he has, by his fair-minded views

ARIZONA. 87

and integrity, won the confidence of his fellow citizens. Hence he has been able to push the trade of his Company into every mining camp throughout his large territory.

Mr. Drake also does a general insurance business at No. 8 Congress street and represents the following well-known insurance companies: The Mutual Life Insurance Co. of New York, The Imperial Fire Insurance Co. of London, The National Insurance Co. of Ireland, The ^Etna of Hartford, Connecticut, The Atlas of London, The Niagara of New' York, The Phoenix of Brooklyn, The American Fire Insurance Co. of Philadelphia, Pa., and The Sun Fire Office of London.

The large business which he has necessitates his having a General Manager and Traveling Agent in the person of Mr. John II. Finch, who is an enterprising man, and ably assists Mr. Drake in the management of this agency.

This firm is but another example of what strict application to business can accomplish.

/^NE bright example of marked and well merited success in an important line of business is furnished by ^^ the above firm, its name being synonymous throughout the Territory for reliability, thorough acquaintance with the business and every quality calculated to commend it t? pubhc favor. It is therefore no wonder that the firm has become established on the firmest kind of commercial footing, and that it has earned and maintained a foremost place, not only in its own particular line of business, but among the com- mercial enterprises of the city generally.

The establishment of F. Fleishman and Company was founded in the year 1880 by Mr. Fred Fleishman with an ample capital, and the house has maintained a position in the front rank from the beginning of its career. To-day they carry a stock of over $15,000, consisting of the best lines of goods to be found in south- ern Aiizona. Their store is located at the junction of Congress and Meyer streets, in the most central part of the city. A full line of Fancy Toilet articles is always kept on hand. Their prescription department is one of the best to be found on this coast, as none but the most experienced clerks are employed. Mr. Fred Fleishman is a man of sterling business qualities, and is alive to all the wants of the public in his line. Parties living out of town may, with safety, send orders by mail to this firm, and they will receive prompt attention from that obliging gentleman.

oKrctlc (#ce (30.

T^ROM the earliest times ice and snow have been esteemed as luxuries for cooling water, liquors, and receptacles for preserving meats and other viands for future use in the warm climates of Oriental and Southern countries. The production of ice by nature in regions distant from those which require in the summer months has been, until the invention of ice manufacturing machinery, a source of wealth to many of the inhabitants of those countries. In modern times, however, from having been regarded only as a luxury, ice has come into such general use that it has become almost one of the necessaries of civilized life. Its chief value, perhaps, consists in its antiseptic or preserving properties. In the fevers of hot climates, ice is frequently the only means of saving life; hence, methods of producing it artificially have been practiced in India for centuries. Radiation from the earth under a clear sky, is a very active cause of cold, and the Hindoos, near Calcutta, by a skillful combination of evaporation and radiation, have produced ice artificially for ages. About 1850 devices for producing ice by evaporation or absorption came into notice. Hence liquids that are most readily volatilized are used in all the appliances for manufacturing ice — ammonia most frequently.

General Royal A. Johnson began the manufacture of ice in Tucson some four years ago. His equipment was of the average size, using a 30-horse power Arctic machine, of a capacity of seven tons daily. The factory is at present the largest in Arizona. The building is a massive edifice, the works and office extending over the entire block. This factory uses nothing but distilled water in the process of manufacture, and their ice, consequently, is remarkable for its purity, density, and freedom from air bubbles, and extraneous ingredients.

Gen. Johnson is a man of more than ordinary ousiness intelligence and has done much to promote the happiness and comfort of his fellow citizens. In starting and maintaining this enterprise, he has done much toward making Tucson a desirable place in which to reside.

88

ARIZONA

Gacree Mifflncf (30

'§

f^g

FANCY PATENT.

EXTRA FAMILY.

SUPERFINE.

TM PROVED facilities are the true indices of progress, and the most intelligent manifestation of the

onward march of civilization. Evidences of enterprise by a community, in projecting modern improvements and carrying them out to accomplishment, are the best criterions by which to estimate the enterprise of its citizens and their appreciation of the modern ideas of progress, and the clearest proofs that they are not mere fossils of the past, clogs on the wheels of progress but keenly alive to all enterprises that promise to inure to the public welfare and their city's reputation.

The Eagle Milling Co.'s flouring mill of Tucson is one of the pioneer institutions of the Territory. Like many of the early enterprises of Arizona, it had its origin in a modest way, from which, by gradual but continuous additions, has developed into one of the leading, if not the very foremost, of our milling plants, and one of which Pima County should be proud.

The mills and main warehouses of this establishment, are located on Main street, between McCormick and Simpson streets, in the City of Tucson. They occupy a frontage, on Main street, of two hundred and ninety-five feet. The mill was built by James Lee and Wm. F. Scott two pioneers of this Territory in 1872. The capacity of the mill then was 30 barrels per day, but, under the present management the output has increased to over one hundred barrels per day.

The Company are the sole manufacturers of the Patent, Extra Family and Superfine Brands of flour shown by our cuts on this page. They have a large trade with Sonora, Mexico, and all of Southern Arizona. Their business has increased to such dimensions that four storehouses are necessary at the mills, and one large warehouse has been erected at the Southern Pacific Railroad depot.

The gentlemen comprising this firm are all well-known business men. Mr. A. Goldschmidt is President, George Shand, Vice-President, and Leo Goldschmidt, Treasurer and General Manager. Mr. Goldschmidt's public spirit has been manifested in every possible way, and he is always among the foremost to promote any enterprise looking to the public welfare and the advancement of the city. As a business man, his successful career and untarnished reputation are too widely known and recognized to require comment. His works, enterprise and general usefulness speak for him in terms sufficiently strong and convincing, and entitle him to the fullest esteem and consideration of this community.

A R I 2:0 N A

89

"pOREMOST among the establishments which have led the march of progress and prosperity in Tucson, . is the mammoth wholesale and retail grocery house of A. Goldschmidt & Co. The people of Tucson are

justly proud of such houses, which have flourished and grown up within her limits, from comparatively insignifi- cant beginnings, to such proportions, whose successes have been concomitants of the city's development, and whose members have exhibited such intelligence and progressiveness as to make their establishments such as would do credit to much larger cities.

This firm was established in the year 1882, and has enjoyed its share of the public patronage ever since. They do a business of over $200,000 a year, and do a large wholesale trade with the more northerly States of Mexico. Recently they have been compelled to enlarget heir stores, which are now located on Congress street, near Main, Their new department consists of a large store, 45x60 feet. They also have two large warehouses, located at the Southern Pacific depot, where they receive goods by carload lots. Few men would have had sufficient perseverance to engage in business at the time when these enterprising gentlemen began. Success has, however crowned their efforts, and to-day, their establishment occupies a high position as one of the leading industrial institutions of the Southwest. This firm, undoubtedly,

has a future before it that will give it rank as one unexcelled by any other concern in Arizona and one which

the most exacting and fastidious could look upon only with pride.

A. GOLDSCHMIDT.

<aKn7ona Rafloaaf S^an^ of ©Jucx*>or2.

"pROM 1840 to 1864 all banking institutions in this country w^ere chartered by States. The development of the resources, increase in their natural products and the demand of our commercial and manufacturing interests, bringing about a system of exchange, showed the State system to be crude and slow, and necessitated an improvement in facilities and a uniformity in the banking operations of the country. To this end the National Banking System was enacted in 1864 and in the opinion of financiers of great experience and marked ability, it is a decided improvement on the old system of this country and of Europe. The National Banks invest one-fourth of their capital in the bonds of the National Government, and by a deposit of these in the United States Treasury are authorized to issue notes for circulation.

The demand for more extended banking facilities is but another evidence of the fact that the commercial prosperity of Tucson is greater than ever before in the history of the city. To meet this demand, a new bank has been organized under the name of "The Arizona National Bank of Tucson," with a capital of fifty thousand dollars, and the following well-known business men as its oflicers : B. M. Jacobs, President; Samuel Hughes, Vice-President; and M. P. Freeman, Cashier. B. M. Jacobs, S. M. Franklin, Samuel Hughes, L. M. Jacobs, and Geo. Pusch, Directors. The policy of this bank will be conducted on liberal lines, but always within those lines which mark the boundary of safety for the bank and its patrons. It will be enterprising always, but never reckless. It will, thus, wield a great influence on the finances of this section, an influence of a healthy, beneficial and generous character, — so far as consistent, of course, with wise and prudent management.

The officers of this banking institution are too widely known throughout the Territory to need any special introduction to the public. Their pergonnel and reputations are sufficient guarantee to the public of the success of the new institution.

90

ARIZONA.

n^HE importance of the harness trade, and the articles connected therewith, cannot be overestimated especially in Arizona, so closely is it identified with all the industries carried on there. It becomes

virtually a necessity, without which those industries would not be carried on — at least with any appreciable measure of success.

An excellent example of a prosperous and successful business of this sort, carried on with a just appreciation of what is suited to the country, is that conducted by Mr. F. J. Villaescusa, whose establislimeut is located at 251 Meyer street. As a manufacturer of fine harness, this gentleman has attained an enviable reputation, by reason of the uniform reliability, elegant finish, and substantial nature of the various articles turned out by him. He has always on hand a full and complete stock of harness saddles, bridles, spurs, bits, road carts and shoemakers supplies, etc. As a manufacturer of saddles, bridles, harness, etc., and dealer in saddlery leather, Mr. Villaes- cusa enjoys a flourishing and extensive trade. He has resided in Tucson for the past 12 years, and has been engaged in his present business since 1881. He "is one of the finest workmen in the Territory, and has attained an honorable position among the business men of this commu- nity. He has, in course of erection, a large brick front store, on the corner of Jackson and Meyer streets, which he will occupy when finished. The manner in which his business is conducted, is an indisputable evidence of the skill and enterprise of its proprietor, and his removal to larger quarters is a standing guarantee of increasing usefulness and prosperity.

F. J. VILLAESCUS.V.

TDEAS and customs which satisfied the tastes and requirements of a century ago would appear incongruous

in these daj'S of progress and enlightenment. Vast changes have taken place, and phenomenal improve- ments have been made. The heroic colonist of 1785, were he to be suddenly resurrected and placed in one of our metropolitan centres, would be as much dazed as was Rip Van Winkle, when awakening from his sleep in the Catskills.

In no one feature is this change more pronounced than in the Hotel system of to-day. A quarter of a century even, has wrought wondrous changes for the better. There is as much similarity between an Arizona hotel of 1850 and one of 1890, as between an adobe hacienda and a palatial residence. Tucson, which, in all important features keeps pace with modern progress, is more than ordinarily well equipped Avith hotels, ani among them not one holds a higher rank than the Cosmopolitan. In some features it is the very first. Founded in 1870, it has always occupied a high position in the consideration of the travelling public, equal to any similar establishment in the Southwest, reflecting credit not only upon the management but upon the reputation of the city as well. In 1887, Mr. Samuel Katzenstein assumed the proprietorship and he has, by introducing all modern improvements, methods and conveniences, brought it up to its present excellence. The Dining-room of this House is 50x20 and affords ample accommodation for 100 people. The house itself is 150x150 and two stories high, and contains 40 large and airy rooms, with 15 foot ceiling, and can accommo- date over 100 people. The parlors are lighted by gas, and water is laid on every floor.

Mr. Katzenstein was born in Baltimore, Md., and has resided in Arizona for 14 years. He is an experi- enced hotel man, having kept large hotels in Denver, Col., and in other places. He takes great pleasure and pride in providing everything for the comfort of his guests.

The Cosmopolitan is officered, from host down, by considerate, genial gentlemen, who never neglect the comfort of guests, but are always promoting their ease and enjoyment, solicitous, not only for the reputation of the house, but of the city.

ARIZONA.

91

eKrlyoQa ©aiPtj an.(\ ©Y^eeftfy "(sitlzea.

)}

A HISTORY of Arizona, without at least a passing notice of one of its most potential factors, the Daily

and Weekly Citizen, would be like presenting the play of Hamlet with Hamlet left out. The Citizen

is in its twenty-second year of existence, and is the oldest publication in the Territory. In its more than

two decades of life it has recorded the changes, the ebb and How, the ills that beset, the prosperity, the

political, financial and social advancement of the •Territory as in a looking glass. The files of the Citizen are a faithful record of twenty-two years of a checkered Territorial existence. The Citizen has watched the growth of Arizona, step by step, even under the ban and the shadow of the Apache's knife. It has recorded the passing events from the cradle of the Territory. Her mineral resources have been made known, her agricultural wealth developed, her hillsides have been dotted with countless herds and flocks, towns have sprung np in waste places, cities have grown as if by the magic of Aladdin, the hum and bustle and activity of life are heard in place of the lonely cry of the vaquero; and, literally, "the desert has been made to blossom as the rose" since the day the Citizen was born.

In all these years the Citizen has followed the

one consistent course of legitimate journalism. It has

labored in the public vineyard for the common good and has found reward, if not in great riches, in the

confidence and respect of the entire community. It has worked at all times with an eye single to the

Territory's interests and has lost no opportunity to champion her cause at home and abroad.

Politically the Citizen is Republican. It was born in a Republican cradle and swaddled in Republican clothes. Granting to honest men of opposite opinions the same honesty of faith which it claims for itself it has consistently fought the good fight on many a battlefield and has kept the faith.

The motto of the Citizen is "In business, newsy; in politics, Republican." Its establishment at Tucson is the most complete in all points of equipment in the Territory. The job department and the book bindery turn out work not excelled this side of St. Louis. Its telegraphic service is furnished by the Associated Press — the largest, most complete and most powerful news-gathering agency in the world. In view of these facts, and the fair and equitable treatment which the Citizen has at all times accorded all sections, the business of the office is constantly on the increase, and the paper ranks, to-day, not only the first paper of the Territory but of the entire southwestern section. The Citizen is managed by Herbert Brown and edited by W. L. Vail.

OFFICE OF " ARIZONA CITIZEN.'

UucAon (Syax^ (Bo.

"Y^THILE all improvements, doubtless, reflect credit on the community in wniph they are introduced, ' how much individual credit is due to those who first established such improvements in that commu- nity. It was not till 1882, that this important improvement of introducing gas into Tucson, was put in successful operation. The plant occupies two blocks at the foot of Meyer street. The capacity of their machinery is 50,000 cubic feet per^ay. Their actual production is not quite so much. They have about three miles of mains, running through the principal streets of the city. Fifty public lights, on the streets, are sufficient to illuminate the entire business and residence portions.

The officers are, W. F. Overton, President and Treasurer ; and H. E. Lacy, Secretary ; both these gentlemen are too well known in this Territory to need any formal introduction. They are public spirited, and enterprising citizens, willing to lend a helping hand to any enterprise for the city's good.

92 ARIZONA.

iJrarijC MiPfer^Serg, (iif^ Baften/, ©yKofex«>aPe al^tj S^etaiP ©eaPer

In i)tapPe al^ti iJancv (^aniliex«>.

npHE manufacture of candy, in its modern development, bears the distinctive marks of French ingenuity and invention. In no other country does the preparation of sugar, as a luxury, offer a livelihood to so many persons, and afford a field for so much ingenuity and artistic execution.

In Tucson, the trade in confectionery is carried on extensively, and, in the past few years, important advances have been made by the establishment of a concern which deals solely in the finer grades of confectionery, only manufacturing stock from the purest and most wholesome ingredients. This is the flourishing concern of Mr. Frank Miltenberg. He has been in Arizona for the last 12 years. Born in Germany, he came to this country to grow up with it. He started in business here in 1880, on a small scale, and, by prudence and enterprise, has built up his business to such magnitude that now it stands second to none in the city. He carries a stock of over $3,000. His store is at 209 Meyer street, and is 75x30 feet. His bakery is at 418 Convent street, and is 190x100 feet. Here he also carries a large stock. He is a prominent member of the City Council, and being a young man (only 35) and thus far advanced in successful business, it may be safely predicted that he will continue his successful career as he has begun it, and take a foremost place, not only in Tucson, but in the Territory.

TDEOPLE who travel about with their families in search of a pleasant climate and comfortable quarters, often desire, when coming into a city, to find a hotel where they can secure quiet accommodations and that freedom which they cannot find at the hotels which the general public frequent. Those who seek for that kind of accommodation in Tucson need go no farther than to that pleasant hostelry which is presided over by Mrs. A. C. Orndorf. This house is located on Church street, opposite the Tucson Star office, in the most pleasant and quietest part of the city, and conveniently close to all business, as well as to the Court- house and Land Office. The accommodation consists of rooms for about sixty guests, with large sample room for commercial men. Water, gas and all modern improvements are furnished throughout and the attendance is first class. Families receive special attention.

The house was opened in 1889, and the fact that it has been in full blast ever since is sufficient guarantee that the management is giving every satisfaction.

Mrs. Orndorf is a lady of experience and much business ability, and is pleasant and obliging to a degree; so that all who come to Tucson and desire a neat, clean, homelike hotel will do well to call upon this very agreeable hostess. A free 'bus meets all trains and the traveling public cannot do better than patronize this house.

€{Iant pocjosler (©o.

T^YNAMITE, or giant powder, is one and the same substance, the former being the European, and the ■^^ latter the American fiame applied to it.

The Giant Powder Company, who acquired their patents from Alfred Noble, the European inventor, introduced Dynamite into the United States under the designation of Giant Powder, hence the name by which it is here more generally known. This company having so obtained their patents from the inventor, and being the exclusive holders of the same, all nitro-glycerine compounds, other than those made by them, must necessarily be mere imitations of the original. Being the first to introduce these compounds into this country, now twenty years ago, and having been engaged in their manufacture ever since, the Giant Powder Company, through their long experience in the business having rendered them familiar with the qualities of the article and the wants of the consumers, and through a constant intercourse kept up with the European manufacturers of dynamite, and with the original inventor, have been able to bring this powder to the highest possible state of perfection. The possession of such superior advantages insures to the products of this

ARIZONA

93

Company all the properties most desirable in a high explosive, as is amply attested by their extensive use, and steadily growing popularity. They are everywhere recognized as the standard, this company having received the first premium for the excellence of their powder wherever they have competed for the same.

The value of a nitro-glycerine powder, is regulated by the amount of nitro-glycerine it contains, and by a skillful manipulation of the materials that absorb the oil. Their powder never being deficient in this essential ingredient, and the company having been careful to comply with this other requirement, stand to-day, as they alwa^'s have stood, unrivalled in the market.

Their agent in the City of Tucson is Mr. Thomas Wilson, who also handles the Judson Powder Company's powders, caps, and fuse, and the Judson Powder for blasting and mining purposes. He has always on hand a large stock of the powders, etc., of both companies. The office of this Agency is with the Tucson Lumber Company, on Fifth Avenue, between Tenth and Eleventh streets.

alToQ. ^. oK. ^af)r'ifb}^'\e

S a native of New Jersey, but afterwards became a resident of New York state. He received a collegiate ~ education in Columbia College of New York City, which was subsequently followed by a military course

at the academy at West Point. He was in the war of the rebellion, and did good service in it, which merited for him the appointment of Assistant Adjutant-General for the Western Districts. After the close of the war he went to Texas, where he became prominent in the politics of that state. He was three times elected District Attorney for the Western District, and was one of the Republi. can commission from Texas to Washington, in 1869, to urge President Grant to recogriize the Hamilton Republicans of that state. He was appointed by President Arthur to the office of United States Attorney for Arizona, a position which he filled wdth honor, efficiency, and to the approval of both the people and the government. He now has a well, earned reputation among his associates in all courts of law, as well as a high standing in the community in which he lives. Col. Zabriskie is attorney for a number of large corporations, and in political life has taken an active and trusted position, having been several times Chairman of the Republican Central Com- mittee of Pima County. He was for five consecutive terms Grand Orator of the Masonic fraternity, and has delivered numerous addresses on questions of vital importance to the public. The Colonel has taken active part in all the political campaigns of

the past ten years, and his reputation as a stump speaker is well known all over.the coast. As a lecturer

and ready orator he stands among the first.

HON. J. A. ZABRISKIE.

©Ifte dior^AoPii-atei. Uafionaf ^arj^ of ©lucx^oa.

THANKING may be regarded as the practical ajjplication of the principles of the science of Political

Economy, which furnishes, when needed, the sinews of trade, and indirectly prevents prodigality. A

combine<l system of l>ankir)g, whicli includes the ordinary style of receiving, loaning, or discounting money,

with the modern savings system, seems to more fully meet or carry out the principles of Political PZconomy

than any other system. For character and solvency the financial institutions of Tucson will compare favor-

94 ARIZONA.

ably with similar institutions in any city in the country ; and their prosperity may be safely taken as an unerring index to the general condition of our affairs. Viewed from this standpoint, the city is, at the present time, in a very solvent condition and its future has never appeared more assured.

The Consolidated National Bank began operations under its present name on April 16, 1890, succeeding the Consolidated Bank of Tucson, which was started in 1883. It has a capital stock of 150,000. The following well-known gentlemen are its oflicers: David Henderson, President; H. B. Tenny, Cashier; H. E. Lacy, Vice- President; E. W. Graves, Ass't-Cashier. Directors: Daniel Meyer, San Francisco, Cal.; Frank Allison, of G. Allison it Son, Wholesale Grocers, Tucson; H. E. Lacy, chairman board of County Supervisors, and manager Tucson Gas Company. The following is the statement of the condition of the Bank to October 2, 1890.-

assets:

Loans and Discounts $ 43,591 16

Bank Building 8,000 00

United States Bonds 13,018 75

Expenses Paid 2,724 94

CASH resources:

Territorial, County and City Warrants $63,692 06

Due from other Banks 21,799 64

Due from U. S. Treasurer 562 50

Cash on Hand 32,840 85 118,895 05

$186,229 90 liabilities:

Capital Stock Paid in $' 50,000 00

Undivided Profits 8,359 84

Circulation 11,250 00

Deposits : 121,620 06

$186,229 90

The Bank owns the block in which it is situated, and it is one of the largest and best business blocks in the city.

Such being the status of the Consolidated National Bank of Tucson, it must be quite apparent that no similar institution in the city is exerting a more potent influence for good, or is aiding more effectually the advancement of the general welfare of the city. Under the direction of its able management, composed as it is, of gentlemen yet in the heyday of their usefulness, it is, doubtless, destined to a prolonged and honorable career of prosperity.

'npHE consumption of spirituous liijuors both as a beverage, medicinally and in the mechanical arts, is so vast and widespread that the traffic necessarily involves an immense amount of capital, and cuts quite a figure in the markets of the world.

One house in the city of Tucson engaged in this business is a monument and proof of the progress made by the enterprising proprietor. This concern is known as " The Club Liquor & Cigar House." Mr. Julius Goldbaum, who is the sole proprietor, lias ret^ided in this country for over fourteen years and has therefore learned exactly what the people require in his line. He has on hand constantly all of the choicest brands of Wines, Liquors, Cigars and Smoking Tobacco to be found in the known world. He also carries the finest line of Meerschaum goods and Cutlery to be found in the city. Mr. Goldbaum is the sole importer in this city of the genuine Baccanorra Mescal, which has a widespread reputation throughout this coast.

He started his business in 1886, and by careful attention to his patrons and close application to his business, it has increased until now it ranks as the first of its particular kind in the city. Mr. Goldbaum is also very much interested in public affairs and, having a genial, courteous and affable manner, his friends are legion.

AR I ZO M A.

95

Manning ^ (Bur\^, (3omrr\'\&6\on ^roiCerxi), Qfc.

'npHE importance of the Commission Agent, in the transaction of business, is thoroughly understood by every intelligent, wide-awake man in the Nineteenth Century. No other medium is so capable of establishing the most intimate relations between the seller and buyer — no matter how utter strangers the parties may be to each other, or how widely separated by distance, and no other medium labors so assiduously to promote their respective interests by conferring upon both parties alike, special advantages, otherwise unattainable. He is the mutual friend and advisor, or go-between, that may be relied upon implicitly, and in no branch of business have his services been sought to a greater extent, and^with more gratifying results,

than in matters pertaining to real estate. The firm of Manning & Oury, of Tucson, is one of many engaged in this occupation, who can be recommended to the public at large as eminently qualified, and thoroughly reliable. The offices of this enterprising firm are located at No. 10 Congress street, near the Consolidated National Bank, of Tucson. The individual members of the firm are L. H. Manning and F. W. Oury. They have large and com- modious offices, and employ none but the most competent clerks. Their experience, comprehensive knowledge of the real estate and land business, in every detail, and their extensive facilities for safely conducting it, in all its various branches, together with their wide acquaintance with capitalists and large land operators, give them decided advantages over the ma- jority of land agents, and enable them to give a guarantee of the most perfect satisfaction in the transacting of all business en- trusted to their charge.

They buy, sell, exchange, lease and rent farms, ranches, and im- proved, or unimproved, lands of all descriptions. They make a specialty of looking after the interests of non-resident property-owners, with the same watchful care which they exercise over their own property. In the city department, they give special attention to the exchange of real estate, renting and collecting rents, keeping property in repair, insuring, paying of taxes, etc., and make good bargains for their customers in all kinds of agricultural lands. Enterprising and skillful operators, keeping abreast with the progressive age, in stock-raising, mining and investment of capital, the firm of Manning & Oury commends itself to the public, as one from whom the most liberal treatment may be expected.

96

ARIZONA.

Is. ^ecjCer^sLor^' ^ (©o.

A. STKINFELD.

OHAKESPEARE, when speaking of mercantile probity, does so in terms of high approval, as, for example,

in the case of Antonio in " The Merchant of Venice." It is, in fact, from the character of the honorable,

upright, liberal and generous characters, such as was that of Bassanio's friend, that we have derived the term

"Merchant Prince," an appellation not always aptly applied in modern- times, as it is often bestowed on

men distinguished only for powers of mere money-getting Something more and something higher than this faculty is necessary to constitute your real merchant prince. There must be no suspicion of meanness, but, on the contrary, a generous and unselfish, even self-sacrificing, regard for the well-being of the community in the character to render it perfect. Without llattery, there is to be found in Tucson a gentleman who possesses, in an eminent degree, the qualifi- cations mentioned, The reference is to Mr. Albert Steinfeld, of the firm of L. Zeckendorf & Co., who has been the resident partner in Tucson for the last twenty years.

The firm consists of two members, Mr. Louis Zeckendorf, who resides in the city of New York and conducts the business there, and Mr. Albert Steinfeld, of Tucson, who has the entire business here under his supervision. Their establishment in Tucson is located on the corners of Pen- nington and Main streets, and comprise two large stores, one 85x188 feet, one-story and basement, where they store their general merchandise, and the other, 65x150 feet, wherein is kept their large stock of furniture, carpets and wall paper. Besides these two very extensive structures, the firm possesses an immense warehouse which is equally as large as the main store. This building is situated between the depot and the shops of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, the freight being delivered from the train directly into the warehouse. An idea of the magnitude of the business carried on can be gathered from the fact that two hundred and seventy-five carloads of merchandise were delivered and unloaded during 1889, averaging over one carload per day.

In addition to their other business, the firm buys and sells hides of all kinds, and transacts a general banking business. They also handle beers from the most celebrated breweries in the world, principally that of the celebrated Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association, and those from the equally celebrated brewing establishment of Philip Best and Val Blatz of Milwaukee. L. Zeckendorf & Co. are the sole agents for those beers for Arizona.

The firm also sold, last year, one million Vanity Fair cigarettes, three hundred thousand Duke's Cameo cigarettes, and one hundred thousand of the Lone Jack brand. Flour is also handled by them in a very large way, two million pounds having been disposed of by them during the year 1889. They disposed of fifty carloads of sugar during the same year. During the same period the ham, bacon and lard sold by this firm amounted to forty carloads. Cigars, of which they keep all the leading brands, are sold strictly at wholesale. Since a year they have been the sole agents for Arizona of the Manitau Mineral Waters, and get that commodity also by the carload.

The drug department is very complete, the firm being the sole agents for the Territory of the J. C. Ayers Company, whose medicines are known all over the world.

L. Zeckendorf & Co. have not been neglectful of the needs of the Territory, and the large line of improved ranching machinery they carry, is another proof of how carefully they keep pace with the times. Barbed wire is another article of great importance to the rancher, and the firm receives it direct from the factories in the East, in solid carload lots. Another article which is received by this firm in the same way is wagons, both for the road and the ranch ; also dog-carts and carriages. This is a growing branch of their business. and the yearly sales amount up to very respectable figures.

Every merchant throughout the Territory is acquainted with the large wholesale dry goods department, for it is the great depot from which all the dealers draw their supplies. The department carries a stock of

ARIZONA. 97

staple dry goods, such as calicos, white goods, ginghams, denims, flannels, dress goods, hosiery, underwear, blankets, overalls, small wares, notions, etc. Here the house comes into direct competition with the largest jobbing houses of the East and the Pacific Coast, and from the fact that they buy all of their goods in New York, paying the very same prices as the other jobbing houses, be they located in Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City or San Francisco, they can not only successfully compete, but with their better knowledge of the wants of the local trade, can supply them with a better line of goods, at prices equal to those prevailing at any of the markets above mentioned.

It is a matter of pride to the firm, that, notwithstanding the increased competition, and the constant cutting down of prices and profits, this department has more than held its own, as shown by the greater amount of goods sold esfbh succeeding season.

The dry goods and fancy goods retail department of L. Zeckendorf & Co. is the pride of the house, and the rich and varied assortment of goods displayed compare favorably with any of the stocks of the large retail houses East.

Here, again, the advantage of having a house established in New York is shown by the extremely moderate prices charged.

The fact that L. Zeckendorf & Co. are enabled to maintain so large a stock in their furniture department is an indication that the citizens of the Territory are not behind the times in their tastes in this direction. This department carries a complete assortment of household furniture, being in a position to furnish a house from the kitchen to the drawing room, besides furnishing the newest designs in wall papers, carpets, window shades and house decorations generally. A special branch of this department is in the taking of contracts f'>r the fitting up of hotels and public buildings of all kinds in the most modern and improved style.

There are at present over one hundred people employed by this firm in and about their stores here, and, during some seasons, when spring goods are sold to the many mining camps in the vicinity, the number of those employed is greatly increased, as carload lots are then handled.

The firm was established in the year 1868 and is one of the pioneer houses as well as the largest mercantile firm in the Territory.

There is often more true ability, more of the qualities of true statesmanship and executive skill found in the leaders of commercial enterprise, in the practical solution of transportational problems and in the timely application of correct theories of trade, than can be found in the halls of Legislation. The true American Statesmen, of broad views and of successful measuces, are the leading merchants, the architects, founders and heads of our leading commercial establishments. Such are the members of this firm, who, being yet in the prime of vigorous manhood, have made a rare record of business success, and gained a position second to none among the kings of commerce in their State and city, and who furnish an encouraging example to those who are but entering on the struggle of life. The history of the conmiercial activity of Arizona has produced but few examples of success, so marked and substantial, as is furnished by the firm of Messrs. L. Zeckendorf & Co., and among the enterprises representing the vigor and life of Arizona, this is one of the most distinctive and characteristic.

' I ''HE immense dry goods- establishment of I. Frank & Co. has been closely identified with the interests of the city of Tucson ever since it commenced business. Tucson possesses many business firms which would be a credit to much larger cities, but none of them have been conducted with more energy, perseverance and determination to meet the demands of the people, and to maintain the highest rank in commercial circles than has the one we have mentioned. The firm is one which has had a vast experience in the frontier trade. It is a corporation, having been incorporated in 1886. Mr. William Zeckendorf, of Tucson, is the general manager. A general dry goods business is conducted, both wholesale and retail, and the firm carries one of the best lines of boots and shoes to be found in the Southwest. Their trade is largely with the town of Sonera, Mexico, but they also carry on a general trade, of very large proportions, with all parts of the Territory. They, consequently, carry one of the largest stocks of any firm in the Southwest.

One of the guarantees to the public that they can procure at this business house exactly what they require is that Mr. William Zeckendorf is the general buyer and is well acquainted with the wants of the people of this part of the country. The fact that he is known to be an upright man is an assurance that he places before his many customers nothing but the best quality of goods to be found in the East, where he goes every

98 ARIZONA.

year and personally superintends the buying of all goods to be sent to Tucson. As he also buys for cash, he is therefore enabled to give his patrons a much better price on goods than most of the firms of the city. This firm also carries all kinds of miners' outfits, and deal in all kinds of dry goods and articles generally needed by the people of this section. Mr. Zeckendorf was born in Germany and came to this Territory over tvyenty years ago, and engaged in business here. He has been an active member of the business community ever since. He is a public-spirited man and takes a lively interest in any public undertaking which he thinks will benefit the people of his city and the surrounding country. He has been a member of the Legislature, and now is an authority on all political issues. Although he is a Democrat, a Republican Administration has appointed him one of the Commissioners of the World's Fair to be held in 1893. Thus it is in politics as in business, he was found to be the right man, and he now occupies the right place as one of the leading merchants of the great Southwest. Besides his private mercantile business, Mr. Zeckendorf is largely interested in lands and canals of a public character in Graham and Pima counties, and in different mining plants, throughout the Territory. He is a man of sterling qualities, and if all the citizens of Arizona were as earnest for the good and welfare of the Territory, it would soon stand, as it deserves to stand, in the foremost places not only among the Territories, but among the States of the Union.

Gf poforqa Mining al^b ^met-fer (30. o? (Arizona.

/^LD Spanish history affords many illustrations of how fickle people were. Dame Fortune is even more ^^ fickle. The traditions of the old Jesuits having worked rich mines in the vicinity of Tucson, have led many a poor old prospector over the dry hills and mountains, in search of the lost diggings. Sometime since, Joseph Goldtree, of Tucson, had a claim in what is known as the Salero District. This he sold, not deeming it worth working. Lately, a New York Company, represented by Col. John Weir and W. W. Trask, bought this and other claims near by. These gentlemen started a new way to mine. They began where the prospectors left off. They profited by their experience. Putting on a force of men, they soon had the property in a fair way of development. A mill and concentration plant was erected at a distance from the mine of about nine miles, on the line of the Arizona & Sonora Railroad, in the Sonoita Valley, where the Railroad Company have built side tracks, fences, etc., and where a town is now started, called El Poloma. The offices of this Mining Company will be located at this point. The Company have just finished surveys, etc., for a tramway to be erected from the mine to the mill, and the parties to whom the contract is let, agree to transport ore from the mines to the mill at a cost of 60 cents per ton. Heretofore it has cost .f.5.00perton to haul it over the wagon road. Thus the Company will be enabled to ship out all low grade ore at a rate which will pay them to concentrate it for shipment. They now are using the new jigging process for treating low grade ores, and they put about 3 tons of crude ore into one ton of concentrated, and are working all ore that otherwise would not pay to ship. The mill has a capacity of 50 tons per day. There are over 3,000 tons of ore on the dump at present, and about 20 men employed. It is the intention to increase this force to 50 hands, upon the return of Mr. Trask, who is on his way to New York and London. A large 800 horse- power engine is to be erected at the mine to hoist ore out of two 150 foot shafts, and, at the same time, run the tramway slide. This Company have 25 claims near each other, and all show a good grade of ore. The main mine has a showing 23 inches wide, at a depth of 150 feet, averaging 40 per cent of lead and 60 ounces of silver. The camp is well equipped. Large stores have been built at the mines, and are well stocked with such goods as are generally needed in a camp. A large train of 100 burros is engaged packing goods and supplies from the railroad station to the mines. Col. Weir will reside at El Poloma, and Mr. Trask in New York City. These gentlemen have not made public the extent of these mines, nor their richness, because they are not for sale. They intend to show the people what enterprise and grit can accomplish, with both high and low grade ores. Salero is about 60 miles south of the city of Tucson, and is at the south pass of the Santa Rita mountains, at an altitude of about the highest camp in Southern Arizona. With a mild climate, and good spring water, all are sure to have good health there. The camp is about 10 miles from the old city of Tubac, and the same distance from the famous Calabassas. Mr. Trask states that the output of the mines was three times as much as he dreamed of, and, with only the present force in the mill, they ship one car- load per day of concentrates.

The mines are at an elevation of 1,600 feet above the mill, and at the base of the famous peak, "Old Baldy," whose brow is covered during three-fourths of the year with ice and snow, that shines out in the sunlight like so much silver.

ARIZONA.

99

(J. I). Man-AfefiL, pioneer n,ecox*>c}eafer of ©Krlzor^a.

[Established 1870.]

TT is needless to estimate the importance of the Book and Stationery trade, as that has long since been -*- recognized, as it is positively indispensable to the development of a country, commercially, socially and

intellectually; and the character of an establishment such as heads this article, decides, to a very large extent, the intellectual status of the community in which it exists. The city of Tucson has certainly cause for congratulation, that there is found in it. one of the finest Book and Stationery establishments in the Territory — the well known house of J. S. Mansfeld. Mr. Mansfeld, who is sole proprietor of the establishment, commenced business in 1870, and is therefore "the Pioneer," having himself sold the first newspaper in the Territory. He has built up a prosperous trade. In point of fact it is the largest of the kind in the Territory.

The premises occupied are extensive and commodious, consisting of a large brick store, 40x60 feet. The stock, which is varied and complete, consists of books of all kinds, elegant stationery, pictures, engravings, toys, fancy goodsi cigars and cutlery, a full line of which is kept constantly on hand. He is one of the most careful purchasers, and, there- fore, his stock is one which a library can confidently select from.

Mr. Mansfeld has been in business for the past twenty years, and is known throughout the Territory as one of the best business men in mercantile circles.

Large orders are filled from customers who reside in Mexico, but who cannot procure there the goods they desire. Mr. Mansfeld has served as one of the Board of Regents, has been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors and City Councilman. He was also for six years President of the Public Library and is now a School Trustee. Such men as he are bound to achieve fame and prosperity for they deserve it.

J. S. MANSFELD.

)f. ^oibef)fi'/b eJ\cailem^,

As the social and moral qualities of men and women are known by the company they keep, so the charac- "^^ ter and merits of a cit}' are readily gauged by the character of its schools. This Institution, directed by the Sisters of St. Joseph, is, in this respect, an honor and a credit to the city o£ Tucson. It offers to young 'ladies and children all the advantages of a thorough English and Spanish education. The Academy buildings are the most spacious and commodious of school buildings to be found in the Territory. They are fitted up with all the modern improvements conducive to the health, happiness and comfort of the pupils. The Sisters who conduct the estaVjlishment consider themselves in conscience bound to respond to the confidence which parents and guardians jilace in them by giving their pupils a Christian and virtuous education; cultivating their manners and giving them all the mental, moral and physical care that they could receive under the paternal roof.

Though the institution is a Catholic one, yet members from every denomination are received from all parts of the country. For the maintenance of order, all the pupils are required to observe the regulations adopted for their improvement.

The Course of Instruction embraces Christian Doctrine, Orthography, Reading, Writing, Grammar, Composition, Arithmetic, Book-keeping, Algebra and Geometry, Modern and Physical Geography, with use of the Globes, Astronomy, History and Biography, Rhetoric, Literature, Natural Philosophy and Botany, French and Spanish; Music on the Piano, Guitar and Violin, Drawing and Painting in Oil and Water colors Plain and Ornamental Needle work, and all kinds of Fancy work, Calisthenics, etc.

This Academy was started some twenty-two years ago and has maintained itself and its high reputation ever since.

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ARIZONA.

Sister Superior Jaines Stanislaus is in charge of the School, which now numbers over one hundred pupils. The Academic Year is divided into two Sessions of five months each. The first session commences on the first Monday in September and ends on the last day of January. The second session commences on the first day of February and ends the last week of June.

Besides occasional partial examinations during the year, general examinations take place towards the close of each session. That in June is followed by the distribution of premiums consisting of gold and silver medals, and a musical and dramatic performance.

Pupils are received at any time and charged from date of entrance. No deduction will be made for absence (except in case of protracted illness), nor when pupils are withdrawn before the expiration of a session.

References are required from strangers who desire to place their daughters or wards in the Institution. Pupils should be supplied with suflBcient clothing for the time they remain at the Institution. Terms per session (in advance):

Board and Tuition, including bed and bedding $ 100 00

Washing and mending 1.5 00

Piano and use of Instrument 25 00

Guitar and use of Instrument 25 00

French 15 00

Drawing and Painting 25 00

Violin 25 00

Needle and Fancy work are taught free of charge. All letters of inquiry are to be addressed to the Superioress, St. Joseph's Academy, from whom all additional information can be had on appUcation.

iiWhi

^tar."

'TpHE Arizona Daily and Weekly Star, published in Tucson, Arizona, -*- was established in 1877 by L. C. Hughes, its present editor and proprietor. The Star was the first democratic journal established in the Territory, and soon after its birth followed the permanent organization of the democratic party, which is firmly entrenched for all future time in Arizona; ancj The Star justly claims a large share of credit in directing and molding that public opinion which has given this result. The Star has always and continues to be a bold exponent of those principles which it believes tends to the advancement, prosperity, happiness and welfare of the people. From its first issue it declared that the true policy of the ^^ettlement of the vexed Indian problem would* find its solution in the removal of all turbulent Indians to some point far removed from their old hunting grounds. For five years The Star stood alone for this policy, and not until it was adopted and carried out by General Nelson A. Miles in the removal of the " Chiricahua Apaches" to Florida, was peace permanently established in Arizona. The Star has signalized itself by ever standing on the side of law, order and morality, and declares against vice in its every form, and boldly advocates the pulverization of the rum power. No journal exercises a greater influence for good in the Territory — and its large circulation and generous support accorded it, indicates that its bold outspoken^policy for the right, is in touch with the hearts of the people, and what more could the most ambitious journal hope or wish for ?

L. C. Hughes, the proprietor of The Star, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 15; 1842; was left an orphan at the tender age of two years; was kept on a farm for several years and thereafter learned the machinist trade in Pittsburg. At the breaking out of the war enlisted in Company A, 101st Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers; served two years of hard active service; was discharged on account of disability, and after partial recovery joined Knapp's Pittsburg Battery. At close of war returned to his trade; attended night school in Pittsburg, where he prepared himself for college which he attended in Meadville, Pa., after which he read law with the firm of Derickson & Brawley of that city. On account of failing health as the

OFFICE OF "TIIi: STAU.'

ARIZONA.

101

result of service in the war and hard study, was advised by his physician to seek a mild climate, which resulted in his locating in Tucson, Arizona, his present home, in 1871, where he resumed the practice of the law with well merited success. Mr. Hughes served two terms as District Attorney, two terms as Probate Judge and ex-ofRcio Superintendent of Public Schools of Pima County, and was appointed Attorney- General in 1875, vice General J. E. McCaffry, resigned. He has also served as member of the School Board and of the City Council, and durifig the last four years has been U. S. Commissioner. In 1877 Mr. Hughes established the Weekly Star and in 1880 the Daily — giving up a lucrative law practice for that of journalism. The Star is pronounced on every public question and the force and individuality of its editor leaves no room for doubt where he stands on all questions of public concern. The Star is admitted to be a strong factor in moulding public sentiment. Mr. Hughes is ably assisted by his most talented and noble wife, Mrs. E. J. Hughes, who is known as the mother of the public schools in Arizona, as she opened the first public school for girls in the Territory in 1872. She is now the Territorial President of the Women's Christian Temperance Union and contributing to the press on the subjects in which this band of Christian workers are engaged.

^^ot's^ 5- K^'^^^^^^

"\X7^AS born near the town of Helston, County of Cornwall, England, on the 10th day of April, 1845. In October, 1870, he emigrated to the United States, going to Denver, Colorado, and on the 26th of May 1872, he came to Arizona, was engaged on the surveying of public lands until July, 1874, when he accepted the position of chief draughtsman in the United States Surveyor General's office in Tucson; resigning in

1880, he entered into business as a surveyor, was appointed United States land and mineral surveyor for the district of Arizona, and city surveyor of Tucson. In July, 1881, was appointed superintendent of irrigation ditches for the Papago Indian Reservation. In September,

1881, was appointed a member of the Board of Trustees School District No. 1. In November, 1882, was elected on the Democratic ticket County Surveyor of Pima County, and has been re-elected at each election since. On the 11th of June, 1887, was appointed a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Arizona, resigning when the administra- tion went out. In March, 1888, was elected Vice-President and in Jan- uary, 1889, President of the Tucson Building and Loan Association. Mr. Roskruge is a prominent member of the Masonic Fraternity. He was made a Master Mason in June, 1870, in True and Faithful Lodge No. 318, Helston, Cornwall, England, demitted in 1881, and became a charter member of Tucsonrfjodge No. 4. jurisdiction of Arizona; served three.terms as Master; is a Past High Priest of Tucson Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., and Past Eminent Commander of Arizona Commandery No.

1. Knights Templar. At the formation of the Grand Lodge of Arizona in 1882, was elected Grand Secretary) serving as such until 1888, when he was elected Deputy Grand Master, and in 1889, was elected Grand Mas- ter; he is also a Deputy Inspector-General of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, and is an Honorary member of the Masonic Veteran Association of the Pacific Coast.

GEORGE J. EOSKROGE.

^arc^I ng ^ Jf arching, Jfarc^coare, ^di> (©ongreAA §1".

' I Hie history of the commercial interests of the city of Tucson has produced few examples of success so marked and substantial as that of the business of Messrs. Harding and Harding dealers in general hardware and merchandise. ,

Among the establishments of the kind in the city it ranks with the best, and has taken a position and achieved a success which would be surprising but for the known ability of its management. This firm began business in March 1890, and the success which it is meeting with is a criterion by which one may judge of the capabilities of the enterprising firm, which consists of M. Harding and J. S. Harding. Their store is

102

ARIZONA.

large and roomy and they carry a full line of goods, Hardware, Tin and Sheet Iron, stoves, etc.; and, in con- nection therewith, they run a manufactory of tin and galvanized Ironware. First-class workmen are employed in the shops, which are located at 430 Congress street. The main store is more centrally located at 205 Congress street. This enterprising firm also carries a full line of Gas Fixtures, Plain and Fancy Queensware, Stoves, Cutlery, etc. Their business ability, as thus far shown, is bound to bring to them a patronage which will compel enlargement of facilities in the near future.

TN every community, business or profession are to be found men about whose standing and character there is no kind of doubt, whose record is untarnished, whose business is great in extent and stable in

character, and who are generally conceded to be the representatives of the business or profession in which they are engaged.

Such is the acknowledged position of Mr. Chas. F. Hoff, whose agency ranks high in his line of business. " Hoif of Tucson," as he is familiarly known, is a native of Yorktown, Texas. He has been in Tucson for the past seven years. His integrit}', ability and business experience have gained for him an immense and ever increasing patronage. He makes a specialty of handling the famous Aormotor Windmill. This is the latest improved mill, and represents the highest attainment of luechaiiiciil skill. It shows an incrcaFC of 35 per cent, in power, and is just llie thing for irrigating jiurposes. The wheel is entirely of steel, stands great centrifugal strain, is not affected by the Arizf)na sun, rains, or storms, and, when once up, will lust almost a lifetime. The patent tilting tower brings the wheel down to the ground for oiling, so that one need not take any chances of breaking his neck climbing to the top during severe cold or intense heat. It regulates itself automatically, so as to present a diminishing surface to a storm. A 12 foot Aermotor, at an elevation of 25 feet, in a wind of 12 miles per hour, will pump 2,000 gallons of water per hour or cover one acre of land one inch deep every eleven hours, or, say, two acres per day and night. The aermotor is guaranteed to out-do and out-last, any mill manufactured.

Mr. Hoff is also the agent for the celebrated Hall's Safe & Lock Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio, and has a full stock on hand, both new and second hand. He does a brokerage business in all kinds of merchandise and is a general manufacturers' agent. Mr. Hoff is perfectly reliable in every respect, and his house is a desirable one with which to establish pleasant and profitable business relations. He is fully entitled to the prosperity that has attended his honorable career.

"V;,";--

CHAS. F. HOFF.

eK. ^^. 6\roAx«>etta ^ ©o., ©eaPer/ Ir^ 6\rocerIe/, prowloa-d), Snuffer,

' I ^HE term Grocer was formerly used to signify a merchant who sold the staples, coffee, sugar, tea, etc., in -*- gross, but with the progress in trade the business of the grocer became more comprehensive, and his stock was enlarged, including many articles carried by houses, or branches, as specialties. The above establishment, — that of A. V. Grossetta & Co. — takes a leading place in that line, and the individual members of the firm are A. V. Grossetta and L. G. Radulovich, both gentlemen who understand fully the business in which they are engaged. They deal in general groceries and provisions and carry on a general merchandise trade also, keeping on hand the finest ranch butter and eggs to be found in the market, all fresh and the cheapest to be had in the city.

ARIZONA. 103

They make a specialty of dealing in all kinds of California fruits. They carry a very large stock of goods in their stores, which are located opposite the Southern Pacific Railway depot. Goods are delivered by them to any part of the city free of charge.

They have a large trade and enjoy the respect of the community, and are known as men of integrity No firm has done more to deserve success than they. People living in the surrounding country will do well when in the city to give this enterprising house a call.

cKugfteAj ^te'^en.f ^ (©o., crCarilcjoare, ^to^e/ aaiL ©rociCerv.

I ^HE term Hardware is one of those indefinite, comprehensive words of which it may be said that it almost includes every ware that is hard. Popularly it is understood to embrace all the unclassified goods made of iron and steel, including all the appliances of the mechanical arts, from a file to a mill saw, many articles in use in common life, from a rat trap to a coach spring ; articles as varied in appearance, size and use as can well be conceived. In fact whatever a hardware dealer may choose to sell is hardware. Perhaps the largest, best known and most popular establishment devoted to this line in Tucson is that owned by Messrs. Hughes, Stevens & Company who are successors to Stevens & Hughes. They deal extensively in every description of hardware and agricultural implements, stoves, tinware, lamps and all kinds of kitchen furniture, refrigerators, crockery, cutlery, glass and Japan ware, moline wagons, buckboards and all kinds of road vehicles, carriages and carts. All kinds of tin, sheet iron and copper work, plumbing, and gasfitting are done promptly and satisfactorily by them.

The " On Time" Mohawk and Charter Oak Stoves are special features in their stock as well as windmills and all kinds of pumping machinery. They also keep mowers, reapers, Oliver chilled plows, barbed wire, and all kinds of ga.'! and water piping.

This establishment has been under the control of the present firm for the last eight years. They carry a stock of about $12.5,000, and their business transactions extend over the northern parts of Mexico, as well as all over the southern part of Arizona. Their business house is located at the corner of Congress and Main streets. Their stores are 100x160 feet and there is a large warehouse in connection. Mr. Hughes has been County Treasurer, and is now Territorial Auditor. Mr. Stt vens was delegate to Congress for two terms Both of these gentlemen are well known throughout the Territory, and are men of great business experience. From their long residence in this country they, of course, know thoroughly what class of goods best meet the demands of the people and what are best adapted for usejii this section. Their business Iims become through the maintenance of strict business principles, one of the chief mercantile establishments in the wliole Territory.

eH". S^Lieftmarij T6)aric|x«)cape anc^ portralf pHotograpfier.

A MONO the many staunch concerns of the city, whose reputation is not only local, but extends throughout "^^ the surrounding country, is that of H. Buehnian, the Photographer. Mr. Buehman's business was established in 1874. The premises occupied by him are admirably arranged and equipped. The operating room is furnished with the most improved apparatus and appliances for producing the most perfect work. He possesses superior facilities for executing all orders in the promptest and most satisfactory manner, and his photographic work cannot be excelled for brilliancy of execution, and harmony of efl'ect. He carries the largest stock of mouldings in the Territory ,,and makes picture frames of all kinds, to order; keeps a full line of amateur outfits, oil paintings, engravings, and does developing, rotrenphing, printing and finishing for the trade. Mr. Buehman is an expert photographer, having been in the business 2.5 years, and is recognized as one of the foremost representatives of the profession in the country. He makes a specialty of Arizona views, and Indian pictures, and is taxed to the utmost to supply his trade in this line.

Mr. Buehman Was born in Germany, but has been here 16 years, lie is looked upon by the community as a thorough going business man, and a most valuable citizen.

104

ARIZONA

^aa ^a^Ier eKofeP, #, C©. ^eafot^, proprle'Tor.

"pQUALLY important with the leading mercantile and manufacturing enterprises which give reputation to "^ a city for progressive spirit, are all establishments which conduce to the convenience and accommodation of the traveling public.

Among the most prominent of this kind of establishments in the city is the well-known San Xavier

Railroad Hotel. The

present proprietor of this commodious hotel took charge in April 1889. From that time the house took a very high place in the popular favor, a position which it has ever since main- tained and it ranks to- day as one of the leading hotels in the Southwest. It contains over forty rooms and has accom- modation for over one hundred guests. This hotel is patronized by people from all parts, tourists inaking it their

headquarters. A great many people come from abroad and spend the entire winter at this beautifully surrounded hotel. The large dining-room, 75x40 feet, is well lighted and ventilated. The whole structure covers an area of over one acre and has a broad piazza running all around it.

Before Mr. Heaton took charge of the house, he had the management of the well-known eating house at Bowie Station. He is a gentleman well and favorably known throughout the Southwest and is an experienced hotelman, capable, obliging and courteous, and deservedly popular with the traveling public. He is assisted by Mrs. Heaton, who presides over her department with such ease and success in making everything agreeable for the guests, as show that she thoroughly understands the business, and the duties which she has to discharge. *

BAN XA\ lEK liulhL,

T 7"ARIETY in one's food is of course a most desirable thing from a medical as well as an epicure's point of view. Those who, when in Tucson, may be inclined to vary their regular fare by discussing that delicious bivalve, the oyster, but who may be unfamiliar with the best place to obtain them, may be directed to that fashionable oyster and fish house at 215 Congress street. Mr. W. Sievert is the genial proprietor of the establishment. He has not only endeavored, since he opened, to maintain a business superior in kind to those conducted by others, but he has succeeded in doing so. In 1883 he conceived the idea of beginning in his present line and did so, keeping a house where one could come and get all kinds of fish and game in season, and oysters, wholesale and retail, at all seasons. He conducts a large business and is well known throughout this part of the country. His store is 15x50 feet, one story, aiid is located, as already mentioned, at 215 Congress street. He carries stock to the value of over $1,000. In connection with this business he also carries on that of manufacturing candies and fancy confectionery. His molasses home-made candy is one of the special features of this part of his business, and the man who has not tasted Sievert's luscious " 'Lasses Taflfy " is indeed a stranger in these parts.

Mr. Sievert was born in Russia and came here some twenty-three years ago. He is now looked upon as one of Tucson's foremost citizens. He is sure to command success, for he has deserved it by being a hard worker and a man of good business ability.

ARIZONA.

105

©r. (§\eo. Martir^, Qr(-iggix4>t.

V\7ERE it necessary to single out a man, distinguished, at liome and abroad, wherever the city of is known, for the possession of all the eminent qualifications to secure success and prominence particular business, the selection would fall on George Martin as entitled to front rank in his profession in the Southwest. The establishment of this most popular gentleman is located on the south side of Congress street, at No. 314, between Church street and Stone avenue.

Mr. Martin keeps a full line of pure drugs and chemicals and also deals in all the finest perfumes and toilet articles. A full line of the various patent medicines he has always on hand. One great advantage he has over other houses is in the fact that prescriptions are compounded in his store both night and day. Therefore the public can be always accom- modated.

Mr. Martin has a very large acquaintance all over the Territory and is a gentleman always obliging and courteous and ever ready to administer to the wants of those who are in need.

He is also considered one of the " slandbys " of the city and is always one of the first to aid in promoting all public enterprises.

DR. GEORGE MARTIN.

Tucson in his

"\X7AS born in Dayton, Ohio, January 25, 1855, but at an early age removed to Natchez, Miss., and for many years made this his home. He received his law education in the Law School of Columbia College in the City of New York. In 1873 he became Cotton Register of Issequena County, Miss., and he had before that time been Cotton Tax Collector of the same county. He was admitted to the bar at Mayersville, Miss., in December of 1874, and at once became the law partner of his father, Judge E. Jeffords. In 1881, when only 26 years old he was elected State Senator from Washington, Issequena and Sharkey counties, Miss., being tbe youngest man that has been elected to that honorable body since the war of the Rebellion. The senatorial district which he represented was one of the most popular and wealthy in the State, and the great popularity which his talents and genial manners had gained for him, is attested by the fact, that although being an outspoken Republican, Mr. Jeffords polled every vote cast in Issequena county, where he lived. He was a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, selected on account of his well-known ability, for two terms. He continued to practice law in partnership with his father until 1884, when he came to Tucson, Ariz. The following year he formed a partnership with Hon. S. M. Franklin in this city, and since that time has practiced law in connection with him. In 1886 he was elected District Attorney of Pima County, and in May, 1889, was appointed U. S. Attorney for Arizona, which position he holds at present. Mr. Jeffords has met with great success in the practice of his profession, and ranks with the foremost as a lawyer and an eloquent orator.

HON. HARKV i;. JKKKOKDS.

106

A. R I 2: O N A.

The Border City of Nogales, on the Frontier of Mexico.

I HE TOWN OF NOGALES is partly in Pima County and partly in Sonora, Mexico. It lies in the southeast extremity of Pima County, and is only about seven years old. Yet it has a population of 3,000 souls, and shows every indication of thrift and progress, and promises, some day in the near future, to be a city of considerable magnitude and importance.

The best hotels in the Territory are in Nogales; there are also first-class sampling works, excellent churches, a fine public school maintained ten months in the year, and all branches of business in the city is conducted by enterprising and energetic business men.

Two weekly newspapers are published, one the Record, hy Mr. A. P.^Crawford, another, the Herald, by Hon. J. J. Chathan]. Both of these gentlemen are thorough newspaper men, fully alive to the best interests of the County.

The bird's-eye view published herewith is from a photograph taken from the hills to the northeast of town.

BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE CITY OF X0GALE.S.

The able and popular phj'sician of Nogales, Dr. W. F. Chenoweth, gives his views of Nogales as a health resort. His scientific knowledge and observant faculties make him an authority on the subject.

Nogales, owing to location, elevation, temperature, etc., "affords one of the most healthy climates in America. The continual, steady growth of what a few years ago was but a half dozen adobe houses to a now prosperous little city of about 3,000 inhabitants, is partly traceable to the benefits offered by this extraordinary salubrious climate. There is no rain in this region only during the very short rainy seasons occurring biannually, refreshing the endless variety of wildflowers that cover the picturesque hills creating beautiful scenery. It is never damp, even during these rainy seasons, for a longer period than a few hours, owing to the fact that the town is located at the highest point in the valley that gently slopes north and south, forming a natural and perfect drainage, and the character of the soil is such as to permit the rapid absorption of moisture. The days are warm and bracing and the nights cool and refreshing, making it a delightful climate for persons affected with chronic pulmonary diseases, more especially asthma and consumption, also acute rheumatism, which is an extremely rare affection in the locality. This is probably due to the

ARIZONA

107

dryness of the atmosphere being antagonistic to the development of the germs causing this disease, and quite a number of persons who had inherited or acquired this diatheses, having taken advantage of this, and in a

very short period after their arrival I were completely relieved and have never been troubled since, the majority of whom suffered more or less all their lives.

As a means for effecting a cure for consumption this is undoubtedly one of the best climates in the United States. The air is free from the bacilli that produces this disease. This is proven by the fact that never a case originated in this immediate neighbor- hood during the history of Nogales, and that the influences of this climate is destructive to them is also proven by the fact that not a single one of the several cases of this malady in its incipient stage, that came here, that failed to experience rapid im- provement. But of course those de- pendent on the associations and comforts of home, if the disease were in an advanced stage, would derive no benefits, and it would be cruel to suggest this climate as beneficial to such persons living at a distance, as they would probably not live to return. The influence of this climate over asthma is very marked, but, by reason of the occurrence of this affection involving a peculiar suscepti- bility of the bronchial muscular fibres to take on spasmodic action when excited by certain substances, and as paroxysms of this disease are in-

duced by a variety of these exciting causes, individual cases differing in a peculiar sus- ceptibility to certain of those causes, it would be impossible to find a locality suit- able to all cases. Nogales, however, furnishes an atmosphere in which there seems to be an absence of the most exciting substances, and the majority of those suffering with this affection that have sought the benefits of this health resort have obtained immediate relief.

Other diseases are remarkably infre- ^s^l quent, and owing to the vigilance of our ^ sanitary officers, there is no stagnant water' nor decaying animal and vegetable matter to furnish incubators and pabulum for germs of disease. Nearly all diseases are caused from microorganisms and as food and moisture are necessary for their development and reproduction, it can readily be seen that Nogales has the combined requisites for a healthy climate.

MONTEZUMA HOTEL.

-«+

«^^«-

108 ARIZONA

The Business Men of Nogales.

5s). ^. ©umtnlag, S^eaF Q<^tate al^t) (^i^xiiUranee.

A S aflfording to property owners and business men immunity from losses, from fire, and from marine disasters, the agents of reliable and trustworthy Insurance Companies occupy a position in the commercial and social world entitling them to a special recognition. Mr. Gumming began business in this line here in 1885, and the success which has rewarded his efforts is due to his sound judgment, discrimination, and honorable principles. He makes a specialty of Spanish and English translations, and conveyancing in both languages. Collections are made by him in both the United States and Mexico. He is also United States Commissioner at Nogales. The Companies represented by him are wide-spread in distri- bution, and all with large capital. In recording the different business men of the cities and towns in Arizona, there are none to whom we take more pleasure in giving our space than to this enterprising gentleman.

"pROM no source can a clearer, more comprehensive or reliable knowledge of the extraordinary development of our country be obtained than is offered in the record of business transactions and successes. This is especially true with regard to the West, and there is no medium through which to obtain a more reliable fund of information on this and kindred subjects than the daily newspapers. People desiring to keep posted on the progress of a country can always form a tolerably accurate idea both from the appearance, the size and the contents of the papers published there. A man, therefore, who visits Nogales, will do well to seek first the store of that enterprising firm, the Sonora News Company, who keep on hand all the newspapers of the Territory and other points of the United States, as well as the papers published in Mexico. They also keep a full line of stationery.

The Company was established in Nogales in 1885 by its present proprietors, Mr. W. F. Layer and C. Van Mourick, and, from its very start, it did a prosperous business. They have complete control of the news department of all the railroads in the Republic of Mexico. They take subscriptions for all the leading journals in the United States and Mexico. They carry a full line of fancy articles, and fine cutlery. They possess a fine collection of Mexican curios, and an elegant assortment of Yankee notions.

In addition to the news and stationery departments, Messrs. Layer & Van Mourick keep all kinds of Californian and Mexican fruits in season, and are supply agents for Mexican curios, and are the news agents for the New Mexico, Arizona & Sonora Railway. Mr. J. D. Fisher is the manager of the branch in this town, and is the right man in the right place. He was born in Ilhnois, and has been here three years. He is well known as a strict business man.

The members of the firm are enterprising young men, and by fair dealing and close attention to the wants of the people, and by promptly fulfilling all orders, they have gained a reputation as a business firm that stands at the head of their line in this Southern country.

"O ECORDING the success of men who by their individual effoits and industry rise to prominence in their business or profession is always a pleasure to the compiler of business notes of a city. Dr. Doherty was born in Ireland, but came to Arizona seven years ago and opened an office in Nogales. He practiced dentistry both in New York and San Francisco before coming here, and is the only one doing business in this city. His office adjoins his residence on Railroad avenue. His charges are moderate, and as he is well known in this section as a man of more than ordinary scientific knowledge and skill in his profession, we can safely point to him as one of the most important factprsin the make-up of a city's complement of business men, and one whose future success is assured.

A R I :Z O N A . 109

Mcntezunqa cKofeP.

A TOLERABLY safe criterion by which to judge of the meriis of a town is the character of its Hotels. Comfortable quarters and square meals are indicative of good nature, liberality and square dealing. A good hotel, well kept and comfortably furnished, thoroughly ventilated and in a central locality, actually amounts to thousands of dollars to the business of a city where such an establishment is located.

Such a Hotel is "The Montezuma," which stands on Morley avenue, convenient to the depot. This house is a large, three-story, cut-stone building, 75 feet front and 50 feet deep, with one of the most magnificent and attractive gardens in the rear, to be found in the Territory. Its large mansard roof is of iron, making the building absolutely fire-proof The house contains 42 sleeping rooms of 12x16 feet dimensions, large and airy, and furnished with all modern convenience. The stone is already cut and the plans drawn for building an addition, thus making the Hotel double its present size, its capacity now being for 80 guests.

It was ojiened in 1887, and ever since has been the favorite house with commercial men and the traveling public generally. It is kept on the American plan, and as its charges are moderq,te, in comparison to its accommodations, it does a more than average business. Mr. George Christ is the owner of this grand structure which reflects credit upon the whole community. It is the best built and, in every way, the best Hotel in Arizona. The owner is an energetic gentleman, who came here in 1883 as special agent of the U. S. Treasury Department. He was born in Delaware, Ohio, June 26, 1839, and held many public positions in the Northern States before coming here. At the present time, he is Collector of Customs for the District of Arizona, with the poi-t of entry at this place. In manners and deportment he is a genial, courteous and affable gentleman, sparing no pains to make the sojourn of his guests agreeable and comfortable. As a citizen, he is public-spirited and enterprising, and is doing much towards the advancement and welfare of the city. His model hotel is both an ornament and a credit to Nogales, and a just source of pride and satisfaction to himself

(^i^terQaltonaf ©rug ^\'ore, (sftenocoetft. ^ Ml^.

^^7ERE one called upon to single out any one firm in Nogales, as deserving special praise for energy displayed and success achieved, he need go no further in his quest than to the proprietors of the International Drug Store. These gentlemen are entitled to a front place among the druggists of the Southern country. Their business was established in 1889 by Dr. W. F. Chenoweth, who is one of Nogales' most eminent physicians, and was conducted by him up to a few months ago, when he took Mr. J. B. Mix, as a partner with him in the business, the firm name now being Chenoweth & Mix. Their popular house is located on Morley avenue, right in the busiest part of the town. There they keep, in their elegant rooms, as complete a stock as can be found in any establishment in Southern Arizona, and in its selection, their fine taste is apparent.

They compound prescriptions day or night, manufacture mineral water of all kinds, and transact a large business in Pima County, Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico. Their store is 30x60 feet, and is well adapted for all requirements of their business.

Both of these gentlemen were born in Ohio, but have adopted this as their future home. By their courtesy and strictly honorable dealing, they have won the confidence of the public, and have been successful in establishing a prosjMjrouB business, and securing the generous patronage of an appreciative public.

ha Moi.a, heon c^orvslffeur ^ (30.

I

N almost every city it will be found that the dry goods business holds, if not the first, at least a very high place among the commercial enterprises which occupy the time and attention of its business men. This might naturally be expected from the fact that the goods handled are staples, being necessary articles of universal use. Generally, also, the largest amount of capital is invested in this business, and, as a necessary consequence, men of the best business talent and ability are engaged in it. Of the firms who have taken up

no ARIZONA.

this line of business in Nogales with marked success is that of Leon Horvilleur & Co. Their establishment was started in 1887, and they do business in Sonora, Mexico, having large stores at Hermosillo, Sonora, and Nogales, Arizona. Its members are Leon Horvilleur and Gerard May. All of their establishments are large and well-equipped, and the aggregate stock carried is over $200,000. They do an annual business of over $250,000. The store in Nogales is on the dividing line between Sonora and Arizona. In it is carried a full line of gents' furnishing goods in connection with their large stock of dry goods and notions, and the other house here carries ladies' furnishing goods, also dry goods and notions. The main store is located at Hermosillo, Sonora. These are the principal branches of their headquarters in Paris from which they import all their goods direct to this country.

They employ nine assistants, all Frenchmen, but fluent linguists, speaking, besides French, Spanish, German and English. Both of the proprietors are from Paris, and have resided in Mexico for the last nine years, and at Nogales for the last three years. As progressive, public-spirited citizens of Nogales, they stand in the lead, and as men of unblemished character and proverbial honesty their reputation is assured.

En todas las ciudades se notara que el comercio de telas ocupa, si no el primer lugar, porlo menos un alto puesto entre las empresas comerciales que emplean el tiempo y la atencion de los hombres de negocios. Esto debe naturalmente esperarse en vista de que los generos que ofrecen en venta son articulos necesarios y de uso comun. Generalmente hablando los mas crecidos capitales estan interesados en esta clase de comercio^ y como consecuencia precisa los hombres mas inteligentes y aptos se ocupan de el.

Entre las easas que se han dedicado a este giro en Nogales con notable buen exito se encuentra la de Leon Horvilleur y Ca. Su establecimiento fue fundado en 1887, y sus negocios se extienden hasta Sonora en Mexico, teniendo grandes almacenes en Hermosillo, Sonora, y Nogales, Arizona. Los socios de la casa son Leon Horvilleur y Gerard May. Todos sus establecimientos son grandes y bien surtidos, y el monto total del capital invertido en ellos pasa de $200,000. Hace negocios hasta el importe de $250,000 anualmente. FA almacen de Nogales esta situado en la linea divisoria entre Sonora y Arizona. En el se hallan siempre todos los articulos que usan los sefiores, en conecsion con su gran surtido de lienzos y efectos de todas clases. La otra casa tiene efectos para sefloras, asi como telas, y otros efectos en general. El almac('n principal esta situado en Hermosillo, Sonora. Estos son los ramos principales de sus grandes depdsitos de Paris, de donde importan todas sus mercancias directamente a este pais.

La casa tiene nueve empleados, todos franceses, pero que poseen varios idiomas con perfeccion, hablando a mas del francos, el espafiol, el aleman, y el ingles. Ambos propietarios son oriundos de Paris, y han vivido en Mexico nueve anos, y en Nogales los ultimos tres. Como ciudadanos progresistas y deseosos del adelanto y bienestar general, marchan si la vanguardia, y como hombres de intachable conducta y proverbial honradez tienen la reputacion bien asentada.

Rogafe/^ ^ampfiti^ ©Y^ori^fb aT^t) ^fb6a\/ ©ff'ice, Si)uffioi2 af^t)

MoaeL) G^cftaao-e.

A T the present time, when so many mines are being opened in the Southwest, and so many men prospecting "^^ it is a very important bit of information, to learn where there is a first-class sampling establishment and assay office. There is none which can be more thoroughly recommended than the Nogales Sampling Works, on Morley avenue, where all kinds of gold and silver ores are sampled and bought at the tariff values of the leading smelting works of the country. This establishment pays the highest prices for gold and silver bullion. Assays and chemical analysis of all kinds of ores and mineral substances are made by Mr. B. Salazar, who is the proprietor, mining engineer, and metallurgist of the works. He is a thoroughly qualified man, being a graduate of the Royal Mining schools of Freiburg and Clausthal, and a member of the Technical Society of the Pacific coast.

This institution — for such it may well be called — examines and reports on mines situated anywhere in the Southwestern Territories, and States of Mexico. It was started in 1888, and has been in active operation ever since. As it has a large building, with a 58 foot front, it can accommodate all customers.

Mr. Salazar was born in the State of Sonora, Mexico, and by the skill he has evinced, and by his fair reports, he has won the confidence of all Americans in the community, and does the largest assaying business in the Territorv.

ARIZONA. Ill

©y/Rofeiliafe qT^ J^etaiP ®eaPer ia iJoreign ai^S. Se)ome<^tio 5e)r^ (SJooc^il), J-faf^i, diap^, SSootii

TN traveling through the lively town of Nogales one is struck by the peculiar appearance of the different business houses, more particularly by that of the two occupied by the gentleman whose name heads this article. The stores are located on Morley avenue. The Nogales Bazaar is the pioneer house of Nogales, having been established by Juan Bojorquez in 1882, and business increased with him to such an extent that he was compelled, in June last, to enlarge his premises by occupying another store a few doors above* which is known as "The Red House." He carries a large and assorted stock of all goods in the line of general dry goods, etc. The main store is 30x60 feet and " The Red House" is 25x40 feet. His trade extends through the State of Sonora and the southern part of Pima County. The proprietor spends a great deal of his time in the East purchasing goods for his large trade. While absent, the management of his business is in good hands in the person of an able manager Mr. Ramon Vasquez, who thoroughly understands the business in all its details.

Every assurance can be given the reader that to form business relations with this house will be found both pleasant and profitable.

Entre los establecimientos comerciales que mas se distinguen en la fronteriza villa de Nogales debemos mencionar el del Seflor Juan Bojorquez, el joven, de quien puede decirse que fue uno de los fundadores y primeros pobladores de aquel lugar, completamente desierto hace una docada de afios.

Educado el senor Bojorquez en la escuela eminentemente comercial de los hermanos Jacobs, que por muchos afios se dedicaron a negocios de banco en Tucson, su aprendizage en la carrera no pudo menos de ser briJlante, y desde luego se noto en el la feliz disposicion que tenia para el giro mercaiitil.

• Al establecerse en Nogales lo hizo constar, pues su establecimiento se vio y se ve aiin constantemente favorecido por un numeroso grupo de compradores, tanto del mismo Arizona como del Estado de Sonora cuyos habitantes fronterizos han hecho del Bazar su deposito favorito de mercancias.

Tiene el senor Bojorquez especial cuidado en mantener siempre un abundante surtido de mercancias de todas clases, en el ramo de Ropas y Calzadoy otros articulos del pais, que manda fabricar expresamente para el consumo de la frontera, cuyas necesidades conoce mejor que ningun otro.

Sus frecuentes viajes ii las poblaciones del Este y de California, le han puesto en contacto con los fabri- cantes y casas manufactureras que siempre se apresuran a satisfacer sus pedidos con exactitud y esmero, pues una de las circunstancias que mas han popularizado el Bazar de Nogales es la de que todo lo que vende es siempre de clase inmejorable.

A pesar de esto los precios del establecimiento son inferiores a otros de la misma plaza.

El sistema del seflor Bojorquez es realizar pronto, saicrificando algo de las ganancias en vista de la rapida venta que hace de sus mercancias.

El exito obtenido en su Bazar de NocJHles le impuls6 a abrir otra nueva casa que puso bajo la acertada direcci6n del inteligente joven D. Ramon Vazquez. Cuenta la Casa Colorada poco m.-is de un afto de estal)le- cida; sin embargo, ha producido ya tan buenas utilidades que han superado con mucho a los Ciilculos hechos por el seflor Bojorquez,

Una de las circunstancias que mas han contribuido ii popularizar ambos establecimientos es el tino del seflor Bojorquez para elejir sus empleados y dei)endientes, cuya actividad en el despacho, iinura en el trato con los compradores — pobres 6 ricos — y constancia en el trabajo. se han hecho proverbiales y causan la admiracion de mejicanos y amcricanos.

Ambas casas estiin situadas en la Avenida Morley. El Bazar tiene 30 pit's de frente por 60 de fondo, y la Casa Colorada 25 de frente por 40 de fondo.

E) seflor Bojorquez esta llamado it ser con el tiempo uno de los comerciantes mils acaudalados del Territorio. I en verdad que su inteligencia, laboriosLdad y honradez merecen su recompensa.

112 ARIZONA.

/^NE of the great institutions in every city is the general merchant's store where all and sundry of the ^^ necegsaries, conveniences and comforts of life are to be had under the same roof. Indeed, measured by the proportion of the population which it reaches and whose wants are supplied from its varied stock, one might say, without fear of successful contradiction, that the store where general merchandise is sold " leads them all." Certainly no other branch of business has so many or so constant patrons. Staples, or articles of necessity, control the markets of the world ; other commodities are merely auxiliaries, simply incidental, while the staples are the essentials.

The most prominent firm engaged in this line of business in Nogales is, without doubt, that of Levy & Raas. These gentlemen started their Ijusiness in this town in 1888. The premises occupied by them are 50x150 feet in dimension, consisting of one story and basement, with an entresol 10 feet wide running around the entire building, which is built of solid stone. By a complete system of water-works, the building is ren- dered absolutely fire-proof. The firm carries a stock of domestic and imported goods, averaging from $40,000 to $50,000, in which can be found a complete line of dry goods, woolen goods, and notions of every kind and variety. They also carry a large stock of hardware, including all appendages of the mechanical arts.

Ten employees are constantly kept busy filling orders for their rapidly increasing trade.

The firm is also engaged in the Banking, Exchange and Commission business, and, having extensive mercantile relations in the entire State of Sonora, Mexico, they are in a position to guide the searching investor to lucrative enterprises in the line 'of gold and silver mines, stock ranches, orange orchards, etc., etc. Inquiries will be promptly answered.

The individual members of the firm are Messrs. Manuel G. Levy and Arthur C. Raas. Both are Ameri- can born but received their education in Europe. They have been in business in this town for the last two years, and by their uniform courtesy and gentlemanly treatment of visitors and regular customers, they have made their establishment a most agreeable one with which to have dealings. They are live business Mien, conducting their affairs on the most elevated plane of commercial honor and integrity, and are deservedly reckoned among the best representative business men of the whole community. This town has every reason to feel proud of possessing so reliable and enterprising a firm within its limits.

Una casa de comercio que se establezca en una poblacion naciente, debe considerarse como un aconteci- miento plausible y ser mirado por sus habitantes como un nuevo factor de progreso y engrandecimiento.

La villa de Nogales, que por su posicion geografica especial estii llamada a ser en tiempo no lejano un centre mercantil importante, puede enorguUecerse ya de contar con un establecimiento comercial que haria honor ii cualquiera otra poblacion de doble importancia. Dicho establecimiento es el de los Sefiores Levy y Raas, radicados en el aiio de 1888, que ocujjan un elegante y espacioso edificio de piedra, situado en el centre de dicha villa. La larga practica comercial de los Sefiores Manuel G. Levy y Arturo C. Raas, miembros de dicha firma, sus extensas relaciones en los grandes emporios mercantiles, junto con su conocimiento de las necesidades de esta parte del Territorio, y el magnifico surtido que de Lenceria, Ropa Heeha, Calzado, Articulos de lujo y de fantasia, merceria, etc., etc., constantemente tienen, hacen que el numero de sus mar- chaates sea numeroso ; a lo cual contribuye tambien el fino trato y esmerada educacidn de dichos sefiores y la honradez y eqxiidad manifestada siempre en tod as sus operaciones.

Ademas de sus negocios mercantiles, la casa de Levy y Raas los hace de Banco ; compra y vende giros Bobre las principales plazas, hace adelantos sobre las consignaciones que se les hagan de metales y toda clase de productos del pais, y pagan los precios mas altos por la plata y oro en pasta.

Los Sefiores Levy y Raas estan siempre listos a usar en favor de sus favorecedores sus extensas rela- ciones, poniendo en los mercados de los Estados Unidos y Europa las propiedades raices, minas, etc., de cuya venta les encarguen.

TN every business individuals are to be found whose standing both personal and professional is beyond cavil

or question ; whose record as citizens or as business men is untarnished, whose success, therefore, is

notable even among others who have also succeeded, and who are universally looked up to by tlieir fellow-

ARIZONA. 113

citizens as in every sense of the term representative men in their social and commercial relations. Such is the acknowledged position of P. Sandoval & .Co., in Nogales. They commenced business here in 1884 as Cus- tom House brokers.

Men thoroughly acquainted with that business are quite necessary to those who do business back and forth between this and any foreign country ; and are especially so to those who ship goods for the first time. They are always posted as to "the laws of the different countries, which laws are constantly changing, and they greatly facilitate shipments through the custom ports. This firm consists of P. Sandoval and A. Sandoval. They are gentlemen of enterprise, perseverance and activity ; and success, the reward of the exercise of these qualities, has thus far attended their efforts. The future cannot but add to their prosperity and reputation.

It may be added that those gentlemen are also commission merchants, and the Custom House agents for the Mexican Central, and the Sonora, New Mexico and Arizona Railroads, for the Compagnie du Boleo the Minas Prietas Manufacturing Co., the Palmarez Manufacturing Co., etc., etc., and in fact for the leading houses of Sonora and Sinaloa.

Agentes Aduanales de los Ferrocarriles Central Mexicano, y Sonora, Nuevo Mexico y Arizona, de la Ca Minera del Boleo, Ca Minera de Las Prietas, Ca Minera de Palmarejo, Ca Minora de Imuris, y de las principales casas de Sonora y Sinaloa.

En toda poblacion se encuentran hombres de negocios, que por su posicion, talento y honorabilidad llegan a ser el centro de la actividad humana en que viven, identificandose de tal manera con la prosperidad y adelanto de la sociedad, que esta marcha en relacion directa con su prosperidad particular.

Esto puede decirse de la casa de P. Sandoval y Ca, la cual no obstante haber empezado sus negocios en 1884, esta ya bien acreditada, teniendo extensas relaciones no solo en America sino en toda Europa. Su principal ramo es el negocio de Aduanas, ocupandase del despacho de mercancias que se importan ii Mexico y a los Estados Unidos, en el cual tienen gran practica, estando bien enterados de las tarifas de derechos que rigen y de los cambios que constantemente ocurren en las disposiciones aduanales.

En una plaza como la de Nogales, frontera de dos paises importantes, y linico punto en una gran exten- sion de territorio por el cual atraviesa el ferrocarril, un Agente de Aduanas es enteramente necesario para toda persona que tenga d desee tener negocios en estos paises y principalmente para los extrangeros que des- conocen nuestras leyes y costumbres. Los Seflores P. Sandoval y Ca estiin siempre dispuestos a dar, ya sea verbalmente 6 por escrito, todos los informes que se les pidan en su giro. La casa se compone de los Seflores P. Sandoval y A. Sandoval, quienes con su eficacia para los negocios, fina educacidn y buenas maneras han logrado asegurar una buena y respetabic clientela, habiendose captado ii la vez la sympatia de todas las per sonas con quienes tienen relaciones. El mejor exito ha coronado su asiduidad y constancia en las tareas a que se han dedicado personalmente los dos socios. El porvenir que se les presenta brillante, solo contribuira ii aumentar su prosperidad y buen nombre.

©Irifo S^amlrez, (©a<<>foiT| S^rofter, eKgeat of f^e H,a1tonaf S^arnC

o^ Mexico,

'T^HERE are certainly few business men, if any, who import goods from foreign countries but have had experience of the usefulness of the services of the Custom House Broker. Indeed the services of such an agent are positively indispensable alike to the comfort and the pocket of the importer. Still fewer are aware of the fact that to be successful in this branch of business a more thorough and comprehensive knowledge is essential than in any ordinary branch of trade. But such is the fact.

As Nogales has become a Port of Entry, such gentlemen as Cirilo Riimirez are an indispensable necessity. They act as middle men between the Custom House officers and the shippers or importers of goods. They are thoroughly conversant with the commercial laws of both America and Mexico, and therefore shippers can always facilitate matters and save tliemselvee unnecessary trouble and expense by applying to a competent Custom House Broker such as Senor Ramirez. No one stands higher in the estimation of the community than he does, and every confidence can be felt in his faithfully carrying out every commission entrusted to him.

He is also, in connection with his brokerage l)U8ines8, agent for the National Bank of Mexico. He started in business here in 1887, and, by his honorable methods he has won the confidence and respect of the business community both in Mexico and the United States. Ho is, in short, a thoroughly reliable gentleman, with whom it is a pleasant as well as profitable matter to form business relations.

114 ARIZONA.

Hay ciertamente muy pocos importadores de mercancias de los paises extrangeros que no eonozcan la utilidad de los servicios del Agente Aduanal. Los servicios de estos agentes son, a la verdad, de todo punto indispensables, tanto para la comodidad como para el bolsillo del importador. Mt'nos todavia son los que estiin penetradoB de que para conseguir un buen exito en este ramo de los negocios, se necesita poseer conoci- mientos mas perfectos y comprensivos que en ningun otro. Sin embargo es un hecho innegable.

Como Nogales es en la actualidad puerto habilitado, las personas como Cirilo Ramirez son una absoluta c indispensable necesidad. Actiian como medianeros entre los empleados de la Aduana y los embarcadores 6 importadores de mercancias. Tienen un conocimiento cabal de las leyes de los Estados Unidos de America y de Mejico, y de consiguiente, los importadores pueden siempre facilitar las cosas y ahorrarse molestias y gastos innecesarios, valiendose de un agente aduanal de aptitud como lo es el Sefior Ramirez. Nadie ocupa un puesto mas elevado en la sociedad que el, y por lo mismo se puede estar perfectamente seguro de que desempeflani con toda fidelidad cualquiera comision que se le confie.

En conecsion con bus negocios como corredor de la Aduana, es tambien el Seiior Ramirez agente del Banco Nacional de Mejico.

Empezo a dedicarse aqui a sus tareas en 1887, y por su comportamiento recto y honorable se ha grangea- do el respeto y la confianza de los hombres de negocios de Mejico y de los Estados Unidos. Es, en fin, un sefior en cuya probidad y aptitudes se puede tener perfecta confianza, con quien sera tanto agradable como provechoso llevar relaciones de negocios.

^nferaafloaaf alTofef, European af^t) oKmerican pfaa.

"p'QUALLY important with the leading mercantile and manufacturing enterprises which give a reputation '^ to a city for a progressive spirit, are the hotels which are provided for the accommodation of those who visit it, either on business or on pleasure bent. Among the most prominent of the hotels of Nogales, is the well-known International Hotel, on Morley avenue. This house was opened in 188.5, by Mr. T. A. Jones, the present proprietor. It has been very well patronized from the day of its opening, and has maintained a high place in popular favor. It is located near the depot, and contains 36 rooms, nicely furnished, well lighted and ventilated, and supplied with water and all conveniences, on each floor. Being of large dimensions, (35x210 feet) it affords all the comforts the traveler can wish for, and everything is of the most modern style, and the attendance is first class. An elegant dining-room, and one of the finest bars in the Territory, are attached to the hotel.

Mr. Jones was born in Pennsylvania, but came here ten years ago. He is an enterprising man, and has the respect of the community. From the amount of patronage his house receives, it is easy to see that it is considered to be one of the best in the Territory.

ARIZONA.

115

The History and Description of Cochise County.

OCHISE COUNTY, a portion of Pima County which was cut off and organized into a separate county in 1881, was so named after the bloodthirsty Apache Chief, Cochise, who, with a band of Chiricahuas, made his stronghold on the Dragoon range of mountains, and, like a European robber-baron of the Middle Ages, swooped down on those who passed along on the plains below, and robbed and murdered without mercy. So bold was lie in his depredations, and such terror did he inspire in the breasts of all, that no one, finally, dared venture within striking distance of the eyrid of this terrible mountain bandit. Indeed it was not until he was starved out of his stronghold and happily hanged that anything like an attempt was made to settle up the country, now called by his name, or to develop its varied and valuable resources.

Cochise County occupies the extreme southeastern corner of the Territory. It lies east of Pima County, north of Sonera, Mexico, west of New Mexico, and south of Graham County, and contains 5,925 square miles. Its general characteristics of grass-covered valleys and plains are picturesquely diversified by the Huachuca, Whetstone, Mule and Dragoon mountains on the western side and by the Chiricahua range which traversed it on the east. The only river of any account in the county is the San Pedro, which flows through it from the Sonera boundary to that of Pinal, but the plains and valleys are rich and fertile and produce abundant

feed, of the finest fattening quality, for the sustenance of the numerous herds of cattle which are pastured there.

It is, however, the marvelous mineral wealth of the county that raises it to the highest rank among the counties of the Territory. Though it is about the smallest of the coun- ties, it is, nevertheless, the wealthiest by far in respect of minerals. The discovery of this characteristic of its mountains and viesas attracted to it, in the earlier years of its history, many desperate characters and their lawless acts, and the outrages which they perpetrated — sometimes rivaling in atrocity those committed by Cochise — did much to retard the progress and civilization of the county.

Bye-and-bye, however, this state of matters was changed. Law and order took the place of rapine and violence. The Mexican bandit and the American outlaw were either shot, hanged or driven to seek ether fields of operation by the advancing tide of civilization and the rifles of Uncle Sam's soldiers, and now no county in the Territory is safer for the wayfarer to traverse or for the settler to make his home in.

While the enormous mineral wealth of Cochise County has given her a reputation co-extensive with that of the richest mining regions of the land, her plains, valleys and foothills abound with rich grasses, making this one of the best cattle ranges in the Territory, of which the town of Wilcox claims to be the head center for the cowboy, with his thousands upon thousands of cattle. It is estimated that no less than an average of from 50,000 to 75,000 head of cattle are running at large on the ranges of the county. There is no loss to speak of from disease or storms, because of the mildness of the climate, and Northern cattlemen have found it more advantageous to purchase their young stock from Arizona parties than to continue the former practice of buying in Texas ; and it is stated that not less than 10,000 head have lately l)een purchased by Montana cattlemen, for delivery or shipment within the next thirty to sixty days. Cochise County has the largest number of range cattle of any Arizona county, except Pima.

THE HUACHOCA RE8BBV0IB, NBAS TOllBSTOKB.

116

ARIZONA.

San Diego, Loa Angeles and other Southern California towns are largely supplied with beef from the

ranges of this county, and prominent San Diego capitalists are associated with Tombstone cattlemen in

supplying the markets of that city. As Northern cattlemen have begun to realize the fact that Southern

Arizona is the best breeding ground, and as a mutually beneficial trade is arising to considerable proportions

between this section and San Diego, it may occur to the mind of some of the most skeptical that there will

be no lack of interior resources to warrant the completion of the San Diego, Cuyamacaand Eastern Railroad.

Also, that there will be a constantly increasing amount of oceanic and interior commerce to be handled at

the port of San Diego. Numerous Arizona products will in time find a distant market throtigh cheap water

transportation afforded by San Diego harbor. Then the daya^of round-about railroads will have given place

to quick and direct lines, and all will wonder why it was that Eastern capital lay dormant so long, seeking

investment at 4 per cent, per annum, while at the same time it might have been profitably employed for

many years past in hastening better days. The future will determine the accuracy or fallacy of these

predictions.

The mountains of Cochise County are well wooded,

which will prove a valuable adjunct to the mining and

milling of ores, until a coal supply can be discovered

or rendered available.

The agricultural possibilities, though in their infancy as to development, are big with promise for the future, as also the fruit growing outlook. Many instances where small begin- nings have been made are sufficient to guarantee the most favorable results.

Arizona soil and climate seem peculiarly adapted to the growth of many varieties of fruits and flowers, although through lack of available water the fact of special adaptation is limited to a few localities. No part of the Territory shows more conspicu- ously the lack of needed development in this one department of resources than does this southeastern portion ; and yet, in the little that has been done in this immediate vicinity lies abundant proof of the inherent rich- ness of these lands — denominated county court house, tombstone. " desert lands " — even in the most

uninviting localities, where the exterior appearance is against the truthfulness of this assertion. There is an abundance of rainfall during the year in most of these valleys and mesas to make good crops — if the water could be stored and retained for distribution when needed. Quoting from a local paper, issued nearly two years ago, an old truth is presented anew to the public mind : " Storage reservoirs and artesian wells are all our magnificent country lacks. The climate is perfection, the mercury seldom rising above 100° in summer and rarely falling below 30" above zero in winter. This is owing to the altitude, which in addition causes a light, dry, exhilarating atmosphere. The rainy season commences in July and lasts until October, and is as regular as the other seasons. The rainfall the present year (1887) has been 25i inches by actual measure- ment, producing a wonderful growth of native grass over the entire county. Cattle are fat, and ranchmen prosperous and happy."

Little was done in this section of the Territory prior to the civil war, save a few settlements on the San Pedro and at minor points, hence the history proper of this county may be said to have begun with thg discovery of the mines in the Tombstone district in 1878, antedating the organization of the county by the space of three years.

ARIZONA.

117

A VIEW OF THE CITY OF TOMBSTONE.

The History and Description of the City of Tombstone.

OMBSTONE, the County Seat of Cochise, and the greatest mining center in the Territory, is built on a viesa which slopes from the line- where the foothills of the Mule Mountains merge into the plain towards the distant Dragoon Range. The site is an ideal one, so far as beauty of situation and facilities for perfect sanitation are concerned, while the surrounding scenery of rolling hills and grassy plains, enclosed by jagged and picturesque mountain ranges, is a striking combina- tion of the beauti- ful, set — except towards the east — : in a framework of the sublime. Per- haps the only blur on the picture is found in the low hills which lie behind the city and which are cut, scarred and defaced by the tunnels and dumps and hoisting works of the mines ; but, in the eye of the utili" tarian, these will, no doubt, appear rather to enhance than to mar the prospect.

The way in which the city came to have such a gruesome name is interesting. A prospector of the name of Scheffelia — who, by the

way, is now a resident of Alameda, California — being convinced that there were good indications of abundant mineral wealth in Cochise's country, and not having the fear of that savage chieftain before his

eyes — at least to the same extent as had his companions — expressed his determination to go over and " spy out the land." "All that you will find there will be your tombstone, '' mockingly said his fellow prospec- tors ; but Scheifelin was made of sterner stuff than to be turned from his purpose by a gibe. He passed over into Cochise's country, and hav- ing " struck it rich " near where the city of Tombstone now stands, turned the laugh against his jeering com- rades by calling the town, which speedily sprung up when the news of his "find" got abroad, by the name it still bears.

The first house on the townsite was built in April, 1879, and, to-day, the population is variously estimated at from 4,000 to G,000 inhabitants. Two years after it was founded, how- ever, it was swept by a disastrous fire which laid well nigh half the city in ashes, and the following year (1S82) a still more terrible and destructive conflagration almost wiped the whole city out of existence. It was, however, speedily rebuilt, and, as a precaution against the recurrence of a similar calamity the

A bXUKKT SCENE IN TOMBSTONE.

118 ARIZONA.

people built their, houses almost entirely of adobe. Even to-da}^, except the suburban residences, all the buildings are of that material, and one story in height. There are, of course, some public buildings, such as the Courthouse, the City Hall and the churches and schools which are either built of brick entirely, or brick faced with stone ; but by far the majority are of the primitive, but comfortable and safe, adobe.

Fortunately, Tombstone is in little or no danger from future fires, for her water supply is one of the best in quality and most copious in quantity in the world. It is brought from a vast reservoir (formed in one of the caflons in the Huachuca mountains) by iron pipes for 21 miles to another reservoir, situated 150 feet above the city. The quality of the water is unsurpassed, the supply unlimited, and the pressure is so great that one authority asserts that "a stream through an ordinary nozzle will bore a hole through a two-foot thick adobe wall in five minutes." With an abundant supply of hydrants distributed through the streets, and an efficient fire department, it is not easy to see what chance a fire would have of spreading very far in Tombstone to-day.

The vast mineral fields around Tombstone have, of recent years, not been worked to anything like the advantage they ought to be, owing to an unfortunate strike, arising from difficulties between the miners and their employers, and, it is said, from an unwillingness on the part of the latter to go to the expense of putting in certain costly machinery which new conditions in the mines demand, so long as the difficulties with their employes have not been settled on a basis promising something like permanent peace. Those troubles, however,are bound to be settled bye-and-bye, probably in the near future — and then, Tombstone will astonish the world by the extent of her wealth, no less than by the rapidity of her growth.

The Business Men of Tombstone.

3' T®' aH°artj iJirearrQxi) a"r^ eKmmunliTori.

JDERHAPS there is no branch of industry known to manufacturers that has made greater strides toward perfection in the last few years than the manufacture of firearms. A glance at the stock carried by Mr. Hart will convince the most casual observer of this fact. The establishment was started in 1880 by its present proprietor, and is located at 425 Fremont street. Mr. Hart is a man of 40 years' experience in the gun and locksmith business and keeps pace with all improvements in guns. He has always on hand a large stock of guns and pistols and has second-hand guns also for sale. Repairing is skillfully and neatly done on the premises and all goods and workmanship are warranted. He also has on hand a full line of general sporting goods and ammunition. His store is 25x40 feet and is the only establishment of the kind in southern Arizona. He uses the latest improved machinery for repairing and can fix any kind of gun. Mr. Hart came from Wisconsin in 1880 and immediately opened his store in Tombstone, where he has resided ever since, enjoying the reputation of being a good citizen and successful business man. In fact, no one stands higher in the estimation of the entire community.

I ^HE present age is a busy and a progressive one. With competition in all lines of business, so energetic and vigilant as to require the utmost perseverance and enterprise to gain success, and keep pace with the times. But while this is proverbially true, there are instances where unceasing perseverance, long trained experience and thorough knowledge of business arise superior to competition, and insure success. In no branch of business do these factors in a successful business apply with more force than in the general merchandise business. Arizona is well supplied with establishments of this class, and, as regards extent of business, that of the firm whose name heads this article, stands in the front rank.

This house was started in 1880, and has been a success from the very beginning. The storerooms are 100x120 feet in dimensions, where can be found everything in the dry goods and notion lines, from a cambric handkerchief to the heaviest ducking, and from a needle to a mill-saw. Their hardware department is just as complete, while their clothing, boots and shoes, hat and cap departments are always kept fully stocked

ARIZONA. 119

with the latest styles of goods, from the best known houses in the United States. They are agents for Lorillard's Tobacco, Joseph Schlitz' Celebrated Milwaukee beer, Leonard &. Ellis' lubricating oils, Goodwin's candles, Studebaker wagons, and Safety Nitro Powder. They employ eight experienced men, who are kept constantly busy receiving, shipping, and displaying their goods, which are received in carload lots. They have a branch house at Fairbanks, on the Sonora Railroad, from which they supply all the trade that can be reached by rail. Their business extends all over Southern Arizona, and the State of Sonorca, Mexico.

It is not surprising that this firm should have risen to the important position ^o which it has attained in this community, and from the unlimited knowledge of the trade possessed by them, a steady continuance of their success is fully assured. Their grocery department, it may be added, is also complete in every respect.

^ I ^HERE are few enterprises capable of more extended development and indefinite expansion than the real estate, brokerage and insurance business, and but few where there is a better field for the exercise of sound judgment, shrewdness and business ability.

Mr. J. V. Vickers of Tombstone started, in 1880, in this line of business and, by successfully placing risks, has become known as the leading insurance agent in this section. He represents the following companies, which are well known to every policy holder :' The London of London, The Imperial of London, The National of Ireland, The National of Hartford, The Anglo-Nevada, The Fireman's Fund, The Commercial of California, The Commercial Union of London, The London & Lancashire, The Manchester, The Providence, The Home of New York, The Southern of New Orleans, The Hamburg of Bremen, The .^tna of Pennsylvania, The Phoenix of London, The Knoxville of Memphis, The Mutual Life of New York, The Pacific Mutual Life & Accident of San Francisco, and many others. He transacts all manner of real estate business and buys and sells mines, etc. He has money to loan on real estate, and exchanges properties. In fact he does a general business in that line.

Mr. Vickers is one of the most enterprising and active men in this section and takes great interest in public affairs. He has been County Treasurer of Cochise County, and, at the present time, is a member of the Territorial Council from Cochise County. He was born in Pennsylvania and has resided here for the last 11 years. He is known as a man who has few equals in the business circles of this county.

^. ^. patton, <Karaex<>A MaiCer.

LJORSE furniture of course dates from the time when man first used the horse as his servant, and it would be vain to attempt to trace that date. The importance of the business of its manufacture, especially in a country where men live under such conditions as they do in Arizona, or, indeed, in any new Western country, will be at once realized. Indeed, so imjxjrtant a member of the community is the harness-maker, and 80 indispensable are his services, that a skillful workman can always feel assured of achieving a compe- tence, if not wealth, by the exercise of his trade, so closely is it connected with all industrial operations in those sections.

A notable example of this is the success which has attended the enterprise of J. J. Patton, whose establishment is located on Allen street. It was started in 1881 by Patton & Co., and, in 1886, Mr. Patton bought out his partners and continued the business alone. He has greatly increased both his trade and the premises, and his store is now the largest of its kind in Southern Arizona.

Mr. Patton, besides making all kinds of harness, saddles, etc., also keeps in stock robes, blankets, pack, saddles, whips, spurs, etc. Cheyenne stock-saddles are kept on hand and made to order. He also makes a specialty of carriage trimming and repairing. He has a large trade throughout this southern section and in the States of Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico. His storerooms are 22^x40 feet and his workshop is 12x20. All custom work is guaranteed and satisfaction is given in every case.

Mr. Patton came here from Missouri and has resided in Tombstone for the last eleven years. By fair and honorable dealing and skillful workmanship he has gained a reputation second to none in the Territory-

120 ARIZONA.

^0;Aep'^ Jfoe^ferj (^eaeraf Mercfia'titilAe,

T'

^HERE is no branch of commerce in which Tombstone gives evidence of more life and vigor, or in which she shows a healthier growth than in the general merchandise trade. This interest is in the hands of thoroughly-posted merclfents, who, with keen connnercial foresight, have discovered the advantages here ofl'ered, and have had nerve and enterprise to seize upon them.

A representative house, in this line, is that of Joseph Hoefler, corner of Fifth and Fremont streets. ^Mr. Hoefler occupies a spacious building 30x125 feet, with two large warehouses for storage purposes, and employs three hands who are courteous and competent in every way. He does a very large business in the city and surrounding country, and his reputation is such that his trade is rapidly on the increase. The business was started in 1879, and, during the eleven years which have elapsed since then, has never failed to give entire satisfaction to its numerous patrons. Mr. Hoefler does a large business in general groceries and provisions throughout Sonora, as well as in Cochise.

Mr. Hoefler is a native of Germany and has resided in tins country since 1876.

He is also largely interested in cattle ranches in this territory, and is a gentleman of excellent standing among business men. His affairs are conducted upon the highest basis of mercantile integritj', and his transactions are characterized by energy, ability and liberality.

'TpHE history of the commercial interests of the city of Tombstone has produced few examples of success

so marked and substantial as that of Messrs. McAllister & McCone both of the establishments of the kind in this Territory, it is the largest, and has taken a position and achieved a success which would be surprising but for the known ability of its management.

In 1880 this firm started in business, and now occupy large shops 120x180 feet. Their engine is20-horse power, and the boilers 30-horse power. They manufacture machinery of all kinds, make all sorts of castings in iron and brass, and repair machinery of every description. They have a ver}' large trade in Arizona and in Mexico as well. This is the only foundry in Arizona that has facilities for making any class of work. Many of the hands employed are experts in their trade, and the firm guarantees all work.

They make and repair all classes of heavy mining and millers' machinery, etc.

Such men as Messrs. McAllister (who is now Treasurer of Cochise County) and Mr. McCone, have by their influence upon the trade, established a high character for the city, for commercial spirit and enterprise. Men of their stamp do well in any country, and much of the growth of Tombstone must be attributed to the energetic presence in it of men such as they are.

S^QQiC o^ ©IorT|6x«>fone.

T'

^HE financial history of a city is so intimately connected with its trade and commerce that a review of the mercantile and manufacturing industries of Tombstone must necessarily make special reference to her banking institution. The Bank of Tombstone was organized in 1887 with an authorized capital of •1i 100,000, .$50,000 of which is paid up. The undivided profits are .l!9,000, showing plainly that the business has been a success from the very beginning. The building (which is owned by the bank) is 90x125 feet in dimensions and one story high, the part of it not used by the bank being used for mercantile purposes. The Bank does a general business all over the United States and Europe. Their principal correspondence is in San Francisco and New York City.

The officers are: George Berrott, President; G. H. Carrel, Vice-President; and R. W. Wood, Cashier — all well known in this community as prompt and correct business men.

Few similar institutions in the West can show a more rapid growth in the confidence of the community in which they are located, cr better evidence of solidity and absolute security to depositors. The reputation of those connected with its management, for honor, reliability and integrity, is as perfect as it is general.

ARIZONA. 121

iJfte h. ®Y^. 5i>flna kum6er (^o.

[ Branch Yard.]

'npHIS firm, it may be stated, at the outset, lias also branch yards at the following places, with headquarters at Los Angeles : San Bernardino, Pasadena, Monrovia, Riverside, Colton, San Jacinto, Beaumont, and Newhall, Cal.; Casa Grande, Phoenix, Tempe, Fairbanks, Tombstone, and Bisbee, A. T.; Lordsburg, N. M. L. W. Blinn is the General Manager, and resides at Los Angeles, Cal. When properly conducted upon strict principles of mercantile integrity, such a business as the above is beneficial alike to the producer, the merchant and the community at large. As a representative establishment of this kind the L. W. Blinn Lumber Co. stands head and shoulders above all others in the Southwest. It has been long established and is well known throughout the Southwest as the pioneer lumber company. The Tombstone and Fairbanks branches were started in 1879 and carry as large a stock as any other lumber yard in the Territory. Mr. W. C. Read, the General Manager of the Tombstone and Fairbanks branches is a young man, energetic and obliging, and is known for his superior business qualifications and thorough competency in every respect He was born in New Jersey and has resided in Tombstone for the last seven years. The yard at Tombstone is 300x200 feet; and the Fairbanks yard 200x150 feet.

A large wholesale and retail business is done from these yards, the lumber being sent throughout Cochise County, Pima County and Sonora, Mexico. The firm is too well known to need further introduction to the public, and that fact is sufficient to demonstrate that its business is a pronounced success.

©urcoari. ^ S^eai., iJreigftfer/.

^ j ^HE large output of ore in countries inaccessible to railroads renders it necessary to employ other means in order to transport the ore to a shipping point on the line of the nearest railway. Therefore the general freighting business is brought into requisition. Of all outfits in this section that of Durward & Read stands in the forefront of all. The firm are general freighters, and started in Tombstone four years ago. Their regular runs are between Tombstone and the N. M., A. & Sonora R'y Station, Fairbanks. They employ many men and teams and have all the principal business in that line between these two points. They own nine large freight, lead and trail wagons with a capacity of from 7,500 to 15,000 pounds each, and some 36 head of stock. All transportation of goods by this firm will receive the most careful handling, and all kinds of household goods will be moved by them from station to station in a satisfactory manner. Their office is with the Blinn Lumber Co., in Tombstone, where all orders may be left.

Both of the members of the firm are industrious and energetic business men and, having been in the country a long time and engaged in this business for many years, they are thoroughly competent to transact all business entrusted to their care.

npHERE are few industries in the city of Tombstone which have, in so short a time, risen into such prominence or deserved more favorable notice than that of Messrs. G. Nardini & Co., which is located on the corner of Allen and Fifth, streets. The business was established in 1885, and is now among the foremost of the kind in the Southwest. Messrs. Nardini & Co. deal in and keep on hand a large and varied assortment of staple and fancy groceries and imported liquors and cigars, and theirs is the largest stock of any similar house in the city. They also buy and sell all kinds of country produce.

The building occupied by them is a large structure, 30x()5 feet in dimensions.

The individual members of the firm are G. Nardini and Mr. A. Zepeda — both thorough business men and resident here for many years.

They have a branch house at the Turquoise Mining Camp.

There is no exaggeration or fulsome flattery whatever in saying that these gentlemen are in the very front rank of the energetic and thorough business men of this county.

122 ARIZONA.

©. ^. ^^I^^er^, $i>oari.Iao- aljt) ^afe (i)ta6fe.

■j^HE system of hiring horses as now carried on, is not only one of our greatest modern conveniences, but is an absolute necessity.

Among the livery establishments in Tombstone, that of John Montgomery, the "0 K Livery, Sale and Feed Stable," deserves special mention as being in every way a representative of the best class of such establishments and the most complete of the kind in the city. The stable is amply provided with stalls for the accommodation of 150 head of horses and stock, and all the conveniences necessary for the comfort of any class of animals. There are eighteen horses and twenty vehicles of all kinds kept constantly on hand for hire, and good and careful drivers are furnished when desired. The saddle horses for hire are the best in the country.

The building fronts ninety-seven feet on Allen street and runs back one block to Fremont street. Calls are answered at all hours of the night and day.

Mr. Montgomery was born in Ohio, but is a pioneer in Tombstone, having been here twelve years. He is a genial, kind and obliging man, and has kept his business up to such a standard that now he ranks as the foremost livery man in the Southwest. As a citizen, he is one of the most enterprising in the county. He now holds the office of County Supervisor, which he has filled with honor to himself and credit to his constituents.

(3aq (^aq S^eAtaurant.

TN enumerating the business enterprises of cities, due attention must, of course, be bestowed on those which provide for the convenience and comfort of the public. All cities pride themselves on the possession of popular places for satisfying the wants of the inner man, places to which gentlemen can take their wives and lady friends, and obtain a meal, such as is served to them at home. All the appointments of the "Can Can," of Tombstone, are elegant, and in the best of quiet taste ; and no more attractive restaurant will be found in any city in the South. The building is 40x150, large and commodious, with lofty ceilings, and containing comfortable seating capacity for 150 guests, besides 6 large private rooms for ladies. This restaurant is on the corner of Allen and 4th streets, and was started in 1879 by its present proprietor, Mr. A. D. Walsh, who has, since that date, successfully catered to the public taste. The bill of fare embraces all that the markets afford, together with the season's fish and game, which are served in an excellent manner by the best help to be obtained in Arizona. The business has been a thriving one from the outset. Mr. Walsh has been engaged in the restaurant business all his life, and knows just what to get up in the shape of meals to suit the public, and has thus gained a reputation second to none in the Territory. Hence his business has been steadily on the increase from its inception. . All who may desire to gratify their taste for a good meal, well served, will do well to visit the "Can Can."

^ I ^HE human race has always had a sweet tooth in its head, and the most popular form in which it takes its sugar is confectionery. Consequently, much attention has been paid to the manufacture of goods for which there always has been such a universal demand, so that, now, the very best of so-called French candy, is made by our home manufacturers, and in all the cities of the country the manufacture of candy has Ijecome a business of great importance. In Tombstone there is but one really first-class establishment devoted to this business — that of Mr. Frank Yaple. It is also the most extensive in the city. Mr. Yaple established himself in business in 1882, in a moderate way, but has since increased his business until he is the leader in the line. His trade extends over the southern part of Arizona and Northern Mexico. His store is 20x120, and contains all the necessary apparatus for use in the business. He came from New York City, and has been here ten years. He has, during that time, by strict business management, built up a very large trade in his Une. He has lately added a stationery department to his business and keeps a com- plete line of stationery, magazines, books and daily papers. His success is well merited, and as he is highly respected by the entire community he cannot but add to that success in the future.

ARIZONA. 123

©Y^ftoPexijafe £iqLior ©eafer.

/^NE of the leading business houses in Tombstone, engaged in furnishing ranchers' and miners' supplies, is ^^^ that of Mr. Warnekros, who started the business here in 1887. His store is 70x120 feet, and in addition to it he occupies three large warehouses, all of which are filled with the following articles : Ranchers' and miners' supplies, liquors, choice family groceries, flour, meal, wheat, bran, oats, corn, haras, bacon, potatoes, Pratt's astral and pearl oils, sugar, molasses, and other miscellaneous articles too numerous to mention. He is also agent for the celebrated Anthony & Kuhn Brewing Company of St. Louis. Foulk's famous Milwaukee beer, Schlitz's keg and bottle beer, the California Powder Company, Cumberland stove coal, Deering farming implements, the celebrated Ketchum wagons, and Parlin, Orendorff & Go's, fine buggies, road wagons, carts, etc. In this store can also be found a full line of drygoods, clothing, boots and shoes, hats, caps, trunks, valises and notions.

Mr. Paul Bahn Warnekros was born in Germany, the land that furnished so many staunch and good citizens to the United States. He has been a resident of Tombstone for the past 13 years, and, by his uniform courtesy and gentlemanly treatment of visitors and customers has made his establishment a most agreeable one to have dealings with. He is a live business man, and deservedly esteemed among the best representative business men of the whole community ; and this city has every reason to feel proud of the possession of so reliable and enterprising a citizen.

PaPace ^ofef.

An important item of information for the visitor to Tombstone, whether he come from adjoining parts of '^^ the County and Territory, or from still farther afield, is where he can find comfortable accommodation during his sojourn in the city — where, in short, he will be made to feel most at home.

Tombstone has no lack of comfortable hostelries, where he will find excellent quarters, but the Palace Hotel undoubtedly occupies the first place among them. It is conducted on the European plan, and is situated right in the center of the business portion of the city, near all the leading restaurants, making it the most convenient hotel in the city for transient guests. The building is a large two-story frame structure 40x80 ft. in dimensions, and contains 18 sleeping rooms, all elegantly furnished in the latest style, with every convenience necessary for the comfort of its guests.

The Palace was opened in 1885 by the present proprietress, Mrs. Henrietta Bastian, a most estimable lady, and one who has had many years' experience in the business. Every effort is made by her to please her guests and make them feel at home. Her charges are as reasonable as those of any first-class house, and those who have occasion to visit Tombstone should stop with her, and they will have no cuuse to regret their having done so. They will find the landlady polite, agreeable, and always watchful that her guests are well attended to in every way, and that the servants omit nothing that will add to their comfort. Taken all in all, it is one of the best hotels in Arizona, and the best kept house in the West.

fleco (^orfe ^fore.

As a representative general merchandise store no better selection could be made than the establishment of ■^^ Mr. William Kieke, who is in that line of business in quite a large way. He carries a stock of over $5,000 and has been in business one year. His business extends over Cochise County. He is also largely engaged in the wood business, keeping several men employed, the year around, cutting wood to supply the market. He was born in Texas, and has lived here about five years. The fact that he now does one of the largest annual businesses in the Territory is sufficient evidence that ho has the respect and confidence of the community in which he resides.

124 ARIZONA

eKrlzor^a Maif ^ gtage ©o.

AS this review is intended to represent not only the large manufacturing industries, but those which ■^^ form an important part in the progress of the Territory, it is important that mention should be made of the Arizona Mail and Stage Company, established here in 1879. So perfect has the management of the line been, that, from its inception, it has proved a success, and, to-day, is one of the best equipped stage lines in the Territory.

The company has fifteen head of fine stage horses which make the trip between Fairbank and Tombstone — a distance of 10 miles — in a little over one hour. Their stages are finely equipped for the accommodation of passengers, the two-horse stages having accommodation for from 8 to 10 people, while their six-horse coaches can comfortably accommodate twenty people. They make close connections with all trains at Fair- banks and carry the U. S. Mail.

The company is also agent for Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express, and for the Santa Fe Railroad, selling tickets to all points over that entire line.

The company is composed of some of the Territory's most influential business men and is managed by Messrs. C. D. Gage and M. D. Scribner, both being from long experience fully competent to handle the com- pany's business. Through long experience in every detail of this business, and their high reputation for integrity and fair dealing, this company is justly entitled to the confidence reposed in it by the entire com- munity.

History and Description of the Town of Benson.

ENSON IS SITUATED at the junction of the Southern Pacific Railroad with the Arizona and New Mexican Railway, and is about half a mile distant from the San Pedro River. It is built along the track of the Southern Pacific Railroad for about a quarter of a mile and contains about 500 of a population. At one time, before the Sonora branch was built, Benson did a very large business with Tombstone, for which it was the point of supply.

Mr. Gerwien, a prominent pioneer citizen and merchant of Benson, has kindly furnished the following notes of the history of the town from his own personal recollections :

"I arrived here in 1880, when all that there was to be seen of Benson was the place where it was going to be. Shortly after my arrival, the S. P. R. R. completed their road through, laid out a townsite and auctioned off a number of lots at very good prices. A t this time a great deal of freight was shipped from this point to Mexico and Tombstone, for both of which it was, necessarily, the shipping point. Times were then lively, money plentiful and business brisk.

In the Fall of 1881, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Company's road reached Benson, and they began building from that point to Guaymas, by way of Magdalena and Hermosillo, when, of course, business became even better than ever, and the town increased in size, population and wealth very rapidly.

At this time a set of very rough and desperate characters, known as the "Top and Bottom Gang," made Benson their headquarters for about nine months, and ran things their own way during that time. The people finally concluded not to stand the thing any longer, and, rising as one man, they drove the crowd out of the town 'for keeps.'

"Since that time there has been no disturbance of any sort in Benson. It has grown and flourished, and to-day it is a model Western town, with a population of about 500. I consider it the healthiest and most attractive town between Los Angeles and El Paso, and I have no hesitation in expressing my firm conviction that it will make far greater strides in growth and prosperity in the future than it has done even in the past.

"There is a good agricultural, mining and stock-raising country around it, and with the railway connections which it possesses, there is no reason why it should not become a large and prosperous city."

Following are a few of the business enterprises established and successfully conducted by some of the men to whom Benson owes much of her growth and prosperity :

ARIZONA. 125

The Business Men of Benson.

I ^HERE is no class of business in which the people of a city take more pride than a first-class livery stable where, whenever their friends come to visit, they can find a suitable outfit that for style, safety and speed is not surpassed anywhere. Such a place is the one under discussion. It is in the business portion of the city, is well arranged and first class in every respect. Horses, carriages, buggies and saddle horses, are ready day and night for the service of its patrons. The business has the confidence and good will of the people, and the proprietor, Mr. P. J. Delehenty, is one of Benson's prominent business men. He started this establishment six years ago, and has large commodious stables and accommodations for thirty head of stock. His place is 25x150 and has water and all conveniences. This stable is the headquarters for the Benson and Riverside line of stages.

Mr. Delehenty was born in Ireland and has been a resident here for the last nine years and is esteemed by all his fellow citizens. Those desiring good rigs should not fail to visit this stable and they will meet with courteous attention and reasonable rates.

TN every city we believe the line of business represented by the above establishment holds the leading

position in mercantile aifairs as the character of goods handled are necessaries in every house, whether it be that of the rancher, the stockman, the business man or the miner.

Of the houses engaged in this line of business in Benson, it can be confidently asserted, both from the general opinion and from statistical figures, that none occupies a more prominent position with reference to the amount of stock carried, extent of business transacted, extent and commodiousness of the premises occupied and commercial standing than the house of Miller & Lowenstien. Ever since this firm was organized it has been maintained with those characteristics of energy, mercantile integrity, and enterprising ability with which it was founded.

They carry a stock of over $12,000, and do an annual business of from .$40,000 to $50,000.

The individual members of this firm are Mr. Albert Miller and ^Ir. Isaac Lowenstien. Both are young men of more than ordinary business ability, and have, by their courteous and prudent management, worked up one of the finest wholesale and retail grocery and general merchandise trades in Pima County. Their store is 30x80. It stands on the main street, opposite the Southern Pacific depot. Both were born in Germany and came here to help open up the country. They are live business men and are deservedly esteemed by the commercial portion of the community.

£. -5^ h^. g^oficoafer, ^enevat Mercfant/.

r^OMMERCE, merchandizing or tratle, by whichever title one may select to designate it, is as old as the commencement of civilization. When it began is unknown and the oldest writings show that it was in a state almost as perfect as it now is fifteen centuries before the beginning of authentic profane history. The different branches were not so plainly defined or individualized as in modern times ; still, the transactions implied fixed conditions of trade or barter. Drygoods, groceries, hardware, etc., did not exist as distinctively as now, and those articles of general consumption which enter largely into trade in modern times such as sugar, coffee, tea, tobacco, etc., were unknown to the ancients. Manufactured articles which we hold to l)e of prime necessity were also unknown to them.

Trade was first divided into generic systems during the fifteenth century by the Venetians, whose commerce embraced the whole world, as then known, and since that time commercial houses have come to be

126 ARIZONA.

divided into two great classes, those who deal in staples and those who deal in mere luxuries. At the head of the former class stand those who provide and deal in all articles in general and constant use by the public, in other words, the dealer in general merchandise.

Such a house is the firm of L. and H. Goldwater. It was started by Joseph Goldwater & Co. in 1882, in this county, and the Benson branch was established in 1887. Mr. Goldwater died in August, 1889, and his two sons, L. and H. Goldwater, succeeded to the business. They do a wholesale and retail business in general merchandise. Their business extends all over southern Arizona. In order to store the immense stock carried, they have a large storehouse of 30x150 feet dimensions, situated on the Southern Pacific Railway track. They also have a large warehouse.

Both partners were born in San Francisco, but have been residents of the Territory for the last eight years. Their house is a pleasant one with which to establish business relations, and such relations will be found profitable, for no one understands better how to secure their customers low prices or good terms. Cordially commending them to the trade and the public, and calling attention to their liberal manner of doing business and their resources, it may justly be added that, ranking as they do among the first in the line of their business, the firm of Messrs L. & H. Goldwater command the respect of the trade, and the highest consideration of the community at large.

h^ . Sveroolea, Qeafer In 1s(j.m6er 5^tilfc|iaa" Maferlaf/, Qfc.

TN the endeavor to make some historical notes in regard to those commercial firms which have contributed to the importance and standing that the city of Benson now holds in the mercantile world, we find none

more worthy of special consideration than Mr. H. Gerwien. This gentleman started in business in the year

1880, and he has maintained his establishment in high standing in the commercial world ever since, carrying

always a full stock of lumber and building material, sashes, doors, blinds, etc.

He was born in Germany, and came to this country 25 years ago, and was one of Benson's first settlers

having lived here ten years. By careful attention to the wants of the people he has gained a reputation that

places him in the front rank of the mercantile men of this section.

His yards are located near the Southern Pacific depot, and are convenient to the general public. All

orders are promptly attended to, and all work is guaranteed. He is an industrious man, of excellent habits

and one of the most courteous gentlemen to be met with anywhere, not only to his customers but to all who

come in contact with him socially.

^^I^gI^Ia ahfofef.

As a central point between El Paso and Yuma, Benson commands a position that calls for first-class "^^ accommodations. It is the terminus of the New Mexico, Arizona & Sonora Railway. As the trains reach here at such hours as render it necessary to stop over night, a good hotel is very requisite.

All who may have, in the emergencies of travel, to stop over at Benson, may be confidently directed to the Virginia Hotel, as being the only first-class hotel in the town. This hotel was opened three years ago on the American plan. It contains twenty-five light and airy sleeping rooms, with a capacity for the accommodation of thirty people at a time, and has an elegantly furnished parlor for the convenience of the lady guests. Mr. J. M. Castaneda is the genial host of this hotel. He has several large and elegantly fitted-up sample rooms for commercial men and they will find home-like comfort when staying at this house. The dimensions of the house are 50x150 feet. The proprietor has had considerable experience in the business, having kept this house for several years, and has been in business in the Territory twenty-nine years. He has an extensive acquaintance and knows exactly what his guests want. Everything about the house is in the latest improved style, and of the very first class. Every attention is given to the comfort of the traveling public and we predict for Mr. Castaneda a successful career, for there is nothing that so forcibly impresses the traveler as good attention and the evidences of a desire to please, all of which qualities are possessed, in a marked degree, by Mr. J. M. Castaneda.

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127

History and Topography of Pinal County.

jINAL, LIKE MARICOPA COUNTY, is a typical agricultural county, being blessed with the same conditions of soil, climate and facilities for irrigation that render the valley of the Salt River such a paradise for the agriculturist and horticulturist. It lies to the east of part of Maricopa, to the west of Graham, to the north of Pima and to the south of a portion of Maricopa and Gila counties. It is watered by the Gila and San Pedro rivers, the former traversing it from east to west through its whole length, and the latter passing from the extreme southeast corner of the county to where the river joins the Gila, at the lower end of the Gila Canon.

The area of the county is 5,368 square miles, or 3,345,520 acres, and the character of the country, especially south of the Gila, is open, grassy and level, except where a few groups of bare and rugged mountains rise abruptly from the plain. These peaks go under the general name of the Superstition Moun- tains. In the northern and eastern parts of the county the surface is less level, the Pinal, the Tortilla and Mescal ranges rendering the face of the country more diversified, if less productive.

The county is very rich in resources. Along the San Pedro and Gila rivers there is an immense amount of agricultural land, only a moiety of which has been, as yet, placed under cultivation; its vast grass-covered plains provide pasturage for numerous herds of cattle, and its mines of gold, silver, copper and coal yield a rich return for the labor of the miner.

The county was formed from portions of Pima, Maricopa and Yavapai counties in 1875, but, from the same causes which retarded the growth and settlement of the other counties of Arizona, Pinal went through a long period of semi-stagnation, and it was not until the " Silver King" discovery directed attention to the mineral wealth contained in her rocks, that immigration set in " as a flood." Since that time the growth of the county has been steady and satisfactory, and, to-day, it is as prosperous and thrifty as any county in Arizona.

History and Description of the City of Florence.

■LORENCE, THE COUNTY SEAT, is another Phojnix in the beauty of its situation, its shaded streets with streams of water running along each side of them, and a rich agricultural district on every side of it. It stands nearly on the bank of the Gila River, being only about half-a-mile away from it, and is eighty miles north of Tucson. Casa Grande station, on the line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, is twenty-six miles distant, and daily communication is maintained between the city and that point by a well-appointed and well-conducted stage line. Florence is, like Jerusalem of old, " beautiful for situation," and is, moreover, possessed of all the natural advantages that go to make a great and flourishing city. There is nothing, indeed, that can prevent Florence from attaining to a foremost place among the cities of the Territory but supineness and indifference on the part of her citizens, and those are faults that certainly cannot be charged against the energetic and public- spirited people who occupy the city now. There is not the slightest danger, either, that there will be any falling-ofif of enterprise among future citizens of Florence, for the conditions which tend to foster progress and development are at once so plentiful and so propitious that the inhabitants must, perforce, go ahead in the interests of their city. Th6y cannot well help themselves.

The general run of the buildings are, as befits the country and the Mexicans who so long occupied it, one Btory in height and of adobe, but there are a large number of business liouses, public buildings, churches Bchools, etc., where other and more sightly materials are employed. The population is about 1,500 and the city stands 1,553 feet above the level of the sea. There are many beautiful private residences in it, and an excellent graded school in which five teachers are employed. There are two newspapers doing well, and giving the news of the day in a very bright and readable form. The new Courthouse, when completed, will cost at least $30,000.

Altogether, there is no city in Arizona that has a brighter outlook than Florence, and her growth will be permanent, for she has the firmest of all foundations on which to rear an edifice of prosperity.

Following will be found sketches of the leading business men who are achieving fortunes for themselves, at the same time that they are building up Florence and the county of Pinal :

128 ARIZONA

The Business Men of Florence.

pi^aP (3ou.nt\/ ^aq?:.

npHIS is one of the most important business enterprises which has been inaugurated in Florence; and its influence in forwarding the mercantile interests of the city, and in promoting the general welfare, is fully appreciated in business circles. The Pinal County Bank was incorporated, under the Territorial laws, in November 1889, with a capital stock of $50 000, and among the Board of Directors and stockholders may be found the names of many of the leading successful men of this community.

A general banking business is transacted, including the collection of claims, negotiating loans, and the issue of exchange in any desired amount. The bank occupies a substantial structure in the business portion of the city, and its interior arrangements and appointments make it a model of taste and attractiveness.

In their dealings with clients the officers of this bank are always prompt and reliable, and the standing of those having charge of the important offices of the institution inspires the fullest confidence in financial circles. The oflScers and directors are as follows : President, Wm. E. Guild; Vice-President, H. B. Tenney, (Cashier Consolidated National Bank of Tucson); Cashier, T. L. Power. Directors: Wm. E. Guild, D. C. Stevens, F. B. Maldonado, J. B. McNeil, H. B. Tenney. All these gentlemen are well known as financiers of unquestioned ability and are prominent and responsible promoters of successful enterprises in Florence. The future of this institution is full of promise of usefulness and prosperity.

iJPorence eFfoteP,

An important consideration with the visitor to Florence, if he has never been there before, will, of course, be the matter of the accommodation he may expect. It is satisfactory to be able to assure such an individual that he need not worry in the least on that subject. If the quality of the hotels be a criterion of the merits of a city, Florence can hold up her end with the best of them, so far as the Florence Hotel is concerned. It is strictly a first-class hotel in every respect. It is a large, conveniently situated building, 100x12.5 feet in dimensions, and contains 25 large and well lighted rooms, all furnished in the latest and most improved style. Nine employes are kept constantly busy in keeping everything in first-class order. The dining-room is large and airy, and the table is always supplied liberally with every delicacy in the market. The waiters are polite and attentive, and, in fact, everything about the house is substantial and home-like. Mrs. K. French has charge of the house and dining-room, and manages everything to admiration.

The bar is stocked with the best wines, both native and imported, while the finest brands of old Kentucky whisky are kept in stock, and must be tasted to be thoroughly appreciated. Mr. L. K. Drais, the proprietor, was made for a hotel man, being courteous, affable, polite, and accommodating. He makes it his special care to see that all his guests are well treated in every particular.

Mr. C. O. Miles, the genial clerk, although a young man, is the right man in the right place, and Mr. Drais is to be congratulated on securing the services of such a popular gentleman.

CsftaA. ©\f/, ©IlPPman, iJiirniture, 5^eili.Iiio^, Getc.

' I ^HERE could be no better indication of the culture and good taste of the citizens of Florence than the way in which they study elegance as well as comfort in the furnishing of their homes. In doing so they have been greatly aided by having the choice and extensive stock in the establishment of Mr. Charles W. Tillman to select from.

Having^ founded the business in 1880, Mr. Tillman has, by a course of the strictest honesty, combined with a thorough knowledge of the requirements of the business, secured a place in the confidence of the public from which no rival will be able to dislodge him. At his store may be found a complete line of furniture,

ARIZONA

129

bedding, rugs, mats, chair seats, window frames, picture frames, casket trimmings, undertaking supplies, etc. The building occupied by him is a large, convenient structure, 30x40 feet in dimensions, and situated in the center of the business portion of the city.

Mr. Tillman was born in New York, but has been a resident of this place for ten years. His promptness and his honorable manner of dealing with all his customers, have won, and retained for him, the respect of all classes, and, as a consequence, his house is, by all, considered one of the most reliable in the city.

©W. Cs. ^mltft (^ (30, ©eneraf Mercftar^ilii'e.

' I ^HERE is a proverb which says that "great oaks from little acorns grow," and another, to the same effect, reads that " large rivers do from little fountains rise." The same phenomena is often paralleled in the experience of everyday life, and nowhere more frequently, or more strikingly, than in commercial afifairs. It is no uncommon thing to see a man, with little or no capital, at the start, beyond native energy and push, and honorable purpose and a laudable ambition to make his way to independence if not to wealth, attain his object in a very few years. Probably in no country in the world is there a better opening for men actuated by such praiseworthy motives than Arizona, for our cities and towns are full of shining examples of men who began their business career at the very foot of the ladder, but who now have set their

foot triumphantly on the very topmost round. And surely " what man has done before, man can do again." All that is needed to ensure success is, as has been said, a resolute determination to succeed, steady attention to business, and an intelligent regard to those opportunities which will always come to those who watch for them.

Florence contains at least one establishment which is a very significant illustration of this, viz : the general merchandise store of W. C. Smith & Co. The history of the origin, growth and development of the business conducted by that firm reads almost like a romance. It was established — or rather, to speak by the card, it was started — in 1879, by Smith & Watz- lavzick, on a very slender capital, but so thoroughly alive were both partners to the conditions on which their ultimate success depended, that the small capital increased rapidly, their business speedily outgrew their accommodations for conducting it, and, in 1881, they established a branch store in Casa Grande. There, too, their business prospered, and for precisely the same reasons. Their customers knew that they would receive nothing but the fairest and most honorable treatment at the hands of the firm; they also knew that good value would be given in return for their money in every instance, and that they could depend on receiving the most courteous and gentlemanly treatment every time they entered the store.

Shortly after the establishing of the branch store at Casa Grande, Mr. Watzlavzick sold his interest to IF. B. Murray, when the firm became, of course, " Smith & Murray." The i)rosperity which had previously attended the enterprise still continued, and in 1885, Mr. Smith bought out Mr. Murray, and, for two years thereafter, conducted the business himself. It grew to auch dimensions, however, that he found even his exceptional lowers overtaxed in attending to its every detail, and he concluded to take in a partner to share the burden of the business with him. He found a most suitable and reliable gentleman for the position in the person of Mr. F. B. Maldonado, who had been in his employ as a clerk since 1881, and with whose sterling character and eminent business qualifications he had become thoroughly conversant. The firm then took its present name of " W. C. Smith & Co."

In January, 1890, the firm completed a large and elegant brick structure, two stories high, fronting 42^ feet on Main street and 125 feet on Seventh street. Into this building they immediately moved their goods.

SMITH BDILDING, FLORENCE.

130 ARIZONA.

Their business still continues to increase in a way, and at a rate, which, if astonishing to the public and to rival houses in the same line of commerce, must be highly satisfactory to the gentlemen who are most interested in its success.

The term " general merchandise" sufficiently expresses the varied nature of the goods they deal in. There is absolutely no kind of staple required by the citizen or the settler, the mechanic or the miner, the occupant of the ranch or the owner of the range, that cannot be found in their store. Among the number might be mentioned dry goods of all kinds, hats, caps, furnishing goods, groceries, hardware, farming implements, clothing, etc., etc.

Mr. Smith is a native of Scotland, but has lived in Arizona for many years. Mr. Maldonado has bfien in the Territory since 1872.

Those who have the good fortune to be acquainted with those two gentlemen will have no hesitation in predicting for them a continuation and increase of the success which has attended them heretofore, their personal character and their thorough business equipment being ample justification for such a forecast.

' I ^HE facilities for transportation form a very important factor in the promotion of the comfort, not only of visitors, but of the people of the city and country, as well. Indeed, they are more than that, for they are absolutely essential to the development and progress of the whole country. Florence has no cause to take a back seat, in this regard, from any city that has not attained to the possession of a railway or two. The Florence and Casa Grande Stage Line supplies a comfortable and expeditious means of reaching the city, and the great popularity of the line attests its efficiency.

The proprietors of the line, Messrs. Drew, Stevens & Co., have put on very comfortable coaches, first- class horses, competent and careful drivers. They have the contract for carrying the United States Mail and Wells, Fargo & Co., Express, and will meet all incoming and outgoing trains at Casa Grande. The trip, a distance of 28 miles, is made in less than five hours, and is not only pleasant but interesting; the stage road passing the old Casa Grande ruins, supposed to have been built in pre-historic times by the Aztecs, or some unknown race.

The company in addition to their stage business, owns the largest livery, sale, and feed stable in both Florence and Casa Grande. The Florence establishment, situated on Main street, is under the supervision of Mr. D. C. Stevens, and has a capacity for accommodating 100 head of stock, while the Casa Grande stable, under the management of Mr. E. P. Drew, can accommodate, at least, 60 head.

These gentlemen are both excellent business men, reliable and fair in their treatment of their customers, and it would be well for persons wishing anythjpg in their line, to give them a call.

r^ASA GRANDE is a very thriving town, being a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, and the shipping ^^ point for Florence, the country tributary to it, and the surrounding mining districts. The population is closely approaching 1,000.

ARIZONA.

131

History and Description of Yavapai County.

' AvAPAI COUNTY is nearly co-extensive with the great Colorado Plateau, and is the largest county in Arizona, being more than one-fourth of the whole Territory. It covers Ifij-^K Jl^ an area of over 30,000 square miles. It was one of the four counties into which Arizona was ^^^{^^^r divided by the first legislature in 1864, and originally included the whole of Apache county and part of Maricopa and Gila counties. Its present boundaries are Maricopa and Gila counties on the south, Yuma and Mohave on the west, Utah on the north and Apache County on the east. It is an immense table land, intersected by ranges of mountains, such as the San Francisco, the Bill Williams, the Sierra Prieta, the Black Hills and the Bradshaw ranges, while between these the face of the country is diver- sified by beautiful valleys and rich plains, while here and there deep cafions and rocky gorges occur.

The County is well watered, having, among its rivers, the Verde, the Little Colorado, Hassayampa, Agua Fria, Kirkland Creek, Santa Maria and any number of smaller streams that pour down the rocky sides of the mountain ranges, drawing their supply of clear cold water from the snow-covered peaks where they take

their rise. The plains and val- leys are admir- ably suited for farming and stock-raising, and timber is plenti- ful and of excel- lent quality.

The County, owing partly to its vast extent and partly to the rugged nature of portions of the ground that has to be traversed, has only been ])artially explor- ed,and it is be- lieved that only a tithe — if so much — of its resources is known. Gold was first discov- ered by prospec- tors from New Mexico in 1863, and the same year witnessed the famous "find" by Californian prospectors at Antelope Peak. and a rush of miners and prospective settlers into the country was the result. The blood-thirsty Apaches, however, here as elsewhere, acted as an effective check on the development of the country by their raids, and it was not until their final settlement on reservations, by General Crook, that anything like substantial and permanent progress was made. Since that time, however, the County has made wonderful strides.

As a matter of fact no other portion of the Southwest has secured so large and so desirable an increase in its population during the last few years as has Central Arizona. While there are isolated instances of a few sections having, under the ephemeral excitement of a " boom," attracted, for the time being, more attention, the growth of this portion of Arizona has been a steady one, permanent and stable in its character, and entirely free from the feverish intoxication of speculation which so often forms the only basis on which new regions of the West are brought into prominence — to be maintained there until the schemes of unscrupulous speculators are consummated and then allowed by their " boomers " to relapse into their former obscurity.

AIWCUKS I.N TlIK SADDLE.

132

ARIZONA

To present by means of the pen alone, a satisfactory idea of any frontier settlement is a most difficult matter. The causes that have called such settlement into existence may be narrated, while its growth may be explicitly set forth with the utmost conscientious observance of statistical minutiw, and yet the impression so created may be far from being in the slightest degree correct. To state that within less than a quarter of a century more people have found homes within a radius of a hundred miles of Prescott, than were planted along the entire Atlantic Coast of North America during the first half of a century following the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, is merely setting forth a threadbare fact that may attract but little attention from the great mass of readers, although it is weighty with meaning to those disposed to read between the lines. To them it tells of privations and hardships ; of death brought by sickness and savages, oftentimes without the voice of a single being to break the silence with words of cheer or consolation in the last struggle. But those days are gone forever, so why revert to them? Let us rather view the present and its prosperous homes in this but recently reclaimed wilderness.

Prescott, the county seat of Yavapai County, one of the largest counties in the Union, has the honor of being the pioneer "American " settlement in the entire Southwest. While many of the citizens of the United States had, years before, found their way into Arizona and New Mexico, they had been always satisfied to accept the situation as they found it, and contented themselves with being identified with the interests of the old Spanish settlements. So fixed had this come to be the custom, that the commissions of the first civil appointees to whom was entrusted the management of the public aflfairs of the new Territory, designated Tucson as the Territorial Capital. Disregarding this, however, the gubernatorial party struck boldly out

from All )uquerque to establish the Territorial Capi- tal in Central in- stead of Southern Arizona. The reasons for doing so were manifold. The advantages in climate, accessi- bility and re- sources were all in favor of the new site as against Tucson, while the then recent dis- covery of rich and extensive placer mines on Lynx Creek may have strengthened the views of the party in this regard, by creating a na,tural

desire to be so located as to be able to reap a share in the general prosperity brought by the newly-discovered " bonanzas." The first and only halt made by the official party and its escorts, was at Chino Valley, twenty miles north of Prescott, from which point reconnoitering parties were sent out to discover the best site for a city, and the grounds now occupied by Prescott was, after much searching, finally selected. The wisdom of this selection future years will more forcibly demonstrate than the past has done. Built on a small table of the Sierra Prieta mountain range, the first sight of the city is one which commands at once the attention and admiration of the most unobservant. Far to the north, through the vista of the Red Buttes, through which Granite Creek has cut its channel, is seen the peak of the San Francisco Mountains, looming up like some great and silent sentinel set to watch over the destiny of the land until time itself shall be lost in eternity. To the south, Mount Union towers into the clouds like some warden of old, watching and waiting to see what this restless race, which has pierced its mountain sides with shaft and tunnel, shall bring to the land in which, but a few years ago, reigned a solitude unbroken save by the savage. To the west, like an enormous Sphinx, sleepily watching the rush and rastle of the new order of things, is seen Thumb Buttes ; while its stern vis-a-vis, Granite Mountain, with its great coffin-shaped outline, seems as if created solely to serve, like

APACHE TEPEES.

ARIZONA

133

ship in, while Far Cathay has, too, ailded its quota Tartar-featured gods, some in eflijry and some painted on silk

the mummy of the Egyptian roysterers, to remind man that " all is vanity," and that to " eat, drink and be merry," gain riches or win fame, means to man, after all, naught but to die and to be forgotten. To the east of the city, bear away, in the dim distance, rolling hills, on whose grass-covered sides thousands of cattle graze ; while, through the center of the town, dividing it into East and West Prescott, flow the placid waters of Granite Creek. The city is distinctly Amer- ican. Nowhere is there to be found the flat roof, prison-like structures of sun-dried adobe, so common elsewhere in the South- west. The buildings — dwelling and busi- ness— are all of lumber or brick. The city is built around a public plaza, in the center of which has been erected, at the cost of over a hundred thousand dollars, the County Courthouse, which is admitted to be the finest public structure in either New Mexico or Arizona. Facing the plaza are the prin- cipal business houses, many of which, in size and style surpass those of older and more pretentious communities. One block east of the Courthouse stands the City Hall on what is known as " Nob Hill." The building is of brick, and is two stories in height, together with a basement and an attic. It stands on a spur of one of the sur- rounding mountains, and, from its windows, magnificent views of the surrounding coun- try may be had for miles in every direction. To the east of the City Hall and on the same street, is the public school building, the largest in the Territory, and capable of accommodating nearly 500 pupils. The ser- vices of five teachers are required throughout the year, so large is the attendance, while the course of instruction ranges from ''A B C " to the ancient languages, higher math- ematics, etc. The city is well supplied with water, having a magniticeiit system of public water works which cost •$100,000, with water mains traversing all the streets, which latter are laid out with as strict regard for the car- dinal points of the compass as are those of the " City of magnificent distances " itself. Its numerous churches, erected and main- tained by the Catholics, Methodists, Episco- palians, Methodist South, Baptists and Con- gregationalists, speak of somewhat closer attention to religious affairs than is usually expected on the frontier. Each of the denom- inations named have a neat edifice to wor- n the shape of a "Joss-house," glorious in tinsel and

134 ARIZONA.

In the way of fraternal societies, the Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Grand Army of the Kepublic, the Order of the Eastern Star, are all well represented by large-sized Lodges. Organizations of a more public character are represented by a well-uniformed and equipped Volunteer Fire Department, and a company of the National Guard of Arizona.

Among its business enterprises, Prescott numbers two daily newspa])ers — the Journal-Miner, edited by J. C. Martin, and the Courier, by J. H. Marion — each of which possesses a large circulation and are always newsy and interesting. The city has, besides its complement of business houses usual to any city of two thousand inhabitants, three hotels, a bank, a brewery, two furniture establishments, and fine sampling works,

Commercially considered, the city is the base of supplies of an immense tract of rapidly-developing country. As all roads led to Rome in the " brave days of old," so here all roads lead to Prescott, and the advent of the Prescott and Arizona Central Railway is a sufficient guarantee that its supremacy in this respect will be maintained. The future of this road is one worthy of the enterprise and intelligence that has heretofore been identified with its destinies. From Prescott its extension south (on which work will be resumed the approaching summer) lies through man}' of the richest mining districts in the Union for over a hundred miles, when- it enters the rich agricultural valleys of the Salt and Gila rivers, to finally find a southern terminus on the Gulf of California, while on the north it eventually will be extended through Utah into the mining regions of the Northern States, making it, in effect, the great railroad system of the backbone of the continent.

Following will be found sketches of the most prominent and enterprising business houses of Prescott:

The Business Men of Prescott.

^. (#. ^variLi^er, ©eafer la (S\erieraf MercftansLlx^^e.

TI^EW persons are ignorant of the importance of the business carried on by Mr. Gardner, and few business

houses in this city have such an extensive range of custom as has the proprietor of this concern. Established in 1883, the business has been a most successful one, extending, as it does, not only over the city and immediate environs, but also throughout the whole of Northern Arizona.

The building occupied by Mr. Gardner is a commodious one, 25x7-5 feet in dimensions, with a warehouse adjoining for storage purposes. The stock, a large and complete one, consists of groceries, tobaccos, cigars men's furnishing goods, hats, caps, boots, shoes, notions, miners' supplies, etc.

Directly opposite his present quarters, Mr. Gardner has, in process of erection, a handsome new brick store, 50x100 feet in area, which will be completed and occupied by him about March 1st, 1891.

He also has a branch store at Jerome in this county.

Mr. Gardner was born in Missouri, but has resided in Arizona for the past eleven years. He is a courteous gentleman, of great experience and ability, and in every way worthy of the success he has achieved.

©Ifte 5i)an*C o^ JSrizor^a.

IpHIS institution is the pioneer bank of the Territory, having been incorporated in 1877, and is still doing business at the original stand.

M. W. Kales, now President of the National Bank of Arizona, at Phoenix, was the first Cashier and was succeeded in 1882 by W. E. Hazeltine, who is now in charge. Consequently there have been but few changes in its management.

Hugo Richards, live-stock grower and capitalist, is President and Ed. W. Wells, attorney and capitalist, is Vice-President.

The Bank has the entire confidence of the community, and is credited with the ability to supply all just and reasonable demands for funds. Its officers are personally identified with the interests of this section, and are prominent in every enterprise calculated to advance the same.

A R I :ZO N A. 135

A MONG those ojierative industries which contribute most directly to the prosperity of our growing cities ■^^ and towns, there are none whose influence and energy are worthy of more recognition than those of the dealer in real estate who has selected a good location and is thoroughly familiar with all the details of transactions in his line. The Arizona Real Estate Loan and Investment Association have been very successful in this branch of business, their operations embracing the handling of city property, farms, improved and unimproved lands, mines and the examination of titles. They also do a general insurance business, negotiate loans and make a special feature of investments. They also pay taxes for non-residents. The business was established by Mr. D. F. Mitchell in 1870 and was conducted by him up to July 1st, 1890, when the present Association was formed, the members of which are the following well-known gentlemen : D. F. Mitchell, J. M. W. Moore and Jacob Henkle. Mr. Moore has had many years' experience in the mining business, is a practical assayer, and is now connected with the Arizona Ore Co., which places him in a position to give valuable information in regard to mining properties. Those placing their interests in the hands of this firm will have the advantage of their experience and judgment, which, with their honorable business methods, have gained for them an honorable record.

5©)eafer In 'l)ac^c^Pe<<>, ^arqe/^)^, Qfo,

ly /TR. Osenburg commenced this business in 1882, and, being a practical workman, and a thorough-going and energetic man, has made it a success from the outset. He carries a well selected and comprehensive stock of leather and saddlers' supplies generally, and manufactures all kinds of saddles, harness, bridles, leggings, belts, scabbards, etc. He employs four experienced assistants, and his work is noted for its durability and elegance of finish. His premises, situated on Montezuma street, are 30x75 feet in extent, and are admirably arranged for the display of his large and valuable stock.

Mr. Osenburg was born in Ohio, and has been a resident of Arizona for the past nine years. His well- known reliability has secured for him an excellent class of customers, who know that his goods will always turn out to be as represented. It is only his just due to heartily recommend him to the public as an honorable and upright business man in every particular.

(©fariC ^ sKslarqA, T^um^er ii)eaPerx«y.

TT is a recognized fact, ajiiong those who have given the topic a careful and diligent study, that to the West' the country must, in the future, look for its supply of lumber. The vast forests of Michigan, Maine and Wisconsin are almost exhausted, and another ten years will probably see an almost total cessation of the lumbering business in that portion of the country. The demands upon the lumber resources of the great West will, of course, increase in proportion and the business of the lumber-dealers in that portion of the United States will be doubled many times over.

When that time comes, among the enterprising and solid firms who will be found equal to the emergency will be that of Clark & Adams, of Prescott, wholesale and retail dealers in lumber, shingles, sashes, doors, blinds and builders' materials of all kinds. The grounds used by them at present are three acres in extent, and comprise office, lumber sheds and planing mill. The business was established in 1878 by the present proprietors, E. P. Clark and A. D. Adams. They have a large trade throughout the county and Northern Arizona ; and, during the season when their mill is running, employ, on an average, twenty hands. Both of these gentlemen have resided in Arizona for many years, and, by their energy and ability, together with their long experience in the business, have built up their trade to its present great proportions. They are practical and industrious mechanics and merit all the success they have achieved.

136

ARIZONA

@). 3. (Baffexi), Manufacturer of Jfari^exij^i), Gte.

/^NE of the industries of the city of Prescott that forms a most important item in the sum total of her

commerce is the branch in which Mr. J. S. Calles is engaged, viz : harness-making and the various

manufactures connected with it. There are hut few branches of manufacture — especially in this southwestern

country, whose products are so universally used and, consequently, in such steady

demand. A moment's consideration of the conditions of transportation and of the

several industries in which the people of Arizona are engaged, will at once explain the

extent as well as the constancy of the demand for the work of the man who can fashion harness, make saddles and fur- nish all the other paraphernalia usually included in the general term " horse fur- niture."

The harness-making establishment of Mr. Calles is one of the most complete to be found anywhere. It was founded in 1888 by the present proprietor on a very small capital, but, from its very inception, it increased steadily until it reached its present vast proportion. The premises occupied by him are situated on Monte- zuma street, in the center of the business

part of the city, and are 20x40 feet in dimensions.

In stock can be found, at all times, a complete line

of harness and saddles of all descriptions, riatas, whips,

bits and spurs, cowboy outfits, and in fact anything in

his line.

Mr. Calles is a practical workman having served his apprenticeship in one of San Francisco's largest saddlery concerns, and, if one may judge from the prominent posi- tion he has held with different wholesale saddlery firms in California, he may be safely set down as one of the most skillful mechanics in his line in the West. He has, in fact, devoted his whole life to the endeavor to make him- self entirely master of his business, and that he has succeeded in doing so is amply shown by the perfect confidence placed in him and his work by his wide circle of customers. So much, indeed, is this the case that his goods, manufactured by himself or under his direct super- vision and guarantee are preferred, in every instance, to imported goods. This is one case, anyway, where it pays to encourage home industries and purchase home yjroducts — and it would be a good thing for the country if all home manufacturers adopted the same methods as Mr. Calles and achieved as satisfactory results.

5®). Isew ^ (So.j ^eneraf MercftaniLlx«>e.

I -HE enterprise that characterizes some of the business firms of Prescott is not excelled in any other city,

of her size in the West. While, in many branches of trade, there will be found firms who take delight

in being considered "conservative," and who are content to plod along in the footsteps of their forefathers

neither increasing their own trade nor benefitting the city by their efforts, there are still many others who will

ARIZONA. 137

always be found alert, active, and ready for any enterprise tending either to enhance their own or their city's interests, firmly believing that whatever goes to advancee the city, exerts a beneficial eflfect upon their own business.

Conspicuous among such public-spirited and enterprising business firms of Prescott are Messrs. Levy & Co., the General Merchandise Dealers. The business has been in their hands since 1876, and is, to-day, rated as one of the leading establishments of Northern Arizona. The building occupied by them, on Montezuma street, is a brick structure, 30x80 feet in area, and containing a large and complete stock of groceries, dry goods, gents' furnishing goods, hats, caps, boots, shoes, clothing, and, in fact, any article to be found in a well conducted general store.

The members of this firm, Messrs. D. Levy and L. Wollenberg, have both had long years of experience in their business, and the energy and enterprise which characterize their transactions, fully entitle them to a high rank among the business men of this city.

5i>aAR^oril ^ S^urmlx^^ter, Syerieraf MercftariiLlx*>e.

TDROBABLY never in the history of commerce has competition in business been so keen, resolute and, it

might even be said, unscrupulous as at the present day. The motto of business men seems to be literally, " Every man for himself and heaven help the hindmost." But while this is undoubtedly true, there are instances to be met with where unceasing perseverance, trained experience, and thorough knowledge of business are more than a match for the most determined competition, and pluck the flower success from the nettle opposition.

There is no branch of business to which this ai^plies more pertinently than to that of general merchan- dise. Prescott is well supplied with establishments of this kind, and, as regards extent of business, that of Bashford & Burmister easily leads. As regards experience in the business, the gentlemen conducting it are, also, as decidedly on top.

Their house was started in 1867 by L. Bashford. In 18.74, Mr. R. H. Burmister and W. C. Bashford became partners, and the title of the firm was changed to that by which it is still known. The firm occupy as a store a building situated on Gurley street, 50x12.5 feet in size. In addition to it they use five large ware- houses for storage purposes. They carry a stock valued at $50,000, and do a wholesale and retail business amounting to $300,000 a year.

Mr. Bashford held for several years the important ofiice of County Treasurer, and Mr. Burmister is the President of the Prescott Board of Trade.

Both gentlemen are practical masters of their business, each having had years of active experience. They are enterprising citizens and their thorough practical knowledge and experience, coupled with energy and strictly honorable business principles have gained for them the position of leaders among the prominent business men of this section.

Bflfioroft Lii_w w^ SreAcott Tsurq'Ber (30.

"VTO business in the city of Prescott is of greater importance than that of the lumber merchant. Building ^ is going on rapidly, not only in the city, but throughout Yavapai County, and there is, consequently, an immense demand for lumber.

The Prescott Lumber Co., with yards situated on Cortez street, do an extensive wholesale and retail business throughout the city and northern Arizona. Their yards are large and conveniently located and fully supplied with lumber of every description. They also carry in stock, laths and shingles, sash, doors, blinds, matched flooring, brackets, mouldings, etc.

The business was established in 1881 by Wilson & Co., and continued to be carried on successfully up to 1888, when Messrs. Bashford & Burmister, who had been interested in the business from the start, bought out the interests of Mr. Wilson, and now control the business in addition to their large merchandise establish- ment situated on Gurley street. Honorable in all business transactions, these gentlemen thoroughly merit the large patronage they are receiving, and since these essential conJlitions are sure to be permanent in the character and business methods of the firm, it needs no prophet to predict a corresponding permanence — and even a steady increase — in their prosperity and success.

138

ARIZONA.

^alCe MarftA, ©y§ofex«)aPe biquor "©eaPer.

[San Francisco Office, 25 and 27 Fremont Street.] /^NE of the most reliable establishments in this line of business in the city of Prescott is that of Jake ^^ Marks. He carries an excellently selected stock of fine goods, embracing leading brands of imported and domestic whiskies, brandies, gin, rum, and still and sparkling wines; also a full and complete line of the best brands of cigars. He is also agent for this county of the celebrated Lemps Bottled Beer. His trade, which is rapidly increasing, extends throughout Northern Arizona. Mr. Marks has resided in Arizona for the past twenty years. He stands high in business circles, and those doing business with him find it both pleasant and profitable to do so. as he quotes the lowest prices to be obtained in the market and is always generous as well as just in his transactions.

Geo. (K. (surr^, '©iamoQelx^), ©\f/atcfietb ar^ ^eoDe^r^/.

GEO. H. CURKY.

' I ^HE leading jewelry establishment of Prescott is that of Geo. H. Curry, situated on Gurley avenue. Mr. Curry is a practical jeweler of extended experience, and has been established in this city since 1879. His handsome and well regulated store, which is 25x50 feet in dimensions, is fitted up in a very elaborate manner, with fine show cases, etc. Here is to be found one of the best assorted and valuable lines of jewelry in the Territoiy, consisting of gold and silver watches of the most celebrated makes, jewelry in every style of mounting and device, silver and plated ware of every description, clocks, both imported and domestic, etc. In fact his stock, valued at $20,000, consists of everything kept in a first-class jewelry store. Mr. Curry is conversant with every detail of his business, and the success he has achieved is to be attributed to his constant attention to the wants of his patrons and his always dealing in a straightforward and honorable manner.

He was born in New York, but has resided in Arizona for the past eleven years and is regarded as one of our most enterprising and progressive citizens. Mr. Curry is Secretary of the Prescott Board of Trade.

' I ^HIS important house, which is conducted by one of Prescott's most enterprising and public spirited, business men, Mr. J. W. Wilson, stands at the head of those in its line of business in the city, and is one of the largest in the Territory. It was established in 1881 by the present proprietors, Messrs. J. W. Wilson and Chas. S. Howe. Commencing at first with a finer grade of goods than had ever been offered in Prescott, this firm at once took the lead and have maintained it ever since. They have always made a specialty of the finer grades of clothing, gotten up in the latest styles, and in a workmanlike manner. The result has been they have gained hosts of customers among all classes of people. Their premises comprise a large store-room 25x80, with a ware-room adjoining, 25x25 feet. Every available square foot of space is occupied by lines of men's clothing, gents' furnishing goods, hats, caps, boots, shoes, etc. These goods are sold at one price to all, and from the facilities enjoyed by the proprietors for obtaining first-class goods at the lowest figures, it is simply impossible to undersell them. Mr. Wilson, the senior member of the firm, has full charge of the business, his partner, Mr. Howe, residing in Cleveland, Ohio. The prosperity of the house rests on the solid rock of integrity and fair dealing in business matters, and the success that has attended the business ventures of Mr, Wilson, is the just reward of the broad and liberal policy he adopted and pursued.

ARIZONA

139

P^ROM no source can clearer, more comprehensive or more reliable knowledge of the extraordinary devel" opment of our country be obtained than from the record of business transactions and successes. This is especially true with regard to the West, and there are many illustrations of this to be found in Prescott, showing that gigantic strides have been made by energetic business men towards securing, for this point, a large portion of the Northern Arizona trade. Our prominent wholesale and retail houses have contributed much towards the prosperity of the city.

The establishment of Messrs. Kelly & Stephens is one of the most attractive. They carry a full line of gents' clothing and furnishing goods, books of all kinds, stationery, periodicals, toilet articles, confectionery, fancy goods, notions, cigars, tobacco, etc., in great variety. The premises occupied by them are situated on the corner of Montezuma and Gurley streets, opposite the New Burke Hotel, making it very convenient for the traveling public stopping at that well-known hostelry. The business has been established for the past twenty years, and has grown from a small beginning to its present vast proportions. Messrs. Kelly & Stephens are two of Prescott's most valued citizens, and, with their business, are closely identified with the city and its progress.

I HE reputation and commercial standing of a city depend, naturally, on the character of its representative

business establishments, and in 99 cases out of 100, the outsider, who is of a practical turn of mind,

forms his opinion of the merits of that city, either as a place for investment or residence from the rating of

its citizens who are engaged in business. So far as Prescott is concerned, such an outsider is welcome to try

its business firms by this test, and subjoined is presented a sketch of a representative one.

The business of J. L. Fisher was started 15 years ago, and has, long ago, taken rank as the leading institution of the kind in Northern Arizona. Mr. Fisher occupies a large and commodious building, situated on Montezuma street, and known as Fisher's Block. In addition, Mr. Fisher makes use of three warehouses for storage purposes. The business is thoroughly organized into different departments, managed by competent hands, all under the direct personal supervision of the proprietor. The general merchandise department is 25x100 feet in dimensions; the furniture department, 25x100 feet, and the li(iuor department, 30x50 feet. The stock carried will average $35,000 in value, and consists of every article to be found in any well managed general merchandise store. To conduct such a business successfully, recjuires a system of thorough arrange- ment and a knowledge of business only acquired by years of training and experience.

Mr. Fisher has l)een a resident of Arizona for 21 years. Since his connection with the business interests of the city, he has evinced a spirit otentcrprise and fair dealing that has won for him and his house a repu- tation second to that of none of the successful business men of the community. He has held various political offices, having served two terms as a member of the Board of Supervisors, and being at present a member of the 15th Legislative Assembly of the Territory.

• 140 ARIZONA

S^ePf^ue (Kotef, (^aco6 cKer^iCfe.

A MONG the hotels of Prescott, which, by a career of popularity and generous patronage, have become part and parcel of the city itself, ''The Bellvue" is well worthy of more than a passing notice. This hotel is admirably situated in the central portion of the city, directly opposite the postoffice, and is most conveniently arranged and finely appointed in all respects. The building is 60x75 feet in extent, and contains eighteen sleeping apartments, all well and comfortably furnished throughout. The dining-room is one of the special features of the house, and has a reputation for fine cooking, and service excelled by none in the city. It is large and airy, being 40x50 feet in size, and the tables are always supplied with all the delicacies of the season. Eight experienced attendants, including chefs, waiters, etc., are constantly employed, in attending to the wants of the patrons of the house, and will always be found polite and accommodating in every sense of the terms. Mr. Jacob Henkle, the genial proprietor, is well and favorably known, having resided in Arizona since 1868, and having held the important office of Sheriff for several years. He took charge of the Bellvue in October last, and, under his able management, it has, if anything, increased in popularity. The traveling public can find no more satisfactory accommodations than at the "Bellvue," and all who have ever been its guests, will say that it is equal to any first-class house in Arizona.

Grcoin S^aer, ®J\rtIx^fic pftofogrctpfter.

A /TR Baer's popular establishment ranks as one of the foremost and most reliable enterprises of the kind in the entire city, and merits more than a passing notice. Mr. Baer has, by his artistic ability and business energy and enterprise, attained to the very highest standing in his profession, and secured a class of patrons that has spread the fame of his excellent work, until, to-day, his business is the largest in Northern Arizona.

Mr. Baer is a native of Switzerland, but has resided in this city since 1882, in which year he started the business which he has since rendered so complete a success. He is well known throughout the city and Territory, and his gallery has gained a marked degree of popularity. The building occupied by him is situated on Cortez street, next to the Bellvue Hotel, and is 18x50 feet in extent. It has, in addition to the studio and developing rooms, a large and handsomely-furnished reception room.

Mr. Baer makes a specialty of Arizona views of all kinds and will be pleased to give information to any one by letter regarding prices. Mr. Baer has achieved a position according him the highest place in the estimation of the community, and the respect and esteem of the general public.

rieoo (^orft af^ S^o/bYon ^'l'®'"^) <S\eo. ^. porter,

'IpHERE is no branch of commerce in which Prescott gives evidence of more life and vigor or in which she

shows a healthier growth than in the dry goods trade. This interest is in the hands of thoroughly

posted merchants, who, with commendable foresight, have discovered the advantages presented in this

county and have had the good sense and enterprise to take advantage of them. In fact the dry goods trade

in Prescott is in a most healthy and satisfactory condition.

A representative house, in this line, is that of Mr. George S. Porter, who carries a fine display of dry goods, clothing, furnishing goods, boots, shoes, hats, caps, fancy goods, etc. He occupies a spacious store situated in the Arizona Bank building, and does a large business in the city and surrounding country.

The business was started by the late T. C. Bray, in 1877, and passed into the hands of the present proprietor in May, 1890, and during the time that has since elapsed has never failed to give entire satisfaction.

Mr. Porter has resided in Arizona for the past fourteen years, and now holds the important office of City Treasurer. His aff"air8 are conducted upon the highest plane of mercantile integrity, and are characterized by energy, ability and liberality. These qualities and methods entitle him to the confidence of the general public and the respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens. That he has secured these proofs of popularity and appreciation in no qualified measure or degree has been amply shown in his past experience and will, most undoubtedly, be still further proved in the future.

ARIZONA. 141

'npHE name of John G. Campbell is one so well and so favorably known in Prescott, that were this work intended only for the perusal of the people of that city, it would be quite unnecessary to do more than merely mention it, and anything like praise or recommendation of him would be absolutely superfluous. But, inasmuch as it is intended to furnish information to others, outside of the city, the county, and even the Territory, it may be well to say something regarding Mr. Campbell and the establishment which he has conducted so successfully.

There are very few, if, indeed, there be any, of Prescott's citizens who have exercised so great an influence or produced a more appreciable effect in promoting progressive and enterprising ideas than Mr. Campbell. His establishment is the oldest one now existing in the city, and it is due to the close attention and strict integrity of its proprietor that it has reached its present measure of prosperity. It was started in 1864 by Campbell & Buffum and conducted by them up to twelve years ago, when the present and sole proprietor took it in hand. Having an elegant store, on a central site, and a full and complete stock of goods, Mr. Campbell is justly entitled to the consideration and patronage of the public, and to the esteem that energy, rehability and talent should always command.

Several hands are kept constantly employed in the store and the trade is not by any means confined to the city alone, but extends all over Northern Arizona.

Besides his merchandise business, Mr. Campbell is also senior member of the well-known stockraising firm of Campbell & Baker, which was established by them twenty years ago, and which to-day controls more stock and land than any other individual. firm in the Territory.

Outside of his various business enterprises, Mr. Campbell has taken great interest in public affairs, having held the office of Supervisor for three years, that of Territorial Councilman for two terms, and Delegate to Congress for one term. He is a native of Scotland, but has resided in Arizona since 1863, which long period of residence has fitted him to carry on his undertakings in a most intelligent and successful manner.

^otef iBurfte.

'TpHE most prominent business feature of Prescott is its noted hostelry, the Hotel Burke, probably the largest and best-equipped institution of its kind in the Territory. A three-story brick and stone building, but recently completed, it possesses all the latest modern conveniences, while the genial hospitality of its popular proprietors, Messrs. Burke & Hickey, give to it all the attractions of home, so appreciated by the traveler. Both gentlemen are well known in Arizona, particularly the last named, who has for years been a prominent figure in almost every mining camp in the Territory — a fact which insures a particularly hospitable reception to his old comrades in business.

The hotel, in addition to a fine dining-room, kitchen, parlors, sample rooms for the display of commercial travelers' goods, etc., has forty-two bedrooms, single and en suite, all finely furnished in the latest style, while connected with the house is the finest-equipped billiard-room in the Southwest, and also a bar which makes a specialty of the best stocks of wines, liquors and cigars. All this, with the additional fact that it is the only hotel in Prescott where a person can secure his meals and room under the same roof, combined with the most reasonable charges, guarantees satisfaction to all its patrons.

A Geological Freak.

(~\^ the main highway between Phoenix and Prescott, and within 25 miles of the last named city, is to be ^^^ found one of the most remarkable natural curiosities of the Pacific Coast, in the shape of a quarry of travertine, or, as it is more generally called, Mexican onyx. The quarry covers the bottom of a basin surrounded on all sides by mountains ; its area being a trifle over two hundred acres. In its rock almost every shade of color known to the artist is to be found, ranging from translucent to the densest opaque- Red, green, old gold, yellow, black, cream, pink, brown, white, in every combination, are found, and as the rock is susceptible of a very high polish the results obtained by its being dressed, in skillful hands, are most

142

ARIZONA.

beautiful. Aside from its beautiful colorings, the quarry is remarkable as being the only one ever discovered outside of Mexico, in which Republic, in the State of Pueblo, are located the four onyx quarries which have heretofore supplied the world with this beautiful stone. In that country the stone is found in boulders imbedded in cement, having been originally formed as stalagmites and stalactites in cavern.s, while in the Arizona deposit it is found in a solid mass from which it can be taken in any size desired.

The explanation given of the origin of the quarry by a number of prominent scientists who have examined it, is that the basin in which it is located was once the bed of a lake formed by a mineral 8]>ring, strongly impregnated with iron, copper and other minerals, and at the same time holding in solution an enormous quantity of lime. In time, as the water evaporated, under the intense heat of Arizona suns, layer after layer of the beautiful rock was formed, each of a different color, and seldom exceeding a hair in thickness, until, in time, the entire basin was filled as it is found now. The rock is valuable for ornamental purposes, selling at the mines in Mexico in the rough for 11.35 per cubic foot, and, when imported into the United States, 65 cents per cubic foot is added as an import duty. The quarry is owned by Messrs. Dougherty, McCann & O'Neill, who were the first to discover it, and as, thus far, several years of the most diligent prospecting has failed to disclose anything else of the kind in the Territory, they will have virtually a monopolistic control of the onyx market of the nation whenever they begin to put the stone on the market. A peculiar piece of historical lore connected with the stone is that it takes its scientific name of travertine from Lapsi Tiberius, after Tiberius the builder of the Colisseum in which edifice it was extensively used for decorative purposes by that emperor. But, where or how he obtained it, has always remained an unsolved riddle, the most persistent search having failed to discover the location of the quarry.

Town of Flagstaff.

HE TOWN OF FLAGSTAFF, the next in importance to Prescott in Yavapai County, stands at the foot of the San Francisco Peak, on the line of the A. & P. R. R. It is built on both sides of the railway track, is embowered in pine woods and has an abundant supply of the finest water. The population is in the neighborhood of 1,000. It ships a . good deal of lumber and a considerable quantity of wool, and is expected some day to be one of the most important cattle-shipping points in Arizona. . Meantime its principal dependence is on the immense tracts of grazing land by which it is surrounded and the numerous stock ranges with which they are dotted.

Town of Jerome.

EROME IS A MINING TOWN or "camp" pure and simple, being dependent for its origin and existence on the discovery and development of the United Verde copper mines. It is a bustling and thrifty town of about .500 inhabitants.

The Other Counties of the Territory Noted.

, HE REMAINING COUNTIES, viz : Yuma, Mohave, Gila, Graham and Apache do not i call for any extended notice, beyond such as shall give a general idea of their position and i . products. They have not, any of them, made such rapid progress as those above described, ^ and, in most of them, mining camps, as yet, are found instead of towns.

products, and, in m development and advancement is, however, near at hand.

The day of their

YUMA County is in the extreme southwest of the Territory. Its western boundary is the great Colorado River; its northern, Mohave County; its eastern, Maricopa and part of Pima County; and its southern, Sonora. It contains about 10,180 square miles. The only really fertile portion of the county is that through which the Gila River flows. The rest is arid and treeless and destitute of water, except a few stretches along the Colorado River. In the northeast portion there are some very fine grass lands. Yuma, the county seat,

A R I 2; O N A. 143

lies on the Colorado just below where the Gila joins it. A mission was established there by the Jesuit Fathers in 1771, but the Indians soon laid it in ruins. A ferry was established there in 1849 to accommodate the crowds who were flocking to the California gold mines over the Southern route, but that scheme, too, was frustrated by the raids of the Apaches. A second attempt, made the following year, to set the ferry running, also resulted in failure. In 1852 Fort Yuma was established by Colonels Heintzelman and Stevenson, and the ferry again started. It was maintained by the protection afforded by the fort until the Southern Pacific Railroad Company spanned the river with a bridge, when, of course, the usefulness of the ferry ceased. The town did quite an amount of shipping of freight to Tucson and the various military forts of the Territory for a time, but that business stopped when the railway came through, and now Yuma has to depend on the comparatively limited trade with the surrounding country. Two of its most important institutions, at the present time, are the Territorial prison and the Arizona Sentinel, and both are doing excellent work — though on entirely diiiferent lines. The old fort has been abandoned to decay, there being no longer any necessity for its maintenance by the Government.

f~^ ILA County was formed in 1881 from portions of Pima and Pinal counties. It is the smallest county in the Territory, being only about 3,400 square miles in extent. It lies between Yavapai on the north, Graham and Apache on the east, Pinal on the south, and Pinal and Maricopa on the west. It is a mountainous country, watered on the north by the Salt River, and on the south by the Gila. Its mountains abound in minerals, and it has extensive stock ranges; but its best agricultural land is locked up in the San Carlos reservation, and is consequently, virtually unavailable. The mountains are, in some cases, heavily timbered, but the difficulty of securing means of transportation has always been a great drawback to the development of the county in respect of this and other of its resources.

The county seat is Globe, a mining town which sprang up after the discovery of the famous Globe mines in 1876. It is now a thriving town with a population of considerably over 1,000, and is possessed of a good many more of the amenities of an advanced civilization than the average frontier or mining town usually possesses.

r^ RAHAM County was organized at the same time as Gila, from the counties of Pima and Apache. It contains 6,485 square miles. It is bounded on the East by New Mexico, on the West by Pinal and Gila, on the North by Apache, and on the South by Cochise County. It is a mountainous county, but, in the valleys which lie between the mountains, good pasturage for numerous herds of cattle is found. The Pueblo Viejo, through which the Gila River flows, is one of the finest farming valleys in the Territory, and is rapidly settling up. The county has also extensive mineral deposits, copper, silver and gold, being found in large quantities in the portion of the coimty lying along the San Francisco River and its tributaries, in the eastern part of the county. Solomonville, though smaller than Clifton, has, nevertheless, because more centrally situated, l^een made the county seat, and has a very fine agricultural country surrounding it. It has a population of about 500, while Clifton easily doubles it in^this respect. Safford, the former county seat, is situated six miles down the valley from Solomonville.

ly/TOITAVE County dates its existence as a county, from 1864, being one of the first political divisions of the Territory. It is bounded on the West by the Colorado River, on the North by Nevada and Utah, on the East by Yavapai, and on the South by Yuma. It is 12,000 square miles in area. It is traversed by four mountain ranges, running north and south, abounding in minerals, and, in some cases, heavily timbered. Between these mountains lie broad and verdant valleys, where abundant pasturage of the richest kind is grown.

The development of Mohave County was, for many years, of the slowest, chiefly owing to the lack of means of expeditious — and, therefore, economical — transportation. Notwithstanding the wealth of rich ore that was found in the mountains of the county, it could not be forwarded to points where its value could be realized, except along the tedious, and not always reliable, route of the Colorado River. Now, all that is changed by the advent of the railroad, and the untold treasures hid in the bosoms of all the mountains of Mohave, south of the Colorado River, can be conveyed rapidly, and at remunerative freight rates, to the smelters and the markets of the continent. Artesian water has also been found in abundance, and this argues an indefinitely large increase in the number of stock ranges in the county. There is undoubtedly a future, full of great possibilities, ahead of Mohave.

Mineral Park, the county seat, is 130 miles northwest of Prescott, and is the entrepot for supplies for a great many neighboring mines and cattle ranges. It is climbing towards the thousand notch in population.

144 ARIZONA.

A PACHE COUNTY was carved out of the Eastern portion of Yavapai in 1879, and is the next in size to that county in the Territory. To tlie north of it lies Colorado ; to the east, New Mexico ; to the south, Graham and Gila; and to the west, Yavapai. The country is well watered and timbered, forms an excellent grazing country in the south, and, in the north, is cut up into gorges and caflons, the work of the floods of centuries. In this part is the famous mesa de vaca, a peculiar plateau which rises suddenly to a height of 1,000 feet above the surrounding country. Here, too, exists a magnificent and apparently inexhaustible coal deposit. St. John's is the county seat, and is a thriving and growing town of about 1,500 inhabitants. Holbrook, a station sixty miles to the north, is its shipping point, and t. very considerable export trade is done in grain, wool and hides.

The Arizona Press Association.

'T^HIS association, which was organized February 9, 1891, is composed of the leading journalists of Arizona. Mr. L. C. Hughes, the editor of the Arizona daily Star, of Tucson, is the President of the association and is assisted in the conduct of its affairs by the following well-known writers of the Territory : Geo. W. Brown, 1st vice-president ; John H. MJirion, 2d vice-president ; S. C. Bagg, 3d vice-president ; W. L. Vail, secretary ; John W. Dorrington, treasurer ; N. A. Morford, Ed. S. Gill, John O. Dunbar, executive committee.

ARIZONA

CAN BE BEST REACtiiiD OVER THE

SOUTHERN R\CIFIC

COIVIPANY'S

SUNSET ROUTE

THROUGH

NEW ORLEANS, EL PASO

AND

DEMING

AIvI. THROUGH TRAINS ARE EQUIPPED WITH

Pullman Palace Buffet Sleeping Cars

AND

Pullman Second-Class Sleeping Cars

FOR THE SPECIAL ACCOMMODATION OF SECOND-CLASS PASSENGERS

Semi-Monthly Family Excursions

ORGANIZED AND CONDUCTED BY THE

SoLitlnern Pacific Company

ARE A SPECIAL FEATURE OF THIS ROUTE

Prepaid Orders for Westward PaSSag'e. ^'a^ies desiring to send East or to Europe for their relatives or friends

— ' can prepay their passage by depositing the requisite sum with any of

the Agents of the Southern Pacific Company on the Pacific Coast. Particular attention is paid to this class of business.

For Information as to Rates, Sleeping Car Reservations, Family Excursion Parties, Etc.,

Call on or Address

E. HAWLEY, Oeoeral Ea«t«rn Agent W. O. NEIMYEIt, General Western Agent

SU Broadway, Ketc York, !/. Y. iok Clark Street, CMcagn, III.

E. E. CURRIER, New England Agent W. U. CONNOR, Commercial Agent

19t Wathinglon St., Botton, Mam. Chamber 0/ Commerce Building, Cincinnati, 0.

R. J. SMITH, Agent CHA8. F. RAINEY, Commercial Agent

i9 South Third SL, Philadelphia, Pa. Ailanta, Oeorgia

OR ANY OTHER AGENT OF THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC COMPANY

T. H. GOODMAN, G. P. A., Pacific System W. C. WATSON, G. P. A., Atlantic System

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. NKW ORLEANS, LA.

RICHARD GRAY, General Traffic Manager

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

Insurance Company

Organized West of New York

I-NT TIIJE

/■<g> OF CALIFORNIA. ^^

D. J. STAPLES; President WM. J. DUTTON, Vice-President

B. FAYMONVJLLE, Secretary GEO. H. TYSON, Ass't Secretary

^ J. B. LEVISON, Marine Secretary

AGENTS IN ARIZONA

H. D. Underwood, M. VV. Kai.es,

J. V. ViCKERS,

Bank of Tempe. D. J. Cumm:ng8, Chas. L. Flynn, W. E. Gould,- F. M. ZicK, VV. H. Benson,

Tucson

Phoenix

rombstone

liT Tell'^e

•fKogales

Winslow

Florence

Hoi brook

Pinal

,V '/(I