Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum Peter Del Tredici Peter Del Tredici The Arnold Arboretum DIRECTOR'S REPORT 1999-2002 Robert E. Cook , Director ARNOLDIA • VOLUME 62 • NUMBER 1 AmoUia (ISSN 004-2633; USPS 866-100) is published quarterly by tbe Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Periodicals postage paid at Boston, Massachusetts. Copyright® 2002. ll re President and Fellows of Harvard College Tl ie Arnold Arhoretum of Harvard University 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130 Today as I sit alone in the mission room, the clock ticking away, no other sound audible, I feel oppressed and lonely; as I sent my last letter to Prof. Sargent, I held it in my hand and thought: fortunate piece of paper, I wish I could join you, whither thou goest there is comfort, here bleakness, a raw climate, if not snowing or raining a gale of dust blows, and west of here the country is still less hospitable as one is open to attacks by bandits and roving nomads. In October 1999, the Arboretum Library was awarded a grant from the Harvard University Library Digital Initiative to digitize images, letters, and maps from both historical and contemporary plant- collecting expeditions to China and Tibet. Included are the 1997, 1998, and 2000 expeditions led by David E. Boufford to China's Hengduan Mountains Region (see http://maen.huh. harvard. edu:8080/ china) and the Arboretum's 1924-1927 expedition to China and Tibet (see http:// oasis.harvard.edu/ajp.html) led by Joseph F. Rock, photographed here in Tibetan dress. "J — Cl^t. : / g U- e , j/ j..,. — >r The excerpt above is from a letter Rock wrote over several days to Arboretum director Charles S. Sargent, April 26 to May 4, 1926. Below is part of a journal entry made after mailing the letter. He wrote both from Labrang, Tibet, where the expedition's yaks and horses were assembled (top right). Archives of the Arnold Arboretum [T]he Arboretum . . . should be a center of dendrological investigation and research. — Charles Sprague Sargent, Letter to the Corporation, Harvard University, 1879 However, [the Arnold Arboretum] does not serve merely as a plant collection of high horticultural merit and a fine public amenity; it has an international reputation as a university institution for research and education. — Peter Shaw Ashton, A Message from the New Director, Arnoldia (1979) 39(3): 67 What is the Arnold Arboretum and what should it be? These questions featured prominently in the yearlong discussion that produced a document called "A Time for Change: A Plan for the Arnold Arboretum's Next Quarter Century." This document, perhaps the Arboretum's most important achievement of the past three years, outlines a long-range plan that by virtue of its significance will be the primary focus of this report. Other accomplish- ments since my last report, for the fiscal years 1997-1999, include the successful completion of a ten-million-dollar fundraising campaign, the initiation of several major capital projects on the grounds, and the construction of a three-million-dollar garden for a collection of sun- loving shrubs and vines. The long-range plan responds to two major challenges that confront the organization at the turn of the new century. First, for a growing number of individuals, education is increasingly seen as an activity to be continued throughout one's life, building on the founda- tion established during one's youth and reflecting the changes in values that often accompany middle age. The Arboretum possesses unique resources with which to address this need. Second, although scientific research was central to the Arboretum's original mission, changes in our research activity in recent years portend 3 Phyllis Andersen a long-term decline. Without concerted action, the Arboretum's reputa- tion as a scientific institution could be greatly diminished and its standing within Harvard University and among its peer organizations compromised. I have therefore chosen to write as much about the future in this report as about the accomplishments of the past three years. "A Time for Change" will be cited again and again as the foundation for new initiatives that will transform the institution and allow it to meet the challenges of this new century. We are a strong, confident organization, dedicated to a mission begun 130 years ago, but we must build on this strength with new energy to ensure the future significance of our work. LIVING COLLECTIONS Between July 1, 1999, and June 30, 2002, 509 accessions totaling 916 plants were added to the permanent collections; of these, 76 were taxa new to the Arboretum. At the end of June, the collections included 14,734 plants belonging to 4,345 taxa: 1,930 species, 557 infraspecific taxa, 1,598 cultivars, and 260 hybrids. Five years ago the Arboretum began a series of landscape construc- tion projects that have now been completed. Beginning with the resto- ration of Peters Hill in 1998, these projects also include a pedestrian The Blackwell Footpath, pathway through a wetland recently added to the Arboretum's a new route from the ' . . Forest Hills train station leaseholdings with the City ot Boston; gate restoration and other to the Arboretum, improvements on Bussey Street; and a four-acre facility for a sun-loving shrub and vine collection, now named the M. Victor and Frances Leventritt Garden. Smaller projects, undertaken in collabora- tion with the Boston Water and Sewer Department, have begun to address long-standing drainage problems on the grounds. The "Blackwell Footpath," formally dedicated in May 2002, recognizes the work of John Blackwell, whose patient efforts resulted in the addition of 25 acres 4 of degraded wetland to the Arboretum. Last winter we initiated projects to restore the site's natural character and enhance its educational value. The Leventritt Garden, sponsored in memory of M. Vic- tor Leventritt (Harvard Class of 1935) by his wife Frances and his son Daniel, was dedicated in early September 2002. The completion of construction will be followed over the next two or three years by extensive plantings of shrubs, vines, and small trees. The garden's many significant features include beautifully crafted stone- walls that define a series of terraces containing planting beds, and a wood-covered steel pavilion that overlooks a sweeping central lawn bisecting the terraces. The collections in this garden will constitute a major resource for our teaching and professional programs in the future. From left, Christina Cook, Frances Leventritt, and Katherine Cook at the opening of the Leventritt Garden. The Landscape System For much of its history, the Arboretum has focused most of its curatorial energy on the care and documentation of individual plants. Indeed, the great value of the Arboretum's living collections lies in the quality of the records that document the identity, origin, and location of each speci- men. Yet these specimens grow in a landscape system whose infrastruc- ture— both natural and manmade — support their survival and enhance the appreciation of our visitors. The most important natural elements in this system are the hydrology (the movement of water by rainfall, stream flow, irrigation, plant transpiration, evaporation) and the soils, with their differing nutrient and water retention qualities. Other natural elements, such as the topographic diversity and the many rock outcrops and boulders, give shape and add geological interest to the landscape. However, most of the infrastructure is manmade: the stonewalls; the roadways, gateways, and footpaths; visitor amenities such as benches, signage, and water fountains; and the diverse patterns of growing plants that reflect the cumulative decisions of the horticulturists who have chosen locations for each individual. 5 Karen Madsen The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University j/B PLANTS Featured Plants » Bonsai » Lilacs » Seasonal Plant Highlights » Rosaceous Plants » Centenarians Collections Management » Curation » Planting Sequence » Grounds Maintenance » Propagation & Distribution » Inventory » Herbarium » Research Projects on the Grounds » Hemlock Hill » Shrub and Vine Garden » Plant Information Hotline » Order of Bloom A page from the Arboretum's newly redesigned website: http://arboretum. harvard.edu/ After careful consideration during the long-range planning pro- cess, we concluded that our historical emphasis on curating individual specimens needs to be balanced with increased attention to the overall landscape system that sustains the collections and shapes the experience of our visitors. Our stewardship will be enhanced through two initia- tives. First, we will establish a program of environmental monitoring to document natural variations in ecological processes that affect the collections. This data can guide decisions about maintenance practices, restoration and repair priorities, and planting plans. It will also provide a foundation for research projects involving the living collections and related ecological elements. A second initiative will undertake needed improvements to our physical infrastructure, an issue that is complicated by the historical responsibility of the City of Boston for maintaining certain elements (stonewalls, gates, roads, benches) that are used by the public. The reaction of visitors to our landscape is unfavorably influenced by infrastructural elements that are inadequately maintained. This is especially true at the Arboretum's boundaries, where the physical infrastructure dominates the face that we present to our neighbors. To address this problem, we will conduct a comprehensive inven- tory of all infrastructural elements and each one's contribution to the public's image of the Arboretum. With this inventory in hand, we will review with the City of Boston the responsibilities for maintenance and repair and draw up a long-term plan for restoration. RESEARCH "A Time for Change" calls for a major investment in research over the next decade. This recommendation grew out of a historical analysis of research at the Arboretum* and a concern about the sustainability of our reputation as a scientific institution if no new actions are taken. As * "A Brief History of Scientific Research at the Arnold Arboretum," prepared by Robert E. Cook for the Long-Range Planning Committee, January 15, 2002. 6 implied by the quotations at the start of this report, it involves issues that are central to our mission and the identity of the institution. For Charles Sprague Sargent, our first director, and for each of the directors who followed, the Arnold Arboretum was fundamentally and unambiguously a research institution even though its grounds were open to the public as part of the Boston system of parks. Scientists on the Arboretum's staff used the collections for their research and enjoyed reputations within their peer community commensurate with their positions at a major research institution managed by Harvard Univer- sity. One measure of the Arboretum's stature was the number of the published writings listed in the director's report. Most of these writings were by Harvard faculty members who held appointments on the Arboretum staff; their salary was paid with income from our endow- ment under the supervision of the dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS), who also appointed the director. As research faculty these staff members applied for peer-reviewed grants from federal agencies that awarded funds to support research, including the costs of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. Over the past half century, this picture of the Arboretum has slowly changed to an extent that one must ask: Is the Arnold Arboretum still primarily a research institution? I believe the answer is no. Today it operates largely as a curatorial and educational organization whose collections, particularly its living collection of woody plants, provide material for research conducted by individuals who are not staff members. Professors are no longer on the staff, and critical elements of infrastructure required by research (laboratories, herbarium collec- tions, library collections) are no longer under the control of the director. Only a handful of our staff members would claim expertise in research; most are curators, educators, or administrators. While our curators maintain the collections in an exceptional state of curation, only a few conduct research that is supported by grants and that yields peer- reviewed publications. A Short History The current situation has its historical roots in three critical junctures in the past. First, in the decade following Sargent's death in 1927, botanical research at the Arboretum shifted its focus from investigations of temperate species to the richer and largely unknown floras of tropical regions. Since tropical plants cannot be grown in the open air in Boston, 7 such research was necessarily based on fieldwork and on the extensive collection of dried specimens in the herbarium. At the same time, in 1935, Donald Wyman was appointed staff horticulturist. His prolific writings about the living collections began to transform the Arboretum's identity as a resource for botanical research into that of a display collection and a source of horticultural information for the general public. This diminished the perceived value of the living collections for botanical research. A second critical junction occurred in 1954 when the bulk of the library and herbarium holdings of the Arboretum (at the time referred to as "the research collections") was transferred from Jamaica Plain to Cambridge. This move was vigorously but unsuccessfully opposed by the many friends of the Arboretum who believed that it violated the intentions of Sargent and of the trustees who had originally established the Arboretum through an endowment gift to Harvard University. Over time, these collections have become fully integrated into a unified library and herbarium within the Harvard University Herbaria (HUH). It is within this facility that the Faculty of Arts and Sciences has constructed modern research laboratories for its professo- rial appointments. The final juncture occurred in 1988. Following an extensive review of the Arboretum's mission, the Harvard Corporation approved the administrative transfer of the Arboretum from FAS to the central admin- istration of the University under the office of the Vice President for Administration. Concurrent with this transfer, the Corporation decided that any future professorial appointments in FAS should no longer draw salary from the Arboretum's endowment income. Consequently the Arboretum would no longer have professors on staff once current commitments ended. In addition, the director would be an administra- tive, not professorial, appointment beginning in 1989. These decisions reflected an implicit judgment about the declining value of the living collections in Jamaica Plain for research by FAS faculty and students, and the conclusion that the important "research collections" in Cam- bridge were effectively under FAS control. Where We Find Ourselves Now At Harvard, it is usually professors, rather than administrators, who define the nature of research projects because it is they who are able to compete successfully for large federal grants and attract students and 8 research fellows. The resulting research is published in journals and books after rigorous review by peer researchers. Over many years the Arboretum's repu- tation as a scientific institution was largely built by professors on staff, along with their students, research fellows, and collaborators. With the depar- ture of Professor Peter Stevens, who left Harvard in 1999, and the retirements of Professors Carroll Wood, Richard Howard, and Peter Ashton in the last decade, the Arboretum no longer employs research professors. To complicate matters further, HUH is itself undergoing significant change. The last decade has seen the departure of several important members of the botanical faculty with whom we collaborated. Having no voice in their replacement, the Arbore- tum will be greatly challenged to establish success- ful new collaborations. Even the Arboretum's future access to the laboratory facilities housed in HUH is uncertain. As part of a larger plan for the future of science at Harvard, the collections and laboratories housed in HUH are to be relocated to a new facility where research space for professorial appointments is at a premium; the 50-year-old herbarium building will then be torn down. Since research space in the new building will be limited and allocated preferen- tially to Harvard faculty, the Arboretum may no longer have access to the col lections and laboratories housed in HUH; in that case, the Arboretum's con- nection to professorial research interests may be completely severed. The problem created by these changes are demonstrated by our most recent list of published writings. The last director's report identi- fied 102 publications for the two-year period between July 1997 and June 1999. The research described in the majority of these papers was conducted by individuals whose offices and laboratories were located in the HUH building in Cambridge, a building now managed by FAS under its own director rather than by the Arboretum. Over half of these publications were authored by faculty members who have left (or soon will) or by their students and research fellows. From top to bottom, Cori/dalis sp., Pedicularis scolopax, Dracocephahim bullatum, inventoried on the 2000 field trip to China's Hengduan Mountains (http:// www.huh.harvard.edu/ research/china/ China.html). 9 David E. Boufford Richard H. Ree David E. Boufford In summary, then, the loss of faculty as staff members, the transfer of the Arboretum to the central administration, and the uncertainties of research facilities associated with HUH in Cambridge all threaten our future as a scientific institution. Major investments in research activities are required to counteract this threat. We will probably need to establish strategic collaborations with new professors at the Univer- sity and with researchers elsewhere. We may need to create independent research facilities under Arboretum management. And we will undoubtedly need to continue conversations with FAS regarding the future of our library and herbarium collections in HUH. Research Renewed Overcoming the challenges described above will require administrative and political assistance from our colleagues in the central administra- tion and in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The long-range plan calls for the development of new research initiatives that hold the promise of securing peer-reviewed grant funding. Three particular opportunities have been identified. • First, the Arboretum, with its exceptional living collection of trees, can become the center of a multi-institutional program to examine the changes in diversity and distribution of North Temperate floras that have occurred in response to the movement of conti- nents and changes in climate around the globe. This initiative would use modern phylogenetic systematics, paleobotany, and comparative reproductive ecology to analyze the species distribu- tion patterns of today and the probable patterns of the past. The Arboretum's longstanding interest in the flora of temperate east Asia and its relationship to the flora of eastern North America make this research program particularly appropriate for Arbore- tum leadership. • A second opportunity builds on the studies of Asian tropical forests begun by E. D. Merrill in the 1930s and expanded by my predecessor, Peter Ashton, in partnership with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Designed to increase our under- standing of tropical forest dynamics, this research is based on multiple demographic censuses of all the trees that are in 50-hectare (124-acre) plots in the forests of five different countries of Southeast Asia. By forming a strong collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution, we will ensure continued support 10 for this important, long-term ecological research program. • Finally, the size and diversity of specimens in our living collections make the Arboretum an excel- lent site for collaborative research with new fac- ulty at Harvard on the comparative physiology and development of woody plants. Of particular interest would be studies of the leaf and canopy development that leads to the distinctive architec- tures of different tree species and the diverse pat- terns of greening seen each spring. To encourage these new initiatives and provide additional administrative support, the Arboretum implemented a number of organizational changes as of July 1,2002. • A new research department has been created and will be led by a director to be appointed at a later date. This department will become one of four forming a restructured organization chart (see page 14). • The Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies and the member- ship department will be merged with the education department to form a new public and professional programs department, as described below. Inventorying plants in Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, possibly the world's most species- rich forest. • A newly created position of deputy director has been filled by Richard Schulhof, recently director of Descanso Gardens in Los Angeles and formerly a Putnam Fellow and director of education and public affairs at the Arboretum. He assumed the position in September 2002. For the foreseeable future, the deputy director will also serve as the director of public and professional programs. Additional organizational changes to be undertaken over the coming years include the following: • We will review our collections policy to determine whether modi- fications are needed for the collections to play a greater role in future research programs. • We will evaluate the potential of existing staff positions to contrib- ute to ongoing and new research. I also anticipate that new posi- tions dedicated to research will be created. 11 Peter S. Ashton • Finally, new research initiatives will likely require new facilities to provide space for laboratories, offices, and meetings. The personal research activities of existing staff members continue to make contributions to the institution's reputation (see Staff Publica- tions on page 27). The development of new research programs promises to create even greater opportunities for such contributions. PUBLIC AND PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMS Throughout most of its history the Arboretum has engaged in educa- tional activities that serve the public directly. In 1891 the plantsman J. G. Jack first began to provide public lectures, largely attended by schoolteachers, using the living collections and grounds of the Arbore- tum. For a decade beginning in 1888 C. S. Sargent published Garden and Forest: An Illustrated Weekly Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry; this was followed by the Bulletin of Popular Information (1911) and Arnoldia (1941). In the 1990s, the Arboretum began publishing information on its own internet website and on that of the Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies. These publications bring high-quality botanical and horticultural information to our friends and supporters, with the costs largely borne by the institution. Ever since the Hunnewell Building opened in 1892, the Arboretum's exceptional library collections have also been available without cost to the public. Perhaps our greatest contribution has resulted from the generous willingness of the Arboretum's staff to answer queries from individuals interested in learning about trees. During its first century, the Arboretum's educational activities were an adjunct to the primary work of research. Staff members were hired to curate collections, conduct scientific studies, and publish tech- nical articles that were largely intended for other scientists; they were also asked to create lectures and publications for popular audiences. With the approach of the centennial in 1972, the Arboretum began hiring nonresearch professionals whose training and experience were appro- priate for managing full-fledged programs in public relations, member- ship services, adult education, popular horticultural information, and children's programs. Research staff, always protective of their research time, were now free to moderate their public service contributions and spend more time curating their collections. 12 These many educational endeavors grew into programs in a rela- tively independent and self-defined way. The number of educational and public service staff has continued to grow over the past three decades. Today the Arboretum engages in a broad range of activities that serve multiple constituencies in diverse ways: • Education programs for children, adults, teachers, docents, and interns • Teaching in Harvard's professional schools (education, design) • Lectures, symposia, and roundtables (Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies, Landscape Design Program) • Publications (Arnold in, internet website, brochures, maps) • Membership events and benefits (plant sale, plant dividends) • Public events and exhibits (Lilac Sunday, New England Flower Show) • Visitor's Center exhibit, bookshop, and information desk • Interpretive signage and labels • Tours Although most programs, once begun, grow through staff energy and commitment, not all our educational efforts have been successfully sustained. In 1995 we received a five-year grant from the National Science Foundation to develop a program designed to improve science education in schools Each year more than three thousand school- children visit to learn about trees under the guidance of Arboretum- trained volunteers. vation, many written by staff members but most solicited from outside authors by a pro- fessional editor. In our adult education program, approximately 1,600 individuals chose from among 150 educational offerings, usually presented in evening or weekend classes; this program is also managed by a professional educator. Last year, for example, 2,700 children from Boston area schools experienced a formal interaction with our landscape led by volunteer instructors in a program managed by a professional educator. Arnoldia continues to publish four issues each year containing a diverse array of articles on botany, horticulture, landscape design, history, and conser- 13 Arnold Arboretum Organizational Chart DIRECTOR Arnold Arboretum V DEPUTY DIRECTOR y y y Public & Administration Living Collections Professional Programs Research 1 Facilities 1 Curation 1 Adult Education 1 Projects 1 Finance 1 Greenhouse 1 Arnoldia 1 Human Resources 1 Grounds 1 Exhibits/Information IT Systems 1 Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies Landscape Program Library Membership I School Programs Visitor Services DIRECTOR Harvard University Herbaria Harvard ■> University Herbaria Herbaria Library 14 • What goals should we establish for educational programs and public service? • Should these diverse activities represent a more unified, coherent approach to achieving defined educational objectives? Is education an important part of our mission and how should it relate to research? How do we balance the allocation of resources for education with our commitment to the col- lections and to scientific research? These questions were not completely answered in the planning process. Education, including public education and related support services, is clearly an important part of our mission. Less clear is the philosophy that guides our educational efforts and prioritizes the allocation of resources. Nor are we clear about who we should be educating and how this can be accomplished efficiently. As a consequence, the long-range plan has initiated a continuing review of all educational and public service activities under the management of the new deputy director. Black walnuts, Juglans nigra, between Valley Road and Oak Path. through new computer technology and teacher training (see the discus- sion of the Community Science Connection in my last director's report). We learned a great deal from the experience; but the program did not receive the favorable peer reviews required for renewed funding in 2001; and it failed to produce any peer-reviewed publications. Last year we closed down its website, and we are re-evaluating our commitment to research on science education in the schools. The long-range planning process of the past year raised a number of questions about our edu- cational activities and our services to the public. The Landscape Design Program In the midst of our planning, an opportunity appeared that promised to answer some of these challenging questions. In 1999 Radcliffe College merged with Harvard University to become the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies. The Institute's mission focuses its resources on postgraduate research in a wide array of scholarly fields and away from the set of traditional educational programs called the Radcliffe Semi- 15 Peter Del Tredici Tom Akin Working foreman Maurice Sheehan spreading compost in the oak collection. nars. One of its programs offered an advanced certifi- cate in landscape design and landscape design history. Over the thirty-four years since its creation in 1968, this program has acquired a national reputation for excellence, particularly in the last twenty years under the leadership of John Fur- long. Many of its graduates have developed professional careers in landscape design and land-use planning. Wishing to place the program in a setting that would sustain its excellence, the Radcliffe Institute suggested in the fall of 2001 that the Arboretum undertake its management. The offer required an immediate decision. In December the Arboretum accepted responsibility for the landscape design program, and it, along with its director, were officially transferred to us on July 1, 2002. Although the Arboretum has never offered a formal degree, it has a long history of support for education in the fields of landscape design and planning. C. S. Sargent worked closely with Frederick Law Olmsted, the father of landscape architecture, on the design of the Arboretum and encouraged professional training in "landscape art" throughout his life. The decision to transfer the landscape design program presented the long-range planning committee with the question of how it might fit with the array of other educational activities we currently offer. At the same time, it presented an opportunity to use this professional program as a guide to organize and unify our overall approach to education and public service. The Creation of a "Professional School" Out of this opportunity has evolved the concept of a professional school with the landscape design program at its center. This will not be a formal, degree-granting school in the sense of Ffarvard's School of Public Health, but rather an institution — unified by its educational philosophy and the content of its curriculum — that provides advanced education to diverse audiences. The term professional school reflects a 16 commitment to intellectual rigor based on scholarship and a disciplined approach to learning, qualities usually associated with professional degree-granting organizations. At the same time it acknowledges the educational value of the practitioner who also teaches. During the past year we have been preparing for the transfer of the landscape design program and the creation of the professional school. We have developed new software to manage the registration of stu- dents, and we have conducted a marketing survey among alumni and students to gain insight into the factors that have led to the program's success. We have also begun preliminary planning for the facilities that will be required to accommodate the program's students in the future. In the coming year we will focus on integrating three Arboretum programs in accordance with our concept of a professional school. • We will review the class offer- ings of our highly successful adult education program to establish the most appropriate relationship between those classes and the courses of the landscape design program. • We will also review the mis- sion of the Institute for Cul- tural Landscape Studies in light of our plans for a profes- sional school. Over the past three years, the Institute has steadily expanded its program of public lectures and roundtable Vitis coignetiae. discussions, the substance of which is then published on the Institute's website (www.icls.harvard.edu). In 2000 we evaluated the needs of the Institute's target audience by interviewing two dozen staff or board members of not-for-profit and public agencies engaged in conservation, historic preservation, and land-use plan- ning in New England. This assessment confirmed the importance of the Institute's interdisciplinary approach to landscape issues, but left uncertain whether a website alone can successfully build a community of landscape practitioners. The creation of a profes- sional school may provide an opportunity to merge the goals of the Institute with those of the landscape design program. 17 Michael Dosmann Karen Madsen Picknicking on Lilac Sunday, now held on the second Sunday in May. • We will review the operations and collection policies of the library in Jamaica Plain in light of the transfer of the landscape design program. The influence of changing electronic technology must also be taken into account. During the past two years, we have participated in Harvard University's Library Digital Initiative. Our project, "Western China and Tibet: Hot Spot of Diversity," involves digitizing a diverse array of historical and contemporary material from the collections of the Arnold Arboretum, the Botany Libraries, the Harvard University Herbaria, the Harvard Map Collection, the Harvard-Yenching Institute, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The historical component focuses on the work of legendary plant collector and anthropologist Joseph Rock. His plant specimens, correspondence, maps, and photographic images will be linked to materials that describe the accomplish- ments of contemporary Arboretum collecting expeditions in the same floristic regions of China. Once completed, this project will connect students, researchers, and the general public via the internet to an integrated database of the area's natural and ecological resources, as well as the social and cultural history of the region. In the future, the library will increasingly be called upon to serve the needs of the landscape design program. This will inevitably require a comprehensive assessment of the role of technol- ogy in support of instruction as well as access to scholarly resources for education and research. Undergraduate Education In formulating the long-range plan we also exam- ined the Arboretum's role in the education of undergraduates, particularly those at Harvard College. Although formally a part of Harvard Uni- versity, the Arboretum has only sporadically par- ticipated in undergraduate coursework. At a time of enormous interest in botanical science and envi- ronmental education, the Arboretum should not ignore the value to college students of instruction about trees and their natural history. Therefore, in 18 the near future we will evaluate the possibilities for expanding our role in the coursework and campus life of Harvard under- graduates. To do so will require a closer working relationship with Harvard faculty. Informal Education In this and earlier director's reports, I have written about the enormous investments in our buildings and grounds made over the past ten years — the Hunnewell Building renovation, the creation of the exhibit "Science in the Pleasure Ground" with its large- scale model of the Arboretum, the restoration of Peters Hill, the con- struction of the pedestrian Blackwell Path, and the creation of the Leventritt Garden of sun-loving shrubs and vines. All of these projects have produced new opportunities for educating our visitors both for- mally in classes, and informally through interpretation with brochures, signage, and tours. A tour of the Bradley Garden of Rosaceous Plants with Peter Del Tredici, living collec- tions director, and the collection's gardener Kit Ganshaw. Despite these investments, the Arboretum has never articulated a coherent philosophy to guide our offerings of noncurricular instruction and information to our audiences, which range from school groups to the casual visitor. It is especially important for us to do so because the public image of the Arboretum is shaped by the many ways we offer information about our landscape, our history, and our work. Therefore the long-range plan calls for creating a master plan for informal educa- tion that includes four objectives. • To clearly identify our most important educational values • To articulate a coherent philosophy for the delivery of educa- tional information • To describe how the public's image of the Arboretum is shaped by the content of informal education • To establish priorities among the many possible ways to reach the public This master plan will define the messages we want important constituencies to receive and the means for managing their design and 19 Karen Madsen delivery. A coherent philosophy of informal education will also provide guidance for allocating investments to ensure that public amenities support our educational programs and enhance our image as an institu- tion committed to public service. ADMINISTRATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE "A Time for Change" presents an ambitious agenda and will require dedicated resources to support planning and execution. Fortunately, the Arboretum is in a healthy financial position, with sufficient reserves to undertake implementation of the plan. Major steps have already been taken: transfer of the Radcliffe landscape design program; creation of a new organization chart; appointment of a deputy director. Further organizational changes may be anticipated during the coming year. All of this has been made possible through the generosity of the past and present friends of the Arboretum, who have sustained the growth of our endowment with their continuing financial support. Summary of Operations FY 1999 FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2002 Income Endowments 4,645,500 5,808,483 6,602,010 7,666,661 Membership/Gifts 897,435 749,587 587,588 644,972 Enterprise 134,832 182,824 176,284 116,774 Grants 386,612 210,585 85,496 112,446 Education/ Publications 77,434 69,684 66,654 70,799 Total Income 6,141,813 7,021,163 7,518,033 8,611,652 Expenses Salaries 3,201,930 3,271,492 3,531,698 4,162,438 Supplies/Equipment 508,228 556,407 496,478 429,101 Facilities/Operations 497,321 833,713 666,543 717,645 Services 653,478 642,269 594,402 771,907 University Subvention 73,523 84,135 197,873 256,483 Travel 53,697 48,263 61,527 66,934 Total Expenses 4,988,177 5,436,279 5,548,522 6,404,508 Excess (Loss) 1,153,636 1,584,884 1,969,510 2,207,144 Debt Payment 312,416 312,416 312,416 312,416 Total Excess (Loss) 841,220 1,272,468 1,657,094 1,894,728 Total Fund Balances 2,026,791 2,817,354 2,939,557 4,045,228 20 Over the past three years, income from invest- ments made by the Harvard Management Company, stewards of our endowment, has increased by 65 percent (see table 3, Summary of Operations). Expenses over the same period increased by 24 percent. As a conse- quence, we have each year netted substantial surpluses that have been added to the endowment's reserve funds. Annual gifts have returned to the levels that we experienced before the most recent fundraising campaign. As noted in the last director's report, grant support has continued to decline; but I hope that a significant investment in peer-reviewed research will reverse this trend in the future. Fagus grandifolia in winter. A decade ago, the Hunnewell Building was completely renovated, and the additional staff space created by that project is now fully occupied. As early as July 2003, the landscape design program may need to leave its temporary quarters in Cambridge in search of a new home. New research programs, especially those based on the living collections, will require high-quality research facilities that might appropriately be located adjacent to the collections. In short, our most immediate need will soon be new facilities to house expanded staff, new students of landscape design and botany, and a growing research program. We have taken preliminary steps to define a plan for these facilities. Throughout the long-range planning process we have examined the way we as a staff relate to each other and work together as a team. Self-critical examination of this sort is consistent with a larger university initiative to improve the quality of the workplace for all employees and to acknowledge the value of everyone's contribution. To support the vision embodied in "A Time for Change" and its core values of steward- ship, respect, and citizenship, we have created a new position at the Arboretum, director of human resources, and hired Lisa Toste to fill it. 21 She will be working closely with me and the deputy director to facilitate the continuing improvement of the working culture. Successful achievement of the ambitious goals of the long-range plan — the creation of a professional school, enhanced stewardship of our landscape, revitalization of our research mission, a master plan for informal science education — will require changes to the existing culture of the institution. The deep commitment of our staff to the collections and landscape and to their historical significance has some- times obscured our dependence upon and service to the larger commu- nity, whether this be our immediate neighbors, our colleagues at the University, or the many friends around the world who regard the Arnold Arboretum with the highest respect. Implementing our plans will require that we balance our introspection with a measure of greater worldliness and an expanded perspective. I shall end with another quotation from my predecessor, Peter Ashton, who over twenty years ago set out the intellectual foundation for the changes we are about to undertake. Shortly after arriving as director, he said: The Arboretum has been and always will be in the first instance a University museum: a collection of living and preserved woody plant species which, with its libraries and in combination with the other University herbaria, provide Harvard with the outstanding facilities of their kind in the world for research and education. Only if it maintains its preeminence in research and education can the Arnold Arboretum continue to develop its complementary function as a unique public amenity and an authoritative source for information on the culture of woody plants. — The Director's Report, Anioldia (1979) 39(6): 330. Robert E. Cook 1 1 September 2002 22 George W. Root Visitors have long cherished the beauty and cool, quiet ambiance of the Arboretum's "primeval" forest, on Hemlock Hill, seen above in 1927. Like stands of hemlocks throughout New England, the Arboretum's have fallen prey to tiny, aphid-like insects known as hemlock woolly adelgids, shown in a cluster at top right. They desiccate the trees by sucking sap while injecting a toxin. At right, head arborist John Del Rosso sprays nontoxic oil on Hemlock Hill, hoping to slow the adelgids' progress. 23 Peter Del Tredici STAFF OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM* ADMINISTRATION Rose Balan, Staff Assistant, H.U.H Donna Barrett, Financial Assistant Sheila Baskin, Membership Staff Assistant Kenneth Clarke, Custodian Robert Cook, Director, Arnold Professor Ann Marie Countie, Systems Administrator William Hays, Database Applications Developer Margaret Hedstrom, Development Officer (left 10.15.99) Jon Hetman, Staff Assistant, Development (hired 4.12.99) Andrew Hubble, Network Systems Manager Anne Jackson, Membership Coordinator (hired 9.17.01) Karen Madsen, Editor of Arnoldia Frances Maguire, Director of Finance and Administration Karen Pinto, Staff Assistant (hired 8.21.00) Karen O'Connell, Membership Coordinator (left 5.18.01) David Russo, Facilities Supervisor Christine C. Santos, Director of Develop- ment (1.4.00-6.30.02) EDUCATION Ellen Bennett, Acting Director of Education Kirstin Behn, Staff Assistant Sonia Brenner, Staff Assistant (hired 7.17.00) Candace Julyan, Director of Education (left 9.30.01) Joseph Melanson, Staff Assistant (trans- ferred to Library 7.1.00) Sandra Morgan, Staff Assistant (hired 7.17.00) Nancy Sableski, Children's Education Coordinator (hired 7.24.00) Diane Syverson, Manager of School Programs (left 12.31.00) Pamela Thompson, Adult Education Coordinator Sheryl White, Staff Assistant (hired 7.24.00) * 1 July 1999 through 30 June 2002 HERBARIUM David Boufford, Assistant Director for Collections, H.U.H. Noel Cross, Internet Server Systems Administrator (left 8.28.00) Lihong Duan, Curatorial Assistant (hired 12.10.01) Alexander Dukas, Secretary (hired 9.29.97) Susan Hardy Brown, Curatorial Assistant Maureen Kerwin, Curatorial Assistant (left 7.13.00) Walter Kittredge, Curatorial Assistant Kristin McDonnell, Curatorial Assistant (left 11.14.00) Jude Mulle, Curatorial Assistant (hired 6.15.98) Melanie Schori, Editorial Assistant (hired 8.27.01) Emily Wood, Manager of Systematic Collections LIBRARY Sheila Connor, Horticultural Research Archivist Carol David, Library Assistant Joseph Melanson, Library Assistant Cathleen Pfister, Serials Assistant Christy S. Robson, Serials Assistant Gretchen Wade, Library Assistant Judith Warnement, Librarian Elizabeth Wellborn, Archival Fellow (appointment ended 5.31.00) Winifred Wilkens, Library Assistant LIVING COLLECTIONS Thomas Akin, Assistant Superintendent of Grounds John Alexander, Chief Plant Propagator Stacy Berghammer, Grounds Staff (hired 6.3.02) Laura Tenny Brogna, Landscape Project Manager (hired 11.1.99) Todd Burns, Arborist (left 3.17.00) Julie Coop, Superintendent of Grounds John DelRosso, Arborist Peter Del Tredici, Director of Living Collections Robert Famiglietti, Grounds Staff 24 Kirsten Ganshaw, Grounds Staff Donald Garrick, Grounds Staff Bethany Grasso, Grounds Staff (hired 6.5.00) Dennis Harris, Grounds Staff Irina Kadis, Curatorial Assistant Susan Kelley, Curatorial Associate Jianhua Li, Botanical Horticultural Taxonomist Daniel March, Grounds Staff (hired 9.4.01) Midori Matsuoka, Grounds Staff (hired 5.17.99-4.14.00) Bruce Munch, Grounds Staff James Nickerson, Grounds Staff John Olmsted, Head Arborist (left 3.1.02) James Papargiris, Grounds Staff Thomas Por, Grounds Staff Kyle Port, Curatorial Associate Stephen Schneider, Grounds Staff (hired 9.5.00) Maurice Sheehan, Grounds Staff, Working Foreman Mark Walkama, Grounds Staff Thomas Ward, Greenhouse Manager and Propagator INSTITUTE FOR CULTURAL LAND- SCAPE STUDIES Phyllis Andersen, Director of Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies Sheryl Barnes, Web Project Manager (hired 4.10.00) Alice Ingerson, Associate Director of Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies (left 6.30.02) Kirsten Thornton, Landscape Preservation Assistant (left 1.17.00) RESEARCH Laura Tenny Brogna, Putnam Fellow (appointed 9.1.98-10.31.99) Thomas Campanella, Mercer Fellow (appointed 6.1.01-11.30.01) Yueqin Chen, Putnam Fellow (appointed 3.1.01-7.31.01) Zhiduan CJien, Mercer Fellow (appointed 6.1.02) Stuart Davies, Research Fellow (appointed 3.1.99), Senior Research Associate (5.1.01) Ellen Doris, Mercer Fellow (appointed 9.1.00- 8.31.01) Michael Dosmann, Putnam Fellow (appointed 9.5.00) Hans-Joachim Esser, Mercer Fellow (appointed 4.1.00-5.31.02) Maria A. Jaramillo, Mercer Fellow (appointed 1.16.02) Youngdong Kim, Putnam Fellow (appointed 8.1.01-2.28.02) Stuart Lindsay, Mercer Fellow (appointed 10.1.00) David Middleton, Tropical Plant System- atist (appointed 11.8.99) Reto Nyffeler, Mercer Fellow (appointment ended 9.30.99) Nallamilli Prakash, Mercer Fellow (appointment ended 10.31.99) Elizabeth Kolster, Information Systems Project Manager (left 12.16.99) Lisa Schultheis, Putnam Fellow (appointed 1.18.00- 1.17.01) Wayne Takeuchi, Tropical Forest Biologist (appointed 5.1.02) Sonia Uyterhoeven, Putnam Fellow (appointed 1.1.02) Ellen VanScoyoc, Staff Assistant (hired 11.13.01) Campbell Webb, Mercer Fellow (appointed 8.11.99-8.10.00) Christopher Woods, Staff Assistant (10.14.99-7.31.01) Chang Chun Yuan, Mercer Fellow (appointed 10.1.01-3.31.02) Donglin Zhang, Putnam Fellow (appointed 6.1.01-8.31.01) RESEARCH AFFILIATES Peter Ashton, Charles Bullard Professor of Forestry, emeritus (retired 12.31.99) Alexander Brownlow, Arnold Arboretum Associate (appointed 6.28.99-12.31.99) Thomas Campanella, Arnold Arboretum Associate (appointed 2.1.02) Wei Cao, Arnold Arboretum Associate (appointed 3.1.99-9.1.99) Robert France, Arnold Arboretum Associ- ate (appointed 5.1.01-4.30.02) Irwin L. Goldman, Arnold Arboretum Associate (appointed 2.1.02) 25 Richard Howard, Professor of Dendrology, emeritus Shiu-Ying Hu Hsu, Botanist, emerita Gary Koller, Horticultural Fellow (appoint- ment ended 2.29.00) Timothy Laman, Arnold Arboretum Associate Norton G. Miller, Arnold Arboretum Associate (appointed 1 . 1 .00—12.31 .00) C. Donald Pigott, Arnold Arboretum Associate (appointed 7.1.99-6.30.00) Bernice Schubert, Curator, emerita (died 8.14.00) Terry L. Sharik, Arnold Arboretum Associate (appointed 9.15.00-9.14.01) Stephen Spongberg, Curator, emeritus Kim Tripp, Arnold Arboretum Associate Richard Uva, Arnold Arboretum Associate (appointment ended 3.31.00) Campbell Webb, Arnold Arboretum Associate (appointed 8.10.00) Carroll Wood, Jr., Professor of Biology, emeritus Donglin Zhang, Arnold Arboretum Associate (appointed 9.1.01) VISITING COMMITTEE Gregory J. Anderson Henrik Blohm Christopher S. Campbell A. David Davis Michael J. Donoghue Francis O. Hunnewell Joan Morthland Hutchins (chair) Robert K. Jansen Matthew J. Kiefer Ellen West Lovejoy Janine Evnin Luke Paul W. Meyer Edith Noyes Knight Meyer Richard B. Primack Richard Schulhof Roger B. Swain Morgan D. Wheelock, Jr. Paul J. Zofnass Judith D. Zuk Styphnolobium (formerly Sophora) japonicum, the pagoda tree, on Bussey Hill Road. 26 PUBLISHED WRITINGS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM STAFF J. H. ALEXANDER 1999. Honey Plant Propagation by Seed, Part 1: Procurement and Seed Biology. American Bee Journal 139(9): 700-706 (with T. Ward and G. Ayers). 1999. Honey Plant Propagation By Seed, Part 2: The Practical Practice of Propagating Honey Plants by Seed. American Bee Journal 139(11): 857-865 (with T. Ward and G. Ayers). 2000. Propagation of Woody Honey Plants by Budding, Part 1: The Preparation for Bud- ding. American Bee Journal 140(5): 391-399 (with G. Ayers and T. Ward). 2000. Propagation of Woody Honey Plants by Budding, Part 2: The Art of Budding. Ameri- can Bee Journal 140(7): 573-580 (with G. Ayers and T. Ward). 2001. Modified Nurse Seed Grafting of Aesculus. The International Plant Propagators' Societi / Combined Proceedings. 51: 51-54. 2001. Classification of tree lilacs (subgenus Ligustrina, Syringa, Oleaceae): morphology and DNA sequence tell a similar story. Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 543-555 (with J. Li and D. Zhang). 2000. NrDNA sequences and their taxonomic implications in the series Pubescentes. Journal of the International Lilac Society 29: 105-109 (with ]. Li). 2001. One unusual lilac is indeed a privet: evidence from DNA sequence data. Lilacs 30: 47- 49 (with J. Li and D. Zhang). 2001. Tree lilacs: evidence from morphology and DNA sequences supports McKelvey's taxonomic treatment. Lilacs 30(1): 9-14 (with J. Li and D. Zhang). P. ANDERSEN 1999. Fitness, Taste, Harmony and Art: Charles Sprague Sargent and the Origins of Land- scape Architecture in America. American Society of Landscape Architects 1999 Annual Meeting Proceedings. Washington, D.C.: ASLA (with L. R. Brogna). 2000. Master of a Felicitous English Style: William Augustus Stiles, Editor of Garden and Forest. Arnoldia 60(2): 39-43. 2000. Samuel Pike Negus, William Punchard, Charles Sprague Sargent. In Pioneers of American Landscape Design, ed. C. Birnbaum and R. Karson. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2001. Mon cher ami: Vamitie entre Edouard Andre, Charles Sprague Sargent et Frederick Law Olmsted. In Edouard Andre: Lin paysagiste botaniste sur les chemins du monde, ed. F. Andre and S. de Courtois. Besangon, France: Les Editions de LTmprimeur. 2002. Of (Two) Gardens: Review of The Greater Perfection: The Story of the Gardens at Les Quatre Vents, F. H. Cabot, and The Garden at Highgrove, H.R.H. Prince of Wales and C. L. Green. Arnoldia 61(3): 30-32. P. S. ASHTON 1999. Ecological theory of diversity and its application to mixed-species plantation systems. In The Silvicultural Basis for Agroforestry Systems, ed. P.M.S. Ashton and F. Montagnini. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 1999. Dynamics of the forest communities at Pasoh and Barro Colorado: comparing two 50- ha plots. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 354(1391): 1739-1748 (with R. Condit et ah). 1999. The 52-ha forest research plot at Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Vol. 2: Maps and diameter tables. Kuching, Sarawak: Sarawak Forest Department (with H. S. Lee et ah). 1999. A global program in interdisciplinary forest research: The CTFS perspective. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 11(1): 180-204 (with M. Boscolo et al.). 27 1999. Phenology and fecundity in 11 sympatric pioneer species of Macaranga in Borneo. American Journal of Botany 86: 1786-1795 (with S. J. Davies). 1999. Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast rbcL gene. American Journal of Botany 86(8): 1182-1190 (with S. M. Dayandan et al.). 1999. Simulating effects of landscape context and timber harvest on tree species diversity. Ecological Applications 9(1): 186-201 (with J. Liu). 1999. Spatial and temporal impacts of adjacent areas on the dynamics of species diversity in a primary forest. In Advances in Spatial Modeling of Forest Landscape Change: Approaches and Applications, ed. D. Mladenoft and W. Baker. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer- sity Press (with J. Liu et al.). 2000. The Indo-Burma region. In Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions, ed. R. Mittermeier et al. Mexico City: CEMEX Conservation International (with P. O. Van Dijk and J. Ma). 2000. Local and geographical distributions for a tropical tree genus, Scaphium (Sterculiaceae) in the Far East. Plant Ecology 148: 23-30 (with T. Yamada et al.). 2000. Mortality rate estimation when inter-census intervals vary. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 753-756 (with T. Kubo et al.). 2000. Predicting species diversity in tropical forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Ll.S. 97(20): 10850-10854 (with J. B. Plotkin et al.). ' 2000. Reproductive biology and genetic diversity of selected rain forest species of Sri Lanka: implications for management. In Forests and Society: The Role of Research, ed. B. Krishnapillay et al. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: 21st IUFRO World Congress (with 1. A. U. N. Gunatilleke et al.). 2000. Spatial patterns in the distribution of common and rare tropical trees: a test from large plots in six different forests. Science 288: 1414-1418 (with R. Condit et al.). 2000. Species-area curves, spatial aggregation, and habitat specialization in tropical forests. Journal of Theoretical Biology 207: 81-99 (with J. M. Plotkin et al.). 2001. Sampling biodiversity: effects of plot shape. The Malaysian Forester 64: 29-34 (with M. D. Potts et al.). 2001. Standards on archiving and sharing data: a reply. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 82(3): 207 (with E. Losos et al.). D. E. BOUFFORD 1998-2002. Biodiversity of the Hengduan Mountains Region, China, http:/ / maen.huh.harvard.edu:8080/china (with M. J. Donoghue et al.). 2000. Angiosperms, Monocotyledons [Alismataceae — Triuridaceae]. In Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Taipei: National Taiwan University (with C. F. Hsieh et al.). 2000. Atlas of the Flora of New England: Monocots except Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Rhodora 102:1-119 (with Ray Angelo). 2000. Cannaceae. In Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Taipei: National Taiwan University (with T. Koyama). 2000. Charles Sargent's type concept: a guide to interpreting his names in Crataegus (Rosaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 123-128 (with J. A. Macklin and J. B. Phipps). 2000. Cyclanthaceae. In Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed. Vol. 5 (with T. Koyama). 2000. Marantaceae. In Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Taipei: National Taiwan University (with T. Koyama). 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of the Sonneratiaceae and its relationship to Lythraceae based on ITS sequences of nrDNA. Journal of Plant Research 113: 253-258 (with S. FI. Shi et al.). 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Magnoliaceae inferred from cpDNA matK sequences. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101: 925-930 (with S. H. Shi et al.). 28 2000. South-Central China. In Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions, ed. R. A. Mittermeier et al. 338-351. Mexico City: CEMEX Conservation International (with P. P. Van Dyck). 2001. Introduced species and 21st century floras. Journal of Japanese Botany 76: 245-262. 2001. Niju Seiki no Shokubutsu to Inyushu. In Inyu Gairai Shinnyushu, ed. M. K. Kawamichi et al. Tokyo: Tsukijishokan. In Japanese. 2001. Angiospermae; Dicotyledonieae; Archichlamideae. Flora of Japan. Vol. lib. Tokyo: Kodansha, Ltd. (with K. Iwatsuki and H. Ohba). 2001. Mahonia cardiophylla Ying & Boufford, sp. nov. In Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, Vol. 29, ed. T. S. Ying. Beijing: Ke xue ban she (with T. S. Ying). 2001. Mahonia imbricata Ying & Boufford, sp. nov. In Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinica, Vol. 29, ed. T. S. Ying. Beijing: Ke xue ban she (with T. S. Ying). 2001. Plant diversity in the Hengduan Mountain region, China. International Symposium on Man and Nature. Kunming: Kunming Institute of Botany; Osaka: Commemorative Foundation for International Garden and Greenery Exposition (with R. H. Ree). 2001. Phylogenetics of Buckleya (Santalaceae) based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Rhodora 103: 137-150 (with J. Li and M. J. Donoghue). 2001. Phylogeny of the Altingiaceae based on cpDNA matK, PY-IGS and nrDNA ITS sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 230: 13-24 (with S. Shi et al.). 2001. Sino-Japanese-American Expedition to Tibet, 2000. Newsletter of Himalayan Botany 28: 1-2 (with S. Akiyama and S. G. Wu). L. T. BROGNA 1999. Fitness, Taste, Harmony and Art: Charles Sprague Sargent and the Origins of Land- scape Architecture in America. American Society of Landscape Architects 1999 Annual Meeting Proceedings. Washington, D.C.: ASLA (with P. Andersen). T. J. CAMPANELLA 2001. Henry David Thoreau and the Yankee Elm. Arnoldia 61(2): 26-31. Y. Q. CHEN 2001. Anamorph determination of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from the sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S ribsomal DNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 29(6): 597-607 (with N. Wang et al.). 2001. Identification of 10 novel SnoRNA gene clusters from Arabidopsis thaliana. Nucleic Acids Research 29(7): 1623-1630 (with L. H. Qu et al.). 2001. Sequence determination and analysis of 18S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer regions of red tide-related Ceratium furca. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 32(2): 148- 154 (with L. Zhuang et al.). R. E. COOK 1999. The Director's Report of the Arnold Arboretum: 1997-1999. Jamaica Plain, MA: The Arnold Arboretum. 2000. Do Landscapes Learn? Ecology's “New Paradigm" and Design in Landscape Archi- tecture. In Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture, ed. M. Conan. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. S. J. DAVIES 2001. Tree mortality and growth in 11 sympatric Macaranga species in Borneo. Ecology 82: 920-932. 2001. Fires and smoke: effects on tropical rain forests in South-East Asia. In Forest Fires and Regional Haze in Southeast Asia, ed. P. Eaton and M. Radojevic. New York: Nova Science. 29 2001. Systematics of Macaranga sects. Pachystemon and Pruinosae (Euphorbiaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 371-448. 2001. An account and preliminary checklist of the angiosperms and gymnosperms of Crocker Range, Sabah. In Crocker Range National Park Sabah [Borneo]. Vol. 1: Natural ecosystem and species components, ed. I. L. Ghazally and A. Lamry. London: Asean Press (with A. Latiff et al.). 2001. Cospeciation in an ant-plant defensive mutualism. Ecological Research 16: 787-793 (with T. Itino et al.). 2001. Early stages of rain forest regeneration after logging and shifting agriculture in Sarawak, Malaysia. In Tropical Ecosystems: Structure, Diversity and Human Welfare: Proceedings of the International Conference on Tropical Ecosystems, ed. K. N. Ganeshaiah et al. New Delhi: Oxford-IBH (with N. R. Hashim et al.). 2001. Evolution of myrmecophytism in Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Evolution 55(8): 1542- 1559 (with S. K. Y. Lum et al.). 2001. A new giant-leaved Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) from the dry seasonal evergreen forests of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin 29: 43-50 (with S. Bunyavejchewin and J. V. LaFrankie). 2001. Standards on archiving and sharing data: a reply. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 82(3): 207 (with E. Losos et al.). 2001. Studies in Macaranga XIII: A novelty from northern Borneo. Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 269-272 (with T. C. Whitmore). 2002. Ethnobotany of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) among the Kedayan of Brunei Darussalam. Harvard Papers in Botany 7: 7-12. 2002. Floristic and structural diversity ol 52 ha of mixed dipterocarp forest in Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 14(3): 379-400 (with H. S. Lee et al.). P. DEL TREDICI 1999. Aging and rejuvenation in trees. Arnoldia 59(4): 10-16. 1999. Redwood burls: immortality underground. Arnoldia 59(3): 14-22. 2000. The evolution, ecology, and cultivation of Ginkgo biloba. In Ginkgo biloba, ed. T. van Beek. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publications. 2000. Plant exploration: a historic overview. In Plant Exploration: Protocols for the Present, Concerns for the Future. (Symposium Proceedings, March 18-19, 1999), ed. J. R. Ault. Glencoe, IL: Chicago Botanical Garden. 2000. Woody plants — a blast from the past. American Nurseryman 192(9): 56-63. 2001. Nature abhors a garden. Pacific Horticulture 62(3): 5-6. 2001. Sprouting in temperate trees: a morphological and ecological review. Botanical Review 67(2): 121-140. 2001. The Arnold Arboretum. In Encyclopedia of Gardens: History and Design, ed. C. A. Shoemaker. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publications (with S. A. Spongberg). 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of Torreya (Taxaceae) inferred from sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS region. Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 275-281 (with J. Li et al.). 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of Taxus (Taxaceae) inferred from sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 267-274 (with J. Li et al.). 2002. Gestalt dendrology: looking at the whole tree. Arnoldia 61(4): 2-8. 2002. Stewartia x 'Scarlet Sentinel'. HortScience 37(2): 412-414 (with J. Li). 2002. Systematic relationship of weeping katsura based on nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. HortScience 37: 595-598 (with J. Li et al.). 30 M. S. DOSMANN 2001. Actinidia kolomikta. American Nurseryman 194(7): 106. 2001. Betula albo-sinensis. American Nurseryman 195(8): 90. 2001. Book review: Growing Shrubs and Small Trees in Cold Climates, N. Rose et al. Arnoldia 61(10): 35-36. 2001. Carolina buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana). Landscape Plant Nezvs 12(2): 8-11. 2001. Disanthus cercidifolius. American Nurseryman 194(7): 106. 2002. Shrubs for the masses. American Nurseryman 195(5): 28-35. 2002. Stratification is required and improves germination of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai. HortTechnology 12(3): 423-425. 2002. Systematic relationship of weeping katsura based on nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. HortScience 37: 595-598 (with J. Li et al.). H.-J. ESSER 2000. Various genera of Hippomaneae. In World checklist and bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (with Pandaceae), ed. R. Govaerts et al. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. 2001. New combinations in African Shirakiopsis (Euphorbiaceae). Kew Bulletin 56: 1017-1018. 2001. Proposal to reject the name Croton racemosus Burm.f. (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 50: 1211-1212. 2001. Tribes Hippomaneae, Hureae, Pachystromateae. In Genera Euphorbiacearum, A. Radcliffe-Smith. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 2001. Aralia kingdon-wardii }. Wen, Lowry & Esser, a new name for an Asian Araliaceae. Adansonia (series 3) 23(2): 307-310 (with J. Wen and P. Lowry II). 2001. Breynia, Excoecaria. In Checklist of the genera of Thai Euphorbiaceae, ed. P. C. van Welzen et al. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 28: 74-81 (with P. C. van Welzen). 2001. Colobocarpos, a new genus of South-East Asian Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 56: 657- 659 (with P. C. van Welzen). 2001. Croton. In Medicinal and poisonous plants, ed. J. L. C. H. van Valkenburg and N. Bunyapraphatsara. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 12(2): 2. Leiden: Backhuys (with P. C. van Welzen). 2001. Notes on Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in Thailand. Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 261-266 (with K. Chayamarit). 2001. Proposal to reject the name Euphorbia pilulifera L. (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 50: 925-927 (with S. Cafferty). 2001. Two new species and a new name in Thai Croton (Euphorbiaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 29: 51-57 (with K. Chayamarit). 2002. Novelties in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from Southeast Asia. Novo)i 12: 42-46. 2002. A revision of Triadica (Euphorbiaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 7: 17-21. A. INGERSON 2000. Stop the Region, I Want to Get Off! Environmental Governance as a Common Prop- erty Problem. In Colloquium on Environmental Regionalism, ENRP Discussion Paper E-2000-09, ed. C. H. W. Foster et al. Cambridge: Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. 2000. The "Giving" Issue: Reasserting the Social Contribution to Property Values. In Property and Values: Alternatives to Public and Private Ownership, ed. C. Geisler et al. Washington, DC: Island Press (with C. F. Runge et al.). 2001. Book review: At Home on the Earth: Becoming Native to Our Place, A Multicultural Anthology, ed. D. L. Barnhill. Quarterly Review of Biology 76(2): 255-256. 2001. Getting the Dirt Out: The Culture and Political Economy of Urban Land in the United States. In Anthropology and Environmental Issues, ed. C. Crumley. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. 31 S. KELLEY 2001. Plant Hunting on the Rooftop of the World. Arnoldia 61(2): 2-13. 2001. Phylogenetic Relationships of Torreya (Taxaceae) Inferred from Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS Region. Harvard Papers in Botany 6(1): 275-282 (with J. Li et al.). 2002. Essential Resources for Plant Curators: For the Northeast. Public Garden 17(1): 27-28 (with Kyle Port). T. LAMAN 2001. Night Shift in the Rain Forest. National Geographic 201(4): 32-47. 2002. Borneo's Proboscis Monkeys Smell Trouble. National Geographic 202(2): 100-117. J.LI 1999. More molecular evidence for interspecific relationships of Liquidambar (Hamamelidaceae). Rhodora 101: 37-41 (with M. J. Donoghue). 1999. Phylogenetic relationships in the Hamamelidoideae inferred from sequences of TRN non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Harvard Papers in Botany 4: 343-356 (with A. L. Bogle and M. J. Donoghue). 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of the Hamamelidaceae: evidence from the nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene matK. Plant Systematics and Evolution 218: 205-219 (with A. L. Bogle and A. S. Kein). 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of the Hamamelidaceae inferred from sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. American Journal of Botany 86: 1027-1037 (with A. L. Bogle and A. S. Kein). 2000. Classification of tree lilacs (subgenus Ligustrina, Syringa, Oleaceae): Morphology and DNA sequences tell a similar story. Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 517-529 (with D. Zhang and J. H. Alexander). 2000. A new suprageneric classification system of the Hamamelidoideae based on morphol- ogy and sequences of nuclear and chloroplast DNA. Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 499- 515 (with A. L. Bogle). 2000. NrDNA sequences and their taxonomic implications in the series Pubescentes. Journal of the International Lilac Society 29: 105-109 (with J. H. Alexander). 2000. Phylogeny and biogeography of Hamamelis (Hamamelidaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 171-178 (with A. L. Bogle et al.) 2001. Hemisphere plant geography. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162 (Suppl.): S41- S52 (with M. ]. Donoghue and C. D. Bell). 2001. One unusual lilac is indeed a privet. Journal of International Lilac Society 30: 47-49 (with D. Zhang and J. H. Alexander). 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of Torreya (Taxaceae) inferred from sequences of nuclear ribosomal ITS region. Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 275-281 (with C. C. David et al.). 2001. Phylogenetics of Buckleya (Santalaceae) based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Rhodora 103: 137-150 (with M. J. Donoghue and D. E. Boufford). 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of Taxus (Taxaceae) inferred from sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 267-274 (with C. C. Davis et al.). 2001 . Tree lilacs: evidence from morphology and DNA sequences supports McKelvey's taxonomic treatment. Journal of International Lilac Society 30: 9-15 (with D. Zhang and J. H. Alexander). 2002. Phylogeny and biogeography of Cercis (Leguminosae). Systematic Botany 27: 289-302 (with C. C. Davis et al.). 2002. Stewartia x 'Scarlet Sentinel'. HortScience 37: 412-414 (with P. Del Tredici). 2002. Systematic relationship of weeping katsura based on nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. HortScience 37: 595-598 (with M. Dosmann et al.). 32 S. LINDSAY 2000. Allozyme, spore and frond variation in some Scottish populations of the ferns Cystopteris dickieana and Cystopteris fragilis. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 57(1): 83-105 (with J. C. Parks and A. F. Dyer). 2000. Historical review of the uncertain taxonomic status of Cystopteris dickieana R.Sim (Dickie's Bladder fern). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 57(1): 71-81 (with A. F. Dyer and J. C. Parks). 2001. Review of Pteridophytes in Thailand, T. Boonkerd and R. Pollawatn. Pteridologist 3(6): 164. 2001. The fall and rise of the Oblong Woodsia in Britain. Botanical Journal of Scotland 53(2): 107-120 (with A. F. Dyer and P. Lusby). 2001. Woodsia ilvensis in Britain — Last Chance or Lost Cause? Pteridologist 3(6): 137-142 (with A. F. Dyer and P. Lusby). K. H. MADSEN 2000. In Pursuit of Ironclads. Arnoldia 60(1): 29-32. 2000. Preface. Garden and Forest (1888-1897): Part One. Arnoldia 60(2): 2-3. 2000. Review of Nature and Ideology: Natural Garden Design in the Twentieth Century, ed. J. Wolschke-Bulmahn. Journal of the New England Garden History Society 8: 78-79. D. J. MIDDLETON 2000. Revision of Alyxia (Apocynaceae), Part 1: Asia and Malesia. Blumea 45: 1-146. 2001. The Apocynaceae of the Crocker Range National Park. In Crocker Range National Park, Sabah [Borneo], Vol. 1: Natural ecosystem and species components, ed. I. L. Ghazally and A. Lamry. London: Asean Academic Press. 2001. Alyxia R.Br. In Plant Resources of South-East Asia, vol. 12(2): Medicinal and poisonous plants, ed. J. L. C. H. van Valkenburg and N. Bunyapraphatsara. Leiden: Backhuys (with H. M. Sangat-Roemantyo). 2001. Apocynaceae. In Plants of Mount Kinabalu Vol. 4: Dicotyledon families Acanthaceae to Lythraceae, ed. J. H. Beaman et al. Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (with J. H. Beaman). 2001. A new species of Pottsia (Apocynaceae: Apocynoideae) from Thailand and Lao PDR. Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 285-287. 2001. A new species of Wrightia (Apocynaceae: Apocynoideae) from Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin 29: 1-10 with T. Santisuk). 2002. Revision of Alyxia (Apocynaceae), Part 2: Australia and Pacific Islands. Blumea 47: 1-93. N. G. MILLER 2000. Web-site and unpublished data sets for the Southeast flora. Sida Bot. Misc. 18: 83-96 (with J. E. Arriagada). 2001. The Callitrichaceae in the southeastern United States. Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 277-301. R. NYFFELER 1999. A new ordinal classification of flowering plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14(5): 168-170. 1999. Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ndhV sequence data. American Journal of Botany 86: 1476-1486 (with W. S. Alverson et al.). 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of the durians (Bombacaceae-Durioneae or /Malvaceae/ Helicteroideae/Durioneae) based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 224: 55-82 (with D. A. Baum). 2001. Systematics and character evolution in Durio s.lat. (/Malvaceae/Helicteroideae/ Durioneae or Bombacaceae-Durioneae). Organisms Diversity & Evolution 1: 165-178 (with D. A. Baum). 33 K. PORT 2002. Essential Resources for Plant Curators: For the Northeast. Public Garden 17(1): 27-28 (with Susan Kelley). N. PRAKASH 1999. Flora. In The Shaping of Malaysia, eds A. Kaur and I Metcalfe. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Press; NY: St. Martin's Press. S. A. SPONGBERG 2001. The Arnold Arboretum. In Encyclopedia of Gardens: History and Design, ed. C. A. Shoemaker. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publications (with P. Del Tredici). W. TAKEUCHI 2002. Notes and new species in Papuasian Syzygium (Myrtaceae). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 59(2): 259-272. 2002. A generic record for Faika (Monimiaceae) in Papua New Guinea. Flora Malesiana Bulletin 13(1): 54-55 (with S. S. Renner). 2002. The identity of eaglewood, a new economic resource for Papua New Guinea. SID A, Contributions to Botany 20(1): 261-267 (with M. Golman). 2002. New and noteworthy orchids from the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. S1DA, Contributions to Botany 20(2): 461-486 (with N. H. S. Howcroft). 2002. The present status of Ledermann's April River localities in Papua New Guinea. S1DA, Contributions to Botany 20(1): 55-70 (with M. Golman). T. WARD 1999. Honey Plant Propagation By Seed, Part 1: Procurement and Seed Biology. American Bee Journal 139(9): 700-706 (with J. Alexander and G. Ayers). 1999. Honey Plant Propagation by Seed, Part 2: The Practical Practice of Propagating Honey Plants by Seed. American Bee Journal 139(1 1 ): 857-865 (with J. Alexander and G. Ayers). 1999. Viburnums That Have Prospered At and Around the Arnold Arboretum and the Threat of the Viburnum Leaf Beetle. Combined Proceedings International Plant Propaga- tors' Society. 49: 340-43. 2000. Propagation of Woody Honey Plants by Budding, Part 1: The Preparation for Bud- ding. American Bee Journal 140(5): 391-399 (with G. Ayers and J. Alexander). 2000. Propagation of Woody Honey Plants by Budding, Part 2: The Art of Budding. Ameri- can Bee Journal 140(7): 573-580 (with G. Ayers and J. Alexander). 2002. Field Notes: Daphne caucasica. American Nurseryman 195(2): 94. C. O. WEBB 1999. Seedling density dependence promotes coexistence of Bornean rain forest trees. Ecology 20: 2006-2017 (with D. R. Peart). 2000. Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: an example for rain forest trees. American Naturalist 156: 145-155. 2000. Experimental tests of the spatio-temporal scale of seed predation in mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae. Ecological Monographs 70: 129-148 (with L. M. Curran). 2000. Habitat associations of trees and seedlings in a Bornean rain forest. Journal of Ecology 88: 464-478 (with D. R. Peart). 2001. High seed dispersal rates in faunally intact tropical rain forest: theoretical and conservation implications. Ecology Letters 4: 491-499 (with D. R. Peart). 2002. Sizing up the shape of life. Science 295: 1475-1476 (with M. S. Zens). 34 D. ZHANG 2001. Classification of tree lilacs (subgenus Ligustrina, Syringa, Oleaceae): morphology and DNA sequence tell a similar story. Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 543-555 (with J. Li and J. H. Alexander). 2001. One unusual lilac is indeed a privet: evidence from DNA sequence data. Lilacs 30: 47- 49 (with J. Li and J. H. Alexander). 2001. Tree lilacs: evidence from morphology and DNA sequences supports McKelvey's taxonomic treatment. Lilacs 30(1): 9-14 (with J. Li and J. H. Alexander). 2002. The Origination of a New Chamaecyparis Cultivar — 'Qiana'. HortScience 37(3): 442. 2002. Improving vegetative propagation techniques of sweet fern (Comptonia peregrina). Growing ME Green 6(3): 9-14 (with Stacy Ruchala et al.) U.S. POSTAL SERVICE STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685) 1. Publication Title: Arnoldia. 2. Publication No: 0004-2633. 3. Filing Date: 20 December 2002. 4. Issue Frequency: Quarterly. 5. No. of Issues Published Annually: 4. 6. Annual Subscription Price: $20.00 domestic; $25.00 foreign. 7. Complete Mailing Address of Known Office of Publication: Arnold Arbore- tum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-3500. 8. Complete Mailing Address of Headquarters of General Business Office of Publisher: Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-3500. 9. Full Names and Complete Mailing Address of Publisher, Editor, and Managing Editor: Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-3500, publisher; Karen Madsen, Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-3500, editor. 10. Owner: The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-3500. 11. Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages, or Other Securities: none. 12. The purpose, function, and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for federal income tax purposes have not changed during the preceding 12 months. 13. Publication Name: Arnoldia. 14. Issue Date for Circulation Data Below: January, 2003. 15. Extent and Nature of Circulation, a. Total No. Copies. Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: 4,150. Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: 4,400. b. Paid and/ or Requested Circulation. (1) Paid /Requested Outside-County Mail Subscriptions. Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: 2,779. No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: 2,859. (2) Paid In-County Subscriptions: none. (3) Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors, and Counter Sales: none. (4) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS: none. c. Total Paid and/ or Requested Circulation. Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: 2,779. Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: 2,859. d. Free Distribution by Mail. Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: 235. Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: 229. e. Free Distribution Outside the Mail: Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: 205. Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: 205. f. Total Free Distribution: Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: 440. Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: 434. g. Total Distribution: Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: 3,219. Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: 3,293. h. Copies Not Distributed. Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: 931. Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: 1,107. i. Total. Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: 4,150. Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: 4,400. j. Percent Paid and/ or Requested Circulation. Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: 86%. Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: 87%. I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete. Karen Madsen, Editor. 35 Arnold Arboretum Weather Station Data — 2001 Avg. Max. Temp. (°F) Avg. Min. Temp. (°F) Avg. Temp. (°F) Max. Temp. (°F) Min. Temp. (°F) Precipi- tation (in-) Snow- fall (in.) JAN 37 19 28 43 9 2.66 8.9 FEB 41 21 31 56 7 2.35 1.5 MAR 42 27 35 55 14 12.16 19.5 APRIL 61 38 50 89 28 1.13 0 MAY 74 48 61 96 24 1.89 0 JUNE 84 60 72 98 43 6.17 0 JULY 79 60 70 98 49 5.26 0 AUG 85 64 75 101 53 5.99 0 SEPT 79 54 67 91 43 2.49 0 OCT 67 41 54 86 23 .61 0 NOV 58 37 48 77 20 .78 0 DEC 48 29 39 73 17 3.55 5.5 Average Maximum Temperature 63° Average Minimum Temperature 42° Average Temperature 53° Total Precipitation 45.04 inches Total Snowfall 35.4 inches Warmest Temperature 1 0 1 0 on August 1 0 Coldest Temperature 9° on January 13 Date of Last Spring Frost 30° on May 30 Date of First Fall Frost 30° on October 9 Growing Season 132 days Note: According to state climatologist R. Lautzenheiser, 2001 brought above-normal precipitation and tempera- tures, tying for the 12th warmest year in Massachusetts' 130 years of weather-keeping. March entered like a lion on a northeaster, bringing near record precipitation from the 5th to the 7th, with flooding rains again on the 21st, 22nd, and 30th. May presented an early-season heat wave followed by temperatures well below normal in its second half. A significant drought began in October and lasted into the early months of 2002. Consistent rains through spring and summer made it a very good planting year at the Arboretum. Trees and shrubs grew well and appeared to be recovering from the droughts of the past few years. 36 Peter Del Tredici In spring 2001, a 60-year-old Primus 'Karl Sax' had to be moved in full bloom from the site of the shrub-and-vine garden to the cherry collection near Dawson Pond on Meadow Road. It bloomed again in spring 2002. Laura Tenny Brogna Peter Del Tredici SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01188 8716 I '"''I m IBl ff|H wwk® mm Wmlm tSf 11 mMtm mm