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The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum
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The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum

VOLUME 73 • NUMBER 3 • 2016 CONTENTS

Ainoldia (ISSN 0004-2633; USPS 866-100)
is published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum
of Harvard University. Periodicals postage paid
at Boston, Massachusetts.

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Nancy Rose, Editor
Andy Winther, Designer

Editorial Committee
Anthony S. Aiello
Peter Del Tredici
Michael S. Dosmann
William (Ned) Friedman
Jon Hetman
Julie Moir Messervy

Copyright © 2016. The President and
Fellows of Harvard College

Tie ARNOLD
ARBORETUM

of HARVARD UNIVERSITY

2 Developing an Exemplary Collection:

A Vision for the Next Century at the Arnold
Arboretum of Harvard University

William E. Friedman, Michael S. Dosmann,
Timothy M. Boland, David E. Boufford,
Michael J. Donoghue, Andrew Gapinski,

Larry Hufford, Paul W. Meyer, and
Donald H. Pfister

19 Legacy Trees of Ernest Henry Wilson and
John George Jack in Nikko, Japan

Mineaki Aizawa and Tatsuhiro Ohkubo

32 Woodland Restoration: 30 Years Later
Lauren Mandel and Emily McCoy

44 A Dandy for Winter: Jasminum nudiflomm
Jon Hetman

Front and back covers: Curator of Living Collections
Michael S. Dosmann photographed this view of the
Xueshan, or Snow Mountain Ridge, from the winding
alpine road through Huanglong Nature Reserve during a
plant collecting expedition in northern Sichuan Province,
China, in September 2015.

Inside front cover: Ernest Henry Wilson photographed
this Japanese linden (Tilia japonica] growing on the
shore of Lake Chuzenji, Nikko, Japan, on May 29, 1914.
Archives of the Arnold Arboretum.

Inside back cover: A mass planting of winter jasmine
[Jasminum nudiflorum, accession 603-81) in bloom
brightened the Explorers Garden in early January.

Photo by Jon Hetman.

i 7k ARNOLD
1/ ARBORETUM

of HARVARD UNIVERSITY

CAMPAIGN FOR THE
LIVING COLLECTIONS

Last autumn the Arnold
Arboretum launched the
Campaign for the Living
Collections, an ambitious
ten-year plan to expand the
breadth of plant holdings
and increase their scientific
and horticultural value.
Considerable thought and
effort went into creating a
document that guides the
Campaign’s mission.

We present this important
document here in its entirety
for the benefit of Arboretum
supporters, stakeholders,
and colleagues. Additional
articles covering aspects
of developing our Living
Collections will be featured
in Arnoldia this year.

Developing an Exemplary
Collection: A Vision for the Next
Century at the Arnold Arboretum
of Harvard University

William E. Fiiedman, Michael S. Dosmaim,
Timothy M. Boland, David E. Boufford,
Michael J. Donoghue, Andrew Gapinski,

Larry Hiifford, Paul W. Meyer, and
Donald H. Pfister

The Living Collections of the Arnold Arhoretum of
Harvard University not only support the Arhore-
tum's mission hy serving key research, education,
and conservation roles, hut in their entirety represent one
of the very best examples of a historic Olmsted landscape.
With some 15,000 accessioned plants, representing almost
4,000 unique taxa that include 2,100 species, the Living
Collections of the Arnold Arboretum remain a major desti-
nation for those who study and enjoy woody plants. Of the
accessions brought to the Arhoretum from elsewhere, 44%
are of wild origin, hailing from over 60 different temperate
countries. Another 39% are of cultivated origin, including
pedigreed hybrids, nursery-origin introductions, and acces-
sions from other gardens. This historic interplay between
taxonomic, floristic, and cultivated diversities has resulted
in one of the most comprehensive and heavily documented
collections of temperate woody plants in the world.

The living collections are central to the Arnold Arbore-
tum— all research, education, and conservation initiatives
are driven by them. And yet, without strategic planning
for collections development, these collections are at risk
of losing their prominence. In advance of the Arboretum's
sesquicentennial in 2022, it is time to put forward a set of
initiatives to simultaneously preserve its singular legacy
and secure its future. This plan, to he enacted over the next
decade, will thus serve to shape and define the Living Col-
lections of the Arnold Arboretum for the coming century.

Values and Aspirations

Throughout the Arboretum's history, the vitality and
strength of the collections — and the institution as a whole —
can be attributed to an adherence to four essential tenets.

The Arboretum's collection of Malus (apples and crabapples) currently holds 426 individual plants from 310 accessions comprising
159 taxa, many of which grow on Peters Hill, seen here.

It has remained a traditional arboretum, with
the Living Collections continually and almost
exclusively focused on temperate woody plants.
It has been committed to collections-based
woody plant scholarship, particularly in recent
years with the significant expansion of on-site
research associated with construction of the
Weld Hill Research Building. The Arboretum
landscape remains true to the vision of Freder-
ick Law Olmsted's design, through keen aware-
ness of its role as a public garden and landscape.
Lastly, the Arnold Arboretum has long invested
in active curation and collections management,
which in turn has fostered and enabled its
research and preservation enterprises.

Coupled to these principles are aspirations
that the Living Collections Advisory Board (Tim
Boland, David Boufford, Michael Donoghue,
Larry Hufford, Paul Meyer, and Don Pfister),
in collaboration with William (Ned) Friedman
(Director), Michael Dosmann (Curator of Living
Collections), and Andrew Gapinski (Manager of
Horticulture), advanced during its 2013, 2014,
and 2015 meetings. These recommendations to
ambitiously strengthen the collections of the
Arnold Arboretum articulate a set of guidelines
that define targets for active collections devel-
opment. In addition, these recommendations
clearly circumscribe overarching principles that
will help ensure that the Arnold Arboretum
remains at the leading edge of botanical garden
collections development.

Enacting the Agenda and Creating
a List of Desiderata

Four principles will shape a unique identity
for the Arboretum's ongoing and future roles
in collections-based research, teaching, and
public horticulture: (1) scholarship associated
with comparative biology, from genomics to
environmental change; (2) ex situ conservation
and study of endangered temperate woody plant
taxa; (3) strengthened species representation
within key priority genera; and (4) successful
cultivation of taxa currently or historically per-
ceived as marginally hardy in Boston. Shared
among these is the primary importance of a uni-
versity-based organismic collection and public
garden with the potential to uniquely reveal the
complexities of nature. This deeply held notion
expresses the intrinsic value that an individual
accession or a suite of accessions possesses that
enables a scholar to unravel (and share with
the world) a taxon's mysteries. This extends to
naturally occurring taxa as well as unique cul-
tigens, honoring the Arboretum's long history
of cultivating and comparing both, side-hy-side.
This core philosophy underpins all others.

In support of these priorities for collections
development, six goals have been used to spe-
cifically create and prioritize a list of desiderata
for acquisition and accessioning into the organ-
ismic collections of the Arnold Arboretum over
the next decade (see page 15). These six goals

NANCY ROSE

NANCY ROSE

4 Arnoldia 73/3 * February 2016

The Arboretum's collections include both wild species and cultigens (plants whose origin or selection results primarily from
intentional human activity). This specimen (left) of kousa dogwood {Cornm kousa 1079-89-C) was grown from seed wild collected
in China during the Arboretum's 1989 Eastern China Expedition; at tight, a variegated cultivar (C. kousa 'Snowboy' 507-82-A) that
was originally selected at the Sakata Nursery Company in Yokohama, Japan.

reflect the importance of phylogenetic knowl-
edge, organismic biology, conservation biology,
genomics, and horticultural leadership to the
future of the Arnold Arboretum.

1. Increase "phylogenetic breadth"
within clades

The Arnold Arboretum will acquire new
taxa that significantly expand the phylo-
genetic diversity of specific clades (evolu-
tionary lineages). The modern explosion
of phylogenetic information provides a
key set of opportunities to ensure that the
Arboretum acquires new taxa representa-
tive of as many of the major subclades of
a genus or family as is practicable. Key
families and genera that may be well
represented in the Living Collections, as
measured by total species numbers, may,
in fact, lack critical exemplar species cen-
tral to phylogenetic and comparative stud-
ies. This principle not only maximizes
the potential for comparative evolution-
arily grounded studies within and among
diverse groups, hut also serves as an orga-
nizing scheme for prioritized assembly of
a synoptic collection.

2. Increase "biological breadth"
within clades

The Arnold Arboretum will acquire new
taxa that significantly expand the bio-
logical diversity of specific clades. These

include key additions of taxa with strongly
divergent phenologies, structure (habit,
morphology, anatomy), or physiological
traits associated with adaptation to envi-
ronments that differ from other members
of a clade, such as evergreen taxa in clades
historically represented only by deciduous
taxa (or vice versa). Attention to biologi-
cal (and phylogenetic) breadth will signifi-
cantly improve scholarship opportunities
associated with comparative research
endeavors within a single botanical collec-
tion and expand the public's understand-
ing of botanical and horticultural diversity
within key genera and families of plants.

Conservation of rare and endangered species is a priority at the
Arboretum. One example is bigleaf witch-hazel [Hamamelis
ovalis], a North American species that was first identified in
Mississippi in 2004.

COURTESY OF ALAN CRESSLER ARNOLD ARBORETUM

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Plant Phylogeny

when explaining the relatedness of organisms, scientists often construct a phylogeny, or
"family tree," that portrays the organisms' evolutionary history. This figure depicts taxa (such as
species, genera, families, etc.) on the tips or ends of the branches. Each taxon placed at the end
of a branch is paired with its closest relative; the two can be traced back to a shared node that
represents their common ancestor. That branch, in turn, can be traced back further to another
ancestor that is common to it and another "sister" branch, ad infinitum. A branch that includes
the common ancestor and all of its descendants is referred to as a clade. In contemporary phy-
logenetic systematics, a plant family's phylogeny should comprise individual clades of species
that form distinct genera. Genera themselves comprise clades of species that share a common
ancestor, and may receive special names.

Organizing related species into clades is useful when studying large genera and families, par-
ticularly if the group is supported by a well-developed and accepted phylogeny. In such cases
scientists look at all of the clades that occur across the breadth of the phylogeny but only need to
sample one or two species per clade. We have taken the same approach to collections development
at the Arboretum, where comprehensive or total species composition within a genus is not a goal
but phylogenetic breadth (i.e., representation of as many clades as possible) is.

The genus Viburnum (comprising some 165 species) is one such example. Decades of work
in Michael Donoghue's laboratory has yielded a well-supported Viburnum phylogeny contain-
ing 19 terminal clades of closely related species (above, modified from Clement et al. 2014).
Ten of these clades (shown in blue) are already represented in the Arboretum's collections by
at least one species; acquisition of a few more species (*) improves their representation.
Although the remaining clades contain species not suited to New England (most are tropical),
four clades (shown in red) contain a few marginally-hardy species that are worth trialing. Adding
even just one species from a clade (e.g., V. davidii in the Tinus Clade) adds a completely new
evolutionary lineage to the collections.

Clement, W. L., M. Arakaki, P. W, Sweeney, E. J. Edwards, and M. J. Donoghue. 2014. A chloroplast tree for
Viburnum (Adoxaceae) and its implications for phylogenetic classification and character evolution. American
fournal of Botany 101: 1029-1049.

6 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

3. Create a unique identity in
conservation biology

With continued threats to Earth's biodi-
versity, the need to provide safe harhor
to taxa under threat of extinction is as
important today as it has ever been. How-
ever, while seed hanks and other germ-
plasm repositories may well preserve
threatened and extinct-in-the-wild taxa,
only living accessions of such taxa can
he studied to reveal the biology within.
The Arnold Arboretum is uniquely suited
to acquire threatened temperate woody
plants, cultivate them, develop essential
propagation protocols, disseminate them
to others, and conduct research into their
basic biology. Beyond the innate value of
generating new knowledge of biodiversity,
effective ecological restoration depends on
a sophisticated understanding of the basic
and applied biology of threatened taxa.

4. Create a unique identity in
woody plant genomics

For centuries, type specimens (pressed
and dried plant parts) associated with
the specific living organism on which a
species description was first made have
been deposited in herbaria around the

world. In the emerging age of genomics,
the Arnold Arboretum will become the
first botanical garden to officially steward
the living germplasm of diverse species
for which detailed genomic information
has been collected and published (the
Arboretum will obviously focus only on
temperate woody plants). Already, some
of the key germplasm for genomic analy-
sis of woody plants has been lost in the
wild and exists only in tissue culture or
short-term nursery operations, where bio-
logical study is not possible. Creating a
"living type specimen collection" for spe-
cies whose genomes have been sequenced
and assembled will ensure that all future
studies of the biology of such species will
have access to the actual plant/germplasm
with the specific allelic complement in
the published genome.

5. Prioritize acquisition of taxa within
geographically disjunct chides

Within the Living Collections of the
Arnold Arboretum, the floras of eastern
North America and eastern Asia have long
been extremely well represented. Yet, to
maximize the Living Collections' further
application toward the study of biogeog-

Catalpa is a disjunct genus with similar looking species growing in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Seen here are
Chinese catalpa (C. ovata 237-2002-B, left) and northern catalpa (C. speciosa 1245-79-C, right), a North American species.

Genome Sequencing Brings New Knowledge

Genome sequencing, which allows the entire string of DNA code to be read and inter-
preted for almost any species on earth, has the potential to link specific biological char-
acteristics to specific genes and their genetic variants. Fifteen years ago, it cost nearly
$100 million to sequence a genome and today, this cost is rapidly approaching $1,000.
Thus, in the last decade, woody plant species as diverse as grape, poplar, pine, willow,
oak, and birch have had their genomes sequenced, so that their biological traits can be
related directly to their genes. Many more species of trees, shrubs, and lianas are in the
pipeline for genomic sequencing.

In the spring of 2015, the Arnold Arboretum hosted an international symposium on
the genomics of forests and trees that brought together 80 of the leading scholars in this
emerging world of DNA information. One critical challenge that came up repeatedly
in discussions with participants is that those organisms whose genomes have been or
are going to be sequenced are at high risk of being lost since there is no formal plan for
perpetual stewardship. Incredibly, there is no home in the entire world for the unique
individual plants whose genomes have been sequenced.

The Arnold Arboretum has a perfect combination of world-class horticulture and
world-class laboratory facilities to pioneer a "genomic type collection" of temperate
woody plants, and will care in perpetuity for these incredibly special individual plants
whose genomes have been sequenced. This genomic type reference collection will
help tell us how trees will respond to climate change, how water moves from the soil
to the top of the crown, how plants respond to biotic (herbivores) and abiotic (climate
extremes) stresses. As research comes to rely more heavily on sequenced genes to
advance discovery, the ability to reference the living counterpart of this DNA — either
through the plant itself or its direct lineage — will make the Arnold Arboretum an
essential resource for this work.

raphy, ecophysiology, and phylogenet-
ics, acquiring disjunct species associated
with clades of eastern North American
woody plants will be a priority. Although
the majority of these disjunct taxa are of
Asian origin, disjunct taxa from Europe
and the Southern Hemisphere (although
fewer in number) will also be sought.

6. Reassert horticultural leadership in
accessioning marginally hardy species

As established at its founding in 1872, the
Arboretum will cultivate "all the trees,
shrubs, and herbaceous plants, either
indigenous or exotic, which can he raised
in the open air." In the spirit of explora-
tion and experimentation, the Arboretum
has continually acquired germplasm of
marginally hardy taxa to be coaxed into
cultivation, despite and against all odds.
To ensure that the Arboretum stays at the

cutting edge of plant introduction (espe-
cially in a world of rapid environmental
change), it must seek out, acquire, and test
untried species for growth on the grounds.
Importantly, identification of new "mar-
ginal" taxa should he coupled with tar-
geted field collections of germplasm from
parts of the taxon's natural range that are
likely to predispose such accessions to
ultimate success on the grounds. In light
of predicted climate change scenarios over
the next century in Massachusetts, the
marginally hardy taxa of today are likely
to he well positioned to grow and thrive at
the Arnold Arboretum in the future.

With all of this in mind, a list of desiderata
comprising roughly 400 separate taxa has been
developed, where each target for acquisition
falls into one and often multiple prioritized
categories or themes based on the guiding prin-

ANTHONY S. AIELLO

8 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

The Arboretum will acquire and trial marginally hardy species such as
Daphniphylliun macropodum (left; seen growing at the Morris Arboretum
in Philadelphia) from eastern Asia and Osmanthus americanus (right),
which is native to the southern United States.

ciples above (Table 1). With this target list, the
immediate goal is to obtain one new lineage
of each taxon. However, in the longer term
most targeted taxa will require multiple actiui-
sitions from varying parts of their ranges to
ensure broad genetic representation. All taxa
on the list are to come from documented wild
populations. This will result in as many as
700 unique acquisitions and eventually some
2,500 accessioned plants (assuming all new
marginally hardy taxa survive on the grounds).
The individuals on the list represent taxa that
the Arboretum has never attempted to grow,
those attempted in the past yet worthy of fur-
ther efforts (especially in light of climate change
and a far more sophisticated understanding of
the microclimates of the Arboretum grounds),
as well as those represented yet insufficiently.
It should also he noted that this list of desider-
ata reflects, almost exclusively, botanical taxa.
In time, attention should he placed on prudent
review and development within cultivar col-
lections. Importantly, the listed taxa represent
specihc priorities, not a limited scope for all
future acquisitions.

Acquisition of New Plant Material and
an Underlying Collaborative Philosophy

The aspirations of this plan to develop an exem-
plary collection at the Arnold Arboretum of
Harvard University require a disciplined com-
mitment to actuate collections expeditions,
work with scholars in the field who can col-
lect on behalf of the Arboretum, and employ
contract collectors as needed. In particular, the
Arnold Arboretum will leverage the deep and
historical relationships with China, Japan, and
Korea to mount a series of collecting expedi-
tions to acquire new species and extend popu-
lation sampling of currently held taxa. In turn,
the leadership in propagation and horticultural
operations at the Arnold Arboretum will he
charged with bringing the world's temperate
woody flora from propagules to century-long
inliahitants on the grounds. The current assem-
blage of what may prove to he the finest team of
horticultural leaders in the Arboretum's history
provides strong motivation to seek out woody
taxa from around the world that are not cur-
rently in cultivation at the Arboretum.

ANTHONY S. AIELLO

Developing an Exemplary Collection 9

Table 1. High-priority targets for future acquisition comprise 395 separate taxa that
represent 385 species among 145 distinct genera fsee List of Desiderata). Each distinct
target is linked to one or more of the priority goals put forward by the Collections Advi-
sory Board. This table summarizes those core themes and other basic statistics.

New species for the collections. ..................................

177

marginally hardy ..........................................

. 92

New genera for the collections ...................................

. 41

marginally hardy ..........................................

. 31

Taxa already represented in the collection by living lineages ...........

218

. . . but not of wild provenance ...............................

. 97 1

... of wild provenance but requiring additional wild lineages^. . . . . .

121 1

Principal categories^:

Conservation concern^. ....................................

. 51

PCN genera'" ............................................

1 14

Robust genera" ...........................................

. 12

Disjunct genera" ..........................................

. 47

Acquisition targets’ regions of origin:

Eastern Asia. .............................................

225

Eurasia ..................................................

. 18

Europe ..................................................

. 17

North America ...........................................

133

South America. ...........................................

. . 2

* Includes taxa where numerous wiid-origin lineages are required, often for conservation
purposes, or to repatriate known Arboretum lineages from other repositories and gardens. I

^ Categories are not mutually exclusive; rriarry target species occur in multiple categories. I

* Those taxa to which a conservation ranking has been given.

"'Plant Collections Network: Acer, Carya, Fagus, Stewartia, Syringa, and Tsuga
" Carpinus, Forsythia, Ginkgo, and Ostrya

“ Only pertains to species occurring in Cornus, DiervillaAMeigela, Hamamelis, Hydrangea,
Magnolia, Taxus, and Viburnum

CUI ZHUAO

10 Arnoldici 73/3 • February 2016

Michael Dosinann (Arnold Arboretum) and Anthony
S. Aiello (Morris Arboretum) work with Wang Kang of
the Beijing Botanical Garden collecting seeds from
Fraxinus chinensis in the mountains west of Beijing,
China, during the September 2010 North America-
China Plant Exploration Consortium expedition.

Central to the mission of acquiring hundreds
of new specimens for the living museum and
grounds of the Arnold Arhoretum is a historical
commitment to collahoration and sharing. Such
collahorations are two-fold in nature. First,
there is the need to establish joint ventures
between the Arnold Arhoretum and botanical
and horticultural institutions around the world
to collect germplasm. This is especially critical
in Asia, where local and national permissions
will depend on true cooperation, sharing, and
reciprocity. Second, it will he vitally important
to work with a set of similar institutions and
consortia (e.g., the North America-China Plant
Exploration Consortium) that can help steward
newly acquired plant materials and ultimately

share these acciuisitions with scientists and
the public. Such sharing of germplasm with
similar institutions in the United States will
be particularly important to maximize the suc-
cess of ex situ conservation efforts, given that
many of the taxa collected may be marginally
hardy in Boston.

In summary, integrating the core values that
have yielded the Arboretum's greatest legacy
with six hold aspirational concepts will extend
the importance and impact of the Arboretum's
organismic collections well into the future.
Change in the Living Collections occurs incre-
mentally over time, with each new accession
added, and with each deaccession as well. As
seasons turn into years, and years into decades,
the ambitions and goals the Arboretum estab-
lishes now will truly bear fruit. At its bicenten-

Kyle Port, the Arboretum's manager of plant records,
affixes permanent plant labels to a specimen heading to
the grounds for spring planting.

ION HETMAN

Developing an Exemplary Collection 1 1

The Carya collection is one of six Plant Collections Network
collections currently at the Arboretum. Seen here, fruits of shagbark
hickory (C. ovata 22868-N) and bud scales and new shoots of
shellbark hickory (C. laciniosa 806-87-C).

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nial in 2072, the Arboretum community will be
able to look back and pinpoint this campaign as
one that guaranteed and secured a future where
the Arnold Arboretum became the single most
im.portant living collection for those who study
and enjoy temperate woody plants.

Developing an Exemplary Collection —
Metrics and a List of Desiderata

Over the past decade, the total number of deac-
cessions has significantly exceeded the total
number of new accessions planted at the Arnold
Arboretum. On average each year, roughly 250
new accessions are successfully added to the col-
lections. In order to achieve the goals described
in this plan to secure the long term preeminence
of the Living Collections of the Arnold Arbore-
tum, acquisition and successful propagation of
new and diverse germplasm will dominate the
early phases of this campaign. The second phase
of this ambitious program will then leverage the
accomplishments of plant production efforts
to move new accessions onto the grounds. We
anticipate that at the peak of this second phase
close to 300 new accessions will be added to the
permanent Living Collections annually. The

new leadership in collections-based horticul-
ture (Andrew Gapinski) and in plant production
(Tiffany Enzenbacher), along with the recent sig-
nificant improvement in the management and
job circumscriptions of horticulturists charged
with the day-to-day care of the living collec-
tions, will ensure that this plan is successful.
The horticultural team will be charged, under
the leadership of the Curator of Living Collec-
tions (Michael Dosmann) and Director (William
Friedman), with the creation of a specific set of
plans and targets to fully enact the vision of this
decadal campaign for the next century of the
Arnold Arboretum's history.

List of Desiderata: Priority Genera
(Plant Collections Network, Robust, and
Disjunct Genera)

Highlighted are 17 genera that will receive
focused investment in review and future
acquisition. In fact, over 40% of the listed
taxa are within this group. Although
the collection goals for each of these are
similar, there are some subtle differences
in the levels at which each target should
be represented.

12 Ainoldia 73/3 • February 2016

Plant Collections Network (PCN) genera
{Acer, Carya, Fagus, Stewartia, Syringa,
and Tsuga)

These six PCN collections are of national
renown and highlighted as exemplary col-
lections emblematic of the Arboretum.
Species diversity within each genus is
to be comprehensive, not synoptic, with
each species represented by at least one
wild-origin lineage in the short term, and
eventually by at least three distinct wild-
origin lineages from a broad portion of the
species' range.

Robust genera {Forsythia, Carpimis,

Ostrya, and Ginkgo)

During the 2014 meeting of the Collections
Advisory Board, a proposal was approved to
recognize a new set of priority genera. Three
of these {Carpimis, Forsythia, and Ostrya]
have historically been well represented, and
extra emphasis can transform them from
strong to exceptional collections. The goal
for these is to achieve comprehensive spe-
cies representation, with each species exem-
plified by at least one wild-origin lineage.
A fourth genus [Ginkgo] deserves recogni-
tion as the most notable of
its kind in cultivation, due
primarily to the decades-
long efforts by emeritus
Arboretum scientist Peter
Del Tredici. Although it is
unlikely that wild popula-
tions exist other than those
from which the Arbore-
tum has already sampled,
there remain gaps that can
further improve the Arbo-
retum's collection. The
specific goals include the
identification and acquisi-
tion of cultigens or land-
races that further broaden
the infraspecific diver-
sity of Ginkgo biloha. In
the immediate future, the
Arboretum should propose
that its Ginkgo collection
be included in the PCN.

Disjunct genera {Cornus, Haniamelis,
Magnolia, Hydrangea sensu lato, Taxiis,
Diervilla/Weigela, and Viburnum)

The rich evolutionary history shared
between the floras of Eastern Asia and North
America has also been an important part of
the Arnold Arboretum's history. Although
the list of desiderata identifies many gen-
era (including many of those listed above)
that are referred to as disjuncts, there are
seven genera {Cornus, Hamamelis, Mag-
nolia, Hydrangea sensu lato, Taxus, Dier-
villa/Weigela, and Viburnum] specifically
prioritized for active development because
of this distinction. Species representation
should remain synoptic (although Hama-
melis is already represented at the compre-
hensive level), with priority based on the
axes of conservation status and phyloge-
netic breadth. Each species should be rep-
resented by at least one wild-origin lineage.

Filling in Synoptic and
Documentation Gaps

Beyond the focused development of the 17 gen-
era above, many other species must be added
to achieve the stated goals. If the Arboretum's

Croton alabamensis, a rare semi-evergreen shrub, is one of the species the Arboretum
plans to acquire.

MICHAEL S DOSMANN MICHAEL S. DOSMANN

Developing an Exemplary Collection 13

Living Collections are to be considered
fully synoptic and representative of Earth's
temperate woody flora, over 175 species and
40 genera not represented will be targeted
and acquired. Acquisition of the rare is essen-
tial, and the list of desiderata includes over 50

targets with specific conservation value as mea-
sured by a NatureServe ranking of G1 to G3
(critically imperiled, imperiled, vulnerable) or
its general equivalent.

Documentation is the most reliahle predic-
tor of accession value, and many targets were
selected to fill documentation
gaps. One-fourth of the target
taxa on the list are already grow-
ing in the Living Gollections,
yet are represented by acces-
sions that are not of wild origin.
It is essential that these "finally
wild" targets are integrated into
the Living Collections to displace
specimens that have poorer (or no)
documentation. Another third of
the target taxa already exist in the
collections and include at least
one wild-origin accession. How-
ever, additional wild lineages are
required to broaden the diversity
of that taxon's lineage pool. An
additional one-fourth of the tar-
get taxa either have not been tried
at the Arboretum in the past, or
they were planted but failed to
establish because they were not
sited in a suitable microclimate
or for other reasons. In the spirit
of exploration, hardiness testing,
and plant introduction, the Arbo-
retum will trial these taxa.

Ostryopsis davidiana (top) and Acer caudatum ssp. multiserratum (bottom)
are among the species on the list of desiderata. The specimens seen here were
photographed in China during the 2010 NACPEC expedition.

Genomic Type Specimens

Initially, the number of acces-
sions associated with published
genomic data will likely number
in the single digits. However,
with time, improvements in
DNA sequencing technology and
data analysis will likely yield doz-
ens, if not hundreds of temperate
woody plant taxa with sequenced
genomes. The Living Collections
Advisory Board will be charged
with assessing which taxa should
be added to the genomic type spec-
imens of the Arboretum. Initially,
attention to phylogenetic breadth

14 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

Collaboration between the United States and China is key to the Arboretum's goal to strengthen the conservation
and study of plants. On September 28, 2015, the Huanglong Nature Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), the
Chengdu Institute of Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Arnold Arboretum established a memo-
randum of understanding that sets guidelines for cooperation in the documentation, conservation, and preservation
of plants native to China’s richly biodiverse Sichuan Province. The trilateral agreement was signed in Chengdu by
Huanglong Nature Reserve Director Qi Ling (left), Arnold Arboretum Director William (Ned) Friedman (center),
and Chengdu Institute of Biology Director Xinquan Zhao (right).

both within angiosperms and also across seed
plants (e.g., conifers and gnetophytes) should
be critical. However, with time, opportunities
for focused comparative biological studies of
genomic type specimens from multiple species
(or even populations) within a species/genus/
clade are likely to become important.

Concluding Thoughts

The Campaign for the Living Collections does
not just consider the long term, it focuses on
it. The 400 taxa to be acquired in the next ten
years, including 177 species of woody plants
new to the grounds of the Arnold Arboretum,
will have a profound impact on the character
and value of the living collections. This impact
will resonate for decades, if not centuries, to
come, just like the vital collections made a
century ago hy explorers like Sargent, Wilson,
Rock, and countless others. The efforts of this
decade-long campaign arc aimed at renewing
and reinventing the Arhoretum's legacy of dis-

covery, natural history, and plant collecting to
document, preserve, and study biodiversity in
a world dominated by human-induced habitat
loss and climate change.

William E. Friedman is Director of the Arnold Arboretum
and Arnold Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary
Biology at Harvard University; Michael S. Dosmann is
Curator of Living Collections at the Arnold Arhoretuni;
Timothy M. Boland is Executive Director of Polly Hill
Arboretum; David E. Boufford is Senior Research Scientist
at the Harvard University Herbaria; Michael J. Donoghue
is Curator of Botany at the Peabody Museum and Sterling
Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Yale
University; Andrew Gapinski is Manager of Horticulture
at the Arnold Arboretum; Larry Hufford is Professor and
Director of the School of Biological Sciences and Director
of the Marion Ownhey Herbarium at Washington State
University; Paul W. Meyer is F. Otto Haas Executive
Director of the Morris Arboretum of the University of
Pennsylvania; and Donald H. Pfister is Curator of the
Farlow Library and Herbarium and Asa Gray Professor of
Systematic Botany at Harvard University.

List of Desiderata

Family Taxon

Family Taxon

Actinidiaceae Actinidia chinensis

Bignoniaceae Campsis grandiflora

Adoxaceae Viburnum atrocyaneum
Viburnum bracteatum
Viburnum buddleifolium
Viburnum carlesii
Viburnum cylindricum
Viburnum davidii
Viburnum ellipticiim
Viburnum farreri
Viburnum foetidum
Viburnum ichangense
Viburnum kansuense
Viburnum lantanoides
Viburnum microcarpum
Viburnum mongolicum
Viburnum obovatum
Viburnum plicatum ssp.

tomentosum
Viburnum sieboldii
Viburnum tinus
Viburnum urceolatum
Viburnum wilsonii

Altingiaceae

Anacardiaceae

Apocynaceae

Araliaceae

Liquidambar styraciflua

Cotinus szechuanensis

Asclepias incarnata

Tra chelospermum difform e

Aralia nudicaulis

Araucariaceae Araucaria araucana
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia tomentosa
Berberidaceae Nandina domestica

Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa
Alnus maritima
Betula alleghaniensis
Betula alnoides
Betula chichibuensis
Betula humilis
Betula lenta
Betula luminifera
Betula maximowicziana
Betula murrayana
Betula pumila
Betula schugnanica
Betula uber
Carpinus caroliniana
Carpinus cordata
Carpinus coreana
Carpinus henryana
Carpinus polyneura
Ostrya japonica
Ostryopsis davidiana

Buxaceae

Pachysan dr a procum bens
Pachysandra terminalis
Sarcococca hookeriana var.
digyna

Cactaceae

Opuntia humifusa

Cannabaceae

Aphananthe aspera

Celtis tenuifolia

Caprifoliaceae

Kolkwitzia amabilis
Leycesteria formosa

Weigela coraeensis

Weigela maximowiczii
Weigela middendorffiana

Celastraceae

Euonymus fortunei

Euonymus obovatus

Cercidiphyllaceae

Cercidiphyllum magnificum

Cloranthaceae

Sarcandra glabra

Cornaceae

Alangium platanifolium
Auciiba japonica

Cornus alternifolia

Cornus canadensis

Cornus florida

Cornus foemina

Cornus nuttallii

Cornus quinquinervis

Cornus rugosa

Cupressaceae

Cupressus nootkatensis

Cyrillaceae

Cliftonia monophylla

Daphniphyllaceae

Daphniphyllum macropodum

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus multiflora

Ephedraceae

Ephedra distachya

Ephedra equisetina

Ephedra gerardiana

Ephedra intermedia

Ephedra likiangensis

Ephedra major

Ephedra minuta

Ephedra monosperma

Ephedra przewalskii

Ephedra rituensis

Ephedra sinica

Ephedra viridis

Ericaceae

Agarista populifolia
Eubotryoides grayana

Gaulth eria m iquelian a
Gaultheria procumbens
Kalmia cuneata

16 Arnoldia 7313 • February 2016

Family Taxon Family Taxon

Kalmia latifolia
Pieris floribunda
Pieris formosa
Pieris japouica
Rhododendron maximum
Rhododendron smirnowii
Vaccin i um angusti foli u m
Vaccinium macrocarpon

Euphorbiaceae Croton alabamensis

Fabaceae Cercis siliquastrum
Cladrastis kentuckea
Cladrastis wilsonii
Gymnocladus chinensis
Maackia hupehensis
Rohinia hispida

Fagaceae Fagus crenata

Fagus engleriana
Fagus grandifolia
Fagus hayatae
Fagus japonica
Fagus longipetiolata
Fagus lucida
Fagus moesiaca
Fagus nmltinervis
Fagus orientalis
Fagus sylvatica
Nothofagus dombeyi
Quercus acerifolia
Quercus castaneaefolia
Quercus falcate
Quercus frainetto
Quercus gambelii
Quercus imbricaria
Quercus nigra
Quercus prinoides
Quercus velutina

Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba

Hamamelidaceae Disanthus cercidifolius
Distylium racemosum
Fortunearia sinensis
Fothergilla gardenii
Fothergilla major
Flaniamelis japonica
Flamamelis mollis
Flamamelis ovalis
Flamamelis vernalis
Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana
Sinowilsonia henryi
Sycopsis sinensis

Decumaria sinensis
Deinanthe bifida
Hydrangea macrophylla
'Ayesba'

Philadelphus lewisii
Platycrater arguta

Hypericaceae

Hypericum beanii
Hypericum buckleyi
Hypericum kalmianum
Hypericum prolificum

Itcaceac

Itea ilicifolia

Itea virginica

Juglandaccae

Carya aquatica

Carya cathayensis

Carya cordiformis

Carya floridana

Carya illinoinensis

Carya laciniosa

Carya myristiciformis
Carya ovata

Carya ovata var. australis
Carya pallida

Carya texana

Carya tomentosa
fuglans mandshurica
fuglans nigra

Lamiaceae

Monarda didyma

Prunella vulgaris

Lardizabalaccae

Decaisnea fargesii

Lauraceae

Neolitsea sericea

Persea borbonia

Sassafras alhidum
Sassafras tzumu

Liliaccac

Lilium regale

Lytbraccac

Lagerstroemia indica

Magnoliaceae

Liriodendron chinense
Magnolia acuminata
Magnolia denudata var.

denudata

Magnolia figo

Magnolia omeiensis
Magnolia patungensis

Meliaceae

Cedrela sinensis

Meiiispermaccac

Menispermum canadense

Menispermum dauricum

Helwingiaccae Helwingia japonica

Moraceae Madura pomifera

Hydrangeaceae Cardiandra alternifolia

Cardiandra moellendorfii

Nyssaceae Davidia involucrata
Nyssa sinensis

Developing an Exemplary Collection 17

Family Taxon Family Taxon

Oleaceae Chionanthus viiginicus
Forsythia euiopaea
Forsythia japonica
Forsythia mandsclmrica
Forsythia suspense
Forsythia togashii
Fraxinus americana
Fraxiims nigra
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Fraxinus quadrangulata
Osmanthus americanus
Syringe afganica
Syringe emodi
Syringe josikaea
Syringe julianae
Syringe komarowii
Syringa komarowii ssp. reflexa
Syringa mairei
Syringa meyeri
Syringa oblate
Syringa oblate ssp. dilatata
Syringa pinetorum
Syringa pinnatifolia
Syringa protolaciniata
Syringa pubescens ssp.

microphylla
Syringa reticulata
Syringa sweginzowii
Syringa tibetica
Syringa villosa
Syringa vulgaris
Syringa wardii
Syringa yunnanensis

Papaveraceae Meconopsis integrifolia

Pinaceae Abies alba

Abies koreana
Larix laricina
Larix lyalii
Larix occidentalis
Larix potaninii
Picea abies
Picea omorika
Pinus albicaulis
Pinus cembra
Pinus lambertiana
Pinus monophylla
Pinus virginiana
Pseudolarix amabilis
Tsuga canadensis
Tsuga caroliniana
Tsuga chinensis
Tsuga diversifolia
Tsuga dumosa
Tsuga forestii

Tsuga formosana
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Tsuga sieboldii

Platanaceae Platanus orientalis

Ranunculaceae Clematis akebioides
Clematis tangutica
Clematis viridis

Rhamnaceae Ziziphus jujuba

Rosaceae Amelanchier nantucketensis
Crataegus distincta
Crataegus harbisonii
Crataegus latebrosa
Crataegus perjucunda
Crataegus phaenopyrum
Cydonia oblonga
Exochorda korolkowii
Exochorda racemose
Exochorda serratifolia
Malus angustifolia
Mains coronaria
Malus florentina
Malus ioensis
Malus komarovii
Malus prunifolia
Malus transitoria
Mespilus canescens
Neviusia albamensis
Physocarpus opulifolius
Prunus apetala
Prunus cyclamina
Prunus maritima
Prunus sargentii
Rosa chinensis
Rosa hugonis
Rubus paludivagus
Rubus prosper
Rubus saltuensis
Sorbaria kirilowii
Sorbiis domestica
Sorbus wilsoniana
Spiraea sargentiana

Rubiaceae Adina rubella

Emmenopterys henryi
Mitchella undulata

Salicaceae Populus grandidentata
Populus trenmloides
Salix jejuna
Salix turnorii

Santalaceae Buckleya angulosa

Buckleya distichophylla

18 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

Buckleya graebneriana
Buckley a benryi
Buckleya lanceolata

Sapindaceae Acer argiitum

Acer huergerianum
Acer caesium
Acer campbellii
Acer capillipes
Acer cappadocicum
Acer cappadocicum ssp.
divergens

Acer cappadocicum ssp. lobelii

Acer caudatum

Acer ceriferum

Acer circinatum

Acer cor datum

Acer davidii ssp. grosseri

Acer diabolicum

Acer distylum

Acer erianthum

Acer fabri

Acer fiilvescens

Acer glabrum

Acer gracilifolium

Acer griseum

Acer heldreichii

Acer benryi

Acer byrcamim

Acer leipoense

Acer longipes

Acer lungsbengense

Acer macrophyllum

Acer maximowiczianum

Acer miyabei

Acer mono ssp. okamotoanum

Acer nipponicum

Acer oblongum

Acer oliverianum

Acer opalus

Acer pilosum

Acer platanoides

Acer pseudoplatanus

Acer pubipalmatum

Acer pycnantbum

Acer robustum

Acer rubrum

Acer sempervirens

Acer sbirasawanum

Acer sieboldianum

Acer stacbyopbyllum

Acer sutcbuensense

Acer tatariciim ssp. aidzuense

Acer tataricum ssp. semenovii

Acer tenellum

Acer truncatum
Acer tscbonoskii
Acer tsinglingense
Dipteronia sinensis

Schisandraceae

Kadsura beteroclita

Kadsura japonica

Scbisandra glabra

Sciadopityaceae

Sciadopitys verticillata

SimaroLibaceae

Leitneria floridana

Stachyuraceae

Stacbyuriis cbinensis

Styracaceae

Halesia macgregorii
Sinojackia benryi

Sinojackia xylocarpa

Styrax americanus

Styrax grandifolius

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix ramosissima

Taxaceae

Taxiis hrevifolia

Taxus wallicbiana var.
cbinensis

Taxus wallicbiana var. mairei
Torreya nucifera

itracentronaceae

Tetracentron sinensis

Theaceae

Gordonia lasiantbus

Scbima wallicbii

Stewartia malacodendron
Stewartia monadelpba
Stewartia ovata

Stewartia pseudocamellia
Stewartia rubiginosa
Stewartia serrata

Stewartia sinensis

Thymeliaceae

Daphne 'genkwa

Daphne mezereum

Daphne tangutica

Dirca decipiens

Tiliaceae

Tilia henryana

Tilia kiiisiana

Ulmaceae

Planera aquatica

Ulmus alata

Ulmaceae

Ulnms laevis

Ulmus macrocarpa

Ulnms rubra

Zelkova carpinifolia

Zelkova serrata

Verbenaceae

Callicarpa americana
Callicarpa bodinieri

Legacy Trees of Ernest Henry Wilson
and John George Jack in Nikko, Japan

Mineaki Aizawa and Tatsuhiro Ohkubo

Japanese larch [Larix kaempferi) near Yumoto, Nikko, on
October 16, 1914, photographed by E. H. Wilson (AEE-03667
from the Arnold Arboretum Archives).

The same Larix kaempferi on September 9, 2009.

Nikko, in Tochigi Prefecture, about 80 miles (130 kilometers)
north of Tokyo, has been among the most famous resorts
in Japan for foreign visitors since the Meiji era (1868-1912).
Nikko area attractions, include Nikko National Park, Yumoto (a
hot spring resort). Lake Chuzenji, and a number of shrines and
temples. Two plant collectors from the Arnold Arboretum, Ernest
Henry Wilson and John George Jack, traveled in Japan on separate
trips in the early 1900s and both visited Nikko. In addition to col-
lecting seeds and herbarium specimens for the Arboretum on their
trips, the botanists made hundreds of photographs, which are now

20 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

Japanese arborvitae {Thuja standishii] near Yunioto,
Nikko, on October 16, 1914, photographed by E. H.
Wilson (AEE-03654 from the Arnold Arboretum Archives).

The same Japanese arborvitae {Thuja standishii] on
December 21, 2008.

Thuja standishii near Yunioto, Nikko, on October 16, The same Japanese arborvitae {Thuja standishii] on
1914, photographed by E. H. Wilson (AEE-03655 from September 27, 2009.
the Arnold Arboretum Archives).

Legacy Trees 21

available online in the digital archives of the Arnold Arboretum
(directions for searching the database can he found at: http://www.
arboretum. harvard. edu/library/image-collection/botanical-and-
cultural-images-of-eastern-asia/search-the-image-datahase/).

E. H. Wilson visited Japan in 1914 and traveled throughout the
country. According to his itinerary, he visited Nikko and photo-
graphed its trees and landscapes in May and October of that year.
In 1905, nearly a decade before Wilson's visit, J. G. Jack also stayed
in Nikko. He was interested in natural forests and forestry in
Japan, and his photographs thus give us a glimpse into the forestry
and lumber industries of Japan at that time.

From 2007 to 2015, we traced the footprints of these visitors,
and in some places we encountered the trees as Wilson and Jack
had seen them in the past; the trees have kept their living witness
for over a hundred years. We present here comparison photographs
of these trees from the past and present.

Japanese larch and Japanese arborvitae near Yumoto

In the photographs that Wilson made near Yumoto on October 16,
1914, we looked at the probable view from Lake Karikomi, whicb
takes an hour to reach by walking from Yumoto, and concluded
that he must have traveled along a footpath that had been drawn
from Yumoto to the lake in an old Japanese topographical map,
published in 1915. While walking along the footpath, we imme-
diately encountered an inspirational sight. The massive trunk of
a Japanese larch [Larix kaempferi] that we had previously seen
was standing in plain view. This tree was the one from Wilson's
1914 photograph, which appeared as plate XVI in his book The
Conifers and Taxads of Japan, published in 1916. Information
from the label on the back of the photo mount indicated that the
tree's trunk was 12 feet (366 centimeters) in girth when originally
photographed. In 2008, the tree was 12.5 feet (382 centimeters)
in girth and 95 feet (29 meters) in height, demonstrating slight
growth. Nikko is famous for its native larch, and this tree is a fine
representative of the larch in this region.

In Wilson's larch photo, a tree with multiple trunks can be seen
just behind the man posing next to the larch. This tree is a Japa-
nese arborvitae {Thuja standishii], photos of which also appear
in his book (plates LII and LIII). It is surprising that a branch that
inclined left and downward, as well as the spatial form of the tree
behind the Japanese arborvitae, were in precisely the same posi-
tions as they were a hundred years ago (AEE-03655 and view in
2008). Now the tree is 15.9 feet (484 centimeters) in girth and 76
feet (23 meters) in height, while in 1914 it was 1 1 feet (335 centi-
meters) in girth and 45 feet (14 meters) in height.

After an hour of walking, we reached the lakeside of Lake
Karikomi. We tried to locate a massive Japanese bird cherry
[Prunus ssiori], with a girth of 9 feet (274 cm) in 1914, that had
stood at the water's edge. Although we were able to track down
the view from behind the tree, the tree is no longer in existence.

22 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

Japanese bird elierry (Primus ssiori) near Yuinoto, Nikico, on October 16, 1914, pliotograplied
by E. H. Wilson (AEE-03646 from the Arnold Arboretum Arcliives).

Photograph from the same position as tliat of tlte pltotograph above at Lake Karikomi on
December 21, 2008.

Legacy Trees 23

Japanese yews and another Japanese arborvitae
around Lake Chuzenji

Next, we examined the trees around Lake Chuzenji, which is
located at the foot of Mount Nantai, a volcano that rises to a
height of 8,156 feet (2,486 meters). Because the embassy villas of
several countries were located around the lake during the Meiji
era, foreign visitors may be familiar with this area.

The Nikko Futarasan-Jinja Chugushi Shrine is located on
the north side of Lake Chuzenji. Jack and Wilson both visited
this shrine.

Jack photographed two tall trees (AEE-00175 and 00176) in this
shrine. The two tall trees are now lost. According to the infor-
mation from the label of Jack's photo, these trees were Japanese
umbrella pine [Sciadopitys verticillata). However, we wonder if
these trees may have been Japanese soft pine, Piims parvifloia var.
pentaphylla, considering their shapes and the non-native status
of Sciadopitys verticillata in Tochigi. There is the possibility,
though, that Sciadopitys verticillata was purposely planted at the
shrine, as is occasionally observed in east and west Japan. In these
photos (AEE-00175 and 00176), gravel sediment can be seen on
the ground, which represents the remains of a massive landslide
on Mount Nantai caused by a typhoon in September 1902. The
shrine buildings and two tall trees in front of the building barely
escaped the damage.

In the photo AEE-00175, a Japanese yew {Taxus cuspidata]
can be seen located to the right of the two tall trees. This tree
is still alive and it is now designated as a natural monument of
Tochigi Prefecture. The age of the tree, as estimated from the age
of a broken large branch, is more than 1,000 years. The tree was
last measured at 12.8 feet (390 centimeters) in girth and 62.3 feet
(19 meters) in height in a 1988 investigation by the Ministry of
Environment of Japan.

Another massive Japanese yew photographed by Jack (AEE-
00180) is still alive behind a main building of the shrine. Jack
indicated that this tree was more than 3.5 feet (107 centimeters)
in diameter and 50 feet (15 meters) in height in 1905. In 2015, the
tree was 3.9 feet (119 centimeters) in diameter and 68.9 feet (21
meters) in height. When we observed the tree in 2010, its trunk
was covered with a plastic net for protection against bark strip-
ping by sika deer; in Nikko and throughout Japan, bark stripping
by sika deer is now among the most serious problems facing for-
est ecosystem and forestry. Japanese yew is one of the favorite
plants of sika deer.

The Tachiki-Kannon temple is located on the east side of Lake
Chuzenji. A wooden standing statue of the eleven-faced, one-
thousand-armed Kannon Bosatsu is enshrined in the main hall of
the temple. This Kannon Bosatsu was carved into a standing tree
with roots ("Tachiki" in Japanese), which is why the temple is
called "Tachiki-Kannon." This Kannon was said to be carved in

24 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

A torii (gateway) at the entrance of Nikko Futarasan-finja
Chugushi Shrine, located on the north side of Lake Chuzenji on
May 27, 1914, photographed by E. H. Wilson (AEE-03430 from

the Arnold Arboretum Archives).

lapanese umbrella pine [Sciadopitys verticillata),
Lake Chuzenji , on August 10, 1905, photo-
graphed by J. G. Jack (AEE-00175 from the Arnold
Arboretum Archives); a Japanese yew {Taxus cus-
pidata) is located to the right of the two tall trees
and Lake Chuzenji is seen behind the buildings.

Photograph from the same position as that of the left photo-
graph on November 4, 2015.

Sciadopitys verticillata, Lake Chuzenji, on
August 10, 1905, photographed by J. G. Jack (AEE-
00176 from the Arnold Arboretum Archives).

M. AIZAWA

Legacy Trees 25

The shrine buildings, with a sacred Taxus cuspi-
data surrounded by a red wooden fence (seen lower
right), at the Nikko Futarasan-Jinja Chugushi
Shrine, Lake Chuzenji, on fuly 10, 2010.

A front view of the sacred Taxus cuspidata sur-
rounded and protected by a red wooden fence at the
Nikko Futarasan-finia Chugushi Shrine, Lake
Chuzenji, on fuly 10, 2010.

Taxus cuspidata, Lake Chuzenji, on August
10, 1905, photographed by J. G. Jack (AEE-
00180 from the Arnold Arboretum Archives).

Probably the same Taxus cuspidata at the Nikko
Futarasan-Jinja Chugushi Shrine, by Lake Chuzenji
on November 4, 2015. Note the plastic mesh fencing
to deter sika deer from stripping bark from the trunk.

VMVZIV W

T. OHKUHC

26 Arnoldia 7313 • February 2016

“ Chamaecyparis obtiisa" near "Kwaniion Temple,” by Lake Chuzenji, on May 29, 1914, photo-
jiraphed by E. H. Wilson (AEE-03425 from the Arnold Arboretum Archives). The tree is actually
Japanese arborvitae [Thuja standishii).

The same Thuja standishii (not Chamaecyparis obtusa) at the Tachiki-Kannon temple, Lake
Chuzenji, on March 1, 2007.

Legacy Trees TJ

“ Cbamaecyparis obtma,” near "Kwannon Temple," Lake
Chuzenji, on May 29, 1914, photographed by E. H. Wilson
(AEE-03424 from the Arnold Arboretum Archives). The tree is
actually Japanese arborvitae (Tho/a standishii).

Thuja standishii (not Cbamaecyparis obtma] at the
Tachiki-Kannon temple. Lake Chuzenji on July 10, 2010.

the late eighth century. The temple was originally located next to
the Nikko Futarasan-Jinja Chugushi Shrine on the north side of
Lake Chuzenji. However, the temple was destroyed by the debris
flow from the above-mentioned landslide in 1902 and the Kan-
non was swept away into the lake. The statue was subsequently
beached, and the temple was reconstructed in its beached loca-
tion in 1913.

The tree that stood out most conspicuously at the temple was
another Japanese arborvitae that Wilson photographed on May 29,
1914 (AEE-03424, 03425). Wilson described this tree as a Hinoki
cypress (Cbamaecyparis obtusa), but it is actually a Japanese
arborvitae. In 2010, the tree was 19.8 feet (603 centimeters) in
girth and 103 feet (32 meters) in height, indicating slight growth
from the 19 feet (579 centimeters) in girth and 90 feet (27 meters)
in height observed in 1914. According to the giant tree database of
Japan, only a few Japanese arborvitaes in the country have girths
greater than 32.8 feet (10 meters). The biggest specimen of the
species in Tochigi Prefecture is reported to be 21.0 feet (640 cen-
timeters) in girth, located in Yunishigawa, Nikko. The Japanese
arborvitae that Wilson photographed must now be comparable
to that recorded tree.

28 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

Wilson's trees at the shrines and temples of Nikko

A complex in Nikko consisting of two shrines (Nikko Toshogu
Shrine and Futarasan Shrine) and one temple (Rinno-ji Temple)
was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999.

The Nikko Toshogu Shrine is the mausoleum of leyasu
Tokugawa, who was the first Grand General and established a
central government in Edo (present-day Tokyo) with 15 of his
descendants that lasted roughly 260 years (Edo era, 1603-1867).
We tracked down the viewpoint of Wilson's photo (AEE-03753)
at the front of the five-story pagoda at the shrine, together with
the Japanese cedar {Cryptomeria japonica) trees to the left of the
pagoda and the Hinoki cypress trees to the right. The trees seem
to have grown over the century between the two photographs.

Another photograph (AEE-03754) was taken at the front
approach of Taiyuin Reihyo, the mausoleum of lemitsu Tokugawa,
who was the third Grand General, in the Rinno-ji Temple near
the Toshogu Shrine. A massive Japanese cedar tree is now pres-
ent to the side of the approach to the Nioo gate (the tile-roofed
red wooden gate in the lower left of the right photograph, p. 29).

Photograph from the same position as that of the left photo-
graph on January 13, 2007.

Five-story pagoda with trees on May 13, 1914, photographed by
E. H. Wilson (AEE-03753 from the Arnold Arboretum Archives).

Legacy Trees 29

g

5

O

(-

Japanese cedar [Cryptomeria japonica), Nikko, on May 19, Photograph from the same position as that of the left photo-
1914, photographed by E. H. Wilson (AEE-03754 from the graph on January 13, 2007.

Arnold Arboretum Archives).

Forests after the fires of the 1 890s near Yumoto

Finally, we introduce our recent study (Ishida et al. 2013), which
provided evidence for forest fires near Yumoto in the Meiji era
and was inspired hy Jack's photographs.

Jack photographed in Yumoto two views of forests after fires,
entitled "Japan-Forestry" (AEE-00202 and 00203). According to
the information from the labels, forest fires after lumber harvest
had occurred on the south slopes, which were originally covered
with fir [Abies], hemlock [Tsuga], larch [Larix], birch [Betula],
oak [Quercus], and other trees, and had burned from May 15 to
June 15 around 1893. Locating these burned forests bolsters the
understanding of the forest dynamics for the century after a fire.

Using Jack's photographs, we tried to locate the sites when the
deciduous species were leafless, giving us a better view of the
skyline and geological features, but we did not identify the loca-
tions in a year of searching.

But then, when we looked at an old Japanese topographical
map drawn in 1915, we noticed that it indicated the presence

30 Arnoldia 7313 • Febiiiary 2016

of Sasa (dwarf bamboo) grasslands with standing dead or burned
trees around Yumoto. Therefore, we supposed the Sasa grasslands
would have resulted from forest fires. With this insight, we again
attempted to locate the viewpoints of Jack's photos in the Sasa
grasslands using a 3-D topographical map. At last, we were able
to track down these locations. One area is now an 84-year-old
plantation of Japanese larch mixed with birch [Betula ermanii).
Another location is presently deciduous forest dominated by oak
[Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata). In addition, our litera-
ture survey of forest fires, investigation of tree age structure, and
charcoal particle analysis for the soil surface demonstrated that
forest fires had surely occurred at the photograph locations. The
mountainous regions of Nikko contain picturesque forests con-
sisting of birch or oak. Our study implied that these forests likely
resulted from succession growth after the fires.

E. H. Wilson photographed this view of Yumoto (village) and the surrounding area in the Nikko region on October 19, 1914.

He noted the presence of Japanese larch [Larix kaempferi) and Nikko fir {Abies homolepis) in the forest visible in the foreground.
(AAE-03656 from the Arnold Arboretum Archives.)

Legacy Trees 31

A (AEE-00202) and D (AEE-00203), views of previously burned forest on slopes in Yumoto photographed on August 11,
1905, by J. G. Jack; B and E, birds-eye views of the slopes constructed using Kashmir 3-D software; C and F, current
views of the slopes with maturing forests on December 1 and December 4, 2010.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the people who helped us locate these trees in Nikko, and

we also thank R. Primack for encouraging us to locate the Japanese trees of the

Arnold Arboretum archives. The works of Primack and Ohkubo (2008) and

Flanagan and Kirkham (2009) inspired us to write this article.

References

Flanagan, M. andT. Kirkham. 2009. Wilson’s China: A century on. Richmond,
Surrey: Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Ishida, Y., M. Aizawa, and T. Ohkubo. 2013. Evidence of forest fires in the
Meiji era in the mountainous region of Nikko on the basis of charcoal
particle analysis. Japanese Journal of Forest Environment 55: 1-8. (in
Japanese with English summary)

Primack, R. and T. Ohkubo. 2008. Ancient and notable trees of Japan: then and
now. ArnoJdia 65 (3): 10-21.

Mineaki Aizawa and TatsuJiiro Ohkubo are Professors in the Department of
Forest Science, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.

i lOt IV IH VaiHSI

ALL IMAGES BY ANDROPOGON ASSOCIATES UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED

Woodland Restoration: 30 Years Later

Lauren Mandel and Emily McCoy

Walking along the wooded trails in
Loantaka Brook Reservation, Morris-
town, New Jersey, it's hard to believe
that a 36-inch-diameter natural gas pipeline
lies underfoot. The mature oak-heech forest
overhead and native herhaceous understory
don't suggest that this was a construction
zone, nor do the runners or cyclists zipping by
appear to notice.

The Algonquin Gas Transmission pipeline,
which transports 2.74 billion cubic feet of
natural gas per day between New Jersey, New
York, and parts of New England (Spectra Energy
2015), runs directly through the reservation.
Its installation through the wooded landscape

began 30 years ago, in 1986. Continual site
monitoring suggests that the use of minimally
invasive construction methods during the
pipeline's installation, paired with innovative
habitat restoration techniques and stewardship
guidelines, have resulted in the long-term eco-
logical success of this sensitive, post-construc-
tion landscape.

THE SITE

The reservation, which is used primarily for
walking, running, cycling, horseback riding,
and cross-country skiing, lies 25 miles due west
of Manhattan, within the northernmost portion
of New Jersey's Great Swamp watershed. The

Loantaka Brook Reservation, Morristown, New Jersey, contains diverse plant communities including several forest
and meadow types. To limit ecological disruption, a natural gas pipeline installed through the reservation in 1986 was
carefully routed and constructed. Here, the pipeline alignment is being marked.

Woodland Restoration 33

As part of the preparation for the pipeline installation in 1986, a plant community inventory that mapped the various
meadow, woodland, and forest species assemblages was completed. (Color coding added for this article.)

Loantaka Brook, the reservation's namesake,
flows from just north of the reservation down
into the neighboring Great Swamp National
Wildlife Refuge, where it joins other flows that
discharge into the Passaic River. The reserva-
tion falls within the Glaciated Reading Prong/
Hudson Highlands regional ecosystem, with
local soils containing glacial lake bottom depos-
its of fine sand and silt with clay.

Traversing this region, the 1,129-mile-long
Algonquin pipeline connects to the mammoth
Texas Eastern Transmission pipeline, which
together provide approximately one-third of
the continental United States with natural
gas transportation infrastructure; The pipeline
route was originally slated to run near a residen-
tial neighborhood in Morristown, but instead
the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
mandated that the infrastructure be rerouted
through the 744-acre reservation.

The reservation contains diverse plant com-
munities that respond to the site's topography

and land use history. In the 1980s, young forest
dominated the reservation, with sizeable low-
land woodland areas, primarily consisting of red
maple {Acer lubium], oak [Quercus spp.), and
ash [Fiaxinus spp.), all of a similar age. Upland
woodlands were also present, with dominant
oak, hickory [Carya spp.), black birch {Betula
lenta], tulip poplar [Liiiodendron tulipifera],
and red maple species. Mature forest stands
within the reservation consisted of mixed-
age, stable plant associations with a stratified
forest structure. Upland forest communities
contained large populations of American beech
[Fagus grandifolia], tulip poplar, and red oak (Q.
rubra], while lowland forests were dominated
by red maple, white oak (Q. alba], and ash. The
site also contained meadows that, in the 1980s,
were in an early successional state that exhib-
ited herbaceous perennials, pioneer woody
shrubs, and young trees. Upland meadow areas
were dominated by forbs, grasses, multiflora
rose, goldenrod, and ferns, while wet meadow

34 Ainoldia 73/3 • February 2016

areas contained assemblages of grasses, shrub
dogwood, common reed, multiflora rose, sedges,
rushes, ferns, and meadowsweet.

Most of the pipeline runs through the reser-
vation's red maple-oak-ash lowland woodland
and through the heech-oak upland forest. The
pipeline corridor intersects with other plant
communities to a lesser degree, and it traverses
underneath the Loantaka Brook and several
of its tributary flows.

Pipeline installation typically disturbs and
compacts a 75- to 100-foot-wide construc-
tion zone through the deployment of heavy
machinery and straight-path clearcutting.
Once the site is cleared, the topsoil is stripped
and stockpiled, a trench is dug, the pipeline
is laid and buried, the topsoil is replaced, and
then the corridor is kept devoid of woody
plants. This type of soil disturbance often leads
to colonization by invasive species that then
migrate, unimpeded, along the pipeline cor-
ridor. The quality of the reservation's wood-
lands and mature forest, however, stimulated
an innovative joint approach to pipeline instal-
lation and woodland restoration, propelled by
ecologically-driven design.

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

The project was led by designers Leslie Sauer
and Carol Franklin of Andropogon Associates,
a Philadelphia-based landscape architecture and
ecological planning firm. The project focused
on four critical design and restoration elements:

( 1 ) realigning the pipeline route to target pre-
viously affected areas within the reservation;

(2) limiting the construction zone width to 35
feet on average; (3) minimizing habitat distur-
bance during construction; and (4) conserving
soil structure and plant communities by leav-
ing the topsoil in place within the construction
zone and removing and then reinstalling thick
blocks of the upper soil layers and vegetation
above the trench.

Initially, the Algonquin Gas Transmission
Company (the pipeline's original owner) pro-
posed a straight pipeline alignment that inter-
sected sensitive habitat and several waterways
within the reservation. In an effort to minimize
disturbance, the landscape architect opted to
realign the pipeline beneath the existing multi-

Using a crane with a side-boom, which could hoist from the
side instead of the front, meant that the heavy equipment
could install pipe in a tighter area without three-point turns,
thus limiting the disruption zone.

use and bridle path system by connecting a
series of short, linear pipe segments to con-
form to the meandering paths' geometry. To
further limit the construction zone's impact,
disturbance was limited to 35 feet on average,
much less than the typical 75- to 100-foot pipe-
line corridors. Intentional variations in cor-
ridor width — from 50 feet in areas of natural
opening, like fields, to 25 feet in special situa-
tions— responded to the reservation's naturally
varying ecological conditions. This variation
also created a more natural look, as opposed
to the straight clear-cut that typifies pipeline
installations. Within the construction zone,
the pipeline trench itself was minimized to an
unprecedented 4- to 12-foot width range, which
limited deep soil disturbance to a narrow band.
Downhill of wet meadow areas, a bentonite
clay liner held moisture out of the trench and
in the meadow, thereby maintaining the eco-
system's hydrology.

Construction equipment was carefully
selected to further protect the site. Use of a
crane with the ability to side-boom — meaning
hoist to the side rather than the front — allowed
access to the pipe's construction trench without
needing extra space for multi-point turns. This
type of crane is commonly deployed in other
tight, linear construction sites such as those
typical of railroad installation, and a small boom
was selected for this project. Traffic by heavy
machinery can wreak havoc on soil structure by

Woodland Restoration 35

DETAIL 4: HABITAT PROTFCTIQN MEASURFS

DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

This figure shows details of habitat protection measures instituted during the 1986 pipeline installation.

compressing the soil's air-filled pores (Schaffer
et al. 2007), and the pipe-laying machinery at
the reservation weighed 90,000 pounds. To
avoid extraneous soil compaction, the heavy
machinery travelled along the existing multi-
use and bridle paths whenever possible. Along
the pipe-laying trench, the equipment drove
over a 4-inch-thick woodchip layer topped with
roughly 14 inches of excavated subsoil from
the trench itself. This extra padding protected
the underlying soil and tree roots from direct
contact with the machinery. Under the padding
was a fiber mat that was lifted after construc-
tion to pour the padding back into the trench.

The landscape architect additionally priori-
tized minimizing habitat disturbance. Construc-
tion fencing installed around the construction
zone and staging areas (for construction mate-
rial and equipment storage) kept machinery and
people within designated zones. This continu-
ous 4-foot-high, bright orange plastic fencing
was installed without gaps or other potential
entry points. Low silt fencing helped prevent

fines from washing into the reservation's water-
ways, and flume pipes were used where neces-
sary to maintain the Loantaka Brook's flow and
avoid disrupting local aquatic organisms.

Careful tree removal and tree care further
mitigated habitat disturbance during construc-
tion. Trees within the construction zone were
carefully felled, lowered to the ground with
ropes, and then removed or chipped for on-site
use. When possible, some trees were only cut
down to the ground-level (known as coppic-
ing) in order to promote regeneration through
sprouting after construction. Trees outside
the construction zone that extended into the
corridor were limbed up by an arborist, rather
than being removed, to provide a 12-foot ver-
tical clearance for machinery. Some affected
trees received special aftercare, for example, all
limbed beech trees received fertilization during
the fall following construction and watering in
the case of drought.

One of the most innovative construction
methods deployed during the pipeline instal-

36 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

To preserve existing native plants and seedbanks, soil blocks were carefully lifted in advance of the construction trench, then relaid
at the back of the line where the trench had been refilled. Seen here, soil blocks from the wet meadow are moved and temporarily
stored (left), and later transplanted (tight).

lation involved the skimming and transplant-
ing of thick, vegetated soil blocks within the
woodland, forest, and wet meadow portions of
the corridor. Each day, a large piece of machin-
ery fitted with a modified flat hackhoe blade or
"pie lifter" scraped soil blocks from the ground
at the active trench's "front of the line." To pre-
vent desiccation, the blocks were installed at
the "hack of the line" by the end of the day they
were harvested, atop the day's freshly htfied
trench segment. Using this conveyor-helt-liRe
method, it's estimated that, while some plant
death was inevitable, no more than 20 percent
of the blocks were rendered unusable.

Finally, upon completion of the pipeline
installation, new asphalt multi-use paths
and woodchip bridle paths were installed
where needed.

HABITAT RESTORATION

Luckily, the project's careful construction
methods and use of vegetated soil blocks left
minimal need for habitat restoration. Remain-
ing meadow areas were restored through seed-
ing and mulching with salt marsh hay. Affected
stream banks were graded and then seeded
immediately to minimize soil runoff into
the waterways.

Woodland and forested areas required even
less restoration. Most revegetation sprouted
from the intact seedbank within the vegetated
soil blocks. New woody and herbaceous growth

within the construction zone matched the
pre-construction species composition, albeit
weighted slightly toward species that prefer
more light. Young whips (unbranched tree
seedlings) were planted to decrease this sun-
light penetration and replace felled trees, since
small whips generally grow quickly and were
more economical than larger container-grown
or halled-and-hurlapped stock. While the new
corridor openings resembled forest glades, the
landscape architect believed that reestablishing
a closed canopy overhead as quickly as possible
would help minimize pressure from invasive
plant species and the deleterious effects of frag-
mentation, two effects that plague traditional
pipeline corridors.

MAINTENANCE

Once the meadow and woodland restoration
areas were established, maintenance became
a powerful tool in guiding the site's long-term
ecological health. Along the paths, a 15-foot-
wide right-of-way corridor was mown once
every other year to prevent woody plants from
establishing, as was required for emergency
and pipeline maintenance vehicle access. Since
invasive species often sprout at the edge of clear-
ings, the Morris County Park Commission per-
formed periodic herbicide-free invasive species
removal within the pipeline corridor. Within
the woodlands and forests, trees were permitted
to sprout and mature in the remainder of the

Woodland Restoration 37

One year after pipeline installation, the forest construction zone looked remarkably undisturbed.

35-foot-wide construction zone, while invasive
species were eliminated. Approximately 25 feet
of wooded area beyond the construction zone,
in both directions, was considered a Park Com-
mission zone of special management.

MONITORING METHODS

Various types of landscape monitoring occurred
immediately before the pipeline's 1986 con-
struction, periodically from the late 1980s
through the late 2000s, and then with more
rigor in 2013. Landscape architect Leslie Sauer
recalls that in the 1980s landscape perfor-
mance monitoring was not common practice
and, because of this "analysis paralysis," the
pipeline owner did not agree to allocate funds
for a formal investigatory effort (Sauer 2015).
Informal monitoring was therefore deployed
initially to inform the designers of the effec-
tiveness of the new design, construction, and
stewardship strategies.

The site investigations performed in 1986, in
preparation of the pipeline installation, included
a plant community inventory that mapped the

various meadow, woodland, and forest species
assemblages. Additionally, a tree inventory
and shrub valuation within and adjacent to the
realigned pipeline corridor helped designate each
woody plant for protection or removal. One year
after construction, the landscape architect visu-
ally monitored the site. For nearly three decades
to follow, monitoring methods consisted pri-
marily of observation and photographic analysis
during periodic site visits.

In order to assess the ecological success of the
implementation strategics after nearly 30 years,
the integrative research department at Andro-
pogon Associates performed vegetation and soil
sampling in June 2013. The assessments aimed
at understanding how the pipeline construc-
tion methods affected the biodiversity and soil
health of the forest within the construction
zone in comparison to areas left undisturbed
during construction. The researchers randomly
selected study areas within and outside of the
pipeline corridor and then conducted a com-
parative analysis of species diversity. To cal-
culate the site's species diversity the Shannon

38 Ainoldia 73/3 • February 2016

index (a statistical formula that assumes the
species within the test plots reflect the full bio-
diversity throughout the site) was used, then
the Simpson index equation, which is used to
determine the relative dominance of each spe-
cies, was applied. Additionally, the degree of
soil compaction within the study areas was
determined using a cone penetrometer. In the
face of financial constraints, three study areas
within the construction zone and three areas
outside the construction zone were chosen for
more in-depth analyses that included species
identification and quantification. Each study
area consisted of a 20-square-foot quadrat (a
randomly selected plot of a standard size, used
for species sampling). Ten additional quadrats
and two transects were assessed inside and

outside of the construction zone by visually
evaluating the proportion of individual species
within each zone and by measuring soil com-
paction with the penetrometer. Complete spe-
cies counts were not performed in these areas.

FINDINGS

One year after construction dense stands of
ferns, wildflowers, and re-sprouting trees and
shrubs were observed (Storm et al. 2009). A
small increase in the number of plant species
was noted, presumably the result of increased
light levels in areas within the site where trees
were removed or thinned. Succession (the pro-
gressive replacement of one plant community
with another), however, was not observed, most
likely because revegetation resulted from ger-

TREE VALUATION CHART #1
TREES (>6" D.B.H. ) REMOVED FOR CONSTRUCTION

Species

D.B.H.

Stem

Area

Base Value
(in dollars)

Species

rating

Condition

rating

Location

rating

Tree Value
(in dollars)

1

Acer rubrum

6

28.3

940

0.8

0.9

0.6

406.08

2

Ulmus rubra

#12

UVALUE

2980

0.6

0.8

0.6

858.24

3

Ulmus rubra

#6

H VALUE

940

0.6

0,8

0.6

270.72

4

Acer rubrum

18

254

5595.48

0.8

1

0.6

2685.8304

5

Acer rubrum

#12

UVALUE

2980

0.8

0.9

0.6

1287.36

6

Quercus palustris

16

201

4421.12

0.8

0.9

0.6

1909.9238

7

Acer rubrum

#12

H VALUE

2980

0.8

0.8

0.6

1144.32

8

Acer rubrum

#12

UVALUE

2980

0.8

0.9

0.6

1287.36

9

Acer rubrum

16

201

4421 . 12

0.8

0.9

0.6

1909.9238

10

Ulmus rubra

#6

H VALUE

940

0.6

0.8

0.6

270.72

11

Ulmus rubra

#8

UVALUE

1510

0.6

0.6

0.6

434.88

12

Quercus palustris

24

452

9947.52

0.8

0.9

0.6

4297,3286

13

Acer rubrum

#12

)♦ VALUE

2960

0.8

0.9

0.6

1287.36

14

Quercus palustris

24

452

9947.52

0,8

0.9

0.6

4297.3286

15

Acer rubrum

#8

H VALUE

1510

0.8

0.9

0.6

652.32

As part of the planning process before pipeline installation in 1986, the total monetary value of the trees to be removed
and protected within the pipeline construction site was assessed (part of the valuation chart is seen here). The valuation
method was established by the International Society of Arboriculture in their Guide for Establishing Values of Trees
and Other Plants (Sixth Edition, 1983). For each tree the following is listed: species; D.B.H. (diameter at breast height)
in inches; stem area at breast height, in square inches (most trees below 12" D.B.H. were assigned "#value,'' meaning
the commercial nursery stock replacement cost); base value ($22 per square inch of stem area); percentage ratings for
species, condition, and location derived from the ISA Guide; and a total tree valuation in dollars.

Woodland Restoration 39

LIRIODENDRON

TULIPIFERA

ACER RUBRUM
13.8” 0

FAGUS

GRANDlFOLjAritr.

PRUNUS SPP

PRUNUS

SPP.

O

9.9" 0

30% Carex pennsyivanica
45% Athyrium filix-femina
Parthenocissus
Toxicodendron
Arisaema
Carya seedlings
Carex amphibola
Polystichum acrostichoides
Dichanthelium clandestinum
Maianthemum canadense
Microstegium vimineum

V J

2ft x 2ft Carex
Pennsylvania
patch

V f

\

10% Carex
Pennsylvania

\ I /

A study in 2013 assessed plant species in several areas, including this transect across the constrnction zone.

mination within the existing seed hank rather
than the introduction of new pioneer species.
More importantly, perhaps, was the realization
that the seed hank remained viable within the
soil blocks that were lifted and reset, and that
this habitat restoration method successfully
maintained the pre-construction forest, wood-
land, and wet meadow species profiles while
keeping new species at bay.

Thirty years later, comparative measure-
ments and observation revealed that the native
understory plant communities present in 2013
closely matched the pipeline corridor's pre-
construction species. These included mixed-

age American beech and understory species
like striped prince's pine [Chimaphila macu-
lata], Jack-in-the-pulpit {Arisaema triphyllum),
and lady fern {Athyrium filix-femina] (McCoy
2013). This healthy species composition reveals
a stark contrast to the nearby Texas Eastern
Transmission pipeline, which was constructed
around the same time as the Algonquin Gas
Transmission pipeline using traditional con-
struction methods. In 2013, the Texas Eastern
Transmission pipeline's 100-foot- wide, linear
disturbance zone exhibited low species diver-
sity dominated by orchard grass {Dactylis glom-
erata] and other non-native plants.

40 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

In one of the project's woodland construction zones native plants including wildflowers, ferns, and sedges can be seen
one year after pipeline installation.

In the 2013 study, biodiversity and soil com-
paction levels were found to be better or very
similar in the Algonquin Gas Transmission
pipeline corridor compared to adjacent areas
outside of the disturbance zone, in almost all
instances. Despite these similarities in biodiver-
sity and soil compaction, individual plant sizes,
and thus biomass, were less in the construction
zone, as one might assume. Additionally, in
unpaved areas native species regeneration was
observed directly atop the pipeline with only
limited patches of one invasive species, Japa-
nese stiltgrass [Micros! egiiim vimineum).

BIG PICTURE

Natural gas pipeline alignment and construc-
tion is just as controversial today as it was in
the 1980s, particularly in light of the recent
Marcellus Shale boom. Review of several oppos-
ing resolutions and petitions in response to
recent pipeline projects reveals that many of

these recent projects are routed as close as 50
feet from residences and through significant
landscapes that provide abundant ecosystem
services (Township of Chesterfield 2015). This
issue is significant, since gas pipelines within
the United States now cover more than 2.49
million miles (Township of Chesterfield 2015)
and several facets of their construction stan-
dards, such as corridor width and revegetation
techniques, have remained stagnant or become
increasingly environmentally harmful. For
example, the Interstate Natural Gas Associa-
tion of America, a trade organization for the
natural gas transmission pipeline industry,
now recommends a 95- to 110-foot-wide con-
struction zone for a 30- to 36-inch-diameter
gas pipeline (Interstate Natural Gas Association
of America 2013).

Natural gas (distribution, gathering, and
transmission), hazardous liquid, and liquefied
natural gas operation and transmission activi-

Woodland Restoration 41

Typical pipeline construction involves clearcutting and environmental disruption of wide swaths of land. This photograph shows
installation of a natural gas pipeline in northeastern British Columbia.

ties result in human injuries and fatalities as
well as environmental damage from spilled haz-
ardous liquids. From 1995 to 2014, 360 fatali-
ties and 1,365 injuries have been associated
with gas and hazardous liquid pipelines in the
United States, and 2,171,575 spilled barrels of
hazardous liquids have been reported to Pipe-
line and Hazardous Materials Safety Adminis-
tration (Note that gas leaks are not quantified
in PHMSA reports.) These environmental con-

cerns are particularly heightened in residential
neighborhoods and areas that serve as sources
of drinking water.

The best way to prevent habitat degradation
is, of course, to avoid disturbing sensitive land-
scapes in the first place. However, when dis-
turbance is unavoidable, minimally-invasive
construction techniques paired with ecologi-
cally sound restoration practices offer the
best possible opportunity for affected ecosys-

COURTESY OF ROBERT VOLKMAN, lEDROC CONSULTING SERVICES

42 Arnoldia 73/3 • February 2016

terns to rebound and continue contributing
to the larger system. The Loantaka Brook
Reservation case study demonstrates how
simple, cost effective techniques with mini-
mal inputs can protect natural resources while
accommodating infrastructure.

References

Andropogon Associates. 1986. Design criteria for site
protection and park habitat restoration
for a revised alignment of Algonquin Gas
Transmission company's proposed natural
gas pipeline through the Loantaka Brook
Reservation of the Morris County Parks
Commission Morris County, New Jersey.
Philadelpliia: Andropogon Associates.

Andropogon Associates. 2013. [Vegetation and soil sample
data set]. Unpublished raw data.

Interstate Natural Gas Association of America. 2013.

Building interstate natural gas transmission
pipelines: A primer. Retrieved 14 December
2015 from www.ingaa.org/file.aspx‘id=19618

Miodovnik, Yaki. Personal correspondence. 16 December
2015.

Najafi, M.and K. O. Kim. 2004. Life-cycle-cost comparison
of trenchless and conventional open-cut pipeline
construction projects. In: Proceedings of the
ASCE Pipeline Division Specialty Congress-
Pipeline Engineering and Construction. San
Diego, California, pp. 635-640.

Sauer, Leslie. 2014. An overview of pipeline construction
impacts with recommendations for reducing
environmental damage. Bristol, Pennsylvania:
Delaware Riverkeeper Network.

Sauer, Leslie. Personal correspondence. 16 December
2015.

Sauer, Leslie. Personal correspondence. 18 December
2015.

Schaffer, B., M. Stauber, R. Muller, and R. Schulin.

2007. Changes in the macro pore structure of
restored soil caused by compaction beneath
heavy agricultural machinery: a morphometric
study. European Journal of Soil Science, 58:
1062-1073.

Spectra Energy. 2015. Retrieved 14 LDecemher 2015
from www.spectraenergy.com/Operations/
US-Natural -Gas- Pipelines/ Algonquin -Gas-
Transmission/

Strom, S., K. Nathan, J. Woland, and D. Lamm. 2009. Site
engineering for landscape architects. Hoboken,
New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 206-209.

Summit Bechtel Reserve. 2010. How to make a new camp
out of an old one. Retrieved from www.youtuhe.
com/watch; v=lvn9JRB2UNc

Township of Chesterfield, New Jersey. 2015. Resolution
opposing the installation of the Soutliern
Reliability link natural gas pipeline along county
route 528 through Chesterfield Township
(Resolution No. 2015-4-2). Chesterfield
County, New Jersey.

United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and
Algonquin Gas Transmission. FERC Application
(Docket No. CP14-96-000). Retrieved from www.
ferc.gov/CalendarFiles/20150303170720-CP14-
96-000. pdf

United States Federal Energy Regulatory Gommission
and Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company. 2011.
Northeast upgrade project: Environmental
assessment (Docket No. CP 1 1 - 1 6 1 -000).
Retrieved from www.nj.gov/dep/greenacres/
pdf/eas_for_neup_ferc_nov_l 1_201 1 .pdf

United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
and Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Company.
FERC Application (Docket No. CP 12-30-000).
Retrieved from www.ferc.gov/EventCalendar/
Files/20121 102175650-CP12-30-000.pdf

United States DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials
Safety Administration. 2007. Safe pipelines
FAQ's. Retrieved 14 December 2015 from
www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/
menuitem.6f23687cf7h00b0f22e4c6962d9c
8789/?vgnextoid=2c6924cc45ea4110VgnVCM
1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextchannel=f7280
665b91ac010VgnVCM1000008049a8c0RCRD
&.vgnextfmt=print

United States DOT Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration, (n.d.)
Retrieved 14 December 2015 from https://
h ip.phmsa. dot. gov/a nalyticsSOAP/s aw.
dll? Port alpages&NQUser = PDM_WEB_
USER&.NQPassword = Puhlic_Web_
UseiT&PortalPath=%2Fshared%2FPDM%20
Public%20Website%2F_portal%2FSC%20
Incident %20Trend(!kPage = Significanti!k
Action = Navigate&.coll = %22PHP%20
-%20Geo%20Location%22.%22State%20
Name % 22 &.va 1 1 = % 22 % 22

Lauren Mandel, ASLA, is a landscape designer and
researcher at Andropogon Associates and author of EAT
UP I The Inside Scoop on Rooftop Agriculture (New
Society Publishers, 2013). She holds a Master of Landscape
Architecture from the University of Pennsylvania and a
B.A. in Environmental Science.

Emily McCoy, ASLA, PLA, is the director of Integrative
Research at Andropogon Associates and a lecturer at
North Carolina State University. Emily holds a Master of
Landscape Architecture and a CIS Certificate from North
Carolina State University and a B.S. in Ecology.

43

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LONGSTALK HOLLY, ILEX PEDUNCULOSA 469-49 }. KYLE I’ORT

A Dandy for Winter: Jasminum nudiflorum

Jon Hetman

Discovering eye-catching ornamental
interest in the winter landscape can
he a challenge, hut is hy no means an
impossible task. Some taxa retain their attrac-
tive fruits long into winter, and plants with
handsome hark like paperbark maple {Acer
griseum] or colorful stems like red osier dog-
wood [Conms sericea] stand out like beacons
against a snowy backdrop. Truly astonishing,
both from a visual standpoint as well as a sci-
entific one, is the odd species that hazards to
bloom when most other plants — and indeed
most pollinators — lie dormant. Jasminum
nudiflorum, or winter jasmine, is one such
horticultural jewel.

A member of the olive family (Oleaceae),
winter jasmine is a hardy member of a genus
best known for its potently fragrant tropical and
subtropical members. Blossoms of this small
deciduous shrub appear before the leaves (its
specific epithet means "naked flowers"), borne
singly in the leaf axils on the previous year's
wood like its relative, Forsythia, which it rather
resembles. Winter jasmine's small, waxy, bright
yellow flowers feature funnel-shaped corollas
that flare at the end into five or six spreading
lobes, giving a starlike appearance. These are
described as either non-fragrant or possessing
a delicate, mossy scent, hut in any event they
do not summon the delightful olfactory sensa-
tions that makes its genus name synonymous
with perfume. Fortunately this shortcoming
is redeemed by an extremely lengthy period
of bloom, which may last from November to
March. In severe winters, some diehack may
occur and flowers may suffer damage, but the
plant usually rebounds to continue flowering
after such events.

Compounding the seasonal interest offered
by its flowers, /. nudiflorum also delights with
arching, willowy green stems that provide fur-
ther visual relief from winter's tonal monotony.
In spring, stems produce compound leaves that
are oppositely arranged and composed of three
ovate leaflets, each about Vi to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5
centimeters) long. Foliage stays a lustrous dark
green through the summer and drops in autumn

without any appreciable color change. In the
wild, plants produce rather inconspicuous black
berries, though cultivated plants appear to be
self-sterile.

Perhaps unsurprising for a plant that blooms
at the most unforgiving time of year, winter
jasmine is a fairly tough customer. It toler-
ates a wide range of both soil and light condi-
tions, though it grows and flowers best in full
sun to part shade in well-drained, loamy soil
with regular moisture in USDA Zones 6 to
10. Gardeners also appreciate its versatility of
form, growing it as a small (3 to 4 feet [1 to 1.2
meters] tall) shrub or spreading ground cover,
or even training it up a vertical surface using
supports. Its long, arching branches make it a
great choice for cascading over a wall or terrace.
Winter jasmine displays incredible vigor as a
ground cover; its stem tips root readily where
they touch the ground, making it an attractive
choice for erosion control. It may sprawl aggres-
sively under the right conditions, but cutting it
back will both rejuvenate the plant and produce
fewer bare patches in subsequent flowerings.
No serious insect or disease problems trouble
its robust nature.

Native to China, winter jasmine can be
found thicketing slopes and ravines in Gansu,
Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang (Tibet), and Yunnan.
The plant was introduced to the West in 1844,
and first described by English botanist John
Bindley in the Journal of the Horticultural Soci-
ety of London in 1846. It has gained popularity
in Europe and North America as an ornamen-
tal, even naturalizing in parts of France and the
United States. A small number of cultivars have
appeared in the trade, notably 'Aureum' with
yellow-variegated leaflets and a slow-growing
dwarf form called 'Nanum'.

The Arnold Arboretum has grown winter jas-
mine since 1885, beginning with a cultivated
plant attributed to Charles Sprague Sargent, per-
haps cut from his own garden. Today, accessions
grow in two locations — in the Explorers Garden
(603-81 -MASS) on Bussey Hill and in the ter-
races of the Leventritt Shrub and Vine Garden
(654-2003-MASS). Seek them in bloom this win-
ter for a delectable foreshadowing of spring.

foil Hetman is Director of External Relations and Communications at the Arnold Arboretum.

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