HARVARD UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

OF THE

GRAY HERBARIUM

Received

OoUVier

TEC 22 1941 j

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the

Buij.etin of Popular Ine^ormation

VOLUME I

1941

PUBLISHED BY THE

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

JAMAICA PLAIN, MASSACHUSETTS

^10 ^ ^

GIUY HERBARIUM
HARVARD UNlVERSirifi

Schh^'^

1)'

-ST

ILLUSTRATIONS

Professor Charles Sprague Sargent in the Arnold Arboretum Library
— 1904, Plate I, opposite p. 30

Flowers and fruits of the hardy orange, Poncirus Irifoliata. Plate II,
p. 35

Map showing absolute minimum temperatures in the Northeastern
states from 1926-1940. Plate III, p. 47

Map showing an average length for growing season in the Northeast-
ern states. Plate IV, p. 49

Map showing the average July temperature in the Northeastern
states for the years 1926 to 1940. Plate V, p. 51

Black walnuts. Plate VI, p. 53

Hickory nuts of various types. Plate VII, p. 57

The native rock elm, Ulmus thomasi. Plate VIII, p. 69

The European white elm or Russian elm, Ulmus laevis. Plate IX, p.71

Two varieties of the smoothleaf elm, Ulmus carpimfolia. Plate X,p. 75

Leaf specimens of various elm species. Plate XI, p. 79

[iii]

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from
BHL-SIL-FEDLINK

https://archive.org/details/arnoldiaarno

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bui.letin of Popui.ar Information
of the iVrnoId Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 1 MARCH 14, 1941 Number 1

A SIMPLE CHANGE IN NAME

OUR ‘‘Bulletin of Popular Information” has always been an un-
satisfactory periodical to cite, because of the form of its title,
which reads: “Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Bulletin of
Popular Information.” Moreover, for no very obvious reason, in the
twenty-nine years of its publication it has attained four series, and
for clarity it is necessary to cite the series as well as the volume. In-
itiated in May, 1911, sixty-three unpaged numbers form the first
series, this run closing in November, 1914. In 1915, a new series was
commenced with volume one and was continued for twelve years,
closing with volume twelve in December, 1926, Series three was in-
itiated with volume one in 1927, and closed with volume six in 1932.
The fourth and last series was commenced with volume one in 1933,
and was closed with volume eight in 1940.

In scanning the many thousands of entries in such a comprehensive
reference work as the “Union List of Serials in Libraries of the United
States and Canada,” one notes that an overwhelming majority of the
periodical titles stress the name of the sponsoring organization in their
titles, whether published by a society or an institution. My attitude
is that in general a single name is better than a long and cumbersome
title, and in many cases single name titles would have established and
maintained the institutional or organizational prestige just as well as
the longer explanatory title — ^and, of course, would be infinitely sim-
pler to cite. One unnecessarily long title that I replaced with a single
word one was the following: “University of California Publications.
The Agricultural Experiment Station of the College of Agriculture
Technical Paper No. — .” In 1925, this series was closed and the new

[1]

title “Hilgardia” was selected, with an explanatory subtitle, “A
Journal of Agricultural Science published by the California Agricul-
tural Experiment Station,” to replace the “Technical Bulletin”
series with the long and cumbersome name, and “Hilgardia,” named
in honor of the first Director of the California Agricultural Experiment
Station is now in its thirteenth volume. In 1931, a new technical
periodical was established at the New York Botanical Garden, and
for this the single word name “Brittonia” was selected in honor of
the first Director of the Garden, Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, with
an explanatory subtitle, “A Series of Botanical Papers published by
the New York Botanical Garden.”^ And now the old name of our
Bulletin of Popular Information is replaced with a one word title
“Arnoldia” honoring Mr. James Arnold whose initial bequest of
$100,000.00 in 1808 lead to the establishment of the Arnold Arbore-
tum in 1 87^,"

In the short paper referred to above on one-name periodicals, about
forty ; one-word or essentially one-word titles for well-known technical
periodicals are listed where the name itself indicated the general field
of the publication. Following this, another series of about forty one-
name titles is given, where the names were, for the most part, derived
from those of individuals prominent in botanical and horticultural
science, such as “Adansonia,” “ Bonplandia, ” “Candollea,” “Gre-
villea,” “Hedwigia,” “Linnaea,” “Malpighia,” “Sieboldia,”

‘ Torre^^a,” and others. In our own case we are fortunate in being
able to derive a short, euphonious, one-word title from the name of
the individual whose broad vision and interest lead him to provide
funds, devised to the trustees of his estate, that lead to the establish-
ment of the institution that bears his name. It is believed that the
new name * Arnoldia” with its explanatory subtitle, “A Continuation
of the Bulletin of Popular Information of the Arnold Arboretum,
Harvard University,” will be far more satisfactory than the somewhat
cumbersome one that it replaces. It will, at the same time, reflect
proper institutional credit on its sponsoring institution, the Arnold
Arboretum, and on its holding body. Harvard University, as long as
we are able to maintain it as a medium of publication that serves the
needs of its supporters.

E. D. Merrill

^Merrill, E.D. One-name periodicals. Brittonia 1: 1-.5. 1931.

"Raup, H.M. The genesis of the Arnold Arboretum. Arnold Arb. Harvard
Univ. Bull. Pop. Inf. IV. 8: I-ll. pi. 1. 1940.

THE WHITE FLOWERING RHODOIIA

The rliodora is a typical New Enjrland shrub, jrrowiiio- from Lab-
rador and Newfoundland, south to Rennsylvania. The correct scientific
name is Rhododendron conadense, though it is known throughout New
Entjland by its synonym, Rliodora canadensis. It is one of our hardiest
woody plants, bein<? hardy in areas where the temperatures may jro
from 85 to 50 degrees below zero during the winter months. It is known
and readily recognized for its delicate rose-purple flowers, ap{)earing
in the early spring before the leaves. It is usually found growing in
slightly marshy ground. In ornamental plantings, it is valued for its
early spring flowers and is used especially in naturalistic plantings.

A good place to see it is to go to Ralph Waldo Emerson’s grave in
Concord on May 25, his birthda}' anniversary. Because of his poem
^^Rhodora” and his affection for the flower, some admirer will have
carried out the tradition. Whether the flowers come from the neigh-
borhood or from far afield, there will be a bunch laid reverently upon
the grave.

The white flowering variety of the rhodora, known as Rhododendron
canadense alhijlorum , is not a particularly “new” plant, but try to find
it in any of last year’s nursery catalogues! Not a single American
nursery listed it last year or any year prior to that, as far as I know.
However, it has been known to exist since 1894, at least, when it
was described by Rand and Redfern in their “Flora of Mount Desert
Island.” The white flowering variety of Rhododendron canadense hsiS
all the characteristics of the species exc.ept that its flowers are white.

Fortunately for present-day gardens, Mr. Richard W. Hale of Bos-
ton became very much interested in this plant. In fact, he admired
its qualities so much that he took it upon himself to locate individual
plants or groups of plants with white flowers, in order that this variety
could be propagated and become readily available to the average gar-
dener. Mr. Hale has located Rhododendron canadense albiflorum
at about nine different places. He advertised in various local papers
in Maine and in “Horticulture” in order to find sources for good
shrubs with pure white flowers. All plants which he has located are
definitely white flowered.

Even though this plant had been growing in several places, no one
had taken an active interest in propagating it and placing it on the
market until Mr. Hale began to collect plants from the wild and to
propagate them.

[3]

The only successful propagation so far has been by root division,
which is altogether too slow. In this work Mr. Hale has had material
assistance from Mr. Will C. Curtis of “Garden in the Woods,” Sud-
bury.

However, even though Mr. Hale has over fifty plants now and can
obtain more by collecting them from certain places in Maine, his
supply would not go very far if there proved to be a large demand for
this interesting native.

He has seen this from the first. The problem of a commercial supply
for the introduction of this beautiful shrub is one of commercial prop-
agation, and this rhodora is apparently going to be recalcitrant. The
Boyce-Thompson Institute very kindly volunteered an attempt and
candidly reported a failure. There may be some doubt whether the
material supplied to them was adequate. Then Mr. Hale and Mr.
Curtis went to East Boxford and laid the problem before Mr. Harlan
F. Kelsey, Sr., who enthusiastically took on the task. Without waiting
for plants of the white rhodora, he began experimental propagating
of the purple form and looks forward to mastering the problem. We
hope that in an early number of Arnoldia we shall be able to make
a supplementary announcement, perhaps even stating that there will
be some plants commercially available in the spring of 194-‘2.

And so horticulture has one man to thank for his painstaking efforts
in making this plant available to the gardening public. Mr. Hale, in
locating sources for the white rhodora, in obtaining plants and grow-
ing them under his personal supervision to make certain the flowers
were white, and finally in turning over his stock to a commercial prop-
agator so that the plants will eventually become generally available,
has done an exemplary piece of work. As a result, it is hoped that
one more worthyshrub will soon become a common resident in gardens,
not necessarily as a plant to be used in place of the purple flowered
R. canadense but as one which can be used in combination with the
latter, to supply an interesting color combination in early spring.

Donald Wyman

[4]

ARNOLDIA

MAR 24 1941

i/BRARl

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 1 MARCH 21, 1941 Numbers 2-3

1941 SOURCES FOR RARE WOODY PLANTS

Every year the Arnold Arboretum is besieged with requests to
locate certain rare woody plants which are very difficult to find
in nursery catalogues. The institution makes a sincere eflPort to locate
sources for such plants since one of its functions is to aid in the estab-
lishing of rare woody plants in this country, both in the commercial
nurseries and in privately owned gardens. When a tree or shrub is
eventually grown and offered for sale by one or more nurserymen in
this country, the Arboretum, theoretically, does not feel the need of
extensively propagating this particular plant in its own greenhouses,
but rather refers all queries for it to the nurseryman who has propa-
gated it and offers it for sale.

Many readers of this bulletin are desirous of having certain rare
plants growing in their gardens but do not know where they may ob-
tain them. As a service to these readers, we have gone to considerable
trouble this season to locate rare woody plants actually now offered for
sale in nursery catalogues issued for the current year 1941. Over two
hundred current catalogues were requested by the Arboretum from all
parts of the United States, and more than one hundred had actually
been received at the time this bulletin was prepared. These catalogues
have been checked carefully and a list of rare plants now in American
commerce has been compiled, together with the names of the nurseries
offering such plants for sale.

It is desirable to indicate that there may be several weaknesses in
any such list. In the first place, some plants listed might not be con-
sidered “rare” by all individuals. Secondly, even though only one or
two sources for a single plant are listed, it does not mean, necessarily,
that these are the only places in the United States where such a plant
can be obtained. It would be impossible to locate actually every source

for every plant. In most cases, we have been content to locate one or
two sources only, because we feel that present-day transportation fa-
cilities enable the buyer to obtain live plants in good condition from
any part of the country. Admittedly, the transportation expense from
a distant nursery may be great, but it must be remembered that these
plants are rare and we feel fortunate that we are able to give even one
source, no matter how distant. x\nother weakness lies in the discrep-
ancies in nomenclature, for which we are not responsible. An inter-
esting example of this is shown in the case of the double-flowered form
of Cornus florida. In the 1941 catalogues, a number of nurseries are
listing this unusual plant, using the varietal names alba-plena, multi-
bracleala and plena. The correct varietal name is pluribracteata, and it
is so listed in this bulletin, even though the nurseries have it in their
catalogues under the other names. Finally, we have no way of know-
ing if the plants offered are always true to name.

A word should be said about the method of checking the catalogues.
They were examined in the order in which they arrived. Because we
noted only the first few sources which we discovered for a plant, many
nurseries that may carry the same forms will not be given credit for
having certain of these plants. No preference was shown to any par-
ticular firm, or to any particular part of the country except that little
attention was paid to plants for the far South. Several worthy nurse-
ries— growers of rare plants — are not listed here merely because we did
not receive their 1941 catalogues before this bulletin went to press.

x\ll plants recorded in our 1941 files are not listed in this bulletin.
h"or instance, one nursery, alone offers 250 species and varieties of
Fiischia. We have located approximately 150 named varieties of lilacs,
which could not be herein listed. One nursery last year listed about
100 species and botanical varieties of roses, but we have not as yet
received its 1941 catalogue.

It is believed that this list of rare woody plants and their 1941
sources will be exceptionally valuable to the plant-buying public even
thougli it may be out-dated by next fall or the following spring. We
wish to call attention to the list of nurserymen offering rare woody
l)lants in their 1941 catalogues, and we take this opportunity to com-
pliment them for taking the time and trouble to grow rare things
even when the demand for them must be rather limited.

If Arnoldia readers are interested in this list and would like to re-
ceive anotlier list with plants not herein mentioned (possibly including
the names of nurseries whose catalogues have not yet been received),
please write to the xA.rnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts,
and make your wishes known.

Donam) Wyman

[6]

Nurseries Listing Rare Woody Plants in 1941 Catalogues

(Several other catalogues not yet received at the time this was
prepared might also be included)

1. Adams Nursery, Inc., Springfield, Mass.

2. Andorra Nurseries, Inc., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa.

3. Arapahoe Acres Nursery, Littleton, Colo.

4. Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, Cal.

5. California Nursery Co., Niles, Cal.

6. Chase Nursery Co., Chase, Ala.

7. W.B. Clarke & Co., San Jose, Cal.

8. Carl S. English, Jr., 8546 - 30th Ave., N.W., Seattle, Wash.

9. Fruitland Nurseries, Augusta, Ga.

10. James I. George & Son, Fairport, N.Y.

11. Grilling Nurseries, Beaumont, Texas

L2. Carl A. Hansen Nursery, Brookings, S.D.

13. D. Hill Nursery Co., Dundee, 111.

14. I. E. Ilgenfritz Sons Co., Monroe, Mich.

15. Kallay Bros. Co., Painesville, Ohio

16. Kingsville Nurseries Inc., Kingsville, Md.

17. Kiyono Nurseries, Crichton, Ala.

18. Henry Kohankie & Son, Painesville, Ohio

19. Le-Mac Nurseries, Hampton, Va.

^0. Manitoba Hardy Plant Nursery, Dropmore, Manitoba, Canada

21. McConnell Nursery Co., Port Burwell, Ontario, Canada
21 A. J. Franklin Meehan & Sons, Inc., Mt. Airy, Phila., Pa.

22. Thomas B. Meehan Co., Dresher, Pa.

23. Naperville Nurseries Inc., Naperville, 111.

24. Portland Wholesale Nursery Co., 306 S. E. Twelfth Ave., Port-

land, Oregon

24 A. Rare Plants Nursery, Linwood, N.Y.

25. Sherwood Nursey Co., 141 S. E. 65th Ave., Portland, Oregon

26. The Siebenthaler Co., Catalpa Drive, Dayton, Ohio

27. Stark Bros. Nurseries, Louisiana, Mo.

28. Tingle Nursery Co., Pittsville, Md.

29. Towson Nurseries, Inc., Towson, Md.

30. Upper Bank Nurseries, Media, Pa.

31. Upton Gardens, Colorado Springs, Colo.

32. Wayside Gardens, Mentor, Ohio

33. Westminster Nurseries, Westminster, Md.

34. Willis Nursery Co., Ottawa, Kansas

35. Wohlert’s Nurseries, Narberth, Pa.

[7]

Rare Woody Plants listed in 1941 Nursery Catalogues

Abies alba ( A. pectiuata ) 18
pyramidalis 18
ceptialonica 7
chensiensis 29
concolor violacea 1 8
firma 28,18
pinsapo glauca 7
Acer buero-erianiim 18

eappadocicuni ( AJaetum) 18
circinatum 28
glabrum 3
griseum 18
mandshuricum 18,26
nikoense 1 8
Actinidia chinensis 1
Aesculus

hippocastanum baumani 18
octandra 1 8
turbinata 18

Albizzia julibrissin rosea 18,28

Alnus glutinosa laciiiiata 18
tenuitblia 3
Amorpha nana 3
Ampelopsis aconitifolia 10

Aronia arbutifolia “ Brilliantis-
sima*' 22,15

p r 11 n i fo 1 ia ( A. a i rop u rp u rpa )
15

Atraphaxis buxifolia 20

Berberis atrocarpa 9, 1 7
candid ula 19
Xchenaulti 33,19
corallina coinpacta 7
darwini 25,5,4
diilcis nana 25,24
knighti 25,5

koreana 23,22, 1 8, 1 5,26, 1 ,3
pruinosa 9
wilsonae 5

Betula fontinalis 18,31,3
pendula fastigiata ( B. alba
faslio-iafaj 18,22
Biuldleia alternifolia 5,14,1 5,
30,3 t

crispa C B. panicu/afa J 18

lindleyana 18
Horticultural Varieties
“Charming” 22,32,34
Concord” 15,28
“Dubonnet” 15,32,34
Pdeanor” 15
Farquari” 15,22
“Fortune” 32
“lie de France” 15,22,34
Magnifica” 34
“Orchard Beauty” 28

Buxus microphylla koreana
18,26

Buxus microphylla japonica
24 A

Callicarpa americana lactea (C.
(tmericana alba) 9
dichotoma ( C. purpurea ) 1
japonica 18

Campsis grandiflora ( C.chiueu-
sis) 7

Caragana arborescens lorbergi
20

boisi 1 8
decorticans 26
frutex 18

grand iflora 20
])ygmaea 20,3
spinosa 20

Carpinus betulus 26,22,30,18
japonica 18

tschonoski ( C.ijedoensls) 18

Cedrela sinensis 18

Cedrus libani com pacta 7

Celastrus gemmata 1 8
loeseneri 32

Celtis laevigata ( C.missis.sippi-
eusis J 2 1 A

Cercis canadensis alba 9,16,18
siliquastrum alba 28

X “Chaenomeles californica” 7
Enchantress” 32
Masterpiece” 32
“Mount Everest” 32
“Pink Beauty” 32

[s]

Chaenomeles (cont.)
“Rosemary” 3^2
“Sunset Glow” 3*2
japonica 7
japonica alpina 7
japonica alpina Naranja” 7
“incendie” 7

la<?enaria Appleblossom” 7
“ Atrococcinea” 7
“Blood Red” 7
Bonfire” 7
Candida” 7
“Cardinalis” 7
cathayensis ( C.cathayensis)
32

“Columbia” 7
“Double Vermilion” 7
Foliis rubris” 7
“Grandiflora” 7
Japanese Scarlet” 7
Kermesina semiplena” 7,
18

“Knap Hill Scarlet” 7
macrocarpa 7
Marmorata” 7
nivalis 7
pygmaea 18,15
“Rosea grandiflora” 18
“rubra grandiflora” 7
semperflorens 7
“Vermilion” 18
versicolor 7

versicolor lutescens” 7
Xsuperba Atrosanguinea” 7
“Corallina” 7
“Crimson and Gold” 7
Earlv Appleblossom” 7
“Juliet” 7
perfecta 7
“Stanford Red” 7
Clematis brevicaudata 20
crispa 1 8
fargesi 18

Xjackmani rubra 10
Xjouiniana Spingarn” 10
Xlawsoniana 10
ligusticifolia 18,20
montana undulata 10,18
rubens 10

wilsoni 18
serratifolia 18,20
tangutica 18,20
obtusiuscula 10
texensis 10,18
Xtroutbeckiana 10
veitchi 18
viorna 18
vital ba 18
viticella 18

Horticultural Varieties
‘Ascotiensis” 10
“Elsa Spath” 10
Empress of India” 10
“Gipsy Queen” 10
“Grace” 20
“Huldine” 10
Kermesina” 10
“King Edward Vll” 10
“King of the Belgians” 10
“La France” 10
“Lady Betty Balfour” 10
“Lady Caroline Neville” 1 0
“Ladv Northcliffe” 10
“Mr.G.J.Patijn” 10
“Mrs. Robert Bryden” 32
“Prins Hendrik” 10
“Ramona” 10
“The President” 10
“Ville de Lyon” 10
“Ville de Paris” 10
“W.E.Gladstone” 10
“William Kennett” 10
Clerodendron trichotomum 18,
19

Clethra alnifolia rosea 28
barbinervis 18
Cornus controversa 28

dorida pendula 2,22,29,16
pluribracteata {C. Jiorida
mult ib 7' act eat a, C. floi'ida
plena^C. jiorida alba-plena)
2,7,22,16,35,26,18,6,32,
29

welchi 26,28,16,18
nuttalli 24,5

stolonifera coloradensis 3
Corylus avellana 33,15
avellana aurea 1 8

[9]

Corylus avellana (cont.)

fusco-rubra (C. avellana
purpurea) 26

heterophylla sutchuenensis 18
Cotoneaster adpressa praecox 1 6
francheti 2,11
o’laucophylla 7
harroviana 28
henryana 7
integerrima 1 8
lactea 19

microphylla thyinifolia 25,28
pannosa 1 1,5,4
nana 25
tenuipes 18

Crataegus arnoldiana 18,26
coccinioides 18
coloradensis 8
colorata 7
erytliropoda 20
flava 2

hupehensis 18
jacki 7

Xlavallei (C. carrierei) 18
macrantha 18,7
nitida 18,28
persistens 18
pinnatifida 20
major 1 8
san guinea 20
succulenta 28,20
Cryptomeria japonica nana 25
Cytisus albus 24
ardoini 7
battandieri 7
burkwoodi 4,7
hirsutus 18
kewensis 7
nigricans 18
praecox 4,25,5,24
purpureus 25

elongatus (C. purpureus
pend ulus) 7
racemosus 5

scoparius andreanus 18,24
“Borsch's Prostrate
Broom'’ 25
California" 25

“Dorothy Walpole” 25
“Geoffrey Skipworth” 7
Lord Lambourne” 25
Maria Burk wood” 7,25
‘‘McGill” 4
Pomona” 25,4,7
San Francisco” 25,4
“St. Marys” 25,4
Scandinavia” 82
Stanford” 25
supinus 18

Daphne cneorum variegata 28
mezereum alba 18,2
odora alba 7

marginata 24,7,5
variegata 4

Davidia involucrata 18,2

X Deutzia lemoinei compacta 1 8
X rosea 18,15

campanulata 18
carminea 18
eximia 18
doribunda 9
venusta 18
Diospyros kaki 21 A
Elsholtzia Staunton i 18,15
Enkianthus campanulatus pali-
bini 8

cernuus rubens 8,28
perulatus 18
Erica ciliaris 16
Xdarleyensis 18
lusitanica 4
mediterranea 4
terminalis [E. strict a) 16
tetralix 16
umbel lata 8

Eucommia ulmoides 1 8
Euonymus europaea alba {E.
europaeus fructo-alha) 82
japonica albo-marginata 24
albo-variegata 88
aureo-marginata 5,24
microphylla 5,19
latifolia 18
maacki 1 8
nana 18

[10]

Euonymus (cont.)

sachalinensis {E. planipes) 8
yedoensis 15,28,1
Evodia hupehensis 18
Fagus sylvatica fastigiata 18,1
Forestiera neo-mexicana 3
Forsythia ovata 32,18,15,28,3
suspensa atrocaulis 18
Fothergilla garden! 18
major 30

Franklinia alatamaha {Gordonia
alatamaha) 18,35,2
Fraxinus excelsior pendula 21
mandshurica 18
Gaultheria cuneata 8
hispida 8
humifusa 8
laxiflora 8
nummularioides 8
ovatifolia 8
perplexa 8
ward! 8

Genista tinctoria plena 25,5
Ginkgo biloba fastigiata 2

Gleditsia japonica 1 8
sinensis 18

triacanthos inermis 14,22,35
Hamamelis japonica rubra 18,2
japonica zuccariniana 2
vernalis tomentella 18

Hedera colchica dentata 28
helix ‘^Albany” 28
arborescens 25
atropurpurea 28
baltica 28

conglomerata 28,5,25
digitata 28
discolor 28
“Dwarf Albany” 32
“Emerald Gem” 28
gracilis 28,32
hibernica 28
hibernica aurea” 28
marniorata 25
marmorata elegans” 28
“Merion Beauty” 32,28

minima ( HJiclLv doneralienshs)
5^,28

“Mrs. Pollock” 28
New Bronze” 28
palmata 28
peltata 28
“Pittsburgh” 28
“Russell’s Gold” 28
variegata 5
rhombea 28

Hippophae rhamnoides 3,26,20
Holodiscus dumosus 3
Hovenia dulcis 18
Hydrangea petiolaris 30,26,2
Hypericum kalmianum 18
lobocarpum 18
moserianum 18
patulum 18
henryi 18,25
Idesia polycarpa 7,18
polycarpa vestita 7
Ilex aquifolium albo-marginata
25

aquifolium aurea 28
“Golden Queen” 4
Golden Variegated” 7
pendula 7

“Silver Variegated” 7
“van Tol” 7,4,5
Xaquipernyi 7

cassine angustifolia 9,17
celiospinosa 7
Integra 19
laevigata 18
latifolia 7,19
montana ( Lmonticol a) 28
opaca ‘ Arden” 28
“Croonenburg” 28
“Lake City” 28
“Mrs. Santa” 28
xanthocarpa 28,19
pernyi 7,19,5
veitchi 7,19

serrata ( Lsieholdi) 22,28
verticillata chrysocarpa 18
polycarpa 1,19
Indigofera amblyantha 18
kirilowi 1 8

[11]

Itea ilicifolia 4,5
virginica 1 8
Jamesia americana 20
Jasminum beesianum 9
florid um 5,19
humile 9,5

officinale grand iff orum 5
parkeri 7

Xstephanense 7,9,5,19
Juglans mandshurica 20
sieboldiana 18

Juniperus chinensis columnaris
2,33,1

chinensis pfitzeriana aurea”
13

torulosa 7

eommunis cracovica 18
dayi 18

suecica nana” 18
saxatilis ( J .communis mon-
tana) 3

conferta 18,7,17
pachyphloea 29,4
recurva 1 8
rigida 18
sphaerica 1 8
virginiana biirki 26

canaerti ( J. virginiana can-
narti) 23

elegantissima 13,23
fastigiata 26
globosa 1 5
kosteri 23
pendula 2,15,18,29
pyramidaforinia hilli” 13
schotti 23
sniithi 23
venusta 18

Kalmia polit'olia inierophylla 8
Kalopanax pictus maximowiczi
{Acanlh op a nax ri ci n ifoJ i u m
maximoiciczi) 18
Laburnum alpinum 18,24A
Larix ]e[itolepis ( L.kaempferi )
30

Leucothoe davisiae 8
gray ana 8

Ligustrum henryi 4

indicum ( L.nepalense) 4
japonicum 17

rotundifolium ( L.coriace-
am) 17,19
lucid uni 19

com pact urn 17
marginatum aureum” 9
pyramidal es 17
repandum 17

ovalifolium variegatum 18,
25, 29
quihoui 17
vulgare foliosum 18
leucocarpum 18

Liquidambar formosana 1 8
styraciflua aurea 18

Liriodendron chinense 18
tulipifera fastigiatum (L. tu-
lipifera pi/ramidale) 1 8

XLonicera browni fuchsioides
16

caerulea edulis 20
caprifolium 20,18
chrysantha 18
conjugialis 18
dioica 20, 1 8
etrusca grand iflora 4
superba 5
gracilipes 18

heckrotti “Gold Flame” 10
henryi 18,21
hildebrandiana 5
hirsuta 18
involucrata 3,30
japonica aureo-reticulata 10,
16

chinensis 10
koehneana 18
korolkowi floribunda 15,16
zabeli 23
ledebouri 18,15
maximowiczi sachalinensis 28
morrowi xanthocarpa 15
muendeniensis 1 8
orientalis longifolia (L. kessel-
ringi) 18

periclymenum belgica 18

[12]

Lonicera (cont.)

ruprechtiana 18,29,6,2
saccata 1 8

sempervirens mafjnifica 82,16
spinosa alberti 18,20
tatarica lutea 83,18
sibirica 18,15,38
X tellmanniana 18,16,10
yunnanensis 82
Maackia amurensis 18
Magnolia denudata {M. con-
spicun) 80
kobus 30,19

sieboldi {M. parvijiora) 18,80
stellata rosea 18,7,26,28,19
“Water lily” 28
Xveitchi 17

Mahonia repens {Berheris
repens) 31

Malus baccata mandshurica 6,
16,18

Xdawsoniana 29
florentina 1 8
fusca 18
Xgloriosa 28
lancifolia 29
Xmicromalus 18,26,85
prunifolia rinki 16,28
pumila translucens {M.pimiHa
plena) 26

X purpurea lemoinei (M. floii-
bunda lemoinei ) 15,18,26
Xrobusta 28

fastigiata 28,26
persicifolia 18
sieboldi 28
sikkimensis 7
Xsublobata 18
tschonoski 18
yunnanensis veitehi 18
Xzumi 16,28

calocarpa 1 8
Horticultural varieties
“Athabasca” 21
“Dakota Beauty” 12
“Dolga” 12,26
“Dr. Van Fleet” 23,26
“Flise Rathke” 18,26,29

“Erie” 2 1

“hXcellenze Theil” 29
“Hopa” 12,85
“Joy” 12
‘‘May Day” 12
“Nainew” 21
Okanagan” 21
“Pink Giant” 12
“Red Flesh” 12
“Red Silver” 12,84,85
“Red Tip” 85
‘Simcoe” 21
“Slocan” 21
“Snow White” 12
“Van Wyck” 29

Melia azedarach umbraculi-
formis 4,9

Muhlenbeckia axillaris (M.
nana) 1

Neillia sinensis 18

Neviusia alabamensis 30

Parrotia persica 7

Phellodendron chinense 18
lavallei 18
sachalinense 18

Philadelphus coronarius aureus
18

primulaeflorus {P. coronarius
multijlorus plenus) 1 8
pumilus {P. coronarius
nanus) 18,28
falconer! 2,18
gordonianus 9,15,28
grandiHorus 2, 1 5
incanus 18
laxus 9

Xlemoinei “Avalanche” 28
erectus 18
lewisi 18
magdalenae 1 8
nepalensis 18

X polyanthus “Favorite” 18
“Gerbe de Neige” 18
sericanthus 18
zeyheri 2

Horticultural Varieties
“Atlas” 7

[13]

Philadelphus Hort.Vars. (cont.)
“Belle Etoile” 7
‘Enchantment'’ 7
‘‘Sybille” 18
“Voie Lactee 18
Phyllodoce empetriformis 8
Physocarpus intermedins par-
vifolius 18
mono^^ynus 2^2
opulifolius nanus 18,15
Picea abies aurea 1 8

bicolor {P. alcocki(ina) 18
glauca albertiana {P. canaden-
sis albertia tut) 1,25,13
nana {P. canadensis nana) 1
koyami 28
omorika pend u la 28
orientalis aurea 7
polita 18,1
smithiana 7
wilsoni 29,28
Pieris formosa 8

japonica variegata 29
nana 8

Pinus ayacahuite 29
bungeana 30
cembra 30,2,29
cembroides 5
monophylla 5

densiHora umbraculifera 30,
2,26

flexilis 18,25,30,1
koraiensis 29,28
massoniana 29
nigra poiretiana 26
palustris 1 1
parvidora 18,29
glauca 28
pumila 25
radiata +,7

strobus fastigiata (P. strobiis
pj/randda/is) 28
nana 28

tabulaeformis ( P. sinensis ) 25
taeda 28

thunbergi 29,28,7
y u n n a n e n s i s ( P. si n ensis yun-
nanensis) 29

Platanus racemosa 7,4
Populus maximowiczi 18
simoni 23, 18,2
fastigiata 9
tremula pendula 7
Prinsepia sinensis 20,18
Potentilla fruticosa dahurica
( P. dahurica) 20
Prunus avium plena 18,9
besseyi 18,31,3
Xblireiana 23,7
plena 21

Xcistena 18,21,6,3
davidiana 1 8
alba 18
Xdunbari 18
hortulana 18
japonica 18

laurocerasus schipkaensis
( Laurocerasus officinalis
schipkaensis ) 18,19,29
padus 18,1 5,23,26
persica albo-plena 18
Aurora” 35,7
“Burbank” 7
“Camelliaflora” 7
“Cerise’* 35
“Clara Meyer” 18,35
“Double Pink” 7
“Double Red” 7
“f:arly Double Red” 7
“Helen Borchers” 7
“iceberg” 7
“Jeanne Wohlert” 35
“Orchid’* 27
“Peppermint Stick” 6,7
“Red Pep” 7
rosea plena” 2, 1 8
“Rubroplena” 18
San Jose Pink” 7
sanguinea plena*’ 2
Santa Rosa” 27
“Weeping” 35,34
Weeping Double Pink”

7

“Weeping Double Red”

.. 7,35

Weeping Double White”

[14]

Prunus (cont.)
pumila 18

serrulata ‘ Asagi” 16
“ Beni-Higan ■ ’ 85
“ Botan-Zakura” 16
“Fugenzo” 16
“Gozanoma-Nioi” 16
“Hata-Zakura” 16
“Hi-Zakura” 16
“ Hosokawa-teni” 35
“Kofugen*’ 35
^‘Meigetsu” 16
“iMikuruma-Gaeshi” 16
“Mrs. A. E. Wohlert” 35
“Ojochin” 16,35
“Oshibayama” 16
“Paul Wohlert” 35
“Ruth Wohlert” 35
rosea 35

“Rosy Morn” 35
“Senriko” 16
“Shiro-fugen” 16
Shiro-higan” 35
“ShogetsLi” 35
“Takinioi” 35
“Torano” 16
“Ukon” 35
“ Wase-miyako” 16
“Yae-akebono” 16
“ Yae-murasaki” 16
sieboldi (P. “ J'rtAY/^(7go”) 18,
35,16

sibirica (P. armeniaca sibirica)
18

subhirtella ascendens 18
autumnalis ^6, 1 8
Momi-jigari” 35
pendula ‘flore plena” 30,
26,^2

virginiana deraissa 18
melanocarpa 3
yedoensis 18

“Shidare-yoshino” 16,35

Pseudolarix amabilis {P.kaemp-
feri) 18,28

Pseudotsuga taxifolia pendula
29

Pyrus calleryana graciliflora 7
kawakami 4,5

ussuriensis chainpali 7

Quercus agrif’olia 5
duinosa 7
talcata 22,26
gambelli 31

imbricaria 22,24A,2lA
kellogi 28
lyrata 22,18
shuinardi 26
stellata 22
suber 7,9
texana 1 8

Rhamnus davurica 23
frangula asplenifolia 18
koraiensis 22,1 8,2
purshiana 15,18
utilis 1 8

Rhododendron adenogynum 8
adenophorum 8
adenopodum 8
aechmophyllum 8
anibiguum 8
arboreum 8
argyrophyllum 8
cupulare 8
augustini 8
baileyi 8
balfourianum 8
barbatum 8
brachyanthum 8
bracteatum 8
calostrotum 8
campylocarpum 8
campy logynum 8
cantabile 8
caucasicum 8
cliarianthum 8
charitopes 8
chartophyllum 8
chasmanthoides 8
ciliatum 8
concinnum 8
crassum 8
crinigerum 8
cuneatum 8
cyanocarpum 8
dalhousiae 8
davidsonianum 8
decorum 8

[15]

Rhododendron (cont.)
deleiense 8
desquamatum 8
detonsum 8
diaprepes 8
didynum 8
diphrocalyx 8
discolor 8
edgarianum 8
euchaites 8
fargesi 8
fastigiatum 8
fauriei 8
ferrugineum 8
fulvum 8
glaacum 8
grande 8
griersonianum 8
griffithianum 8
liaemaleum 8
hanceanuin 8
heliolepis 8
hemitrichotum 8
hippophaeoides 8
hirsutum 8
liormophorum 8
lioulstoni 8
hypolepidotum 8
imped it urn 8
inopinum 8
insigne 8
johnstoneanum 8
keleticuin 8
kotschyi 8
kyawi 8

Xlaetevirens ( R.u'ilsoni ) 2
lepidotum 8
lindleyi 8
litangense 8
lochmium 8
lutescens 8
madden i 8

calopliylliim 8
megacalyx 8
minus 28
mori 8

myrtifolium 25,2
neriiflorum 8
obovatum 8

occidentale 8
oleifolium 8
oreotrephes 8
orthocladum 8
pachy trichum 8
paradoxum 8
polylepis 8
probum 8
pruniflorum 8
puralbum 8
radinum 8
racemosum 30,28,8
reticulatum 8
rhantum 8
rigid um8
riparium 8
rubiginosum 8
rupicola 8
russaturn 8
saluenense 8
sanguineum 8
scintillans 8
scottianum 8
searsiae 8
smirnowi 8
stereophyllum 8
supranubium 8
tapetiforme 8
telmateium 8
tephropeplum 8
thayerianum 8
trichocladum 8
triflorum 8
tsangpoense 8
tschonoski 8
virgatum 8
villosum 8
wighti 8
yunnanense 8
zaleucum 8

Rhus glabra cismontana 3

Ribes cereum 3

setosum (i?. s(nimoutanuvi) 3

Robinia elliotti 18
fertilis 18

hispida macrophylla 7
Xholdti 18

neo-mexicana 3
pseudoacacia bessoniana 1 8

[16]

Robinia pseudoacacia (cont.)
decaisneana 18, 7
pyramidalis 28
umbraciilifera 18,7
Rubus deliciosiis 18,31,8
Salix irrorata 8

purpurea nana 82,18,26

Sambucus canadensis acutiloba

20,28

microbotrys 8 1
nigra 18

aurea 15,18,1,20
variegata 1 8
pubens leucocarpa 18
racemosa 20
Shepherdia argentea 81
canadensis 3 1
xanthocarpa 8

Sophora japonica pendula 28
tetraptera 7
microphylla 5
viciitblia 1 8
Sorbaria aitchisoni 18
arborea glabrata 8,18
sorbifolia 18

tomentosa {S. J indie if ana) 18
Sorbus amurensis 20
sambucifolia 8
scopulina 20

Stewartia monadelphia 28
ovata grand idora 18
Stranvaesfa davidiana 24,17
Styrax obassia 28
Symphoricarpus oreopbilus 8
Symplocos paniculata 18
Syringa chinensis alba 28
metensis 18
saugeana 18,80
einodi 18

josikaea 1 ,3, 1 8,80
microphylla 18
oblata 18

dilatata 18,28,26
giraldi 18
pekinensis 18
persica alba 1,80

laciniata 4,9

Xprestoniae “Coral” 20
“Hiawatha” 20
“Nocturne” 20
pubescens 18
redexa 8

velutina (S.palibiniana) 18,26
yunnanensis 18
Horticultural Varieties
“Asessippi” 20
“Evangeline” 20
“Excel” 20
“Hedin” 20
“Minnehaha” 20
“Pocahontas” 20
“Royalty” 20
Taxus baccata adpressa 2
baccata aurea 25
cheshuntensis 29,2
dovastoni {T. baccata pen-
dula) 29,7

“dovastoni aurea” 29
erecta 25

fastigiata aurea” 15,29
fastigiata variegata” 5
stricta ( T*. baccata fastigi-
ata) 25,5

Washington! 80,2,18,29
Washington! aurea” 15
canadensis densa 26
stricta 32

cuspidata andersoni 26,28,15
browni 26,18
nana 16

thayerae {T. media thayeri)
26

“Vermeulen” 26,28
X hunnewelliana 28
X media kelseyi 26,28
Thuja occidentalis pumila {T.
occ. ''‘Little Gem”) 18,1
occidentalis spiralis 18
umbraculifera 1
Tilia euchlora 18
henryana 18
heterophylla 18
oliveri 18
platyphyllos 18

[17]

Tilia platyphyllos (cont.)

pyramidalis 26
Tripterygium regeli 1 8

Tsuga canadensis gracilis 29,2
canadensis raicrophylla 33
diversifolia 2,29
heterophylla 24
sieboldi 29,18
Ulex europeaus 18
Ulmus ainericana klehmi 23
ainericana Lake City” 26
“Littleford” 26
‘urni” 26
X amersino” 3

carpinifbliasarniensis(

pestris wlieat/ej/i, U.campe.s-
tris- monumentalise U.foUacea
ivheatleiji) 18,26,29,23
suberosa 33
glabra nana 1 8
vegeta 18

“Hansen Hybrid Fdm” 12
hollandica belgica ( U. cam-
pest ris I a t ifol ia ) 1 8
“Klemmer” (U. campestris
klemmei'i) 18
vegeta 23
japonica 1 8
parvitblia 23,21 A
procera purpurea {U .canrpes-
tris purpurea) 1 8
t ho m a s i {U. ra ce m osa ) 1 8
Vaccinium ovatum 25
Viburnum betulifolium 28,7
bitch uiense 18
cylindricum 4
tVa grans 30,26
hupehense 18
opulus nanuin 1,2
sargenti 33,2,3
tomentosum lanceatum 26
wrighti 26,2

Weigela floribunda 15,18

florid a ( ff . amabi/is, JV. 7'osea)
1 5 , 1 8

“nana variegata” 18
hortensis 18
japonica 18

Horticultural Varieties

“Abel Carriere” 15,18
“Candida” 15,18
“Desboisi” 15,18
“Eva Rathke” 15,18
“Fairv” 7
“Floreal” 7
Groenewegeni” 18
“Gustav M allot” 18
H endersoni” 15
“Ideal” 7
Le Printemps” 7
Majesty” 7
Stelzneri” 2
“Styriaca” 18
“van Houttei” 2, 1 8
Verse haffelti” 2

Wisteria floribunda alba 7,32
floribunda carnea 7
“Geisha” 32,7
“issai” 32,7
Koshigaya” 7
“Kyushaku” 32,2,7
longissima 7,32
longissiina alba” 7,32
Murasaki Noda” 2
“Naga Koda” 2
rosea 32,2,7
“Royal Purple” 7,32
“Shira Noda” 2
Ushijima” 7

“Violaceo-plena” 2,32,7
frutescens 18

macrostachya ( W. frutescens
magnifica) 18
venusta violaceae 7

Xanthoceras sorbifoliuin 1 8

Xanthorhiza simplicissima
(yZanthorhiza apiifoUa) 18,1

Zelkova serrata 18

[18]

Subscription renewals for 1941 are now due. Those who have not
resubscribed, and who desire to continue to receive Arnoldia, should
remit $1.00 to Arnoldia, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massa-
chusetts, at an early date to insure continuity in the receipt of the
numbers as issued.

[19]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popui.ar Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, HarvTird University

Volume I APRIL 4, 1 94-1 Number 4

1941 SOURCES FOR RARE WOODY PLANTS.
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST

Many requests have been received for the last number of Ar-
noldia (Vol. I, No. 2-3) and so many requests have come for
more information of a similar nature that this bulletin is offered as a
supplement. No more plant sources will be listed in Arnoldia this
spring, but there are hundreds of names of other rare plants listed in
the files of the Arboretum as being available from American nurseries
in 1941.

It is truly surprising to note the number of different plants belong-
ing to a particular genus which can be obtained after an examination
of a series of catalogues. Particular mention should be made of the
223 lilacs and the 72 species and botanicnl varieties of roses. Not all
are rare” but because of wide special interest in these groups all
available varieties in these two have been listed. The 2.5 available
varieties of Hibiscus sijriacus are also noteworthy’.

It is suggested that in order to use this supplementary list properly,
the information printed on pages 5 and 6 of the last bulletin be read
carefully. The data there given applys equally well to the supple-
mentary list, as well as to the nursery numbers appearing on page 7.
After checking through the last bulletin, one nurseryman wrote a
congratulatory letter, but expressed suprise at the absence of the
names of certain nationally known nurseries which have advertised
rare plants for years. He continued to note with satisfaction, that
although the name of his own nursery was not given, yet in his 1941
catalogue he had listed over 100 of the species and varieties mentioned
in that bulletin! We are glad to mention his nursery, among others,
in our supplementary list as we have just received his catalogue.

[21]

However, it should be clearly understood that we have merely ex-
amined catalogues in the sequence in which the,v arrived ; that we
considered two or three sources sufficient for one species or variety ;
and that simply because a certain nursery is not listed does not mean
it has no rare plants. Sometimes nurseries are tardy in sending their
catalogues. As this number of Arnoldia” goes to press April 1, cer-
tain catalogues that we would have liked to examine have not been
received.

Like the previous list, this supplementary one doubtless has its de-
fects, but if it helps the gardening public to obtain rare plants and
so learn to appreciate them, then it will have served its purpose.

Donald Wyman

Additional Nurseries listing Rare Plants in 1941

86. Bay State Nurseries, North Abington, Mass.

87. Bobbink and Atkins Nurseries, East Rutherford, N.J.

88. Brand Peony Farms Inc., Box 408, Faribault, Minn.

89. Cherry Hill Nurseries, M est Newbuiw, Mass.

40. Cole Nursery Co., Ikiinesville, Ohio

41. F. & F. Nurseries, Springfield, N.J.

42. Farr Nursery Company, Weiser Park, Penna.

48. Joseph B. Gable, Stewartstown, I’enna.

44. Gardens of the Blue Ridge, Ashford, McDowell Co., N.C.
4.3. Outpost Nurseries, Ridgefield, Conn.

46. Princeton Nurseries, Princeton, N.J.

47. Rockmont Nursery, P.O. Box 266, Boulder, Colo.

48. Upton Nursery Co., 4888 Spokane Ave., Detroit, Mich.

49. Weston Nurseries, Weston, Mass.

.30. Wyman's Framingham Nurseries, Framingham, Mass.

Supplementary List

Rare Woody Plants listed in 1941 Nursery Catalogues

Buxus microphylla compacta 16
sempervirens angustifolia 26
arborescens 26
argentea 2
conica 26
globosa 26
liands worth i 18,29
oleaefolia 29
rotundifolia 26
suffruticosa albo-marginata
2.3

a urea 28

Cotoneaster acutifolia villosula
18

adpressa conglomerata 7
ambigua 1 8
bullata macrophylla 7
conspicua decora 7,4,19
dammeri 18
dielsiana elegans .3
foveolata 1 8
glabrata 7

Cotoneaster (cont. )
horizontalis minor 19
perpusilla 19,50
wilsoni 28,18,16
lucida 18,36
microphylla 18
cochleata 28
moupinensis 18
multiHora 18
nitens 18
obscura 18
pyrenaica 19

racemiflora soongforica 18,25,
41

rosea 7,18
rotundifolia 18
rubens 28

salicifolia floccosa 19,28
simonsi 19,41
zabeli miniata 41
Hibiscus syriacus Hort. Vars.
Amplissimus* ’ 40
“ Anemonedorus* * 40,46
“Ardens'^ 2,18,40
“Banner” 18,40
Bicolor” 40
“Boule de Feu” 2,46
“Coelestis” 2,18,40
“ Comte de Hainault” 2,46
Elegantissimus” 2,46
“Duchesse de Brabant”
40,45

“Jeanne d’Arc” 2,40,46
“Lady Stanley” 18,40,45
“Lucy” 40,46,45
“Puniceus plenus” 46
“Pulcherrimus” 40
“Purpureus plenus” 40,46
“Roseus” 18
“Rubis” 2,18,40
“Rubra Plena” 1 8
“Sir Charles de Breton” 2
Speciosus Plenus” 18
“Totus albus” 18,40,45
“Variegatus” 40,46
Violaceus plenus” 2
“W.R. Smith” 2,45
Ilex cassine myrtifolia 9,17
“myrtifolia lowei” 9

cornuta 17,19,30
burfordi 9,17,19
crenata buxitblia 2
convexa 22,41,46
fortune! 2,29
helleri 19,41
Kingsville” 16
latifolia 2,19,40
micrf)phylla 19,40,41
rotundifolia 19,40,41
geniculata 18
opaca (male) 28,45
Hume Xo. 1 28

Hume Xo. 2 28

vomitoria (female) 17

Magnolia fraseri 28

grandiflora “St. Mary” 7
kobus borealis 41
lilidora 4 1
gracilis 7
nigra 41

macrophylla 28,22
obovata 28

Xsoulangeana Brozzoni” 41
“Alba superba” 28,37,35
Alexandrina” 37,7,35
Amabilis” 7
“Lennei” 7,46,41
“Xorbertiana” 28,41
“Rustica” 46,41
San Jose” 7
Speciosa alba” 41
Verbanica” 41
tripetala 22

Philadephus inodorus 46
maximus 46
microphyllus 47

X nivalis 46

pekinensis brachybotrys 46
pubescens 46
purpurascens 46
verrucosus 46

Philadelphus Hort. Vars.

“Albatre” 46
Banniere” 46
“Cole’s Glorions” 40
“Girandole” 40,46
“Pyramidale” 46

Picea abies-Dwarf Forms

“Clanbrasiliana” 18,41
conica 41
Gregoryana” 41
in versa” 29
“Maxwelli” 18,41,16
microsperma” 41
nana compacta” 18
nana pyraraidalis” 18
“Nidiformis” 13,16
procumbens” 41,36
“puniila” 41 ,36
pygmaea” 18
“Pyramidata” 41
“Remonti” 18,36
“ Repens” 41

Rhododendron atlanticum 43
braehycarpum 43
X braehycarpum X discolor 43
X cainpylocarpum X discolor 43
earolinianum album 43,44,49
catawbiense compacta 44
Xcatawbiense Xfortunei 43
caucasicum 43
chrysanthum 43
chrvseum 43
decorum 43
X decorum Xloderi 43
discolor 43
fargesi 43
fastigiatum 43
fortunei 43
hippophaeoides 43
houlstoni 43
keiskei 43
keleticum 43
Xlaetvirens 43,49
linearifolium macrosepalum
43

litiense 43
luteum 43

maximum roseum 41
X maximum X discolor 43
X maximum Xfortunei 43
micranthum 43
minus 43,44

X minus X earolinianum 43
Xmyrtifolium 41
X nuditlorum X japonicum 43

ochraceum 43
pennsylvanicum 43
peregrinum 43

X poukhanenseXledifolia alba
43

X racemosum X keiskei 43
smirnowi 43
vernicosum 43
wardi 43

X wardi X discolor 43
Rhododendron Hort. Vars.

Album elegans” 37,39,
41

‘‘Album grandiflorum”
38,39,2

“America” 39,41,28
“Amphion” 37,16,41
Atrosanguineum” 2,41
Blandyanum” 2
“Boule de Neige” 39,41,2
Candidissimum” 2
Catawbiense album” 39,
41,47

Catawbiense grandiflo-
runi” 2,28

“Caractacus” 39,41,2
“Charles Bagley” 37,16,
41

“Charles Dickens” 16
Delicatissimum” 2,41
“Dr.H.C.Dresselhuys”
37,39,41

“E.S.Rand” 41,37,16
“Everestianum” 37,41,39
“F.D.Godman” 37,39,2
“General Grant” 2
“H. H. Hunnewell” 41
“Ignatius Sargent” 37,41,
39

“Kettledrum” 16,2
Lady Armstrong” 2,41
“Lady Grey Egerton” 37
“Lee’s Dark Purple” 37,
39,28

Luciferum” 2
“Mrs. C. S. Sargent” 41,
39,37

Mrs. Harry Ingersoll” 2
“Mrs.P. den Ouden” 39

[24]

Rhododendron Hort.Vars. cont.
“Old Fort” 2,37,41
“Parson’s Gloriosum” 2
“Parson’s ^randiflorum” 2
“Parson’s rubruin” 41
“President Lincoln” 28
“Parpureum elegans” 87,
41,2

“Purpureum grandiflo-
ruin” 87

“Roseurn elegans” 87,89,
41

“Roseurn superbum” 2,41
“Sefton” 2
“Stella” 2
Azalea Hort. Vars.

Note — These include only the
Ghent, Mollis and Kaempferi
hybrids and not the many
Kurume and Indian Azaleas.
“Atlanta” 19,28
“Beaute Celeste” 29
“Betty” 28
“Big Joe” 48
“Bouquet de Flore” 2,29
“Carmen” 19,28
“Caroline Gable” 48
“Cherokee” 48
“Chinook” 48
“Cleopatra” 19
Coccinea speciosa” 2,29
“Daviesi” 2
“Elizabeth Gable” 48
“Emite” 29
“Fedora” 40,19
“Gloria Mundi” 2
“Glow of Dawn” 48
“Herbert” 48
“ignea Nova” 29
Iroquois” 48
La Lumiere” 48
La Premiere” 48
“Louise” 40
“Louise Gable” 48
“Mary” 29
“Mary Dalton” 48
“Mauve Queen” 19
“Mildred Mae” 48
“Miriam” 48

“Nancy Waterer" 2,29
NarcissiHora” 29
“Old Faithful” 48
“Othello” 19,40
‘‘Pallas” 2
“Polaris” 48
“Purple King” 19,29
“Rembrandt” 29
Sangde Gentbrugge” 2,
29

Souv.de Pres. Carnot” 2
“Springtime” 48
Unique” 2
“Viola” 48
“William III” 29
“Willy” 29
“Zampa” 19
Rosa acicularis 8,87,26
nipponensis 87
Xalba 87
alberti 87
arvensis 87
bella 87
blanda 87,40
canina 26, 18,87
Carolina 87,26,40
centifolia 87
muscosa 87

chinensis minima 87,41,18
mutabilis 87
viridiflora 87
cinnamomea 87,40
coriifolia froebeli 1 8.
damascena 87
trigintipetala 87
versicolor 87
davurica 18
ecae 18

eglanteria 87,46,18
foetida bicolor 87
persiana 18,89
glutinosa 87
X harisoni 89
helenae 87
hugonis 87,40
laevigata 87
X Lheritierana 87
luciae fujisanensis 18
marreti 18

[ 25 ]

Rosa (cont.)

maximowicziana jacki 87
Xmicrugosa 37
raoyesi 18,87
multiflora 87

cathayensis 18,37
nitida 87,41 ,26
odorata gigantea 87
omeiensis 87
palustris 87
pendulina 18
primula 87
richardi 87
Xreversa 37
roxburghi 87
hirtula 87
plena 87

ru hr i folia 26,87,41
rugosa 87
alba 37
albo-plena 87
repens alba*’ S7
rubro-plena 87
sempervirens 87
sericea 1 8
setigera 87
soulieana 87
spinosissima 87
‘Silba plena” 87
altaica 18,87
fulgens 87
hispida 18,87
vorbegi 87
rirginiana 87
alba 87
watsoniana 87
wicliuraiana 87
willmottiae 87
woods i 81,87
fendleri 87
xanthina 87
Syringa amurensis 48
japonica 48,87,49
Xeh inensis 49,50
alba 48

saugeana 42,49
emodi 48,7

Xhenryi “Floreal” 48
‘‘Lutece” 87,48,88

Xhyacinthiflora 49
“ Berry er” 87
‘‘Buffon” 7,87,48
“Claude Bernard” 28,87
“Descartes” 16
“Lamartine” 28,48
Louvois” 7
“Mirabeau” 28
Montesquieu” 48
“Pascal” 28,26
“Vauban” 28,87,48
“Villars” 28
josikae 42,48,49
julianae 87,48
komarowi 16,48
sargentiana 48
meyeri 16,48
microphylla 87,48
oblata 48
aflinis 48
dilatata 87,48
giraldi 16,48
palibiniana 16
pekinensis 16,48
persica 48,49,86
alba 42

laciniata 16,48
rubra 42
pinetorum 16,48
pinnatifolia 16,48
potanini 48,49
pubescens 48,49,16
reflexa 48,88,16
sweginzowi 16,87,48
superba 7,48
tomentella 16,48
velutina 48
villosa 48,49
vulgaris 50,86,88
alba 48,49,86
wolfi 48, 16
yunnanensis 48
Syringa vulgaris Hort. Vars.

“Adelaide Dunbar” 37,48
Alexander Hamilton” 7
“Alice” 88

“Aline Mocqueris” 16,49
Alphonse Lavallee” 87,
48

[ 26 ]

S. vulgaris Hort. Vars. (cont.)
“Amy Schott” 7
“Arthur William Paul” 87
“Belle de Nancy” 87, t8,
80

“Bleuatre” 87,42,48
“ Boussino’ault” 10,87
“Capitaine Baltet” 42,49
“Capitaine Perrault” 87,
48

Carmen” 42
“Catinat” 87
“Cavour” 49
“Charles X” 87,48
“Charles Baltet” 87
“Charles Hepburn” 87
“Charles Joly” 42,48,86
“Charles Sargent” 42,48
Christophe Colomb” 87,
42

“Clara” 28
“Clara Cochet” 49
“Colbert” 87,48
“Comte Adrien de Monte-
bello” 88,42
Comte de Kerchove” 87
“Condorcet” 87,48,50
“Congo” 87,42,48
“Dame Blanche” 49
“De Miribel” 7,42
“De Saussure” 42
“Decaisne” 42,48
“Diderot” 88,42
“Diplomate” 7
“Dr. Humboldt” 87
“Dr. Maillot” 87,49
‘‘Dr. Masters” 87
“Due de Massa” 49
“Kden” 7

“Edith Cavell” 87,42,48
“PMmond About” 87,88
“Edmond Boissier” 87,42
“Fillen Willmott” 42,48
“Emile Gentil” 42,49
Emile Lemoine” 16
“Etna” 87,48
“Furst Liechtenstein” 87
Geheimrat Singelmann”
88

“General (irant” luS
General Persliing” 16,1-8
General Sherman” 87, 18
Georges Bellair” 87, 1-2
(jlorie de Lorrain” 1-8
(Eoire de Moulins” 1-8
Glory de Horstenstein”

Godron” 87,88
“Goliath” 42
“Grace Orthwaite” 88
Grand-Due Constantin”

“Henri Martin” 87,88,49
“Henry Ward Beecher” 28
“Herman Filers” 87
‘Hippolyte M a ringer”
88,42

“Hugo Foster” 87,49,86
“Hugo de Vries” 87,7
“Jacques Callot” 88,42
“jan Van Tol” 87,42,48
“Jean Mace” 87,42
“Jeanne d’Arc” 48
“ Jules Ferry” 87,42
“Jules Simon” 87,42
“justi” 28
“Kate Harlin” 87
Katherine Havemeyer”
87,48

La Tour d’Auvergne” 28
“Lamarck” 28
“Laplace” 7
Lavoisier” 49
“Le Notre” 87
Le Printemps” 28
“Leon Gambetta” 16,88
Leon Simon” 87,42
“Leopold H” 16,87
“Lilarosa” 28
“Linne” 28
“L'Oncle Tom” 48
“lAicetta” 88
“Lucie Baltet” 87,42,48
Ludwig Spaeth” 87,48
Macrostachya” 88
“Marc Micheli” 28,42
“Marceau” 16,28
“Mareclial de Bassom-

[ 27 ]

S. vulgaris Hort. Vars. (cont.)
pierre” 37

“Marechal Foch” 37,48
“Marechal Lannes” 42,48
“Marengo” 37,48
“Marie Finon” 28,7
“ Marie Legraye” 37,48,36
“Massena 42,48
‘Maurice Barres” 28,7
“M aurice de Vilmorin”
37,38

Maxime Cornu” 37
Maximowicz” 7
“Michel Buchner” 37,48,
36

“Milton” 16,38
‘‘Mireille” 7
“Mile. Fernande Viger”
49

“Mine. Abel Chatenay”

Mine. Antoine Buchner”

37.48

“Mme. Briot” 37,28
“Mme. Casiinir Perier”

37.32.48

“Mme. F. Morel” 37,48
“Mine. Felix** 28,37
“Mine. Florent Stepinan”
16,49,50

“Mine. Kreuter** 48,49
“Mine. Lemoine” 37,48
M me. Leon Simon” 38
“Monge** 38,48
“Mont Blanc** 42,49
“Montaigne” 37,49
“Monument Carnot” 48
Mrs. Edward Harding*’

37.48

“Mrs. McKelvev’* 23
“Mrs. W.K. Marshall” 49
M.J.de M essemaeker”
37,38

M. van Aerschot** 37
Naudin** 37
“Negro** 37,48
“Olivier de Serres” 48,49
“Othello** 16
Pascal** 36

“Pasteur” 49
“Paul Deschanel” 28,48
“Paul Hariot” 37,16
“Paul Thirion” 38,48
“Pearl” 7
“Philemon” 49
Planchon*’ 49
President Fallieres” 38
“President Grevy” 37,48
President Lincoln’* 42
“President Loubet*’ 38,48
President Poincare” 38,
42

“President Viger” 38
“Prince de BeauVeau” 37
Princess Alexandra” 49
Princess Clementine”
37’49

“Prodige” 7

“Professor E. Stoekhardt*’

23.48

Professor Sargent” 49
Reaumur*’ 37,49
Rene Jarry-Desloges”
‘^7,48

Rochambeau” 38
“lloi xAlbert” 16
“Rouge de Trianon” 49
“Rubra de Marly” 16,36
Ruhm von Horstenstein*’

28.38

Saturnale’* 42
“Senateur Volland” 38
“Stadtgartner Rothpeltz*’

16.38

“Sunol” 7
“Thunberg” 38,42
Toussaint-Louverture”

38.48

“Triomphe d’Orleans” 23
“Vestale” 42,48,50
V esuve /

“Victor Lemoine” 26,38
“Violetta” 37,38
“Virgin ite” 37,16
“Viviand-Morel” 48,42
“Volcan” 23,49
“Waldeck- Rousseau” 37
“William Robinson” 42

[28]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popui.ar Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 1 APRIL 24, 1 94 1 Number 5

THE ONE-HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH
OF CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT

CHARLES Sprague Sargent, first Director of the Arnold Arbore-
tum, had an insatiable interest in trees. Even before his asso-
ciation with the institution, he was interested in botany and in horti-
culture, his first appointment at Harvard University being as Director
of the Botanic Garden in Cambridge. On assuming the directorship of
the x\rnold x\rboretum in 1 873, he already appreciated the tremendous
value of collections of living plants as a means of promoting public in-
terest in horticulture. His desire for study and for research, combined
with his deep love of plants and a thorough appreciation of landscape
design, eminently fitted him for the adoption of an unusually farsighted
policy in reference to the development of the Arnold Arboretum ; and
the policies that he developed and maintained throughout his produc-
tive life insured the future of the institution and its present pre-eminent
position. The Arnold Arboretum is the oldest institution of its kind in
x\merica, remarkable among its other accomplishments for the extra-
ordinarily large number of species that it has introduced into cultiva-
tion both in x\merica and in Europe.

To Charles Sprague Sargent horticulture and botany owe a great
debt, a fact that is fully appreciated by those w’ho knew^ him and his
wmrk during his fiftv -three years of service as Director of the Arnold
x^rboretum. However, time frequently dims individual accomplish-
ments, and so it seems fitting on this, the one-hundredth anniversary
of his birth, briefly to review the conditions under wdiich he com-
menced his pioneer work in the early days of the institution, together
with some data appertaining to its present scope and resources; for
what the institution is today is due to the long-continued, consistent,
and highly intelligent guidance initiated by its first Director.

Charles Sprague Sargent was born April 24, 1841, he being the third
child of Ignatius and Henrietta (Gray) Sargent. His father was a w'ell
known merchant of Boston and a direct descendant in the fourth gen-
eration of William Sargent, who probably came from England before
1678. Professor Sargent was graduated from Harvard University in

[29]

1862, and in the following year joined the United States Army, in
which he served during the remainder of the Civil War, attaining the
rank of brevet-major. After leaving the army he spent three years in
European travel and on his return continued his interest in horticul-
ture by managing his father’s beautiful estate in Brookline. In 1872
he was appointed Director of the Harvard Botanic Garden, and served
as professor of horticulture in 1872 and 1873. On November 24, 1873,
he was appointed to direct the newly created Arnold Arboretum, and
two days later married Mary Allen Robeson, a talented and charming
woman, daughter of Andrew Robeson of Boston. Their life together
covered nearly half a century, and it is difficult to disassociate the
aims and activities of the one from the other. Briefly then, this is the
story of Sargent’s life up to the time that he became associated with
the Arnold Arboretum. He was endowed with an excellent back- >
ground, a splendid ancestry, and, fortunately for what he wished to j
accomplish, was financially independent. He was intimately associated f
with the prominent men and women of Boston, from many of whom ']
he obtained liberal financial contributions for the development and j‘
support of the new institution which he had been selected to direct,
and this long-continued support aided him materially in developing
the institution that lie loved so dearly. (For a more detailed account
Rehder, Alfred ; Charles Sprague Sargent, Jour. Arnold Arb. 8 :69-86.
1927).

What he accomplished after 1873 was due largely to his increasing <
desire to make the Arnold Arboretum a garden of trees unsurpassed
in America, and to this purpose he devoted all his energies, working
early and late, day after day, month after month, year after year. The
straiglitfor ward, impersonal account of the first fifty years of the Arnold
Arboretum (jour. Arnold Arb. 3: 127-171. 1922) is his own modest :
account of the greater part of his own productive life. It is familiar
knowledge that in 1873 he took charge of approximately 125 acres
of very poor land, and with an annual assured income of only about
$3,000 with which to establish and develop an institution (for further *
information see Raup, H.M. The Genesis of the Arnold Arboretum.

Bull. Pop. Inf. Series 4, Vol. 8: 1-11. 1940). No one, least of all
Sargent, realized what was ahead, yet he and his associates immedi-
ately commenced the development of the plantings, and in the first !
decade of liis directorship, worked out the famous agreement between
the City of Boston and Harvard University in such an ideal way that t
this arrangement is still a model for newly established arboreta. The j
acreage has been increased by gift and by purchase, until today the
Arboretum covers approximately 265 acres.

Professor Sargent’s greatest interest was in the living collections at |
the Arboretum, kiverything that he did was planned to increase the
number of plant species actually growing on the grounds and to dis-
seminate knowledge appertaining to them. This is why he himself
traveled extensively in Europe and in Japan; this is why he developed
relationships with individuals in foreign countries, such as Bretschneid-
er in Peking; this is why he employed E.H. Wilson; this is why he
(‘oiistantly fostered plant exploration in distant lands where climatic
conditions were somewhat similar to those in Boston; and this is why

[30]

PLATE I

Professor Charles Sprague Sargent in the Arnold Arboretum Library — 1904.

he bequeathed to the Arboretum the capital sum of $10,000 under the
condition that income be added to capital for one hundred years, at
which time, one-half of the accumulated sum is to be made available
for Arboretum maintenance and development and the remainin<r half
is to be left to accumulate interest for a second hundred years, when
this amount, also, may be used for Arboretum purposes. 'I'ruly an
expression of faith in what had been his life work !

In 1873, Professor Sargent listed 118 different kinds of trees,
shrubs, and vines, mostly native, that were already growing on the
property when he was appointed Director of the Arboretum. In the
first two years, he acquired 274- additional species, and constant annual
accessions have been received since that time, until now, instead of
the 1 18 species listed in 1873, there are about 6, .500 different species
and varieties actually in cultivation within the grounds. During a six-
teen year period starting in 192^2, 43,000 packages of seeds, 38,000
living plants, and 11,000 lots of cuttings were distributed by the in-
stitution. Last year alone, 552 packages of seeds taken from its own
plants and 824 packages collected by its cooperative expeditions in
China were sent out as well as 4,115 living plants, 946 lots of cuttings
and scions, these going to various institutions and individuals.

In 1874, he accjuired a few needed publications to guide him in in-
telligently planning and planting the Arboretum, and from time to
time within the next few years secured other reference works. It be-
came increasingly evident, however, that the young Arboretum needed
every cent of its limited income for expenditure in acquiring and plant-
ing trees and shrubs and in propagating them for distribution. Con-
sequently, Professor Sargent urged many of his friends to donate
botanical and horticultural books to the Arboretum, and his reports
covering the first decade of its existence show that several hundred
volumes were thus received each year. In 1892, when the Adminis-
tration Building was constructed with funds provided by Horatio
Hunnewell, Sargent presented his personal library of some six thou-
sand volumes to the Arboretum, a most important gift, as it contained
man,v rare and highly prized volumes. Later he acquired and presented
many more items, and the total was further increased by gifts from
his friends. It was Professor Sargent who laid the foundation for the
Arnold Arboretum library through his personal gifts, and who pro-
vided for its constant increase.

When Mrs. Sargent died in 1919, she bequeathed $5,000 to the
Arboretum, the capital amount in the Mary Robeson Sargent Fund
now being $7,845.75; the income from this fund may be used only
for the purchase of books. On Professor Sargent’s death in 1927, he
bequeathed $20,000 to the Arboretum, the income from which is also
restricted to the purchase of books. Thus today, from these two funds,
the Arboretum has an approximate annual income of $1,150 for the
purchase of books, this forming a living memorial to the man who
established the library and nursed it from infancy. Today it contains
approximately 44,500 bound volumes, 12,800 pamphlets, and 18,700
photographs, being one of the largest, most comprehensive, and most
valuable botanical-horticultural libraries in the world.

Another essential part of the Arboretum is the herbarium, which

[81]

Professor Sargent himself started by collecting specimens on his earlier
trips. Commencing in January, 1880, an assistant (without compen-
sation) gave full time to the building up of the herbarium. At this
time there were 848 mounted specimens and 1,073 unmounted ones
available, either collected by Professor Sargent or received as gifts.

In the following eight months, 1060 species, represented by 2,736
specimens, were added to the collection. Since there was no building
within the grounds suitable for herbarium purposes, the collections
were housed in a vacant building on the Sargent estate, loaned for
the purpose by Ignatius Sargent.

Such were the meagre beginnings of the herbarium. Due to the
continued interest of Professor Sargent and his successors, this col-
lection of reference material has become world-famous in its own right.
Today approximately 495,000 mounted specimens of woody plants are
represented in the organized herbarium, with approximately 100,000
more mounted but not yet distributed, and an equally large number
of unmounted specimens. This great reference collection contains
material from practically every country in the world. The herbarium
is staffed by a number of full-time productive workers. Last year,
twenty-six loans, approximating 2,300 specimens were sent to indi-
viduals in thirteen other institutions for study purposes. In the same
period, about 67,000 specimens were actually received. Due to its
vigorous growth, the herbarium was moved from the Sargent estate
to the Administration Building, as soon as the latter was completed,
in 1892. A large herbarium annex was added in 1905, but the com-
bined herbarium space of these two buildings is now far two small for
these tremendously valuable and rapidly expanding collections.

Due to Professor Sargent’s efforts, the Arboretum increased from
an initial 125 acres of worn-out pasture land to an area of 265 acres,
on which is maintained a world-famous collection of living plants, a
library unecpialed in its field in the world, and an herbarium of woody ,
plants surpassed in extent and value by no similar restricted collection
elsewhere. After Professor Sargent’s death, his friends subscribed
$1,066,993.90 to form the Charles Sprague Sargent Memorial Fund,
this being done in appreciation of his life-long work and his outstand-
ing accomplishments in the general fields of horticulture and botany,
riie income from this fund made it possible to expand the functions
of the Arboretum, particularly in the research field, a development
which Professor Sargent had long desired. I

Now the Arnold Arboretum is an integral part of Harvard Universi- I
ty, several of its staff teaching regular University courses, and others
directing graduate students. The grounds, library, and laboratories I
are used not only by staff members and Harvard University students, |
but by individuals and scientists from many parts of the world. Many
individuals have contributed to make the Arnold Arboretum the in-
stitution that it is today, but the outstanding contributor of time,
thought, effort, farsighted direction, and funds was Charles Sprague
Sargent. Many honors were bestowed upon Professor Sargent during
his long and productive career, but the Arboretum itself stands as a |
living memorial to him, for of him it may most truly be said : N/ mon-
unteniton requins, circtimspice.

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 1 APRIL 29, 1941 Number 6

RHODODENDRON INJURY

Last winter was very trying to rhododendrons. Old plants and
young plants were injured, and in some cases killed, from New
Jerse.y to Maine, and it is most difficult to explain the exact causes.
The injury has struck so suddenly and been so widespread that it is
doubtful if it could be caused by disease. The only logical blame
might be placed on the weather, though there are several loopholes
in this explanation also. It is yet too early to state the exact causes
definitely, and since it occurred over such a wide area there may well
have been several contributing causes, but until careful examinations
are made, it would seem logical to blame it on the weather.

The situation has been this. During the past winter the weather
has been consistently cold and the snow on the ground remained as
a good covering until March 22 in Boston, or two days later in the
suburbs, according to the Boston Weather Bureau, with the temper-
ature averaging six degrees below normal for the earlier part of March.
As far as the plants were concerned, this was satisfactory, and not
harmful.

However, suddenly on March 23rd the temperature rose to 56 de-
grees. There was a cloudless sky and 100% sunshine with a wind of
seventeen miles per hour. The relative humidity fell to the low thirties
though it had been considerably higher for a greater part of the month.
A similar condition prevailed on March 26th and 27th, culminating
on the 31st with a maximum temperature of 49 degrees, a wind of
twenty-four miles per hour, and the remarkably low humidity of 17%.

Naturally, with such comparatively high temperatures and low
humidities, the plants, especially the rhododendrons, would transpire

[33]

a great deal. However, the ground was still frozen, and after a long
winter, such a high transpiration was serious to almost any broad-
leaved evergreen since the soil water was still frozen and hence un-
available to the plants. In other words, rhododendrons, normally
lose a certain amount of water all winter long, even though this supply
cannot be replenished from the frozen ground. This is the reason for
watering them in the fall thoroughly, before the soil freezes, so that
they will have sufficient moisture to carry them through the winter.
When, after several months with the ground frozen, a few days come
with winds, high temperatures and low humidities, the rhododendrons
are called upon to give off more water than they can afford to lose,
and the result is total or partial death of certain plant parts. Added
to this is the fact that since the ground has thawed there has been
only one half inch of rain up until April 28rd, and the damage has
been evident long before this. Hence, during the period when not
only the roots of rhododendrons but their tops as well might have
been benefited with extra water, there was only one half inch of rain
in a month’s time.

This explanation also may assist in explaining why some plants were
injured and others close by were not, for the uninjured plants may
have had a deeper root system and hence been able to tap a larger
supply of water.

However, the damage has been done over a wide area. Not only
rhododendrons, but mountain-laurel and other broad-leaved evergreens
have been injured. Hemlocks and narrow-leaved evergreens have been
injured to less extent, chiefly in exposed situations. As far as can be
found out at this time, a few deciduous plants also have been injured.

Now that the injury is evident, what steps should be taken to help
the rhododendrons back into good growth? In the first place, it may
be too soon to prune heavily. Certainly watering the roots if the ground
is dry, and sprinkling the tops in the late evening after the sun has
set, might help the plants recover and prevent the injury from spread-
ing. In fact, one recommendation has been made that partially in-
jured plants be sprayed with some one of various rubber solutions now
on the market to prevent excessive transpiration ; but none too much
is known yet concerning the final results of these rubber (or wax) so-
lutions on rhododenron foliage and it might be a better policy to spray
the foliage with water in the evenings. Later on, when the extent of
the injury can be definitely determined, all injured wood should be
removed. The danger from pruning too heavily at this time is because
it is frequently difficult to distinguish injured wood from uninjured

[34]

PLATE II

Flowers and fruits of the hardy orange, Foncirus frifoliakt. This bloomed
well in the Arboretum last week and came through the winter
uninjured, though hardier shrubs suffered considerably.

wood, and it would be a pity to remove live wood unnecessarily.

Little can be done to prevent such injury again. Mulches are always
recommended for rhododendrons, yet in late winter and early spring
when the damage from the above-mentioned causes is greatest, the
mulch does prevent the ground from thawing out rapidly. Possibly
protecting exposed plants with some screens against winds would prove
helpful but this is usually practiced under normal conditions. It is
doubtful if many of these severely injured rhododendrons will regain
good health. Certainly those people owning collections must be pre-
pared to take some loss of plants, and a smaller number of flowers this
spring will undoubtedly be the result in most gardens.

Another Arnold Arboretum Field Class

A field class will be conducted at the Arnold Arboretum on Satur-
day mornings during the month of May. This class has proved pop-
ular in former j^ears, and is open to all those who wish to gain a more
intimate knowledge of the flowering trees and shrubs growing in the
Arnold Arboretum. Dr. Donald Wyman, Horticulturist of the Arbo-
retum, will conduct the class for a two-hour period each Saturday
morning, weather permitting, during the month of May. The objec-
tive will be to study the various woody plants as they come into bloom,
and to consider any additional points of culture and care which may
be desired by those attending. No previous training is essential, but
it would be helpful if applicants would register in advance by mail.

The first meeting will be on Saturday, May 8, from 10 to 12 A.M.
'riiere will be a nominal registration fee of $1.00 per person, payable
in advance by mail. The group will meet promptly at the Forest Hills
Gate, the entrance to the x\rboretum which is nearest the Forest Hills
station of the Boston Elevated Railways. The group will study the
various collections of flowering plants in the sequence in which they
bloom, and the better horticultural varieties will be pointed out to-
gether with nursery sources where thej^ may be obtained. Though
many of the plants growing in the Arboretum are * Vare”, a thorough
investigation of 1911 nursery catalogues has disclosed lO^l nursery
sources for literally hundreds of woody plants formerly considered un-
obtainable in this country. Hence, by continually referring to the
availability of the ‘rare” plants considered by the group, the infor-
mation obtained will be decidedly practical and timely to New Eng-
land garden owners. All those interested should register immediately
as it may be necessary to limit the number in the class.

Donald Wyman

[36]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Infoilaiation
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 1 MAY 23, 1941 Number 7

WINTER INJURY AND SERIOUS PESTS
TO BE FOUGHT NOW

IN the last issue of Arnoldia, (Vol. 1, No. 6, April 29, 194 1), men-
tion was made of the severe damage done to rhododendrons and
a few other evergreens during the past winter, especially during the
latter half of March of this year. Since that bulletin was written, con-
siderable damage has appeared among deciduous plants, both trees and
shrubs, including species which normally are not subject to winter
injury. A careful examination of hundreds of plants affected at the
^Vrnold Arboretum shows a very confusing picture. Shrubs in certain
areas may be killed to the ground, whereas the same species in an-
other part of the xVrboretum in apparently just as exposed or just as
protected situations, may be completely unharmed.

As a result of these confusing data, it seems advisable at this time
to base the winter damage on the vagaries of the weather as explained
in that bulletin. This does not explain why twenty-five and thirty-
foot tall varieties of Carpinus hetulus are injured for the first time in
many years, nor does it explain why Kerr'ui japonica is uninjured at
one place and severely injured at another. Nor does it explain why
the species of Ed'ochorda, normally somewhat tender, escaped injury
in all parts of the Arboretum, nor why Abelia grandijiora is badly in-
jured while Fiburnum mdcrocep/iahnn sterile, growing next to it, is in
perfect condition.

Believing that some readers of Arnoldia would be interested in a
partial list of plants which have shown more or less severe winter in-
jury up to the present time, such a list is given below. While some
of these are subject to slight injuries every winter, these have been
included as a matter of record. If the list does nothing else, it may
help to console gardeners by recording the fact that winter injury
has hurt gardens besides their own.

[;^7]

A Few of the Woody Plants Injured Last Year

Abelia grandiflora
Amorpha fruticosa
Berberis vulgaris atropurpurea
Buddleia alternifolia
Callicarpa sp.

Calycanthus fertilis ferax
Carpinus betulus carpinizza
globosa
horizontalis
quercifolia

Cornus florida — 50% of the
flower buds

rubra — branches killed
Coronilla emerus
Corylopsis pauciflora
Cotoneaster mierophylla
Cydonia oblonga
Cytisus “Burbank hybrids”
elongatus
sessilifolius
scoparius

andreanus
Deutzia hypoleuca
lemoinei
rosea

Gordonia alatamaha
Hydrangea arborescens
cinerea

Ilex crenata convexa
helleri

Kalmia latifolia
Kerria japonica
Leucothoe raceinosa
Ligustrum acuminatum macro-
carpum

Lonicera fragrantissima
involucrata serotina

Lonicera korolkovi
myrtillus

orientalis longifolia
standishi lancifolia
tatarica angustifolia
latifolia
lutea
thibetica

Philadelphus-most sp. and vars.
Physocarpus capitatus

intermedins parvifolius
Prunus maritima
subhirtella

pendula A. J. Ives se-
lection”

Ptelea trifoliata mollis
Rhododendrons — many hybrids
and species
Ribes gordonianum
holosericeum
nigrum apiifolium
petraeum
Rosa rugosa

spinosissima Plato”
“Pythagoras”
watsoniana
Sophora viciifolia
Spiraea sp. — most of them in-
jured

Staphylea colchica
pinnata

Stephanandra tanakae
Symphoricarpos chenaulti
Viburnum dentatum
venosum canbyi
Weigela Congo” — others very
little

A Few of the Woody Plants Killed to the Ground

A morph a brae h year pa
canescens

Calycanthus fertilis
florid us ovatus
Carpinus betulus compacta
Ceanothus americanus
pallidus roseus
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Colutea arborescens
media

Cytisus albus

Cytisus ratisbonensis
Genista pilosa
Helwingia japonica
Ligustrum obtusifolium
Lonicera quinquelocularis
Neillia sinensis
ueki

Pachistima myrsinites
Prunus bokhariensis
Ribes bethmonti
nigrum

[38]

The Elm Leaf Beetle

More growing pains for interested home owners everywhere in the
northeast this year will be caused by the elm leaf beetles, which un-
doubtedly will be present in large numbers. Mature beetles have been
appearing in many houses during the early spring, and by May 15
had made their appearance on some of the elm trees in the Arnold
Arboretum.

Last year there was a particularly bad infestation of these beetles
in New England. Though many American elms were badly infested,
some of the European elms were practically defoliated. As is usually
the case in such circumstances, many home owners did not think of
spraying until the damage was done, i.e. after the trees were practi-
cally defoliated. As a result the larvae ate voraciously and were al-
lowed to mature into beetles. Many of these beetles wintered over in
protected nooks and crannies and have already started eating holes
in elm foliage this year. Just now, these mature beetles are busily
engaged laying their light yellowish orange colored eggs on the under
side of elm leaves. One female may deposit as many as six hundred
eggs ! These eggs will soon hatch and the young larvae will commence
eating on the under surface of the elm leaves, completing their growth
in fifteen or twenty days. The remedy is immediate spraying with
lead arsenate about 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water using some good
sticker.” This should control the pest if the spray be aimed parti-
cularly at the under side of the leaves, and may even kill some of the
mature beetles before they lay their eggs.

Because the insect is appearing unusually early this year, it may be
necessary to spray a second time in order eifectively to control the
larvae when they appear. The important thing to remember is that
if the same trees are allowed to be completely defoliated again this
year as were defoliated last year, it will seriously weaken them and
one more defoliation next year may be the cause of their death. Our
New England elms are worth keeping, and with the Dutch elm dis-
ease practically at our door step, it is imperative that we keep these
elms in a vigorous and healthy condition.

Willow leaf Beetle and Canker worms

The willow leaf beetle, a small steel-blue beetle, is now actively
devouring the foliage of willow trees while the canker worms are eat-
ing the foliage of many ornamental trees, including oaks, lindens,
elms and crabapples. Both these insects can be controlled by using
the same spray as is recommended for the elm leaf beetle.

Garden Cut Worms

Though these are troublesome pests mostly to herbaceous garden
plants, they have shown themselves to be present in such large num-
bers around Boston that they should not be overlooked. Gardeners

■ [39]

will be troubled with them from now until the middle of June. The
species which are particularly numerous around Boston this year are
the dingy cut-worms. They eat succulent young plants either at or
near the surface of the soil. Their numbers are governed from year
to year chiefly by the amount of rainfall the previous year, much rain
forcing them to the surface where birds and predatory insects eat
them or else the excess moisture preventing the females from laying
eggs in satisfactory places. From their numbers this year, apparently
conditions were ideal for them during May and June last year. About
the only method of controlling them now is to sprinkle a poison bran
bait over the soil in the early evening, since these cut worms feed
chiefly at night. The bait might be made in the following proportions:

lbs. bran

oz. sodium arsenate
4: pint black molasses
sufficient water to make a mash

These are a few of our plant troubles this year. Now is the time to
control them, while they are actively eating the foliage of trees, shrubs
and plants. Do not delay spraying until the damage is done.

Notes

The Oberly Memorial Fund Committee of the American Library
Association has awarded the Oberly Memorial Prize for 1940-41 to
Dr. E. D. Merrill, Arnold Arboretum, and Dr. E.H. Walker, Smith-
sonian Institution for their ^^Bibliography of Eastern Asiatic Botany”
published by the Arnold Arboretum. This selection was made in com-
petition, the objective of the committee being to select the most out-
standing bibliography in the fields of agriculture and the natural
sciences. The Eunice Rock wood Oberlj^ Memorial Fund was established
in 1924 and awards are made at two year intervals.

At the annual meeting of the National Academy of Sciences in
Washington on April 30, Dr. Karl Sax of the Arboretum staff was
honored by election to membership. It is worthy of note that three
of tlie present stall' members of the Arboretum are included among
the twenty-five making up the section of botany of the Academy.
PRections are limited to fifteen in the whole field of science in any
one year and Dr. Sax was the onlj- botanist elected this year.

Apparently this season will break all records of visitors to the Ar-
boretum with approximately 43,000 visitors on Lilac Sunday, May
18. Because of the continued cool weather the lilacs and hundreds
of other trees and shrubs are still retaining their flowers, making the
Arboretum well worth a visit this week end.

Donald Wyman

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bui.letin of Popui.ar Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 1 JULY 25, 1941 Number 8

HIBISCUS SYRIACUS

IT was only towards the end of the last century that the native
home of Hibiscus syriacus was determined to be China and not
Syria as Loudon and others of the older writers had supposed. Bean
tells us that the travels of Augustine Henry definitely placed the
plant, both wild and in cultivation, in the Orient. Like the so-called
Persian lilac, it had, presumably, come down over the old trade route
to the Near East at some long forgotten time.

But Chinese or not, we shall probably continue to meet with such
vernacular references as Syrian rose. Rose of Sharon (probably appli-
cable by right only to some bulbous plant), or Syrian Ketmie. The
older European gardeners, noticing the hollyhock-like flowers, used
the everyday name of Althaea frutex. Being apt, this name has stayed
with the plant in all sections influenced by the European tradition.
Now, however, Ketmie— an old botanical name for Hibiscus in gen-
eral— is being revived in England as a common name. That this re-
vival looks to broader horizons may be determined by taking the word
on a talking tour. It is Ketmie, or Ketmia, in English, French and
German; Chetmia in Italian; Ketmi in Turkish and Khatmiyah in
Arabic. Thus the Althaea may yet come to be known in gardens as
the Syrian Ketmie.

The older estimates of the relative hardiness and particular cultural
requirements of the one woody species of Hibiscus have lived on to
misdirect us. Parkinson started some of the misunderstanding back
in 1629 by rating the Althaea so tender that its indicated treatment
was pot or tub culture with winter storage in buildings or cellars. x\l-
though, in the long years since then, Parkinson’s idea has been upset,

[41]

there still remains a tendency to place an over-amount of blame for
cultural failure with the Althaea on an exaggerated supposition of
innate tenderness.

Fully as important as inherent hardiness are the factors of suitable
soil and environmental conditions. Many instances of Althaea loss in
northern United States may be traced to the literal application of
recommendations of English rather than Continental horticultural
writers. Philip Miller’s opinion, expressed in 1768, is still being heed-
ed to the inhibition of happy Althaea culture. Obviously of but local
usefulness was his dictum that ^^they want light soil, not too wet, for
in strong land their stems grow mossy and they never thrive there-
after. ” Somehow his plea for light, dry soil has too often prompted
planting in parched, gravelly liillsides in America. Or, as it is some-
times put, “Althaeas need to be put on the driest spot on the place”.

The cultural directions set down in nineteenth century France are
much more adaptable for our use. Abel Carriere recognized that, while
the woody Hibiscus wants full sun and can sometimes endure drought
or extreme wet, what it really desires is a deep, amply watered soil.
His definite advice was strict attention to the watering of plants es-
tablished in dry places. Personal experience in New England has
shown that it is usually less disastrous to err on the wet side in select-
ing sites for Althaea planting. The influence of environmental factors
such as these will be reflected directly in the size of the leaves and in
the general aspect of the plants while in growth.

Another truth expressed in the French literature, and known to
numerous plantsmen in this country, is that winter injury strikes
chiefly at young, quick-growing plants. Unless such striplings are
protected heavily or taken up and stored for the first winter or so^
they cannot be expected to develop size and structure in proportion
to their age in the cold north. This killing back or freezing out is not
to be expected witli older, slower-growing plants. These last may
have some twigs frozen but, since the Althaea flowers on new wood,
such injury is usually superficial. Thus, the Althaeas should be in-
troduced into northern gardens in Spring in the form of plants which
are old enough and large enough to have developed Avinter-resistant
tops. After planting, their leaves may be very slow in unfolding.
Many newly set plants have been so deliberate about showing new
growth that they have been given up, erroneously, for dead.

In planting newly purchased Althaeas, whether trained as bushes
or standards, pruning should follow the practice of removal of whole
branches. By this process of thinning, as opposed to severe lopping

[42]

back of all upper branches, size of plant is not reduced, more old,
weather-resistant branches are retained and fewer winter-tender shoots
are induced. Routine pruning of established plants can proceed, when
necessary, on this same basis. Pruning of old plants usually need
consist of nothing more than the removal of dead wood in spring.

Propagation of the Althaea by either leafy or hardwood cuttings is
a relatively simple process. However, in the light of the above dis-
cussion of tenderness of young plants, it seems prudent to limit its
use in northern gardens to the increasing of individual forms not
available in the trade.

Although eighteenth century gardeners often grew Althaeas from
cuttings or layers, they much preferred two other methods of propa-
gation. For increase of the variegated-leaved sorts, they chose to
graft on seedling understocks. Strangely enough. Althaeas are still
being so grafted in this country. Most usually, they grew their plants
from seed. By so doing, they had bushes large enough for setting in
permanent locations by the end of the fourth year. From the lack of
records of introduction, it is reasonable to assume that all of the named
forms of Althaea are but chance products of this practice, selected out
and preserved by alert, but now unknown, gardeners.

While Parkinson noted but two or three varieties, Miller and Han-
bury, about a hundred years later, recorded forms with pale purple,
dark purple, white, pale yellow and red flowers. Also listed were two
forms with variegated leaves. In all of these, the flowers were single
and had dark-blotched petal bases. Out of the lot one of the purples
might be picked as representing the type flower. As time went on
more selections were made, particularly in France at such places as
the nursery of Simon-Louis Freres.

With this increase in the number of garden forms, a strange evo-
lution in their names took place. Instead of the simple color designa-
tions of the older authors, the nineteenth century knew such varieties
as H. s. jiore luteolo plena, H. s, flare rasea striata simplice, H. s. flare
alba plena Sind others with equally unmanageable Latin descriptions
for names. Fortunately, we are today confronted only by simple,
obvious garden names, some of which are commemorative and others
arrived at by anglicizing of older names. In some known, and prob-
ably other uncertain cases, the newer names were bestowed on well-
known old forms by rechristening.

Of the newer Althaeas now available, a reasonably representative
selection could be had by securing the following varieties : In white
there are ^^Totus Albus” (sometimes called ^^Snowdrift” or Snow-

[43]

storm”), a pure white single; “Jeanne d’Arc” (identical to the old
H. s. jiore a/bo p/eno), a double pure white and “ Anemonaeflorus, ”
semi-double with dark center. Red varieties are “Rubis,” single,
and “Ducde Brabant,” dark double. “Ardens” is double lavender-
violet. “Boule de Feu” is violet-red. “Coelestis” (“Celeste”) is
single, purplish blue in flower color. About the nearest to pink in
Althaeas are “Lucy,” semi-double and “ Amplissimus,” double.
Many others are offered including the hardly desirable variegated-
leaved sorts and the varieties with striped petals.

Most of the garden value of Althaea centers around its habit of
flowering late in the summer when few other shrubs are in bloom.
This important contribution to garden interest was not appreciated
by the gloomy old author in Curtis’ Botanical Magazine when he
wrote that “we view it, however, with less delight, as it is a sure in-
dication of approaching winter.” While the flowering season often
hangs over into the autumn, the leaves of the Althaea do not put on
any kind of distinct fall coloration. One other seasonal property of
the Althaea was pointed out by E. Jouin, a French nurseryman. He
studied his favorite varieties and was able to classify them as being
early, mid-season or late in their relative times of flowering. Of those
mentioned above, M. Jouin rated “Coelestis” as early-flowering,
“Totus Albus” as mid-season and “Jeanne d’Arc” as coming later
than either of the other two.

George Graves

Massachusetts Horticultural Society
Notes

Plants from England. Even with all the difficulties concerning ship-
ping on the North Atlantic these days, the Arnold Arboretum recent-
1}’ received a shipment of live woody plants from Hillier’s nursery in
England. This was the fulfilment of a normal order placed early in
the spring. There were about 100 plants altogether representing fifty
different kinds, and though they were en route nearly a full month,
they arrived in fair condition and all but four of them will live. None
of these plants are represented in living American collections.

Dr. E. D. Merrill, Administrator of Botanical Collections and Di-
rector of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, has recently
been elected an honorary member of the Royal Agricultural Society
of India.

Donald Wyman

ARNOLDIA

( ^'0V 14 1941 )

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume I

OCTOBER 31 , 1941

Numbers 9- 1 2

NUT GROWING IN THE NORTHEASTERN STATES^

HE Northeastern States have a rich heritage of native nut trees. xA.mong the

A species occurring in the fields and woodlands are six hickories, the black
M’alnut, the butternut, tMo species of filberts, the beechnut, and formerly the
chestnut. At the present time, however, these species have not been developed
in the horticultural sense and so do not form any commercial industry, nor have
they been improved by selection and breeding in a Avay comparable to the Persian
M'alnut or the pecan. The nuts that are grown commercially in America such as
the Persian walnut, the pecan, the European filbert, and the almond have all
originated either in foreign countries or in the region to the South and West
M'here the climate is better suited for their growth.

The planting of improved nut trees in the northeastern states is thus a com-
paratively recent development. To be sure nut trees have been given a sort of
culture in that they have been left in the fence roAvs and in the fields that were
cleared of other species and seedling trees have been planted around the home
grounds from Avhich nuts have been harvested from time to time. Except with
the chestnut it is only Avithin the last quarter century that there has been any
attempt to improA^e the nuts groAA'n and to encourage nut culture in any real
sense. Such improA^ements as have taken place have been the discovery of A^arie-
ties that bear superior nuts and their propagation and testing. In the Northeast
this process is still in the exploratory stage and there is yet much to learn as to
the adaptation of the A arious kinds of nut trees to this region.

As the AAwk has progressed it has become evident that the successful produc-
tion of improved nuts in the Northeast is largely dependent upon the discovery

^Referring specifically to New England, New York and Pennsylvania. Of course the infor-
mation would also apply to other regions with similar climate.

[45]

of varieties tliat are adapted to this region. Most of the varieties of nuts which
have been selected, named and propagated have originated to the South and West
and when brought into the north easteril states have not produced good crops
mostly because the climate is not warm enough and the growing season long enough
for the normal development of the variety. It seems obvious that for the most part
in this region nut culture must be developed from varieties which have originated
in the North or in parts of other countries which have a similar climate. The search
for varieties adapted to the North has been going on for some time and a consid-
erable number have been named. The time is now ripe for more extended plant-
ing of nut trees to determine their adaptability to growth in northern locations.
Planting nut trees for shade and as a hobby is to be greatly encouraged because
not only are trees of assured hardiness and landscape value available but the
grower by testing varieties is contributing to our knowledge of nut culture in the
Northeast.

Climatic Factors

With nut trees, as with all other plants, the most important determining factor
in their survival and growth is the climate of the region where they are planted.
Apparently the limiting factor with many species is winter cold, particularly the
absolute low temperatures reached in any one season. Most nut species are long
lived trees and although the winters of several decades may not be injurious the
occasional exceptional Avinter may entirely Avipe out a given species or variety.
This has occurred in parts of the North Avith the Persian AAalnut. Previous to
1933-34 there Avere a considerable number of these trees flourishing in the fruit
belt of Avestern NeAV York State, many of Avhich had groAvn to a bearing size. The
unprecedented cold of that season killed most of the trees outright except in a A ery
limited area Avhere the temperature did not fall beloAv -!20° F. This temperature
is critical not only for most A arieties of Persian AA'alnuts but for many A arieties of
filberts, Chinese and Japanese chestnuts, heartnuts, and some black Avalnuts.
There is little use in planting trees of these A arieties if such temperatures are of
frecpient recurrences. The zones Avith temperatures aboA*e -20° F. oA^er a lo year
period are shoAvn in the accompanying map. (Plate III)

Another climatic factor that is of real importance in the groAving of nut trees
is the length of the groAving season or the number of days betAveen freezes. Prac-
ticallA' no species Avill stand a hard freeze after the groAAth starts in the spring.
These spring frosts rarely kill the trees outright but destroA’ the neAv shoots and
AA'ith them the year's crop. At Ithaca, N.Y., it is probable that this killing of the
neAv groAvth on hickories and Avalnuts is responsible for crop failure more often
than any one other factor. The leaves come out from other buds after the freeze
and during the groAving season the trees appear normal except for the fact that
there is no croj). Most of our nut tree species recjuire a groAving season of at least
150 days betAveen frosts although butternuts and filberts may require less. The

[46]

Map shoMng absolute minimum temperatures in
Northeastern states from i92& fo 1990.

A temperature oF • 20' F is critical for some
kinds of nut trees.

PLATE III. Note: Tlie maps have been prepared from data supplied from the U.S. Weather Bureau publications modified
in the lif^ht of other known cliniatic and f^eo^raphical features. The zones are only approximate and local conditions such aS
altitude, exposure and nearness to bodies of water may have an imi)ortant efl’ect on the f^rowth of trees.

leng'th of the o-rowino* season for the various parts of the northeastern states is
shown on the accompanying map. (Plate IV)

Somewhat less damagino- than late spring frosts are freezes which occur in early
fall. Black walnuts are particularly likely to be damaged at this time. The nuts on
the trees will not be hurt by light frosts but if the temperature goes to +!25° F.
or below there is likelihood that not only will the leaves be frozen off the trees
but the nuts themselves will be frozen so as to make them poorl.v flavored and
useless. In many cases if the leaves are frozen from the trees the development
of the nuts will stop and the nuts are poorly filled. Early fall freezes, if the drop
in temperature is rapid and occurs before the growth on the trees has hardened,
may cause serious damage to both trees and nuts.

Associated witli tlie same problem as the length of the growing season between
frosts is the mean summer temperature sometimes expressed as total summer heat.
Varieties of fruit trees, nuts included, require a certain amount of heat above a
base temperature in order to develop well-filled nuts. Thus, even though the
growing season may be sufficiently long, if the temperature during the growing-
season is too low, nuts will not mature. This is particularly important with those
species that normally grow farther South such as the northern pecan from Illinois
and many of the black walnut varieties. These trees may be perfectly hardy as
far as winter low temperatures are concerned but they rarely mature a crop because
of cool summers and the short growing season. Sometimes exceptionally warm
seasons will mature nut varieties in a region where they usually fail to ripen. The
same thing is also true of grapes and other fruits.

Local variations in climate are often important in determining the suitability
for growing nut tree species on a particular site. On the accompanying maps the
climatic zones are indicated in a general Avay. Within these zones, however, there
may be certain sites which are more favorable for the growth of nut trees than
others. These sites are related to proximity to bodies of Avater, good air drainage,
protection from Avinds or other favorable factors. An example of such a site has
been observed at Aurora on Cayuga Lake, N. Y. Here on a certain bench close
to the lake and surrounded by rather high banks, a number of species Avere groAving
for many years that Avere not adapted to the surrounding region. These included
a California redAvood, a number of Persian Avalnuts and a feAV northern pecans.
These trees had groAA n to considerable size and had produced satisfactory crops
but in tlie Avinter of 1988-34 the lake froze over for the first time in many years
and the temperature on a single night dropped to an unprecedented Ioav point.
All of the trees except the pecans Avere either killed or badly damaged. Advan-
tage should be taken of such locations Avherever they occur. On the other hand
exposed hillsides, frost pockets, and high elevations should be aAmided.

From the above discussion of climate and an examination of the maps, it be-
comes evident tliat parts of the Northeast differ greatly in their suitability for groAV-

PLATE IV. See Note under Plate III.

ino- nut trees. In northern New England, particularly Maine, New Hampshire
and Vermont, only a few of the most hardy kinds such as the butternut can be
grown. In southern Pennsylvania, however, most species and varieties will suc-
ceed. In between these areas conditions become increasingly less favorable from
South to North, the suitability of any locality being influenced by local factors
that effect temperature, air drainage, and the like.

Species and Varieties

As before indicated, the problem of growing nut trees in the northeastern states
is largely a matter of varieties and their adaptation. The greatest concentration
of the more valuable native species, particularly the black walnut and the shagbark
hickoiy, is in the Mississippi River basin, particularly the Middle West. Named
sorts originating in these regions are probably not adapted to northern New York
or New England and should be planted with the realization that it is an experi-
mental project or else there should be assurance based on tests tliat the varieties
will succeed. The })robable solution of the problem is to obtain varieties that have
originated locally or under similar climatic conditions and are of proven worth.

BLACK WALNUT: The black walnut, although primarily a plant of the jNIis-
sissippi River basin and the region of the Great Lakes, is hardy in most parts of
the Northeast and one of the most valuable nut trees for the region. It is exten-
sivel.v planted around the farmsteads in southern New England and southward and
has escaped along the fence rows and in waste places where it is not native. Most
of the varieties whicli have been named and propagated originated to the West
and South of New England and have not proved suitable here. At Ithaca, New
York, the variety Thomas has been one of the most successful but apparently this
is about the limit of its northern range and even here there are seasons when the
nuts do not mature. Other varieties extensively ])ropagated such as *‘Ohio” and
the ^ ^Stabler,” do not mature at Ithaca or farther North. Varieties of northern
origin have as yet not been sufficiently tested to be sure of their behavior in New
Fingland. They are, however, the most promising for this region and are well worth
a trial. Among these can be mentioned the “Tasterite” and ‘‘Snyder” from the
Ithaca region, the “Wiard” and “Allen” from Michigan, the “Kettler” from
Wisconsin, the Clark** from southern Minnesota and the Cresco” from north-
ern Iowa. These are being propagated sparingly by nurserymen and could be
propagated to order if the grower so desires.

'riiose interested in nut culture should observe trees growing in the northern
part of the black walnut range and select those which produce the best nuts over
a period of years. These can be propagated by nurserymen on order or grafted
by the individual himself. It is only by such selection from trees that are suc-
cessful that ])rogress will be made in the varietal adaptation of nuts to a northern
environment.

[50]

I

PLATE V. See Note luider Plate III.

The variation in cracking* quality and size of black walnuts is great. Some of
the better sorts may have as high as 35*^ kernel although 20*^ kernel is good
and most common seedlings have considerably less. Black walnuts are best adapted
to deep, rich, slightly alkaline or neutral soils with good drainage. They are found
growing naturally in alluvial soil in the river valleys. In the North such sites
should be avoided if they are ‘‘frost pockets.”

BUTTERNUT; The butternut extends the farthest North in its natural range
of any of the important nut trees and in fact in northern New England is about
the only nut which will succeed. Here it should receive much more attention than
it has in the past. It has the disadvantage of being rather short lived under some
conditions. The cause of this in some cases is a parasitic fungus but in others it
is apparently related to the nature of the tree itself.

Although the butternut will succeed fairly well on the poorer upland soils it
thrives best on richer neutral soils with good drainage. A dozen or more varieties
liave been selected but only a few have been propagated commercially. Some of
the named sorts that are propagated by nurserymen, at least in small quantities,
are the “Ken worthy,” “Irvine,” “Love,” “Sherwood,” “Thill” and “Van der
Poppen. ” For some unknown reason the butternut is not easily propagated. Named
varieties certainly deserve much more attention than they now receive because of
their very superior cracking quality as compared with the ordinary run of seedlings.

PERSIAN WALNUT: Attempts have been made to grow the Persian or English
walnut in the Northeast for many years with recurring damage from winter cold.
'Prees in the protected fruit regions of New York became large enough to bear
good crops until the extreme cold winter of 1933-34. At that time practically all
Persian walnuts in the East were either killed outright or very severely damaged.
Apparently the temperature of -20° F. becomes critical for most trees of this
species and (piick droi)s in temperature in spring or fall may be injurious at higher
temperatures.

At the present time there is a very real interest in what are known as the Car-
pathian walnuts which have been introduced from Poland by Mr. Paul Crath of
Toronto, Canada. These trees are grown from seeds or grafts from trees in the
Carpathian Mountains which have withstood temperatures as low as —40° F. Some
of these trees have been growing in North America in both Canada and the United
States for a dozen years or more and show promise of successful culture. The
seedling trees are now beginning to fruit so that in the near future more accurate
information regarding their behavior should be available. At the present time
they offer promise of establishing Persian walnuts in the Northeast. Trees are
available mostly as seedlings in both the United States and Canada. It should be
borne in mind that even though the Carpathian walnut is hardy there may be
other climatic factors which are limiting in their culture, such as length of growing

[52]

PLATE VI

Black walnuts. The nuts at the left show large and small variations. The one at the right is the Snyder variety,
originating near Ithaca, N.Y., and has good cracking quality. The disk is slightly larger than a twenty-five cent piece.

season or the amount of summer heat available. Indications are, however, that
they are adapted to relatively short seasons and they have shown little killing
back from winter cold. As yet there are no named varieties in the trade.

JAPANESE WALNUT: The Japanese walnut (juglans Siebo/diajui) makes rnpid
and luxurious growth even in rather poor soils and is well adapted for use as a
shade tree. It comes into bearing early and has a tro])ieal appearance which is
very pleasing. Seedling trees vary considerably in their hardiness but for the most
part withstand winter cold in all except the most severe parts of the Northeast.
At Ithaca, many have withstood temperatures of -35° F. without damage. On the
other hand there are some seedlings which have been damaged at -"20° F., and
early fall freezes may be damaging at higher temperatures. Tlie nuts of the Jap-
anese walnut resemble the butternut in flavor of the kernel, but in general are
not so highly flavored. Some types of this nut are fairly smooth whereas others
are rougli much like the butternut. It was thought that these rough nuts were
hybrids with the butternut, but the fact that such rough nuts occur in Asia where
there are no butternuts indicates that they are probably only a form. The name
huartuut is used for Japanese walnuts of the rough shelled type. As yet there are no
named varieties of this nut.

HEARTNUT: The lieartnut (jug/fuis Slehohliaiia, var. cordiformis) is a sport or
mutation of the Japanese walnut resembling it closely in foliage and growth habit.
The nuts have much better cracking quality, however, and with most of the named
sorts kernels can be recovered whole. The shells of some of them can be split
apart witli a knife inserted in the base of the nut. The nuts are smooth and at-
tractive in appearance ancl althougli usually smaller, they are much superior to
the ordinary forms of the Japanese walnut. There is variation in hardiness of the
different named varieties and at the present time it is impossible to give a well
substantiated opinion as to the adaptation of the named varieties to northern cul-
ture. Tlie ‘‘Lancaster'’ has not been hardy at Ithaca. Other sorts in the trade
are the “Bates,*’ “I'aust,” “Ritchie,” “Stranger,” “Walters” and “Fodem-
aier. " An^^one interested in planting this nut will do a real service by keeping
records of their performance and giving the information to experiment stations or
tlie Northern Nut Orowers’ Association.

HICKORY NUT: A number of species of hickory are native in the Northeast.
Among these are tlie mockernut {Cai'ya alba), the shagbark hickory (C. ovafa), the
red hickory (C. ovalis), the pignut (C. glabra), the bitternut (C. cordiformis) and
the shellbark hickory or kingnut (C. Jaciuiosa). Of these the shagbark hickory is
by far the most important. Mockernuts are gathered to some extent from the wild
but are undesirable because of their thick shells. The pignut is usually not bitter
but with few exceptions is of such poor cracking quality as to be of little value.

[54]

'I'he bitternut is intensely bitter, astrino-ent and (iiiite inedible. Some of' tlie hy-
brids with the shaobark liiekory have been |)r()i)aoated because of their thin shells
but are of poor crackino- (luality and flavor, d'he problem of »Towin<r hickory nuts
in the Northeast is much the same as with the black walnut. Althou<»h many sorts
have been named a laroe part of them have their orijjin in the South and West
and when brouoht into the Northeast are not successful because of the short j^row
ing season and lack of heat. The Northeast must rely on varieties which ha\
orioinated in the northern states. Amono- these may be mentioned “Davis,
“Fox,” “Glover,” “Goheen,” “Kirtland,” “Mann,” “Miller," “Nielsen,
“Whitney,” “Beeman,” “Bridoewater” and “Wilcox.” Most of these were re-
ported in some of the nursery cataloo’s in 1939 and many of them could be i)roi)-
atjated on order.

One factor standino- in the way of increased planting is the difficulty of pro|)a-
jratin^ the trees. Youno- hickor.v stocks have a very larore taj) root, makinjy the
trees difficult to handle in the nursery. This can be surmounted by cuttino- the
tap root about 18 inches undero-round at least a year before transplantino-, thus
forcino- lateral roots to form. Well managed nurseries provide for this and such
trees are much more likely to succeed than those transplanted from the wild.

PECAN: The pecan so extensively grown in the cotton belt and extending in
its natural range into parts of Indiana and Illinois, has not been successful in the
Northeast. This is not because of tenderness to winter cold but rather to the rela-
tively short, cool growing seasons which do not mature the nuts.

There are a number of hybrid varieties which make good shade trees. Among
these the “Burlington” is particularly attractive. It has been perfectly hardy at
Ithaca, has good clean foliage and occasionally has matured a few nuts. Usually
they have been frozen on the trees before maturing. The “McCallister” is a very
large nut but the trees have not keen hardy in the Ithaca region and the variety
is not recommended. Other hybrid sorts such as the Gerardi,” the Des
Moines” and the Pleas” have attractive foliage and make good shade trees.

In favorable locations in southern Pennsylvania some of the northern varieties
of pecans occasionally mature crops of nuts. Anyone planting these should use
varieties which are of northern origin. Among these are the “ Greenriver, ”

Major” and the Posey.”

CHESTNUT: In the past the chestnut has been by far the most valuable of the
nut trees in the Northeast. The wild groves of this species have, however, been
almost completely destroyed by the chestnut blight. This disease, coming into
the New York area about 1900 has now covered practically the entire native range
of the chestnut in North America. All that is left of the great chestnut forests are
the dead trunks and stumps often with sprouts coming up from the base. These
sprouts live from year to year, their usual history being that they grow until they

[55]

are about two or three inches through and 10 to 15 feet high. At this stage the
bark forms fissures through which infection occurs with the result that the sprouts
are killed and are replaced with suckers from the base. Sometimes these sprouts
become large enough to bear a few nuts and there are constant rumors that the
chestnut is coming back in the forests. This, however, does not seem to be the
case as there are no recorded instances of real immunity among trees of the na-
tive chestnut. There has been a persistent attempt on the part of the federal gov-
ernment and some state forestry departments to introduce or develop other spe-
cies or hybrid varieties of the chestnut which would be resistant or immune to the
blight. In this some success has been achieved. The Chinese chestnut (Castanea
mollissima) and the Japanese chestnut (C. crenata) although not immune to the
blight are highly resistant. Hybridizing these with each other and with the na-
tive American species to obtain blight resistant types is underway. There are at
the present time a number of varieties that are distinctly promising. Among these
are “Abundance,” “Carr,” “Hobson,” “Homan,” “Stoke,” “Reliable” and
“Yankee. ” These are available from nurserymen and are well worth a trial. Many
of the nuts are fully as sweet as the native chestnut, and considerably larger. The
trees are not as hardy as the native chestnut and may be damaged by tempera-
tures ranging around -!25° F. 'Hiere undoubtedly is great variation in hardiness
in these varieties and thev should be tested further.

FILBERT: Two species of native filbert occur in the Northeast. One of these
is the beaked filbert {Coi'ylus cornut(i) and the other the American filbert (C.
(tmei'icana). These, however, are relatively inferior as compared with the European
species, C. Avellana and C.maA'ima, which together with their hybrids are the basis
of the world’s commercial industry. In New York tests have been made at the
Geneva Experiment Station where a large number of varieties of European filberts
liave been grown. The limiting factor with most of these has been winter cold and
late spring frosts. Temperatures of —'20° F. have seriously injured many of the
European varieties and late frosts frequently destroy the staminate catkins or pol-
len producing fiowers and thus prevent a crop. The variety recommendations
G. L. Slate based on experience at Geneva, New York is as follows:

“Cosford” and “Medium Long” are two of the hardiest varieties and with the
exception of “Italian Red” are the most productive. Both have vigorous, upright
trees. “ Cosford” nuts are of medium size and thinnest shelled of all varieties
tested. The nuts of “Medium Long” are slightly larger than those of “Cosford”
and the shell is of medium thickness. The pellicle or fiber on the kernel is rather
heavy.

Italian Red” has thus far produced more nuts than any other variety tested,
but at the Geneva k^xperiment Station in recent years the tree has not been as
liardy as it a})peared earlier and the variety is placed third on the list. The tree
is vigorous and upright.

[56]

PLATE VII

Hickory nuts of various types. The larg'e nut is the kinj^nut or shellbark hickory {Cari/a lariniosa) . The nuts on
the ri^ht are superior types with good cracking quality. The disk is slightly larger than a twenty-five cent piece.

“Barcelona’- in the earlier years of the test was the most productive variety,
but recently the trees have experienced so much winter injury that the variety is
recommended for limited trial only. The nuts are larg-e, thick-shelled, and the ker-
nels are covered with a heavy pellicle, but the tree is less vigorous than others,
not productive, and is lacking in hardiness.

“Red Lambert” is as hardy as “Cosford” and Medium Long” and produces
a fine large nut, but the tree is unfortunately very unproductive and of value only
as a pollenizer. Its spreading habit of growth makes it unsuitable for planting in
a hedge with other varieties, most of which are of upright habit.

More recently a promising development in the filbert situation is the hybridi-
zation of American with European varieties. The varieties “Rush” from Penn-
sylvania and “Winkler” from loAva of the American species are the varieties most
used. “Rush” is a tall growing shrub and has borne well at Ithaca. Winkler”
is hardier, more productive and bears larger nuts, but makes a low growing shrub.
Of the hybrid varieties the “Bixby” and “Buchanan” are now regarded as being
the most promising because of their size and other merit of the nuts and hardiness
of plant. Many other seedlings are being tested and seem promising.

Cultural Practices

It is not the purpose of the bulletin to give details as to the propagation of nut
trees. In general the same principles are involved with this crop as with other
fruit trees but the material is somewhat more difficult to manipulate and wholly
efficient methods of budding or grafting have not been developed. It should be
emphasized here, however, that in common with other fruit species, grafted trees
are very much superior to seedlings. Nut varieties might very well be compared
to apple varieties in this regard. Anyone who is familiar with the small, hard
natural apple fruit which is found in the pastures of New England and knows of
its bitter, astringent flavor can appreciate the difference between these and the
better named grafted varieties such as the “Baldwin ” and “McIntosh.” The
same differences exist with the nut trees also. The great majority of seedling nut
trees have nuts that are so difficult to shell that there is little incentive to grow
them. The named and grafted varieties, however, may be said to be as superior
to the ordinary run of seedlings as the grafted apples are superior to natural fruit.
Better varieties of nut trees should bear nuts of good size which have a high pro-
j)ortion of good quality kernels which are easily shelled out. It is not difficult to
imagine what a difference it would make if the many millions of wild trees bore
nuts of as good quality as the selected and named sorts.

Obtaining trees of desirable varieties may be something of a problem. Many
varieties are already in the trade and are being propagated by nut tree specialists.
It is also possible to liave particular varieties propagated to order. It must be re-
alized, however, that nut trees are much more difficult to produce in the nursery

[58]

than are apples or pears and in justice to himself, the nurseryman is compelled to
charoe more for the nut trees than for other fruit trees.

For one really interested in the orowino* of nut trees a trood practice is to top
work established stocks by orraftin^. It is not too difficult to learn the teehni(pie
and in many localities there are nurserymen and j^lantsmen who will make o-rafts
as desired.

To jrrow seedlino- stocks it is necessary to stratify the seeds before plantintr. This
should be done in the early fall before the nuts have been allowed to become very
dry. The iwoeess of stratification involves keepino- the nuts at temperatures slifrhtly
above freezing. Best results are obtained by keeping nuts buried in moist peat
moss at a constant tem})erature of about 8.5-40° F. Such conditions may be found
in cold storatre houses. For the o-rower, successful stratification can be attained by
exposing? the nuts to winter temperatures. This is done by buryino- the nuts in
sand and lea vino- them in an exposed })laee which should be well drained. Pro-
tection with wire nettinp: is necessary to keep rodents from destroy injj- the seeds.
If danoer from theft by rodents is not likely and the soil is well drained, the seed
nuts may be planted in the nursery row in the fall or they may be planted in their
permanent location in the fall or the stratified nuts })lanted out in the spring.

Those desiring- only a few nut trees of named varieties may best purchase them
from nurserymen who are speeializing in nut tree propagation. There are a num-
ber of these in the Northeast and Middle West. A list of nurserymen can be ob-
tained from the Northern Nut Growers' Association. If nut growing is to be car-
ried on as a liobby and a considerable number of trees are to be involved, a good
practice is to raise seedlings and get them established in their ])ermanent location
and then graft the most vigorous individual trees to well-chosen varieties. Scions
may be obtained from trees locally or from nurserymen who furnish scions.

Soils suitable for nut trees are the same as those required for almost any other
fruit croj). The first recpiirement is that they shall be deep and well drained. Thin
topsoil overlying inq)ervious subsoils which remain soggy will not grow good trees.
Often rocky soils are very good because they usually are well drained unless the
underlying rock is impervious. The most favorable soils are friable loams of good
organic content and good moisture holding capacity. Fertility can be easily sup-
plied to poor soils which are suitable in texture and drainage by the use of legu-
minous cover crops, and by aj)plication of barnyard manure or complete commercial
fertilizers. It is a mistake to plant nut trees on heavv, worn-out soils that are not
good agricultural lands. On the other hand they may very well be j)lanted in
rocky lands incapable of cultivation provided other conditions are favorable.

The planting of nut trees does not difi'er essentially from planting trees of other
kinds except possibly that most nut trees have few fibrous roots and hence must
be planted with unusual care. Hickories are difficult to transplant because of the
scarcity of lateral roots and the slow rate at which new roots are formed. If the

[50]

taproot has not been cut a year previous to digging or the tree transplanted in tlie
nursery row once or twice, there are likel.y to be practically no fibrous roots and
the chances of survival of the tree are slight. If seedling trees are to be brought
in from the woods, it is of great advantage to cut off’ the taproot about 18 inches
below the surface of the ground a year before transplanting and thus stimulate
the formation of the lateral roots near the surface. There is an advantage in buy-
ing trees from nurserymen skilled in the propagation of nut trees because atten-
tion is given by them to developing a good root system.

While the trees are out of the ground, care should be taken not to allow the
roots to become dry before planting. Keeping them covered with wet burlap or
puddling them in a moist clay is highly important. Some trees can be bought balled
and burlap])ed but this is expensive and should be unnecessary. The hole should
be dug large enough so that all of the roots can be accommodated readily and the
topsoil should be worked in carefully around them. One of the most important
practices is to firm the soil about the roots with a tamping stick of some sort. At
the time of planting the soil should be moist but not wet enough to puddle or
cake when firmed with the tamper. After planting, the trees should be well
watered and weeds kept down about the trees either by cultivation or by mulch-
ing. This is })articularly important until the trees become established. At the time
of planting the tops of practically all nut trees should be cut back to about one-
third or one-half of the wood present in the nursery, making sure that at least
several good buds remain. This is important because even with carefully dug trees
a large t)roportion of the root system is destroyed or damaged in digging and the
top must be cut proportionally. After planting, if the season is dry, the trees should
be watered during dry periods of at least the first season or longer if necessary
until they become established.

On soils that are low in organic matter a good practice is to work in granulated
})eat moss with the soil about the roots. Care should be used that the peat is well
soaked with water either before or after the planting, otherwise it will be of no
benefit. Covering the trees with wax has been recommended by some authorities
but under conditions of hot sun this practice has proved injurious and is not rec-
ommended.

After the nut trees become established not much care is needed. Pruning is of
less importance than with most fruit trees. With walnuts and hickories it is some-
times necessary to correct faulty crotch structure and space the limbs about the
trunk. The most common fault is the development of two leaders which are about
the same size. If this occurs one should be removed or at least pruned severely
to dwarf it with relation to the other. Hickories and walnuts should be so trained
that central leaders, or modified central leaders will develop. For best yields fil-
berts should be trained as standard trees without suckers at the base. In removing
a sucker, the soil is dug away from the base of the tree exposing the base of tlie

[CO]

sucker where it joins the root and tlie sucker removed with a sliarj) saw, cuttinjx
close to the main root.

Fertilizers

Nut trees respond to fertilization and ‘jood soil manajrement much as do other
fruit trees although many wild trees apparently do well in competition with other
veoetation. Outstandintr growth or yield is usually associated with an unusually
favorable situation as to soil fertility, moisture supply or other soil conditions. It
is a mistake to think that nut trees will survive under adverse eonditions, and neo-
lect, especially before the trees are well established, will often result in the loss
of the trees. Nut trees do particularly well under eultivation which keeps weeds
and other jjrowth away from the soil over the roots. This, however, is rarely })rac-
tical with nut trees in the fence row or around the home. The benefits of cultiva-
tion can be largely secured by mulch in g the area under the trees so that the weeds
are ke{)t under control. Any plant material such as old hay or straw or garden
refuse is suitable for mulching purposes.

On soils low in fertility nut trees will respond to applieations of nitrogen. Either
sodium nitrate or ammonium sulfate may be used, the former probably being pref-
erable with the walnuts which are adapted to neutral or alkaline soils. Trees grow-
ing in sod may be fertilized at the rate of pound of ammonium sulfate or sodium
nitrate for each inch of the diameter of the trunk until they have attained a diam-
eter of about 6 inches when about ^ pound may be used for eaeh inch in diameter
up to the maximum of 15 to *20 {)ounds i)er tree. With large trees that are well
established, much more fertilizer should be added. The above is of course only an
approximation. The actual needs of the tree will depend upon the natural fertility
of the soil and other eonditions. 'fhe trees should be observed earefully to avoid
either excessive stimulation of growth, which would make the trees liable to win-
ter injury, or the other extreme of an under-vegetative condition as indicated by
yellow, s|)arse foliage and poor yields. In general trees suffer mueh more from the
lack of fertility than from too much. If trees are to yield regular crops they must
be fertilized regularly and ade(|uately. There is little evidence to show that phos-
phorus and potassium or the other minor fertilizer elements are an advantage in
the soils of the Northeast.

Insect and Disease Troubles

Insect and disease troubles are about as common for nut trees as for any other
shade trees. The problem is complicated by the fact that most home owners can-
not have their trees s})rayed. There are a number of eaterpillars which destroy the
foliage. Among them, most commonly encountered is the walnut caterpillar which
appears about mid-summer and may seriously defoliate the trees one or more times
in a single season. These may be controlled with arsenate of lead. Where the trees
are not sprayed it is often i)ossible to destroy the worms by collecting them when

[Gl]

they gather on the trunk in a mass to shed their skins. These caterpillars and
others on hickories can often be destroyed before they attain large size by picking
off the leaves upon which they are feeding. They usually feed in groups close to-
gether. Hickories and chestnuts sometimes have the nuts destroyed by weevils.
The control here is to destroy all nuts which drop to the ground before the weevils
emerge. This may be fairly easy if the trees are in the lawn but difficult if the
ground is rough. The Persian walnut is attacked by the codling moth, which is
similar to that which damages apples. Spraying with arsenate in mid-summer
when the moths appear is an effective control.

Diseases are usually not troublesome with nut trees although under some condi-
tions they may be. There is a blight which sometimes attacks the filberts, appearing
as dead and brown shoots. If affected parts are cut out promptly and burned, the
trouble is usually easy to control. Some varieties of walnut, particularly the “Thom-
as,” become infected with a perennial canker. This is relatively less damaging
on trees that are growing rapidly so that good cultural practice is a means of con-
trol. Of course the chestnut blight has been the most devastating disease of nut
trees which has practically Aviped out the chestnut in its natural range. Methods
of controlling this disease in the American and European chestnuts have not been
developed. Of the blight resistant Chinese and Japanese species, it is Avorthwhile
to cut out blighted limbs as they occur and to cut aAvay bark cankers on the trunk.
The cut surfaces should be painted AAuth some good antiseptic solution.

Nut trees, particularly the hickories and AA^alnuts ordinarily bear only in alter-
nate years. This is a natural tendency Avhich is to be observed also Avith other
fruit trees. There is apparently little that can be done to control it although it
may be lessened someAvhat by an adequate fertilizer and soil management pro-
gram. Thinning the nuts Avhile still green should also be of help but is not prac-
ticed. What happens is that during the bearing year the crop is such a heavy
drain on the food manufactured in the leaves or possibly other substances, that
there is not enough for bud formation for the folloAAung year. Different varieties
vary in this respect. The chestnut and the filbert do not alternate as seriously
as the Avalnut and the hickory.

Cross Pollination

IMost kinds of nuts require cross pollination. From a practical standpoint this
means that at least tAAm a arieties of each species Avhich floAver simultaneously should
groAv together. With kinds that are frequently planted this may offer no problem
to the individual home OAvner as neighbors may have trees Avhich Avill be a source
of pollen. With the filbert and chestnut, hoAvever, tAVo A^arieties should ahvays be
jdanted together. To a someAvhat lesser degree this is the case Avith the Persian
Avalnut and the hickories. The pollination requirements of black Avalnut are not
Avell understood but it is highly probable that cross pollination is necessary for

[62]

’this species also. In small areas where several trees cannot he planted, a part of
the tree may be top worked to another variety. The pollen of the walnut, filbert
and hickory is wind borne and may be carried over a considerable distance. It is
impossible to state with accuracy how close together it is necessary for trees to be
planted for cross-pollination. Anywhere within the radius of 100 feet should be
satisfactory.

Harvesting Nuts

Nuts should be allowed to become fully mature on the trees and preferably to
fall naturally. Mild shaking is sometimes jn-acticed to bring down the last of the
crop but clubbing the branches is seldom justified. Nuts should be picked up as
soon as they fall. This is particularly necessary with the Persian walnut which
discolors if allowed to lie on the ground and with the black walnut, the husks of
which may disintegrate into a brown mass if not picked up within a few days after
falling. Black walnuts should be shucked soon after harvesting to prevent dis-
coloration of the kernels. Small quantities of black walnuts are beaten or tramped
from the husks. With larger quantities the old fashioned corn sheller may be ad-
justed to remove the husks satisfactorily. Black walnuts that are washed immedi-
ately after removing the husks will remain an attractive brown color instead of
turning black. Nuts of all species should be allowed to dry after the husks are
removed. Small (piantities can be spread out on the floor of a well ventilated shed
or attic. With larger (piantities some sort of racks with screen bottoms can be de-
vised. 1'he drying room must have a free circulation of air.

One of the commonest difficulties experienced with nut trees in the North is
that the kernels fail to fill. Tliere are a number of causes which contribute to this
condition. Probably the most frecpient, particularly with the hickories and wal-
nuts, is too sliort a growing season or too little summer heat. Under these con-
ditions tlie leaves are frozen from the trees while the nuts are still immature and
no furtlier development of the kernels takes place. The problem may be better
understood when it is realized that in tlie development of most kinds of nuts, the
growth of hull and sliell to full size takes place early in the season. During the
latter part of the season tlie kernels are developed from the carbohydrates which
are manufactured by the leaves. It is thus obvious that any condition which cuts
down the effectiveness or destroys tlie leaf surface will effect the filling of the
nuts. This may be due to loss of leaves by insects or diseases or to interference
with their effective function by drought or inadequate nitrate supply. Another
condition is found in trees in an over-vegetative condition where the growing-
shoots use up the food materials which otherwise might go into the kernels. This
is apt to be found with young rapidly growing trees or trees kept growing with
frequent irrigation. There is little that can be done to control the failure to fill
except to grow varieties which are adajited to the locality as to length of growing

[03]

season and protectinjj the leaf surface from pests and disease troubles. Supplying
water at time of drouth and a good fertilizer program are also helpful.

Summary

In the foregoing pages an attempt has been made to outline the requirements
for growing nut trees in the Northeastern states. There is nothing in the situation
which should encourage anyone to try to establish commercial plantings in this
area unless possibly with some of the newer chestnuts and some varieties of black
walnuts. On the other hand it should be emphasized that there is real value in
planting grafted trees throughout the Northeast both for shade trees and for the
nuts which may be produced for home use. The fact that at the present time we
do not know which varieties will succeed best over a period of years only adds to
the interest of the problem. Enough is known to assure the growing of good shade
trees and certainly in some measure improved nut crops will result. Nut kernels
are a product that is without equal for food value and palatability, and producing
a supply for home use merits the attention of all who have land at their disposal.

All home owners in the villages and on the farms may be encouraged to plant
nut trees for shade with the realization that even though large crops of superior
nuts may not result, the testing of the varieties will be a real service in develop-
ing our knowledge of nut growing in the Northeast.

It should also be emphasized that at the present time there are undoubtedly
many superior varieties of nut trees that are adapted to growing in various locali-
ties but which have not been propagated and tested. They are standing as wild
trees in the fields and along the fence rows on the farms or in dooryards. Trees
which bear nuts of outstanding value and which bear crops fairly regularly should
be brought to the attention of some agency which would be capable of judging
the relative merit of the variety and seeing to it that the tree is propagated and
tested further. The Northern Nut Growers’ Association, G. L. Slate, secretary,
Geneva, New York, has been organized to do this sort of thing. Some of the state
experiment stations and the United States Department of Agriculture are also
equipped to test the merit of new varieties. Anyone knowing of superior trees will
do a real service by calling them to the attention of one of these agencies.

L. H. MacDaniels

Dept, of Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture

Cornell University

[64]

2/ ]p4i j

Vs£1brar2L^ ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bui.letin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 1 DtLCFMBER 19, 1941 Number 13

p:lms grown in America

TWENTY-FIVE years aoo, Professor Charles S. Saroent, Director
of the Arnold Arboretum M rote the following* statement concerning
the European Elms — unfortunately just as true today as it M'as then —
There is probably more confusion in the identification and proper
naming of these trees (the Piuropean elms) in American parks and gar-
dens than of any other group of trees, and it is only in very recent
years that Phiglish botanists have been able to reach M'hat appear to be
sound conclusions in regard to them. The confusion started M'ith Lin-
naeus, who believed that all European elms belonged to one species,
and it has been increased by the appearance of natural hybrids of at
least two of the species and by the tendency of seedlings to show
much variation from the original types.'*

'I'oday, with six elm sjieeies native in the United State, five species
native of Europe (including many varieties), and several more species
native of Asia, the picture becomes even more confused. The elm is,
and always has been, a standard shade tree, for even though it is
threatened in certain sections by the Dutch elm disease, the gardening
public will still })lant elms. Approximately fifty elms will be mentioned
in this bidletin. About thirty of them have been listed as available in
the nurseries of this country during the past tno years; all but five
of them are growing in the Arnold Arboretum at Boston.

The Native American Elms

Of the six native American s|)eeies, only three are of ornamental
value— the American elm ( U. (imericana) and its varieties, the slippery
elm {U.fulm), and the winged elm {U. (data). The Minged or wahoo

[65]

elm is hardy only in the southern United States, being native from
Virginia to Florida and westward to the Mississippi River and Texas,
while the other two are native throughout the East and Mid-west.
These species are easily distinguishable and little reason exists for any \
confusion. A key based on foliage characters is appended to this paper. 1

Rich in references in the early history of the United States, the 1
American elm is the most outstanding and the most deserving of all j
the elms. It is widely distributed throughout southern Canada, as well i
as the eastern and the mid- western parts of the United States. In j
early colonial times, it was under numerous stately specimens that |
important meetings and many important events took place. Some of j
these historic elms are still standing today and are well over a hundred j
feet in height. Many a community in the eastern and mid-western I
United States has its own local history closely tied to some huge elm |
which is yet living ; and it is the consensus of opinion in hundreds of \
communities that it would be a dire calamity indeed if the use of the
American elm were discontinued in landscape work.

There is no ornamental tree just like the American elm. Its wide,
vase-shaped form is unique, making it an excellent specimen for lawn
and for street planting. Its lofty branches allow much air circulation
underneath and, though the tree supplies perfect shade, the widely j
arching branches do not hinder views from houses. This habit, char-
acteristic of the American elm, is much more evident in mature speci-
mens than in younger trees. Since the habit varies considerably when
the trees are grown from seed, it is advisable to propagate vegetatively i
those individuals of outstanding form. Strange enough, it is, like thetf,
white oak, one of the few of our native trees that does not thrive welll|
in Europe.

Several recognized varieties give clear evidence of the diverging.''
habits of the American elm. There is, for instance, the variety co/-'\
umnaris with rather upright branches forming a wide columnar head.
The variety ascendens is more narrow, distinctly columnar. Other co-
lumnar or narrow pyramidal forms would include the ^^Lake City” '
elm, the ^^Moline” elm, and the “Princeton” elm. Sometimes a va-
riety “wrw/,” or “vase-shaped form,” is found listed in nursery cata-
logues ; this is, in reality, the true U. amer'icana. Then too, there is
the variety pendida^ which has all the good qualities of U. americana
with the addition of drooping branchlets, making it decidedly graceful.
These and other forms should, of course, be asexually propagated in
order to perpetuate their characteristic forms.

The slippery elm {U.fiilva) is usually found over the same range as

[66]

tlie American elm but is not sueli an excellent ornamental and only
<rrows about sixty feet hio-h. Its form is round; its head, broad and
somewhat open ; and the foliaoe, not so dense as that of the American
elm. From the mueilao’inous inner bark of this tree, very popular eoutj h
drops were made at one time. 'Fhe slippery elm is sliorhtly more sus-
ceptible to elm leaf beetle injury than the American elm, and need
I never be used as a substitute for that much better tree.

'J'lie winoed, or wahoo elm {U. alata) of the South is a vijrorous
trrowino-, small tree with a wide-topped head, reachino- a height of
about thirty feet. The leaves are smaller than those of either of the
elms already described, and there are pronounced broad and opposite
corky ridges along the vigorous young branches. Sometimes the winged
elm will grow in protected places as far north as Boston, but it is not
dependably hardy north of Philadelphia. Where it can be grown, it
makes a vigorous growing, small tree, often with graceful arching
branches, It should be given preference to the American elm, how-
ever, only where a small sized mature tree is desired.

'I'liree other elms, native in the United States, are seen occasionally
in cultivation but these are not offered by nurseries because the trees
have little to offer as ornamentals when compared with the more beauti-
ful Ulmus americana. One is tlie cedar elm ( t/. crassifoJin) of Texas,
Mississippi and Arkansas. It is very common in these states but has
been found to be of little value elsewhere in the United States. It is
a somewhat round-headed tree, growing about To feet tall and having,
like U. alala, opposite corky ridges along the twigs. Closely related
is the red elm (U. serotina) nntixt to Kentucky, Alabama and Georgia
but hardy as far north as Boston. It has spreading, somewhat pendu-
lous branches, forming a broad head; and it, too, often develops corky
wings along vigorous growing twigs. These two elms and U.parvifolia,
the true Chinese elm, are unlike all other hardy members of the genus
in that they develoj) their flowers and fruits in the fall and not in the
spring.

The last native elm species is the rock elm, U. thomasi, (formerly
called U. raceyrwsa). Though at present it is rarely grown, the tree
might be valuable because of its unique growth habit. About 90 feet
tall at maturity, it usually has a central trunk and irregularly devel-
oped short, lateral branches, giving an outline which is oblong, rounded
at the top, but not necessarily dense. Its slow growth and loosely
borne branches are probably the reasons why it has not been much
utilized as an ornamental, but its growth habit makes it easily distin-
guishable, even at a distance, from the rest of the elms. It, too, fre-

[<37]

quently develops irregularly corky winofs along- its younger brandies.

So much for the native elms. Some are seen everywhere in the East
and the Mid-west; and some of the less desirable ones have been left
standing where the surrounding land has been utilized for building
liurposes. As stated before, the last three species mentioned are pro-
bably not grown in nurseries nor used in landscape work, but are seen
here and there simply because they have remained untouched in areas
where man has “developed” Nature's handiwork. The American elm
is the best — far superior to the others in every way.

Asiatic Elms

Of this group, the elm which has caught the public fancy more tlian
any other is tlie Siberian elm {U. purnila). This plant is a native of
northeastern Asia. It is unfortunately misnamed the Chinese elm in
many nursery catalogues though tliis name belongs to U. parvifo/ia.

It was first sent to this country in 1905 by Professor J. G. Jack, of the
Arnold Arboretum, and later was introduced in large (piantities through
the efforts of Frank N. Meyer, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
'I'lie name Dwarf Asiatic elm, given to the plant in the first edition of
“Standardized Plant Names,** is unfortunate since it is a standard
tree 75 feet tall — anything but dwarf. This vigorous growing tree lias
found much use in the drier areas of the Mid-west, where it does bet-
ter than most otlier trees. It witlistands clipping very well and forms
dense hedges and windbreaks when properly clipped.

But wlien we liave noted its drought resistance and its fast growth, ,
everything in its favor has been said. It is a weak-wooded tree, does i
not grow old gracefully, and if unjiruned, becomes very loose and open.
Where other trees are available for ornamental jiurposes, they should (
be gi-own. 'I'liis is especially true in the eastern and northeastern i
United States. Reports are circulating of certain strains of this tree
with good form and habit, which yield similar off-spring when prop-
agated asexually. I have seen several of these trees, Avhich, when
young, admittedly make nice siiecimens ; but it is (piestionable that I
they will maintain their good habit as they grow older. For dry soil
jilanting, especially in the dry areas of the West, or for a quick screen i
which later may be replaced with one more i)ermanent, this tree is j
admirable; but as a ])ermanent specimen in areas where other trees ,
are available, it is not to be desired.

An elm fre(piently confused with U. pitmila is the true Chinese elm
( U. parvifolia) native of northern and central China, Korea and Japan.
Like U. putnila, it has small leaves, 1 to ‘2 inches long. There are sev-

[08]

eral ways in which it differs from the taller growing Siberian elm,
however. The true Chinese elm is a small tree, usually under fifty feet
in height. It has thin scaling bark, and a round-topped crown, keeps
its foliage green until late in fall and is half evergreen in the south.
It bears its flowers in the fall while U. pumila has them in the spring.
Usually, like the other elms, its autumn foliage is bright yellow; but
two of the trees in the Arboretum have a bright red autumn colora-
tion. It has been noted in the Japanese beetle area around Philadel-
phia, that where these two species were growing side by side, the
beetles would practically defoliate U. pumila and scarcely touch [7.
parmfoha — an interesting observation well worth further investigation.

The Japanese elm (C7. japomca) has long been a tree of importance
to the Ainu, the aboriginal people of Japan. Many of these people
believed that this was the first tree created, sent directly from heaven
in full growth. This tree plays an important part in their economy.
Fire is made by rubbing its dry roots together. When the inner bark
of the tree is mashed and mixed with water, it is woven into a cloth
from which wearing apparel is made. The outer bark is used in the
roofing of houses and as covering for the outside (and the inside) walls.
The Japanese elm is a handsome tree with good dark green foliage. It
is as important ornamentally as the Scotch elm because of its similarity
in general appearance. In the collection at the Arnold Arboretum, it
is susceptible only to a very slight infestation of the elm leaf miner
and the elm leaf beetle.

The fourth and last Asiatic elm, the Manchurian elm (C/. laciuiata)
is of little importance ornamentally simply because it does not have a
good habit of growth. All the trees in the collection at the Arboretum
have a fan-shaped habit of branching, with a correspondingly rounded
head, but the leaves are borne only at the tips of the long branches,
which have very few side shoots. This plant has been ofl'ered in a few
American nurseries but might well be replaced by some of the better
elms.

European Elms

There are three elm species which, strictly speaking, are native of
Europe only. They are the English elm U. procera (formerly called
U .campestris), the Russian elm (U./r/cm-), and the lock elm (
Characteristic of the European elms as a group is the fact that they
all assume their autumn color later in the fall than do the native
American elms.

Of the three, the English elm is by far the most important in Amer-

[70]

PLATE IX

The European white elm or Russian elm, Ulmus laei'is.

ica. Many of these trees were planted in Massaehusetts in the eij^ht-
eenth century and since that time have been continually used as street
trees and specimens throug^hout the East. E. H. Wilson stronjrly rec-
ommended this tree for city planting for he claimed that it withstood
the smoke and obnoxious gases of the city better than any of the other
elms, tlie American included. It does not have the queenly arching-
habit of the American elm, but it does have a grace and beauty all its
own, with its numerous ascending and spreading branches. It has also
been noted that in good seasons the leaves remain green several weeks
longer than do those of the American elm. Unfortunately it is most
susceptible to attacks of the elm leaf min-er and of the elm leaf beetle.
In Massachusetts during the past summer, these pests were unusually
numerous, and trees which had not been sj^rayed were practically de-
foliated by the end of July. Although many other elms, including
the American elm, were victims this season* the English elm suffered
])articularly.

Several varieties of the English elm are known, but none of them
are grown in quantity by American nurseries. The variety vanhouttei
has leaves tinged with yellow, and aurea actually has yellow leaves.
Tlie variety purpurascens has purplish leaves, and another variety,
marginata, lias leaves with a creamy-white margin. One form, australis^
has leaves that are much thicker and firmer than those of the sjiecies.
Perhaps the best ornamental variety is inyrtifolia, which has the small-
est leaves of any of the elms — scarcely one inch long.

'Die European white elm or Russian elm U. laevis, (formerly U.
pedunculata) is common in some parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula
and Russia. It is similar in size to our own native American elm and
is as hardy. However, it differs because it has a much thicker coating
of tomentum on the undersurface of the leaves, and longer, more
sharply pointed buds. In England, it grows better than the American
elm. It is apparently rare in American collections, but makes an ex-
cellent sjiecimen tree.

Another European species is the East-Anglian or lock elm, U.ploti.
The name lock elm was given to it in England because of the difficulty
of working its tough wood. This tall growing tree, which reaches a
height of 80-90 feet, is closely allied to the Scotch elm and is rarely
found in American collections.

'I'he next elm species to be mentioned is a hybrid, U. hoUaudica^ ap-
parently a hybrid of U. glabra and U. carpiuifoUa. There are a number
of varieties but the one which well might represent this group is known
as variety major, commonly called the Dutch elm. It is a tree of over

100 feet with a short trunk, wide-spreading branches, and lustrous
dark green leaves. Other varieties have been planted to some extent
in Europeas street trees, and a few have met with favor in America.
The Belgian elm, U. hoUamVica belgica, is a tall, rough-barked tree with
a straight trunk. Younger trees are dense and pyramidal in habit while
older ones may be more or less cylindric. Trees of this variety in the
Arnold Arboretum are apparently somewhat more hardy than typical
V. hoUaudica major. The Klemmer elm (var. “Klemmer”) has smooth
bark, tall ascending branches, and a narrow pyramidal habit of growth.
It originated in Belgium where it is planted a great deal. The Hunt-
ingdon elm {vegetal originating about 1750 has been used in America
and is valued for its height, its forked trunk, and its rough bark. A
narrow pyramidal variety with smooth bark superha and still another
variety, peuciu/a, originating in England about 1880, has ascending
branches but pendulous branchlets.

The elms, at least in the eastern part of the United States, are
seriously threatened by the Dutch elm disease, about which every tree
lover has read much. It is not my purpose to discuss this disease or its
future potentialities, but I do want to plead for the cause of the elms.
I believe that we should not stop j)lanting elms simply because they
ma}" be subject to this disease. It is true that there are many other
trees we can use in street tree jjlanting, but none can compare with
the American elm, and few have the distinctive forms characteristic
of some of the varieties of the Euroijean elms. It is also true that they
must be sprayed with lead arsenate to combat the elm leaf beetle. In
very restricted areas, as around New York City, it may be advisable
to discontinue the planting of elms, at least for the time being. How-
ever, I think the elms should be held in just as high regard as they
always have been and that in New England, though adjacent to the
Dutch elm disease area, we should continue to plant elms until that
disease shows more ])ronounced signs of ra})id spread.

Species Native of Both Europe and Asia

The last two species are native of Europe and western Asia, and are
used a great deal in the United States because of their good ornamen-
tal characters and their several horticultural forms.

i'he first is the smoothleaf elm U. carpiuifolia , (formerly called U.
Jb/iacea or U.uiteus). Being used to a great extent in this country, it is
constants confused with the English elm, U . procera, (U. campestris),
from which it may be distinguished by its less deeply furrowed bark,
mostly glabrous branchlets, longer and often obovate leaves which are

[78]

lustrous and usually smooth on the upper surface with petioles from
4 to -2 inch long. Unfortunately, the seeds of this tree have been sold
for years by European seedsmen as U. campestris’, consequently, the
resulting confusion in this country has been inevitable.

The smoothleaf elm, which may reach a height of 90 feet, and is
quite variable in growth habit, has many horticultural forms, some of
which are available from nurseries in this country. This tree usually
is pyramidal in outline, having a single trunk and somewhat ascending
branches, although sometimes the branches may be pendulous and the
head more or less rounded. In the south of England, it is often referred
to as the Herfordshire elm, and grows with a broad head and rather
pendulous branches, surpassed in beauty only by the American elm as
it grows in New England. The pendulous branched ^oY\n{peiidul(i) has
been offered by American nurseries. An unusual variety is -cebhiana,
of little horticultural value because, even though tlie tree is narrow
and pyramidal with ascending branches, the leaves are folded longi-
tudinally, giving the appearance of wilting. Another form, vai'iegatd ,
has its leaves blotched with two shades of green and with white ; and
though not particularly desirable, it is of interest to those who like
trees with variegated leaves.

Eight other varieties of tlie smoothleaf elm have horticultural sig-
nificance, six of them being offered in American nurseries. Both the
Cornish elm {coruubiensis) and the Wheatley elm {xarmensis)^ incorrectly
called ccheal/eiji, though also known as the (Tuernsey or Jersey elm,
are narrow, pyramidal trees with dense, erect branches. The Wheat-
ley elm, almost columnar in habit, has a sligfitly broader head and
wider leaves than the Cornish elm, with branches more stiffly erect.
The variety dampieri is a fastigiate tree with a very narrow, pyramidal
crown and deeply double-toothed leaves ; ■wredi is similar but its leaves
are yellowish. Another variety, named suberosa, is little more than a
dense shrub, irregularly cylindric in outline, the young sucker branches
of which frequently develojj opposite corky wings. Somewhat similar
to suberosd is the variety propendens^ the branches of which are pendu-
lous, however, and its leaves are very small, only being about one inch
long. An outstanding elm was sent to Germany from Persia in 1878
and has since been named the variety umbracidifera. This is a dense
growing, small tree with a globose, or sometimes flat top and erect
branches. Closely associated to it is the variety koopmanui, which is
definitely more globose in outline but just as dense. Trees of these
two varieties in the collection at the Arnold Arboretum are well
clothed with branches from top to bottom.

[74]

PLATE X

Two varieties of the smoothleaf elm, Ulmus rarphnfoUa. On the left var. innhraeulifera, on the right var. koopminnii.

These unusual forms are not to be desired in preference to other
more ornamental trees and shrubs in the landscape, but they do have
a definite use. Sometimes there is a place in a large planted area for
a small tree with a definite outline — something which does not require
constant pruning to keep it in shape. These varieties of the smooth-
leaf elm supply just such an accent point. Indiscriminate use of these
trees, however, should be guarded against.

The other elm species which is native of Europe as well as certain
parts of western Asia, is the Scotch, or Wych elm, U. glabra , some-
times formerly called U. moniaiut or U. sea bra. This tree, with wide-
spreading branches and often fiat-topped head, is used considerably
in America as an ornamental. The dark green leaves, sometimes with
two or tliree points near the apex, are broader beyond the middle,
very rough above, and downy underneath. The petioles are about ^
inch long. Unlike many of the other elms, This one does not produce
suckers; and, on account of this good trait, it has been used much as
an understock in grafting. Unfortunately, it is one of the first elms
sought by the elm leaf beetle, and in locations where there are several
varieties, the beetle does more injury to this tree than to most of the
others.

This elm can always be distinguished from other European elms by
the fact that the seed is in the middle of the fruit, the petioles are
very short, the upper surface of the leaves is rough, and there is an
absence of corky ridges on the two-year branches. The specific name
glabra comes from the fact that the branches are very smootli, not
rough like most of tlie other elms.

A number of varieties of tliis are grown. The most popular is the
Camperdown elm [campenloxcni) whieh, when grafted on an upright
stem, has a wealth of pendulous branches forming a globose head.
M any such trees can be seen even in this country, forming natural
arbors under whieh chairs and tables are ])laced. Another form { pen-
(la/a) has rather horizontal branches with pendulous braneldets and
grows into a low fiat-topjjed tree. There is a fastigiate variety, called
the Exeter elm {e.vo/iie/isis, formerly U. monlana Jastigitila), with rather
small, often wrinkled leaves, but with branches rigidly upright. One
variety {purpurea) has leaves which are purple in color when they are
young; another variety {atropurpurea) retains the color in the leaves
for a longer period. A compact shrub with smaller 'leaves is the ^ariet.v
woustrnsa. A lower growing bush is naua, which seldom grows over 6
feet tall. Sometimes this bush elm is grafted 6 feet up on the trunk
of U. glabra, resulting in a dense, compact, round-headed tree. A

[7(5]

curious, slow-oTowino- form with leaves that are narrow and crinkled
is called crispd — used sometimes because of its (jueer foliao’e.

The Key

d'he followino- key is offered as an aid to the identification of elm
species on the basis of foliaoe characters. More exact keys have been
made, in which the flowers and fruits are used, but many an amateur
is confronted with the per))lexin^ {jroblem of identification when flow-
ers and fruits are not available; hence this key. Every one of the elm
species varies greatly, and to make a key using only one or two char-
acters is not veiw satisfactory. Therefore, this key is not infallible, but
it may serve its purpose to many who are perplexed concerning the
identification of these elms.

d’o the individual not familiar witli the use of ke,vs, this may at first
seem confusing, but careful study will prove its simplicity. For instance,
all elm sj^ecies fall into one of four groups (marked by the figure 1 ),
because of corky ridges on the branches, or leaves with several jjoints
at tlie apex, or leaves simply serrate, or leaves doubly serrate. To place
a plant in one of these four groups, these four characteristics should
be used in this sequence. Once done, the remaining ])oints should be
taken up in the particular group, in the sequence suggested in the key.
Identification will be aided materially if the habitat of a tree is known.
For instance, in the first group (cork}' ridges on the branches) V/mus
crassifolia would not be found in northern Minnesota, nor would it be
likely that V. procera and U. japonica would be found growing wild
in the woods.

Be certain that the tree is examined carefully for all possible marks
of identification, and that many leaves are examined since one alone
would not tell the full story.

It should be noted that this key does not take into consideration the
varieties of these species, many of which can be identified by their
form alone. Also, and this is very important, it should be noted that
the following s])ecies are not common in America except in botanical
collections: U. japonica, laevis, ploti, and that other species, like U.
thomasi and serotina, are used very little in landscape work. A knowl-
edge of these facts should make this key much more usable.

'I'lie elms are so variable that it is likely they will continue to be
difficult to identify for many years to come. These notes and sugges-
tions are offered merely as aids to those interested in this group of trees.

[77]

ABBREVIATED FOLIAGE KEY TO COMMON ELM SPECIES

1 . Corky ridges or wings on younger branches

'■2. Leaves simply serrate Ulmus crassifoUa

2. Leaves doubly serrate

.•3. Young twigs glabrous or nearly so

4-. Wings usually two and opposite U. alata

4. Wings several, not necessarily opposite, flowers

in spring, not native U. carpinifoUa suberosa

4. Wings several, not necessarily opposite, flowers

in fall, native U. serotina

3. Young twigs pubescent

4. Tree irregularly columnar U. thomasi

4. Tree not irregularly columnar, oval or rounded in outline

5. Leaves 2-3" long, wings occasionally U. procera

5. Leaves 8-4. 75'' long, wings occasionally U. japonica

1 . Leaves three pointed at tip or occasionally so, branches not corky

2. Mature branches reddish brown, hairy while young; leaves
occasionally with one or two extra points at apex U. glabra

2. Mature branches pale yellowish or grayish brown,
glabrous or nearly so when young; most of the
leaves three-pointed at apex U. laciniata

1. Leaves simply or nearly simply serrate, 0.75-2.75" long

2. Leaves often nearly equal at base, many leaves showing
indications of double serration, young branches pubescent
or glabrous, stipules broad, flowers in spring U. pumila

2. Leaves usually unequally rounded at base, young

branches pubescent, stipules linear, flowers in fall U. parvifolia

1 . Leaves doubly serrate

2. Young branches glabrous

3. Leaves 2.75-6" long

[78]

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4. Leaves usually twice as lont^ as wide, no

conspicuous axillary tufts of hair JJ. americana

4. Leaves less than 1^ times as long as wide, usually
with conspicuous tufts of hair in axils of veins on
under surface of leaves, considerably variable U. hoUandica

S. Leaves 1/25-3.25" long

4. Petioles 0.25-0.5", leaves 2-3", smooth above U .carpimfoUa

4. Petioles less than 0.25", leaves 1.25-2.25",

slightly scabrous above U. ploti

2. Young branches pubescent

3. Leaves often glabrous beneath V. americana

3. Leaves pubescent beneath

4. Leaves 2-3" long U. procera

4. Leaves longer

5. Leaves often widest at middle, 4-8" long

(). Branchlets grey to light brown, buds covered

with rusty brown hairs U. J'u/va

(). Branchlets dark brown, buds without rust,v
brown liairs, leaves sometimes showing a ten-
dency to be three pointed at tip U. glabra

5. Leaves usually widest above middle, 2.5-4.75" long

(). Leaves scabrous and pubescent above,

corky wings on branches occasionally U. japonica

t). Leaves usually glabrous above, very

unequal at base U. laevis

Donald Wyman

[80]

■ 1941 )

HbrarV^ indkx to volume I

Illustrations are in bold face type.

Althaea, 41-44

— Culture of, 4^2

— Propagation of, 43

— Winter injury of, 4
Arnold Arboretum, Administra-
tion Building, 31-32

— Field Class, 36

— History of, 29-32
' — Library, 31

— Herbarium, 31-32
“Arnoldia,” 1-2
Beetle, Elm Leaf, 39

— Willow Leaf, 39
Bitternut, 54-55

“Bulletin of Popular Informa-
tion,” 1
Butternut, 52

Boston Weather Bureau, 33
Canker Worms, 39
Carya alba, 54
I — cordiformis, 54
. ' — glabra, 54

— laciniosa, 54, Plate VII, 57

— oval is, 54

— ovata, 54
Castanea crenata, 56

— mollissima, 56

Change in Name, A Simple, 1-4
Chestnut, 55-56
I — Chinese, 56

— Japanese, 56
Cornus florida, 6

alba-plena^ 6

multibracteata^ 6

plena y 6

pluribracteata, 6

Coryl us americana, 56

— Avellana, 56

— cornuta, 56

— maxima, 56

Cut Worms, Garden, 39-40
Elm Leaf Beetle, 39
Elms, Asiatic, 68-70

— European, 70-73

— Grown in America, 65-80

— Key to, 77-80

— Native American, 65-68

— Native of Both Europe and
Asia, 73-77

Filbert, 56, 58
— - xAmerican, 56

— beaked, 56

— European, 56
Graves, George, 41-44
Hale, Richard W., 3, 4
Heartnut, 54
Hibiscus syriacus, 41-44

— early varieties of, 43

— newer varieties of, 43-44
Hickory Nut, 54-55, Plate VII,

57

— red, 54

• — Shagbark, 54

— Shellbark, 54
Hunnewell, Horatio, 31
Juglans Sieboldiana, 54

cordiformis, 54

Kingnut, 54

Lilac Sunday, 40
MacDaniels, L.H., 45-64
Merrill, E.D., 40, 44
Mockernut, 54

Nurseries Listing Rare Woody
Plants in 1941 Catalogues, 7,

22

Nut Growing in the Northeast-
ern States, 45-64

— Climatic Factors, 46-50

— Climatic map showing abso-
lute minimum temperatures
in the Northeastern states
from 1926-1940. Plate III,
47

— Climatic map showing an
average length for growing
season in the Northeastern
states. Plate IV, 49

— Climatic map showing the
average July temperature in
the Northeastern states for
the years 1926-1940. Plate
V, 51

— Cross Pollination, 62-63

— Cultural Practices, 58-61

— Fertilizers, 61

— Harvesting, 63-64

— Insect and Disease Troubles,
61-62

— Species and Varieties, 50-58

— Summary, 64

Oberly Memorial Prize, 40

Pecan, 55

Pignut, 54

Plants from England, 44

Poncirus trifoliata, the hardy
orange, Flowers and fruits of,
Plate II, 35

Rare Woody Plants, 1941
Sources of, 5-18

— Nurseries Listing, 7, 22

— Supplementary List, 21-28

Rhododendron canadense, 3, 4

albiflorum, 3

Rhododendron Injury, 33-36
Rhodora canadensis, 3
Rhodora, White Flowering, 3
Robeson, xAndrew, 30
Robeson, Mary x^llen, 30-31
Rose, of Sharon, 41

— Syrian, 41

Royal Agricultural Society of
India, 44

Sargent, Charles Sprague, 29-32

— in the Arnold Arboretum
Library, 1904, Plate I, op-
posite p. 30

— fund, 31

— Memorial fund, 32

— One-hundredth Anniversary
of the Birth of, 29-32

Sargent, Mary Robeson, 30-31

— Fund, 31
Sax, Karl, 40

Ulmus alata, 65, 67, 78

— americana, 65, 66, 67, 80

ascendens, 66

columnaris, 66

“Lake City,” 66

— — “Moline,” 66

— americana pendula, 66
“Princeton,” 66

— campestris, 70, 73, 74

— carpinifolia, 72, 73, 80

cornubiensis, 74

dampieri, 74

koopmanni, 74, Plate X,

p. 75

pendula, 74

- — — propendens, 74

— - — - sarniensis, 74
suberosa, 74, 78

umbraculifera, 74, Plate

X, p. 75

variegata, 74

Ulmus carpinifolia webbiana, 74
wredi, 74

— crassifolia, 67, 77, 7S

— foUacedy 73
xcheatleyi y 74

— fulva, 65, 66, 80

— glabra, 7^, 76, 78, 80

atropurpurea, 76

camperdowni, 76

crispa, 77

exoniensis, 76

monstrosa, 76

liana, 76

pendula, 76

purpurea, 76

— hollandica, 72, 80

belgica, 73

Klemmer, 73

major, 72, 73

pendula, 73

superba, 73

vegeta, 73

— japonica, 70, 77, 78, 80

— laciniata, 70, 78

— laevis, 70, 72, 77, 80, Plate
IX, 71

— moutandy 76

— — fdstigidtdy 76

— nitenSy 73

— parvifolia, 67, 68, 70, 78

— peduuculdtdy 72

— ploti, 70, 72, 77, 80

— proeera, 70, 73, 77, 78, 80
aurea, 72

australis, 72

rnarginata, 72

niyrtifolia, 72

purpurascens, 72

vanhouttei, 72

virninalis, 72

— pumila, 68, 70, 78

— rdcemosdy 67

— scdhi'dy 76

— serotina, 67, 77, 78

— thomasi, 67, 77, 78, Plate
VIII, 69

Walker, E.H., 40
Walnut, Black, 50, 5^2, Plate
VI, 53

— Japanese, 54

— Persian, 52, 54

Weather phenomena, March,
1941, 33-34

Willow Leaf Beetle, 39
Winter Injury, 34

— and Serious Pests to be
Fought Now, 37-40

Woody Plants Injured Last
Year, List of, 38

— Killed to the Ground, List
of, 38

Worms, Canker, 39

— Cut, 39-40

These Bulletins will be discontinued until spring of next year.

Subscription renewals for 1942 are now due. Send the subscrip-
tion price of $1.00 to Arnoldia, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain,
Massachusetts, at your early convenience.

■ ■ ' M- ■' '

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