HARVARD UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

OF THE

GRAY HERBARIUM

Received

OcU'oer

V

ray Herbarium

University ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information

VOLUME II
1942

PUBLISHED BY THE

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

JAMAICA PLAIN, MASSACHUSETTS

I

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from
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ILLUSTRATIONS

Chinese New Year scene in Canton, showino- both types of Chinese New Year
Lily. Plate I, p. S.

Scenes in Canton before its partial destruction, showing Chinabells. Plate II, p. a.

Another Chinese New Year scene, with Chinese Sacred Lily, Peach branches and
ornate Chinese porcelain. Plate III, p. 7.

Shortia galnclfoUa. Plate IV, p. 1.5.

Composite drawing made in 1940 from a portrait of Asa Gray made in about
184.S. Plate V, p. 19.

Copy of an engraving of Dr. Charles Wilkins Short. Plate VI, p. 23.

The Hyams Shortia specimen in the Gray Herbarium. Plate VII, p. 27.

Showing the variations in leaves and buds of some Ruonymus species. Plate
VUI, p. 43.

i Fluotiymus Foriunei varieties. Plate IX, p. 45.

I

I

i

I

[iii]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bui.letin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volumes FEBRUARY 13, 194S Number 1

FLOWERS OF THE CHINESE NEW YEAR

ONF. of the most interesting customs in Canton, China, is that connected with
the Chinese New Year, a variable date which may occur, according to the
foreign calendar, some time during the month of January or February. On the
Chinese New Year (February 15 of this year), every Chinese family in Canton
j feels the necessity of having in its home some flowers appropriate to the New Year
j season. All shops are likewise decorated. Every sampan, the home of the boat
people, has its splash of color and so does the junk and flower boat. Without this
I symbol of life, and without the decorations of scarlet-red paper, the spirit of the
New Year season seems lacking.

To prepare for the great number of flowers demanded at this holiday season,
peonies {Paeonia suffruticosa Anderson) are shipped from the north; water lilies
i are imported from Chungchow, Fukien Province; villagers scour the hillsides for
azaleas (7?/mr/odc/a/ro// spp. ) and Chinabells {Enkiauthus quiuquejiorus Loureiro),
and the peasant or farmer cuts branches from his flowering ])each trees {Prunus
persica Linn.) and brings them to the market. Through long custom two or three
areas in Canton have been entirely turned over to this interesting flower market ;
the most celebrated is that region near the Sap Sam Hong district, but the broad
street. Wing On Road is also used to some extent. In these two areas for the two
or three days preceding the New Year and especially on the last day of the old
year, the streets on both sides are literally lined with thousands upon thousands
of flowering branches suitable to the New Year season. The water lilies are placed
in shallow porcelain containers or in wooden tubs. The branches of peach and
Chinabells are placed in porcelain jars or earthen jugs. Peonies and camellias are
attractively arranged on wooden frames. All during the day and especially the
last evening of the old year, the streets are crowded with a kaleidoscopic aggre-
gation of cheerful, happy, hurrying, hustling humanity, most eager to purchase
flowers for home, boat or shop needed on the morrow. The purchase is always

[1]

accompanied by the ever old custom of bargaining and good-natured haggling over
prices. The prospective buyer asks the price and receives an answer ; if the price is
too much, he offers a lower price and if not accepted, he moves away. The owner
calls out a slightly lower price but the prospective buyer moves on and tries the
same process somewhere else. He may even return to the same seller and begin
all over again until he obtains what he thinks is a just price. If, however, the
seller agrees to his offer, the purchaser is honor bound to pay, even if the pur- i
chaser realizes too late that he has offered too much.

Here one might see a prosperous merchant accompanied by his rickshaw coolie,
carrying a large peach tree costing approximately five or six dollars Chinese cur-
rency ; jostling in the crowd next to him may be a poor ragged, grass-shod, rick- '
shaw coolie, proudly carrying home a small branch of Chinabells {Eukianthus),
costing possibly only two dimes. Or, one might see a group of well-dressed, hat-
less, joking, jovial, joyous students in long Chinese dark-blue, padded coats, for
the air is cold and brisk : or the ever present short dark-coated merchant or arti-
san’s helper. Occasionally, in the early evening, one might see a group of gorgeous
silk-clad, satin embroidered slippered, immaculately groomed, elegantly perfumed
and brilliantly jade-bedecked Chinese girls, traveling always in groups or followed i
by the ever-present servant or “amah.” The amah” acts as a bodyguard, and
devotedly attends to the least wish or whim of her mistress. Perchance one might
see an Englishman from Shameen, with brown coat, golf trousers and Scotch-
plaid golf socks, somewhat aloof, with heavy walking stick and gloves, out for a
brisk walk ignoring the crowds, but occasionally stopping to admire or bargain
for some choice flowers or an ancient bronze jar.

Relatively few kinds of flowers are used for the New Year festival, the begin-
ning of the first or holiday moon. The commonest flowers used during this holi-
day season are briefly discussed below.

1 . Chinese New Year Lily, Water Fairy Flower, or Chinese Sacred Lily {Narcissus
tazetta Linnaeus), “Shiu Sin Fa.”

'fliis represents probably the most common flower of the China New Year festi-
val and the Chinese people adore it for the pure snow-whiteness of its petals and
its rich fragrance. This is the same species that is extensively grown in the United j
States. The contrast of these fragrant blossoms, with narrow elongated rich green J
leaves, bursting forth from out of the shaggy brown bulbs, symbolizes the begin-
ning of a new year. It is always available and can be obtained at very low prices,
ranging from one or two to four or five dimes, depending upon the variety and
method of slicing the bulbs. There are two major types : those with split erect
bulbs and erect stems with single or double fragrant flowers, and those with pe-
culiarly cut and often horizontally sliced bulbs, resulting in numerous closely
compact curved groups of closely associated flowers, giving a crowded horizontal
and brilliantly colored mass of fragrant flowers. These are cut in such a way as

Photograph courtesy of Prof. G. W. Grolf, Lingnan University, Canton, China.

PLATE I. Chinese New Year scene in Canton, showing both types of Chinese
New Year Lily. Note grass used for string, students in old and modern cos-
tume, and the merchant in background.

to form beautiful and delicate designs simulating various objects. If the design
is especially pleasing the cost is considerably more. These are very fragrant and 1
attractive, and are prepared in such a manner that the blooms will be at their |
maximum at the beginning of the Chinese New Year. This constitutes quite an ,
industry and has been admirably discussed in a paper by McClure.^ This industry '
is confined to a tiny area of about ten hamlets to the east of Yellow Mountain,
Wong Shan, in the vicinity of Changchow, Southern Fukien. I

I'his plant and the Camellia are also very commonly used as fiower offerings
to the various gods in the temples, at which time the bearers ask for sons or
prosperity for the New Year. ||

^2. Chinabells {Enkianthus quinquejlorus Loureiro), ‘ Tin Chung Fa."

'riiis beautiful example of the Heath family (Ericaceae) is rather common in
the nearby mountains and is extensively cut and brought into tlie market. Its
beautiful pendulous clusters of white, pale pink or rose colored bell-like flowers
make a very pleasing and appropriate New Year fiower. Each cluster may have
d to l.> flowers and the prospective buyer always tries to purchase the branch that
has the most flowers in a cluster. If placed in large water jars, these branches
will keep for a i)eriod of a week or two, the flowers gradually enlarging in size,
later being accompanied by the developing of young, delicate green shoots and
leaves which add considerably to the ga,v color scheme. Large clusters of flowers
are supposed to bring good luck.

fi. Peach {Pruuus persica Linnaeus and forms), “To.”

The large branches and in fact the entire trees of the peach are brought in
regularly to the market. There are two or three color forms, ranging from pale
pink to coral pink, and some with almost blood-red blossoms. The larger branches
or trees are rather expensive and are more commonly seen in the large silk hongs
(shops) or are purchased by the well-to-do.

4. Apricot {Prunus mume Sieb. & Zucc.), Mooi.” |

This is only occasionally used and is not as common at the New Year time as
the peach. It is, however, extensively cultivated in Chinese gardens. The flowers
are a pale delicate pink and the double flowering forms are often pure white. The
cut branches are not very satisfactory, as the flowers soon drop off.

.). Tree peony {Paeonia suffruticosa Anderson, P. moutan Sims), “Mau Tan.”

These are not grown locally in Kwangtung; each year they are shipped down
from the north. This shrubby biternate-leaved plant has large beautiful attractive
pink flowers, often four to five inches across. The flowers should be fully open on

^ Hongkong Naturalist Vol. Ill, p. 186-193, t. 26-29, and fig. 1-2 (1932).

[4]

Photographs courtesy of Dr. W. W. Cadbury, Supt. Sun Yat-sen Medical College and
Canton Hospital, Lingnan University.

PLATE II. Scenes in Canton before its partial destruction, showing Chinabells.

New Year’s day. If the weather is unusually cold, the buds do not open and often
the seller is left with hundreds of plants on his hands, as the Chinese will not
purchase them if they think the flowers will only be in bud on New Year’s day.
One rather cold year the gardener in charge of the Lingnan University green-
house purchased a large number of these plants and forced them in the heated
greenhouse, so that the plants that he forced were the only ones to flower in Can-
ton on that particular Chinese New Year; they actually brought fabulous prices
in the open market.

This ])eony has a long history in China; before 600 A.D. it was primarily used
for medicinal purposes, but after that date was extensively used as an ornamental.
One kind has been used to give to friends as a gift on separation, or often as a
family remembrance upon the return of some member after separation, in a way
similar to the forget-me-not of America. The tree peony is called ‘^Hwa Wang,’*
or King of Flowers, and has been cultivated extensively by nobility, the literary
and the rich ; it has become a favorite subject in art, in literature, in ceramics,
in textiles, and in prose and poetry. It is often found associated with the Phoe-
nix, the King of Birds, and these two together were extensively embroidered and
depicted on the trousseaux of princesses.

6. Azalea or Rhododendron {Rhododendron spp., mostly E. Ferrarae Tate, R.
Siinsii PI. and cultivated forms of R. indicum Linnaeus), ‘^To Kuen.”

A few years ago the only azaleas found in the New Year market were the na-
tive briek-red species {R. Simsu) and the delicate lovely lavender-tinted species
{R. Ferrarae) . Whole bushes were dug up from the nearby mountains and brought
into the market. More recently Japanese varieties of azaleas have been introduced
into the Chinese trade and many beautiful varieties of these are now found during
this holiday seeson. As R. Simsii occurs commonly on the nearby mountains,
grows vigorously, Howers abundantly, and is endowed with the favored brick red
color of the holida}’ season, it has special significance at this time. By some,
however, it is supposed to be a tragic flower, in contrast to its smiling, bright,
flashing beauty, and as one legend goes, it was supposed to spring from the tears
of blood of the cuckoo. The cuckoo was supposed to be the reincarnation of a boy
in search of his lost brother who was persecuted from home by his stepmother.

7. Camellia {Camellia japonica Linnaeus: Thea japonica (L. ) Nois.), “Shan'

Clra.**

'khis shrub with beautiful dark green, shining foliage and usually delicate pink
flowers is seen in the market either as shapely shrubby bushes, beautifully culti-
vated in attractive flower pots, or as cut branches. Red and white forms are not
often seen during the holiday season. The larger shrubs are expensive.

This flower, as mentioned above, is extensively used as a floral offering to the
temple gods when special requests for the New Year are presented. It may be

[0]

Photograph courtesy of Prof. G. W. Groff, Lingnan University, Canton, China.

PLATE III. Anoth er Chinese New Year scene, with Chinese Sacred Lily,
Peach branches and ornate Chinese porcelain.

mentioned also in passing that this flower is never worn as an ornament in a
lady’s hair, for the large buds of the Camellia take a whole year to open. To the
Chinese this would symbolize the fact that a woman would have to wait one whole
year for a son — much too long a period — and so the Camellia is not used by women
as a floral decoration. For this purpose the following species are used : Orchid
tree” (Aglaia odorata Lour. ) , “Mai Tsai Lan or Shue Lan” ; “Pearl orchid tree”
(Chloranthus spicata Makino) , “ChueLan”; “White and Yellow Jade Orchid
tree” {Michelia alba DC., M. Champaca Linn.), but not, however, at the Chinese
New Year.

8. Waxflower or Wintersweet {Chhnonanthus pi'aeco.v Linnaeus: Meratia praeco.v
Wilson), “Lap Mooi” or “La Mei Hua.”

This shrub with the flowers appearing before the leaves is occasionally seen.
J’he delicate waxy yellow flowers with the inner sepals beautifully striped witli
pale purplish brown, are very fragrant and eagerly sought.

Occasionally other flowers or fruits are found in the market at this season, such
as Buddas’ Angers {Citrus 7nedica Linn. var. sarcod octyl us Swingle), flowers of
the plum {Prunus japonica Thunb.), peculiar fruited species Sol an um, various
dwarf forms of oranges, kumfiuats and orchids. It should also be mentioned that
there are alwa.vs a few practical jokers who cunningly and artistically prepare
composite sprays of leaves of one species and flowers of another, which they try
to sell at high prices because of their rarity, and take great delight in trying to
fool the general ])ublic. Being a botanist any unusual blossom or fruit at once
attracts my attention. The writer remembers, very much to his chagrin, the pur-
chase of one of these beautiful hand-made floral fakes, which his Chinese com-
panion, without saying a word, allowed him to purchase. Upon subsequent in-
vestigation til is proved to be a clever, temporary, artiflcial arrangement between
two entirely unrelated species. His Chinese companion had a good laugh at the
writer's expense.^

' I am however, consoled by the fact that I have not been the only botanist thus “taken in.”
One of Augustine Henry's Chinese collectors “manufactured” a dried botanical specimen
by combining parts of two entirely different species so skillfully that when the specimen was
studied at Kew it was described and illustrated as a new genus and a new species, Actinoti-
u us sinensis Oliv. in Hook, Ic. 18: t. 1740. 1889. The author indicated in the original de-
scription that while the floral characters were those of Viburnum, yet the vegetative charac-
ters were those of Aesculus, the two genera of course belonging in totally unrelated families.
The hoax was not detected until a year later when a critical re-examination of the type speci-
men showed that the collector had so skillfully attached the inflorescence of a species of
Viburnum to a terminal leafy branch of an Aesculus that neither the highly skilled botanist
who studied it nor the widely experienced artist who prepared the drawing, detected the
artifact at the time the description and the drawing were prepared.

Franklin P. Metcalf

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Buu.etin of Popui.ar Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

/■qlume 2

MARCH 13, 1942

Number 2

NURSERY SOURCES FOR NUT TREES

IN a recent number of Arnoldia entitled “ Nut Growing in the Northeastern
States” (Arnoldia, Vol. 1 ; 45-64; Oct. 31, 194l) over sixty varieties of nuts
vere recommended for trial in the northeastern United States. In the past, some
)f our practical minded readers have offered the just criticism that such published
nformation is not nearly as valuable as if actual sources for such varieties are
riven. In these trying times, when plants with economic value are becoming in-
creasingly important, it seems only fitting that sources for such plants be pub-
ished when available.

In this current issue of Arnoldia nursery sources for about forty of the sixty
3dd nut varieties discussed in the above-mentioned issue of Arnoldia are listed.
Also, some one hundred other varieties are listed simply for the information of
the prospective nut tree purchaser. For critical information concerning the rela-
jtive merits of these varieties the reader is referred to Arnoldia, Vol. 1 ; 45-64;
October 31, 1941.

I It will be noted that only nine sources are listed for nut trees. This does not
imean that no other nurseries offer nut trees. Far from it! Many a nursery deal-
ling with ornamentals will have a few desirable varieties of nut trees available,
'but for the purposes of listing sources in this bulletin, it was advisable to refer
jonly to those northern nurseries which grow nut trees as a specialty.

Although sources for about one hundred and fifty varieties have been found,
;only those starred have been recommended in the former issue of Arnoldia by
^Dr. L. H. MacDaniels. The others may or may not be of “good” quality, (in-
cidentally, Dr. MacDaniels did not mention persimmons.) However, this lengthy
llist of nut variety sources is here offered in the hope that it will materially assist
i home owners in acquiring a few nut trees for the home gardens. It shows that
jnut trees are available for spring planting in considerable variety and we hope
we have done our part in specifically pointing this out to the plant buying public.

Northern Nurseries specializing in Nut Trees

1. Benton & Smith Nut Tree Nursery; Wassaic, New York

2. Carroll Bush Nursery; Eagle Creek, Oregon

3. Gellatly’s Nut Nursery; Box 19, Westbank, British Columbia, Canada

4. Indiana Nut Nursery; Rockport, Indiana

5. J. F. Jones Nurseries; Box 356, Lancaster, Pennsylvania

6. Nut Tree Nurseries; Downingtown, Pennsylvania

7. Mountain Nut Company; Roanoke, Virginia

8. hL A. Riehl Nursery; Godfrey, Illinois

9. Sunny Ridge Nursery; Svvarthmore, Pennsylvania

Nut Tree Varieties and Their Sources

CHESTNUTS

American Chestnut {Castauea deutaia)
Hathaway 2
Honey 2

European Chestnut {Castanea sativa)
Big Boy 2
Quercy 2

Chinese Chestnut moUissimn)

^Abundance 2
*Carr 4, 7, 9

Hobson 4, 7, 9
* Homan 2
*Reliable 7
*Yankee 9
Zimmerman 9

Japanese Chestnut {Castanea crenata)
Austin 4, 7, 9
Murden 7
Vibbert 7

*Stoke {mo//issima)\c?'enata) 7

HAZELNUTS AND FILBERTS

Hazelnut and Filbert {Cory I us species^
* Barcelona 2, 5, 6, 9
Bawden 3
Brag 3
Brixnut 7
Carey 3
Clackamas 2
Comet 3
Craig 3

Daviana 2, 5, 6

DuChilly 2, 5, 6, 9

Haller (Geantes de Halle, Hall’s

Giant) 2, 7
Holder 3
^Italian Red 5
Jones Hybrid 5
Longfellow 2
Nixon 2
Nonpareil 2
Nooksack 2
Nottingham 2
Sell erf 2

White Aveline 5, 6
Winkler 8, 9

* Variety recommended or discussed in Arnoldia Vol. 1, 45-64, by Dr. L. H
M acDaniels of Cornell University.

[10]

HICKORIES

Pecan {Carya illinoensls^ C. pecan)

*Goheen 1

Busseron 4-, 5, 6, 9

Hagen 1

Gallatin 4

Hand 1

Giles 4

Minnie 8

*Greenriver 4, 5, 6, 9

Murdock 1

Indiana 4, 5, 9

*Neilson 8

Kentucky 9

Romig 6

*Major 4, 9

Stanley 5

* Posey 4, 5, 6

Stratford 6, 9

Hicans (C. laciniosaY.C. illinoensis)
Bixby 4, 6, 9

*VVhitney 1
*Wilcox 1

*Burlington 5, 9
*Des Moines 9
*Gerardi 9
*McCallister 2, 4

Hickory Hybrids

Beaver (C. cord ifor mis y^C. ovata) 8
Berger (C. tomentosay^C. laciniosa) 1
Creager (C. cordiformisXC. ovata) 8

Shagbark Hickory (^Carya ovata)

Fairbanks (C. cordiformis X C. ovata)

Anthony 1

0, 6, 8, 9

Brooks 8

*Pleas (C. cordiformisyiC. i/linoensis)

*Davis 1

5, 8

*Fox 1

Siers {C.cordifonnis'KC.tomentosa) 8

*Glover 1 , 8

Weiker (C. ovatay^C. laciniosa) 8

WALNUTS

Black Walnut (juglans nigra)

Mintle 1, 8

*Allen 1

Myers 1, 5, 6, 8 »

Beck 8

Oakes 8

Benton 1

*Ohio 1, 4, 5, 6, 8

Booth 1

Finecrest 1, 7

*Clark 1, 8

Rohwer 8

*Cresco 1

Sifford 1, 7, 8

Edras 8

*Snyder 1 , 8

Edmunds 8

Sparrow 1 , 8

Hadley 8

^Stabler 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9

Hepler 8

Stambaugh 1, 8

Impit 3

Swartz 8

*Kettler 8

*Tasterite 1 , 7, 8, 9

Korn 1

'Pen Eyck 5, 8

Lamb Curly 4, 7

Thomas 1 , 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9

Metcalf 8

Thorp 1

[n]

Black Walnut (cont.)

Todd 1, 8
Wanda 1, 8
Weber 1
Wetzel 1
*Wiard 1
William Penn 6

Persian (or English) Walnut

{Juglans regia)

Alpine 5
Breslau 2
Broadview 1, 7
^Carpathian D. 1
*Crath 1 , 7
Eureka 5

Franquette 2, 7, 9
Grenoble 5
Hall 5
King 2

Mayette 5, 7, 9
Payne 5, 7
Pekin 2
Sinclair 5
Watt 8

Butternut {Juglans cinerea)

Buckley 8
Creighton 8
Herrick 8
Johnson 8
Lingle 8
Sherwood 8
*Thill 8

*Van der Poppen 8
Wright 6

Heartnut Hybrids (juglans sieholdiana
cordifoi'inis)

*Bates 5
Calender 3
Canoka 3
*Faust 8
*Fodemaier 1
Mackenzie 3
O. K. 3
^Walters 7, 8
Wright 1

Buartnut (Juglans cinerea y.J. siebold-
iana cordiformis)

Crofter 3
Leslie 3
Okanda 3

Note: Though not considered nuts, there are a few varieties of persimmons
that can well be included in this list of economically valued trees.

PERSIMMONS

American Persimmon (Diospi/ros vir-
giniana)

Buhrman 6
Colby 4

Early Golden 5, 6, 9
Hicks 4
Josephine 5
Kansas 9
Killen 9
Lambert .5, 6
Miller 4

Penland 4

Oriental Persimmon (Diospyros kaki)
Emperor 9
Great Wall 9
Honan Red 2
Kawakami 2
Lotus 2
Peiping 9
Sheng 2
Tamopan 2

[12]

Donald Wyman

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popui.ar Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

V^oLUME 2 xAPRIL 10, 1942 Numbers 8-4

ASA GRAY AND HIS QUEST FOR SHORTIA GALACIFOLIA

The word bewitched has antipodal meanings. The first, sinister, fearsome,
savoring of Salem trials and clouded minds; the second charmed, enchanted,
captivated. In this second sense Asa Gray was bewitched. For forty years, the
greater part of his productive life, the memory of a fragmentary, dried, incom-
plete specimen in a neglected herbarium cabinet in France, haunted him. Child
of his naming, the assurance of its existence as a living plant and the hope of its
rediscovery were with him constantly. A shy, evergreen groundcover with dainty,
creamy-white flowers in early spring; cheerful, shiny, bright green leaves in sum-
mer; a winter coloring rich and rare — it well deserved his lifelong devotion. When
the search was ended and the visible assurance of its existence was placed in Gray’s
hands, he could well exclaim, as he did: ^‘Now let me sing my nunc dimittis.''

On November 9, 1888, Gray sailed in the packet ship Philadelphia for Europe.
He had received appointment to a professorship in the newly planned L'niversity
of Michigan at Ann x^rbor. x-\s the buildings were not ready he was granted a
year’s leave of absence, a salary of $1500.00 and $5000.00 was placed at his dis-
j)osal to purchase books for the new University library. Tlie main object of his
trip, however, was to examine the original sources of x\merican flora as they ex-
isted in the principal herbaria of Europe. xA.fter a twenty-one day voyage he landed
in Liverpool and then began a year crowded with rich cultural and educational
experiences. Everywhere he made friends among the botanists and scientists and
everywhere he found in the old established herbaria specimens of x^merican })lants
which had been collected through the past century by a long list of botanists and
travellers.

Finding the herbarium specimen in France

By the middle of March Gray had reached Paris where he remained nearly a
month. Here he worked over the collections of x\ndre Michaux (1746-1802), that
indefatigable collector and botanist, who fifty years before had spent eleven years

in the United States, sending home to France great quantities of botanical treas-
ures. Among these in a cabinet of unidentified plants was a faded, incomplete
specimen with the label; “Hautes montagnes de Carolinie. An pyrola spec/^ An
genus novum?^^ In his carefully kept Journal Andre Michaux not only tells of the
finding of the plant, but gives careful directions that future botanists might also
locate it in the ‘‘High Mountains of Carolina.”

Michaux’s Journal in French, as written, is not readily available, nor is there
a translation of the whole Journal for English readers. Through the courtesy of
Professor Edith Philips, of the French Department of Swarthmore College, the
following translation of that small portion relating to the finding of Shoriia is here
presented. It will give some idea of the hardships borne by the botanist in his
travels and covers his experiences on four disagreeable winter days when he came
upon the little plant which has intrigued botanists for one hundred and fifty-four
years. ^

The roads became more difficult as we apjjroached the headwaters of the
Keowee [spelled Kiwi by Michaux] on the 8th of December, 1788. . . .Two
miles before arriving there I recognized tlie Magnolia montana which lias been
named M. coi'data or auriculata by Bartram. There was in this place a little
cabin inhabited by a family of Cherokee Indians. We stopped there to camp
and I ran off' to make some investigations. I gatliered a new low woody plant
with saw-toothed leaves creeping on the mountain at a short distance from
the river. The weather changed and it rained all night. Althougli we were
in the shelter of a great Strobus pine our clotliing and our covers were soaked.
About the middle of the night 1 went to the cabin of the Indians, which could
scarcely hold the family composed of eiglit persons, men and women. There
were besides six big dogs who added to the filth of tliis apartment and to its
inconveniences. J'lie fire was placed in the middle witliout any opening in
the top of the cabin to let the smoke out; there were plenty of holes, how-
ever, to let the rain through the roof of tliis liouse. An Indian came to take
my place by the fire and offered me his bed which was a bear’s skin. But
finally the rain having stopped and annoyed by the dogs which kept biting
each otlier continually to keep their [)lace by the fire, I returned to the camp.

'riiis ])lace which is called the source of the Keowee is incorrectly so in-
dicated. It is the junction of two other rivers or large torrents which unite
at tliis place and which is known only as the forks of the Keowee.

On December 1 1 it froze hard and the air was clear and keen. 1 noticed
a chain of high mountains which extended from west to east and where the
frost was little felt in ])laces exposed to the sun. I gathered a Jiiniperus

^Michaux, F. A. Journal of Andre Michaux. 1787-1796, with an introduction and notes by
Charles Sprague Sargent. Proc. Ainer. Philos. Soc. 26: 1-145. 1889. The introductory part
was read before the American Philosophical Society at its meeting on October 19, 1888. The
translation here given was made from the printed text, p. 45-46. The priceless original jour-
nal has been removed to a place of safety for the “duration.”

[14]

I

I

I

i

PLATE IV. Shortia galacifolia — from original drawing by Decaisne of the type specimen
in the Michaux Herbarium, Paris, 1839. (Copied by G. Dillon, Feb., 1942.)

\^j-epe7is\ which I had not yet seen in the southern part of the United States
hut it must be noted that I saw on these mountains several trees of the north-
ern reo’ions such as Betula nigra ^ Cornus alternifolia, Pinus Strobus, Abies,
Spruce, etc. We crossed a space of about three miles in the midst of Rhodo-
dendron maximum. I came back to camp with my guide at the head of the
Keowee and gathered a large quantity of the low woody y)lants with the saw-
toothed leaves that I found the day I arrived. I did not see it on any other
mountain. The Indians of the place told me that the leaves had a good taste
when chewed and the odor was agreeable when they were crushed, which I
found to be the case.

Directions for Jinding this plant

Tlie head of the Keowee is tlie junction of two torrents of considerable size
which flow in cascades from the high mountains. This junction takes ])lace
in a small plain wliere there was once a Cherokee village. On descending
from the junction of these two torrents with the river to one's left and tlie
mountains which face north on the right, one finds at about ^200-3(X) feet
from the junction, a path formed by the Indian hunters.^ It leads to a brook
where one recognizes the site of an Indian village by the peach trees which
still exist in the midst of the underbrush. Continuing on this path one soon
reaches the mountains and one finds this plant which covers the ground along
with the Epigaea repens.

In his journal for April 8, 1889, dray records the find in the herbarium of the
Paris Museum which immediately aroused his interest :

But I have something better than all this to tell you. I have discovered a new
genus in Michaux's herbarium — at the end, among plantae ignotae. It is from that
great unknown region, the high mountains of North Carolina. We have the fruit,
with the jiersistent calyx and style, but no flowers, and a guess that I made about
its affinities has been amply borne out on examination by Decaisne and myself.
It is allied to Galax, but is un tres distinct genus,’ having axillary one-flowered
scapes (the flower large and a st.vle that of a Pyrola, long and declined). Indeed
I ho})e it will settle tlie riddle about the family of Galax, and prove Richard to (|
be right when he says Ordo Ericarum. I claim the right of a discoverer to affix
the name. So I say, as this is a good North American genus and comes from near
Kentucky, it shall be christened Shortia, to which we will stand as godfathers.
So Shortia ga/acifo/ia, Torr. and Gr., it shall be. I beg you to inform Dr. Short,
and to say that we will lay upon him no greater penalty than this necessary i
tiling— that he make a pilgrimage to the mountains of Carolina this coming sum-
mer and procure the flowers.”

Charles Wilkins Short ( 1794-1 868) and Asa Gray never met. Their friendship
was founded on a voluminous correspondence and a mutual respect for the botan-

^Sargent notes, “This path still exists very much in the same condition, probably, as Mi-
chaux found it a hundred years ago." Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 26: 47. 1889.

[16]

ic?il writino-s and attainments of each otlier. Both had been graduated in medicine
and botli were eolleoe instructors in science. Sliort was (Iray's senior by sixteen
years. He never saw tlie dainty little plant so honorably named, nor the dried
specimen in the Paris herbarium. 'Phis and the few lines in 'I'orrey and dray's
Flora of North America were all that were definitely known of it until fourteen
years after Dr. Short's deatli. Ap{)arently the latter never made the penalty pil-
jrrimaoe to the mountains of Carolina in search of his namesake. His own laroe
collection of dried plants passed to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Pliiladelphia
but his name is still to be found on the twenty-five thousand herbarium specimens
he is said to have o-enerously distributed to like-minded enthusiasts throuo-hout the
world.

The search of the Carolina mountains

Returnino- from his trip abroad, Gray reached home early in November, 18^}),
and immediately plunoed into the task of eompletino- the Flora of North America.
S/iortia, however, was always in his mind. It was Michaux's incomplete and mis-
leading label ^^Hautes montagnes de Carolinie " on tlie herbarium specimen in
Paris that delayed for nearly forty years the satisfaction he was to have in holding
in his hand a living plant. In anticipation of a botanizing trip Dr. Gray now con-
sulted Michaux’s journal. But one must read carefully to find the reference, al-
though in all the journal no species location is so faithfully described as in that
oi' S/iortia, but Gray unfortunately missed the significance of Michaux’s directions,
or did not realize that the passage reproduced above appertained to the much de-
sired Shoi'tia. With two friends, John Carey and James Constable, he started on
his first quest late in June, 1841. To the ^^High Mountains'’ they went. Roan,
Iron, Grandfather, Black and others, all over 3000 feet in height. Michaux had
also visited them. He recorded in his journal that on the 80th of August, 1794,
standing on the summit of Grandfather, which he thought was the highest peak
in all the xAppalaehians, he and his guide, John Davenport, had chanted the Mar-
sellaiseand cried Vive I'x-Vmerique et la Republicpie Frangaise, Vive la Liberte!’'

Tlie Gray exploring party made its headcpiarters in the little town of Jefferson,
the County seat of Ashe County, North Carolina. None of tlie [larty knew that
Shortia flowered in late March or early April, nor did they know at what altitude
it grew. Reporting on his extended trip in a classical account which he wrote for
Sir William J. Hooker, Gray says; ^ We were unsuccessful in our search for a re-
markable undescribed plant with a habit of Pyrola and the foliage of Galax, which
I was obtained in the high mountains of Carolina. The only siiecimen extant is
among the Plantae incognitae ’ of the Michauxian herbarium, in fruit only ; and
we were anxious to obtain flowering specimens, that we miglit complete its his-
; tory ; as I have long wished to dedicate the plant to Professor Short, of Kentucky,
wliose attainments and eminent services to North American botany are well known
and appreciated both at home and abroad." ^ In a footnote from this quoted pas-
sage is the first published description of the genus Shortia Torrev and Gray.

[17]

Two years passed and the position at Michigan having been abandoned, on
April 30, ISd'i, Gray was appointed to the Fisher Professorship of Natural His-
tory in Harvard College. Again Shortia called him and for nearly three months
in 1843, this time with another friend, William S. Sullivant, he herborized in the
same general territory, the happy hunting ground of many distinguished botan-
ists, both before and since. But again he was searching in the wrong place and
again was disappointed. In neither trip did he come within many miles of where
the little plant had been first discovered.”

Dr. Jolin d’orrey was the first to suggest as early as ISa'i, that S/iortid was
probably an early spring plant and further that it might disappear after flowering
and [)erfecting its seed. ‘One shoukl be ju'etty early on the ground to find it in
flower,"' lie wrote Dr. Short who was anticipating a journey to the Carolina moun-
tains in (|uest of it. John Carey about the same time was urging Dr. Short to as-
certain the name and whereabouts of Michaux's old guide, John Davenport, from
whom he might learn his track “in general if not in particular."^

Rediscovery at last!

It was in May, 1877, that seventeen year old George McQueen Hyams(l8bl-
lb3'-2) of Statesville, N. C., found Shortia growing on the banks of the Catawba
River near Marion, the county seat of McDowell County, N. C.,^ some seventy
miles in a direct line from the site of Michaux's discovery. His father, M. F..
Hyams (l8 Hi-1891 ), was an herbalist but did not know the plant and eighteen
months later sent a specimen for identification to a friend, Joseph W. Congdon
of Fast Greenwich, R. I. He in turn wrote Dr. Gray telling him he thought he
liad Shortia. The latter wrote ‘ send it on" and at last the search of nearly forty
years was at an end. Dr. Gray was triumphant. No other botanist has the ij
news," he hastened to write, on October 21, 1878, to his close friend and fellow
botanist William M. Canby, who was to be the first to share with him the jubila-

^See Gray, A. Notes of a botanical excursion to the mountains of North Carolina, etc. with
some remarks on the botany of the higher Alleghany Mountains, in a letter to Sir Wm. J.
Hooker. Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 1-49. 1842, also published in London Jour. Bot. 1: 1-14, 217-
237. 1842, 2: 113-125. 1843, 3: 230-242. 1844; reprinted in Scientific papers of Asa Gra5^
selected by Charles S. Sargent 2: 22-70. 1889.

"For an account of the second journey see Gray, A. Musci Alleghaniensis, sive Spicilegia
Muscorum atque Hepaticarum quos in itinere a Marylandia ad Georgiam per tractus mon-
tium A. D. MDCCCXLIII, decerpserunt Asa Gray et W.S. Sullivant. . . .Am. Jour. Sci. II
1: 70-81. 1846 (p. 79-81).

^Letter from John Carey toC. W. Short edited by Prof. W. C. Coker. Jour. Elisha Mitchell
Sci. Soc. 57: 122. 1941.

^F.M. Crayton for fifty years a well known plantsman and collector of Biltmore, N.C., says
all the stations of Shortia in McDowell County, where it was rediscovered in 1877, have been
destroyed with the exception of one small colony. He has found it in nearby Burke County
where it has increased considerably in the last twenty-five years.

[18]

PLATE V. Composite drawing made in 1940 from a portrait of Asa Gray made in about 1S4S.
The microscope shown is the one he used, (Courtesy of the First National Bank of Boston.)

tion over the rediscovery. In the period of forty years of waiting, many deserved
honors had come to him, including college degrees and memberships in fifty learned
and cultural societies throughout the world. A few months previously he had been
elected a member of the Academic des Sciences of the Institut de France, one of
the most coveted rewards to a scientific man. Yet the discovery he was communi-
cating to his friend, ‘‘has given me,” he said, “a hundred times the satisfaction
that the election to the Institut did.” And then he continues : “if you will come
here I can show you what will delight your eyes and cure you effectively of tlie
skeptical spirit you used to have about Shortia galacifolia. It is before me with co-
rolla and all from North Carolina ! Think of that ! My long faith rewarded at last.”

Dr. Gray wrote to M. kk Hyams,^ October ^7, 1878, telling him how much
immortality had been lost for his son by not sending the specimen when it was
found eighteen months before, in order that the description might have been in-
cluded in tlie edition of the Flora which had gone to press in the meantime, but
promising to make his name famous through an article in Silliman’s Journal ])r()
tern.” He also informed M. F. Hyams, that he or Mr. Canby, or both, would be
down tlie following May, call for the boy and ask to be taken to tlie spot. Mr.
Hyams in replying, October 81, tells of the finding of the plants : “We were pass-
ing along the road and my attention was called to an elevated hillside that I could
not ascend as being at the time rather exhausted, being sixty years old, requested
him [his son] to ascend and bring whatever was in flower. I have forgotten the
locality, but he is fully known to it, as he lived within two miles of the place for
several years.”"

Now that a definite station for Shortia had been located. Dr. Gray early in the
spring of 1879 organized a real excursion to see it growing in the wild. Mrs. Gray
and lier brother witli tlie latter's wife and their two daughters and his botanical
friends, William M. Canby of Wilmington, Del., Dr. Charles S. Sargent of Brook-
line, Mass., and J. H. Redfield of Philadelphia, Penna., composed the party. The f
four iirincipals of the party arrived in Statesville, N.C. by train and were enter-
tained by a Mr. Wallace, a leading citizen of the town. Redfield wrote a full ac-
count of the trip but only that portion relating to Shortia is included here. He t!
says P “The recent rediscovery of Shoiiia in North Carolina has created much t|

^The interest of M. E. Hyams in botany was lifelong and enthusiastic. A son relates that ij
when he would take his boys walking he would bid one look up and the other look down so
they would miss nothing. He was a purchasing agent and collector of medicinal plants fora
large Baltimore drug house His home was in Statesville, N.C. from 1870 until his death in
1891. The botanical fame which Dr. Gray promised George M. Hyams as the rediscoverer
of Shortia did not materialize. Removed from the influence of his father he lost interest in
botany and became the proprietor of a general store and postmaster at Old Fort, N.C. where
he was a respected and influential citizen. He died at Old Fort in 1932.

"Original letter in Gray Herbarium.

'^Redfield, J. H. Notes of a botanical excursion into North Carolina. Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club. 6: 331-339. 1879.

[20]

I

interest ainono- botanists. . . . Searches rei)eate(l in the course ot‘ many years had
proved fruitless, so tliat to tlie botaidcal fraternity and particularly to the author
|of the oenus the recovery was somewhat like that of a lon»- lost child. . . .'I'hc ob-
[ject was not only to see Sliortia but to find more of it if possible and to cxploia*
>some portions of the mountains which the oldest member of the party [l)r. (Jrav]
'had visited in 1841 and 1848. . . .

“a visit to the root and herb warehouse belonoino- to W'allace lirothers and
iunder the charoe of Mr. Hyams, furnished evidence that this branch of industry
llias reached an extent and importance of which few are aware, fhe printed cat-
alooue of indioenous plants, dealt in by this house, enumerates about (>80 spe-
cies. . . . 'J’hese simples find a laroe market, both in this country and Kurope, and
the orders come mainly from the wholesale drug’oists and the manufacturers of
patent medicines. Think of a sinole order for fifteen tons of Hepalica triloba!. . .

Beino- now in McDowell County, the Shortia locality was visited under the
ouidance of Mr. George M. Hyams the actual discoverer. In the secluded and
iwell protected station, well over-shadowed by Rhododendrons and Matynolias, was
jseen the little colony of the plant, so lontf souo’ht and by many so lono- doubted.
Its companions were Mitchella repens, Asarum Virginicum and Galax aphfjUa. The
I .space over which the plant extended was perhaps 10 feet X 80 and in all there
: may have been 50 to 100 plants. As the plant multiplies by stolons it is remark-
able that its area should be thus restricted and since in the struof^yle for life of two
lallied plants the weaker ‘must g*o,’ Dr. Gray sugoested the possibility that its
stronger cousin, the Galax, had crowded out the Shortia. And here indeed, in
what may be the last foothold of the rarity, Galax appeared to be actually doing
so. Yet the plants, though comparatively few, were vigorous and healthy. Other
stations may be looked for; but they must be hard to find. When Ave consider the
long search which has been made for this plant, how all the mountain region of
the Carolinas and Tennessee has been examined by the sharp optics of Buckley,
Rugel, M. A. Curtis, Dr. Gray, Canby, Le Roy and Huger, the Vaseys, elder and
younger, Chickering and others, it is very certain that if there be other localities
they must be ‘few and far between.'

i Asa Gray never saw Shortia in bloom in its native mountains, nor did he ever
yisit the forks of the Keowee. Shortly after his return to Cambridge he wrote to
*Dr. Short’s daughter:

I Botanic Garden, Cambridge, Mass.

Aug. 5, 1879

Hon. and dear Madam:

I respond at once to your letter of Aug. 1st, and send you the announce-
ment in Silliman’s Journal, on which (tS: on a later) notice the article in the

Garden” must have been founded.

^See also Gray's account of the rediscovery of Shortia. Gray, A. Shortia galacifolia redis-
covered. Am. Jour. Sci. III. 16: 483-485. 1878.

[ -ii ]

1

I

I

Year after year have I hunted for that plant ! And I grew sorrowful at hav-
ing named after Dr. Short a plant that nobod.v could find. So conspicuous for
its absence had this rarity become, that friends of ours botanizing in the
mountains two years ago, were accosted with the question — Found Shortia
.vet?” — from people who had seen our anxious search for it. After all, the
rediscover.v was accidental, and b.v one not a botanist. Few botanical events
excited more interest at home and abroad ; and .vour honored father is com-
memorated b.v perhaps the most interesting flower in N. America, with a
counter})art in Japan.

Well m.v wife and I with three other botanists, passed the month of June
1 in a visit to the discovered locality — a small patch, at the foot of the moun-
tains, and in a diligent search for more — as it no doubt belongs higher up in
the mountains. We did not find more of it. But I am not yet 69 .vears old, and
I hope to trv once more, having now narrowed the region in which the search
should be made with some confidence.

But we had a delightful journey. Wlien your memorial is printed please
let me have a cop.v of it. Consider I have an interest in the subject of it
next to his descendants.

Excuse hurried line from a very busy man, ik poor writer, and believe me
to be always.

Yours verv sincerel.v,
Asa Cray

(P.S.) I have had more or less to do with the naming (besides the genus)
of several species for Dr. Short. Among them Carex S/tortii, Viscaria Shortii
[now Lesquei'ella globosa in Gra.v 7th ed.]. Aster Shortii, Solidago Shortii.

A.G

(F.S.) The flowering specimens are left in the hands of Mr. H.vams who is
a plant dealer — Statesville, N. C. The.v liave been gathered scantily not to
endanger the stock. Next .vear you shall have a dried specimen, or better
a plant to flower for vt)urself. A prettv but modest thing.

A.G.i

Dr. Sargent finds Shortia

Dr. Sargent was not satisfied with the meagre results of the search for Shortia
in 1879 and again visited the Carolinas in the earlv autumn of 1886 hunting for
Magnolia cordata, mentioned b.v Michaux. x\t Sapphire, Transylvania Count.v,
N.C., he and Mr. Stiles who accompanied him, were met by Frank E. Boynton
of Higldands. One evening after a botanizing trip Dr. Sargent produced a leaf
and asked what it was. Mr. Bovnton thought it might be Galax but examining
it more closel.v said he did not know. Mr. Stiles jokingl.v said : ^^That is Shortia,^’
and it turned out so to be. It was a coincidence that in the evening mail the
following letter arrived from Dr. Grav :

' Letter in a collection of Dr, Short's letters at the University of North Carolina. Published
in the Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 57: l(i7. 1941.

[ 2-2 ]

] PLATE VI. Copied from an engraving of Dr. Charles Wilkins Short

! owned by the American Philosophical Society; there is also a copy of

I this in the Jane Coring Gray collection of portraits of botanists at the

I Gray Herbarium.

I

September 17, 1886.

My d ear Sar(?ent :

^^\)uld I were with you. I can only say crown yourself with glory by
discovering a habitat — the original habitat of Shortia which we will believe
M ichaux found near where Magnolia cordata came from in that first expedition.

Yours, ever,

' Asa Gray

Unfortunately Dr. Sargent could not recall where he had found the Shortia leaf.
He and his party had travelled all day over rough mountain country searching for
Magnolia cordata. So the two Boynton brothers were sent back to locate the grow-
ing plants from which the leaf had been plucked. 'Frank Boynton remembered
that Dr. Sargent and he had passed through Bear Camp, a small settlement on
Bear Camp Creek, a little stream flowing into the Horse Pasture River, which in
turn enters the Keowee. Here they found Shortia and gathered a small amount
and it was one of these living plants which Dr. Sargent placed in Dr. Gray's
hands as coming from the Michaux land ‘^the headwaters of the Keowee,** for
it was at this place that Michaux first found it on December 8, 1788.

I'wo reports from Frank E. Boynton^ associated with Dr. Sargent in his botan-
ical excursion in search of Shortia and Magnolia cordata, aroused the enthusiams of
botanists two generations ago. Mr. Boynton's home was in Highlands, N.C. near
the South Carolina line, which town boasts of being the highest incorporated town
east of the Mississippi River. The following is a quotation from his letter to Pro-
fessor Sargent, November 7, 1886.

Several days ago I went to Cashiers Valley to get seed of the Rhododendron
J^aseyi for 3 011. After getting it I could not withstand the temptation to go down
through the countiy and look up Shortia. I made a sort of calculation as to the
direction in which the forks of the Toxawa}’ and Horse Pasture were from me,
and started on through the woods. I went through some rough counti\v and finall}'
came to a little settlement called Bear Camp wa}' down in a deep cove. Here I
found Ilex mollis. ... A small stream called Bear Camp Creek runs through the
little valle}'. I followed the br. down from several miles and finally' came to a
bank with Shortia. There was rods covered with it just as Galax covers places
about here.”

Frank E. Bojmton accompanied b}' his brother Charles L. Bojmton made a trip
in the spring of 1889, from their home in Highlands, N.C., to the headwaters of
the Keowee. The account will aid other botanists who maj' wish to ascertain if
Shortia still grows in the great profusion and in the location described. He writes

^From Boynton's original letter in the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, as Dr. Sargent sent
Boynton’s letter to Asa Gray.

“Boynton, F. E. The home of Shortia. Gard. & Forest 2: 214-:215. 1889. Frank E. Boyn-
ton is still living, in poor health, at Old Fort, N.C. His brother Charles L. Boynton is living
in Lodi, California.

[24]

“We camped the first ni^jht at tlie White Water Falls, which alone are worth a
considerable journey to see. The Jocassee Vallejo our destination, is at the mouth
of White Water Creek or rather at the Junction of White Water and Devil Fork.
I wished to see if Shortia was orowino- as hio-h ujj in the mountains as these Falls,
which are at least 1000 feet above Jocassee. Xo Shortia was found, however, until
we reached the valley, which has an altitude of about 1*200 feet and here it orows
l)y the acre. Every little brooklet is lined with it. Most of these little water
courses are in deep narrow o'orjjes where the sun hardly penetrates, excejjt durino-
the middle of the day. All these steep banks are literally, covered with Shortia.
Wliat is comfortino- to the botanist is that it can hardly be exterminated. It is on
land too steep to be cultivated and there is such an abundance that no amount of
collecting can ever effect it strenuously. Our party took away bushels of it, and
no one could tell that a ])lant had been disturbed, so thickly it is jirowin^r. Xo
idea of the beauty of this plant can be formed until it has been seen in its native
home. J'he mass of oJossy oreen and white, once seen, can never be foro()tten.

I'he home of Shortia is a stranoe mixture of Xorth and South. As a rule it
orows under the shade of rhododendrons and tall kalmias. Hemlock and white
pine of s{)lendid dimensions are very common. . . . To see Shortia in blossom and
in its oJory one must oet there about the ^Oth of March, not later than March ^2.5. ' '

Another later botanist. Professor Henry J. Oosting, of Duke University, tells
of herborizino- in 19 Jb in another nearby reo^ion. He says, “the Shortia in Tox-
away (loro-e is scattered alon^ the low banks of a stream for perhaps a half mile,
as I recall. It orows in dense mats two to six feet in diameter. The locality is
rather inaccessible for, as the o-uide remarked, it‘s five miles down into the gorj^e
and fifteen miles out.' I saw it in the rain and o^ot no satisfactory pictures.”

Recent searches for the plant

An examination of specimens in thirty one of the leadin*? herbaria in the L nited
States discloses ninety-eio’ht sheets of Shortia. Of these forty-four were collected
alono- the banks of the Whitewater River in Oconee County, S.C. Fourteen more
are listed as coming- from the Jocassee Valley, also in Oconee County. Thirteen
were found in McDowell County, X. C. more definite locations not being given.
Eight were found in the Toxaway Gorge in Transylvania County, X. C., three
along the Bear Camp Creek and two along the Horse Pasture River, both locations
in Transylvania County. One each from “the mountains of X. . Carolina, J
miles X.W. Salem, S.C.” and “Macon Co., X.C.” The remainder are specimens
with labels giving no definite locality or come from cultivated plants. The Bilt-
more herbarium was very generous in distributing specimens, a number of sheets
bearing their imprint.

The Savannah River and its tributary , the Tugaloo, form the boundary between
South Carolina and Georgia. The Tugaloo and the Seneca form the Savannah.
The Seneca is made by the Tittle River and the Keowee and the latter in turn is

formed by the Whitewater and the Toxaway. The junction of these two latter
streams lies in Oeonee, the north westernmost county of South Carolina where
this state joins Georgia and North Carolina. The rocky gorges of these tumbling
streams are the native haunts of the little plant with the serrate leaves and is the
wilderness first botanieally explored by the intrepid Michaux.

d'lie North and South Carolina state line runs directly through the S/iorlla hid-
ing places and it is doubtful whether the early botanists knew in which state they
were collecting. All tlie known Shortia land is now included in two great national
forests. The Natahala National Forest embraces the five western counties of North
Carolina and includes in its limits the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Park. The Sumter
National Forest, which immediately adjoins it on the south within the State of
South Carolina, embraces a large part of Oconee County.

In 194-0-1 the Forest authorities, as reported by Mr. Ralph M. Nelson, Acting
Director, made a search for colonies of Shortia on national forest land. They re-
ported ‘‘no colonies were found.” Whether foresters are the best searchers fora
shy, little ground cover, is a question for they have been trained to follow Ed-
ward Everett Hales' injunction “look up and not down.” But much of the area
within the limits of the forests has not yet been acquired by the Government and
Shortia colonies may occur on privately owned land where the rangers did not
search. It is incredible tliat a species tliat may have occurred in “acres and acres”
which has been searched by keen-e.ved botanists and collectors has been entirely
exterminated. To the casual observer, exee})t when they are in bloom, Shortia
resembles Galax and it is difficult to distinguish from it. Undoubtedly Shortia can
still be found in abundance in many an unfrequented gorge along the tributaries
of the Keowee.

Growing Shortia in the North

Shortia plants may be obtained from a number of nurserymen and collectors who
s])ecialize in the flora of the Carolina mountains. An authority writing for Bailey’s
Encyclopedia of Horticulture, says that it fails to set seed as the stem withers be-
fore the seed matures. Apparently no plants are propagated in this way. It would
be well for botanists and growers to note whether this condition generally pre-
vails. Shortia was grown successfully in the Arnold Arboretum without special care
for twenty-five years (it has recently disappeared, however, but is now being re-
established) and may be found in many wild gardens throughout the country. It[|
is liardy iq) to the Wliite Mountains of New Hampshire where the thermometer
goes fort,v degrees below zero. It has been successfully grown for fifteen years on
the estate of F. Cleveland Morgan some twenty miles northwest of Montreal, Can-
ada, and lias been reiiorted as cultivated at Grand Metis, on the Gaspe Peninsula,
one hundred and fifty miles further north than Montreal. There are numerous
reports of failure, however, as it often lives for a while and then pines away and
disappears. Tliese failures are probably due to the soil and location and not the
climate.

plate VII. The Hyams Shortia speeimens in the Gray
Herbarium. The detailed drawiiio- is by Isaae wSpra^iie.

It has been crrowiiijr at the Hemlock Arboretum in Philadelphia for several
years. A six inch bed of oak leaf mold was prepared, under and near a clump of
hemlocks, where it o-ets the sun but an hour or two in the middle of the day. One
clump, however, planted under a dense, low-^rowinof dogwood, where it had no
sun at all, did better than its fellows. In the autumn the oak leaves, as they fall,
nestle down and cover the bed. In the spring these are removed and sieved leaf
mold is scattered over the clumps and worked down under the leaves. Again in
the summer a light application of peat moss is given in the same way.

Dr. Frederick P. Lord of Hanover, X.H. thinks his success in growing Shortia
is due to applications of a mixture of cottonseed meal, superphosphate and potas-
sium sulphate, but after disastrous experiences trying'to help Epigaea repens along,
we, at the Hemlock Arboretum, having been afraid to use commercial fertilizer
of any kind for ericaceous plants. Dr. Lord also waters his stands rather regularly
during the summer but here again we are afraid to use the city water, with its
supercharge of bacteria-destroying chemicals. Our plants could not do better if
growing in their pristine mountain homes, as they have a healthy leafage and an
abundance of flowers. Observations of two successful plantings show that in these
Shortia does better on a slope than when grown on level ground. This may be due
to better drainage or less direct exposure to the sun.

On the herbarium specimens which the Hyams prepared and distributed ex-
tensively in 1878, “Hyams’ Sparkling Shortia” was given its common name, but
this was extremely local in its use. Alice Lounsberry in her book Southern Wild
Flowers and Trees,” (l90l) says Shortia^ s common name was Little Colt’s
Foot,” a dainty and descriptive designation. In 1923, the editors of Standardized
Plant Names, called it Oconee Bells and this now is the name generally used in
the nursery trade. The significance, of course, is it having been first found in
the wilderness of what is now Oconee County, S.C.

As has been stated up to the time of the rediscovery of Shortia Dr. Gray had
received fifty honorary degrees and memberships in learned societies. Twent.v-one
more were to come to him before his death, which occurred January 30, 1888.
He was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass., where a simple
stone bearing a cross marks his last resting place. It may not be too late to sug-
gest that, with the soil properly prepared, there might be planted on his grave
an ever green and ever beautiful blanket of the little flower which he so loved and
which he pronounced “i)erhaps the most interesting plant in North America.”

Charles F. Jenkins
Hemlock Arboretum
Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa.

[•28]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 2 APRIL 17, 1942 Number 5

THE HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY

This spring many a gardener in tlie eastern and northeastern United States
will contemplate planting a few economically important woody plants. In a
recent issue of “Arnoldia” various nut trees were discussed and in Volume 2, No.
2, March 13, 1942, nursery sources for 146 varieties of nut trees were given. In
this issue, attention is called to the blueberries, especially the horticultural vari-
eties of the highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum. The highbush blueberry
is found in swamps or moist areas, and also grows at high elevations. It may grow
from ten to fifteen feet tall and does not stand drought very well. In certain areas
of the eastern part of the United States an increasing amount of interest is being
shown in the comparatively ^^new” horticultural varieties of this species, as is
evidenced by large commercial plantings. These same varieties are also becoming
more popular among home owners who have a limited amount of land available.

Blueberries are native over a wide area in the eastern and northeastern United
States, as well as in northern Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. Several spe-
cies are valued for their fruits, and these are gathered over large areas where the
plants are native. In 1941 the value of the crop picked in only three states where
blueberries are grown (New Jersey, North Carolina and Michigan) amounted to
$700,000. It has been chiefly with V. corymbosum that the greatest amount of
selection and hybridization has been done, and through hybridization the sizes
of the individual berries have actually been tripled so that now varieties of the
highbush blueberry can be obtained with fruits nearly an inch in diameter. It is
these large fruited varieties which are j)roving so popular today. By planting the
right variety at the start and by intelligent pruning and culture, several varieties
of V. corymbosum can be depended upon to produce unusually large and delicious
fruits.

The pioneer in blueberry investigations was the late Dr. F. C. Coville of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture who, as early as 1906, began his experiments

in selection and hybridization. Miss Elizabeth White of Whitesbog, New Jersey,
cooperated with him closely for a number of years and assisted him in many prob-
lems. She was also responsible for selecting a number of promising plants from
the wild, and grew thousands of seedlings for close study. Dr. Coville has re-
ported growing 68,000 seedling blueberries to bearing age from which to make
his selections. Of this large number only fifteen were considered sufficiently worth
while to name and introduce into the trade. In these tests over 800 seedlings
bearing fruits over f '' in diameter were discarded merely because they did not
meet the rigid standards of flavor set by Dr. Coville. Of the eighteen varieties
offered by eastern growers in 1942, it is interesting to note that Dr. Coville was
responsible for either selecting or originating fourteen of them. Some varieties
like the Wareham, Scammell and Rancocas originated as far back as 1915, while
others like the Dixi originated in 1980 and even as late as 1987 there was only
one plant of this variety, but it is now offered by at least two nurseries. It takes
a number of years to grow a blueberry bush from seed to sufficient size so that its
])roductiveness can be adequately tested, this being one of the reasons why blue-
berry culture is only beginning to come into its own. With eighteen varieties of
tlie highbush blueberry now available, potential growers should have an adequate
list from which to select.

Size of tlie individual fruit is not all-important when judging the qualifications
of a new blueberry. Time of maturity, color, keeping qualities, taste, hardiness,
and even the shape of the bush are all (pialities to be carefully considered when
making selections for the liome garden. 'Die U. S. Department of Agriculture
Leaflet No. 201 lists twelve of the outstanding varieties in the order of importance
in whicli tliey measure up to eacli one ot tliese essential characteristics, and tins
table is reproduced herewith :

Blueberry varieties ranked approximately in order of importance with
reference to certain charocteristics of ripening, size of berry, and dessert quality

Rank

Season
(early to
late)

Size of berry
(large to
small)

Dessert qual-
ity (good to
poorer)

Color (light
to dark blue)

Shipping
quality (good
to poorer) >

Cold resist-
ance (hardy
to tenderer) >

Bush shape
(erect to
spreading)

1

Weymouth.

Dixi

Stanley ..

Stanley

Jersey

Wareham...

Rubel.

2

June

Weymouth .

Wareham

Jersey

Rancocas

Jersey

June.

3

Pnhnt

■Terse V

Pioneer

Concord

Rubel

Stanley

Concord.

4

Rancocas

Wareham. .

Dixi

Pioneer

Scammell...

Concord

Scammell.

5

Pioneer 2...

Stanley

Scammell. . .

Rubel

Pioneer

Rubel..

Weymouth.

g

C'oncorci

Concord

Concord

Dixi

June

June

Wareham.

7

Scammell L

Scammell - .

Rancocas

Rancocas

Stanley

Rancocas

Rancocas.

8

Stanley

June.

Cabot

Cabot

Wareham...

Scammell...

Dixi.

9

Dixi

Rancocas...

Weymouth..

Weymouth..

Cabot

Cabot

Jersey.

10

Riihel

Cabot

Rubel

Scammell. ..

Concord

Pioneer

Stanley.

11

V

Pioneer

•Jersey

June

Pioneer.

12

tircham

R nhel

■Tune

Wareham

Cabot.

1 The Dixi and Weymouth are too new for their shipping quality and cold resistance to be estimated
accurately.

2 Pioneer in Michigan ripens with or later than Stanley.

3 Scammell ripens later than Stanley in New Jersey.

Many fruit trees and bush fruits can be expected to bear well, providinjr tliey
are planted in a “good garden soil.” This is not necessarily so with the highbusli
blueberry. If the “good garden soil” is on the alkaline side, the blueberry bushes
will soon sicken and die for these plants are adapted to acid soils only. 'I'he av-
erage gardener should be cautioned against going into blueberry culture without
thoroughly investigating all the growth re(iuirements necessary to insure strong
liealthy plants. Some soils are ideally suited for blueberries, other soils are not,
and a knowledge of such requirements at the start will save disappointments later.

Blueberry culture has been thoroughly discussed in various publications of the
different state experiment stations especially in those states where blueberries
grow in abundance. At the end of this bulletin is a list of the more recent and
complete experiment station bulletins. These are available to the home owners
within the state concerned, and are usually available free or for a small charge
to individuals outside the state. One or more of these bulletins should be obtained
by every person contemplating growing blueberry bushes, for all the essentials
of planting, pruning, fertilizing, pest control and other factors are carefully and
clearly discussed.

Northern growers selling horticultural varieties of Vaccinium corymbosum

I. Atwater Nurseries; 368 South Street, Agawam, Massachusetts.

‘2. Theodore H. Budd ; Pemberton, New Jersey.

3. Byrd’s Nursery; Lacota, Michigan.

4. Houston Orchards ; Hanover, Massachusetts.

5. Dr. Keefe’s Blueberry Plantations, Inc. ; Grand Junction, Michigan.

6. Mrs. Mabelle H. Kelley; East Wareham, Massachusetts.

7. George A. Morse; Williamson, New York.

8. J. H. Putnam; Franklin County Nursery, 189 Silver Street, Greenfield,

Massachusetts.

9. Rayner Brothers ; Salisbury, Maryland.

10. H. B. Scammell ; Toms River, New Jerse}'.

II. J. R. Spelman Company; South Haven, Michigan.

P2. Joseph J. White, Inc. ; Whitesbog, New Jersey.

13. H. L. Willis; 6.74 Forest Avenue, East Lansing, Michigan.

[31 ]

Plants of horticultural varieties of Vaccinium corymbosum
offered by growers in 1942

Adams — 5, 11
Atlantic — '2, 12, 13

Burlington — 1 2

Cabot — 1, 2, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Concord— 1, 2, 1, 5, 7,. 8, 10, 11, 1^2, 13
Dixi— 12, 13
Grover — 8
Harding — 5, 11

Jersey— 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

June — 2, 5, 9, 11, 12 - •:

Pemberton — 2, 12, 13

Pioneer— 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

Rancocas — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

Rubel — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, U, 12',- 13

Scammell — 2, 8, 9, 10

Stanley — 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12

Wareham — 4, 6, 13

Weymouth — 2, 10, 12

Good References for Information on Blueberry Culture

(Each state experiment station usually supplies its bulletin free to residents within
that state and makes a small charge for its bulletins to residents in other states.

The U.S.D.A. bulletins are supplied for a very small charge.)

1. Coville, F. V. Direction for Blueberry Culture, 1921. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull.

974. October, 1921. Washington, D.C.

2. Beckwith, C. S. , Coville, S. & Doehlert, C. A. Blueberry Culture. N.J. Agr.

Exp. Sta. Circ. 229. April, 1937. New Brunswick, N.J.

3. Latimer, L. P. & Smith, W.W. Improved Blueberries. Univ. of N. H. Ext.

Serv. Ext. Circ. 21.5. June, 1938. Durham, N. H.

4. Slate, G. L. & Collison, R. C. The Blueberry in New York. N.A". State Agr.

Exp. Sta. Circ. 189. March, 1940. Geneva, N.A\

5. Darrow, George M. Blueberries. U. S. Dept. Agr. Leaf. 201. October,

1940. Washington, D.C. ($0.05)

0. Darrow, George M. T’he Atlantic, Pemberton and Burlington Blueberries.
U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 589. December, 1940. Washington, D.C. ($0.05)

7. Bailey, J. S., Franklin, H. J. & Kelley, J. L. Blueberry Culture in Massa-
chusetts. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 358. April, 1941. Amherst, Mass.

For a short history of Dr. Coville 's interesting experiments in blueberry liy-
bridization and a discussion of how certain varieties originated see Coville, F. C.
Improving the Wild Blueberiw. Yearbook, L . S. Dept. Agriculture, 1937. 559-
571.

[ ]

Donald ^^AMAN

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bui.letin of Popui.ar Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 2 x\PRIL 24, 194-2 Number 6

THE ONE HUNDRED “BEST^’ LILACS

OVER five hundred different lilacs are actually bein<y (jrown in North America
today, approximately three hundred of which are being offered by the nursery
industry. Truly a bewildering number, especially for the average home owner who
wants only a few of ^‘the best” for his own small garden. However, this very
large number contains manj" varieties which are now termed ‘^obsolete,” being
surpassed by newer varieties which have superior qualities for consideration as
ornamentals.

A thorough-going study of all the lilacs as they are being grown in America
has been completed by the Committee on Horticultural Varieties of the American
Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboretums. John C. Wister, Director of
the xArthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation at Swarthmore, Pennsylvania,
has acted as Chairman of the Committee and Editor of the sixty-four page report
Lilacs for America” * which has just been published. This excellent publica-
tion contains the practical information always desired about these plants — the
name, color, originator and date of origination of each variety, combined with the
very practical information of where they are actually being grown and who has
them for sale in America.

riiis is not all. Most of the varieties have been judged (in flower) and scored
on a numerical basis, by a group of comjjetent individuals. These studies were
made in all the larger lilac collections in this country, and many a long row of
lilacs in the larger nurseries was scored in the same manner. This information
was then carefully tabulated, and recorded, and in this publication the totals of
all the tabulations are listed. Because of this, one can see at a glanc'e which va-
rieties do well, which are little known and which are ‘‘obsolete." fo summarize

*Wister, John C. Lilacs for America. Published by Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural
Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. April, 19t2. (Additional
copies are available.)

its work, the committee selected one hundred lilacs which it considered to be the
best of all. chiefly on account of the high scores these varieties received when
grown under diff'erent conditions or because of their superior qualities when com-
pared with other varieties. These one hundred lilacs are listed on the following
pages, and should be given primary consideration by anyone purchasing lilac plants.

“The Best” of the Common Lilacs and Early Hybrids

S — Single flowers

D — Double flowers

N — Novelty; i.e., a comparatively ‘^new” variety which lias not
been tried for manv vears, but which looks as if it mig-ht have

considerable merit.

White

Total Varieties Considered 66

Candeur (S) (N)

Edith Cavell (D)

Ellen Willmott (D)

Jan van Tol (S)

Jeanne d’Arc (D)

Marie P'inon (S)

Marie Legraye (S)

Mme. Casimir Perier (D)

Mine. Eelix (S)

M me. Florent Stepman (S)

M me. Lemoine (D)

Mont Blanc (S)

Monument (S) (N)

Siebold (D)

^’estale (S)

Violet

Total Varieties Considered 13
C'avour (S)
l)e Miribel (S)

Le Notre (1))

Marechal Lannes (D)

Violetta (D)

Blue and Bluish

'I'otal \"arieties Considered 72
Ambassadeur (S) (N)

Ami Schott (D) (N)

Bleuatre (S)

Boule Azuree (S)

Decaisne (S)

Diplomate (S) (N)

Due de Massa (D)

Emile Gentil (D)

Firmament (S) (N)

General Sliernian (S)

Jules Simon (D)

Maurice Barres (S)

Olivier de Serres (D)

President Grevy (D)

President iJncoln (S)

President Viger (D)

Rene Jarry-Desloges (D)

Lilac

Total \ ai'ieties Considered 98
Christojihe Colonib (S)

Henri Martin (D)

Hip])olyte Maringer (D)
Jacques Callot (S)

T.eon Gambetta (D)

Marengo (S)

President Fallieres (D)

Rosace (S) (N)

Thunberg (D)

Victor Lemoine (D)
vulgaris {vulgaris coerulea) (S)
Wm. C. Barry (S) (N)

[34]

Pink and Pinkish

Total Varieties Considered 78
Belle de Nancy (D)

Capitaine Perrault (D)

Frau Wilhelm Pfitzer (S)

Jean Mace (D)

Jules Ferry (D)

Katharine Havemeyer (D)
Lucie Baltet (S)

Macrostachya (S)

Montaigne (D)

M me. A. Buchner (D)

Virginite (D)

Waldeck-Rousseau (D)

Magenta (or Reddish Purple)

Total Varieties Considered 80
Capitaine Baltet (S)

Charles Joly (D)

Congo (S)

Georges Bellair (D)

Marceau (S)

Marechal Foch (S)

Massena (S)

Mine. F. xMorel (S)

Mrs. Edward Harding (D)

Paul Deschanel (l))

Paul Thirion (D)

President Loubet (l))

President Poincaire (D)
Ueammir (S)

Buhm von Horstenstein (S)

Purple (or Deep Purple)

Total Varieties Considered JKS
Adelaide Dunbar (D)

Diderot (S)

FTna (S) (N)

J. De Messemaeker (S)

La Place (S)

Ludwig Sjiaeth (S)

M onge (.S)

Mrs. \V. E. Marshall (.S)

Paul Hariot (D)

Prodige (S) (N)

Toussaint I’Ouverture (S)
Volcan (S)

Early Hybrids^

Total Varieties Considered 83
Assessippi (S) (N) Lilac
Buffon (S) Pink
Catinat (S) Pink
Lamartine (S) Pink
Louvois (S) Violet
Mirabeau (D) Lilac
Montesquieu (S) (N) Magenta
Necker (S) Pink
ohlatn dilniata (S) Pink
Pocahontas (S) Purple
Vauban (D) IMnk
Villars (S) r>ilac

*Note. With the exception of this group of “Early Hybrids'* all others in this list are
vanetiesof Syringa vulgaris. Many species together with their botanical varieties are highly
valued for their flowers, but these were not considered when making this list of one hundred
varieties.

[35]

NOTES

This past winter was a very mild one as far as it effected trees and shrubs. There
are several ways of determining this. Thus the flowers of Aheliophyllum distichum
are unusually profuse and well formed tl^is spring with no injured flowers appar-
ent in the large clusters. The same is true with the flowers of Viburnum fragrans.
The flower buds of both of these species are prominent throughout the winter and
suffer materially in unusually cold winters, the flowers in this climate appearing
at their best in only one year out of three. Further south of course, where the
winters are always milder, these two shrubs can always be depended upon to
produce many flowers annually, but this is not true in Massachusetts. They usu-
ally produce some flowers, but in certain years the flower buds are so injured by
cold weather that the few flowers which do develop are of little or no value from
an ornamental standpoint.

The flower buds of Cornus florida have not been injured. Last year approxi-
mately fifty percent of them were killed, and by this time had fallen from the
trees ; but this year the flower buds are not only very numerous but are in splen-
did condition so that it is reasonable to expect one of the best displays of flower-
ing dogwoods in recent years.

Minor twig injury has been observed here and there on somewhat tender shrubs
but everything considered, woody plants have come through the winter very well
indeed.

Plants in bloom at the Arboretum now include the Forsythias, Magnolia denu-
data, M. 6‘teUata, M. soulangeana varieties, Abeliophyllurn distichum, Benzoin aestimle,
Dirca palustiis, Pi'unus davidiana (some of the early Japanese flowering cherries
will probably be in bloom some time during the week of April 2?), Primus cipetala,
P. cyclamina, P. arnieniaca, P. tomentosa. Rhododendron mucronulatum, R. dauricum
sempervirens, Pieris Jioribunda and P. japonica. Cornus mas, the Corylopsis species
and Lonicera standishi have been in bloom for some time but have passed the peak
of their flower.

Also the flowers of Taxus cuspidata are now open and this is the best time of
year to distinguish between the plants with staminate flowers (about long
from wliich pollen falls) and the fruiting plants with pistillate flowers (minute,
merely a pistil, sometimes not much over long).

Donald Wyman

[30]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 2 JUNE 19, 194-2 Number 7

THE MEDICINAL PLANT GARDEN
OF THE MASSACHUSETTS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

The Medicinal Plant Garden of the Massachusetts Colleoe of Pharmacy came
into beiiifT in March, 194-1, as the result of tlie c(K)])erative sujjport of tlie
Arnold Arboretum. Dean Howard C. Newton and Dr. Heber W. Younoken of
the Massachusetts Colleo-e of Pharmacy, one of the state's oldest institutions,
drew up the oeneral j)]ans for tlie o-arden and the Arnold Arboretum loaned
about two acres of land on the g^rounds of the Bussey Institution of Harvard
University for the development of the medicinal jilant o'arden. The officials of
both institutions welcomed the o])])ortunity of ccoperatino- in this way on a pro-
ject of such economic value. This medicinal o-arden is financed and oiierated by
the Massachusetts Colleo-e of Pharmacy but is open to the inspection of any visi-
tors at the Arnold Arboretum. Plants are carefully labeled and both institutions
join in invitino- the public to visit it. It is easily accessible, beino- on the ])oint
of land nearest to the Forest Hills EJevated .Station. As one walks up South
Street from the elevated station, turn in the first o-ate, walk nearly to the laroe
stone buildino-, then rio-ht, and it will be at the end of the o-rass roadway run-
nino- between the two exiierimental plots.

The ‘garden occujiies an area of about two acres and has been laid out in rec-
tano^ular, circular and crescentic beds under the direction of Dr. Youn^ken, Pro-
fessor of Pharmacon'iiosy and Botany at the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy,
and his assistant. Dr. M. W. Quiniby. Seventeen of these beds were completed
by the early part of last summer and fully planted. Around the border of the
o-arden have been introduced a variety of medicinal trees includino- sweet o-um^
witch-hazel, sassafras, prickly-ash, elder, ujJand sumach, viburnums, buckthorn,
alder-buckthorn, suoar maple, junipers, bay berry, white-oak, etc.

1’ wo experimental beds for the breedino- of druo-, insecticidal and oil jjlants are

[37J

located on the north side of this liarden. Some ornamental plants have been
added to enhance the beauty of the garden.

Planting began on April 19, 1941, and by early summer 38^ different species
and varieties of plants, mostly medicinal and aromatic, had been established.
Tlie purposes of the garden are (l) to provide added facilities for the teaching

of Botany and Pharmacognosy by enabling students to see and study the growing
medicinal, oil-yielding and aromatic jjlants which yield many of our drugs and
condiments, ("i) to provide authentic plant materials needed for elass work and
investigation, (3) to ascertain wliich medicinal plants of exotic origin can be grown
successfully in this jjart of New England, (4) to endeavor to ascertain what nu-
trient and other factors are essential to the yield of drugs of superior (piality.

Hkhkh W. Youngken,

Dept, of Materia Medica,
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy,
Boston, Massachusetts

Species grown in the medicinal plant garden
of the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy in 1941

Acer saccharum
Achillea Ageratum
“ Millefolium
tomentosa

Aeonitum autumnale
Fischeri
‘‘ Napellus
Actaea alba
‘ ‘ rubra
Adonis aestivalis

Aegopodium Podagraria variegatum
Agastache Foeniculum
Ajuga ciliata
reptans

Alchemilla vulgaris
Allium Cei)a A iviparum
Schoeno|)rasum
Althaea rosea
A n a c‘ y c 1 u s P r e t h r u m
Anehusa officinalis
Anemone Pulsatilla
Anethum graveolens
Angelica sp.

Archangelica
Anthemis nobilis
Anthriscus Cerefolium
A(iuilegia canadensis
Aralia nudicaulis
si)inosa
Arctium minus
Arisaema tri j)hyllum

Arnica montana
Artemisia Abrotanum
x\bsinthium
‘‘ albula

annua

Dracunculus
“ frigida

pontica

“ vulgaris (lactiflora)

Asarum canadense
Ascle|)ias tuberosa
Asperula odorata
Atropa Belladonna
Borago officinalis
Brassica alba
nigra

Ca m pa n u 1 a r o t u n d i fo 1 ia
Capsicum frutescens
Carthamus tinctorius
Caruin Carvi
Cassia marilandica
Caulophyllum thalictroides
Chaenomeles japonica hyb.
Chamaelirium luteum
Chelidonium majus
Chenopodium ambrosioides anthel-
minticum

Chenopodium bonus-henricus
Botrys

Chionanthus virginicus
Chrysanthemum Balsamita

[38]

• Clirysaiitlieinuiii Balsainita tanace-
toides

Clirysantlienuim cinerariaetdliuin
coccMiieuin

“ Partheniuni

Cichoriuin Intybus
C i 1 11 i c i f ii t>’a ra c eniosa
“ simplex
Cnieus benedictus
Coleliiciim autiimnale
. Comptonia pereorina
Convallaria majalis
Coptis oroenlandiea
oeeideiitalis
Coriandrum sativum
Crocus sativus
Cunila mariana
('ynojilossum officinale
Cytisus Scoparius
Dapime INlezereum

alba

Datura Metel

“ Stramonium
'I'atula

Delpliinium ajacis

“ hybrid (Belladonna)

{ Bellemosum)

Dicentra canadensis
Cucullaria
eximia
sjiectabilis
Di^fitalis ambigua
purpurea
Dioscorea villosa
Dipsacus fullonum
Dryopteris Filix-mas
marginalis
F'iphedra distaehya
equisetina
sinica
sp.

Faionymus atropurpureus
F u pa tor i u m p u r p u r e u m
, Filipendula hexapetala
Ulmaria
Foeniculum vulgare
Galium veruni
Geranium maculatum
i Hamamelis virginiana
Hemerocallis fulva

Fleucliera sanguinea
Hydrastis canadensis
Hydropliyllum virginianum
Hyoscyamus niger
Hyssopus aristatus
officinalis

albus

ruber

Isatis tinctoria
Jeffersonia dijiliylla
Juniperus Sabina

virginiana

Lallemantia canescens
Lamium album

maculatum alburn
purpu reum
Lavandula officinalis

a ^ .

Spica

Leonurus Cardiaca
Levisticum officinale
Linum perenne

usitatissimum
Lipiiia citriodora
Liquidambar Styracidua
I^obelia cardinalis
indata
siphilitica

Lu|)inus (Russel hybrids)

M a h o n i a A c| u ifol i u m
Majorana hortensis
jMarruliium [leregrinum
vulgare

Matricaria Chamornilla
Melissa officinalis
Mentha at|uatica X rotundifolia
arvensis

piperascens Xacpiatic

< « a a . • .

X sjncata

citrata

crispa

“ longifolia
niliaca
piperita
Pulegium
rotundifolia

“ “ (sterile male)

vai iegata

spicata
Mira bibs Jala pa
M onarda didyma

IMonarda fistulosa
‘ punctata
Myrica pensylvanica
Myrrliis odorata
Myrtus communis
Nepeta Cataria
‘‘ liederacea
‘‘ Mussinii
nuda

Nicotiana Tabacum vars.
Ocimum Basilicum
Orig^anum Dictamnus
Majorana
‘ ‘ vulo’are
()rnitho«alum sp.

“ umbellatam

Osmorhiza Claytonii
lono’istylis
l^anax quinquefolium
Fassifiora incarnata
Fedicularis canadensis
Fetasites japonicus
officinalis

Fetroselinum crispum
Fhytolacca americana
Fimpinella Anisum
Finns Strobus

l^lantago indica (F.arenaria)
‘ lanceolata

‘ ‘ 4-

ovata

Fsyllium

Fodophyllum ])eltatum
Folyfr()num Bistorta
Fotentilla alpina

Anserina

tridentata

Fulmonaria ano’ustifolia
Fycnantliemum sp.
Ranunculus Ficaria
R h a m n u s ca t h a rt i ca
Franoula
Furshiana
Rluis o'labra
typhina

Ricinus communis
Rosa centi folia
Rosmarinus officinalis
Rumex Acetosa
scutatus
Ruta o’raveolens

Salvia azurea

officinalis

“ albidora
pratensis
Sclarea

Sambucus canadensis
Sanjruinaria canadensis
Sang'uisorba canadensis
minor

Santolina Chamaecv])arissus
“ viridis
Sassafras albidurn
Satureia alpina

hortensis

montana

Nepeta (Calamintha)
vulo-aris
Scutellaria alpina

baicalensis
Sesamum alatum
Silybum Marianum
Sium Sisarum
Spigelia marilandica
Sy m I )b ytu m as i)er u m

officinale
Tanacetum vuloare
Teucrium Cbamaedrys
Thymus britannicus

Herba-barona

lanicaulis

Serpyllum

coccineus

variej>atus

vulg-aris

Tradescantia viroiniana
Trillium erectum

orandidorum

sessile

Tussilao’o Farfara
Ui’oinea maritima (red var.)
Valeriana officinalis
Vancouveria hexandra
Veratrum viride
Veronica incana

virg^inica
Viburnum Opulus

prunifolium
trilobum
Viola cucullata
odorata

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

V%)i-UME 2 OC/rOBER ,‘)(), 1942 Numbers 8-9

KUONYMUS

The various |)lants belonoing to the Euonynius elan are not to l)e considered
as eonstitutins’ one of those nejrleeted" jTroii|)s vhieli should be <rrown more
in our <;ardens. On the contrary, tliere are probabl.v t()o many forms of Euonymus
available from nurseries now. A resume of nursery eataloijues shows that ajiproxi-
mately thirty different si)eeies and varieties can be i)urehased in this country, and
it is certainly doubtful if all of these are of sufficient ornamental value to make
them worth while. Some of the most common are the everoreen vines, of course,
while others are the taller growing- trees and shrubs. The evergreen types are
valued for their foliage, while the deciduous types are valued chiefly for their
hrilliantly colored fruits and the bright autumn color of their foliage.

Most of the deciduous forms, like Euoni/mus nlatn, E. ifedoensis and E. sanfruivea
have foliage which turns a brilliant scarlet in the fall. On the other hand, a few
like E. Buiigeniia and E. Innceifniin turn a |)ale yellow in the fall. Still others like
E. eurnpaea retain their green leaves in the fall considerably longer than most
sh ru bs.

The fruit is eonsjueuous chiefly because of the bright colored capsule (usually
red or pink) which opens in late September or in October, disclosing the bright
orange or red fleshy covering of the seed, called the aril. Sometimes, as in the
ease of E. Buugecnin semipersistevs, the eav^suleis light pink, and the aril is a deep
orange. In other instances, as in the ease of E. .sanguined , the capsule is a deep
red, and in still others {E. eurnpaea and E. e. afrnruhen.s) the capsule is a vivid red
and the aril is bright orange, making an excellent color combination.

The fruits of a few color early in the fall and drop shortly afterward. Such for
example would be Pi. /atifn/ia, E,. .sachalinen.si.s and /f. .sanguined. In others, the
fruit remains on the plant a considerable time in the fall lending much ornamental
interest, as for example Pi. Bungeana .semiper.si.sfen.s. The flowers of most are incon-
spicuous and are hence of no ornamental value.

A few of the Euonymus are grown for their form or habit of growth. Euont/mux
alata, for instance, has a typicall.y horizontal method of branching, and its variety
compncta is valued for its low, dense habit. On the other hand, E. europaea and
its varieties are vigorously upright, while E. Bungeana and its variety semipersisteus
is a small tree, with broad, spreading, almost pendulous branches. Unfortunately
most of these plants are susceptible to an especially pernicious scale, the Euony-
mus scale, and unless this is kept in check by effective spraying, serious difficulty
is encountered in growing Euonymus effectively in the garden. I do not mean to
black-list all Euonymus. However, I do think it advisable to study their respec-
tive characteristics carefully and select only a few which may be best adapted to
ornamental usage.

Urowing in the Arboretum are species from North America, Europe, China and
Jai)an. Popularly called the spindle-tree this name probably belongs to E. europaea
a native of Europe, for the wood is very hard and in earlier times was used in
making s])indles. Because this species has been in cultivation so long, there are
a number of horticultural varieties, some of which are very much worth while and
surpass the original species in beauty.

'fhe American Euonymus are three in number, E. americaua, often called the
strawbenw-bush because of its })rickly bright red fruits; E. atropurpurea , called
the Wahoo; and E. oborafa, a little ground cover or procumbent shrub. Though
these are used in naturalistic plantings, they are not sufficiently outstanding in
their i)erformance in the Arboretum to be considered as valuable ornamentals.

Since thirty-seven of the Euonymus are growing in the Arboretum collections,
it may be well to note those which are doing best.

Trees

One of the most common of the Euonymus in American gardens is E. europaea,
a large shrub or small tree. When grown from seed, this plant varies consider-
ably, so much so that at least ten varieties have been named. The best in the
group is E. europaea iufenuedia which first appeared in 18^8. This variety has very
dense foliage, larger leaves than the species, and excellent annual crops of dark
red fruits that are much larger and darker-colored than the type. Frecpiently
when E. europaea is grown from seed, the fruit of the resulting ])lants is a poor
])ink, hence decidedly mediocre in color. I'he variet}" intermedia is much superior,
the fruits being the darkest red of all Euonymus. Other varieties of E. europaea
like atrorubens (not to be confused with E. e. atropurpurea which has purplish
leaves) and aldenhamensis have fruits of more vivid color than the species. All
should be propagated asexuall}*. An interesting form of E. europaea in the Arbore-
tum is a definitely globe-shaped form — a plant now ten feet tall with single four-
foot trunk topped by a definitel.v globose head about six feet in diameter. This
|)lant originally came from the Hesse nurseries in Germany in 1909 and does
have ornamental possibilities, though it is not available from nurseries. All va-

PLATE VIII. Showing the variations in leaves and bnds of some Euonymns species.

! E. kiautschovica 2. E.alata .S. E. americana 4-. E. nana .5. E. yedoensis h. E. bul^arica
E. sachalinensis S, E. sanfjuinea 9. , macrophylla 10. py. sachalinensis II. Py. lati folia
l’. E. yedoensis 13. E.Maackii It. E.europaea 1.5. E.alata Ifi. E.nikoensis 17. P^.bnl^arica

I

I

rieties of E. europaea mifx'm their leaves very late in the fall, this being- an impor-
tant character.

Another tree form is K. Bungeana semipersixtens, a wide spreading, small tree
valued because it is one of the last deciduous trees in the Arboretum to drop its
leaves in the fall. Added to this important feature is the fact that it is covered
with a wealth of ])ale pink fruits, which oi)en late and remain on the tree well
into the winter.

Euotipmus Maackii and K. sanguinea are two other valued tree Ruonymus. Es-
pecially are they im|M)rtant for the fact that their leaf buds are among the first
to open in the sj)ring, showing considerable color about the middle of March,
'fhough Kuonymus as a group develoj) their leaves early, these two are about the
earliest of anything in the Arboretum except Prinsepia sinensis which is always
first. Both have brilliant red autumn color, the leaves of K. sanguined being red-
dish underneath and often slightly curled. It should be said, also, that K. san-
guined has done exceptionally well in the Arboretum with vigorous branches and
dense foliage, and makes one of the best Kuonymus from the standpoint of foli-
age alone. Its fruit opens early, and falls shortly afterward (about October 1 this
year), usually some time before the leaves fall from the plant. Because of this
and the fact that tlie fruits are not borne |)rofusely, it should oidy be used for its
good foliage.

Shrubs j

'I’he most common shrub is E. alata, valued for its horizontal habit of growth
and its hery red autumn color. 'I'lie variety cnnipacta is also a valued jdant, origi-
nating in I as a clunice seedling in the Adams Nurseiw, Springfield, Massa-
(dmsetts. Because of the low compact habit of growth of this variety, it is well
ada])ted for specimen plantiiig or use in hedges. Eunnijntus i/edoensis is somewhat
similar to E. lanee\foUa in general appearance except that it is a shrub and not a i
tree. In tlie fall its leaves turn a brilliant red and its fruits are brilliantly colored,
comparing favorably with the best. The leaves are often four to five inches long,
the largest of any of the Kuonymus grown in the Arboretum, with the exception :
of E.. niacroptera , whitdi has leaves of a similar size.

'fhe evergreen E. japnnica is not hardy in Massachusetts, but south of Phila-
delphia, it is used a great deal and to good advantage. There are several varieties
of this species, one Avith smaller leaves and some with variegated leaA^es. Where
hardy, it does Avell along the seashore, and has been used in European gardens
for over a century. A hardier evergreen is E. kiautschovica (formerly called E.
patens), Avhich does winter over in the Arboretum and can be considered semi-
evergreen here, being Aalued for its foliage and late, attractive fruits. This AA’as
introduced by Dr. G. R. Hall from Japan in 1861 and does A ery Avell at NeAvport,

R. 1. Euoni/mus hulgarica might also be mentioned as one of the shrubby types
with unusually good foliage. It is dense and dark green, the leaA^es slightly ru-

PLATE IX

Top row left to ri^ht. K. Fortunei varieties, kewensis, minima, colorata, radicans
I vSecond row. A leaf from each slightly enlarged

I Third row. E. Fortunei vars. “Silver Queen,” gracilis, reticulata, vegeta,Carrierei
I Fourth row. A leaf from each slightly enlarged

Pi'oinineiit Ornamental Characteristics

PH Ilardine.sx

niien

Autumn

Summer

Fold

Xiime Height or

Deciduous Hahitut Zone

hi/ roll II red

Fruit

Foliage

Foliage

Foliage Habit qf Groxdli

Eiuin viiius

*alata

<)/

n

X.E.Asia

.s

about 1800

i red

+

X

^horizontal branches

{)'

J red

+

+

* — coinpafta

a'

D

hort. var.

8

li)2(i

t red

1:

+

X low X dense

nmericana

TV

D

X.Y.to Ela.rS; Texas

H

1(397

atiopui-purea

ii-i'

1)

X. Y. to Fla. \v. to

4-

IT, 'Hi

t red

+ red

Minn., Xeb.,Okla.

& Texas

Inilfrarica

10' ?

D

S.K. Europe

190.S

red t

;

dense, upright

Bung'eana

D

X. China, Mancluiri;

4

1888

yellow

Jwide X rounded

* — semipersisten

KS'

D

4.

{ pink

t yellow

upright

europaea

D

Flu. to \V. Asia-some-

Iona-

dull red

times eseajied in

E. states

cult.

^

— aufuhaefolia

'20'

1)

hort. var.

S

dull red

t

t “

— alba

20'

D

hort. var.

:i

t white

dull red

J

+

* — aldenhainensis *20'

D

hort. var.

:i

J scarlet

dull red

I

j “

* — atrorubens

20'

D

hort. var.

8

J scarlet

tlull red

+

j “

* — “Globe form"

18'

D

hort. var.

8

1909

t scarlet

dull red

t

J globe shape

* — intermedia

20'

D

hort. var.

.s

1828

J scarlet

dull red

X

J upright

— nana

V

1)

liort. var.

8

j low dwarf

limbriata

10' ?

1)

Himalaya

7 r

1020

*Fortunei

vine

E

China

5

1907

X vine

* — Carrierei

vine

E

0

1881

t

X vine

*— colovata

SE

China

5

1914

J red

t vine

— gvacUi-i

vine

E

5

x

t vine

UeNve«s\s

vme

\.\

.1 ap.-iu

1 S93

t

X vine

V'.

t

.-J; vo.o

Vint-

.-.bout I«0;5

t vine

vine

K

X

t vine

* — vegetn

Vnr clinihin.

g SE

Jap.in

5

18 7(3

X pink

X

X ijrostrate shrub

ifVsupporteii

Hamiltoniana

20^

D

Himal. proii. not

7 ?

18^2.3

J red

noiv in cult.

Ilians

[O'

O

Japan

.5

aI)out 1865

X red

japonica

20'

E

Japan

?

1804

X

+ dense

*kiautscli()viea

0'

SE

E. & C. China

0

about 18(30

t red

X

I dense

'''lanceitblia

SO'

D

C. X- M'. China

1900 or 1904

yellow

X-

J pyramidal

latit'olia

21'

I)

S. Eu. & W. Asia

0

1730

deep red

Maaekii

20'

D

X. China to Korea

4.

1880

deep red

J red

— lanceolata

20'

D

4

deep red

+ red

inacroptera

!(/ ?

1)

X.El. .Asia, Japan

.j

1 90(3

+

nana

D

Cauc. to W. China

1830

X dwarf

nikoensis

‘2.y

L)

Japan

.3

1930

obovata

‘ffound cover

1)

Can. to Ind. & Ky.

S

1820

J red

X red

+

J pi'ostrate shrub

oxyphylla

25'

1)

.lapan

■>

1892

t red

4

1934

pancitlora

pliellomana

15'

1)

X. X W. China

5 ?

1928

J horizont.-il X

pendulous branches

saelialinensis

12'

D

X.E. Asia

5

1 892

+

*sanouinea

2\'

D

C. X W. China

■3

1900

J red

X

X pyramidal

Semenovii

10'

D

Turkestan

1910

seniiexserta

10'

D

Japan

.3

189.3

verrucosa

0'

D

S. Europe, \V. Asia

.‘J

1763

yedoensis

12'

D

Japan, Korea

4

about 186.3

I red

X- red

* — Those sjiecies o

r varieties wbi

Dt' must intere.st in tlie Arnold

1 Arboretum.

J— Thi

so to niah

iS particulai
le the plani

1- charactei- is outstanding, sufficiently
t ornamentally valued for this reason.

o'ose.

Sometimes it develops corky wings on the more vigorous brandies.

Vines

The evergreen vines in the Euonymus elan are the ones most commonly seen
in American gardens. Kuotii/mus Fortu/iei radicdus (formerly E. radicans) is the
most commonly planted of all. On older plants, considerable variation occurs in
the leaves and it is not unusual to find foliage of several different types growing
on the same plant. Some of these can be grown asexually, and have given rise
to certain varieties. For instance, K. Foriuttei vegeta is one of the best of all the
fruiting Fuonymus, being a vine or prostrate shrub. Its large leaves are not (]uite
evergreen in New England but then do remain on the plant a considerable time
in the fall. The variety Cdrrierei has leaves more pointed at the tip and is not
nearly as fruitful as is vegeta. 'Fhe variety eo/orafa is really a ground cover, noted
for its reddish foliage in the fall, and F. Fortune} (formerly F. radicans acuta) is
freciuently phnited for its larger pointed leaves.

Many variegated forms have appeared ; there is usually a variegated branch or
two on every plant of Carrierei. Fnonijnins Fortune} gracilis \'> the name which has
been given to include some of these forms. .Silver Queen*' is one with unusually
large variegated leaves.

d'wo small leaf forms are available, though often not correctly named in the
trade. Fuonipuus Fortune} minima was originally raised by Simon-Loiiis, a Ereneh
nursery firm, during the last century, and has leaves the larger of tlie two forms.
F. radicans kexcensis wns raised from seed sent b.v Professor .Sargent from Japan to
the Arboretum and then to Kew (jardens in 189^2. JJiis variety has the smallest
leaves of all, being only of an inch long, while those of minima are nearly twice
tlie size. Both these small leaved varieties are evergreen, cling well to stone walls,
and are admirable when used to cover low rocks or bare spaces in the rock garden;
but because of their small size, they do not grow as rapidly as the other larger
leaved forms.

All the Euonymus growing in the Arboretum are included in the table on pages
Ib-fT. An attempt has been made to point out their habitat or source of origin and
also to check those characteristics for which they are particularly valued. It will
be noted tliat some have little value while others are important for several reasons.
Such a table often aids materially in (piickly emphasizing the value of certain
plants when compared with others. 1 his table might well be checked further
after a study of the Euonymus as the.v grow under various local conditions, for this
might reveal points not noted b}’ performance under Arnold Arboretum conditions.

Euonymus Scale

Some of the Euonvmus, particularly F. Fortune} and its varieties are susceptible
to the pernicious Euonymus scale. This is controllable when fought in its earlier
stages, but if allowed to thrive for several years, infestation may become so severe

[48]

tliat control measures do not prove satisfactory. I'lien tlu* best means of eradica-
tion is to cut tlie vines to the »round and -start o\er a»ain. 'I'he mature female
(scale resembles tlie oyster-shell scale. 'Die insects winter in New Kn»land eitlter
as eoos or as fully <>rown female scales. In tlie early sprino- the younji’ appear and
even in New Knjjland there may be as many as three fienerations in one season.
Consecpiently , it can be seen how (luickly this i)est becomes serious, for if oidy a
small infested area exists after one spray in<>-, this area can be increased so rapidly
that another oeneral infestation soon results, 'riioroiioh sprayin**- with a dormant
•oil usually controls this pest. At the Arboretum we have used Sunoco oil as a
dormant spray at a ratio of l-.SO. In the summer when it has been necessary to
spray on account of additional broods, we have used Sunoco oil at a ratio of l- )0
but it is essential in usino- tlie summer oil sprav to apjily it only on cloudy days
when the air temperature is below 80° F. Fortunately the shrubby faionymus,
with the possible exception of K. amencaua and K. japnnica^ are not as suscejitible
•IS the vine types, but it should be remembered tiiat all Fuonymus are suscepti-
ble and they sliould not be planted unless the jiroper stejis can be taken for spray-
in»: them when the scale appears.

DoxAi.n Wyman

I

NOTES

Collection of Clematis given the Arboretum

A valuable collection of approximately ninety Clematis species and hybrids was i
given the Arboretum this month by Louis Vasseur of Milton. Mr. Vasseur lias i
been raising and hybridizing Clematis for years, having learned much about their
care and culture in France many years ago. The collection he has turned over to
the i\rboretum represents a long period of painstaking efforts in hybridization,
chiefly with Clematis lanuginosa hybrids. Some of tlie plants are as much as fifteen
years old.

'riiough the plants were cut back severely with only a few inches of the stems
now remaining, it is hoped that in a short time this will be the neueleus of one
of the most complete Clematis eolleetions in tliis country. All tliese plants have
been planted at the base of a seven-foot woven wire fence bordering the tract
adjacent to the Adams House grounds.

Added to this valuable collection is another group of Clematis given the Arbo-
retum by a nursery which specializes in growing these interesting vines. This
additional gift totals thirty-four different species and named varieties, with more
to come next spring. Special care will be given these vines and it is hoped that
they will thrive under Arboretum conditions. After all. Clematis can be grown
in New England, and we hope that within a short time there will be many beauti-
ful i)lants here to demonstrate this thoroughly.

New Building Dedicated at Morton Arboretum

The beautiful Thornhill Building was dedicated at the Morton Arboretum on
September ^25, Dr. F.. D. Merrill, Director of the Arnold Arboretum, being the
guest speaker at the dedication exercises. This new building occupies the site of
‘‘Thornhill,’' the former residence of the Arboretum’s founder, Mr. Joy Morton,
and the dedication occurred in the twenty-first year of the existence of the Mor-
ton Arboretum. The librarv wing of “Thornhill” was preserved, forming the
stack room of the new building. This is a valuable addition to the Morton Arbo-
retum and makes possible the amplification of many of its services.

In his address at the time of the dedication. Dr. Merrill discussed the history
and accomplishments of the Arnold Arboretum which was the progenitor of the
Arboretum idea, having been established in 187^2. Since the establishment of the
Morton Arboretum, there have been many cases of mutual assistance between
these two great plant growing institutions, and, to commemorate this cooperation,!
Mrs. Joseph M. Cudahy, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Morton Arbo-
retum, has presented the Arnold Arboretum with a splendid four-foot specimen
of Meyer's Juniper, a duplicate of which was planted near the Thornhill building
by Dr. Merrill, 'fhese two plants, although now growing so far apart, will com-
memorate the excellent spirit of cooperation and mutual assistance existing be-
tween the two institutions.

[ oo ]

Recent Important Publications

Announcement is made of a of tlie important “Monograph of Azaleas'*

pp. i-iv, 1-'219. (Arnold Arboretum Publ. 9, out of print for about ten

years) by Rehder and Wilson, the reissue is priced at $L00 instead of the orioi-
nal S3. 00 per copy. So many orders for this important out-of-print work were re-
ceived that it became desirable to reissue it in fa(‘simile form. 'I'he Arboretum
has also received a number of copies of Metcalf's Flora of Fukien and Floristic
Notes on Southeastern China,*' published by Linonan University, fasc. I, pp.
i-xviii. 1-82, 2 maps. 1942; the price of this is $1.30. The first two numbers of
the technical publication Sargentia (named in honor of Charles Spra»ue Saroent)
which replaces the old Contributions of the Arnold Arboretum" series have
been issued. The first consists of a pa|)er by Dr. A. C. Smith based on the Fiji
collections secured on the voyage of the Cheng Ho" sponsored by Mrs. Anne
Archbold and entitled “Fijian Plant Studies, II." pj). 1-148, July, 1912, priced
pit $2.30; and the second is by Dr. Flui Lin Li, entitled ‘“Phe Araliaceae of
China," pp. 1-184, November, 1942, priced at $2.23.

A very important facsimile lithoprint reproduction of the very rare Autikon
. Botanikon by C. S. Rafinescpie, Philadelphia, 1840, is also announced. This is a
200 page volume of which only about a dozen copies are known to exist, touch-
ing all parts of the world. This facsimile reprint is j^riced at $8.00

[51]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard Universitj^

Volumes NOVEMBER SO, 194-S Number 10

AN AMATEUR’S OBSERVATIONS ON HARDINESS FROM GROWING
RHODODENDRONS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

1'^HE chief difficulty in discussino- this subject lies in the fact that few people
are in agreement as to just what constitutes ‘ hiardiness. ” To some it means
a plant which will never “winterkill.” To others it means a plant the flowers of
which are never injured by late frosts. 'Po a third ^roup it means a plant which
weathers the ordinary winter but may react unfavorably under unusual climatic
conditions. There are tlu)usands of other gradations of thought dej^ending upon
the individual and his experiences.

In a recent discussion of this subject conducted by an Phiglish garden magazine
one prominent grower gave his definition for hardiness as a |)lant which is “locally
tolerant.” This may only shift the discussion from the meaning of hardiness to
that of tolerance, but to me it has much merit. We are often guided in purchas-
ing plants on the basis of our zone rating which in general is a valuable guide
but with “border line” varieties, this may be inaccurate for a certain locality.

It behooves us, therefore, to study not only our zone conditions and other fac-
tors which in a general way influence hardiness, but to bring our problem directly
to our own gardens.

First among the general factors is the early fall frost. While such frosts are
unusual in the Pacific Northwest, they do occasionally occur and may prove dis-
astrous to some plants. Some years ago a Northern California nurseryman lost an
entire field of Rhododendron “Britannia" due to an October freeze. I'his might
have been a pureU local condition but my own experience indicates that this oc-
curs more often when jilants do not receive projier care. Piither late fertilizing or
late watering may cause such a loss, for both stimulate late vegetative grow’th
which may not have time to mature and therefore be susceptible to an early frost.
I suffered a similar loss with a group of R. Juffustinii but in my case only the
new growth was injured. Second growth is nearly always too tender to weather

a cold winter. I believe, then, it is safe to say that hardiness may be increased
by witholding late feeding and watering so that neAV growth will enter the winter
thoroughly ripened. Many experienced growers in the Pacific Northwest do not
Avater after August 1 except aa hen the plants shoAv definite signs of being affected
by drought. This does not mean that they should enter the Avinter in a dry con-
dition for Eastern gro Avers recommend heavy Avatering just prior to the advent of
cold Aveather. In the Pacific NortliAvest our normal rainfall usually cares for this.

The late s})ring frosts come next and Avhile not numerous here are often most
troublesome in England, Holland and Belgium and are known to have caused
much damage. The (xhent Azalea originated from the experience of P. Mortier,
a baker at Ghent, Avho endeavored to obtain iieAV hardy varieties Avith late fioAv-
ering, by crossing certain hardy azaleas Avith tender late flowering A^arieties.

In the Pacific NortliAvest area the Seattle Aveather reports shoAv only five days
from 19.S5 to 1941 inclusive Avhen the thermometer touched freezing after March
1. Many people have never had a plant injured after that date, yet I knoAV some
localities near the city Avhere much damage has occurred from these frosts Avhich
sometimes come as late as May. It is obvious from these facts that there are defi-
nite factors applicable to each location and some of these may appear in the fol-
loAving discussion.

Perhaps the first of these aaouIcI be air drainage. After years of obseiwation I
am convinced that tliis is one of the most important factors in the hardiness of
plants. It might be more correct to say it may often be the governing factor in
groAving a borderline plant.

('old air, like AAater, naturally follows the ground and floAVs to the lowest {wint.
Wlien it enters a confined depression, it remains there like a lake or [)ool and as
additional cold air Aoaas in, the AA'armer air overfloAAS and the i)ool constantly be-
comes colder. Sucli a dei)ression may ju’ove disastrous to many shrubs. I have
seen plants in such an area severely injured Avhile those only a feAv yards aAAay
came through in splendid shai)e.

Winter injury in many locations is due no doubt to just such a condition. 'Hiis
is especiallA' true in loAvlands and valleys Avhere drainage is sluggish. On the other
hand, those Avho have gardens near the salt Avater generally have an unobstructed
floAv of cold air. The AA’ater of Puget Sound Aaries only four degrees betAveen sum-
mer and Avinter, and as the hot air rises from this AAarm area, it makes room for
a continuous floAv of the colder currents. This is likeAvise true of hillside locations.

Nearness to Avater generally stimulates air floAv but it is less active adjacent toi
inland AA’aters as the Avinter temperature variation of such Avater is much greater
than that of salt aa ater.

Exposure is another factor in hardiness but one hard to determine accurately.
It is noticeable that Avhen Ave have a severe frost, most of the damage is done on
the !iorth side of the street, that is, Avitii a southern exposure. This is due accord-
ing to some autliorities to the stimulation Avhich the plant receives from the sun-

liolit and is especially harmful in the late winter or early sprino-. At tiu* Arnold
Arboretum many rhododendrons do not suffer from severe cold, even zero weather,
when they are protected from sunlioht and hioh winds durin»- this period. On the
other hand, when plants are in an exposed position, a slu-irp drop in tem|)eratur(*
followino- bright sunshine will freciuently injure the hardiest varieties. Plants with
a northern exposure })roteeted from the direct rays of the sun will witlistand a
severe winter — even a euttin}>- north wind — much better than those subjected to
the winter sunshine.

While considerino- exj)osures, it mioht be well to mention a<»ain the importance
of local conditions, for an open sunny location is more favorable than one ajjainst
a wall or rock where heat is radiated. Many authorities believe that some i)lants
I which we condemn as not beino- winter hardy are in reality injured durino- the
summer months. In several instances I have seen rock »arden rhododendrons die
out when placed ao-ainst a warm rock while those in a more open location sur-
vived and prospered. Volunteer Park in Seattle has several examples of o|)en
southern exposures where hard}’ rhododentlron varieties prosper and this may be
due in part to another factor which must be considered under the head of expo-
sure; that is the intensity of the sun’s rays. Ours is often filtered by moisture in
the air and by driftinof clouds. We seldom have lon«: periods of brioht sunshine.
Another illustration : the standard practice in planting- camellias in the south is
to avoid a south or west exposure. My own experience in the Pacific Northwest
is that here they do best with a western exposure. This does not change the
standard practice in other districts but is evidence of the mildness of our sunshine
and brings us back again to local conditions as they effect hardiness.

Kxposure to wind must be considered. Rhododendrons outside of a few ali)ines
will not prosper in a windy location, for winds, especially dry ones, absorb mois-
ture from the evergreen leaves and can be as devastating in their own way as a
hot south wall. Hence, a drafty location or a windy corner should be avoided,
because of increased transpiration due to the wind and also because tlie wind lowers
the temj)erature in those |)laces.

Returning again to colder weather, it would appear that the length of time such
cold continues or the suddenness of the change may adversely effect the plant
more than the low temperature. My <»wn plants recover from a short, sharp cold
spell much more rapidly than a long continued one, provided, of course, this cold
comes in the middle of winter. It is in the colder winter |)eriods that genetical
differences in plants of a certain species or variety l^ecome evident, for tliese, as
I well as environmental differences, frecpiently are resjxmsible for many peculiar
I differences in plant hardiness.

One other thing which might be classed under environment is directional |)lant-

ing. Large evergreen shrubs when trans|)lanted should be faced the same direc-
tion as originally grown, esjiecially where they have not been partially protected
by nearby trees or shrubs. These plants build uji a resistance* to light over a

period of 3'ears in both leaves and bark and this protection is much greater on
the side which was exposed to the sun than on the shady side. A reversal of this
position may cause a loss of foliage, bark splitting, and in extreme cases, the loss
of the plant itself. I'his damage is less in areas of mild light intensity than in
those of brilliancy and warmth.

These comments, as the subject states*, are merely the observations of an ama-
teur, not an attempt at scientific statement, for few amateurs are qualified to make
correct deductions from the facts available to them. We do know, however, that
hardiness is not a fixed quality ; that it can be measured by no given standard ;
and in the Pacific Northwest it is largely a matter of trial and error. It is hoped
that these notes may be of assistance to many plant lovers who wish to bring into
their gardens a host of fine plants which, contrary to the usual opinion, can be
grown in their localities.

. Herbert G. Ihrig
Seattle^ Washington

Xote : — These observations of Mr. Herbert Ihrig are made by a man who has been
growing many different rhododendron species for years in his beautiful Seattle
garden. Although his hardiness observations have been made in the Pacific
Northwest and deal with many plants that are not hardy here in New England,
nevertheless he has been attempting to grow so many ^^border-line” plants, that
he has had an exceptional opportunity to study hardiness problems by intelli-
gently observing the reactions of these plants as they are grown under varying
environmental conditions. Consequently, his hardiness notes are sound and are
applicable to rhododendrons as well as to other plants, not only in the Pacific
Northwest, but in New England also. Because of his many years experience in
growing rhododendrons — a particularly difficult group of plants with many of the
species susceptible to winter injury — these hardiness notes should be of interest
to Arnoldia readers.

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popui.ar Information
of the x4rnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume ^2 DECEMBER 18, 194^ Numbers 11-L2

FOLIACtE COLORS OF WOODY PLANTS
APRIL TO SEPTEMBER

The beauties of New England’s autumn foliage have been fully described
many times, which plants contribute most brilliantly to the display, and how
this display- differs from year to year, but little information is available about foli-
age colors of plants throughout the growing season . Nor is there much on record
about colors of the early foliage as the leaves unfurl in the spring, how it changes
from week to week, approximately when it comes and when it disappears. As a
matter of fact, the bright colors of the early spring foliage are almost as beautiful
as are the fall colors. All the data included in this j)aper were recorded in the
Arboretum this year in connection with observations made weekly from April to
October regarding foliage color changes. Such observations thus methodically re-
corded will be of , considerable interest to the gardening public.

Many horticultural varieties of woody plants may present brilliantly colored
foliage in the early spring, and such plants may have been given varietal names
because of these characteristics. However, after a few weeks the foliage color
gradually fades and by the end of June the leaves become a normal green. Such
is the case with the common Plujsocarpus opu/ijb/ii/s luteus. On the other liand,
some of the woody plants keep their foliage colors throughout the entire growing
season, and such plants should be carefully noted. Lonicera Koro/kovii is one ex-
ample, and Berberis Thunhergii airopurpurea is another.

J'his is not in itself a plea for plants with colored or variegated foliage. Such
plants are frecpiently entirely out of place in any landscape picture, simply be-
cause the foliage color is so pronounced that the shrub or tree itselt is tar too
obvious and does not blend well with surrounding plantings. Because of tlieir
vari-colored foliage, some forms are actually deficient in cliloropliyll and hence
are sickly in growth and appearance, never developing into the good robust sjieci-
mens we like to have in our gardens. Conse(|uently , these color forms should be

used iiitVe(iuently and only on special occasions where considerable thought has
been j^iven to their peculiar qualifications.

It should be noted that all the forms mentioned in this pa])er are in the Arbo-
retum collection and that notes on their colors have been taken from observing-
the j)lants themselves, not from previously prepared lists. In recording these ob-
servations, it has been found that many plants bearing- the varietal names of lutea
or aurescens, etc., actually do not deserve such names since their color changes
are so slight as to have no distinctive or ornamental value whatsoever. Sometimes
only 3'oung plants will show variations in the foliage color and as they grow older,
tlie foliage reverts to normal green. Such forms are jiot listed here.

Another point worth mentioning is the fact that when a plant is given a vari-
etal name (either botanical or horticultural) because of its foliage color, for some
reason the original plant ma}^ die or become ‘Most'* and thougli the name itself
may be carried in text after text, on the authority of the 'original record supported
by herbarium material, it may be impossible to locate a living plant of the vari-
et}*. From a perusal of various texts one will observe that many species have yel-
low leaved varieties, but it is extremely difficult to find the living plants of many
of these. I reiterate that the plants here listed are actually growing in the Arnold
Arboretum, and that the following color notes are based on observations made
during the 194-^2 growing season. If certain named forms with known colored
foliage are missing from this list, it means that they are either not in the Arbo-
retum living collections or that their color variations were not sufficiently out-
standing to attract attention.

Early Foliage

The past spring was characterized by the relatively early appearance of the
young foliage. Thus one willow tree, Salix alba viiel/ina, opposite the Administra-
tion Building in the Arboretum, is among the first trees to display its green foli-
age in the early spring. Frequently the buds are so far advanced that if a day or
night with unusually Avarm temperature occurs at the right time, the tree will
turn from an apparently inanimate object to a thing of living green almost over
night. During the past three years the tree turned green over night on the fol-
lowing dates : — 1940, May 1 ; 1941, April 15 ; 194‘2, April 6. From such data one
can readily obtain an idea of the temperatures prevalent during the early spring.
In 1940 the season Avas very late and in 194t2 it AAas distinctly early. Conse-
(jiiently, actual dates of leaf appearance are not dependable from year to year for
individual species, yet it is interesting to note the number of trees Avhich come
into early foliage together and Avhich thus react regardless of »Avhether the season
is early or adA anced.

44ie various colors of the young foliage of trees and shrubs are just as beautiful
as are those in autumn foliage, only less vivid. Little attention is paid these
early colors, possibly because they do not last very long, and also because so much
that is interesting happens in the early spring Avhen everything seems to be break-

[58]

ing into new life that our attention is being called a hundred places at once.
However, I suggest that a study of the early spring colors next year will repay
the effort to anyone interested in plants and plant life. The following forms all
sliowed color prior to May 1, 1942, and most of them in tliis list graduall}- turned
a normal green about June 1, after which little variation in their colors could be
noted. Not all spring foliage colors are reported here for there are many trees
and shrubs (the oaks for example) tlie foliage of which does not appear until mid
May. These have not been recorded. Added to foliage colors are the hundreds
of flower colors, the two combining to make the early spring so colorful. The
Norway maple, for instance, is at first a clear yellow, not because of its foliage,
but because the flowers appear before the leaves. Then as the flowers gradually
fade, the green leaves appear and the general aj^pearance of the tree changes from
yellow to green. Such color changes are multiplied b,v the hundreds in spring.
The following lists should prove helpful to all who wish to anticipate foliage
colors in early spring: —

DECIDUOUS WOODY PLANTS SHOWING THE FIRST FOLIAGE COLORS
PRIOR TO APRIL 25, 1942

Abelia biflora
Berberis amurensis
Berberis Dielsiana
Berberis Francisci-Ferdinandi
Berberis Gilgiana
Berberis koreana
Berberis notabilis
Berberis ottawensis
Berberis Purdomii
Berberis reticulata
Berberis Vernae
Cotoneaster divaricata
Coton caster foveolata
Cotoneaster lucida
Deutzia glabrata

Kuonymus europaea chrysophylla
Kuonymus Maackii lanceolata

Green

E u o n 3’ m u s ma c r o p t e r a
Euonj’mus sachalinensis
Euon\mms sanguinea
Lonicera bella and varieties
Lonicera chrysantha
Lonicera notha

Lonicera Ruprechtiana and varieties

Lonicera tatarica latifolia

Lonicera tatarica Lerojana

Lonicera Xylosteum

Mains robusta persicifolia

Prinsepia sinensis

Primus Padus sibirica

Primus Padus Spaethii

Pyrus ussuriensis

Kibes, man\’ species

Spiraea lucida

Yellow Green to Pale Green

Acanthopanax Sieboldianus
Acer campestre
Acer Mono
Acer Xegundo

Acer |)almatum heptalobum
Aesculus Dupontii Hessei
Artemisia sacrorum
Mains robusta

Primus Padus commutata
Prunus Padus glauca
Rhamnus Schneideri
Ribes alpinum
Ribes luridum
Ribes odoratum

Rosa cinnamomea
Salix alba vitellina
Salix Matsudana
Salix rubra
Tilia japonica

Tilia platyphyllos sphaerocarpa

Dark Green

Cliaeiiomeles japonica, most varieties
Chaenomeles lagenaria, most varieties
Ribes divaricatum

Gray

Ribes grossularia uva-crispa
Ribes iimominatum
Ribes robiistmn

Green

Amelanchier asiatica Maackia Fauriei

Amelanchier canadensis Prinsepia uniHora

Amelanchier sanguinea

Bronze to Reddish

Acer griseum

Acer platanoides Sclnvedleri

Acer rubrum

Amelancliier laevis

Berberis Thunbergii atropurpurea

Cercidiphyllum japonicum

Corylopsis Veitcliiana

Diervilla sessilifolia

Lonicera Maximowiczii sachalinensis

Maildenia by jioleuca
Paeon ia sullruticosa
Pyrus ussuriensis hondoensis
Rlius aromatica

Vaccinium angustitblium laevitblium
Viburnum cassinoides
^dburnum fragrans
Viburnum Opulus nanuni

WOODY PLANTS WITH LEAVES VARIEGATED OR COLORED
THROUGHOUT THE GREATER PART OF THE
GROWING SEASON OF 1942

In the following lists are recorded those plants which have colored foliage (some
color other than a medium or neutral green which makes the plant stand out from
the surrounding background) throughout the growing season or a part of it. Plants
appearing under a certain color heading have foliage of that color from the time
the leaves first appear until tlie fall, unless another notation or date is indicated.
“Normal by T/b*' means that the leaves of a particular plant have turned a nor-
mal green on or sliglitly before July 6, 194-^2. If no notes appear, the leaves re-
mained colored throughout the season. Certain allowances must be made however,
for the colors of the young foliage is considerably more brilliant than that of ma-
ture foliage. Thus in Berberis Thunhergii atropurpurea, the leaves of this plant first
appear as a vivid scarlet and gradually fade to red. Some plants in the “ blue-
green'* list may border on the “gray-green” or “purple-green.”

It may be well to cite another example of a plant with colored foliage to show
how widely a plant may vary in foliage color. Kerria japonica picta normally has

I leaves with a lio'lit oreeii leaf inar^^iii until July, after which time the leaf marjiin
turns white. If a strono- application of a nitrooenous fertilizer is <i:i\(‘n in June,

I the pale •Jreen inaroin may turn into a deeper »reen marjiin and remain so through-
out the season. On the other hand, if the plant is nrown in \ery poor soil, the
margin may first ap[)ear white and remain white throughout the season. Anotluu-
example is that of a o()lden-tipi)ed form of Tsi(g(( auKidensis <>rowinn- in Pennsyl-
vania. It was noted by a bri»ht-eyed nurseryman, and transplanted t() his nearby
nursery where the needles still had conspicuously o-olden tips. 'I’hen it was taken
to Far Country” or Hemlock Arboretum, the estate of Mr. Charles F. Jeid<ins,
in (lermantown, Philadeli)hia. Mr. Jenkins «-ave it every care including; oood
soil, with plent.v of nitroo'enous matter. I'he tii)s turned a normal »reen and the
tree could not be distino'uished from any other specimen of Tsuga cdiutdensis when
1 saw it last sprin«-. A soil examination was made and the results show that the
differences in the soil contents between Cermantown and the orioinal habitat of
the tree may have been responsible for this chanoe in color.

With these examples in mind, it can be readily understood that many plants
may react differently under different ctmditions. 'The followino' notes record tin*
toliao'e colors and their chan«-es durinj]^ the orowino- season of 19P2 of all plants
oTowino- in the Arnold Arboretum with foliaoe any color except a normal oreen.

NOTES ON DECIDUOUS PLANTS WITH LEAVES VARIEGATED OR
COLORED THROUGHOUT THE SEASON, (OR PART OF IT) 1942

Light Green

Aeanthopanax Sieboldianus
Acer japonicum

Acer japonicum aconitifolium — red-

Acer Xegundo pseudo-californicunC’'
Catalpa bignonioides aurea — normal

by 7/.S1

dish bronze 7/ J1 — 10, 10!l!
Acer Mono

Ivarix decidua

Ribes cereuin

Gray Green

Amorpha canescens
Andromeda olaucophylla
Andromeda Polifolia
Berberis dictyophylla
Flaeagnus angustifolia — gray
Flaeagnus umbellata
Hippophae rhamnoides
I Lonicera Korolkovii — blue green
, Lonicera microphylla — blue green
Lonicera praeflorens*

Populus alba

Rosa Fedtschenkoana normal by

8/l8

Rosa rubrifolia — blue green
Rosa rubrosa Carmenetta”
Salvia officinalis
Shepherdia argentea
Sibiraea laevigata
Zenobia pulverulenta

turned a reddish bronze and remained that color for the rest of the season.

Yellow to Yellow Green

Acer japonicum aureum — normal by 7/ 31

Acer Neo-imdo auratum — beautiful golden 4/22 — 7/l2, changing from briglit
yellow on 7/6 to greenish by 7/31, normal by 8,/ 18
Cornus alba Rosenthalii — turning purplish red 9/5
Fagus sylvatica Zlatia — leaves yellow when young, normal by 7/12
Hypericum Dawsonianum — yellow green
Lespedeza kiusiana — yellow green
Ligustrum Ibota vicaryi* — only young leaves yellow
by 6/30

Lonicera japonica aureo-reticulata — yellow leaves spotted green
Fhiladelphus coronarius aureus — yellow green; greenish by 8/l8; green o/o
IMiysocarpus opulifolius luteus — brilliant yellow 4/27 ; yellow green 6/ 10 — 7/5
(not outstanding); normal by 7/31

Fleioblastus distichus — foliage with leaves of varying stripes of green from yel-
low to dark green

Ptelea trifoliata aurea — young foliage yellow ; mature foliage yellowish green ;
not outstanding

Pterostyrax corymbosa — 3'elh)w green

Stephanandra incisa — leaves vary from yellow green to dark green
Syringa vulgaris aucubaefolia — variegated yellow

\dburnum Opulus aureum — golden yellow 4/29; yellow green 6/10 — 9/5
\dburnum Sargenti Havuin — young leaves yellow green

Weigela praecox variegata* — variegated, dark green center, light green edge
Yucca filamentosa variegata — leaves yellow and green stripes

Red to Reddish Purple

Acer palmatum atropurpureum

Acer palmatum atropurpureum Oshi Beni’* — normal by 6/30
Acer palmatum crispum — normal by 8/l8
Acer palmatum Hessei

Acer palmatum ornatum — eventually turning bronze green
Acer palmatum sanguineum — turning from a deep red to a bronze
Acer palmatum versicolor — 5/ 12 — 6/8 normal by 6/30 with some foliage a
‘yellowish pink”

Acer platanoides Schwedleri — bronze 5/22 — 6/30; dark green 7/31 — 9, 5
Acer platanoides Stollii*

Acer i’seudo-platanus purpureum — bronze green
Aesculus carnea^ — light bronze
Berberis Tlumbergii atropurpurea

Berberis vulgaris atropurpurea — deep purjde 4/24 ; reddish purple 5/22 — 7/31 ;
almost normal by 8,/ 18

.vMalus “Arrow*’ —early foliage a good bronze ; elianged to a distinct reddish
green by 6/8; turns more green but also has a slight reddish hue until leaf
tall

Mains “Berlini” same as for Malus “Arrow*’

Mai us “ Oekonomierat Rchtermeyer” “ “ “ “

Malus purpurea

Malus purpurea Eleyi “ “ “ “

Malus purpurea Lemoinei “ “ “ “ “

Malus “Red Flesh” “ “ “ “ “

Malus “Red Silver” “ “ “

Malus “Slocan ”

I’runus blireiana Moseri — red to reddish purjjle

Primus blireiana “Newport” — dark bronze 5/'22 — b/lO; red 7/81; reddish
purple 8/18 — 9/5

Primus cerasifera applebiana — reddish purple

Primus cerasifera atropurpurea — dark red 5/^2^2 — 6/l0 ; reddish purple 7 /81 — p/o
Primus cerasifera nigra — dark bronze 5/22 — 6/80; reddish purple 8/ 18 — 9/5
Primus cerasifera Woodii — dark red 4/22 — 6/l0; purplish red 7/81 — 9/5
Primus gland ulosa rosea — red leaves streaked with some green
Primus Persica atropurpurea — shining red, excellent 5/27 — 7/81 ; reddish pur-
ple 8/18 — 9/12

Primus spinosa purpurea — dark bronze 6 10; reddish purple 7/81 — 9/l2
Primus Vesuvius” — dark red 5/22 — 7/81: reddish purple 8/18 — 9/5
Weigela florida foliis-purpureis — i)urplish green

Weigela Maximowiczii — 50% of leaves red or reddish, remainder green

Bronze

Acer palmatum'*' — deep bronze 5/6; light bronze 5/22; green with sliglit red-
dish tinge 6/ 10

Acer palmatum dissectum — bronze green
Cotinus Coggygria puri)urea — normal by 7/81
Fagus sylvatica — normal by 7/12
Rosa rubrifolia glaucescens*

.Viburnum Opulus nanum* — bronze to bronze green

Purple

Acer platanoides rubrum — j)urplish red above, green below

jCorylus maxima purpurea — mixed light and dark bronze by 6/ 10, old foliage
j normal by 7/81

jFagus sylvatica atropunicea — purplish green by 7/81

1 Xote: — 'Phere are a number of forms of the purple beech, with varying inten-
I sities of foliage color. The lasting qualities also vary, possibly due to

I soil variations, some trees remaining with a purple foliage throughout

; [ ]

I

i

I

the season. Unfortunately, none of these forms are orowino- in the
Arboretum.

Fao’us sylvatiea purpureo-pendula — [)urplish tureen by l/iH

Green with White Margin

Aeanthopanax Sieboldianus variegatus — some green in leaves but mostly white
and yellow 7/b; leaves pale yellow blotched with green 8/18 — b
Acer Negundo ‘crisi)um variegatum"

Acer Negundo elegans — yellowish edge 5/'2‘2 — b/lO ; white margin 7/8 1 — b/o
Acer platanoides Drummondi — yellowish margin 8/ 18 — b/ U2
buxus sempervirens albo-marginata
C’ornus alba argenteo-marginata

C’ornus alba Gouchaultii margins blotched white b/‘2'-2 — b/.SO; blotched piid<
and winte 7/81 — b/Ui

Cornus alteridfolia argentea widte margin with some pink
('ornus Horida Welchi white margin witli some rose j)ink blotcldng
luionymus Fortunei gracilis
Fruonymus Fortunei ‘ Silver (^ueen "

Kerria japonica picta -light green margin until b 80 ; white margin 7/ 81 - lO/Z^S

Green with Yellow Margin

Acer Negundo aureo-variegatum

Gornus alba Sjvietldi leaf margin blotched

Cornus mas elegantissima — b/8 — ^b/a pink in yellow margin, leaves look sickly

(liidvgo biloba Ridgelandii

Ligustrum ovalifolium aureo-marginatum

Weigela Horida variegata — margin yellow green

Green with Red or Pink Margin

Acer |)almata roseo-marginatum

Variegated

Berberis Thunbergii argenteo-variegata — ‘■2.5% of leaves variegated white and pink
Lonicera tatarica Fenzlii — light and dark green variegated mottled 5/ *22 — 6/ 10,
inconspicuous thereafter

Magnolia tripetala variegata — 10% leaves are variegated with yellow 5/22 — 9/5
Primus cerasifera Hessei — leaf margins pink, yellow, white 7/6 — b/l2 (looks,
sickly)

Quercus robur argenteo-picta — some leaves are white and white spotted
40 Japanese Maple cions — various shades of red and green, not listed here be-
cause of similarity or questionable names, mostly showing various shades o1
red but a normal green by 7/81

[64]

EVERGREEN FOLIAGE COLOR

Light Green

bhamaecyparis Lawsoniana “erecta alba ” leaf tips light green, normal by 8/l8
Chamaecyparis tlyvoides Hoveyi — very light green, normal by T/dl
Taxus baeeata variegata — young foliage yellow-green, leaves with light green
center and yellow margin ; older leaves normal green

Gray Green

Chamaecyparis pisifera squarrosa — gray green to blue green
iCryj)tomeria japonica — ^ young leaves gray green
IMcea glauca — gray green to bluish green
Picea mariana Doumetii

Yellow

Chamaecyparis obtusa aurea
Chamaecyparis obtusa ‘gracilis aurea”

Juniperus chinensis “japonica aureo-variegata”

Taxus cuspidata aurescens
Thuja occidentalis conspicua
Thuja occidentalis Fdlwangeriana
Tluija orientalis decussata

Yellow Green

Abies neplirolepis — normal by 7/b
iChamaecy paris nootkatensis lutea
Cliamaecyparis pisifera aurea — normal by 7/()

Cliamaecyparis pisifera “filifera aurea” — normal by 7/6
Chamaecyparis pisifera “lutescens nana ” — normal by 7/6
Chainaecyparis pisifera “nana aurea”

Chamaecyparis pisifera plumosa

Chamaecyparis pisifera plumosa aureo-comi)acta”

Chamaecyparis pisifera plumosa argentea”

Chamaecyparis pisifera plumosa flavescens”

.luniperus chinensis aurea

Juniperus chinensis PHtzeriana aurea'* — normal by 7/6 ?

Juniperus chinensis plumosa aurea”

Juniperus communis aurea spica” — normal by 7/6
Juniperus communis “depressa aurea’’ — normal by 7/6
Picea Abies aurea — normal bv 7/6

I

I Picea glauca aurea — normal by 7/6
Pinus pumila — normal by 7/ 6
i Paxus baccata aurea — normal by 7/6

j Taxus canadensis aurea — young foliage tips yellowish green
'Thuja occidentalis aurea — normal by 7/6
Thuja occidentalis lutea

[65]

'riiiija occiilentalis pulclierrima — normal by 7/b
'riui.ja occidentalis “robusta lutea”

'riiu.ja occidentalis ‘^Waxen*’

'I'liuja orientalis conspicua — yount^ foliage yellowish green

Blue Green

Abies Fraseri prostrata
Abies lasiocarpa
Abies Vilmorinii

Chainaecyparis Lawsoniana ^Vobusta
glauca”

Chainaecyparis nootkatensis
Chainaecyparis pisifera minima
Chamaecyparis pisifera “squarrosa in-
termedia’*

Chamaecyparis pisifera squarrosa
nana”

Cliamaecyparis thyoides glauca
Juniperus chinensis oblonga
Juniperus chinensis lleevesi
Juniperus chinensis sylvestris
Juniperus communis
Juniperus glaucescens
Juniperus recurva
Juniperus Sabina prostrata
Juniperus scopulorum
Juniperus scopulorum ^^Cologreen”
.Juniperus scopulorum glauca

Abies amabilis

Abies concolor — from light blue to
blue green varying on different trees
Allies concolor violacea — young foli-
age blue

Abies lasiocarpa arizonica
Abies lasiocarpa compacta
Chamaecyparis obtusa ericoides
(Jiamaecyparis pisifera ^^scpiarrosa
pygmaea*’ — light blue 7/jl
.Juniperus chinensis ‘ densa glauca”
.Juniperus communis echinaeformis
.Juniperus scopulorum columnaris
Juniperus scopulorum Gareei

Juniperus seravshanica
Juniperus squama ta
Juniperus squamata Meyeri
Juniperus turkestanica
Juniperus. virginiana Burki
Juniperus virginiana glauca
Juniperus virginiana McCabei
Juniperus virginiana reptans
Picea bicolor
Picea Glehnii
Picea montigena
Picea pungens
Picea pungens globosa
Pinus hexilis reflexa
Pinus monticola
Pinus parviflora
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris fastigiata
Pinus -sylvestris lapponica
Pinus sylvestris Watereri
Pseudotguga taxifolia — varies from
green to blue green

Blue

Juniperus scopulorum Hill’s Silver”
Juniperus scopulorum “Marshall”
Juniperus scopulorum “Marshall
Silver”

Juniperus scopulorum “Medora**
Juniperus scopulorum Moonliglit**
Juniperus virginiana “glauca Hetzi”
Juniperus virginiana pseudo-cupressus
Juniperus virginiana venusta

. Picea Kngelmanni

Picea pungens argentea
Picea pungens Kosteriana
Picea pungens Moerheimi

[ ]

Leaves Whitish Underneath

(^ivin^ a grayish appearance at a distance)

Abies alba pyramidalis
Abies liomolepis
Abies homolepis umbellata
Abies \>itchii olivacea
Picea Abies ele«ans

I'axiis baccata fastioiata aurea

Picea jezoeiisis hondoensis
Picea notlia
Picea Omorika
Pinus parvidora olauca

Variegated

- margin of leaves yellow

EARLY COLORED AUTUMN FOLIAGE

Lists have already been published in a previous issue of the Bulletin of Popu-
lar Information, Series 4, \A)1. IV, No. If, 198b, of trees and shrubs which have
specific autumn colors. No mention was made of those species which ma.v be listed
as turning color early in the fall; that is, actually the first to take on autumn
coloration in the Arnold Arboretum. The following list shows those plants which
began to turn color prior to September 1, 194*2. This is very earl}’, especially
when it is understood that autumn color was not predominantly evident in the
Arboretum until about October 7, and did not reach its i)eak until about October
14 this year. However, there are always plants which can be expected to change
color early or at least begin to change color before the majority of other plants,
as indicated by the following list. It should be noted that the season, the situa-
tion in which a plant is growing, the amount of rainfall and its seasonal distribu-
tion, all combine to determine the actual dates on which fall color first is evident
and these dates vary from year to year. The following species are always the first
to start the color procession.

WOODY PLANTS SHOWING THE FIRST AUTUMN COLOR
(ON OR PRIOR TO SEPTEMBER 1, 1942)

Abeliophyllum distichum — yellow green
Acanthopanax sessiliflorus — yellow green
Acer rubrum — few turning red

Acer rubrum Schlesingeri — turning red (holding its leaves fully colored until 10, 1 )

Aronia species and varieties — turning red and yellow

Berberis amurensis — turning deep red

Berberis Bretschneideri — ^.5% turning bright red

Berberis dasystachya — turning to red

Berberis Francisci-Ferdinandi — bronze green

Berberis Purdomii — turning deep reddish purple

Berberis Thunbergii — yellows and reds starting to appear

Berberis Thunbergii Maximowiczii — turning bronze

Callicarpa dichotoma — yellow green with little purple

[67]

Carpinus laxiflora — youn<? leaves turning red

Cercidiphyllum japonicum — few turning color, some leaves yellow and some bronze
Cornus alba — turning reddish purple
Cornus Amomum ^ — turning bronze red

Cornus florida — few trees showing much red fall coloring (probably due to loca-
tion and soil conditions)

Dirca palustris — turning yellow green
Kuonymus alata — turning red

Euonymus Bungeana — trees varj some turning yellow and others turning red

FAionvmus europaea — turning reddish
Kuonymus oxyphylla — turning red
Kuonymus sachalinensis many leaves turning red
Kuonymus sanguinea — deep bronze

Hyd rangea Bretschneideri glabreseens — turning yellow and brown and dropping

Lindera Benzoin — turning yellow green

Karthenoeissus quincpiefolia — ^ few leaves turning red

Pliellodendron amurense few trees already turned bright yellow

Physoearpus bracteatus — 50% turning brown witli a little red

Prinsepia sinensis — ^25% turning bright yellow

Primus Padus commutata — 50% bright red and drojiping

Rhododenilron yedoense iioukhanense — few plants with leaves turning bronze red

Kibes aureum — starting to turn red

Kibes odoratum aurantiacum — 75% now deep red

Kibes odoratum praecox 50% of leaves bright red

Kosa Carolina glandulosa — turning dark red

Kosa K ixburgliii and varieties — turning bronze

Kosa setigera serena — turning bronze red

Securinega suffruticosa — turning yellow and dropping

Spiraea alba — turning vellow brown

Sjiiraea salicifolia turning bronze

Stewartia ovata grandihora — turning brown and ])urple
'I'ilia eucldora — 50% yellow

\’accinium angustifolium laevifolium — bronze green and red
\ accinium canadense — bronze green and red
\'accinium corymbosum glabrurn — turning red
X’accinium Oldhamii — turning deep red

\'accinium tomentosum rotundifolium — 50% of leaves dark red and green

[«»]

Donald VVvman

INDEX TO VOLUME II
Illustrations are in bold face type

Abeliopliyllum distiehuin, iUJ
Aetinotinus sinensis, 8
Afi’laia odorata, 8

American Association of Botanical
Gardens and Arboretuins, Commit-
tee on Horticultural varieties, 33
Apricot, 4

“Araliaceae of China,*’ 51
“Autikon Botanikon,” 51
Autumn Foliage, 67
Azalea, 6
Blueberry, '29-S2

— Culture, references on, 3^2

— High bush, *29-3^2

— Varieties, 30
Boynton, Charles L., 24

— Frank E., 22, 24
Buartnut, 12

Bussey Institution, 37
Butternut, 12
Camellia, 6

— japonica, 6

Canby, William M., 18, 20
Canton, Scenes in, Plate I, 3, H, 5
Carey, John, 17, 18
Carya illinoensis, 1 1

— laciniosa X illinoensis, 1 1
— ovata, 11

— pecan, 1 1
Castanea crenata, 10
, — dentata, 10

! — mollissima, 10
! — mollissima X crenata, 10
! — sativa, 10
jchestnuts, 10
^ — American, 10

1

— Cliinese, 1 0
— European, 10
— Japanese, 10
Chimonanthus praecox, 8
Chinabells, 4

Chinese New \"ear. Flowers of the, 1-8

Lily, 2

Scene, Plate III, 7

Chloranthus spicata, 8
Citrus medica sarcodoctylus, 8
Clematis, Collection Given Arnold
xArboretum, 50

— lanuginosa, 50
Congdon, Joseph W., 18
Constable, James, 17
‘^Contributions of the Arnold Arbore-
tum,” 51

Corn us horida, 36
Coiwlus s})ecies, 10 '

Coville, F. C. 29-30
Crayton, F. M., 18
Cudahy, Mrs. Joseph M., 50
Davenport, John, 17, 18
Diospyros kaki, 12

— virginiana, 12
Fhikianthus, 2

— (piinqueflorus, 1, 4
Epigaea repens, 16, 28
EuoTiymus, 41-51

— alata, 41, 42, Plate VIH, 43, 44
com})acta, 42, 44

— americana, 42, Plate VIH, 43, 49

— atropurpurea, 42

— bulgarica, Plate VIH, 43, 44
— Bungeana, 41, 42

semipersistens, 41, 42, 44

[ Of) ]

I

Cliart of Ornamental Characteris-
tics, 46, 47

europaea, 41, 42, Plate VIII, 48
44

— aldenhamensis, 42

— atropurpiirea, 42

— atrorubens, 41, 42

— intermedia, 42
Fortunei, 48

— colorata, Plate IX, 45, 48
“ Carrierei, Plate IX, 45, 48

— gracilis, Plate IX, 45, 48

— kewensis, Plate IX, 45, 48

— minima, Plate IX, 45, 48

— radicans, Plate IX, 45, 48

— reticulata, Plate IX, 45

— “Silver Queen,” Plate IX, 45,
48

— vegeta, Plate IX, 45, 48
ja])()nica, 44, 49

kiautschovica, Plate VIII, 48, 44

laiieeifolia, 4 1 , 44

latifolia, 41, Plate VIII, 48

Maackii, Plate VIII, 48, 44

maerojitera, 44

nana, Plate VIII, 48

nikoensis, Plate VIII, 48

obovata, 42

paieHX, 44

radicans, 48

— acuta, 48

sachalinensis, 41, Plate VIII, 48
sanguinea, 41, Plate VIII, 48, 44
Seale, 48
Slirubs, 44

Species showing variations in
leaves and buds, Plate VIII, 48,
Plate IX, 45
'frees, 42
Vines, 48

yedoensis, 41, Plate VIII, 48, 44

Evergreens, Colored Foliage,

‘‘Fijian Plant Studies, II,” 51
Fisher Professorship of Natural His-
tory, 18

Flora of Fukien and Floristie Notes
on Southeastern China,” 51
Foliage, Changes in, 57-68

— Colored, 59

Colors of Woody Plants April to Sep-
tember, 57-68

— Early, 59

— Early Autumn, 67

— Variegated, 60, 61
Galax, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24, 26
Gray, Asa, Plate V, 19

— , His Quest for Shortia Galacifolia,
18-28

Hardiness Notes, Rhododendrons,
58-56

Ha/elnuts and Filberts, 10

Heartnut Hybrids, 12

Hepatiea triloba, 2 1

Hieans, 1 1

Hickories, 1 1

Hickory Hybrids, 1 1

Hyams, George McQueen, 18, 21

— , M. E., 18, 20

Ihrig, Herbert, 58-56

Ilex mollis, 24

Jenkins, Charles F., 28

Juglans cineria, 12

Xsieboldiana cordiformis, 12

— nigra, 1 1

— regia, 12

— sieboldiana cordiformis, 12
“Lilacs for America,” 88

— , The One Hundred “Best,” 88-3t
Lord, Frederick P., 28
MacDaniels, L. H., 9
Magnolia cordata, 22, 24
Medicinal Plant Garden of the Mass

[70]

acliusetts College of Pharmacy,

^37— 10

— Species Grown in, 88-40
jMeratia praecox, 8
Metcalf, Franklin P., 1-8
Michaiix, Andre, 18, 14
Miclielia alba, 8

— Charnpaca, 8
'‘Mt)nooraph of A/aleas,’* 51
Mortier, P., 54

Morton Arboretum, 50

1 — »

Narcissus tazetta, '2
j Nelson, Ralph M., ^6
i Newton, Howard C., 87
Nut Growing in the Northeastern
States, 9

Nut Trees, Northern Nurseries Spe-
cializing in, 10

— , Nursery Sources for, 9-P2

— \"arieties and Their Sources, 10
Tosting, Henry J., 25

Paeonia moutan, 4

— suffruticosa, 1, 4
Paris Museum, 16
Peach, 4

Pecan, 1 1
Peony, Tree, 4
Persimmons, \2

— American, 1^2
‘ — Oriental, 12
Prinsepia sinensis, 44
Primus japonica, 8

— mu me, 4

— persica, 1, 4

Publications, Recent Important, 51
Quimby, M. W., 87

Redfield, J. H., -20
Rhododendron sjip. , I , (5

— Augustinii, 58

— ^ * Britannia, ’■ 58

— Terra rae, 6
Hardiness Notes, 58-56

— In the Pacific Northwest, 58-56

— indicum, 6

— Simsii, 6

— Vaseyi, ‘24

Sargent, Cliarles S., ‘20, 22, *24
Sargentia, 51
Shagbark Hickory, 1 1
Short, Charles Wilkins, 16, ‘22,

Plate VI, 28

Shortia galacifolia, 16, Plate VII 1, 27

— Asa Gray and His Quest for, 18-28
Solan um, 8

Sullivant, William S., 18
Thea japonica, 6
“I'liornhill,’* 50
'I'orrey, John, 18
Vaccinium corymbosum, 29

— Horticultural Varieties Offered l\v
Growers, 82

— Northern Growers Selling, 81
Variegated Foliage,

Vasseur, Louis, 50
Viburnum fragrans, 86
Walnuts, 1 1
— , Black, 1 1

— , Persian (or English), 12
Waxflower, 8
White, Miss Elizabeth, 80
Wister, John C., 88
Youngken, Heber W., 87-40

These Bulletins will be discontinued until Spring of next year.

Subscription renewals for 1943 are now due. Send the subscription price of
$1.00 to Arnoldia, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, at your
early convenience.

[71]

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