LIBRARY

OF THE

GRAY HERBARIUM

Received

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from
BHL-SIL-FEDLINK

https://archive.org/details/arnoldiaarno_16

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the

Bulletin of Popular Information

VOLUME XIX

1959

PUBLISHED BY THE

ARNOLD ARBORE'LUM

JAMAICA PLAIN, MASSACHUSETTS

Hr

-'7

1

i

Ji

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

V’'oLUME 19

MARCH 6, 1959

Numbers 1-2

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM SPRAY SCHEDULE

IN I'HE continuinor war against the insect and disease enemies of over 6,000
kinds of woody plants growing in the Arnold Arboretum, the battle lines have
flexed and the battle methods and ammunition in the form of spray formulas are
continually being modified. These changes have resulted not only from increased
knowledge and experience with the spray materials, the introduction of new spray
materials, and the timing of spray applications, but also with the desire to con-
trol other insects.

Sanitation by removal of dead plants and parts of plants which may serve as a
breeding area for insect and disease organisms, is an important adjunct in the
control of the pests of plants. 'Lhe ability of plants in good health and vigor to
resist insect and disease attacks in many cases is well known; consequently, we
try to keep our plants growing vigorously, thus helping in the battle against in-
sects and diseases.

Information for this spray schedule has been collected from many sources, es-
pecially the Cornell University Departments of Entomology and Plant I\athology
and the Shade free Laboratories of the Waltham Field Station of the University
of Massachusetts. We have used most of the sprays in our pest-control program :
a few we consider experimental until more results can be noted. Not all spravs
are a[)plied each year and those used are not applied to all listed host plants each
time; rather, we try to s{)ray to control a specific pest as tlie need occurs.

d'his listing is not presented as necessarily the best sprays for control of these
fiests, but it is a record of what we use to meet our insect and disease problems.
I'he notes given are important. Special attention is called to those cases where
a repetition of the spray isretjuired. 'I’o succeed in the continuing battle against in-
sect and disease attacks on plants, three things are essential : ( 1 ) Apply the right
spray. (2) Apply it profierly. (.S) Apply it at the proper time. Failure to meet
any one of these prere<|uisites materially reduces the effectiveness of the spray.

[ I ]

iJBWAI

ARNOLD ARBORETUM SPRAY SCHEDULE— 1959

Q)

^ CU
2 ^

<V 3

I £

^ &

C3 C

-a £

bjo

C 0)

’^■£

!-(

T3 <U
O M-l

o <u
W) X3 .

c

o Co

>> XJ O

^11

u

<U

oT

. c

c o

a

o -i-r
o .S

cd

^ a

5 o

c« '3

cfi y

52

<u

Vh ^

^ s

t ^
.22

a £

c/2

W

bo .

A

I &

Q a

rji
3
^ X!
Cfl ^
01 O

■s ^

tn tw

3 3
bO 3

3 'g

4-1 TO

TO ,5h
)-' (Xh

CJ -

Cfi

3

e
>.
3
O
3

o w

S

Cfl

Cfl

TO

® 5

O)

TO Ph

TO -<
^ 2
.£ cu

ji

>. Cfl

c/2 ^

S S

CO

^ —
TO OI '5
c/2 A c/2

X) I -

i; c a

o O CO

In >>

rl

3 C

CJ C3

SD ^ CJ C'S

W O c/2 c/2

<

O TO

x: ^ g

b >-| o

a Q

^

C V.

CO o
3 CO
bO .
O)

TO

£ a

r*^ CO

U <U

2 I

a o)

CO ^
<U CO

x: (u
-*-' o

3 bo
a» (L)
XI Vh

^ 5

CO TO
TO

3

bo 3
3 ^

-3 -5

bo ^

3 ^

o >>

TJ P-i

a -3

c/2 ^

o a
^ c/2

3

to: <!>

o g

>* 5

TO Xi

1-1 to:

a

CO rQ

a> o

a o

"to

S u
s 5

■2 o

H ^

CO 3

"to X

bo a

a ^
3 3

x

■3 3
iS *-'
”5 3
g ^

^ §
o 3

O TO

LO X

CO ^

^ i

-HfM 3
,-H CU

a 3

CO (U

^ bo

ccT §

n

CJ 3<

a CA

X

TO

X

'co

.. 3
3 3
.2 £
TO L_|

;^Q

gQ

% CM

-§ t:

X TO

+j a

CO .

3

U

U

3

O

U

X
!-i TO

0 cc

C ^

(U 3

1 I

TO Q

a Q

3 _w
TO X

^ a

rrt

I ^

TO

a 4-.

3 3

TO a

3, 3

M- ^

3 -3
3 3

3
<u
u
3
o

__ CJ
TO 3

W2

00 TO

X

'co

3

g

<D

H ^

Q TO

Q h

^ U
CO §
jn O

3 3
bo j2

CO TO

<1; CO

? Q
^ g

X w

TO X
-3 U

3 3
3 Q
U ^

TO

X O !-■

^ CO O

^se

a

o

>> -
X CO
TO CU

•r; X

- -3

<U <4-1

CU O
3 CO

^ X
O 3

4-<

'3
£ 3

M- ^

Vh ^

2"0
g^ TO X

3 (u bO

3 3 0

o '3 o

8 es

3

g

CU

H o

Q CC3

Q b

>9 3

^ lU

X O

i

CO CJ

3 CU

bJO 2
Tf cO

CU

H

Q

Q

X £

CO 3

£ I

a

a

CO

CU O
- bO
CO 3

g e

a a

4-1

o

o

X

c/2

CU

3

a

3

TO

CU

O £

^ I

w S

[2]

iao ^

u ^
03 OJ

— (U

§ .e

CO

^_,

re

3

cx

2

3

‘u

2

3

CX

re'

re

3

3

X

>%

u

03

c

u

a

re

u.

CO

X3

2

're

3

£

3

H

03

Q

03

u

C

3

CJ

LO

C

CM

o

u

"re

3

bc

Xi

'-'

re

CT;

2

03

•r o

£ E ^
Q. o -S
« 8 ^
i 3 -a
•£>§«>

x; ^3

-■^ o LO

^ O o

a;

c ^ CO
'2 ^

o 2 >

^ a <1^

0 ^
c

o) •=:

> •£

1 ^

0^ c

i* £

ii >>

£ ^

dJ <u

X CO
.£

S I

O

CO u

O) J-
Xi a
” « - Q.

.b -I £ '^

u. 2:; •;=

C/3 ^

03 2 —
y O

9- £ £

g

CO CO o

cx • n

(U

£ 3 X)

j=: S vb

CO

^ 03

0.^0

^ :
LO a; o
'"' c 2

>, "oT

S 5

£ ^
x> >> taC
•b 3 < N
C/) O ^ o

03

o. ^

CO D

8 ^

u
03

„ >

O 03 CO

. x: 3

u X

<13 c U
M 03 o

^ U C/)
03 .

C ^ CO

2 O 2
O . X
CJ CJ Cm

03

3 03

|S

'S "o
3 X

03 tC

a G

CO o

I

.2

'C

2 u

o 03

03 33

c o

03 i_
^ <1^
re 3

i. a

S g

S

2

b E

ӣ re

£ >.

< c/)

£ «
'O M-l

c o

s

2 re

o i2

03

« '2

3: ^

— o

CVJ D.

£ ^
§ 2
S r

re b
8 ^

c

u ^

£ e

'O

•5) ^

i S bi)

H ^ .£

03

03

03

re |.re
0> LO 03
^ re' ^

H :a

Q CM
Q re _

vp 2 ^

^ cx ^

s s ‘-'

03 03

CO ^3 X -a

^ ^

O 2 o
CM cx O cx

C u

3 03

03

3
O

£
03
>

£

a «

..""3 0

3 2 S>, c

'c .S c ■"'

^£•22
^ Mm C 03

re 9“

< 2 ;c5 £

•b ^ <i>

^ - LO o

LO b cx
CM 2 • ^

, T3 CO 03

2 I iS 3

.— I CX 2

b 03
5 C

re x

£ ^

-3

C C

03 g

C >

prt >

2

o

2*

3

-3

•| '3
re 03

bO 03
03 c

3

X

re . «
na
c
re 3

8 ®

I -

-3 u
CO

C »M
^ £
^ E

re re
o >> Li
■b re 3
^3 c

re 2 W

re

3 3

2^8

re 03 b
<22

re <D
3 C
CO X

D £

.

G £ 3

CG 1m ^ TD

^ LO O

^ 3 cx

. '3 CO <U
^ ^ ^ X

S 2

rH cx '^ *-■

>. ^

[••i]

Hydraulic Spray

Date Insect or Disease Host Plants per 1 00 Gals. Water Notes

May 15 Lacebug Azalea, Pieris, 4 lbs. 25% malathion wet- Malathion preferred as it also controls

to 25 Rhododendron table powder; or mites and aphids.

1 lb. 25% lindane wettable Spray undersides of leaves.

c«

s g §

•S .2 o
Ic -2

a §

& a< b

<u

o b

£ S
3 ^

o

^ -

03

LO

CO

.S I

<v

d Cu

CO

<1^ CO
3

c 5

CX Cu

-c :2

d)

:h ^

B 6

.2 CO B

bio

1 ^ CO
cd cd

^2

2 e ^

£ .S oj

CO buO CX

^ 0, <u

> d cii

£ ^

LO o
oj a

CO .2

X X
” CO
LD

•LI

CO

d O
CJ ‘co
d, CO

u

d o

CO ^
D

§ §
2 .2
D Im
D. D

'B -M

3 CC

3

CO

’co

c I

0 £

•S D
CC3 r_^
u r-'

1§

2 ^

1 ^

O CO

CO

a L) £
., CJ o
u c o
o 3

. d 3

CO CO -

« hS 2

tuO CO C

3

^ 2

3 3 2 2

CO

u

CO -

<

0) Lh

3 <xi

CO ^

^ ^ a

Q CO

f--

LO

a ^ H

5 ^ co'

CC3 S bJO
CJ -r c

. 'C
cO ^

(f)

U ^ ^

-•S I s
S 2 S

U lL 3 d

< d O' D

'3’

3

<v

CO

>

>-i

3

bJO

c

- ^
c ^

^ S

CO

2x3
s ^ Is

3 CO CO

d c/5 d

3 U

■s I «

izq CO oj

03 CO
3 d CO

ccj 3 r 1

2

w S

d u

Uh

3

d

CO

.

S 2

73 -M
^2

bo •=
3

O CO

iM oj

2 ^
X <v

H CeJ

^3

S 5

co‘ 3

I

r-H L>

'b3 .2
3 cj
LI L)

.2 dj
^3 CO*"

.2 3

3. ^

a LI

c

<D

CC3

3 2

3 ,

-a o

a

2* 3

3 OJ
CO CX
^ <1^
< «

2 S

d c. 'C3

2 ^ ^
t) LO o
(D ,-( a
^ co’ (3

H 2 3
Q (N 5
Q 2 3

)- dJ

LI .ti
'V C

2 S S

2 c-

(3^ d CO

LO

CO

T3

O

'b o

cO >

<D >

d X

T3 d
o

^ LI d

^ 2

O CO

d ^ cu

[-t j

^ I

p ^
QJ O

&

4-. >>

a

< o

^ c

- S

c ^

II

^ S!

o

LO u

.

cfl ~0
£ ^
Cvj a

I s

E ^

I o

J >'
► cC

.2 S

S .£

ii c

c/)

c/T Q,

F W

(U

r9 '-'
U ns
- w
w o
3 :v

j=

T ^

-S •£

re o

1* u

.- a>

-1

X> 'X;

3 "O
u h

a

X :

s ^

re M

15 tn

— OJ

S a

c

JS

"E

.2 ^

I3

> o

o .5

U ^

i 3
re ^

I i
&.“=

a;

^ W (U

c £ 3

I- s

_re o
re -

P aj

m o

Cvj D.

I 3 ^ I

re Lo g

Tj* ■*-> I— I Q,

ZJ C 3
? D 3

<l)

CO 3

re a

re c-

CO

re S 3
F < S

I « a

I X

>- >.

qj ^

“•e

C« 2
O) n

3 CO
2 ^
re T3
D S

d ™

2 I 'B

e ^

3 (U

a;

ca a;

cu

cj >>

1^2

oil

0) <U <3.
CO ^ dJ
3 ^

3 u: >^

5 o d
> O d
< cj^ re

d; 3

d

S 3

s »

u O)

3

d( rrt

; O)
.. ^

.3 U)
^ 3
U, O

re I-
X 2

(LI

TJ

^ O
LO d

^ 3

co' n

£ 3

H

Q ^ a!

Q ^ ^

f ?.i

LO ^ ^

CO 'P re
-- o

re

d £

in o

M CO

>. ^

re c

-03

CO

3

bO .
3 3
< -2

^ £

(LI o

d c
<v q3
Oci W)

<v
'V
M $
-3 o
~ d
^ 0^

c

.2

JSag

e I

LO o Q

^ CLQ

CO 3 Q

2 3^

^ 2 S

£ £

>. TJ

c c
o re

3 CO

a

re 3
CJ re

_L- Cm

5 c^“

= 1

2 (/3

CO ‘p

2 u
(LI re

U Cm

(LI

I 2

cc u

c ^
3 o

[•>]

15

u ^

d ai
CO ^
(LI >

'«■' ^
(LI ?
-C -i^

^ .£
re +_,

iM d

dl (U

w cci

2 -a

c 3
3 2

CO too

2 2
« L4

3 3

O s

2

re

»M

3

<V

H 3
Q o
Q

dl

^ re

^ 2
r-C 3
re 3
biO g

r-H O

d

CO

(U

re""

CO

o

Cm

co" S5

-I

re im
3
X

d

d

<

TJ

dl

"V

re o

(Li ^

(LI

*li 3
2 £
Um H

dl u
OC dl
2 'tS'

2 ^ ^
2 LO 5

£ • CL

(! -s ^

Q CM re

Q § S

^•a s
S fc.a

S f s

X5 ^ CC3

” O Lh

CM d re

3

c/i

0

>.

U

re

a

03

(V

j=:

0

0

3

2

4_,

re

re

re

3 ^

£

03

LO O
CM d

CO ^

£ 3

re

■rt 4-1

dl V-

3 dl

2 3

(LI o

E o

< U

>> ^ -a
.12-2
CJ • dl

(U CO d

d 4M _

W re £

re o
<LI c
d 3

a

dJ

■Sr

CO

2 15

2 ^
re 2
-3 c

>' 2

£ I

Q.

X ^

3

dl

H P

9 S

Q dj

^3

LO

CM £

M-‘ ^

15 ”3

bfl g
>-H d;

bC

p o

2 <

Is

II

.re -
u 2
a; £

& o

CO

(LI
" -3

^ 3 .

£ P -

d £ 3

C”* X5 CO

3 CO

2 ® (u

3 : - P

^ I

V ^ O

LO O "3

(^^ d 2

L« 2 vP
2 n ^

” 2
CM -I-'

^ <3

•He

C 3

a; o
^ c

® W
cf) C
o; .-
w u
cri O
X! XJ

oi 2i

^ CO

Xi >

M 5s

3 cO

2 C
O QJ
X x:

H ^

c

§ ^

u

M li ^

3 ^ c

rH ^

w c

cn ^ o

3 ’3.

H

Wh

03

H

c/3

X

S

X

Q

X

Q

CM

CO

Q

0

Q

Cfl

d

03

a

3

0

03

0

}-,

03

X

X

X

03

c/3

X

CO

c/3’

X

X

s

cO

03

0

U

CM

a

CO

0 CO

bjo w

1 .2

^ c«
n- V

a CL, ij

C/5

cO (U

S.H

c C Cfl

c3 P^ CL

CL X
C O
CO 5

QJ

CL 4^
O O

W (/)

c

.2

rt

u

3 O

„ <1^
<LI 3

2 § Q

a .L

X LS
biO CL
C! 0.
O cS

Lh j_,
2 ^
H S

s. X

Q ^ 3
w 3

>5’ cO d

Sr « s

CM 3 <u

I 3 1

biO CO CO

X v9 X

- Sr I

s

D ^
a;

c/3

CO

m S
-u w
cS u

w

X

CM

X

03

c

2?

d

0 3

buO c«

X
<L ^

w-S

d 4-.

CO

o CL
<u
H CiS

<u

X

^ o

X CL
D

(U

^ 22
H

Q cc)
Q ^
^ a

X

X CO
o

a s

c« '§

(11 Cfl

s

03

CM

C/3

o X

- CO

S -3* O

a a

(D CL »

PC < ^

^ 2
W £

rH 03

3* 1^
3 o

bjO

Q 0)

- >

C 03

O , 4_1

03 cO

a

>-' S'

CL 03
C/5 X DC

(-> LCl

H S
Q ^ 3
Q ^ ^

^ a g

S I X

c/3 3 CO

£ I g

CM CL C

.■!>
c« 3 cO
d ^ X
X 03 X

cj cO

^ ^ 52

< s

c/3 frt CO
Cfi 03 M
CL biO cO

3 S ^

(D

CH, i cd
6^0
< :i: Pi

H
Q

Q CO

^ b

X c

CM 03
U
C
o
u

3. (^J

P O

IS 2

S §

b

>1 .2
cO (j
01
a

c«

03

3 bio

>1 3

CO -M

Ui -*-'

CL ^
c« ^

^ X
biO
_ d
CO p

a o -7^

^ X ^
Pi H X

03 V c
■ o o

X u

X Cfl ^

2 a 3
1^3
I g I
a B

03 03

Cfl a

3 X
00 2
X 03

2 ^
X*" o

X ^ ^

Sil

O X X o
Tt CL < CM a

3

s ^

gj 3

2 C5 'L'

< 2 c/)

[0]

PESTS FREQUENTLY DESTRUCTIVE IN THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM

Host

Pest

Spray Date

Acer

Cankerworm

May 15-25

Aesculus

Japanese beetle

July 10-15 (with repeat)

Amelanchier

Lacebug

June 1-10 (with repeat)

Ampelopsis

Japanese beetle

July 10-15 (with repeat)

Azalea (Rhododendron)

Lacebug

May 15-25 (with repeat)

Mite or “Red Spider”

May 15-25

Azalea bark scale

July 10-15 (with repeat)

Betula

Birch leaf miner

May 15-25 (with repeat)

Buxus

Boxwood leaf miner

)

Boxwood psylla

)

May 15-25

Mite or “Red Spider”

)

Mealybugs

May 15-25 (with repeat)

Carya

Cankerworm

May 15-25

Catalpa

Cankerworm

May 15-25

Celastrus

Euonymus scale

March 1-April 20; June 1-10

Chaenomeles

Oystershell scale

)

March 1-April 20

San Jose scale

)

Chamaecyparis

Spruce mite or “Red Spider’

May 15-25

Cornus

Dogwood twig borer

June 10-Aug, 15 (with repeat)

Cotoneaster

Fire-blight

May 1-10 (with repeat)

Lacebug

June 1-10

Crataegus

Oystershell scale

)

San Jose scale

)

March 1-April 20

Cedar apple rust

)

Fire-blight

May 1-10 (with repeat)

Leaf miner

May 10-15

Dirca

Euonymus scale

March 1-April 20; June 1-10

Euonymus

Euonymus scale

March 1-April 20; June 1-10

Fagus

Beech wooly aphid

May 15-25 (with repeat)

Fraxinus

Oystershell scale

March 1-April 20

Lilac borer

May 1-10 (with repeat)

Cankerworm

May 15-25

Gleditsia

Mite or “Red Spider”

May 15-25

Hydrangea

Japanese beetle

July 10-15 (with repeat)

[T]

Host

Pest

Spray Date

Ilex

Holly leaf miner

June 1-10 (with repeat)

Juglans

Cankerworm

May 15-25

Juniperus

Cedar apple rust

March 1-April 20

Juniper scale

March 1-April 20; May 15-25
(with repeat)

Juniper web-worm

May 1-10

Kalmia

Kalmia leaf spot

May 15-25 (with repeat)

Larix

Larch case-bearer

May 15-25

Ligustrum

Mealybugs

May 15-25 (with repeat)

Malus

Oystershell scale )

Cedar apple rust )

March 1-April 20

Fire -blight

May 1-10 (with repeat)

Tent caterpillar

May 1-10

Mite or “Red Spider”

May 15-25

Flat-headed apple tree borer

June 1-10 (with repeat)

Metasequoia

Japanese beetle

July 10-15 (with repeat)

Pachistima

Euonymus scale

June 1-10 (with repeat)

Pachysandra

Euonymus scale

June 1-10 (with repeat)

Picea

Spruce gall aphid

March 1-April 20

Spruce mite or “Red Spider”

May 15-25

Pieris

Lacebug

May 15-25 (with repeat)

Pinus

Pine needle scale

March 1-April 20

White pine weevil

April 15-30

European pine shoot moth

April 15-30; June 25-July 5

Pine bark aphid

May 15-25 (with repeat)

Platanus

Anthracnose

May 1-10

Populus

Oystershell scale

March 1-April 20

Prunus

Oystershell scale

March 1-April 20

Tent caterpillar

May 1-10

Mite or “Red Spider” )

Cankerworm )

May 15-25

Peach tree borer

July 10-15 (with repeat)

Pyrus

Oystershell scale

March 1-April 20

Fire-blight

May 1-10 (with repeat)

Mite or “Red Spider”

May 15-25

Quercus

Golden oak scale

March 1-April 20; July 15-25

Anthracnose

May 1-10

[8]

Host

Pest

Spray Date

Quercus

Mite or “Red Spider” ) May 15-25

Cankerworm )

Robinia

Rosa

Rosa rugosa
Rhododendron

Salix

Sorbus

Sassafras

Syringa

1 Taxus

Thuja

Tilia

Tsuga

Ulmus

Viburnum

Locust twig borer
Locust borer

Powdery mildew
Japanese beetle

Flat-headed apple tree borer

Lacebug

Azalea bark scale

Willow-leaf beetle

Oystershell scale
Fire-blight

Flat-headed apple tree borer

Japanese beetle

Euonymus scale
Oystershell scale
Lilac borer
Bacterial blight
Cankerworm

Mealybugs
Black vine weevil

Spruce mite or “Red Spider”
Juniper scale

Cankerworm
Mite or “Red Spider”
Japanese beetle

Black vine weevil

Elm bark beetle
Elm leaf miner
Elm leaf beetle
Mite or “Red Spider”
Cankerworm

Dogwood twig borer

May 25-June 30 (with repeat)
Aug. 10-Sept. 30 (with repeat)

May 15-25 (with repeat)

July 10-15 (with repeat)

June 1-10 (with repeat)

May 15-25 (with repeat)

July 10-15 (with repeat)

May 15-25

March 1-April 20
May 1-10 (with repeat)

June 1-10 (with repeat)

July 10-15 (with repeat)

) March 1-April 20

)

) May 1-10 (with repeat)

)

May 15-25

May 15-25 (with repeat)

June 20-30

May 15-25

May 15-25 (with repeat)

) May 15-25

)

July 10-15 (with repeat)

June 20-30

April 15-30; June 25-July 5

)

) May 15-25

)

)

June 10-Aug. 15 (with repeat)

Vitis

Japanese beetle

July 10-15 (with repeat)

Small Amounts of Spray Materials

Estimating small amounts of spray materials from the amounts suggested in
this schedule can be done in the following way : Use one level tablespoonful of
a wettable powder to a gallon of water where the formula calls for one pound
of the wettable powder to a hundred gallons of water; or use one level teaspoon-
ful of liquid material per gallon where the formula calls for a pint of the liquid
to a hundred gallons of water; ora level tablespoonful of liquid material per gal-
lon where the formula calls for three pints per 100 gallons.

Robert G. Williams

REMINDER

Arnoldia Subscriptions are now due and all notices were mailed in January.
Those who have not yet sent in their 1959 subscriptions, please do so at once
(price $2.00), mailing it to “Arnoldia,” Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain 30,
Mass. Please make checks payable to Harvard University.

Subscriptions for 1959 not paid by April 1 will be discontinued.

r

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

V’^OLUME 19

APRIL 3, 1959

Number 3

THESE ARE THE FORSYTHIAS

All forsythias have yellow flowers. All but three are vifjorous growing shrubs
that are planted chiefly for their bright early-spring flowers. Some twenty-
I nine species, varieties, and cultivars are being offered by American nurserymen.
All but two of these are grown in the Arnold Arboretum, in addition to a few
others. The busy plantsman need only be interested in seven or eight of them,
although the “collector** or the individual who is striving for unusual effects may
be interested in others. A study of this group over the years at the Arnold Arbo-
retum, has indicated that the following are the best for general landscape use.

Forsythia suspensa sieboldii: This is the first forsythia to be introduced into
fmropean and American gardens; in Holland, in 1833; in England, about twenty
years later; and in America, probably shortly thereafter. It is the form with the
long, graceful, often procumbent branches that is sometimes seen planted at the
edge of a wall where the long stems have an opportunity to hang down vertically
for several feet. l*he stems root easily wherever they touch moist soil ; the flowers
] are a brilliant yellow (Nickerson Color Fan oV 9/l3 and about inches in
I diameter.

F. suspensa fortune!: I^rofessor Charles .S. Sargent said that the Arnold Arbo-
‘ return first introduced tliis to American gardens about 1878. 'Phis is the form with
I gracefully arching branches, more upright in habit than .SiebolcUs forsythia, and
j because it has been so [ropular so long, it is the form of F. suspensa which every-
i one has cr)me to associate with this genus. I'he flowers are the same color as those
j of Siebold’s, oidy slightly larger.

' 'I'here are other varieties of this species being grown in the .Arnold .Arboretum
( and being offered for sale by .American nurseymen. .All liave the gracefully-
arching, sometimes often pr()cumbent, branching of these two. /•’. suspensa vari-
i eties do not produce as many nor as large flowers as do the F. iniennedia varieties.

I During the fifty and more years they have been grown, other varieties are takinir

the place of these in many plantings, but the two mentioned could well be re-
tained, especially for their habit. Many a gardener prefers these two for the very
fact that they are more graceful and do not have such a mass of clustered flowers
as the others.

F. intermedia spectabilis: Commonly called the showy-border forsythia, this
originated in the great Spaeth Nurseries of Berlin, in 1906; it was introduced
into America by the Arnold Arboretum in 1908. It is still one of the most pop-
ular of all, with flowers that are as vivid a yellow as the ^Beatrix Farrand’ only
recently introduced. Being an F. intermedia variety, it is more upright and sturdy
than F. suspensa^ the flowers are larger (about I5 inches) and are produced in
greater quantity and in clusters. Some consider the color display is almost a
“brassy” yellow, yet there are many who prefer it for just this reason. It is a
darker yellow than the F. siispensa varieties (vivid yellow, 2.5Y 8.5/l.S of the
Nickerson Color Fan) and with ‘Beatrix Farrand,’ can be classed as having the
darkest yellow flowers of the entire group.

‘Beatrix Farrand’: This is a cross between a colchicine-induced tretraploid and
F. ovafa, being a triploid, originating in the Arnold Arboretum in 1989 as a re-
sult of the plant-breeding work of Dr. Karl Sax. The flowers are often as much
as ‘2^ inches in diameter and, in certain situations, are slightly darker than those
of F. intermedia spectabilis. It is upright and dense in habit, produces heavy bloom,
and is becoming popular for its vivid yellow, conspicuous flowers.

‘Lynwood Gold’: This was originally found as a branch sport of F. intermedia
spectabilis in a garden in Cookstown, County Tyrone, Ireland, and was introduced
by the Donard Nursery of Newcastle, County Down, Ireland. It was introduced
into America in 1958 by the Gulf Stream Nursery of Wachapreague, Virginia,
and is considered an improvement over F. intermedia spectabilis in that its flowers
are more open and seem to be better distributed along the stem, that is, not so
bunched. It, too, is a brilliant yellow, only minutely lighter in shade than F .
intermedia spectabilis, is upright in habit, possibly a little stiff, but still most beauti-
ful in flower.

‘Spring Glory’: A branch sport of another of the Arnold Arboretum’s intro-
ductions {F. intermedia primuUna), this was found in the garden of Mr. H. H.
Horvath, Mentor, Ohio, about 1930, and was introduced by the Wayside Gar-
dens of Mentor, Ohio, about 1942. This and its parent, the primrose forsythia,
have flowers that are a lighter yellow than the others, without being the objec-
tionable greenish yellow of ‘Arnold Dwarf.’ It is an improvement over the once
popular primrose forsythia, in that it has larger flowers (about two inches in
diameter) and more of them, hence making a much better displa,v. Because of
this, it may well replace the primrose forsythia in general landscape use.

‘Arnold Dwarf’: Resulting as a cross between F . intermedia and F. japonica
made by Dr. Karl Sax in the Arnold Arboretum in 1941, this should never be
planted for its flowers which are small and greenish yellow, and are produced

[ i-G

PLATE I

I’op: Lf/t F. japotiica saxatilis l\i(/hf F. suspeiisa (brtuiitM

C enter: Lf/l F. ovata Hight I*', suspeiisa sieholdii

Bottom: Ijrft F. intermedia sjieetatiilis Right F. europaea

Note tiie heavy clusters of flowers in some species and few clustered or single
flowers in others, the former making; the more conspicuous display.

sparsely. In fact, plants may be five or six years old before they produce any
flowers at all. As a woody ground cover it is excellent, chiefly because of the
fact that its procumbent branches root readily wherever they touch moist soil.
A six-year-old plant may be only two to three feet tall but nearly seven feet
across, and as it grows older, it may grow a few feet taller. However, if desired,
this taller growth can be removed easily with brush scythe or pruning shears. Its
ability to remain comparatively low and to spread regardless of the slope on which
it is planted, are its chief merits.

F. ovata: This should not be considered as one of the best forsythias in Hard-
iness Zone 5 or in warmer areas, since the flowers are small and often are pro-
duced erratically. However, in slightly colder areas, where the flower buds of the
above-mentioned forsythias are known to be killed by winter cold, this might be
tried, if a forsythia must be planted. Hence, its uses are limited greatly, but it
is worth mentioning. In the collection at the Arnold Arboretum, it flowers about
ten days before most of the other forsythias. E. H. Wilson first sent seeds to the
Arnold Arboretum in 1917, collected from native plants in the Diamond Moun-
tains in Korea. The original plant is still growing well.

Other forsythias growing in the collections of the Arnold Arboretum are: F.
europaea; giraldiana; intermedia and its varieties densiflora^ “dwarf,” primulina,
and viteUina; japonica saxatilis; ovataY. europaea; suspensa and its varieties atrocaiilis,
decipienSy and pallida; viridissima and its varieties bronxensis and koreana; and
‘Arnold Giant.’

An important policy ever since the Arnold Arboretum was established, has
been to grow all the species, varieties, and cultivars possible of just such a group
as the forsythias so that the better types are there for all to see, growing side by
side with those that are less desirable. With such a collection, the Arnold Arbo-
retum is in an excellent position to do breeding work, make scientific studies and
to offer propagating material to others who want it for the same reasons.

Most of the forsythias should be in full bloom by mid-April, so that visitors to
the Arnold Arboretum at that time might well make their own selections.

Donald Wyman

LECTURE SLIDES ON THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM

The Arnold Arboretum has a series of about 115 colored slides (35 millimeter)
depicting “America’s Greatest Garden,” which may be rented for $5.00, for
giving lectures to interested groups. The slides are accompanied by a list giving
a brief description of each. An accompanying booklet entitled Through the
Arnold Arboretum” furnishes the individual giving the lecture with much valu-
able information concerning the Arnold Arboretum.

Anyone interested in renting these slides should write to the Arnold Arbore-
tum, Jamaica Plain 30, Mass., well in advance of the date when they are to be
used, so that they can be reserved and mailed by the proper time.

[u]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 19 APRIL 24, 1959 Number 4

CRAB APPLES OF MERIT

THPj oriental crab apples are the best of the small ornamental flowering trees
for landscape use, because they are outstanding in the spring when they are
in bloom and again in the fall when they are in fruit. American nurserymen are
growing 140 species and varieties to sell, and 250 different kinds are growing in
the collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Each year we make specific notes about
these trees, recording those that apparently bloom and fruit well every year,
those that are definitely alternate in bearing, and those that are outstanding
ornamentally for several specific reasons. 'I'he accompanying lists of some 00 spe-
cies and varieties are those which can be considered among the best, if not the
best, for ornamental purposes.

It is impossible to report all the good and bad points about these trees in a few
pages. Suffice it to say here, since more detailed information concerning them is
available in other publications, that these lists might be scanned carefully for
specific purposes. Not everyone wants a pink flowering crab apple, and there are
some who want any kind as long as the fruits remain on the trees well into the
winter and are suitable for bird food.

Most of the crab apples native to the United States have green fruits, and al-
though they may be beautiful for the few days they are in flower, they have little
ornamental value in the fall. Also, the majority of these are susceptible to the
disfiguring disease known as cedar apple rust, especially prevalent in areas where
junif)ers and crab a{)ples grow in the near vicinity. Because of this, only one or
two of the native crab a[)ples have been recommended.

'I’hen there are those which may be beautiful in both flower and fruit, but which
are notoriously alternate bearing. Only a few of these have been recommended,
and these merely because their f)rnamental characteristics have been so outstand-
ing that many want to grow them anyway.

Very few of the varieties with large fruits have been recommended. It has

been suggested that a crab apple has fruits up to two inches in diameter; those
producing fruits larger than this are considered apples. However, even fruits one
and one-half inches in diameter are almost too large, because these are suscepti-
ble to insect injury which mars and distorts the fruit, making it most unsightly.
In order to prevent this, the trees must be sprayed, sometimes several times, in
order to control the insects. It would seem advisable, then, to plant crab apples
with much smaller fruits ; those that will not have to be sprayed so often for this
purpose, and which have fruits small enough so that they will either be eaten by
the birds or will not clutter the ground when they fall. Because of this, very few
of the larger-fruiting crab apples are recommended here. There are always those
plantsmen who wish a beautiful flowering tree and who also wish to make jellies
from the large fruits. There are many good varieties for this purpose, and they
are available from nurseries. The point to remember, however, is that in order
to produce satisfactory and usable fruit, they must be sprayed properly.

The old-fashioned purple crab apple {Malus purvurea) has been planted widely
in the past, but its flowers fade to a very poor washed-out purple color after be-
ing open only a few days. Many new varieties are now available which are much
better than this species, having darker flowers and some of them do not fade too
much. However, when grown in different locations or on different soils, or under
different climatic conditions, the flower colors of some of these newer varieties
do change. A conscious effort was made here to segregate those with red to red-
dish flowers, from the group with reddish-purple flowers, but this is not a hard
and fast line of demarcation by any manner of means. There will be considerable
purple in the flowers of the latter group and some in the other group as well, the
amount more or less depending on growing conditions and weather.

Of those listed with double or semi-double flowers, the only one with out-
standing fruit is ‘Dorothea.’ ‘Henry F. du Pont,’ and the M. purpurea vsLv'\et\es
have purplish-red fruits, and the fruits of others are not very ornamental.

Many of the hybrids derived from M. purpurea have foliage that is markedly
reddish green throughout the growing season. One of the best of these is ‘Red
Silver,’ the under surface of its leaves being slightly grayish and the upper sur-
face reddish. A few species and varieties will sometimes have a marked autumn
color to their foliage, although this is not always true every year, in every
situation.

The last grouping covers those with different forms or habits. Mostly, the
oriental crab apples are small, rounded trees, but a few like M. baccafa, are stand-
ard trees up to fifty feet or more in height. There are some that are definitely
upright and even columnar in habit, although the columnar types will not retain
this habit at maturity. As these trees grow older, heavier and heavier crops of
fruits are borne on the branches so that they are bent downwards, eventually so
far that they do not recover completely. Pendulous types, too, are listed ; and
low forms, of which M. sargeutii is the lowest.

Among the following varieties will be found some excellent ornamental speci-
mens. Of course, these are not the only ones available from commercial sources,
but for those contemplating only a few trees, selections might well be confined
to the following :

THE BEST OF THE CRAB APPLES

baccata and vars.

‘Beauty’

robusta

robusta percisifolia

White Flowers

sargentii

spectabilis albi-plena
‘Tanner’

Pink Flowers

‘ Dorothea’

coronaria nieuwlandiana
‘Evelyn’

halliana parkmanii
ioensis plena
ioensis ‘Nova’

‘Prince Georges’
scheideckeri
spectabilis riversii
‘Van Eseltine’
‘William Sim’

Pink and White Flowers

arnoldiana
baccata gracilis
‘ Flame’
fioribunda

Katherine’
robusta erecta
sargentii rosea

Red to Reddish Flowers

‘Adams’

‘ Almey ’
atrosanguinea
‘ Baskatong’
‘Crimson Brilliant’
‘Henrietta Crosby’
‘ Hopa*

‘Oekonomierat Echtermeyer’
purpurea aldenhamensis
purpurea lemoinei
‘Radiant’

Red Splendor*

‘Sissipuk’

‘Strathmore*

Reddish-Purple Flowers

‘Henry F. du I’ont* ‘Makarnik*

‘.Jay Darling* ‘I’atricia*

‘Eiset* purpurea eleyi

Double or Semi-Double Flowers

Number in parenthesis is the approximate number of petals.

coronaria nieuwlandiana ( 13-27)
Crimson Brilliant* SD
‘Dorothea’ ( 1 6)
halliana parkmanii (lo)
hartwi^ii SD
‘Henry F. du Pont’ SD
ioensis plena (about 33)
ioensis ‘Nova’ ( 18-35)

‘Katherine’ (20)

Prince Georges’ (53-6 1)
purpurea aldenhamensis SD
purpurea lemoinei SD
scheideckeri ( 1 o)
spectabilis albi-plena (l5)
spectabilis riversii (9-20)
Van E,seltine’ (l5)

Ornamental Fruits

R = red Y = yellow O = orange

‘ Almey’

R

robusta

R & Y

baccata and vars.

R & Y

robusta percisifolia

R

Beauty’

R & Y

Rosseau’

R

‘ Dolgo’

R

sieboldii arborescens

Y-R

‘ Dorothea’

Y

toringoides

R cN Y

‘Flame’

R

toringoides macrocarpa

R & Y

Marshall Oyama’

Y & R

‘William Sim’

R

‘ Radiant*

R

‘Winter Gold’

Y

‘Red Jade’

R

zumi calocarpa

R-O

Lasting

Fruit

baccata jackii

robusta percisifolia

‘Bob White’

sargentii

‘Makamik’

‘Tanner’

‘Ormiston Roy’

‘Winter Gold’

‘Red Jade’

zumi calocarpa

Foliage Color

These crab apples

usually have a marked reddish-green foliage color

through much of the spring and summer.

‘Baskatong’

‘Patricia’

‘Crimson Brilliant’

purpurea and vars.

‘Evelyn’

‘Red Silver’

‘Hopa*

‘Red Splendor’

‘Liset’

‘ Rosseau’

‘Makamik’

‘Sissipuk’

‘Oekonomierat Echtermeyer’

‘Strathmore’

[18]

I

PLATK II

Mains ‘ Katlieriiu*’ lias piiik-aiul wliitr doiiliU* flowers.

Foliage of these crab apples may turn red to orange in the autumn.

baccata
dawsoniana
‘Evelyn’
ioensis plena

‘Prince Georges’
‘ llosseau’
‘Strathmore’
zumi calocarpa

Unique Forms

‘Adams’ - upright
baccata columnaris - columnar
baccata gracilis - graceful foliage
‘Beauty’ - upright
brevipes - low

hartwigii - upright, globe-shaped
hupehensis - fan-shaped
‘Marshall Oyama’ - upright

Oekonomierat Echtermeyer’ - pendulous
‘Red Jade’ - pendulous
robusta erecta - columnar
sargentii - low
sargentii rosea - low
‘Strathmore’ - upright
‘V^an Eseltine’ - upright

Further trials are needed for the following varieties:

‘Blanche Ames’ — An Arnold Arboretum seedling of M. spectabilis riversii with
semi-double pink and white flowers, if inches diameter; yellow fruits ^ inch
diameter, but they fall very soon. Graceful growth habit. Originated in 1939,
introduced in 1947.

Burton’s Yellow Fruited’ — Apparently only offered by one nursery in 1957, we
have no information concerning this variety.

‘Butterball’ — Plant received from the University of Washington Arboretum in
1957, and has not yet bloomed.

Chestnut’ — Introduced by the Fruit Breeding Farm of the University of Minne-
sota about 1949. The fruits are about 2 inches in diameter — too large for use
as an ornamental.

‘Ferrill’s Crimson’ — Offered by Ferrill’s Nursery, Salem, Oregon; originated
before 1953; somewhat similar to ‘Red Silver.’

‘Gladwyne’ — A seedling recently selected by Mrs. Norman J. Henry of Glad-
wyne. Pa. Our small trees have not yet flowered.

Gwendolyn’ — Originated by A. F. den Boer, Des Moines, Iowa, 1936, intro-
duced in 1944; a seedling of Malus florihunda; flowers single and pink, bright
red fruits nearly one inch in diameter. Our small trees have not yet flowered.

‘Golden Hornet’ — First distributed by John Waterer & Sons, Bagshot, Surrey,
England. It is said to be a natural cross between M. siehoklii calocarpa and
M. priinifoUa cocchiea, originated prior to 1949.

‘Goldfinch’ — Probably an 3/. baccala seedling originated in Philadelphia about
1920, but not introduced until about 1953. We have no records of this except
that the fiowers are single and white, fruits small and yellow.

ioensis ‘Plena Nana’ — Discovered, probably as a sport, in nurseries of A. McGill
& Son, Fairview, Oregon, prior to 1955. Leaves and fiowers are identical with
those of M. ioensis plena, but habit is more of a bush. Six-year plant is about
6 feet high and 4- feet across.

‘Klehm’ — Somewhat mixed up in the trade, the plants I have seen are forms of
3/. coronaria, said to have double fiowers. Sometimes listed as 3/. ioensis
‘Klehm.* Fruits are greenish. More growth information is needed.

‘Lady Ilgen’ — New variety with medium to large .vellow fruits, introduced to
America from Europe by the Montreal Botanic Garden, 1951.

‘Mary Potter* — An Arnold Arboretum cross between 3/. sargentii rosea and 3/.
atrosanguinea made in 1939, introduced in 1947 ; tends to breed true from
open-pollinated seed.

‘Mount Arbor Special* — Introduced about 1938 by the Mt. Arbor Nurseries of
Shenandoah, Iowa; a cross between ‘Plopa’ and ‘Red Silver’ with reddish-
purple foliage said to be a brighter color than that of other varieties.

‘Northland’ — Originated as a cross (McIntosh apple X ‘Dolgo*) at the Fruit
Breeding Farm of the University of Minnesota in 1926 (selected in 1938 as
their No. 1423), named in 1957; hardy in northern Minnesota, fruits red,
if inches long, resembling those of ‘Dolgo’ in shape, ripening in mid-August;
good for jellies. The fruit is pretty large for a strictly ornamental crab apple,
although excellent for a “general purpose” crab.

‘Pillar of Fire’ — Not new; this is the variety ‘Strathmore,’ renamed by Stern’s
Nurseries, Geneva, N.Y.

‘Pink Beauty’ — Originated before 1947 at the Government Experiment Station,
Morden, Manitoba, Canada, as its No. 451. Seems to have few faults, but
fruits drop by Sef)tember 1. Flowers are single, pink; fruits are bright red,
maturing in mid-.-\ugust. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson Orchard Co., X’incen-
nes, Indiana, named it before 1958.

‘Pixie’ — Originated by A. F. den Boer, Des Moines, Iowa, introduced 1948;
single pink fiowers, red fruits, semi-pendulous branching. 'I’he plant we have
at the .Arnold Arboretum is small and has not yet fiowered.

Prairie Rose* — Originated at the University of Illinois, I'rbana, Illinois, as an
open-pollinated seedling of 37. ioensis; has double fiowers and is thought to be
more scab-resistant than Bechtel’s crab apple.

‘Pretty Marjorie’ — A new variety from Holland received in the Arnold Arbore-
tum in 1958; has not yet bloomed.

‘Professor Sprenger’ — Originated prior to 1950 as a clone of M. ziimi selected by
S. G. A. Doorenbos, The Hague, Holland; the fruit is said to be orange and
remains on the tree until January. We do not yet have this in our collection.

purpurea ‘Eleyi Compacta’ — Introduced by S. G. A. Doorenbos, The Hague,
Holland, 1952; flowers similar to M. purpurea eleyi but slightly deeper and a
very dense, compact habit. Fruits are purplish-red.

‘Rainbow’ — Offered by Big Rock Nursery, Big Rock, Illinois, actually not a new
variety but five standard varieties budded on ‘Hopa’ understock.

‘Seafoam’ — A seedling selection of M, ‘Oekonomierat Echtermeyer, ’ made in
1939, named in 1952 by A. F. den Boer, Des Moines, Iowa, with apparently
a pendulous habit.

‘Shakespeare’ — A selection of M. atrosanguiuea, made before 1957 by E. H.
Scanlon of Olmsted Falls, Ohio; said not to fade in flower as badly as the
species.

‘Sunburst’ — Not new; this is ‘Hopa’ renamed by Stern’s Nurseries, Geneva,
N.Y.

‘Upton Pyne’ — Recently introduced from England, this is actually an apple,
with large fruit streaked pink.

‘Valley City’ — Several seedlings originating at Northwest Nursery Co., Valley
City, N.D. ; selected as substitutes for the purple-leaved plum. Some question
as to sufficiently outstanding merit for propagation in the East.

‘Van Houttei’ — Offered by R. C. Notcutt, Ltd., Woodbridge, Suffolk, England,
with white flowers and yellow fruits. Introduced into America in 1958.

Donald Wyman

Still time to register for the following Spring Classes:

Field Class: Jamaica Plain — Dr. Donald Wyman

April 24-May 29, Friday mornings 10-12 noon $2.00

Natural History of Non-Flowering Plants: Case Estates, Weston —

Mr. G. S. Torrey

April 29-May 27, Wednesday afternoons 2-4 p.m. $10.00

Field Botany: Case Estates, Weston — Dr. R. A. Howard
May 5-June 2, Tuesday afternoons 2-4 p.m.

[ ]

$2.00

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

Volume 19 MAY 8, 1959 Number 5

THE LILACS OF NEW ENGLAND

The public interest in lilacs is most strikingly shown by the great number of
people which come to view the Arboretum’s collection of these plants each
spring. It has been estimated that on a clear day at the peak of flowering in the
latter half of May, crowds in excess of fifty thousand view this colorful spectacle.
The numerous requests for identification of specimens and for information regard-
I ing the availabilit,v of cultivars in New England are other manifestations of this
I interest. It is in hope of aiding this latter group that this paper is being prepared.

My study of nursery catalogues and lists of offerings supplied by nurserymen
I has shown that 88 kinds of lilacs are offered for sale in New England. In the
! p)reparation of the lists and keys, the identification of the nurser3’men offering
these plants for sale is assumed to be correct. Names of cultivars which could not
be verified from the checking of such authoritative works as Mrs. McKelvey's
'^'I'he Lilacs” and ‘‘Lilacs for America,” or for which the nurserj’men offering
it for sale could not offer satisfactorj’ clarification of place and time of origin, are
not included, 'fhe scientific names used in this article are taken from Rehder's
“Bibliography of Cultivated frees and Shrubs.” Synonyms used by catalogues
are cited in the text describing the plants.

I’hose who wish to know to what species the specimens growing in their col-
lection belong, may find the key to be of use. No key could be made that would
separate all of the cultivars found in Si/rin<ra vulrrarix, so they are classified accord-
ing to color and the presence of single or double Howers. fhe system of color
classification is the same as that used in “Lilacs for America.'* In cases where
there is a difference in the color given bv the nurseryman and “Lilacs for Amer-
ica," the latter is followed. One should be aware that flower color may vary with
the type of soil in which the plant is grown and with the age of the plant.

Lilacs which were judged as members of the one hundred best by a poll in
“Lilacs for America” are indicated l)y an asterisk. Not all members of this group

were selected by a unanimous vote. Personal likes and dislikes need to be taken
into consideration in the selection of plants for one’s own situation. Examination
of flowering specimens before purchasing is to be recommended whenever possible.

Each lilac name found in this list is followed by a code number or series of
numbers indicating New England nurseries offering this plant for sale. In order
to identify the nursery offering the plant for sale, consult the list of nurseries at
the end of the article.

Key

A. Corolla-tube not or little longer than calyx; anthers exserted on slender filaments;

flowers white 1. 5. amurensis var. japonica

AA. Corolla-tube much longer than calyx; anthers subsessile.

B. Panicles from terminal buds, leafy at base (sometimes lateral in No. 7).

C. Leaves papillose, glaucous and glabrous beneath 2. S. yunnanensis

CC. Leaves not papillose, green to glaucescent and usually pilose at least along the
midrib.

D. Corolla-tube funnelform gradually widened above the middle, lobes more
or less upright; anthers below the mouth.

E. Panicles upright; anthers not reaching the mouth. . . . 3. S. josikaea
EE. Panicles pendulous or nodding, dense; anthers reaching the mouth.

4. 5. refiexa

DD. Corolla-tube cylindric or nearly so, lobes spreading.

E. Anthers reaching the mouth; infl. with 2 pairs of leaves, leaves cuneate
at base.

F. Leaves pilose along the veins beneath or nearly glabrous, glauces-
cent, inflorescence compact 5. S. villosa

FF. Leaves soft pubescent beneath, infl. loose 6. S. tomentella

EE. Anthers below the mouth; inflorescence with 1 pair of small leaves or
none, often with lateral panicles below; leaves rounded or broad cu-
neate at base 7. 5. sweginzowii

BB. Panicles from lateral buds; terminal bud usually wanting.

C. Leaves pubescent at least on midrib beneath; anthers usually violet or bluish
gray; corolla about 6 mm. across.

D. Anthers inserted slightly below the mouth, equaling 1/2 to 1/3 of the tube;

brts. usually short-pubescent 8. 5. velutina

DD. Anthers inserted above the middle of the tube, much below the mouth

equaling 14 or 15 of the tube 9. 5. microphylla

CC. Leaves glabrous, or if pubescent, broad-ovate and truncate or subcordate at base.
DD. Leaves entire or 3-9 lobed in No. 14; corolla about 1 cm. across; flowering
branches without terminal bud.

E. Leaves broad-ovate or ovate, subcordate to abruptly broad-cuneate at
base; infl. large.

F. Flowers purple 10. S. vulgaris var. vulgaris

FF. Flowers white 11. S. vulgaris var. alba

EE. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, cuneate.

F. Leaves always entire, 4-7 cm. long; inflo. large and loose.

12. S. chinensis

FF. Leaves 2-4 cm. long; infl. 5-8 cm. long.

G. Leaves unlobed 13. 5. persica

GG. Leaves 3-9 lobes 14. S. laciniata

DD. Leaves pinnate, with 7-9 leaflets; infl. 3-7 cm. long; flowering branches
usually with terminal bud developing into a leafy shoot. 15. S. pinnatifolia

[24]

I 1. Syringa ( Rupr. ) Rupr. xsiT. japonica (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav.

A native of Japan, this plant was introduced into cultivation in 1876. The
value of this species is in its white flowers which appear approximately three
weeks later than the flowers of the common lilac. This species may be orrown
either as a shrub or as a small tree. When g^rown as a tree, it reaches heights in
excess of thirty feet. When grown with this habit, the cherrylike bark is quite
I attractive. Caution should be exercised in the placement of this plant because
I some people find the odor of the flowers to be disagreeable. This variety has been
considered to be a distinct species by some workers and, as a result, is offered
by several nurseries under the name S. japonica Decaisne. This plant is offered
i for sale by the following nurseries: Cl, C'i, C8, C4-, Ml, M3, M4, M9, MlO,
Mil, M12, M13, MU, N3.

2. 5’. yunnauensis Franchet

I This species was introduced into cultivation from Yunnan Province, China in
1906. One of the less showy species, it is of value because of its late flowering.

I Its flowering period bridges the gap between the common lilac and the previous
species. .S', yiinnanensis Rosea,’ a pink flowering form, is offered for sale by C5.

3. .S. josikaea Jaccjuin f. ex Reichenbach

The Hungarian Lilac was introduced into cultivation from Hungary about 1830.
The flowers of this species are lilac-violet. It flowers at the same time as S.yun-
fKinensis, but is slightly more showy. Nurseries offering S. josikaea for sale are:
C4, M3, M4, Mil, M12.

S. josikaea has been hybridized with other species in the development of new
groups of cultivars. .S', josikaea hybridized with .S. vi/losa gives rise to the hybrid
complex known as .S. X henryi. A cultivar selected from this cross is .S. X henryi
‘Lutece.* This cultivar is offered under the name .S?/r///gr/ * Henry Lutece’ by M5.

The hybridization of .S', josikaea with .S. reflexa gives rise to the hybrid complex
.S. Y. josiflexa. ‘Royalty,’ a purple, single-flowered cultivar, lias been selected
from this hybrid and is offered for sale by N2.

4. .S. reflexa Schneider

Originally discovered in Central China, this species was introduced into culti-
vation about 1882. Flowering at the same time as the preceding two species, this
is a distinct and handsome plant with flowers in long, pendulous panicles.

None of the nurseries in the New Kngland region offer this species for sale,
although it is attractive and hardy. A hybrid with .S’, vi/losa resulted in the de-
I velopment of the comjilex .S'. X preslonae, the source of the Prestonae hybrids.

I riie only cultivar of this hybrid swarm offered for s;ile here is Isabella,* a single
' flowered, pink form. This cultivar is sold by N2.

Hybridization of .S', reflexa with .S’, loinenlella has produced the cultivar .S’, reflexa
‘Pallens,* offered for sale by Cl.

5. S. vil/osa Vahl

Introduced into cultivation in 1882 from North China, this species is to be
recommended for its dense habit and its late and profuse flowering. The flowers
may vary in color from rose-lilac to white. The following nurseries offer this
species for sale: C2, Cd, MlO, Mil, Ml 2, Ml 4.

6. S. tomentella Bur. and Franch.

Wilson writes in his “Aristocrats of the Garden”: “l saw this plant for the
first time on July 5, 1908, on the frontier of eastern Tibet at an altitude of nine
thousand feet, and I thought then that I had never before seen such a handsome
species of lilac. It had foot-high, broad panicles of pink to rosy-lilac colored
flowers and on other bushes they were white. The plants were from eight to
eighteen feet high, much-branched yet compact in habit, and the wealth of
flower clusters made it conspicuous from afar.” Unfortunately, this species has
not done well in our collections. One of its shortcomings is its lack of fragrance.
The species is offered for sale by Cl.

7. S. s-iVeginzo-icii Koehne & Longelsh

This lilac was introduced into cultivation in 1894 from northwest China. One
of the later flowering species, it is not often cultivated. A cultivar of the hybrid
between this species and S. tomentella is the single, pink flowered S. sice guizou'ii
\\lbida.' This cultivar is offered for sale by Ml 2.

8. -S', velutina Komar

Introduced into cultivation in 1902 from North China and Korea, this species
is usually found in catalogues under a synonym, S. palibiniaua Nakai. The latter
name is incorrect and should not be used.

An unusually late flowering, pale lilac, single flowered cultivar of this species
is ‘Miss Kim.'’ This cultivar also is of interest because of its dwarf habit and red
coloration of the leaves in the autumn. The cultivar is offered for sale b.v M2, N2.

9. S. microphylla Diels

A native of North China, this shrub was introduced into cultivation in 1910.
This plant is of interest because of its small leaves. A cultivar ‘Superba’ with
single, pink flowers is offered by the following nurseries: Cl, C5, M5.

10. S. vulgaris L. var. vulgaris

In cultivation since 1563, the common lilac, a native of southeast Europe, is
offered for sale by the following nurseries: C2, C3, C4, C6, Ml, M2, M4, M5,
M6, M8, M9, MlO, Mil, Ml2, Ml3, Ml4, Ml5, Ml6, Nl, N2, Rl, Vl.

11. S. vulgaris L. var. alba Weston

The white flowering variety is offered by the following nurseries: C3, C4, C6,
Ml, M3, M4, M6, M8, M9, MlO, Mil, Ml 2, Ml3, Ml 4, Ml5, Ml6, Rl, Vl.

[ -20 ]

No species of shrub has produced so many cultivars as has Seringa vulgaris^ the
common lilac. These cultivars have arisen from sports, natural and artificial crosses
within the species, and by selection, but not from the crossing of tliis species
with any other. Many of these variants were first developed in France, which
has led to the term “French Hybrid** being used for many of these cultivars.

Cultivars of S. vu/gnris offered for sale

WHITE

Single

Candeur Mb, M 1 '2

*Jan Van Tol C"2, CO, Mb, Mil, M 1 .5,
Mlb, Rl

*Marie Legraye C2, Ml, Mb, Mil, M 1 3
Mile. Fernande \dger Mil
*Mme. Florent Stepman M4-, M9, Ml3
*Mont. Blanc M^2, Mlb
Primrose (yellow) Cl, Mil
*Vestale Cll, M7, MO, Ml3,

Double

*Edith Cavell M-f, Mil
*Ellen Willmot C5, Cb, M 1 , M3, Mb,
Mil, M15, N^2
General Sheridan M9
Mme. Abel Chatenay Mlo
*Mme. Casimir Eerier Mb, M 1 1 , M 1 3,
Mlb

*Mme. Lernoine C4, C5, M^2, M3, M4-,
Mb, M8, Mil, MH2, M13, Ml.5,
Mlb, N2, Rl, Vl
Princess Clementine Ml3

VIOLET

Maximowicz M 1 1
*Marechal I.annes M 1 1

BLUE

, *Ambassadeur Mo
J Bleuatre M4, Mil, Ml2
I * Firmament M3, M8, Mil, Ml2
j *.Mme. Charles Souchet Cl
I *President Lincoln C2, Ml, M2, Mb,
M8, .M9, Mil, .M12, Mlo, N2

*Ami Schott Cl
*I)uc De Massa Ml3
President Grevy C2, C.5, Cb, M f, Mb
M8, Mil, Ml 2, Ml 3, Mlb, Rl,
Vl

*President \'iger Ml, Ml3

LILAC

i Hugo Foster C2, Mil, Ml2 *Alphonse Lavallee C4, Co, M.), N2

j *Jac(|ues Callot M.> *Leon Gambetta Ml, M4

! Michael Buchner C2, Ct, C.), M f.

Ml.), Mlb
President C’arnot .NFf

I IVesident Fallicres C2, M 1 , M.’), M 1 . >

William Robinson C2, M(>

PINK

*Lucie Baltet Cb, M t, .M8, Ml 1, Ml3 *Belle I)e Nancy C7), (’b, M3, M8,

I *.Macrostachya Mi, Mb, M8, M I 1, M 13 M 13, M I.i, N2, Rl, \' 1

Single

Double

*Jean Mace C2
* Jules Ferry Ml3

*Katherine Havermeyer C2, Ml, M2,
M4, M6, M8, Mis, M14, Ml5,
M16

Marc Micheli M5

*Mme. Antoine Buchner Ml, Ml4
Montaigne M2

*Waldeck-Rousseau M4, Ml 6, Ml 7

MAGENTA

Charles X C2, C6, Ml, MS, M4, M8,
Mil, M16, N2

*Congo C4, Ml, M2, MS, M4, M6,
M9, Mil, Mis, M16, N2
*Mme. F. Morel C2, C4, M6
*Reaumur C2, C4, M4
*Rhum Von Horstenstein C4, M4

Colbert M 1 1

*Mrs. Edward Harding C2, Co, Vl
*Paul Thirion MlS, Ml 5, N2
^President Poincaire C2, C4, Co, M 1 S

PURPLE

*Diderot C2

*Ludwig Spaeth C2, C4, Ml, M4, Mo,
M6, M8, M9, Ml2, MlS, Mlo,
M16, N2, Rl
Philemon M5
Sensation M 1 5
*Volcan C4, Mil, MlS

*Adelaide Dunbar Co, M 1 , M 1 5, M 16
*Charles Joly C2, C5, C6, Ml, MS,
M4, M8, M9, Mil, M12, MlS,
M16, M17, N2, Rl, Vl
*Monge M2, Mo
*Paul Hariot Mo, Ml6

Hybrids between S', vulgaris and S. ohlaia dilatata form the dilatata hybrids.
Members of this complex flower early in the season. Two cultivars of this group
are sold in New England. Both are members of the one hundred best lilacs.
‘Evangeline’ is a magenta, double flowered form N2. ‘Pocahontas, is a purple,
single flowered form sold by N2.

Hybrids between N. vulgaris and S. oblata giraldii form the Giraldii hybrids.
Members of this complex flower early in the season. An asterisk indicates plants
listed as among the one hundred best lilacs.

Clark’s Giant

Single

Blue

C4, M 1 1

*Esther Staley

Single

Magenta

C4, Mil

Pink Spray

Single

Pink

Mil

Purple Glory

Single

Purple

Mil

Summer Skies

Single

Magenta

Mil

Sunset

Double

Magenta

Mil

[•28]

12. .S', chinensis VVilld.

Much confusion has occurred in the identification of the place of origin of this
hybrid species. Wildenow’s specific epithet shows that he thought the plant had
originated in China. It appears, however, that this plant originated in the Bo-
tanic Garden in Rouen, France about 1777. The parents of this hybrid species
are S. X persica and .S. vulgaris.

S. X chinensis differs from S. vulgaris in that it does not develop the stiff up-
right habit found in the latter, and in the failure to form the heavy branches
found in the common lilac.

Several nurseries sell this plant under a synonymous name, S. rotlnnogensis
Roir. & Turp. S. X chinensis is sold by the following nurseries: C3, Co, Ml,
M6, M8, M9, MlO, Mil, Ml2, MlS, Ml6, Rl, R2.

l.S. .S’. X persica L

This species is of particular taxonomic interest. Linnaeus did not recognize the
hybrid origin of this plant and described it as a species. This view was concurred
with by most taxonomists until quite recent times. McKelvey held this view in
her monumental work I'he Lilac.” There were some dissenters who were of
the opinion that this plant was of hybrid origin. However, these workers were
not able to agree upon the parents. Cytogenetic work has supported Rehder's
opinion that the parents of this hybrid species were .S’, afghanica and .S’, laciniata.

This plant is extremely showy, bearing pale lilac flowers at the same time as
the common lilac. It differs from the common lilac in its smaller size. .S’, chinensis
i was introduced into cultivation about 1614. Nurseries offering it for sale are: C3,
C5, Ml, M6, M8, M9, MlO, Mil, Ml2, Ml3, Rl, R2.

The white flowered form, .S’, chinensis forma alba (Weston) Voss., is offered for
sale by M 1 .

1 I. .S', laciniala Miller.

.A native of China, this plant was introduced into cultivation before 1()20. It
resembles .S’, chinensis c\ose\y , differing from it in its darker flower color and lacin-
iate leaves. It was long thought to be a variety of .S'. X chinensis. The discovery
of the |)lant breeding true in the wild, disproves this theory.

Cultivated for much the same reason as .S'. X chinensis and for its uni(pie lacini-
ate leaves. It is offered for sale by Cl.

15. .S’, pinnatlfolia Ilernsl.

A native of western China, this plant was introduced into cultivation in 1904.
The white flowers are not conspicuous, thus the plant is usually cultivated for its
interesting pinnately compound leaves. ,\s one of the first species to flower, it
serves to start the season of lilac Howerirjg. It is offered for sale by Cl.

[ -'f ]

Key to Nursery Code

CONNECTICUT

Cl. Brimfield Gardens Nursery, Wethersfield

C2. The Hoyt Nurseries, New Canaan

C3. E D. Robinson Sales Agency, Wallingford

C4-. The Peter Cascio Nursery, West Hartford

C5. White Flower Farm, Litchfield

C6. C. R. Burr »St Co., Inc., Manchester

MASSACHUSETTS

Ml. x\dams Nursery, Inc. , Westfield

M2. Dahliatown Nurseries, Middleboro

M3. Littlefield-Wyman Nurseries, Inc., Abington

M-t. Heatherfells Nursery, Andover

Mo. Cary Bros. Nursery, Shrewsbury

Mb. The Framingham Landscape Co., Framingham Centre

M7. Edward Halloran, Inc., Newton Highlands

M8. Bigelow Nurseries, Northboro

M9. Wyman’s Garden Center, Inc., Framingnam

MlO. Kelsey-Highlands Nursery, East Boxford

Mil. Weston Nurseries, Inc., North Abington

Ml 2. Bay State Nurseries, Inc., North Abington

Ml 3. Cherry Hill Nurseries, Thurlows and Stranger, Inc., West Newbury
Mid. Hampden Nurseries, Inc., Somer Road, Hampden
Ml 5. Corliss Bros., Inc., Gloucester
Ml 6. Marinus Van der Pol, Fairhaven
Ml?. P^astern Nurseries, Holliston

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Nl. Exeter Wild Flower Gardens, Exeter
N2. Landscape Clinic Nursery, Somersworth
N3. Colprit's Nursery & Seed Farm, Dover

RHODE ISLAND

Rl. Forest Hills Nurseries, Inc., Cranston 10
R2. C. Hoogendoorn, Newport

VERMONT

Vl. Putney Nursery, Putney

BuftDETTE L. WaGENKNECHT

[ 30 ]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

V^oLUME 19 MAY 22, 1959 Numbers 6-7

A BOOKLET ON LILACS FROM RUSSIA

The Russian pavilion at the World's Fair in Brussels, Belgium, in 1958
featured a large display of books publislied in languages other than Russian.
Only one of the many books oftered for sale in Fmglish proved to be of horticul-
tural interest and that, titled “Lilac,”* was offered for fifteen cents. It was
obvious that this pamphlet of 40 pages with a colored illustration on the cover
and 13 text-figures and plates was a subsidized publication. Leafing through a
copy I noted a seemingly amusing account of “Michurinist” methods of plant
breeding culminating in the development of many new cultivars. Several of these
are described and illustrated and their names should be recorded as new cultivars
of Si/ringa vulgaris.

Recently our library received an unsolicited copy of the same pamphlet directly
from Russia. The booklet, therefore, must be judged not as a souvenir item offered
for sale at a World’s Fair but as a treatise on the culture and breeding of lilacs.
It is, as well, a confused bit of propaganda for the Michurin-Lysenko school of
biological thought and practise. I know of no other single booklet which points
out as well the current difference of theory and practise in horticulture and ge-
netics between these sciences in the free world and in the Soviet Union.

'fhe author is described in the publisher's note as L. Kolesnikov, an amateur
floriculturist with 30 years of experience in hybridization and the winner of the
Stalin Brize for breeding more than 300 new strains of lilacs.

'I’he first half of the booklet describes the biological features, species and kinds
of lilacs, riie second half the breeding of native lilacs. I he plants considered
are grown in the vicinity of Moscow.

'Bhroughout the booklet the author gives credit to the principles stated by I.W
Michurin ami A. I). Lysenko. It is difficult to determine from the translation

* Lilac, L. Kolesnikov. Foreign Languages Buf)lishitig House, Moscow

;n

Ubra^

whether this represents a sincere belief in the principles and practises described
or only lip service to a state-directed theory of biology. Many of the tenets pro-
posed have double meanings which are at odds with Michurinist principles and
frequently it seems the author, or the translator, has his tongue in cheek.

For culture of lilacs the author recommends a sunny location with adequate
drainage. Lilacs do best, he says, in well fertilized soils. He credits Michurin
with the idea that ^Svorn out soil and lack of due care will weaken the plant and
cause its degeneration, retarding the growth of the shrub and its flower-shoots,
florets and panicles deteriorating in size with a change to the worse in their
colour.” Liming, he suggests, may be necessary in acid soils. The best fertilizer
is well rotted stable dung although “peat-night-soil and other composts” or
chemical fertilizers may be added. Manganese and boron are stated to be minor
elements necessary for growth and for improved flower color.

Kolesnikov found lilacs easily propagated by seed, grafts, root suckers, cuttings
and layering. The best stocks he reports are Syringa josikaea and S. vulgaris,
particularly the violet-flowered forms raised from seed. Several types of grafting
are suggested but he notes that one must bear in mind Michurin’s indication
of the strong mutual influence between graft and stock. This practically infers
that the eye or scion should be taken from the older strains with a firmly estab-
lished character. Such strains are much better proof against the influence of the
stock.” This is based, of course, on the unsupported Michurinist idea that both
the scion and the stock could have their heredity modified by grafting and that
the more vigorous strain would not only dominate but influence the heredity of
the other as well.

Kolesnikov reports that scions in his area may be taken in the fall and stored
until spring. He believes he obtains a greater success in grafting if the scion was
a little withered when grafted for “this guarantees better nourishment for the
graft and its better union with the stock.”

Culturally most of the plants were grown to a single stem by careful pruning
and Kolesnikov speaks with pride of having grafted 24- different varieties on one
stock plant. The color cover illustration is of this plant in flower.

Kolesnikov also reports a technique of “twig grafting” where branches 1-10
inches long are taken with a bit of the main stem as a heel and the whole used
as a scion. It seems important that these branchlets be taken in the fall and
allowed to over-winter either beneath the plant in the field or in cold storage.
The branchlets must not be watered and the buds are allowed to shrivel. Accord-
ing to him, grafting can be done with these in the spring from the time the sap
begins to flow until the end of the flowering period. If flower buds are on the
branchlets the graft will flower the first year.

These cultural principles are considerably difl'erent from those used either at
the Arnold Arboretum or in any part of this country. Our own practises in propa-
gating and caring for lilacs will be discussed by Mr. Fordham in this same issue

[ B2 ]

of Ar/ioldia. Perhaps some of Kolesnikov's metliods should be tried for compari-
son of results.

In his discussion of breeding new lilacs Kolesnikov reports he took up lilac
breeding in 1919 and by 1923 had 100 species and strains in his collection. In
his early work he gathered seeds from the best shrubs which had been pollinated
by insects and selected the most attractive progeny and rejected the worst. While
this method has produced results in the past and may be used by the “florist be-
ginner” Kolesnikov cryptically reports “in the present level of Soviet science
this may not be the principle course to choose.**

Sometime after 1923, Kolesnikov was introduced to Michurinist teachings and
he resolved then to start breeding new native kinds of lilacs. He states, “l found
a plant breeder needs much more than the mere desire to breed new varieties.
He must first of all be well-read in the science of selection. As for myself, I con-
tinually felt how much I lacked such knowledge. So I got down to a thorough
study of Timiryazev, Michurin, Lysenko and their followers. The work of the
founders of Soviet agrobiology became my everyday friends and advisors. And
to them, I still turn today when unable to solve some problems and always find
a clear and adequate scientific explanation.’*

Kolesnikov is less than able in presenting a clear explanation for the reader.
He states, “Michurin biology, having worked out methods of controlling plant-
development, of producing purposeful changes in the nature of vegetable organ-
isms, offers us the only true means of remodeling plants.

“There are three main stages in the process of Michurinist selection all of
them inseparably bound. The first is disjointing the plant’s heredity, the next
rearing the plant thus acted on, and the last, artificial selection, which secures
the desired characters and properties.

“Michurinist plant-selectors achieve their aims by means of sexual and vege-
tative hybridization, subjecting {)lant organisms to deliberately modified environ-
ments. Mutually complimentary, these methods combine in logical unity.”

Kolesnikov has i)roceeded along the principles which, one must suppose, are
clear to him. His technicjues of emasculating the Hower, collecting the pollen
and {)rotecting the {)ollinated pistil are standard and sound. However, he soon
confuses the reader by suggesting variations which he has tried. Michurinist
plant breeding leaves nc^thing to chance, so Kolesnikov explains enigmatically,
“in natural [)ollination, self-or insect-made, the pollen sets on the stigma, which
starts the complex process known as fertilization. Hut the method used by
Michurinist science in developing new plant-forms is artificial pollination effected
between plants chosen for crossing. * * I'lie author reports further that in theory
as in |)ractise I. \’. Michurin proved that the habits and characters of f)lants de-
fjend as much on the actual conditions of their life as on predisposition inherited
from their parents and ancestors.** While Michurin has maintained that the
transmission of hereditary characters depended on the comparative vigor of the

two parents Kolesnikov jjoes one step further in trying to equalize this by ex-
plaining “l sometimes first endeavor to establish a closer affinity between the
two plants by grafting one on the other. They flower side by side and long be-
fore crossing are already closer related as parts of one plant. After this crossing
itself takes less time than usual.” While Kolesnikov pays lip service to ‘‘pur-
poseful crossing” he also admits I also resort to pollenizing with a mixture of
pollen from several of the best strains. Such practise, as testified by science, is
of general biological benefit to the flower.” All of this is in contrast to another
of Kolesnikov’s principles for he states “Michurin has pointed to the danger of
the stock, often a wilding, having a bad effect on the hybrid embryo germinating
in the mother plant. For this reason I always choose my parent pairs from own-
root strains. ”

As examples of his purposeful rearing of the hybrids Kolesnikov implies ad-
herence to Lysenko’s basic theory of plant development by which a change in
the plant’s characteristics can be made in a definite direction by creating specific
conditions at a particular moment in the development of the organism. Kolesnikov
believes that “at its earlier stage a young hybrid is extremely pliant and easily
succumbs to the influence of its surroundings.” While the majority of his hybrid
seedlings are carefully nurtured “a certain number are put in worse conditions
to inure them to hardships which the selector intends them to encounter in the
future.” He states the plant selector is able to cliange its heredity in the man-
ner he wants by exposing it to appropriate conditions of soil, nutrition, tempera-
ture, etc.”

Even after the heredity of the line is altered, in Kolesnikov’s eye, by these
applied environmental influences, the experimenter is not through. He describes
one step in increasing the fertility of a double strain of lilacs by reducing the
doubleness through starvation, a process we have never observed even in the most
neglected lilacs of old New England farms. Kolesnikov reports “it is known, for
example, that the more double the flower the fewer and feebler are its stamens
and the weaker its pistil, which is naturally a great hinderance to artificial polli-
nation. My remedy is to sustain them for a year in severe conditions, having
shortened their roots and transplanted them into less nutritive soil.” The flow-
ers, he reports, become less double and more fertile and can be crossed, and, by
rearing their progeny in excellent surroundings, “these seedlings again restored
their ancestor’s doubleness or even surpassed them.”

If the seedlings of a cross were not successful they were not discarded as they
might have been in Kolesnikov's pre-Michurin days, for he states, I never for-
get that the first flowering may not bring out all their merits. Many of them may
yet be successfully improved or modified if given appropriate conditions. In such
cases I often resort to Michurin’s method, grafting the hybrid’s heads with a
strain 1 consider will weaken or strengthen this or that feature.”

Kolesnikov concludes his booklet with the statement, “Michurinist biology

[;n]

i

! equips the selector and originator of new varieties with a sure and powerful means
J of remodeling plants. With a profound knowledge of Michurinist methods and
properly applying them, the experimental florist will certainl}’ win success in the
; noble and exciting art of developing new strains of flowering and ornamental
plants.”

“Lilac” by Kolesnikov is indeed a sad commentary on the state of plant ge-
netics and plant breeding in the Soviet Union. Nearly every quotation given in
this paper is subject to correction on tlie most simple elements of botanical and
horticultural science. Doctrines such as Kolesnikov expresses might have been
I acceptable 200 years ago. They are not today. I sincerely hope that an Ameri-
can who bought a copy of the Lilac booklet at Brussels or who has received one
I since will recognize it as a ludicrous parody whether or not the author so intended
I it to be.

, 'I'he following cultivars of Syriuga are described and those with an asterisk are
i also illustrated : ‘Alexi Maresiev’*, ‘Dream’*, ‘Ivan Michurin’, Jambul’, ‘Leonid
I Leonov’*, ‘Morning in Moscow’, ‘Olimpiada Kolesnikova’*, ‘Polina Osipenko’,

I ‘S. M. Kirov’, ‘Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya’. As will be noted from the “tech-
! niques” and “principles” (juoted above, their parentage is presumably quite
i unknown.

PROPAGATION AND CARE OF LILACS

Lilacs, though rugged and persistent under adverse conditions, will respond
admirably to good culture. They thrive in a wide variety of soils in a pH
range of 6.0 to 7.5 with preference for a well drained situation and full sun.
They will not, however, tolerate wet locations.

In a remote section of the Arnold Arboretum there are two clumps of lilacs
growing in a shallow pocket of rocky soil atop a pudding-stone ledge. Nearby
are the remains of an old well, indicating that a dwelling existed at this location.
It seems reasonable to suppose that these lilacs were planted by the occupants
before the property was acquired by the Arboretum. If this assumption is cor-
rect, these plants have persisted under conditions of extreme adversity for over
eighty years without attention.

Plate III depicts a thirty-five-year-old own-root lilac. By a program of syste-
matic pruning, this multi-stemmed specimen is kept in a condition of constant
self renewal. Each year or so a few of the older stems are removed to ground
level and the new shoots are thinned and spaced to furnish future replacements.
Should an occasional stem succumb to borers, which affect only the larger stems,
the loss is of no great consequence. However, in the case of single-stem grafted
plants it could result in complete loss. Another aspect of this pruning system is
that better flower color and size are maintained. Lilac plants when permitted to
attain large dimensions show a reduction in size of the flower and a lessening of
its color intensity. For obvious reasons this method of lilac care is feasible only
with specimens growing on their own roots. A good practice is to remove flower
clusters after they have finished blooming. The nutritive materials which other-
wise go into the formation of unwanted seed are thereby conserved for the plant.
Lilacs which are not permitted to form seed, also flower more profusely the fol-
lowing year.

Plate IV shows a grafted plant of Syringa vulgaris Paul Thirion.’ In one year
this scion has developed sufficient roots to permit removal of the privet understock.

Plate W illustrates the incompatibility of lilac and privet by vigorous over-
growth of the scion. This one-year-old graft was planted with the union at ground
level, giving the scion no opportunity to initiate its own roots. In a few years,

[ ]

PLATK III

'rhirty-fivc-y«'ar-ol<l own-root lilac iiiaiiitaiii<*(l in a condition of s<‘lf’ renewal by a
projfrarn of systernati*’ prnninj^.

plants in this condition are inclined to display stunted growth and a starved ap-
pearance. These symptoms are usually followed by failure resulting from incom-
patibility of root stock and scion.

Plate VI shows a two-year-old Syringa s-iVegiflexa which has reached a point of
own-root development where the privet rootstock (indicated by arrow) is of no
further consequence. In transplanting, it could be removed, but if disregarded,
would undoubtedly perish of its own accord.

INSECTS AND DISEASES

This information appears in Arnoldia, Volume 19, Nos. 1-2, March 6, 1959.

PLANTING

Planting of lilacs is best done in spring or fall while the plants are dormant.
Fall has some advantage over spring, as root activity which occurs then estab-
lishes the plant for a good unchecked start with spring’s arrival. However,
container-grown and small plants will thrive if carefully moved with a ball of
earth anytime throughout the summer and are given adequate aftercare.

As with all planting of trees and shrubs, the preparation of the hole to receive
the plant cannot be overemphasized. A hole several times larger and deeper than
the root system should be a minimum requirement. Careful preparation of the
backfill is important, as once done, it becomes a permanent medium, out of sight,
out of mind, and not changed again. Organic matter, such as rotted manure or
compost, generously mixed with good soil provides a friable moisture-retaining me-
dium that, with systematic fertilization and water, will serve the plant indefinitely.

An effort should be made to maintain the previous root level, easily determined
by locating the line of demarcation on the lower stems, which indicates the parts
previously above and below ground in the nursery. Planting too deep or too shal-
low will retard growth while the plant forms new roots at its own most favorable
level.

A most satisfactory way to backfill is to bring well-firmed soil up to a depth
equal to the lower level of the roots, place the plant in the hole with roots out-
spread in a natural manner, fill it with water and slowly add the prepared soil
mixture. This method completely compacts soil around the roots, eliminating
all possible air pockets without the root damage often involved as a result of firm-
ing by foot. Finally, a ring of earth around the outside edge of the hole forms a
saucer which catches and prevents water from escaping. Mulching might be of
benefit the first year while the plant is becoming established, but after that its
value is dubious, as lilacs form superficial roots which would grow in the mulch,
forming, in time, a troublesome water-shedding mound elevated above the sur-
rounding terrain.

If the root system has been reduced excessively in the digging process, some
reduction of the top becomes necessary in an effort to balance top to root. An

[38]

PLATE IV

Arrow indicates roots which this lilac scion has developed in one year.

important point to be considered when arriving at this balance is the fact that
excessive pruning reduces any plant’s digestive and respiratory facilities, often
to the point of serious retardation.

SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS

Softwood cuttings are perhaps the most satisfactory way of increasing lilacs.
With some exceptions, they are ready for potting in about seven weeks, producing
own-root plants not subject to the complications often encountered with grafts.

With the advent of mist systems and moisture retaining plastic case coverings,
collection of lilac cuttings no longer requires the critical timing once necessary.
Propagators previously determined “proper time” by flexing the cutting between
their fingers ; the rule-of-thumb method being to take material when the wood
reached a point where it snapped instead of collapsing when sharply bent. Through
trial and error, cuttings at this stage of lignification were found to root best.
However, with modern facilities this time has been advanced and we now suc-
ceed with softer material taken when it reaches sufficient size to make a cutting.
We have found, however, that wood taken too late will sit in the propagating
cases for weeks on end, rooting in mediocre percentages or petering out entirely.

In selecting lilac cuttings, vigorous shoots with long internodes are avoided
and only normal growth is chosen. An effort is made to gather the cuttings early
in the morning before much transpiration has taken place and the wood is in its
freshest and most turgid condition. Material collected in this manner and placed
in closed bags, shielded from the sun, will be in prime condition. In the event
that insertion cannot be made on the day of collection, the closed bags may be
stored in a refrigerator at about 40° F. for several days without deterioration.

At the Arnold Arboretum cases are used composed of 2 mil. polyethelene plas-
tic film supported on a framework of welded joint wire of 2x4 inch mesh, known
as turkey or utility wire. Bottom heat is maintained at 75° F. by electric heating
units. Shading is accomplished by roll type shades on the greenhouse, supple-
mented at midday for about two months, when the sun is at its highest, with
additional shading of saran cloth hung two feet over the propagating case. This
shading is timed to reduce the build-up of trapped heat in the cases with the
least reduction of light intensity.

Treatment of softwood lilac cuttings is in the following manner: An oblique
cut is made slightly below the nodes and the bottom pair of leaves are removed.
If the tip is soft and rubbery, this too is nipped off, as it might decompose in the
case inviting fungus infection. Cutting bases are dipped in Hormodin jfs, which
is composed of 8 milligrams of indolebutyric acid to 1 gram of talc, and are then
tapped to remove any surplus. The medium to receive these is washed sand pur-
chased from a local gravel pit. Though finer in particle size and not as sharp as
we would prefer, it serves the purpose. Cuttings are inserted to a depth of about
one and one half inches in rows, spaced so as not to touch one another. A very

>

H

<

cu

I

Incompatibility of lilac and privet is depicted by overj^rowth of the scion. Had the union been planted deeper the
scion rni^ht have initiated roots.

thorough soaking at this time compacts the medium around the cuttings and con-
stitutes the initial watering. Finally, the polyethelene covers are placed over the
cuttings, making certain that they are airtight. Success with this method of
propagation depends completely on how well the cuttings are covered, as air leaks
on dry days can reduce the necessary high humidity, causing failure.

On cloudy, humid days all coverings are removed as routine procedure and the
cases are checked for fallen leaves and dead cuttings, which are removed as a
sanitary measure. Should the day remain close and humid, the coverings are left
off all day. Before again covering the cuttings at night, a spray application of
50% “Captan” at the rate of two teaspoons to the gallon of water is made.

An inspection every few days reveals whether or not the medium is drying out,
fungus infection is occurring, or insects have hatched from unnoticed egg masses
which may have entered the case on cuttings.

When properly timed, treated, and handled, the lilacs are ready for potting in
about seven weeks. After potting or boxing, material rooted under these humid
conditions must be converted to greenhouse atmosphere in a gradual manner.
This is accomplished by again covering them with polyethelene film. On cloudy,
humid days it can be completely removed, and after several such days occur in
succession, the transition will be complete. Otherwise, uncovering at night and
covering in the morning, gradually increasing the uncovered period, will accom-
plish this very necessary conditioning.

HARDWOOD CUTTINGS

Lilacs can be rooted from winter cuttings, but so slowly and in such small per-
centages that this method seems unworthy of consideration.

LAYERS AND DIVISIONS

These methods which are applied to a limited extent commercially provide a
simple means by which an amateur can increase his lilacs.

On observing lilacs, many plants can be seen with sections that can be sepa-
rated from the parent plant with a spade. Divisions of this kind, can, with a
minimum of attention, become flowering specimens in a few years.

Layering is performed by bending a branch down into a small trench about 3
or 4 inches deep and securing it about 12 to 15 inches back from the tip with a
forked stick, bent wire or any means that will hold it in place. Shaving the rind
from the under side for a distance of several inches at the point where it is pegged,
will stimulate cell activity and aid in inducing roots. Next, the soil is replaced,
the tip is bent upright and preferably staked. Should the soil be of too heavy a
texture, a medium composed of two parts sand, one part peat and one part soil is
substituted. If done in the early spring and kept moist, the layer might have a
root system adequate to permit severance from the mother plant after one grow-

[42]

Scion of this two-year-old lilac-privet ^^raft has developed roots to an extent where the privet is of no consequence.
Arrow indicates proportionately small remainiiif? understock with dead stubs at its base.

ing season, but it is more apt to require two. This can be easily determined by
carefully removing enough earth to observe the size of the root system.

SEED

Seeds have a dormant condition that can be overcome by a period of cold strati-
fication. This is accomplished by storage in a refrigerator at approximately 40° F.
for one to three months in a polyethelene bag with a slightly moistened medium
of sand and peat, or by fall sowing out-of-doors. We favor the former method,
as it obviates the necessity of having to furnish protection from the destructive
action of vermin. Species lilacs will come true from seed if they are not grown
in the proximity of others where cross pollination might occur. Cultivars will not
produce true types from seed.

GRAFTING

As with all our lilac propagation, we approach grafting in an attempt to obtain
own-root specimens free of the troubles which often beset grafted plants. Under-
stocks are considered as temporary, to function only until the scion has developed
a root system sufficient for its own support.

Bud grafting has the disadvantage of buds being placed high on the stock,
making it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to plant deep enough to induce
the scion to initiate its own roots. We do this, on occasion, as a temporary
measure to carry material received too late in the season for cuttings, but only
with the intention of repropagating, preferably by cuttings, as soon as possible.
This temporary storage of material can be done on any lilac or privet available
in the nursery.

Use of Syringa vulgaris as a rootstock meets with immediate objection because
of its treachery. Most lilacs by nature spread vigorously from suckers and this
understock could, unless carefully watched, easily outgrow the scion without ever
being noticed.

In the climate of Boston, Ligusfrujn ovalifoUum qualifies as suitable understock
for this method of producing own-root lilacs. The past winter in this area was
one of persistently low temperatures, without snow cover, causing abnormally
deep frost and extensive damage to plants. However, on digging several hundred
lilacs grafted on L. ovalifoUum this spring, no injury to the stock was observed.
One-year-old rooted hardwood cuttings of L. ovalifoUum are obtained from nurse-
ries which mass produce them at a cost making it more practical to purchase than
to raise them. Storage is achieved by heeling in out-of-doors in a deep frame,
cold enough to keep them dormant yet warm enough to prevent freezing of the
ground, so they will be readily available when needed.

Scions may be collected anytime throughout the winter as they are to be used,
or can be stored in tightly-closed polyethelene bags with a small amount of
slightly-moistened sphagnum moss at about 40° F. in a refrigerator. Scions are

[ 44. ]

maintained in a condition as fresh as possible; this method preserves them for
I many months in a state comparable to newly cut material.

A whip-and-tonorue graft is made using a scion about b or 7 inches long and
an understock perhaps inches in length. Rootstocks are kept short to facili-
tate the deep planting imperative with this method. Completed grafts are bound
with rubber budding bands and then are placed deep enough to conceal the union
in a moistened medium such as sphagnum moss, peat moss or sawdust. This pro-
cedure, known as callusing, can be controlled with a variance of temperature.

I Should a fast knitting of the union be desired, a temperature of 70° F. would
create it in ten days. Grafts made early in the season can be callused slowly at
i lower temperatures. For example, grafts done in January would require about
eight weeks to knit at 40° F. Once callused, the.v are kept cold enough to pre-
vent further development until planting time.

In spring, when the ground warms up and the nursery becomes workable, the
soil is prepared with a rotar,v hoe set at its greatest depth to facilitate deep
j planting. Budding bands are removed and the grafted plants set in rows spaced
a foot apart with unions buried to a depth of about four inches. As with softwood
I lilac cuttings, grafts too will show variable results. Many grafted scions form
j roots quickly, some do so slowly and others resist.

Alfhki) J. Foudiiam

I

I PLANT COLLECTING IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

I

I Dr. Kenneth A. Wilson and the writer have recently’ returned from a month-
j long, tOOO-rnile trip involving collecting and field studies in connection with work
toward a flora of the southeastern United States. In the course of this travel,
j areas in I'ennessee, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South and North Carolina
i were visited, herbarium specimens and specimens preserved in alcohol were col-
lected, and a number of living plants were sent to the Arnold Arboretum to be
added to the numerous southern |>lants in the living collections. Among the plants
i collected for trial are clones of Liriodendron, ('(ilj/ca/dlius, Philadelphus, Ma/us,
Jinelanr/iier, Pohinia, I^onlrera, and Dierril/a^ mostly from northeastern .\labama,
an area of particular interest to i)lant geographers. Lying as it does at the south-
ern end of the Appalachian system in an area of moderate climates and with a
diversity of habitats, this region lias an accumulation of a number of interesting
and rare plants. Without trial it is often (juite impossible to predict whether or

not a given species will be hardy in more northern climates, and sometimes sur-
prising results are obtained. (Thus, Franklinia alatamaha, known only from a
single locality on the coastal plain of Georgia and now extinct there, thrives as
far north as eastern New England, and Neviusia alahamensis, long known only
from a restricted area in Alabama but now recorded from Arkansas, is perfectly
hardy in gardens in the Boston area.)

Like prophets, native plants are often without honor in their own lands. Al-
most everywhere, the exotic, the unfamiliar, will be grown in preference to beauti-
ful, but familiar, plants native to a given region. To a considerable extent this
attitude is still seen in the eastern United States, although, happily, more and
more recognition is being given to some of the excellent trees and shrubs which
flourish so well within the wide range of climates found in this broad area. Thus,
although one has yet to see much evidence of the enthusiasm of the English for
our native species of Solidago (goldenrod), it is hopeful to see the handsome ever-
green species of Myrica gradually coming into use in the South, and such plants
as Phlox subulata, P. divaricafa, Cornus florida, and Cercis canadensis are grown
almost everywhere in the East. Other native trees and shrubs are becoming more
and more important horticulturally , and, through the efforts of individuals such
as Mrs. J. Norman Henry, of Gladwyne, Pennsylvania, who has assembled from
the wild an exceedingly fine collection of native American plants, many excellent
ornamental plants are gradually drawing the attention they deserve in the country
of their origin. Among the native trees, mostly from more southern climates but
now familiar in New England gardens, are Oxydendrum, Liqiddambar, Halesia
Carolina and H. monticola, Cladrastis lutea, Robinia viscosa^ and Catalpa speciosa
and C. bignonioides. Shrubs include Calycanthus^ Fothergilla^ Hydrangea, Robinia
hispida, Steicartia ovata, Franklinia (this is a tree in more moderate climates).
Rhododendron carolinianiim, R. cata-m'biense, and an increasing number of the de-
ciduous rhododendrons {R. calendidaceum, R. nudiflorum, R. atlanticiim, etc.),
Leucothoe editoriim {L. catesbaei), Pieris floribunda, and others. Species of Vibur-
num, Cornus, Rex, Vaccinium , Robinia, Calycanihus, Magnolia, Rhododendron, Ame-
Innchier, Malus and Aesculus, among others, deserve to be more widely recognized.
Further exploration, especially in the southern Appalachians and adjacent areas
will undoubtedly yield many excellent selections to be added to the list.

C. E. Wood, Jr.

[-Ki]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

V^oLUME 19 SEPTEMBER '-ZS, 1959 Numbers 8-9

VIBURNUMS

WITH some 96 species and varieties of viburnums growings in the collections
and nurseries of the Arnold Arboretum, one would think there might be
a bewildering number of these excellent plants from which to choose specimens
for landscape planting. Actually there are only about 30 which are sufficiently
ornamental and hardy to be considered worth while for planting in Hardiness
Zones 4 and 5. If one were to put a premium on red- or yellow-fruiting forms,
there are only three yellow-fruited viburnums and ten of the red-fruited sorts;
although there are several of the blue-to-black fruiting viburnums, the fruits of
which turn red at some time during the maturing process.

So, with a comparatively small number from which to choose, one might take
a close look at these plants and the reasons for growing them as ornamentals,
for they are outstanding in any garden where they are given the space to be
properly dis|)layed.

In order that the critical reader will know which types have been considered in
this study, the species and varieties that are being grown in this country at
present will be mentioned, with the reasons why some species, native and exotic,
have not been deemed worthy of more consideration. It might be said, in this
respect, that someone must decide, in any such study, which plants make the
best ornamentals ; and when a single individual does this (the author, in this
case), there is obviously plenty of opportunity for disagreement by others. Be
that as it may, the following selections will certainly give food for much thought
and may be tlie basis on which others can make their own selections for their
own purposes.

For Flowers

I'here are three general types of flowers among the viburnums: One bears a
Hat cluster several inches in diameter, made up of hundreds of small individual,
perfect flowers that are usually creamy white in color. The snowballs are those

[ t7]

with rounded clusters of all sterile flowers that do not bear fruits. Finally, there
are those plants with flat clusters made up of all fertile flowers in the center of
the cluster, but surrounded with large sterile or ray flowers on the perimeter.
These are not necessarily the most conspicuous either, for when a plant of Vibur-
num (li/atatujn is literally covered with clusters of all fertile flowers, it is just as
conspicuous in the landscape as is one of the snowballs.

The viburnums usually flower well every year, although they may not bear
heavy crops of fruit annually. In the first place, wind and insects must be oper-
ating at the time the pollen is ripe ; and, if during this period the weather is cold
or rainy, little pollination occurs and hence fruiting will be sparse. The gardener
usually loses sight of this fact by the time fall comes and the fruits are then
conspicuously absent.

Some species ( V. dilatatum is certainly one) should be planted in groups of
several seed-grown plants to insure proper cross-pollination and hence good fruit-
ing. In many cases of isolated specimen plants, poor fruiting may be traced to
lack of sufficient pollen of the right type. Undoubtedly, there is a certain amount
of cross-pollination among the species, but certain species are not as good polli-
nizers as others. Until more is known specifically, it is best to plant several seed-
grown plants together or at least on the same property.

Four of the earlier-blooming viburnums should be considered together, since
they are competing with each other for prime space in the early spring garden.
Viburnujn ccirlesii is the old-fashioned favorite that is hard to discontinue as it is
so fragrant and so many people have come to like it. However, the fact remains
that this is frequently susceptible to a disease which can kill mature plants
quickly, even after many years of normal growth. It is the most fragrant of the
four.

Viburnum burkic'oodii originated in the nursery of Burk wood and Skipworth,
Kingston-on-Thames, England, in 1924, as a hybrid {V. car lesHyi utile). The
flowers are fragrant, but not as fragrant as those of V . car/esii, and the leaves are
smaller and more glossy. In certain parts of California it is proving evergreen,
but in the Arboretum it is entirely deciduous. We started growing a plant be-
tween the greenhouses in 1931 and it is now nine feet high. Other plants in the
collections are proving perfectly hardy. The habit of growth is somewhat open,
not dense and compact.

Viburnum juddii originated at the Arnold Arboretum in 1920 as a hybrid {V.
carlesHy^bitchiuense) and is proving popular, having better foliage than V. carlesii
but not quite as fragrant flowers, and being more dense in habit than V. bitc/nuense.

laburnum carlcephalum is proving very popular in this foursome. Originating in
the nursery of Burk wood and Skipworth in 1932, it has been in America only a
few years (but long enough to become patented). It is a cross between V. carlesii
and the Chinese snowball, V. macrocephalum , which is not reliably hardy in New
England. However, this hybrid is hardy, apparently, and makes a very dense

shrub with foliage quite similar to that of J\ carlesii. I'he flower clusters are
rounded, often up to five inches in diameter, fragrant, but not as fragrant as
those of r. carlesii. The flower buds are pinkish, but the flowers open pure white.
As far as we have seen, none of these last three mentioned species has proved
susceptible to the graft blight disease, and any one of them, especially F. carlce-
phalum, might be selected as an early-flowering substitute for V . carlesii.

At least three viburnums have flat clusters of all perfect flowers which are borne
profusely and make quite a display each year. They are V . dilatalinn, lentago and
sieholdii. Others, like T. dentation, are also meritorious, but none surpasses those
mentioned.

In the group bearing flat clusters of fertile flowers surrounded with large, ster-
ile ray flowers could be f". opulus, sargentii, trilobum, and J\ plicatum varieties
tomentosinn , mariesii and roseum. All of these are good for other reasons as well
as for their flowers.

Jlburnnni plicatum ro.seum has sterile flowers on the outside of the cluster which
open white at first; then, under certain soil or climatic conditions, gradually fade
to a deep and very conspicuous pink. This color can vary in intensity (on the
same plant) — probably depending on changing soil or even climatic conditions.
In other words, we have not found it to be reliably pink every blooming season.

There are only three snowballs : The Chinese snowball, the largest, is not re-
liably hard}' here. The European snowball (/ . opulus roseum) frequently becomes
so infested with fjlant lice that it is not worth the effort of growing. The least
hardy — but the best — the Japanese snowball, plicatum (formerly V. tomentosum
sterile), is the only one worth growing in the North. This is commonly available
from nursery sources, and there is even a variety offered by the Wyoming Nurse-
ries of Cincinnati, Ohio, which bears pink sterile flowers instead of white.
Whether or not this color holds when the plants are grown in all soils, I do not
know, but from color pictures I have seen, this clone must have merit.

The Order of Bloom

This is the secjueuce in which the viburnum species bloom in the Arnold Arboretum:

Earli/ to Mid-April
fra grans

Earli/ Map

buddleifoli um

burcjaeticurn

furcaturn

lantanoides (alnifoliurn )
rhy tidophylloides
scln-nsianum

Mid- Map
bitchiuense
burk woodii
carlesii
juddii
Ian tana
veitchii

Late Map

bctidif«)lium

[ n. ]

Late May (cont.)
bracteatum
carlcephalum
erosum
lentago

macrocephalum

opulus

opulus roseum
orientale

plicatum (tomentosum sterile)

plicatum mariesii

plicatum tomentosum

rafinesquianum

rh\ tidophyllum

rufidulum

sargentii

setigerum aurantiacum

sieboldii

trilobum

urceolatum
wrightii
wrightii hessei

Early June
cassinoides
dentatum
dilatatum
hupehense
lobophyllum
prunifolium
ovatifolium
scabrellum

Mid-June

acerifolium

bracteatum

molle

pubescens

For Fruits

As previously noted, there are three yellow-fruited forms, V. opulus xanthocar-
pum, sargentii flavurn and dilatatum xanthocarpum. All are good, the first two being
somewhat similar in the size of individual fruits and fruit clusters, and, in fact,
the general habit of the shrubs themselves. Viburnum dilatatum xanthocarpum has
smaller fruits but in much larger, flatter clusters.

Red-fruiting forms include V. lantanoides, dilatatum^ opulus and its variety com-
pactum; sieboldii, trilobum and its variety compactum; 'wrightii and its variety hessei.
One other species, V. setigerum aurantiacum, has been considerably written about
in the past for its orange fruit. However, in all the many years it has been grown
in the Arnold Arboretum, it has not made a good specimen plant, being very
open and leggy at the base. True, the fruits are colorful for the short period they
are conspicuous, but it does not seem advisable to recommend this because of its
poor growth habit.

Really blue fruits are borne by the arrow wood, V . dentatum.

The black-fruited species are V . acerifolium and lantana. There are others like
V. sieboldii, plicatum varieties, and veitchii, in which the fruits are black at matu-
rity, but in ripening, they go through a stage when they are red and at that time,
are most interesting. Truly black fruits can not be seen very far, but red fruits
can, and so these we value especially during this ripening period. Usually, with
V. sieboldii and some of the others, the fruits are red for some time, and as soon
as they turn black, sometimes just before, they are taken by the birds.

[ -50 ]

PLATE VII

Vihiinium fj/inifum m<irifsii in a fjarden in Ireland, of merit for its excellent horizontal branchinff.

Finally, there is a group with fruit at maturity a blue-black, but in ripening
these will go through a most colorful change from green to yellow to red to blue-
black — sometimes with all these colors apparent in one cluster at the same time.
These would be f \ cassinoides, lentago, prunifolium and rufidulian; all of them are
excellent.

The early-flowering species — burktcoodii, carlcephalum, carlesii^ juddii and
rhytidophyUo'ides have not fruited very well in the Arboretum. This may be due
to inclement weather at the time the pollen is ripe or the lack of other pollinizing
plants in the near vicinity. It is also due to the fact that these fruits are black ;
are usually hidden well under the new growth ; and because they ripen so early
in the summer, when few other plants have ripened fruits, the birds eat them
before they are noticed. In any event, these are not recommended primarily for
their fruits.

For Shade

Viburnum acerifolium^ lantanoides (alnifo/ium) and cassinoides are the best for
shaded situations; in fact, the first two must have a cool, moist, shaded situation
or they can not be grown at all. If such a place is not available, these two should
not be tried.

For Foliage

Siebold’s viburnum is the best of all for foliage alone. Its large, dark -green,
deeply-rugose leaves appear in clusters on the branches so that there are open
spaces without foliage, lending a most pleasing aspect to the plant as a whole.
Then, the long leaves of V. rhytidophylloides (formerly V . lantanaphyllum) are also
good, possibly the ‘Willow Wood Seedling’ being the best clone of this hybrid
species. The wayfaring tree, V. lantana^ is not grown much any more, but its
variety rugosum is a very good form, with rugose, slightly glossy, dark-green
leaves that have none of the light green color of the species. Other viburnums
also have handsome foliage, but those just mentioned might be considered the
best for this purpose.

For Habit

Some viburnums can be grown with a single trunk and will eventually grow
into small trees as much as thirty feet tall. These would be V. lentago^ prunifo-
lium (which incidentally is about the best for a vivid scarlet autumn color), ruji-
dulum and sieboldii. One variety, V. sieboldii reticulatum, is supposed to be lower
in habit, but our plant is yet too small to assess it properly.

The lowest form is V. opu/us nanum, seldom exceeding two feet in height, even
though it may grow five feet across. It has never flowered in our collections, and
normally can not be expected to flower. There are also dwarf forms of V. fragrons
which do not flower with us but make low, compact plants. Shrubs about five or
six feet tall would be V . opulus compaclum and V . Irilobimi compact urn, but I am
not at all certain that these two differ. They are dense in habit and branching,

[ .V2 ]

PLATK VIII

\’ihnrninu pllrafi/ni rom’Hm. 'I’lit* [x-tals of tin* larvr** strrih* fl()\v<TS on tin* p<‘rim<‘t<T of
each cluster ofjcii wliit<*, t)ut some years they vrradually fade to an excelhmt pink.

and do flower and fruit. Viburnum xcrightii hessei is also lower in growth than the
species. Most of the other viburnums are shrubs six to twelve feet tall.

In discussing viburnums for habit, the varieties of V. plicatum certainly should
be mentioned, for mariesii, plicatum ‘Lanarth’ and roseum all have a horizontal
branching habit, bearing their flat clusters of flowers and fruits on the upper side
of each branch, making the plants stand out from most other shrubs one sees in
landscape plantings. I have seen old plants of V . plicatum mariesii in Ireland
about seven feet tall, but they were over fifteen feet in spread, easily twice as
wide as tall.

Not Recommended

Those species and varieties already discussed are among the best of the large
group that is hardy here in the North. Merely for the record, to show other spe-
cies and varieties either not hardy or which are grown but not found superior as
ornamentals to those already mentioned, the following list is offered :

XH = Xot hardy in the Arnold Arboretum

A = Differs little from the species

B = Fair, but other recommended viburnums are as good or superior as
ornamentals

C = Has little ornamental value

acerifolium glabrescens

A

erubescens

B

acerifolium ovatum

A

erubescens gracillipes

A

betulifolium

B

foetidum

NH

bitchiuense

C

ceanothoides

NH

bracteatum

C

‘‘ rectangulatum

NH

buddleifolium

B

fra grans

NH

burejaeticum

C

album

NH

burkwoodii ^Park Farm Hybrid’

A

candidissimum

NH

calvum

NH

furcatum

NH

cinnamomifolium

NH

grandiflorum

NH

cordifolium

NH

harryanum

NH

corylifolium

B

henryi

NH

cotinifolium

B

hillieri ‘Winton’

NH

cylindricum

NH

hupehense

B

dasyanthum

NH

ichangense

B

davidii

NH

jackii

B

dentatum deamii

A

japonicum

NH

dentatum pubescens

A

kansuense

C

ellipticum

B

Ian tana

B

erosum

B

discolor

A

erosum taquetii

A

“ macrophyllum

A

PLATE IX

( Top) I'ifutrn um ritr/rr/)/iti/ u ni . 'I’Ih* new Krii;;raMt Snowball.

( Bottom) Vihitrniim sirhif/dii. 'I'lie Mowers are siiiall, l)iit are t)orne profusely every year.

lantana variegatum
lantanoides praecox
lentago sphaerocarpum
lobophyllum
macrocephalum

keteleeri

molle

leiophyllum

mongolicum

nudum

nudum angustifolium
odoratissimum
opulus roseum
orientale
ovatifolium
phlebotrichum
plicatum lanceolatum
“ parvifolium
propinquum

C propinquum lanceolatum
A rafinesquianum

A “ affine

B rhytidocarpum

NH rhytidophyllum

NH “ variegatum

B sargentii

A “ calvescens

B scabrellum

NH schensianum

NH setigerum

NH “ aurantiacum

B suspensum

C sympodiale

B tinus

NH urceolatum

A utile

A wilsonii

NH wrightii eglandulosum

NH

C

C

NH

B

C

B

A

NH

C

B

B

NH

B

NH

C

NH

NH

A

A note should be made of a few others that have not yet been fully tried and
hence can not be properly assessed at this time. They are F. bodnatense which
may not prove reliably hardy here ; F. carlesii compacta; F, cassinoides nanum
which should be an excellent shrub but for some reason or other has died out
repeatedly in the Arboretum collections ; J\ chenau/tii which is supposed to be a
“glorified” Burkwood’s viburnum ; T. ‘ Bowles’ and compoctum, the lat-

ter probably being similar to J. fra grans nanum; J. opulus ^Notcutt’s Variety’
and J\ trilobum ‘Pink Flowered Form’ of the Gellatly Nut Nursery in West Bank,
British Columbia.

In closing, the only serious viburnum pest we have encountered should be
mentioned — the dogwood twig borer {Oberea tripunctata). This borer, about
three-fourths of an inch long, eats its way down the center of the twigs and
branches into the very roots of the plant itself. Control is effected by using DDl
{50% wettable DDT, 3 to 4 pounds to 100 gallons of water), spraying on the
older rough bark of branches, trunks and twigs, where the insect lays its eggs.
In the vicinity of Boston, the first spray should be applied about June 10 fol-
lowed by one in mid-July and again by one in mid- August.

[ -xi ]

Donald Wyman

THE STAFF

! The Arnold Arboretum has lost the services of two long-time staff members
j with the retirement of Professor Karl Sax and Mr. Thomas Park, during the
j summer.

j

‘ Professor Karl Sax came to Harvard in 1928 and has held a number of joint
j appointments on the staffs of the Department of Biology, the Bussey Institution
and the Arnold Arboretum. He served as acting director of the Arboretum from
194-6 to 194-7 and as director from 194-7 until 19o4-. His significant cytological
work may not be familiar to readers of Arnoldia^ but his recent publications on
the breeding of ornamental shrubs and trees and the production of dwarf trees
by bark inversion and other techniques have been printed in this periodical. Dr.
Sax will serve as Visiting Professor of Botany at Yale University during the
next year, and has already been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for work in
Oxford, England, the following year.

Mr. Thomas Park has been superintendent of the Case Estates of the Arnold
Arboretum in Weston since 194-5 when the property was bequeathed to the
.Arboretum. However, Tom spent his youth on the Case Estates, and has had
over fifty years of work with the plants and the soil of the Case Estates. He
will continue his interests in horticulture, for he will live on the grounds of the
Case Estates for a while and will be available when we need his advice as a
consultant.

riie a[)pointment of Dr. Joab Thomas as cyto-taxonomist was announced by
the President and Fellows beginning July 1, 1959. Dr. Thomas received the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Harvard for work centering on the Cyrilla-
ceae. He will continue the interests of Dr. Sax, developing work on the taxono-
my and cytology of woody ornamental {)lants.

THE ARBORETUMS AND BOTANICAL GARDENS
OF NORTH AMERICA

The Arboretums and Botanical Gardens of North America compiled by Donald
Wyman. Published by the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica
Plain 30, Mass., 69 pp., illustrated. May 1959. Price: $1.50

This booklet contains detailed information concerning the 109 arboretums and
botanic gardens in North America, the number of acres, date established, chief
functions, featured plantings, ownership, name of director, and a listing of
periodical publications, as well as other pertinent information concerning each.
The first publication of this same title by the same author was issued in 1947
and now is out-of-date. The new publication has been completely re-written and
gives an up-to-date picture of the arboretums and botanical gardens of North
America.

CLASSES AT THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM
Fall Program, 1959

Fall Field Class in Ornamental Plants Instructor: Dr. Donald Wyman

Five meetings. Friday mornings, 10-12, October 2-30. Fee $2.00

Field Botany I Instructor : Dr. Carroll Wood

Five meetings. Tuesday afternoons, 2-4, Sept. 29-Oct. 27. Fee $2.00

Ornamental and Economic Plants in Florida and the West Indies

Instructor: Dr. Richard Howard

Six meetings. Thursday evenings, 7-9, Oct. 1-Nov. 5. Fee $10.00

Plant Ecology in the Boston Area Instructor: Dr. Joab Thomas

Five meetings. Wednesday afternoons, 2-4, Sept. 23-Oct. 21. Fee $10.00

Plant Propagation Instructor: Mr. Alfred Fordham

Approximately 10 meetings at irregular intervals through the year.

First meeting Saturday, September 26, 9:30 A.M. Fee $25.00

The Gymnosperms Instructor: Dr. Burdette Wagenknecht

Five meetings. Wednesday evenings, 7:30-9:30, Sept. 30-Oct. 21, plus one
field trip to be arranged. Fee $10.00

Applications will be accepted now for all classes, and should be addressed to
M iss Stella Whitehouse, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain 30, Mass.

[58]

ARNOLDIA

A continuation of the
Bulletin of Popular Information
of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

V’'oLUME 19 DECEMBtLR 11, 1959 Numbers 10-12

CHRISTMAS PLANTS AROUND THE WORLD

The practice of using decorated trees in religious celebrations extends into
anti(iuity. The old Germanic priests hung lights on the sacred trees beneath
which they offered sacrifices. Wherever they travelled, the Roman legions deco-
rated pine trees with little masks of Bacchus in the festival of Saturnalia. Fl,uro-
pean legend attributes the origin of Christmas trees to an eighth-century English-
man, St. Boniface, a missionary in Germany. Before a crowd of barbarians one
Christmas Eve, he cut down a sacred oak beneath which they had made human
sacrifices. A young fir tree which had remained undamaged by the fall was pre-
sented to the people with the explanation, *‘This little tree, a young child of the
forest, shall be your hoh’ tree tonight.” d'he holy tree it has remained. Legend
also has it that Martin Luther was the first to use lights as part of the decorations
for Christmas. The earliest authentic record of Christmas trees as we know them
today is in a manuscript in which a Strassburg merchant wrote in 1605, At
Christmas, they set up fir trees in the parlours at Strassburg and hang thereon
roses cut out of many coloured paper, apples, wafers, gold foil, sweets, etc.”

Most historians are in agreement with the St. Boniface legend that the first
Christmas tree was a fir. Phe custom originated in the beech belt of central Eu-
rope where a single green fir in the defoliated brown beech forest becomes strik-
ingly symbolic. It is from this area that the practice of using a tree as a part of
the Christmas celebration s|)read throughout the Christian areas of the world. 'Phe
trees of the new areas were usually conifers closely resembling the fir of central
Euro[)e. As the custom spread into areas where plants of this type were not
available, often the substituted trees were neither closely related, nor similar in
appearance to the fir. In many areas, shrubs or herbaceous plants were also used
for making Christmas wreaths and otlier decorations.

In the preparation of this summary of the plants now used in (’hristmas cele-
brations throughout the world, imjiiiries were sent t

[ •>!' ]

not only the principal plants used in Christmas decorations but also those which
are dominant in the landscape at the holiday season. The following is a resume
of the answers returned from more than forty individuals representing twenty-one
countries, as well as material gathered from various other sources.

The United States

The New England areas will be discussed only with reference to the range of
use of certain plants as decorative material. This area has previously been covered
in detail by Drs. Howard and Wood in their publication, “Christmas Plants in
the Boston Area,” Arnoldia 15; 61-8i. 1955.

Perhaps a few statements about the widespread use of Christmas trees in the
United States will give some indication of the size of the Christmas tree industry.
The United States Department of Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 94,
“Christmas trees, the Tradition and the Trade,” reports that 25,369,223 trees
were sold in one year during the early nineteen fifties. In contrast with this, the
1923 report indicated a total sale of approximately 5,000,000, a gain of more
than 500 percent in about thirty years.

In the western half of the United States and Canada the most frequently used
Christmas tree is the Douglas fir, Pseudotsitga menziem. According to the United
States Department of Agriculture report mentioned above, more than seven mil-
lion specimens were sold. This is an especially desirable tree because it has a
full, symmetrical shape, retains its fragrant, nonprickly needles throughout the
holiday season and though bound in bundles for shipping, quickly regains its
desirable shape when ready for use.

In the northeastern areas of the United States and in southeastern Canada the
traditional tree is the balsam fir, Abies halsamea. In addition to having all the
desirable attributes of the preceding species, this tree is especially desirable to
many, because, in this species more than in most, the twigs resemble crosses.
That is, the tiny twigs are at right angles to the branches from which they arise.
Slightly more than six million individuals of this species were commercially har-
vested according to the government report cited above.

Throughout the eastern half of the United States, and especially in the south-
east, the Christmas tree used often is the red-cedar, Juniperus virginiaim. Native
or naturalized in a large number of habitats over the eastern half of the country,
many plants of this species are gathered by individuals from the forest as a sub-
stitute for the firs and spruces offered commercially. The small, scale-like needles
of this species give an entirely different aspect to this tree when compared with
the firs, spruces and pines. The prickly needles detract from the desirability of
this plant which usuall.v sells for a lower price than other species offered for sale.

In Pennsylvania and the eastern Great Lakes region the tree most often used
is the Scots pine, Pinus sijlvestris. If one considers Europe as well as North Amer-
ica, one finds this to be the species of pine most commonly used as a Christmas

[CO]

I\sf ndittsiiga mf nzh's}}. In the United States, the Doujflas fir is more often used as a Christmas tree than any other species.
(Ijt/f) Habit, {night) Cones and foliage.

tree. Since this species was introduced from Europe, all specimens produced
commercially come from planted stock. If given enough space to allow for proper
growth, it becomes a shapely tree. It responds well to pruning and shearing
which, when properly done, produces a very dense tree. The characteristic rather
orange-colored bark which may appear on plants of Christmas-tree size adds to
its attractiveness.

The four previously discussed species account for approximately seventy percent
of the trees commereially produced for this purpose. Not identified in any of the
correspondence submitted for this report is the remaining member of the first five
trees in commercial production, the black spruce, Picea mariana. This omission
is quite readily explained. The very small needles make the spray-painting of
this species especially successful ; thus many specimens are sold as very gaudily
painted trees. The black spruce is a very slow-growing tree; so slow, in fact,
that it often produces cones before reaching a salable size, the only tree listed
which generally does so. Most of the plants produced commercially are grown in
the swampy regions of Minnesota.

Of more interest than the trees grown in large commercial quantities are those
which are sold in limited numbers. These are trees which may be in commercial
production but have not been grown in sufficient quantities to appear over the
entire country, or trees whose ecological requirements are such that they will
not respond to the commercial growers’ agricultural practices.

In the northwestern portion of the United States and adjacent Canada many
large forests of conifers are found. Most of these species are utilized, either
through a commercial outlet or by individuals who cut their own trees. The
Douglas fir is native here and is often cut from the forest rather than purchased
from a dealer. The most desirable tree in this area is the Rocky Mountain or
subalpine fir, Abies lasiocarpa. In addition to the desirable characters found in the
balsam and Douglas firs, the subalpine fir is most attractive because of the strik-
ing contrast between the blue-green needles and the ashy-gray branchlets. Dif-
ficult to acquire, it commands a higher price when offered for sale and makes
what is to many people the most beautiful tree of all. Those who wish a much
less expensive and correspondingly much less desirable tree use the ponderosa
pine, Finns ponderosa. Common in many areas, it is probably more often cut from
the forest than purchased.

Decorative materials in this area are similar to those found in the remainder
of the country, with some use made of the species which occur locally. Branches
of the ponderosa pine are used as sprays for fireplace mantles and front doors.
I’he usual practice is to gather fallen cones to attach to the branch when dis-
played. Most wreaths and sprays are made from the giant western cedar or
arbor- vitae. Thuja plicata.

The plant dominating the landscape at the Christmas season varies from place
to place in this section. In the prairies the most conspicuous plant other than the

[6-2]

grasses is the big sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata. In the mountains below five
thousand feet in altitude, the Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, western larch, and
lodgepole pine dominate the scene. Above five thousand feet, the most conspicu-
ous trees are the subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce. On the coastal side of the
mountain ranges several cultivated broadleaf evergreens appear conspicuously.
Fruiting specimens of various Ma/ionia, Hilvus and holly species appear commonly.
One also finds the mountain ash and the cotoneasters to be very attractive be-
cause of their fruits.

The most common Christmas trees at the University of Alaska are the Douglas
fir and balsam fir, both of which are imported. The native species most often
used is the white spruce, Picea glauca. This is rather undesirable since this, as
well as other spruces, tends to loose its needles more readily than do the two
imported species. If cut early in the fall, the tree is rarely in good condition for
use at the holiday season due to needle loss. If cut during the early part of De-
cember the temperatures are often an minus forty degrees Fahrenheit, freezing
the tree and making it so brittle that it is not at all unusual to lose all the
branches when felling it.

At this latitude the vegetation is almost non-existent during the Christmas
season, with only the white and black spruces and the tamarack to be seen in
the countryside.

In California the situation parallels that found in the northwest, d'he Douglas
fir is native and used more often than any other species. However, several others
are used, either because they are more attractive or because they are available
at lower cost. Most species of pine and juniper fall into the latter category. A
tree often sought for and commanding a higher price is the white fir, Abies con-
color. 'Fhe large, soft needles found on this tree make it very decorative. Another
desirable native is the Noble fir, Abies nobilis. I'he out-of-doors living Christmas
tree decorated with colored lights is often the deodara cedar, Cedrus deodara.

Plants producing material for decorative uses are numerous here. Wreaths are
usually made from the coast redwood. Sequoia sempervirens or hollyleaf cherry,
Prunus Uic'ifoUa. Coming into wider use is the large-leafed hybrid of the latter
with the Catalina cherry, P. hfoni. d’he inhabitants of this area are fortunate to
have many plants grown in the area producing fruits at this time of year which
can be used in decorative arrangements. Phe one used most often is the toyon,
Pholinia arbut[foHa. Phis plant is so popular at this time of year that it is also
widely known as the Christrnas-berry . Other fruits used here are those of various
species of cotoneasters, of the firethorn, Pj/racanllia crenalo-serrala , and of the
pepper-tree, S/iinus moHjc I'he latter is often grown as a street tree. Plants con-
sidered decorative because of their foliage are mistletoe, Pboradendron ^flarescens
var. macropfij/lluniy and various species of cypress, mostly ('uj)ressus macrocarpa ,
Many pods and cones are often used and often t hese are gilded , silvered or colored
in various ways. In the coastal areas, particularly in southern Californi.a, poin-

settias, Euphorbia pulcherrimay Rud eucalyptus leaves, buds and capsules are used.
Citrus fruits are sometimes used, especially in the fashioning of Della Robia
wreaths which are often backed by the leaves of Magnolia gramlijiora or perhaps
English laurel. Primus laurocerasus. Magnolia leaves and fruits, usually dried,
sprayed or painted, are often used in decorations. The English holly. Ilex aqui-
Jblium, is found only occasionally. The commercial source of this plant is the
Pacific northwest. The plant is so expensive it is never freely used in decora-
tions, being more often worn as a corsage.

Northern California is dominated by the various gymnosperms located along
the coast and in the mountains. The endemic Sequoia along the coast is among
the most attractive. In the southern parts of the state one finds many exotic
plants, such as various species of palms which line the boulevards, the Schinus
mollis mentioned above, and the eucalyptus which is commonly found throughout
this region. Among the plants which are striking for their red fruits are the
Christmas-berry , Photinia arbutifolia^ various species of Cotoneaster, Pyracantha
on rare occasions, Crataegus.

The variation of local tastes is perhaps best illustrated by the reports gathered
from Louisiana and Texas. Probably the tree most commonly sold in this general
area is the Douglas fir. In New Orleans, however, the balsam fir was reported
to be the tree most commonly sold ; in San Antonio the blue noble fir, Abies
nobilis var. glauca, was the biggest seller. It should be pointed out that these
reports are from commercial sources. Many people cut their own trees, however,
which in Louisiana and eastern Texas are most likely to be the red-cedar or, in
some cases, the native pines. In western Texas other species of juniper are uti-
lized. A most unusual plant used for this purpose is the salt cedar, Tamarix gal-
lica. An angiospermous plant bearing a profusion of pink or white flowers in the
summer, it resembles in foliage and habit some of the scale-needled genera of
the gymnosperms. It is an introduced, arborescent weed growing in great abun-
dance along the watercourses and in saline areas throughout much of the south-
west. This plant is used by many of the Latin Americans in southern Texas.
Properly decorated and with perhaps a few branches added to make it more
dense, this is an attractive and inexpensive tree.

Decorative materials in this area are similar to those in other regions of the
United States. The three hollies. Ilex cornuta, I. decidua and I. vomitoria are
commonly used, the latter species being used more often than the first two. Py-
racantha species, poinsettias, and chrysanthemums are used in many homes. Not
widely practiced is the old custom of dipping wet plants of Tillandsia usneoides^
the Spanish moss, and T. recurvata, the ball moss, in flour and using them when
dry as snow drapes and snow balls.

Horticultural plants of interest at this time of year are the poinsettias which
are grown out of doors, often reaching a height of six feet. These plants are
somewhat of a risk to use since in San Antonio they may freeze as often as one

[64]

PLATE XI

(thies. In Europe, the Norway Spruce is used as a Christmas tree more than any other species.
(Lt'ft) Habit. {Ri(jht) Cones and foliaf^e.

year in two before the Christmas season. A plant which is being recommended
by the San Antonio nurserymen as the coming plant for Christmas display is
Ardesia crenulata^ a small, slow-growing shrub with glossy, dark evergreen leaves
and clusters of crimson berries which are retained all winter.

Among the trees which are noteworthy at this time of year are the various
species of junipers, pines and the oaks, some of which retain their leaves through-
out the winter. Many trees are parasitized with mistletoe which is quite promi-
nent at this time of year. Along the streams and in some drier areas the mesquite
is common. Late-flowering species of rabbit-brush, Chrysothamnus, may still bear
fruits at this time of year.

In the northern plains nearly all the trees used are imported. The most com-
monly imported tree is the Douglas fir. Some spruce and pine are used in small
quantities. The colorful Colorado blue spruce is sometimes imported here, as it
is in other areas. This tree makes a spectacular showing, particularly if it is a
good bright blue, and commands a higher price than do other trees commercially
available. The only native tree which is used to any extent is the red-cedar.
Most of these are obtained from pastures and woodlands by individuals cutting
trees for their own use.

Decorative material in this area is of imported greenery, usually arbor-vitae or
ponderosa pine from the Rocky Mountains, with a small amount of mistletoe and
holly imported from the South. The Christmas fern, Polystichum ncrostochoides^
is used as decorative material in areas where it can be collected easily. Little
commercial use of the plant is found.

'fhe area is a barren one in winter. The only relief from the monotony of the
grasslands and fields is furnished by the large, gaunt cottonwoods, Populus del-
toides, and the white-branched sycamore, Platanus occideidalis.

In the southeast, the red-cedar mentioned above is the tree most often sold
commercially. A large number of gymnosperms are native to this area and are
cut and sold in commercial quantities. Many other trees are cut by individuals
from the forest rather than purchased. A most attractive tree native to the Ap-
palachian Mountains of western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and south-
western V^irginia is the Fraser fir, Abies fraseri. In the area in which it is native
it is much sought after. It is a tree which the United States Department of
Agriculture has suggested as being suitable for cultivation as a commercial source
for Christmas trees. It is possible, therefore, that the use of this tree may be-
come more widespread, particularly in the southeast. Several species of pine are
also used. Among these are Pinus echinaia, the short-leaf pine, P. taeda, the lob-
lolly pine, P.elliotlii, Elliott’s pine and P. clausa, the sand pine. The use of these
species is closely linked to their lower sale price. One of the pines which does
make a very interesting and attractive tree is the longleaf pine, Pinus australis.
The character of this tree which makes it so desirable is the radiation from a
common point of the 10- to 20-inch needles in a star-like or rosette pattern

along the branches. A rather unusual Christmas tree for this area is the Arizona
cypress, Cupressus arizonica, which has blue-green, scale-like needles and a dense
growth habit. This native of the southwest grows slowly under the conditions
existing in its native habitat and is in some danger of being eradicated. In the
northeast this species is rarely seen and then only in sprays and wreaths. How-
ever, it is now being produced commercially in some quantity on Christmas tree
farms in South Carolina. The milder winters of the southeastern and southern
portions of the United States make possible the growth of many broadleaved
evergreen species which are not hard}’ farther north. Although not gymnosperms
and differing from them in nearly all characters except the retention of leaves
throughout the winter, some are used as Christmas trees. One species used for
this purpose is the American holly. Ilex opaca. The leaves of the native bull bay.
Magnolia grandiflora , are often used in the manufacture of wreaths, but the use
of it as a Christmas tree is rare enough that a description of its use may be of
some interest. Small trees (preferably pot-grown for this purpose) are treated
with one of the compounds used to remove the dull surface film from the leaves
and make them shiny. Fruits of this species are dipped in shellac, dusted with
metallic powder or any of the colored powders of this type and allowed to dry.
The fruits are then fitted with hangers and placed on the tree in the same man-
ner as are glass ornaments on traditional trees. Strings of popcorn complete the
decoration.

The southeast is fortunate in having many of the plants which are used for
decorative material either as native or as introduced plants which survive in this
mild climate. Smilax laurijolia, several species of holly, various glossy-leaved
evergreen species of privet and Magnolia grandiflora are used as sources of foliage
materials. In much of the area mistletoe is native and can be collected rather
than purchased. The various pines, in particular the longleaf pine, are used in
the construction of wreaths and sprays. Swags and sprays are sometimes made
from the Australian pine, Casuarina equiseiijolia, as well. Although actually an
angiosperm, the branchlets of the latter resemble the needles of the pine and the
cone-like fruits produced by this species heightens this resemblance.

Berried fruits commonly seen in this area are borne by species of Pj/racanllia ^
Cotoneasier and Ardisia. Plants found to be in fiower at this time of year include
various species of camellias and flowering (juinces. Sahal pahnetio is a native to the
(julf Coast area and is very prominent at the holiday season. Phe royal palm
Roystonia regia^ though native to Florida, appears (|uite exotic to the visitor from
the more northern areas. Cultivated palms include fl a.sliinglonia rohnxta and
Phoenix canariensis. Many species of oaks in this area are evergreen and are usu-
ally known as live oaks because of this characteristic. 'I’he living Christmas tree
with the greatest limb spread is a .SOO-year-old live oak witli a spread of 11.)
feet. Crowing in Hilton I’ark in Wilmington, North C’arolina, this tree displays
seven thousand lights and bears six tofis of .Spanish moss.

Caribbean Area

In the Caribbean region the Christmas trees are usually species of pine. The
principal one used is Pinus caribaea^ the Caribbean pine. Various firs and spruces
are also imported for some of the more wealthy residents. The Douglas firs pro-
duced in Montana are sold as far south as Puerto Rico. Several species of angio-
sperms are used here. One so used is the Australian pine mentioned above.
Another is a broadleaved angiosperm of the genus Ramlia which is used in Puerto
Rico. The special advantage of this plant is that it bears white fruits at Christ-
mas and thus is already partly decorated.

Flowering plants are an integral part of the holiday scene in this subtropical
and tropical region. Here the poinsettia, often used as a hedge, spreads its flam-
ing beauty free from the danger of frost damage. Two flowering plants which
have wide acceptance at this season are Porana paniculata and Antigonon leptopus.
The first species is a member of the convolvulus family. A relative of the morn-
ing glory, it is a vigorous, evergreen woody climber covered with a profusion of
tiny, fragrant white flowers borne in panicles at the top of each branchlet. The
leaves are large, heartshaped and densely pubescent beneath. Several common
names have been applied to this plant. In Trinidad it is known as corallila ; in
Florida as the snow-creeper or the Christmas vine. The latter name is not appro-
priate in Florida since normally it flowers long before Christmas and bears only
the unsightly fruits at this time. Antigonon is a member of the buckwheat family
known as coral-vine in Florida and as corallita in the West Indies. A rapidly
growing climber clinging by tendrils, the plant is valued because of its large ra-
cemes of rose-pink flowers borne freely throughout the flowering season.

South America

The practice of using Christmas trees has not been widely adopted in South
America and at present is confined to some of the immigrant populations there.
Most of these people use artificial trees. It is possible that the use of Christmas
trees will become more widespread in the future. At least, the commercial
houses in the larger cities now use them in their seasonal decorations.

Europe

Throughout Europe the most common Christmas tree is the Norway spruce,
Picea ahies. This species has been introduced into the United States and is
widely cultivated, but constitutes only about two per cent of the total commer-
cial production of Christmas trees. It is dense, symmetrical and has good color
and fragrance, but it has a tendency to drop its needles when subjected to high
indoor temperatures. The cooler temperatures maintained in European homes pro-
long the beauty of the tree and this probably accounts for its greater popularity.

[68]

Great Britain

The Christmas trees of Great Britain are most often the Norway spruce and
the Scots pine. Other species may be used as they are locally’ available.

The customs of Christmas in Great Britain are more familiar to us than those
of any other country. The Yule lo^ and the plum pudding are traditions well
known to all. The decorative materials are also widely known, although the
familiar common names may refer to quite different plants. For example, mistle-
toe is widel.v used but it is somewhat surprising to find that the mistletoe of
Great Britain and Europe is J'iscum album while in America it is Phoradendron
flavescens. Both are members of the Loranthaceae, however. The former has
fiowers in terminal clusters, with anthers adnate to the perianth lobes and an-
thers opening by pores; the latter has fiowers in spikes, with the anthers free
from the perianth lobes and opening by slits. In most other characters they re-
semble one another and the American substitution is a logical one. Other foliage
plants used in wreaths, sprays and corsages are English holly. Hex nquifolium,
cherry laurel, Priimts laurocerasus, and Portugal laurel, P. lusiianica.

A practice still found in certain areas of Great Britain and Europe is that of
bringing indoors potted cherry or hawthorn trees so that they may fiower at
Christmas. In England a popular superstition is connected with St. Joseph of
Arimathea, whose staff put forth leaves when he planted it in the earth at Glas-
tonbury and by tradition thereafter fiowered at Christmas. At the time of the
last revision of the calendar the traditionalists who opposed the change used this
plant as a proof that the revision was wrong. Since that time the tree has
bloomed from the old Christmas to the new, thus supporting both views.

Ireland

In addition to the Norway spruce, the Irish use Picea sitcheusis^ the Sitka
spruce, introduced from the West Coast of the United States. 'I'he traditional
decorative plants in Ireland are the holly, the mistletoe and the poinsettia. Other
plants which are commonly encountered are Solanum capsicastrinu^ the Jerusalem
cherry, the English ivy and various azaleas, all of which are grown in pots.

'Frees and shrubs in fiower during the holiday season include Pruuus suhhirteUa
var. autumnalis, I ihurnum frafirans and Jasmiuum nudlflorum. Fhe fiowering of
these plants at this time of year at latitudes much farther north than Boston is
a refiection of the milder winters produced as a result of the influence of the Gulf
Stream. 'Frees and shrubs which are conspicuous because of the fruits are the
strawberry tree. Arbutus uttedo^ which bears red fruits and white fiowers at this
season, and various s|)ccies of Pernetli/a , whose red fruits are most attractive. In
addition to the f)ines, firs and yews whose foliage is particularly prominent at
this time, one is especially conscious of the F.nglish holly in the country districts
arid of the various color forms of ( liamaeci/paris la'csouiaua in the gardens.

Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg

The region which includes Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg and north-
ern France is one in which the Norway spruce is most widely used. The white
and Colorado spruces are sometimes substituted, but these are somewhat rare
and, according to my correspondents, much more expensive.

The decorative materials used are typical of most European areas. Sprays usu-
ally consist of cone-bearing branches of Abies nordma/iniaria, the Nordmann fir,
tied with colored ribbons. Fruiting branches of Fmglish holly, the black alder
or winterberry, //c.r verlicil/ata^ Cotoneaster salicifolia and C. horizoutalis are also
used in the decorative scheme. An unusual note is the use of flowering branches
of Hamamelis mol/is, the witch hazel. Various lichens and mosses are used as gar-
lands in place of the lycopodias and selaginellas used in the eastern United States.

Woody plants usually in flower are Primus subhirtella var. autimmalis, Parrotia
persicd, Hamamelis virgiuiana, H. mollis and Erica carnea. Fruiting plants of note
are the pyracanthas, cotoneasters and hollies.

Germany

The Christmas trees of Germany are of the same species as those listed for the
preceding area. Most of the decorative material is identical except for the use
of Acacia foliage and the cone-bearing branches of Douglas fir used in sprays.

Scandinavia

Tne Norwegians and Swedes have used Christmas trees for little over one
hundred years. The Scots pine was first used, but has been largely replaced by
the Norway spruce. Other species of spruce or fir which are locally available are
also used. In this area of large, coniferous forests the symbolism of an evergreen
tree is not so marked as it is in the beech belt. The holly is occasionally used to
make a Christmas tree, as it is in the southeastern United States.

Decorative material is usually holly, with an occasional spruce or fir bough
used as a spray. Old Norwegian Christmas traditions usually did not include
green decorations. In a few places green branches were hung over doors and
windows, but such traditions were less widespread than those concerned with
the use of sheaves of grain.

Potted plants used at this time of year include the Christmas rose, Heleborus
uiger, the poinsettia, here sometimes called the Christmas star, and the Christ-
mas cactus, Epiphi/llum tnmcafum.

Spain

In Spain the use of Christmas trees began even more recently than it did in
the Scandinavian countries, but has already had considerable effect upon the
flora of the country. The first plant used was the silver fir, Abies alba. Unre-

[70]

PLATE XII

(. fhorc) (’ones and f’olia^^e of .///////;#■/•///< t lie r<*(l cedar. (Ihlmr) Cones

and foliavfe of a species of (Uij)rrssiiit. 'I’liis >fcnns is ns«*d often as a source of (’hrist-
nias trees in the Middle East and Africa.

stricted cutting of this tree brought destruction to the few woods of the species
that existed in the country. The trees currently in use are the Scots pine, Eng-
lish yew, Taxus baccata, and the cultivated Spanish fir, Abies pinsapo.

English holly is used for decorative material here, as it is in most European
areas. The mistletoe in Spain is Viscum laxum, a different species, though the
same genus, from that used in northern Europe. Ruscus aculeotus^ the butcher’s
broom, a weed in various parts of the Mediterranean region, is used in some
homes for decorative purposes. No information is available as to whether in Spain
it is dyed bright shades of red, pink or green, as is done in the United States.

Forests in Spain and Portugal are quite restricted as compared with the large
forests of northern Europe. Two broadleaved evergreens are very commonly seen,
the economically important cork oak, Quercus suber^ and the olive, Olea enropaea.
The latter is widely cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region. In Barce-
lona the Spanish fir is cultivated in sufficient quantities to be a prominent part
of the scene.

Asia

Israel and Lebanon

The areas in which the Christian religion had its beginnings are now under
the control of governments whose official religions are not Christian. However,
some Christians live in these areas and they use decorative materials in celebra-
tion of this religious holiday. In Jerusalem the trees commonly used are Cupres-
sus sempervirens var. horizontale^ the Arizona cypress, Cupressus arizonica, and the
Aleppo pine, Pinus halapensis. In Lebanon the stone pine, Pi/ius pinea, the ever-
green cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, the Brutian pine, Pinus brutia, and the
Cilician fir, Abies cilicica, are also used when available. Surprisingly, the Cedar
of Lebanon, Cedrus libani, is not used for this purpose. It would seem that the
Biblical connotations of this plant should have caused this to be one of the more
symbolically desirable trees.

Little decorative material is cited from Lebanon. The only plant specifically
mentioned is mistletoe, probably a different one from that used in northern
h>urope. In Jerusalem many plants are at their best at this season. Asparagus
sprengeri and various species of cotoneasters are used for their red fruits. The
cone-like fruits of the Australian pine, Casuarina equisetijolia and the acorns of
(Riercus caliprinos are commonly used in arrangements. Foliage material of Aca-
cia, laurel, evergreen privets, myrtle, the pistacio, Pistacia leniiscus, rosemary,
Rhamnus alternus, and several species of pittosporum offer a wide variety of leaf
size, shape and texture.

India

Replies from a Catholic college and a Hindu university indicate that the prac-
tice of using Christmas trees has not been adopted by the Christians of India.

[ 7-2 ]

This may be due to the lack of trees suitable for the purpose in the areas con-
tacted. However, decorative materials are used in the celebration of the holiday.
Several native species of flscum are used as mistletoe and in the southern part
of Bombay State one of the f?round pines, Lycopodium cernuum, is a traditional
decorative material. Holly is not native to this area but a fjood substitute is
Acanthus ilicrfblius, whose leaves are remarkably like those of holly. The use of
this plant is restricted, since it occurs abundantly only in mangrove swamps near
the sea.

The environment in this area is quite different from those previously described
and the vegetation is an expression of that difference. More conspicuous than
the occasional conifers are such wood.v plants as Olea dioica (a member of the
same genus as the olive previously mentioned), the clockvine, Thunbergia Jaevis,
and the allamanda, AUamanda cathartica, all of which flower at this time.

Thailand

The southeastern asiatic country of Thailand with its temples and oriental
pagentry is one in which the use of Christmas trees might not be expected.
However, both indigenous and exotic species of trees are used for this purpose.
Several species of the genus Araucaria, the monkey puzzle trees, are native and
are used as they are locally available. The introduced angiospermous Casuarina
equiset’ifolia and C. junghuhniana are more commonly used than any other trees.

Flowers used in Christmas decorations are very much different from those in
use in Kurope or North America. Some mentioned in particular were orchids,
gerberas and roses. The poinsettia is grown out-of-doors here and is ver,v large
and showy at this time of year.

In this tropical area it is extremely difficult to name one or more plants as be-
ing characteristic of the landscape. Most of the trees and shrubs are not in flower
at this season and thus the individual plants tend to be lost in the masses of foliage.

Japan

'I'he Christmas tree custom is well establislied in the Christian population of
Japan. 'I'he tree used more than any other is the Momi fir, Abies ^firma. Other
conifers are used when available. I'he Norway spruce is cultivated in this coun-
try and is used in limited (juantities.

Decorative materials are varied and plentiful in this country, and when arrangcil
with the traditional skill of the Japanese, result in a movingly beautiful display.
Sandina domestica is justly f)opular for the decorative effects of its clumps of erect,
reedlike stems, large, fernlike leaves which become red in winter and its clusters
of bright scarlet fruits, ('hloranihus glaber is used for its shiny leaves. I'lie chry-
santhemum, national Hower of .Ia|)an, is used in bou(|uets at this time, as well .as
for other celebrations during the year. Poinsettia is grown out-of-doors and is
most attractive. Spiraea thunbergii ina.v still be in flower on the southern isl.ands

of the chain and when available is also used, as are sprays of tulips, irises and
carnations. Branches of Ilex serrata are used quite widely, but the use of the
European holly is rare. Potted plants, generally cyclamens, cineraria, primulas
and orchids are also in demand.

Among the more prominent trees and shrubs are the wild and cultivated plants
of Ilex serrata which display red berries, cultivated plants of Camellia sasanqua,
Eriobotrya japonica^ the loquat, in fruit at this time, Pyracantha angustifolia, con-
spicuous in fruit and widely used as a hedge, Fatsia japonica and the Xamlina
domestica mentioned above.

Africa

The use of Christmas trees on the continent of Africa is limited to the southern
half where the population contains large numbers of Dutch and English colonists
whose ancestors brought the custom with them. The conifers native to this area
are members of the genus fl lddringtonia. These species are not used, however,
and so Christmas in South Africa is generally celebrated with introduced trees.
In Rhodesia Cupressiis arizomca^ the Arizona cypress, and C. torulosa from China
are most often used, though Pinus patiila from Mexico and P. halepensis from
southern Europe and western Asia, as well as Cryptomeria japonica from Japan
are also used to a lesser extent. In the Cape Provinces Pinus pinaster, a native
of the Mediterranean area, is the most commonly used tree, while the inhabi-
tants of Transvaal use Pinus Ion gifoUa Riid Cedrus deodara, natives of the Himalayas.

As was the case in India, some substitutions are made for typical English
plants. Psorosperrnum fehrifugum, a member of the family Guttiferae, is used in
place of holly, while several indigenous species of Viscum are substituted for V.
album, the mistletoe of northern Europe. The reversal of the seasons in the
Southern Hemisphere causes Christmas to fall in early summer at the height of
the growing season. Flowers, plentiful at this time, form the basis for most
Christmas decorations and include dahlias, zinnias, asters, gladioli, roses, chry-
santhemums and various so-called daisies. Often the fronds of several Asparagus
species are used with paper streamers about the walls of a room or are made to
trail down the center of dining tables. A somewhat unusual decorative plant is
Asclepias vhysocarpa. Quite weedy in growth, its large, inflated pods which ap-
pear in December are used in flower arrangements. In recent years the more
progressive florists have exhibited these pale green, slightly prickly pods in their
window displays where they are quite striking, especially when partially sprayed
with silver and used in Christmas bouquets. The soft papery pods of this species
grow to about two and one-half inches in diameter and are nearly spherical in
shape. The plant is called wild cotton because the seed pod opens to reveal seeds
attached to a mass of silky white hairs.

One of the peculiarities of the Southern Hemisphere is found in the linking
of certain plants in flower at this time with the celebration of Christmas. One of

PLATE XIII

(/ifiore) Various species of fir sliowiiij^ the eross-like arraiijfemeut of the terminal
ami lateral branehlets. Top row: Jh'nslntls(nmttmn\ J.ronrohtr. liottom row: ./.

lower surface; upper surface; and J . h'nnohjtis. (/Irhnr) I Ir.r roniiforia. A
native holly of the Southern Coastal Plain, used locally as a source* of (h'corative
material .

the most widely grown plants connected with the season is Hydrangea macrophylJa ,
known throughout the region as Christmas flowers. This choice may seem odd
to the inhabitants of the Northern Hemisphere accustomed to seeing this plant
flower in August. Pavetta boxckeri is known widely in South Africa as the Christ-
mas bush. This plant is a dainty, evergreen shrub which grows to a height of
from three to six feet. In December and January it bears attractive, rounded
heads of pure white flowers, each head measuring from three to four inches in
diameter. The heads consist of a compact cluster of small, long-tubed flowers
opening into four starry, pointed petals. Their decorative value is enhanced by
the delicate white styles which protrude from each flower. The oval, tapering
leaves are a deep glossy green and measure about two to three inches in length.
The shrub is closely related to Lvora and is a member of the Rubiaceae. It occurs
as a native in all provinces except the southwestern cape. Sandersonia aurantica
is known as Christmas bells or as the Chinese-lantern lily. As indicated by the
second common name, this plant is a member of the lily family and is closely re-
lated to Gloriosa and Littonia. Each attractive, clear orange flower is over one
inch long and one-half inch in diameter. It is puffed into the shape of a bell and
is slightly constricted at the mouth where it is flushed with yellow. Each single
flower hangs down gracefully from a curved, wiry flower stalk. It is in some
danger of eradication due to depradations of thoughtless collectors. While the
previous plant is known as Christmas bells, Blandjhrdia Jiammea is known as the
Christmas bell. It is also a member of the lily family bearing clusters of yellow-
tipped, red bells, on tliree-foot stems. Chironia baccijera^ a member of the Gen-
tian family, is known as the Christmas berry. This plant is an evergreen peren-
nial growing to a height of about eighteen inches, forming a rounded mass of
thin green upright stalks, bearing narrow, rather fleshy leaves. In November and
December the small bushes are covered with bright pink, star-shaped flowers
which are followed immediately by scarlet berries about the size of peas.

In addition to the plants listed above which are prominent, the rainy season
brings other tropical and sub-tropical trees and shrubs to full flower. Among the
more showy are bougainvilleas, the flamboyant, the frangipanni, acacias and
bauhinias. The traditional temperate zone festivities are superimposed upon com-
pletely different climatic conditions, tending to give an artificial complexion to
the holidays.

Australia and New Zealand

The English settlers of Australia and New Zealand brought with them the
customs of their native land and adapted them to the conditions they found in
the new homes. Here also, Christmas is a midsummer holiday. In many areas
of Australia the Christmas tree is a species of A araucaria planted in a tub, to be
decorated and displayed out-of-doors. The native Ca/iilris glauca and C. propin-
qua are used as cut trees when available. Pinas radiata, introduced from Mexico,

and P. canariensis of the Canary Islands are also used. Perhaps the most exotic
plant used is Exocarpos cupressiforviis^ the cherry ballart, a member of the san-
dalwood family. Although an angiosperm, this tree has foliage resembling a cy-
press or, more closely, a CalUtris. The fruit is a berrylike seed borne at the tip
of the branch on a red stalk. The fruit and the stalk serve as built-in decorations
in the same manner as the Ramlia fruits do in Puerto Rico.

Here the practice of linking certain flowering plants with Christmas is carried
a step further than it is in Africa. In Australia and New Zealand each state has
its own Christmas tree or shrub, a plant which is in spectacular flower at this
time of year. One of the most colorful is Ceratopetalum gummiferum, the Christ-
mas tree of New South Wales. This is usually ten to fifteen feet tall, occasion-
ally reaching heights of forty feet or more. The orange flowers, borne in very
large clusters, are picked on Christmas day. The Christmas tree of New Zealand
is Metrosideros exce/sa, a member of the Myrtaceae, to which Eucalyptus and Cali-
amlra, the powder puff tree belong. Covered with red inflorescences whose show-
iness is due to the colorful stamens, it is the most spectacular plant to be seen
in New Zealand at this time of year.

The difference in season is well illustrated by the problems which arise in the
use of holly. All holly used in decorations is used for the foliage since the fruits
which were so attractive with us are at their best in the month of June.

It would seem that the early celebrants of Christmas in western Europe have
handed down some very durable traditions. Wherever they have migrated, and
indeed, throughout the Christian world, they have celebrated Christmas with the
fir, the holly and the mistletoe, and where these are not to be had, other green
trees and other red berries or flowers carry on the theme of Christmas.

BruDF/n’K E. Wagenknkcht

[77]

INDEX TO VOLUME XIX
Illustrations are in bold face type.

Abies alba, 7 0

Abies balsamea, 60; Plate XIII, 75

— cilicica, 7 2

Abies concolor, 63; Plate XIII, 75

— firma, 7 3

— fraseri, 66

Abies homolepis, Plate XIII, 75

— lasiocarpa, 6^2

— nobilis, 63
glauca, 64-

— nordmanniana, 70

— pinsapo, 7 2

Abies veitchii, Plate XIII, 75
Acacia, 70, 72
Acanthus ilicifolius, 73
Acer pest, 4-, 7
Aesculus pest, 6, 7
Allamanda cathartica, 73
Amelanchier pest, 5, 7
Ampelopsis pest, 6, 7
Anthracnose, 3, 8
Antigonon, 68

— leptopus, 68

**Arboretums and Botanical Gardens
of North America,*’ 58
Arbutus unedo, t)9
Ardesia crenulata, 66
Arnold Arboretum, Lecture Slides, 14

, Fall Classes, 58

, Spray Schedule, 1-10

, Spring Classes, 22

Artemisia tridentata, 63
.Asclepias physocarjja, 74
Asparagus sprengeri, 72
.Auraucaria, 76
Azalea bark scale, t), 7, 9

Azalea pests, 4, 5, 6, 7

Bacterial blight, 3, 9

Ballart, cherry, 77

Beech wooly aphid, 4, 7

Bell, Christmas, 76

Bells, Christmas, 76

Berry, Christmas, 76

Best of the Crab Apples, 17-20

Betula pest, 3, 7

Birch leaf miner, 3, 7

Buxus pests, 4, 5, 7

Black vine weevil, 5, 9

Blandfordia flammea, 76

Booklet on Lilacs from Russia, 31-3

Boxwood leaf miner, 4, 7

— psylla, 4, 7
Callitris glauca, 7 6

— propinqua, 76
Camellia sasanqua, 74
Cankerworm, 4, 7, 8, 9
Carya pest, 4, 7

Casuarina equisetifolia, 67, 72
Catalpa pest, 4, 7
Cedar apple rust, 2, 7, 8
Cedar, red, 60; Plate XII, 71
— , salt, 64

Cedrus deodara, 63, 74

— libani, 7 2
Celastrus pest, 2, 5, 7
Ceratopetalum gummiferum, 77
Chaenomeles pests, 2, 7
Chamaecy paris lawsoniana, 69

— pest, 5, 7
Chironia l)accifera, 76
Chloranthus glaber, 73
Christmas IMants, Africa, 74

Christmas Plants Around the World,

o9~ I I

, Australia and New Zealand,

76-77

, Belgium, Netherlands, and

Luxemburg, 70

, Caribbean Area, 68

, Europe, 68

, Germany, 70

, Great Britain, 69

, India, 72

, Ireland, 69

, Israel and Lebanon, 72

, Japan, 73

, Scandinavia, 70

, South America, 68

, Spain, 70, 72

, Thailand, 73

, United States, 60-67

, the Tradition and the Trade,

60

Chrysanthemum, 73

Chrysothamnus, 66

Classes, Fall, Arnold Arboretum, 58

— , Spring, Arnold Arboretum, 22

Cornus pest, 5, 7

Cotoneaster horizontalis, 70

— pests, 3, 5, 7

— salicifolia, 70

Crab Apples, Best of the, 17-20

, double or semi-double flowers,

18

, foliage color, 18-19

, further trials needed for, 20-22

, lasting fruit, 18

of Merit, 15-22

, ornamental fruits, 18

, pink and white flowers, 17

, pink flowers, 17

, red to reddish flowers, 17

, reddish-purple flowers, 17

, unique forms, 20

, white flowers, 17

Crataegus pests, 2, 3, 7
Cryptomeria japonica, 74
Cultivars of Syringa vulgaris offered
for sale, 27-28
Cupressus, Plate XII, 7l

— arizonica, 67, 72, 74

— macrocarpa, 63

— sempervirens, 72
horizontale, 72

— torulosa, 7 4
Cypress, Arizona, 67
Dirca pest, 2, 5, 7
Diseases, 2-9

Dogwood twig borer, 5, 7, 9, 56
Dutch elm disease, 2, 6
Elm bark beetle, 2, 6, 9

— leaf beetle, 4, 9

— leaf miner, 3, 9
Epiphyllum truncatum, 70
Erica carnea, 70
Eriobotrya japonica, 74
Euonymus pest, 2, 5, 7

— scale, 2, 5, 7, 9
Euphorbia pulcherrima, 64
European pine shoot moth, 2, 6, 8
Exocarpos cupressiformis, 77
Fagus pest, 4, 7

Fatsia japonica, 74

Fir, balsam, 60, 64

Fir, Douglas, 60; Plate X, 61 ; 70

— , Fraser, 66

— , silver, 70

— , Spanish, 72

— , subalpine, 62

Fire-blight, 3, 7, 8, 9

Flat-headed apple tree borer, 5, 9

Forsythia ‘Arnold Dwarf,’ 12

— ‘Beatrix Farrand,’ 12
Forsythia europaea, Plate I, 13
Forsythia intermedia spectabilis,

12 ; Plate I, 13

[80]

Forsythia japonica saxatilis, Plate
I, 13

— ‘Lynwood Gold,’ 12
Forsythia ovata, Plate I, 13; 14'

— ‘Spring Glory,’ 12
Forsythia suspensa fortunei, 1 1 ;

Plate I, 13

Forsythia suspensa sieboldii, 1 1 ;
Plate 1, 13

— , These are the, 11-14-
Fraxinus pest, 2, 3, 4, 7
Gleditsia pest, 5, 7
Golden oak scale, 2, d, 8
Hamamelis mollis, 70

— virginiana, 70
Hawthorn leaf miner, 3, 7
Heleborus niger, 70
Holly leaf miner, 5, 8
Hydrangea macrophylla, 76

— pest, 6, 7

Ilex aquifolium, 64, 69

— cornuta, 64

— decidua, 64

— opaca, 67

— pest, 5, 8

— serrata, 74

— verticillata, 70

Ilex vomitoria, 64; Plate XHI, 75
Insects, 2-9

Japanese beetle, 6, 7, 9
Jasminurn nuditlorum, 69
Juglans pest, 4, 8
Juniper scale, 2, 4, 8, 9

— web- worm, 3, 8
Juniperus pests, 2, 3, 4, 8
Juniperus virginiana, (iO ; Plate XII,

71

Kalrnia leaf spot, 4, 8

— pest, 4, 8
Key, lilac, 24

— , Nursery Code, 30
Kolesnikov, L., 31-35

Lacebug, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9
Larch case-bearer, 4, 8
Larix pest, 4, 8

Lecture Slides on the Arnold Arbo-
retum, 14

Ligustrum pest, 4, 8

Lilac and privet incompatibility de-
picted by overgrowth of the scion,
Plate V, 41

— booklet from Russia, 31-35

— borer, 3, 7, 9

— insects and diseases, 2, 3, 4, 9

Lilac scion own-root development
in one year, Plate IV, 39
Lilac scion own-root development
after two years, Plate VI, 43
Lilac, thirty-five-year-old own-root,
maintained in condition of self-
renewal by systematic pruning,
Plate HI, 37
Lilacs, grafting, 44, 45
— , hardwood cuttings, 42
— , layers and division, 42, 44

— of New England, 23-30
— , planting, 38, 40

— , Propagation and Care, 36-45
— , seed, 44

— , softwood cuttings, 40, 42
Lily, Chinese-lantern, 76
Locust borer, 6, 9

— twig borer, 5, 9
Lyco{)odium cernuum, 73
Lysenko, A.l)., 31
Magnolia grand idora, 64, 67
Malus ‘Dorothea,’ 16

— ‘Henry 1’. du Pont,* 16
Malus ‘Katherine,’ Plate 11, 19

— |)ests, 2, 3, 5, 8

— ‘ Red Silver, * 1 6

— sargentii, 18
Mealybugs, t, 7, 8, 9
Metase(|U()ia pests, (>, 8

[81 ]

Metrosideros excelsa, 77
Michurin, I. 31-35
Mistletoe, 69, 72
Mite, 7, 8, 9

Nandina domestica, 73, 74
Nursery Code, Key to, 30
Oak, cork, 72
Oberea tripunctata, 56
Olea dioica, 73

— europaea, 72
Oystershell scale, 2, 7, 8, 9
Pachistima pest, 5, 8
Pachysandra pest, 5, 8
Park, Thomas, 57
Parrotia persica, 70
Pavetta bowkeri, 76

Peach tree borer, 6, 8
Pests frequently destructive in the
Arnold Arboretum, 7-9
Phoenix canariensis, 67
Phoradendron flavescens, 69

macrophyllum, 63

Photinia arbutifolia, 63, 64
Picea abies, Plate XI, 65 ; 68

— glauca, 63

— mariana, 62

— pests, 2, 5, 8

— sitchensis, 69
Pieris pest, 4, 8
Pine bark aphid, 4, 8
— , longleaf, 66

— needle scale, 2, 8
— , Scots, 60, 72
Pinus australis, 66

— brutia, 72

— canariensis, 77

— caribaea, 68

— clausa, 66

— echinata, 66

— elliottii, 66

— halepensis, 72, 74

— longifolia, 74

— patula, 74

— pests, 2, 4, 6, 8

— pinaster, 74

— pinea, 7 2

— ponderosa, 62

— radiata, 76

— sylvestris, 60

— taeda, 66
Pistacia lentiscus, 72

Plant Collecting in the Southeastern
United States, 45-46
Platanus occidentalis, 66

— pest, 3, 9

Polystichum acrostochoides, 66
Populus deltoides, 66

— pest, 2, 8
Porana paniculata, 68
Powdery mildew, 5, 9
Propagation and Care of Lilacs, 36-45
Prunus ilicifolia, 63

— laurocerasus, 64, 69

— lusitanica, 69
■ — lyoni, 63

— pests, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8

— subhirtella autumnalis, 69, 70
Pseudotsuga menziesii, 60 ; Plate X,

61

Psorospermum febrifugum, 74
Pyracantha angustifolia, 74

— crenato-serrata, 63
Pyrus pests, 2, 3, 5, 8
Quercus caliprinos, 72

— pests, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9

— suber, 72

Red spider, 5, 8, 9
Rhamnus alternus, 72
Rhododendron pests, 4, 6, 9
Robinia pests, 5, 6, 9
Rosa pests, 5, 6, 9

— rugosa pest, 5, 9
Roystonia regia, 67
Ruscus aculeatus, 72

Sabal palmetto, 67
Salix pest, 4, 9

ISandersonia aurantica, 76
San Jose scale, 2, 7
i Sassafras pest, 6, 9
! Sax, Karl, 57
I Schinus, mollis, 68, 64-
I Scurfy scale,

J Sequoia, endemis, 64

f

I — sempervirens, 63

|j Small Amounts of Spray Materials, 10

j Smilax laurifolia, 67

I Solanum capsicastrum, 69

j Sorbus pests, 2, 3, 5, 9

I Spiraea thunbergrii, 73

, Spray Materials, 2-6

1 , Small Amounts of, 10

— Schedule, The Arnold Arboretum,
1-10

Spruce, black, 62
— gall aphid, 2, 8
— mite, 5, 7, 9
— , white, 63

Spruce, Norway, Plate XI, 65; 68
Syringa amurensis japonica, 25
— chinensis, 29
— josikaea, 25
— laciniata, 29
— microphylla, 26
— pests, 2, 3, 4, 9
— pinnatifolia, 29
— reflexa, 25
— sweginzowii, 26
— tornentella, 26
— velutina, 26
— villosa, 26
— vulgaris, 26
alba, 26

cultivars for sale, 27-28

, blue, 27

— , lilac, 27

, magenta, 28

, pink, 27

, purple, 28

, violet, 27

, white, 27

— yunnanensis, 25

— X persica, 29
Tarnarix gallica, 64
faxus baccata, 72

— pests, 4, 5, 9
'Pent caterpillar, 3, 8
Thomas, Joab, 57
4'huja pests, 4, 5, 9

— plicata, 62
Thunbergia laevis, 73
Tilia pests, 4, 5, 6, 9
Tillandsia recurvata, 64

— usneoides, 64
Tree, strawberry, 69
Tsuga pest, 5, 9

Ulmus pests, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
Viburnum acerifolium, 50,
— , arrowwood, 50

— bodnantense, 56

— burkwoodii, 48, 52

— carlcephalum, 48, 52

— carlesii, 48, 52
com pacta, 56

— cassinoides, 52
nanurn, 56

— chenaultii, 56

— dentatum, 50

— dilatatum, 48, 49, 50
xanthocarpurn, 50

— fragrans, 52, (59

— - — ‘ Bowles, ' 5()

compactum, 5()

nanurn, 56

— juddii, 1-8, 52

— lantana, 50
rugosum, 52

— lantanoides, 50, 52

— lentago, t9, 52

V^iburnum opulus, 49, 50

• compactum, 50, 52

nanum, 52

‘Notcutt’s Variety,’ 56

roseum, 49

xanthocarpum, 50

— pest, 5, 9

— plicatum ^Lanarth,’ 54
Viburnum plicatum mariesii, 49 ;

Plate VII, 5 1 ; 54
Viburnum plicatum roseum, 49 ;
Plate VIII, 53 ; 54

tomentosum, 49

varieties, 50

” pest, 56

— prunifolium, 52

— rhytidophylloides, 52

— rufidulum, 52

— trilobum, 49, 50

compactum, 50, 52

- — veitchii, 50

— wrightii, 50
hessei, 50, 54

— sargentii, 49

— flavum, 50

— setigerum aurantiacum, 50

— sieboldii, 49, 50, 52
reticulatum, 52

— , snowball, Chinese, 49
— , — , European, 49
— , — , Japanese, 49

— trilobum ‘Pink Flowered Form,’
56

Viburnums, 47-56
— , for flowers, 47-49
— , — foliage, 52
— , — fruits, 50, 52
— , — habit, 52-54
— , — shade, 52
— , not recommended, 54, 56
— , Order of Bloom, 49-50
Viscum, 73, 74

— album, 69

— laxum, 72
Vitis pest, 6, 9
Washingtonia robusta, 67
White pine weevil, 2, 8
Widdringtonia, 74
Willow-leaf beetle, 4, 9

1

*

4 •;

f

1

■

i