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ARNOLD ARBORETUM

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

V

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

VOLUME XXIX

1969

PUBLISHED BY THE

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

JAMAICA PLAIN, MASSACHUSETTS

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 MARCH 7, 1969 Number 1

PLANT REGISTRATIONS

Every so often during the past 8 years new cultivars which have been regis- tered by the Arnold Arboretum have been published in Arnoldia. (See Arnoldia, Vol. 21 : 9-1 8 ; 3 1 -34 ; 39-42 ; 47-50. Vol. 23 : 1 7-75 ; 77-83 ; 85-92 ; 111-118. Vol. 24: 1-8; 41-80. Vol. 26: 13-16. Vol. 27 : 16-66). Included in this issue are those which have been registered between August 25, 1967 and January 1, 1969. All correspondence concerned with more information, plants or propagating material of these plants should be directed to the various origina- tors or introducers, not the Arnold Arboretum.

Carissa grandiflora ‘Tom Humphreys’

A variegated form of Carissa grandiflora, this was first observed in 1962 at the Humphreys Nursery, North Miami, Florida, by Ralph L. Thurston who says that the leaves show a “white to yellowish variegation, the blooms white, four petaled. Ip' across. The fruit is elliptic, l" long, p' wide, variegated, bud reddish pink at maturity. The fruit is edible. Estimated growth habit 3' high, 3' wide, grow- ing well in all soils in well drained areas in the sun or in the shade.” It is hardy in Zone 9.

Ceanothus griseus ‘Louis Edmunds’

Name published with description: “A new cultivar : Ceanothus griseus ‘Louis Edmunds’,” Jour, of the California Horticultural Society 18 (2), 28-30, April 1957, by Maunsell van Rensselaer.

Ceanothus X ‘Julia Phelps’

Name published with description: “A New Ceanothus” probably a cross be- tween C. ro-xeanus and C. impressus, Jour, of the California Horticultural Society 13: (1) p. 20, January 1952 by Maunsell van Rensselaer.

Cedrus deodara ‘Kashmir’

This originated in the nursery of Dr. J. Franklin Styer, Concordville, Penn, about 1929. According to Dr. Styer it is “the only plant of 200 set in nursery rows in 1930 which survived the winter of 1933-34 when temperatures dropped

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HERBAi^ RECEIVED

MAR 1 1969

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suddenly to 2o degrees below zero. Standing alone, it also survived the similar winter of 1936-37.” Alfred Fordham of the Arnold Arboretum notes that prop- agations from this clone have proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum since 1961. It was introduced commercially by Dr. Styer in 1950 and apparently resembles the species in every way except that it is considerably more hardy.

Cornus florida First Lady’

This cultivar was first discovered at the Boyd Nursery Co., Inc. of McMinn- ville, Tennessee in their nurseries in 1957. It flowered first in 1967. In register- ing it. Dr. Robert D. MacDonald, formerly director of the University of Tenn. Arboretum, writes: “The distinctive feature of this plant is its brilliant green and golden foliage. The central portion of the leaves ranges from a moderate yellow-green (5 GY 5/6 of the Nickerson Color Fan) to a strong yellow-green (5 GY 6/8). The margin of the leaves is a vivid yellow (5Y 8/ 12); this vivid yellow coloration is not of a constant width but suffused irregularly along leaf veins towards and into the center of the leaves. This vivid coloration is present from the time the leaves appear in the spring until October when the green por- tions turn an attractive maroon and green and the yellow portions become suf- fused with pink.” Originated in Hardiness Zone 6.

Cornus florida ‘Purple Splendor’

Another chance seedling originating in a block of 250,000 seedlings at the Boyd Nursery Co., Inc., McMinnville, Tennessee and first observed in 1966. Dr. Robert D. MacDonald, former director of the University of Tenn. Arbore- tum, in registering the name writes: “This plant is characterized by having foliage which is a waxy deep maroon to red-purple suffused over a light green background. This feature is present from the time the leaves appear in the spring and remains throughout the growing season.” Originated in Hardiness Zone 6. Cornus florida Welch’s Junior Miss’

Found as a plant in the wild in 1957 by Clarence H. Welch, Wilmer, Alabama, 36587, in North Mobile County. A trademark was applied for in 1967 and it was introduced in 1968. “it is characterized by deep red bracts with white base and small white tips. The red fades to a pink in 10 days to 2 weeks. Prolific bloomer. Lower set of opposite bracts are about ^ larger than the upper set. Second pair of bracts are attached above and overlap the first pair. New growth in full sun is copper colored changing to deep green at maturity.” It is hardy at Auburn, Alabama, but its hardiness north of this spot is not known.

Cotinus coggygria ‘Velvet Cloak’

This originated at the Newport Nursery Co., Newport, Michigan and was found by Henry Kleine, Route 2, Box 5, Horse Shoe, N.C. 28742 prior to 1962 when it was about 10 years old. It is being introduced by the Cole Nursery Co., Route 1, Circleville, Ohio, 43113 in the spring of 1969. According to Wm. H. Collins of the Cole Nursery Co. it is valued because of its ability to retain its dark purple foliage color through the growing season longer than other purple

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leaved varieties observed. Individual leaves are uniformly colored without mar- ginal discoloration. The fruits are “fawn colored” and not purple. The plant is as hardy as the species.

Crataegus X mordenensis Snowbird’

A second generation open pollinated seedling of Crataegus X mordenensis ‘Toba’ originating at the Canada Dept, of Agriculture Research Station at Mor- den, Manitoba, Canada in 1952, first discovered in 1961 and commercially intro- duced in 1968. It is a tree or large shrub, distinct because of double white dowsers with no trace of pink, leaves mostly entire approaching those of Crataegus succu- lenta which w’as the pollen parent of C. X mordenensis ‘Toba’. It has an upright growth habit and rounded bright crimson fruits about 1 cm. in diameter. It is hardy in the lower half of Zone 2.

Crataegus X ‘Vaughn’

Originating approximately 15 years ago in the New^ Augusta Nursery of Henry Schnitzius (deceased) 5195 VV. 59th St., Indianapolis, Ind., and introduced in ’68-’69 by the Simpson Orchard Co., Vincennes, Indiana 47591. In the words of Robert C. Simpson, this is “probably a cross, C. phaenopyrum X crus galli? and was first selected from a group of C. phaenopyrum seedlings. The fruit is similar to that of C. viridis except more glossy and more nearly cherry red, the former being orange red. Leaves resemble those of C. viridis but are more glossy, darker green and may show brilliant red fall color. Young branches are brown- ish, not silvery white. Tree has thorns like those of C. crus-galli, S" in length, sharp and curved. Vigorous. Although hardiness limits are yet unknown it appears widely adaptable.”

Crataegus viridis ‘Winter King’

Although this was first introduced in 1955 by the Simpson Orchard Company, 1 504 Wheatland Rd. , Vincennes, Indiana 47591, it has not been registered until now. It was selected in 1949 by Robert C. Simpson at Frickton, Indiana because it differs from other seedlings of this species “in abundance of fruits at an early age and comparatively few thorns. It fruits heavily, with persistent red fruits in diameter, showy throughout the winter; having silver bark and glossy, rust- resistant foliage. It is known to be hardy much beyond native habitat (Zone 4) and is widely adapted to soils.”

Juniperus horizontalis ‘Prince of Wales’

Collected in the wild near High River, Alberta in 1931 this was first propa- gated by the Canada Dept, of Agriculture Research Station, Morden, Manitoba in 1931 with commercial introduction in 1967. In the words of Mr. W.A. Cum- ming. Director of the Morden Station, it is “very procumbent, forming a dense mat 4-6 inches in height, foliage both acicular and scale like, bright green in color, younger foliage with a bluish tinge caused by a waxy bloom. Exposed foliage tinged purplish-browm in the winter months.” It is hardy in Zone 2.

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Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Burgundy’

First observed in 1951 by Maunsell Van Rensselaer of the Saratoga Horticul- tural Foundation, Saratoga, California. It was introduced commercially b}" the Foundation in 1962. Its trademark number is 43,002, dated January 18, 1963. Maunsell Van Rensselaer states: “This variety is noteworthy because of its attractive deep green leaves which turn to a burgundy color in November or December (in Saratoga, California) and remain on the tree, fully colored, into January.” It is hardy in Zone 5.

Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Festival’

This cultivar originated at Saratoga, California and was first observed in 1960 by Maunsell Van Rensselaer of the Saratoga Horticultural Foundation which in- troduced it in 1964. It has the trademark 43,765 dated April 21, 1964. Hardy in Zone 5. In the words of Maunsell Van Rensselaer: “The variety ‘Festival’ is a handsome tree with a tall, narrow crown. In the autumn it bears a profusion of golden leaves touched with shades of apricot or peach.”

Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Gum Ball’

Originated at McMinnville, Tennessee and was discovered by Hiram B. Stub- blefield, Rte. 2, McMinnville and introduced by the Forest Nursery Co. of McMinnville in 1965. In the words of Dr. Robert D. MacDonald, formerly direc- tor of the University of Tennessee Arboretum, “this plant is a bush-like, slow growing form of sweetgum which is characterized by a proliferation of small, erect stems which originate from a central root collar.”

Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Palo Alto’

George Hood and M. Van Rensselaer of the Saratoga Horticultural Founda- tion, Saratoga, California, are listed as first observing this cultivar in 1954. It was introduced commercially by the Foundation in 1956, is hardy in Zone 5 and has been described by J.W. Stephenson: “Liquidambar styraciflua ‘PaloAlto’.” Jour, of the California Horticultural Society 24 (l) January, 1963.

Malus ‘Coralburst’ (Pat. applied for)

A seedling of Malus ‘V^an Eseltine’ originating about 15 years ago and dis- covered by Henry H. Ross in Gardenview Horticultural Park in Strongsville, Ohio. This was introduced by the Cole Nursery Co., Rt. ^1, Circleville, Ohio 43113 in the fall of 1968. In the words of Wm. H. Collins of the Cole Nursery Co. , this is “not similar to any Malus presently known by the introducer. Charac- teristic features include : (l) compact, slow-growing small trees of upright spread- ing habit, (2) sturdy branches and twigs bearing very small dark green leaves, tightly spaced along the branches. Small double, rose-pink flowers, produced in quantity on bearing age wood. It is believed to be hardy wherever standard varieties of crab apples are hardy.” Fruits when produced are small, yellow or russet-colored.

Malus ‘Dainty’

A ten year old seedling of the Rosybloom” group of crab apples, selected

in 1963 by W.L. Kerr of the Forestry Farm Park, Sutherland, Saskatoon, Sas- katchewan, Canada. In Mr. Kerr’s words, ‘‘The original tree has multiple stems and is now approximately 4 feet high and 6 feet wide. The type of growth is quite pendulous with slender branches and rather small narrow leaves. The bloom is rather small and mauve pink in color. Leaves turn a bronzy red in the fall and are quite persistent. This variety appears to grow taller when budded on other stocks. It is reported hardy in northern Saskatchewan.” It was grown from the same batch of seed as Malus ‘Royalty’.

Malus sieboldii Fuji’

Roland M. Jefferson of the U.S. National Arboretum, Washington, D.C. selected this in 1961 from plants propagated in 1941 at the U.S. Plant Intro- duction Station, Glenn Dale, Maryland. This is a double white-flowered variety, described (with photographs) by Roland M. Jefferson in the American Horticul- tural Magazine 47 (l) pages 22-25, Winter, 1968.

Malus ‘Ellen Gerhart’

A seedling of M. zurni calocarpa with the male parent M. ‘Van Eseltine’, this originated in the Simpson Orchard Co. Nursery, 1504 Wheatland Rd., Vincennes, Indiana 47591, about 1955. It first flowered in 1958. Robert C. Simpson notes that it has “scab resistant foliage, is a tree of medium size with foliage like that of M. zumi^ of good color. The blossoms are pale pink, single and semi-double. It makes an outstanding display of glossy, brilliant red fruits inches in diame- ter, somewhat flattened with distinctive conelike prominent calyx scar of rusty or golden color which adds attractiveness. Fruit colors late and remains attrac- tive much later than most crab apples — long after the leaves have dropped, and persists until eaten by birds.”

Malus ‘Indian Magic’

Originating about 1955 as a seedling of 3/. zum'i calocarpa in the nursery of the Simpson Orchard Co. , Vincennes, Indiana 47 59 1 this crab apple first flowered in 1958 and will be introduced commercially by the Simpson Orchard Co. in 1969. The male parent was M. ‘Almey’. In the words of Robert C. Simpson who originated it, this is a “tree of medium size, rounded form, with foliage like that of M. zumi, and is scab resistant. It has good fall color, rose red flowers, fruit small, elongated, tapering and glossy bright red at first, late in the fall changing to golden orange and remaining attractive very late in the fall long after the foliage drops, persistent all winter with a hard glossy brown coating. Outstanding for fall fruit display.” It should be very hardy.

Malus ‘Pink Cascade’

This was a 26 year old seedling in 1 946, selected by W.L. Kerr of the Forestry Farm Park, Sutherland, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada from the “ Rosy- bloom” seedlings at the Morden, Manitoba Experiment Station, the male parent being unknown. It will be introduced in 1969 by the Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg, Iowa. According to Mr. S.R. Sjulin of the Inter-State Nurseries,

“the original tree is 14 feet tall and 6-7 feet wide. The branches hang down perpendicularly. In the spring it blooms very freely, light pink. In late summer the fruits, approximately ^ inch in diameter, bright red, retain this color for many weeks. The distinguishing characteristic of this tree is the narrow width and perpendicular branches.”

Malus ‘Silver Moon’

Received as an unknown seedling from an unknown source by the Simpson Orchard Co., 1504 Wheatland Rd., Vincennes, Indiana 47591, about 1948 and first noted in flower in 1950 by Robert C. Simpson, and introduced commercially by him in ’68-’69. In his words it is a “compact upright tree, with many spurs or small twigs. Foliage dense, very disease resistant. Blossoms pure white pro- duced in abundance on young trees. Blooms after all crab apples (except native species and varieties) and when in nearly full leaf. Fruit small, cherry red, ornamental except hidden by the new growth.” It should prove very hardy and be widely adaptable.

Malus ‘White Candle’

According to Robert C. Simpson, president of the Simpson Orchard Co., Inc., 1504 Wheatland Rd., Vincennes, Indiana, this originated at his nursery about 15 years ago and was first noted in flower in 1959. The seed is from Malus ‘Van Eseltine’ and the male parent is M. ‘Almey’. It is “stocky, spur type branching with few lateral branches. Heavy, glossy leaves resembling ‘Van Eseltine’, re- taining good green color later than most crab apples. Blooms well but sets few fruits. Blossoms open pale pink and soon change to white, large (2^-3 inches) double, in bottle brush fashion.” It is as hardy as other crab apples and will be introduced by Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg, Iowa in 1969.

Picea glauca ‘Little Globe’

A dwarf evergreen originating as a witches broom at the Waterford Works of Wayne, N.J., was first noticed by Verkades Nurseries of Wayne, N.J. in 1959. “it is a tight-growing globe form of Picea glauca with an average growth of about 1^ inches annually. It has multiple buds on its branches and is very outstanding with its light green growth in the spring and as the new growth hardens, the light green will turn to a bluish gray.” John Verkade writes that the original witches broom was destroyed by a forest fire some years ago.

Pittosporum tobira ‘Wheeler’

A chance seedling in 1951 in Wheeler’s Central Georgia Nurseries (Rte. 5, Macon, Georgia 3120l), Carl Wheeler sowed the seed and introduced the plant in 1968. It is a “dwarf, attractively compact form of Pittosporum tobira. Its dark green foliage is set closely on many short branches. Its spread is about 1^ times its height.” No mention is made of its ultimate height.

Pseudotsuga menziesii ‘Graceful Grace’

Mr. Roy Smeltzer, R.D. jfs, Red Lion, Penn., discovered this tree about 14 years ago growing in an abandoned seedling planting of Pseudotsuga at Spring-

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vale, Penn. In 1967 this tree was 6 feet tall and others in the same Christmas tree planting were 10-12 feet tall. In 1967 it was purchased by Albert Ziegler, Landscape Supt., Masonic Homes, Elizabethtown, Penn, where it is now grow- ing. “it is narrow, compact, graceful and seems to be dwarf.”

Pseudotsuga menziesii Little Jon’

A ten year old seedling found in a Christmas tree plantation near Wrights- ville, Penn., December 1967, by Albert Ziegler, Landscape Superintendent, Masonic Homes, Elizabethtown, Penn. He states, “At time of discovery plant was 18 inches tall compared to 6 to 8 foot trees planted in a Christmas tree plantation about 10 years previous.” The picture included with his registration blank shows a small dense, pyramidal plant and he states it is supposedly as hardy as the species.

Taxodium distichum ‘Monarch of Illinois’

Earl Cully of the Cully Nursery, R. R. if 5, Jacksonville, Illinois 62650, found this 120-140 year old specimen in Pittsfield, Illinois in 1962. Earl Cully writes: “This tree differs greatly in form from all the other bald cypress I have observed here in Illinois and through the south and southeastern parts of the United States. It is rounded in form with very wide-spreading branches growing at al- most right angles to the main trunk. This tree has a limb spread of 65 feet and a height of 85-90 feet. At well over 100 years it is still in perfect physical con- dition. It has never shown any evidence of leaf scorch during hot summer weather.” It is hardy in Zone 5 and the lower part of Zone 4.

Taxus baccata Adpressa Fowle’

For over 30 years the Fowle Nursery (now non-existent), Newburyport, Mass., displayed an excellent compact, hardy form of T. baccata ‘Adpressa’. During the last decade the Weston Nurseries of Hopkinton, Massachusetts has been selling this variety in increasing numbers. It is named ‘Adpressa Fowle’ by Donald Wyman in honor of Herbert Fowle (deceased) of Fowle’s Nurseries in Newburyport, Massachusetts who originally realized the value of this plant and first propagated it for sale. It originated on the Frederic S. Moseley estate in Newburyport, Massachusetts. The original plant is now in the Arnold iA.rbore- tum by the greenhouse parking area.

This is a dwarf, fruiting clone, now 6 feet high and 12 feet wide. The growth is dense and compact, needles are small and dark green, and it has proved more hardy than other plants of T. baccata Adpressa’ tried at the Arnold Arboretum. It is hardy in Zone 5, possibly Zone 4 and grows well in full sun without winter protection. The name has been accepted by the national registration authority for Taxus, Dr. Ray Keen; Dept, of Horticulture, Kansas State University, Man- hattan, Kansas.

Tilia cordata ‘Morden’

A seedling received by the Research Station, Canada Dept, of Agriculture, Box 3001, Morden, Manitoba, Canada from the Sheridan Nursery Co., Etobicoke,

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Ontario, Canada in 1954. Ordinarily Tilia cordata is of questionable hardiness in Morden, Manitoba but this only survivor of a large lot of seedlings is apparently much hardier than most. The original tree is now 30 feet tall with a symmetri- cal, dense, pyramidal to ovoid crown. It will be introduced shortly through the Canadian Ornamental Plant Foundation.

Tsuga canadensis ‘Jacqueline Verkade’

Another dwarf hemlock originating as a seedling in Verkade's Nursery (223 Willow Avenue, Pompton Lakes, N.J.) first observed in 1961 when 3 years old. “This hemlock has an average growth of y to f inch annually. It has a perfect conical dwarf form, is very dense, with dark green foliage all year.” A 10 year old plant is 5^ inches tall and 6 inches wide and will grow in full sunlight with- out burning in summer or winter.

Tsuga canadensis Verkade Petite’

Found as a seedling in Verkades Nurseries, 223 Willow Ave., Pompton Lakes, N.J. in 1955 when about 3 years old, this is characterized by annual growth of approximately ^ inch and in the spring is a mass of light green foliage. At 16 years of age it is 2 inches high and sh inches across with an irregular globe form. It should be grown in the shade, and is only recommended for the miniature garden. Tsuga canadensis ‘Verkade Recurved’

Originating at New Foundland, N.J. in 1952, this was first observed in 1962 and later introduced by the Verkade Nurseries, 262 Black Oak Ridge Road, Wayne, N.J. According to John Verkade, this cultivar has an irregular growth of about 2-3 inches annually. The original plant is 16 inches tall, 12 inches wide at the base and is pyramidal in habit. It was originally given to the Verkades Nurseries as a misformed plant. It often grows with recurved needles on its branches, not resembling those of Tsuga canadensis according to John Verkade.

Donald Wyman

Correction : Weigela ‘Centennial’ originated at the Experimental Farm, Morden, Manitoba, Canada, and not at Ottawa, Canada as noted in Arnoldia 27(8); 66; 1967.

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A publication of

The Arnold xIrboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 APRIL 4, 1969 Number 2

SOME COMPARATIVELY NEW PLANTS WORTHY OF TRIAL

Berberis thunbergii ‘Aurea’ 7' Zones 4-5 Yellow Japanese Barberry

Although the Morton Arboretum obtained this plant in 1935 from the Fram- ingham Nurseries (Mass.) it did not become well known until a few years ago when two wholesale nurseries began growing (and selling) over 20,000 plants a year. Hence it is **new” to some, old to others. The leaves are a very bright yellow from spring to summer. It has all the sturdy attributes of the Japanese Barberry and if grown in very light shade, the foliage remains a good yellow throughout the entire growing season.

Berberis thunbergii atropurpurea ‘Golden Ring’ 7' Zones 4-5

A variety of the red-leaved Japanese barberry with a thin yellow line around the margin of the leaf, the line later changing to green at the end of the season. This is a most interesting plant originally obtained by the Holden Arboretum from Holland a few years ago and now being offered by at least one commercial nursery in the eastern U.S.

Betula pendula ‘Scarlet Glory’ 60' Zone 2

Betula pendula purpurea (with purple leaves) has been grown in the Arnold Arboretum off and on since 1882 but never caused much interest. Now a form has recently been advertised as a “new” tree and named ‘Scarlet Glory’, differ- ing from the white barked Betula pendula only in that the new leaves are purplish red when they appear in the spring. These turn reddish green in the summer and red in the fall. A similar form has recently been named ‘Purple Splendor’, with purplish leaves. These two forms would bring colorful interest to a collec- tion of green leaved birches and are unique but it should be pointed out that similar forms have been grown (without publicity) for a long time.

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gray herbarium

Cedrus deodara ‘Kashmir’ 150' Zone 5

Described in Arnoldia 29 : No. 1 ; 1969, this is a fine tree which can apparently be added to those grown in hardiness Zone 5. Graceful, like the species, with pendulous branchlets and bluish green color it is certainly worthy of further trial in New England. Mr. Fordham, propagator at the Arnold Arboretum, propa- gates it easily (88%) by cuttings taken in October, placed under polyethylene plastic with a bottom temperature of 75° F. and lifted in four months time.

Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Skogsholmen’ 2' Zone 5

A new variety originating in a German nursery about 195? is showing excel- lent promise of becoming a fine ground cover, growing well in full sun or partial shade. It bears profuse small white flowers in mid-June but apparently none too many bright red fruits about the size of those of C. horizontalis. A two year old plant may be 3 feet across.

Hamamelis intermedia Arnold Promise’ 20' Zone 4

Although this witch-hazel originated as a seedling in the Arnold Arboretum in 1928, it was not named and introduced to the trade until 1963. It is a hybrid of H. mollis and H. japonica, the female parent being one of E. H. Wilson’s in- troductions of H. mollis from the Orient. It has been growing beside the Ad- ministration Building in the Arboretum for over 30 years, and blooms consistently in mid-March each year. It is vase-shaped and the original plant is only 15' tall.

The flowers are a brilliant yellow, usually borne in clusters of three and each individual flow'er is as much as 1^" in diameter. It is best propagated by cuttings taken in June, but these cuttings are not repotted when rooted but left in their rooting flats and given a three month cold period (at about 41° F.) after they are rooted, i.e., December-March. Then they are repotted and carried on in the greenhouse. Mr. Fordham, the propagator at the Arnold Arboretum, has had difficulty bringing them through the winter period unless they are handled this way. This quirk in their propagation sequence probably explains why ‘Arnold Promise’ is extremely difficult to find commercially at present.

Ilex verticillata ‘Nana’ 3^^' Zone 3 Dwarf Winterbury

Apparently an excellent dwarf, this was found by the Hampden Nurseries of Hampden, Massachusetts before 1960. It is a fruiting form, bearing profuse fruits, if male plants of the species are in the near vicinity, and bearing them while only 15-18 inches tall. It grows well in light well drained soil, and in poor soils of course it grows more slowly. Its characteristics, other than height and early fruiting, are similar to those of the taller growing species.

Juniperus communis ‘Gold Beach’ 18" Zone 4

This is an excellent low, dwarf form of the common juniper, probably originat-

PLATE I

Cedrus deodara ‘Kashmir*, the original plant at the Styer Nursery. Photograph supplied by Dr. J. Franklin Styer. Concordville, Pa. and taken in 1955.

I

ing on the Pacific coast slightly before 1960. It is flat, dense and spreading, and in the early spring the new growth on the tips of the branches is colored a bright yellow, making the plant conspicuous at this time. Later in the growing season, these tips turn a nornal green.

Leucothoe fontanesiana Nana’ 2^ Zone 4 Dwarf Drooping Leucothoe

The original selection, probably made in the Hillier Nurseries, Winchester, England, now SO years old is 15-2S inches tall but 6 feet across. A 7 year old plant in the nurseries of the Arnold Arboretum is 1 8 inches tall and S feet across. This is an excellent low evergreen for acid soils. It has leaves only about half the size as those of the species and the plant itself is less than half as tall. It can be used in many situations — certainly in many foundation plantings where the species (which grows 6 feet tall) gets ungainly.

Mahonia aquifolium ‘Compactum’ S' Zone 5 Compact Oregon Holly-grape

This new low form of the Oregon holly-grape was introduced by the Wells Nursery of Mount Vernon, Washington before 1961. It is dense and compact in habit, apparently slightly hardier than the species because it does not lose its foliage in winter nearly as much as does the species. The compound leaves have 5-9 leaflets, each 1-3 inches long. The new young foliage is bronze colored in the early spring. It is an excellent plant for the foundation planting about a house.

Malus ‘Barbara Ann’ 25' Zone 4

This is an open-pollinated seedling of Malus ‘Dorothea’, the seed collected in the Arnold Arboretum in 1953. It was introduced by the Arnold Arboretum in 1966 and will probably grow 25' tall, whereas its parent, ‘Dorothea’, has only grown 10-12' tall in 25 years. ‘Barbara Ann’ is named after my younger daughter.

‘Barbara Ann’ is annual bearing, with deep purplish pink flowers lf-2" in diameter, bearing 12-15 petals. The fruits are dark reddish purple, about in diameter with reddish pulp. Since the young leaves and inner wood are also reddish it is probable that the male parent of this clone was one of several varie- ties of 3/. purpurea .

The tree itself seems to be rather open in its branching. It is probably one of the best of the double-flowering ornamental crab apples and certainly is worthy of wide trials.

Prunus maackii 45' Zone 2 Amur Chokecherry

Although this was introduced into America by the Arnold Arboretum in 1878 it has not been grown commercially in America until recently. The flowers are not particularly outstanding, being small in 2-3 inch long racemes in mid-May,

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PLATE II

Prunus maackil, a native of Korea and Manchuria, with decorative, light brown exfoliating bark.

but the bark is striking. It is brownish yellow, peeling off like that of paper birch, and gives a great deal of colorful interest to the tree in winter for this character alone. Native to Korea and Manchuria, it is hardy in Zone 2, and it is fast growing and vigorous, rounded in habit with dense branching.

Rhododendron arborescens rubescens 9' Zone 4 Pink Sweet Azalea

This has all the good characteristics of the late blooming Sweet Azalea, but the flowers are pink. The plant was collected in the wild in the southeastern United States by Mr. C.D. Beadle, and sent to the Arnold Arboretum in 1962 by the Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North Carolina.

Rhododendron ‘Golden Sunset’

One of the deciduous Exbury Hybrid Azaleas with strong reddish orange flow- ers in late May, each flower being as much as 4 inches in diameter when fully spread out. Many of the Exbury Hybrid Azaleas fade quickly in the hot sun of late May and early June, but these do not. Thus they might be considered among the best of this very distinguished group.

Rhododendron XP.J.M. Hybrid 6' Zone 5

A cross between Rhododendron dahuricum sempervirens s.ud R. carolinianum origi- nating at the Weston Nurseries, Hopkinton, Massachusetts in 1943. About 30 cloned were selected from the original cross but the differences among them were so slight that no attempt was made to name them individually. P.J.M. are the initials of the owner of the nursery, Peter John Mezitt now deceased. The flowers are a vivid bright lavender pink and bloom in April. They are small, on the order of those of R. carolinianum but a cluster is borne on the tip of every single branch. The foliage is better than that of R. carolinianum in that it does not curl up in extreme cold and turns a rich purple in the late fall and winter.

In fact the more I see of this the better I like it. Flowers appear at a time when little else is in bloom except forsythia. However, it is the foliage which is particularly ornamental, especially in the winter. Cut branches are valued in arrangements at any time of year, and if forced indoors the flower color is almost white.

Spiraea japonica alpina 10^' Zones 4-5 Japanese Alpine Spirea

Introduced about 1958, this Japanese native is a low, mounded, dense little plant bearing clusters of small pink flowers in July blooming for several weeks. The small lance shaped leaves are only J-2 inches long. It is a tidy plant increas- ing readily and might be used as a specimen or for massing in sunny situations.

PLATE III

Upper: Mahonia aquifolium ‘Compactum’, a dwarf holly-grape Eot over three feet tall. Lower: 7\i:vus haccata ‘Adpressa Fowle*. This is the original plant (over 30 years old) growing in the Arnold Arboretuna and given by Harry W. Fowle of Newburyport, Mass, in honor of his uncle, Herbert J. Fowle, after whom it was named.

Stephanandra incisa ‘Crispa’ 18'' Zone 4

Found about 1930 in the nursery of A.M. Jensen, Holmstrup, Denmark and introduced there about 1949. It was first introduced into the United States by the Gulf Stream Nurseries, Wacheprague, Va. a few years before 1957. This is a low growing, mounded form of Stephanandra incisa that roots readily where its branchlets touch the ground, also sending up new plantlets from underground stems. Apparently an excellent plant for bank or rocky areas where a cover is needed over irregular rock-strewn ground.

Taxus baccata ‘Adpressa Fowle’ 20' Zones 4-5

Already mentioned in Arnoldia, No. 1, 1969, this plant is certainly worth growing in hardiness zone 5 and possibly 4. It is similar in most respects to plants of T. baccata ‘Adpressa’, having small dark green needles only about f of an inch long, but is definitely more hardy than any other plants of this clone we have grown here at the Arnold Arboretum. Because of its dark green foliage, fine texture and especially because of its hardiness, it is recommended in this group of new plants.

Viburnum opulus ^Compactum’ 5' Zone 3 Compact European Cranberrybush

A dwarf variety of the 12-foot Viburnum opulus^ this is much better for orna- mental use, not only because of its smaller size, but also because it flowers and fruits profusely, even while young. The Arnold Arboretum received its first plants from the Hillier Nursery, Winchester, England, January 30, 1957. These did very poorly in the greenhouse for some reason or other but by the first of April, 10 cuttings were taken from the original plants before they died. Mr. Fordham, the propagator, frequently does this with recently introduced new plants, just on the chance that the newly rooted cuttings will live when the in- troduced plants may not. This is one time when this practice paid off. Now we have vigorous, dense, heavily fruited 5-foot plants that are living examples of this excellent ornamental variety. It is being propagated in large numbers by a leading wholesale nursery and should be available from many sources.

Donald Wyman

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02180

Volume 29 APRIL 11, 1969 Numbers

ELLIOTTIA RACEMOSA AND ITS PROPAGATION

Elliottia racemosa, the Georgia Plume, is a monotypic small tree or large shrub native to the state of Georgia. A review of the literature concerning it reveals a history of frustration and disappointment. Despite the fact that it was discovered 160 or more years ago, and, despite the fact that its impressive ornamental charac- teristics have been often described, it is still exceedingly rare in cultivation. It has been reported as having lost its ability to produce seeds, being difficult to transplant (even in areas where it is native) and for having failed in most propa- gational efforts. For a time Elliottia was considered lost.

Elliottia was discovered in Waynesboro, Georgia by Steven Elliott who was in the process of preparing his ‘^Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. ” Other stands were later found in the same region and across the Savan- nah River in South Carolina. Mr. P.J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Georgia, moved several plants to his nursery and from these succeeded in propagating a few by using root cuttings. Through cutting of the woods and clearing of land for agri- culture, the original stands of Elliottia disappeared. Dr. Charles S. Sargent wrote, “The range near Augusta is now entirely barren of Elliottia. Unless another locality is found, I should not be surprised if the species is preserved only on P.J. Berckmans’ grounds.” Dr. Asa Gray also visited the region and wrote, “Not a vestige of Elliottia (in Columbia county) remains. A small patch is said to exist in Edgefield county. South Carolina, but all efforts to find it have failed.” Fortunately the threat of extinction no longer exists for a number of < stands have been found more recently both in the area of the original find and also down into Central Georgia.

I Two attempts were made to establish Elliottia at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, England. The first in 1894, consisting of a few plants donated by I Mr. Berckmans, resulted in failure while the second in 1902, from the same donor, led to the establishment of two specimens. J. Robert Seeley, writing in , Bartonia (l938), spoke of one remaining plant at Kew Gardens being the only

[ 17 ]

gray hirbarium

. i-k n 1 7

representative of its species in Britain and possibly in Europe as well. He also noted that every effort to propagate Elliottia at Kew had failed.

Propagation of Elliottia racemosa

In 1962, while visiting Mr. Henry Hohman of Kingsville Nursery, Kingsville, Maryland, we viewed his two plants of Elliottia and discussed its propagation. A month or so later the smaller of the two, a fine 8 foot specimen, arrived at the Arnold Arboretum from Mr. Hohman with his suggestion that we work out methods for its propagation. While at Kingsville Nursery, we discussed the use of root cuttings in the propagation of Elliottia. When Mr. Hohman dug the plant he did not fill the resulting crater but let it remain. He thought that the severed roots left in the crater wall might produce shoots. This worked well, and in 1963, eighteen plants were harvested from within the crater.

Mr. Hohman’s plant has prospered at the Arnold Arboretum and it flowers profusely each year (Plate IV). It should be added that Elliottia has not proven hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. Our accession records show that all prior efforts to establish it have ended with the notation, ‘‘winter killed.” Alfred Rehder in his Manual of Trees and Shrubs considered Elliottia to be a Zone 7 plant. There- fore, our specimen is lifted each autumn and placed in a cold storage unit.

Propagation by seeds

Some years fruit capsules appear on our Elliottia, while in other years there are none. They, however, have always been devoid of sound seeds.

In October of 1962, several fruit capsules matured on Mr. Hohman’s remaining plant and he sent them on to us. By carefully picking them apart, we obtained 1 1 plump seeds which appeared viable. These were sown without pretreatment. By March of 1964, they had all decomposed.

In June of 1964, several capsules were received from Miss Claremont H. Lee of Savannah, Georgia. Some were light brown in color while others were of darker hue. This would indicate those light in color to be from the 1963 fruit crop while those more weathered to be from the previous year. The seeds were carefully separated from the capsules and some appeared well filled and sound. Cut tests were not made for those seemingly viable were so few. The seeds were divided into two lots — Lot #1 was sown without pretreatment, while Lot #2 was provided with a two month period of cold stratification at 40 degrees. One seed- ling germinated in Lot ?fl. When Lot §2 was sown, one seedling also appeared. After five months in the greenhouse, no further germination took place so Lot ff'2 (which still contained sound seeds) was placed in our winter cold storage unit for three months. The temperature there is maintained at about 34 degrees. It was then returned to the greenhouse and after a lapse of three months, three more seedlings appeared. This behavior leads one to suspect that Elliottia seeds might be doubly-dormant or two-year seeds. However, the sample was far too small for this to be other than a suspicion.

[ 18]

PLATE IV

Upper: Multiple shoots which arise from root pieces of Elliottia. They are physiologically juvenile and root readily. Lower: Elliottia at the Arnold Arbore- tum — it flowers profusely each year in August.

Propagation by cuttings

Repeated attempts were made to root stem cuttings of Elliottia using an assort- ment of root-inducing substances and a variety of timings. Success was mediocre. The next effort was to test whether or not root pieces would produce multiple shoots. Shoots that arise from roots are physiologically juvenile and will usually root despite the fact that stem cuttings from the same plant will not. With this fact in mind, root sections about f''' in diameter and about 4 to 5 inches long were taken from the plant when it was dormant. They were placed horizontally about Y inch deep in flats of sandy soil. This was done on the 24th of March and by the 19th of May multiple shoots began to appear. The pressure of spring work was such that cuttings were not taken from the roots until July 14th. By this time they were firm and woody (Plate IV).

The first crop of cuttings were divided into two lots. Lot 1 was treated with a product containing 3 mg of IBA in a gram of talc with Thiram added. Lot ?f2 was treated with a similar formulation but containing 8 mg of IBA. In each case all cuttings rooted. The root pieces were left in place and continued to produce shoots for over a year. The largest root pieces that we could get from our plant were only about ^ of an inch in diameter and these produced well. It seems reasonable to suppose that, if root sections of larger diameter were used, the crop of shoots could be vastly increased. Root cuttings have not presented sur- vival problems and all have prospered.

If propagators set root pieces horizontally in flats, as described above, and gather the easily rooted shoots as they appear, there seems no reason why this beautiful subject should not become commonly established in cultivation.

Plants from this project have been furnished to some European Botanic Gar- dens which have been anxious to acquire Elliottia and it is the intention of the Arnold Arboretum to continue this distribution.

Alfred J. Fordham

[20]

L

2

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 APRIL 18, 1969 Number 4

CASORON— A NEW WEED KILLER TO PROTECT WOODY PLANTS

A MOST difficult and costly problem experienced in the Arnold Arboretum is the keeping of weeds and grass — especially quack grass {Agop^ron repens) — from encroaching around the bases of newly planted trees and shrubs. Such : weeds and grasses compete with the roots of the young plants for nutrients and especially for soil moisture. Hoeing or machine cultivation around hundreds of individual trees and shrubs distributed over 265 acres is just not practical. Many weed killers have been tried, some with only fair success and others with injuri- ous effects to the plants. Mulching has, of course, been practiced but sooner or later weeds and especially quack grass, grow in the mulches. Now it looks as if a comparatively new material, Casoron, is the chemical weed killer most suitable for this specific purpose.

Casoron is a dichlobenil (2, 6-dichlorobenzonitrile) pre-emergence selective j herbicide. Casoron G-4 (i.e. 4% granular), the form that we use, is granular,

I and is spread with a small hand duster (Smith Pestmaster Midget hand duster I with extension tubes, costing about $10.50). In all our trials it has been used I at about the rate of 1 oz. per 20 square feet. It is a root killer, especially effec- I tive for controlling such broad leaved perennial weeds as quack grass, Artemisia, Canada thistle, curly dock, fescue, leafy spurge, orchard grass, timothy, wild artichoke, wild aster, yellow rocket and wild carrot. It also controls many (if not most) of the common annual weeds with which we have to deal in the Arnold Arboretum.

Advantages

1. Casoron G-4 is granular and is easily distributed by a small hand operated duster.

2. It is applied in November or even December just before or just after the ground freezes at a time when outdoor labor is not at a premium for other

[21 ]

CRAY HERBARIUM

APR U19G9

things. It should always be applied when temperatures are low. Much of its effectiveness is lost by volatization if applied in warm weather.

S. Only 1 oz. per 20 sq. ft. is used (under conditions in the Arnold Arboretum), making very small amounts to handle. A 50 lb. bag goes a long way !

4. It can be spread through the branches of a low plant like a juniper for in- stance, not necessarily just on the perimeter of its branches. The advantages of this are obvious !

5. If applied in the late fall, the effects (under the conditions existent in the Arnold Arboretum) last until September.

6. According to the manufacturer, it has no cumulative effects in the soil, un- less it is incorporated into the soil. The best means of application is to the surface of the soil from November 15-February 15.

7. With reasonable care, it is not dangerous to the operator.

Disadvantages

1. It should not be stored for any length of time nor stored exposed to the air.

2. It should not be applied to dahlias or tuberous rooted plants and has been reported injurious to hydrangeas, firs, and hemlocks. Ilex crenata, 1. rotunda and I. vomit oria.

3. It should not come in contact with skin or eyes nor should one breathe the dust.

4. The smallest size package available at this time of writing is a 50 lb. bag.

5. Effectiveness is reduced if the ground is cultivated before application.

One should thoroughly read the label on the outside of the package for other precautionary procedures.

Use in the Arnold Arboretum

Our experience with Casoron G-4 started in the fall of 1966 when it was ap- plied to a bank of junipers by the greenhouses where there was always serious trouble with quack grass in the planting. The Casoron G-4 was spread (l oz. to 20 sq. ft.) in December over quack grass and junipers and then two inches of wood chips was applied as a mulch about the plants. This eliminated the quack grass and other weeds in 196? and we again applied the Casoron G-4 in the fall of ’67 and ’68. Because the control of weeds and grasses in this area was so good, it was applied experimentally to other collections (especially the entire juniper collection) and many other individual plants, with equally good results.

One collection which has always given trouble is the Chaenomeles at the Case

Estates, where some 200 plants are growing. Many methods have been tried to control the weeds and grass coming up in these multi-stemmed thorny plants — none with perfect results. Casoron G-4 applied in the fall of 1967 at the rate of 1 oz. per plant (an area of about 20 square feet about the plant) merely broadcast on top of the ground with dead and living weeds present. This eliminated all weeds and grass in these plants until the first of October 1968. This was so suc- cessful, in a trying situation where vicious weeds could not be controlled before without hand pulling, that trial applications have been made in many of the col- lections in the Arnold Arboretum. It must be noted, however, that our experi- ence and recommendations are only for woody plants, and that our best results have come from late November or December applications!

Casoron G-4 has been applied at the rate of 1 oz. per 20 square ft. about the plants in late November or December when the weather is cold, to species in the following genera without any injury. This resulted in good control of grasses and broad leaved weeds in and about the plants during the following growing period. Control lasted until late summer or even into early fall. It should be emphasized, however, that sometimes only one or two plants of a species were tried, that amounts and time of applications were always as noted above.

Acanthopanax	Iberis	Quercus
Acer	Ilex laevigata	Rhamnus
Alyssum	Ilex verticillata	Ribes
Azalea	Ilex montana	Robinia
Berberis	Indigofera	Rosa
Betula	Juniperus	Salix
Buxus	Kerria	Sambucus
Caragana	Kolkwitzia	Sorbaria
Carpinus	Larix	Spiraea
Ceanothus	Lespedeza	Staphylea
Chaenomeles	Ligustrum	Stephanandra
Chamaecyparis	Lonicera	Symphoricarpos
Cornus	Lycium	Syringa
Cotoneaster	Malus	Taxus
Crataegus	Nemopanthus mucronatus	Thuja
Deutzia	Orixa	Tilia
Elaeagnus	Philadelphus	Tripterygium
Euonymus	Physocarpus	LTmus
Fagus	Picea	Viburnum
Forsythia	Pinus	Weigela
Gleditsia	Potentilla	Zanthoxylum
Hibiscus syriacus	Prinsepia
Hypericum	Pseudotsuga [•23]

1969 Spring Classes of tke Arnold. Artoretum

FIELD CLASS IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

DR. DONALD WYMAN

The month of May is the peak of the flowering period for most of the trees and shrubs in the living collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Field classes will permit observation of most plants as they come into flower. Discussions will in- clude an evaluation of many plants with suggestions on their availability, culture, and proper use. There will be ample opportunity for questions. In case of rain, the meetings will be held indoors.

Five classes: Fridays, 10 to 12 A.M.

Mav 2-30

“The spring garden” lecture series

A series of talks by some members of the staff of the Arnold Arboretum of Har- vard University.

Time: 6:00 to 7 :30 P.M., Wednesday evenings, April 30 to May 28, 1969.

Place: The Red Schoolhouse, 133 Wellesley Street, Weston, Mass. The group

will meet here but the classes will involve visiting various parts of the Case Es- tates as a kind of outdoor class room, depending upon the topic of the evening.

Please park cars in the area indicated near the barn.

April 30 : Spring Pruning Practices

Mr. Robert G. Williams, Superintendent, Arnold Arboretum

May 7 : Spring “Bulbs”: Their kinds and uses in the spring garden

George H. Pride, Associate Horticulturist

May 14-: Propagation Pointers for Spring Alfred J. Fordham, Propagator

May 21 : Herbaceous Perennials: A practical approach to establishing an her- baceous perennial garden Robert S. Hebb, Assistant Horticulturist

May 28: Some of our Best Ground Covers

Dr. Donald Wyman, Horticulturist

Each of the above two series of talks requires a registration fee of $5.00 for Friends of the Arnold Arboretum.* A $10.00 fee for others.

* Information on how to become a “Friend of the Arnold Arboretum” can be obtained by writing or calling the Arnold Arboretum, The Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Ma. 02130 — Tel. 524-1717.

[•24]

V

)

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 MAY 9, 1969 Number 5

TREE PEONIES

Tree peonies have been cultivated for centuries in China and Japan but have not proved popular in America until recently. Now, more is known about their simple culture and several American specialists offer hundreds of named varieties for sale. In fact, the first tree peonies were known to European garden- ers as cultivated plants in 1844 for it was not until 1910 that Purdom first found them wild in China.

Paeonia suffruticosa is the major species, a slow-growing shrub, cultivated in China since 724 A.D. and probably before that. It is known as the Moutan Peony, with solitary flowers colored white, rose or red, and about 4 to 10 inches or more in diameter. It is a shrub about 6 feet tall, hardy in Zone 5 and native to northwestern China.

Paeonia lutea, another woody species is about o feet tall with fragrant yellow flowers 2 to 3 inches in diameter, fern-like foliage, and introduced from China into Europe about 1886. It is not quite as hardy as P. suffruticosa but has been used in hybridizing and has been responsible for the introduction of the yellow color into many of the hybrid varieties we have today.

Paeonia lutea ludlowii was collected for the first time in 1936 in Tibet, by Ludlow and Sherriff. This is more hardy than the species, grows about 8 feet tall, with yellow flowers up to 44 inches in diameter, often four to a stem. It flowers three weeks earlier than the species and has stems that are stiffer than those of the species. It is this variety which opens up great possibilities for new, hardier varieties when crossed with some of the older P. suffruticosa cultivars.

Paeonia delavayi, the Maroon Tree Peony, is also native to China and was first sent to Europe about 1884. It is a sub-shrub, about 3 feet tall, with maroon colored flowers about 3^ to 4 inches in diameter, and hardy in Zone 5. It is this #

[

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1

which has brought the dark maroon colors to some of the cultivars available today. The flowers of the species are not very ornamental and its value is chiefly for hybridization purposes.

Sir Frederick C. Stern published his monograph, “A Study of the Genus Paeonia,” in 1946 and those interested in the correct terminology of the 33 species and 14 botanical varieties into which he has divided this genus should refer to this publication. The four woody species mentioned above are certainly distinct, but the named horticultural varieties have been hopelessly mixed in gardens and nurseries over the centuries. It is hoped that American growers will not add to the confusion of names by attempting to rename the hundreds of varieties they are now offering. Of the many herbaceous species, the easiest to grow are P. emodi, lactiflora (syn. albiflora), officinalis and tenuifolia.

Tree peonies have been growing in the Arnold Arboretum for almost three quarters of a century. Some years they were outstanding in flower, but in 1961 it was decided to make a new display bed for these plants and to prepare the beds in the best possible fashion. This was done and has resulted in an ever- increasing display of colorful blooms during late May and early June of each year. Last year the display was magnificent.

This was undoubtedly due to the careful steps taken in the soil preparation, and in the subsequent care the plants received. In the first place, the soil was pre- pared to a depth of eighteen inches. Sufficient ground limestone was worked into the soil to give it a reaction of about pH 7.0. Also, a generous amount of 10-10-10 commercial fertilizer was worked into the soil before the shrubs were placed.

The plants were set deeply as they should be if young grafted plants are used and it is advisable for the scions to root. If planted at the depth of the graft union, the scion does not have an opportunity to root, and the chances are the plant may die an early death. On the other hand, if the plant is placed in the soil several inches below the graft union, the scion will have a chance eventually to root, and when it does, the entire plant stands a much better chance of living a long life.

The deep soil preparation, addition of ground limestone (since our soil is acid with a pH of 5.5) and the deep planting, all aided in making good growth pos- sible. However, several other things were necessary, also. The plot selected was in the semi-shade where full sunshine strikes the plants about half the day. The plants were watered well the first year, mulched with wood chips (not manure) and care was given the collection in controlling the botrytis blight, which can be destructive on peonies.

Once well established in a suitable location, with care given to control disease infestation, tree peonies can live to a great age, increasing in size and the num- ber of flowers produced each year. One century-old plant in Lima, Pennsylvania is about 4' tall and 8' across and has produced over 100 flowers every year for the last 15 years.

[26]

PLATE V

Top: Close-up of flower, Paeonia svffruticosa. Bottom: This tree peony growing at the Tyler Arboretum in Lima, Pa. is said to be 100 years old.

?

It has been said that there is no serious problem in growing tree peonies if they are healthy plants in a suitable situation. However, there is a wilt disease, caus- ing an occasional twig to wilt here and there, and when this is noticed, the offending part should be cut out and burned immediately. There is also the fungus disease, botrytis blight, that occasionally appears in some plantings. Spraying with Fermate or Bordeaux easily controls this disease if applied in the early spring. The first application is made when the foliage is about half grown and the young shoots are evident. Two more applications can be applied at two week intervals, if needed.

Occasionally the carpenter bee will lay its eggs in the cut end of a twig or branch. The young worm hatches and can eat its way down the center of the stem all the way to the root,, where it can cause some injury. There is little that can be done to control this insect except to refrain from breaking the stems off, or if they are, insert a thumbtack in the cut end of the branch remaining on the plant and thus prevent the mature insect from laying her eggs there. Mostly the pests are not serious and tree peonies can be kept in good growth with very little attention.

Some growers have learned how to rejuvenate their plants when they are too leggy or unshapely. They are merely cut to the ground in the early fall, pro- vided they are four years old or older. The next spring, they send up sturdy shoots from the base and make excellent compact plants.

Since there are several hundred tree peony varieties available from specialists in this country (over 440 from one nurseryman), excellent varieties can be ob- tained, hence it is probably inadvisable to grow new plants from seeds, although there is always the chance that something new and better will be produced this way. Varieties are best propagated asexually, and the easiest method for doing this is by simple plant division. All the stems can be cut off several inches above the ground in the fall, the plant dug and divided in such a way that several buds or eyes are on each division. These are then planted in the ground at least 6'' below the surface of the soil. Stem layers are possible but take several years to root. Air layers in which polethylene film is used, have proved successful. Many are grafted, using a scion having one or two buds and the root stock of the her- baceous peony, P. lactijiora (syn. albijlora). This plant is then set deep in the soil so that the scion will have an opportunity to root. When it does, the root stock can be cut off. If no roots are formed on the scion, the resulting plant may not be long lived, certainly not as long as it would be if it were growing on the roots of the scion.

The following 59 tree peonies are those that bloomed in our collection in 1968. The size of the flowers, number of petals and even the color of individual blos- soms is not always constant but the figures give some indication of what the flowers were. The rating (asterisks before the name) is merely indicative of the rating one individual gave this group on the one day they were observed. Per-

[ -is]

PLATE VI

Top: Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Karaata Fuji' with light purple flowers. This flower had 60 petals. Bottom: Paeonia suffruticosa *lma-chowkow'. one of the better white flowering varieties growing in the Arnold Arboretum collection.

sonal preferences always enter into such ratings but they are given here merely to show what one observer thought of the plants when they w^ere at their best in 1968,

Note: William T. Gottelli, of South Orange, New Jersey, is to be sincerely thanked for giving the Arnold Arboretum 47 of the following 59 varieties. These exhibition specimens were moved and brought to the Arnold Arboretum by him in the Fall of 1961 and some in 1962. It was these valued gifts w^hich gave us the incentive to make a complete new display plot for these beautiful plants.

Commercial growlers featuring varieties of tree peonies in the northeastern United States are :

William Gratwick, Pavilion, New' York

Miss Silvia Saunders, Clinton, N.Y. 13323

Louis Smirnow', 85 Linden Lane, Glen Head P.O.,

Brookville, Long Island, N.Y. 11545

(93 varieties illustrated in color in his recent catalogue)

Marinus Vander Pol, 757 Washington Street, llte. 6, Fairhaven, Mass. 02719

For a more detailed discussion of tree peonies and their varieties see:

Wister, John C. “The Peonies” American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. 1955.

Donald Wyman

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[31 ]

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[ 32 ]

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 MAY 30, 1969 Number 6

SEVENTY FIVE YEARS OF GROWING RHODODENDRONS IN THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM

Mr. H. H. HUNNEWELL of Wellesley started buying and planting large numbers of azaleas and rhododendrons on his estate in Wellesley, in 1856. He became so enthusiastic about these plants that he staged the first Rhododen- dron Show on the Boston Common in 1873. Later, it was he who urged Profes- sor Sargent to plant these beautiful shrubs in the Arnold Arboretum.

At the present time over 550 species, varieties and clones of the genus Rhodo- dendron are being grown in the Arnold Arboretum. There have been more, in the past, species and varieties which have been tried but have not succeeded over the years. Over 130 species and varieties of this genus have been introduced into America by the Arnold Arboretum. Even during the ten-year period from 1952- 1962 at least 30 species and varieties were introduced, so it is still a fascinating group with which to work, with new varieties appearing constantly.

In the many years we have grown these colorful plants, hardiness has been a very important factor. Hundreds have been grown and failed to survive our rugged winters, where average annual minimum temperatures go to —5 or -10° F. each winter. This is low enough to kill the flower buds on many of the more tender species and varieties and every few winters, temperatures will fall as low as -10 to -20 F°. , low enough to kill the flower buds of many more.

At first (in the late 1890’s and early 1900’s) the plants grown in the Arnold Arboretum were a few of the native American species especially those of the eastern seaboard, plus the varieties and hybrids popular in Europe at the time. Then, as the results of the expeditions of E.H. Wilson (and a few earlier trips to Japan by Professor Sargent) Asiatic species and hybrids were introduced, many of which proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.

In 1917, Ernest H. Wilson published a list of what he termed were the “iron Clad” rhododendrons, meaning those which had been planted in the Arnold Arboretum and were able to survive many winters successfully. It consisted of:

‘ Atrosanguineum’ ‘Charles Dickens’

‘H. W. Sargent’ ‘Caractacus’

‘Roseum Elegans’ ‘Lady Armstrong’ ‘Mrs. Charles Sargent’

‘Henrietta Sargent’ ‘Purpureum Grandiflorum’ ‘Purpureum Elegans’ ‘Everestianum’

‘ Album Elegans’

‘Album Grandiflorum’ catnxi'hiense album

Ten years later he dropped ‘H. W. Sargent’ and ‘Caractacus’ from this list and merely talked about the “Dozen Iron Clads”. Today, this group of a dozen R. caiaxcbiense hybrids is as good as it ever was, even though there must be several thousand evergreen rhododendrons being grown, many of them in the United States. Some have performed well for half a century, others are new and little is known about the limits of their hardiness. Some can be grown only in the South, others in the Pacific Northwest but it is interesting to note that some of the species and varieties have been growing in New England at the Arnold Arboretum since 1891 and the original plants are still alive!

The evergreen rhododendron collection of the Arnold Arboretum is in a pro- tected valley where continuous wind does not reach them and where they are shaded at least half of the day from the western sun. Some of the plants now growing in the Arnold Arboretum are still the originals first brought over to America from Europe. One of the first importations was from the Waterer Nursery in Woking, Surrey, England, in 1886, and another large shipment of introduc- tions was received from T.J. Seidel, Saxony, Germany, in 1908.

The following list of evergreen rhododendrons is of those which have had in- dividual specimens growing 10 years or more in the Arnold Arboretum. The figure to the right of the name is the age of the oldest plant in each species or variety, but does not necessarily indicate when the plant was first grown in the Arboretum. For instance. Rhododendron ‘H.W. Sargent' in the following list has the number 16 to the right of the name indicating our oldest living plant is that age. However, this variety was first grown in the Arboretum in 1886 and these plants lived until 1939 when they had to be replaced.

Some of these rhododendrons are of course less hardy than others. Some win- ters, when the temperature may reach -15° F. or lower, the flower buds of many will be injured, and the winter burning of foliage can occur on almost any rhodo- dendron when conditions are right. However, it is of interest to know that dur- ing the last fifty years the temperature has reached -26° F. at least once (l934) and -18° F. several times, so that some of these rhododendrons have been able to survive rather low temperatures.

Flower colors are given by general name and figure designations in parentheses according to the Nickerson Color Fan of the American Horticultural Society. In the description of the flower truss-size, the first figure is the height of the truss, the second figure is the width at the base. Corolla color markings on the inside

PLATE VII

Khododendron ‘Album Elegans'. This plant has been growing in the Arnold Arboretum for 78 years.

of the corolla have been given in many cases because sometimes this is the best means of distinguishing one variety from another. In fact, detailed color infor- mation and truss measurements of some of these varieties is not available in books on rhododendrons and has been made directly from the plants growing in the collections of the Arnold Arboretum, so it should have some value. The truss measurements will vary with soil and weather conditions, and those recorded here are on the small side because measurements were taken during a dry year. Also, it is a well known fact that flower truss size, like the size of carnation or rose flowers, will be greater when proportionately fewer trusses are allowed to develop. No attempt whatsoever was made to reduce the number of flower clus- ters produced on the plants in this collection.

Evergreen Rhododendrons living more than 10 years in the Arnold Arboretum

(Figure to the right of the name is the age of the oldest plant.)

Xarbutifolium 60; flowers magenta (S RP 6.3/10); flowers only an inch in diameter with brown spots on the inside of the corolla; truss small, brachycarpum 32; flowers cream to pink ; truss 4^' X 4'' ; corolla markings spot- ted green or brownish yellow.

carolinianum 58; flowers mauve but vary from white to pink; truss compact, rounded.

carolinianum album 50; flowers white; truss S'^XS'', compact, rounded, catawbiense 90; flowers cyclamen purple RP T/b); truss 4V'X6V'; corolla markings yellowish, few. catawbiense album 59; flowers white.

catawbiense compactum 44; flowers cyclamen purple (i2 RP T/b). catawbiense grandiflorum 27; flowers mauve.

caucasicum 60; flowers creamy white to pale rose; truss 3^"X5'' loose and rounded; corolla markings chartreuse green (2.5 GY 8.5/b); style and stigma reddish ; sometimes subject to some winter damage, caucasicum ‘Jacksonii’ 31; flowers rosy pink with deeper pink stripe on out- side of petal.

discolor 22; flowers white to pale pink; truss loose; corolla markings yellow, fargesii 16; flowers white, pink, rose; truss loose, flat-topped; corolla mark- ings red.

Xfortunei hybrids 39; flowers white to deep pink ; (A few years ago the Arn- old Arboretum was testing 80 clones in this hybrid group, many of them thoroughly hardy. More recently the less ornamental clones have been dis- carded together with the ones not thoroughly hardy. Some have been named like ‘Ben Mosely’, ‘Elizabeth Poore’, ‘Scintillation’, ‘Tom Everett’, ‘Roslyn’ and ‘Westbury’. All these seem to be hardy in normal winters in protected places in the Boston area and would be worthy of further trial.) keiskei 29; flowers lemon yellow; occasionally subject to some winter damage. Xlaetvirens 83; flowers moderate purplish pink (2.5 RP 7/8). maximum 42; flowers pink to white; truss 4V'X5'', compact; corolla markings spotted with greenish yellow, maximum album 42; flowers colored white.

[30]

maximum superbum 17; Howers deep pink.

metternichii 46; flowers white to rose colored.

micranthum 60; flowers white; truss 2"; terminal containing as many as 50 small flowers.

minus 89; flowers rose colored to white, somewhat similar to those of Rhodo- dendron carolinianum.

Xmorelianum 50; flowers light reddish purple (lO P 6/ 1 1 ) ; truss

dense and pyramidal; corolla markings brownish; stamens and pistil pinkish.

Xmyrtifolium 17; flowers moderate purplish pink (2.5 RF T/s); truss iV'X 1^''; open; no corolla markings.

oreodoxa 12; flowers white to lavender pink to rose colored ; few flowers to a truss.

Xpraecox 13; flowers bright rose purple; there may be winter injury from low temperatures on this species this year.

praevernum 32; flowers deep purplish red (lO RP 2/6); possible injury in very severe winters.

smirnowii 51; flowers rosy red with a frilled margin; truss 4"X5", loose and open; styles red; filaments pink; corolla markings brownish.

ungernii 34; flowers white to pale pink.

Xwatereri 60; flowers pale to deep rose pink; truss 5''X6"; dense and py- ramidal; corolla markings brownish.

X wellesleyanum 46; flowers white, slightly tinged pink.

VARIETIES

‘Adalbert’ 60; flowers strong reddish purple (2.5 RP 5/ 14); truss 4^^ X 5 dense and rounded; corolla markings a deep purplish red (lO RP 2/6); pistil and stamens pinkish ; margin of petals slightly frilled and almost identical with those of ^Echse’ except for the color of stamens and pistil.

‘Alaric’ 60; flowers a strong reddish purple (S. 5 RP 5/ 1 3) ; truss 3^''X5" dense and rounded ; corolla markings few but pronounced deep purplish red (lO RP 2/6); stigma nearly black, styles and stamens purplish.

‘Albert’ 60; flowers strong purplish pink (7.5 RP T.s/s); truss 3^"X6" dense and round; corolla markings brownish.

‘Album Elegans 78; flowers pale purplish pink (7.5 RP 9/4); truss 5"X6", dense and pyramidal; corolla markings primrose yellow ( 1 GY 9/ 8) ; style pink.

‘Album Grandiflorum’ 83; flowers white; truss 4"X5'' dense and pyramidal; corolla markings greenish yellow and mostly inconspicuous ; stigma red ; mar- gins of petals slightly frilled.

‘Album Splendens’ 54; flowers white.

‘Alexander Dancer’ 16; flowers magenta; truss 42^' X 5" dense and pyramidal; style and filaments pink ; corolla markings are dark red and few.

‘America’ 18; flowers deep purplish red ( 1 0 RP3.5/12); truss 3V'X6"; corolla markings dark red spots ; red filaments.

‘Amphion’ 18; flowers strong reddish purple (3.5 RP 5/l3) to a white center; truss 4^"X62", rather loose.

‘Anton’ 60; flowers mauve (7.5 P 6.5/8); truss 4^"X6" dense and pyramidal; corolla markings greenish to brownish ; stamens and pistil pinkish ; petals slightly frilled.

[ 37]

‘Arno’ 60; flowers rose purple (7.5 P 7.5/5) to white; truss dense

and pyramidal ; corolla markings dark purple and prominent.

‘Atrosanguineum’ 73; flowers red; truss 2 loose, rounded; corolla

markings dark purple; pistil and stamens dark purple.

‘Bella’ 60; flowers light purplish pink (2 RP S/fl) fading considerably; truss 3"X5'' dense and rounded; corolla markings strong orange yellow; stamens and pistil pinkish; petals frilled.

‘Ben Mosley’ 13; flowers strong reddish purple (2. 5 RP o/io) ; truss 4^^ X 5h" dense and rounded ; corolla marking reddish ; usually 6 petals in the corolla and slightly frilled.

‘Bicolor’ 78; flowers deep purplish pink; truss 4'' X 5^^' dense and rounded; corolla markings deep purplish red; stamens and pistil pink.

‘Boudoir’ 15; flowers moderate purplish red (4. 5 RP o/io); corolla markings darker.

‘Boule de Neige’ 60; flowers pure white; truss 4''X6" compact and rounded; corolla markings chartreuse green (2.5 GY 8.5/6); petals slightly frilled.

‘Boursault’ 12; flowers strong reddish purple (9 P 4.5/12); truss 3^"X5" dense and rounded; style and filaments pink ; corolla markings yellow-brown.

‘Candidissimum’ 54; flowers strong purplish pink to white (5 RP T.s/s); truss 4" X 6" dense and rounded; corolla markings citron green, few and incon- spicuous.

‘Caractacus’ 51; flowers magenta (3.5 RP 5/l3); truss 4''X5'' dense and rounded; corolla markings citron green and not conspicuous; pistil and sta- mens red.

‘Charles Bagley’ 58; flowers deep purplish pink (4 RP 6/ 14); truss 5''X52'' dense and pyramidal; corolla markings citron green; pistil and stamens pink.

‘Charles Dickens’ 73; flowers crimson red loose to dense and rounded ; corolla markings dark purplish red (lO RP 2/6); stamens dark red.

‘Comte de Corner’ 63; flowers white edged crimson.

‘Coriaceum’ 78; flowers white ; corolla markings green.

‘Cunningham’s White’ 42; flowers white.

‘Daisy’ 61; flowers deep purplish pink (2.5 RP 6/l0); truss 3"X4^'' dense and rounded; corolla markings brilliant yellow (5 Y 9/l0); stigma red; style pinkish; petals slightly frilled.

‘Daisy Rand’ 14; flowers strong reddish purple (2.5 RP 5/ 12); truss 3"X4^'' dense and rounded; corolla markings deep purplish red (lO RP 2/6); stigma black, style whitish and a few stamens purplish.

‘Delicatissimum’ 52; flowers strong purplish pink (5 RP T.s/s); 4''X5'' loose to dense and rounded ; corolla markings a pronounced greenish yellow; stigma red.

‘Desiderius’ 61; flowers deep purplish pink (2.5 RP 6/ll); corolla markings brilliant yellow green (2.5 GY 9/8).

Dr. H. C. Dresselhuys’ 11; flowers strong purplish red (8.5 RP 4.4/l2); truss 5"X6" and rather loose.

‘Duke of York’ 54; flowers light purplish pink (2 RP 8/6) to white; truss 5^"X7" loose and rounded; corolla markings brilliant yellow green (2.5 GY

9/8); 7 petals usually in each corolla.

[88]

‘Echse’ 60; flowers strong reddish purple (^2.5 RP 5/l4); truss dense

and pyramidal; corolla markings deep purplish red (lO RP 2/6 and pro- nounced ; stigma deep red ; style and stamens white.

"Eva’ 60; flowers moderate purplish pink (2.5 RP T/s); truss dense and rounded ; corolla markings citron green ; stigma red ; style and stamens pink ; edge of petals frilled.

"Everestianum’ 14; flowers moderate purplish pink (2.5 RP 7 / S) ; truss

6" dense and pyramidal; corolla markings greenish to brown; pistil and sta- mens pinkish; petals slightly frilled.

"Fee’ 60; flowers deep purplish pink (2 RP 6/l0); truss sV' X4V' dense and rounded ; corolla markings are a pronounced purple ; stamens and pistil pinkish.

"Flushing’ 57; flowers magenta (3.5 RP 5.2/l3); truss 4"X6" dense and rounded; corolla markings deep purplish red (lO RP 2/6); stigma and style red ; stamens purplish.

"General Grant’ 13; flowers magenta (3.5 RP 5/13); truss 3"X4i"; corolla markings deep purplish red (lO RP 2.5/l0) and few; stigma nearly black; stamens purple, styles lighter.

"Gomer Waterer’ 16; flowers magenta (2.5 RP 7.3/6) to white; truss 4''X6" dense and rounded ; corolla markings yellow-brown.

"Hannah Felix’ 60; flowers strong reddish purple (2. 5 RP5/l4); truss 3" X4^'' dense and rounded; corolla markings a pronounced beet-root purple (5 RP 2.5/10); stigma red, style and stamens reddish; corolla color almost uniform color except under the markings where it is whitish.

"Henrietta Sargent’ 77; deep purplish pink (4 RP 6.5/12); truss 4"X6'' dense and rounded; corolla marking brown to greenish; stigma red, style pink.

"H. W. Sargent’ 16; deep purplish pink to strong purplish red (4 RP 4. 5/ 12 to 8 RP 4.2/14); truss 3"X4y" corolla markings deep purplish red (lO RP 2/6); pistil and stamens deep purplish red.

"Ignatius Sargent’ 56; flowers moderate purplish red (6 RP 4/ 14); truss 3V' X b" dense and rounded ; corolla markings brown and pronounced : stigma nearly black; styles red; petals slightly frilled.

"James Bateman’ 73; flowers deep purplish pink (4 RP 6. 5/ 12); truss 4"X6'' dense and rounded; corolla markings deep purplish red (lO RP 2/6); stigma red, style pink.

"Kettledrum’ 13; flowers strong reddish purple (2.5 RP 5/ 14); truss 3"X4^" dense and rounded; corolla markings citron green (lO Y T/s); pistil and stamens reddish.

"Lady Armstrong’ 53; flowers deep purplish pink (5 RP 6/l3); truss 5"X5|^" dense and pyramidal; corolla markings ruby red (7.5 RP 2.5/12) and few; stigma red ; style pinkish near tip.

"Lady Gray Egerton’ 14; flowers pale lilac.

"Lee’s Dark Purple’ 13; flowers strong purple (7.5 P 5/10); truss 42^' X6" dense and rounded; corolla markings brownish and conspicuous; pistil and stamens red ; one of the darkest purple of any of the varieties.

"Luciferum’ 12; flowers light reddish purple (9 P b/s) with a white center; truss open and rounded; corolla markings greenish yellow; petals

frilled.

[39 ]

‘Madame de Bruin’ 13; flowers bright red.

‘Melton’ 73; flowers strong reddish purple (S RP 5/l0); truss 3-|"X5" dense and rounded ; corolla markings maroon (5 Rs/fl); stigma black ; stamens and style whitish.

‘Mrs. C. S. Sargent’ 52; flowers deep purplish pink (s. 5 RP fl/io); truss 4^'' X6'' dense and rounded ; corolla markings greenish ; pistil and stamens strong reddish purple; petals frilled.

‘Mrs. Harry IngersolP 78; flowers strong reddish purple (s RP 5/ 18); truss 4''X5'' dense and pyramidal; corolla markings citron green (lO Y T/s); stigma whitish; stamens purplish. A whitish condition of the petals under- neath the markings gives a unique color.

‘Mrs. P. den Ouden’ 19; flowers strong purplish red (8.5 RP 4.4/12); truss 4"X6'' and dense.

‘Norma’ 78; flowers strong reddish purple (3.5 RP 4/l5); truss 4''X5'' dense and rounded ; corolla markings greenish ; pistil and stamens purplish.

‘Parson’s Gloriosum’ 15; flowers light purplish pink (2.5 RP 8/6); truss 4" X6" rather loose.

‘Parson’s Grandiflorum’ 78; flowers moderate purple (4.5 RP 5/l0); truss 5" X 4" dense and pyramidal ; style and filaments pink, corolla markings yellow- green and few\

‘Parson’s Rubrum’ 27; flowers red.

‘P.J.M. Hybrids’ 14; flowers deep reddish purple.

‘President Lincoln’ 16; flowers light purplish pink (5 RP 8/4 to 2 RP 8/l6); truss 4^'' X 5'' dense and rounded; corolla markings brownish; stamens and pistil pinkish.

‘Professor F. Bettex’ 14; flowers strong purplish red (lO RP 3.5/l2).

‘Promethius’ 63; strong purplish pink (5 RP 7.8/8); truss 3''X4" dense and round ; corolla markings white to yellow.

‘Pulcherrimum’ 55; flowers strong reddish purple (3 RP 5/l4).

‘Purpureum Elegans’ 78; light purple (4 P 6/8 to 9 P 4. 5/ 12); truss 4''X6" dense and rounded; corolla markings citron green (lO Y 7/8) and prominent; pistil reddish; stamens pinkish.

‘Purpureum Grandiflorum’ 83; flowers light purple (7 P 6/9); truss 4''X7^' dense and rounded; corolla markings citron green (lO Y 7/8); pistil and stamens reddish.

‘Roseum Elegans’ 27; light reddish purple (9 P 6/8); truss 4^' X5^'' dense and slightly pyramidal; corolla markings brilliant yellow green (2.5 GY 8/8) and few ; center of flower white.

‘Roseum Superbum’ 54; flowers strong pink (lO RP 7.5/l0) truss 3^''X6" and loose.

‘Sultana’ 63; flowers pale purplish pink (7.5 RP 9/ 14); truss 4''X6'' dense and pyramidal; corolla markings (7.5 YR 7.3/8); anthers purplish.

‘Viola’ 12; flowers porcelain white.

Donald Wyman

[ -to ]

1

.

ii

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29

JUNE 13, 1969

Number 7

THE INTRODUCTION OF OUR HARDY STEWARTIAS

The Stewartias are large shrubs or small trees with relatively large white flowers in early summer. Their value in the decoration of the average subur- j ban garden has been frequently overlooked. They are all valuable for their dis- I ease and insect resistance, their white flowers produced in early- to mid-July, and I some of them have the added attractions of colorful autumn foliage and decorative |i bark patterns in the fall and winter.

The genus Sfezcartia contains about nine species, of which five are reliably hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. Of these, one is worth cultivating for almost any excuse.

The genus Stexcartia was established by Linnaeus to accommodate a plant which grows on the coastal plain of the southeast United States from Virginia south- j: ward. The plant first flowered in cultivation in England, in 1742. The next year an illustration was made of the plant by George Ehret, one of the most famous and talented of botanical illustrators. A copy of this illustration was sent to ; Linnaeus who published an engraving of it with his description of the genus in 1846 (Plate VHI). About two years later another copy of the same illustration was published by Mark Catesby in his Natural History of Carolina^ Florida, and ; the Bahama Islands. This was Steicartia Malacodendron, a plant of stream banks in rich deciduous woods of the coastal plain from Virginia to Louisiana. Coker and Totten {Trees of the Southeastern States) record that it is frequently associated with Beech. This, the Silky Stewartia, is from personal experience, not easy to grow, and apparently not hardy north of Long Island. Loudon, in the Arboretum \et Fruticetum Britannicum (Vol. 1, p. 378, 1838) comments that it was uncom- I mon in British Gardens in his time, and that the price of a nursery-grown plant was 5 shillings in London or 50 cents in New York.

The second species, in order of discovery, was the Mountain Stewartia {Steicartia ovata) (Plate IX). This plant is a shrub or small tree very similar in ' general appearance to the Silky Stewartias, but differing in floral details and

[41 ]

GRAY. HERBARIUM

APR 231969

growing naturally in the Piedmont and mountain region of the Southeast. When it was first introduced into cultivation or who first discovered it is uncertain. It was originally confused with the Silky Stewartia. It is certain that flowering plants were growing at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1785. And it is also certain that William Bartram saw it in Oconee County, South Carolina, in 1776. This species is hardier, and apparently easier to grow, than the Silky Stewartia. At least it does well in the Arnold Arboretum!

It was not until the 1860’s, and the opening up of Japan, that the next spe- cies of Stewartia appeared, and it appears to have been first cultivated in the Occident in New York. Thomas Hogg, the younger, was born in London, Eng- land, on the 6th of February 1820. His father was in charge of the greenhouse of William Kent, Esq., who was reputed to have, at that time, the largest private collection of plants in England. In 1822, the elder Thomas Hogg moved to New York and set up a nursery business, which was continued after his death in 1855 by his two sons Thomas Jr., and James.

In 1862 Thomas Hogg, Jr. received an appointment as a United States Marshal under which he spent the following eight years in Japan. In 1869 or 1870 he resigned his post and returned to the United States, but went back to Japan in 1873 to spend two years as a member of the Japanese Customs Service. During this entire period (1862-1875) he sent many Japanese plants to his brother in New York. It was Thomas Hogg who sent Stewartia pseudocamellia (Plate XI), to New York about 1866. In contrast to our two native species which are shrubs, S. pseudocamellia is recorded as being a tree up to 50 feet tall and with a trunk sometimes two feet in diameter. Although the plants at the Arnold Arboretum, received in 1879, are now, after 89 years, bushes only about 10-12 feet tall, they appear to be stump sprouts, probably reflecting damage in the 1938 hurri- cane. The flowers, which are somewhat more cup-shaped than our native species, are about 2^-3 inches across, some\vhat smaller than our two native species, which have flowers 3^-4 inches across. The particular value of this species, at the time it was introduced, lay in its hardiness (it is hardy in Boston), the autumn color of its leaves (purplish), and its bark, which scales off in large thin flakes, like Sycamore, having a light and dark grayish mottled appearance.

E. H. Wilson collected Stewartia sinensis in Western Hupeh, China, in 1901. The Veitch nursery firm in England introduced the species to cultivation. The bark, like the last, is scaly. Our plant grown under this name (Plate X) w^as started in 1936 from seed obtained from the Lu-Shan Arboretum in China. The plant growls w^ell under our conditions and is now' about 12 feet tall. As yet our plant has not showm the character of exfoliating bark.

Stewartia monadelpha (Plate Xl) is somew'hat of an enigma. It is alleged to have been introduced into cultivation in 1903. But it may be that this reference was to Wilson’s Stewartia sinensis, which was first sold by Veitch as Stewartia monadelpha.

[42]

Tab. II.

PLATE VIII

Stewart ia Malacodendr on Flowering twif? X^. Reproduced from an engraving of an illustration by George Ehret, published in the “Acta’* of the Koyal Academy of Sciences. Uppsala. 1741-1746.

[ ]

1

In any event, we obtained seed from Sun Yat-Sen Memorial University in Nanking in 19S4. Our plant is about 15 feet tall with rather good exfoliating gray and white bark.

Finally, there is Stewartia koreana (Plate XIl), which is perhaps our finest Steicartia. E. H. Wilson collected seed from a tree on the slopes of Chiri-san in the province of South Keisko, in southern Korea, on November 14, 1917. The seed was sown at the Arnold Arboretum in January of 1918. Plants from this seed did not flower until 1927. Two years later (July 1929) Wilson wrote of it:

Stewartia koreana is again in blossom near the old White Pine trees on Bussey Hill. It is flowering much more freely than last year and its dis- tinctive characters are more obvious. The flower is fringed, pure white, from 3^ to 4 inches in diameter, flat and saucer-like with the ovary and stamens rich yellow. The leaves are ovate-elliptic, shining bright green with impressed veins and rounded base. It is a more cheery looking plant than its close relative, the Japanese Stewartia psemlocamellia, which has dull green leaves, longer and narrow at the base, less prominently impressed veins and flowers more cupped. The Korean Stewartia is showing remarkable vigor; it has suffered no winter injury and as the tree matures will doubtless bloom as freely as any of its tribe.

Over the years, enthusiasm about Stewartia koreana has increased. In 1956 Dr. Wyman included Stewartia koreana as one of his “Eighty Trees for the Small Place.” He had earlier noted that the plant was of value in the garden in the winter on account of its mottled dark and light brown bark, a mottling caused by the exfoliation of large flakes of the outer bark. In addition, the leaves do, at least in some years, possess an orange or red autumn color.

This is, beyond doubt, the choicest of the Stew^artias. It is also one of the finest of our large shrubs or small trees. There can be no doubt but that it will become increasingly popular with the gardening public.

Gordon P. DeWolf, Jr.

[44]

PLATE IX

Stewartia ovata (Cav.) Weatherby. a, flowering twig X b, fruiting twig X c, longitudinal section of flower XI; d, longitudinal section of fruit XI; e, cross section of fruit X I.

[4.5]

Stewartia sinensis Rehder & Wilson, a, flowering twig X b, fruiting twig X h c, longitudinal section of flower XI; d, longitudinal section of fruit XI; e, cross section of fruit X 1.

[ ‘16 ]

1

(1) Stewartia jjseudocamellia Maxim, a, flowering twig X fruiting twig X

c, longitudinal section of flower XI; d, longitudinal section of fruit XI; e, cross section of fruit X 1 .

(2) Stewartia monadelpha Sieb. & Zucc. a, flowering twig X i; b, fruiting twig X i; c, longitudinal section of fruit X 1; d. cross section of fruit X 1.

c

tudinal section of stamens and petals X 1; d, carpels and sepals with corolla and stamens removed X 1; e, long^itudinal section of fruit X 1; f, cross section of fruit X 1; seed X 2.

[48]

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 AUGUST 29, 1969 Number 8

espauiered plants

The old fashioned art of growing espaliered plants is very definitely coming back into favor again. Only recently it seems this type of pruning was frowned upon, for it was too time-consuming. However, the gardener with more and more time on his hands often wants to produce something out of the ordi- nary, especially in smaller gardens — something that shows off a blank space on a wall or fence to good advantage. Because of this desire, more gardeners are becoming interested in learning how espaliered plants can be grown.

When the plot of ground is narrow, against a wall or fence, this method of growing shrubs and trees is certainly decorative and conserves space. Vines grow too fast for the low wall, and often require much care to keep them in good form. Take the space in front of a garage with a foot or so of ground, but a wall ten to fifteen feet high — this is the ideal place where espaliered plants come into their own. Certainly, they do not grow so vigorously that they hide the wall, but the forms into which the plants can be trained augment the interest of the planting materially.

We have such a wall along the low building that is our cold storage house at the Arnold Arboretum. The wall is made of painted cement blocks, with about eighteen inches of soiljn front of it and bordered by a paved road. Obviously, it is impossible to plant shrubs in this small area. Espaliered plants have proven most interesting here, not only because the foliage breaks the monotony of the wall but also because of the different designs into which these various plants have been trained.

In selecting plants for this purpose, certain ones have proved themselves more amenable than others. Japanese yew, firethorn, forsythia, flowering dogwood, rockspray (Cotoneaster horizontalis), mock-orange, flowering crabapples and of course the fruits like apple, pear and peach — all are worthy subjects for trial. Beside the fruits, best grown on dwarfing understock, Pyracantha species have proved most popular and suitable to this type of pruning.

[49]

One should study the wall space available, the method by which the plants are to be held firmly to the wall, and finally the desig^n or form into which the plants will be trained. It is most important to have all this figured out in ad- vance. Young plants three or four feet tall are usually the best ones to start with, for the root system of these need not be reduced to fit into the available space, and one can begin more easily with young and pliable twigs to create the design which has been selected.

The designs are of several major patterns. A fan shape is probably the easiest with three or four straight branches emanating from the base. The Japanese yew is especially satisfactory for this. Any yew, but preferably an upright growing variety, can be planted and reduced to three or four main branches arranged in a fan shape. It should be important to select a fruiting plant (not a male or staminate plant which never bears fruit) for when the small red fruits cover these branches in the fall the plant has a unique interest. Also this plant can be es- paliered against a cedar or chestnut sapling fence, with excellent results. Prun- ing of this particular plant is merely done in the form of snipping or shearing to keep the four main branches no wider than four to six inches. If plenty of space is available and if one design is good, additional leaders can be allowed to form after the original main branches have grown four or five feet high.

The horticulturists of the past centuries have done interesting things with es- paliered fruit trees. Mount Vernon, Virginia is only one place of many in this country where espaliered fruits can still be seen, but in Europe the art is still widely practiced. Some plants have been trained in a horizontal cordon — merely a low trunk a few inches tall and then a horizontal branch on either side. Start- ing with this simple design the ramifications are many. The single upright trunk of this can be allowed to grow vertically with additional horizontal branches al- lowed. Or the simple horizontal branches can be trained to the vertical after they have been allowed to grow in the horizontal for a certain length. Also the popular gridiron form is another often used.

Another interesting method is to develop from the original simple horizontal cordon a series of evenly spaced upright branches. Even more difficult for the individual who wants to try his hand at this, is to start with something like forsythia — because it is easily pliable and grows fast. Three or four main branches could be allowed, but each trained in a pleasingly larger and larger arc. Here too, the side shoots should be kept trimmed or pinched so that they will all be short. In the case of forsythia, it is essential that as much pruning or shearing as possible be done while the plant is actively growing before the end of June so that the flower buds will have plenty of time to form for next year’s bloom.

The rockspray {Cotoneaster horizontalis) produces flat sprays even when these rest normally on the ground. When advantage is taken of this unique method of growth by training them against the wall, a very interesting design results.

It is probably best to try to grow espaliered plants on walls facing the north

[50]

PLATE XIII

A few of the designs which are used in growing espaliers.

or east. South or west facing w^alls may be subject to absorbing too much heat on unusually warm winter days, so that some burning might result. Holes can be bored into the concrete, stone or wood walls and large brass or copper hooks inserted to hold the twigs rigidly in place. Preferably these should be of lead, for this material will bend slightly with the increase of branch girth, whereas stiff brass or copper hooks, if not large enough, can completely girdle and eventu- ally kill a branch.

Bending or turning the young twigs is a technique requiring minute care for the twigs must not be broken. Also they must be held rigidly in place. This type of training is best done in the spring w hile the tw igs are young and flexible.

Pruning or ‘‘touching up” with the shears is a frequent operation, the object being to prevent unwanted twigs from growing and to allow desired twigs to grow’ just far enough so they can be forced into the chosen pattern. Pruning should be done only when the design or form is thoroughly kept in mind, for in every form there are only a few places where growih should be allowed — and many places w’here increased vegetative growth is not desired and must be eliminated w hen it occurs.

At least two nurseries feature espaliered plants, namely, the U.S. Espalier Company of Sherwood, Oregon, and Henry Leuthardt of Port Chester, N.Y. There may be others. Of course, it takes time to train such plants for sale.

The plants in the following list include ones that have been used a long time as espaliers as w’ell as some new’ ones w’ell w’orth trying. Coarse leaved plants do not adapt themselves well to this type of display, nor do overly fast growing species w’hich require much more pruning than slow’er growing varieties.

Some of the best plants for Espaliers;

Abelia sp. - can be tried in short, low’ designs, valued for long flow’ering season and good foliage.

Acanthopanax sieboldianus - this should lend itself well to the fan design, es- pecially suited for shaded places.

Caragana arborescens - I have never seen this espaliered but undoubtedly it has been used. The tendency is to have many flower clusters close to the main branch and this makes an excellent espalier in flow’er. Fruit and autumn color are not outstanding.

Ceanothus — many species and varieties are used for this purpose in southern California.

Chaenomeles - since these bloom on the previous year’s wood, necessary pruning should be done as soon after the flower blooms as possible. ‘Phyllis Moore’ with double deep pink flowers is one of the better varieties to use.

[52]

PLATE XIV

'Phis pear in the Luxembouif? Gardens of Paris is probably over 100 years old.

Cornus florida - this species has opposite branches and is well adapted to several cordon shaped designs as far as branching and foliage is concerned, but may be rather disappointing from the flower standpoint, merely because the flowers are borne on the upper surface of the horizontal branches. Since side branch- lets are pruned to a minimum for espaliers, flowering may not be profuse un- less the pendulous branched variety is used.

Cornus kousa - branching habits as above. Probably not good from a flowering standpoint.

Cornus mas - because this blooms so early in the spring on buds close to the main branches, it might be considered one of the better of the dogwoods as an espalier. However, do as much pruning as possible immediately after flow- ering before flower buds for next year are formed.

Cotoneaster horizontalis - one of the best plants for espalier training. This plant naturally grows with many small horizontal branches all in one plane, and on a wall it fans out equally well on both sides into one flat, beautifully arranged spray. If a central leader is trained, it can grow to some height. In Belgium I saw a plant growing to the top of a three story building. Of course it flow- ers and fruits well, but in the North it might be used on the north wall or in a partially shaded position where it will not be subject to burning in the winter.

Euonymus fortune! vegeta - although this is a “semi-shrub” or a clinging vine, it is amenable to shearing and should be easy to train as an espalier. The fruits are so outstanding that it is well worth a trial.

Forsythia - all forsythias grow so fast that pruning them as espaliers can be difficult unless done often. We have had good success with F. intermedia spec- tabilis trained merely as 4 concentric arching stems but pruning or shearing should be done early before summer, to give the flow^er buds plenty of time to develop for flowers the following year. New shoots from the base must be eliminated frequently. Because of its fast growth it is probable that forsythia should be confined to simple sweeping designs entailing 3 or 4 stems only, and not those incorporating right angles.

Fuschia - much used in the warmer parts of California.

Jasminum - can be used in long curved designs without short right angle turns.

Lycium halimifolium — I have never seen this used as an espalier but see no reason why it would not respond to the same treatment as forsythia. The added interest of the small red fruits intermittently throughout the summer should give it considerable ornamental interest.

Magnolia grandiflora - frequently used as a complete wall cover (when sheared) this has coarse foliage and hence is not ideal for espalier purposes.

[54]

PLATE XV

A mulberry espaliered on a nursery shed in Boskoop, Holland, probably grow n for its many blackberry-like fruits.

Malus - fruits in general and apples and pears in particular have long been es- paliered, many designs have been used. Good old fashioned exhibits of espal- iered fruits are in the vegetable gardens at Mt. Vernon (Va.) and Williamsburg, Va. To obtain sizable fruits, considerable pruning as well as spraying are necessary. Almost any commercial variety of apple can be used but if it is grafted on dwarf understock (Mailing #3, jfl ^ or ^9) the chances are results will be better. The Eley flowering crabapple, Whitney crabapple and Dolgo crabapple all have been used. In fact there is no reason why small fruiting (i.e., strictly ornamental) forms can not be used and these require far less spraying and pruning than the larger commercial fruiting varieties. It is these, and pears that are worked into various cordon designs and the branches can be trained into right angle turns.

Morus alba - a fast growing tree, this has been espaliered because of the small berry-like fruits. The sexes are usually separate and if fruits are desired one should be certain to have a fruiting clone. Because of its vigorous habit it does require considerable and constant pruning to keep it within bounds. The interesting leaves give it additional value when properly espaliered, and de- signs can be the same as those for apples and pears.

Philadelphus coronarius - trained the same way and for the same reasons as forsythias.

Photinia villosa - because of small foliage and bright colored fruits this should make a workable espalier.

Poncirus trifoliata - the interesting small but bitter oranges of this plant make it a good selection as an espalier. The small, single white flowers are borne in late April.

Prinsepia sinensis - unfortunately a rare plant in American nurseries, this is ex- tremely hardy, is one of the earliest shrubs to show leaves in the spring, and bears bright red fruits in the late summer. It probably is best grown in simple fan shaped or arching designs.

Prunus triloba — because of its conspicuous double pink flowers, this makes a striking espalier in flower. The blooms are borne close to the main stem making it very good when trained in this way.

Prunus sp. - several other cherries have been espaliered, especiall}" the fruiting types, but birds are so attracted to the fruits that they do not last very long. Because of this, cherries might be overlooked as modern espalier plants be- cause there are so many other better things available. Apricots, nectarines and peaches are all plants which have been espaliered for centuries. They need considerable care for the pruning must be done just right in order to ob- tain the fruit spurs that bear the flowers and eventually the fruits. Dwarfing understock has yielded plants that are slower growing and hence more de-

[56]

PLATE XVI

Cotoneasier horizontalis can be grown into a most interesting form when espaliered against a wall in this manner

sirable as espaliers. If time and patience in pruning are too time consuming, one would certainly be better off to use some of the purely ornamental plants rather than commercial fruit varieties.

Pyracantha sp. - these are probably the most popular of all ornamental plants as espaliers, for they flower and fruit profusely, and can be forced into grow- ing in almost any design. The red fruits are conspicuous, but the yellow fruited forms are truly unique. They can be grown two and three stories high.

Pyrus sp. - these are widely espaliered in Europe, especially in the commercial orchards of France. The leaves do have a glossy, ornamental character and the foliage turns brilliant red in the fall. Dwarfing understock aids in slowing down the growth. They are used in designs having right angles, especially those with branches trained as uprights and horizontals.

Rhamnus frangula columnaris ‘Tallhedge’ - a new columnar growing shrub which should be well adapted to growing as an espalier. The glossy leaves, small flowers and bright colored fruits are certainly ornamental enough. Par- ticular care should be taken in cutting out unwanted shoots from the base.

Tamarix sp. - frequently used as a wall plant or espalier, its feathery foliage and flowers are probably best adapted to fan or simple arching designs, not the intricate designs used for fruits.

Taxus sp. - making valued espaliers, especially the upright growing types. It is probable that fan type designs are best. Female or fruiting forms should be used for the fruits add materially to the ornamental interest.

Viburnum sp. - few of these grow tall enough to make large espaliers but Vibur- num dentatum, lentago, prunifolium, riifidulum, sieboldii and tinus are species which might be tried. Of course, the smaller foliage types {V. dentatum, lentago, tinus) are probably best but all those mentioned might be tried to see how adaptable they would prove.

These then are merely some suggestions, all of which have not been tried but

it would seem that the individual who knows plant growth and how to prune

might have a fascinating time trying them as espaliered plants.

Donald Wyman

[ 58]

PLATE XVII

Forsythia grows very fast when grown as an espalier but its profuse flowers in early spring make it outstanding.

[59]

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 SEPTEMBER 12, 1969 Number 9

^THE MOUNTAIN-ASHES

There are lOO species and varieties of Sorbus growing in the collections or the nurseries of the Arnold Arboretum but not all of them are of outstand- ing ornamental interest. Only about two dozen are being grown in American nurseries and some of these are recent introductions from Holland, mostly hy- brids, with coined names made to appeal to the imagination of the plant buying public. European gardeners, however, think more highly of this group for some 64- different species and varieties can be found by searching European nursery catalogues. In fact, one English nursery firm recently listed 45.

These plants, ranging in height from 5' to 60' are native throughout the north- ern temperate regions of the world. They are chiefly valued for their clusters of bright colored ornamental fruits in the fall. The genus Sorbus belongs to the rose family hence their fruits are small pomes. Their creamy white flower clusters in the spring, somewhat similar to those of Viburjuim leniago^ and the autumn foliage coloration of some, add to their effectiveness.

In parts of America, Sorbus species are susceptible to attacks of red spider, fire blight and borers. Since they are also weak-wooded and can split easily in ice or wind storms, these factors are important in decreasing their popularity in cer- tain sections of America. Sorbus species have alternate, mostly pinnately com- pound leaves although a few have simple leaves. In the following list, those with simple leaves are S. alnifolia^ aria^ and folgneri, with S. hybrxda partly pinnate toward the base of the leaf and entire towards the end. The flowers appearing in May are small, white and produced in large flat clusters like those of some viburnums or Queen Anne’s lace. The brilliantly colored white, pink, red and yellow fruits are borne in 3-5" clusters with the individual fruits in diame-

ter. This group of trees is used for specimens and in some areas as street trees, but one should be certain that borers are not a serious hazard in areas where they are to be used in large numbers, especially as street trees.

The Korean mountain-ash (N. alnifolia) and the Kashmir mountain-ash (S.

[ 61 ]

cashmiriana) have about the largest individual flowers of any, between and l" in diameter. The latter has flower buds tinged pale pink but the flowers soon fade to creamy white.

The Korean mountain-ash should be singled out again because of its gray bark, similar to that of the European beech, for it is of considerable interest through- out the entire winter.

Sorbus hybrida, Joigneri and aria have leaves that are white tomentose under- neath, so much so as to be of considerable ornamental value. Some of the varie- ties are of fastigiate habit, and while fastigiate trees are young and under 20' in height, such plants make excellent specimens. However, these do not grow old gracefully, for the taller and wider they get, the more easily they break up in wind, snow and ice storms. Hence these fastigiate forms should be considered of service only while young.

Several species are widely native throughout Europe and the fruits of some have been used there to make jellies and preserves for centuries. All in all, the mountain-ash is not one of our best ornamental trees. Certainly its disease and insect pests are sufficiently numerous to prevent it from being used widely as a street tree. As an ornamental planted here and there in the full sun where it does best, it can be a colorful spot of color in the fall landscape.

Recommended Species and Varieties

Note: All of these plants are growing in the collections of the Arnold Arboretum.

alnifolia 60' Zone 5 Korea Korean mountain-ash

This is the best of the Sorbus species — certainly it has performed that way in the Arnold Arboretum. The flowers are profuse; individual flowers being as much as V' in diameter. The excellent scarlet to orange fruits are i-i" long, and the autumn color is orange to scarlet. The leaves are simple — not compound. The smooth, dark gray bark gives much the same effect as bark of the European beech and the whole tree is vigorous and pyramidal to oval in general outline. Appar- ently it is not as susceptible to borers as are most of the other species.

^ americana 30' Zone 2 Northeastern North America

American mountain-ash

A small, sometimes shrubby tree with bright red fruit. The taller, more vigorous European mountain-ash is used more in America and can usually be dis- tinguished from its American counterparts because its winter buds are densely white pubescent while those of the American mountain-ashes are glabrous or only slightly pubescent. It is listed here because it is native over a wide area of the eastern United States, but 5'. decora is often considered the better of these two natives. Both have pinnately compound leaves with about 11-17 leaflets.

[ 6-> ]

PLATE XVIII

Upper: 1. Sorbus hybrida; 2. S. aucuparia; 3. S. alnifoUa; 4. aria.

Lower: 1. Sorbus aucuparia; 2. S. aucuparia ‘Asplenifolia’; 3. 8. cashmiriana; 4. S. de&ora; 5. vilmorinii; 6. S. rehderiana; 7. S. americana.

aria 45' Zone 5 Europe White beam

A European native, widely planted there, with simple leaves 2-4" long, usu- ally very tomentose underneath. The scarlet red fruits are m diameter and

are specked with brownish dots. It is very characteristic of the chalk soils of Great Britain, but does fairly well in our more acid soils. In America, it is per- haps better known for some of its varieties :

V' ‘Aurea’ (syn. chrysophylla) with yellow foliage.

J ‘Majestica’ (syn. decaisneana) with red fruits as much as f" in diameter. The leaves of this variety can be 7" long and they are also covered with the white, downy pubescence which adds so much to the attractiveness of the species in areas where soot and dust are not a problem. If the leaves and fruit of this variety are considered too coarse, then the species might be substituted.

XSorbus arnoldiana 40' Zone 5 Arnold mountain-ash

\i A cross (*S. discolor yiS. aucuparia) originating in the Arnold Arboretum in 1907, this is a vigorous species of the same habit as aucuparia with pinnately compound leaves composed of 11-17 leaflets, but its outstanding ornamental char- acteristic is its profusee light pink fruits, about the size of those of aucuparia .

1/

aucuparia 45' Zone 2 Europe European mountain-ash

Called the rowan tree, this has been a popular ornamental in America since colonial times and is definitely a taller tree than its American relative, S. ameri- cana. It has even become naturalized in Alaska. The leaves are pinnately com- pound with 9-15 leaflets and the bright red fruits, i" in diameter, are borne in large showy clusters. The autumn color of the foliage is reddish. It has been used widely in America as the understock on which other species and varieties of Sorhus are budded and grafted. Varieties sometimes seen in America are: Asplenifolia’ — a very graceful tree with doubly serrate leaflets.

■Beissneri’ — another graceful variety with lobed leaflets. The leaf petioles

and branchlets are bright red.

edulis — with fruit larger than that of the species and sometimes known as the

variety moravica named for the area where it is native in northern Austria. This fruit is edible and has been much used for preserves in Austria and northern Germany.

‘Fastigiata’ — it is true that the species is more or less erect anyway, but this variety is certainly so, especially while young. As noted previously such heavily fruited trees do not grow old gracefully and do not keep their upright habit in- definitely. There comes a time after 15-20 years when the branches begin to widen out and the variety eventually takes on the habit of the species. Hence it should be used for its fastigiate habit only while young.

‘Pendula’ — with pendulous branches.

xanthocarpa — fruits yellow, not red to orange.

[64]

PLATE XIX

Upper: Fruits of Sorbus decora, the Showy mountain-ash.

Lower: Sorbus aucuparia ‘Pendula' growing in a hotel court at Aulanko, Finland.

cashmiriana 20' Zone 4 Himalayas Cashmir mountain-ash

This species was introduced to America for trial by the Arnold Arboretum in 1949, although some consider it merely a variety of S. tianshanica. However, the Cashmir mountain-ash is appearing hardier. The flower buds are blush pink ; the flowers open tinged pink, the only one in our collection with such beautiful flow- ers, each one of which is f" in diameter. The leaves are pinnately compound with 15-19 leaflets. The fruits are large, §" in diameter, colored white with pink tinge on pink or red fruit stalks, making the plants most ornamental. A shrubby tree well worthy of trial wherever mountain-ashes are grown.

decora 30' Zone 2 Northeastern North America

^ Showy mountain-ash

One of the best of the native Sorbus species, with larger fruits (^") than the native S. americana, and pinnately compound leaves containing 11-17 leaflets. It is a shrubby tree, but the large, bright red berries, make it an excellent ornamental for the colder parts of the country.

We have several trees of what George Jackman and Sons Nursery of England sent us as a S. decora Nana’ which apparently has outstanding ornamental charac- teristics. The leaves are much darker green than those of S. aucuparia and the fruits are a darker red. As a tree, it grows with a single trunk, very narrow in- deed. One specimen that is only 12 years old is about 10' tall but a single up- right column of foliage not over 3' wide. Sorbus aucuparia ‘Fastigiata’ on the other hand, grows with several main leaders from the base and has a much wider habit. Regardless of what species this tree eventually turns out to be, this par- ticular variety is the most narrow of any Sorbus plants I have ever seen.

^ discolor 30' Zone 5 China Snowberry mountain-ash

The white fruits, in diameter, have been variously described as * ‘yellow” or “pink”. The fruits on the Arnold Arboretum trees have always been white, and even though they may vary they make a most colorful display in the fall of the year. The leaves are pinnately compound with 11-15 leaflets.

folgneri 24' Zone 5 Central China Folgner mountain-ash

Because it is a tree, but still smaller than most others in this group, this should be noted as a desirable type. The fruits are red, about long, the leaves are simple, ovate and finely serrate —about 2-3^" long, dark green above and white woolly beneath making a good color contrast. It may be that red spider and lace fly, which can infest Sorbus foliage, do not do much injury to this species be- cause of this woolly pubescence.

/ PLATE XX ^

Left: Sorbus aucuparia ‘Fastigiata*. Right: Sorbus alnifolia, the Korean mountain-ash.

/

XSorbus hybrida 36' Zone 4 Oakleaf mountain-ash

This is thought to be a natural hybrid of S. intermedia and S. aucuparia^ often found wild in central Europe. It is mentioned here because it has been planted in America and its peculiarly shaped leaves are always of interest. The leaves on flowering branches are often simple, but other leaves, 3-6" long are usually pinnate or cut nearly to the midrib at the base, then lobed and toothed at the apex. The lower surface is also gray-pubescent; the fruits being 2/5" long and bright red.

^ ‘Fastigiata’ has a more upright habit than does the species.

^ ‘Gibsii’ is similar to the species except that the fruit is a really beautiful red. It might be used in place of the species merely because plants of this clone are more uniform than those of the hybrid species.

sargentiana 30' Zone 6 China Sargent mountain-ash

The pinnately compound leaves are 8-12" long with 7-11 leaflets. The white flowers are borne on woolly flower stalks and the rounded, scarlet fruits are about l/o" in diameter. The long leaves and woolly stalked flower clusters are its chief claims to fame, although the young shoots are also white woolly at first.

tianshanica Shrub to 15' Zone 5 Turkestan

This shrub or small tree is listed here merely because of its potential use in small gardens. The flowers are nearly f" in diameter and with those of alnifolia and cashmiriana about the largest of the Sorbus group. Each fruit cluster is 3-5" across. The bright red fruit in diameter and the dark green lustrous, pin- nately compound leaves with 9-15 leaflets go to make this small plant useful in certain restricted areas.

vilmorinii 18' Zone 5 China Vilmorin mountain-ash

Often a shrub, about as wide as high, with bright red fruits in diameter, that may turn to nearly white as they mature. Bean states it is “one of the best”. The leaves, pinnately compound and only 3-5^" long are neatly divided with as many as 3 1 leaflets making this the Sorbus species with the smallest leaves.

A large number of hybrids have recently appeared on the market, many in- troduced from Holland, with appealing names such as ^Apricot Queen’, ‘Carpet of Gold’, ‘Maidenblush’, ‘Old Pink’, ‘Pink Coral’, ‘Red Tip’ and ‘Scarlet King’. These have been selected from large numbers of hybrid seedlings for their color- ful fruits.

Donald Wyman

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ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 SEPTEMBER 26, 1969 Number 10

THE EUROPEAN MISTLETOE (Viscum album)

Ever since my boyhood in Germany I have been fascinated by the mistletoes growing on various host trees. The yellowish-green bushes — on the bluish dark-green Scotch pines, on the Black Forest firs, on the deciduous trees — con- trasting with the plant on which they grew, made a lasting impression.

The European mistletoe has been admired since ancient times. The ancients were mystified by it. The Greeks attributed certain powers to it in the hands of Hermes; the Romans associated it with Mercury and Aeneas. In Nordic my- thology, Odin used the twig; Balder, the sun god, was killed with a twig used as an arrow in the hands of Hotherus ; and, since then, the mistletoe twig has been used at the time of the awakening sun as a symbol of new life— much appreciated in Great Britain. After the early establishment of the Christian Church its use was allowed during the winter festival of Christmastime, incorpo- rating it — as well as holly and other plants from earlier religious tradition of decoration — into the rites commemorating the birth of Christ. Even now the mistletoe branch hangs over the door of many an Anglo-Saxon on New Year’s day.

In Europe the beautiful, white, glistening berries are the specialty of the mistletoe thrushes. These birds distribute the seeds as they try to brush off the sticky berries from their beaks on the branches of other trees. This is a hit-or- miss affair, because the seed, although it may germinate, has been known since ancient times to grow usually on the same species of host plant on which the mother plant grew. Mistletoe from Pinus sylvestris will grow only on P. sylvestris; from Abies alba (pectinata), only on A. alba. On the deciduous trees there are also different races known — on Malus, on Acer pseudoplatanus ^ on Populus^ on Tilia cordata.

Until the early 19th century, no trees from other continents were present in European gardens to which mistletoe could spread. Since then, however, many plants from Asia and America, have been introduced into European gardens, and it has become possible for mistletoe on deciduous hosts, where there were

RECEIVED

SEP 2 6 1969

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no other own-host plants nearby in the parks, to be spread by the birds to nearby partially related trees.

Since the European mistletoe is very hardy — known in the mythology of Celts, Druids, Germans, and Vikings alike, finding its way into the customs pertaining to the winter solstice and Christmas — I wanted to try to grow the plant here in America. Fiscum album and the American mistletoe, {Phoradendron Jiavescens\ belong to the family Loranihaceae, which consists of half-parasitic plants. The American mistletoe does not grow north of Maryland and New Jersey or west of Indiana and Missouri. The limit is along the Mississippi River south of St. Louis, near Festus, Missouri. Therefore I could not grow it at my former home in Pennsylvania nor in New England.

My conscience bothered me some when I considered bringing the European mistletoe to America for experimentation, as we have enough parasites in the United States. I remembered the experiences with chestnut blight, Japanese beetles, gypsy moths, and others. But many years of research gave me the answer to this problem.

We do not have the specific bird species here that are known to distribute the berries. The plant grows so slowly that my 15-year-old seedlings are only 8-10 inches tall. The mistletoe, as a half-parasite, takes only minerals and water from the host plants, since it has chlorophyll for its own assimilation process. The common host plants of the European mistletoe (in Europe) are not native to America. If it grows on American plants, it does not become a pest, but rather becomes a beautiful asset.

I tried germinating seeds as early as 1923, without success. Correspondence with botanical authorities in Berlin, Vienna, Innsbruck and Frankfurt, resulted in the information that the seed loses its viability in the dark very quickly. It has to be kept in the light. Then I found that seeds from Europe by air arrive in America soon enough, but less than 1 per cent germinate. The continental climate here, with extremes of temperature in summer and winter, is just not conducive to their good germination and growth.

The flowers are dioecious. So far my plants have not produced berries. It takes a long time and much patience in waiting for them to appear.

Where the native host trees were few, the thrushes, in flying to nearby Ameri- can trees in the parks and botanical gardens in Germany, distributed the berries to some American trees. Thus, apparently, over the centuries, adaptation took place, resulting in the spreading of the European mistletoe to non-European trees. The mistletoe grows on Acer sacchar'inum^ the silver maple, on Juglans nigra, the black walnut, and on Rohinia pseudoacacia, the black locust — a marvelous sight in winter. The mistletoe from apples spread on one American pin oak, Quercus palustris, in the public park in Badhomberg. Also, in France, tourists can admire the dense clusters of evergreen branches in the Canada poplars grow- ing along the Seine River between Paris and Versailles. So, over the cen-

[ 70]

PLATE XXI

The European mistletoe in poplars alonj? the Seine Hiver, France.

turies it has been distributed to a few American trees growing in Europe.

To grow the European mistletoe, the seed must be pressed on the bark (it does not have to be imbedded). The seed germinates and sends a small stem with a suction cup into the bark the first year. In the second year the bark grows around this, and the little seedling appears. The seeds will germinate on any surface — a piece of wood or a piece of glass — but only on their host plants will they get enough nourishment through the bark to develop. Even if a seed from the Scotch pine mistletoe germinates on a linden or an apple, it will usually die after a few months. Some chemical reaction prevents further growth. No one has found the reason.

The American mistletoe, growing in the southeastern United States, grows only on species of deciduous trees. It must have taken a few hundred years for the European mistletoe which grows on Acer pseudoplatanus to spread to the American silver maple, to the black walnut, and to the black locust. However, this did occur in Badenweiler near Freiburg in the foothills of the Black Forest and on locusts in Hannover, Germany.

I have been growing a plant of European mistletoe on a silver maple tree for 1 5 years. This spring this tree was donated to the Arnold Arboretum and planted in the holly collection in the woods at its Case Estates in Weston. I also have donated two others growing on European lindens to the Arboretum, hoping that, with all the resources there, the Arboretum will keep alive the study of this very interesting plant.

Heinrich Rohrbach Formerly owner of : Heatherfels Nursery Andover, Massachusetts

Recently moved to Baden-Baden, Germany.

[72]

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 OCTOBER 10, 1969 Number 11

A CHECK LIST OF CULTIVAR NAMES USED IN THE GENUS LANTANA

The genus Lantana from tropical America has been in cultivation in temperate areas for over 200 years. During this time the plant has been so popular that several hundred selections were made, named and sold by nurserymen and breeders. The selections were commonly used as bedding plants, for dwarf borders, in hanging baskets, and, less frequently, as speci- men plants. A premium was placed on such characteristics as dwarfness, constancy of color or the nature of a change of color, display of the inflores- cences, and deep color or variegation in the leaves. As an attractive ornamental, the plant was transported to nearly every tropical country dur- ing the colonial period and in many, unfortunately, the plant escaped from cultivation to become a noxious weed. By 1900 Lantana had lost favor as an ornamental and only in the recent decades have nurserymen begun again to select, name, and offer for sale named cultivars.

The original material introduced to gardens of Europe probably came from Brazil. With subsequent exploration and introductions from Mexico and the West Indies a diversified stock for breeding purposes became avail- able to horticulturists. Prince Johan Moritz of Nassau travelled in Brazil 1636 — 44 and had in his company the artist Frans Post, who painted in oils no fewer than 555 pictures of plants and animals of interest to the Prince or the physician who accompanied them. The collection of paintings was presented to Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, and in 1858 it was in the Royal Library in Berlin. During the 19th century the collection was broken up and distributed to many art museums. An anonymous article, possibly by Karl Koch and G. A. Fintehnan, in the German garden periodical Wochen-

[73]

schrift fiir Gartnerei und Pflanzenkunde reported that among the Post paintings was a flowering shrub ealled “eamara” by the Spanish eolonists. This was of partieular interest for the leaves were used to make an infusion taken internally as medieine or used as a bath. Several speeies of Lantana have a similar use today. Prior to 1753 when Linnaeus established the genus as aeeepted today, botanists had also called the plants Camara. It was noted that the flowers of the Brazilian plant changed color; and plants with red flowers, one with white, and a third with yellow flowers were mentioned. It was apparently from this expedition that the first plants of Lantana reached Holland and were cultivated. Prof. Paul Hermann re- ported that one Lantana was under cultivation at the Botanical Garden in Leiden in 1687, and a later director, Herman Boerhaave, listed four forms in 1710. John Commelyn also depicted such a plant in the garden at Am- sterdam at about the same time.

Sir Hans Sloane listed no fewer than fifty-four species of Lantana after his trips to the West Indies in 1688. Philip Miller mentioned Lantana for the first time in the 6th edition of his Gardener’s Dictionary in 1752. He described six taxa saying, “All these sorts grow wild in the island of Jamaica from whence I have received these seeds several times.” In the abridged version, the 5th edition published in 1763, nine types were mentioned in- cluding one sent by Dr. Houston from Vera Cruz and another received from Campechy in Mexico.

William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis (2: 350-353. 1789) listed ten species cultivated at Kew and noted that Lantana caniara from the West Indies had been cultivated at the Royal Garden, Hampton Court, in 1691, and L. aculeata in 1692. Johann Dillen described four kinds of Lantana, two with yellow and red flowers and two with all yellow flowers, under cultivation at Eltham before 1732.

The parentage of the Lantana cultivated in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century, then, was a variety of taxa from several areas in the New World. The early horticulturists propagated these plants from cuttings and by seed and occasionally the crosses are indicated. The name “Lantana hybrida” has been used many times to indicate a single plant or a group of plants from which selections were made. The species Lantana camara and Lantana inontevidensis (as L. sellowiana) were cited as the parents. More recently the name Lantana callowiana has been designated by the Monrovia Nursery, Azusa, California, as “an entirely new species produced from the hybridization of Lantana camara and Lantana sellowiana, retaining only the finer characteristics of each.” The name was first used in their 1952-1953 catalogue (p. 44) as Lantana callowiana aurea ‘Goldrush’ (Patent Pending) and again the following year (Cat. p. 43. 1953-54) as Lantana callowiana ‘Goldrush’ (Plant Pat. No. 1211). The hybrid was later used as one parent for cultivars ‘Confetti’, ‘Cream Carpet’, ‘Dwarf Pink’, ‘Spreading Sunset’, ‘Spreading Sunshine’, and ‘Sunburst’. Lantana ‘Goldrush Improved’ is a “selected clone of L. ‘Goldrush’ that showed an improved form over the orig-

[74]

Lantana camara

A Perfect Pest !

NOW

of it

Plate XXII

i

poster distributed by the Department of Agriculture in Rhodesia, (Zambia) pleading for the extermination of Lantana camara.

inal plant.” Lantana ‘Tangerine’ was derived by selfing the hybrid ‘Goldrush’.

Reeently Khoshoo and Mahal have studied the breeding systems of a selected group of cultivars in India. (Curr. Sci. 8: 201-203. 1967). They have found the ploidy level of cultivars of Lantana camara to vary from 2X to 5X- Further they noted male sterile cultivars; cultivars of low seed fertility and frequent apomixis both facultative and obligate. It is scarcely surprising, therefore, that variation is frequent and that with vegetative propagation individual variations can be perpetuated and, these, unfortu- nately, have been named as cultivars.

The present study was begun in response to a recent appeal from the International Society of Horticultural Sciences for compilations of cultivar names used in ornamental horticulture. The staff of the Arnold Arboretum already has compiled such listings for woody genera well represented in our own collections and has indicated in earlier issues of Arnoldia on Cornus, Ulmus, Forsythia, Fagus and Chaenomeles the difficulties involved in this work even for well known temperate genera. The genus Lantana was selected as a project to determine the kinds of bibliographic and nomen- clatural problems that would be encountered in working with a tropical group. Unexpectedly it became apparent that the bulk of the cultivar names were suggested in temperate areas of both the northern and southern hemi- spheres where breeding and selection took place. To make the work of greatest value the bibliographic reference and the author, although not required by the Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, are given as completely as possible when supplied in the original source document. In the following list we record the earliest use of cultivar names known to us even though, in the majority of cases, we suspect that the reference may not be the earliest use of the name by a particular firm. Often older cata- logues of the firm are not available and complete series of such catalogues are indeed rarities. When the earliest reference did not include any words of description or identification, a citation is also given for the earliest avail- able reference which does. Frequently review articles, listing the selections or introductions of a new cultivar by an individual, often a nurseryman, were the sources of names. Careful searching of the older nursery catalogues now available only in Europe might produce earlier uses of such names.

The descriptive information available on the cultivars of Lantana is most- ly brief and is frequently confusing. Selections of Lantana may have in- florescences of varying shapes — flat vs. curved or globular — yet this dis- tinction is a matter of the age of the inflorescence. Colors are important in the choice of special varieties, yet individual flowers vary in color with age and maturity. The descriptions may refer to colors which “become” a different hue. Reference is also often made to the fact that individual flowers have a petal tone which differs from that of the orifice of the corolla tube. It is often impossible to determine if the author means that the outer portion of the flower is a different color than the center of that flower or if he means the marginal flowers of the globular inflorescence are different

[76]

Plate XXIII

Lantana camara grown as a standard with contrasting foliage colors in Achyranthes, Coleus and Begonu Niagara Falls Parks Commission, Niagara Falls, Canada.

in color from that of the young flowers in bud in the center of the inflores- cence. Any attempt to apply the descriptions recorded to specific plants today would be futile. In a few cases we have determined that the plant offered as a cultivar is different from that originally described under the same name. When two nurserymen can be associated with cultivars of the same name but of different descriptions or dates of publication, both names and references are cited.

Names for cultivars have been proposed in the common European lan- guages, but the spellings of the names have varied with translation or er- roneous transliteration when the plant is introduced or referred to in a dif- ferent country.

With only a few exceptions, the cultivar names in the following list are not applied to species or hybrid groups. The genus Lantana is not an easy one to consider taxonomically. Dr. Harold Moldenke, who has studied the genus Lantana and family Verbenaceae for many years, wrote, “You cannot depend on the accuracy of identification on the labels of plant specimens marked ‘Lantana camara’ in herbaria. I have found that a large percentage of such material is actually L. moritziana (mostly South American), L. glandulosissima (mostly Mexican and Central American), L. scorta (mostly Mexican), L. horrida (mostly Texan), L. arida (mostly West Indian), L. gutinosa (mostly southern South American) etc. etc.” There is no key available to distinguish these species, and descriptions of the individual cultivars rarely indicate the critical characters needed for assignment to species.

The vast majority of the names in the following Hst are not offered in commerce today. Where names conflict in description or date of publica- tion, there is no apparent need to rename the invalid homonymic cultivar. A very few commercial synonyms were indicated by the originator of the name in cases of introduction in a foreign country.

Cultivar names which should be maintained are printed in large and small capital letters. Cultivar names which should be rejected as misspellings, erroneous transliterations, or later homonyms are given in roman type.

A. Clavean — Misspelling of ‘A. Claveau’.

‘A. Claveau’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 121. p. 83. 1892). Dwarf; umbels with marginal deep rose flowers, the central ones dark.

‘A. Cook’ (Richard Vincent, Jr. & Sons, White Marsh, Md. Cat. p. 12. 1902). Published without description. Fruitland Nurs., Augusta, Ga., Cat. p. 34. 1934- 35 describes the cultivar as a dwarf with claret and yellow flowers.

‘Abbe Laittier’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without description.

‘Abbe Trouve* (G. Brunning & Sons, Victoria, Australia, Cat. p. 31. 1896). Flowers yellow.

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Adolphe Avis (C. E. Allen Nurs., Brattleboro, Vt., Cat. p. 20. 1880). Canary yellow flowers with dark center. Probably misspelling of ‘Adolphe Hivas’.

‘Adolphe Hivas’ (La Belg. Hort. 18: 147. 1868). Illustrated as having outer flowers pink with a dark eye and the central flowers yellow.

Adolphe Hwas ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited without description by A. Petot. Possibly the earliest use and correct spelling of ‘Adolphe Hivas’.

Adolphe Hwass (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 138. 1869). Bright canary yellow, golden center. Possible misspelling of ‘Adolphe Hivas’.

‘Aero’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 9: 205. 1909). Dwarf; flowers pure white. A Bruant selection.

‘Alba Grandiflora’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 61. 1857). Published without de- scription but attributed to M. Henry Jacotot, Dijon, Fr. First description as large umbels of white flowers appears in Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858.

‘Alba Lutea Grandiflora’ (Chate, Horticulteur Franc, p. 300. 1866). Flowers white with a yellow eye. A Randatler selection.

Alba Magna (Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without de- scription.

Alba Magna (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 33. Undated, prob. 1865). Credited to Demay 1862.

‘Alba Nana’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 138. 1869). Very dwarf; flowers white.

‘Alba Perfecta’ (C. E. Allen Nurs., Brattleboro, Vt., Cat. p. 20. 1880). Pure white.

‘Alba Violacea’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas, p. 38. Undated, prob. 1865). The largest flowers of the species, “L. sellowiana’’ deep violet with a large white center. Selection of M. Chauviere.

‘Albin’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. H. 9: 205. 1909). Semi-dwarf, compact, marginal flowers white, the central ones clear yellow.

‘Albinos’ (Saget, Le Jardin 20: 277. 1906). White flowered semi-dwarf. A Bruant selection.

‘Albo-purpurea’ (Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris, ed. 3: 392. 1829). Flowers and fruit white turning violet-purple.

‘Alhambra’ ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 13. 1913). Flowers in large trusses, a delicate shade of creamy white with sulphur yellow center.

‘Amabalis’ (Leonard Fille, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 85. 1895). Dwarf plant; flowers yellow and buff.

‘Amelia’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 9: 205. 1909). Dwarf, compact, umbels and flowers large, marginal flowers rose and yellow passing to a bright uniform rose. A Bruant selection.

‘Amethystina’ (Flore des Jardins 2: 172. 1859). Stated to be under cultivation in German botanical gardens.

‘Ami Pecheur’ (Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858). A form of L. camara with very’ large flowers.

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‘Amiel’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 121. p. 38. 1892). Umbels large, flowers brick orange with yellow center. Semi-dwarf. A Bruant selection.

‘Anna Tillich’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 103. p. 40. 1887). Dwarf plant with fieiy red flowers.

‘Annei’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 33. Undated, prob. 1865). Light yellow flowers bordered with white. Credited to Chate, 1863.

‘Anton Humann’ (Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858). Golden flowers passing to violet.

‘Apogee’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 9: 205. 1909). Golden and yellow. A Bruant selection.

‘Apollon’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 88. 1875). Carmine yellow flowers veering to crimson. A Ferrand selection.

Apollon (Revue Hort. 1879: 8. 1879). Published without description. Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 77. 1896 describes this cultivar as a dwarf, the flowers rose with the center golden. A Bruant selection.

‘Aquilon’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1904). Flowers white.

Archimede (Wochenschrift, Garten-Nachrichten 3: 12. 1858). Flowers white with a golden eye. Plants offered by Crousse.

‘Archimedes’ (Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858). Flowers white and golden.

‘Arethusa’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 33. Undated, prob. 1865). Large corymbs of clear rose flowers. Credited to Boucharlat 1859.

‘Argus’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 88. 1875). Dwarf; flowers clear yellow passing to copper-rose. A Lemoine selection.

‘Arlequin’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 178. p. 11. 1911). Leaves with streaks of yellow. A Rivoire selection.

‘Ascanio’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Dwarf; flowers golden yellow, with a butter colored eye.

‘Atropurpurea’ (Chate fils, Horticulteur Franc, p. 300. 1866). Flowers small, of the deepest color. A selection by Chate.

‘Auguste Miellez’ (Wm. Clibran & Sons, Cheshire, Eng., Cat. p. 51. 1881). Light shaded.

‘Augustine Wilhelm’ (Wm. Clibran & Sons, Cheshire, Eng., Cat. p. 51. 1881). Flowers white and orange.

‘Aurea-superba’ (Lombardo, Arbust. & Arbustil. Pas. Publ. 151. 1961). Pub- lished without description.

Aurora — Spelling variant of ‘Aurore’.

Aurora Boreale — Spelling variant of ‘Aurore Boreale’.

‘Aurore’ (Leomine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 109. p. 39. 1888). Strong umbels the flowers large, golden.

‘Aurore Boreale’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Gat. p. 88. 1876-77). Dwarf plant; the flowers chrome yellow and constant.

‘A valance’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Gat. 121. p. 38. 1892). Semi-dwarf; flowers pure white. A Bruant selection.

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‘Banquise’ (Rudolph, Revue Hort. II. 1: 115. 1901). White flowered, compact. A Bruant selection.

‘Barnarii’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without descrip- tion.

‘Baron von Jungenfeld’ (Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858). An attractive orange color in bud, later yellow and eventually white. Similar to ‘Boule de Neige’.

‘Bayard’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 91. p. 36. 1882). Bright red varie- gated with gold. A Bruant selection.

‘Be’ (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 100. 1923). Dwarf, color of Siena earth, center of gold. A Camille selection.

Bengale (Rudolph, Revue Hort. II. 1: 115. 1901). Rose colored. Plants not sur- passing 15-20 cm.; abundant rose flowers emerging from elongated foliage. Adaptable for borders and mosaics. A Bruant selection. Probably the same as ‘Bengali’.

‘Bengali’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 127. p. 36. 1894). Dwarf, very floriferous, flowers pure rose. A Bruant selection.

‘Benoit’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Brick red and golden yellow. A Louis selection.

‘Bernesiana’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 39. Undated, prob. 1865). Long branched form of “L. sellowiana” with lilac-violet flowers having a small white center. Selection of M. Chauviere.

‘Bida’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. H. 9: 205. 1909). Dwarf, very erect, abundantly flowering, deep rose, center flowers coppery yellow forming a beautiful contrast. A Bruant selection.

‘Biencourt’ (Corliss Bros. Inc. Nurs., Gloucester, Mass., Cat. p. 43. 1937). Orchid color, one of the best.

‘Bijou’ (Card. Chron. 2nd Ser. 14: 369. 1880). Pure yellow. Credited to “H.D.” in Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 88. p. 34, 1881, without description.

Bijou (Andre, Revue Hort. 1893: 427. 1893). Deep golden rose.

‘Blanc’ (Lombardo, Arbust. & Arbustil. Pas. Publ. 150. 1961). Dwarf plants with pale yellow flowers passing into white.

‘Bob’ (Ehrentraut, Mollers Deut. Gartz. 1893: 322. 1893). Published without de- scription. Andre in Revue Hort. 1893: 427. 1893 describes a cultivar with the same name as a “very bright red, very floriferous”.

‘Bobeche’ (Saget, Le Jardin 20: 277. 1906). Rose colored. A Bruant selection.

‘Bonito’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. 11. 9: 205. 1909). Golden red. A Bruant selec- tion.

‘Bonnardi’ (Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858). A prolific bloomer, the golden flowers becoming rosy red.

‘Bouddha’ (Rudolph, Revue Hort. H. 1: 115. 1901). Very dwarf, compact flowers golden red. A Bruant selection.

‘Boule Blanche’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 130. p. 37. 1895). Vigorous plant, white flowered.

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‘Boule de Neige’ (Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858). A peculiar foiin with white flowers in a circle and the middle ones orange.

Boule de Neige ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 66. 1861). Flowers pure white. A selec- tion of Boucharlat.

‘Boule d’Or’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 9: 205. 1909). Yellow. A Bruant selec- tion.

‘Bouquet Blanc’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Gat. p. 88. 1876-77). Twelve inches high, free flowering, straw yellow passing into white. A Lemoine selec- tion.

Bournardi (G. Brunning & Sons, Victoria, Australia, Cat. p. 31. 1896). Orange and red. Probable misspelling of ‘Bonnardi’.

‘Brilliant’ (Nancy, Fr., Cat. p. 40. 1883). Published without description. A Crousse selection.

‘Brillantissima’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 34. Undated, prob. 1865). Large flowered, the central ones yellow passing to scarlet, the marginal ones salmon. Credited to Ferrand, 1863.

California (Card. Chron. 2nd. Ser. 18: 74. 1882). Pale yellow, close habit, free flowering. A Lemoine selection.

‘Californie’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). Pure chrome yellow.

‘Calypso’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Very dwarf, flowers ruddy rose, yellow before opening.

‘Cameleon’ (Bruant, Vienne, Fr., Cat. 153. p. 31. 1882). Very large flowered yellow and red passing to deep velvety red.

‘Camille Briolet’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 269. 1857). Very floriferous, white passing to rose-lilac, the center yellow. Selection of M. Bemieau, Orleans. Fr.

Camus — Spelling variant of ‘Comus’.

‘Canari’ (Bruant, Revue I’Hort. Belg. 5: 8. 1879). Illustrated in color, flowers yellow with golden eye.

‘Canarine’ (Bruant, Vienne, Fr., Cat. 181. p. 59. 1886). Jonquil yellow.

‘Caprice’ (Berkeiy Inc., New York, N.Y., Cat. p. 9. 1957). Published without description.

‘Cauvin’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 32. 1871). Dwarf; yellow to violet rose.

‘Ceres’ (Chate fils, Horticulteur Franc, p. 300. 1866). Small flowered, rose car- mine with white centers. A selection by H. Demay.

Ceres (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Yellow and red changing to cerise.

‘Chantecler’ (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 23. 1921). Chaudon, some flowers yellow at the center.

‘Charles Baltet’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 151. 1858). Flowers large, salmon colored. Flowers do not change color. A selection of M. Bernieau, Orleans, Fr.

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‘Charlotte Hezard’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 88. p. 34. 1881). Published without description.

‘Chelsea Gem’ (Cannells’ Floral Guide, Kent, Eng., p. 60. 1906). “Producing the richest and brightest colored flowers yet seen in this family, rich crimson and amber.”

‘Cherry Pie’ (Natural Resources Board, Brochure 7m-J705 7-59, Government Printer, Lusaka, Rhodesia). Vigorous plant escaping cultivation and encroach- ing on all areas. Yellow and red flowers, bluish-black fruit.

‘Christine’ (Monrovia Nurs., Azusa, Calif., Cat. p. 44. 1953-4). Orange pink.

‘Chrusallis’ ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 40. 1908).

‘Chrysantha’ (Schmoger ex Neubert, Deutsch. Mag. Gart.-Blumenk. p. 98. 1857). Without description.

‘Chrysos’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 127. p. 36. 1894). Dwarf, compact, flowers yellow or deep golden. A Bruant selection.

‘Chursos (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 77. 1896). Dwarf, compact, robust, the flowers change from yellow to deep golden. Probably the same as ‘Chrysos’.

‘Ciceron’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Dwarf; vivid gold or copper.

Cicerone — Spelling variant of Ciceron.

‘Cinna’ (Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 21: 257. 1897). Clear valerian rose, flowers very large, plant dwarf. A Bruant selection.

‘Ciseron’ (Richard Vincent, Jr. & Sons, White Marsh, Md. Cat. p. 20. 1913). Madder red with golden center. Possibly the same as ‘Ciceron’.

‘Clairon’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 9: 206. 1909). Plant compact forming spheres, garnished with large flowers, beautiful clear copper red flowers with the center orange. A Bruant selection.

‘Claveaux’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Yellow or golden passing to deep rose, dwarf.

‘Cleopatre’ (Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Catalogues, p. 34. 1863). Flowers very large, rose with center yellow or golden.

‘Clio’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 88. p. 34. 1881). Opens gold but changes to lovely rosy purple.

‘Clotilda’ (C. E. Allen Nurs., Brattleboro, Vt, Cat. p. 20. 1880). Pink with yellow center.

Coccinea ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without descrip- tion.

‘Coccinea’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 34. Undated, prob. 1865). Small flowers, orange passing to crimson, the marginal ones golden. A Ferrand selec- tion, 1863.

‘CoLiBRi’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 94. p. 36. 1883). Published without descrip- tion. A Bruant selection. Bruant, Vienne, Fr., Cat. 181. p. 58. 1886 reports flowers a beautiful clear red, compact plant, well branched and flowering pro- fusely until late in the season.

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Compacta (Pucci, Bull. R. Soc. Tosc. Ort. 29: 315. 1904). Published without de- scription. Salmeron in Setos clases y especies utilizables, Madrid 85: 132. 1964, reports this the most satisfactory for hedges. Probably the same as “Com- pactum’.

‘Compactum’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 34. Undated, prob. 1865). Medium-sized flowers, the marginal ones buff yellow, the central ones mahogany passing to violet-purple.

‘Comte de Clapiers’ (Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858). Very large flowered; flowers begin as rose-red, become violet and finally light orange.

‘CoMTESSE DE BenevaU (Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 3: 523. 1888). Open yellow changes to pale rosy pink.

‘CoMTESSE DE BiENCo’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 167. 1878) . Bright rose and orange, with yellow center.

‘CoMTESSE DE Biencourt’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 88. p. 34. 1881). Opens yellow, changes to pale rosy pink. See also Ctesse de Biencourt.

Comtesse de Brencourt — Spelling variant of Comtesse de Biencourt.

‘CoMus’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Dwarf, bright orange, overlaid with rose tones, center flowers yellow or golden.

‘Conciliation’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Dark rose and bright yellow.

‘Confetti’ (Monrovia Nurs., Azusa, Calif., Wholesale Cat. p. 49. 1958-9). Graceful, vigorous spreading branches, massed with yellow, pink, and purple flowers. Patent no. 1478. Parentage L. ‘Christine’ X L. ‘Gold Rush’.

‘Conqueror’ (Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Catalogues, p. 18. 1863). Flowers very large, yellow tones passing to very bright red orange. Chate fils, in Horticulteur Franc, p. 298. 1866 credits this selection to Ferrand.

‘Consolation’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Canary, golden center, changing to dark rosy salmon.

‘Coquette’ (Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Catalogues, p. 18. 1863). Large flowered, clear yellow passing to coccine red, very bright.

‘Cora’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 91. p. 36. 1882). Published without descrip- tion.

‘CoRBEiLLE d’Argent’ ( Rivoirc, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Dwarf, pure white.

‘CoRREiLLE d’Or’ ( Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 88. 1875). Very dwarf, clear yellow flowers darker towards the center. A Hans selection.

Corbeille d’Or (Bruant, Revue I’Hort. Belg. 5: 8. 1879). Dwarf. Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 113. p. 38. 1896 report the plant to be very dwarf, large flowered, these yellow ochre in color.

‘CoRNE d’Or’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 9: 206. 1909). Very dwarf; robust, cov- ered with golden yellow flowers. A Bruant selection.

‘Gorymrosa’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Gited by A. Petot without description.

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Countess de Biencourt — Spelling variant of Comtesse de Biencourt.

Craig — Spelling variant of ‘Craigi’.

‘Craigi’ (Richard Vincent, Jr. & Son, White Marsh, Md., Cat. p. 16. 1917). Bright orange fading to crimson.

Craigie — Spelling variant of ‘Craigi’.

‘Cream’ (Fruitland, Nurs., Augusta, Ga., Cat. p. 36. 1937-8). Medium height, flowers cream.

‘Cream Carpet’ (Monrovia Nurs., Azusa, Calif., Wholesale Cat. p. 49. 1958-9). Rich green leaves on spreading branches; cream color flowers with light yellow throat. Patent no. 1841. Hybrid cross of ‘Gold Rush’ and a “dwarf white”.

‘Crepuscule’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Deep golden yellow, large flowers.

‘Cricri’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. 11. 9: 205. 1909). Dwarf, compact but robust, flowers violet rose with golden yellow flowers in center. A Bruant selection.

‘Crocea’ (D. Hay & Son, New Zealand, Cat. p. 34. 1897). Orange scarlet.

‘Crocea Superba’ (Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858). Larger flowered than parent plant.

Crusallis (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 23. 1921). Dwarf, brilliant canary yellow flowers. Possibly the same as ‘Chrusallis’.

Ctesse de Biencourt (Bruant, Revue I’Hort. Belg. 5: 8. 1879). Semi-dwarf. See Comtesse de Biencourt.

‘Curassavica’ ( Loise-Chauviere, Fr., Cat. p. 93. 1875). Published without de- scription.

‘Curtis’ (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 23. 1921). Semi-dwarf; delicate rose color.

‘Cybele’ (Andre, Revue Hort. 1893: 427. 1893). Deep lilac-rose flowers with yellow center.

‘Cycliste’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Semi-dwarf; beautiful rose flowers.

‘Dame d’Honneur’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 132. 1867). Flowers very large, deep yellow and wine-rose, abundantly bordered with yellow; com- pact form.

Delicata (Breck’s Nurs., Lexington, Mass., Cat. p. 152. 1931). Without descrip- tion.

Delicatissima. This name is diflficult to place. Gouault, Revue Hort. 1852: 461. 1852, gives cultural direction but no description. An article in Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858 praises the plant and refers to the violet umbels of flowers. Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 39. Undated, prob. 1865, describes the flowers as clear violet and white at the center and reports it to be a Chauviere selection of “L, sellowiana” . E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng. Gat. 138. p. 36. 1869 report this to be a bedding plant of trailing habit with pink-lilac flowers.

Delicatissima Superba ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Gited by A. Petot without description.

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Delicitissima — Spelling variant of Delicatissima.

‘Delire’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1904). Dwarf, flowers bright capu- cine red with the center orange when mature.

‘Diademe’ (H. Cannel & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). Rose with yellow center passing to pale rose.

‘Diamant’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 94. p. 36. 1883). Deep yellow passing to clear amber.

‘Dimitri’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 69. 1897). Semi-dwarf, robust, heavy flowering, flowers yellow fading to a gooseberry red.

‘Discolor’ (Wochenschrift, Garten-Nachrichten 3: 12. 1858). Gold flowers fading to cochineal red. A Crousse selection.

‘Distinction’ (W. Rollisson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 225. 1871). Rich orange-yellow fading to rose.

‘Djelma’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Dwarf, flowers canary yellow with deep yellow eye.

‘Docteur Demange’ (Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858). Large flowered form with flowers sulfur yellow.

‘Docteur Noire’ (Bruant, Revue I’Hort. Belg. 5: 8. 1879). Published without description.

‘Docteur Sicard’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 104. 1856). Without description. Of- fered as Dr. Sicard by E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng. Cat. 138, p. 36. 1869 and described as orange or copper shades.

‘Dom Calmet’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Clear lilac flowers with red centers; dwarf, free flowering. A Bruant selection.

‘Domination’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 34. Undated, prob. 1865). Large corymbs of large flowers, salmon with the central ones golden. A Fer- rand selection, 1863.

‘Domremy’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Large flowered, flowers creamy white with yellow centers.

‘Don Calmet’ — Although this name is a spelling variant of ‘Dom Calmet’ in some descriptions, Nicholson, Diet. Card. p. 234. 1887 and G. Brunning & Sons, Victoria, Australia, Cat. p. 31. 1896 report a plant with pink flowers the center changing to peach and yellow.

‘Doniana’ (Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Catalogues p. 18. 1863). Flowers very large, compact growth, flowers yellow passing to a very bright cerise.

‘Drap d’Or’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 103. p. 39. 1886). Dwarf with golden yellow flowers. A plant exhibited by Veitch was awarded an AM by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1897 (Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 22: cxlvii. 1897).

‘Dwarf Beauty’ (Fruitland Nurs., Augusta, Ga., Cat. p. 47. 1941-2). Orange- bronze.

‘Dwarf Bronze’ (Attributed to Coates Nurs., San Jose, Calif., 1957). No refer- ence can be located.

‘Dwarf Buckeye’ (Geo. J. Ball Co., West Chicago, 111., Cat. p. 81. 1959). Red shading to yellow.

Dwarf Cream (Checklist of Woody Ornamental Plants of California, p. 34. 1963). No nursery reference available.

‘Dwarf Gold’ (Aldridge Nurs., Van Ormy, Texas, 1958). Published without de- scription.

‘Dwarf Orange’ (Fruitland Nurs., Augusta, Ga., Cat. p. 35. 1934-5). Orange and yellow.

‘Dwarf Orange Red’ (Checklist of Woody Ornamental Plants of California, p. 34. 1963) . No nursery reference available.

‘Dwarf Pink’ (Monrovia Nurs., Monrovia, Calif., Cat. p. 13. 1936-7). Plant reaching 2-3 feet; bright pink flowers.

‘Dwarf Yellow’ (Monrovia Nurs., Monrovia, Calif., Cat. p. 13. 1936-7). Clear yellow flowers.

‘Dwarf White’ (P. Henderson & Co., New York, N.Y., Cat. p. 101. 1946). New compact pure white.

E. Bayard — Spelling variant of ‘Emile Bayard’.

‘Eclat’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). Described only as “fine for pegging down as an edging.”

‘Eclatante’ (Wochenschrift 41: 324. 1858). Very large and bright flowers.

‘Egerie’ ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 63. 1905). Dwarf, large flow- ered, bright yellow passing to brilliant rose.

‘Eldorado’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 89. 1875). Bushy to one foot tall, free flowering, pure white with yellow center. A Lemoine selection.

‘Elegantissima’ (Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Catalogues, p. 18. 1863). Flowers large, white with golden yellow centers passing to clear lilac with vivid violet centers. Chate fils ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 298. 1866) credited this selection to Ferrand.

‘Elizabeth’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Rose to orange.

‘Emile Bayard’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 121. p. 38. 1892). Semi-dwarf, flowers deep red orange. A Bruant selection.

‘Empereur des Fran^ais’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Scarlet and orange flowers.

‘Enchanteur’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 115. p. 32. 1890). Straw colored flowers passing to rose-violet.

‘Eole’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Reported as new in 1898. Dwarf, large flowers of a stock red, the flowers of the center yellow, passing to rose.

‘Escarboucle’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). Large flowers, yellow changing to deep orange. Possibly a Lemoine introduction for the cul- tivar is mentioned without description in Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 88. p. 34. 1881.

‘Esmeralda’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 167. 1878). Rose, lilac, and yellow flowers.

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‘Espoir Lemoine’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 119, p. 32. 1890). Flowers large, deep yellow passing into orange; plant dwarf.

‘Etoile’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 89. 1875). Clear rose and saffron flowers passing into a lively rose color with the eenter purple-rose. A Lemoine selection.

‘Etoile de France’ (Bruant, Revue THort. Belg. 5: 8. 1879). Semi-dwarf.

‘Etoile de Provence’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 34. Undated, prob. 1865). Flowers yellow-orange passing to red-orange and vermillion. A Ferrand selection, 1862.

‘Etoile du Matin’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 89. 1875). Red flowers with yellow at the center of the umbell. A Ferrand selection.

‘Etoile du Nord’ (Revue I’Hort. Belg. 5: 8. 1879). Semi-dwarf. A Bruant selee- tion.

‘Eugene Bourcier’ (Chate, Horticulteur Franc, p. 299. 1866). Flowers pale yellow passing to red purple. A Jacotot selection.

‘Eugenia’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Very dwarf, flowers bright rose and white.

‘F. CiRAUDEAu’ (Lemoine, Naney, Fr., Cat. 121. p. 38. 1892). Umbels with golden flowers in the center and rose colored flowers at the margins; dwarf. A Bruant selection.

F. Girvaudeau — Spelling variation in American catalogues of ‘F. Giraudeau’.

F. Givaudeau (Good & Reese Co., Springfield, Ohio, Cat. p. 18. Spring 1895). Possible spelling variation of ‘F. Giraudeau’; however, the flowers are described as cream and pink.

‘F. Monfek’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Purplish crimson and yellow.

‘Fabiola’ (Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Catalogues, p. 34. 1863). Large flowered, pure white surrounded by a delicate pink. The de- scriptions of a cultivar by this name given by E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138, p. 36. 1869 and by Nicholson in the Dictionary of Gardening, p. 234. 1887 referred to flowers rose, yellow and orange.

‘Farandole’ (Rudolph, Revue Hort. H. 1: 115. 1901). Very dwarf and compact, covered \vith golden yellow flowers. A Bruant selection.

‘Farman’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. H. 9: 205. 1909). Plant semi-dwarf, very floriferous, umbels separated from foliage, brilliant eapucine flowers with the eenter a warm orange also becoming eapucine red. A Bruant selection.

‘Faust’ (Wm. Clibran & Son, Cheshire, Eng., Cat. p. 51. 1881). Yellow fading to vermillion.

‘Favori’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 103. p. 40. 1887). Plant floriferous and vigorous forming a beautiful bush; flowers clear sulfur yellow fading to white.

‘Favorita’ (Nieholson, Diet. Card. p. 234. 1887). Yellow flowers changing to dark brown, shaded purple.

‘Favourite’ (Wm. Rollisson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 225. 1871). Yellow merging into purplish erimson.

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Ferandii — Spelling variant of ‘Ferrandis’.

Ferrand ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without descrip- tion.

Ferrandi — Spelling variant of ‘Ferrandis’.

Terrandis" (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 35. Undated, prob. 1865). Flowers very large, yellow bordered with rose veiinillion passing to brilliant crimson. A Ferrand selection, 1863.

‘Feston Rose' (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1905). Dwarf plant covered with rose colored flowers mixed at the center with white flowers with a rose colored eye. A Bruant selection cited in Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 157. p. 14. 1904 but without description.

Teu de Joie' (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 77. 1896). Extremely floriferous with bright capucine red flowers mixed with golden yellow ones.

‘Feu Follet' (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). Dwarf plant with reddish yellow flowers.

‘Figaro' (Card. Chron. 2nd Ser. 14: 369. 1880). A Lemoine selection described as a dwarf plant with yellow flowers changing to orange brown.

‘Fillioni' (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Free blooming plant with rose flowers and a yellow center.

‘Filloniana' (Wochenschrift 41; 324. 1858). Orange flowers becoming carmine red.

‘Flambeau' (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). A semi- dwarf with scarlet and orange flowers.

‘Flava Lilacina' (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Flowers changing from golden to violet then red and finally white.

‘Fleur d'Or' (Saget, Le Jardin 20: 277. 1906). Yellow flowered, dwarf. A Bruant selection.

‘Flora' (C. E. Allen Nurs., Brattleboro, Vt., Cat. p. 20. 1880). Flowers are de- scribed as orange and pink. G. Brunning & Sons, Victoria, Australia Gat. p. 31. 1896 report flowers red, pink, and yellow for a plant of the same name.

‘Florentina' (Ghate, Gult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 35. Undated, prob. 1865). Marginal flowers snow white, the central ones yellow. A Chate selection, 1863.

Florida Yellow — Records at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society indicate this cultivar name was used in ephemeral lists of the Goochland Nurs., Pembroke, Fla. The manager of the company indicated in correspondence that the name was applied to plants selected from the wild in Florida around 1950 but no longer retained in cultivation.

‘Fournaise' (Gard. Chron. 3rd Ser. 21: 257. 1897). Flowers and corymbs large, fiery nasturtium red. A Bmant selection.

Francine — Used by American nurseries for Fracine Lemoine

‘Francine Lemoine' (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 103. p. 40. 1887). Plant form- ing a small bush, flowers rose lilac.

FuANgois Fabie (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 121. p. 38. 1892). Dwarf, flowers bright rose, the center ones yellow. A Bruant selection.

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‘FRANgois Marchi’ (W. Rollisson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 225. 1871). Plant extremely free flowering, flowers small, umbels numerous, flowers chrome yellow, changing to bright velvety crimson.

‘Francus’ (Gamier, Revue Hort. II. 6: 233. 1906). Plant compact, pyramidal, with rigid foliage; flowers abundant, capucine red at the edges, golden yellow in the center. A Bruant selection.

‘Fremy’ ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 63. 1905). Salmon yellow and bright red.

‘Fucata’ (Lindley in Edwards Bot. Reg. p. 798. 1824). Grown from seeds from Brazil introduced by George Don in 1823. Flowers rose colored fading to pale rose.

‘Fulgens' (C. E. Allen Nurs., Brattleboro, Vt., Cat. p. 20. 1880). Flowers yellow and orange.

‘Fulgens Mutabilis’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot with- out description.

‘Fulvia’ (Pucci, Bull. R. Soc. Tosc. Ort. 29: 315. 1904). Published without de- scription.

Fuscata — Misspelling of ‘Fucata".

‘Geant" (Horticulteur Franc. 2nd Ser. 3: 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without description.

‘Giralda’ (Bruant, Vienne, Fr., Cat. 181. p. 59. 1886). Published without de- scription.

Gisell — A cultivar name with this spelling was awarded an FCC in 1881 by the Royal Horticultural Society. Probably the same as ‘Gisille’.

Giselle (Nicholson, Diet. Card. Centr. Suppl. 1901). Without description.

‘Gisille’ (Card. Chron. 2nd Ser. 18: 74. 1882). Lilac and mauve tinted with rose but opening pale lemon. Selected by Lemoine.

‘Globe d’Or’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 88. p. 34. 1881). Dwarf variety with deep yellow flowers.

‘Gloire de S. Martin’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 97. p. 37. 1884). Published without description.

‘Gloire des Mazargues’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878) . Rose, orange and lilac flowers.

‘Gloria mundi’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Golden yellow flowers becoming a fiery saffron color.

‘Goeschke’ (Criadero de Arboles, Chile, Cat. p. 215. 1902). Orange color with yellow.

Gogal — Spelling variant of ‘Gogol’

‘Gogol’ (Rudolphe, Revue Hort. II. 1: 115. 1901). Plants dwarf, flowers bright red, the center ones orange. A Bruant selection.

‘Golconda’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). Saffron changing to dull orange; ffowers large.

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Golconde — Spelling variation used by Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 94. p. 36. 1883. Name used without description.

‘Gold Coin’ (Checklist of Woody Ornamental Plants of Calif., p. 34. 1963). No source available.

‘Gold Mound’ (Barrington Greenhouses, Atco, N.J., Cat. 1950). Published with- out description.

‘Golden King’ (Fruitland Nurs., Augusta, Ga., Cat. p. 47. 1941-2). Dwarf, golden yellow.

‘Golden Mound’ (Wilson Bros., Roachdale, Ind., Cat. p. 47. 1941-2). Low growing; produces mound of golden yellow flowers.

‘Golden Pillar’ (Geo. J. Ball, West Chicago, 111., Cat. p. 81. 1959). Bright gold, upright.

‘Golden Plume’ (Fruitland Nurs., Augusta, Ga., Cat. p. 47. 1941-42). Pink flowers.

‘Golden Queen’ (Storrs & Harrison Co., Painesville, Ohio, Cat. p. 76. Spring 1933) . Rich, solid golden yellow.

‘Goldrush’ (Monrovia Nurs. Co., Azusa, Calif., Cat. p. 44. 1952-3). Cross of Lantana camara X sellowiana. Trailing growth habit; foliage deep forest green; flowers bright yellow. Patent no. 1211.

‘Goldrush Improved’ (Monrovia Nurs. Co., Azusa, Calif., Wholesale Cat. p. 49. 1958-9 ) . “All the exquisite beauty and grace of Lantana ‘Goldrush’ with added vigor and hardiness.”

‘Goldsonne’ (Maatsche in Pareys Blumengartnerei 2: 422. 1960). Lemon yellow.

‘Goleondra’ (James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, Eng., Cat. p. 56. 1906). Pink and purple.

‘Col Col’ (H. Kemp, Australia, Cat. p. 19. 1923). Old Gold.

‘Goliath’ (G. Brunning & Sons, Victoria, Australia, Cat. p. 31. 1896). Orange and red.

‘Gracilis’ (Lombardo, Arbust. & Arbustil. Pas. Publ. 151. 1961). Published without description.

‘Crafty’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Center flowers buff colored, marginal ones rose.

‘Grand Pavilion’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Large white and lilac flowers.

‘Grand Sultan’ (Olmsted, Coville & Kelsey, Stand. PI. Names, p. 258. 1924). Published without description. Although listed concurrently in several nursery catalogues no description could be located.

‘Grandiflora’ (Wildpret Bros., Tenerife, Cat. 1921). Selection of “L. hyhrida”

‘Grandiflora Variabilis’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without description.

‘Grappe d’Or’ (Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 3: 523. 1888). Very dwarf, exceedingly freely flowering, hue of gold.

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‘Grenadier (Bruant, Vienne, Fr., Cat. 181. p. 59. 1886). Published without description.

‘Griselle’ (Card. Chron. 2nd Ser. 14: 369. 1880). Lemoine selection. Opening deep yellow in age becoming reddish orange.

Grisette (Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 3: 522. 1888). Lilac and mauve opening pale lemon. A Lemoine selection. Probably the same as ‘Gisille’.

‘Gustave Thomas’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869) . Rose and orange.

‘Harkett’s Perfection’ (Good & Reese Co., Springfield, Ohio, Cat. p. 19. 1890). Foliage variegated with yellow; flowers lilac.

Harkett’s Perfection (Fruitland Nurs., Augusta, Ga., Cat. p. 35. 1934-5). “Tall, pink and cream”.

‘Hebe’ (Saget, Le Jardin 20: 277. 1906). Flowers rose. A Bruant selection.

‘Hector’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 109. p. 39. 1888). Very dwarf; large um- bells of saffron yellow flowers.

‘Helvia’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1904). Plant semi-dwarf, compact; flowers very large, the center ones canary yellow, the outer ones pure white. A Bruant selection.

‘Henner’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1904). Dwarf; center flowers golden yellow, marginal ones very bright rose. A Bruant selection.

‘Heroine’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Flowers large changing to chocolate.

‘Hesard’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Published without description.

‘Hugue Low’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 66. 1861). Flowers bright red. A Bouchar- lat selection.

Hybrida A horticultural name used many times without description. A cultivar with this name was awarded an AM by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1897. (Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 22: cxlvii. 1897). No description given.

Hybrida Nana (Thompson & Morgan, Ipswich, Eng., Cat. p. 44. 1925). “Fine mixture, colors very brilliant.”

‘Hygie’ ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 63. 1905). Golden fading to violet orange.

‘Ignis’ (Bruant, Vienne, Fr., Cat. 153. p. 31. 1882). Compact; flowers bright red marbled.

‘Illumine’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1904). Dwarf, tufted, robust plants with marginal flowers brilliant capucine red and the center ones yellow, all becoming capucine.

‘Ima’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 9: 205. 1909). Ivory white and clear canary yellow. A Bruant selection. See ‘Yma’.

‘Imperatrice Eugene’ (Wm. Clibran & Son, Cheshire, Eng., Cat. p. 51. 1881). Pure white.

‘Imperatrice Eugenia Alba’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 36. Undated, prob. 1865). A Chate selection of 1864 of Imperatrice Eugenie (Boucharlat) with snow white flowers.

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‘Imperatrice Eugenie’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without description. Chate fils, Horticulteur Franc, p. 300. 1866 reports this to be a selection of Boucharlat of 1859 with small, clear rose flowers with large white center and one not to be confused with another variety of the same name introduced by Hans. A reference to the Hans selection has not been located.

‘Incendie’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 127. p. 36. 1894). Low plant; large flowers fiery red. A Rozain selection.

Incomparable (Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without description.

‘Incomparable’ (Revue I’Hort. Belg. 5: 8. 1879). Semi-dwarf. A Bruant selec- tion.

‘Innocence’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 88. p. 34. 1881). Opens pale yellow and changes to white, dwarf.

lolande — spelling variant of ‘lolandra’ in several catalogues of American nur- series.

lolando — Spelling variant of ‘lolandra’.

‘Iolandra’ (Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 62. 1905). Semi-dwarf; flowers white. Plants by this name offered by Fruitland Nursery, Augusta, Ga., (Cat. p. 35. 1934-5) are described as semi-trailing, flowers yellow and orange.

‘Irene’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1904). Compact plants; umbells and flowers very large, milky white.

‘Iris’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 94. p. 36. 1883). Dwarf; center flowers sulfur yellow, marginal flowers gooseberry red. A Bruant selection.

‘Jacob Schultz’ This name has been used alone and as a commercial synonym of Grand Sultan. Good & Reese Co., Springfield, Ohio, Cat. p. 28. 1903 offer an early description as “red and yellow”. Other nurseries describe the flowers as “opening yellow and turning an interesting ox-blood red.”

‘Jacque Minot’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 89. 1875). Fine large flowers yellow and red passing to violet.

‘Janina’ (Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 40. 1908). Semi-dwarf; florifer- ous; umbells with rose flowers on the margin, silvery rose flowers in the center.

Jannia — Spelling variant of Janina used in American nursery catalogues.

‘Janus’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Deep yellow, changing to rosy purple, compact.

‘Jaune d’Or’ (Good & Reese Go., Springfield, Ohio, Gat. p. 23. 1902). Flowers cream and pink.

‘Javoi’ (Good & Reese Co., Springfield, Ohio, Cat. p. 18. Spring 1895). White.

‘Javotte’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1904). Dwarf and compact; large marginal flowers pure white, center flowers bright yellow.

‘Jean Bart’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869).

‘Jean d’Or’ (Good & Reese Go., Springfield, Ohio, Cat. p. 19. 1890). Orange and carmine.

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‘Jeanne d’Arc’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Lilac and orange.

‘JouBERT (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 23. 1921). Semi-dwarf; large flowers, pure white.

‘JoYAu’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 115. p. 32. 1890). Dwarf; flowers gooseberry red on margin, the center ones golden. A Bruant selection.

‘Juan d’Or’ (Richard Vincent, Jr. & Sons, White Marsh, Md., Cat. p. 21. 1913). Medium height, flowers pink and cream.

‘Judith’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 109. p. 39. 1888). Plant very low, not ex- ceeding 10 cm., yellow orange flowers passing to senna red.

‘Jules Cesar’ (La Belg. Hort. 18: 146. 1868). Illustrated as orange flowers with red eyes.

‘Julius Caesar’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Scarlet and yellow.

Julius Cesar — Spelling variant. A plant with this name was exhibited by Messrs. Henderson as indicated in the Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 2: xxx. 1870.

‘Kanor’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 87. 1901). Clear sulfur rose with center flowers golden yellow.

‘Kermesina’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Noted as an “improper name”. Middle flowers red-violet, not carmine, while the marginal flowers are golden.

‘King of the Red’ (Hasslach, Fr., Cat. p. 19. 1913). Published without descrip- tion.

‘Kosiki’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 69. 1897). Compact plant with small leaves; flowers very abundant, deep rose.

‘L’Abbe Bourgeois’ (Lombardo Arbust. & Arbustil. Pas. Publ. 151. 1961). Pub- lished without description.

‘L’Abbe Touvre’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 104. 1856). Flowers very large, orange- red border with bright carmin passing to deep carmin. A selection of Rendatler.

‘Lady Olivia’ (Corliss Bros., Ipswich, Mass., Cat. p. 54. 1950). Published with- out description. Geo. J. Ball, West Chicago, 111. Cat. p. 81. 1959 describes the flowers as yellow shading to pink.

‘La Fiancee’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 88. p. 34. 1881). Published without description. In subsequent catalogues described as very dwarf with pure white flowers.

‘La Manula’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). Light yellow flowers with pretty rose-pink center.

‘Lamertine’ (Cie. Sahut, Herault, Fr., Cat. 126. p. 73. 1890). Marginal flowers clear yellow, the center ones deep yellow.

‘La Neige’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Very dwarf; free blooming, snow white flowers.

La Pleur d’Or and Lapleur d’Or — Spelling variants of La Pluie d’Or used in American nursery catalogues.

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La Pluie d’Or (Good & Reese Co., Springfield, Ohio, Cat. p. 37. Jan-Mar. 1900). Published without description. Bailey, Cyclop. Amer. Hort. 883. 1901 reports golden yellow flowers. Probably the same as ‘Pluie d’Or’.

‘L’Avenir’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 36. Undated, prob. 1865). The largest flowers of the genus, canary yellow passing to a flesh rose color. A Ferrand selection.

‘Le Grenadier’ (James Veitch & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 20. 1869). Pale lemon changing to red.

‘Le Lis’ (Card. Chron. 2nd Ser. 18: 74. 1882). Pale yellow changing to white. A Lemoine selection.

‘Le Nain’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 46. 1861). Very dwarf; flowers bright ama- ranth. Selection by M. Rendatler.

Le Nain (Chate fils, Horticulteur Franc, p. 299. 1866). Flowers rose carmine passing to crimson, the center paler. A variety of ‘Fulgens mutabilis’ selected by Rendatler.

‘Leo Dex’ (Good & Reese Co., Springfield, Ohio, Cat. p. 23. 1902). Opens orange scarlet and changes to dark crimson.

‘Le Pactole’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 115. p. 32. 1890). Dwarf; flowers deep golden yellow.

‘Le Patriote’ (William Bull, New Plant Merchant, London, Eng., Cat. p. 160. 1879). Large flowers, brilliant yellow color with bright scarlet center. Later citations suggest this to be a Lemoine selection.

‘L’Esperance’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 132. 1867). Flowers large, golden at the center, purple passing to wine red.

‘Le Sphynx’ (Rudolph, Revue Hort. II. 1: 115. 1901). Compact, multiflorous, flowers white.

‘Le Styx’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). Red passing to crimson purple. This is suggested as a Lemoine selection in Card. Chron. 18: 74. 1882.

‘Le Superbe’ (Cie. Sahut, Herault, Fr., Cat. 126. p. 73. 1890). Yellow passing to pure white.

‘Le Vainqueur’ (William Bull, New Plant Merchant, London, Eng., Cat. p. 160. 1879). Flowers of rich bright red color changing to dark red.

‘Leviathan’ (Cie. Sahut, Herault, Fr., Cat. 126. p. 73. 1890). Canary yellow passing to saffron yellow.

‘Lilacina’ (Desf., Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3: 392. 1829). Corolla lilac, drupes violet. No source stated.

‘Lilacina Superba’ (Schmdger & Schiile ex Neubert, Deutsch. Mag. Gart.-Blu- menk. p. 98. 1857). Without description.

‘Liliputien’ ( Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Dwarf, golden flowers becoming velvety scarlet.

I ‘L’Imperatrice’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 36. Undated, prob. 1865). Marginal flowers soft rose, the central ones white. A delicate dwarf variety probably a selection of L. odorata. Credited to Hans, 1861.

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‘Lina Ettinger’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Orange, buff and yellow.

‘Linne’ (Cie. Sahut, Herault, Fr., Cat. 126. p. 73. 1890). Canary yellow and rose.

‘Livre d’Or’ (Lemoine, Naney, Fr., Cat. 103. p. 40. 1887). Dwarf of 15-20 cm. abundant yellow flowers passing to rose.

‘Louis Benoit’ (W. Rollisson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 225. 1871). Flowers chrome yellow changing to purplish amaranth.

Louis Benoist — Spelling variant used by Bruant in Revue I’Hort. Belg. 5: 8. 1879.

‘Louis Marlio’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 9: 206. 1909). Robust plant, dwarf or semi-dwarf; very floriferous, flowers canary yellow with white margins.

‘Louis Roempler’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Dwarf; crimson and orange flowers.

‘Louise’ (Bruant, Vienne, Fr., Cat. 181. p. 59. 1886). Published without de- scription.

‘Luminais’ (Saget, Le Jardin 20: 277. 1906). Yellow. A Bruant selection.

‘Luminarie’ (Rudolph, Revue Hort. H. 1: 115. 1901). Dwarf; flowers yellow. A Bruant selection.

‘Lumineux’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. H. 9: 206. 1909). Plant semi-dwarf; robust, floriferous; large umbells of red and orange flowers with a few yellow flowers at the center. A Bruant selection.

‘L’Unique’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Semi- dwarf; flowers violet passing to plum colored.

‘Lutea Superba’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 61. 1857). Without description. A selection of Henry Jacotot, Dijon, Fr., in Horticulteur Franc, p. 66. 1861. The flowers are described as canary yellow.

‘Lutin’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 77. 1896). Dwarf, central flowers orange, the marginal ones canary yellow.

‘Lyre’ (Richard Vincent, Jr. & Sons, White Marsh, Md., Cat. p. 22. 1913). Pub- lished without description. Listed by Fruitland Nursery, Augusta, Ga., Cat. p. 35. 1929-30 as large flowering, pure white with yellow center.

‘Lysis’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 9: 205. 1909). Clear rose color; dwarf.

‘M.* Bebe’ (Bruant, Vienne, Fr., Cat. 153. p. 31. 1882). Dwarf; flowers mixed brick red and orange.

‘M. Boucharlat’ (Card. Chron. 2nd Ser. 18: 74. 1882). Flowers pale orange- red. A Lemoine selection. Probably indentical with ‘Madame Boucharlat.’

‘M. Boucharlat Aine’ (Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Cata- logues. 1863). Large flowered; compact form, flowers golden yellow, passing to violet-lilac with deeper centers.

‘M. Butini de la Rive’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without description.

* Names which can not be determined as Madame, Monsieur, or Mademoiselle

are listed here. See appropriate title for others.

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‘M. Poiret’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 6: 483. 1906). Very dwarf, selection from ‘Farandole’; leaves very dark; flowers golden yellow.

"M. Rendatler" (Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Catalogues, 1863). Flowers very large, golden with rose tinge and salmon, those in the center darker.

'M. Roempler' (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 132. 1867). Flowers very large, blackish red with golden yellow center.

"M. Rougier-Chauviere’ (Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Catalogues, p. 18. 1863). Flowers very large, yellow orange bordered with red passing to scarlet red.

‘M. Schmidt’ (Good & Reese Co., Springfield, Ohio, Cat. p. 19. 1890). Flowers a brilliant yellow passing into purple vermillion.

*M. Victor Lemoine’ (Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Cata- logues, p. 18. 1863). Flowers very large, golden yellow passing to copper with shades of vermillion.

‘Mac-Mahon’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 89. 1875). Flowers red- dish brown passing to reddish black. A Sellier selection.

‘Madame Boucharlat’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869) . Flowers dark red and orange.

‘Madame Bruant’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Flowers orange and yellow. Free bloomer, semi-dwarf.

‘Madame Calliath’ (Wm. Clibran & Son, Altrincham, Eng., Cat. p. 51. 1881). Light buff yellow.

‘Madame Carlotte’ (C. E. Allen Nurs., Brattleboro, Vt., Cat. p. 20. 1880). Orange red with yellow center.

‘Madame de la Place’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Canary yellow with fiery center.

‘Madame Dufoy’ (La Belg. Hort. 18: 147. 1868). Illustrated as yellow flowers with golden eye. E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869 reports the plant to have semi-double flowers pale yellow and rose. A plant was exhibited in 1870 (Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 2: xxx. 1870).

‘Madame Escarpit’ (Beurrier, Lyon-Monplaisir, Fr., Cat. p. 30. 1908). Published without description.

‘Madame Henry Jocotot’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without description.

‘Madame Hoste’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Flowers golden yellow and rose fading to purple.

‘Madame Leon Bernieau’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 269. 1857). Flowers clear vermillion. A selection of M. Bernieau, Orleans, Fr.

‘Madame Morel’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858; Wochenschrift Garten-Nach- richten 3: 12. 1858). Golden white with golden eye, all becoming rose. A Crouse selection.

‘Madame Pele’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 151. 1858). Flowers golden, center pale yellow, the marginal flowers purple. A selection of M. Bernieau, Orleans, Fr.

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‘Madame Rondel’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without description.

‘Madame Thibaud’ (Wm. Clibran & Son, Altrincham, Eng., Cat. p. 51. 1881). Orange scarlet.

Madame Thibaut — Spelling variant of ‘Mademe Thibaud’

‘Mademoiselle (as Mlle.) Lili’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 91. p. 36. 1881). Very dwarf; flowers bright rose.

‘Magenta King’ (Nicholson, Diet. Card. 234. 1887). Purplish-scarlet.

‘Magenta Queen’ (H. Kemp, Australia, Cat. p. 19. 1923). Red and yellow, changing to magenta.

‘Magicien’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 123. p. 4. 1893). Dwarf; sulfur colored flowers turning rose-purple.

‘Magnum’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Flowers violet rose, golden yellow in the center.

‘Mannus’ ( Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Dwarf; flowers large, flery red.

‘Marcella’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 36. Undated, prob. 1865). Large flowers, yellow passing to a clear lilac. A Chate selection, 1864.

‘Marquis de la Place’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 94. p. 36. 1883). Published without description.

‘Marquis de St. Laporta’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). “Self bronze”. Different from all lantanas in this respect.

‘Marquis de Saporta’ ( Vilmorin-Andrieux Cie., Paris, Fr., Cat. 1885). Flowers different shades of red.

‘Martha’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 124. p. 36. 1893). Semi-dwarf; flowers rose-orange.

‘Matador’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 127. p. 36. 1894). Yellow rose passing to golden rose. A Rozain selection.

‘Mellissifolia’ (Richard Vincent, Jr. & Sons, White March, Md., Cat. p. 22. 1913). Dwarf, compact plant with flowers sulfur yellow and tender rose.

Mellissipolia — Misspelling in several catalogues of American nurseries.

‘Mer Jaune’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1904). Semi-dwarf; flowers large, golden yellow.

Mer Juan — Misspelling in catalogues of several American nurseries for Mer Jaune

Mere Jaune — Misspelling in catalogues of several American nurseries for Mer Jaune.

‘Merveille’ (Cie. Sahut, Herault, Fr., Cat. 126. p. 73. 1890). Yellow white passing to pure white.

‘Metalla’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 36. Undated, prob. 1865). Deep yellow flowers passing to a coppery red-orange. Selected by Chate, 1864.

Meteor — Spelling variation of Meteore.

‘Meteore’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). Pale yellow flowers passing to rose-violet.

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‘Michael Schmidt’ (Standardized Plant Names, p. 258. 1924). Published with- out description. The only other use of this name appears to be Geo. J. Ball, Co. West Chicago, 111., Cat. p. 81. 1959 where the flowers are described as “red shading to yellow”.

‘Michel Gerard’ ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 63. 1905). Yellow rose becoming salmon-copper in color.

‘Mine d’Or’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 94. p. 36. 1883). Dwarf, very deep pure

Minnie Basil — Spelling variant of ‘Minnie Basle’

‘Minnie Basle’ (G. Brunning & Sons, Victoria, Australia, Cat. p. 31. 1896). Lilac colored flowers.

‘Miracle’ (Mottet in Diet. Prat. d’Hort. Jard. 3: 87. 1895). Flowers citron yellow becoming orange.

‘Mirifique’ (Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 40. 1908). Compact plant, flowers a sparkling brilliant capucine red with yellow flowers at the center.

‘Mirival’ (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 23. 1921). Flowers an imperial rose saffron.

‘Mirliflore’ (Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 63. 1905). Dwarf plant, flowers a golden rose with a coppery eye.

‘Misco’ (Saget, Le Jardin 20: 277. 1906). White, semi-dwarf. A Bruant selection.

‘Mitraille’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 127. p. 36. 1894). Plant pyramidal in shape; flowers a golden capucine.

‘Monfeck’ (C. E. Allen Nurs., Brattleboro, Vt., Cat. p. 20. 1880). Compact plant flowers crimson.

‘Mons. Boucharlat’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Flowers vivid red with violet center. A Lemoine selection.

‘Mons. Escarpit’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Yellow and violet-purple.

‘Mons. Felix Alibert’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Yellow changing to violet-purple.

‘Mons. Lagrange’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Pale yellow flowers with golden centers.

‘Mons. Le Comte de Falloy’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Yellow with orange center passing to bishop’s purple.

‘Mons. Rougier’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Crimson, scarlet and yellow.

‘Mons. Schmitt’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Orange changing to crimson-scarlet.

‘Mont Blanc’ (Bruant, Revue I’Hort. Belg. 5: 8. 1879). Semi-dwarf; illustrated in color.

‘Multicolor’ (Lemaire, Fl. des Serres 3: 239. 1847). Grown from seeds received from Mexico by Vendermaelen of Brussels. Flowers bicolorous, subtended by large rose crimson bracts. Offered by Van Houtte.

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‘Multiflora’ (Otto & Dietr. Allg. Gartenz. 9: 370. 1841). Published without description. Stated to be of a strong golden color becoming cochenille red in Wochenschrift, Garten-Nachrichten 3: 12. 1858).

‘Multiflora Excelsa’ (Neubert, Deutsch. Mag. Gart.-Blumenk. p. 97. 1857). Published without description.

‘Muse’ (Gard. Chron. 3rd Ser. 21: 257. 1897). Very large flowered, wavy margins, butter yellow with the center a shining yellow, later fading to a sunset with an edge of rose.

Mutabilis (Weigel, Physiogr. Salsk. Handl. 1: 16. 1776). Reference not available.

Mutabilis (Bot. Mag. t. 3110. 1831). Described by W. J. Hooker as Lantana nivea var. mutabilis. Flowers open yellow with orange and become all pink.

‘Naiade’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Gat. 127. p. 36. 1894). White flowers each with a chrome yellow center.

‘Nana’ (Thompson & Morgan, Ipswich, Eng. Offered prior to 1932. No descrip- tion available currently ) .

‘Nana Compacta’ (Park’s Flower Book, p. 39. 1932). No description beyond height being 1 foot.

‘Napoleon III’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Golden turning scarlet.

‘Ne Plus Ultra’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Gat. 138. p. 36. 1869 and James Veitch & Sons, London, Eng., Gat. p. 20. 1869). Flowers purple and yellow. Exhibited by Messrs. Henderson in 1870 (Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 2: xxx. 1870).

Ne Plus Ultra (Gard. Chron. 3rd Ser. 46: 213. 1909). Yellow changing to bright pink. Possibly the same as ‘Nec-plus-ultra.’

‘Nec-Plus-Ultra’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 37. Undated, prob. 1865). Flowers yellow passing to a deep crimson red. Credited to Rendatler, 1864.

Neige (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). White. Possibly the same as ‘La Neige’.

‘Nelly Avril’ ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 16. 1914). Center flowers crimson, border flowers carmine rose.

‘Ninus’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881). Light canary color.

Nivea Described as a species by Ventenat (Jard. Malm. 1, pi. 8. 1803) and treated as a variety by L. H. Bailey (Cyclop. Am. Hort. 2: 883. 1900). Many American nurseries treat this taxon as a cultivar. Flowers are white.

‘Noblesse’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 130. p. 37. 1895). Flowers rose.

‘Novus’ (Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 40. 1908). Dwarf, flowers large, center flowers bright yellow, marginal ones clear yellow almost white.

‘Nuee Rose’ (Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 62. 1905). Dwarf; flowers silvery rose.

‘Nymphe’ (Saget, Le Jardin 20: 277. 1906). Flowers white. A Bruant selection.

‘OcTAViANo’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325, 1858). Flowers rose-violet.

‘Ondine’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 112. p. 38. 1889). Semi-dwarf; flowers large, pure white.

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‘Ora’ (Richard Vincent, Jr. & Sons, White Marsh, Md., Cat. p. 22. 1921). Flowers pure white.

Orange (Checklist of woody Ornamental plants of Calif, p. 34. 1963). No source or description cited.

Orange-red (Plant Buyers Guide p. 167. 1958). Published without description and source can not be checked.

‘Oresco’ ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 55. 1909). Deep yellow.

‘Orio’ (Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 66. 1905). Plant semi-dwarf; com- pact, the umbels and flowers large, bright yellow.

Orio (Richard Vincent, Jr. & Son, White Marsh, Md., Cat. p. 16. 1917). Pure white.

‘Othello’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 109. p. 39. 1888). Dwarf; flowers sulfur color passing to straw colored.

‘Pailette d’Or’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 133. p. 38. 1896). Dwarf; flowers chrome yellow.

‘Papillon’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 112. p. 38. 1889). Compact, very dwarf plant with delicate rose colored flowers.

‘Pascaline Renault’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 269. 1857). Strong umbels of pale yellow flowers passing to clear violet. A selection of M. Bernieau, Orleans, Fr.

‘Pelopidas’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without de- scription.

‘Pepita’ (Crouse, Nancy, Fr., Cat. p. 40. 1883). Published without description.

‘Perle Poitevine’ (Andre, Revue Hort. 1893: 427. 1893). Flowers very pure white.

‘Phoebus’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 89. 1875). Flowers gamboge yellow passing to rose; dwarf.

‘Phosphore’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 88. p. 34. 1881). Published without de- scription. H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 80. 1881 describe the plant as bushy, the flowers a deep yellow. The Lemoine plant was awarded an FCC in 1882 by the Royal Hort. Society.

‘PiCTAvi’ (Gamier, Rev. Hort. 1906: 233. 1906). Gredited to Bmant. The plant was obtained by crossing the Lantanas of commerce with “L. sellowiana” The umbells are relatively large, outer flowers orange with shades of rose and the inner flowers a rose-Valerian color. Subsequent descriptions often reverse these colors.

Pink Beauty (Standardized Plant Names, p. 322. 1942). Published without de- scription or reference.

‘Pink Frolic’ (Monrovia Nurs., Azusa, Calif., Wholesale Cat. p. 49. 1958-59). “Bright and gay as a frolicking lamb, with its abundance of pink and yellow flowers, etc.” Pat. 1843. Parentage ‘Dwarf Pink’ X ‘Goldrush’.

‘Plicata’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Large crim- son flowers.

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‘Pluie d’Or’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Dwarf; flowers deep yellow. (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg. Cat. p. 55. 1877). Me- dium dwarf; flowers deep yellow, constant.

Poiret — See ‘M. Poiret’.

‘Pretention’ (William Bull. New Plant Merchant, London, Eng., Cat. p. 160. 1879). Robust growing variety, large heads of creamy white flowers, the center brilliant yellow changing to a rich carmine surrounded with amaranth.

‘Prince de Galles’ (William Bull, New Plant Merchant, London, Eng., Cat. p. 160. 1879). Very large, flowers bronzy yellow with large bright red center.

‘Princesse Clotilde’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without description.

‘Princesse Louisa’ (W. Rollisson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. p. 225. 1871). Yellow ground tint merging to rosy crimson.

‘Princesse Mathilde’ (Crouse, Nancy, Fr., Cat. p. 41. 1883). Published without description.

‘Prof. Raoux’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat., p. 69. 1897). Semi-dwarf; flowers and umbels large, capucine orange with center flowers yellow and orange.

‘Protee’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 94. p. 36. 1883). Semi-dwarf; flowers orange changing to shades of red.

‘Pulcherrima’ (Pucci, Bull. R. Soc. Tosc. Ort. 29: 315. 1904). Published without description.

‘Purple Prince’ (Khoshoo & Mahal, Curr. Sci. 36: 201. 1967). Listed as being under cultivation in Indian botanic gardens. Cytological data given.

‘Purpurea’ (Hornemann, Hort. Hafn. 2: 583. 1815). Introduced in 1805. Flow- ers purple.

‘Purpurin’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Semi- dwarf; flowers salmon, yellow and crimson.

‘Pyrophore’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 115. p. 32. 1890). Semi-dwarf; flowers bright red.

‘Queen Victoria’ (La Belg. Hort. 1868: 33. 1868). Published without description. Mottet, Diet. Pract. d’Hort. Jard. 3: 87. 1895 reports the flowers as white.

‘Radiation’ ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 62. 1905). Semi-dwarf; flow- ers brilliant capucine red, the center ones yellow-orange.

‘Ramador’ (Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 62. 1905). Very compact, umbels large, flowers capucine red and orange.

Raphael (Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without descrip- tion.

‘Raphael’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Com- pact plant, flowers rose and purple.

‘Rayon de Soleil’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 88. 1876-77). Flow- ers deep yellow passing into violet-rose.

‘Rayon d’Or’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. H. 9: 205. 1909). Yellow flowered.

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‘Red Cap’ (Khoshoo & Mahal, Curr. Sci. 36: 201. 1967). Listed as being under cultivation in Indian botanic gardens. Cytological data given.

‘Red Schmidt’ (Weston Nurs., Hopkinton, Mass., p. 86. 1962). Orange red.

‘Reine des Fleurs’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Flowers yellow and vivid red.

‘Rembrandt’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 77. 1896). Copper orange and red.

‘Rene Faier’ (Grignan, Revue Hort. II. 9: 206. 1909). Dwarf or semi-dwarf; flowers golden rose with orange centers and central flowers citron colored.

‘Reve d’Or’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 121. p. 38. 1892). Dwarf, flowers large, bright yellow. A Bruant selection.

‘Reve Poitevin’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1904). Very dwarf; flowers a bright silvery red with butter colored flowers in the center.

‘Reveil’ (Card. Chron. 2nd Ser. 14: 369. 1880). Flowers bright deep yellow not changing.

Reveil (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Flowers white with yellow center.

‘Reveille’ (Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 3: 523. 1888). Flowers deep yellow. A Le- moine selection.

‘Robinson’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Ro- bust plant, flowers orange and crimson.

‘Roempler’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Flowers crimson and orange.

‘Roi DES PouRPREs’ ( Vilmorin-Andricux Cie., Paris, Fr., Supplement aux Cata- logues. p. 18. 1863). Flowers large; yellow purple passing to purple.

Roi des Pourpres (Chate fils Horticulteur Franc, p. 299. 1866). Flowers median, yellow purple passing to purple- violet. A Ferrand selection.

‘Roi des Rouges’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Flowers scarlet and orange.

‘Roll’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Uniformly colored red with deeper eye. Dwarf.

Rongier-Chauviere (Pucci, Bull. R. Soc. Tosc. Ort. 29: 315. 1904). Published without description. Probably misspelling of Rougier-Chauviere.

‘Roquelaure’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 132. 1867). Flowers very large, yellow mixed with rose passing to deep amaranth, the center flowers bright red.

‘Rosa Mundi’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). White and rose colored flowers.

‘Rose d’Amour’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 37. Undated, prob. 1865). Flowers with rose tints, often deeper forming flat topped inflorescence. Credited to Ferrand, 1862.

Rose Poitevin (Beurrier, Lyon-Monplaisir, Fr., Cat. p. 30. 1908). Published with- out description. Possibly the same as ‘Reve Poitevin’.

‘Rose Queen’ (Standardized Plant Names, p. 258. 1924). Published without de- scription.

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‘Rosea’ (Florence, Italy, Botanical Garden seed list, 1841). Without description.

‘Rosea Elegans’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). White flowers becoming golden.

‘Rosea Nana’ (La Belg. Hort. 1868). Published without description.

‘Rotundifolia’ (Index of Curtis Bot. Mag. p. 138. 1956). Name change of Lan- tana nivea var. mutabils.

Rougier-Chauviere (Lescuyer, Horticulteur Franc, p. 232. 1865 with colored plate). Center flowers bright yellow, the marginal ones darker violet. A selec- tion of Ferrand, Marseille, Fr. Possibly the same as ‘M. Rougier-Chauviere’.

Rougier-Chauviete — Spelling variant.

‘Rutilant’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 94. p. 36. 1883). Very dwarf, pure yel- low. A Bruant selection.

Salfatare — Misspelling of ‘Solfatare’.

‘Salviaefolia’ (James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, Eng., Cat. p. 56. 1906). Violet and mauve.

‘Sanguinea’ (Medic, in Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. iii Phys. 229. 1775). Flowers yellow turning blood red.

Sanguinea (H. Kemp, Australia, Cat. p. 19. 1923). Flowers red and orange.

‘Sapho’ (Cie Sahut, Herault, Fr., Cat. 126. p. 73. 1890). Flowers white, lightly sulfur tinted.

‘ScHLOsz Ortenburg’ (Maatsch in Pareys Blumengartnerei 2: 442. 1960). Brick- red with salmon-yellow.

Schmidt — Spelling variant of ‘M. Schmidt’.

Schmidt Red — Spelling variant of ‘Red Schmidt’.

Selloi (Baumann, Haut-Rhine, Fr., Cat. p. 24. 1846). Published without descrip- tion. Probably the same as ‘Sellowii’.

‘Sellowii’ (Baumann, Haut-Rhine, Fr., Cat. p. 12. 1838). Published without de- scription. E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138, p. 36. 1869 describe this cultivar as rosy purple flowers with white eyes; trailing habit.

‘Sellowii Grandiflora’ (Horticulteur Franc., p. 66. 1861). Flowers bright lilac.

‘Semillant’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 55. 1877). Young leaves marbled and sprinkled and often bordered with pure white; flowers rusty red. A Crousse selection.

‘Semi Plena’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 46. 1861). Flowers double, golden yellow passing into carmine nuance aurore. A Rendatler selection.

‘Senora’ (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 23. 1921). Dwarf; flowers bright valerian rose.

‘Sensation’ (Fruitland Nurs., Augusta, Ga., Cat. p. 47. 1941-42). Flowers pink.

‘Seraphin’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 115. p. 32. 1890). Flowers large, yellow edged with white.

Seraphine — Spelling variant used in American nursery catalogues.

‘Silver Mound’ (Geo. J. Ball, Co., West Chicago, 111., Cat. p. 81. 1959). Trailing plant, creamy white flowers.

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‘Silver Pink' (Monrovia Nurs. Co., Monrovia, Calif. Cat. p. 9. 1930-31). Height 5'.

‘Smeralda' (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Flowers rose, lilac and yellow.

‘SNO^VBALL’ (State Nurs. & Seed Co., Helena, Mont., Cat. p. 15. 1923). Pure white flowers.

Snowflake — Name used in botanical garden listing which can not be validated.

‘Snow Queen' (Standardized Plant Names, p. 258. 1924). Published without description.

‘Snow White' (Geo. J. Ball Co., West Chicago, 111., Cat. p. 81. 1959). Flowers white.

‘Sola Mia' (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 23. 1921). Dwarf plant, flowers pure white.

‘SoLEiL d'Or' (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 23. 1921). Dwarf plant, flowers golden yellow.

‘SoLEiL Levant' (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 89. 1875). Dwarf, compact; flowers yellow gilt bordered with white, passing to rose.

‘Solfatare' (Chate fils, Horticulteur Franc, p. 300. 1866). Medium flowers, bright yellow lightly margined with white. A selection by Rendatler.

Solfaterre (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Golden yellow flowers with straw colored margins. Probably the same as ‘Solfatare'.

‘Southern' Although listed in Plant Buyers Guide, 5th ed. p. 159. 1949, no cata- logues are available to verify the reference. Geo. J. Ball Co., West Chicago, 111., Cat. p. 81. 1959 describes this cultivar as “yellow shading to buff”.

‘Souvenir de Pekin' (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 37. Undated, prob. 1865). Flowers pale yellow passing to a purple-violet. Credited to Ferrand, 1862.

‘Souvenir d'un Ami' (William Bull, New Plant Merchant, London, Eng., Cat. p. 160. 1879). Vigorous plant with large fringed flowers, these rich carmine crimson changing to violet amaranth.

‘Spectabilis' (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). With large white and purple flow- ers.

‘Spreading Sunset' (Monrovia Nurs., Azusa, Calif., Wholesale Cat. p. 49. 1958- 59). Bright green leaves, spreading branches, orange-red flowers. Pat. 1477. Parentage ‘Goldrush' X ‘Radiation'.

‘Spreading Sunshine' (Monrovia Nurs., Azusa, Calif., Whole Cat. p. 66. 1961- 62). Dark green leaves, sunshine yellow flowers. Parentage ‘Goldrush' X ‘Dwarf Yellow'.

‘Stahl' (Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 21: 257. 1897). Large orange flowers turning red.

‘Stubel' ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 63. 1905). Dwarf, flowers sulfur-rose mixed and yellow.

‘Sunburst' (Monrovia Nurs., Azusa, Calif., Wholesale Cat. p. 49. 1958-59). Deep green foliage and golden yellow flowers. Pat. 1842. Parentage ‘Chris- tine' X ‘Goldrush'.

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‘Sunset (Listed in Standardized Plant Names, p. 322. 1942). Geo. J. Ball, Co., West Chicago, 111., Cat. p. 81. 1959. Without description.

‘SuRPAssE FillonP ( Horticultcur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot with- out description.

‘SuRPASSE lWbbe Touvre’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Flowers bright red becoming a deep carmine.

‘Surprise’ (William Bull, New Plant Merchant, London, Eng., Cat. p. 160. 1879). Immense round fringed trusses of bright yellow flowers changing to rich red with dark red center.

‘Sylphe’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 133. p. 38. 1896). Semi-dwarf; flow- ers white.

‘Sylvana’ (Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 62. 1905). Compact plant; flowers rose, with marginal ones yellow with orange center.

Sylvaphana — Spelling variant of Sylvaplana.

‘Sylvaplana’ (Rozain Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 66. 1905). Marginal flow- ers rose, the center ones straw-white.

Tabrola (G. Brunning & Sons, Victoria, Australia, Cat. p. 31. 1896). Flowers rose and yellow. Spelling error for cv. Fabiola as used by Henderson.

‘Tanabicolor-Formosa’ (Lombardo, Arbust. & Arbustil. Pas. Publ. 151. 1961). Published without description.

‘Tangerine’ (Monrovia Nurs. Co., Azusa, Cahf. Cat. p. 66. 1961-2). Low spread- ing form with flowers tangerine color. Parentage ‘Goldrush’ selfed.

‘Tantale’ (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 23. 1921). Marginal flowers capucine red, the central ones golden yellow.

‘Tapis de Neige’ (Saget, Le Jardin 20: 277. 1906). Dwarf, white flowered. A Bruant selection.

‘Tartasin’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 77. 1896). Flowers brick orange the central ones yellow.

Teethy’s — Misspelling of ‘Tethys’ seen in American nursery catalogues.

‘Tentation’ (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 94. p. 37. 1883). Pubhshed without de- scription.

‘Tethys’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Dwarf; flowers canary yellow with brilliant yellow eye.

‘Thais’ (H. Cannell & Sons, Kent, Eng., Cat. p. 87. 1901). Flowers a soft rose color with the central ones fawn.

‘Thesians’ (Gouault, Revue Hort. 1852: 461. 1852). Used in aromatique baths to replace Melissa and Mentha. Without description.

‘Themistocle’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Flowers mostly orange-red start- ing orange and passing to rose. A Crousse selection.

‘Theodor Froebel’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Similar to ‘I’Abbe Touvre’ but with a fiery color.

‘Theodule Bernieau’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 270. 1857). Dwarf; flowers sulfur yellow, deeper yellow at the center. A selection of M. Bernieau, Orleans, Fr.

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‘Thetes’ (Wm. Clibran & Son, Altrincham, Eng., Cat. p. 51. 1881). Flowers yel- low, orange, and scarlet.

Thetis — Spelling variant used in English catalogues for the earlier ‘Thetes’.

‘Toison d'Or’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 88. 1876-7). Medium sized; flowers deep chrome yellow, constant. A Lemoine selection.

‘Tom Pouce’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Wochenschrift Garten-Nachrichten 3: 12. 1858. Flowers golden passing to violet.

Tom Pouce (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 39. Undated, prob. 1865). Large much branched plant with flowers deep violet and white at the center. A selec- tion of M. Chauviere from “L. selloxvianar

‘Trabuc' (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 67. 1897). Dwarf; flowers with tones of golden buff.

‘Trailing Lavender’ (Aldridge Nurs., Van Ormy, Texas, 1961). Without further description.

‘Trianon’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 167. 1878). Red flowers with yellow ones on border.

‘Triomphe’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas. p. 37. Undated, prob. 1865). Semi- dwarf. Marginal flowers rose salmon, the central ones deep orange passing to a bright rose. A Demay selection, 1863.

‘Triomphe de l’Exposition’ (Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858). Flowers bright golden becoming carmine red.

‘Triomphe de Marseille’ (Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belg., Cat. p. 132. 1867). Border flowers white becoming rose, the central one golden becoming rose purple.

‘Triomphe des Massifs’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 270. 1857). Large leaves; very floriferous; flowers delicate red vermillion. A selection of M. Bemieau, Orleans, Fr.

‘Triomphe du Commerce’ (William Bull, New Plant Merchant, London, Eng., Cat. p. 160. 1879). Large fringed flowers of a bronzy yellow color with bright red eyes changing to lilac-violet with crimson eye.

Triomphe du Commerce (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 88. p. 34. 1881). Flowers pale lilac pink deepening to violet.

Triomphe du Commire — Spelling variant.

‘Triumph’ (E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869). Rosy purple and orange.

Triumph de I’Exposition — Spelling variant of ‘Triomphe de I’Exposition’.

‘Tubiflora’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 151. 1858). Flowers large, in umbels of 10 cm. circumference; citron yellow passing to chamois. A selection of M. Bernieau, Orleans, Fr.

‘Tzigane’ (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 133. p. 38. 1896). Flowers grayish passing into an intense yellow.

‘Ultima’ (Ch. Molin, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 156. 1904). Flowers greenish yellow passing into an intense yellow.

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‘Vainqueur’ (Rivoire, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 105. 1900). Golden yellow and red flowers.

‘Variegata’ (Pucci, Bull. R. Soc. Tosc. Ort. 29: 315. 1904). Published without description.

‘Venusta’ (William Bull, New Plant Merchant, London, Eng., Cat. p. 160. 1879). Large flowers of rich deep golden yellow with bright red eye. Robust.

Ver Luisant (Nicholson, Diet. Card. 234. 1887). Brilliant yellow.

‘Ver Luisante’ (Card. Chron. 2nd Ser. 18: 74. 1882). Orange red with bright orange eye deepening in age. A Lemoine selection.

‘Versicolor' (Good & Reese Co., Springfield, Ohio, Cat. p. 37. Jan.-Mar. 1900). Flowers orange and violet.

‘Vestale' (Lemoine & Fils, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 133. p. 38. 1896). Dwarf; flowers clear rose.

‘Vesuve' (Lemoine, Nancy, Fr., Cat. 94. p. 37. 1883). Low plant; flowers bright red mixed with gold.

Viador — Spelling variant of ‘Viator'.

‘Viator' ( Rozain-Boucharlat, Rhone, Fr., Cat. p. 62. 1905). Compact plant; flowers a mixture of golden rose tones and pale yellow.

‘Victoire' ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without descrip- tion. Described by E. G. Henderson & Sons, London, Eng., Cat. 138. p. 36. 1869 as having flowers pure white with rich lemon eye.

Victor Lemoide — Spelling error for ‘Victor Lemoine'.

‘Victor Lemoine’ (Chate fils, Horticulteur Franc, p. 299. 1866). Flowers very large, golden yellow passing to vermillion copper, very bright. A Ferrand selec- tion.

Victoria — Spelling variant of ‘Victoire'.

Victorie — Spelling variant of ‘Victoire'.

‘Violacea' (Lombardo, Arbust. & Arbustil. Pas. Publ. 151. 1961). Published without description.

‘Violet King' (Standardized Plant Names, p. 322. 1942). Listed without de- scription or reference.

‘Virgilie' (Lombardo, Arbust. & Arbustil. Pas. Publ. 151. 1961). Published with- out description.

‘Virginal' (Cie. Sahut, Herault, Fr., Cat. 126. p. 73. 1890). Flowers pure white.

‘Vision’ (Saget, Le Jardin 20: 277. 1906). Flowers rose. A Bruant selection.

‘Volcan’ (Chate, Cult. Pratique Lantanas, p. 37. Undated, prob. 1865). Most beautiful plant with large flowers a marbled yellow passing to a copper red. Credited to Ferrand, 1862.

‘Weeping' (Good & Reese Go., Springfield, Ohio, Gat. p. 30. Jan.-Mar. 1899). | Listed without description. Storrs & Harrison Go., Painesville, Ohio, Gat. p. 54. I Fall 1935 describe this cultivar as having numerous compact umbels of bright ) rosy lilac. A rapid-growing, semi-trailing plant. '

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‘Wilhelm Schule’ ( Horticulteur Franc, p. 104. 1856). Large flowered, deep rose, canary yellow at the center passing to golden. A selection of Rendatler.

‘Williams Rollisson’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot without description.

‘Xanthina Superba’ (Horticulteur Franc, p. 173. 1861). Cited by A. Petot with- out description.

‘Yma’ (Saget, Le Jardin 20: 277. 1906) . Semi-dwarf; flowers yellow.

‘Youngii’ (Neubert, Deutsch. Mag. Gart.-Blumenk. p. 97. 1857). Published with- out description. Stated to be a constant flowering plant with light orange colored flowers in Wochenschrift 41: 325. 1858.

‘Yvor’ (Rivoire, Pere & Fils, Lyon, Fr., Cat. p. 23. 1921). Rose-violet with tints of gold; central flowers yellow.

Richard A. Howard

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ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 NOVEMBER 14, 1969 Number 12

l^CHRISTMAS DECORATIONS FROM WOODY PLANT MATERIALS*

Near Christmastime, every home becomes a workshop of vigorous activity, and it may well be that the most fun in preparation can be in those homes where the making of the decorations is a family project. There are many types of decorations which can be made from plants and literally hundreds of different kinds of plant materials are available. In an issue of Arnoldia {Arnoldia 15 : 61- 84, 1955), some of these plant materials were described. Finding the materials and using ingenuity in arranging them into festive ornaments can well supply interest for the entire family.

This certainly has been true in our family, fora few years ago we merely made a wreath or two from white pine ; but now our interest has grown to include all sorts of evergreen wreaths, cone wreaths, garlands, swags, stars, festoons, “arrangements,” kissing balls, etc. In fact, ingenuity has added a very impor- tant ingredient to the fun of this family project. True, it is usually the lady of the house who has the time to study and experiment at home, to go to all sorts of “classes,” to exchange ideas with her friends who are similarly interested; but it must be admitted that enthusiasm and “know how” thus acquired can be passed on to others. Such has been the case with us, at least. If there be a mere glimmer of interest in the mind of anyone, this procedure can be recommended for trial. And here are a very few of the possibilities that might be considered.

L Wreaths Made from Foliage

Wreaths of evergreen foliage, one kind or another, are the easiest to make, and once the technique is understood, it can be easily adapted to any type of material. First and foremost are the frames. Beginners may start with a single

*Note: Much of the bulletin is taken from Arnoldia 16: 61-72, 1956, by the same auth- ors. It was soon out-of-print and so many requests were received for it, that it is here pre- sented again in up-dated and enlarged form.

All wreaths and other arrangements by Florence D. Wyman.

[ ni ]

wire (No. 9, even a rebent coat hanger can suffice), or two branches tied together in a circle; but the experienced hand at wreath making will tell you that it is much easier to start with a ready-made wire frame of two circles of wire, availa- ble commercially from most florists or florists supply houses, expressly for wreath- making purposes. Also, one should have a spool of green enamelled No. 26 wire for wrapping the cut evergreen twigs to the frame.

No matter what the material, young shoots are cut about four to six inches long for the smaller wreaths, longer for larger wreaths. The end of the roll of No. 26 wire is attached firmly to the frame and then gradually w^orked tightly around the bases of these shoots as they are put in place, two or three at a time in the front and one large dense one in the back of the wire frame. It is neces- sary only to wind the base of these twigs to the frame, but this should be done in one direction only, and done carefully and well. The next small bundle of twigs is so placed as to cover the bases of those last wired on, and so on around the entire circle. It can take a lot of material for a large wreath, so one had better practice with the normal 14 inch wreath frame at first.

There are many evergreen plant materials from which wreaths can be made. To find the most popular we asked several people what they liked and invariably it was the material used at their respective homes when they were children. Christmas is an important time for youngsters, and makes a greater and more lasting impression on us than we might expect. There is now available a far greater diversity of plant material at our disposal than there was fifty years ago when only those plants native to the area were used at Christmas. Now, plants grown commonly in our gardens are native to the West Coast (Douglas-fir), the Orient (yews and Chamaecyparis), or Europe (boxwood) so the intelligent gardener thus has many plants from which to choose those for use in his decorations. Ex- perimenting with them at Christmas can prove a most interesting and satisfying project.

We, in our family, have been making wreaths and Christmas decorations for many years, but we use only the material grown in the gardens in our area. Special decorations for the wreaths may be bought, but the greens are always grown locally. The following are some of the materials we have used in making wreaths, listed in the sequence as we prefer them:

Douglas-fir. A splendid pyramidal tree native to the Pacific Coast but making an excellent ornamental in the East. It has been used satisfactorily as a Christ- mas tree, but of course lacks the desired fragrance of the balsam fir. We like it best for wreath making because of its soft, delicate foliage and because young shoots usually have several side branches, hence it “makes up” quickly. (See Plate XXV)

It is much easier to collect enough of these shoots for a wreath than it is Taxus cuspidata that is grown with single shoots a foot long. Also, the foliage does not

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PLATE XXIV

Top: The start of a white pine wreath. Bottom: (left) Kissing ball started by in- serting sharpened branchlets of boxw'ood into styrofoam ball, (right) Finished ball.

drop, indoors or out-of-doors, during the 2-S week Christmas period, and some of the trees have foliage a delightful grayish color that adds materially to their beauty.

White Pine. This is second in our preference for wreath making since it is easily available all over New England. Small branched shoots only 6 inches long are easily collected, and this type of pruning insures thicker and more compact foliage the following year. Hence it is readily available, easily collected and works into a splendid soft textured wreath. (See Plate XXIV)

Yew. This is commonly available and might be at the top of the list. How- ever, there is a very important difference among yews in their habit of growth. It is the dense compact growing forms like T. cuspidata ‘Densa’ or ‘Nana’ that have 6" shoots with the desirable side branches that “make up” quickly in wreath form. Many varieties of yew have long 8-10'' shoots without side branches, and cutting individual unbranched shoots — sufficient for a wreath — can be a long and arduous task, enough to dampen the ardour of all but the most enthusiastic. Hence in using yew, look for the right forms and save pruning the hedge until wreath-making time arrives. (See Plate XXV)

Boxwood. This is excellent for making wreaths but gardeners in New England are not as fortunate as their Virginia friends in having large amounts of this fine plant. Cut branches seem to dry indoors, but experience has shown that boxwood wreaths can be freshened considerably by a quick spraying with water twice a week, or an actual soaking in water if there are no ornaments to be harmed. A wreath of boxwood on the front door has a richness of character all its own.

Holly. Very prickly to work with, but fortunate is the gardener with a large amount of holly to be cut at Christmas. In many areas the birds take most of the fruits before December. The wreaths of holly are very prickly to make and it takes much experience and much holly. If these are not in order, the holly might best be used as separate shoots or in arrangements.

Chamaecyparis. This is placed here in the list because it just happens we have a few old trees near us. We tried this material a few years ago for the first time — with excellent results. There are several varieties of Chamaecyparis pisif era, but the one with the best foliage for wreaths is probably the variety ‘Plumosa’, with light feathery branchlets often of a grayish green color. This material in a wreath will dry quickly, especially indoors, but it does not spoil the effectiveness of the wreath if it is not handled. A very delicate and graceful wreath making material. (See Plate XXV)

[ ii-t ]

PLATE XXV

Top: Taxus cuspidata wreath on left decorated with pine cones and fruits of Albizia. Bignoniadind Aesculus. Dou^las-fir wreath on ri}?ht. Bottom: Chamaecyparis pisifera ‘Plumosa’ wreath on which is superimposed a cone wreath.

Mountain-laurel. Common but coarse when made into wreaths, giving quite the opposite effect from Chamaecyparis. Where mountain-laurel is plentiful, long ropes of it are available at Christmas. We never used it in wreaths until this past year. One afternoon in early December the wreath-making member of this team noticed an especially well grown plant in the front of her home, cut a few small branches and on inspecting them carefully indoors realized that because of the large amount of rain this past year these plants had grown unusually well with- out leaf blemishes of any sort. She immediately went out for more material, made her wreath and weathered a long tirade from the other author who merely grows the plants, since he thought the plants had been ruined. (Actually, on later inspection he could not find where they had been cut!) However, we both now admit that our mountain-laurel does not produce such lush growth every year, so it is only during the wet years, when growth is good, that it should be used in wreath making.

Fir. Large quantities of balsam fir wreaths are made commercially from the lower branches of Christmas trees cut for the market, or from misformed trees that cannot be sold. They are produced in Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, and shipped by truck, sometimes a month before Christmas. These wreaths will not last long in heated rooms where they quickly drop their needles, but if used out-of-doors, they may last through the Christmas period. In buying them, the trick is not to purchase too early, wreaths that have been made too soon.

Spruce. It is easy to put spruce wreaths at this low point on a preferred list, especially those made of Norway or black spruce. Spruce needles do drop very quickly in a heated room. But have you ever seen a wreath made of blue spruce? If you have, we feel certain you tried to buy it, especially if it were tastefully decorated with the right kind of cones and red ribbon. Such wreaths are very beautiful and are only for use out-of-doors. Most people value their trees of blue spruce too much to cut them for wreath making.

Juniper. In areas where there is much native red-cedar, these have been used in wreath making although they are very prickly to work with. Some of the stiffer junipers in ornamental plantings like Pfitzer juniper have some merit also, but certainly not the little low, very pliable ground covers like J. horizontalis.

Hemlock. Wreaths of hemlock are occasionally made, but they can never be used indoors for the needles fall very quickly, and even out-of-doors they may shatter before the Christmas period is over. It is best to refrain from making or buying wreaths made of hemlock.

Other materials like rhododendron and Magnolia grandijiora (both of which make coarsely textured funeral-type wreaths), bearberry and Oregon hollygrape,

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►uglas-fir wreath on which is superimposed a cone wreath, hanging above a mantle piece with wood panelled background.

have been used in parts of the country where these materials are plentiful. All these are not the only materials used, but we have found them (in the order listed) the most beautiful and satisfying as well as the most practical.

Spraying with a clear plastic spray (now commonly available in small pressure cans) can give a sheen to any of these cut greens and can prove helpful in pre- serving them properly indoors. It is a simple matter to spray the finished product (away from fire) and it dries almost immediately. Pine, boxwood and yew wreaths will last throughout the Christmas period, indoors or out. A simple wreath of any of these materials is beautiful enough in itself when tied with a large red ribbon. However, many prefer to use the evergreen wreath merely as the base on which to attach all sorts of fruits, berries, cones or painted objects. It is here that an artistic hand and good taste will prove most helpful.

Usually a simple evergreen wreath is greatly improved with a bow of bright red ribbon on the lower right hand side. Such bows for normal wreaths (see Plate XXV) are made of ribbon 4'' wide. For outdoor use, the ribbon material might be waterproof. Actually tying a bow is not necessary unless it can be done tastefully. Merely fold the ribbon in several large loops, wire the center together and then wire the bow on the wreath. Finally, before the wreath is hung, use the scissors to cut back any small leaves or twigs in the center which mar the perfect circle for one should always be certain the center is round.

As wreath makers become more experienced they sometimes add cones and fruits to the evergreen wreath. In Plate XXV, a yew wreath was tastefully decorated with cones of various sizes, Albizia pods, trumpet creeper pods and horsechestnut fruits. Each one of these has a 12" #30 gauge wire attached to it by which it can be held tightly (but inconspicuously) in place on the wreath. In this particular instance, the addition of a ribbon also, would probably be superfluous.

Sometimes a simple evergreen wreath is used as a background for a cone wreath. In Plate XXV, one can see the Chamaecyparis pislfera wreath and the cone wreath (complete in itself) has merely been wired tightly to the foliage wreath. One augments the other. In Plate XXVI, a Douglas-fir wreath is the background, making a beautiful combination for hanging over the mantle above the fireplace in our living room.

Mention should be made of Rosa multijlora fruits which can be worked very well into wreath form (Plate XXXV). The fruits of this Japanese rose are very small, frequently remain in good condition all winter on the plants out-of-doors. However, they should be removed from the plant in October, just about the time they turn red, carefully cut so they will make up into little bunches of fruits with stems 4-5" long. The wreath should be made at once, while the stems are pliable, for if the stems dry out, they cannot be easily bent and worked into wreath form. A simple wreath of red Japanese rose fruits is beautiful in itself (with red or green ribbon) but some people like to spray such wreaths with gold paint, be- lieving that this makes them even more beautiful. Certainly the spraying of such

[ ns]

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a wreath takes only a few minutes, but we think the natural red colored fruits need no artificial improvement. Our suggestion would be to use the wreath in its natural color the first year, then put it away in a tightly closed polyethylene bag with a few crystals of paradichlorobenzene (to keep it bug-proof) then spray it with gold the second year, using a moss green velvet ribbon.

^"""^^Swags

A swag is merely a group of evergreen branches, tied together in a pleasing form. They are frequently hung on doors in lieu of wreaths. Note that there should be a stiff piece of wood about 10'^ in the back of the swag to which

these branches should be firmly wired. Thus they are held in place and the wood should be long and wide enough to do the job, but small enough to be hidden by the branches. Once the knack has been acquired of arranging the branches artis- tically together, these too, can be trimmed with bows of red ribbon, or a few carefully selected cones or dried fruits. The one illustrated in Plate XXVIll was made from red pine, but white pine, Scotch pine and other materials can be used if branches with the proper curvature are available.

, Kissing Balls

U

In medieval times, the ^^kissing ball” provided a very important part of the Christmas festivities. It was not made until Christmas Eve, when the entire family joined in. At first it was a large thing made of three barrel hoops tied together vertically, and then one was attached to these in a horizontal position to hold them in place. Around these hoops were wrapped slender branches of boxwood, and also bright colored pieces of paper or metal. Sometimes they were dipped in water when they were finished and then sprinkled with flour to give them a real wintry cast. Then they were hung in a prominent place, sometimes outside, and left hanging until Twelfth Night.

It was up to all the men and boys to catch the matrons and maids under the ball and kiss them soundly. Naturally these balls were a source of much interest and fun throughout the entire Christmas period.

During these early times, castles afforded spacious halls where such large balls could be easily hung. Today, with our modern homes, the kissing balls have been considerably reduced in size. However, if hung in the proper place, there is no need for them to be any less effective now than they were then.

The balls are simply made by starting with a ball of styrofoam which is availa- ble from any florists’ supply house. This is about the size of a baseball and is a light plastic material in which it is easy to force sharpened twigs (see Plate XXIV). If styroform balls are not available, a similar-sized ball is made by squeezing out moist sphagnum moss and tying string tightly around it in such a w^ay as to hold it in a round shape.

A sturdy wire is placed through the ball and attached so that it can be hung.

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PLATE XXVIII

Left: Swa^^ made of red pine. Kissin- ball made of wire hoops bound with brown Floratape, to which is attached,

pine cones, acorns, beefwood fruits, eucalyptus pods, hemlock cones, beech tree fruits, and sinj^le pine cone scales.

[ ]

Cones and fruits used in making wreath in Plate XXX. Top row: (left to right) Finns jeffreyi, P. rigida, Pseudotsugamenziesii, Picea glauca, Pinus sylvestris. P. strohus. Second row: Leucothoe fontanesiana, Alnuss^., Liquidamhar styraciflua, Quercus borealis, Q. robur. Third row: Sequoia sempervirens. Eucalyptus sp., Quercus alieria, Tsuga carolhiiana, Castanea mollissima, Onoclea sensibilis. Bottom row: Platanus acerifolia, Sequoia- dendron giganteum, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cedrus libani, cotton bolls.

Cone wreath in which are used the twenty-two different cones and fruits illustrated in Plate XXIX.

At first, it is advisable to hang this unadorned ball at eye level, so that working on it will be easy.

Five- or six-inch pieces of boxwood are cut from any vigorous plant, the stems sharpened a bit with a knife, and the pieces stuck in uniformly around the en- tire ball. It is important to keep in mind the fact that the finished ball will look much better if the pieces used are a uniform length. If this cannot be done, merely cutting off the longer ends after the pieces are all in place, will help.

Boxwood dries rather quickly, so it might be advisable to spray some plastic material on the finished product to keep the foliage in a fresh appearing condi- tion for as long as possible. Or, it can be freshened considerably once or twice a week by syringing with water or actually soaking in water for a few minutes. Then it can be hung as is, or for good measure, with a small piece of mistletoe underneath, so that there will be no misunderstanding regarding its purpose!

Kissing balls can also be made from two wire hoops, about 10'^ in diameter. These are wired firmly together (see Plate XXV^IIl) then the wire is covered by wrapping Floratape around it. This material colored brown or green is a type of waxed tape that is available in small rolls about an inch wide and is much used in covering wires on cones and fruits used in Christmas decorations. To these wire hoops are then attached cones and dried fruits, tastefully selected and at- tached (by wire) to the hoops. Such kissing balls are very beautiful, can have a sprig of mistletoe attached at the bottom, and can, if necessary, be used from year to j’ear.

Cone Wreaths

To make cone wreaths, one must have an artistic touch and a remarkable amount of patience. Time and experience not only in the making of the actual wreath but in collecting the cones are necessary. It is not a project conceived a few days before Christmas and then executed. Rather, it is a project which one apparently keeps in the back of her mind wherever she goes — for a full year or more, since all sorts of cones and dried fruits are needed. The male members of this particular family have been talked into gathering cones in the woods of Mt. Desert Island, on the campus of Smith College, in some of the outlying areas around Williamsburg, Virginia, and in many places in between. Automobile trips are never run on schedule to any place, when there is a cone-hunter along. Catalogues are searched for certain species ; friends are inveigled into bringing back special types from trips to the far parts of the country, for variety in sizes and shapes of the cones and fruits is of the utmost importance.

With a large and varied supply of cones on hand, one goes to work. First, evenings are spent wiring the cones so they can be attached. Twelve-inch lengths of No. 22 wire are used for the larger cones and they must be wired to the frame with two wires, one on either side of each cone, to prevent their being shaken out of place. Small cones like those of hemlock, can be wired with No. 30 wire,

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many of them being wired together in groups of a dozen or so. Acorns — these are the problems! When green, cups and fruit remain nicely together, but as soon as they start to dry out, they part company. They can be wired together so the wire is unnoticed — but what a time-consuming job this proves to be. The youngsters of the house can do it, but if they insist on payment for time spent, costs go up quickly. It isn’t long before this job reverts to the lady carrying the enthusiasm for the whole project. The electric drill is used for boring one hole through the center of the cup or base, and a hole straight across the lower base of the acorn itself. If this is done properly, with the smallest drill, the acorn can be wired to the cup (No. 30 wire) with only the two ends of the wire coming through the base of the cup, in evidence. These ends are easily tied together in a knot, thus preventing movement of the acorn from the cup. Acorns, too, es- pecially the smaller types like those of the pin oak and red oak, are often wired in clusters to simulate grapes. Larger acorns like those of the mossy-cup oak are used in small groups, but wired similarly.

One of the methods of making a “base” on the three-dimensional frame for the cones, is to attach a double row of white pine cones entirely around the frame (see Plate XXXIl). The larger cones, some of which have been cut in half to simulate rosettes or flowers, or turned upside down, are next attached. Standard practice seems to be to start with 3, o or 7 properly-balanced, equidistant main accent points. Then, the smaller materials are worked in pleasing groups around these main focal points. Good taste, patience, and experience are primary assets in making beautiful cone wreaths. (Plate XXX shows a finished wreath and Plate XXIX shows all the kinds of materials used in its making.)

Note the three cone wreaths in Plate XXXI. These are attached to the wire frame in a manner totally different from those in the cone wreath, Plate XXX. It takes more artistic ability to make a wreath of this type, but the end result is worth the long hours spent in practice to acquire the ability of applying the right selection of cones and dried fruits in the right way. In studying the largest of the wreaths in this picture, it is obvious that balance has been an important factor in placing the cones properly. Also, the proper selection of the right kinds of materials is just as important. In making cone wreaths it is obvious that much preparation must be made in advance, in collecting the materials, wiring them properly and covering the wires with Floratape. Considerable experience is necessary to make the final product one of character and beauty.

All cone-made objects can be stored from year to year if placed in tightly closed polyethylene bags in which are a few crystals of paradichlorobenzene to keep out the bugs.

k Garlands

After one has had experience in making foliage wreaths and cone wreaths, one can graduate to the garland-making class, for it is here that one needs the ex-

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(lower rio^ht), prepartory to makinji: the wreath

perience of all that was learned in making the cone wreaths. Since most fire- places differ in proportion, there is no standard measurement for these festoons of cones and fruits. Usually, a frame of plywood is cut out the exact size and shape wanted. Then the major groupings are arranged on this and wired around the narrow frame; or better still, a hole is bored through the frame, the wires inserted, pulled tightly and bent over, and then stapled with one of the special wood staplers now available. Not a simple or easy undertaking, yet the end re- sult can be a thing of artistic beauty which can remain to adorn the living room long after the Christmas period, and be used time and again at Christmas.

Miscellaneous Objects

^ There are many interesting objects which can be made from the left-overs of wreath-making. The small tree (Plate XXVIl) is made by inserting a dowel in some plaster of Paris in a painted tin can, and wiring on the branches of yew left over from making the larger wreaths. Ornamental boxwood trees (Plate XXVIl) are made by attaching a styrofoam ball to the dowel, sharpening the small twigs of boxwood and inserting them into the ball, adding fruits or cones for tasteful decoration.

L The basket of nuts (Plate XXXIIl) turned out to be a gem which we use time and again for tasteful display not only at Christmas but at many other times of the year. At first the basket was merely a receptacle for left overs from cone wreath-making, but it would not stay tasteful!}’ arranged, for every time it was moved the contents shifted position. Then a styrofoam ball covered with sheet moss was pressed into the center of the basket and the contents were wired in place — resulting in an object of permanent beauty.

^ The candelabra are beautiful enough but one of the authors doesn’t want any- thing to do with them merely because he cannot properly solder the wires together. These must be sturdy and solidly held together or else they will move and cause everything to be out of position. The arrangement of cones and fruits takes a technique of another kind, but someone else will have to solder or weld the next ones we try.

^ Corsages

Corsages are actually miniature arrangements and anyone who can arrange flowers can make these. The ones made for Christmas gifts from cones and dried fruits are carefully constructed in accordance with the fundamentals of balance and proportion. In Plate XXXIV, one notes that ribbons (often velvet and of different colors) have been used. Atlantic cedar or Deodar cedar cones (the tops only), were used in some as the major points of interest. Hemlock cones, acorns, dried fruits of the Japanese dogwood and alder catkins were used, but these are only a few of many, many things that might be selected. We usually have a green velvet covered board (about 18"X 1 8'0 standing in the conservatory where

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PLATE XXXIII

Top: Candelabras. Bottom: Basket of fruits (all wired in place) consisting of fruits of red oak, mossycup oak, umbrella-pine, redwood, dove-tree, beefwood, bristle cone pine, Atlantic cedar and white spruce.

two dozen of these are attached not primarily for display, but as gifts to our friends who drop in during the Christmas period. One lady who received one nine years ago has brought it out each Christmas since, to be worn on her coat. It is ready to wear merely by adding a new ribbon. These are small gifts but certainly have lasting value.

Arrangements

This is a lengthy topic with many embellishments which need not be discussed here — every flower arranger knows the problems. However, we do wish to make the point that in the gardens about the home, and in the foundation planting, plants should be used w^hich can be cut for arrangements at Christmas. Such arrangements can last for weeks, and if properly cut need not mar the plants from which they were taken. Some that should be considered in this category are :

Berberis — evergreen barberries Buxus sempervirens — Boxwood Cytisus species — brooms Euonymus fortunei vars.

Galax aphylla — galax Hedera helix — English ivy Ilex — evergreen holly species Juniperus species Kalmia latifolia — mountain-laurel Leucothoe species

Mahonia aquifolia — Oregon holly-grape Pachysandra terminalis — Japanese spurge

Pieris floribunda — mountain andromeda Pieris japonica — Japanese andromeda Pinus sp. — pines

Prunus laurocerasus — cherry-laurel Pseudotsuga menziesii — Douglas-fir Rhododendron species, especially R. arbutifo- lium, laetvirens, carolinianum, catawbiense hybrids and R. ‘P.J.M.'

Sciadopitys verticillata — Japanese umbrella pine

Taxus sp. & vars. — yews Tsuga sp. — hemlocks

“Fearsome Critters”

The “Fearsome Critters” shown in Plate XXXV oflTer a lot of fun in the making and the display of plenty of ingenuity, especially by the youngsters. Those in the cut were made by our fourteen-year-old son, John, who was watch- ing his mother make some cone wreaths. When she left her materials to attend an afternoon meeting, he confiscated a few cones and seeds, took a walk out-of- doors in search of a few other things, appropriated a few of his father’s pipe cleaners, and in no time at all, surprised himself and everyone else with his strikingly humorous results.

The short squat figure on the left was made with a cone of Scotch pine, two cone scales from a Jeffrey pine, a red oak acorn for a head, and two small fruits of the jetbead (Rhodotypos scandens) for eyes, held in place either by glue or pins.

The six-legged monster in the rear was from a cone of a Norway spruce (Picea abies), a Chinese chestnut for a head, the leafy bract from the fruit of a linden for horns, small hazel nuts for eyes, and the expanded fruit capsules of the native witch hazel for a mouth.

The “small fry” in front were made from the fruits of the beefwood (Casuarina

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Left: Corsages made of fruits of Atlantic cedar, oak, Japanese dogwood, beefwood. hemlock, eucalyptus and several pine species. Right: Arrangement of Cedrus lU>ar,i, Pieris japonira, Rhododemirou ‘P.J.IVI.*. Levcothoe fontaT^e.iava, and Rhodo- dendron raeemosnni.

equisetifolia) and the fruits of the Japanese Katsura-tree (Cercidiphyllum japoni- cum) for ears, held together with one pin and two dabs of glue.

The medium-sized critter in the rear has a tail of the fruit cluster of the droop- ing leucothoe (Leucothoe fontanesiana), the body of a pine cone, ears of maple samaras, a head of the fruit ball of the sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and eyes of the fruits from the tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica).

The last creature on the right has the cone of the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) fora body, apparently no tail at all, a eucalyptus fruit for a head, and two eyes of the fruits of bladdernut (Colutea arborescens).

If the idea is acquired, this can lead to an interesting walk about the grounds or through the woods in search for materials which, once found, can be worked quickly into many an entertaining object.

Florence and Donald Wyman

[ 13-^ ]

PLATE XXXV

Top: Fruits of Rosa mvltiflora which have been sprayed with gold. Bottom: ‘Fearsome Critters". For description see pages 130 and 132.

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29 DECEMBER 26, 1969 Number 13

HEDGES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES

Many trees and shrubs can be used for hedges, but one should always select those best suited to fulfill the purpose for which the hedge is planted. Sometimes they are used merely to mark a property line, walk or drive. Other times they are used as barriers, to keep children in or animals out. It may be they are selected to serve both purposes at once. Then there are the screens to mask objectionable views or to give privacy or screens that serve as windbreaks. Plants suitable for one purpose may be unsuitable for another.

Hedges should be dense and compact, easily sheared and quick to recuperate after shearing. Plants with medium to small leaves are best. The globe form of the Norway maple, as one example, is certainly dense and of the right habit for a hedge but the leaves are large and coarse. Serviceable in some situations it would not be a good choice for a hedge in the front of a home on a high priced suburban lot.

There are plants among those in the following list that make good flowering hedges. Occasionally there is need for these — a line of plants, placed close together, which are allowed to grow informally to show oflT their flowers. These plants may be allowed to grow in this fashion for several years without pruning or shearing, then may be cut to the ground and started all over again. Such a plant is Rosa virginiana. As a formally clipped hedge it has little to offer when compared with much better ones for this purpose, like privets and barberries. However, it increases by underground stolons and the upright shoots tend to remain the same height, at least for three or four years.

During this period, it flowers and fruits profusely, and, if in the right place, such as between a paved street and sidewalk, it looks well. In the fall the foliage is red and orange, the fruits are red and all winter long the young red twigs are colorful. To keep it in vigorous growing condition, it can be cut to the ground in the very early spring every third or fourth year, and if done early enough

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there will be sufficient time for it to produce some flowers the same year. The following year it will be thicker than ever.

The Hedge Demonstration Plot at the Arnold Arboretum was started in 1936, then a major part of it was moved to its new location near the Dana greenhouses in 1962-63. A listing of the hedges and a plan of their arrangement was pub- lished in Arnoldia 24: 7^11, December 4, 1964. This is, in general, correct now, with a few additions which have been added since. This collection is regularly pruned and is labeled so that visitors can see exactly what these 94 different types look like at any time of year.

There are many other plants that can be used in hedges and a suggested list of over 180 is given here. The numbers refer to the particular purposes for which each species or variety might be grown as a hedge. If one is interested only in thorny, barrier hedges, merely select those from the list with a 3. If a list of evergreen hedges is wanted, select those with 1, and so on.

The plants used for making hedges have been divided into the following groups according to what each one is best suited for:

1 . Evergreen: Plants in this group keep their leaves most of the winter in those regions where they are normally used.

2. Dense: Plants in this group grow dense foliage with a minimum amount of care. These naturally make the best hedges.

3. Thorny: Either stems or leaves thorny, making good barrier hedges.

4. Low: Can be grown as very low hedges with a minimum amount of clipping.

5. Flowering: Because of profuse flowers, these plants can be grown as informal flowering hedges with trimming once a year (or even once every other year).

6. Colored Fruits: Trimming removes the majority of the flowers and fruits, yet the plants in this group have so many bright colored fruits that with the right trimming, some fruits will remain to give color and interest.

7. For Poor Growing Conditions: Some hedges must be planted where growing conditions are difficult and plants in this group may succeed where others would fail.

8. Narrow, Columnar and Upright: Naturally growing this way, not all make good hedges for the terminal growth is so strong that often it is difficult to force lateral branches at the ground level.

9. For Trying Situations in the Midwest: A special group found to be best suited to the extreme heat, cold and drought conditions of the Midwest.

10. Windbreaks and Screens: A special group of tall-growing vigorous plants, many of which are not suited for low, clipped hedges but which will grow rapidly into a windbreak or screen and can be kept clipped or undipped.

1 1. For the Coldest Parts of the United States and Southern Canada: These plants should be used in the coldest parts of the country where most of the other plants listed may be injured by the extreme cold.

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#• ^

r ■

12. For Southern Gardens: The farther south one goes, the more kinds of plants can be used. Most of those listed in this group are not reliably hardy north of Philadelphia. {Tsuga caroliniana is an exception.)

Zone

Abelia grandiflora 5, 12	5'	5	Glossy Abelia
Abies concolor 1, 2	120'	4	White Fir
Acanthopanax sieboldianus 2, 3, 7	9'	5	Five-leaved Aralia
Acer campestre 2	25'	5-6	Hedge Maple
" ginnala 2, 10	20'	2	Amur Maple
" platanoides 10	90'	3	Norway Maple
" " 'Columnare’ 8, 10	90'	3	Columnar Norway Maple
" 'Globosum’ 2	20'	3	Globe Norway Maple
" rubrum 'Columnare’ 8, 10, 11	120'	3	Columnar Red Maple
" saccharum 'Temple’s Upright’ 8,10,11	120'	3
" saccharum 'Globosum’ 2	20'	3	Globe Sugar Maple
Aronia arbutifolia 6	9'	4	Red Chokeberry
Baccharis halimifolia 2, 7	12'	4	Groundsel-bush
Berberis buxifolia nana 1, 2, 3, 4	18'	5	Dwarf Magellen Barberry
" chenaultii 1, 2, 3	4'	5	Chenault Barberry
" circumserrata 2, 3, 6	6'	5	Cutleaf Barberry
" darwinii 1, 3, 12	10'	7	Darwin Barberry
" gilgiana 2, 3, 6	6'	5	Wildfire Barberry
" julianae 1, 2, 3	6'	5	Wintergreen Barberry
" koreana 2, 3, 6	6'	5	Korean Barberry
" mentorensis 2, 3, 6, 7	7'	5	Mentor Barberry
" stenophylla 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 12	9'	5	Rosemary Barberry
" thunbergii 2, 3, 5, 6, 7	7'	5	Japanese Barberry
" " atropurpurea 2, 3, 5, 6, 7	7'	5	Red Japanese Barberry
" " 'Erecta’ 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 " " 'Crimson Pygmy’	7'	5
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	2'	5
" " 'Erecta’ 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	7'	5	Truehedge Columnberry
" " 'Globe’ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	4'	5	Globe Japanese Barberry
" " 'Minor’ 2, 3, 4, 6, 7	4'	5	Littleleaf Japanese Barberry
" verruculosa 1, 2, 3	4'	5	Warty Barberry
Betula populifolia 2	30'	3-4	Gray Birch
Buxus microphylla japonica 1, 2, 4	4'	5	Japanese Boxwood
" " koreana 1, 2, 4	4'	5	Korean Boxwood
" sempervirens and vars. 1, 2	20'	5	Common Boxwood
" " 'Suffruticosa’ 1, 2, 4	3'	5	Dwarf Boxwood
Caragana arborescens 7, 9, 10, 11	18'	2	Siberian Pea-tree
Carpinus betulus 2, 8, 10	60'	5	European Hornbeam
[ 138	]

PLATE XXXVII

Taxus haccata trimmed in two ways. Upper: Formally pruned hedges used as dressing rooms on the outdoor stage at “Bodnanf*. northern Wales. Lower: These plants at Kells, Ireland are said to be over 200 years old and always sheared in this form.

Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata’ 2, 8, 10 " " 'Globosa’ 2, 10

Chaenomeles japonica 2, 3, 4, 5 " lagenaria 2, 3, 5, 7

Chamaecyparis pisifera and vars. 1, 2 Clethra alnifolia 1, 5, 7 Cornus alba 6, 11 " mas 2, 6 " racemosa 2, 6, 7 Cotoneaster lucida 4, 6 Crataegus crus-galli 2, 3 " monogyna 2, 3 " oxyacantha 2, 3 " phaenopyrum 2, 3, 6 Cryptomeria japonica 'Lobbii’ 1, 2, 8, 12 Cupressus macrocarpa 1, 2, 12 Deutzia gracilis 5 Elaeagnus angustifolia 3, 7, 9 " commutata 11 " alata ’Compacta’ 2, 4, 6 ” fortunei radicans 1, 4

” ” 'Vegeta’ 1, 4, 6

" japonica 1, 2, 12

Fagus grandifolia 2, 10

" sylvatica 'Fastigiata’ 2, 8, 10 Feijoa sellowiana 1, 6, 12 Forsythia intermedia *Spectabilis’ 5 Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata 11 Fuchsia magellanica 5 Gleditsia triacanthos 3 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 1, 5, 12 " syriacus 5

Hippophae rhamnoides 3, 6, 7 Hydrangea arborescens grandiflora 5 " macrophylla 5, 12 Ilex aquifolium 1, 3, 6, 12 " cornuta ’Burfordi’ 1, 3, 6, 12 " crenata and vars. 1, 2, 12 " crenata 'Convexa’ 1, 2, 12 " opaca 'Clark’ 1, 2, 3, 6 " vomitoria 2, 6, 12

[

zone

60'	5	Fastigiate European Hornbeam
20'	5	Globe European Hornbeam
3'	4	Japanese Quince
6'	4	Flowering Quince
150'	3	Sawara False Cypress
9'	3	Summersweet
9'	2	Siberian Dogwood
24'	4	Cornelian-cherry
15'	4	Gray Dogwood
9'	4	Hedge Cotoneaster
36'	4	Cockspur Thorn
30'	4	Single Seed Hawthorn
15'	4	English Hawthorn
30'	4	Washington Hawthorn
150'	5-6
75'	7	Monterey Cypress
3-6'	4	Slender Deutzia
20'	2	Russian-olive
12'	2	Silverberry
5'	3	Dwarf Winged Spindle- tree
1'	5	Wintercreeper
4'	5	Evergreen Bittersweet
15'	8	Evergreen Euonymus
90'	3	American Beech
90'	4	Fastigiate European Beech
18'	8	Pineapple Guava
9'	5	Showy Border Forsythia
60'	2	Green Ash
3'	6	Magellan Fuchsia
135'	4	Common Honey-locust
30'	9	Chinese Hibiscus
15'	5	Shrub Althea
30'	3	Sea-buckthorn
3'	4	Hills-of-snow
12'	5-6	House Hydrangea
70'	6	English Holly
9'	7	Burford Chinese Holly
20'	6	Japanese Holly
8'	5	Convex-leaved Japanese Holly
45'	5
25'	7	Yaupon
140 ]

PLATE XXXVIII

Upper: Prinsepia sinensis informal flowering hedge at the Case Estates of the Arnold Arboretum in Weston, Mass. Lower: Rosa rngosa informal flowering hedge in the Botanic Garden at Uppsala, Sweden.

zone

Juniperus chinensis and vars. 1, 2, 6 3	-60'	4	Chinese Juniper
" scopulorum and vars, 1,2,6,8,10	36'	5	Western Redcedar
" virginiana and vars. 1,2,6,8,10,11	90'	2	Eastern Redcedar
Lagerstroemia indica 5, 12	21'	7	Crape-myrtle
Lavandula officinalis 4, 5	3'	5	True Lavender
Ligustrum amurense 2, 4, 5, 6, 7	15'	3	Amur Privet
" ibolium 2, 4, 5, 6, 7	12'	4	Ibolium Privet
" japonicum 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12 9	-18'	7	Japanese Privet
" lucidum 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12	30'	7	Glossy Privet
" obtusifolium ’Regelianum’ 2,4,5,6	1 5'	3	Regel Privet
” ovalifolium 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12	15'	5	California Privet
” vicaryi 2, 4, 5, 6	12'	5	Vicary Golden Privet
" vulgare vars. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10	15'	4	Common Privet
Lonicera fragrantissima 2, 5, 6	6'	5	Winter Honeysuckle
" maackii 2, 6, 10	15'	2	Amur Honeysuckle
" nitida 2, 4, 12	6'	7	Box Honeysuckle
" pileata 2, 4, 12	1'	6	Privet Honeysuckle
" tatarica 2, 5, 6, 7, 9	9'	3	Tatarian Honeysuckle
" " ’Nana’ 2, 4, 5, 6, 7	4'	3	Dwarf Tatarian Honeysuckle
Madura pomifera 2, 3, 7, 9, 10	60'	5	Osage -orange
Mahonia aquifolium 1, 3, 5, 6	6'	5	Oregon Holly-grape
" " 'Compactum’ 1,3,4,5,6	3'	5	Compact Oregon Holly-grape
Michelia fuscata 1, 6, 12	15'	7-8	Banana-shrub
Morus alba 10, 12	45'	4	White Mulberry
Myrica cerifera 1, 6, 12	36'	6	Wax-myrtle
Myrtus communis 1, 2, 5, 12 5-10'	8-9	Myrtle
Nandina domestica 1, 5, 6, 12	8'	7	Nandina
Nerium oleander 1, 5, 12	20'	7-8	Oleander
Osmanthus ilicifolius 1, 5, 12	18'	6	Holly Osmanthus
Pernettya mucronata 1, 2, 4, 12	ir	6-7	Chilean Pernettya
Philadelphus coronarius 5, 7	9'	4	Sweet Mock-orange
” lemoinei 'Avalanche’ 2, 5	4'	5	Avalanche Mock-orange
" 'Erectus’ 2, 5, 6	4'	5	Erect Mock-orange
Physocarpus intermedins parvifolius 2, 9	4'	4	Dwarf Illinois Ninebark
" opulifolius 7, 11	9'	2	Eastern Ninebark
" " 'Nanus’ 2, 4, 7, 11	3'	2	Dwarf Eastern Ninebark
Picea abies and vars, 1, 2, 10 1-	150'	2	Norway Spruce
" glauca 1, 2, 9, 10, 11	90'	2	White Spruce
" " 'Conica’ 1, 2, 4	15'	2	Dwarf Alberta Spruce
" omorika 1, 2, 10	90'	4	Serbian Spruce
" orientalis 1, 2	150'	4	Oriental Spruce
[ 142	]

PLATE XXXIX

Upper: Buxus sempervireria ‘Suffruticosa* in a formal design at Mt. Vernon. Va. Lower: Tsuga canadensis makes one of the best evergreen hedges usable for manj’ purposes.

Picea pungens and vars. 1, 2, 9, 11 Pinus mugo vars. 1, 2, 4 " nigra 1 " resinosa 1, 10, 11 " strobus 1, 2, 10 Pittosporum tobira 1, 2, 12 Poncirus trifoliata 3, 7, 12 Populus alba Tyramidalis’ 7, 8, 9, 10, " berolinensis 10, 11

" nigra 'Italica’ 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 " simonii 7, 9, 10, 11

” tremuloides 10, 11

Potentilla fruticosa 1, 4, 5 Prinsepia sinensis 2, 3, 5, 11 Prunus laurocerasus and vars. 1, 2, 1( " lusitanica 12 Pseudotsuga menziesii 1, 2, 9, 10 Pyracantha coccinea 'Lalandii’ 2, 3, 5, Quercus ilex 1, 2, 10, 12 " imbricaria 2, 10

" palustris 10

" phellos 2, 10

" robur 'Fastigiata’ 8, 10

" virginiana 1, 2, 10, 12

Raphiolepis umbellata 1, 12 Rhamnus cathartica 2, 6, 10, 11

" frangula 'Columnaris’ 2,6,^

Rhododendron obtusum 'Amoenum’ Ribes alpinum (staminate form) 2,4, Rosa multiflora 2, 3, 5, 6 " rugosa 2, 3, 5, 6, 11 " setigera 3, 5, 6 " virginiana 3, 5, 6, 11 Salix alba 11 Severinea buxifolia 1, 12 Shepherdia canadensis 2, 6, 7, 9, 11 Spiraea arguta 5

" japonica alpina 4, 5

" prunifolia plena 5

" thunbergii 5

" vanhouttei 2, 5

zone

3-100^	2	Colorado Spruce
2-15'	2	Mugo Pine
90'	4	Austrian Pine
75'	2	Red Pine
100-150'	3	Eastern White Pine
10'	8	Japanese Pittosporum
35'	5-6	Hardy-orange
11 90'	3	Bolleana Poplar
75'	2	Berlin Poplar
90'	3	Lombardy Poplar
50'	2	Simon Poplar
90'	1	Quaking Aspen
4'	2	Bush Cinquefoil
10'	2	Cherry Prinsepia
), 12 18'	6-7	Cherry-laurel
6-60'	7	Portugal-laurel
300'	4-6	Douglas-flr
6, 12 6'	6	Laland Firethorn
60'	9	Holly Oak
75'	5	Shingle Oak
75'	4	Pin Oak
50'	5	Willow Oak
75'	5	Pyramidal English Oak
60'	7	Live Oak
6'	7	Y eddo-hawthorn
18'	2	Common Buckthorn
i,10,ll 18'	2	Tallhedge Buckthorn
1,4,5 3'	6
9,11 Ih'	2	Alpine Currant
10'	5	Japanese Rose
6'	2	Rugosa Rose
15'	4	Prairie Rose
6'	3	Virginia Rose
75'	2	White Willow
6'	8	Chinese Box-orange
7'	2	Russet Buffalo-berry
5-6'	4	Garland Spirea
18'	4	Alpine Spirea
9'	4	Bridalwreath Spirea
5'	4	Thunberg Spirea
6'	4	Vanhoutte Spirea

[ 14-t ]

PLATE XL

Upper: Cupressus macrocarpa, the Monterey Cypress, makes a fine hed^e at “Crarae"’ on Loch Fyne in Scotland. Lower: Carpinus or Hornbeam hedges, are used a great deal in England. This one is at Hampton Court just north of Kew Gardens.

Stephanandra incisa 'Crispa’ 2, 4, 7	3'
Syringa chinensis 5	5'
" josikaea 2, 5, 10, 11	12'
" laciniata 5	6'
" persica 5, 9, 10	6'
" villosa 2, 5, 10, 11	9'
" vulgaris 5, 9, 10, 11	9-20'
Tamarix odessana 5, 12	6'
" parviflora 5, 12	15'
" pentandra 5, 12	15'
Taxus baccata and vars. 1, 2, 6, 12	6-60'
" " 'Erecta’ 1, 2, 6, 8, 12	20'
" " 'Fastigiata’ 1, 2, 6, 8, 12	30'
" " 'Repandens’ 1, 2, 4, 6	6'
" canadensis 'Stricta’ 1, 4, 6	30'
" cuspidata 1, 2, 4, 6, 8	3-50'
" " 'Nana’ 1, 2, 4, 6	10'
" media 'Hicksii’ 1, 2, 4, 6, 8	40'
Thuja occidentalis 1, 2, 8, 10	60'
" " 'Douglasi Pyramidalis’
1, 2, 8, 10 60'
" " 'Globosa’ 1, 2	15'
" " 'Pumila’ 1, 2, 4	4'
" " robusta 1, 2, 10	60'
" orientalis and vars. 1, 2, 10, 12	50'
" plicata 1, 2, 8, 10	180'
Tilia cordata 2, 10	90'
Tsuga canadensis 1, 2, 10	90'
" caroliniana 1, 2, 10, 12	75'
Ulmus pumila 2, 7, 9, 10, 11	75'
Viburnum dentatum 6	15'
" lantana 2, 6	15'
" lentago 2, 6, 11	30'
" opulus 'Compactum’ 2, 5, 6	7'
" " 'Nanum’ 2, 4	2'
" prunifolium 1, 2, 6, 10	15'
" tinus 1, 12	10-20'

" trilobum 'Compactum’ 2, 5, 6, 11 7'

zone

4

5 Chinese Lilac

2 Hungarian Lilac 5 Cutleaf Lilac

5 Persian Lilac

2 Late Lilac

3 Common Lilac

4 Odessa Tamarix

4 Small -flowered Tamarix 3-4 Five Stamen Tamarix

6 English Yew 6 Broom Yew

6 Upright English Yew

5 Spreading English Yew

6 Irish Yew

4 Japanese Yew 4 Dwarf Japanese Yew

4 Hicks Yew

2 American Arborvitae

2 Douglas Arborvitae 2 Globe Arborvitae 2 Little Gem Arborvitae

2 Ware Arborvitae

6 Oriental Arbovitae

5 Giant Arborvitae

3 Little-leaf Linden

3 Canada Hemlock

4 Carolina Hemlock 4 Siberian Elm

2 Arrow-wood

3 Wayfaring-tree

2 Nannyberry

3 Compact European Cranberry-bush 3 Dwarf European Cranberry-bush

3 Black Haw 7-8 Laurustinus

2 Compact American Cranberry-bush Donald Wyman

[ 146 ]

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX Illustrations are in bold face type.

Arrangements, Christmas, 130;

Plate XXXIV, 131 Berberis thunbergii ’Aurea’, 9

atropurpurea ‘Golden Ring’, 9

Betula pendula Scarlet Glory’, 9 Buxus sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’, Plate XXXIX, 14-3 Candelabras, Christmas, 128; Plate XXXIII, 129

Carissa grandiflora ‘Tom Humphreys’, 1

Carpinus, Plate XL, 145 Casoron — A New Weed Killer to Pro- tect Woody Plants, 21-23 — , Advantages, 21-32 — , Disadvantages, 22 — , Use in the Arnold Arboretum, 22-23

Ceanothus X ‘Julia Phelps’, 1

— griseus ‘Louis Edmunds’, 1 Cedrus deodara ‘Kashmir’, 1, 10;

Plate 1,11

Christmas Decorations from Woody Plant Materials, 111-133 Cornus florida ‘First Lady’, 2

‘Purple Splendor’, 2

‘Welch’s Junior Miss’, 2

Corsages, Christmas, 128-130; Plate XXXIV, 131

Cotinus coggygria ‘Velvet Cloak’, 2 Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Skogsholmen’, 10

Crataegus X mordenensis Snowbird’, 3

— X ‘Vaughn’, 3

— viridis ‘Winter King’, 3

Cupressus macrocarpa, Plate XL, 145

Elliottia racemosa and Its Propaga- tion, 17-20

— , at the Arnold Arboretum, Plate IV, 19

— , multiple shoots of, Plate IV, 19 — , propagation by root cuttings, 18 — , — seeds, 18 — , — stem cuttings, 20 Espaliered Plants, 49-59

— Cotoneaster horizontalis, Plate XVI, 57

— Forsythia, Plate XVII, 59

— mulberry in Holland, Plate XV,

55

— pear in Paris, Plate XIV, 53

— — , a Few of the Designs Used in Growing, Plate XIII, 51

Espaliers, Some of the Best Plants for, 52-58

European Mistletoe, 69-72

in poplars, France, Plate XXI,

71

Fagus sylvatica ‘Fastigiata’, Plate XXXVI, 137

“Fearsome Critters,’’ Christmas decorations, 130-132; Plate XXXV, 133

Fruits, Christmas Basket of, 128;

Plate XXXIII, 129 Garlands, 126-128; Plate XXXII, 127

Hamamelis intermedia ‘Arnold Promise’, 10

Hedges for Special Purposes, 135-146

Ilex verticillata ‘Nana’, 10 Juniperus communis ‘Gold Beach’, 10-1 1

— horizontalis ‘Prince of Wales’, 3 Kissing Ball, Plate XXIV, 112; 120-

121; Plate XXVIII, 121 Lantana - Checklist of Cultivar Names Used in the Genus, 78-109 Lantana camara, Plate XXII, 75; Plate XXIII, 77

Lavandula officinalis, Plate XXXV^I,

137

Leucothoe fontanesiana ‘Nana’, 12 Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Burgundy’,

4

‘Festival’, 4

‘Gum Bair, 4

‘Palo Alto’, 4

Mahonia aquifolium ‘Compactum’,

12 ; Plate III, 15 Malus ‘Barbara x‘\nn', 12 — ■ Coralburst’, 4

— ‘Dainty’, 4-5

— sieboldii Fuji’, 5

— ‘Ellen Gerhart’, 5

— ‘Indian Magic’, 5

— ‘Pink Cascade’, 5-6

— ‘Silver Moon’, 6

— ‘White Candle’, 6 Mountain Ashes, The, 61-68 New Plants, Some Comparatively,

Worth}" of Trial, 9 Paeonia delavayi, 25

— lutea, 25

ludlowii, 25

— suffruticosa, 25 ; Plate V, 27

‘Ima Chowkow’, Plate VI, 29

‘Kamata Fuji’, Plate VI, 29

Picea glauca Little Globe’, 6 Pittosporum tobira ‘Wheeler’, 6 Plant Registrations, 1-8

Plants, Some Comparatively New —

Worthy of Trial, 9-16 Prinsepia sinensis, Plate XXXVIII, 141

Prunus maackii, 12; Plate II, 13 Pseudotsuga menziesii ‘Graceful Grace’, 6

‘Little Jon’, 6

Rhododendrons, Seventy Five Years of Growing in the Arnold Arbore- tum, 33-40

— , Evergreen, Living More than 10 Years in the Arnold Arboretum, 36-40

Rhododendron ‘Album Elegans’, Plate VII, 35

— arborescens rubescens, 14

Golden Sunset', 14

— X P.J.M. Hybrid, 14 Rohrbuch, Heinrich, 72

Rosa rugosa, Plate XXXVHI, 141 Sorbus, 6 1-68

— alnifolia, Plate XVHI, 63; Plate XX, 67 ; 62

— americana, Plate XVHI, 63; 62

— aria, Plate XVHI, 63; 64 ‘xAurea’, 64

‘Majestica’, 64

— X arnoldiana, 64

— aucuparia, Plate XVHI, 63; 64 ‘Asplenifolia’, Plate XVHI,

63; 64

— — Beissneri’, 64 edulis, 64

‘Fastigiata’, Plate XX, 67 ; 64

‘Pendula’, Plate XIX, 65 ; 64

xanthocarpa, 64

— cashmiriana, Plate XVHI, 63; 66

— decora, Plate XVIH, 63; Plate XIX, 65; 66

— discolor, 66

— folgneri, 66

— X hybrida, Plate XVHI, 63; 68

[ 148 ]

Sorbus X hybrida Fastijjiata’ , 68

— X — ‘Gibsii’, 68

— rehderiana, Plate XVIII, 63

— sargentiana, 68

— tianshanica, 68

— vilmorinii, Plate XVIII, 63; 68 Spiraea japonica alpina, 1 4-

Spring Classes at the Arnold Arbore- tum, 2-1.

Stephanandra incisa Crispa’, 16 Stevvartias, The Introduction of Our Hardy Stevvartias, 41-48 Stewartia koreana, Plate XII, 48

— malacodendron, Plate VIII, 43

— monadelpha, Plate XI, 47

— ovata, Plate IX, 4.5

— pseudocamellia, Plate XI, 47

— sinensis, Plate X, 46 Swags, 120; Plate XXVIll, 121 Taxodium distichum 'Monarch of

Illinois’, 7

Taxus baccata, Plate XXXVII, 139

— — ‘Adpressa Fowle’, 16; Plate HI, 15, 7

Tilia cordata ‘Morden’, 7 Tree Peonies, 25-32

as They Bloomed in the Arnold

Arboretum May 20-June 10, 1968, 3 1-32

Trees for Christmas Decorations, Plate XXVH, 119; 128 Tsuga canadensis, Plate XXXIX, 1 43

Jaqueline Verkade’, 8

‘Verkade Petite’, 8

‘Verkade Recurved’, 8

Viburnum opulus ‘Compactum’, 16 Weigela Centennial', 8 Wreaths Made from Foliage, Cones, and Fruits, 111-120; 135-136;

Plate XXIV, 113; Plate XXV, 115; Plate XXVI, 117; Plate XXX, 123, Plate XXIX, 122; Plate XXXI, 125; Plate XXXII, 127; Plate XXXV, 133

M’yman, Donald (Supplement) Wyman, Florence, 111-113

[ 149 ]

ARNOLDIA

A publication of

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130

Volume 29

MARCH 7, 1969

Supplement

Dr. Donald Wyman

f M ^935 Horticulturist at the Arnold Arboretum

o arvard University, has been awarded a Veitch Memorial Medal, in gold by the Royal Horticultural Society of London, England. This is the hilhest awaid the Society can bestow on a foreign national. The Veitch Medals

CRAY HIRBARIUA/I

A r 1 OAnm

have been awarded annually since 1923 by the Royal Horticultural Society under the terms of the Veitch Memorial Trust to . . those who have helped in the advancement and improvement of the science and practice of horticulture . . .

When Dr. Wyman came to the Arnold Arboretum in 1935 he already had to his credit some thirty-five publications dealing with horticultural matters. In the succeeding 34 years he has published some 1000 articles, and five books, dealing with hardy woody plants. Few contemporary horticul- turists have done more to advance and improve the science and practice of horticulture as it is reflected in the popular use of hardy woody plants in North America.

The Veitch Memorial Trust was established in 1870 as a means of com- memoration of the activities of James Veitch (1815-1869), the founder of the famous British nursery firm. The object of the trust was to improve hor- ticultural standards by recognizing outstanding contributions to the advance- ment and improvement of horticultural science and practice. The form of recognition is generally the award of a medal in either gold or silver. Orig- inally the Trust was administered by an independent board of Trustees, but in 1923 the Trust and trustees were transferred to the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society. Generally, two to seven horticulturists each year are chosen to receive a Veitch Memorial Medal, in gold. In the forty-six years that the Royal Horticultural Society has been making the awards, only about ten North American horticulturists have been selected for recogni- tion. Interestingly, three of the medalists have been connected with the Arnold Arboretum: E. H. Wilson, plant explorer and horticultural writer; W. H. Judd, propagator; and Donald Wyman, horticulturist and horticul- tural writer.

Dr. Wyman’s activities on behalf of horticulture have been widely recog- nized. Among the offices he has held in horticultural organizations are: American Association of Botanic Gardens and Arboretums, President, 1940- 1945; American Society for Horticultural Science, Vice-President, 1952-53; Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Trustee since 1953; American Horti- cultural Gouncil, Secretary-Treasurer, 195.5-61; American Horticultural So- ciety, Vice-president, 1960-61, President, 1961-62, Director, 1939-55; 1962- 65; 1967 — date. In addition, among the honors and awards which he has received are: Norman J. Goleman Award of the American Association of Nurserymen, 1949 and 1951; Distinguished Service Award, New York Horti- cultural Society, 1960; Gertificate of Merit, National Gouncil of State Garden Glubs, 1963; Medal of Honor, Garden Glub of America, 1965; and the Silver Alder Leaf, Scandinavian Horticultural Gongress, 1965.

Gordon P. DeWolf, Jr.

Donald Wyman (right) and a Spring Field Class.