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Arrtan on Coursing.
Lohn Cam Luin.

“

THE CYNEGETICUS
THE YOUNGER XENOPHON,
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK,
CLASSICAL AND PRACTICAL ANNOTATIONS,

AND A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF
THE AUTHOR.

TO WHICH IS ADDED

AN APPENDIX,

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE CANES VENATICI OF
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY.

BY A GRADUATE OF MEDICINE.

GMith Embellishments from the Antique.

| LONDON: _
J. BOHN, 17, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

MDCCCXXXI.

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BUS VALPIANIS. =
iv ἐφ i

=O a τι
Os χοῦ os)
Literary Pdiencs ofthe Leash,

The followime Work

KYQN QAKYTATOSR KAI SOOQTATOX.
KA (EPOTAT OZ.

xe yey lly ly oe “σώ,

by
TE AO TOR .

TEMPESTA.

Dat mihi preterea, tanquam se parva dedisset
Dona, Canem. munus; quem cum sua traderetalh

Cynthia, currendo superabit dixerat omnes

Dat simul et jaculum; manibus quod (cerns) habemus”
Ovid Metam-:L VT ~

HERCULANEUM

PREF AC E.

Nec desinat unquam
4
Tecum Graia loqui tecurn Romana vetustas.—CLaupbian.

Tue following version does not aim at pleasing the mere
literary man. It was not undertaken with the ambitious
expectation of being generally acceptable. It is addressed to
the coursing public alone—to the amateurs of the leash; for
whom the original was written, seventeen centuries ago, by
their representative of old, a courser of Nicomedia in Asia
Minor; and for whose amusement and instruction the same
now assumes an English garb.

The general reader will find little in it to interest him. He
will perhaps consider it altogether unworthy of his notice.

The sportsman, fond of

the musical confusion
Of hounds and echo in conjunction,

will read it with indifference, as treating of a branch of rural
sport, not congenial to his taste; and wonder that an attempt
should be made to bring under public notice so ancient a
treatise on a subject of such partial interest. But the courser,

ΔῈ.

2 PREFACE.
it is humbly conceived, the active patron of the κύνες Κελτικαὶ,
proud of his greyhounds, that

are as swift
As breathed stags, aye fleeter than the roe,

will peruse it con amore, and find in its pages much that
is entertaining and practically useful, and that utility enhanced
in the department of annotation.

The literary courser, whose attention it more particularly
solicits, will reap the additional benefit of the light which
is thrown on Arrian’s text by the ancient authors of Greece
and Rome ; and be ready to yield to the translator the humble
merit of having collected in one point of view the classical
elucidations of the Cynegeticus,’ and the pertinent observations

of writers of a later period.

Pro captu lectoris habent sua fata libelli!

The original manual is conversant with coursing, as practised
im the age of Hadrian and the Antonini, at which period the
Celtic hound was well known, and highly prized: but the
annotations of the translator have a more extensive range,
being selected from various Cynegetica in print and manuscript,

from the first institution of coursing to the present time.*

1. The editors of the Greek libellus confine their remarks almost exclusively to
critical annotations on the text. Indeed Holstein’s edition hasno notes; Blancard’s,
only a few marginal emendations; and Zeune’s and Schneider’s, very few parallel
passages. Such classical citations, therefore, as are adduced by the translator, are
for the most part of novel application.

2. The quotations from the Cynegeticus of Xenophon the elder refer to the chase-
practices and kennel-discipline of Greece, antecedent to the institution of coursing.

.

PREFACE. 2

The imperfect poem of Gratius, the Faliscian, on hunting,
and the often-cited simile of his contemporary Ovid, afford
the earliest notice of the canis Gallicus — for he was unknown
to ancient Greece.t| The description of a single-handed course
by the poet of the Metamorphoses, as it is the first attempt of
the kind by any classic author, so is it unrivalled in the
accuracy of its technical phraseology, and the beauty of its

poetry.
Ovidian sketch, and the full and perfect picture of Arrian,

Intermediate in point of time between the vivid

are the faint outlines of the epigrammatist Martial: and
subsequent to the Bithynian’s, the somewhat doubtful por-
trait of the philologist Julius Pollux, presented to the Emperor
Commodus; and yet later, that of Oppian, the Greek poet

of Anazarbus, of the reigns of Severus and Caracalla. —

a τσ τεσσ Ὁ ὕὉ Ὁ τορυσυυυυυ.5...5»................ οὕὌὺῪᾶὄΔ8 υ ὐὐϑϑσ στν τοσ

1. This statement is limited to classical authors alone ; the Biblical scholar might
possibly arraign its accuracy, if made more general; though it scarce needs qualifi-
cation to suit the doubtful interpretation of the Hebrew text of Proverbs ch. xxx. ver.
31. No allusion occurring elsewhere in the sacred volume to dogs of the chase, though
many to the earlier varieties of Venation with predatory instruments, it is improbable
that the words of Agur to his pupils Ithiel and Ucal should refer to the most uncom-
mon of the canine tribe, the canis Leporarius, Gallicus, or Vertragus. The Hebrew

᾿ as explained in

expression, however, for ‘ accinctus lumbis,” ‘girt in the loins,’
the margin of the English version, is understood by Jewish lexicographers to desig-
nate the greyhound, and is so rendered in the English text. But with the learned
Bochart (Prefat. ad Lectorem—wherein he corrects a few errors of the body of his
work, and gives his latest and most mature opinions on certain Scriptural difficulties
—a part of his writings apparently overlooked by modern annotators, to the farther
propagation of error) I should rather understand the horse to be the animal alluded
to—* equum intelligi malim, qui non soliim expedite, sed et superbé, et cum pompa
quadam incedit: et lumbos habet cingula vel zona veré succinctos. Quod an de
After all, perhaps, no particular animal may have

cane dici possit valdé ambigo.”

been intended by the son of Jakeh. The term may have a general reference to any
animal of the frame alluded to—* substricta gerens—ilia—” The chapter containing
the passage in question is not found in the Septuagint ; indeed the Greek version of
the LXX. terminates with the 29th chapter.

Gratii Falisci
Cyneg. vs. 203.
Ovid. Metam.
L. 1. vs. 533. et
L. vit. vs. 781,

Martial. L. x1.
Epig. 47. et
L. xrv. Epig.
200.

Polluc. Ono-
mast. L.v. Pref.
Oppian. Cyneg.
L. 1. vs. 401.

Bocharti Hie-
rozoic. L. τ. 6.
LVI.

Ejusdem Pre-
fat.adLectorem.

Ovid. Metam.
L. 11,

Nemesian, Cy-
neg. vs. 106.

Kyusd. vs. 64.

Themistii Orat.
XXVIIe

4 PREFACE.

In these authors alone do we find any allusion to the courser’s
hound, till towards the close of the third century, when he
again appears in the Cynegeticon of Nemesian; who has
cleverly struck out in a few lines the elegant symmetry of his
shape, and added thereto some peculiar remarks on the selec-
tion, feeding, and entrance of puppies. With the scanty por-
traiture of the Carthaginian poet we are brought down to the
reigns of Carus, his sons, ‘‘ Divi fortissima pignora Can,” and
Diocletian : at which epoch, memorable alike in the annals of
the world and its literature, the classical history of the leash
may be said to terminate, and therewith all notice of the Celtic
hound.

We have no ancient records of the chase* to succeed the

1. In the 27th oration of Themistius, the eclectic philosopher of Paphlagonia, a
passage occurs, which, as far as merely mentioning Celtic dogs by name, may be said
to prolong the notice to the fourth century. The whole passage, as illustrative of
the author’s subject, ‘‘ non loca attendenda sed homines,” is curious and worthy of
citation—doris δὲ ἀγαπᾷ κύνας, τούτῳ προσφιλὲς μὲν κτῆμα, καὶ Κέλται, καὶ Λάκαιναι
σκύλακες" δάκνει δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ τὸ Καστορίδων φύλον, καὶ τὸ ᾿Αρκαδικὸν αὐτὸ, καὶ τὸ Κρη-
τικὸν, αἷς φύσις τῶν θηρίων ἐλέγχειν τὰς εὐνὰς κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπισπομέναις. οὐ παρόψε-
ται δὲ οὐδὲ τὰς οἴκοι σκυλακευθείσας, εἰ μήτε κάλλους ἐκείνων μήτε ὠκύτητος λεί-
ποιντο. In favour of the greyhound being here cited, it may be remarked that the
Bithynian courser calls the Celtic dog μέγα κτῆμα (cap. xxxu.) and his shape καλόν
τι χρῆμα, and derives bis name ἀπὸ τῆς ὠκύτητοΞ, as the characteristic distinction of
the race. See some remarks on the ‘ Canes Scotici” of Symmachus hereafter.

2. The Cynosophium alone, a Greek work ‘‘ de Cura Canum,”’ breaks the silence of
many centuries. It is supposed to have been compiled, about the year 1270, by
Demetrius of Constantinople, author of the first treatise ‘de Re Accipitrarid,” and
physician to the Emperor Michael Paleologus. To what is borrowed from the two
Xenophons, nothing is added of novelty or interest, save in the department of canine
pathology ; indeed it is almost entirely confined to kennel-management and thera-
peutics. No notice is taken of any variety of dog by name. The reader, who may
wish to consult its medical nostrums, will find the treatise attached to the ‘‘ Rei Acci-

pitrarie Scriptores’’ of Rigaltius (Lutetia mpcx1t.) and to the ‘ Poete Venatici”

of Johnson (Londini mpexcix.).

PREFACE. 5

Greek and Latin Cynegetica ; for though it be true that the
barbarian codes of law, the Salic, Burgundian, and German,
extended their protection to our variety of Canis Venaticus,
about the year 500, under the title of Veltris and its synonyms ;
and some of the Cynegetical writers appear to have been well
known in the dark ages, and so highly valued in the eighth
century, as to be read among the higher Greek and Roman
classics, in the time of Charlemagne ; and we believe coursing
and other sports were as attractive in the field, as the writers
upon such subjects were in the schools, (for the court of this
prince had its Veltrari, officers of the greyhound-kennel, “ qui
veltres custodiebant,”) still, instead of any formal treatise of
this date upon the pastime of the leash, we find for several
centuries, only incidental allusions to the greyhound, and his
high repute, principally as distinctive of the gentility of his
possessor, until the publication of ““ The Booke of Hawkyng,
Huntyng, &c.” by Dame Juliana Berners, in the fifteenth
century.

The didactic discourse of hunting, contained in this volume,

commonly known by its territorial appellation of »‘‘ The Book-

of St. Albans,” may be an amplified versification of the prosaic
““Venery of Mayster John Gyfford and Will™ Twety, that
were with Kyng Edward the Secunde ;” or possibly a compila-
tion and translation by the sister of Lord Berners, or the ‘‘ one
sumtyme schole mayster of Seynt Albons” from earlier Latin
and French writers: but such authorities are as yet, I believe,
unknown to Antiquaries. Excepting, therefore, the few lines,
before alluded to, in the latest of the Latin Cynegetica, and

the earlier portrait of Oppian, which I consider referable to the

Spelman. Gloss.
pp- 113. et
551. Du Cange
Gloss. in voce.

Spelman. in
voce.

Haslewood’s
Prolegomena to
Book of St. Al-
bans.

Warton’s Hist.
of Engl. Poetry,
Vol. 11. p. 172.

6 PREFACE.

hound in question, it may be said that we do not possess in
ey of St. Al- print any full description of ‘‘ the propritees of a good Gre-
hounde” ἐκ τῶν ποδῶν ἐς τὴν κεφαλὴν, from the time of the
learned Courser of Nicomedia, till that of the sporting prioress
of Sopewell.
Not that I am ignorant of the curious early treatise of
Gaston Phebus, the celebrated Comte de Foix, written in the
middle of the fourteenth century, entitled ‘‘ Des Deduitz de la
eae τ Chasse de Bestes Sauvaiges et des Oyseaux de Proye ;” nor

Brit, Mus. of a more rare work in manuscript, Che IWapster of Game,

Henry VI. pt. composed by Edmund Duke of York, ““ Edmund Langley,

i a Edward the Third’s fifth son,” in the latter part of the four-
teenth century; and therefore, in point of date, claiming a
priority to the book of St. Albans, as do, of course, the lucu-
brations of the Second Edward’s attendants before mentioned.
But these enchiridia of field sports preceded the Sopewell col-
lection only a few years; and in the Count de Foix’s manual,
as given by Fouilloux under the title of ‘‘ La Chasse du Roy
Phebus,” there is nothing on our subject worth noticing.

Ms. ut supra. In The Crafte of Pontyng* by Gyfford and Twety, the grey-
hound is mentioned only once; and hare-coursing is not re-
corded at all.

Hardyng’s The unpublished labours of the Duke of York,* ‘ Ed-

Chronicle. ἕ
monde, hyght of Langley,” contain much original and valuable

1. The Crafte of Hontyng is supposed to be a version by Gyfford from a more

ancient work by Twety or Twici—* Le art de Venerie le quel Maistre Guillame Twici

Venour le Roy d’Angleterre fist en son temps per aprandre autres.” The greyhound

Warton’s Engl. is mentioned fol. 4. of blowing. ‘‘ Whan a man hath set up archerysand greyhoundes,
Poetry, V.11. and the beest be founde and passe out the boundys, and myne houndes aftir,” &c.

221. 2. These instructions were written for Henry Prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V.

PREFACE. fi

information: and it is to be regretted that it is not rendered
more available to coursers by being committed to the press.
With copious general descriptions of our ancient field-sports,
and animals obnoxious to the chase, Che Wanster of Game
unites specific delineations of the shape of each variety of
canis venaticus, employed by British sportsmen of past days,
with occasional references to the chace practices of foreign
countries ‘‘ by yonde the see.” The chapter of grephaundes
and of here nature, as cited hereafter in illustration of Arrian,
will be read with pleasure. Indeed the Duke’s portrait of the
Celtic hound is even more minutely accurate and precise than
its Grecian prototype, and her manners as they are quaintly
termed, and briefly sketched in the royal Cynegeticus, establish
many of the remarks of the younger Xenophon περὶ τῆς γνώμης
τῶν κυνῶν.

Still Dame Julyan’s compilation being, at least, the first of
the kind that issued from the English press, and the type of our
modern works of Venery, may be viewed as the earliest attempt,
since the revival of letters, to certify by intelligible canons, the
corporeal characteristics of a good greyhound. With the tra-
ditionary dogmata of Sir Tristrem de Liones,! who was the re-
puted “‘ begynner of all the termes of huntynge and hawkynge,”

it incorporates the accumulated knowledge of many centuries.

1. The ““ Morte Arthur” tells us, that ““ Tristrem laboured ever in hunting and

Scott’s Sir

hawking, so that we never read of no gentleman more that so used himself therein,” Tristrem.

&c. and in the rich poetry of Spenser, the knight informs Sir Calidore,

my most delight hath always been
To hunt the salvage chace, amongst my peers,
Of all that rangeth in the forest green,
Of which none is to me unknown, that ever yet was seen.

Script. illust.
M. B. auct. I.
Baleo Cent. 8.
611.

Oldys in Bio-
graph. Britan-
nica, in voce
Caxton, note.

Venat. Hercu-
lis Stroze, ἄς.
Francofort.
1582.

Adrian. Cardi-
nal. Venat. Al-
dus, 1534.
Venat. et Au-
cup. per J. A.
Lonicer. Fran-
cof. 1582.

P. Lotich. Se-
cundi_ Solitari-
ensis Poem.
omnia. Burman-
ni Amstel.1754.

Biograph. Brit.
note, Caxton,
p- 367.

8

PREFACE.

And the Dame? being no ordinary personage—“ Illustris foe-
mina, corporis et animi dotibus abundans, ac forme elegantia
spectabilis—heroica mulier, ingeniosa virago ” — ““ a second
Minerva in her studies, and another Diana in her diversions” —
her contemporaries would doubtless receive a cynegetical trea-
tise from her cloister at Sopewell, with gratitude and admi-
ration.

After the publication of the book of St. Albans, other cyne-
getica poetical arid prosaic, in various languages, followed in
rapid succession ; of which the earliest in my possession are
from the presses of Aldus and Feyerabendi; but collectively
they afford very scanty instruction on the history and practice
of the leash.

The Epicedium of the Florentine poet, Hercules Stroza, ad-
dressed to the Duchess of Ferrara; the hendecasyllables of
Adrian Castellesi, and the quatrains of John Adam Lonicer,
with their accompanying ‘ icones artificiosissime ad vivum
And the

same may be said of the chaste cynegetical eclogues, ‘‘ Sarnis

?

expresse,”’ add nothing to our stock of information.

et Viburnus,” of Petrus Lotichius Secundus,

Qui cithara primus, qui primus carminis arte
Inter erat vates, Teutonis ora, tuos.

1. The Biographia Britannica is amusingly severe in its strictures on the renowned
Mrs, Barnes, and ker incongruous occupations in the field and cloister. ‘ There
appears such a motley masquerade—such an indistinctness of petticoat and breeches,
—such a problem and concorporation of sexes, according to the image that arises out
of the several representations of this ‘religious sportswoman or virago, that one can
scarcely consider it, without thinking Sir Tristram, the old monkish forester, and
Juliana, the matron of the nuns, had united to confirm John Cleveland’s ‘ Canonical
Hermaphrodite.’”

PREFACE. Q

I have in vain examined the four books of “‘ Natalis Comes
de Venatione” for more than the name of the canis Celticus —
probably to be interpreted of the war-dog of Gaul, rather than
the Vertragus.

The Cynegeticon of Peter Angelio, commonly called, from
his Tuscan birth-place, Bargeus, is said to have been the
labour of twenty years. It is a splendid specimen of modern
Latinity, in beautiful Virgilian hexameters, to which the lite-
rary courser will award their merited meed of praise. The

᾽

most approved shape of the “ canis cursor” is correctly por-
trayed, with a reference to the fabulous tale of the Ovidian
Lelaps. Nor has the poet disdained to enter on the minute
and necessary details of breeding, and kenneling the pack.
Indeed the whole of his fifth book is devoted to the “ blanda

2)

canum soboles;” and the reader will find incorporated in the
instructions therein given, nearly all the arcana of the Greek
and Latin Cynegetica, excepting these of Arrian’s Manual,
which do not appear to have been known to the poet of Barga.
He employs the greyhound in coursing the fox, wolf, deer, and
goat; but gives no description of hare-coursing in any of the
six books of his Cynegeticon; nor in the eclogues entitled
‘“ Venatoria,” forming part of the fifth book of his ““ Carmina.”
Had the manuscript of Arrian’s Cynegeticus been known to
him, he would, doubtless, have entered as fully into hare-
coursing, as he has into every other variety of chase.

Of Conrad Heresbach’s compendium of fishing, fowling,

and hunting, attached to his larger work ‘‘ de Re Rustica,” I

1. Should the reader meet with any extracts from the Compendium in the subse-
quent annotations, they are to be received onthe authority of Conrad Gesner, from
whose ““ Historia Quadrupedum”’ they are selected. The same learned work has

B

Natal. Comes de
Venatione Aldi
fil. Venet. 1551.

Petri Angelii
Bargei Poema-
ta omnia. Flo-
rent. 1568.

C. Heresbachii
Compendium
Thereutice uni-
verse,

H. Fracastorii
Alcon, seu de
Cura Canum,

M. A. Blondi
de Canibus et
Venat. libellus,
Rome 1544.

Joan. Darcii
Venusini Canes
Francof. 1582.

10 PREFACE.

have in vain endeavoured to procure a copy. It is a prosaic
work, treating more of animal history, as | am informed, than of
venation: still as this abbreviator of the labours of his prede-
cessors was a man of various acquirements, and extensive erudi-
tion, it would have been satisfactory to me to have examined
his ‘‘ Compendium Thereuticee Universe ;” or at least the first
part of it, devoted to the hunting of terrestrial animals.

The Alcon of Fracastor is in every one’s hands; being
annexed to the editions of the Poete Venatici by Johnson and
Kempher. It contains nothing on the subject of coursing.

To Michael Angelo Blondus or Biondi, we are indebted for
the first hint on clothing greyhounds in the field, and for other
matters connected with the discipline of the kennel and its
inmates ; and to Joannes Darcius, a truly classic poet of
Venusium, not unworthy the natal town of Horace, for an
elegant sketch of a hare-course, cited in the subsequent
annotations.

It is singular that the greyhound, indigenous as we suppose
him of Gallia Celtica, should have been so little noticed by his
countrymen—that a variety of chase heretofore peculiar to Gaul
should have been omitted in almost all the cynegetical works
of Frenchmen of the olden time; and that the same omission
should be chargeable on the moderns, — on the ‘ Venerie
Normande” of M. Le Verrier de la Conterie, the ‘‘ Traité de
Vénerie” of M. D’Yauville, and even, to a great extent, on the
volume of the Encyclopédie Méthodique, which professes to be
a ““ Dictionnaire de toutes les espéces de Chasses.”
afforded the few parallel passages adduced from Albertus Magnus, Belisarius, and

Tardif. For all others the translator is himself answerable, having culled them from
the original sources, and generally from the most approved editions.

PREFACE, 1]

Savary of Caen published a Latin poem on hare-hunting
in seven books, ! entitled ‘‘ Album Diane Leporicide, sive
Venationis Leporine leges,” of some rarity, but of little merit.
He appears to have had an especial dislike to the canis
Gallicus, anathematizing the ancient Celtic recreation in the
very style of our own Somerville, who in many parts of

‘The Chase” seemingly had his eye on the poet of Caen :

Nam neque defixi canis irretita coturnix

Indicio, non insidiis oppressa Laconum

Heu leporum virtus, brevis illa et avara voluptas,
Et quorum nunquam cor est satiabile cedis

Nobile venandi nomen meruére !

The courser will scarce recognize his favourite dog in the
slanderous abstract misnomer of ‘‘ Lacedeemonii pernix violentia
monstri.”

The celebrated works of Jaques du Fouilloux, and his con-
temporary Jean de Clamorgan, do not treat of the use of the
greyhound, except merely ‘‘in setting back-sets, or receytes
for deare, wolfe, foxe, or such like:” but in ‘the noble art of
Venerie” by Turbervile and Gascoigne, in “ the Jewell for
Gentrie,” and the compilations of Gervase Markham, we find
much illustration of the science and history of the leash in

Great Britain.?

ie Tnnuba, qui pariter celebs, duo numina cultu
Assiduo colit, Artemidem junxitque Minerve,
Carus utrique Dez Savary, quem sedula semper
Investigandi leporis tenet ultima cura.

2. The date of the greyhound’s introduction into these islands is with difficulty
ascertained. Ifthe ‘‘septem Scoticorum canum oblatio’’ of Flavian, wherewith he
graced the Questor’s spectacle of his brother Symmachus at Rome, be really coarse
varieties of the Celtic type, as supposed by Christopher Wase, this hound must have

Album Diana,
&c. Cadomi
1655.

Alb. Dianz ἄς,
La tel pete

La Chasse du
Loup. J. de Ci.

Turbervile’s B.
of H. p. 246.

Countrey Con-
tentments.

Countrey Farme
&c. ἄς.

Alb. Diane &c.
L. Iv. p. 52.

Symmachi E-
pist. L. 1.
Epist. 77.

Wase’s Llustra-
tions of Gratius
p- 74.

J. Vanieril
Pred. Rustic.
Lib. rv.

See the Appen-
dix Class 111.

Cotton. Mss.
Tiber. B. v.

12 PREFACE.

Turbervile, or whoever be the translator of Fouilloux, has
appended an admirable breviary of coursing to “ the booke of
hunting :’” and Wase notifies of Gervase Markham, that ‘‘ he
hath reported the fruits of his own experience, as in the whole
cycle of husbandry accurately ; soin Cynegetiques excellently.”
His chapter on coursing with greyhounds’ is well worthy
perusal; as is also the description of the ‘‘ Leporarius” by
Dr. Caius in his ‘“ Libellus de canibus Britannicis.”—Need I
stop to remark the doubtful features of the ‘canis alter preepete
cursu” of Vaniére’s Preedium Rusticum?—Some few points

belong apparently to the Celtic hound,

Pes illi gracilis, longa internodia crurum,
Argutum caput, et levibus vis ignea plantis ;
Demissumque brevi pectus se colligit alvo.

but his datrancy (‘ insequitur claris lepores latratibus’”’) would
rather assign him to a different kennel. Works of a later date
are too well known to need particular notice.

Very few are the improvements, either in the discipline of
the courser’s kennel, or his practice in the field, transmitted to

us by these collective cynegetica ; and modern ingenuity has

been found here as early as the reign of Theodosius. Indeed Hector Boethius and
Holinshed place him amongst us at an earlier period: nor is it improbable that he
originally accompanied the Scoto-Celts from the continent of Europe at their primary
irruption into Ireland and Scotland. We have evidence of his being an inmate of the
Anglo-Saxon kennels in the days of Elfric, Duke of Mercia; and manuscriptal
paintings have descended to us of a Saxon chieftain and his huntsman, attended by a
brace of greyhounds, of the date of the 9th century—the earliest representation which
I have seen of this hound as connected with British field-sports.

1. Contained in his work entitled ‘‘Countrey Contentments.” In addition to

which, ‘‘ The Countrey Farme,’’ by the same author, a compilation from the French,
will be read with amusement.

PREFACE. 13

added little to our knowledge in,any department of coursing,
as the reader of the Nicomedian’s Manual will readily acknow-
ledge. His remarks on the physical dications of excellence
in greyhounds, and of speed and good blood,—derived from
external shape and character generally,—on the unimportance
of colour,—on the indications afforded by temper, tractability
in the field, mode of feeding, Xc. are perfect as far as they go.
Nor can we improve on his kennel management, in feeding,
bedding, (εὐνὴ μαλθακὴ καὶ ἀλεεινὴ), rubbing down, (τρίψις τοῦ
σώματος παντὸς.) exercising, alternated with confinement, &Xc.
&c. As to slipping-law, and the number of hounds to be
slipped at once, his injunctions μήτε ἐγγύθεν ἐπιλύειν τῷ Anya,
μήτε πλείους δυοῖν, are strictly complied with at present by all
fair sportsmen.

The Celts, it appears, had four different ways of coursing,
all of which are practised by modern amateurs, according to
their several tastes, and the nature of the countries in which
they follow their sport.

The superior class of Celtic gentlemen, ὅσοι μὲν πλουτοῦσιν αὖ-
τῶν καὶ τρυφῶσιν, employed persons to look out for hares in their
forms, early in the morning, and to inform them by a messen-
ger what success they had met with, before they left home
themselves.

A second class, probably less opulent, and not able to afford
the expense of hare-finders, mustered all their brother-ama-
teurs, and beat the ground in regular array, abreast of each
other. Both these parties were mounted on horseback ; but a
third class sallied forth on foot, and these, Arrian says, were

really workmen at the sport, adroupyoi κυνηγεσίων : if any person

Ayriani de Ve-
natione

Ο ἘΣ,

Ch xX.

Cc. XV.

Cc. XIX.

Cc. ΧΧΙ,

Countrey Con-
tentments,
[8 το Ὁ; τ-

Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 48.

14 PREFACE.

accompanied the latter on horseback, he was ordered to keep
up with the greyhounds. A fourth mode of coursing, some-
times adopted by them, was that of first loosing dogs of scent
to find, and start the game, and then slipping the greyhounds,
as soon as it came within sight.

Upon all of these different practices the father of the leash
has entered most fully in his classical Manual: and if to these
points we add his sensible remarks on the entering of puppies,
on breeding, management after whelping, feeding and naming
of young dogs, comparison of sexes, &c.; his merit will be
allowed to be commensurate with his antiquity, and his enchi-
ridion not only the earliest in the annals of the leash, but
altogether the most abundant in valuable information.

It is foreign to my purpose and inclination to enter into a
prolix defence of the courser’s pursuit, against the objections of
its adversaries in the field or closet. “61 would not goe about,”
in the words of Gervase Markham, ‘to elect and prescribe
what recreation the husbandman should use, binding all men to
one pleasure—God forbid! my purpose is merely contrary :
for I know in men’s recreations, that nature taketh to herselfe
an especiall prerogative, and what to one is most pleasant, to
another is most offensive; some seeking to satisfie the mind,
some the body, and some both in a joynt motion.”

We of the coursing fraternity prefer the “ canis Gallicus,”

and “‘arvum vacuum” of Ovid, as instrumental to our choicest

diversion ;

camposque patentes
Scrutamur, totisque citi discurrimus arvis ;
Et
Nos timidos lepores

cupimus facili cane sumere pradas :

σι

PREFACE. ]

but we do not forbid others

imbelles figere damas,

Audacesve lupos, vulpem aut captare dolosam.

For the refined diversion of coursing may be as disagreeable to
the fox-hunter, whose only joy is when

The hounds shall make the welkin answer them,
And fetch shrill echoes from the hollow earth,

as it is delightful to the general amateur, on account of its
chaste, and temperate, and contemplative quiet. King James,
in his Βασιλικὸν “ὥρον, (himself, according to Sir Theodore
Mayerne, “ violentissimis olim venationis exercitiis deditus,”)
praises ‘‘the hunting with running houndes, as the most
honourable and noblest sort thereof,’ and is supported by the
high authority of Edmund de Langley, JQapster of Game ;
adding “it is a thievish forme of hunting to shoote with gunnes
and bowes, and greyhounde hunting is not so martiall a
game.” But on the other hand, Sir Thomas Elyot, in ‘‘ The

?

Governour,” speaking of ‘‘ those exercises apte to the furni-
ture of a gentylman’s personage,” and ‘‘not utterly reproved of
noble autours, if they be used with oportunitie and in measure,”
calls ‘‘ hunting of the hare with grehoundes a ryght good solace
for men that be studiouse, or theim to whom nature hathe not
geven personage, or courage apte for the warres; and also for
gentilwomen, which feare nether sonne nor wynde for appayr-
yng their beautie. And peradventure they shall be therat
lesse idell, than they shold be at home in their chaumbers.”—
And the author of “The Booke of Hunting,” annexed to Tur-
bervile’s Falconrie, concludes his treatise with the following
singular panegyric ‘‘ concerning coursing with greyhoundes ”—

‘“the which is doubtlesse a noble pastime, and as meet for

Taming of the
Shrew, Sc. 11.

Ellis’s Histor.
Letters, 2nd Se-
ries, Vol. 111. pe
199.

A Kinge’s Xtian
Dutie towards
God, B. 111-

HA. of G. fo.
64.

B.1.¢c. LY.

Marmion, In-
trod.to Cantor.

Oppian. Hali-
eut. I. vs. 28.

Viitii Venatio
Novantiqua.

16 PREFACE.

nobility and gentleman, as any of the other kinds of Venerie
before declared : especially the course of the hare, which isa
sport continually in sight, and made without any great travaile :
so that recreation is therein to be found without unmeasurable
toyle and payne: ! whereas in hunting with hounds, although
the pastime be great, yet many times the toyle and paine is
also exceeding great: and then it may well be called, eyther a
painfull pastime, or a pleasant payne.”

Coursing, more than the other laborious diversions of rural
life, while it ministers to our moderate sensual enjoyment,
admits also during the intervals of the actual pursuit of hound
and hare, much rational reflection, opportunities of conversation
with our brethren of the leash, and mental improvement. It
tends, as Markham quaintly expresses himself, “to satisfie the
mind and body in a joynt motion ;” for in the beautiful poetry |
of a living patron of the Celtic dog, there is no interval of

idleness with the well-read courser ;

Nor dull between each merry chase,
Passes the intermitted space :

For we have fair resource in store,
In Classic and in Gothic lore.

1. Τερπωλὴ δ᾽ ἕπεται θήρῃ πλέον Hémep ἱδρώς.

Coursing has ever been held an honourable and gentlemanly amusement in Great
Britain, from its earliest annals to the present time. Nor can 1 discover any authority
for the truth of Vlitius’s opinion, as given in his note on the Veltraha of Gratius.
“Ne ideo Vertragis suis sagaces posthabeat ille Xenophon: nam hodié in Anglié
sagaces nobilissimi quique exercent; Vertrago autem leporem conficere, indignum
bene nato parum abest quin habeatur.” Such never was the opinion entertained of
“ greyhound hunting,” in King James’s phrase :—indeed the farther we go back into
the history of the leash, the higher it ranked in the scale of British field-sports. See
the “ Constitutiones Canuti Regis de foresta”—and Blount’s Ancient Tenures pas-

sim, for instances of the high repute in which the courser’s hound has ever been held
in Great Britain.

PREFACE. 17

But there are those who anathematize hunting and coursing,

and other rural recreation, either as sinful,! or indicative of

barbarism and mental degradation, in the ratio of the pursuit.
Like Cornelius Agrippa, they view venation in genere as the
worst occupation of the worst of mankind; and say with
Philip Stubbes, that ‘‘ Esau was a great hunter, but a re-
probat ; Ismael, a great hunter, but a miscreant ; Nemrode,
a great hunter, but yet a reprobat, and a vessell of wrath ;”
and bid us, in the poetic badinage of the poet of Cyrene, leave

off coursing :

ἔα πρόκας ἠδὲ λαγωοὺς
οὔρεα βόσκεσθαι" τί δέ κεν πρόκες ἠδὲ λαγωοὶ

ῥέξειαν ;
swearing, with the melancholy Jaques,

that we
Are mere usurpers, tyrants, and what’s worse,
To fright the animals, and to kill them up,
In their assign’d and native dwelling-place.

But if “‘ some habites and customes of delight” are allow-

able and indispensable to the “‘ contentment” of the human

1. The reader will be amused with Simon Latham’s epilogue to the third edition
of his ““ Faulconry,”’ wherein he combats (for he wrote in ticklish times, 1658) with
his usual quaintness of style and illustration, the notion of the sinfulness of rural
sports: inferring that they may ‘‘ be lawfully and conscientiously used with modera-
tion by a magistrate or minister, or lawyer or student, or any other seriously em-
ployed, which in any function heat their brains, waste their bodies, weaken their
strength, weary their spirits; that as a means (and blessing from God) by it their
decayed strength may be restored, their vital and animal spirits quickened, refreshed,
and revived, their health preserved, and they better enabled (as a bow unbended for
shooting) to the discharging of their weighty charges imposed upon them.”

Cc

De Incert. et
Vanit. &c. c.
LXXVII.

The Anatomie
of Abuses.

Callimachus, H.
in Dian. vs. 154.

As You Like It.
act II.

Cicero de Nat.
Deor. L. 11. Ὁ.
63.

Manchester
Memoirs V. 1.

Jul. Cesar. Sca-
liger. Epidorpi-
dum L. rv.

Somerville,
Chace. B. 1v.

18 PREFACE.

mind, and ‘‘men of exceeding strickt lives and severity of
profession” have indulged in rural diversions, why need we
regard the severe reflections of the sensitive Monsieur Paschal,
or his more modern plagiarists ? why think that wisdom loves
not the courser’s sport? or that man is degraded before the
tribunal of sound reason by estimating aright the instinct of
any of the creatures around him? or made sinful in the eyes
of his Creator by availing himself of the adapted powers of the
lowliest of the brute race, for the subjugation of such wild
animals as were originally designed by a bountiful Creator for
the sustenance and recreation of man? ‘‘ Canum verd tam
incredibilis ad investigandum sagacitas narium, tanta alacritas
in venando, quid significat aliud nisi se ad hominum commo-
ditates esse generatos ?”

The inference in regard to the chases and field sports gene-
rally is surely just, ‘‘ that man, by co-operating with such
animals, employs both his and their faculties on the purposes
for which they were partially designed: tending thereby to
complete the bounteous scheme of Providence, the happiness

and well-being of all its creatures.”

videtur
Natura parens hunc homini dedisse ]udum,
Sua obire manu retia, defigere varos,
Hos cum docuit: cum accipitrem redire jussum
Jucunda canes cum leporarios creabat :

Nunquam faciens frustra aliquid carensve fine.

The brute creation are man’s property,
Subservient to his will, and for him made,

As hurtful these he kills, as useful those
Preserves; their sole and arbitrary king.
Should he not kill, as erst the Samian sage
Taught unadvised, and Indian Brachmans now

PREFACE, 19

As vainly preach ; the teeming rav’nous brutes
Might fill the scanty space of this terrene,
Incumb’ring all the globe.

Mr. Warton, the talented historian of English Poetry, a
bookful Academic, and not a μαθητὴς κυνηγεσίων, acquits the
hunter of the charge of barbarism, and acknowledges that
“* the pleasures of the chase seem to have been implanted by
nature; and under due regulation, if pursued as a matter of
mere relaxation, and not of employment, are by no means
incompatible with the modes of polished life.”

The difference of opinion on the subject of the chase has
arisen entirely from the different lights in which it has been
viewed ; the one exhibiting its rational use, the other its
intemperate abuse. ‘“‘ Elle a trouvé autant de censeurs outrés
que d’apologistes enthousiastes, parmi les anciens et les
modernes, parce qu’elle a été envisagée sous le double rapport
de son utilité et de ses abus.”’

Amongst the ancient eulogists, in the Grecian language, will
be found Aristotle, Plato, Xenophon, Polybius, and Julius
Pollux; in the Latin, Cicero, Horace, Virgil, Seneca, Pliny,
Justin, Symmachus, and others. To which numerous phalanx
of classic worthies there is no opponent authority, save that
of Sallust: and of more recent days, Petrarch, and Corne-
lius Agrippa. Not to swell this prefatory matter with too
many citations from obsolete languages, I have referred the
reader, who may wish to know more of the éloges alluded

to, severally to the passages in a note subjoined.! But

1. Aristot. de Polit. L.1.¢. v. Plato de Legibus L. vir. Xerophon. Cyropaed.
L.1.c. v. L. vii. c. x11, Respub, Lacedem. c. m1. Cyneget. c. τ. x11. xr. Poly-

Xenophon de
Venat. c. 1.

Hist. of Engl.
Poetry, V. 11.

Encyclopédie
Méthodique
sur les Chasses,
avertissement.

Bell. Catal.c.1.

Tibulli Eleg. L.
IV. 3.

Ausonii Epist.
Ivy. 39.

920 PREFACE.

touching the adverse party, a word or two may be here
admitted.

In appreciating the authority of Sallust’s sentiments on the
subject of field-sports, as given in the studied preface of his
Catilinarian War, “‘ Non fuit consilium socordia atque de-
sidia bonum otium conterere: neque vero, agrum colendo,
aut venando, servilibus officiis intentum, etatem agere;” we
should remark the ambitious tone of pretended philosophy in
which the introduction is written: ‘ Nostra omnis vis in
animo, et corpore sita est. Animi imperio, corporis servitio

magis utimur; alterum nobis cum Dis, alterum cum belluis

commune est.” And that this distinction between mental and

bius Hist. L. xxx1. Jul. Pollux Onomast. L. v. Prefat. Commodo.—Cicero de
Nat. D. L. 11. de Officiis L.1. Horat. L.1. Epist. xvii1. Virgil. ΖΕ ποιά, L. vit. rx.
Seneca de Provid.c. 11. Plinii Panegyr. Traj. D.—Justin. Hist. Epit. L. xxxvut.
Symmach. Epist. L. v. Ep. 66.

It will be readily ceded that the amatory expostulation of Sulpitia to her dear

Cherinthus,

Sed procul abducit venandi devia cura
O pereant sylve, deficiantque canes!

Quis furor est, que mens, densos indagine colles
Claudentem teneras ladere velle manus ?

Quidve juvat furtim latebras intrare ferarum,
Candidaque hamatis crura notare rubis?

and the epistle of Ausonius to the ruralist Theon,

Sed tu parce feris venatibus, et fuge nota
Crimina sylvarum : ne sis Cinyreia proles,
Accedasque iterim Veneri plorandus Adonis ;

are too jocular to place Tibullus and the poet of Bourdeaux on the side of the Cati-

linarian historian,

PREFACE. 2]

corporeal qualities, their proper relation to each other, and the

subordinate character of the latter to that of the former,

ὡς οὔτ᾽ ἠνορέης, οὔτ᾽ εἴδεος ἔπλετ᾽ ὄνειαρ

τόσσον, ὅσον πραπίδων,

are kept up in the passage first adduced: in which he merely
means to say that he does not wish to spend his time in
slothful idleness ; and that the rural vocations of agriculture
and hunting, being of a secondary and inferior character, more
connected with the body than the mind, are not agreeable to
his taste, as the business and occupation of life, “ etatem
agere.”” And we must allow that the entire and constant
dedication of time to practical agriculture, or rural sports, to
the care of flocks and herds, or the kenneling and coursing of
greyhounds, unvaried by such higher studies and pursuits as
are characteristic of well-educated men, must be deemed, in
polished life, rather lowly employment ;—approaching too near
to the class of occupations, which the Stagirite considers
sordid and servile, as bemg exercised by the corporeal powers
alone :—to avoid which, Sallust declares a decided preference
to speculative over bodily activity ; to the “ vita in literis”
over the “ vita rusticana:” “‘ qud mihi rectius videtur, ” says
he, ‘‘ingenii quam virium opibus gloriam querere.” Dis-
claiming that union of both, which we so much admire in the
Athenian philosopher of the Scilluntian retreat, and his coun-
terpart, the modern literary country gentleman ; a fair example
of an individual acting upon the twofold principle on which
Mr. Addison regulated his conduct. ‘ Asa compound of soul
and body, obliged to a double scheme of duties ; and thinking
that he has not fulfilled the business of the day, unless he has

Oppian. Hali-
eut. L.v. vs.
94.

Arist. Polit. L.
16: νας

Historia Vite et
Mortis.

Oppian.

The Governour,

Beto σι πχνὶς

Sir T. Eiyot’s
The Governour,

το: σις

H. C. Agrippa
in Dedicat. D,
Aug. Furnatio.

De Vanit.
Incert. &c,
LXXVII.

Cowper’s
The Garden.

et
Cc.

Be PREFACE.

employed the one» in labour and exercise, as well as the

other in study and contemplation.”

τῷ τις ἀεργίην δυστερπέα τῆλε διώκοι

καὶ κραδίης καὶ χειρός.

“It is not onely called Idelnes,” says Sir Thomas Elyot,
“6 wherin the body or mynde cesseth from laboure, but specially
ydelnes is an omission of al honest exercise.”

Passing over, for the present, the objections of Petrarch,
let us pause for a moment on the vituperations of Henricus
Cormelius Agrippa. So confessedly crabbed a gentleman as
this ‘noble clerke of Almayn,” can add but little weight
to the scanty file of semi-classical oppositionists. Admitting
in his dedication to Furnatius his mental approximation to
the canine qualities. of the metamorphosed Queen of Troy,
‘“aded ut ex ipsa indignatione fermé cum Trojana illa Hecuba
versus sum in canem, ac nullarum virium sim ad bené dicen-
dum, nil amplius memini nisi mordere, oblatrare, maledicere,
conviciari,’”’ &c., his verdict cannot be received as that of a
candid and unprejudiced adversary. The general contempt
with which he visits all the arts and sciences, deprives his
anti-cynegetical calumnies of much of their poignancy, and
renders his ‘‘ ars crudelis et tota tragica, cujus voluptas est in
morte et in sanguine, quam ipsa deberet refugere humanitas,”!

&c. scarce worthy of the courser’s notice. 2

1. The plaintive poet of “The Task,” B. 111. has seemingly borrowed from Agrip-
pa’s page the memorable crimination of the hunter’s pursuit :

Detested sport,
That owes its pleasures to another’s pain ;
That feeds upon the sobs and dying shrieks
Of harmless nature, &c.

2. I purposely omit all notice of the ““ Venatio Amphitheatralis,” or ‘ V. in

PREFACE. 23

The moderate and occasional recourse to field-diversions,

with the same object that influenced Pliny in their pursuit,

aren” of ancient Rome ; of which Tertullian, Augustin, Chrysostom, and the Chris-
tian Cicero, Lactantius, have written with merited reprobation. ‘‘Cum viderent
pietatis damno, addictum devinctumque populum his ludis ; passim invecti in eos, ut
libidinis, seevitiaque fontes; et bene illi,’ Nota word can be advanced in palliation
of these brutal outrages of humanity,

illa
Amphitheatralis spectacula tristia pompz !

wherein man was “butcher’d to make a Roman holiday”— ‘Homo occiditur ad
hominis voluptatem.’’ With this monstrous variety of Venatio, so called κατ᾽ ἐξοχὴν,
and recorded as such with horror, we have nothing to do; with its abettors under any
qualified form, the modern frequenters of the cock-pit or bear-garden, the heroes
of a bull-bait, and patrons of mercenary pugilists, the rivals of the ‘municipalis
arene perpetui comites ”’ of Juvenal’s days, we have no sentiments incommon. We
have hailed with exultation the victory already effectuated, or in course of gradual
achievement, over the ferocious barbarities of the amphitheatre, and the semi-pagan
cruelties of more modern spectacles—a victory that is attempering the pastimes of the
English people to the religion and morality of the age ; and we sincerely deplore the
existence of the θεάτρον κυνηγετικὸν of Dio, under any modification, in any part of the
civilized world.

The Sabbath comes, a day of blessed rest ;

What hallows it upon this Christian shore ?

Lo! it is sacred to a solemn feast :

Hark! heard you not the forest monarch’s roar ?
Crashing the lance, he snuffs the spouting gore

Qf man and steed, o’erthrown beneath his horn ;

The throng’d arena shakes with shouts for more ;
Yells the mad crowd o’er entrails freshly torn,

Nor shrinks the female eye, nor ev’n affects to mourn.

Let Christianity transfuse its lenient spirit into all our sports, and instead of the
amphitheatrical entertainments, and barbarian amusements of infidels, let us have
such as are congenial to the humanity of Christians. Let us be the champions of
rational recreation, not of brutal gratification ;—the friends of man, and not unneces-
sarily the enemies of inferior animals ;—spectators in our temperate and innocent
diversions of the dog’s innate faculties and prowess for the seizure of the destined
animals of the chase—‘ to see how God in all his creatures works,’’ and witnesses of

J. Lipsii Sa-
turnal. Sermon.
{τὸ Ὁ. ἢ-

Prudentius.

Childe Harold’s
Pilgrimage, c-
IV.

Cyprian.ad Do-
natum.

Childe Harold’s
Pilgrimage, c.
1. 8. 68.

K. Henry VI.
ἘΠ τ ποῦ τς
sc. l.

Petr. Lotichii
2di Eclog. 1.
Sarnis. vs. 10.

Rokeby, 6. 111.
1.

H. C. Agrippe
de Vanitate &c.
Cc. LX XVII,

24 PREFACE.

“ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur,” is not
reprehensible, nor inconsistent with the due cultivation of the

mind, and the fulfilment of the higher duties of life.

Ipse etiam citharam Phebus quandoque reponit :

Et pharetras plectris, et mutat piectra pharetris.

But ‘there is an especiall need,” observes Christopher
Wase, in the preface of his translation of Gratius, after much
just praise of hunting, ‘‘ to hold a strict reine over our
affections, that this pleasure, which is allowable in its season,
may not entrench upon other domesticall affaires. We must
consider that it wastes much time, and although it have its
own praise, being an honest recreation and exercise, yet it is
not of the noblest parts of life. There is great danger lest wee
bee transported with this pastime, and so ourselves grow wild,
haunting the woods till wee resemble the beasts which are
citizens of them,+ and, by continual conversation with dogs,
become altogether addicted to slaughter and carnage, which is
wholly dishonorable, being a servile employment. For as it

is the privilege of man, who is endued with reason, and

“the curious search or conquest of one beast over another, persued by a naturall

instinct of enmitie ;—”’ how

The slow hound wakes the fox’s lair,

The greyhound presses on the hare ;

but not hostile instigators of canine ferocity to the heartless maiming and slaying an
unnatural prey—a species of animal conflict never intended by creative wisdom ; and
wherein violence is done to natural instinct to minister to man’s unhallowed sport.

1. Cui dum nimium insistunt, ipsi abjecté humanitate fere efficiuntur, morumque

prodigiosa perversitate, tanquam Acteon mutantur in naturam belluarum.

PREFACE. aA

authorized in the law of his creation to subdue the beasts of

the field, so to tyrannize over them is plainly brutish.”

Cowper’s Task,

On Noah, and in him on all mankind
B. vi.

The charter was conferr’d, by which we hold
The flesh of animals in fee, and claim
O’er all we feed on pow’r of life and death.

But read the instrument, and mark it well :

Th’ oppression of a tyrannous controul

Can find no warrant there. Feed then, and yield
Thanks for thy food. Carnivorous, through sin,
Feed on the slain, but spare the living brute,

When field amusements are allowed to engross the whole of
our attention, and in their pursuit to enslave, as it were, the
mind to the body; when they become the ἔργα of life instead of
the πάρεργα, its daily occupation, instead of the occasional
recreation of its leisure hours;! they constitute, as’ Ritters-
husius has well observed, a culpable θηρομανία, and certainly
tend, by devoting the attention exclusively to inferior objects,
to abridge the intellect of that sustenance which it should
occasionally derive from more refined and important studies.
‘“‘ Fateor insitam esse nobis corporis nostri caritatem: fateor Senece Epist.
nos hujus gerere tutelam: non nego indulgendum illi, servi- Εν
endum nego.” ;

With such ultra-sportsmen the translator has no commu-
nity of sentiment: nor will they experience from common
sense less severity of reproof than ‘“ Reason” bestows on

Petrarche Re-

them in the dialogue with ‘ Joy” in Petrarch’s ““ Remedia med. Utriusque
Fortune, Lib.t.

Dial. 32.

1. “In using either of these games observe that moderation,” says King James to Βασιλικὸν Δῶ-
Prince Henry, ‘that ye slip not therewith the houres appointed for your affaires, ρὸν, B. 1.
which ye ought ever precisely to keepe ; remembering that these games are but or-
dained for you, in enabling you for your office, for the which ye are ordained,” &c.

D

Plin. Epist. 105
rx. LO;

J. Firmici As-
tronomic. L. v.
Cc. VIII.

De Incert. et
Vanit. &c. c.
LXXVII.

26 PREFACE.

Utriusque Fortune.” ‘‘ Ad honestum nihil idonei,” says
Ratio, ‘‘ sylvas colunt, non vitam solitariam acturi, cui non
mints quam politice se ineptos sciunt, sed feris, ac canibus, et
volucribus convicturi, quod non facerent, nisi illis similitudine
aliqua juncti essent : qui, si ex hoc voluptatem quandam, seu
solam temporis fugam querunt, utrinque stulti, νοῦ] compotes
forsan evaserint. Sin, nescio quam, seu ingenii, seu magnifi-
centiz gloriam aucupantur, errant,” &c. 1

The whole dialogue is an admirable rebuke of the licentious
sporting in the days of this extraordinary genius.* ‘“‘ Hic
amor, hee felicitas, et hoc totum, quod Creatori Deo, quod
altrici patrie, quod parentibus, quod amicis redditis? Quis
vos ferat, ad aliud natos, in his vivere, si modo vivitis, hoc
agentes?” says ‘‘ Reason:” and I confess that I am unable
and unwilling to furnish ‘ Joy” with a reply of defence ;
approving, as I do, of the jomt worship of Minerva and Diana,
recommended by Tacitus to his correspondent Pliny, and of

making the health of the body conducive to that of the mind :

1. According to the decisions of judicial astrology in casting nativities, Julius
Firmicus remarks that the following personages, ‘ equorum nutritores, accipitrum,
falconum, ceterarumque avium, quz ad aucupia pertinent, similiter et Molossorum,
Vertagrorum, et qui sunt ad venationes accomodati,” being born when the planet
Venus is in Aquarius, are incapable of application to any more laudable pursuit than
hunting and hawking.

2. The chasseurs of Agrippa’s days, laical and clerical, were equally reprehensible.
From the Thebans, this literary Timonist tells us, the worst of men, Venation passed
to the Trojans, not much better, and thence to Greece and Rome, brutalizing the in-
habitants of the earth in its progress—‘‘ Tandem hec exercitia in se revera servilia et
mechanica eo usque evecta sunt, ut positis quibusque liberalibus studiis, hodie prima
nobilitatis elementa atque progressus sint, illis ducibus ad summum gradum perveni-
atur: hodieque ipsa regum et principum vita, ipsa etiam (proh dolor!) abbatum,
episcoporum, ceterorumque ecclesiz prafectorum religio, tota inquam venatio est,” &c.

PREFACE. PH |

*“ut sua menti constet sanitas,” says Christopher Wase to
William Lord Herbert, ‘‘ et justum corpori accedat robur.”

It must ever be borne in mind that the illustrious heroes of
Xenophon’s classic file acquired not their renown by hunting
prowess alone, but by its union with moral and intellectual
endowments: ἐκ τῆς ἐπιμελείας τῆς τῶν κυνῶν καὶ κυνηγεσίων καὶ ἐκ
τῆς ἄλλης παιδείας πολὺ διενεγκόντες κατὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν ἐθαυμάσθησαν.
Chiron himself was invested with the privileges and science
of the chase on account of his moral worth, διὰ dimatoryra—for
he was δικαιοτάτος Κενταύρων. And the numerous disciples of
the craft, distinguished in the annals of the world as practical
sportsmen, from Cephalus and A%sculapius to Aineas and
Achilles, left other claims on the notice of posterity than those
attached to their characters as μαθηταὶ κυνηγεσίων. |

know that such

Transporting pleasures were by heav’n ordain’d
Wisdom’s relief, and virtue’s great reward.

But it is time to cease both praise and reprehension: of the

1. The disastrous casualties that have befallen divers of the worshipful but rash
disciples of Chiron and his compeers are recorded in terrorem by a Sicilian amateur of
falconry. Will the timid courser venture to mount his ‘* smart hack or Zetland

3

shelty,” after reading the following summary of these fatalities? ‘‘ Meleager en
perdit la vie, pour la victoire rapportée sur le sanglier de Calidoine. Le bel Adonis
fut tiré par un sanglier, Actéon fut dévoré de ses propres chiens. Cephale y tua
sa chére Procris, et Acaste en fut interdict, ayant occis le fils du Roy qui luy avoit
esté donné en charge, comme fut Brutus pour avoir tué son pére Sylvius par
mesgarde. Un Empereur fut occis par la beste qu’il poursuivoit. Un Roy en
courant a la chasse se cassa le col en tombant de cheval.” The legitimacy of the
inference drawn by Le Conseiller et Chambellan du Roy de Sicile is doubtful—
«« Que qui craindra ces dangereux effectz qu'il s’adonne ἃ la vollerie, ot il trouvera

sans doubte plus grand plaisir.”’

The superior pleasure of the latter is as equivocal
as its inferior danger; and pursued to excess, I should think, must share equality of

peril and of blame.

Xenophon. Cy-

neg. C. I.

Orph. Argon.

Vo 977.

Xenophon. Cy-

neg. c. I.

Somerville, Tlie

Chace.

La Fauconnerie
de Messire Ar-

thelouche
Alagona.

de

Symmachi
Epist. L. 1. E.
53.

Sir Thomas
More’s poems.
“ Manhod.”

Symmachi
Epist. L. v. 6.

Xenophon.
Anab. L. v.

28 PREFACE.

latter I have been sparing ; of the former, perhaps, too liberal.
Symmachus, ‘‘ the wordy champion of expiring Paganism,”
checks his friend and correspondent Agorius in boasting too
much of his ‘‘ nodosa retia vel pennarum formidines, et sagaces
canes, omnemque rem venaticam, meliorum oblitus;” and
suggests ‘‘ quare cum scribis, memento facundie tue modum
ponere. Rustica sunt et inculta, que loqueris, ut venator esse
credaris.””» Wherefore, being myself addicted only to one
branch of the’ craft, viz. that of ““ greyhound-hunting,” in the

phrase of our ‘‘ pedant king,”

to nourishe up and fede

The greyhounde to the course—

I am fearful of falling into the error of Agorius, and becoming
obnoxious to the same rebuke. Enough, therefore: and now
for an example.—Will the bookful recluse, the sedentary and
learned oppositionist qualify the scorn with which he views our
varied course of occupation in the library and the field, if we
show him that our opinions and practice “ liberalia studia
sylvestri voluptate distinguere” are supported by a renowned
example of antiquity ; and direct his attention to the latter and
sequestered part of the life ‘‘ secretum iter, et fallentis semita
vite” of the elder Xenophon, in contradiction of the refined
antipathies of Sallust ?—bid him contemplate the rival of Plato
and Thucydides in his delightful retreat at Scillus, ‘‘ under the
protection of the temporal sovereignty of Lacedemon, and the
spiritual tutelage of Diana; diversifying the more refined
pleasures of his studious hours with the active amusements of
the field ; breaking his dogs, training his horses, and attending

to the breed of stock; registering the observations of his

PREFACE. 29

personal experience in these healthful pursuits with his own
immortal pen; and affording an example to scholars in all ages,
that they should not disdain to refresh their vigour, and renew
their animation, by allowing the unharnessed faculties to
recreate themselves freely in country sports, and exercise

themselves agreeably in country business.”

O would men stay aback frae courts,

An’ please themselves wi’ countra sports,
It wad for every ane be better,

The laird, the tenant, an’ the cotter !

I wish it were in our power to enrol the name of the accom-
plished Athenian among the first patrons of our particular
branch of field-sports ; but the greyhound was unknown to the
son of Gryllus. We may, however, place the honour of the
leash under the early patronage of his celebrated namesake :
whose talents, as a military chief, were distinguished in the
age in which he jee whose works, as a philosopher and
historian, have been transmitted with reputation to posterity,
and continue to attract sufficient attention from the literary
world, to embolden us in directing the notice of such of
our opponents as consider the courser in a state of de-
graded existence, to the younger Xenophon, in his twofold
capacity of a man of literature, and a patron of the leash.
And we may conclude from the latter having been considered
worthy the illustration of his pen, that coursing was not then
classed with the ‘‘ servilia officia” of rural life.

Before I proceed to the reasons which have induced me to
lay before the public the following translation, [ cannot resist

availing myself of the opportunity, which a defence of the

Burns, ‘ The
Twa Dogs.”

Symmachi
Epist. Lib. 1x.
Ep. 28.

Cesaris Borgie
Ducis Epice-
dium.

Sophoclis Tra-
chin. v. 887.

Carm. quinque
illustr. Poetar.
p- 178.

Pindar. Pyth.
vit. 131.

30 PREFACE.

courser’s pursuit affords, of transcribing a spirited and highly
poetical production of the late Mr. Barnard, of Brantingham-

thorpe,! breathing the refined sentiments of a gifted scholar

1. Of Mr. Barnard, who was accustomed to enliven the sedentary pleasures of his
intellectual pursuits with the active and salutary recreation of coursing, and to shake

3

off, in Horatian language, ‘‘ inhumane senium...Camenz,” in the company of his
greyhounds, on the wolds of Yorkshire, the reader must pardon me, if I speak with
the deepest regret. He was indeed, like Maximus the friend and correspondent of
Symmachus, ‘¢ inter sodales Apollinis ac Dianz, utriusque sectator,” or in the appo-

site words of Ercole Strozzi,

sylvz scius, et scius artis
Pieriz, Pheebo et Phebe gratissimus eque.

But alas! gifted as he was, far beyond the ordinary worshippers of the sylvan goddess,
he hath “ begun the travel of eternity,”

βέβηκε. «2 ee oe « THY πανυστάτην

σὰ δια ἐς
ὁδῶν ἁπασῶν.

The periodical publications of the day have given to the world the mournful
tribute of a scholar to his memory: and when the voice of affection hath sung ““ the
deathless praise’ of a departed son, that of friendship may be silent. But Jet it not
be supposed that the learning and genius of this accomplished man were confined to
the inferior and perishable subjects of the courser’s pursuit. The powers of his
talented mind were directed also to the high and heavenly callings of his profession ;
and among other subjects, to the commemoration in verse and prose, of the saints and
martyrs of the Protestant Church. In the words of the Nutricia of Politiano, he was
indeed

Felix ingenio, felix cui pectore tantas
Instaurare vices, cui fas tam magna capaci

Alternare animo, et varias ita nectere curas !

His poetical version of the poems of the younger Flaminio, a celebrated Latinist of
the sixteenth century, on which he was engaged till his fatal illness, and the publica-
tion of which he fondly anticipated, will add, I trust, to his posthumous fame.

ev δ᾽ ὀλίγῳ
βροτῶν τὸ τερπνὸν αὔξεται" οὕτω
δὲ καὶ πιτνεῖ χαμαὶ, ἀποτρόπῳ
γνώμᾳ σεσεισμένον.
ἐπάμεροι. τί δέ τις ; τί δ᾽ οὔ TIS ;

σκιᾶς ὄναρ ἄνθρωποι.

PREFACE. ou

and ardent courser, fired at the idea of his favourite sport, his
ereyhounds, and his mountain thoughts being hghtly or dis-

dainfully received in the world’s esteem !

MY GREYHOUNDS.

Remember’st thou my greyhounds true ?

O’er holt or hill there never flew,

From leash or slip there never sprang,

More fleet of foot or sure of fang.—Introd. to Marmion Cant. τι.

Oh! dear is the naked wold to me,
Where I move alone in my majesty !
Thyme and cistus kiss my feet,

And spread around their incense sweet ;

As the originator of the Courser’s Stud Book, and the indefatigable compiler of its
genealogical tables, (an attempt ‘‘ multa deducere virga,” to derive ‘‘ by trees
of pedigrees,” as Dryden says, the speed and shape of each celebrated descendant, in
the greyliound kennel, from the recorded genealogies and performances of a far-
famed ancestry,—dayaol δὲ ἐγένοντο διὰ τὸ φῦναι ἐξ ἀγαθῶν.) the name of Mr. Barnard
must be recorded in the annals of coursing with lasting gratitude ; notwithstanding
the prolegomena of a vicarious editor have occasioned the substitution of a second
name on the title-page of the work, after the unexpected death of the original
projector:

ov γὰρ οἶδ᾽ ἀνεῳγμένας πύλας

“Ἄδου, φάος τε λοίσθιον βλέπων τόδε.

But let us cease this querulous display of individual feeling. Many did not know him;
and those who did—his relatives—his friends and correspondents—have felt too
much already. And the preface to so trivial a work as a Courser’s Vade-Mecum is
not a fit occasion for descanting on the high merits of a Christian scholar ; nor is
lamentation over the dead a suitable prelude to the entertainment of the living.

καὶ χαῖρ᾽" ἐμοὶ γὰρ ob θέμις φθιτοὺς ὁρᾷν,
οὐδ᾽ ὄμμα χραίνειν θανασίμοισιν ἐκπνοαῖς.

Platonis Mene-
xenus.

Euripidis Hip-
pol. 56.

Ejusdem vs.
1456.

32 PREFACE.

The laverock, springing from his bed,

Pours royal greeting o’er my head ;

My gallant guards, my greyhounds tried,

March in order by my side ;

And every thing that’s earthly born,

Wealth and pride and pomp, I scorn ;
And chiefly thee

Who lift’st so high thy little horn,
Philosophy !

Wilt thou say that life is short,

That wisdom loves not hunter’s sport,

But virtue’s golden fruitage rather

Hopes in cloister’d cells to gather ?

Gallant greyhounds, tell her, here

Trusty faith, and love sincere—

Here do grace and zeal abide,

And humbly keep their master’s side.

Bid her send whate’er hath sold

Human hearts—lust, power, and gold—
A cursed train—

And blush to find, that on the wold
They bribe in vain.

Then let her preach! the muse and I

Will turn to Gracchus, Gaze, aud Guy ;

And give to worth its proper place,

Though found in nature’s lowliest race.

And when we would be great or wise,

Lo! o’er our heads are smiling skies ;

And thence we’ll draw instruction true,

That worldly wisdom never knew.

Then let her argue as she will!

Τ᾽] wander with my greyhounds still
(Halloo! Halloo !)

And hunt for health on the breeze-worn hill
And wisdom too.

But enough—

Pindar. Pyth. εἰμὶ δ᾽ ἄσχολος ἀ-
VIII. VSe 40. ναθέμεν πᾶσαν μακραγορίαν
Avpa τε καὶ φθέγμα
τι μαλθακῷ, μὴ κόρος ἐλθὼν
Κνίσσῃ.

PREFACE. 33

By my literary friends of the leash, who will alone probably
condescend to open the following little treatise, it will be
expected, after this too prolix defence of active field-amuse-
ments, and too selfish gratification of personal regret, that |
should particularly state the reasons which have induced me to
devote a few intervals of leisure to the version and illustration
of an ancient courser, dignified by Mr. Gibbon with the title of

““ the eloquent and philosophic Arrian.”

A task so often thrown aside
When leisure graver cares denied.

But an objection in limine must ‘be first answered to a
modern reader giving up any of the “ hore vacive” of his
library even to the perusal of the cynegetical writers of anti-
quity, much less to their collation ; as treating forsooth of lowly
animals, in their nature irrational and ferine.

Should any one address me in the language of the old

nurse to Phedra—
τί κυνηγεσίων καὶ σοὶ μελέτης ;
or of Menedemus to Chremes—

Tantumne est ab re tua otii tibi
Aliena ut cures, eaque nihil que ad te attinent ?

I would reply, that I do not consider these authors as afford-
ing unsuitable mental recreation to any literary gentleman, be
his vocation what it may; nor as rendering him amenable to

the charge of Dr. Young of being “a polite apostate.” 1

1. Many of the Greek and Latin classics having been edited by English Divines,
the latter fell under the lash of Young in the memorable lines,

When churchmen Scripture for the Classics quit,
Polite apostates from God’s grace to wit, &c.

1 9

Decline and
Fall, Vol. vir.
c. 42.

Marmion, In-
troduction to
Canto rv.

Euripidis Hip-
polyt. v. 226.

Terentii Heau-
ton. act. 11. SC.
1.

Love of Fame,
Sat. 1.

94 PREFACE.

Saint Chrysostom, the most eloquent of the Greek fathers of
the church, was so enamoured of Aristophanes, notwithstand-
ing the malignity of his satire, his occasional obscenities, and
licentious morals, as ‘‘ to wake with him at his studies, and

>

to sleep with him under his pillow:” and it was never “ ob-
jected either to his piety or his preaching, even in those times
of pure zeal and primitive religion.” Tu close the ancient
cynegetica against the modern student, merely because the
lowly quadruped, that gives a name to such works, forms a
part of their subject-matter, pregnant in every page with innu-
merable other beauties, unconnected with the poor tyke, but
scattered around him, would be (in an expressive simile of the
sees author of “‘ the Governour”) like ‘ prohibiting a man to
B.1.c. x11. come into a fayre gardein, lest in gadring good and holsome
herbes, he may happen to be stung with a netle ”—‘‘ Semblaby
yf a man doe rede wanton matter, myxt with wysdom, he
putteth the worst under fote, and sorteth out the beste.”
But the ““ Scriptores Rei Venatice ” are, of all others on
the classic file, most chaste and pure of sentiment. The
character bestowed by Price on Gratius in particular, is

applicable to all collectively :

their style, their argument
Is pleasant, rev’rend, candid, innocent.

Their eminent beauties in poetry and prose, their fine moral
reflections and religious aspirations, will bear comparison with
the brightest productions of Greek and Roman literature, and
can only be lightly esteemed, because they are little known.
Ifa candid and susceptible reader, competent to enjoy their

beauties, shall, after a perusal, deem his hours of recreative

PREFACE. 30

study mispent, I will acknowledge that | have lost a few days
of my life. But he, who pretends to decide their claims to
attention, must have a mind sensible of the beauties of nature,
and of didactic poetry and prose, devoted to the illustration
of objects in rural life: and so far, I think, from deeming it
beneath the notice of man to mark the hand of Providence
among the inferior beings of Creation, and to contemplate the
fixed regulations under which they support the economy of the
animal world, he will allow that it is rather the entertainment
of a correctly-constituted mind to admire the originals in the
natural world, and the descriptions of their habits, and the
modes of applying them to the service and amusement of
mankind in the works of learned men. With such sketches
of animal life the cynegetical writers abound: and Oppian,
more especially, with the poetic pen of a philosophic natu-
ralist, deduces from the habits of irrational creatures precepts

worthy of enrolment in the code of a moralist.

For learn we might, if not too proud to stoop
To quadruped instructors, many a good

And useful quality, and virtue too,

Rarely exemplified among ourselves.

With such instructions, too, for rendering animal powers sub-
servient to the recreation and support of mankind, the works
of Xenophon, Arrian, and others De Re Venaticé are plen-
tifully stored.

Let us hear then no more of the unworthiness of these
authors or their subjects—aud δεῖ μὴ δυσχεραίνειν παιδικῶς τὴν περὶ
τῶν ἀτιμωτέρων ζώων ἐπίσκεψιν. I know the study of them to be
eminently entertaining, and believe it to be equally innocent

and instructive. Our higher and more grave studies are

Cowper’s Task,
B. vi.

Aristot. de
Part. Animal.
Ι,. 1. 6. ν᾿

Lucian. Hist.
Were: [1-

Beaumont and
Fletcher’s The
Elder Brother,
act 11. SC. I.

36 PREFACE.

pleasantly’ diversified by such intermixture, and the mind
returns from its lighter to its more serious avocations with
renewed vigour.—toig περὶ λόγους ἐσπουδακόσιν ἡγοῦμαι προσήκειν
μετὰ τὴν πολλὴν τῶν σπουδαιοτέρων ἀνάγνωσιν ἀνεϊναί τε τὴν διάνοιαν,
καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἔπειτα κάματον ἀκμαιοτέραν παρασκευάζειν.

The amusement derived from the Cynegeticus of Arrian, its
terse, elegant language, and valuable information, has been
my principal inducement to present it to the patrons of the
leash in an English dress; that those who might never have
read the original, and might be unwilling, or, ike Miramont
in ‘‘ the Elder Brother,” (who could ‘* speak no Greek,” and
held ““ the sound sufficient to confirm an honest man” without
a knowledge of its sense) unable to peruse it, might have an
opportunity of becoming acquainted with the first author who
had treated systematically of coursing. For ‘‘ those,” says
Christopher Wase in his preface to Gratius, ‘‘ which are
curious artisans, doe not content themselves that they have
attained to so great perfection in their art, but are extremely
pleased to look back and reflect upon the periods and steps
whereby that art hath made its graduall progresse; if per-
chance by comparing the former with the latter, even the
present state of it may be advanced.”

It was my wish that the copy should read lke an original :
and if [ have failed in this respect, as I fear and feel I have,
(for such an object is attended with far greater difficulties of
attainment than the mexperienced may suppose,) the failure
must be attributed to a fearfulness of assuming too great a
licence of translation, and departing too far from the letter of
the original—a fear of paraphrasing instead of translating my

author ; whose lively and spirited language indicates a power of

PREFACE. on

description, and accurate knowledge of his subject, to which
no translation could do justice, but by as faithful an adherence
as the different idioms of different languages would allow.
Under this impression, I have spared no pains in rendering the
version with fidelity, deeming truth and perspicuity more
essential than embellishment of language. For it has been
well observed by Mr. Pope in his preface to the Iliad, that
‘< it is the first grand duty of an interpreter to give his author
entire and unmaimed.” And again, ‘it is certain no Ihiteral
translation can be just to an excellent original in a superior
language: but it is a great mistake to imagine (as many have
done) that a rash paraphrase can make amends for this general
defect; which is no less in danger to lose the spirit of an
ancient, by deviating imto the modern manners of expression.
If there be sometimes a darkness, there is often a light in
antiquity, which nothing better preserves than a version
almost literal.”

if however this translation should be deemed too close and
literal, and greater freedom of language desired in a little
coursing manual; I am willing to plead guilty to the fault.
Still if its style and manner can neither be defended nor ex-
cused on the grounds stated, I trust they will be pardoned,

because they are acknowledged.
Sunt delicta tamen quibus ignovisse velimus.

Τ am fully sensible that what I have done, might have been
done by others far better. For though an occasional wor-
shipper of the classic Minerva—“ parcus . ... cultor et
infrequens.” I know that there are, under the tutelage of

Diana, many disciples who have been more richly endowed by

Horat. de Arte
Poetica, vs.
347.

Ovid. Trist. 1.
Eleg. vi.

Demetrii Con-
stantinop. Hie-
racosophii r.

38 PREFACE.

the goddess of wisdom, and are better qualified for this under-
taking. If, however, I have the good fortune to direct the
attention of the more learned patrons of the leash to a manual
scarce known among them, and to excite the same degree of
interest in their minds, which its first perusal excited in my
own; I shall rest satisfied that the errors and deficiencies of
this attempt will induce them to devote superior knowledge of
the Greek language, and greater experience in coursing, to
decorating the Athenian Sportsman with an English dress,

more becoming the antiquity of his claim to distinction.

Et veniam pro laude peto: laudatus abunde,
Non fastiditus si tibi, lector, ero.

Individuals possessed of great accuracy of knowledge in
Greek literature, or what Schneider calls ‘‘ ἀκρίβεια Grece

᾿ united to extensive experience in field-sports, must

doctrine,’
necessarily be rare ; and till such shall undertake an improve-
ment on the present version, it may pass its ordeal of utility
with the public. Moderate love of the diversion, and moderate
experience in the field or on the plain, I conceive to be as
indispensable as an acquaintance with the language of the
original text to the translator of a courser’s enchiridion, or he
will not work in it con amore, (πρόδηλον yap εἰ μή τις ἔρως ἐπί τινι
παρακολουθήσει πράγματι, ἀμήχανον τοῦτο κατορθωθήῆναι;) nor acquit
himself to the satisfaction of his readers.

To classic coursers I would particularly recommend the
perusal and reperusal of the Greek original ; for I am confi-
dent that it is far more worthy of their attention than the
English version ; which ‘ is submitted to the correction and

amendment of those worthy and well-knowing gentlemen,”

PREFACE. 39

under the hope that it may escape the severity of acrimonious
criticism, as the work of a retired countryman, with no learned
resources at hand, beyond a library moderately furnished with
classic authorities, and writings illustrative of some depart-
ments of natural history. I wish I had been endowed with all
the qualities essential to a more perfect performance. But
such as it is, “‘ I crave,” with an old Chronicler, ‘‘ that it may
be taken in good part. I wishe I had bene furnished with so
perfect instructions, and so many good gifts, that I might have
pleased all kindes of men, but that same being so rare a thing
in any one of the best, 1 beseech thee (gentle reader) not to
looke for it in me the meanest.”

Difficulty has occurred in rendering the ancient technical
terms of a courser’s manual, with any degree of elegance, in
a modern tongue—‘ ornari res ipsa negat.”” This has partly

arisen—

Propter egestatem lingue, et rerum novitatem,

and partly from the corresponding English terms being debased
into vulgarity by an usage too familiar to be pleasant to polite
ears. Expressions of this kind in Arrian gre occasioned by the
accuracy which he affects in the most minute particulars con-
nected with the subject of coursing, the shape of Celtic dogs,
the discipline of the kennel and field, the breeding of whelps,
&e.

In relation to this and other defects, it is requested of all my
brethren of the leash, in behalf of the oldest courser who has
written on their manly diversion, that whatever may appear
inelegant, dull, or uninteresting in the following little work,

may be laid to the account of the translator: the errors of

Lucret. L.1. vs.
139.

Plinii Pref.
Vespas.

Young’s Love

of Fame, Sat. 1.

40 PREFACE.

whose style and execution ought not to affect the intrinsic
merits of the Cynegeticus.

Many classical quotations have been introduced in the
notes to elucidate and enliven the text ; some in their original
language, others in the English tongue. Where the former
appeared more illustrative and expressive, it has been retained.
The latter has been occasionally substituted, where the passages
selected conveyed information acceptable to an English courser,
or a version of acknowledged merit faithfully conveyed the
sense of the original. And in a few instances the original and
translation have been introduced in juxta-position, to enable.
the reader to judge of their respective excellencies. To this
too I have been ‘‘ moved,” as Wase very nicely observes, by
a wish that the quotations from the dead languages ‘‘ may be
understood with ease, and the delight of attending to the

elegancies in them rather doubled than intermitted, by adjoyn-

99 2

ing a translation in equal consort:” ‘‘ wherein,” as he adds,
‘« J shall have pleased either those that have an affection to
see our language enriched with the wit of former ages; or
on the other side, even those men whose inclinations do
rather move to look upon the native beauties of every
piece.”

The references to antiquity, which have imperceptibly in-
creased to some extent,—‘“‘ nec dubitamus multa esse, que et
nos preterierint, homines enim sumus, et occupati officiis,’”-—
have not been mtroduced for the sake of ostentatious display

of knowledge of Greek and Latin literature, like those

Who, for renown, on scraps of learning dote,
And think they grow immortal as they quote.

PREFACE. 4]

but that the classical courser might be induced “ antiquos
24 q
exquirere fontes,”’

Τ᾽ examine all, and bring from all away

Their various treasures as a lawful prey ;

to compare the beauties and defects of the several authors who
have treated on the same favourite subject ; and that the issue
of the comparison might be the illustration of the Nicomedian
courser.

To the classic reader (‘‘ cui nihil neque non lectum est,
neque non intellectum”) no apology is necessary for the num-
ber of the extracts made from writers who must ever be prized,
while pure and correct taste prevails : and to the courser, who
with his academic gown has laid on the shelves of his library
the authors of Greece and Rome, to be no more disturbed,

like ‘‘ the rude forefathers’”’ of the rustic cemetery,

Each in his narrow cell for ever laid ;

and who ‘‘ wonders” with Sir John Daw in “ The Silent
Woman,” that “ those fellows have such credit with gentle-

?

men ;” there is a summary power vested in himself, of re-
ducing the number to the measure of his own taste and
capacity. Such, however, not having been the fate of ‘ the
crabbed authors” with myself, I confess that I have found it
difficult to check my pen in transcribing apposite and ex-
planatory quotations from these early friends. For in the
language of oid Gervase, ‘‘ the minde being preoccupied and
busied with a vertuous search, is ever ready to catch hold of
whatsoever can adorne or illustrate the excellencie of the thing

in which it is imployed.”’

Pitt’s Vida.

Ausonius Sym-
macho. Griphus,

Ben Jonson’s
Epiceene, act 11.
80. 3.

Churchill ‘‘ The
Author.”

Ορρίαῃ. Cy-
neg. L. IV. vs.
16.

Specimens οἵ
English Poets,
Vol. 1. p. 11.

42 PREFACE.

This, 1 trust, will be received as an apology ; and that the
practical notes interspersed with the classical, will redeem my
character as a moderate amateur of the sport, and give
admission to this translation on the courser’s table.

αὐτὰρ ἔγὼν ἐρέω τά τ᾽ ἐμοῖς ἴδον ὀφθαλμοῖσι,

θήρην ἀγλαόδωρον ἐπιστείχων ξυλόχοισιν

5

ὕσσα τ᾽ am ἀνθρώπων ἐδάην, τοῖσιν τὰ μέμηλε,
αἰόλα παντοίης ἐρατῆς μυστήρια τέχνης.

With the exception of Somerville, “‘ who has shown,” as
Dr. Johnson observes, ‘‘ by the subjects which his poetry has
adorned, that it is practicable to be at once a skilful sportsman
and a man of letters,” I have extracted very little from writers
of the last century: but the natural historians, poetic and
prosaic authors of the olden time, whose works are not of very
common occurrence in our libraries, have afforded much infor-
mation confirmatory of Arrian’s opmions. These selections, as
well as those from ancient English authors, incorporated with
this preface, have been left in their original spelling, so hap-
pily expressed by Mr. Ellis as “ that fortuitous combination of
letters, which the original transcribers or printers had assigned
to them.”

A knowledge of what others have written on a subject on
which we ourselves are about to write appears indispensable.
“« Although I were very much experienced,” says the translator
of Gratius, ‘‘in any art, and were apt to conceive a good
opinion of my own ability there, yet being to publish a
discourse concerning it, | was obliged to inform myself of
what others had formerly proposed in the same matter, as far
as may conveniently be attaimed. There are some who esteem

it glory to be thought to have declined any other helps but

PREFACE. 43

their own wit, which I should charge upon myself as negli-
gence.” Far be such self-sufficiency from me! I am ever
glad to avail myself of the opinions and sentiments of others ;
and in so doing, to give the merit of originality to its rightful
owner, and not to a modern plagiarist. ‘‘ Est enim benignum
ut arbitror, et plenum ingenui pudoris, faterl per quos pro-
feceris, non ut plerique ex 118, quos attigi, fecerunt. Scito
enim conferentem autores me deprehendisse a juratissimis et

proximis veteres transcriptos ad verbum, neque nominatos,” &c.

For out of the old fieldis, as men saith,
Cometh all this new corn from year to year ;
And out of olde bookis, in good faith,
Cometh all this new science that men lere.

Few will think me sparing of citation: but if there be such
a one, and well disposed to a brother courser, ‘ si bonus est,
que omisi, non oblita mihi, sed preterita existimet. Dehine
qualiscunque est, cogitet secum, quam multa de his non
reperisset, Si ipse quesisset. Sciat enim me non omnibus

>

erutis usum;” I hope he will not add with Ausonius, “ et
quibusdam oblatis abusum.”

Should curiosity induce any one to inquire who is the trans-
lator of this treatise, let it suffice, that he is an humble indi-
vidual of retired habits, too utterly unknown to the world to
expect that any additional interest will be imparted to his
labours by the publication of the name of their author :—that
he is in the enjoyment of the ease and freedom of a private
scene, where, in the felicitous language of Sir W. Temple,

‘a man may go his own way and his own pace :”—that his

Plin. in Prefat.
Vespas.

Chaucer, As-
sembl, of Fowls.

Ausonius Sym-
macho.Griphus.

On Gardening
Miscell. Pt. 11.

Darcius δἴθηυ"
sinus.

Plin. Panegyr.
Trajan. 81.

Terent. Andr.
ACs 1. SC. 1. 285.

44 PREFACE,

pursuits at home and abroad are rationally diversified. ‘ For
honest pleasures,” like Brathwait’s gentleman, ‘ he is neither
so Stoicall as wholly to contemne them, nor so Epicureall as too
sensually to affect them.” ‘‘ There is no delight on mountaine,
vale, coppice, or river, whereof he makes not an usefull and

contemplative pleasure ;”

At sylve gelidique specus, cava lustra ferarum,
Ruraque, et arcana labentia flumina valle

Sunt animo!

But his ““ hour-beguiling pastime,” when not occupied in any
of the more important duties of life, ‘‘ si quandd cum influen-
tibus negotiis paria fecit, instar refectionis,” is that of a theo-
retical and practical courser— desirous of acquiring, in the
sedentary retirement of his library, the science of active
enjoyment in the field; and of elucidating the mysteries of
the leash, and the pertinent anecdotes of animal biography, by
collecting in one point of view the scattered glimmerings of
classical antiquity, and the illustrations of more modern days,
relative to an elegant and manly diversion :—directing the whole
under the guidance of experience, and the name of the father

of the leash, to the advancement of human recreation.

Quod plerique omnes faciunt adolescentuli,

Ut animum ad aliquod studium adjungant, aut equos
Alere, aut canes ad venandum, aut ad philosophos :
Horum ille nihil egregie preter cetera

Studebat, et tamen omnia hxc mediocriter.

The translator has his hack, his greyhound, and his slipper,
(xuvaywyos,) participating of the unimportant character of their

master, and equally devoid of interest in the eyes of the public.

PREFACE. 45

All, therefore, are consigned to the same fate, and merged in
one common namelessness ; spite of the example of Hippamon
of old, in the metrical commemoration of his sporting establish-
ment:

᾿Ανδρὶ μὲν Ἱππάμων ὄνομ᾽ ἦν, ἵππῳ δὲ Πόδαργος,
καὶ κυνὶ Λήθαργος, καὶ θεράποντι Βάβης.

With regard to the Appendix,

Si quis tamen hee quoque, si quis
Captus amore leget,

I have only a few remarks to make. To many, though mere
sciolists in natural history, it must have appeared, during their
progress in classical reading, that much ignorance of the
varieties of the canine race is shown by annotators. With the
gentlemen ἃ societate Jesu, and others who have favoured us
with their expositions of the ancients, there is too great an
inclination to generalize both as to the names and properties
of the canine tribe. The “ veloces Sparte catuli”! are all
“« lévriers,” though there was not, according to Arrian, (and
he is supported by Blumenbach,) a greyhound in the whole

of ancient Greece: and certainly as “ the babbling echo

1. These terms are also misapplied in the Cynegeticon of the poet of Barga, and in
the Album Dianw Leporicide of Savary of Caen. The latter, speaking of Spain and
Italy, says—

Non alit in leporem catulos nisi forte Lacones
Hesperia, &c.

and of the Italians and their chase he writes,

Et lepori indicunt solo Lacedemone bellum.

Apud Pollucis
Onomasticon.

Lib. τ. p. 5.

Lib. 1. p. 6.

Macbeth, act
TI. (SCs Te

Gratii Cyneg.
1

.

46 PREFACE.

mocked them” in their quick-scented pursuit of the Laconian
quarry, they could be no more entitled to the appellation, than
any sharp-nosed mongrel, bred in modern days, between a
sagacious yelping hound, and a prick-eared shepherd’s cur.
Upon the same principle of generalization, all truculent Mo-
lossi, C. Custodes, Pecuarii, &c. are by these worthies at once

2

dismissed as Gallicé ‘ dogues,” Anglicé “ mastiffs,” without
an attempt to particularize their respective attributes in war-
fare, or the chase, or the economy of rural life.

Hounds, and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs,

Shoughs, water-rugs, and demi-wolves, are cleped

All by the name of dogs; the valued file

Distinguishes the swift, the slow, the subtle,

The housekeeper, the hunter, every one

According to the gift which bounteous nature

Hath in him closed; whereby he does receive

Particular addition, from the bill
That writes them all alike.

This confusion of nomenclature might pass at school, but not
longer. Subsequent experience, and the reflection of maturer
years would direct the attention of many literary ruralists to
the occasional correction of errors in the canine vocabulary.
Such at least has been the case with the writer of these pages ;
and he conceives that errors, apparent to him, must have been
manifest to others. Nor is a misapprehension of some of the
names and qualities of the individuals of this multifarious genus

(Mille canum patrie, ductique ab origine mores
Cuique sud)

to be wondered at in scholiasts and commentators ; when we
consider their monkish habits of indolent seclusion, and how

unfit and unwilling they were to ascertain by actual expe-

PREFACE. 47

riment, whether Pliny was correct in affirming that Minerva
was as fond of traversing the hills as Diana. “‘ These bookish

?

fellowes,” in the words of Sir John Harrington, ‘‘ could judge
of no sports, but within the verge of the fair fields of Helicon,
Pindus, and Parnassus.” Their practice in the field was not
commensurate with their scholastic knowledge. Very few

carried their note-books, like the learned and indefatigable

Vlitius to the covert side, and examined the difficulties of

rural poetry, and obscure allusions to canine instinct in the
field of experience. And unless they did so, they had little
chance of becoming acquainted with the sylvan goddess, who
tells us in her petition to her sire, that she rarely descends

from her mountain haunts into the cities of men ;

σπαρνὸν yap ὅτ᾽ Ἄρτεμις ἄστυ κάτεισιν.

“ Ὁ
οὔρεσιν OLKT]}TW.

Wherever the different sporting dogs of antiquity are alluded
to, or mentioned by name in the Cynegeticus of Arrian, or the
classical works to which I have had occasion to refer in
illustration of it, I have endeavoured to clear up some of the
obscurity, in which they were enveloped; by classifying
varieties, and in a few cases even individuals, and comparing
ancient types with modern representatives. This I have at-
tempted more especially in relation to the ancient British dogs,
and the Celtic greyhound (the subject of Arrian’s Treatise), as

being of paramount interest to the British courser.

ὦ πόποι, οἷον τοῦτο θεοὶ ποίησαν ἄνακτες

θηρίον ἀνθρώποισι μετέμμεναι" ws ἐπιμηθές.

The observations and extracts on these points, more trite

A New Dis-
course of a Stale
Subject, &c.

Callimach. H.
in Dian.

Theocriti Idyll.
XXYV. VS. 78.

48 PREFACE.

probably than recondite, have been thrown together in an
appendix, which I hope may be found amusing to any literary

sportsman who may condescend to peruse them.

LA CHAUSSE.

BEGER.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

BIOGRAPHICAL

NOTICES.

LA CHAUSSE. ~~~

NUNN
‘it ὧν ΔᾺΝ
ὶ ih SN
\N

\ δ δ
Νῦν
ye KS
s ( Ὁ
“5, “4-

ORLEAWS

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

OF THE

CY NEGETICUS,

OR

WORK ON COURSING.

Tur Cynegeticus was originally written by Arrian, in imita-
tion of Xenophon’s Treatise de Venatione, to supply the
lacune of that work in the particular department of Coursing.

The manuscript seems to have been neglected in the Vatican
library for several years after it had been first discovered, in
consequence of its bearing the name of Xenophon: for the
persons who accidentally met with it, not being aware of
Arrian’s assumption of that title, took no pains to examine it,
under an impression that it was the edited Cynegeticus of the
elder Xenophon, and not a new and unknown treatise on a
different branch of the same subject, by an author of the same
assumed name, a pseudo-Xenophon.

We are told by Mausacus that Rigaltius intended to have
edited it with the Scriptores de Re Accipitraria et de Cura
Canum, (the first edition of which he published in 1612, with
a forged epistle in Castilian and Latin from Aquila Sym-
machus and Theodotion to a Ptolemy, King of Egypt,) but the

Poem. Ferdin.
Lib. Baron de
Furstenberg.

52 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

printers refused their consent, unless he added a Latin trans-
lation; a desideratum which was afterwards supplied by
Holstein in the first edition. Henry Stephens, however, had
previously perused the unpublished treatise, and given to the
world, in his Schediasmata, some observations on different
passages.

Holstein, the first editor, was a celebrated scholar of his
day, and is commemorated in the Sept. Illustr. Vir. Poemata
as—

Graie Latizque Minerve
Artibus, Eois notus et Hesperiis.

His edition issued from the Paris press of Sebastian. and Ga-
briel Cramoisy in the year 1644. The Greek text, and version
attached to it, were amended by Blancard in his Amsterdam
edition of 1683; which contains also the minor works of Ar-
rian, and the pertinent schediasmata of Henry Stephens above
mentioned. My library affords no editions but the above two,
and the accurate reprint of Schneider by the University of
Oxford in 1817. The last is certainly the best edition of the
Cynegeticus of Arrian which I have seen. The Clarendon
press also published in the same volume the Cynegeticus of
the elder Xenophon, and his Opuscula Politica; the same
collection of the minor works as Zeune comprehended in one
volume, printed at Leipsic, 1778.

M. Gail is reported to have published a French translation
of the work, with critical notes and dissertations, at Paris,
in 1801: but, notwithstanding repeated applications to the
Parisian booksellers, I have not been able to procure a copy.
Equally unsuccessful have been my endeavours to obtain from
the same source Defermat’s version, published by Hortemels
of Paris, in 1690. The latter, however, in consequence of the
literary character given of its author by Belin de Ballu, in his
prolegomena to Oppian, Ido not much regret. It accompa-

OF THE CYNEGETICUS. 53

nied a French version of the two last books of the Cynegetics
of the Cilician poet, which are stated to abound in errors of
translation, and to be performed in a tedious and barbarous
style by Defermat, eminent as a mathematician, but of mode-
rate attainment in Greek literature.

The present version was completed before 1 was aware of
any prior attempt to translate the Cynegeticus into English :
the first notice of which, in the partial labours of Mr. Blane,
was derived from Schneider’s annotations. I do not believe
any other to exist in the English language, with the exception
of such fragments of the treatise as may have been occasionally
made to speak English, on the emergency of a periodical publi-
cation needing an article on Coursing ; or a literary sportsman
wishing to enliven his communications by a reference to the
manual, and quoting it in his vernacular tongue.

Mr. Blane’s attempt did not extend apparently to the whole
treatise. It is in parts inaccurately executed, and omits nu-
merous sentences, where he professes to translate ; and whole
chapters in sequence, where we can see no reason for omission.
The fourth, and ten following chapters to the fourteenth inclu-
sive, and the twenty-third and twelve following chapters to the
thirty-fifth inclusive, are entirely omitted by this capricious
translator. Since, then, in a work consisting of only thirty-five
chapters, he has, without assigning any cause, passed over
twenty-four unnoticed, nearly all of them important to practical
coursers, some evincing the kindly feelings of their author, (as
for instance, the one containing the affectionate history of his
beloved dog Hormé,) and others most honourable to his huma-
nity, and confirmative of the purity of his religious faith, opera-
tive in a heathen breast, (as the two closing chapters, showing,
amidst much fabulous allusion, his unreserved acknowledgment
of human dependence on divine aid, and the certainty of evil
and misfortune being consequent on irreligion and moral trans-
gression,) 1 hope a complete translation of this ancient courser’s

enchiridion will not be considered an useless undertaking.

Luciani Alex-
ander seu Pseu-
domantis.

Arriani Cyne-
getic. passim.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF ARRIAN.

᾿Ανὴρ Ῥωμαίων ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις, καὶ παιδείᾳ παρ᾽ ὅλον τὸν βίον cvyyevduevos.

Mr. Appison has remarked, that ‘‘ a reader seldom peruses
a book with pleasure till he knows whether the writer of it be
a black or a fair man, of a mild or a choleric disposition,
married, or a bachelor, with other particulars of the like
nature, that conduce very much to the right understanding of
anauthor.” If, however, the satisfaction of perusing the Cy-
negeticus of Arrian be dependent on a previous acquaintance
with these personal particulars of their author, I fear the
modern reader will regret the insufficiency of the following
biographical notice. Scanty as it is, it contains all the infor-
mation I have been able to collect relative to the younger
Xenophon. ἦ

Flavius Arrianus® was a citizen both of Athens and Rome,
of Grecian extraction, and born probably in the reign of
Domitian, at Nicomedia, a celebrated city of Bithynia ; where,
according to Photius on the authority of our author’s ‘ Bithy-

1. Arrian invariably calls himself Xenophon; and his predecessor of the same
name he designates, for distinction’s sake, τὸν πάλαι, τὸν πρεσβύτερον. In the
Cynegeticus he refers to him as τῷ Γρύλλου, TH ἐμαυτοῦ ὁμωνύμῳ, ἐκείνῳ τῷ
Eevopavtt. J

2. With the citizenship of Rome, bestowed upon him by the Emperor, when in
Greece, as it is supposed, A.D. 124, he assumed the Roman name of Flavius: and
subsequent to his return from the prefecture of Cappadocia, he was probably’ raised
to the consulate.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF ARRIAN. 55
nica,”’ a lost work on the subject of his native country, he was
priest of Ceres and Proserpine, to whom the city of Nicomedia
was sacred. His fondness for polite literature, and celebrity
for philosophical knowledge, acquired him the honour of the
twofold citizenship. But, though a friend and disciple of
Epictetus, and the first recorder of his Stoical Apophthegms—
Φιλόσοφος μὲν ἐπιστήμην, εἷς τῶν ὁμιλητῶν ᾿Επικτήτου, he appears,
like the elder Xenophon, to have been much engaged in
military affairs ; and as Roman prefect of Cappadocia, in the
reign of Hadrian, to have taken an active part in the war
against the Alani and Massagete, a people bred to eternal

warfare—

duros zterni Martis Alanos,

It is related by Dion Cassius, and the epitomizer Xiphilin,

that the Scythian barbarians under Pharasmanes having com-

mitted great havock and spoil in Media, (A.D. 136.) had
begun to threaten Armenia and Cappadocia ; but finding Fla-
vius Arrianus, the prefect of the latter province, better pre-
pared for their reception than they had anticipated, they were
induced, partly by the bribes of Vologesus, and partly through
fear of the governor, to retire from the territory under his
jurisdiction.

Suidas, on the authority of Heliconius, states that Arrian
was advanced to the senatorial and consular dignities, and that
he was denominated ‘‘ the second Xenophon” from the sweet-
ness of his literary style. And Photius also, in his ‘‘ Ecloge,”
speaking of our author’s ‘‘ Parthica” observes, ἐπωνόμαζον αὐτὸν
Ξενοφῶντα νέον' διὰ δὲ τὸ παιδείας ἐπίσημον, ἄλλας τε πολιτικὰς
ἀρχὰς ἐπιστεύθη, καὶ εἰς τὸ τῶν ὑπάτων ἀνέβη τέλος : and again he
adds, δῆλον δὲ ὡς οὐδὲ ῥητορικῆς σοφίας τε καὶ δυνάμεως ἀπελείπετο.

Like his namesake, as I have remarked, he united the
character of a man of letters with that of a warrior, dedicating

Arriani_ Bithy-
nica et Parthica
apud Photii Ec-
logas.

Lucan. Pharsal.
L. viii.

Dion. Cassii
Hist. Roman.
Wp LkIx.

Oppian. Hali-
eut. τ. vs, 600.

Or

6 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

a great portion of his time to philosophical and _ historical re-
search. But it is not my intention to enlarge on his literary
character in general, nor to enter in detail into the merits of
his several compositions.

His principal historical work, “ΚΝ The Anabasis of Alexander,
though composed,” says Dr. Robertson, “‘ long after Greece had
lost its liberty, and in an age when genius and taste were on
the decline, is not unworthy the purest times of Attic lite-
rature.” And his “ Indian history is one of the most curious
treatises transmitted to us from antiquity.” The latter may be
considered an episode to the former. It is partly historical
and partly geographical, and will be found to contain a fund
of entertainment.

On the model of the Socratic Xenophon, he committed to
writing the dictates of Epictetus, during the philosopher’s life-
time, and published them as his dissertations :—1 subsequently
compiling his Enchiridion or manual—a brief compendium of
all the principles of his master, and acknowledged to be one
of the most valuable and beautiful pieces of morality extant.

His Periplus of the Euxine, in the form of a letter from its
author to the Emperor, contains an accurate topographical
survey of the coast of that sea,

πάσης γλυκερώτερος ἀμφιτρίτης
κόλπος,

from the commencement of his voyage at Trapezus, within his
own prefecture of Cappadocia, to its completion at Byzantium ;
and was written probably while he held his office of command

in the province, a short time before the breaking out of the

1. Aulus Gellius particularly authenticates his literary connexion with Epictetus,
where he alludes (Noct. Attic. L. xrx, c. 1.) to the latter’s διαλέξεις “ ab Arriano
digestas,” &c.

OF ARRIAN. 57

war against the Alani. Many learned men, as Ramusius,
Ortelius, and others, have doubted whether he wrote the Peri-
plus of the Erythrean Sea, which sometimes passes under his
name ; indeed the late Dean of Westminster says positively
“it is not the work of Arrian of Nicomedia :” but his claim to
the Circumnavigation of the Euxine has never been disputed.
It was compiled expressly for the Emperor ; who, according to
Spartian and Dion Cassius, was particularly attached to geo-
graphical research, and had visited in person a large portion of
his extensive dominions—‘‘ orbem Romanorum circumivit.”
The elder Xenophon is spoken of, sub initio, by our scientific
geographer, in the same relative terms, as in the Cynegeticus,
ὡς λέγει 6 Ξενοφῶν ἐκεῖνος, and it is fair to infer that the Periplus
and Cynegeticus are the works of the same individual.

In his Tactics, written, as he states himself, in the 20th year of
the reign of Hadrian, there is a brief account of former writers on
this subject, and a description of the order and arrangement of
an army in general: but in the “ Acies contra Alanos,” a short
and imperfect fragment annexed thereto, the particular instruc-
tions,' which were delivered by him as general, for the march
of the Roman army against the northern barbarians, are mi-
nutely given.

Fragments of other historical works, supposed to have been
written by him, are preserved by the learned and indefatigable
patriarch of Constantinople—“‘ The History of Events subse-
quent to Alexander’s Death, in 10 books,” ‘ The Parthica, in
17 books,” and ““ Bithynica, in 8 books.” Under the review
of the first of which works, the Byzantine has left us his opi-

1. These instructions are written, as military orders, in the imperative mood. ‘O
δὲ ἡγεμὼν τῆς πάσης στρατιᾶς Ἐενοφῶν, τὸ πολὺ μὲν mpd τῶν σημείων τῶν πεζικῶν
ἡγείσθω, ἐπιφοιτάτω δὲ πάσῃ τῇ τάξει, K.T. A. Such were some of the duties which
he enjoined on himself as commander-in-chief,

H

Eutropii L.

VIII.

Arriani Tactica.
Sub fine,

Photii Ecloge
de Rebus post
Alexandr. ges-
tis.

Rutropii
L. viii.

De Remediis
1: Ἐπ Τρ IDE

XXXII.

58 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

nion of Arrian as an historiographer, and of the style of his
compositions : ἀνὴρ οὐδενὸς τῶν ἄριστα συνταξαμένων ἱστορίας δεύτε-
005, ἈΚ. T. A.

Of the Libellus de Venatione, the treatise on Coursing, I
have already made mention; and shall merely add, what is in
some degree pertinent to the subject, that there seems to have
been a strong similarity of taste between Hadrian and our
author. The Emperor, like his prefect, was not only inti-
mately conversant with Greek and Latin literature, ‘‘ facundis-
simus Latino sermone, Greco eruditissimus,” but also pas-
sionately fond of the chase. While living in his native town
of Italica in Spain, Spartian tells us, he bore the title of Grae-
culus, and was, at the same time, ‘‘ venandi usque ad reprehen-
sionem studiosus—equos et canes sic amavit, ut eis sepulchra
constitueret.” To such a height did he carry this regard, that,
according to Xiphilin, he graced a monument to the memory of
his beloved hunter Borysthenes, with an inscription written by

his own pen :

Borysthenes Alanus

Cesareus Veredus, &c.

For all which unbounded affection for the brute creation, the
reader may remember, he incurs the severity of Petrarch’s
satire in the dialogue ‘“‘ de Venatu et Aucupio.”’

Whether the similarity of Arrian’s rural diversions to those
of Hadrian in early life, co-operated with other causes to his
elevation by so capricious and eccentric a patron, must ever
remain doubtful. He is not mentioned by name in the bio-
graphy of Hadrian by Spartian: where it is stated, in general
terms only, of this singular Emperor, that he was on terms of
familiar intimacy with Epictetus, Heliodorus, and all gramma-
rians, rhetoricians, &c. Of his acquaintance with the eminent
men of his capital there can be no doubt, and his roving dispo-

OF ARRIAN. 59

sition must have introduced such to his notice in the colonies
and more distant parts of the empire. One, therefore, who
had been following the same pursuits with himself from his
youth upwards, a sportsman, a military tactician, and a joint
friend of Epictetus, was not likely to escape him. Besides, we
are assured that he was, on all occasions, sociable in his field
amusements, ‘‘ venationem semper cum amicis participavit ;”
and therefore we may suppose that the literary founder of
Adrianothere would gladly avail himself of the earliest oppor-
tunity of adding to his personal friends and sporting associates
the most accomplished writer and courser of his day. We
know how much the pleasure of intercourse is enhanced by
identity of pursuit ; and how strong the hold which innocent
amusements, shared with congenial friends, have on our affec-

tions !.

ov γάρ τις κέντρυισι δαμεὶς ἄγρης ἐρατεινῆς

αὖτις ἑκὼν λείψειεν, ἔχει δέ μιν ἄσπετα δεσμά.

As to the period of his life at which Arrian may be supposed
to have written the Cynegeticus, the inference to be drawn
from the meagre paragraph of autobiography in the first
chapter, wherein he states his fitness to supply the deficiencies
of the elder Xenophon’s work, from having been ἀμφὶ ταὐτὰ ἀπὸ
νέου tomovdaxws, κυνηγέσια καὶ στρατηγίαν καὶ σοφίαν, although it
establishes the fact of his early predilection for field sports, yet
it rather militdtes against the idea of the Cynegeticus having
been written at a very early period of the author’s life. How-
ever, be this as it may, his patronage of “ the long dogs” con-
tinued at the time of his writing this libellus ; and his beloved
Ὁρμὴ, ὠκυτάτη, καὶ σοφωτάτη, καὶ ἱεροτάτη, was then in his
possession, living seemingly in the closest intimacy with his
attached and philosophic master, and sharing with Megillus his
society at home and abroad, the well-earned recompense in

Oppian. Cyneg.

II, vs. 32.

De Venat. c. 1.

Ejusdem c. v.

Arrian, de Ex-
ped. Alexand,
lbp iG) (Gy ἜΤΙ
Vide Raphelii
annotat. in loc.

60 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

declining years of the excellence he had manifested in the
vigour of his youthful days on the coursing plain; where, in
Arrian’s own words of eulogy, τέτταρσιν ἤδη ποτὲ Awywois ἐφ᾽ ἡλι-
κίας ἀντήρκησεν.1

Antiquity is almost silent relative to the personal history of
the younger Xenophon ;* and as an autobiographer, he seems
to have been desirous that nothing should be known of himself
or family; but rather that his personal history should be
darkened under the doubtful celebrity of anonymous author-
ship, or merged in the somewhat arrogant assumption of a
fictitious and equivocal title. In the conclusion of the 12th
chapter of the Ist book of his History of Alexander’s Anabasis,
he says that the number and magnitude of the exploits of the
son of Philip, were his inducement to record them, not deeming
himself altogether unworthy to transmit them to posterity.
““ But who I am,” he continues, ‘ that thus characterise my-
self, and what my name, (though far from obscure,) it concerns
the reader but little to know. Neither would an account of my
family, my city, nor such offices as I have there borne, be of
any use to him. Be it sufficient for him to know, that an
ardent love of literature, in which I have constantly indulged
myself from youth, has been with me instead of family con-
nexion, and civic and magisterial honours. Wherefore I may
perhaps be little less worthy of a place among the most cele-

brated authors of Greece, than Alexander among her most
illustrious heroes.”

1. The practical courser will not deny to Hormé the merit, which on his lord’s
voucher, he is entitled to; few greyhounds, even in their prime, in modern days,
could vie with their redoubted prototype and master four hares per diem. ;

2. In addition to the authors already cited, or referred to, he is also mentioned by
Arnobius, towards the close of his second book.

It is a truth worth recording, that, from Photius to Saint-Croix and Chaussard,
the last translator of Alexander’s Anabasis, no writer has impugned his veracity and
honesty as an historian, nor his literary style as a scholar.

OF ARRIAN. 61

After the brief sketch which I have given of the writings of
the younger Xenophon, it must strike every one that he was
influenced in the choice of his subjects as an author, by a
recollection of what had engaged the literary attention of his
celebrated namesake; and that while writing under the same
personal appellative, he probably proposed to imitate the mat-
ter and style of composition of his prototype—icyvos τὴν φράσιν,
καὶ μιμητὴς ws ἀληθῶς Ξενοφῶντος.

Under this view of his works we have the dissertations of
Epictetus from the pen of his most renowned follower, the
Bithynian Xenophon, and the Memorabilia of Socrates from
that of the son of Gryllus, the most eminent disciple of the
Socratic school: the Anabasis of Alexander for that of Cyrus,
with the same distribution of the work into seven books, and
the same title. The Hellenica of Xenophon gave birth to the
Parthica and Bithynica of Arrian: and in imitation of the
Essay on Hunting, our pseudo-Xenophon has left us his
Observations on Coursing.

Upon their general similarity of character in active life I
have already remarked, and shall only observe farther, that,
as far as we can judge from the scanty personal anecdotes
which have survived of the younger, for comparison with those
of the elder philosopher, this similarity appears to have extended
to the frame and composition of their minds. Many of the
same excellencies, and respectable weaknesses of character,
co-existed in both ; the same patient and unerring virtue—the
same kind and generous feeling—the same credulous and
enthusiastic regard to celestial admonitions—reifouévous τεράεσσι
eav—with a proportionate degree of the purest heathen piety.

If it be stigmatised with the title of superstitious credulity
in the priest of Ceres, that he supposed himself led by divine
inspiration to write the history of a man, οὐδενὶ ἄλλῳ ἀνθρώπων
ἐοικώς, 1 would plead his enthusiastic admiration of his hero in

Phot. Eclog.
Arrian. Parthi-
ca.

De Expedit.
Alexandri L.
VII. 6. XXX.

Jugement sur
les Anciens
Principaux His-
toriens, &c. p.
84.

62 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

palliation of the fond supposition, qualified as it is, with equal
good sense and piety, in the concluding sentences of the
Anabasis ; where he states that as so extraordinary a person
as Alexander could not have risen up in the world without
divine interference—ovs ἔξω τοῦ θείου - so, with admiration of
his good qualities, and reprobation of his bad ones, with a
strict regard to truth, and public utility, he professes himself
his historian, writing, as he verily believes, under the same
divine influence that first gave being to the subject of his
memoir.

Surely such a belief in heavenly interference, exciting its
professor to what is just and honourable, and deterring him
from every breach of propriety, as an historian of truth, must
be applauded by every fair and impartial judge of human
character ; and more particularly so, when in the person of a
Stoic, unenlightened by any philosophy but that of Epictetus,
it could have no other foundation than innate rectitude of
mind.

Under the conviction that Arrian’s expectation of posthu-
mous fame has been realized in general, and that my brethren
of the leash will award him particular honour as the first writer
of a Courser’s Manual, I conclude this brief sketch of his life
and literary labours ; which might have been more full, if his
biography by Dion Cassius had come down to us.

As the compiler of the Stoical philosophy of “ the Phrygian
Slave,” the historian of the son of Philip,’ the hydrographer
of the Euxine, a military tactician, a warrior-prefect, and a

1. The vanity which La Mothe Le Vayer discovers, so glaring in his history, and
more particularly in what he says of himself in the 12th chapter of the first book of the
Anabasis of Alexander, before quoted, and from which Gronovius and Raphelius
salisfactorily exculpate him, I confess I do not see. The pride of the historian is
not beyond the dignity of bis subject.

OF ARRIAN. 63

classic courser, he has left works behind him which will en-
dure as long as literature itself ;—he has done all in his power
to benefit and instruct mankind in various departments of
human learning ;—has contributed his mite to the advance-
ment of rational science and healthful recreation, and proved |
himself worthy of the immortality he so fondly anticipated.

LA CHAUSSE.

ΕΑ Ἐ ΤΠ

ARRIAN ON COURSING.

Οὐ γάρ τοι οὐδ᾽ ἴσος ὃ ἀγὼν λαγωῷ καὶ κυνί: ἀλλ᾽ ὃ μὲν, ὅποι βούλεται, θεῖ, ἡ δὲ
ἄλλῳ ἐφομαρτεῖ" καὶ ὃ μὲν ἐξελίξας τὸν δρόμον καὶ διαῤῥίψας τὴν κύνα tera τοῦ πρόσω,
ἡ δὲ, εἰ διαῤῥιφθείη, πλάζεται" καὶ ἀνάγκη φθάσαντα αὖ μεταθεῖν καὶ ἀναλαβεῖν, ὅσον
ἐξηνέχθη τοῦ Spduov.—ARRIAN. DE ΨΈΝΑΤ. 6. XVII.

—— Canis in vacuo leporem cum Gallicus arvo
Vidit ; et hic predam pedibus petit, ille salutem :
Alter inhzsuro similis, jam jamque tenere
Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ;
Alter in ambiguo est, an sit deprensus, et ipsis
Morsibus eripitur ; tangentiaque ora relinquit.
Ovip. Meram. L, 1. 533.

If for sylvan sports thy bosom glow,

Let thy fleet greyhound urge his flying foe.
With what delight the rapid course I view!

How does my eye the circling race pursue !

He snaps deceitful air with empty jaws,

The subtle hare darts swift beneath his paws :
She flies, he stretches: now with nimble bound
Eager he pre$ses on, but overshoots his ground :
She turns, he winds, and soon regains the way,
Then tears with gory mouth the screaming prey.
Gay’s Rurau Sports, Canto 11, 289.

CULAS -

+

Ῥ rotendere

Yury.

ies

Le

parvos

mM

et

DEM Per,

ie
ν᾿

ψ V. 200.

Nemescar. ὦ

ΤΟ OM

AM

BRITISH MC

Ι, §

COURSING.

ARRIAN ON

Tue advantages that accrue to mankind from hunting, and
the regard of the Gods for those instructed in it by Chiron, !
and their honourable distinction throughout Greece, have been
related by Xenophon, the son of Gryllus.

He has pointed out the similitude between Cynegetical and
Military science ;? and the age, constitution, and frame of mind,*

1. Chiron, the son of Saturn and the nymph Philyra, is fabled to have received his
knowledge of hunting from Apollo and Diana; and to have instructed the numerous
disciples, recorded by Xenophon in the first chapter of his Cynegeticus, in the science
and practice of the chase.

Quis primus tulit ista viris? hominumne Defimne
Ingeniis inventa? dedit quis commoda tanta ?
Delia Phillyridem primum Chirona fugaces

In sparsos per rura greges, sylvaque vagantes
Armavit, fecitque vias in commoda tanta.

2. For the connexion of the Chase with Military Tactics, see Xenophon de Vena-
tione c. x11, the latter part of ὁ. x111. Cyropedia L.1.c. v. διὰ τοῦτο δημοσίᾳ τοῦ
θηρᾷν ἐπιμέλονται" ὅτι ἀληθεστάτη δοκεῖ αὕτη ἣ μελέτη τῶν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον εἶναι.
L. vit. c. xur. De Republica Lacedamon. c. rv.

3. See Xenophon de Venat. c. 11. whence the Greek poet of the chase has derived
the manners, dress, and weapons of his hunter: Oppian. Cyneget. 1. 81. The
curious reader will be amused with the illustration of Xenophon’s second chapter ; of
Gratius’s Cynegeticon, v. 332. and Oppian loc, cit. (all treating on the subject of the
hunter’s character, &c.) in Edmund de Langley’s flapster of Game ; wherein (c. x1x.

Cuap, I.
Preface.

Summary
of Xenophon’s
Cynegeticus.

Natalis Comes
de Venatione
L. Iv.

Cuap. I.

Omissions
therein.

Xenophon
de Venat. c. 11.

Jul. Pollucis
Onomast. L. v.
c. IV. 26. 27.

Minshei Emen-
datio in voce
Grei-hound.

68 ARRIAN

that essentially qualify for entering on the chase ;—has given
a description of purse-nets, hayes, and road-nets,* such as are
necessary to be prepared —the mode of fixing snares for ani-
mals that may be entrapped®’—the natural history of hares,
their food, haunts, forms, and the method of searching for
them—what dogs are clever at scenting, and what faulty —
and how, by their shape and work, each may be ascertained.
Some few remarks are also left by him on the boar-hunt, the
stag, bear, and lion chases—how these animals may be taken
by cunning and stratagem.

The omissions of his work (which do not appear to me to
have arisen from negligence, but from ignorance of the Celtic
breed of dogs, ® and the Scythian and African horses,) I shall

Ρ- 70.) he tutors the hunter from the age of seven or eight (‘‘ for 00 craft requireth al
a mannys lif or he be parfite therof, &c,”) in all the arcana of kennel management ;
and particularly enjoins that he be ‘ wel avised of his speche, and of his termys, and
ever glad to lerne, and that he be no booster ne jangelere,” &c.; and so Xenophon,
ἐπιθυμοῦντα τοῦ ἔργου καὶ Thy φωνὴν Ἕλληνα, Thy δὲ ἡλικίαν Ke τ. As

4. Three varieties of nets were employed by Grecian sportsmen, ἀρκύες, δικτύα, and
évodia, corresponding to the Roman casses, retia, and plag@. See Xenophon de V.
c,11. The first were conical, tunnel-shaped, purse-nets ; κεκρυφάλῳ δὲ ἐοίκασι κατὰ τὸ
σχῆμα, eis ὀξὺ καταλήγουσαι : the second, nets or hayes for open places, for encircling
coverts, &c. τὰ ἐν τοῖς ὁμαλοῖς, καὶ ἰσοπέδοις ἱστάμενα : the third, road-nets, for being
placed across roads, and tracks frequented by animals of chase, τὰ ἐν ταῖς ὅδοῖς of
Julius Pollux.

5. Xenophon treats of entrapping deer, &c. de Venat. c.1x.3; of hares, &c. c. v.
and vi.; of dogs, &c. c, 111, τν. and νι; of stag-hunting, &c.c.1x.; of the boar-
chase, c. x.; of the bear and lion chases, &c. c. x1.; and many of the same subjects
are beautifully described in the Cynegetics of the poet of Anazarbus, and delineated
in Montfaucon, Tom. 111., and in the rare plates of Joannes Stradanus and P, Galle,
under the title of ‘* Venationes Ferarum.”

6. Tod γένους τῶν κυνῶν τοῦ KeATixod—the greyhounds of modern days. Coursing
having been first practised by the inhabitants of Gallia Celtica, the greyhound was
called κυὼν Κελτικὸς, canis Gallicus, (quibus Galli maximé utuntur, and not Grei-
hound, 4. Grecian hound, quod primum fuerit in usu inter Grecos), A splendid
representation of this most elegant of the canine race is engraven by Pere Montfau-
con, Tom. 111. pl. 56, f. 5. from the Arch of Constantine, from whose work it has
been again copied on stone to illustrate this treatise. For an account of the Scythian
and African horses, see notes on chap. xxi. and xxiv.

ON COURSING. 69

endeavour to fill up: being his namesake and fellow-citizen, ἴ
of similar pursuits with himself, as a sportsman, a general,
and a philosopher—writing under the same feeling that ac-
tuated him, when he thought fit to amend the imperfections
of Simon’s work on horsemanship;® not out of rivalry with
its author, but from a conviction that his labours would be
useful to mankind.

In my opinion no proof is required that Xenophon was
ignorant of the Celtic breed of dogs, beyond this:' that the
nations inhabiting that district of Europe were unknown, *

7. See Biographical Notice of Arrian in the prefatory matter.

8. Xenophon de Re Equestri, c. 1. gives his reason for uniting his own opinions to
those of Simon, and filling up the omissions of his predecessor’s work : ‘* because his
friends would esteem his own opinions more deserving of confidence from agreeing

with those of so able an equestrian ;””

and moreover he undertakes to supply from his
own resources, whatever the dedicator of the brazen horse of the Eleusinium at Athens
had omitted to notice.

1. The two reasons in proof of the elder Xenophon’s ignorance of the Celtic breed
of swift-footed hounds are quite satisfactory: the one derived from the limited geo-
graphical knowledge of the Greeks, the other from the comparative speed of the hare
and hound, as described in his manual ; which statement is just the converse of what
it would have been, had he been acquainted with the genuine greyhound.

2. “Ayvwora γὰρ ἦν τὰ ἔθνη τῆς Εὐρώπης. The Greeks, in the elder Xenophon’s
days, appear to have known very little of the western countries of Europe, and scarce
any thing even of Italy itself. Itis true that there were, at that time, many Grecian
colonies westward, and through them a knowledge of the productions of the more
north-western interior might have reached the mother-country. But there was no
particular inducement for the Greek merchants to penetrate far inland: and the Celts
had not as yet crossed the Alps, nor even arrived at any part of the coast of the
Mediterranean—any well-known country. The very distance at which the father of
history places the Celts, viz. as “" the most remote people in Europe, after the Cy-
netes,” is an indication of this fact. It is the opinion of Niebuhr that the navigators
of Greece rarely visited the unexplored coasts of the occidental seas. Indeed, the
interior of Gaul was unknown even to the Romans before the time of Julius Czsar.
Although they were masters of Romana Provincia, a tract on the sea-coast conti-
guous to Italy, they knew nothing of the multitudinous tribes spread over the country
between the Rhine and the Ocean; which latter were not thoroughly known, nor
their manners and natural productions ascertained, till the visit of Augustus Cesar ;

Cuar., I.

Cuap. 11.

Proofs
of Xenophon’s
ignorance of
Celtic Dogs.

περὶ Ἱππικῆς,
Ce Ie

Geography of
Herodotus.

Cuap. II.

Expedit. Alex-
andri, L. 1.
Cc. IVe

Cesar. de Bell.

Gall. L. 1. δὲ 1.

70 ARRIAN

except the parts of Italy occupied by the Greeks, * and those
with whom they had commercial intercourse by sea. And

when probably the Romans first became acquainted with the native hound of the
interior.

It is impossible to speak with any degree of certainty of the origin and distribution
of the ancient Celtew, or Galdte, or Galli, as they were variously called by the
Greeks and Romans. Whether derived from Ashkenez, the grandson of Noah; or
from Celtus, Gallus, and Illyricus, sons of Polyphemus; or from Celtes, a king of
Gaul,—matters not. Leaving these knotty points of genealogy to others, let it suffice
that the Celts, at an early period, occupied a large portion of Western Europe.
Herodotus mentions them in Melpomene s. 49. ot ἔσχατοι πρὸς ἡλίου δυσμέων μετὰ
Κύνητας οἰκέουσι τῶν ἐν τῇ Εὐρώπῃ : and our author states that Celtic legates came
to Alexander from the shores of the Ionian sea, παρὰ Κελτῶν τῶν ἐπὶ τῷ "lovin κόλπῳ
φκισμένων ἧκον. Extensive as the name must have been at that time, it was subse-
quently confined to fewer tribes ; and, in the days of Julius Cesar, was appropriated
to the inhabitants of Gallia Celtica, a territory between the Loire and Seine, which
at a later period borrowed a new denomination from the celebrated colony of Lugdu-
num, or Lyons. ‘‘ Gallia est omnis divisain partes tres : quarum unam incolunt Belge ;
aliam Aquitani ; tertiam, qui ipsorum lingua Celte, nostra Galli appellantur.” But
I think it probable that Arrian did not intend to use the term Celtic in its limited
sense, as having reference exclusively to the district of Gaul so denominated by
Cesar, but as comprehending also the more southern parts of the country. So also
Silius Italicus, L. 111.

Pyrene celsa nimbosi verticis arce
Divisos Celtis alté prospectat Iberos.

And Oppian, in the conclusion of his third Halieutic :

“Ῥοδανοῖο παρὰ στόμα θηρητῆρες
Κελτοὶ---

Indeed Strabo, L.1., Plutarch, in Cesare, in Crasso; Appian, Bell. Civil. 2., and
others, call the Gauls in general by the name of Celta; and the ancient Greek geo-
graphers knew of only two nations in Europe besides themselves, the Celte and the
Scythe, the former in the West, the latter in the North.

3. The specific name of Graius, or Grecus, by which Linneus, Ray, and others,
have designated the greyhound, is unfortunate, as it has led to the erroneous opinion
that he was known to ancient Greece ; whereas it is satisfactorily proved by the
younger Xenophon, that his Athenian namesake was not only not acquainted with
the Celtic breed of dogs, but that no dogs of similar qualities were known to his
predecessor, when he wrote his celebrated treatise on Hunting. Skinner doubts the

ON COURSING. 7]

that he was unacquainted with any other breed of dogs, re-
sembling the Celtic in point of swiftness, is evident from these
words :—‘‘ whatever hares,” he says, ‘‘ are caught by dogs,
become their prey, contrary to the natural shape of the animal,
or accidentally.” * Now, if he had been acquainted with the
Celtic breed, I think he would have made the very same re-
mark on the dogs; ‘‘ whatever hares the dogs do not catch at
speed, they fail of catching in contradiction of their shape, or
from some accidental circumstance.” For assuredly when
greyhounds are in good condition, and of high courage, no

truth of Minshew’s assertion, already cited, of the Greeks having first employed the

’ says the former etymologist,

greyhound in the chase; ‘‘ quod facilé crediderim,’
“ si authorem laudasset.”’ I know of no authority for such an assertion, and discredit
the fact. Indeed, the belief of the existence of the courser’s hound in ancient Greece
may be traced to the misconceptions of the gentlemen “ ὃ Societate Jesu,” and
others, who have favoured us with their expositions of antiquity; and who have
understood every keen-nosed, latrant Spartan to be a genuine greyhound. Scholars,
ignorant of natural history, and naturalists ignorant of classical learning, have alike
given currency to the opinion, in opposition to the contrary statement of the text.

Against which the assumption of Savary of Caen,

Grecia perniciem leporum Lacedemona pridem
Emisit, &c.

and the quaint tale of Holinshed can have no weight. For with all due regard to the
laborious Raphael, and his coadjutors in historical research, Γ think it far more con-
sistent with probability that his “ peerlesse hounde”’ was a Celtic greyhound, (to

”

whom “‘ pleasantnesse of mouth” is incorrectly granted by historic licence,) the
associate of a Celtic Scot, proximately from Ireland, remotely from Celtic Gaul, than
as ‘ fetched so far as out of Grecia from a citie called Molosse, whence the breed of
him first came.”

4. Contrary to what you would suppose would be the result of a contest of speed
between them, on comparing the respective shapes of the two animals. The hare
being made for speed, and not so the dog, the former, if caught by the latter, is
caught παρὰ φύσιν σώματος : thence the inference of Arrian that Xenophon was un-
acquainted with greyhounds, who are made for speed, is a fair deduction. The words
of the latter are: κατὰ πόδας δὲ ob πολλάκις ὑπὸ τῶν κυνῶν διὰ τὸ τάχος κρατεῖται"
ὅσοι δὲ ἁλίσκονται, παρὰ φύσιν τοῦ σώματος, τύχῃ δὲ χρώμενοι" οὐδὲν γὰρ τῶν ὄντων
ἰσομέγεθες τούτῳ ὅμοιόν ἐστι πρὸς δρόμον' σύγκειται γὰρ ἐκ τοιούτων, κ. τ. As

Crap. II.

Skinner, Kty-
mologicon.

Album Diane
Leporicide,
Ρ- 5.

Historie of Ire-
lande, p. 8.

De Venatione,
Co Ve

Cuap. II.

Ovid. Fast.
IPG hee

De Natura Ani-
mal. L. 111.
Call

72 ARRIAN

hare can escape them; unless the country present some ob-
stacles, either a covert to conceal her, or a hollow deep pit to
break off the course, or a ditch to favour her escape while out
of sight of the dogs.

To this ignorance, in my. opinion, is to be attributed the
length of his instructions on driving the hare into nets, ὅ and
if she pass them, ὃ pursuing and recovering her by scent, till
she be taken, at last, completely tired out. But he has no
where said either that fleet dogs altogether supersede the
necessity of a sportsman having nets,7 or of his hunting by
scent after the hare has escaped them. Indeed he has de-
scribed only the mode of hunting which is practised by the
Carians and Cretans. ®

5. See Xenophon de Venat. c. v1.

6. Ei παραδράμοι τὰς &pxus—if she pass by the tunnel or purse-nets without enter-
ing their mouths. The &pxves or casses were placed, here and there, in the line of
the main hayes, δίκτυα or retia; and as the hare passed along exploring a place of
escape, terrified by the formido above, and the meshes below, (continuous except
where the purse-nets with the running noose, βρόχος or laqueus, were introduced,)
she attempted to pass at the supposed opening, and became by her struggles en-
tangled in the purse, which immediately closed at its slip-knot entrance. Arrian,
perhaps, uses the term ἄρκυς generically for every variety of net, and not specifically
for the tunnel. See the Venationes Ferarum of Johannes Stradensis and Philippus
Galle, tab. xvri1. ‘ Sic leporem in laqueos agitant,” &c.

7. In the 21st chapter Arrian remarks that greyhounds answer every purpose, and
supersede the use of nets altogether: he there writes τὰς ἀγαθὰς as synonymous to
τὰς ὠκείας ; and the latter epithet being more distinctive of the hounds intended to
be designated, I have so translated the former epithet in the present instance. Any
dog may be good of his kind, but a greyhound alone fleet.

8. Diana having been particularly worshipped in Crete, on the authority of Ovid’s

Pallada Cecropie, Minoia Creta Dianam
Vulcanum tellus Hypsipilea colit,

we expect to find the inhabitants addicted to hunting ; and such was their character
according to A‘lian: Κύων Κρῆσσα κούφη, καὶ ἁλτικὴ, καὶ ὀρειβασίαις σύντροφος" καὶ
μέντοι καὶ αὐτοὶ Κρῆτες τοιούτους αὑτοὺς παραδεικνῦσιν, καὶ ἄδει ἣ φήμη. But it is
worthy of notice that although Arrian attributes to Xenophon a description of the
hunting practices alone of the Cretans and Carians, there is no mention, in the Cyne-

~I
Co

ON COURSING,

But such of the Celts as hunt for the beauty of the sport,
and not as a means of livelihood, never make use of nets.
And yet they have a variety of dog not less clever at hunting
on scent than the Carian and Cretan,! but in shape sorry
brutes. In pursuit these give tongue with a clanging howl
like the yelping Carians, but are more eager, when they catch
the scent.* Sometimes, indeed, they gladden so outrageously,
even on a stale trail, that I have rated them for their excessive
barking,—alike on every scent, whether it be of the hare going
to form, or at speed.* In pursuing and recovering her, when

geticus of the latter, of these ardent spertsmen or their hounds, save that in his
chapter on boar-hunting he orders Indians, Cretans, Locrians, and Spartans to be
taken to the field, as a fit pack to contend with such ferocious game, μὴ τὰς ἐπιτυ-
χούσας (picked dogs) ἵνα ἕτοιμοι ὦσι πολεμεῖν τῷ θηρίῳ.

Arrian’s meaning therefore must be that Xenophon’s description, such as it is, (in
hare-bunting confined to the Castorian and Foxite hounds,) is applicable to the Ca-
rian and Cretan sporting alone, and can have no reference whatever to the peculiar
practices of the Celtic coursers. However, I do not believe the difference between
the Spartan and Cretan or Carian hounds to have been very marked, and Xenophon,
possibly, may have included the two latter with the former in his general classifica-
tion of καστόριαι and ἀλωπεκίδες.

1. Td Καρικὸν καὶ Κρητικόν. The Cretan and Carian hounds were amongst the
most celebrated of antiquity—powerful, quick-scented, and nimble. For a full
account of them see the Appendix.

2. The Celtic beagle, or Segusian hound, is well known to modern sportsmen,
answering exactly to the description here given of him. See the Appendix.

3. Αὐταὶ ἰχνεύουσαι σὺν κλαγγῇ καὶ ὑλαγμῷ. So Oppian,

ἀλλ᾽ ὁπότ᾽ ἴχνεος ὀψὲ διηερίοιο τυχήσῃ,

καγχαλάα, κνυζεῖ TE κεχαρμένος.

4. Τῷ δρομαίῳ οὐ μεῖον ἢ τῷ εὐναίῳ. Holsten has here misapprehended his author
in the version of the Ist edition. Xenophon, with his usual accuracy, explains the
difference of the two scents: τὰ μὲν εὐναῖα 6 λαγὼς πορεύεται ἐφιστάμενος, τὰ δὲ Spo-
μαῖα τάχυ. The former is of course a stronger scent than the latter; for the hare
goes slowly to her form, often stopping, and saturating the ground with her trail ; but
her pace, when pursued, is quickened, and leaves less impregnation. Wase thinks

K

Cuap. IT.
Celtic Saga-
cious Hounds.

Their Qualities.

Xenophon. de
Venat. c. x.

Ejusdem c, 111.

Oppian. Cyn. 1.
505.

De Venat. c. v.
τὰ

Cuapr. III.

Name.

Shape, &c.

Celtic Swift-
footed Hounds,

Vertragi.

Wase’s Preface
to his Transla-
tion of Gratius.

Cesar. DeB.G.
L. Ie 5. 10.

74 ARRIAN

started, they are not inferior to the Carians or Cretans, save in
the one point of speed.

It is good sport, if they kill but a single hare in the winter
season, so much resting-time do they give her in the chase ;
unless, indeed, by being frightened out of her wits at the
tumultuous uproar of the pack, she become an easy prey.

These dogs are called Segusians,° deriving their name from
a Celtic people, amongst whom, I suppose, they were first
bred, and held in repute. But® all that can be said about
them has been anticipated by the elder Xenophon. For they
manifest nothing different from others in their mode of finding,
or hunting their game ;—having no peculiarity, unless one
were inclined to speak of their shape, which I scarce think
worth while, except merely to say, that they are shaggy and
ugly; and such as are most high-bred are most unsightly.
So that the comparison of them to mendicants on the high-
ways is popular with the Celts. For their voice is dolorous
and pitiful ; and they do not bark on scent of their game, as if
eager and savage, but as if plaintively whining after it.

About these, then, I do not think any thing memorable can be
written. But the swift-footed Celtic hounds are called in the
Celtic tongue οὐέρτραγοι ; 7— not deriving their name from any
particular nation, like the Cretan, Carian, or Spartan dogs:

the ““ accessusque abitusque ferarum” of Gratius (Cyneg. v. 242.) has the same
meaning as these terms of Xenophon. Blane’s translation is here, as in almost every
passage of the least difficulty, erroneous.

5. Ἑγουσίαι. The Segusiani were inhabitants of Gallia Celtica on the western
side of the Rhone. ‘ Hisunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi.” By Cicero
they are called Sebusiani (pro P. Quintio), See C. Venatici Class II. in the
Appendix.

6. Xenophon’s observations on the mode of hunting of the dogs he has described,
(viz. the Castorian and Foxite hounds of Sparta,) have anticipated all that can be
said about these Segusian beagles. See Xenoph. de Venat. c. 111. c.1v. and c, vi.
The latter hounds are not mentioned in the Cynegeticus of the elder Xenophon.

7. Ovéprpayoi—Vertragi, Veltrache. See the etymology of this Celtic term ex-
plained in the Appendix, C. Venatici Class III. Our author is mistaken in deriving
the term ἀπὸ τῆς ὠκύτητος. Its roots are velt campus, and racha canis,

ON COURSING. 75

but, as some of the Cretans are named διάπονοι ὃ from working
hard, irae}? from their keenness, and mongrels from their being
compounded of both; so these Celts are named from their
swiftness. In figure, the most high-bred are a prodigy of
beauty ;!°—their eyes, their hair, their colour, and bodily
shape throughout. Such brilliancy of gloss is there about the
spottiness of the parti-coloured, and in those of uniform colour
such glistening over the sameness of tint, as to afford a most
delightful spectacle to an amateur of coursing.

I will specify the indications of speed and good breeding in
greyhounds,’ and by attention to what points ill-bred and
slow ones may be distinguished from them.

In the first place, let them be lengthy from head to tail :

a 5... ... (Ὁ Ὁ π86 Ὁ 0 Ὁ 6 τ: 9 πὲ ν 5πππϑϑ

8. Διάπονοι. So named, according to Pollux, because they not only kept up the
contest through the day, but slept near their antagonists, and went to work again in
the morning. ““ Perdita nec sere meminit decedere nocti.” Varius.

9. The trauat are probably the πάριπποι of Pollux.

10. Thy δὲ ἰδέαν, καλόν τι χρῆμά εἰσι, &c. How characteristic of the ἀνὴρ θηρευτι-
kbs of the text is this burst of admiration of the Vertragus, the fleetest and most
beautiful of hounds! ‘ Of all dogs whatsoever the most noble and princely, strong,
nimble, swift, and valient.”

* Blane omits this and ten succeeding chapters.

1. Λέξω δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς, &c. “1 too,” says Arrian, ““ will relate the indications,”
&c.; for Xenophon had also written on the external character of dogs, and it was
Arrian’s intention not to recapitulate what his predecessor had already discussed, but
to fill up the lacune of his treatise. The variety of hound, however, described by
the elder Xenophon being different, and the indications of excellence equally so, it
was necessary for the younger Athenian also to enter on the subject of external
character.

2. Μακραὶ ἔστωσαν ἀπὸ κεφαλῆς ἐπ᾽ οὐράν. So Xenophon of the Spartans, χρὴ
εἶναι μεγάλας, &c. Length of body is insisted on by the ancients as an essential
characteristic of γενναιότης in the horse, cow, and dog. Gratius notes the ‘* longum
latus” of the latter, and Oppian his μηκεδανὸν κρατερὸν δέμας, as necessary to per-
fection of form. Such a structure is generally indicative of speed : and as an example
the writer may specify a high-bred greyhound in his own possession, 5 feet 2 inches
long :

Ocyor cervis, et agente nimbos
Ocyor Euro.

Cuap. 111.

Their Beauty.

Car, LV: *

Marks of Speed
and good Blood.

Derived from
Shape.

Onomast. L. v.
c. v. Al.

Apud Macrob.
Saturnal.

The Countrey
Farme. c. XXII.

De Venatione,
C. IV.
Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 272.
Oppian. Cyneg.
1, 401.

Horat. L. 1.
Od, χνι.

παρ. IV.

External
Character
generally.

Sir Walter
Scott.

Rhetoric. L. 1.
Cae

Polluc. Onom.
LoVe Ὁ... 07.

Xenophon. de
Venat. c. 111.

SAapster of
Grane, c. xv.
fol. 66.

Oppian. Cyneg.
1,401.

76 ARRIAN

for in every variety of dog, you will find, on reflection, no one
point so indicative of speed and good breeding as length; and
on the other hand, no such mark of slowness and degeneracy
as shortness. So that I have even seen dogs with numerous
other faults, that have been, on account of their length, both
swift and high-couraged. And farther, the larger dogs, ἢ
when in other respects equal, show higher breeding than small
ones on the very score of size. But those large dogs are bad,
whose limbs are unknit, and destitute of symmetry ;* being
indeed, when so formed, worse than small dogs, with an equal
share of other faults attached to them.

Your greyhounds should have light and_ well-articulated
heads ; ° whether hooked® or flat nosed is not of much con-

Vlitius, the learned editor of the Poete Venatici, mentions that greyhounds were

ΕΣ

called in his day, κατ᾽ ἐξοχὴν, ““ the long dogs,” as by modern coursers.

3. Kal μὴν καὶ αἱ μείζονες---εὐφυέστεραι τῶν σμικρῶν.

Our most distinguished modern greyhounds, as Millar, ‘facilis cui plurima
palma,” Snowball, and others, have been large dogs, lengthy, muscular, and low on

the legs:

Who knows not Snowball? he whose race renown’d
Is still victorious on each coursing ground ?
Swaffham, Newmarket, and the Roman Camp,
Have seen them victors o’er each meaner stamp.

If we qualify the size by the conditions laid down by Aristotle in the ἀρεταὶ σώμα-
tos, we shall probably hit the mark as to μέγεθος, whose ἀρετὴ is defined τὸ ὑπερέχειν
κατὰ τὸ μῆκος, καὶ βάθος, καὶ πλάτος, τῶν πολλῶν, τοσούτῳ μείζονι, ὥστε μὴ Bpadv-
τέρας ποιεῖν τὰς κινήσεις διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολήν.

4. Pollux has well observed ἀρεταὶ δὲ κυνῶν, ἀπὸ μὲν σώματος, μεγάλαι, μηδὲ ἄσυμ-
μετροὶ, μηδὲ ἀνάρμοστοι.

The Vertragi, like Xenophon’s Spartan Foxites, should not be high on the legs,
nor loose-made—ai ὑψηλαὶ μὲν καὶ ἀσύμμετροι, ἀσύντακτα ἔχουσαι τὰ σώματα, Ropers
diaporrao.v—they labour in their course.

“ The good greyhounde,” says Edmund de Langley, ‘‘ shuld be of middel asise,
neither to moche neither to litel, and then is he good for alle beestis,” &c.

5. The head of the greyhound is a remarkable feature in his external character :

ἄρκιον ἠδὲ κάρηνον,
κοῦφον, ἐΐγληνον, κυαναὶ στίλβοιεν ὁπωπαί"

κάρχαρον, ἐκτάδιον τελέθοι στόμα.

ON COURSING. wh |

sequence : nor does it greatly matter whether the parts beneath
the forehead be protuberant with muscle.7 They are alone
bad which are heavy-headed, having thick nostrils, with a
blunt instead of a pointed termination. Such then are well-
headed hounds. Their eyes should be large, up-raised, clear,
strikingly bright. The best look fiery, and flash like lightning,
resembling those of leopards, lions, or lynxes.® Next to these

6. Xenophon reprobates hook-nosed hounds, ai δὲ γρυπαὶ ἄστομοι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὐ
κατέχουσι τὸν λαγῶ. Pollux would have the heads light and airy, κοῦφαι καὶ εὔφο-
pot: and when speaking on human anatomy, explains the terms γρυπαὶ and σιμαὶ,
ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ σιμοῦ, φαίης ἂν ὡς ἔστιν 7 ῥὶς ἐκ μέσων κοίλη" ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ γρυποῦ, ῥὶς
καμπύλη. Many of the features of Pollux’s portrait of the C. Venaticus are appro-
priate to the Celtic hound. See Onomast. L. v. c. 37.

The more modern Cynegetica agree, in all important points, with the structure
approved by Arrian: ‘‘ A greihounde shuld have a longe hede and somdele greet
ymakyd in the manere of a luce, a good large mouthe and good sesours the on agein
the other, so that the nether jawes passe not hem above, ne that thei above passe not
hem by nether.”

A grehounde sholde be
Heeded lyke a snake.

«« Capite et collo oblongis,’”’ says Belisarius: ‘‘ longo et plano capite,’’ Albertus.
“δ should have a fine, long, lean head, with a sharp nose rush-grown, from the
eyes downwards.”

7. “IvéSn—sinewy. Xenophon says, ἰνώδη τὰ κάτωθεν τῶν μετώπων : but his
namesake is indifferent on this point.

8. Oppian describes the eyes of lions as

ἤὌμματα δ᾽ αἰγλήεντα :
and again,
καὶ πυρὸς ἀστράπτουσιν am ὀφθαλμῶν ἀμαρυγαί :

of the leopard or panther,

ὄμμα φαεινὸν,
γλαυκιόωσι κόραι βλεφάροις ὑπὸ μαρμαίρουσι,
γλαυκιόωσιν ὁμοῦ τε, καὶ ἔνδοθι φοινίσσονται
αἰθομέναις ἵκελαι, πυριλαμπέες :

Cuar. LV.

De Venat.
c.f, also c.1v.
Onomastic. L.
Wall δὲ 9.
Onomastic. L.
Ils δ. 1Ve 19.

SAapster of
Grane, c. xv.
fol. 66.

Book of
Hawkyng, &c.
1486.

Markham’s
Countrey Con-
tent. B.1. p. 48.

Cyneg. 111.
v. 26.

ν. 32.

v. 69.

Cuap. IV.

Cuar. V.
Episode on

Arrian’s dog
Hormé.

Cyneg. 111.
v- 90.

fAlapster of
Game, c. Xv.
fol. 66.

Anacreon. Od.
KKDK.

Stephani Sche-
diasm. L. 1v»

Eustath.
ad Il. H, p. 692.

78 ARRIAN

are black eyes, provided they are wide-open and grim-looking ;
and last of all, grey: nor are these to be considered bad, nor
indicative of bad dogs, provided they are clear, and have a
savage look.

For I have myself bred up a hound whose eyes are the
ereyest of the grey; + a swift, hard-working, courageous,
sound-footed dog, and, in his prime, a match, at any time, for

four hares. He* is, moreover, (for while Iam writing, he is

of the lynx,

βλεφάροισιν ἀπ᾿ ὀφθαλμῶν ἀμαρυγαὶ
ἱμερόεν στράπτουσ. ᾿

9. Xenophon de Venat. c. 111. condemns blink-eyed and grey-eyed hounds as bad
and unsightly, αἰσχραὶ ὁρᾶσθαι : but Oppian particularly specifies blue eyes as pre-
ferable to all others ; and I have known many azure-eyed dogs of great merit. The

darker the eye, however, the better. 2

“ΗΒΓ eynne shuld be,” according to De
Langley, “ reed or blak as of a sphauke :”—“ full and clear, with long eye-lids,”’
according to Markham. The reader of Anacreon will understand the sort of eye

admired in the greyhound, from the

μέλαν ὄμμα γοργὸν ἔστω
κεκερασμένον γαλήνῃ---

of the 29th Ode; and at the same time, perhaps, smile at the quotation.

1. The early part of this chapter, devoted to the portraiture of the author’s beloved
Hormé, interrupts his general description of the greyhound’s shape, which he again
resumes after gratifying his personal feelings in an affectionate interlude of canine
biography ; ostensibly introduced to prove that a blue-eyed hound (κύνα χαροπὴν,
οἵαν Xapomwrarnv) may possess all the essential excellencies of his race.

2. I have taken the liberty of changing the sex of this favourite dog, according to
the example of Holsten ; because I think it probable that Arrian may have used the
feminine gender here, and generally through the treatise, not from the animal spoken
of having been really of that sex, but from its being usual with Xenophon and other
classic authors to employ the feminine gender when speaking of the dogs of the chase.
Indeed, it has been remarked by Eustathius and others, that such was the custom of
the ancient Greek writers, whenever they spoke of any kind of animals collectively.
But Arrian does not apply the feminine gender to dogs gregatim only, but also indivi-
dually : and the same prevalence of this gender is also observable in the Latin poets.

ON COURSING. 79

yet alive), most gentle, and kindly-affectioned ;* and never παν. V.
before had any dog such regard for myself, and friend and
fellow-sportsman, Megillus.4 For when not actually engaged
in coursing, he is never away from one or other of us.
But while I am at home he remains within, by my side, ac-
companies me on going abroad, ὅ follows me to the gymnasium,

It must be confessed, however, that the name Hormé (Angl. Rush) is more applica-
ble to a bitch than a dog.

3. It is generally believed that greyhounds have very weak attachments; and the Chronique de
fickle companions of Charles de Blois and of Richard II. favour such an opinion, age
But against these well-known examples of canine infidelity, we may place others of — Johnnes’s

extraordinary attachment to their lords; at the head of which let Hormé stand, Transl. V. 1v-

πρᾳοτάτη καὶ φιλανθρωποτάτη, the beloved and affectionate hound of the founder of Nite

the leash :
Possem multa canum variorum exempla referre, Natalis Comes
Ni pigeat studium parvarum noscere rerum. de Venat. L. 1.

To the tales of inviolable attachment recorded by the royal pen of Edmund Duke of
York, of ““ the greihounde boothe good and faire of Kyng Apollo of Lyonnys,” and ftlapster of
the ‘‘ wel good and faire greihounde that was Aubries of Mondidert,” the reader is Game, c. xi.

referred for farther examples; nor should he forget the martyr Charles’s dying eulogy ee
of the Celtic hound.
Vide J. C. Scaliger de Subtil. ad Card, Exerc. ccit. the last of the Historie Due
Nobilissime, sect. 6.
4. « Amans dominorum adulatio.” Cicero de Na-
turd Deor.

nulla homini magé prodiga grati
Officii quadrupes, dominisque fidelior ipsis !

says the kind-hearted poet of Venusium: and again,

J. Darcii Ve-

Usque sequetur ovans, tua nec vestigia quoquam nusini Canes.

Deseret, at lateri semper comes ibit herili.
Sistis iter? sistit—properas? velociis Euro
Scindit in obliquum campos, &c.

5. The following lines from a canine epitaph, ““ De Mopso fidissimo cane,” are
not inapposite :

Custos assiduus domi forisque Septem Illust.

Nostri principis, et comes fidelis : een

Cnap, V.

J. Darcii Venu-
sini Canes.

Vanierii Pred.
Rustic, L. 1v.

Eclog. vi. 35.

80 ARRIAN

and, while I am taking exercise, sits down by me. On my
return he runs before me, often looking back to see whether 1
had turned any where out of the road ;° and as soon as he
catches sight of me, showing symptoms of joy, and again
trotting on before me. If I am going out on any government
business, he remains with my friend, and does exactly the
same towards him. He is the constant companion of which-
ever may be sick ;7 and if he has not seen either of us for
only a short time, he jumps up repeatedly by way of saluta-
tion, and barks with joy, as a greeting to us. At meals he
pats us first with one foot and then with the other,® to put us
in mind that he is to have his share of food.2 He has also

Equo seu fuit ire, sive curru,

Seu trita pedibus via voluptas.

Hinc me carior haud erat; nec alter
Posthac est aliis futurus annis

Me carus magis, aut magis peritus
Blandiri domino, &c.

0. ᾿Ἐπανίοντος πρόεισι, θαμινὰ ἐπιστρεφομένη, Ke TA.

si post terga relinquas,
(Nam dominum crebro aspiciens observat euntem)
Tile moram cursu pensat, viden’ ecce repenté

A tergo ut vultuque hilaris blanditur amico, &c.

as fidas ad limina custos

Excubias agit, et nutus observat heriles ;

Ut quo jussa vocant velocior advolet : idem
Nunc hilari congaudet hero, nunc tristior @gro
Assidet.

8. So Calpurnius of the pet stag :

sequiturque vocantem
Credulas, et mens non improba porrigit ora.

9. The ancients cleansed their hands with the soft crumb of bread after meals, and
threw it to their dogs. These pieces of bread were called ἀπομαγδαλίαι : the μει-
λίγματα of the Homeric simile :

ΟΝ COURSING. 81]

many tones of speech 10.--ἀηοτο than I ever knew in any other
dog—pointing out, in his own language, whatever he wants.
Having been beaten, when a puppy, with a whip, if any
one, even at this day, does but mention a whip, he will come
up to the speaker cowering and begging, applying his mouth

ὡς δ᾽ ὅταν ἀμφὶ ἄνακτα κύνες δαίτηθεν ἰόντα
σαίνωσ᾽, (αἰεὶ γὰρ τε φέρει μειλίγματα θυμοῦ).

Hence probably Juvenal’s ‘‘ sordes farris mordere canini.”
10. Πολύφθογγο-.

Hanc tu si queritur, loquz putabis.
Sentit tristitiamque gaudiumque.

Did Hormé’s “ verba canina” (Ovid. in Ibin) extend to the imitation of spoken lan-
guage, as in the memorable case of M. Leibnitz’s dog, recorded by him (‘‘ témoin ocu-
laire’’) in the Hist. de l’Acad. Royale des Sciences, ann. 1715? or are we to under-
stand that this most musical of hounds, φιλοφθόγγων ὠκυτάτη σκυλάκων, only “ gave
tongue,”’ like his congeners, with various intonations of bark ?

ὀξειῇ ὑλακῇ χθόνιοι κύνες ἐφθέγγοντο---

making up by intelligence, and significancy of action, for deficiency of speech :

εἰσὶ καὶ ἐν σκυλάκεσσιν ἐχέφρονες, οἷσι Κρονίων
ἀνδρομέην φρένα δῶκε καὶ οὐ βροτέην πόρε φωνήν.

Nunc blandé assiliebat hic οἱ illuc
Ludens, atque avido appetebat ore.
Erectis modo cruribus, bipesque
Mense adstabat herili, heroque ab ipso
Latratu tenero cibum petebat.

11. Ὑποπτήξασα λιπαρεῖ---

The fawning hound
Salutes thee cow’ring.

Plorantes fugiunt summisso corpore plagas.

L

Cuar. V.

Homer. Odyss.
x. 216.

Martial. Issa
Publii,

Anyta
Epidauria.

Apollon. Rhod.
L. 111. 1216.

Nonni_ Diony-
siac. L. xvi

Andreas Nau-
gerius, Carm. v.
Illustr. Poetar.

The Chace.

Bare

Lucretius.
ee Ae

Cuapr. V.

Physical
indications
resumed.

Buffon, H. N.
Le Chien.

Oppian. Cynege
1. v. 403.

Chap. xv. fol.
66.

Nemesian.
Cyneget. 113.

82 ARRIAN

to the man’s as if to kiss him, and jumping up, will hang on
his neck, and not let him go until he has appeased his angry
threats."

Now really I do not think that I should be ashamed to
write even the name of this dog; that it may be left to pos-
terity, that Xenophon the Athenian had a greyhound called
Hormé, of the greatest speed and intelligence, 15 and altogether
supremely excellent. 15 |

Let the ears of your greyhounds be large and soft,?° so as
to appear, from their size and softness, as if broken. Such
are best : but it is no bad indication if they appear erect, pro-
vided they are not small and stiff.1° The neck should be long,

12. ‘Plus sensible au souvenir des bienfaits qu’a celui des outrages, il ne se
rebute pas par les mauvais traitemens, il les subit, les oublie, ou ne s’en souvient que
pour s’attacher davantage ; loin de s’irriter ou de fuir, il leche cette main, instrument
de douleur, qui vient de le frapper ; il ne lui oppose que la plainte, et la désarme
enfin par la patience et la soumission.”

13. Sopwrtarn. Plato also has κύων σοφωτάτος.

14. ‘Iepordrn— holiest ;’’ Encycl. Metropol., article ““ Hunting.” Itis scarcely
possible to express this epithet in English. Zeune’s Index Grecitatis gives ‘ pre-
stantissima.” Ido not like Mr. Smedley’s translation, E. M.; and yet I cannot
suggest a better in its place than that of the version. A coursing friend substitutes
“ perfectly divine.”

15. He now retums from his beautiful episode on Hormé to the physical indica-
tions of excellence in greyhounds generally. The conque of the ear is semi-pen-
dulous, and yet the greyhound has the power of elevating it with as much ease as the
less reclaimed varieties of dog. This particular structure gives the appearance, no-
ticed in the text, of the ear being broken ; and also adds to its seeming magnitude.

16. The modern courser prefers the small ears of the Oppianic hound,

Bad δ᾽ ὕπερθεν
οὔατα λεπταλέοισι περιστελλοινθ᾽ ὑμένεσσι:

and excludes the pricked ear, the ‘* recte aures”’ of Fracastor. Albertus recom-
mends ‘‘ aures acute retrorsim directa, et parve:” the Mayster of Game, “‘ the
eerys smal and hie in the maner of a serpent :” Gervase Markham, ‘‘ a sharp ear,

short, and close-falling :’”? but the most correct notion of the ears of a perfect grey-
hound is imparted in the line

Cuique nimis molles fluitent in cursibus aures—

of the Carthaginian poet.

ΟΝ COURSING. 83

round, and flexible ;!7 so that if you forcibly draw the dogs
backwards by their collars, it may seem to be broken, from its
flexibility and softness. Broad chests are better than narrow.
Let them have shoulders standing wide-apart, 18 not tied toge-

17. δειρὴ μηκεδανὴ, καὶ στήθεα νέρθε κραταιὰ,

» ,
εὐρέα.

On the necessity of a long neck all the Cynegetica, ancient and modern, are agreed ;
but there is a difference of opinion on the formation of the chest, ‘‘ The neke,”’
according to De Langley, should be ““ grete and longe, bowed as a swannes nek.”
“ Pectore acuto,” says Belisarius, “* costis inferitis ongis, et ad ima paululiim tra-
hentibus: pracordiis lateribusque ita amplis, ut sine diflicultate canes spiritum
trahant. Nam quo facilior respiratio fuerit, tantO expeditiores ad cursum erunt.”
Albertus agrees with him in all points of importance. Juliana’s portrait is “‘ neckyd
lyke a drake :’’? Markham’s, ‘‘ a long neck, a little bending, with a loose hanging
wezand ; a broad breast, straight fore-legs, and side-hollow ribs.”

Topsel translates from Albertus an invention “ to make a greyhound have a long
neck,” far too ridiculous to be extracted. Indeed, this worthy Bishop of Ratisbon
fully merits the character given of him by Sir Thos, Brown, “‘ that he hath delivered
most conceits, with strict enquiry into few:” and the Rector of St. Botolph’s, Alders-
gate, is a close copyist of all his absurdities.

18. The following lines complete the accurate portrait of the Cilician poet :

τὼ πρόσθεν δέ τ᾽ ὀλιζοτέρω πόδε ἔστων,
ὀρθοτενεῖς κώλων ταναοὶ δολιχήρεες ἱστοὶ,
εὐρέες ὠμοπλάται, πλευρῶν ἐπικάρσια ταρσὰ,
ὀσφύες εὔσαρκοι, μὴ πίονες" αὐτὰρ ὄπισθε
στριφνή 7 ἐκτάδιός τε πέλοι δολιχόσκιος οὐρή.
τοῖοι μὲν ταναοῖσιν ἐφοπλίζοιντο δρόμοισι͵
δόρκοις, ἠδ᾽ ἐλάφοισιν, ἀελλόποδί τε λαγωῷ.

Nemesian is brief, but highly illustrative :

Elige tunc cursu facilem, facilemque recursu,
Seu Lacedzmonio natam, seu rure Molosso,
Non humili de gente canem. Sit cruribus altis,
Sit rigidis, multamque gerat sub pectore lato
Costarum, sub fine decenter prona, carinam,
Quz sensim sursis sicca se colligat alvo,
Renibus ampla satis vadis, diductaque coxas,

Cuique nimis molles fluitent in cursibus aures.

Cuap. V.

Oppian. Cyneg.

1, 405,

SMavster of
Game, c. xv.
fol. 66.
Belisar. Aquiv.
Aragoneus
de Venatione.

Booke of
Hawkyng, &c.

Hist. of Four-
footed Beasts,
&c. 1657.

Vulgar Errors.
Bats

Oppian. Cyneg.
1. 406.

Nemesian.
Cyneg. 106.

Cuap, V.

Alcon,

Onomasticon.
Ποῖ ν- σύ δας

Belisarius
de Venatione.

Aristot. Phy-
siognom. C. VIe

Metam. L. 111.

Chap. xv.
fol. 66.

Book of Hawk-
yng, &c. 1486.

84 ARRIAN

ther, but as loose, and free from each other, as possible—legs
round, straight, and well-jointed—sides strong—loins broad,
firm, not fleshy, but sinewy—upper flanks loose and supple*?—
hips wide asunder—lower flanks hollow—tails fine, long, rough
with hair, supple, flexible, and more hairy towards the tip—

Fracastorius’s canine portrait, “ Sint armi lati, sint aque pectora lata,” &c. are of
doubtful application.

Pollux adds to the perfection of the fore-legs by saying they should be μὴ προὔ-
χοντα κατὰ τοὺς arykGvas— not out at the elbows :”’ and Xenophon would have the
Spartan dog straight both in the leg and at the elbow.

‘¢ Jlia sint angusta et compressa: venter exilis, nam crassus currentem gravat.
Crura alta, brachia non equé, ne leporis capturam impediant. Anteriores pedes, ut
in fele, rotundi potius quam longi.”

19. The terms λαγόνες and κενεῶνες are often confounded as synonymous. Arrian
and the elder Xenophon use the term Aayéves to designate (speaking anatomically )
that part of the lumbar region, behind the last or short ribs, where the kidneys are
situate, the upper and anterior part of the flanks: xevedves, the lower and posterior
part of the flanks.

Aristotle observes that the best Canes Venatici are well tucked-up in the flanks,
ἴδοι δ᾽ ἄν τις καὶ τῶν κυνῶν τοὺς φιλοθηροτάτους εὐζώνους ὄντας. Such was the Ovi-
dian Ladon,

Substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon.

The Mayster of Game is here peculiarly illustrative of the text, fashioning the
greyhound to perfection: ‘ her shuldres as a roobuk. The for legges streght and
greet ynow and nought to hie legges, the feet straught and rounde as a catte and
greet clees,—the boone and the joyntes of the chyne greet and hard as the chyne of
an hert. Eke be reson bis chynne shuld be a litel hie, for it is better than it were
flatt, &c. &c.—the thyes grete and squarred as an hare, the houghes streight and not
crompyng as of an oxe, a cattes tayle makyng ἃ ryng at eende and not to hie, the to
boonys of the chyne behynd brode of a large pame or more. Also ther byne many
greihoundes with longe tailles ryght swift,” &c.

Fotyd lyke a catte :
Tayllyd lyke a ratte :
Syded lyke a teme,

And chynyd lyke a beme—

finishes the doggerel of the Sopewell portrait.

ΟΝ COURSING. 85

haunches sweeping, and firm to the touch : %°—with regard to
their legs, if the hind ones are longer than the fore, the grey-
hound will run best up hill ; if the fore legs are longest, down
hill; but if both are equal, he will run best on a flat.*!_ Since,
however, it is more difficult to beat a hare on an acclivity,
because she runs best up hill, those are deemed the better
class of dogs, whose hind legs are longer than their fore ones. **
Round and strong feet are decidedly best. “8

20. Evray7j—well-filleted? Fillet, ““ musculosior pars femoris sic dicta, quia ed
loci magni et validi tendines et nervi insignes, qui propter longitudinem, filorum
speciem exhibent, occurrunt.”

So Markham: ‘a straight square and flat back, short and strong fillets ; a broad
space between the hips ; a strong stern or tail, and a round foot, and good large
clefts.”” Elsewhere, he says: ‘‘ a long, broad, and square beame back, with high
round fillets’’—‘‘ hee must be deepe swine sided, with hollow bended ribs, and a full
brest ; he must have rush growne limbes before, and sickell houghs behind ; a fine,
round, full cat’s foot, with strong cleyes and tough soles, and an even growne long
rat’s tail, round turning at the lower end from the leash ward ; and hee must bee full
set on betweene the buttockes,”’ &c.

21. The Cynosophium has the same remarks on the relative length of the fore and
hind legs; see sect. rv. p. 262.

22. χρειὼ δὲ σκοπέλου μὲν ἀνάντεος HSE πάγοιο
σεύεσθαι προθέοντα ποδωκέα φῦλα λαγωῶν,
πρὸς δὲ κάταντα σοφῇσι προμηθείῃσιν ἐλαύνειν,
αὐτίκα γὰρ σκύλακάς τε καὶ ἀνέρας ἀθρήσαντες
πρὸς λόφον ἰθύουσιν, ἐπεὶ μάλα γινώσκουσιν
ὅττι πάροιθεν ἔασιν ὀλιζότεροι πόδες αὐτοῖς.
τοὔνεκα ῥηΐδιαι πτώκεσσι πέλουσι κολῶναι,
ῥηΐδιαι πτώκεσσι, δυσάντεες ἱππελάτῃσι.

And #lian, De Ναίυγτὰ Animalium, states the advantage and disadvantage of this
shape to the hare: τὰ δὲ ἀνάντη μὲν καὶ ὑψηλὰ of λαγῷ ἀναθέουσι ῥᾷστα" τὰ γάρ τοι
κατόπιν κῶλα μακρότερα ἔχουσι τῶν ἔμπροσθεν, καὶ καταθέουσιν οὐκ ὁμοίως, λυπεῖ γὰρ
αὐτοὺς τῶν ποδῶν τὸ ἐναντίον :—a circumstance well known to every courser, and not
forgotten in the ‘* Questions” of Dame Juliana’s poetical manual,

Tell me, maister, (quoth the man) what dooth it skill
Why the hare would so faine runne against the bil ?
Quoth the maister, for her leggs be shorter before,
And therfore she desireth to run that way evermore.

πάρ ν.

Skinner
Etymolog.

Countrey
Contentments.
B.1. p. 48.

The Countrey
Farme. c. XXII.

Oppian. Cyneg.
Iv. Vv. 425.

Lib. x11. c. 14.

The Booke of
Hunting, &c.
Edmund Allde.
1586.

Cuapr. VI.

Colour of no
importance.

De Venat.

c. Ill.

Illustrations of
Gratius.

Gratii Cyneg.
276.

Alcon,

De Venatione.

Album Diane
Leporicide.
L. 1

Oppian. Cyneg.
1, 429.

Sect. αν, p. 262.

86 ARRIAN

The colour of greyhounds is not of any importance; ! nor
does it matter if they are perfectly black, red, or white ; nor

23. Bad-footed hounds, however high-couraged, are unable to bear work, accord-
ing to Xenophon, on account of the pain they endure in running, διὰ τὸ ἄλγος τῶν
ποδῶν. No cynegeticon omits the essential feature of a well-formed foot ; which, in
Wase’s words, should be “ round, high-knuckled, and well-clawed, with a dry hard

soal,”

Effuge qui lata pandit vestigia planta,

Mollis in officio, siccis ego dura lacertis

Crura veliin, et sclidos hee in certamina calces.
Fracastorius,

Ima pedum parva signent vestigia planta.

Tardif explains the cat-like foot, ““ pedes parvi, digitis duris, et apté conjunctis, ne

3)

quid terre aut luti in via admittant :” and Savary of Caen,

brevemque pedes glomerentur in orbem

Parvaque compactis digitis vestigia forment.
1, Compare Xenophon de Venat. c. 1y. Arrian very rationally combats the no-
tion of a greyhound’s excellence being at all dependent on so variable a distinction
as colour. Oppian, more credulous on this point, reprobates white and black dogs,
as impatient of heat and cold, and gives a preference to such as are red, russet, or
fawn :

κεῖνοι δ᾽ ἐν πάντεσσιν ἀριστεύουσι κύνεσσι,

τοῖς ἴκελοι μορφαὶ μάλα θήρεσιν ὠμηστῇσι,
μηλοφόνοισι λύκοις, ἢ τίγρεσιν ἠνεμοέσσαις,

ἢ καὶ ἀλωπεκέεσσι, θοαῖσί τε πορδαλίεσσιν,

ἢ ὁπόσοι δήμητρι πανείκελον εἶδος ἔχουσι
σιτόχροοι" μάλα γάρ τε θοοὶ κρατεροί τε πέλονται.

The Cynosophium recommends such as are παραπλήσιοι λέουσι, πάρδοις, λύκοις : and
adds to its Materia Medica (p. 275.) amongst other ridiculous nostrums, a formula by
which the colour of the hair may be changed from white to black—credat Judeus !

In accordance with the general prejudice which bestowed superior virtue on parti-
coloured, (for such was Xenophon’s opinion,) Pan confers on the Goddess of the
Chase pie-bald and mottled hounds :

ON COURSING. 87

is a simple, uniform colour to be suspected as ferine. The Cuar. VI.
colours, such as they are, should be bright and pure ; and the
hair, whether the dog be of the rough or smooth sort, should

τὶν δ᾽ ὃ yeveinrns δύο μὲν κύνας ἥμισυ πηγοὺς, H. in Dian.

a ᾿ vs. 90.
τρεῖς δὲ πύρ᾽ οὐατίους, ἕνα δ᾽ αἰόλον.

Pollux would mix a little variety of colour, ἑκάστῳ παραμεμίχθω τι καὶ ἑτέρας Onomast. L. v.
C. XI.
χρόας.

The modern Cynegetica are as fickle and capricious as to colour as their ancient
models :

color est deterrimus albo, Nat. Comes de
a ~ 7

Nec placeat niveis maculis signatus et atris ; Venat.

Aut longis nimium villis, fuscove colore—

according to the canine canons of Natalis Comes :—whereas Savary gives the prefe-

rence to a white hound, “ nunc est in pretio et reliquos supereminet albus ;” and is Album Diane,

supported by Fouilloux and his copyist Tarbervile, who praise those of one homo- eas

geneous colour—white, fallow, dun, and black ; the latter being the valued breed of

St. Hubert, (les chiens courans,) “ qui estoit veneur avec S. Eustache, dont est ἃ 7. Vénerie de

conjecturer, que les bons veneurs les ensuyvront en Paradis avec la grace de Dieu.” _—Fouilloux. p. 4.

“ΟΥ̓ alle manere of greihoundes there byn,” says De Langley, ‘‘ both good and Qapster of

evel. Natheless the best hewe is rede falow with a blak moselle.” Giame. c. xv.
After citing so many, and such conflicting opinions, I leave the reader to draw his τους

own conclusion on this most unimportant point; bidding him remember that Mark-

ham supports our author, that ‘ colours have (as touching any particular goodnesse) The Countrey

no preheminence one above the other, but are all equal—many good and famous Farme. c. xxi.

dogs having been of all the several colours; onely the white is esteemed the most

beautifull and best for the eie, the black and fallow hardest to endure labour, and the

dunne and brended best for the poachers and nightmen, who delight to have all their

pleasures performed in darknesse.”” Backed by the compiler of ‘The Countrey

Farme,”’ let him give to Arrian the weight he is entitled to, as a practical courser.

My own conviction accords with that of Tardif, ‘‘ex colore nihil certi feré pronun-

ciatur : sepius enim turpi colore canes, pulchrioribus prestant;” and with the poet

of Caen,

nullus virtutibus obstat, Album Diane,
Aut prodest color: hunc habeas quicunque placebit ; &e.

I object to no dog merely on account of his colour, though he may rival in variety of — Sir Tristrem

tint the renowned Triamour’s marvellous Peticrewe. Fytte mr. 10.

Cnap. VI.

Cuap. VII.

Indications
from Temper.

Hist. Natur.
tom. w 24].

De Canibus
Britannicis
Libellus.
De Quad. Digit.
Vivip. L. 11.

Sect. 1v.
p. 262.

Aristotelis
Physiognom,

88 ARRIAN

be fine, close, and soft.* The best dogs are such as are
large and well put together, and resemble bitches in point of
suppleness ; and the best bitches are such as resemble dogs
in spirit, and muscularity of body. ὃ

Now if any one pays attention to these hints, as to the shape
of greyhounds, they will fully supply him, in my opinion, with
the indications of good blood for his kennel, and the opposite
of the reverse.

Nor will the temper of greyhounds afford fewer indications
of good and bad blood to a careful observer.' | Such hounds,
in the first place, as are crabbed to all persons alike, are not of
a generous breed. But if you find any cross to strangers, and

2. εἴτε οὖν τοῦ δασέος γένους, εἴτε TOD ψιλοῦ τύχοιεν οἱ κύνες. These two varieties
still exist ; but the rough, or wire-haired variety of greyhound is banished from the
kennel of moder coursers; for though this δασὺ γένος may’show some fire and
speed in a short course in an enclosed country, it is always beaten by the ψιλὸν γένος
over ἃ champaign country, where the duration of the contest defies ignoble compe-
tition.

Buffon derives the wiry hair from commixture with the spaniel, ‘‘le poil long de
certains lévriers vient du mélange des espagneuls:” but if such be its origin, the
text proves it to have been of remote antiquity.
᾽

“¢ Est strigosum genus,” says Caius, “in quo alii majores sunt, alii minores ; alii
8 ἢ

pilo sessili, alii hirto.”” And Ulysses Aldrovandus has left us rude sketches of the

᾽

two varieties under the titles of ““ C. leporarius hirsutus albus,” and ““ C. leporarius

alter ferruginei coloris.” See also ‘‘ The Countrey Farme,” c. xxi. Schneider
quotes Synesius Laud. Calvit. p. 67. ἐκεῖναι σοφώταται τῶν κυνῶν, kK. τ. A.: see the
passage in his note on the Greek text. It does not appear to what variety of dog the
author alludes.

3. So also the Cynosophium of Demetrius of Constantinople, καλὸν εἰ τῷ μεγέθει
τοῦ σώματος 7 θήλη προσήκειται ἄῤῥενι. But 1 do not remember to have seen these
remarks of Arrian on the dog partaking of the bitch’s form, and the bitch of the
dog’s, in any of the more ancient Cynegetica of Greece and Rome. The Byzantine
physician doubtless derived the hint from our author.

1. Aristotle admits the possibility of distinguishing by outward manifestations the
innate qualities and tempers of animals ; such discrimination is the result of parti-
cular experience : τῶν ἄλλων ζώων οἱ περὶ ἕκαστον ἐπιστήμονες ἐκ THs ἰδίας διαθέσεως

δύνανται θεωρεῖν, ἱππικοί τε ἵππους, καὶ κυνηγέται κύνας.

ON COURSING. 89

good-tempered to their feeder, it is rather a favourable sign
than otherwise. *

IT once knew a greyhound, who was dull and sullen at home,
and took no pleasure in any of the persons about him ; but,
when led out hunting, was beyond measure delighted, and
showed, by smiling and fawning at every body that came near
him, that he was vexed at staying at home. This may be
held a good sign.

The best dogs, however, are those of most attachment to
man, and to whom no human countenance is strange.? Such,
on the other hand, as are afraid of people, and astounded at
noise, * obstreperous, and. often excited without cause, are
senseless brutes of no pluck. Like men that are timid and
frightened out of their wits, such dogs as these can never be
deemed of generous blood. Those, too, are bad, which,
when let loose from couples in a field, do not come back at
the call of their keeper, but gallop away.° If you call them in

2. τῷ δὲ ἀνατρέφοντι προσφιλεῖς. Oppian would have hounds friendly to all men
alike :

ἵπποισι κρατεροῖσι δ᾽ ὁμήθεες ἀγρευτῆρες
ἐξέτι νηπιάχων ἔστων, μερόπεσσί τε πᾶσιν
ἠθάδιοι φίλιοί τε, μόνοισι δὲ θήρεσιν ἐχθροί.

3. κράτισται δὲ ai piravOpwrdérarai—the best greyhounds are the most kindly-
affectioned. Martial’s Lydia was gentle at home, but savage in the wood,

Venatrix sylvis aspera, blanda domi :

and De Langley’s greyhound, ‘“‘ curtaise and nought to felle, wel folowyng his
maister and doyng whatever he hym commaundeth. He shuld be good and kyndly
and clene, glad and joyful and playeing wel willyng, and goodly to alle maner
folkes, save to wilde beestis, upon whom he shuld be felle spitous and egre.”

4. Ὑπὸ ψόφου ἐκπλήττονται.

Start at the starting prey or rustling wind.

5. All these particulars are, for the most part, matters of education and discipline ;
but are partially dependent on innate disposition. Education, however, is very im-

M

Cuapr. VII.

From obedi-
ence in the
field,

Oppian.
Cyneg. 1.
v. 445.

Epigram.
L.u.

fEapster of
Game. c. xv.
fol. 66.

Tickell’s
Fragment on
Hunting.

Cuar. VII.

Xenophon.
Memorabil.
ΤΠ τς δε 1»

De Mulabus
Gallicis.

Paradise Lost.

B. vir. 351.

Spelman’s
Translation of
Xenophon’s
Anabasis.
Note.

90 ARRIAN

mildly, they pay no attention to you ;—if threateningly, they
keep aloof from fear.

For when a greyhound has had his gallop, and has run
about, he ought to come back to his keeper, even without a
call,°—showing that he is under command at will; but, if the
keeper does not choose to take him up, let him again bound
away, and again return. Such dogs are well broken im as, at
the voice of their keeper, crouch before him ;7 not from fear,
but regard and respect for their feeder, cowering lke the
worshippers® of the Great King.2 It is no good sign for a
hound to stand still, when let out of couples on an open

portant, operating on a good subject. Τῶν κυνῶν, says Socrates, τῶν εὐφυεστάτων,
φιλοπόνων τε οὐσῶν, καὶ ἐπιθετικῶν τοῖς θηρίοις, Tas μὲν καλῶς ἀχθείσας, ἀρίστας
γίγνεσθαι πρὸς τὰς θήρας, καὶ χρησιμωτάτας" ἀναγώγους δὲ γιγνομένας, ματαίους τε
καὶ μανίωδεις καὶ δυσπειθεστάταξ.

6. The canes Gallici should resemble the Gallic mules of Claudian’s epigram,

Exute laqueis, sub ditione tamen.
7. Ὑποκατακλίνονται, μὴ ὑπὺ δέους, ἀλλὰ φιλοφρονούμεναι, το.

Cowering low
With blandishment.

The greyhound’s posture is peculiarly graceful, when fondly crouching before his
master or keeper ; and may be well likened to the ταπεινότης (Ar. Exped. Alex.
L. rv. c. x1.) of the Persian, performing his salaam to the King of kings.

8. Οἱ προσκυνοῦντες. From what Callisthenes says to Alexander (Arrian. Exped.
Alexand. L. :v. c. x1.) it appears that Cyrus, the founder of the Persian empire, was
the first person to whom adoration was paid on earth by his fellow-men ; and it was
continued and enjoined to his successors, as a political homage. The ordinary com-
pliments of the modern Greeks are called προσκυνήματα. See Arrian’s account of
the προσκυνήσις, loco citato; and Xenophon, Cyropedia, L. viii. for the first occasion
of it, πρόσθεν δὲ Περσῶν οὐδεὶς Κῦρον προσεκύνει.

9. The king of Persia was called μέγας βασιλεὺς, according to Suidas, διὰ τὸ
πλείονι δυνάμει χρῆσθαι τῇ Περσικῇ" τοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις προσετίθεσαν Kal τῶν ἀρχομένων
ὀνόματα, οἷον Λακεδαιμονίων, Μακεδόνων. ‘The title still exists in ‘‘ Le Grand
Seigneur.”

ON COURSING. 91]

plain, unless he happen to be advanced in age, 15 for it shows
sluggishness.

The most high-bred greyhounds have a prominent brow,
and look proud." Their tread is light, quick-stepping, on
their toes; and they walk sideways, '* extending their necks
like horses curvetting. 15

10. Οὐδὲ τὸ ἵστασθαι δὲ ἐν πεδίῳ λυθεῖσαν ἀγαθόν. Constant confinement with
chain and collar, made the youthful Celtic hound start from couples with fire, when
taken into the field for sport or exercise ; not so, however, the aged, whose privi-
leged rest is beautifully touched by our classic poet of the chase, and readily yielded
by Arrian as no blemish to his character :

Now grown stiff with age,
And many a painful chase, the wise old hound,
Regardless of the frolic pack, attends
His master’s side, &c.

11. "Emoxtviov—supercilit ruga, frontis ruga: very prominent in our highland
breed :

πᾶν δέ τ᾽ ἐπισκύνιον κάτω ἕλκεται ὄσσε καλύπτων.

12. *Axpov. So the Paris and Amsterdam editions, quasi ἐπ᾿ ἄκρων ὀνύχων.
Schneider reads ἁβρὸν, a delicate tread, a light tread ; but the signification is nearly
the same. Linneus’s definition corresponds with Arrian’s as to the dog’s gait:
“ obliqué currit, incedit supra digitos,” μεταβάλλουσι τὰς πλευρὰς, ““ tranversis
incedunt Jateribus.”’

13. Λαμπρύνωσιν. ‘ De equo altits progrediente,” Zeune. See Ken. de Re
Equestri, c. x.

κυδιόων ὀρθοῖσιν ἐπ᾽ ovacw αὐχέν᾽ ἀείρει.
x ρ

Xenophon uses the term γαυριᾶσθαι, perhaps, with the same meaning. I take λαμ-
πρύνω (magnificé me ostento) to signify the artificial posture in which the horse is
placed by a skilful rider, with the aid of rein, whip, spur, &c. as described by Xeno-
phon in the chapter referred to. To this graceful attitude of the well-disciplined
war-horse, we may suppose our author to liken that of the Celtic hound in the
strictest propriety :

Now I behold the steed curvet and bound,
And paw with restless hoof the smoking ground,

Cuar. VII,

From gait.

Somerville,
Bes

lliad, ρ΄, 136.

Systema
Nature. Canis.

Appollon,
Rhod.

Gay’s
Rural Sports;

Cuap. VIII.

From their
mode of
feeding.

ZEjian. de
Natura Animal.
I. vit. c. 19.

Cynosophium.
p- 270.

Markham’‘s
Countrey Con-
tentments. B. 1.
p- 49. See also

pp- 50. 51.

Savary Alb.
Diane
Leporicid.
L. 111, p. 3.

92 ARRIAN

Some greyhounds eat voraciously, others with delicacy. ?
The latter mode of feeding indicates a dog of better blood than
the former.* Good dogs are not bad feeders, but fond of
bread or gruel.’ This kind of farinaceous food is most
strengthening to them, and there is no fear of their gorging
themselves too much with it. I prefer, however, their liking
food quite dry ;* and yet, if it be moistened with water, and
they still relish it, it is no evil.

1. The watchful eye of the Veltrarius is required at the time of feeding: indeed it
is best for each hound to have his separate allotment of food ; so difficult is it to
check the voracious, and encourage the delicate, when placed at the same trough.
Τροφῆς δὲ τὴν κοινωνίαν ἥκιστα ἐνδέχονται κύνες" πολλάκις γοῦν Kal ὑπὲρ ὀστέου GAAT-
λους σπαράττουσιν ὡσπεροῦν ὃ Μενέλεως καὶ 6 Πάρις ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἑλένης.

2. Τὸ κόσμιον γενναιότερον τοῦ ἀκόσμον. I never knew ἃ very gross-feeding dog to
possess any excellence.

3. ”Aptw. Demetrius devotes a few sections to the subject of feeding, recom-
mending ‘‘ milk to be gradually added to bread (the dog’s usual diet) when it is
wished to raise him in flesh, until it becomes his only nutriment, morning and even-
ing. From this he is to be again weaned, by the gradual abstraction of the milk,
when we desire to reduce him. In the former case, he is not to have his liberty; in
the latter, he is to be daily exercised. A second kind of nutritious food consists of
oatmeal gruel with fat; and a third, of bean flour, oil, and fat bacon.” Wheaten
bread or biscuit, with gruel made from the farina of oats, is the best nutriment for all
hounds.

‘* When you have a perfect and well-shapt greyhound, your next rule is to apply
yourselfe to the dyetting and ordering of him, for the pleasure to which you keepe
him, that bringing him to the uttermost height or strength of winde, you may know
the uttermost goodnesse that is within him, which disorderly and foule keeping will
conceale, and you lose a jewell, for want of knowledge of the value. Dyetting then
of greyhounds consisteth in four especiall things, viz. foode, exercise, ayring, and
kennelling ; the first nourishing the body, the second the limbes, the third the winde,
and the last the spirits,”

4. “Auewov δὲ εἰ καὶ ξηρᾷ τῇ τροφῇ xalporey. Hounds readily support themselves
with dry oat or wheat meal. Maza is variously interpreted—flour mixed with oil
and water, and flour beat up with milk :

Hordea quotidiana illis sint pabula; avenam
Si mediam addideris, sic sponte resolvitur alvus.

ΟΝ COURSING. 93

When a dog is sick, administer the broth of fat meat to Cuapr. VIII.

him, or having roasted a bullock’s liver over some hot coals,
and rubbed it abroad, sprinkle it like flour into the broth.
This is good also for puppies to strengthen their limbs, when
they are first weaned from milk.6 But milk is the best food
for the support of puppies till the ninth month, and even
longer; and is serviceable to the sick and delicate, both as
drink and aliment. Fasting too is beneficial to a sick dog. 7

There is nothing like a soft and warm bed for greyhounds; Cuar- IX.

but it is best for them to sleep with men:—as they become Management of

In panem coquit ille, cavo hic in robore calda
Digerit in pultem, lambendaque ccena paratur.
Nec durum sit sezpe tibi, qua luce quietem
Artemidi debes, illos recreare calenti

Jure, minutatim scissis ὃ vilibus extis :
Currentem, ilignisve bibant in vasibus undam.

5. Καμούσῃ δὲ ἐμβάλλειν ἢ ὕδωρ, &c. Arrian says nothing on the treatment of
canine disease beyond this hint on diet.

6. The Cynosophium substitutes the lungs for the liver of a bullock, as nutriment
for puppies, when deprived of milk—ei γάλα μὴ ἔχεις. See Cynosoph. p. 271.

On the feeding of puppies Nemesian observes, that it should be regulated by the
season of the year, atmospheric temperature, &c,

Interdumque cibo Cererem cum lacte ministra, Cynegeticus
Fortibus ut succis teneras complere medullas v. 161.
Possint, et validas jam tunc promittere vires :

but during the intense heat of summer the puppies are to be kept on lighter food,
and then again on meal and whey,

Tunc rursus miscere sero Cerealia dona Ejusdem
Conveniet, fortemque dari de frugibus escam. v. 182.

7. ᾿Αγαθὸν δὲ καὶ 4 ἀσιτία καμνούσῃ. Arrian probably wrote τῇ ἀσιτίᾳ καμνούσῃ :
“‘ prodest etiam lac quando cibi fastidio laborat canis.” The remedy suggested by
Demetrius of Constantinople for anorexis, ‘* bad feeding,’ I should consider more
likely to increase, than cure the disease ; ἐὰν ἀνορεκτῇ κύων, κόπριαν ἀνθρωπίαν δίδον Cynosoph,

φαγεῖν, K. τ. As Pao

Cuap. IX.
Bedding.

Cynosoph,
p- 263.

Sir D. Lynd-
say’s Complaynt
of Bagsche,

Lay of the Last
Minstrel.

flapster of
Game. c. xx.
fol. 71.

Encyc. Méthod.
Les chasses.
p- 434.

Natalis Comes
de Venatione.
Le te

94 ARRIAN

thereby affectionately attached—pleased with the contact of the
human body, and as fond of their bedfellow as of their feeder. 1
If any ailing affect the dog, the man will perceive it, and will
relieve him in the night, when thirsty, or urged by any call of
nature. He will also know how the dog has rested. For if

1. A short section of the Cynosophium is given to kennel management—xvvas
μετὰ ἀνθρώπων κοιμᾶσθαι καλόν" πραεῖς γὰρ ek τούτου γίνονται, Kal φιλάνθρωποι, καὶ
εὐκόλως καλοῦνται---ἃ practical allurement of canine affection heretofore more com-
mon than at presents Modern refinement would ill bear the intimate association
recommended by Arrian and Demetrius, and practised by James V. of Scotland, with
his favourite Bagsche, who was wont

To lap upon the king is bed,
With claith of gold thoch it were spred.

Indeed, we rarely see the high-bred and elegant Celtic hound within the vestibule of
a modern dwelling ; though heretofore, in the hall of banquet,

The stag-hounds, weary of the chase,
Lay stretch’d upon the rushy floor,

And urged in dreams the forest race
From Teviot-stone to Eskdale-moor.

Whether the Duke of York’s “ childe” lay with the hounds, I know not; but it
seems that he did, though not with the intention specified by our author: “ alway bi
nyght and bi day I wil that some childe lye or be in the kenel with the houndes for
to kepe hem from fyghteng,” &c.

I no where find the close cutaneous contact of man and dog, enjoined in the text,
recommended in the ancient Cynegetica ; but Xenophon advises an intimate acquain-
tance between the parties in the kennel at the hours of feeding, &c.: if the hounds be
fed by the huntsman, they become attached to his person, τὸν διδόντα στέργουσιν,
ἄς. (c. vi.): and so if the Veltrarii (“ les valets de lévriers, qui exercent les lévriers,
et qui les lachent ἃ la courre”) superintend the feeding their charge, the attachment
thereby produced will render actual cohabitation unnecessary.

Quod superest, celeris catuli cui credita cura,
Nuatriat illecebris hune, et sibi jungat amore.
Sic facilé et noto domino parere jubenti
Disceret, acceptisque sequi vestigia signis.

ΟΝ COURSING. 95

he has passed a sleepless night,® or groaned frequently in his
sleep,’ or thrown up any of his food,* it will not be safe to
take him out coursing. All these things the dog’s bedfellow
will be acquainted with.

Nothing can be worse than for dogs to sleep with each
other ; and more especially so, if they touch one another in
bed. For as all cutaneous irritation is removed by a man
sleeping with them, so, when they sleep together, they gene-
rate every sort of foulness of skin by warmth and _ close
contact, and are generally full of mange.* To which cause

2. Ei yap ἀγρυπνήσειεν, ἐξάγειν ἐπὶ θήραν οὐκ ἀσφαλές. We find in the Hieraco-
sophium, undisturbed sleep is deemed necessary for the hawk the night preceding
a flight, ἀταράχου ὕπνου μετεχέτω.

3. ᾿Επιστάξειε---[Π8 common reading being probably corrupt, I have received the
emendation of Zeune in his Index Grecitatis, ἐπιστενάξειε.

4, Οὐδ᾽ εἴ τι ἀπεμέσειε τῶν σιτίων. Such rejection of food by vomiting is an indi-
cation of indigestion ; and the latter, of course, of unfitness for the chase.

Xenophon forbids hounds to be taken out hunting unless they feed heartily ; for
bad feeding is an indication of bad health. De Venat. c. νι. 2.

5. Wdpas ἐμπίπλασθαι. Mange is a chronic inflammation of the skin, consti-
tutional in some dogs, in others infectious, and in a few cases I have known it
hereditary.

Ancient sportsmen had great dread of mange in their kennels. Gratius, the only
one who has entered much into canine pathology amongst the cynegetical writers,
recommends that the first dog affected with mange should be destroyed, to prevent
others from catching so loathsome a disease—a radical cure!

At si deformi lacerum dulcedine corpus
Persequitur scabies, longi via pessima lethi,

In primo accessu tristis medicina ; sed una
Pernicies redimenda anima, que prima sequaci
Sparsa malo est, ne dira trahant contagia vulgi.

If, however, the disease be of a mild type and slow in its progress, it is curable, he
says, with an ointment which he prescribes, but which I do not introduce here, as
the cutaneous detergents of the scientific Delabere Blaine will be found by the reader
far more efficacious. Venesection and purgation, as recommended by Savary, are
most important auxiliaries to inunction :

Cuap, IX.

Gratii Cyneg.
v. 408.

Cuap. IX,

Cuar. X.
Rubbing down.

Album Diane
Leporicide.
L, vi. p. 79.

felapster of
Grame. c. xix.
fo]. 70.

c. xitt. fol. 56.

Cyneget.
v. 294,

96 ARRIAN

must be referred the very offensive and pungent stench on
entering a kennel where many hounds are confined together.

Rubbing the whole body is of great service to the grey-
hound ;1 no less than to the horse.* For it is conducive to
the firmness and strength of his limbs—renders his hair soft,
and skin shining, * and cleanses it from all foulness.

Altera latrantum pestis, commercia que per
Vicina insinuans sese, diffunditur agmen

In totum, tenerosque brevi depascitur artus,
Deformis scabies, hoc potu ventre soluto,
Victa fugit, si vena die sit aperta sequenti :
Atque malum bini post intervalla diei,
Toto, quod docuit Fulloxius, unguine cures.

De Langley’s instructions to the kennel-man are excellent: ‘I wyll hym lerne
that onys in the day he voyde the kenel and make it al clene, and remeve her strawe,
and putt agayn ffressh new straw, a greet dele and ryght thikke ; and ther as he leith
it the houndes shall lye, and the place there as thei shuld lye shuld be made of tree
a foot hie fro the erthe, and than the strawe should be leide upon, bi cause that the
moystnesse of the erthe shuld not make hem morfound, ne engender other siknesse
bi the which thei myght be the wors for huntyng,’ &c. And before, he says:
«© The skabbe cometh to hem whan thei abiden in her kenel to longe and gon not on
huntyng, or ellis her litter and couche is unclene kept, or ellis the strawe is not
remevid and hur water not fressh ; and shortly the hound is unclene, I hold, and evel
kept or long waterles, havyn comonly this mamewe.”

1. The courser will not fail to observe Arrian’s intimate knowledge and experience
of his subject. The minute instructions communicated in this chapter on rubbing
and dressing the Celtic hound, ‘‘ in cute curanda,” prove the great care paid by
ancient coursers to the condition of the skin in running animals; without which,
indeed, no greyhound can compete with an upland champaign hare.

2. The effect of friction with the hand, or hair-cloth, or flesh-brush, is farther
illustrated by Nemesian, on grooming the horse :

Pulvere quinetiam puras secernere fruges

Cura sit, atque toros manibus percurrere equorum,
Gaudeat ut plausu sonipes, letumque relaxet
Corpus, et altores rapiat per viscera succos,

Id curent famuli, comitumque animosa juventus.

3. Thy τρίχα μαλθακὴν ἐργάζεται, &c. This is partially effected in modern days

ΟΝ COURSING. 97

The back and loins you should rub with your right hand,
placing your left under the belly ; lest the dog, being forcibly
pressed down upon his knees, should suffer injury. The sides
should be rubbed with both hands at once, and the haunches
quite down to the feet, and the shoulders in the same way.
When the dog seems to have had enough of it, lay hold of
his tail, and lift him up by it; and then having drawn it
through your hand, let him go. As soon as he is at liberty,
he will shake himself, and show that he is pleased with the
operation.

It is a point of equal importance with any other, that grey-
hounds be confined during the day;1 otherwise they will

by body-clothes. The clothing of greyhounds, as at present practised by coursers,
is of more remote antiquity than the days of Michael Angelo Biondi; having its pro-
bable origin in the στελμονίαι of Xenophon, who describes, in the 6th chapter of his
Cynegeticus, all the accoutrements of his hunting pack. These consisted of collars,
δέραια, soft and broad, so as not to rub off the dog’s hair ; leading-thongs or straps,
ἱμάντες, independent of the collar, with a handle attached to them ; and sur-cingles
or body-clothes, στελμονίαι, with straps sufficiently broad not to gall the bellies of
the animals. Such was the Athenian’s κυνῶν κόσμος : and it is probable that the
latter, though used for the protection of the hound from injury during the chase, and
not merely, as at present, against cold, may have been the type of the modern
application.

The θοαὶ κύνες were certainly clothed in parti-coloured habiliments in the age of
Blondus, and their feet were also protected with shoes: ‘ Canibus venaticis dorsum
integunt pannis diversorum colorum, adversus frigoris injuriam, precipué leporariis ;
et pedibus adhibent calceamenta, quo facilius illasi cursum exerceant.” Beckman
states that the dogs of Kamschatka are furnished with shoes, so ingeniously made,
that their claws project through small apertures—a plausible contrivance for heavy
dogs of draught ; but how a greyhound is to exhibit his speed on the coursing plain
with such incumbrances, I know not.

1. Arrian recommends confinement for full-grown dogs ; but we must not suppose
that the same treatment is suited to puppies. They, on the contrary, should have
their entire liberty, as Nemesian remarks :

Sed neque conclusos teneas, neque vincula collo
Impatiens circumdederis, noceasque futuris
Cursibus imprudens.

N

CHanik.

Cuapr. XI.
Kennelling.

H. in Dian.
v. 17.
De Canibus et
Venatione
Libellus.

Hist. of
Inventions.

Cyneget.
v. 172.

Cuar. XI.

Cyneget.
v. 184.

Petr. Angel.
Bargei
Cyneget. L. v.

Blondus de
Canibus &c.
Libellus.

98 ARRIAN

unavoidably become intractable, and, whenever fastened with
a collar, will be impatient under the restraint, and whine, and

This freedom from restraint is to be continued until they are eight months old, when
they should be put into couples, and habituated to confinement :

Libera tunc primim consuescant colla ligari,
Concordes et ferre gradus, clausique teneri.

The whole of this department of kennel discipline is elegantly explained by the
classic poet of Barga:

Ergo age duro
Assuescant victu catuli, imperioque magistri
Unius addiscant parere, atque unius omnes
Nutus observare, et jussa facessere leti,
Collaque preduris αἰ τὸ prebere capistris,
Cum primum teneros artus duraverit tas,
Et se jam sua per vestigia volverit annus.
Anté autem cave imprudens concluseris usquam
Aut loris vinctum, aut angusti pariete septi.
Namque urent tenerum circumdata vincula collum,
Impatiensque more sese conatibus anget :
Ostiaque arrodens denteis obtundet, et ungues.

‘«« Dim non venatur, loris in stabulo vinciendus est ; et siccis potitis eduliis alendus
quam pinguibus jusculentis: hec enim graviorem reddunt. Educendus tamen non-
nunquam est ὃ stabulo vinctus, in vicos tantum, ut excrementis se exoneret promp-
tils ; mox iterum coercendus usque ad tempus venationis.”

«« Now for the kennelling of greyhounds,” says Gervase Markham, ‘‘ it is a right
necessary action and must be performed with all diligence ; for it breeds in the dog
lust, spirit, and nimbleness, prevents divers mischances, and keeps the powers from
spending till time of necessity : and therefore you shall by no means suffer your dog
to be out of the kennel, but in the hours of feeding, walking, coursing, or when you
have other necessary business to do about him.”’ But Arrian means more than mere
confinement within the walls of a kennel by the term δεδέσθαι.

The greyhounds are to be actually fastened with a collar and strap or chain; ‘and
such, 1 am informed, is the customary restraint of the boar-hound of continental
Europe. The dogs are chained along the walls of their kennel equidistant from
each other, a row on each side of the sleeping-room.

A celebrated modern courser adheres very strictly to the system of restraint alter-
nated with exercise, as recommended in this chapter, and appears to have found it
conducive to his success at public meetings. .Vide Sport. Mag. Vol. 71. p. 256.—

ON COURSING. 99

gnaw the straps, so as even to require chains like malefactors,
Besides, a hound that is at liberty must needs eat every thing
that falls in his way;* and, from running about during the
day-time, lose the acme of his speed. But, though generally
at rest, they should still have their appointed times for walking
out.

Four times a day, at least, take your dogs out of kennel to
a level and open field, and there loose them from couples, to
empty themselves, gallop, and run about.! But if they have

Hounds accustomed to such privation of liberty, are said to start from the slips
with great fire and speed :

Ita demum libera colla,
Cum res ipsa, ususque vocat, majore feruntur
Impete.

According to the old proverb, cited by Rittershusius in his Commentary on Oppian,
Difficile est canem vetulum assuescere loro.
2. Ἐσθίειν δὲ ἀνάγκη λελυμένην κύνα πᾶν τὸ ἐμπεσόν.

πάντη δὲ πλάζονται, ὅπη γένυς, ἔνθα κελεύει

γαστὴρ, καὶ λαίμαργος ἔρως ἀκόρητος ἐδωδῆς.

1. Compare Xenophon de Venatione c. 1v. 9. on exercising hounds.

«« The child shuld lede the houndes to scombre twies in the day, in the mornyng
and in the evenyng, so that the sonne be up, specially in wynter. Than shuld he lat
hem renne and play longe in a faire medew in the sonne, and than kembe every
hounde after other, and wipe hem with a grette wispe of straw; and thus shal he
do every momyng.”

These simple instructions of Duke Edmund are amplified by old Gervase :

Cuar. XI.

Cuar. XII.

Exercising.

Fracastorii
Alcon.

p- 41.

Oppian.
Halieut. τ.
v. 250.

fHlapster of
Game. c. xxi.
fol. 72.

“« Touching ayring or walking of greyhounds, which is a great nourisher and increaser Countrey Con-

of winde, it must be dewly done every morning before sun-rise, and every evening tent. B. 1. p.52.

before or after sunne-set in this manner; as soone as you have opened your kennel
and rub’d your dogge over with a cleane haire cloath, you shall let him play a little
about you before the kennel dore, then take him up into your leashe, and walke him
forth into the fields, where for the most parte are no sheepe or other smal cattell,
which they may out of wantonness indaunger, and there let him loose, and give him

Cuap. XII.

Apollon. Rhod.
L. ur. 1372.

Somerville’s
Chace. B. 1.

100 ARRIAN

quife ceased coursing, let it be done more frequently. Slip
them in pairs, a brace at a time, so that by contending and
playing with each other, they may enjoy their pleasure, and
take their exercise together. But on no account let many
loose at once, as they sometimes do great mischief by falling
on each other.* Never slip a strong and full-grown dog with
a puppy; for the old dog is an overpowering and distressing
antagonist for the youngster, easily overtaking him in pursuit,
and as readily running away from him, and leaving him
behind ; whereby the pup must of course be cowed and dis-
spirited, having in either case the worst of the contest. And
farther, such as are spiteful towards each other, never give
these their liberty at one and the same time, lest they injure
one another. For there are dogs, as well as men, with
mutual antipathies, and others again with mutual attach-
ments. Those of the same sex are particularly inimical to
each other, dogs to dogs, and bitches to bitches; and this

leave to play and scope about you, so that he may skummer and emptie his body ;
which when he hath done sufficiently, you shall then take him up in your leash
againe, and so walk him home and kennell him ; this you shall doe after the same
manner in the evening ; and also if your dogge bee stronge and lustie, at night after
supper, and then bringing him home, bring him to the fire, and there let him stretch
and beake themselves, and with your hand grope and cleanse them from ticks and
other filth, which done leade them to the kennell, and shut them up for all night.”
2. ᾿Εμπίπτουσαι γὰρ ἀλλήλαις ἔστιν ὅτε μεγάλα κακὰ ἐργάζονται.

θοοὶ κύνες ἀμφιθορόντες
᾿Αλλήλους βρυχηδὸν ἐδήϊον,

For oft in sport
Begun, combat ensues ; growling they snarl,
Then on their haunches rear’d, rampant they seize
Each other’s throats ; with teeth and claws in gore
Besmear’d, they wound, they tear, till on the ground
Panting, half dead the conquer’d champion lies, &c.

3. Blancard’s reading of φίλαι is adopted instead of that of the first edition of
Paris, ἄφιλαι.

ON COURSING. 101

generally from spiteful jealousy. These matters are not to be
made light of.

In the winter season feed your dogs only once a day,’ a
little before evening; for the days are short, and the grey-
hounds are to be so managed, that if you need their services
for coursing till a late hour, they may be able to bear the
necessary fasting. But in summer it is right to give them a
little bread in addition,*® that they may not be exhausted by
the length of the day; and if thirsty, they will drink with
less detriment after having eaten. To thrust down a dog’s
throat a piece of salted suet is also found beneficial.* But if

1. Arrian has already spoken on the subject of feeding, as an indication of good
blood, in c. vii.

‘« Adulti siccis vescantur edulibus: pane videlicet et ossibus, et hoc fiat digestis
horis, ut concoctio peragatur, et potitis famescaut paululim, quam non exactis horis
pascantur.”

It is occasionally necessary to administer food twice a day to delicate hounds: but
the more usual practice accords with the text. Gervase Markham, however, recom-
mends the courser to feed twice a day on his prescribed diet-bread, “ to wit, halfe an
houre after sunne-rise, and halfe an houre before sun-set, when he comes from walk-
ing or ayring his dogge, and it will bring him to exceeding great strength of body
and purenesse of winde.’’—‘‘ Upon his coursing days you must by no means give him
any meat more than a white bread toast and butter, or a toast and oil,” &c.

Tardif, a French writer cited by Conrad Gesner, agrees with Arrian on the utility
of a second meal in summer: ‘ Canis estate frequentius quam hyeme cibandus est,
ut zstivis diebus longis et calidis durare possit. Infringatur ei panis in aquam. Si
tamen sepils quam par est cibetur, ventriculus ei subvertitur, lac aut panis lacte
madidus optime alunt.”

2. Θέρους δὲ ἀγαθὸν καὶ ἄρτου ὀλίγον δοῦναι ἐμφαγεῖν----ἃ5 a moming meal, a
breakfast.

3. Sréap rapixevduevov—salted suet or fat. Στέαρ appears from Pollux, L, 1.
c. v. 3. to be the same as πιμελὴ, white adipose substance adherent to the mem-
branes of the abdomen and viscera of men and animals: but if Hesychius be correct
in his explanation of ἀπομαγδαλία as στέαρ ἐν ᾧ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπεμάττοντο ἐν τοῖς δείπνοις"
βαλόντες δὲ τοῖς κυσὶν ἀναλύοντες ἀπὸ τῶν δείπνων, it must have possessed sapo-
naceous qualities of detergency ; for ifit were pure fat, with Bochart we might well ask
ὁ unde abstergantur, qui inde absterguntur?”’ For the distinctive difference between

Cuap. XII,

Cape. XIII.

Feeding
in winter and
summer.

Blondi
Libellus, &c.

Countrey Con-
teat. B. 1. p.51.

p. 52.

Tardivus
de Venatione.

Hierozoicon
L. Ife Ce LV.

Cuap. XIII.

Cuap. XIV.

Seasons of
Coursing.

Columel. de
R. R. vi. 4. 2.

Historia
Quadruped. &c.

Oppian. Cyneg.
1. 112.

Cyneget.
v. 321.

Book of
St. Albans.

De Venat.
L.1.

102 ARRIAN

the weather be very hot, I would have you take an ege in
your hand, open your dog’s mouth, and push it down, that he
may swallow it at one gulp. This will be nourishment enough
for him, will cherish his wind, and quench his thirst. 4

You may go out coursing frequently in spring and autumn, !
these seasons being attended with the least risk to your dogs—

πιμελὴ and στέαρ, see Aristot. Hist. Animal. L. 111. c. xvit. The properties of each
are evidently distinct.

4. “Sapé etiam languor et nausea discutitur, si integrum gallinaceum ovum
jejunis faucibus inferas,” &c. So also Tardif, as cited by Gesner, “si canis inter
venandum nimia siti laboret, duo aut tria ova confracta in gulam ei immittes: sic
enim sitim extingues, et a periculo hectice vel marasmi canem liberabis.”

1. Ancient sportsmen were accustomed to follow their field sports through the
whole year; and often prolonged the chase till midnight. Hor. L. 1. Od. 1.

ποτὲ δ᾽ ἑσπερίου, ποτὲ δ᾽ αὖτε καὶ ὄρφνῃ

θῆρας ὑπ᾽ ἀκτίνεσσι σεληναίης ἐδάμασσαν.

But the more humane of modern days have abridged this perpetuity of warfare with
the animals of the field and forest by legislative enactment.

Nemesian alone, of all the cynegetical writers of Greece and Rome, enjoins us to
commence coursing at the period usually adopted :

Hiemis sub tempus aquose
Incipe veloces catulos immittere pratis,
Incipe cornipedes latos agitare per agros.

Dame Juliana, seemingly careless of the ‘‘ her-hounde’s’’ impatience of heat, held
on till Midsummer ;

At myghelmas begynneth huntynge of the haare :
And lastyth tyll mydsomer there wyll no man it spare.

Natalis Comes allows us to sport during the whole spring, preferring that season for
the reasons stated in the text—

Nam neque tunc horrent torpentia frigora brume,
Nec nimio uruntur florentia prata calore.

ON COURSING. 103

but rarely in summer, ὃ lying by, generally, $ when the heat is
oppressive. For greyhounds are impatient of heat, and often,
when pursuing a hare with all their might, have been suffo-
cated from a stoppage of their wind.4 To guard against
which, a courser should carry eggs with him, and administer
them entire, if his hound’s breathing be exceedingly distressed.
For there is no better refrigerative, nothing that appeases
difficulty of breathing so much. It is not unattended with
danger for a dog, under these circumstances of distress, to
drink immoderately.

For the reasons given, then, be cautious of coursing in hot
weather. Never go out in winter when the cold is severe,
and, on no account, when the ground is frozen hard. For dogs

but the prudent and humane courser will not slip his greyhound later than the month
of February.

2. Θέρους δὲ ὀλιγάκις. It is not customary with British sportsmen to course in
summer.

ἐν δὲ θέρει, χρειὼ φυγέειν φλογόεσσαν ἐνιπὴν
ἄζαν τ᾽ ἠελίου.

3. The Paris and Amsterdam editions read διαπνίγονται, for which Schneider
substitutes διαλείποντα (xpdvov)—an emendation which I have adopted in the trans-
lation.

4. ᾿Απεπνίγησαν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἄσθματος. Such accidents usually happen from running
greyhounds when out of wind, and condition. The state of the muscular and
respiratory systems are always in fault—

τῷ μὴ πιαλέοι θήρης ἐπὶ μῶλον ἴοιεν
μηδέ τε λεπταλέοι.

But the safest plan is to leave the greyhounds in ἃ cool and shady kennel during the
intense heat of a midsummer day—if exercised at all, the earlier they have their
airing, the better,

Lyc. Ad fluvium duc, Daphni, canes, (vocat estus in umbram,)
Nec catulos virides sine lascivire per herbas.
Eja agedum, requiesce Lacon, requiesce Lycarba,
Fervidus Hesperias.dum sol.declinet in undas,

Cuap,. XIV.

Oppian. Cyneg.
I. 133.

Oppian. Cyneg.
1, 86.

Petr. Lotich,
Secund. Ecl. 11.
Viburnus
Venator,

Cuar. XIV.

Savary
Album Diane,
&e. L. 111.
Ρ. 33.

De Venat.
L.1.

Fracastorii
Alcon.

Martini
Lexicon
Philologicum.

104 ARRIAN

bruise themselves in frost,’ lose their nails, © lacerate the
soles of their feet, and if very high-couraged, break even the
bones of their toes against the frozen ground from running
with excessive eagerness. Whereas the hare is light, with
woolly and soft feet,” and trips along without injury in
frost.

5. ᾿Αποκναίονται, (radendo vulnerare ἀποκναίειν,)-τ--ἃ preferable reading to the con-
jectural one of Schneider, amoxalovrai—founded on Xenoph, de Venat. c. viis. 2. ἃ
passage scarce applicable to the Celtic hound. No wise Veltrarius would think of
coursing his greyhounds during severe frost.

Cum fluidos gelida sisti torpedine rivos
Videris, extantesque pedi non cedere glebas,
Ne campis immitte canes: nam nulla laborum
Premia; et avulsos vanis conatibus ungues
Sepe dit, melior pars turme clauda, dolebit.

6. Against this havock from frost, Natalis Comes suggests a guard in the use of
shoes, so formed according to Ruscellius (Schol. in Nat. Com. L. 1.) as to let the

nails pass through the calceamenta coriucea :

Ast ubi jam Boreas invadit frigidus arva,

Et glacialis hyems currentia flumina sistit,
Arcendz ἃ plantis concrete frigore cruste,
Atque armandus erit pes, ne mala frigora ledant,
Et tellus concreta gelu, spineque rigentes,

But should this guard be insufficient, or inapplicable, and the loss of a nail ensue, the
poetical physician of Verona supplies a simple restorative :

Quid? taceam nimio cum decidit ungula cursu?
Frangere namque juvat pallentis grana cumini
Dentibus, admotaque pedem lenire saliva :
Incipientque novi subcrescere protinis ungues.”

The Cynosophium of Demetrius gives its earlier sanction to the efficacy of this
remedy ; and yet it is probable that any of the gum-resins dissolved in spirit of wine
will be found more curative.

7. Aaceis ἔχει τοὺς πόδας Kal μαλθακούς. So Oppian,

οὐδ᾽ αὐτοῖς δειλοῖς λασιοκνημοῖσι λαγωοῖς.

Lepus δασύπους vocatur, quod hirsutos habeat pedes.

ON COURSING. 105

Whoever courses with greyhounds! should neither slip
them near the hare, nor more than a brace at a time ;* for
though the hare be remarkably swift-footed, and have often
beaten many dogs, yet being just started from her form, she
cannot but be fluttered at heart, and terrified at the hallooing,
and the hounds pressing close upon her:—and in this way,
many a noble hare has often ignobly perished without an
effort, showing no diversion worth mentioning.

Let the hare, therefore, creep away from her form as if
unperceived, and recover her presence of mind. | And then, if
she be a racer, * she will prick up her ears, and bound away

* In the first and second editions of the Cynegeticus, a chapter is here introduced
On the Manner and Time of Coursing among the Celts; but which is more correctly
placed by Schneider after the nineteenth chapter. Following his example, I have
omitted it here, and shall introduce it into that part of the treatise to which it natu-
rally belongs.

1. Ὅστις κύνας ἀγαθὰς éxec—whvoever has good hounds: greyhounds; elsewhere
called κύνας wkelas.

2. The laws of the leash in England, subscribed by Thomas Duke of Norfolk, in
the reign of Elizabeth, speak to these points :

«« That not above one brace of greyhounds do course a hare at one instant.

“« That the fewterer shall give the hare twelve score law, ere he loose the grey-
hounds, except it be in danger of losing sight.”

Turberville, however, gives a little more licence as to number of dogs: “ If the
greyhounds be but yong or slowe, you may course with a lease at one hare, but that
is seldome seene, and a brase of dogges is ynow for such a poore beast.’’ No fair
courser would slip more than a brace of tried and swift dogs (δύω κύνε, εἰδότε θήρης)
after a hare.

As to the distance at which the hounds are to be slipped to the hare, which in the
ancient English Cynegetica is called law, ‘‘ it should be,” says Turberville, ‘ x11
score yardes or more, according to the ground and country where she sitteth.”” So
Ben Jonson, in the Sad Shepherd,

But you must give her law: and you shall see her
Make twenty leaps and doubles, &c.

3. Apouikds—a racer. ‘O δυνάμενος τὰ σκέλη ῥιπτεῖν πως, καὶ κινεῖν ταχὺ, καὶ
πόῤῥω, δρομικός : a definition equally applicable to man and beast. See the final note
to this chapter.

O

Cuarp. XV.*

Slipping law.

Vide Stephani
Schediasm.
1 υτος χνῖ-

The Booke of
Venerie, &c.
p. 249.

Tliad. L. xx.
v. 360.

Act 11. se. 8,

Aristot.
de Rhetoric’.
GeiTskGes Vie

Cuar. XV.

Onomast. L. v.
CG. x61
Hist. Aninial.
I. σαῖς Ὁ. 14.

Metamorph.
L. vii. vs. 772.

Polyolbion,
Song xx11.

106 ARRIAN

from her seat with long strides ; and the greyhounds, having
capered about as if they were dancing, * will stretch out at full
speed after her. And at this time is the spectacle worthy
indeed of the pains that must necessarily be bestowed on these
dogs. 5

4. Διαῤῥίψαντες τὰ weAn—having tossed about their limbs ; capered about. Arrian
means to express the anxiety and joy of the greyhound when the hare is just on the
start. With the same signification Xenophon uses διαῤῥίμμα, the τὸ πηδήμα τοῦ σώμα-
tos &c. of Pollux. Σκιρτᾷ γοῦν, says ALlian of the hare’s start, τὰ πρῶτα amd τῆς
γῆς, καὶ πηδᾷ : and Pollux calls her ἁλτικὸν καὶ πηδητικὸν τὸ ζῶον.

5. The rush of the greyhound from slips is splendidly described in the Ovidian
Lelaps : ;

jamdudum vincula pugnat
Exuere ipse sibi, colloque morantia tendit,
Vix bene missus erat ; nec jam poteramus, ubi esset,
Scire ; pedum calidus vestigia pulvis habebat :
Ipse oculis ereptus erat. Non ocyor illo
Hasta, nec excusse contorto verbere glandes,

Nec Gortyniaco calamus levis exit ab arcu.

Many of the coursing terms employed in the present, the 19th, and 20th chapters,
on the Celtic mode of following the sport, are illustrated by Michael Drayton’s pro-
saic muse :

In the proper terms the Muse doth thus report—

The man whose vacant mind prepares him to the sport,
The finder sendeth out, to seek out nimble Wat,

Which crosseth in the field, each furlong, every flat,

Till he this pretty beast upon the form hath found ;

Then viewing for the course, which is the fairest ground,
The greyhounds forth are brought, for coursing then in case,
And choicely in the slip, one leading forth a brace ;

The finder puts her up, and gives her courser’s law.

And whilst the eager dogs upon the start do draw,

She riseth from her seat, as though on earth she flew,
Forced by some yelping cute to give the greyhounds view,
Which are at length let slip, when gunning out they go,
As in respect of them the swiftest wind were slow ;

When each man runs his horse, with fixed eyes, and notes
Which dog first turns the hare, which first the other coats :

ΟΝ COURSING. 107

Those are the strongest hares which have their forms in
open and exposed places;1 for, from boldness, they do not

They wrench her once or twice, ere she a turn will take,
What’s offer’d by the first, the other good doth make ;
And turn for turn again with equal speed they ply,
Bestirring their swift feet with strange agility :

A harden’d ridge or way, when if the hare do win,

Then as shot from a bow she from the dogs doth spin,
That strive to put her off, but when he cannot reach her,
This giving him a coat, about again doth fetch her

To him that comes behind, which seems the hare to bear ;
But with a nimble turn she casts them both arrear :

Till oft for want of breath to fall to ground they make her,
The greyhounds both so spent that they want breath to take her.

For the indications of speed, and strength of course, in the hare, see L’Ecole de la
Chasse, c. 1v. ‘* Liévre vigoureux, bon a chasser,’ ἄς, ‘‘ The hare that renneth,”
says De Langley, ““ wt. right stondyng eeres is but litel a ferd and is strong; and
zit whan she holdeth that oone eere upryght stondyng and that other y leyde lowe
upon her ryge, she fereth but litel the houndes. An hare that crompes hure tayle
upon hure rumpe whan she sterteth out of here forme, as a conyng, it is token she is
stronge and wele rennyng.”

1. Xenophon enters most fully into the description of the hare, her habits, haunts,
ὅχο.---ποδωκέστατοι μὲν οὖν εἰσὶν of ὕρειοι, of πεδινοὶ δὲ ἧττον, βραδύτατοι δὲ of ἕλειοι.
And so also Alian, with some difference as to the speed of the mountain and plain
hares—Aay@ δὲ ὄρειοι οὐκ οὕτως ταχεῖς ὡσπεροῦν οἱ τοῖς πεδίοις ἐνοικοῦντες, εἰ μή ποτε
ἄρα κἀκεῖνοι πεδίον ἔχοιεν ὑποκείμενον, ἐν ᾧ κατίοντες διαθέουσι. See also Polluc.
Onomast. L. ν. 6. x11. and Varr. de R.R. L. ur. c. x1. Much of Xenophon’s
description is versified by Oppian :

mT@KaS ἀείδωμεν, θήρης ἐρίδωρον ὑπώρην'"
σῶμα πέλει τυτθὺν, λάσιον" δολιχώτατον οὖας"

βαιὸν ὕπερθε κάρη, βαιοὶ πόδες, οὐκ ἴσα κῶλα, κ. τ. λ.

<< Of hares soom goon faster and ben stronger than other, as of men and of other
beestis, And also the pasture and the contre wher thei abiden helpeth moche there-
to; ffor whan an hare abideth and formeth in a playn contre ther as no busshes be,
suche hares ben comonly strengest and wel rennyng. And also whan thei pasture of
too herbes, that oon is clepyd sorpol and that other pulegium, thei be stronge and fast
rennyng.”

Cuar. XVI,
Hares.

SPapster of
Game, c. ur.
fol. 19.

De Venat.

Cc. Vv.

De Natura
Animal.
᾿ ΧΤΙ. Calas

Cyneget.
L, 111. vs. 504.

SHapster of
Grame. c. 111.
fol. 20.

Cuar. XVI.

C. F. Paullini
Lagograph.
Curios. 8. Iv.

Quadripartit.
Botanicum.

Book of
Venerie p, 248.

Aflian. de
Natur. Animal.
ju. XIIT ὁ 14.

108 ARRIAN

conceal themselves, but seem to me to challenge the dogs.
When coursed, they do not fly to the woods or groves, how-
ever near, for immediate liberation from danger, but stretch
away to the open country ;* and during the contest, if they are
pursued by slow hounds, they moderate their own speed
according as they are pressed ; but if their pursuers are fast,
they run with all their might. ὃ

Often when they have turned aside to the champaign
country, if they perceive a fleet dog following so close as to
overshadow them, they throw him off by frequent ricks and
turns, and again make for the woods, or wherever they know
of a place of refuge ; and this should be deemed a proof that
the dog has beaten the hare. For coursers, such at least as
are true sportsmen, do not take their dogs out for the sake of |
catching a hare, but for the contest and sport of coursing ; *

This superiority of the upland over the lowland hare continues, according to Paul-
lini, after death. The flavour of its flesh on the table is as superior in the former to
what it is in the latter, as the prowess of the one during life surpassed that of
the other—‘* Lumbi et clunes, seu coxe,”’ says the credulous epicure of Kisenach,
“ pratissimum prebent alimentum et pulmentum, imprimis marium, qui femellis in
cibatu meritO preferuntur, prasertim si montium fuerint incole planorumque loco-
rum, serpyllo, pulegio, et similibus herbis vescentes. Qui enim in palustribus locis
degunt, vilioris conditionis sunt carnis et succi deterioris.” The cause of the infe-
riority of the latter is furnished by Simon Paulli, ‘‘ quia illorum intercus et excre-
mentitia humiditas, que carnem reddit manu cuntumacem, non attenuata et consumpta
est, uti horum, qui fugati sunt.”

2. Turberville observes a hare will take to the open country, if the horsemen stand
on the covert-side, ** then peradventure when shee ryseth, shee will take towards the
champayne ;”’ but I have often seen a hare voluntarily start directly away from the
covert, without any such obstacle existing to her nearer escape.

3. Od μὴν ἀναλίσκει τὴν ἑαυτοῦ δύναμιν ἀταμιεύτως, τηρεῖ δὲ TOD διώκοντος τὴν
ὁρμήν" καὶ ἐὰν μὲν 7 νωθὴς, οὐ πόνυ ἀνῆκε τὸ ἑαυτοῦ τάχαΞ" ἀλλὰ καί τι καὶ ἀνέστειλεν,
ὡς προεκθεῖν μὲν τοῦ κυνὸς, οὐ μὴν ἀπαγορεῦσαι ὑπὸ τοῦ συντόνου τοῦ δρόμου αὐτός.
Οἶδε γὰρ ἀμείνων ὧν, καὶ ὁρᾷ εἰς τὸ μὴ ὑπερπονεῖσθαι οἱ τὸν καιρὸν ὄντα. ᾿Ἑὰν δὲ καὶ
5 κύων ἣ ὥκιστος, τηνικαῦτα ὃ λαγὼς φέρεται θέων ἧ ποδῶν ἔκει, κ. τ. A.

4. Οὐ γάρ τοι ἐπὶ τῷ ἁλῶναι τὸ θηρίον ἐξάγουσι τὰς κύνας, ἀλλὰ ἐς ἀγῶνα δρόμου
καὶ ἅμιλλαν κι τ A. With the fine feelings of a genuine courser, the author considers
the pleasure of the sport as arising solely from the struggle for victory between the

ΟΝ COURSING. 109

and are glad if the hare meet with an escape: if she fly to
any thin brake for concealment, though they may see her
trembling and in the utmost distress, they will call off their
dogs, ὅ and more particularly so, when they have run well. °

Often, indeed, when following a course on horseback, have I
come up to the hare as soon as caught, and myself saved her
alive: and then, having taken away my dog, and- fastened
him up, allowed her to escape.7 And if 1 have arrived too
late to save her, I have struck my head with sorrow, that the
dogs had killed so good an antagonist. ὃ

hare and dog ;—a trial of the former’s speed, its distinctive excellence, (so elegantly
alluded to by Anacreon in his complimentary ode to the ladies,

φύσις κέρατα Tavpois,
ὁπλὰς δ᾽ ἔδωκεν ἵπποις,

ποδωκίην Aaywors)

against that of the latter, whose shape marks its natural designation for such ἃ com-
petition. Coursing does not seem to have been otherwise practised as an emulative
sport in the classic ages; nor indeed till a very modern period of its annals.

5. Kal καταφυγόντα és ἀκάνθας ἔστιν ὅτε ὀλίγας οἵδε καὶ ἰδόντες ἐπτηχότα κ. τ. λ.--
A noble paragraph! conceived and penned in the true spirit of an enlightened
sportsman—Read it all ye who dare calumniate, with Savary and Somerville,

The mean, murderous, coursing crew, intent
On blood and spoil !

6. Zeune would read διαγωνίσαιτο, as referring to the hare, whose life is spared for
having run well. Such a reading, if tenable, (which, I fear, for the reasons given by
Schneider, it is not,) would add much to the beauty of the passage.

7. How different the sentiments of the Bithynian courser from those of the Sci-
luntian huntsman: like a modern thistle-whipper or pot-hunter, Xenophon bids us
search every hiding-place for the worn-out hare, that we may catch her at force, κατὰ
πόδας, or drive her into the snares! while Arrian rejoices in her safety and grieves
over her accidental capture and destruction.

8. Ἔπαισα τὴν κεφαλήν. Blane supposes Arrian to strike the greyhound’s head as
a chastisement for having killed the hare: but this interpretation is too absurd to be
admitted. Many are the examples of the custom of striking the head with the hand,

Cuarv. XVI

Anacreon. Od.
11.

The Chace.

De Venat.
Cc. VI.

Cuap, XVI.

Iliad. xx11.

Herodot.
Thalia,

Natalis Comes
de Venat.
Ih. 11.

SAapster of
Game.
fol. 17. 18.

Sophoclis
Ajax. 1011.

110 ARRIAN

On this point alone I cannot agree with my namesake.
I allow indeed that a man may forget every other object of
which he is enamoured, when he sees a hare found, and pur-
sued at speed ;9 but to see her taken is, 1 own, neither a
pleasant nor striking spectacle; but disagreeable rather, and
not at all likely to make us forgetful of other objects of attach-
ment. 1 And yet we must not blame Xenophon, considering

in indication of sudden grief and vexation. Priam is fearfully apprehensive of
Hector’s death, and strikes his head with sorrow :

κεφαλήν δ᾽ ὅγε κόψατο χερσὶν

ὕψοσ᾽ ἀνασχόμενος.

Psammetichus expresses his grief in the same way over the rich Egyptian monarch,
reduced to mendicancy in his old age, ἐπλήξατο τὴν kepadhy—and Plutarch tells us
that Solon began παίειν τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ τ᾽ ἄλλα ποιεῖν καὶ λέγειν, ἃ συμβαίνει τοῖς
περιπαθοῦσι, as soon as he heard of the death of his son.

9. The joys of the hare-chase have been celebrated, in prose and verse, by the
successors of the Athenian, in even higher strains than by himself :

Tantus amor lepores venandi, gaudia tanta !
Hic mens, hic animus, hic est et tota voluntas !

Preponunt reliquis una hec solatia cunctis !

“« The hare is a good lity! beest and moch good sport and lyking is the huntyng of hur
more than in eny othere beest that eny man knoweth, &c.” ‘‘ the sechyns for the
hare is a wel faire thing, and the enchasyng of the hare is a wel faire thing, and the
sleyng of hym with strength is a faire thing,” &c.

The latter, it is singular, are the very sentiments of Xenophon, reprobated by
Arrian; and the passage affords one of many proofs of De Langley’s acquaintance
with the Grecian Cynegeticus. See Markham C. C. Β. τ. p. 33. and Somerville’s
Chace. -

10. See Xenophon Cyneg. v. 33. Arrian has spoken throughout his treatise
with the greatest respect of his predecessor’s opinions ; but ventures to differ from
him in this place, as to the feelings which the poor hare, when caught, should

excite—

ὦ τῶν ἁπάντων δὴ θεαμάτων ἐμοὶ

ἄλγιστον, ὧν προσεῖδον ὀφθαλμοῖς ἐγώ----

ON COURSING. 11]

he was ignorant of greyhounds, if even the capture of a hare
appeared to him a grand sight.

I am aware, (even if my instructions were opposed to it),
how strong the inducement is to halloo, when following a
course, and that evena dumb man might break forth, as is
related of the son of Croesus. 11

It is proper sometimes to speak to the greyhounds; for
they are pleased at hearing their master’s voice,! and have the

and yet he almost immediately palliates Xenophon’s contrary sentiments, and excuses
them on account of his ignorance of the Celtic greyhound.

1]. See Herodot. L. 1. sect. 85. ὃ δὲ παῖς οὗτος 6 ἄφωνος, ὡς εἶδε ἐπίοντα τὸν Πέρ-
ony, ὑπὸ δέους τε καὶ κακοῦ ἔῤῥηξε φωνήν' εἶπε δὲ, "Ὥνθρωπε, μὴ κτεῖνε Κροῖσον. The
tale of the father of history is somewhat differently told by Solinus :—Atys, filius regis,
mutus ad id locorum, in vocem erupit vi timoris: exclamasse enim dicitur: ‘ Parce
patri meo, Cyre, et hominem te esse, vel casibus disce nostris.””

1. Xenophon de Venat. c. v1. 9. ἀναβοᾷν εὖγε, εὖγε ὦ κύνες, ἕπεσθε ὦ κύνες. He
gives a different cheer at different parts of the chase. Pollux explains the whistling
halloo by the significant verb ἐπισίξαι ---- jubilationibus solitis canes cohortari et feris
immittere—

At comites rabidum solitis hortatibus agmen
Ignari instigant.

So Venus in pursuit of her beloved Adonis,

Per juga, per silvas, dumosaque saxa vagatur
Nuda genu, vestem ritu succincta Diane ;
Hortaturque canes, &c.

Incipiam captare feras, et reddere pinu
Comnua, et audaces ipse monere canes.

Nemesian approaches nearer to the text, in his probable allusion to the same variety
of sound ;

Necnon consueta norint hortamina vocis,
Seu cursus revocent, jubeant seu tendere cursus.

Cuap. XVI.

Cuarv. XVII.

Cheering
greyhounds,

Clio.

C. J. Solini
Polyhistor.
Cc. Ie

Ovid. Metam.
Το, Τχῖς

Ovid. Metam.
Ly Χο 5306

Propert. L. 11.
ΕἸ. xvrit.ad
Cynthiam.

Cyneget.
v. 196.

Cuap. XVII.

Metamorph.
L. 1. 533.

Metamorph.
L. vir. 781.

112 ARRIAN

consciousness of his presence, and of their brilliant running not
escaping his notice, as an encouragement and reward for their
exertions.

There is no objection to your cheering your hound as often
as you like in his first course; but in his second or third,
when it is probable that he is fagged, I think it wrong to cheer
him very often by name, lest from his ardour, and desire of
pleasing his master, he exert himself beyond his strength, and
suffer some inward rupture ; an accident which has been fatal
to many a high-bred greyhound. But he should be allowed to
slacken his running as he chooses. For the contest is by no

o

means equal between the hare and greyhound :* the hare runs

But Arrian means more than is expressed in either of these passages: by ὀνομαστὶ
ἐπιλέγειν we are to understand speaking to, and cheering the hounds by name ; as in
the following chapter—evye ὦ Kippa, εὖγε ὦ Βόννα, καλῶς γε ὦ ‘Opun—

2. ὃ ἀγὼν λαγωῷ καὶ kvvi—accurately and beautifully described in the Ovidian

simile ;

Ut canis in vacuo leporem cum Gallicus arvo
Vidit ; et hic predam pedibus petit, ille salutem :
Alter inhesuro similis, jam jamque tenere

Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ;

Alter in ambiguo est, an sit deprensus, et ipsis

Morsibus eripitur ; tangentiaque ora relinquit.

and in the fable of Cephalus and Procris, the Teumesian fox being substituted for the

hare ;

Tollor e6 capioque novi spectacula cursiis :

Qua modo deprendi, modo se subducere ab ipso
Vulnere visa fera est: nec limite callida recto,

In spatiumque fugit ; sed decipit ora sequentis,

Et redit in gyrum, ne sit suus impetus hosti.
Imminet hic sequiturque parem : similisque tenenti

Non tenet, et vacuos exercet in aéra morsus,

When reading these and other splendid fables of this poet, and his similes illustrative
of terror and rapidity of flight, and eagerness of pursuit, in the parties represented,

ON COURSING. Lis

where she likes, and the dog pursues; she shifts her course,’ Cuar. XVII.
throws him off, and darts forward ; and if thrown out, the dog

is wide of the hare, and must again stretch away after her

a-head, and recover what he has lost of the course by over-

shooting himself.

it strikes us as probable that he was a practical courser, ‘‘ Apollinis et Diane utrius-
que sectator,” and derived his imagery from experience in the field. To the tales of
«© Cephalus and his greyhound Lzlaps,”’ and of ““ Daphne in Lauram ” with its cited
accompaniment, we may add much of the poetical ornament of Arethusa’s plaintive
and terrified flight from the lustful Alpheus,

Sic ego currebam ; sic me ferus ille premebat,... &c. Metamorph.
L. v. 604.

in which the classic courser will discover many allusions to his favourite sport :

Nec me velocior ille, Ejusdem
Sed tolerare diu cursus ego viribus impar v G09,
Non poteram : longi patiens erat ille laboris.
Per tamen et campos, per opertos arbore montes,
Saxa quoque et rupes, et qua via nulla, cucurri.
Sol erat a tergo: vidi precedere longam
Ante pedes umbram: nisi si timor illa videbat.
Sed certé sonituque pedum terrebar; et ingens

Crinales vittas afflabat anhelitus oris.

And when the affrighted nymph is rescued by the interposition of a cloud from her
pursuer’s grasp, and hears the cry “‘Io Arethusa, Io Arethusa,” the poet compares
her to a hare in a brake under similar terror,

Lepori, qui vepre latens hostilia cernit Ejusdem
Ora canum, nullosque audet dare corpore motus: v. 627.

as if the chase of this little animal had supplied him with the outline of his picture.

3. Ὁ μὲν ἐξελίξας τὸν δρόμον ἕο. So ALlian, δρόμον δὲ ἕνα καὶ ἰθὺν οὐ θεῖ, δεῦρο De Naturd
Animal.

δὲ καὶ ἐκεῖσε παρακλίνει, καὶ ἐξελίττει τῇ Kal TH, ἐκπλήττων τοὺς κύνας Kal ἀπατῶν. L 4
τ Xi. Ὁ. 14.

4. Apoilonius Rhodius has well expressed the κύνες δεδαημένοι ἄγοης straining
after the game with open jaws ;

τυτθὺν δὲ τιταινόμενοι μετόπισθεν Pity
v ) 2. , ΕΥ̓ a de . 289.
ἄκρης;ἐν γενύεσσι μάτην ἀράβησαν ὀδόντα. Ἢ

Ῥ

Cuap. XVII.

fEneid.
L. x1. 754.

Statii Theb.
L. v. 168.

The Booke of
Venerie.

p- 248.

Bacon, of
Discourse,
Essay ΧΧΧΙΙ.

Darcii Ve-
nusini Canes.

114 ARRIAN

Moreover, the natural difficulties of the country are more in
favour of the hare, than the dog—such as rough and stony

and Virgil in the simile of the ““ vividus Umber;” copying, probably, the poet of the
Argonauts,

Heret hians, jam jamque tenet, similisque tenenti

Increpuit malis, morsuque elusus inani est.

The hare under pursuit has a peculiar sensibility of sounds behind her. To this
excellence she owes her preservation from the danger of her pursuers. By this
faculty she often outstrips the fleetest brace of greyhounds, attentive to the noise of
every stretch, and sound of every pant:

Precipitat suspensa fugam ; jam jamque teneri
Credit, et elusos audit concurrere morsus.

“It isa gallant sport,” says Turberville, “‘to see how the hare will turne and
wind to save herselfe out of the dogges mouth. So that sometimes even when you
thinke that your greyhound doth (as it were) gape to take her, she will turne and
cast them a good way behind her: and so saveth herselfe by turning, wrenching, and
winding, until she reach some covert and so save her 11{86.᾿ And a far greater than
this translator of Fouilloux has remarked: ‘‘ We see in beasts, that those that are
weakest in the course, are yet nimblest in the turne ; as it is betwixt the greyhound
and the hare.”

Scarce inferior to his poetical predecessor of Venusium, the classic Darcius slips
his swift-footed Pterelas after the started hare, in a sketch which places the course
before the reader’s eyes :

Ocyus insequitur Pterelas, cursuque citato
Intervalla facit lati decrescere campi.

Jam propior propiorque micat, jam captat hianti
Summa pedum rostro, jam terga fugacia stringit.
Ille pavet, flexoque obliquat tramite cursus,

Et dubia trepidans formidine, jamque teneri

Se putat, et rursim tangentis ab ore recedit,
Fataque momento sibi prorogat, emula donec
Rostra levis mergat miserando in corpore victor,
Fulmineus victor, gemino cui tramite Jumbos
Spina subit graciles, et castigata coercet

Ilia substrictus venter, stant crura volantem

ON COURSING. 115

grounds,® steeps and inequalities of surface—both because she
is light, and because her feet, from their woolliness, are not
liable to be lacerated by the roughness of the ground ;° and

Preteritura notum, longo internodia ductu
Pes gerit, in ceelum tolluntur acumine bino
Auricula, flexoque in levia tergora gyro

Erectz redeunt falcata volumina caude.

Mr, Gay’s * Rural Sports,” Canto 2nd, afford the only poetical description of a
hare-course in the English language, with which 1 am acquainted, in addition to that
already cited from the Polyolbion of Michael Drayton :

Yet if for sylvan sports thy bosom glow,

Let thy fleet greyhound urge his flying foe.
With what delight the rapid course I view !
How does my eye the circling race pursue !

He snaps deceitful air with empty jaws,

The subtle hare darts swift beneath his paws :
She flies, he stretches : now with nimble bound
Eager he presses on, but overshoots his ground :
She turns, he winds, and soon regains the way,
Then tears with gory mouth the screaming prey.

5. Οἱ φελλεῶνες. I lave not met with this word elsewhere. Xenophon has τὰ
φέλλια, chap. v. De Ven., to signify the same kind of stony ground. The Scholia on
the Acharnenses of Aristophanes, Act τι. sc. 11. explains φελλεὺς as rocky ground,
stony beneath, with a superficial covering of earth—such as we see on the slopes of
hills, perhaps. Φελλὸς occurs in Hesychius : σκληρὸς τόπος καὶ ducepyhs, καὶ ἐξ ἐπι-
πολῆς πετρώδης. Possibly the English term ‘ fell’? may be derived from the Greek
φελλὸς or φελλεύς.

6. Πόδας τοὺς πρόσθεν ἄκρως ὑγροὺς, στενοὺς, ὀρθούς" τοὺς δὲ ὄπισθεν στερεοὺς, πλα-
reis* πάντας δὲ οὐδενὸς τραχέος φροντίζοντας.

Πέφυκε γὰρ δασὺς τοὺς πόδας καὶ δὴ καὶ τῶν τραχέων ἀνέχεται. The term δασύπους
is evidently derived from the woolly covering of the hare’s feet ; originally an adjective
expressive of this peculiarity, but subsequently used to designate the hare herself.
To the same origin Junius refers the English term rabbet—‘‘cuniculus :” ‘‘ Quotquot
unquam observarunt Anglos, in linguz vernacule pronuntiatione, o sonare ut a, facile
mecum credent olim fuisse robbet, quod nunc rabbet pronuntiant et scribunt. Atque
ita robbet illud fortasse corruptum fuerint ex roughfet, quod exprimit Gr, δασύπους.

The English word hare is derived by the same Etymologist from the Anglo-Saxon

Cuar. XVII.

Canto 11.
v. 289.

Xenophon. de
Venat. c. v.

Aélian. de
Nat. Animal.
L. x11. 14.

Franc. Junii

Etymol. An-

glican. a Lye.
1743.

Cuarv. XVII.

Cuar. XVIII.

Praising, &c.

A‘jian. de
Nat. Animal.
AA AbD yO

116 ARRIAN

the running for her life, too, takes away all sense of diffi-
culties.

When the greyhound has caught the hare, or been otherwise
victorious in the course, you should dismount from your horse,
pat him with your hand and praise him, kissing his head, and
stroking his ears, and speaking to him by name—‘ Well done,
Cirras !”?2—‘ Well done, Bonnas !” °—“ Bravo, my Hormé !” 4
—calling each hound by his name ; for, like men of generous
spirit, they love to be praised : ὅ and the dog, if not quite tired
out, will come up with joy to caress you. At this time, it is a
good sign for him to roll himself on the ground, as we see
horses do;° for it shows that he is not done up with the
course, and, at the same time, rolling refreshes him.

hara. ‘*A.S. hara videtur esse ab h@r, pilus; quoniam, ut est apud Plinium, “ vil-
»>»)

losissimum animalium lepus.
1. Let him be made to feel in the words of Ovid,

non tam

Turpe fuit vinci, quam contendisse decorum.

It 15 ἃ great point to encourage a young hound, whether he kill or not.

Plutarch remarks in his treatise on the Comparative Instinct of Land and Water
Animals, that the Canes Venatici, generally, tear their game and lick up the blood
greedily, when they kill it themselves ; but if the animal, of which they are in pur-
suit, expire from exhaustion, before they reach it, they merely wag their tails, and do
not lacerate it ; showing thereby that the contest was not for the flesh of the animal,
but rather for the glory of victory.

2. Kippa—derived probably from the red colour of the dog.

3. Bévva—the derivation of this canine name is unknown to me.

4. ‘Opw}—Arrian’s own much-valued hound: to the same kennel perhaps belonged
Cirras and Bonnas.

5. ἔοικε δὲ ἔχειν τι καὶ φιλοτιμίας ἐν ἑαυτῷ φυσικῆς" μὴ yap δεῖσθαι κρεῶν, ἀλλὰ
νίκης ἐρᾷν. ;

«Ὁ Trahimur omnes laudis studio,” says Cicero, “εἴ optimus quisque maximé
gloria ducitur.”

6. Pliny also makes the same remark, ‘* Canes ἃ cursu volutatio juvat, ut veterina

Ne i σ 3)
ἃ jugo.

ON COURSING. 117

The more opulent Celts,1 who live in luxury, course in the
following manner. They send out hare-finders* early in the
morning to look over such places as are likely to afford hares
in form; and a messenger brings word if they have found
any, and what number. They then go out themselves, and
having started the hare, slip the dogs after her, and follow on
horseback.*

But others, who have no hare-finders, go out on horseback,
collecting a large party of fellow-sportsmen together; and
coming to likely lying-ground, when a hare is started, they
slip their dogs. While others again, who are more of work-
men at the sport, sally forth on foot;' and if any one

* In the Paris edition of 1644, in Blancard’s of 1683, and in Zeune’s, this Chapter
stands after Chap. xiv. ; but, on the authority of Schneider, it is more appropriately
introduced in this place. Indeed the present, and two following chapters, treat of
the different modes of coursing among the Celts, and might all be united under one
title.

1. Ὅσοι μὲν πλουτοῦσιν αὐτῶν καὶ Tpupaov—the superior class of Celtic gentry,
nobility, &c.

2. Τοὺς karomrevoovras—finders to look over, ἄς. The French say, ‘aller a la
vue,” —‘‘c’est découvrir 51] y a dans le pays des bétes courables.”’

3. ᾿Αναπαυόμενος λαγώς. No description can surpass in accuracy and elegance
that of the hare in her form by the elder Xenophon: Κατακλίνεται δὲ ὑποθεὶς τὰ ὗὑπο-
κώλια ὑπὸ τὰς λαγόνας, τὰ δὲ πρόσθεν σκέλη τὰ πλεῖστα συνθεὶς καὶ ἐκτείνας, em ἄκρους
δὲ τοὺς πόδας τὴν γένυν καταθεὶς, τὰ δὲ ὦτα ἐπιπετάσας ἐπὶ τὰς ὠμοπλάτας" εἶτα δὲ
ὑποστέγει τὰ ὑγρά’ ἔχει δὲ καὶ τὴν τρίχα στεγανήν" πυκνὴ γὰρ καὶ μαλακή.

4. The example, οἵ the Celtic nobility of Arrian’s days was followed by those of a
later date. Bruyer relates (de Re Cib. c. 24.) ‘ Gallia omnis leporibus scatet, ideoque
horum venatio peculiaris est mediocri nobilitati et primarie non invisa.” And Bap-
tista Guarinus notes of the Veronese territory, that it abounds with hares, and affords
opportunities for long courses :

Namque hic si studeas lepores agitare fugaces,
Cursibus effusis #quora longa patent.

1. Αὐτουργοὶ κυνηγεσίων. Upon this expression Henry Stephens merely remarks,

CHap, KEK.

Celtic mode of
coursing with
hare-finders.

Cuap. XX.

Without hare-
finders.

Encyc.Méthod.
Les Chasses.
p- 439.

De Venat.
οι ἌΣ, 10.

Cuap.. XX.

Beating the
ground.

Schediasm.
L. Vv. 6. XVI-

Cyneg. 1.
v. 148.

Turberville’s
Booke of
Hunting, &c.

118 ARRIAN

accompanies them on horseback, it is his duty to keep up with
the dogs.

They beat the ground in regular array, with an extended
front, proceeding in a straight line to the completion of a
certain extent of country ; and then, wheeling about in a body,
return in the same way by the side of their former track,
omitting as far as possible none of the likely lying. *

But it is necessary, if many dogs are taken into the field,
that they should not be left at random, and without arrange-
ment. For when the hare is started from her form, not a man
would refrain from slipping his hound after her: one from
eagerness to see his own dog run, and another from being
startled and beside himself at the hallooing; and the hare
would be caught, in consequence of the crowd and confusion
of the dogs, without a struggle, and the whole value of the

““ quod loquendi genus observatione dignum est,’’—offering no explanation: Zeune
interprets “ qui pedites venantur, studio rei capti:’’ Holsten, ‘‘ qui ipsi per se vena-
tionis studio incumbunt :”—those who have to do with the practical part of the
sport, as the slippers, leaders of the hounds, &c. the actual workmen. Such were
the ἐργοπόνοι κρατεροὶ of Oppian, the bearers of the hunting gear to the covert, &c.
2. ᾿Εκπεριΐασι δὲ ἐπὶ μετώπου ταχθέντες. We here see the military tactician: after
the lapse of nearly seventeen centuries, no improvement has taken place in the mode
of beating for a hare. One of our best English manuals of coursing, whose author
was probably as expert in the field as his predecessor of Bithynia, thus describes the
plan adopted in the days of good Queen Bess: ‘‘ To course γέ. hare you must send
either hare-finders before you to tind some hare sitting, or els yourself w. your com-
pany may range and beat over the fields until you either find a hare sitting, or start
her. Ihave marked y®, hare-finders in their seeking of a hare in Northamptonshyre,
and they will never beat but one end of a furlong: and that shall be the end which is
downe the wind or from the wind; for they hold opinion that a hare will not (by
her wil) sit with her head into the wind. He that will seeke a hare must go over-
thwart the lands; and every land that he passeth over, let him beginne with his eye
at his foot, and so looke downe the iand to the furlong’s end, first on the one side
and then on the other ; and so shall he find y®. hare sitting in her forme : assoone as
he espyeth her he must cry Sa how. Then they which lead the greyhounds may come
neare : and you may appoynt which greyhounds shall course. ‘Then let him which
found the hare, go towards her and say, Up, pusse, up/ untill she rise out of her

forme.”

ON COURSING. 119

spectacle destroyed. On which account a steward should be παρ. XX.
appointed over the sport, should match the dogs, and give ‘Steward.
orders to the field:—if the hare start on this side, you and
you are to slip, and nobody else ; but if on that side, you and

you: and let strict attention be paid to the orders given. #

3. “Apxovta—* the judge expert in coursing ” of Turberville, p. 249.

It appears to me from this passage that the Celts coursed with each hound held in
a single slip and collar, and started probably simultaneously with his appointed com-
peer, held in juxta-position by a second person. Some commentators, however, are
of opinion, from the term σὺν δυαζέτω, that the dogs were held in double collars, or
couples; but if so, we must still suppose, from the words σὺ καὶ σὺ ἐπιλύειν, that
two persons were appointed to let the dogs loose at the same time :

Copula detrahitur canibus. Ovid. Met.
L. vit. 769.
Xenophon particularly enjoins, in his instructions on hare-hunting, that the Spartan
hounds should be held in separate collars at the covert-side : ἑκάστην χωρὶς, (each
apart) ὅπως ἂν εὔλυτοι ὦσι. De Venat.
The ancient slip or slippe (ab elabendo Vlit. p. 94.) was formed by a leading thong sc es
or lyam, passed through the ring of the dog’s collar, the two ends being held in the
hand of the slipper, or keeper. When the dog was loosed, the slipper let go one
end of the thong, and drew the other with his hand from the eye of the collar,
whereby the dog was liberated with the collar on his neck, the lyam remaining in the
slipper’s hand. (See Xenophon, Pollux, and Conrad Gesner, on these accoutre-
ments: the latter is copious on the subject in his Hist. Quadrup. ““ Canis.”) Such
a representation of greyhounds coursing, with collars on their necks, we have in

Montfaucon, Tom. rr. Liv. rv. pl. 176. (Chasse au Liévre.) Nor are the incum- See the
brances, which envelop the necks of Chrysis and Aura in this beautiful gem, got τὰ lithograph of
of in the coursing plates of ‘‘ The Gentleman’s Recreations,”—so few are the im- ἜΠΗ ae
provements in the practical department of the leash, from the days of Arrian till τ
those of Richard Blome. The modern method of slipping a brace of greyhounds, at
the same instant of time, from double spring or wedge collars, is of recent introduc-
tion ; having its origin, probably, at the institution of public coursing meetings.

4. Οἱ δὲ ἐμπεδούντων τὸ ταχθέν. Obedience to the orders of the ἄρχων or ἄγωνο-
θέτης, in a coursing field, is an essential point of discipline: indeed, we could not
select any more important for the regulation of such an assemblage than the brief and
emphatic injunction of our author in his Tactics, ‘‘ silence and attention to orders”— Arriani Tactic.
σίγα καὶ πρόσεχε τῷ παραγγελλομένῳ. 71.

Ed, Blancard.

Cuap. XXI.
Coursing with
sagacious and
swift hounds

together.

SHapster of
Game.
Ce XXXV,

fol. 99.

Marmion.
Introduction to
Canto τι.

De Canibus et
Venatione

Libellus.

U. Aldrovand.
de Quad. Digit.
Vivip. L. 1.

P. Angel. Barg.
Cyneg. L. vi.

—
nw
S

ARRIAN

The Celts sometimes course with a mixture of sagacious and
swift-footed hounds;1 and while the dogs of scent are trying,

1. This method of coursing was practised in England in the days of Edmund De
Langley (A. D. 1380). From the instructions which he gives relative to it, it
appears that the greyhounds were placed, as amongst the Celts, on the outside of the
covert. So also in the beautiful poetry of Scott :

And foresters in greenwood trim

Lead in the leash the gazehounds grim,
Attentive as the brachet’s bay

From the dark covert drove the prey
To slip them as he drove away.

The startled quarry bounds amain,

As fast the gallant greyhounds strain,

“‘ Nos autem vidimus,” says Blondus, ‘‘ venantes in capiendis leporibus hune
modum servare insidiandi. Divisi ac sparsi venatores per inculta frequentitis quam
per culta, arte quadam incedunt Jaqueis canem leporarium detinentes : spineta et
sentes, sive dumeta, saltusve potits celebrantes quam nemora. Nonnunquam etiam
premittunt odorum canem qui ὃ latebris pellat timidum leporem, post quem ὃ laqueis
mittunt canem fugacem, altis clamoribus persequentes, qui sunt exhortationes fuga-
cium canum.” ᾿

“In montosis locis (agri Bononiensis) ob rubetorum frequentiam, canibus saga-
cibus ad lepores excitandos utuntur, deinde visis leporibus canes leporarios solvunt,”’
ἄς.

The classic poet of Barga, although we look in vain for a description of the hare-
course throughout his varied and copious Cynegeticon, has left us the following
counterpart in the machinery of the fox-chase with swift-footed hounds :

Interea juvenes qua sunt asperrima campi
Dumeta, et spinis clivus consurgit acutis,
Obsedere vias, alii qua mane tepenti

Flamine in adversos auras fert Eurus odoras,
Veloces tenuere canes: turbamque sagacem
Immisére, premant patulis, que naribus hostem
Obscenam, et dumis sese occultare parantem,
Conantemque animam tristi subducere letho.
Quain postquam certo latratu ursere propinquam,
Solvuntur canibus curracia vincla Lacanis :

ON COURSING. 19]

they stand apart with the greyhounds, leading them in their
hands where it is most probable the hare will direct her
course, that they may slip them at her when she breaks cover. *
And here the greyhounds answer the same purpose as Xeno-
phon’s nets. But the courses in this way are irregular and
confused, and the hare, however good, is generally so terrified
at the barking of the finders, that, unless she get far enough
a-head to be able to recover herself, she is easily caught, being
frightened out of her wits. +

ee -- = a

and this is again followed by other chases, wherein tle wolf and stag are the grey-
hound’s quarry.

See also L’Ecole de la Chasse, (Rouen, 1788,) ““ Maniére de prendre les loups
avec les lévriers.”

2. Ὅπως ἄν τοι προχωρῇ. ““ Quacunque ratione fieri potest,’ Ind. Grec. Z.
«« When she is going off,” Blane.

3. Ka) εἰσὶν ai κύνες αὗται, ὅ τι περ ai ἄρκυς Ξενοφῶντι ἐκείνῳ. From some curious
Dialogues composed by Elfric, Duke of Mercia, in Latin, Mr. Turner has shown that
our ancestors resembled their continental neighbours in these field sports.

“ΕἼ am a hunter to one of the kings.—How do you exercise your art? I spread
my nets, and set them in a fit place, and instruct my hounds to pursue the wild deer
til] they come to the nets unexpectedly, and so are entangled, and I slay them in the
nets.—Cannot you hunt without nets? Yes, with swift hounds I follow the wild
deer.— W hat wild deer do you chiefly take? Harts, boars, and rein-deer, and goats,
and sometimes hares,” &c.

4. Ὑπὸ τῆς κλαγγῆς τῶν κυνῶν, ἄς. Κυνῶν ἐφόβησεν ὅμοκλή : for a practical
exemplification of a course conducted upon the principle of uniting speed and saga-
city in the same pack, see Mr. Hobhouse’s description of his sport with his host at
Votizza. To ‘four wire-haired Lacouni” were added “ three mongrel pointers,
and several curs... with a large party of men on foot and horseback, making as
much noise as possible.”’ It is scarce necessary to state the poor hare was killed
“ἢ after a short run.”’

This method of coursing (if it deserve the name) was much in use in France two
centuries or more ago. ‘‘ They use their greyhounds,” says Turberville, ‘ only to
set backsets, or receytes for deare, wolfe, fox, or such-like. Whereas we here in
England do make great account of such pastime as is to be seen in coursing with
greyhounds at deare, hare, foxe, or such-like, even of themselves, when there are
neyther hounds hunting, nor other meane to help them.”

Edmund De Langley, in his fMapster of Grame, condemns the union of sagacious
and fleet hounds, “ spaynels and greihoundes,”

Q

in the same field; for ‘ the spaynel

Cuap. XXI.

Vénerie
Normande.
Cc. VII.

Hist. of the
Anglo-Saxons.

Apollon.
Rhod.
Ibs ταῖς 12.

Journey thro’
Albania, &c.
Letter xvi.

Book of
Hunting.
p- 246.

c. xvit, fol. 69.

Cuar. ΧΧΙ.

Cuar. XXII.
Ware Leveret.

Canes.

Xenophon.
de Venatione.
c. v. 14.

Homer. Iliad.

φ.

Homer. Hymn.

in Dian.

Polluc. Onom.
Lav. 6.1. 15.

Nemesian.
Cyneg. 86.

122 ARRIAN

Whoever, therefore, is a good slipper, should not let go his
dog while the hare is at all bewildered, (unless he would
destroy the sport,) but should allow her to make her first turns,
and then slip.

Let it be deemed unlawful to slip to a young hare ;! but
rather, in obedience to my namesake, spare such for the
Goddess.? If possible, indeed, you should endeavour to call off

wil make al the ryot and al the harme.” ‘The latter’s mode of hunting is beautifully
described by Darcius of Venusium :

Hi si forte levis toto lepus errat in arvo,
Pone legent rostro vestigia nota sagaci :

Et modo transverso, modo recto jugera sulco
Scrutantur, &c.

1. Τὰ μὲν οὖν λίαν νεογνὰ οἱ φιλοκυνηγέται ἀφιᾶσι TH Θεῷ. But the same mercy
was not extended to fawns: see Xenoph. de Venat. c. rx. 1.
2. Τῇ Θεῷ. Diana ayporépa, or Venatrix.
—— πότνια θηρῶν
“ApTeuls ἀγροτέρη.

ἡ κατ᾽ ὄρη σκιόεντα καὶ ἄκριας ἡνεμόεσσας

ἀγρῇ τερπομένη παγχρύσεα τόξα τιταίνει.
So, in the Anacreontic Λιτανεία,

γουνοῦμαι σ᾽ ἐλαφηβόλε,
Ξανθὴ, παὶ Διὸς, ἀγρίων
δεσποιν᾽, ~Apreut, θηρῶν.

By Pollux the worshipful goddess is variously called ἀγροτέρα, καὶ κυνηγέτις, καὶ
φιλόθηρος, καὶ ὀρεία.
Callimach. H.in Dian. How graphically is she decked out, in all her sylvan trim, by

For the popular belief respecting her many vocations, see

Nemesian, in the following address to her, to aid, with her many sporting associates,
the essay of his Cynegetical Muse!

Tu modo que saltus placidos silvasque pererras
Latone, Phebe, magnum decus, eja age suetos

ON COURSING. 123

the dogs on scent; though they are with difficulty checked,
being intractable from hunger, and so keen at devouring
whatever prey they take, that you can scarce drive them
away, even by beating them with sticks.

Cuar. XXII.

You should course the stag, or any game of equal size in the Cuar. XXIII.

same way, slipping high-couraged hounds ;! for the animal is

Sume habitus, arcumque manu : pictamque pharetram
Suspende ex humeris: sint aurea tela, sagitte :
Candida puniceis aptentur crura cothurnis :

Sit chlamys aurato multum sub tegmine lusa,
Corrugesque sinus gemmatis baltheus arctet

Nexibus : implicibus cohibe diademate crines.
Tecum Naiades faciles, viridique juventa

Pubentes Dryades, Nympheque, unde amnibus humor,
Adsint, et docilis decantet Oreadas Echo.

Duc age, Diva, tuum frondosa per avia vatem.

Te sequimur: tu pande domos et lustra ferarum.

See Lucian’s Deorum Dialogi, Venus et Cupido, for the pursuits of Diana; and
for several elegant representations of her in her sporting attire, see Montfaucon,
Tom. τ. Perrier, Tab. 64. Goltzii Numismata Grecie, &c. Tab. vi. f. 1. Insular
Medals, Tab. xvu. f. 1. Morell. Tab. xv. Passerii Tom. 111. Tab. 88. &c. <A few
of the most classic gems and medals have been faithfully copied in outline by Mr.
Haghe from the antique, and annexed to this work; they are taken from Montfau-
con, who had previously borrowed them from La Chausse and Beger.

The translation of Mr. Blane does not extend beyond this Chapter.

1. Xenophon De Venat. c. 1x. recommends Indian dogs for deer-hunting, as they
are strong, large, swift-footed, and resolute.

In the ancient field sports of Britain we find the deer, the wolf, and the fox, and
even sometimes the wild cat, (of which last the fManster of Grame_c. x. reports,
“he hath the Devyllis spyryt,”’) coursed with greyhounds: but at present these
diversions are discontinued, and the hare alone deemed worthy of the honourable
distinction of competing in speed with the Celtic hound :

And where that ye come in playne or in place,
I shall you tell whyche ben bestys of enchace :
One of theym is the bucke: a nother is the doo :
The foxe and the marteron: and the wylde roo.

Stag-coursing,

Book of
St. Alban’s.

Cuar. XXIII.

Hist. Naturelle,

Booke of
Hunting.
p- 247.

p- 247.

Cynegeticus
11. 184.

De Venat.
Cc. ix.

Hippolyt.
Αἰσ τεῦς 71:

124 ARRIAN

large, runs a long while, and is by no means safe to contend
with ; ὁ indeed there is no little danger of a greyhound being
destroyed by a stag. ὅ

But where the plains are adapted for riding, as in Mysia,
Dacia, Scythia, and Illyricum,* they are in the habit of

The coursing of deer was a recreation of high repute, and was divided into two
sorts; the paddock, and the forest or purlieu. See Daniel’s Rural Sports. But a
better authority, Turberville, in ‘* a short observation set downe by the Translatour,
concerning coursing with greyhoundes,”’ attached to ‘‘ The Booke of Hunting,’ has
given us his remarks on coursing deer, and the method of doing it in the olden time
with “6 teasers,” (‘ to start the deare from the whole heard, or make a low deare
strain,”’?) ‘‘ side laies,”’ (‘to way-lay him by the midway,”) and ““ buck-sets, or
receits,’ (to meet him ‘ full in the face—to the end they may the more amase
him.’’) See Turberville’s Appendix to his translation of Fouilloux, and ‘‘ The Go-
vernour,” B.1.c. 17.

2. Μέγα τε yap τὸ θηρίον, ἕο. ‘‘ He is of all beasts,” says Gervase Markham,

‘* the goodliest, stateliest, and most manly :”

and Buffon, after describing the stag
with his wonted eloquence, concludes, ‘‘ sa grandeur, sa légéreté, sa force le dis-
tinguent assez des autres habitans des bois: et comme il est le plus noble d’entre
eux, il ne sert aussi qu’aux plaisirs des pius nobles des hommes ; il a, dans tous les
temps, occupé le loisir des héros.”

«<A red deare will beare sometimes foure or five brase of greyhounds before they
can pull him downe: such wonderfull force he is of, and can so easily shake off a
greyhound when he pincheth him,”

3. Ὁ κίνδυνος οὐ σμικρὸς, &c. ‘‘ He that hath a good hare greyhound, shal do
very evill to course a deare with him, for it wil both bruse him and make him lyther :
and the course at the hare is much the nobler pastime.”

Oppian denies that deer butt with their horns, and thereby endanger the dogs :

οὔποτε γὰρ κεφαλῇφιν ἐναντία δηρίσαιντο,

> \ “ > > , ,
ov θηρσὶ κρατεροῖς, οὐκ ἀργαλέοισι κύνεσσι :

but Xenophon, a practical authority, affirms it—rots κέρασι παίει καὶ τοῖς ποσίν. The
thrust from the tynes, or branches, of the stag’s horns, were accounted far more
dangerous to a human being than those of the boar’s tusk :

If thou be hurt with horn of stag, it brings thee to thy bier:
But barber's hand shall boar’s hurt heal; thereof have thou no fear.

4. Ἔνθα τὰ πεδία εὐήλατα. The Homeric scholar willremember the Nomade tribes

ON COURSING. 125

coursing deer with Scythian and Illyrian horses; which, C#ar. XXII,
though slow at first in pursuit, and utterly despicable, as far as
appearance goes, by the side of those of Thessaly, Sicily, or
Peloponnesus, hold out to the last under the most severe work. ὅ
On such occasions you will see the huge, swift, proud-looking
horse flagging, and this lean and scrubby little animal at first
passing him, then leaving him behind, and at last even driving
the stag away from him. He holds on indeed until the stag

ae . : ἬΝ Δὲ .6
gives out and stops, gasping with distress ;° when you may, if

of this champaign region, on whom Jupiter cast his eyes in looking from Mount Ida
towards Thrace. The Mysians were of the number :

αὐτὸς δὲ πάλιν τρέπεν ὄσσε φαεινὼ, 1144, ν΄, 3.
νόσφιν ἐφ᾽ ἱπποπόλων Θρῃκῶν καθορώμενος aia,
Μυσῶν 7 ἀγχιμάχων, καὶ ἀγαυῶν Ἱππημολγῶν, &c.

Seneca speaks of the ““ Vacuisque vagus Sarmata campis,”-—Claudian, of the ‘‘ gens Dery. Consul.

exercita campo,’’—anud an earlier poet, the exiled Ovid, in one of his mournful Honorii.
elegies, commemorates the Scythian’s skill in horsemanship :
Protinus equato siccis aquilonibus Istro, Tristium

Invehitur celeri barbarus hostis equo : L. mt. ΕἸ. x.

Hostis equo pollens longéque volante sagitta
Vicinam late depopulatur humum.

‘Strabo notices the hunting propensities of the inhabitants of the Scythian and Sar-

matian plains (L. xvui.); and the eloquent historian of the Decline and Fall en- Hist. of Rome.
larges on the vigour and patience both of the men and horses in the continual exer- V0l-1V.c. XXvI.
cise of the chase. From the way in which these pastoral tribes of the Scythian

plains are introduced by Arrian in connexion with the Celtic coursing, we may con-

clude that they were Celto-Scythians.

5. The highest praise is bestowed by Oppian on Sicilian horses, ὠκύτατοι Σικελοί : Cyneg. 1.
but fleeter than these are the Armenians and Parthians; and fleetest of all, the 272.
Tberians.

6. Ὁ δὲ ἐς τοσοῦτον ἄρα ἀντέχει.

non illum unquam genibusve labantem P. Angelii
Videris, aut animam fessum vix ore trahentem. betes ms ΘΕ:

Verim importuno potuit superesse labori
Acrior, atque novas currendo acquirere vires,

Cuap. XXIII.

Cuap. XXIV.

African
Coursing of
Wild Asses.

Virgil. Georg.
L. 111. v. 374.

Oppian. Cyneg.
Iv. δά.

De Nat. Anim.
LL. Ti. C. 11

Cyneg. 1.
v. 289.

Cyneg. 11.
v. 293.

Cyneg. 11.
v. 315.

126 ARRIAN

you choose, spear him at close quarters as if enfettered,7 or
throw a noose over his neck,’ and lead him away alive.

In Africa there is a mode of coursing on Libyan horses, 1
called Nomades, on which the sportsmen, mounted, catch not
only red and roe deer,? (for these are taken with little effort,
and the horses are not esteemed good in consequence,?) but also

Velocem quandoque fuga prevertere cervum,
Et premere immanes animis optavimus apros.

7. Ἔξεστιν ἤδη, εἰ μὲν βούλοιο, ἀκοντίσαι ἔγγύθεν ws πεπεδημένην.

Cominis obtruncat ferro, graviterque rudentes
Cedunt, et magno leti clamore reportant.

Xenophon gives a full description of the mode of ensnaring deer in a variety of
trap called ποδοστράβη, and adds: ἁλίσκονται δὲ καὶ ἄνευ ποδοστράβης διωκόμεναι,

ὅταν ἢ ἡ ὥρα θερινὴ, ἀπαγορεύουσι γὰρ σφόδρα, ὥστε ἑστῶσαι ἀκοντίζονται.

ξυνὸν ἀκοντίζειν δὲ καὶ ἀντία τοζάζεσθαι

θῆρας ἀρειοτέρους.

8. Βρόχον---ἃ noose-rope. Such ropes were generally used by rude nations in
battle as well as the chase. For a clever representation of this mode of catching
deer, see the Venationes Ferarum of Stradanus and Galle, and the accompanying
quatrain of Kilian Duffleus,

1. A‘lian mentions these horses in his second book of Animal History: ὥκιστοι
μέν εἰσιν ἵππων καμάτου δὲ δή τι αἴσθονται οὐδέν" λεπτοὶ δὲ, καὶ οὐκ εὔσαρκοι, ἐπιτή-

δειοί γε μὴν καὶ φέρειν ὀλιγωρίαν δεσπότου εἰσίν :—and Oppian in his first Cynegetic :

Μαύρων δ᾽ αἰόλα φῦλα πολὺ προφέρουσιν ἁπάντων
ἀμφὶ δρόμους ταναούς τε, καὶ ἀμφὶ πόνους ἀλεγεινούς"
καὶ Λίβυες μετὰ τοὺς δολιχὸν δρόμον ἐκτελέουσιν.

2. Ἐλάφους ἣ δορκάδας. I take ἐλάφος to be the red deer, the cervus elaphus of
naturalists ; and δόρκας the roe deer, cervus capreolus, the chevreuil of France. To
these the poet of Anazarbus adds the fallow deer, under the name of εὐρυκέρω-
TES.

3. From hence it would appear that it was no great exploit to take a red or roe
deer, in Arrian’s opinion ; but the latter was deemed very fleet by the last-cited poet,

ON COURSING. 127

wild asses,* which excel in speed, and power of holding out for
the greatest length of course.

For when the Greeks marched with Cyrus, the son of
Darius, against the great king, (in which expedition Xenophon
was engaged, who relates the circumstance, 5) while they were
passing over the plains of Arabia,7 there appeared herds of
wild asses, but not one could be caught by any single horse-
man, and therefore the Greeks pursued them with relays of
horsemen at stated distances; and after the asses had held
out for a long while against several, they sunk at last from
fatigue. Thus even Cyrus himself, the son of the great king,
and the brother of the great king, had not horses good enough

ὠκυτάτων δόρκων ἀρίδηλα γένεθλα : and his opinion is supported by the high autho-
rity of the Mayster of Game, who affirms that “‘ he rennyth wondir fast, and some
tyme, at the partyng from his leyre, he shal out goo a brace of good greye houndes,”’

4. The wild ass, or Koulan, is an animal of the greatest speed and beauty. He is

elegantly and correctly described by Oppian :

εὔσφορον, ἤνεμόεντα,

κραιπνὸν, ἀελλοπύδην, κρατερώνυχον, αἰπὺν ὄναγρον,
ὕστε πέλει φαιδρὸς, δέμας ἄρκιος, εὐρὺς ἰδέσθαι,

ἀργύφεος χροιὴν, δολιχούατος, ὀξύτατος θεῖν.

See also the Book of Job, ο. ΧΧΧΙΧ. vs. ὅ. et seqq. Plin. Hist. Nat. L. vii. ο. 44.
Varro de R. R. L. 11. 6. 6. and the Veterinarian Apsyrtus, Geopon. L. xvi. c. 21.
Martial records his beauty, ‘ Pulcher adest onager.’”’ Spelman is mistaken in iden-
tifying the onager and zebra, and referring to the stuffed specimen of our college for
his example of the former under the type of the latter.

5. Μέγαν βασιλέα. This is the title given by all Greek authors to the king of
Persia ; and it is preserved to the successors of Mahomet in that of the Grand
Seignor. Cyrus was the youngest son of Darius by Parysatis, and brother to
Artaxerxes. His father, therefore, and brother, were both called, κατ᾽ ἐξοχὴν, ‘ the
great king.”

6. Xenophon. Anabas. L. 1. 5. 2.

7. The inhabitants of this part of Arabia are denominated Sxnvira ~ApaBes by
Strabo ; a vagabond people, living by depredation. ‘‘ Nomades, infestioresque
Chaldezorum, Scenite,” says Pliny, ‘a tabernaculis cognominati;” afterwards

Saracens.

Cuar, XXIV.

Arabian
Coursing de-
scribed by
Xenophon,

SMavster of
Game. c. v.
fol. 32.

Cyneget. 111,
183.

Epigr. L. x1.
100.

Cuarp. XXEV.

Lucret. L. tv.

Livii L. v.
Decad, rv.

Oppian. Cyneg.
Iv. 45.

123°m ARRIAN

for this chase; and yet the Libyan boys, some at eight years
of age, and others not much older, mounted on their naked
steeds,® and guiding them with a switch, as the Greeks employ

8. Ἐπὶ γυμνῶν τῶν ἵππων.

Gens que nudo residens Massylia dorso

Ora levi flectit frenorum nescia virga.

The allusions to the tractable and fleet Numidian horse, and his expert rider, are
too numerous in the authors of antiquity for citation of more than a few. The barbs,

in the language of our great dramatist,

will follow where the game

Makes way, and run like swallows o’er the plain.

In the army of Hannibal, the ‘¢ equi hominesque paululi, discinctus et inermis

?

eques, equi sine frenis,” are eulogized by the Roman historian : and Strabo notices
the docility of the African little steeds to be such ὥς τ᾽ ἀπὸ ῥαβδίου οἰακίζξεσθαι.
Virgil speaks of the ““ Numide infreni,” (ποιά, L. 1v. 41.): Silius Italicus

of the

velocior Euris
Et doctus virge sonipes :-—L. 111.

and again, in the first book of his Punic War :

Hic passim exultant Numide gens inscia freni,
Queis inter geminas per ludum nobilis aures
Quadrupedem flectit non cedens virga lupatis.

But the poets of the chase, Oppian and Nemesian, have left us in detail their shape
and qualifications :

ὅππότε δ᾽ αὖτε

καὶ μούνοις ἵπποισι κυνῶν ἄτερ ἰθὺς ἐλαύνειν"
ἵπποισιν κείνοισιν ὅσοι περὶ Μαυρίδα γαῖαν
φέρβοντ᾽, ἢ Λιβύεσσιν, boo μὴ κάρτεϊ χειρῶν
ἄγχονται ψελίοισι βιαζομένοιο χαλινοῦ,
πείθονται δὲ λύγοισιν, On βροτὸς ἡγεμονεύει.
τοὔνεκεν ἱππελάται κείνων ἐπιβήτορες ἵππων
ἠδὲ κύνας λείπουσι φίλους, πίσυνοι τ᾽ ἐλόωσιν

ἵπποις, ἠελίου τε βολῇ, καὶ νόσφιν ἀρωγῶν.

ON COURSING. 129

the rein, press these wild asses so closely in pursuit, that at
last they throw a noose around their necks and lead them away
quite subdued.

Such are the methods of coursing adopted by those who have
fleet hounds and horses: they neither ensnare the animals with
toils, nets, or springes ;!° nor employ, in short, any other tricks
or wily inventions, but contend with them in a straight-forward
trial of speed." And to me, the two spectacles appear nowise

ι

Quemque coloratus Mazax deserta per arva
Pavit, et assiduos docuitjtolerare labores.

Nec pigeat quod turpe caput, deformis et alvus
Est ollis, quodque infrenes, quod liber uterque,
Quodque jubis pronos cervix diverberet armos.
Nam flecti facilis, lascivaque colla secutus
Paret in obsequium lenta moderamine virge.
Verbera sunt'precepta fuga, sunt verbera freni.
Quin et promissi spatiosa per aquora campi
Cursibus acquirunt commoto sanguine vires,

Paulatimque avidos comites post terga relinquunt.

9. The same fact is related by A€lian, in his Natural History of Animals, L. xiv.
c. 10.; and Beckman (Hist. of Inventions, Vol. 1v. p. 292.) observes, on the autho-
rity of Vancouver, that the βρόχος, or noose-rope, is still employed by the Hunga-
rians, for the subjugation of wild horses.

10. See these instruments of predatory hunting described in the early part of the
Appendix, and accurately represented in the spirited engravings of the ““ Venationes
Ferarum”’ of Stradanus and Galle. The metrical skill of A. C. Kilian Duffleus, the
poet of the annexed quatrains, is not commensurate with that of the engraver.

11. Ἐκ τοῦ εὐθέος διαγωνιζόμενοι. Many are the instances recorded in which the
agency of the hound of chase was despised by “ the light-footed sons of Chiron’s
school.” ‘The heroes and heroines of old were all-sufficient for the capture of the
fleetest animals of the forest and plain. This was indeed coursing in good earnest,
and is well illustrated by the simile of the text. In this way Diana furnished her
chariot with deer, her πρωτάγριον, the swiftest beasts of draught—

πίσυρας δ᾽ ἕλες ὦκα θέουσα,

νόσφι κυνοδρομίης, ἵνα τοι θοὸν ἅρμα φέρωσι.

In this way, the son of Peleus arrested the attention of her sylvan ladyship and the
goddess Pallas,

Cuarp. XXIV.

Comparison of
Hunting and
Coursing.

Nemesian.

Cyneg. vs. 261.

Callimach.
H. in Dian.
vs. 105.

Cuar. XXIV.

Cuap. XXV.

Age and mode
of entering

bitch-puppies,

Lee’s Pindar.
Nem. Od. 111.

Justin. H.
L, xxXvite
C. II.

Description of
Britaine.
Booke Thirde.
Cardia

Pindar. Fragm.
XL. p. 75.
edit. Heyne,

130 ARRIAN

akin: the former being like thievish depredation ; the latter,
like a battle fought out with main strength: the one class of
sportsmen resembling pirates in their clandestine attack, while
the other are as openly victorious as were the Athenians over
the Medes in the naval engagement at Artemisium,! or at
Salamis and Psyttalia, or again at Cyprus.

As to the age at which greyhounds should begin coursing, !
you may take a bitch out after the eleventh month : 5 or, if she

when, if we credit tales believed of old,
His speed subdued the bounding stag, his spoil—

By hounds unaided and the treach’rous toil.

Mithridates, in later days, was wont, during his rustication, ‘‘ feras cursu aut fugare,
aut persequi, cum quibusdam etiam viribus congredi.” And in our own annals,
« King Henrye the fift,” says Holinshed, ‘‘ thought it a mere scoffery to pursue
any fallow deare wyth hounds or greyhounds, but supposed hym selfe alwayes to
have done a sufficient acte, when he had tired them by his own travaile on foote, and
so kylled them wyth hys handes, in the upshot of that exercise and ende of hys
recreation.”

12. Περὶ ᾿Αρτεμίσιον.

ὅθι παῖδες ᾿Αθηναί-
wy ἐβάλοντο φαεννὰν

κρηπῖδ᾽ ἐλευθερίας.

Plato (λύγος ἐπιτάφιο5) gives the first and principal honours (ἀριστεῖα) to the victors
of Marathon—a δὲ δευτερεῖα, τοῖς περὶ Σαλαμῖνα καὶ ἐπ᾽ ᾿Αρτεμισίῳ ναυμαχήσασι καὶ
νικήσασι. Artemisium was ἃ northem promontory of the island of Eubewa ; Psyttalia,
a small, rocky, and barren isle, off the coast of Attica, and near to Salamis ; Cyprus,
an island of the Mediterranean Sea. The naval victories of Themistocles and Cimon
are too well known to need any detail.

1. Having taken a summary view of the different modes of coursing amongst the
Celts, and elsewhere, he now enters in detail into the treatment, initiation, &c. of
young hounds.

2. The elder Xenophon mentions an earlier date for entering puppies—bitches at
eight months, dogs at ten months old: but he does not allude to greyhounds. Pollux
would introduce bitches at six months, and dogs at eight; Onomast. L. v.c. 1x.
The courser will follow the example of his Bithynian predecessor, whose instructions,
indeed, are in exact accordance with modern practice.

ΟΝ COURSING. 13]

be well set, and not loose-limbed, you may let go ἃ hare from
your hand before her, in an open field, a month earlier than
this, starting the pup close to the hare, that she may enjoy
the sight of her game, and, by seeing it quite close, may work
with eagerness. But presently slip another good dog to the
hare, that the puppy may not suffer by too long a course, nor
flag from over-fatigue ; and the second dog turning the hare
with ease again and again, will drive her into the puppy’s
mouth, when the latter should be allowed to tear her with her
teeth till she has killed her.*

3. He recommends a later period for entering dog-puppies ; see the next Chapter.
Nemesian makes no distinction between the dog and bitch on this point :

Jam cum bis denos Phebe reparaverit ortus,
Incipe non longo catulos producere cursu ;

Sed parve vallis spatio, septove novali.

His leporem premitte manu, non viribus equis,
Nec cursus virtute parem ; sed tarda trahentem
Membra ; queant jam nunc faciles ut sumere pradas.
Nec semel indulge catulis moderamine cursus ;
Sed donec validos etiam pravertere suescant,
Exerceto diu, venandi munere cogens

Discere, et emeritez laudem virtutis amare.
Necnon consuete norint hortamina vocis,

Seu cursus revocent, jubeant seu tendere cursus,
Quinetiam docti victam contingere predam,
Exanimare velint tantum, non carpere sumptam.

Less diffuse than the Carthaginian poet, the Veronese physician enters his ‘ catu-
lus venaticus” in the following lines of his Alcon, without specifying his age :

Illi igitur plenis ubi nondum viribus etas
Accessit, parvum cursu conscendere collem

Et molli assuescant sese demittere clivo.

Hine tenerum leporem, vel crura infirma trahentem
Sectari capream, et facilem precurrere campum
Incipiat, verbisque viri parere morantis.

4. ᾿Αλισκομένου δὲ τοῦ λαγῷ, says the elder Xenophon, διδόναι αὐταῖς ἀναῤῥηγνύναι.
Every sportsman is fully aware of the importance of blooding young hounds: κύων

Cuap. XXV,

Nemesian,
Cyneget.
vs. 186.

Fracastorii
Alcon.

De Venat.

c. Vil,

Cuar. XXV.

Aélian. de
Natura Animal.
LL. vitI. c. 2.
Aristotelis
Ethic. Nicom.

ΠΤ αστς oe

Plutarchi
Utraque ani-
malia, &c.

Gratii
Cyneg. vs. 246.

Onomast. L. v.
C. VI.

Albi Diane
Leporicide
L. Iv.

MS. Twety and
Giffard.

fHavster of
Game. c. xiv.
fol. 62.

Countrey Con-
tent. B.1, p.51.

De Venat.
Cc. IV.

Natalis Comes
de Venatione.
L. 1.

132 ARRIAN

As soon as the season arrives for taking out your puppies,
let them be first walked over such roads as are rough ;*

ἀγρευτικὺς ἅπας αὐτὸς μὲν λαβὼν θηρίον ἥδεται, καὶ κέχρηται τῇ ἄγρᾳ ws ἄθλῳ, ἐὰν
αὐτὸν συγχωρήσῃ ὃ δεσπότης : and a greater than Xenophon or A‘lian has declared
that the curée, or quarry, is to the Spartan hound the object of his chase, οὐδὲ ταῖς
ὀσμαῖς τῶν λαγωῶν ai κύνες χαίρουσιν, ἀλλὰ τῇ βρώσει---ὅτι βορὰν ἕξουσιν. ᾿ But
Plutarch tells us that they will not touch the game, nor lap the blood of it, unless
they kill it themselves ; while, in the other case, ἥδονται διασπῶντες, Kat τὸ αἷμα
λάπτουσι προθύμως, &c.

Ergo ubi plena suo rediit victoria fine
In partem prede veniat comes, et sua norit
Premia. Sic operi juvet inservisse benigno,

Hoc ingens meritun est: hee ultima palma trophei.

Julius Pollux advises that puppies be well blooded, ἵνα προσεθίζωνται τῇ κυνηγε-
τικῇ τροφῇ.

Atque in parva secant spoliatum segmina corpus,
Adduntque infectum leporino sanguine panem,

“ Ye shal gif yo". houndys the bowellis boyled w". breed, and it is callyd reward
for cause that it is etyn on the erthe and not on the skyn.”

‘* Goodnesse of greyhoundes cometh of ryght corage and of the good nature of her
fader and modir, and also men may wel helpe to make hem good in the encharmyng
of hem with other good greihoundes and feede hem wel in the beest that he taketh.”

‘«« In coursing,”

says Markham, ‘‘ you shall observe two things, bloud and labour ;
bloud, which is a hartening and animating of your dogge to delight in the pleasure,
when he findes the reward of his paines taking ; for if a dog course continually, and
never kill, the sport will growe yrksome to him, and therefore, now and then, give
him such advantage that he may kill the hare—then labour, which is contrary to
killing ; for in it you must give the hare all indifferent advantage, both by lawe and
otherwise, whereby she may stand long before the dogge and make him shewe his
uttermost strength before he be able to reach her.”

4. So Xenophon: ἔστι δὲ καὶ, ἄνευ τοῦ εὑρίσκειν τὸν λαγῶ, ἀγαθὸν, ἄγειν τὰς κύνας
εἰς τὰ τραχέα" καὶ γὰρ εὔποδες γίγνονται, καὶ τὰ σώματα διαπονοῦσαι ἐν τόποις τοιούτοις
ὠφελοῦνται.

Nec nulla hinc merces sequitur te digna laborum
In loca dura canes si duxeris, aspera montis

Per juga sylvestri populo vix pervia sepe,

ΟΝ COURSING. 133

for this exercise is conducive to forming and strengthening their
feet. Then station the man who leads them upon a conspi-
cuous and elevated spot, and be sure that he does not slip a
puppy when the hare has got much a-head, and is out of
sight ; (notwithstanding the elder Xenophon advises it in regard
to dogs that are to be practised at running on scent ; 5) for if
you slip a greyhound puppy out of sight of her game, she
runs wide, and jumps about, and is beside herself and be-
wildered. And after she is full-grown, if a hare happen to
escape her, she is never at rest, neither returning to her
keeper, nor obeying his call, but, from eagerness for a course,
continuing to run about wildly, like a mad dog, after nothing. °

Let the man, then, that holds the puppy stand on such a spot
as 1 have stated,7 concealed from view at the point where it is
most probable the tired hare ὃ will come in the course of her

Scilicet hinc ungues solide, corpusque labori
Aptius est parvo, magnum quod pertulit ante !

«« Whan thei be at sojourne, men shuld lede hem out every day a myle or ij upon
gravel, or upon right an hard pathe, bi a revere syde, bicause that her feet may be
harder.”

5. Περὶ τῶν εἰς ixvetay ἀσκουμένων κυνῶν---ὁρατίαπ hounds, Castorians and Foxites—
with regard to which, Xenophon recommends that the hare should be out of sight
before they be allowed to follow her ; lest, from being too near their game, such as
are high-couraged and swift of foot might be injured by too much exertion in pursuit.
It is unnecessary to observe that the elder Athenian’s remarks are inapplicable to the
courser’s hound, who runs entirely by the eye ; and the nearer he is slipped to the
hare, if he be only just entered, the better. A hare will always beat a puppy in his
noviciate, unaided by an old and experienced hound.

6. Μαινομένῃ ἔοικεν.

Λυσσαλέοις δ᾽ ἤπειτ᾽ ἴκελοι κυσὶν ἀΐσσοντες.

7. He now gives in detail his instructions for entering greyhound puppies to their
appointed game, in opposition to those of Xenophon’s seventh chapter ; nor can the
most experienced courser add to them any thing worth knowing, nor the most igno-
rant complain of their insufficiency.

8. Πονούμενος ὃ Aayws ὑποκάμψας ἥξει. To the same point sings the poet of
Barga :

Cnarp. XXV.

SManster of
Game.
c. x11. fol, 59.

De Venat.

c. Vil.

Apollon. Rhod.
L, rv. vs. 1393.

Cuar, XXV,

P. Ang. Bargei
Cyneg. L. v.

L. 11.
Epigram, 47.

Booke of
St. Alban’s.

134 ARRIAN

turns ; and when he sees her quite weary, let him slip the puppy
close to her, neither before, nor directly opposite to her ; for
the bitch rushing right upon her will overshoot herself, and the
hare, with a wrench, easily skimming by, will of course leave
the bitch far behind ; the latter with difficulty turning herself,
as gallies sailing briskly a-head cannot readily tack, unless
the rowing be much slackened before they are brought about.
Let the hare, therefore, just pass by, and then let him slip
obliquely after her. Some one should follow up quickly, as
soon as the hare is caught, before the dogs are gorged with her
blood. Not that the flesh of a hare is to be accounted of much
worth by a person who courses for the beauty of the sport :9
but it is a bad thing to teach a greyhound to eat a hare.

Queque adeo multo jamdudum tarda labore
Genua trahat, primeve annis incauta juvente
Continuo sese facili det cede vorandam,
Namque animum, si spes olim frustrentur inanes,
Ipse sue sibi virtutis malé conscius acrem
Abjicit, et dubie, desperat premia palma.

9. Οὐκ reid) τὰ κρέα ἄρα περὶ πολλοῦ ποιητέον ἀνδρὶ és κάλλος κυνηγετοῦντι. And
yet we find that the hare’s flesh was in high estimation with epicures of old; and
a coursed hare is particularly lauded by Martial among the luxuries of a country
table,

Leporemque lwsum Gallici canis dente.

In our own country, the sportsman was as attentive to supply the hall of banquet
with its due portion of the delicate little animal, as the kennel with its appointed
halow.

Thenne the loynes of the haare loke ye not forgete ;
But brynge theym to the kechyn for the lordes mete—

says the dignified Prioress of Sopewell, in her metrical canons of hunting.

See also ‘‘ The Venery de Twety and of Mayster John Giffarde.” Fouilloux, p.69.
Turberville, p. 174. and Gervase Markham, C. Ὁ. p. 33.

10. Πονηρὸν μάθημα. It certainly is wrong to allow a greyhound to gorge himself
with his game, after he has been sufficiently instructed in the art of killing ; but no
puppy should be hastily checked, when he has caught his hare, even though, in the
words of old Gervase, ‘ he may breake her.”

ON COURSING. 135

Many a dog, too, has been destroyed by gorging himself Cuar. XXv.
while out of breath, after a long course, and has died of Ware dead.

suffocation.

Dog-puppies must not be taken out coursing until they are
two years old,' for their limbs become set at a much later period
than those of bitches. Besides it is attended with no little
danger to take them out earlier, many a greyhound having
been prematurely destroyed by a severe course before he was
full-grown, and especially those of the greatest spirit and
highest breeding ; for, in consequence of their spirit, they run
to the very utmost of their power.

The other practical points, already insisted on in reference to
bitches, are equally to be attended to in regard to the other
sex. Dogs are to be kept from copulation within the age
stated ; for the seed being not yet matured in them, is generally
weak and evanid, καθάπερ ἡ τῶν παίδων. 5 The puppies them-

1. Few coursers wait till the period specified before they enter their dog-puppies :
but it occasionally happens that dogs entered at fifteen months old, if they are large
and unset in their limbs, break down under severe work, and are rendered subse-
quently useless ; while others, again, more neat and compact of shape, will run as
well at eighteen months as at any later period.

“« Men shuld late renne no houndes,” says Duke Edmund, “ of what condicions
that thei be of, ne nat hunte with hem in to the tyme that thei were a x11 mounthis
olde and passed, and also thei may hunt but 1x yeer at the moost.”

2, Φυλάττειν δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ ὀχείας.

Venus imminuit vires !

non ulla magis vires industria firmat,
Quam Venerem et czci stimulos avertere amoris.

Columella, who admits the dog and bitch to copulate much earlier than Arrian, is
still aware of the mischievous consequences of the practice ; ‘‘ si teneris conceditur,”
says he, ““ carpit et corpus et vires, animosque degenerat,”’

Blanda Venus canibus non permittenda tenellis.

As to the exact period at which the εὐνῆς ἔργα of Oppian (Hal. i. 532.) should
commence, and their probable duration, without risk of breeding from animals too far

Cuar. XXVI.
Age of enter-
ing dog-

puppies.

Age of sexual
intercourse.

fllapster of
Qrante. c. x11.
fol. 52.

Lucret. L. v.
vs. 1016.

Virgil. Georg.
111, 209.

De Re Rust.
evar Ca kis

Vanierii Pred.
Rust. L. rv.

παρ. XXVI.

Pollux.
Dive Ce Vite

Columella
De Re Rust.
I. VII. C. XII.

Plin. Hist. Nat.
L. vitr. c. 40.

Hist. Quadrup.
L,1. De Cane.

Georg. 111.
60.

Fracastorii
Alcon.

Countrey Con-
tentments. B, 1.
Ρ- 47.

Virg. Georg.
11. 96.

Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 114.

136 ARRIAN

selves too are so utterly ruined by it that you can never after-
wards, do what you will, remedy the error. The proper and
seasonable time for sexual intercourse is from the completion
of the third year. ὃ

advanced in years, there is some difference of opinion. According to Pollux, ὥρα
ἀρίστη κυνῶν πρὸς πλήρωσίν τε καὶ γένεσιν, τῷ μὲν ἄῤῥενι τετάρτου ἔτους ἀρξαμένου,
τελευταῖον τὸ ὄγδοον" ἡ δὲ θήλεια τριετὶς, μέχρι ἑξαετίδος συνδυαζέσθω.

“« Mares juveniliter usque in annos decem progenerant: post id tempus ineundis
foeminis non videntur habiles, quoniam seniorum pigra soboles existit. Foemine con-

cipiunt usque in annos novem, nec sunt utiles post decimum,”

according to Colu-
mella: while Pliny admits both dog and bitch at a year old—‘ canum generibus
annui partus, justa ad pariendum annua etas.”’

Conrad Gesner cites an ancient, nameless authority, to the following effect :
““ Mares quarto anno gignere incipiant, (opera scilicet hominum admittentium tunc
primum robustioris generande sobolis gratia, ) feemine tertio usque in nonum.”

If a courser follow Virgil’s rule as to milch kine, in limiting the age of his brood

bitch for the purposes alluded to, he will find it perfectly applicable’:

‘tas Lucinam justosque pati hymenzos
Desinit ante decem, post quatuor incipit annos.

After the fourth year, no greyhound can be depended on for fair running, and there-
fore may be well spared, to keep up the kennel stock, when no longer useful in the
field :

ut generosa canum tibi copia nunquam
Desit.

3. ᾿Απὸ τρίτου μὲν ἔτους ἐφίεσθαι---““ You shall observe,” says Markham, “ to have
your dogges and bitches of equal and indifferent ages, as about three or foure years old
at the most. But in case of need, your bitch will endure a great deale longer than
your dogge, and to breed with a young dogge on an old bitch, may bring forth an
excellent whelpe.” ““ Frigidus in Venerem senior—,”

After describing a good-shaped bitch, Nemesian adds :

Huic parilem submitte marem, sic omnia magnum,
Dum superant vires, dum leto flore juventus,
Corporis et venis primevi sanguis abundat.

Namque graves morbi subeunt, segnisque senectus :
Invalidamque dabunt non firmo robore prolem.

Sed diversa magis foeture convenit etas.

ON COURSING. 137

And it should be thus managed :—watch the opportunity of Cuar. XXVII.
Time of sexual
intercourse,

Tu bis vicenis plenum jam mensibus acrem
In Venerem permitte marem : sit foemina, binos
Que tulerit soles. Hc optima cura jugandis.

Gratius would have a general parity of character in both male and female,

Junge pares ergo, et majorum pignore signa Cyneg. vs. 263.

Feeturam.

And Bargeus agrees with him that the similarity should extend to the essential

points of age, shape, and bodily powers :

conjunge una qui corpore, quique P. Angeli
Σ Ἔ ΤᾺ Bargei Cyneg.
Sint etate pares, atque iisdem viribus, ut mox ΤΣ:

Ipsa tuis votis similis foetura sequatur.

Columella is mistaken if he intends his observations on breeding in general, (de-
livered in his chapter on swine-breeding), to apply to the canine race. ‘In omni De Re Rust.
genere quadrupedum,” says he, “ species maris diligenter eligitur, quoniam fre- L, vit. c. 9,
quenter patri similior est progenies quam matri.” Markham’s comparative view of
the merits of the male and female in breeding for the Celtic kennel will be found more
practically correct. See Countrey Contentments, B. 1. The dam should be selected C+ ©: Hoare 1:
with the greatest attention to shape, pedigree, and character in the field ; nor should ΠΕ ΤῊΣ
the same points be disregarded in the sire, but they are not so important in the latter. Farme, c. xxi.
The chances, however, of producing a good litter are greater in the ratio of excellence
(yevvaidrns) in both parents, their genealogical distinction, the blood of their “ pro-

avorum atavi,” &c. for the reasons stated by the philosophic poet :—

Fit quoque ut interdum similes existere avorum Τιαςτε
Possint, et referant proavorum sepe figuras, L, tv. vs. 1212.
Propterea quia multa modis primordia multis

Mista suo celant in corpore spe parentes,

Quz patribus patres tradunt a stirpe profecta, &c.

It is evident from what the elder Xenophon says on the accoutrements of the
dog, in the sixth chapter of his Cynegeticus, that the Grecian sportsmen took some
pains to preserve the purity of breed of certain varieties of the dog. Sharp spikes
were attached to the στελμονίαι or body-clothes; ἐγκατεῤῥαμέναι δὲ ἐγκεντρίδες, iva
τὰ γένη φυλάττωσι, to prevent promiscuous connexion.

The remarks of the text are defective on the subject of breeding, leaving much to

5

CHAP ΧΧΥΤΙΙ.

Gratii Cyneg.
193.

De Re Rust.
Moire. 1X.

by Stigy (eric

Ovid. Met.
eek

Cyneg. 1.
vs. 392.

138 ARRIAN

the bitch being clear of vaginal blood; for if she receive
the seed before, it generally is not retained, but is washed out

be supplied by experience and reference to other authorities. Arrian, however, was
too good a judge of the importance of purity of blood in the greyhound kennel to
attend to the mongrel crosses recommended by other cynegetical writers, whose object
seems to have been to induce sportsmen to correct the faults or defects of one species
by crossing it with another in which the opposite excellencies abounded. The
ancients, before the time of Arrian at least, had no idea of correcting the imperfec-
tions of individuals of the same species by selecting from it other individuals in
which the same defects were not apparent, but rather ‘‘ a redundancy of the desired
excellency, coveted in the imperfect animal.” Such is the plan of Gratius :

Idcirco variis miscebo gentibus usum.

Quondam inconsultis mater dabit Umbrica Gallis
Sensum agilem, traxére animos de patre Gelonz
Hyrcano, et vane tantum Calydonia lingue
Exibit vitium patre emendata Molosso.

Scilicet ex omni florem virtute capessunt,

Et sequitur natura favens.

Varro, however, speaking of the breed of the shepherd’s dog, says ‘ magni
interest ex semine esse canes eodem;’’ by which he means that it should not be
crossed with any hunting breed. Butin the ‘‘Geoponica”’ we are cautioned against
allowing those of the same litter to have sexual connexion with each other, φυλάτ-
τεσθαι μή ποτε οἱ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς μητρὸς ὕντες κύνες TH πρὸς ἀλλήλους μίξει χρήσαιντο ---
a circumstance the more remarkable, because breeding in and in (φωνᾶντα συνέτοισι)
was general in other animals, though not practised in the canine tribe :

Coeuntque animalia nullo
Cetera delicto, nec habetur turpe juvence
Ferre patrem tergo, fit equo sua filia conjux.

Oppian’s tale to the contrary is not worthy of attention.

The Greek poet of the Chase goes a little farther than his Cynegetical predecessors
on the subject of breeding. His concubinage is promiscuous, and he seems indifferent
whether the varieties united be both of a mild, or both of a savage disposition, or
each different in its type and character. The male and female are to be suited to
each other, and of superior excellence—-

ἅρμενα τ᾽ ἀλλήλοισιν, ἐοικότα τ᾽ ἔξοχα φῦλα.

Then uniting the Arcadian with the Elean, the Cretan with the Pannonian, the

ΟΝ COURSING. 19.

by the blood, ! καθάπερ ταῖς γυναιξί ; and you must here pay her Cur. ΧΧΥΗ,
particular attention, as it is only for a short interval of time

Carian with the Thracian, the Tuscan with the Spartan, and the Sarmatian with the

Iberian, he concludes with a preference of pure blood :

ide μὲν εὖ κεράσειας" ἀτὰρ πολὺ φέρτατα πάντων
φῦλα μένει μονόφυλα, τά τ᾽ ἔξοχα τεκμήραντο

ἄνδρες ἐπακτῆρες.

gens una tamen felicior und Natalis Comes
de Venat.

Nascitur ex specie. L
a) Te

Belin de Ballu in bis “* Animadversiones” has evidently mistaken Oppian’s meaning
in the latter part of this citation. The poet alludes to an union of the qualities of
individuals of the same variety of dog ; and not, as supposed by the French critic, to
breeding in and in, or proximity of blood, in the same family—a practice as degene-
rative in the canine race, if persevered in for a length of time, as the Stagirite has
observed it to be in the human species. See Aristot. de Rhetorica L. 11. c. 17.
Brodeus very properly explains μονόφυλα by ἰδιόφυλα in his annotations. And
Conrad Gesner, with his usual accuracy, says: ‘* Prastantissimi quidemcanesin suo ΠΙβί. Quad.
quique genere μονόφυλοι sunt, id est, ex unius generis parentibus prognati : verim L. 1. p. 259.
superflua venatorum cura miscere etiam diversa genera, que quidem innumera sunt,
adinvenit.”

Ipsa tamen generi sua cuique est maxima virtus. P. Angelii
Et quamvis variis proles genitoribus orta Pau Cyneg.
Testeturque animos, et magnum robur avorum ; Sy
Inque uno interdum geminetur pectore duplex

Utilitas ; tamen illa alieno protinus usu

Degenerat, semperque magis producit inertem

Progeniem, et patria longé a virtute remotam.

1. Ta δὲ καταμήνια ταῖς κυσὶν ἑπτὰ ἡμέραις γίνεται" συμβαίνει δὲ ἅμα καὶ ἔπαρσις —_ Aristotelis
Hist. Animal.

αἰδοίου: ἐν δὲ τῷ χρονῷ τουτῷ οὐ προσίενται ὀχείαν, GAN ἐν ταῖς μετὰ ταύτας ἑπτὰ L a
“νι. 20.

ἡμέραις" Tas γὰρ πάσας δοκεῖ σκυζᾷν ἡμέρας τέτταρας καὶ δέκα ws ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ.

Dat Venus accessus, et blando feedere jungit. Gratii Cyaeg.

vs, 163.
The son of Gryllus recommends (6. vii.) the same watchful delay to insure fruitful

intercourse : ἄγειν δὲ καταπαυομένας, ἵνα θᾶττον ἔγκύμονες γίγνωνται, πρὸς κύνας
ἀγαθούς. The term καταπαυομένας here signifies ‘“‘ when their heat is beginning to

remit a little,’ and not, as rendered by Blane, “‘ in a quiet manner,”

(ἬΑΡ. XXVIII.

Suitable age in
bitches for
breeding.

Cuap.
XXVIII.
Mode of sexual
intercourse.

Fracastorii
Alcon.

Odyssey,
Β. χνιτι,
vs. 394.

Elian. Hist.
Animal. L. vit.
c. 29.

Cyneget.
vs. 266.

The Chace.
B. tv.

140 ARRIAN

that she preserves her heat after the vaginal blood has
stopped.

A bitch’s age may be considered good for the purpose from
the second to the seventh year. *

It is best for the dog and bitch to be shut up by themselves,
and to be out of sight while together. For open and_ public
copulations, if we may believe sportsmen, are not prolific ; ?

Bis quinas tamen ante dies, accensus uterque
In venerem, venere abstineant ; sic plena libido
Acrius exstimulat, viresque ad semina prebet.
Hinc major soboles, atque inde valentior exit.

2. ᾿Αγαθὴ δὲ τῇ θηλεία HAtkia, &c. Marvellous tales are on record of periods much
later than the seventh year, in which bitches have given birth to numerous progenies ;
but Arrian has specified a limited time within which a greyhound bitch may be con-
sidered as being at the acme of her bodily powers, and likely to yield such a litter as
will not disappoint the expectations of the Veltrarius. To Mr. Pope we are indebted,
in his endeavour to reconcile with probability the age of the Homeric Argus,—

The dog whom fate had granted to behold
His lord, when twenty tedious years had roll’d,—

for the almost incredible case of a gravid bitch of the age of twenty-two years. After
which, we may well exclaim in the words of the Greek naturalist, οὔκουν οὐδὲ “Apyos
ὁ κύων μυθοποίημα ἦν, ὦ θεῖε “Ounpe, σὸν, οὐδὲ κόμπος ποιητικός !

1. Xenophon merely says that the dog and bitch should be ἀγαθοὶ, and the Fa-
liscian adds that they be of tried spirit,

Et primum expertos animi, que gratia prima est,

In venerem jungunt, &c.

for every longing dame select
Some happy paramour ; to him alone
In leagues connubial join. Consider well
His lineage ; what his fathers did of old,
Chiefs of the pack, &c.

2. Ai yap ἐν τῷ ἐμφανεῖ ὁμιλίαι οὐ γόνιμοι. This ridiculous notion, though doubt-
fully advanced in the manual, is supported by many of the old Cynegetica.

ΟΝ COURSING. 14]

but such as are effected by dogs in private are reported to
succeed. ὃ

Bitches, after being warded, may be led out, as walking
about is conducive to their strength ;+ but they must not be

Sed frustra longus properat labor, abdita si non
Altas in latebras, unique inclusa marito

Femina, nec patitur veneris sub tempore meechos
Illa, neque emerite servat fastigia laudis.

Primi complexus, dulcissima prima voiuptas.
Hunc veneri dedit impatiens natura furorem.

The credulous author of the Cynographia Curiosa. adds ‘to the absurdity of the
notion by saying, ‘‘Si tum videantur canes, venationi inutiles parient,’”’ borrowing
the same from the Cynosophium, where such an opinion is said to be the result of
long experience. See Cynosoph. c. 11.

3. κυΐσκεταί Te κύων ἐκ μιᾶς ὀχείας" δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο γίνεται μάλιστα ἐν τοῖς κλέπτουσι
τὰς ὀχειάς" ἅπαξ γὰρ ἐπιβάντες πληροῦσι, says the Stagirite: and again he remarks,
that the Spartan dog and bitch are more inclined to copulate after exercise, a fact well
known to sportsmen: πονήσαντες γὰρ μᾶλλον δύνανται ὀχεύειν, ἢ ἀργοῦντες. (See
Scaliger’s note on the passage, L. vi. c.xx.) This circumstance is also noticed by
jian and Julius Pollux. Indeed the author of the Onomasticon, in a passage that
has escaped the observation of commentators, throws considerable light on the text,
which is here rather obscure. See L. v. c. v1. 51, of the Onomasticon.

Nec prits optatam in venerem dimitte volentes,
Quam rapido quassis cursu, quam corpora multo
Sole fatigatis vehementior ingruat wstus.

Inde decem noctes, totidemque ex ordine luces
Abde domi, cursusque omnes prohibere memento.

4. A greyhound bitch may be taken out coursing for ten days after having been
warded, but not longer—‘* Da requiem gravide@, solitosque remitte labores.”” Walk-
ing exercise, however, should be continued till the period of parturition arrive.

“« Tl est prouvé qu’une lice couverte, qu’on laisse au clienil, s’engraisse et s’appé-
santit en cessant de travailler, et qu’en cet état elle fait ses chiens avec peine, et
souvent méme elle meurt dans l’opération”—*‘ on la fait promener de tems en tems
dehors, par un valet de chiens,” ἄς. ἄς.

The period of uterine gestation is in the Celtic greyhound the same as in other
varieties of the canine tribe :

Mox cum se bina formarit lampade Phebe
Ex quo passa marem genitalia viscera turgent,

Cuar.
XXVIII.

Management
afterwards.

Gratii Cyneg.
279.

Cynograph.
Curios. p. 54.

Aristot. Hist.
Animal, L. v1.

P. Angelii
Bargei Cyneg.

2 Ve

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 286.

Encyc.Méthod.
Sur les Chasses.
p. 140.

Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 130.

πᾶν.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

Breeding
season.

Cuar.

Hist. Quadrup.
De Cane.

Virgil. Georg.
111. 272.
Oppian.

Halieut. L. 1.
vs. 473.

De Venatione.
c. VIl.

Oppian, Cyneg.
L. τον. 375.

142 ARRIAN
slipped again to a hare, for fear of being destroyed by over-
straining or excessive fatigue. The dog likewise should not be
let loose after a hare until he is recovered from his exhaustion,
and invigorated by an interval of at least sixty days’ rest.

After which there will be no obstacle to his being coursed. ὅ

The most favourable season for breeding is the spring of the

year,! as the temperature is mediate between hot and cold.

Feecundos aperit partus matura gravedo
Continuo, largaque vides strepere omnia prole :

Conrad Gesner remarks: ‘‘ observavi in canibus nostris nonnullas catellas gessisse
uterum precisé diebus 60, nonnullas uno insuper aut duobus. Peregrina Jeporaria
nostra excellens tulit uterum diebus 63.”

5. Τὸν ἄῤῥενα μὴ ἐφίεναι ἐπὶ λαγών. This caution is unnecessary for modern
coursers, who rarely use the same hound in the field and kennel, for coursing the
hare, and supplying the pack with high-bred successors. But if the same dog be
employed for both purposes, the interval specified for the restoration of his powers is
not too long. The Cynosophium, however, suggests a shorter period of 30 days,
during which nutritious food is to be administered, and then the stallion hound may
be again taken out for sport.

1. Although the rule has its exceptions, (see Brodeus in Oppianum, p. 42.)
Aristotle’s observation, that animals in general ὅρμᾶ πρὸς τὸν συνδυασμὸν in the vernal

season, will be found correct.
Vere magis, quia vere calor redit ossibus.

εἴαρι δὲ γλυκὺς οἷστρος ἀναγκαίης ᾿Αφροδίτης
καὶ γάμοι ἡβώωσι, καὶ ἀλλήλων φιλότητες
πᾶσιν boo. γαῖάν τε φερέσβιον, αἵ τ᾽ ἀνὰ κόλπους

ἠέρος, οἵ τ᾽ ava πόντον ἐριβρύχην δονέονται.

All the Cynegetica agree with Arrian as to the spring being the most fit season for
breeding and rearing puppies. ‘H γὰρ ὥρα πρὸς τὰς αὐξήσεις τῶν κυνῶν κρατίστη αὕτη,
says Xenophon ; and the same opinion is repeated by the copyists of later date, with
little addition. Indeed, the reasons alleged in the text are the best that can be
adduced for preferring the spring to any other season :

εἰ δὲ νύ τοι κεράσαι φίλον ἔπλετο dia γένεθλα,

εἴαρι μὲν πρώτιστα λέχος πόρσυνε κύνεσσιν.

ΟΝ COURSING. 148

Winter is not propitious for rearing puppies, more especially on
account of the want of milk:* and summer is distressing to
the dams for suckling. Autumn is worse than spring for this
reason, that the winter arrests the whelps before they are
thoroughly formed. ὃ

The Cynosophium specifies January and February as the best breeding months.

“Τὰ droite saison,”

says Fouilloux, ‘‘ en laquelle doivent naistre est en Mars, Avril,
et May, que le temps est tempéré, et que les chaleurs ne sont trop véhémentes.”
He gives the same reasons as our author for avoiding summer and autumn, and is, of
course, followed verbatim by Turberville. Markham would ‘ put them together to
ingender and breed, eyther in January, February, or March, according as they shall
grow proud ; for those are the three most principall monthes in the yeare for hound,
bitches, or bratches, to be limed in : not but that they may conceive and bring forth
as good whelps in other monthes; but because there will be much losse of time in
the entering of them.” He farther enjoins that “‘ the moone be eyther in the signe
Aquarius or Gemini; for it is held amongst the best huntsmen of this land, that the
whelpes that are ingendred under those two signes, wil never runne mad, and for the
most part the litter will have at least doubie so many dogge whelpes as bitch
whelpes.”

2. “AAAws Te καὶ ἀπορίᾳ γάλακτος. The want of this essential article of nutriment
renders the winter objectionable for the rearing of whelps; but its abundance in the
spring gives to this season an additional claim :

passim nam lactis abundans
Tempus adest, albent plenis et ovilia mulctris.

3. Ὅτι χειμὼν ἐπιλαμβάνει τὰ σκυλάκια. The greyhound puppy is remarkably
tender and susceptible of cold; indeed Fronto says that the whelp of the pastoral
dog requires to be fostered in warmth, δυσχείμερον γάρ ἐστι τοῦτο τὸ ζῶον : and if an
animal, necessarily of a hardy constitution, be, when young, impatient of severe cold,
we shall readily acknowledge the importance of such a seasonable birth for the deli-
cate Celtic whelp, as will give him during his period of growth two summers to one
winter, “ Il faut, autant 41] est possible, faire couvrir les lices a la fin de I’hiver
ou au commencement du printems, par la raison que les jeunes chiens, a qui les froids
sont toujours nuisibles, ont pour eux deux étés contre un hiver, et qu’en conséquence
ils s’élévent plus aisément.”

It is an essential part of kennel management to support brood bitches with the
most nutritious aliment. Varro (in Geoponicis) recommends barley bread, in prefe-
rence to wheaten, as more nutritious, with mutton broth from bones, &. poured over
the bread, to be given before whelping ; and afterwards, barley meal with cow’s or
goat’s milk, boiled bones, and water to drink. The same instructions are delivered,

Cuar, XXIX.

La Vénerie.
p- 9.

Countrey Con-
tentments. B, 1.
p. 26.

Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 158.

Geoponic.
Dexrxa ΟΕ ΤΕ:

Encyc. Μέιμοά,
Les Chasses.
p- 139.

Geoponic.
Lig KEK. Ce 1

Cuapr. XXX,

Management
after whelping.

Callimach. H.
in Dian.

Aristotelis
Hist. Animal.
L, νι. 286.

Aldrovandi
de Quad. Digit.
Vivip. L. mt.

De Re Rust.
Τὰ χα: Πῶς

Cyneget.
vs. 134.

De Re Rust.
Του δι.

144

ARRIAN

If you wish a brood-bitch to recover her previous speed, !
you must not let her suckle her whelps,* except merely to

almost αὐτολεξεὶ, by Varro, de Re Rustica, L. 11.c.1x. In the latter reference, the
author expressly says the bitches are more nourished by barley than wheaten bread,
‘« magis eo aluntur, et lactis prebent majorem facultatem.” But the experiments of
the late Sir H. Davy on the quantum of nutritious matter contained in the different
varieties of bread corn, and the test to which they have been put, in kennel feeding,
by practical sportsmen, induce us to believe that the ‘* Scriptores de Re Rustica” are
The farina of wheat is the best food for brood bitches,

Of the importance of keeping brood

mistaken on this point.
boiled with milk, or scalded with meat-broth.
bitches on highly nutritious food, the old huntsman, Pan, ‘ Deus Arcadie,”’ was

fully aware ; for Diana found him carving a lynx for their repast :

ἵκεο δ᾽ αὖλιν
᾿Αρκαδικὴν ἐπὶ Πανός" 6 δὲ κρέα λυγκὸς ἔταμνε
Μαιναλίης, ἵνα uf τοκάδες κύνες εἶδαρ ἔδοιεν.

1. The number of whelps in a litter varies much. The translator’s experience
affords instances of twelve at a birth, and of a solitary puppy, from the same Celtic
dam. Aristotle states the former number to be the greatest in a canine litter; but
Julius Cesar Scaliger (a celebrated dog-fancier) certifies, in his annotations on the
Stagirite’s Animal History, a litter of fourteen whelps, as within his own knowledge :
and this is again surpassed by the case of the canis leporaria recorded by Aldrovan-
dus, ‘‘ Canis leporaria hic Bononie, unica foetura, catulos septenos supra decem enixa
est.” :

2. Μὴ ἐᾷν ἐκτρέφειν αὐτήν. Whether the bitch be again required for the field or
not, no humane courser will allow her to suckle more than four or five whelps. If
she be young, Columella advises that the first litter should be taken from her: ‘* pri-
mus effete partus amovendus est, quoniam tiruncula nec recté nutrit; et educatio
totius habitiis aufert in¢érementum.” Nemesian also destroys the first litter, and the

smallest pups of subsequent litters :

Sed quamvis avidus, primos contemnere partus
Malueris, mox non omnes nutrire minores.
Nam tibi si placitum populosos poscere foetus,
Jam macie tenues, succique videbis inanes,
Pugnantesque diu, quisnam prior ubera lambat,
Distrahere invalidam lassato viscere matrem.

᾽

“Τὴ nutricatu secundum partum,” says Varro, ‘si plures sunt, statim eligere

oportet quos habere velis, reliquos abjicere : quam paucissimos reliqueris, tam optimi

ON COURSING. 145

lighten any excess of milk,—and then put them to other Cuar. XXX.
bitches, selecting such as are well-bred: for the milk of

in alendo fiunt propter copiam lactis.’’ Fronto also agrees with him, and out of a — Geoponic.
litter of seven recommends only three or four to be left with the mother ; out of three, L. xix. ¢. 2.
only two.

Many are the diagnostics, recorded in the ancient Cynegetica, to assist the classic

sportsman in selecting the most promising puppies :

tum deinde monebo, Gratii Cyneget.
Ne matrem indocilis natorum turba fatiget, VS. 287.
Percensere notis, jamque inde excernere parvos.
Signa dabunt ipsz, teneris vix artubus heret
Ile tuos olim non defecturus honores :

Jamque illum impatiens eque vehementia sortis
Extulit, affectat materna regna sub alvo.

Ubera tota tenet, a tergo liber aperto,

Dum tepida indulget terris clementia mundi.
Verum ubi Caurino perstrinxit frigore vesper
Ira jacet, turbaque potens operitur inerti.

Illius ὃ manibus vires sit cura futuras
Perpensare : levis deducet pondere fratres :
Nec me pignoribus, nec te mea carmina fallent.

Nemesian demands our assent to a novel and somewhat cruel mode of ascertaining
the best puppies of a numerous litter, and states that it is founded on actual experi-

ment;

que prodidit usus Nemesian.
Cyneget.

Percipe, et intrepidus spectatis annue dictis.
vs. 144,

Pondere nam catuli poteris perpendere vires,
Corporibusque leves gravibus prenoscere cursus.
Quin et flammato ducatur linea longé

Circuitu, signetque habilem vapor igneus orbem.
Impuné in medio possis consistere circo.

Huc omnes catuli, μὰς indiscreta feratur

Turba, dabit mater partus examine honestos,
Judicio natos servans, trepidoque periclo.

Nam postquam conelusa videt sua germina flammis,
Continuo saltu transcendens fervida zonz

Vincla, rapit ποία primum, portatque cubili ;

Mox alium, mox deinde alium. Sic conscia mater
Segregat egregiam sobolem virtutis amore.

Ῥ

Cuar. XXX.

Cynosoph.

c. Ill,

Hist. Quad.
L. 1. p. 178.
De Cane.

Hist. Nat.
L. vu. c. 40.

P. Angelii
Bargei Cyneg.

LL. v-

Ejusdem

L. v.

Markham’s
Countrey Con-
tentments. B.1.

Ρ- 48.

146 ARRIAN

degenerate curs is not congenial to high-bred puppies.? Τί,

however, the dam herself appear no longer serviceable for

The same diagnostics occur in the Cynosophium of Demetrius, and the Alcon of
Fracastorius. The former says, the dam φυσικῷ τινὶ πόθῳ διακρίσει τὰ βελτίονα,
καὶ ἐξάγει, and recommends the refuse to be disposed of by sale or gift, after having
been placed under foster-parents. The heavier whelps should be placed, according
to this writer, under their own dam. But, of course, our diagnostic canons must
vary with each variety of dog. Gesner reconciles the conflicting opinions of the
Greek and Latin Cynegetica, on the selection of puppies, in these words: ‘‘ ego ita
concilidrim, ut ad robur preferendi sunt graviores ; ad celeritatem, leviores.”

“© Optimus in feetu,” says Pliny, ‘‘ qui novissimé cernere incipit, aut quem fert
Ρ ᾽

᾽

primum in cubile feta :᾿ and he is supported by the Virgilian poet of Barga—

Namque ea quem secum tulit in stramenta, toroque
Composuit primum, primoque affecit honore,

Ille alios omnes cursuque animisque superbhis
Vincet ovans, simul ac loris exire solutis

Quiverit, et saltu transgressus inania campi
Intervalla cito diffugerit ocyus Euro.

Hie condemns the large and heavy pup as likely to be hereafter deficient in speed :

Continuo cujus subsidunt pondere membra
Atque artus major moles gravat, ille volucri
Insuetus cursu longé post ultima fratrum
Terga relinquetur, frustraque optabit adempta

Premiaque, et multo perfusam sanguine predam.

“ Touching greyhounds,”

says the practical author of Countrey Contentments,
“‘when they are puppies or young whelpes, those which are most raw-boned, leane,
loose-made, sickle or crooked hought, and generally unknit in every member, are
ever likely to make the best dogges, and most shapely : but such as in the first three
or foure monthes, are round, and close trust, fat, straight, and as it were full sum’d
and knit in every member, never prove good, swift, or comely.”

The courser, in selecting youngsters from a numerous Jitter, will not be indif-

ferent to

The marks of their renown’d progenitors—
Sure pledge of triumphs yet to come ;

but will preserve all such ‘ with joy,”

while he casts “ the dwindling refuse to the
merciless flood,” fearful of overloading ‘“ the indulgent mother.”

3. Τὸ yap τῶν ἀγεννῶν γάλα οὐ ξύμφυλον ταῖς γενναίαις. It is difficult to prove
that the quality of the milk of varieties of the same species of animal is absolutely

σ΄

ON COURSING. 147

coursing, it is best to leave the whelps with their own mother,
and not to put them under a foster-parent.4 For the growth is

different, and productive of effects, beyond its physical nutriment, upon the innate
powers and propensities of the young animal supported by it: and yet such an opi-
nion is too much countenanced by naturalists to make us unhesitatingly condemn it
as destitute of all foundation. It was a favourite notion of ancient physiologists, and
many moral inferences were drawn from it by Galen and others. ‘ Non frustra
creditum est,” says A. Gellius, on the authority of the philosopher Favorinus, ‘ sic-
uti valeat ad fingendas corporis atyue animi similitudines vis et natura seminis, non
sectis ad eandem rem lactis quoque ingenia et proprietates valere ; neque in homini-
bus id solum, sed in pecudibus quoque animadversum,”’ &c. Wherefore Sir Thomas
Elyot enjoins, when speaking of nutrication, ‘‘a nourse shoulde be of no servile
condicion, or vyce notable: for as some auncient writers do suppose, oftentymes the
chylde sucketh the vyce of hys nouryse with the mylke of her pappe.” See

Brathwait’s English Gentleman, p. 94.

εἰ δὲ νύ τοι πινυτὴ σκυλακοτροφίη μεμέληται,
μή ποτ᾽ ἀμέλγεσθαι σκύλακας νεοθηλέϊ μαξῷ
αἰγῶν, ἢ προβάτων, μηδ᾽ οἰκιδίησι κύνεσσιν"

ἢ γάρ τοι νωθροί τε καὶ οὐτιδανοὶ βαρύθοιεν.

Nec unquam eos quorum generosam volumus indolem conservare, patiemur Ἀ]16Π85
nutricis uberibus educari ; quoniam semper et lac et spiritus maternus longé magis
ingenii atque incrementa corporis augent.

4. Κράτιστον ἐᾷν ὑπὸ τῇ Texovon.—Arrian here copies his predecessor almost
verbatim ; but in addition to the τὸ γάλα ἀγαθὸν καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα of the former, the latter
adds καὶ ai περιβολαὶ φίλαι. ‘The classic reader will remember the pathetic address
of Andromache in the Troades,

ὦ νέον ὑπαγκάλισμα μητρὶ φίλτατον,
!

ὦ χρωτὸς ἡδὺ πνεῦμα !

It is true that a foster-mother may ‘“ cherish kind—an alien offspring,” and

<* pleased” we may ‘‘ behold her tenderness, and hospitable love,’’ but instances are,
I believe, most rare of greyhound puppies, suckled by alien dams of mongrel blood,
repaying the courser for the trouble of rearing them, Πᾶν yap τὸ τεκὸν τροφὴν ἔχει
ἐπιτηδείαν ᾧ ἂν τέκῃ : and it is in vain that we make the unnatural attempt, ai yap
θεραπεῖαι αἱ ἀλλότριαι οὐκ εἰσὶν αὔξιμοι, according to both Xenophons; whereas ‘‘ les
jeunes chiens, nourris par leur propre mere, seroient plus forts et mieux portans que
ceux qui sont nourris d’un lait étranger.” “‘ When a bitch hath whelpes,” says Tur-
berville, ‘‘ let a mastiffe bitch (une matine, Fouilloux) give sucke to one halfe, and
you shall find that they will never be so good as those which the damme did bring

”

up.

Cnar. XXX.

Noct. Attic.
ΤΠ ΣΙ Cs Ne

The Governour.
153) το δεῖν.

Oppian. Cyneg.
1. 435.

Columel. de
pi URte, Why, Siig

Ὁ: 12:

De Venat.
Cc. VIT.

Euripidis
Troad. vs. 766.

Piatonis
Menexenus.

Encyclopéd.
Méthodique.
Les Chasses.
p- 140.
Booke of
Hunting, &e.
Ρ. 22.

Cuar. XXX.

Cuar. XXXI.

Food of weaned
puppies.

Oppian. Cyneg.
111. 107.

Gratil Cyneg.
vs. 304.

Columella
De Re Rust.
Ι,. Yah 6. 2.

Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 161.

Cynograph.
Curiosa,

Ρ. 39.

fHlapster of
Ghame. c. x11.
fol. 51.

148 ARRIAN

stinted by a stranger’s nursing, (as the other Xenophon
declares,) but the mother’s milk and breath are cherishing to
her puppies.

When puppies can run about, Xenophon properly recom-
mends that they be fed with milk ;1 for the filling them with

ἢ pa τόσον τέκεών τε, Kal ἀρτιγόνοιο γενέθλης
φίλτρον ἐνὶ κραδίῃ στάξεν θεός"

τόσσον ῥα φύσις κρατερώτατον ἄλλων.

1. Χρὴ γάλακτι ἀνατρέφειν αὐτά. See Ch. vit. where he also speaks of milk food ;
and Xenophon. de Venat.c. vit. 4. The latter recommends milk for the first year :
καὶ οἷς μέλλει τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον βιώσεσθαι, ἄλλο δὲ μηδέν --- αἱ γὰρ βαρεῖαι πλησμοναὶ
τῶν σκυλακίων διαστρέφουσι σκέλη, σώμασι νόσους ἐμποιοῦσι, καὶ τὰ ἐντὸς ἄδικα

γίγνεται.

tum denique fetti
Cum desunt, operis fregitque industria matres,
Transeat in catulos omnis tutela relictos.
Lacte novam pubem, facilique tuebere maza.
Nec luxus alios avideque impendia vite
Noscant.

Columella also, and the Carthaginian poet, administer milk to the young fry, and
Pollux with his copyist Paullini adds thereto the blood of the game to which the
hounds are to be afterwards entered; ‘‘ Quod si effeta lacte deficitur, caprinum

maxime conveniet preberi catulis, dum fiant mensium quatuor :””

Interdumque cibo cererem cum lacte ministra,
Fortibus ut succis teneras conflere medullas

Possint, et validas jam tunc promittere vires,

“ Probe autem despiciendum,” says the credulous physician of Eisenach, on the
authority of Julius Pollux, ‘cui generi singulos applicare velis, ut eorum animalium,
qu venationi sunt destinata, sanguinem cum offis statim post ablactationem submi-
nistres,” &c.

«« Thei hav grete nede of hur dame,” according to Duke Edmund, “ in to the tyme
that thei be ij monethis olde, and than thei shuld be fedde with gootis mylke or with
kowes mylk and cromes of brede ymade smale and put there inne ; and specially in
the morowe and at nyght by cause that y®. nyght is more cold than the day and also
men shuld geve hem crommes in flesh brothe and in this wise men may norfshe hem
tyl thei be of half yeere olde.”

ON COURSING. 149

heavy food distorts their legs, and occasions diseases in their
bodies. And as to giving dogs short names of easy pronuncia-

Largus victus solet esse maximo damno.

It very rarely happens that the κύων ἀρτιτόκος is deficient in milk for six or eight
weeks after the birth of her progeny ;

foemina queeque
Cum peperit dulci repletur lacte, quod omnis
Impetus in mammas convertitur ille alimenti :

but if the puppies do not thrive on the nutriment they derive from their dam, it is
probably deficient in quantity, and should be dispensed with altogether as soon as
they will lap cow’s milk sufficient for their support.

Tum tu adeo (nam tempus erit) jam parce parenti,
Exhaustis parce uberibus. Sed mollia nondum
Subducenda tamen natis alimenta, sed haustu
Pascendi lactis, cujus mulctralia pingues
Implerunt vacce, et redeuntes rure capellz.

Turberville says, ‘‘ the longer they tast of their dammes teat, the more they shall
take of her complexion and nature.’’? And when weaned, ‘‘ it is best,” he remarks,
“το bring them up abroad with milke, bread, and all sorts of pottages, and you shall
understand that to bring them up in villages of the country, is much better than to
bring them up in a butcherie:” “ aux villages, et non aux boucheries,” Fouilloux p. 9.

How close is the analogy ‘‘ touching the acceleration of growth and stature,”’ in
the human and canine subject! In breeding for the kennel, Lord Bacon’s observa-
tions may be turned to some account. ‘‘ Excess of nourishment,” says he, “ is
hurtful; for it maketh the child corpulent, and growing in breadth rather than in
height.” ‘The nature of it may not be too dry, and therefore children in dairy
countries do wax more tall, than where they feed more upon bread and flesh ;”
“< over-dry nourishment in childhood putteth back stature.” Upon which principle
Albertus Magnus orders liquid food for the dog, because his temperament is dry.

It is seldom that the practical courser will differ from the advice of old Gervase
Markham; but when he says, “ if the house you keep be of great receite, and many
servants, you shall let your cooke bring up your whelpes, and your dairy-maide your
second best, and the rest you shall put forth amongst your friends or tenants, accord-
ing unto the love you possesse in the country,” I am inclined to invert the merits of
the respective claimants on the litter, placing Ja cuisiniére at the bottom of the list.

unto thy choicest friends
Commit thy valued prize: the rustic dames

Cuar. XXXI,

Blondus de
Canibus, &c.

Oppian.
Halieut. L. 1.
719.

Lucretii L. v.
805.

P. Angelii
Bargei Cyneg.
. ve

Booke of
Hunting. p. 22.

Lord Bacon’s
Nat. History.
Cent. tv.

Countrey Con-
tentments. B. r.
p- 27.

Somerville.
The Chace.
B. 1v.

Cuap, XXXI.

Xenophon's
instructions

approved.

Care of brood-
bitches, not
allowed to

suckle.

Columella
de Re Rust.
Le vir. Ὁ, 12.

Cyneg. 1.
443.

De Venat.
ar

Hercules
Stroza.

150 ARRIAN

tion,’ in this we should also attend to him; for the names
which he has enumerated, (in part the invention of others, and
some of his own creation), are cleverly composed.

But if you do not as yet wish your bitches to breed up any
puppies, you must take the greatest possible care of them
while under distress in consequence.* For when they have

Shall at thy kennel wait, and in their laps
Receive thy growing hopes, with many a kiss
Caress, and dignify their little charge

With some great title, and resounding name
Of high import.

2. See Xenophon de Venat. c. v1.5. All the names left us by Xenophon, Arrian,
and Columella, are dissyllabical. Nominibus autem non longissimis appellandi sunt,
quo celerits quisque vocatus exaudiat ; nec tamen brevioribus, quam que duabus
syllabis enuntientur. Oppian names his puppies, while young and tractable,

νηπιάχοι:

αὐτὰρ νηπιάχοισιν ἐπ᾽ οὐνόματα σκυλάκεσσι

βαιὰ τίθει, θοὰ πάντα, θοὴν ἵνα βάξιν ἀκούῃ.

By which Gesner supposes the names should be ““ oxytona.” Natalis Comes agrees
with his predecessors :

ponantur nomina cuique
Certa cani, teneatque ad summum syllaba bina :
Protinus ut noscat voces, et verba vocantum.

The indefatigable German naturalist has alphabetically arranged all the classic
names of the Greek and Roman kennels that have descended to us. We find in his
canine vocabulary, those of Xenophon, Ovid, Columeila, and others of ancient days ;
and some from Blondus (of which Gesner disapproves) of more modem use. Hyginus
has a copious list of canine appellatives in his 181st fable, entitled «« Diana.” And
one of the most chaste poets of the fifteenth century supplies the kennel with

bona naribus Heuresiichne,
Theragus, Ocypete, Thoissa, Melzna, Cylindus,
Chetodesque hirtus setis, domitorque ferarum
Theridamas, veloxque Lagois, et ocyor illa
Protodomus, longoque legens compendia passu
Macrobates, Leuconque rapaci et cum Harpage Theron.

3. Εἰ δὲ μή mw ἐθέλοις σκυλακεῦσαι. Schneider is of opinion that Arrian is here

cautioning the courser against running a bitch, whom it has been deemed prudent to

ΟΝ COURSING. 15]

ceased to give suck, their teats become turgid and full of Cuar, ΧΧΧΙ,
milk, and the parts beneath the belly distended. At which

time, it is not safe to loose them after a hare,—for their flanks

may be burst asunder: nor should you let them play with

another dog, as, by contending and striving with him beyond

their strength, they may be placed in equal danger.

It is best to wait till their teats are become flaccid. And
you will have a proof that it is safe to take them out, when the
hair falls off abundantly, as you stroke it with your hand.
They are then, I think, free from the distress they laboured
under on account of their milk, and are ready for coursing. ὅ

The greyhound bitch is fleeter than the dog,! but the dog Cuar. XXXII.

Estimate of
Sexes.

"

put aside from taking the dog, and whose milk-vessels are distended towards the
close of the period of gestation, as if she were actually pregnant. This interpretation
is ingenious, and may be tenable ; but as I find no such caution in any ancient author,
and lave never seen any mischief accrue from running a bitch at the time alluded to,
(though her speed is certainly impaired by the constitutional plethora of the period ;)
and, moreover, as it magnifies a very unimportant circumstance in the physical
condition of the bitch, and is, on the whole, rather a far-fetched interpretation, I
have followed Blancard and Zeune in the more usual acceptation of the verb σκυλα-
kevew, i. 6. catulos nutrire. No man in his senses would think of coursing a brood
bitch while in the state described in the text.

4. Kal παρίστανται ἤδη és δρόμον. These words commence the 32nd Chapter in
all the editions which I have examined ; and though Schneider suggests their
adaptation to the close of the present Chapter, he does not venture to change their
position. Inasmuch, however, as the division into chapters is probably arbitrary, and
the words in question are more appropriate here than at the commencement of the
ensuing Chapter, they are here introduced.

1. Κύων θήλεια μὲν ὠκυτέρα ἄῤῥενος. I have already remarked that Arrian and
Xenophon invariably use the feminine gender when speaking of the dogs of the
chase : and so also the Grecian poets, (as the κυσὶν ταχείαις of Euripides, and σκυ-
λάκεσσι Bours of Oppian,) and in some cases the Latin, (as the ‘* canes montivage”
᾿ of Ennius, and ““ multd cane” of Horace); as if
bitches were more quick-scented, ‘‘ more fleet of foot, or sure of fang.’ Minerva,~

of Lucretius, ‘‘ venatica canis’

in the Ajax Flagellifer, compares Ulysses searching for the mad Ajax, to a Spartan
bitch; though the verse would have admitted the masculine instead of the feminine

Cuap. XXXII,

Sophoclis
Ajax Flagell.
vs. 2.

Markham’s
Countrey Con-
tentments. B. 1,

Ρ. 47.

The Countrey
Farme. c. XXII.

Sir W. Scott.

152 ARRIAN

has more bottom than the bitch;% and, because he can run
through the whole year, is a much more valuable acquisition :
and as good bitches abound, but it is no easy thing to meet
with a thorough-good dog, the latter is on this account more
precious: and again, it is fortunate if bitches preserve their
speed to the fifth year,? whereas dogs retain theirs even to the

gender, and the former would certainly have been more appropriate to the sex of the
person represented. The gender is changed by the poet in a marked way :

καὶ νῦν ἐπὶ σκηναῖς σε ναυτικαῖς δρῶ
Αἴαντος, ἔνθα τάξιν ἐσχάτην ἔχει,

πάλαι κυνηγετοῦντα, καὶ μετρούμενον
ἴχνη τὰ κείνου νεοχάραχθ᾽, ὅπως ἴδῃς

εἴτ᾽ ἔνδον, εἴτ᾽ οὐκ ἔνδον" εὖ δέ σ᾽ ἐκφέρει

κυνὸς Λακαίνης ὥς τις εὔρινος βάσις.
ρ

This opinion, therefore, of the superiority of the bitch over the dog seems to have
prevailed in the kennels of antiquity ; and such, I believe, is still entertained by

sportsmen. ‘It is an old received opinion,”

observes the author of Countrey Con-
tentments, ‘‘ amongst many men of the leashe, that the greyhound bitch will ever
beate the greyhound dogge, by reason of her more nimblenesse, quicknesse, and
agillity ; and it is sometimes seene that a perfect good bitch indeed, hath much
advantage of an ordinary dogge: but if the good dogge meet with the good bitch,
there is then no comparison, but the dogge will be her master, inasmuch as he ex-
ceedeth her both in lengthe and strengthe, the two maine helpes in coursing ; for her
nimblenesse is then no helpe, sith a good dogge in the turne will loose as little ground
as any bitch whatsoever.” See also The Countrey Farme, c. xxit. by Markham,
ed. 1616. The earliest edition, of 1600, does not contain Markham’s additional
remarks on coursing, but merely Surflet’s version of ‘‘ Maison Rustique.”

2. “Apinv δὲ θηλείας διαπονεῖσθαι ἀμείνων. Aristotle remarks, in the Spartan tribe
of dogs, that the bitches are longer-lived than the dogs, in consequence of the latter
working harder than the former, διὰ τὸ πονεῖν τοὺς ἀῤῥένας μᾶλλον. ‘ Whereso-

”
ever,

says Markham, “ the course shall stand forth long, the good dogge will beat
out the good bitch and make her give over.”

3. Ai θήλειαι μὲν ἀγαπητὸν, k.T.A, Iam not aware of any difference having been
observed by coursers, in the duration of the comparative speed of the dog and bitch.
It is not inability to run that disqualifies a greyhound (generally in his third year
from the period of entrance) for appearance on the coursing field, but a propensity,

acquired by experience, to skulk and run false :

Experience sage the lack of speed supplies,
And in the gap he seeks—his victim dies,

ON COURSING. 153

tenth.* For all which reasons, in my opinion, a really good,
high-bred dog is a great treasure’—one that falls not to the lot

We can rarely, if ever, say of any greyhound, after he has run two seasons, what
Shallow says of Page's fallow greyhound, who “ was out-run on Cotsale :’—“‘ He
is a good dog, and a fair dog; can there be more said? he is good, and fair.” So
soon does the fleetest dog begin to make up by cunning what he wants in willingness
to work.

4. “Appeves δὲ καὶ ἐς δέκατον διαφυλάττουσιν. Our author is here at issue with
Juliana Berners, who says of the greyhound in his ninth year,

And whan he is comyn to that yere,

Have hym to the tannere ;

For the beste hounde that ever bytche had,
At nynthe yere he is full badde.

Indeed, it is incredible, however great may have been his youthful vigour, that any
dog should retain his full speed till the tenth year ; a period at which all the bodily
powers begin to feel the gradual approach of infirmity, at which many dogs die appa-
rently of natural decay, and all are incapacitated for strenuous exertion. ‘* Canes

Laconici,”

says Pliny, ‘‘ vivunt annis denis, ἔπη duodenis, cetera genera quin-
decim annos, aliquando viginti.”” Instances of the latter protracted period are very
rare. I never knew a greyhound to reach the memorable age of the Homeric

Argus—

“Apyov δ᾽ αὖ κατὰ μοῖρ᾽ ἔλαβεν μέλανος θανάτοιυ,

αὐτίκ᾽ ἰδόντ᾽ ᾿Οδυσῆα ἐεικοστῷ ἐνιαυτῷ.

Short is their span ; few at the date arrive
Of ancient Argus, in old Homer’s song
So highly honour’d ; kind, sagacious brute !

See AElian de Nat. Animal. Buffon Hist. Natur. and Lord Bacon Hist. Vite et
Mortis.

5. Μέγα μοι δοκεῖ τὸ κτῆμα ἄῤῥην κύων τῇ ἀληθείᾳ γενναῖος. Such in the annals of
British coursing was Topham’s Snowball, and such Bate Dudley’s Millar !

Tu quos ad studium venandi legeris, et quos
Dixeris hinc comites curstis, cedisque ferarum,
Quzre mares: maribus major vis est animusque,
Et melius tolerare valent certamina longa.

6. Kal οὐκ ἄνευ θεῶν τοῦ εὐμενείας, x. τ. Δ. With Schneider’s sanction, I have
united the 33rd Chapter of the first and second editions of the Greek text with the

U

CHAR; ΑΚ ΧΕΙ

Merry Wives
of Windsor.

Act I.

Book of
St. Alban’s.
1496.

Odyss. χντι.
326.

The Chace,
B. rv.

Natalis Comes
de Venationg.
Dats

Cuar. XXXII.

Ovid. Metam.
L. vir. 754.

Attic. L. 1.
Ὁ. XIX.

Coluthi Rapt.
Helene. vs. 32.

Oneirocrit.
DD: αἰ. Cook k KV

154 ARRIAN "

of a courser without the favour of some god.6 For such a
blessing, then, he should sacrifice to Diana Venatrix.7 He

32nd of the German editor, from which chapter the former seems to have been most
unnecessarily separated by Holstein, or whoever first divided the Cynegeticus into
sections, affixing to each a table of contents.

In accordance with Arrian’s notion, the fabulous greyhound of the suspicious Ce-
phalus is conceived, in the imagination of the poet, to have been bestowed on the
virtuous Procris by the Goddess of the Chase, with the high character of pre-eminent
speed :

quem cum sua traderet illi
Cynthia, ‘ currendo superabit,’ dixerat, ‘ omnes.’
? ? 9

7. ᾿Αρτέμιδι ᾿Αγροτέρᾳ. This title of the sylvan goddess is variously derived by
etymologists. Scheffer (Alian. V. H. L. 11. c. 25.) would have her ladyship so
called from Agre in Attica—xwplov”Aypa: καλούμενον, the scene of her first essay in
hunting on arriving from Delos. Διαβᾶσι δὲ τὸν Εἱλισσὸν, says Pausanias, χωρίον
“Aypat καλούμενον, καὶ ναὸς ᾿Αγροτέρας ἐστὶν ᾿Αρτέμιδος, κι τ. A. But Perizonias
objects to Scheffer’s derivation, and also to that ἀπὸ τῆς ἄγρας, ἃ venatione, consi-
dering ᾿Αγροτέρα rather to signify rustica, in agris agens. If ἄγρα, venatio, be the
reot of the title, to the same may probably be referred the titular epithet by which
Apollo is connected with the chase, by Pausanias in Atticis, (L. 1. c. x11.) ᾿Αγραίος :
unless the Attic Agre would here afford a more ready solution. But the true deri-
vation of ’Ayporépa is to be sought in ἀγρός. See Etymologicon Magnum.

From whatever source derived, it is sufficient for our purpose that the epithet is
commonly applied to her in the character of ‘‘ Dea Venatrix,”’ (Ovid. Met. L. 11.
454.)—* Dea sylvarum,” (Ovid. Met. L. 111. 163.)—‘‘ sevis inimica virgo—bel-
luis,” (Hor. Od. x11. L. 1. 22.)—as presiding over woods, and delighting in hunting.
It is so used in the Thesmophoriazuse of Aristophanes,

τάν τ᾽ ἐν ὄρεσι δρυογόνοι-
σι κόραν ἀείσατ᾽ “Ap-

τεμιν ᾿Αγροτέραν:
and in the Rape of Helen of Coluthus,

οὐδὲ κασιγνήτη Λητωϊὰς ᾿Απόλλωνος
Αρτεμις ἤτίμησε, καὶ ἀγροτέρη περ ἐοῦσα.

To coursers it must be a mighty consolation to know that, by virtue of this distinc-
tion, the goddess is ominous of good when seen by them as a night-phantom ; at least
so says the dream-interpreter of Ephesus, the fortune-telling Artemidorus—kuvyyois
μάλιστα συμφέρει διὰ τὴν ᾿Αγροτέραν.

γι

ON COURSING. 155

should sacrifice, too, whenever successful in his sport, dedicate Caar. XXXII.

The Odyssey affords the graphic outline from whence Apelles is supposed to have
worked off his finished picture of the Goddess of the Chase as an active toxophilite :

“Apreuts εἶσι κατ᾽ οὔρεος ἰοχέαιρα, Homeri Odyss.
ἢ κατὰ Τηὔγετον περιμήκετον, ἢ Ἐρύμανθον, L. vi. 102.
τερπομένη κάπροισι καὶ ὠκείῃς ἐλάφοισι"
τῇ δέ θ᾽ ἅμα Νύμφαι, κοῦραι Διὸς Αἰγιόχοιο,
᾿Αγρονόμοι παίζουσι" K. TA.
The rival copy of Virgil (Ζ ποῖά. L. 1. 502.) will occur to the reader’s recollection;
and 1 need not again exhibit (see c. xx11.note 2.) the elaborate and highly-embel-
lished portrait of the Carthaginian poet, (Nemesian. Cyneg. vs. 86.) Effigies in
marble of the Goddess of Hunting are to be seen in almost every collection ; alone,
with her usual symbols of venation, or accompanied by dogs of chase, or deer—or
both, as in an alto-relievo at Wilton House. Temples and altars of Diana Agrotera
are mentioned by Pausanias in Atticis c. x1x. and c. ΧΙ1., in Eliacis 1. c. xv., in
Achaicis ¢, xxvI.
For the honour of Diana, in the character of Agrotera, the shows of wild beasts in
the Roman Circus and Amphitheatre were generally designed: so Claudian,
Tu juga Taygeti, frondosaque Menala, Clio, Claudian.
I Triviz supplex; non aspernata rogantem De Consul.
: : : Mall. Theod.
Amphitheatrali faveat Latonia pompe!...&c. vs. 292.

and for their support in splendid variety, the whole world was ransacked for its rarest
and most savage animals :

quodcunque tremendum est
Dentibus, aut insigne jubis, aut nobile cornu,
Aut rigidum setis capitur decus omne timorque

Sylvarum, &c.

No deity amongst the heathens was more terrible than the masculine daughter of

Latona, (ἀῤῥενικὴ πέρα τοῦ μέτρου, καὶ ὄρειος, in Juno’s taunting language,) and none Lucian. Deor.

less patient of affront— Dial. Juno et

Latona.
gods and men Milton’s
Fear’d her stern frown, and she was queen o’ th’ woods. Comus. vs. 445.

The reader will call to recollection the death of the unfortunate son of Autonoé, τὸν
᾿Ακταίωνος ἄθλιον μόρον, (Euripid. Bacchez,) and the desolation of the well-cultivated
vineyard of (ineus (Homer. Iliad. L. 1x.) at the hand of Dian,

Cuar. ΧΧΧΗ,

Cuapr.
XXXIIT.
Celtic
hunting rites,

Uiad. Lh. τς.
533.

Callimach, H.
in Dian.
260.

Ovid. Metam.

1S ντ"Π[Π. 2.27.

Plaut. Aul.
111. 6, 43.

Tliad. L. vr.
266.

156 ARRIAN

the first-fruits of his spoils to the goddess,® and purify his dogs
and sportsmen,? as regulated by the established rites of the
country.

Some of the Celts have a custom of annually sacrificing to
Diana ;! while others institute a treasury for the goddess,*—

καὶ yap τοῖσι κακὸν χρυσόθρονος ΓΑρτεμις ὦρσε
χωσαμένη.

It is supposed that the beautiful poetry of Callimachus, in which the anger and
favour of the goddess are so feelingly described, (Hymn. in Dian.,) was imitated
from the Psalms of David, which the poet, peradventure, had seen at the court
of King Ptolemy. See the effects of her wrath, vs. 124. σχέτλιοι οἷς τύνη χαλε-
πὴν, K.T.A.; with which are contrasted the good luck and happiness of those to
whom she is propitious, vs. 129. ods δέ κεν εὐμειδής τε καὶ ἵλαος, x.7T.A. The con-
clusion follows, of course, that no man in his right senses should think of slighting
the powerful dispenser of so much good and evil—p7 τις ἀτιμήσῃ τὴν Αρτεμιν.

The reader will find an amusing description of the worshipful Dian in the sulks at
the marked insult of Gneus,

(solas sine thure relictas
Preterite cessasse ferunt Latuidos aras) —

in Lucian, περὶ Θυσίων : καί μοι δοκεῖ ὁρᾷν αὐτὴν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ τότε μόνην, says the
infidel satirist, τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν ἐν Οἰνέως πεπορευμένων, δεινὰ ποιοῦσαν, καὶ σχετλιά-
ζουσαν οἵας ἑορτῆς ἀπολειφθήσεται.

8. ᾿Ανατιθέναι ἀπαρχὰς τῶν ἁλισκομένων τῇ Θεῷ, καὶ ἀποκαθαίρειν, K. τ. A.—as
amended by Schneider. ‘* Ac ne degustabant quidem novas fruges, aut vina,” says
Pliny (xvi. 2.) ‘ antequam sacerdotes primitias libassent.” And our venerable
courser would have his disciples observe with strictness the same religious ceremonies
of dedication, purification, &c. The ancients always purified themselves before
sacrificing—*‘ Ego, nisi quid me vis, eo lavatum, ut sacrificem :”” and Hector tells his

mother he is afraid to pour forth even a libation to Jupiter with unwashed hands,

χερσὶ δ᾽ ἀνίπτοισιν Ait λείβειν αἴθοπα οἶνον
ἅζομαι.

9. The τοὺς κύνας καὶ τοὺς κυνηγέτας of our author answers to the ‘‘ tota juven-
tus”’ of Gratius, hereafter cited ; and his és νόμος, to the ““ lustralis de more sacri”
of the Faliscian.

1. M. Le Verrier de la Conterie derives the féte of the French Chasseurs called

La 5. Hubert from this Celtic festival of Diana. As the latter supplanted with her

ΟΝ COURSING. 157

into which they pay two oboli for every hare that is οαπρ,"--
a drachma for a fox,* (because he is a crafty animal, and

_ images the unseen divinity of earlier adoration, she in her turn yielded the tutelage
of the chase to St, Martin, St. Germain, and St. Hubert. Arrian wrote in the second
century, and in the sixth we find Diana still predominant :—‘‘ Le pére Dom Martin
nous assure que vers la fin du sixiéme siécle, les Gaulois célébroient les mysteres de
cette divinité avec des chants excessifs, et toutes les débauches que peuvent produire
Vamour et le vin, sur une montagne des Ardennes.qui est dans le Luxembourg, ou
ils avoient une idole de Diane fort grande et fort célebre,”’ &c.

M. Fleuri (Hist. Ecclesiast. Tom. vii. L. xxxv.n. 22.) relates the destruction of
Diana’s image, and the erection of the monastery and church of St. Martin on its
site. But neither St. Martin, nor St. Germain, (‘* évéque d’ Auxerre, et chasseur de
grande réputation,””) were able to preserve their ascendancy against the superior
claims of St. Hubert, (‘* évéque de Liége, plus fin et plus rusé dans l’art de la
chasse,”’) who subsequently received the first-fruits of the chase, ἀπαρχὰς τῶν ἅλισ-
κομένων, and a tenth part of the game, as an annual consecration, ἐνιαύσια, from the
posterity of the Celts.

The worship of Diana Venatrix extended from Celtica to the British Isles, which

at an early period were peopled by a Celtic race, (see note 12. at the end of the
present chapter). ‘‘ Amongst other the goddes also,’’ says Holinshed, ‘* whiche
the Scottishmen had in most reverence, Diana was chiefe, whom they accompted as
their peculiar patronesse, for that she was taken to be the goddesse of hunting,
wherein consisted their chiefest exercise, pastime, and delite.’ And at the same
period, we find these Scoto-Celts in possession of greyhounds and hounds of chase of
the highest repute, during the reign of Dorvadille.

> and secon-

2. Oncavpds signifies, primarily, “* theca, ubi res. pretiosa deponitur ;’
darily, ‘‘ ipsa res condita.” See Martinii Lexicon Philologicum.

3. Ἐπὶ μὲν λαγῷ ἁλόντι δύο ὀβολὼ ἐμβάλλουσιν. The game of the modern courser
was valued by the Celtic sportsmen, for Dian’s treasury, at about 23d. of British
currency. The obolus was a small Greek coin of silver, weighing about 11 grains,
in ancient money worth 13d. It was the sixth part of the drachma, which nearly
answered to the Roman denarius. The double obolus, or diobolion, exactly hit the
value of the hare in the Celtic scale of appreciation.

4. πὶ δὲ ἀλώπεκι Spaxuiv—Anglicé, ninepence for a fox. The silver drachma
was equal to six oboli, consequently this crafty and destructive felon was estimated
at thrice the value of the hare. The reasons of the text for the extra payment must
be perfectly satisfactory to the patrons of the leash—érz ἐπίβουλον τὸ χρῆμα, καὶ τοὺς
λαγὼς διαφθείρει, κ- τ. Χλ. ““ Fraudulentum animal,” says Isidorus, “" insidiisque
decipiens :”” and Atlian, αἱροῦνται δὲ οἱ λαγῷ ὑπὸ ἀλωπέκων ἐνίοτε, οὐκ ἧττον δρόμῳ,
ἀλλὰ καὶ μᾶλλον τέχνῃ" σοφὸν γὰρ ἀπατᾷν ἀλώπηξ, καὶ δόλους οἶδεν. Xenophon,
too, remarks that foxes are wont to kill not only hares, but leverets, αὐτοὺς καὶ τὰ

τέκνα : and is supported by the Cilician poet of the chase, who says of the fox —

Cuap.
XXXII.

Vénerie
Normande.
La S. Hubert.

Historie of
Scotland.
Mainus.

Pinkerton on
Coins. Vol. 1.
Ρ- 89.
and Ainsworth.

Τὰ παῖς es In

fe lian. de
Ναίυτὰ Animal.
TiexrTece te
De Venat.
CoV

Cuap.
XXXIII.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L. 1. 459.

SHapster of
Gaame. c. vir.
fol. 43.

SHayster of
Game. c. ve
fol. 30.

L. vit.

Martial. Epigr.
L, x11. Ep. 68.
Antiquit.
Roman. Tom.1.
662.

Statii Sylv.
Ibn sony ΤΣ 57:

Ovid. Metam.
L. xv. 130.

158 ARRIAN

destroys hares,)—and four drachme for a roe-deer,® in consi-
deration of his size, and greater value as game.

When the year comes round, on the return of the nativity of
Diana,‘ the treasury is opened, and a victim purchased out of
the money collected;7 either a sheep, or kid,® or heifer,

δὴ τότε καὶ θήρῃ πικρὴν ἐπὶ μῆτιν ὑφαίνει

οἰωνούς τε δόλοισιν ἑλεῖν καὶ τέκνα λαγωῶν.

“«ἙἘοχοβ done grete harme,”

says Duke Edmund, “ in wareyns of conynges and of
hares, the whiche thei ete, and take hem so gynnously and withe grete malice, and
not withe rennyng.”

5. Ἐπὶ δὲ δορκάδι τέσσαρας δραχμάς. The tetradrachm of silver was worth four
drachmas, or three shillings sterling—a high valuation of the roe-deer, an animal of
chase, rather scarce in the British Isles, but at all times, I believe, abundant in
France. De I.angley calls the roe ‘‘ a good litel beest, and goodly for to hunte to.”’

6. Ὁπόταν γενέθλια ἥκη τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος. The gods of antiquity had their natal
days as well as men. ‘“ Dies nobis natalitii sunt,’’ says Arnobius, “ et potentias
celites dies autumant habere natales.’’ The anniversary of Diana’s birth-day (see
Ad. Turnebi Adversar. L. v111. c. xxv.) was celebrated on the 13th of August—
‘« Augustis redit Idibus Diana.” ‘‘ Feriis suis, emeritos canes, quietosque ἃ vena-

tione, et immunes habere credebatur, et ipsa etiam feriari,” in the words of Pitiscus.

Ipsa coronat
Emeritos Diana canes, et spicula tergit,
Et tutas sinit ire feras.

Pausanias in Achaicis c. xvit1. describes a splendid celebration of the sylvan rites
of Diana Laphria by the people of Patre, in costliness and magnificence far sur-
passing these Celtic ceremonies, but in character somewhat similar. The festival of
Patrz was also annual, as in Celtica.

7. Ἱερεῖον.

Victima labe carens, et prestantissima forma,
(Nam placuisse nocet,) vittis presignis et auro
Sistitur ante aras,

The ancient sacrifice consisted of three principal things—libation, incense, and vic-
tim ; of which the latter was most important—varying according to the character of
the deity to whom it was offered, and that of the persons offering. Perfection of
form, as described by Ovid, was essential to acceptance at the altar.

8. Οἱ μὲν ὄϊν, of δὲ alya. So in Horace’s invitation to Phyllis to attend his banquet
on Mecenas’s natal day,

ΟΝ COURSING. 159

according to the amount of the sum: and then, after having
sacrificed, and presented the first-offerings of their victims to
the Goddess of the chase,? according to their respective rites,
they give themselves up, with their hounds, to indulgence and
recreation,'!°—crowning the latter on this day with garlands,"

ara castis
Vincta verbenis avet immolato
Spargier agno.

The kid of the Celtic hunters is mentioned in the celebration of Diana’s rites by
Gratius ; see note 10.

9. Τῶν ἱερείων ἀπαρξάμενοι τῇ ᾿Αγροτέρᾳ. The first-fruits of the spoil were offered
up to Diana Venatrix, (see c. xxxu1-n.8.,) as well as the purchased sacrificial
victims. We are told by Plutarch that it was customary to consecrate the horns of
the stag to the goddess, and to affix them to her temple ; a quiver, too, with bow and
arrows, and a canis venaticus, were commonly added.

Tibi sepé, Diana,
Menalios arcus, venatricesque pharetras
Suspendit, puerile decus.

See Symmach. Epist. L. v. Ep. 68. and Pitisci Lexicon Antiquitatum.

10. Εὐωχοῦνται αὐτοί τε καὶ of κύνες.

Idcirco aeriis molimur compita lucis

Spicatasque faces (sacrum) ad nemora alta Diane
Sistimus, et solito catuli velantur honore ;
Ipsaque per flores medio in discrimine luci
Stravére arma, sacris et pace vacantia festa.
Tum cadus, et viridi fumantia liba feretro
Preveniunt, teneraque extrudens cornua fronte
Heedus, et ad ramos etiamnum herentia poma,
Lustralis de more sacri, quo tota juventus
Lustraturque Dee, proque anno reddit honorem.
Ergo impetrato respondet multa favore

Ad partes qua poscis opem, seu vincere silvas,
Seu tibi fatorum labes exire minasque

Cura prior, tua magna fides tutelaque Virgo.

To the hunting jubilations of our early annals (when Dian’s revels were scarce
exploded) John of Salisbury alludes in his Policraticus: ‘ Si vero clariore preda,
cervo forté vel apro, venantium labor effulserit, fit plausus intolerabilis, exultant

Crap.

XXXII.

Carminum
LIV. C. XIe

Claudian.
De Consul.
Honor. L. rv.
159.

Gratii Cyneget.
483.

De Nugis
Curialium
Vide Cabve

Cuap.
XXXIII.

Theocriti Idyl.

Xvi.

Strabon.
Geograph.
ΠΕ ΦΌΤΝ

Illustrations of
Shakspeare,
and of Ancient
Manners, &c.
Vol. 1. p. 392.

160 ARRIAN

as an indication of the festival being celebrated on their
account. ?}*

venatores, caput prede et solemnia quedam spolia tnumphantibus preferuntur,
regem Cappadocum captum credas. Sic cornicines et tibicines videas victorie glo-
riam declarare.”’ ‘

11. Tas κύνας δὲ καὶ στεφανοῦσιν. The custom of crowning, or decorating with
roses and garlands of ribbon, greyhounds which have distinguished themselves in the
coursing field, continues, I believe, at the present day. Such were the rewards
bestowed on the fleet horses of the hippodrome :

τιμὰς δὲ καὶ ὠκέες ἔλλαχον ἵπποι

οἱ σφίσιν ἐξ ἱερῶν στεφανήφοροι ἦνθον ἀγώνων.

See the medal of Diana Pergwa from Montfaucon Antiq. Expliq. Tom.1. p. 44.
The goddess holds a spear, or hunting-pole, in her left hand, and a fillet or crown in
her right hand, elevated over the head of a canis venaticus, who is wishfully looking
up, as if in expectation of the reward of merit. This medal is copied by the learned
Father from Beger, and derives its inscription from Perga in Pamphylia, nigh to
which city, I find in Strabo, stood on an elevated site the temple of APTEMIS ΠΕΡ-
ΓΑΙΑ, whose rites were there annually celebrated.

12. Vestiges of the Celtic ceremonies of Agrotera seem to have been extant, under
a peculiar modification, in London, within a period not very remote. That Dian’s
worship was not confined to continental Europe, but extended, as already noticed in
note 1. (sub fine) of this chapter, to the insular Britons, is an historical fact, con-
firmed, according to the learned and ingenious Mr. Douce, by the remains of such
animals as were used in her sacrifices, and also by her own images found on rebuilding
St. Paul’s Cathedral—on the site of which, Dr. Woodward very plausibly inferred, a
Roman temple of the pagan goddess once stood. ‘‘ It cannot be controverted,”
continues the first-cited able antiquary, ‘‘ that Diana was reverenced in this country
long after the introduction of Christianity, when we find from the testimony of
Richard Sporling, a monk of Westminster in 1450, and a diligent collector of ancient
materials, that during the persecution of Diocletian the inhabitants of London sacri-
ficed to Diana, whilst those of Thorney, now Westminster, were offering incense to
Apollo, Sir W. Dugdale records that a commutation grant was made in the reign of
Edward I. by Sir William Le Baud, to the dean and canons of St. Paul, of a doe in
winter on the day of the Saint’s conversion, and of a fat buck in summer on that of
his commemoration, to be offered at the high altar, and distributed among the canons.
To this ceremony Erasmus has alluded in his book De Ratione Concionandi, when he
describes the custom which the Londoners had of going in procession to St. Paul’s
Cathedral with a deer’s head fixed upon a spear, accompanied with men blowing
hunting-horns. Mr. Strype, likewise, in his Ecclesiastical Memorials, Vol. 111.
p. 378. has preserved a notice of the custom as practised in Queen Mary’s time, with

ἣν...

ON COURSING. 161

This Celtic custom I follow with my fellow-sportsmen,' and Senne
Injunctions to
the observance
of religious
rites,

declare no human undertaking to have a prosperous issue

this addition, that the priest of every parish in the city, arrayed in his cope, and the
bishop of London in his mitre, assisted on the occasion. Camden had likewise seen
it when a boy, and had heard that the canons of the Cathedral attended in their
sacred vestments, wearing garlands of flowers on their heads.”
1. We cannot but admire the fine feelings of piety, and conscious dependence on
an over-ruling Providence, which pervade the closing chapters of the Cynegeticus.
Many splendid passages might be selected from the classical writings of Greece
and Rome, demonstrative of the fact that, however darkened by mythological allu-
sions, the most enlightened heathens supported a conviction of the affairs of this
lower world being under the guidance of a Supreme Intelligence, and of man himself
being utterly weak and destitute when unsupported by the aid and influence of
Heaven. ‘This feeling is strongly manifested in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Pindar,
Ospheus, Phocylides, and a host of others among the Greeks: and notwithstanding
the mischievous attempt of the philosophy of Epicurus to eradicate from the Roman
mind all sense of dependency on Heaven, (as if the Divine Essence, in relation to
human conduct, “‘ nec bene promeritis capitur, nec tangitur ira,’’) the works of Lucretii
Virgil, Horace, and Claudian afford splendid examples of the important truth that L. 1. 62.
the natural aspirations of poetry tend to the honour of the Gods, and that when right-
fully employed, the genius of man is ever directed to the advancement of religion
and morality. It is unnecessary to refer to the innumerable passages illustrative of
the creed of ancient philosophers, contained in their works ; let it suffice that Pliny,
in speaking of the unity of the Deity, gives the reason why men commonly spoke of
more than one God: ““ Fragilis et laboriosa mortalitas in partes ἰδία digessit, infir- ΗΠϑι. Natur.
mitatis sue memor; ut portionibus quisque coleret, quo maximé indigeret,” &c. ἴων 11. 6. vit.
The catalogue of subordinate deities, enumerated by our author as directing the
affairs, destinies, and pursuits of mankind, merged with him in the belief of one
Supreme Intelligence, of which these subaltern deities were the several attributes
and manifestations, in the government of the universe and its constituent parts.
According to Hermesianax,

Πλούτων, Περσεφόνη, Δημήτηρ, Kumpis,” Ἔρωτες,
Τρίτωνες, Νηρεὺς, Τηθὺς, καὶ Κυανοχαίτης,

Ἑρμῆς τ᾽, Ἥφαιστός τε κλυτὸς, Πὰν, Ζεύς τε, καὶ Ἥρη,
“Apres, 70 Ἕκάεργος ᾿Απόλλων. εἷς θεός ἐστι:

an opinion which was general with the superior philosophers of Greece and Rome, in
opposition to the polytheistic notions of their inferiors, who, while worshipping the
κε portiones”’ of Pliny, violated most grossly the unity of the Εἷς Θεὸς of philosophy ;

Xx

Cuap.

SIV

Hor. Carm.

L. ri. Od. τὺ.

Homer. Odyss.

leer. AS;

Opera et Dies
vs. 706.
Vide Dies
vs. 826.

Pindar Pyth.
L. 1. 79.

Oppian.
Halieutic.
Lea. 4.

162 ARRIAN

without the interposition of the Gods.? For that Mariners,

—the understandings of the former being too strong (as Sir W. Jones has remarked
in the argument of his Hymn to Surya) to admit the popular belief, but their influence
too weak to reform it, and establish in its place, in the public mind at large, the

supreme unity of the Deity—

Qui terram inertem, qui mare temperat
Ventorum, et urbes, regnaque tristia,
Divosque, mortalesque turmas

Imperio regit unus equo.

For further notice of this subject, the reader is referred to Maximus Tyrius, Dis-
sert. 17., a Greek philosopher of the second century, contemporary, I believe, with
Arrian.

2. Οὐδὲν ἄνευ θεῶν γιγνόμενον ἀνθρώποις ἐς ἀγαθὸν ἀποτελευτᾷ. To this we may
cite many parallel passages: πάντες δὲ θεῶν χατέουσ᾽ ἄνθρωποι, says the son of
Nestor to the divine attendant of Telemachus. Hesiod begins and ends his poem of
the Works and Days with inculcating piety towards the Gods ; the only way to please
whom and to be happy, he says, is to be religious and strictly moral—

‘

εὖ δ᾽ ὄπιν ἀθανάτων μακάρων πεφυλαγμένος εἶναι.

Nor are the passages, recommendatory of due reverence of the Gods, less numerous in
the lyric and tragic poets of Greece, than in her heroic poets :

ἐκ θεῶν γὰρ μαχαναὶ πᾶ-
σαι βροτέαις ἀρεταῖς
καὶ σοφοὶ καὶ χερσὶ βια-

ταὶ περίγλωσσοί T ἔφυν.

See also the sublime supplication of Hecuba in the Troades of Euripides, vs. 884.
The bynin of Cleanthes,

οὐδέ τι γίγνεται ἔργον ἐπὶ χθονὶ σοῦ δίχα, δαῖμον,

οὔτε κατ᾽ αἰθέριον θεῖον πόλον, ovT ἐνὶ πόντῳ, K. τ. Az

is considered the forgery of a later age. Not so, however, the beautiful truths of the

Greek poet of the Halieutics :

, \ >
τί γὰρ μερόπεσσιν ἀνυστὸν
νόσφι θεῶν ; οὐδ᾽ ὅσσον ὑπ᾽ ἐκ ποδὸς ἔχνος ἄεῖραι,
οὐδ᾽ ὅσον ἀμπετάσαι βλεφάρων περιφαέα κύκλα,

ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοὶ κρατέουσι καὶ ἰθύνουσιν ἕκαστα,

ON COURSING. 1603

who regard their safety, supplicate the Gods at embarkation ;*
and, after dangers escaped, offer up sacrifices of gratitude to
the sea-deities, Neptune, Amphitrite, and the Nereids.4 Cul-
tivators of the soil do the same to Ceres, her daughter, and

Bacchus ;° Artificers, to Minerva and Vulcan ;° Professors of

τηλόθεν ἐγγὺς ἐόντες, ἀναγκαίη δ᾽ ἀτίνακτος

πείθεσθαι, K.T. λ.

3. Ὅσοι ναυτίλλονται, ἀπὸ θεῶν ἄρχονται. The sea-deities were numerous, and of
various gradations. Spence arranges them in six classes. See Milton’s invocation
of Sabrina, in his Comus, vs. 867. for the names of many of these Dii Marini.
Arrian mentions only Neptune, his Queen, and the Nereids—lords of the mediterra-

nean or inland seas: superior to whom were Oceanus, ‘ Pater rerum,”

and Tethys.
Moreover, it appears from Apollonius Rhodius, that Apollo, for particular reasons,
(αὐτὸς γὰρ ἐπαίτιος ἔπλευ ἀέθλων, says Jason, addressing πατρώϊον ᾿Απόλλωνα,) was
worshipped, under the name of Ἐμβασίος, by the Argonauts at the time of their
embarkation, and under that of ᾿Εκβασίος at disembarking. See also Homer. Odyss.
11. 430. where Telemachus pours forth ‘‘ the holy goblet to the powers divine,” but
principally invokes, for a specific reason, “" the blue-eyed progeny of Jove.”

4. ᾿Ανασωθέντες χαριστήρια θύουσιν,

Votaque servati solvent in littore naute, &c.
and again, A°neid. x11. 766.

Servati ex undis ubi figere dona solebant

Laurenti divo, et votas suspendere vestes.

Several votive monuments are engraven in Pére Montfaucon’s Antiq. Expliq.
Tom, 11. with inscriptions, SALVOS IRE, SALVOS REDIRE, &c.: and Pitis-
cus (Lexic. Antiq. Rom. V. 1. p. 164.) has others, NEPTUNO REDUC. SA-
CRUM, &c.

See the indications of the Dii Marini appearing in dreams to sea-faring people, in
Artemidorus, L. 11. 38.

5. Ὅσοι τὴν γῆν ἐργάζονται. Every art and science had, in classic mythology,
Its divine guardian, from whom it first emanated, and by whose liberal condescension
mankind were instructed in the rudiments of their several callings :

κεῖνοι καὶ τέχνας πολυκερδέας ἀνθρώποισιν
δῶκαν ἔχειν, καὶ πᾶσαν ἐπιφρυσύνην ἐνεήκαν.
ἄλλος δ᾽ ἀλλοίοισιν ἐπώνυμος ἔπλετο δαίμων

Μ τὶ . of 4
ἔργοις, οἷσιν ἕκαστος ἐπίσκοπον ἤρατο τιμήν.

Cuar.

XXXIV.

L. 1. vs. 359.
and vs. 1186.

Pope's Odyss.
B. 11.471.

Virg. Georg.
L. 1. 436.

Oppian, Hal.
L. 11. 15.

104 ARRIAN

Cua. instruction,? to the Muses,? Apollo Musagetes,? Mnemosyne,’®

XXX1V.
The tutelar deities of husbandmen were Ceres, Proserpine, and Bacchus. Hence, in
the beginning of the first Georgic, amongst the ‘‘agrestum presentia numina,”
Virgil invokes conjointly ‘‘ Liber et alma Ceres ;” and Pindar designates Bacchus,
Isthm. L. vii. χαλκοκρότου πάρεδρον
3. Δαμάτερος.

Artemidor. δημήτηρ δὲ καὶ Κόρη, καὶ ὃ λεγόμενος “Iaxxos, says the Ephesian visionary, γεωργοῖς
Oneirocrit.

Rene τὸ καὶ τοῖς κτήσασθαι γῆν προῃρημένοις ἀγαθαί. The department of rural economy under

the tutelage of Ceres is succinctly stated by Oppian in the second book of his Hali-

eutics :

Oppian. Hal. Anw μὲν CebyAns Te βοῶν, ἀρότοιο τε γαίης
L. τὰν 19. πυρῶν T εὐκάρποιο φέρει γέρας ἀμήτοιο.

The connexion of Proserpine with husbandry is not so clear; but as Nicomedia, our
author’s native city, was sacred both to the mother and daughter, and he held the
office of priest in the temple of the latter, we may suppose him fully acquainted with
all her tutelary distinctions, of which the patronage of agriculture seems to have been
one.
Bacchus’s presidency was principaliy confined, in his character of Vitisaéor, to the
Artemidor. culture of vineyards: Διόνυσος τοῖς γεωργοῖς συμφέρει τοῖς τὸν ξυλικὸν καρπὸν γεωρ-

ἘΝ ἢ γοῦσι, μάλιστα ἀμπέλους. To the three deities of Arrian here mentioned, Virgil
.11.0. 37.

Georgic. L.1.

3

subjoins others, ‘*studium quibus arva tueri,”” whom the philosophic courser allows

to extend their fostering care to venation—at least some of them, as Pan, the

21.
Nymphs, &c.
G. Of δὲ audi τὰς τέχνας πονούμενοι. ‘Whe different bodies or colleges of artificers
had their particular tutelary deities. Pausanias in Arcadicis mentions a temple of
Ο. XXXVI. Minerva Machinatrix : ἔστι δὲ ᾿Αθηνᾶς ἱερὸν ἐπίκλησιν Maxaviridos, ὕτι βουλευμάτων

ἐστὶν ἣ θεὸς παντοίων καὶ ἐπιτεχνημάτων εὕρέτι. ‘The connexion of Minerva and

Oneirocrit. | Vulcan with handicrafts is noted by Artemidorus : ᾽Αθηνᾶ χειροτέχναις ἀγαθὴ διὰ τὴν
Ibe τς Ὁν Bis

Ejusdem c. 37.

7

προσηγορίαν, Epydvn καλεῖται ya Ηφαιστος .. .. χειρώναξι ἀγαθὸς πᾶσι:--- ἀπά ἢ
ρυσηγορίαν, Ep ρ p Υ

Oppian :
Halieut. L. 1. δοῦρα δὲ τεκτήνασθαι, ἀναστῆσαί Te μέλαθρα,
21. φάρεά T ἀσκῆσαι μήλων εὐανθέϊ καρπῷ

Παλλὰς ἐπιχθονίους ἐδιδάξατο.
——Hoatorw δὲ μέλει ῥαιστήριος ἱδρώς.

Juno tells Latona that Vulcan’s skill as an artificer, is ἃ counterpoise to his claudicant

Lucian. Deor. deformity : ἀλλ᾽ οὗτος μὲν 6 χωλὸς, ὕμως χρήσιμός γε ἐστὶ, τεχνίτης dv ἄριστος,
Dial. Juno et

Ke T.A.
Latona.

ON COURSING. 165

and Mereury ;'' Lovers, to Venus,'® Cupid,!’ Suada,'* and the Osan.
XXXIV.

7. Of ἀμφὶ παίδευσιν. Instructors—those engaged in education—the μουσοπόλων
ἔργων ἐπίσκοποι of the Cilician poet.
8. Μούσαις. The Muses were thought to preside over the different departments

of science, poetry, vocal and instrumental music, and the fine arts generally.

ἐκ yap Μουσάων καὶ ἐκηβόλου ᾿Απόλλωνος Hesiod. D. G.

ἀνδρὲς ἀοιδοὶ ἔασιν ἐπὶ χθόνα καὶ κιθαρισταί. 94.

9. ᾿Απόλλωνι Μουσηγέτῃ. When the gods attended the nuptials of Peleus and
Thetis on Mount Pelion, Apollo led “ the tuneful choir” in the character of Musa-
getes : ;
ἐκ δὲ μελισσήεντος ἀπεσσυμένων ᾿Ελικῶνος Coluthi Rapt.
Μουσάων λιγύφωνον ἄγων χορὸν ἦλθεν ᾿Απόλλων. Helen. vs. 23.

Representations of Apollo in the character of Musagetes or Lyristes, from the
Justinian gallery, are given by Pére Montfaucon in the first volume of his Antiquities;
by Spence, in his Polymetis, P]. x11. f. 1, 11. ; and by Visconti, in the Clementine
Museum, Vol. 1.

Mentis Apollinez vis has movet undique Musas. Ausonii Musa-
A : A τ rum Inventa.
In medio residens amplectitur omnia Phebus.
Idyll. xx.

᾿Απόλλων μουσικοῖς ἀγαθὸς, says the Ephesian, λόγων γὰρ εὑρετὴς 6 θεὸς καὶ μουσικῆς Artemidori
Oneirocrit.

πάσης. In which character the Roman poets of the Augustan age have decked him eae

out to the life. See Ovid’s

Ille caput flavum lauro Parnasside vinctus— Metam. L. xt.
Verrit humum Tyrio saturata murice palla, &c. 165.

10. Μνήμοσυνῃ. This goddess is celebrated by Hesiod, in his Theogony, as the
mother of the Muses :

ἐκ fs at Μοῦσαι χρυσάμπυκες ἐξεγένοντο Ὁ. 6. ν5. 915.

> ΄ ~

ἐννέα, τῇσιν ἅδον θαλίαι, καὶ τέρψις ἀοιδῆς.
So Akenside, in The Pleasures of Imagination:

Ye beauteous offspring of Olympian Jove Book τὰν
And Memory divine, Pierian maids.

That this mythology is judicious, has been remarked by Plutarch in his rules for the
education of children ; since nothing so much cherishes learning as memory, There
is a statue of Mnemosyne in the Clementine Museum of Visconti, Vol. τ.

11. Ἑρμῇ. Mercury is here introduced in one of his most creditable capacities, as
the author of letters, and the god of orators and eloquence :

Cuap.

XXXIV.

Francis’s
Horace. B. 1.
ὁ: x.

Artemidori
Oneirocrit.
Τρ τὰς δ. 8.

Bucol. Eclog.
ar. 57.

Artemidori
Oneirocrit.
WA ts COREY fo

Argonaut.
L.1. 615.

Aeneid. L. 1.
668.

D. G. vs. 201.

Od. 111. vs. 17.

166 ARRIAN

Graces.1° And, upon the same principle, Sportsmen should

The god of wit, from Atlas sprung,
Who by persuasive power of tongue
And graceful exercise refined

The savage race of human kind!

“Ἑρμῆς ἀγαθὺς τοῖς ἐπὶ λόγους ὁρμωμένοις, καὶ ἀθληταῖς, καὶ παιδοτρίβαις, K.T.A.
12. Οἱ δὲ ἀμφὶ τὰ ἐρωτικὰ ᾿Αφροδίτῃ. In the Rape of Helen, Venus is called
“‘Appovins βασίλεια, (ν. 26.) θαλάμων βασίλεια, (v. 137.) and γάμων βασίλεια, (v. 306.)

queen of marriage. And to the same purport is the description of Nemesian :

cui cura jugales

Concubitus hominum totis connectere séclis.

μάλιστα δὲ ἀγαθὴ περὶ γάμους καὶ κοινωνίας, καὶ περὶ τέκνων “γονὰς, says the dream-
interpreter, of the goddess of love, συνδέσμων γὰρ καὶ ἐπιγόνων ἐστὶν αἰτία. The reader
will remember her angry speech (tangit et ira Deos) in the prologue of the Hip-
polytus,

τοὺς μὲν σέβοντας τἀμὰ πρεσβεύω κράτη,

σφάλλω δ᾽ ὅσοι φρονοῦσιν εἰς ἡμᾶς μέγα, κι τ.λ.

and her vengeful and infuriate character, as drawn by Apollonius Rhodius in re-

ference to the Lemnians :
οὕνεκά μιν γεράων ἐπιδηρὸν ἄτισσαν.

and amplified by Valerius Flaccus, L. τ1. vs. 29.
13. Ἔρωτι. Venus confesses that she has little power without the aid of her

favourite son Cupid :

Nate, mez vires, mea magna potentia, &c.
Ad te confugio, et supplex tua numina posco.

She is accompanied by him and Ἵμερος (whom the Grecian mythologists seem to have
distinguished from Ἔρως) in the Theogony of Hesiod.

τῇ 8 Ἔρος ὡμάρτησε, καὶ Ἵμερος ἕσπετο καλός.
The Odes of Anacreon afford many graphic sketches of the mischievous little god :

φέροντα τόξον,

πτέρυγάς τε καὶ φαρέτρην.

14. Πειθοῖ. Suada or Suadela—the goddess of persuasion—nupliarwm conciliatrix.

ΟΝ -COURSING. 107

not be neglectful of Diana Venatrix,!© nor Apollo,!7 nor Pan,18

In the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, as described by Pausanias, Cupid is seen re-
ceiving Venus rising out of the sea, and the goddess Πειθὼ placing a crown on her

head: and so inthe Rape of Helen, she is the bearer of the brida! chaplet:

καὶ στέφος ἀσκήσασα γαμήλιον ἤλυθε Πειθὼ,

τοξευτῆρος Ἔρωτος ἐλαφρίζουσα φαρέτρην.

Horace unites Suadela and Venus in the attractions of ‘ the well-bemoney’d swain”’
—‘‘ bené-nummatum decorat Suadela Venusque.” And Artemidorus says her ap-
pearance is ominous of good to all persons, and on all occasions; Πειθὼ δὲ καὶ Χάριτες,
καὶ Ὧραι, καὶ Νύμφαι πρὸς πάντα καὶ πᾶσιν εἰσὶν ἀγαθαί.

15. Χάρισιν. The Graces of Heathen mythology were ladies of great influence:
simplicity of manners, gracefulness of deportment, gaiety of disposition, liberality,

eloquence, and wisdom, were all derived from them :

σὺν γὰρ ὑμῖν τὰ τερπνὰ καὶ τὰ γλυκέα
γίνεται πάντα βροτοῖϑ"

εἰ σοφὺς, εἰ καλὸς, εἴ τις ἀγλαὸς

sep

ἀνήρ.

In the Theogony they “keep their court with the God of Love,” and revel in ban-
quets; and in Horace’s supplicatory Ode to Venus, they are associated with the
“« Regina Cnidi Paphique,’’ Cupid, the Nymphs, Hebe, and Mercury :

Fervidus tecum puer, et solutis

Gratiz zonis, properentque Nymphe,

Et parim comis sine te Juventas,
Mercuriusque.

16. Τοὺς ἐπὶ θήρᾳ ἐσπουδακότας ov χρὴ ἀμελεῖν τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος τῆς ᾿Αγροτέρας-.
Xenophon was equally strict in his religious observances towards the rural] deities,
bidding the sportsman, before he slip a single hound, to vow a participation of the
game to Apollo and Diana Agrotera. See Pitisci Lexicon Antiquit. Roman. and Apul.
Met. vi. p. 175. The falconer of Demetrius, in later days, offered his morning
adoration to the God of heaven before sun-rise, and then flew his hawk at the
quarry : τὸν θεὸν ἐπικαλεσάμενος τῇ θήρᾳ εὐμενῶς συλλήψοιτο, κ. τ. A.

Following his Classic prototypes, Adrian de Castello makes the cardinal hunter
supplicate the Sylvan goddess :

Volans Ascanius levi veredo
Precatus Triviz perenne numen,

Cuape.

XXXIV.

Coluthi R. H.
vs, 28.

Epod. L. 1.
Od. νι.

Oneirocrit.
Iasi σε 8.

Pindar. Olymp.
Τὰ x1v. 6.

Hesiodi D. G.
vs. 64.

Cans itar.
Od. 31. vs. 5.

De Venat.

Cc. VI.

Ἱερακοσόφιον.
Ρ.21.

Adriani
Venatio apud
poetas tres
Aldi.

Cuap.
OVI

Xenophon.
De Venat.
Gx 1.

See the Museo
Chiaramonti of
Visconti and
Guattani.

T. xviii.
Virgil. Aeneid.
L. tv. 143.

Statii Achil,
or 167.

Lucian. Deor.
Dial. Juno et’
Latona.

Tibuil. L. rir.
EI. tv. 34.

De Augment,

Scient. L. 11.

Virg. Eclog.
L. 11. 33.

Virg. Georg.
L. τι. 494.

168 ARRIAN

nor the Nymphs,'9 nor Mercury,” the conductor and president

Invadit jaculo, diuque librans
Jecit eminis, &c.

as a necessary preliminary to the slaughter of a stag, bayed by the hounds.

17. ᾿Απόλλωνος. Apollo shared with Diana the institution of hunting: ᾿Απόλλω-
vos καὶ Apteuldos &ypa kal κύνες. Whence, with his twin-sister, he is seen on antique
relievos with dogs and other emblems of the chase. In his character of Venator,
Apollo is described by Maximus Tyrius as a youth armed with a bow, his naked side

appearing beneath a chlamys, and his feet raised in the act of running :

Qualis ubi hibernam Lyciam Xanthique fluenta
Deserit, ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo,
Instauratque choros, mixtique altaria circum
Cretesque Dryopesque fremunt pictique Agatlhyrsi ;
Ipse jugis Cyntbi graditur, mollique fluentem
Fronde premit crinem fingens, atque implicat auro ;
Tela sonant humeris.

The reader is of course familiar with the Apollo of the Belvedere—the Venator of
Statuaries—‘ Venator Apollo:” but perhaps not so well acquainted with the Wilton
effigy of him, exhibiting in a small compass all the symbols which characterise his
presidency over poetry, music, divination, or more probably medicine, and the chase
--(προσποιεῖται μὲν πάντα εἰδέναι, καὶ τοξεύειν, καὶ κιθαρίζειν, καὶ ἰατρὸς εἶναι, καὶ
μαντεύεσθαι)---ἰπ three of which attributes he is cited by our author in the present
Chapter. The attitude of the god is easy and graceful; he appears to lean against
one of the homs of his lyre, placed on a tripod, around which a serpent twines.
Over his right shoulder is seen his quiver, and his bead is decorated with a laurel

᾽

crown—‘‘ casta redimitus tempora lauro:’’ the chlamys of the Venater is thrown
off, exposing the belt beneath, and the former with its gem is placed on some fit
receptacle beside the right leg.

18. Πανός. ““ Officium Panis nulla alia re,’’ says Lord Bacon, ‘‘ tam ad vivum
proponi atque explicari potuerit, quam quod Deus Venatorum est,” &c. He was the
god of the shepherds as well as hunters, the leader of the Nymphs as Apollo was of
the Muses, the patron of rural life, and president of the mountains. Happy the man,
exclaims the poet of the Georgics in his eulogy of country life, who numbers the

rustic deities, and Pan amongst the rest, in the catalogue of his acquaintance :

deos qui novit agrestes,
Ξ Panaque, Sylvanumque senem, Nymphasque sorores !

The most graphic description of the goatish god I have any where seen is in the
1" - ,»
13th book of Silius [talicus :

ΟΝ COURSING. 169

of the highways, nor any other mountain gods* that there

pendenti similis Pan semper, et uno
Vix ulla inscribens terre vestigia cornu, &c. &c.

But as this bas been cited at length by Spence in his Polymetis, a book of easy
reference, I decline introducing it here—wishing, as much as possible, to present my
readers with passages omitted by this celebrated scholar. Let Lucian’s more brief
delineation be substituted: ὃ μὲν κέρατα ἔχων, καὶ ὅσον ἐξ ἡμισείας ἐς τὸ κάτω αἰγὶ
ἐοικὼς, καὶ γένειον βαθὺ καθειμένος, ὀλίγον τράγου διαφέρων ἐστίν.

19. Νυμφῶν. Beger’s list of these ladies does not much exceed one hundred in
number, although it is said that Diana had above a thousand in her retinue. We
may suppose those principally interested in Cynegetical pursuits to have been the
Oreades, nymphs of the mountains; the νύμφαι Opeotiddes of Homer (Iliad. vr. 421.)
the ᾿Ορείπλαγκτοι of Aristophanes (Thesmophoriazuse) ; the Nape@e, nymphs of
the meadows, (of whom Virgil, “ΚΝ faciles venerare Napwas,”) and the Dryades and
Hamadryades, nymphs of the woods, the φιλορνίθων Δρυάδων χορὸς of Oppian
(Cyneg. 1. vs. 78.) See Claudian. de laudib. Stilic. L. 111. for a description of the
“Ὁ acies formosa Diane,’ and the Epicedium of Hercules Stroza; in which latter the
names of many of these inferior Sylvan deities, ‘‘ turbe nemoralis,” are registered in
chaste hexameters, addressed to the Duchess of Ferrara. Sometimes the Naiads also

accompanied the Jand-nymphs in their hunting pranks :

pulchro venantes agmine Nymphas,

Undarum, nemorumque decus, &c.
Elves of hills, brooks, standing lakes, and groves.

20. ‘Epuod *Evodiov καὶ ‘Hyeuoviov. ‘‘ Deum maximé Mercurium colunt,” says
Cesar of the Gauls or Celts: ‘* hujus sunt plurima simulacra ; hunc omnium inven-
torem artium ferunt; hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem ; hunc ad questus pecunie
mercaturasque habere vim maximam arbitrantur.”’ Being the god of every species of
gain, and the dog being sacred to him, we have additional reasons for the injunction
of the text. He was called ’Evdé.os or ““ vialis” according to Pitiscus, ‘‘ qui viarum

᾽

preses, in biviis, et compitis ponebatur ad semitas monstrandas :” in which capacity
his statues are, what are commonly called Terminal,—that seemingly imperfect, ugly,
awkward-looking shape, to which a worthless Roman nobleman, Rubellius Plancus, is

assimilated by the satirist of Aquinum ;

at tu
Nil nisi Cecropides, truncoque simillimus Herme:;.
Nullo quippe alio vincis discrimine, quam quod
Illi marmoreum caput est, tua vivit imayo,

Υ

(αν.
XXXIV.

Deorum
Concilium,

Valer. Flacci
Argon. I. 111.
530.

Tempest,
Act v. sc. I.

De bello
Gallico L. v.
Comite

Lexicon Antiq,
V.11. 186.

Juvenal.
Sat. virr. 526¢

Cuap.
XXXIV.

Idyll. xxv. 3.

Act. v. SC. I.

Seneca
Hippolyt.
Prol. vs. 73.

170 ARRIAN

may be: otherwise their pursuits must turn out abortive, their

A Greek medal is extant of Arrian’s native city, of the reign of Antoninus Pius,
bearing the impress of the god Terminus. See Nummophylacium Regine Christine,
Tab, ΤΙ.

The old herdsman of Theocritus, with the title εἰνόδιος, affords the reason of its

use:

ἔκ Tot ξεῖνε πρόφρων μυθήσομαι boo’ ἐρεείνεις,
Ἕρμέω ἁζόμενος δεινὴν ὄπιν εἰνοδίοιο.
τὸν γὰρ φασὶ μέγιστον ἐπουρανίων κεχολῶσθαι,

εἴ κεν ὁδοῦ ζαχρεῖον ἀνήνηταί τις ὁδίτην.

See Eustathius ad Homeri Odyss. xvr. and Ouzelius ad M. Minuc. Felic. Octavium,
Ρ. 109.

In his character of guide or conductor, (“Hyeudvios,) amongst many others, the
wily god volunteers his services to Cario, in the Plutus of Aristophanes:

EP. ἀλλ᾽ ἡγεμόνιον. KA. ἀλλ᾽ ὃ beds ἤδη βλέπει.
ὥσθ᾽ ἡγεμόνος οὐδὲν δεησόμεσθ᾽ ἔτι.

Though the messenger of the gods, and supremely Διὸς ἄγγελος, he seems to have
been a willing itinerant on earth (ὁδοιπόρος) in the cause of humanity. See Iliad xx1v.

Guard of our life, and partner of our way !

21. Ὅσοι ἄλλοι ὄρειοι θεοί. Almost every mountain had its tutelar deity; but
Arrian probably here means the rural deities hitherto unnamed, as Sylvanus, Silenus,
Priapus, Aristeus, the Fauns, Satyrs, Pales, Flora, Feronia, and a host of others.
On a due observance of the rites of these gods and goddesses, and demi-deities of
«‘ hill and dale, forest and mead,” (to whom might be traced, perhaps, the fairy sys-
tem of more modern days,) and more particularly on an observance of those of Diana
Agrotera, was an abundant supply of game, and avoidance of the ordinary casualties
of the chase, entirely dependent :

Tua si gratus numina cultor

Tulit in saltus ; retia vinctas
Tenuere feras ; nulli laqueum
Rupére pedes ; fertur plaustre
Preda gementi: tum rostra canes
Sanguine multo rubicunda gerunt ;
Repetitque casas rustica longe
Turba triumpho.

ON COURSING. 17]

dogs injured, their horses lamed,%? and themselves disap-
pointed.23

And of this, Homer gives evidence in his poem.! Teucer,
he says, the best bowman of the Greeks, in the archery-contest

22. Kal yap καὶ of κύνες βλάπτονται, κιτ. Χ. All that Arrian here anticipates as a
consequence of neglect of the rural deities, Savary of Caen, in bitterness of heart,
invokes on the ill-fated heads of the brethren of the leash ; whom he designates as
enamoured of the savage pugnacity of the bull-dog greyhound—with which alone,
the wolf-greyhound of his country, this poet was acquainted. Great as may have
been his love of the harrier’s chase, and great his admiration of its followers, whom
he calls Dian’s legitimate worshippers, I cannot conceive him conversant with the
genuine pastime of his Celtic ancestry, nor with the κύων τῇ ἀληθείᾳ γενναῖος of

Arrian, when he wrote the following virulent anathema :

Talia legitimos non infortunia tangant

Cultores, Diana, tuos: inhonora Laconis

Sed quoscunque juvat feritas truculenta Molossi,
Sola quibus cedes, si qua est in cade voluptas,
Illorum paribus turbentur gaudia causis.

Mulcta suppliciis cor insatiabile prede,

Plecte viros, extingue canes, rabiemque ferocem
Instilla, dominus catulis odiosus et ipsis,
Exequet falsum veris Acteona penis.

Et qui participes (pigeat licet ista precari)

Disrumpantur equi, domini plectantur in illis!

23. Alian tells us there isa temple of Diana in an isle of the Red Sea called
Icarus, abounding with goats, roe-deer, and hares, which a sportsman may catch, if
the goddess be duly petitioned ; but if not, he is not only unsuccessful in bis sport,
but punished for the transgression—édy δὲ μὴ αἰτήσῃ, οὔτε αἱρεῖ, καὶ δίδωσι δίκας, ds
ἄλλοι λεγούσιν. '

1. Ὅμηρος ἐν τῇ ποιήσει. Arian alludes to the contest for the prize of archery, at
the games celebrated by Achilles on the occasion of the funeral of his friend Patro-
clus. I give Pope’s translation of the passage :

To the tall top a milk-white dove they tie,

The trembling mark at which their arrows fly.
‘“Whose weapon strikes yon fluttering bird, shall bear
These two-edged axes, terrible in war;

Citar.
XXXIV.

Cuar. XXXV.
Enforced by

examples from
Homer.

Cc. XXXIII.

Album Diane
Leponicide.

ee Vie

Aejian. de
Natura Animal.
kr cs 9:

Iliad B, xxi.
vs. 1020.

Cuar. XXXV.
Thiad. L. xxii.

852, seqq.

Thad. L. rv.
406. seqq.

Pope’s Iliad.
B. 1v. 460.

17. ARRIAN

hit the cord only, and cut it asunder, because he had offered
no vow to Apollo; but that Merion, who was no archer at all,
by having invoked Apollo, struck the bird when on the wing.

Again, the posterity of those, who fought against Thebes
with Polynices, captured the city,?

To omens trusting, and the aid of Jove ;

The single he, whose shaft divides the cord.”

He said: experienced Merion took the word ;

And skilful Teucer: in the helm they threw

Their lots inscribed, and forth the latter flew.
Swift from the string the sounding arrow flies ;
But flies unblest ! No grateful sacrifice,

No firstling lambs, unheedful! didst thou vow

To Phebus, patron of the shaft and bow.

For this, thy well-aim’d arrow, turn’d aside,

Err’d from the dove, yet cut the cord that tied :
Adown the mainmast fell the parted string,

And the free bird to heav’n displays her wing :
Seas, shores, and skies with loud applause resound,
And Merion eager meditates the wound :

He takes the bow, directs the shaft above,

And following with his eye the soaring dove,
Implores the god to speed it through the skies,
With vows of firstling lambs, and grateful sacrifice.
The dove, in airy circles as she wheels

Amid the clouds, the piercing arrow feels :

Quite through and through the point its passage found,
And at his feet fell bloody to the ground,

2. Ἐπειδὴ μὴ ἐπηύξατο τῷ ᾿Απόλλωνι. The God of Archers and Archery.

The poet and the courser would both teach us the same lesson—that without
addressing supplication to heaven, we cannot succeed in our undertakings. Merion
does not conquer because he is the better archer, but because he is the better man.

3. Τοὺς ἐκγόνους δὲ τῶν ἐπὶ Θήβας σὺν Πολυνείκῃ. The Homeric line cited by
Arrian from the speech of Sthenelus, in the fourth book of the Iliad, alludes to the
victors of the second Theban war, wherein the sons of the seven captains subdued
the city, before which their fathers had perished :

With fewer troops we storm’d the Theban wall,
And happier saw the sev’n-fold city fall.

ON COURSING. 173

whereas their fathers, not at all inferior to them in valour, had παρ. XXXV.
perished before it, because they were disobedient to the signs
vouchsafed to them by the Gods.

And lastly, Hector, inattentive to Polydamas when he ob-
jected to an attack on the Grecian fleet, (because the Trojans
would not return from it with honour to themselves, as he
inferred from a serpent dropped by an eagle,) was soon after-
wards taught otherwise by experience, that no good comes of
being refractory towards the Deity.®

Thad. L. x1r.
216. seqq.

In impious acts the guilty fathers died ;
The sons subdued, for heav’n was on their side.

Capaneus, the sire of Sthenelus, was thunder-struck, while blaspheming Jupiter—

Talia dicentem toto Jove fulmen adactum Statii Thebaid.

Corripuit. U2 BEL:
4. Πολυδάμαντι οὐκ ἐῶντι. From Pope’s translation I extract a part of the speech
of Polydamas, with the omen referred to :
Seek not this day the Grecian ships to gain ; B. x11. 253.
For sure to warn us Jove his omen sent,
And thus my mind explains its clear event :
The victor eagle whose sinister flight
Retards our host, and fills our hearts with fright,
Dismiss’d his conquest in the middle skies,
Allow’d to seize, but not retain the prize, &c.
Pope’s version of Hector’s reply to this speech of Polydamas, is one of the most
splendid specimens of his talent to be found in the poem—as the whole incident is
perlaps the finest of Flaxman’s beautiful illustrations of the immortal bard.
5. Οὐκ ἀγαθὸν ἀπειθεῖν τῷ θείῳ. Homer himself draws many similar inferences in
the progress of his interesting tales both of the Iliad and the Odyssey—xaaemdy τοι
ἐρισθενέος Kpoviwvos—maicly epiféuevai—and again, θεόθεν δ᾽ οὐκ ἐστ᾽ ἀλέασθαι : and
Pindar abounds with like injunctions of humble submission to the divine will—ypv δὲ Pyth. τι,
mpos—Oedv οὐκ ἐρίζειν, kK. T.A.—moTl κέντρον δέ τοι---λακτιζέμεν, τελέθει---ὀλισθηρὸς oe a τς

οἶμος. See also vs. 89, ejusd. Carm. The reader cannot but recollect the memorable

counterpart to these words, (with reverence be they cited!) in the Apostolic history Act. Apost.

of the conversion of St. Paul—oxanpdv σοι πρὸς κέντρα λακτίζειν. Cae
How beautiful the metaphor that runs through the following lines of the poet of

Cilicia !

Cuap. ΧΧΧΥ.

Oppian. Hal.
L. 11. 12.

De Legibus.

De Expeditione
Alexandri
L, vi. c. XXVIII.

Atneid. L. vi.
244.

Schol. ad
Aristoph.
Thesm. Act, 1.

174 ARRIAN

Following these examples, it is right in field-sports, as in
every thing else, to begin with adoration of the Gods ;° and,
after having obtained success, to offer thanksgiving-sacrifices?
and libations,® with auspicious words,? and crowns,'? and

GAA’ αἰεὶ μάκαρες πανυπέρτατοι ἡνία πάντη
κλίνουσ᾽, ἣ κ᾽ ἐθέλωσιν" ὁ δ᾽ ἕσπεται, ὅς Ke σαόφρων,

πρὶν χαλεπῇ μάστιγι καὶ οὐκ ἐθέλων ἐλάηται.

See the sensible remarks of Xenophon on the words SYN ΘΕΩ ΠΡΑΤΤΕΙΝ, at the
conclusion of his treatise De Offic. Magistr. Equit. c. 1x.

6. "Αρχεσθαί τε ἀπὸ θεῶν. ‘* A Diis immortalibus,” says Cicero, “ sunt nobis
agendi capienda primordia :” and Julius Poilux, to whom I have frequently referred
in the early part of these annotations, concludes his address to Commodus, at the
commencement of his Onomasticon, with the same sentiment—moijoopat δὲ THY
ἀρχὴν, ἀφ᾽ ὧν μάλιστα προσήκει τοὺς εὐσεβεῖς, ἀπὸ τῶν θεῶν.

7. Χαριστήρια θύειν εὖ πράξαντα. Soin his Anabasis, Arrian writes, θύσαι ᾿Αλέξαν-
δρον ἐν Καρμανίᾳ χαριστήρια THs κατ᾽ ᾿Ινδῶν νίκης, κι τ. Δ. These free-will offerings
may be considered in the light of grateful acknowledgments to the gods for blessings
received, They were paid by soldiers after victory, by husbandmen after harvest,
and by sportsmen after success in the field.

8. Σπένδειν. Wine was generally used in these libations, but not always; for
there were νηφάλια iep—sober sacrifices, wherein no wine was poured forth. Gene-
rally, however, wine was employed, as we learn from Virgil's ‘‘ frontique invergit
vina sacerdos.”’

9. Εὐφημεῖν ---““ favere lingua, bona verbadicere.”’ This expression does not seem
to mean that the persons present at a sacrifice were to observe profound silence, but
rather to abstain only from words of evil omen. Mr. Cowper has preserved its sense
correctly in his translation of εὐφημῆσαι, Iliad rx. 171. ““ That every tongue abstain
from speech—Portentous.” Ogilby, Dacier, and Pope, all mistake the signification

’ says Festus, ‘‘ populum sacrificiis favere jube-

of εὐφημεῖν. ““ Preecones clamantes,’
bant. Favere est bona fari.” But Bourdin ‘ad; Aristoph. Thesmephor. εὐφημεῖν
σημαίνει σιγᾷν καὶ σιωπᾷν δι᾽ εὐφημίας. ;

10. Στεφανοῦν. The sacrificial victims were adorned with garlands and crowns on
their horns and necks. The altars were decorated with sacred herbs, and the priests
themselves wore crowns upon their heads, composed of the leaves of the tree sacred
to the deity to whom they paid their devotions. See Tertullian de Idololatria.

11. Ὑμνεῖν, Hunting-carols, it may be, were chanted to Dian and her sylvan
train, by the Celts and other sportsmen of old. It was customary to sing hymns in
honour of the Gods, and dance around the altar of sacrifice, on occasion of cele-
brating the more important religious rites; when the songs, in general, commemo-
rated the exploits of the worshipped, enumerated their virtues, and the benefits con-

ON COURSING. 175

hymns," and to dedicate the first-fruits of the captured
game, 15. as the conqueror does of the spoils of war. ™

ferred upon the worshippers, expressing, at the same time, a wish for their conti-
nuance. “Yuvoi μὲν ἐς τοὺς θεοὺς ποιοῦνται, ἔπαινοι δὲ ἐς ἀνθρώπους, says Callisthenes,
in his splendid speech on the line of distinction to be drawn between divine and
human honours.

12. ᾿Απαρχὰς τῶν ἁλισκομένων ἀνατιθέναι. The ἀπαρχαὶ, or first-fruits of animal
sacrifices, were small pieces of flesh cut from every part of the beast, and offered to
the gods, (see Homer, passim): but hunters, according to Pitiscus, dedicated to the
Goddess of the Chase the head, horns, feet, skin, &c. of the slaughtered game; to
which custom Nisus alludes in his invocation to Diana:

Si qua tuis unquam pro me pater Hyrtacus aris
Doma tulit, si qua ipse meis venatibus auxi,
Suspendive tholo, aut sacra ad fastigia fixi :
Hunc sine me, &c.

13. Ὁ τῇ νίκῃ πολέμου ἀκροθίνια. Before the spoils of victory were distributed
among the warriors, they considered themselves obliged to make an offering out of
them to the Gods, to whose assistance they were indebted for them all. Those sepa-
rated to this use were termed, according to the author of the Archeologia Graca,
ἀκροθίνια, because taken ἀπ᾽ ἄκρου τοῦ θινὸς, from the top of the heap.

Φ ΟΝ ἢ "δ ALY

BEGER. ,

Cnuap. XXXV.

Arrian, de
Exped. Alex,

Lenve Ch Xe

Lexicon
Antiq. Roman.

/Eneid. L, 1x.
406.

Seren
Neer sla

OA IE

BARTOLI.

VAILLANT.

Pie N PTX:

SOME ACCOUNT

ΟΝ ΗΒ VENA LCT

CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY.

prima illa canum, non ulla per artes
Cura prior, sive indomitos vehementior hostes
Nudo marte premas, seu bellum ex arte ministres,
Mille canum patria, ductique ab origine mores

Cuique sua. Gratit Fariscr Cynecer, vs. 151.

MAFFEL.

Ἶ ἢ

a

|

INwiZONWdAZ

BEGER

AEP EONS DT Χ.

IN introducing to the reader’s notice the Canes Venatici of the
following monograph—wherein the embellishment of fable is often
admitted as the language of truth, and amusement is paramount to
instruction—it must not be expected that I should carry back the
history of the chase to the early period of the world’s annals, when

harmony, and family accord,
Were driven from Paradise ;

and man’s subject creatures revolted from their revolted lord—

καὶ θῆρες αἰδοῦς ἀγνοήσαντες νόμους,
ὡς δυσμενῆ φεύγουσι τὸν πρὶν δεσπότην ---

the probable date of its institution—(‘‘ cum peccato enim animalium
noxa simul et persecutio et fuga subintravit, et artes venationum
excogitate sunt,”)—nor to the later epoch of its Phenician origin,
maintained by Polydore Vergil on the authority of Eusebius; nor
its more fabulous Theban birth and distribution, the thrice-told
tale of John of Salisbury: 1 but rather consider hunting as an art of
acquisition and self-defence of remote and undefined antiquity.

1. To Henricus Cornelius Agrippa, and his Origin of the Chase, reference is else-
where given. Identical with his view of its rise, progress, and demerit, is that of
Joannes Sarisberiensis, in his Policraticus, De Venaticd et autoribus et speciebus ejus,
et exercitio licito et illicito. ““ Et primi quidem Thebani,” says John, (who wrote

Cowper's
Task, B. vi.

Phil. de
Animal.
Propriet. vs. 8.

Agrippa de
Incert. et Van.
Sc. et Art.
C. LX ΣΤΙΣ

De Invent.
Rerum. L. 111.
Co Ve

Euseb. de
Prep. Evang.
Ἐπ:

180 APPENDIX.

On Venation, as a pastime, too much has already been said in
the preface to Arrian: and I will at present confine my remarks to
a few classical anecdotes of its primitive furniture, its founders, and
progressional improvement; premising, by the way, that when men
were unacquainted with the blessings of civilization, and had no
idea of pleasure beyond the gratification of their appetites—when,
in short, they were in a state of nature—hunting was not the by-
work of leisure hours, but the call of continual urgency—not the
jocund diversion of a day, but’ the'toilsome and perilous occupation of
a life. In such early times, the nonage of a fallen world, commenced
the war of men with beasts :

P. A. Bargei Ccepére in pecudes avidi sevire ferasque,
de Aucupio : oe :
Lene pe 43: Et nil tale prius meritas captare volantes.

The personal safety of himself and those dependent on his
protection, and the daily cravings of hunger, dictated to man the
necessity of animal slaughter; so that, in seeking his quotidian
meal, he originated the art of hunting :

Oppian. Cyneg. ἐπιδόρπιον εὕρατο θήρην.
L.: 11.7.
Tickell’s Rude arts at first, but witty want refined
Miscellanies. The huntsman’s wiles, and famine form’d the mind.

The first hostile efforts of the barbarian lords of creation against
their biped and quadruped subjects, ‘‘ joint-tenants of the shade”
with themselves, were confined, we may suppose, to manifestations
of physical strength and brute courage; by which, under the
powerful incentives of self-interest, they procured the vital neces-
saries of food and clothing :

Gratii Cyneget. pritis omnis in armis !

vs. 2. & : Ras c
Spes fuit, et nuda silvas virtute movebant

Inconsulti homines.

De Nugis _in the reign of our second Henry, and from whom later authors have purloined the
Curialium oft-repeated reprobation,) ‘‘ si fidem sequamur historia, eam communicandam omni-
«ον bus statuerunt. Et ex quo suspecta sit omnibus gens ἴωδα parricidiis, incestibus
detestanda, insignis fraude, nota perjuriis, hujus artificii, vel potids maleficii, in pri-
mis precepta congessit, quae postmodum ad gentem mollem imbellemque, levem et

impudicam (Phrygios loquor) transmitteret,” &c.
1. Armis from armi not arma. Wase’s version is wrong. The term is more com-

APPENDIX. 181

And here at the head of rude pedestrian sportsmen we find the human

inventor of the science of the chase, that legendary personage, the
Gorgon-killing Perseus! — ‘* Gorgonis anguicome Perseus supe- Ovid. Metam.
rator’—(for I would not deprive Latona’s hunting-twins, Apollo erat Guy
and Diana, nor the worshipful race of Centaurs, φῦλα θηρομιγῆ, 5 Xen. de Venat.
of their priority of claim, and patent of precedency, in the apotheosis pee

of the chase,) who, when he had performed this redoubted act of Op ere
courage, as we are told by the poet of Anazarbus :

ποδῶν κραιπνοῖσιν ἀειρόμενος πτερύγεσσι Oppian. Cyneg.
καὶ πτῶκας, καὶ θῶας ἐλάζυτο, καὶ γένος αἰγῶν L. αι. 10.
ἀγροτέρων, δόρκους τε θοοὺς, ὀρύγων τε γένεθλα,

ἠδ᾽ αὐτῶν ἐλάφων στικτῶν αἰπεινὰ κάρηνα.

As men in general, however, did not possess the speed of Perseus

monly applied to the shoulder or arm of animals than man: but the sense of the
passage requires the interpretation I have put upon it, and is farther illustrated by the

‘‘ unguibus et pugnis”’ of Horace, and ‘‘ mera vires ” of Ovid: Hor. Sat. L. 1.
S. 111. vs. 101.

Tum, genus humanum solis errabat in agris ; Ovid. Art. Am.

Hisque mere vires, et rude corpus erat. L. u.

Politian elegantly exemplifies the Faliscian’s meaning in his Silva, entitled Nutricia ;

Sed longum tamen obscuris immersa tenebris Carmina V.

Gens rudis, atque inculta virim, sine more, sine ulla TS oe

Lege propagabant zvum, passimque ferino si ase

Degebant homines ritu, visque insita cordi

Mole obsessa gravi, nondum ullos prompserat usus,

Nil animo, duris agitabant cuncta lacertis.

1. For Perseus’s title to this post of honour Oppian is my only voucher; but his
words are decisive :

ἐν μερόπεσσι δὲ πρῶτος ὃ Γοργόνος αὐχέν᾽ ἀμέρσας, Cyneg. L. 11.

vs. 8.

Ζηνὸς χρυσείοιο πάϊς κλυτὸς εὕρατο Περσεύς.

2. Will the reader admit the explanation of the Policraticus as to the fabulous con-
nexion of these hybrids with the chase: ‘‘nempe qui his studiis aut desidiis insistunt, J. Sarisberi-
semiferi sunt, et abjecta potiore humanitatis parte, ratione morum prodigiis conforman- εν hi pa C.
tur?’ and again, ‘“‘ Venatores omnes adhuc institutionem redolent Centaurorum. ck aise

Raro invenitur quisquam eorum modestus aut gravis,” &c.

Bedingfield’s
Education of
Achilles.

Callimach. H.
in Dian.
105.

Lucretii
L. v. 964.

Somerville’s
Chace. B. 1.

Gratii Cyneg.

vs. 5.

The Times.

Pind. Nem.
Carm. L. 111.
85.

182 APPENDIX.

and Achilles,! ““ To sweep with winged feet along the level
plain;” nor the power of catching at force, νόσφι κυνοδρομίης,
the fleetest animals of chase, like the goddess Dian; it became
necessary to add to their naked powers sundry inartificial imple-
ments, auxiliary to the subjugation of some, the destruction and

expulsion of other beasts.

Et manuum mira freti virtute pedumque
Consectabantur sylvestria secla ferarum
Missilibus saxis, et magno pondere clave :
Multaque vincebant, vitabant pauca latebris.

New and unpolish’d was the huntsman’s art ;

No stated rule, his wanton will his guide.

With clubs and stones, rude implements of war,
He arm’d his savage bands, a multitude
Untrain’d ; of twining osiers form’d, they pitch
Their artless toils, then range the desert hills,
And scow’r the plains below: the trembling herd
Start at th’ unusual sound, and clam’rous shout
Unheard before ; surpriz’d, alas! to find

Man now their foe, whom erst they deem’d their lord,
But mild and gentle, and by whom as yet

Secure they graz’d.

Acquiring knowledge by experience, man advanced in the
mechanism and variety of his hunting gear, as in other articles of

increasing civilization.

Post alia propiore via, meliusque profecti,

Te sociam, ratio, rebus sumpsére gerendis.
Hinc omne auxilium vite, rectusque reluxit
Ordo: et continuas didicére ex artibus artes
Proserere ; hinc demens cecidit violentia retro.

1. ‘* The light-footed Greek of Chiron’s school,”’ as Churchill calls him.

τὸν ἐθάμβεεν “Apte-
μίς τε καὶ θρασεῖ᾽ ᾿Αθάνα,
Κτείνοντ᾽ ἐλάφους ἄνευ κυ-
νῶν δολίων θ᾽ ἑρκέων'

ποσσὶ γὰρ κράτεσκεν.

APPENDIX. 183

Finding, on patient trial, the χάος εὐρὺ περιστεφὲς of Oppian, with
its rude accompaniment of fire,s&c. insufficient for capturing the

more wary creatures—

Nam fovea atque igni prius est venarier ortum
Quam sepire plagis saltum, canibusque ciere ;

he had recourse to the various kinds of weapons, snares, and wily
inventions of slaughter described by Xenophon, Gratius, Oppian,
and Nemesian ; and often alluded to by other writers, both sacred

and profane :

Tum laqueis captare feras, et fallere visco

Inventum.

But ‘ short of due perfection” were all the hunter’s wiles, till the
dog was tutored to assist in the sylvan pursuit and massacre, and to
contribute the acuteness of his senses, his speed and courage, to the
service of mankind; who consummated their superiority over the
animals of the forest, when they had directed to their chase the
adapted powers of this faithful ally, and begun, in the words of the
cited poet of the Georgics-—‘‘ magnos canibus circumdare saltus,”’—
redeeming thereby their esculent crops and innocuous herds from
the ferocious and depredatory aggression of quadruped felons. 1

Κουφονέων τε φῦλον op-
νίθων ἀμφιβαλὼν ἄγει,
θηρίων τ᾽ ἀγρίων ἔθνη
πόντου τ᾽ εἰναλίαν φύσιν
σπείραισι δικτυοκλώστοις
περιφραδὴς ἀνήρ"

κρατεῖ δὲ μηχαναῖς ἀγραύλου

θηρὸς opecotBara.”

1. Nec mediocre pacis decus habebatur submota campis irruptio ferarum, et
obsidione quadam liberatus agrestium labor.

2. According to Manilius the power of fashioning implements of hunting, breeding
dogs of good pedigrees, breaking them in, &c. is derived from sidereal influence at our

nativities :

At Procyon oriens, quum jam vicesima Cancri
Septimaque ex undis pars sese emergit in astra,

Oppian. Cyneg,
L. 1v. 100.

Lucretii
L. v. 1249.

Virgil. Georg.
L. 1. 139.

Ejusdem
140.

Sophoclis
Antigone, 350.

Plin. Paneg.
Trajan. Dict.
81.

Manilii
Astronomicon,
Tone

Adriani
Cardinalis
Venatio.

Certaine
illustrations,
&c. p. 25.

c. 111. fol. 21.

c. 1v. fol. 25.

184 APPENDIX.

The “* venandi mille vie’ of the Carthaginian poet have been
superseded in the British islands by the superior attraction of
the gun:

machine,
Mirande, horrifice, minacis, atre,
Qualem nec Steropes, nec ipse fertur
Pater Lemnius inferis cavernis
Informfsse Jovi, nec ulla in orbe

Per tot secula cogitavit etas ;

and of various eminent breeds of fleet and sagacious dogs, adapted
to the chase at force. But as these methods were heretofore
employed by our less civilized ancestry,! are still in vogue in
unreclaimed countries, and many of them yet practised on the
continent of Europe—whatever be their ‘‘ incongruity to our present
factions,” as Wase expresses himself—a brief description of the
ἐς supellex venandi” will not be unacceptable to the modern reader,

Venatus non ille quidem, verum arma creatis
Venandi tribuit: catulos nutrire sagaces,

Et genus a proavis, mores numerare per artes,
Retiaque, et valida venabula cuspide fixa,
Lentaque contextis formare hastilia nodis,

Et quodcumque solet venandi poscere cura

In proprios fabricare dabit venalia questus.

1. We have the authority of the most ancient record of British field sports, called
fPapster of Game, (a curious manuscript in the British Museum,) for the general
use of much of the classic furniture of the chase in France and England five centuries
ago. Let the reader compare the following with the Greek and Latin Cynegetica :
“« Of the Hare, and the methods of taking her. Men slee hares with greyhoundes
and with rennyngiioundes by strengthe, as in Engelond; but ellis where thei slee hem
with smale pocketes and wt p'suetes and wt smale nettis, with hare pipes and with
long nettis and with smale cordes that men casten where thei mak here brekyng of
the smale twygges whan thei goon to hure pasture,” &c.—‘* Of the Herte. Men
taken hem with houndis, with greyhoundis, with nettis, and with cordes, and with
other harnays; with puttes and with shott, and with other gynnes, and with
strengthe, as y shal say here after,” &c. Almost all the instruments of this royal
armoury, the fruits of De Langley’s extensive experience at home and abroad, and as
such recorded in his hunting manual, have their counterparts in the works of Xeno-
phon, Gratius, Oppian, and Nemesian.

APPENDIX. 1&5

by way of introduction to the subject of classic hunting with the
ancient varieties of the canine race.

With seeming accuracy Gratius has described the whole of the
antique poaching gear; but it must be confessed that neither
Xenophon’s, nor the Faliscian’s, nor the hunting technicalities of
the other Cynegetical writers, can be fully explained to modern
comprehension.

The deities and demi-deities of sylvan life are objects of invoca-
tion in the exordium of Gratius :

His ego presidibus nostram defendere sortem
Contra mille feras, et non sine carmine, nisus
Carmine, et arma dabo venandi, et persequar artem

Armorum, cassesque, plagarumque ordiar astus.

and then, under their tutelary aid, the poet begins to handle the

3

κε arma venandi ;” which, as recorded in the Cynegetica generally,
consisted of the linea or formido, nets of various mesh and size and
shape, nooses, springes, and other traps—missile weapons, as darts,
arrows, &c.; and those for standing-defence, as the halberd-like
boar-spear, &c,: many of these, however, were not of very remote

antiquity. 5

1. “ We are not sensible of Gratius’s great care in the choice and ordering of

speares,”

in the language of his illustrator, ‘‘ nor of his provision in showing to set
engines, and dig pits, which men prize in those countries where beares and lyons,
with such ravenous beasts, do abound. We seem to have a different end in our
hunting, which hath introduced a different stile of hunting,” &c.

2. The arts of war and hunting advanced passibus @quis ; both at first equally
rude, and destitute of ingenuity of contrivance in their respective instruments of

assault :

Unguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porrd
Pugnabant armis que post fabricaverat usus.

Before the age of Homer, the bow and arrow, “ the artillery of ancient heroes,’’ the
ἔγχος or δόρυ, spear or pike, ξίφος the sword, and κορύνη the club, constituted the
entire armoury of the warriors and hunters of semi-barbarous Greece. See Iliad x1,
and xvit, Odyss. 1x, and x1x, How scanty was the furniture of Hercules in his
attack of the Nemean lion !

pia)

Gratii Cyneg.
vs, 2].

Certaine
Illustrations,
&c. p. 24.

Hor. Sats L. 1.
Sat. 111. 10].

De [τὰ

Τῆι ατο ΟΣ XII.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 75.

Wase’s
Illustrations,
&c. p. 7.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 85.

Theocriti Idyll.
L. xxv. 206.

Sir T. Elyot’s.
The Governour.
Ἐν τὸ (haat i

186 APPENDIX.

The feathered line or pinnatum was called, from its effect, metus,
formido, and δείματα θηρῶν, (Oppian. Cyneg. Iv. 389.) “ Cum

’

maximos ferarum greges,” says Seneca, ‘linea pennis distincta

contineat, et in insidias agat; ab ipso effectu dicta formido.”

Sunt quibus immundo decerpte vulture plume
Instrumentum operis fuit, et non parva facultas.
Tantum inter nivei jungantur vellera cygni:

Et satis armorum est. Hec clara luce coruscant,
Terribiles species : ab vulture dirus avaro

Turbat odor silvas, meliusque alterna valet res.

The line of feathers of various hue, impregnated with artificial

odour, ““ was drawn about the woods ( ὀλίγον γαίης ἐφύπερθεν,
Oppian. Cyneg. Iv. 386.) in the intermitted spaces where the
toyles were pitched, that so the deer (than which no creature is
more timorous) might balk them, and be cast upon the net.” The
linea thus flanked the δέκτυ or long net, where not extensive enough
to enclose the covert ; and filled the intervals, between the purse-

nets and nooses, when the latter were set independent of the retia.

Hic magis in cervos valuit metus.! Ast ubi lente
Interdum Libyco fucantur sandice pinne,
Lineaque extructis lucent anconibus arma :

Rarum si qua metus eludat bellua falsos.

αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ κέρας ὑγρὸν ἑλὼν, κοίλην τε φαρέτραν,
"lav ἐμπλείην, νεύμην" ἑτέρῃφι τε βάκτρον
εὐπαγὲς, αὐτόφλοιον, ἐπηρεφέος κοτίνοιο,

εὔμετρον.

The Persian hunting of Cyrus, as described in the Cyropedia, (L. 1. c. v.), presents
us with warlike weapons alone. ‘‘ Than tooke every man” (I quote from The Go-
vernour) “ with hym his bowe and quiver with arowes, his sword or hach of steele, a
little tergat, and two dartes.”’

1. “ The formido,’’ Wase admonishes the reader of his Preface to Gratius, “ may
be in some measure retriv’d by looking into the Sicilian hunting, where it continues
in use at this day. When the nobles or gentry are inform’d which way a herd of
dear passeth, giving notice to one another, they make a meeting. Every one brings
with him a cross-bow or long-bow, and a bundle of staves. These staves have an
iron spike at the bottom, and their head is boared with a cord drawn through all of

APPENDIX. 187

The Cilician poet has left a graphic description of the formido, as
employed in the Armenian bear-hunt—a picture so vividly sketched,
Cyneg. Iv. 380., that I regret its length prevents transcription.
A part of it will be found hereafter under the Eastern ‘‘ Canis
Inductor’ —the Armenian limehound. The fourth Halieutic, in an
apposite and beautiful simile, describes the startling effect of the
feathered line on timid animals of chase :

ὧδε καὶ ἐν ξυλόχοισιν ὀρέστεροι ἀγρευτῆρες
εἷλον ἀναλκείην ἐλάφων εὐαγρέϊ τέχνῃ,

μηρίνθῳ στέψαντες ἅπαν Sptos' ἀμφὶ δὲ κούφων
ὀρνίθων δήσαντο θοὰ πτερά" ταὶ δ᾽ ἐσορῶσαι
ἠλέματα πτώσσουσι κενὸν φόβον, οὐδὲ πελάσσαι
μαψιδίαις πτερύγεσσιν ἀτυζόμεναι μεμάασιν

εἰσόκε θηρητῆρες ἐπαΐξαντες ἕλωσι.

Many notices of this instrument will occur to the classical reader

them. Their length is about four foot. Being thus provided, they come to the herd,
and there casting themselves about into a large ring, they surround the deer, and
then every one of them receives a peculiar stand, and there unbinding his fagot, ties
the end of his cord to the other who is set in the next station; then to support it,
sticks into the ground each staffe about the distance of ten foot one from another.
Then they take out feathers which they bring with them dyed*in crimson for this very
_ purpose, and fastned upon a thrid which they tie to the cord, so that with the least
breath of wind they are whirl’d round about. Those which keep the severall stands,
withdraw, and hide themselves in the next covert. After this the chiefe ranger
enters within the line, taking with him only some hounds, which draw after the herd,
and coming near with their cry, rouse it. Upon which, the deer fly till they come
towards the line, where they turn off to the left, and still gazing upon the shining and
shaking feathers, wander about it as if they were kept in with a wall or pale. The
chief ranger pursues, and calling to every one by name, as he passeth by their stand,
cries to them that they should shoot the first, third, or sixth, as he shall please; and
‘if any of them miss or single out any other then that which was assigned by the
ranger, it is counted a disgrace to him: by which means, as they pass by the severall
stations, the whole herd is kill’d by diverse hands ... These stakes are of the same
use with those ancones* mention’d in Gratius, but it might seem that they are farther

,

improv’d.”—** These things,” continues the translator of the Faliscian, « may be of
use to have been premitted ;” and with the same view they are here introduced by

the author of this Appendix.

* The staves of the Sicilians are the ancones of Gratius—the στάλικες and σχάλιδες
of the Greek hunters,

Oppian, Hal.
L. iv. 586.

Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 312.

Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 300.

188 APPENDIX.

in the works of the Latin poets, but in none more copiously de-
lineated than in the Cynegeticon of Nemesian; who enumerates the
many sources whence the feathers of dissimilar tint are to be culled
for decorating the ““ plumed line :”

Dat tibi pinnarum terrentia millia vultur ;

Dat Libye magnarum avium feecunda creatrix,
Dantque grues, cygnique senes, et candidus anser ;
Dant que fluminibus crassisque paludibus errant,
Pellitosque pedes stagnanti gurgite tingunt :

Hinc mage Puniceas nativo munere sumes :
Namque illic sine fine greges florentibus alis
Invenies avium, suavique rubescere luto,

Et sparsos passim tergo vernare colores.

If the reader be interested in the minutiz of Grecian and Roman
net-making, and the methods of fixing the dpxves, δίκτυα, and ἐνόδια,
the casses, retia, and plaga@, he is referred for the former to the
Cynegeticus of the elder Xenophon, and that most extraordinary
work of human research, the Onomasticon of Julius Pollux—for
the latter, to the Venatio Novantiqua of Janus Vlitius, a scholar of
deep erudition, and an experienced sportsman :—a summary view
being all that can be rendered by the present writer, professedly
epitomising the labours of more experienced workmen.

The dpxves or casses were conical, purse or tunnel-like nets,
ending in a point at one end, and having a running noose of entrance
at the other, resembling somewhat a hooped calash, or cowl.

The δίκτυα or retia were long sean-like nets for open fields, and
for encircling brakes and coverts ;

‘* longoque meantia retia
tractu.”’

The ἐνόδια or plage were nets of much less length, to be placed
across roads, game-tracks, paths, and narrow openings between
bushes.

The ἄρκνες appear to have been sometimes placed independent of
the δίκτνα, but more commonly in the course of the main nets; so
that when the animals passed along the linear and reticular barrier,
exploring a place of egress, terrified by the formido, (which flanked
the hayes, and occasionally was drawn along above the net-rope to
scare the game from overleaping,) and the meshes of the δίκτυα,
(continuous except where the purse-nets were introduced with their

APPENDIX. 189

slip-knot entrance), on attempting to pass out at the apparent opening
of the ἄρκυς, they became by their struggles entangled therein!—the
purse either spontaneously, or by the agency of the men placed there
to draw the necessary ropes, immediately closing at the mouth.

ἐπεὶ κελάδοντος ἀἤτεω
ταινίαι τ᾽ ἐφύπερθε διηέριαι κραδάουσι,
κινύμεναι πτέρυγές τε λιγήϊα συρίζουσιν.
οὕνεκα παπταίνουσα κατ᾽ ἄρκυας ἀντίον ἕρπει"

ἐν δ᾽ ἔπεσεν λινέοισι λόχοις.

The whole management of the nets and lines was vested in the
watch αἰθηῶν πυλαωρῶν referred to, who were concealed under
copse-wood, for the purpose, more particularly, of attending to the
éxiSpopos and περίδρομος, the ropes (smooth.and knotless) which
governed the ἄρκνες, and passed through iron rings, along the course
of the δέκτνα, up to the watchmen’s hiding-place :

ev δὲ δύω κλῖναν δοιαῖς ἑκάτερθε κεραιαῖς

᾿ ἀνέρας ἀκρολίνους ὑπὸ μειλινέοισι πάγοισιν.

The length of the δίκτυα or retia, properly so called, would
astonish a modern disciple of Diana. So great was the extent of
ground sometimes enclosed by these toils, that Plutarch mentions, in
his life of Alexander, hunting-nets above twelve miles long. With
such it was customary to encircle vast tracts of country, and then, by

1. The complete and helpless entanglement of the victim of the tunnel-net is
admirably described by Seneca, in the simile of The Agamemnon, where Cassandra
likens the son of Atreus, ensnared in a cassi-form vest (so happily called by A‘schy-
lus πημονὴν ἀρκύστατον) by the ““ semivir” Thyestes and the adulteress queen-
consort, to a boar inextricably enveloped in these toils :

At ille ut altis hispidus sylvis aper,

Cum casse vinctus, tentat egressus tamen,
Arctatque motu vincla, et incassim furit,
Cupit fluentes undique et cecos sinus
Disjicere, et hostem querit implicitus suum.

See the definitions of Pollux in my notes to the first Chapter of Arrian’s Cynege-
ticus—&pxves, δίκτυα, evddia.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L. rv, 409.

Oppian.Cyneg.
L.1v. 382.

Agamemnon
vs. 1386.

Senece
Agamem.
Act. v. 886.

Statii Achil.
L. 1. 459.

_Gratii Cyneg,
vs. 25.

Certaine

190 APPENDIX.

gradually contracting their ambit, to force the animals of the district
into a narrower compass ;—when at the will of the magister vena-
tionis, the work of slaughter commenced.1_ This mode of hunting is
very clearly described, with its usual auxiliaries of noise and flame,
in a simile of the Achilleid :

sic curva feras indago latentes
Claudit, et admotis paulatim cassibus arctat.
I]la ignem sonitumque pavent, diffusaque linquunt
Avia, miranturque suum decrescere montem,
Donec in angustam ceciderunt undique vallem,
Inque vicem stupuére greges, socioque timore
Mansuescunt. Simul hirtus aper, simul ursa, lupusque
Cogitur, et captos contemnit cerva leones.

The Faliscian poet, in the early part of his Cynegeticon, specifies
the best materials for the composition of nets, with particular in-
structions for their size and shape :

Prima jubent tenui nascentem jungere filo

Limbum, et quadruplici tormento adstringere limbos.
Illa operum patiens, illa ustis linea longi.

Tunc ipsum medio cassem qui nascitur ore,

Per senos circum usque sinus laqueabis, ut omnem
Concipiat tergo, si quisquam est plurimus, hostem.
Et bis vicenos, spatium pretendere passus

Rete velim, plenisque decem consurgere nodis.

1. ‘In Poland, when the king hunts,” observes Wase, ‘‘ his servants are wont to

Illustrations of surround a wood, though to the space of a mile or better in compasse, with toiles,

the Cynegeti-
call Poem of
Gratius. p. 68.

which are pitched upon firme stakes: this being done, the whole town, all sexes and
ages, promiscuously rush into the inclosure, and with their loud shouts rear all the
beasts within that wood, which making forth, are intercepted in the nets. There
small and great beasts are together intangled, after the same manner as when amongst
us we draw a net over a pond, and after beating it all over with poles, we bring out
not only pike and carp, but lesser fry : so they enclose at once, dear, and bores, and
roe-bucks, and hares: for so they order their nets, that the space of those meshes
which are twisted with greater cords, for the entangling of greater beasts—that
space, I say, is made up with smaller whip-cord, for the catching lesser prey.” See
Xenophon de Venatione, c, vi., and Pausanias in Beoticis, c. xx1. The latter
author relates that the Celtic hunters surrounded plains and mountain-thickets with
their toils, so as to be certain of catching all the animals within the circumference
thereof.

APPENDIX. 19]

On the same subject the Carthaginian summarily touches, distinctly
recognizing the three varieties of which we have been just speaking :

Necnon et casses iidem venatibus aptos,
Atque plagas, longoque meantia retia tractu
Addiscant raris semper contexere nodis,

Et servare modum maculis linoque tenaci.

And an earlier poet, in his praise of the brumal pleasures of the
countryman’s life, sunders plage and retia, applying them to such
totally different purposes, that it is probable they sometimes differed
as much in the structure of the mesh, its size, &c. as in the magni-
nitude of the whole instrument :

At cum tonantis annus hybernus Jovis
Imbres nivesque comparat :
Aut trudit acres hinc et hinc multa cane
Apros in obstantes plagas ;
Aut amite levi rara tendit retia
Turdis edacibus dolos,
Pavidumve leporem, et advenam laqueo gruem,
Jucunda captat premia.

Whatever honour be attached to these reticular inventions, and
that of the running-noose, the βρόχος or laqueus, is due to Hip-
polytus :

ἄρκυας αὖτε βρόχους τε, καὶ ἀγκύλα δίκτυα πρῶτος
Ἱππόλυτος μερόπεσσιν ἐπακτήρεσσιν ἔφηνε.

The βρόχος generally formed a rhomb-shaped entrance to the ἄρκυς,
as probably did the daqueus to the cassis :—but as the tunnel was
occasionally used separate from the sean-like toil (Sixru—rete) and
from the road-net (évddiov—plag@), so may these slip-knot nooses
have been also set independent of the purses, their usual additaments,
in narrow passes, or straits frequented by game :

Namque hos aut foveis, aut czci in limine callis
Occultant, &c.

The noose-ropes,! being of much ruder manufacture, and more simple

1. Such were the σειραὶ of the Parthians, applied to the purposes of human war-

ν᾽

ἝΞ

Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 299,

‘Hor. Epod.
L, 1. 29.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L. 11. 24.

P. A. Bargei
Cyneg. L. 1.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 89.

Hor. L. ri.
Od. rv. vs. 70.

Cyneg. L, 11.
28.

De Bell.
Judaic. L. vit.
c. 27.

Argonaut.
L. vi. 133.

Preface to the
Reader.

192 APPENDIX.

structure, than any variety of net with meshes, must have been of
earlier institution.

Nam fuit et laqueis aliquis curracibus usus.
Cervino jussére magis contexere nervo ;

Fraus teget insidias, habitu mentita ferino.

These laquei curraces,: seemingly from this passage made of other
materials than hemp before the days of Gratius, are yet in use, under
the form of springes and wires, with deer and hare-poachers; who, I
find in Oppian, are indebted to the giant-hunter Orion—“ integra—
tentator Orion Diane ”’—for the first establishment of their nocturnal
depredations :

νυκτερίους δὲ λόχους, vuxinv πανεπίκλοπον ἄγρην
᾿Ωρίων πρώτιστος ἐμήσατο κερδαλεόφρων.

We are next introduced by Gratius to dentate pedice, spiked

fare: for it is evident from Josephus’s account of Tiridates’s narrow escape from the
Alan ceipapdépos—(Bpéxov yap αὐτῷ τὶς πόῤῥωθεν περιβαλὼν ἔμελλεν ἐπισπάσειν, εἰ
μὴ τῷ ξίφει θᾶττον ἐκεῖνος τὸν τόνον κόψας, ἔφθη Siapvyetv,)—that the instrument
employed against the king was of the nature of ἃ laqueus. And a farther illustration
of the use of the noose-rope in war we find in the lines of Valerius Flaccus,

Doctus et Auchates patulo vaga vincula gyro
Spargere, et extremas laqueis adducere turmas.

1. Some:idea of the curraces laquei, and hunting nets duly set, may be formed from
the engravings of Strada and Galle (1578.); or those of the Venationes Ferarum &c.
of Collert, Mallery, Theodore and Cornelius Galle of later date. The spirited wood-
cuts of John Adam Lonicer, of Francfort, attached to the Venatus et Aucupium
of Sigismund Feyerabendi (1582), are amusing, but far less illustrative than the
former.

To Pére Montfaucon we are indebted for afew copies from the antique of the
larger varieties of nets for hunting, δίκτυα, retia ; see his plates of stag-hunting :
but we have no representations of other predatory instruments in the latter work.
Wase confounds the laquei curraces with the dentate pedica, where he describes the »
former as ‘‘ around hoop of yeughen wood made of boughs, which stood bent by
force, in fashion of a coronet, and all stuck with iron nayles, and wooden pins,” &c.
Peradventure, they may have been set together, the gins in a shallow pit beneath the
nooses, more superficially placed on the ground. See Xenoph. de Venat. c. 1x.
Polluc. Onom. L, v. ¢, Iv.

APPENDIX. 193

foot-traps or gins, resembling the ποδοστράβαι of Xenophon and
Pollux; and formed, as the following lines indicate, of wood, con-

cealed on the ground ;

Quid qui dentatas iligno robore clausit
Venator pedicas ? cum dissimulantibus armis

Sepeé habet imprudens alieni lucra laboris 1

It being no small recommendation to them that one poacher might
reap the fruits of another’s labours. Their invention is attributed to
a virtuous and holy Arcadian, ycleped Dercylus,! in high favour
with the Sylvan goddess, and by her initiated in the mysteries of
hunting, and the formation of sundry destructive implements of
predation, which he first employed in the valleys of Mount Menalus,
and the Lacedemonian Amycle :

O felix, tantis quem primum industria rebus
Prodidit auctcrem! Deus ille, an proxuma Divos
Mens fuit, in cecas aclem que magna tenebras

Egit, et ignarum perfudit lumine vulgus ?
And again :

Ergo illum primis nemorum Dea finxit in annis,
Auctoremque operi dignata inscribere magno,
Jussit adire suas et pandere gentibus artes.

1. It is remarkable that this inventive genius is noticed by no other writer ; high

as his character stands with the Faliscian,

haud illo quisquam se justior egit,
Aut fuit in terris Divém observantior alter :

unless indeed he be the sly coadjutor of Alebion, who with a thief cleped Dercylus
(of a different caste seemingly from the Gratian hero) despoiled Hercules of his
bovine booty during its transit through Iberia. See Natal. Comes, Mytholog. L, vir.
Perhaps we may with Wernsdorf consider him the first writer on the science and
mechanism of the chase, rather than the actual inventor of its multifarious furniture :
or if we cannot thus dispose of his claim to manual dexterity, may we not identify
him with Aristeus, the Arcadian nephew of Diana,

ὃν καλέουσιν

ἀγρέα καὶ νόμιον,

a sort of legendary Sir Tristrem in ancient matters of venery, and rural economy.

2B

Xen. de Venat.
δι π᾿

Poll, Onom.
Τὰ Ve Cogs

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 95.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 103.

Excursus 11.
ad Gratii
vs. 103.

Apollon.
Argonaut.
L. 11. 508.

Plutarch.
in Amatorio.

Nonni in
Dionys. L. v.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs, 108,

Oppian. Cyneg.
L, 11. 22.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L,a1, 14.

194 APPENDIX.

But it must not be forgotten that a competitor for the glory of these,
and other like discoveries, is mentioned by Plutarch, in Amatorio,
and by Nonnus, in Dionysiacis, in the person of Aristaeus—evyorrac
δ᾽ ᾿Αρισταίῳ δολοῦντες ὀρύγμασι καὶ βρόχοις λύκους καὶ ἄρκτους, Os πρῶτος
θήρεσσιν ἔπηξε ποδάγρας :—indeed, if we may credit the Christian poet
of Panopolis, the sire of the hapless Actzon is entitled to the inven-
tion of almost every article of hunting-gear, the dresses of sportsmen,
initiation of hounds of chase, &c.—of many of which he has been
deprived by less rightful claimants :

κεῖνος ἀνὴρ πρώτιστος ὀρίδρομος ἅλματι ταρσῶν
εὗρε φιλοσκοπέλοιο πόνον κεμαδοσσόον ἄγρης,
πῶς νοερῷ μυκτῆρι παρὰ σφυρὰ φορβάδος ὕλης
θηρὸς ἀσημάντοιο κύων μαντεύεται ὑδμὴν,

ὄρθια ὀξυκέλευθον ἐπὶ δρόμον οὔατα τείνων"

καὶ δολίης δεδάηκε πολύπλοκα δίκτυα τέχνης,

καὶ σταλίκων τύπον ὀρθόν. K.T. A.

To the first-mentioned Arcadian worthy Gratius attributes the
earliest fashioning of hunting-spears with more or guards. Virgil
sings of ‘lato venabula ferro,” for close conflict ; and Gratius more
particularly adds, to the honour of Dercylus’s armoury, the introduc-
tion of bifid spears :

Tle etiam valido primus venabula dente
Induit : et proni moderatus vulneris iram
Omne moris excepit onus. Tum stricta verutis
Dentibus et geminas subi€re hastilia furcas.

But although the Arcadian formed the spear for pedestrian assault,
and Meleager was conspicuous in the use of it,—év σταδίοισιν ὀρειοτέ-
ροισι μόθοισιν,----ἃ more celebrated hero first wielded it in distant
jaculation on horseback :

ἱππαλέην δ᾽ ἄγρην ὃ φαεσφόρος εὕρατο Κάστωρ,
καὶ τοὺς μὲν κατέπεφνεν, ἐπὶ σκοπὸν ἰθὺς ἄκοντι
βαλλόμενος, τοὺς δ᾽ αὖτε θοοῖς ἵπποισιν ἐλαύνων

θῆρας ἕλε ξυλόχοισι μεσημβρινοῖο δρόμοιο.

—a style of hunting, which we may suppose to have been much
practised in the Roman empire by persons of noble rank, as Mont-
faucon gives several representations of it from the sepulchre of the

APPENDIX. 195

Nasoni :—in exact accordance with which, the ἱππελάτης of Oppian
is decked out for the equestrian chase.

The reader's recollection will readily supply, from authors in every
one’s hands, the use of bows and arrows,! and small darts—‘‘ excussa
lancea torta manu,”’—in the early annals of field-sports :

Quocirca et jaculis habilem perpendimus usum :
Neu leve vulnus eat, neu sit brevis impetus illi.
Ipsa arcu Lyciadque suas Diana pharetra

Armavit comites ; ne tela relinquite Dive,
Magnum opus et volucres quondam fecére sagitte.

The far-famed female ally of Meleager in the attack on the Caly-
donian boar,
the paragone

Of Lycey forest, Atalant, a goodly lady, one
Of Schenyes daughters,

claims the merit of first employing archery; having been instructed °
both in κυνηλασίη and evoroyin by Dian herself, (see Callim, H. in

Dian. vs. 217.)

Σχοινῆος πρώτη δὲ κλυτὴ θυγάτηρ ᾿Αταλάντη
θηρσὶ φόνον πτερόεντα σνηβόλος εὕρατο κούρη.

We are unacquainted with the form and use of many of the wea-

1. The decay of archery in England is feelingly deplored by Sir Thomas Elyot,
because ‘‘ in shotyng is a double utilitee:” it is “ the feate, wherby Englyshmen
have been moste dradde and had in estimation with outwarde princes, as wel
enemyes as alies,” &c.; and secondly in “ kyllynge of deere, wylde foule, and other
game, there is both profyte and pleasure above any other artyllery.”

2. Superior expertness in the chase—“ To bend the bow, and aim unerring darts,”’
—was always attributed to the personal instructions of Diana; so was Scamandrius
taught, though his skill availed him nothing before the fatal lance of Menelaus :

ἐσθλὸν θηρητῆρα' δίδαξε yap” Apreuts αὐτὴ
βάλλειν ἄγρια πάντα, τά τε τρέφει οὔρεσιν ὕλη.
ἀλλ᾽ οὔ οἱ τότε γε Xpaiow "Αρτεμις ἰοχέαιρα,
οὐδὲ ἑκηβολίαι, haw τὸ πρίν γ᾽ ἐκέκαστο.

-Cyneg. L. 1.
vs. 91. seqq.

Martial. de
Amph. Cesar.

ΤΩ το

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 122.

Golding’s
Ovid’s Metam,
B, viii.

Oppian. Cyneg,

Ἰποττ 26s

The Governour.

Iliad. L. v. 51.

Ejusdem
L. 1. 148.

Nat. Com. de
Venat. L. 1v.

Hieron.

Ruscell. Schol.
Breviss. [lustr.

Ald. F. Venet.

M.D.LI-

P. A. Bargei
Cyneg. L. 1.

Oppian, Cyneg.
L, 1. 450.

Schol. ad
Theocrit, Id.
IV.

196 APPENDIX.

pons, with which Oppian accoutres his able-bodied rustics for the
covert-side,

καὶ μὴν τόσσα φέροιντο ποτὶ κνημοὺς EvAdXoUS TE
ἐργοπόνοι κρατεροὶ θήρης ἐρικυδέος ὅπλα,

ἔντεά τ᾽ εὐθήροιο μέγα πνείοντα φόνοιο, κ. τ. A.

and Natalis Comes, with his brief scholiast Ruscellius, throws no
light on them, in the borrowed armoury of his first cynegetic. The
Oppianic catalogue runs through eight lines, in which we recognize,
in addition to the former implements of predatory hunting, others
particularly devoted to the capture of the hare, the ἁρπάλαγον and
Aaywogovos τρίαινα, the hare-pole, and three-pronged hare-fork—
belonging probably to the class of murderous instruments mentioned
by the poet of Barga :

Nec desint dure sinuato vertice clave

Quz leporis cursum jacte compescere possint,!

Among the more simple modes of following wild animals for cap-
ture, I should have earlier mentioned that of tracking—from its
simplicity, probably, coeval with the rudest species of pursuit. It is
alluded to in the 32nd Epigram of Callimachus,

᾽Ωγρεντὴς, ᾿Επικυδὲς, ἐν οὔρεσι πάντα λαγωὸν
διφᾷ, καὶ πάσης ἴχνια δορκαλίδος,

στίβῃ καὶ νιφετῷ KeXapnuevos—

in the 1st Georgic of Virgil vs. 308. and the 2nd Satire of the 1st
book of Horace vs. 105. Oppian describes tracking as twofold, by
men, and dogs,—the former of course being the more ancient, and
more correctly termed tracking, the latter scenting :

εἴδεα δὲ oT Pins δυσδερκέος ἔπλετο δισσὰ,
ἀνδρῶν, ἠδὲ κυνῶν" μέροπες μὲν ἄρ᾽ αἰολόβουλοι
” / > J /
ὄμμασι τεκμήραντο, Kal εὖ φράσσαντο κέλευθα"

μυξωτῆρσι κύνες δὲ πανίχνια σημήναντο.

1. The λαγωβόλον οἵ Theocritus Idyll. rv. 49. vir. 128. Epigr. 11.3. (ξύλον, ᾧ
διαφεύγοντες οἱ λαγωοὶ βάλλονται,) seems to be the type of Bargeus’s weapon—the
lagobolion of Natalis Comes. De Venat. L. 1.

APPENDIX. 197

Savary’s ejaculation on snow-tracking the hare is more amusing than
poetical :
O nix! improba nix! generos@ invisa Diane, Alb. Diane

Leporicidx

Pernicies leporum! venantum ignobile vulgus
5 L. if.

Quam votis petit assiduis, ut cede cruenta

Depopuletur agros! &c.

The many wily inventions devised by man’s ingenuity of old for
ensnaring noxious and timid animals, appear to us more like instru-
ments of lawless poaching, than fair hunting, and fully justify the
conclusion of Arrian’s 24th chapter de Venatione ; wherein, with the
spirit of a genuine courser, he exclaims, ‘‘ there is as much difference
between a fair trial of speed in a good run, and ensnaring a poor
animal without an effort, as between the secret piratical assaults of
robbers at sea, and the victorious naval engagements of the Athe-
nians at Artemisium, at Salamis, at Psyttalia, and at Cyprus.”

It has been erroneously stated by Montfaucon and others, that the ad τ
use of nets and snares was not an exercise of pleasure to men of es cs
quality, but only to peasants, and persons of inferior grade ;—the
praise of a noble employment being, on this view, alone awarded to
hunting with dogs, or being armed for the sport with venabula,
hastilia, &c. either on foot or horseback. But this distinction, how-
ever plausible in theory, is not tenable in fact. Discreditable as the
use of snares may be deemed, and irreconcilable to modern taste, the
philosophic recluse of Scillus, the patrician Xenophon, and every
other sportsman, whether high or low, of the classic ages, must plead
guilty to their employment :

ducuntur et ipsi Manilii L. v.
Retibus, et claudunt campos formidine mortis,
Mendacesque parant foveas, laqueosque tenaces,
Currentesque feras pedicarum compede nectunt,
Aut canibus ferrove necant, predasque reportant.

I do not mean that the gentry had not the aid of servants in these as
in other menial occupations—(for it is evident that Xenophon’s
ἀρκυωρὸς Was a servant; and on the huntsman’s tomb, recorded by
Pausanias in Achaicis 6. xxII., by the side of the principal is the
οἰκέτης ἀκόντια. ἔχων, καὶ ἄγων κύνας ἐπιτηδείας θηρεύουσιν ἀνθρώποι----

The ostentation too of the Horatian Gargilius,

Hors τ-
Kpist. vie 58.

198 APPENDIX.

qui mane plagas, venabula, servos,

Differtum transire forum populumque jubebat,—

is farther proof; and so likewise the ‘‘ famuli, comitumque animosa
juventus” of Nemesian, engaged in preparing the furniture of
hunting ;!)—but I mean that the gentry were practically engaged in
this predatory venation, themselves directing and assisting in the
distribution of the whole machinery of it. In defence, however, of
Xenophon, the most accomplished of ancient sportsmen, and in con-

' tradistinction of his habits in the field to those of modern poachers,

Xenophon
de Venat. c. v.

Ovid. Metam.
L. vit. 805.

Preface to the
Reader.
Gratius

Englished, &c.

by C. Wase.

whom in some of his predatory tackling it must be- allowed he
resembled, we may observe that he orders all the apparatus to be
taken away when the sport is over—avadvewv χρὴ τὰ περὶ κυνηγέσιον
navra—a Clear indication, that though he and his compeers used nets
and dogs together, forestalling their prey, contrary to the custom of
the more enlightened moderns, who hunt at force, κατὰ πόδας,---γοῖ
it was held illegal, or at least unsportsmanlike, to leave snares on
the ground longer than the time of the actual chase.*

1. Additional evidence of the attendance of servants being usual at hunting expe-
ditions, is afforded by the tale of Cephalus,

Venatum in silvis juveniliter ire solebam ;

Nec mecum famulos, nec equos, nec naribus acres
Ire canes, nec lina sequi nodosa sinebam.

Tutus eram jaculo, &c.

2. The hunting of the ancient Hebrews appears not to have differed materially

’ observes Wase, ‘“ was hemmed in with

from that of the Pagan world. ‘‘ Canaan,’
deserts: there was the great Lebanon, and there was Mizpeh, and Tabor, and other
mountains which abounded with game; and in the royall age, I beleeve, hunting
itself was much frequented ; for though the sacred history do not ea professo take
care to deliver us any thing concerning those lighter recreations, yet the frequent
representations made by it throughout the writters of that age, do give some proba-
bility that it was a frequent object among them, and taken from the common use.
David’s persecutions are sometimes likened to fowling, oftentimes to hunting: his
enemies dig a pit for him, they set a snare to catch his feet. No authors of human
learning, whose works yet survive, make so much mention of grins as the Psalmes
have made: his enemies bend their bow, and make their arrows ready upon the

string, to shoot at the righteous. This was Esau’s artillery. So that according to

APPENDIX. 199

But of ‘ the abrogated styles of hunting in the ignorant non-
age of the world,’—to use the language of Christopher Wase,—
enough, The pit, the snare, and other supellex venandi, were
employed, as already stated, long before the dog was tutored to the
chase,! and were continued after his initiation, and that of his
valued associate and coadjutor the horse, (the joint-presents of the

that age, hunting was so instituted ; for our author, speaking of these two, intimates
that they were courses of an elder date, for Ginns saith he,

Nam fuit et laqueis aliquis curracibus usus :
Cervino jussére magis, &c.

He saith likewise for bows and arrows,
Magnum opus et celeres quondam fecére sagitte.

David's enemies hide a net for him. ‘The proud have hid a snare for me, and
cords ; they have spread a net by the way side; they have set grins for me.’ Neither
was it unknown to the Jewish huntsmen the way of driving beasts, by an immission
of fear, which is the formido et pinnatum,” &c. The biblical scholar will remember
the memorable passage of the book of Job, ‘‘ the steps of his strength shall be
straitened, (Gr. hunted,) and his own counsel shall cast him down. For he is cast into
a net by his own feet, and he walketh upon a snare. The gin shall take him by the
heel, and the robber shall prevail against him (the entangling cord or noose holdeth
him fast). The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in the way,
Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him to his feet.” In the
prophet Isaiah almost all the methods of capture given in the Classic Cynegetica
contribute their metaphorical signification, ‘‘ Fear, and the pit, and the snare, are
upon thee, O inhabitant of the earth. And it shall come to pass, that he who fleeth
from the noise of the fear shall fall into the pit; and he that cometh up out of the
midst of the pit shall be taken in the snare.” See also Jeremiah c. xiviii. and
Ezekiel c.x1x. The παγίδες θανάτου of the LXX. version of Proverbs xx1. 1, may
be compared to the “ mortis laquei”’ of Horace, L. 111, Od. χχιν. vs. 8, and to the
“6 leti plage” of Statius Silv. V. 1. vs. 155.

1. It is a curious fact, that in the Hebrew text of the Scriptures there is no allu-
sion whatever to hunting with dogs. Nimrod is called in the Greek version γίγας
κυνηγὸς, Genesis x. 9., and Esau ἄνθρωπος εἰδὼς κυνηγεῖν, Genesis xxv. 27.3; but in
the Hebrew, there is no reference to the employment of the dog. The canis lumbis
tenuibus, quo ad venationem utuntur venatores, introduced by commentators, Proverbs
xxx. 31., I believe to be a fanciful rabbinical creation. See a note on the subject in
the prefatory matter to my translation of Arrian,

Psalm cxt, 5.

Job c. Xvitt.

Tsaiah c. xxIv.

Bochart.
Hierozoic.
Dei. cy Livre.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L.1v. 43.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L. 11. 18.

200 APPENDIX.

twin-sons of Leda,) who contributed their services in common to
almost every variety of chase:

Evval θηροσύναι τε λίνων, ξυναΐ τε ποδάγραι"
ξυνὰ δέ 7 ἀνθρώποισι ποδωκέα πάντα γένεθλα

ἵπποιϑ ἠδὲ κύνεσσι διωκέμεν.

We know not at this period whether the different varieties of the
canine tribe are to be classed under the same species—whether a
specific identity exist in the wolf, the jackal, and the dog—nor
whether, in the latter family, the peculiar adaptation of each variety
for peculiar functions can be the accidental consequences of mere
degeneration, excited to change by the climate of different countries,
and the ingenuity of man.

Let the primeval stock be what it may, the race was first initiated
in the pursuit of wild animals by that celebrated sportsman, the
Amyclean Pollux ;—for we must not despise fable where history is
silent, and again quote the Greek poet of the chase :

πρὸς δὲ μόθους θηρῶν κύνας ὥπλισε καρχαρόδοντας
διογενὴς πρῶτος Λακεδαιμόνιος Πολυδεύκης,

καὶ γὰρ πυγμαχίῃσι λυγροὺς ἐναρίξατο φῶτας,

καὶ σκυλάκεσσι θοαῖς βαλίους ἐδαμάσσατο θῆρας.

The species being distributed over the habitable world, derived its
various names from its geographical distribution !—each country
having its variety of the race, characterized by remarkable qualities,
and distinguished by them in the Cynegetical works of Greece and
Rome :—

1. The exceptions to this geographical nomenclature are only four, viz. the Ver-
tragus, otherwise called the Celtic or Gallic hound; the Metagon, a lime-hound ;
the Agasseeus ; and Petronius: the origin of which two latter names is uncertain.
The sub-varieties of the Cretan, mentioned by Arrian and Julius Pollux, may also
constitute exceptions to the general rule; but these, with the Menelaides and Har-
modii, Castorii and Alopecides, must be considered as merging in the more general
titles of Crete and Lacedemon: and so likewise the porter and pastoral dogs, and
others deriving their names from their vocations, in the topical appellatives of their

respective countries.

APPENDIX. 920]

prima illa canum, non ulla per artes
Cura prior, sive indomitos veliementior hostes
‘udo marte premas, seu bellum ex arte ministres.
N ἢ
Mille canum patrie, ductique ab origine mores

Cuique sua.

Where the descriptions of these mores or qualities are sufficiently
full, in the works alluded to, for a satisfactory classification of the
several varieties of the canine tribe, it is the object of the following
trivial work to attempt it—

the various gifts to trace,
The minds and genius of the latrant race.

But it must not be expected that it will give an account of all the
semi-fabulous dogs of classical antiquity, or attempt to reduce
within the pale of a zoological arrangement the shape and properties
of every mongrel, however memorable, that has puzzled the dis-
criminative acumen of Conrad Gesner himself; or find archetypes
in the kennels of Greece and Rome, for ‘ all the barkand parish-
tikes” of the credulous Dr. Caius, and more recent writers of canine
biography.

This little monograph being almost exclusively confined to the
common Canes Venatici—

τόσσοι T ἐπὶ πᾶσι κύνεσσιν

ἔξοχ᾽ ἀρίζηλοι μάλα τ᾽ ἀγρευτῆρσι μέλονται---

it is not incumbent on me to inquire whether a Cerberus, or an
Orthrus, (the κρατερόφρονα τέκνα of Typhaon and Echidna‘), ever
existed in canine shape—whether Anubis was a biped or quadruped
* Jatrator’—a genuine barker, or a dog-faced Mercury—'Eppns ὁ
kuvompdowmos—whether Euripides was torn to pieces by ferocious
dogs or spiteful women—whether the beauty of the dog of Alci-

1. ἡ δ᾽ ὑποκυσσαμένη, τέκετο κρατερόφρονα τέκνα.
ορθρον μὲν πρῶτον κύνα γείνατο Γηρυονῆϊ"
δεύτερον αὖτις ἔτικτεν ἀμήχανον, οὔτί φατειὸν,
Κέρβερον ὠμηστὴν, ἀΐδεω κύνα χαλκεόφωνον,
πεντήκοντα κάρηνον, ἀναιδέα τε, κρατερόν τε.

ἐν οἷς

~

Gratii Cyneg,

vs. 151.

Tickell’s
Miscellanies.

Ben Jonson’s
Sad Shepherd.
Act 11. sc. 3.

Oppian. Cyneg.
1,. 1. 369.

Hesiod. Theog.
vs. 308.

Virgil. Ain.
L. vitt. 768.
Lucian. Jupiter
Trageedus.

Hesiod. Theog.
vs. 308.

Pollucis
Onomast. L, v.

In Ibin.

Plutarch. de
Solert. Animal.
ἄς.

Pollucis
Onomast. L. vy.

Lucret. L. rv.
995.

Lucian. Deor.
Dial. Juno et
Latona.

Minshei
Emend. p. 242.
Book of St.
Alban’s.

202 APPENDIX.

biades, probably a Canis Ostiarius and not a Canis Venaticus, was
impaired by the loss of his tail, or the act of decurtation conferred
on the eccentric Athenian the notoriety he expected—nor on what
variety of the race is to be charged the deaths of Thrasus, Actzon, !
and Linus, of Ovid’s well-known tetrastic. It is foreign to my
purpose to inquire whether Plutarch’s dog, who threw stones into
an oil-cruse till he had raised its contents sufficiently high in the
neck of the vessel to lap the oleaginous fluid, surpassed in sagacious
ingenuity the cunning brutes of more modern dog-fanciers— whether
the disciplined mimic, exhibited before Vespasian in the theatre of
Marcellus, must yield to the discriminative feats of his congener
before Justinian. All these non-descripts, from the janitor Orci to
the theatrical pantomimi, are out of my beat. Amusing too as it
might be to the reader to have an acccount of every faithful dog,
recorded by the immortal German naturalist as the σύμμαχοι and
σωματοφύλακες of man,—and the anecdotes of canine instinct and
affection registered by Plutarch, Alian, Pliny, Solinus, and Julius
Pollux—versified by Johannes T'zetzes and Natalis Comes, and
reprinted by the laborious Paullini in the Cynographia Curiosa,
presented to his notice,—such a compilation would lead me into too
wide a field. For the same reason, and without meaning any dis-
respect to the ladies of Greece and Rome, I am prevented from
enrolling on my file their domestic pets—

consueta domi catulorum blanda propago
Degere—

the οἱ ἐπὶ τερπωλὴν, καὶ ot μελιταῖοι λεγόμενοι of the visionary
Artemidorus.! I cannot, however, deny the reader the gratification

1. With the aid of the poet I shall hereafter venture an opinion on the breed of
some of the pack of the stag-like huntsman—the most celebrated of the trio—slain by
command of Dian: ἐπεὶ ἔμαθε ὀφθεῖσα ὑπὸ τοῦ ᾿Ακταίωνος, φοβηθεῖσα μὴ ὃ νεανίσκος
ἐξαγορεύσῃ τὸ αἶσχος αὐτῆς, ἐπαφῆκεν αὐτῷ τοὺς κύνας. See J. Sarisber. Policrat.
L. 1. c. 1v. for the moral of this tale.

2. The μελιταῖα κυνίδια were so called, ‘ quia ad feminarum delicias ex Melito
insula advehebantur :’’—the ‘“ smalle ladyes popees that bere awaye the flees” of
Juliana Berners—‘“ Instruments of folly to play and dally withal, in trifling away the

APPENDIX. 203

of perusing the following lines of Darcius, in which he celebrates

these tiny creatures ;—of whom Martial’s Issa will be remembered Martial.

3 : aye L. 1. Ep. 110.
as a classic exemplar—‘* Delicie catella Publi.” I

Sunt humiles etiam Melitea ex gente catelli, J. Darcii
Quos gremio gestare solent Heroides, hique Venusini Canes.
Nec cursu celerem sectantur prepete cervum,
Nec lato pavidum leporem scrutantur in arvo :
Veste sedent fluxa, et pedibus mylesia calcant
Serica, sub Tyrioque recumbunt molliter ostro :
Nunc caput exertant gremio, saliuntque decorum
Nobilis in vultum dominz, lusuque fatigant
Labra corallino modicum suffusa rubore,
Vernantesque genas, et ebur superantia colla,
Smaragdoque graves digitos, et Perside gaza.
Nunc tenui latrare sono, pictoque videbis
Lascivire toro, aut nitida juveniliter aula.

But hold—
whilst thus we play the fool, Churchill’s
In bold contempt of every rule— T ἐς See

Things of no consequence expressing,
Describing now, and now digressing—
To the discredit of our skill,

The main concern is standing still.

It isa favourite notion of classic writers that the qualities and
dispositions of the animals of each country are in accordance with
those of the human inhabitants: and this opinion prevails more
especially relative to domesticated animals, the reclaimed varieties
of the dog and horse. Numerous instances might be adduced in
corroboration of this hypothesis. Strabo remarks in the Iberian
and Albanian people, and their dogs, the same fondness of hunting —
θηρευτικοὶ δὲ kai αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ κύνες αὐτῶν eis ὑπερβολήν : and Alian, Avlian. de Nat.
in the Medes and their Ποιβθβ---σοβαροὶ δὲ Μῆδοι καὶ ἁβροὶ, καὶ aE τ’ ἮΝ
μέντοι καὶ οἱ ἐκείνων τοιοῦτοι ἵπποι" φαίης ἃν αὐτοὺς τρυφᾷν σὺν τοῖς

δεσπόταις, καὶ τῷ μεγέθει τοῦ σώματος, καὶ τῷ κάλλει, κιτ. A. These,

treasure of time, to wythdrawe theyr mindes from more commendable exercises, and —_f{o}inshed’s
to content theyr corrupt concupiscences wyth vaine disport, a silly poore shift to shun Description of

theyr irkesome ydlenesse.” B eo 3

Α]αη. de Nat.
Animal. L, 111.

Gratii Cyneg.

Cc. 2.

vs. 184.

Thucyd. B. P.

L, 111. 107.

Gratii Cyneg.

vs. 194.

Antiq. Sept.
et Celt. Keysler.
S. II. C. 11. 6,

204 APPENDIX.

probably, he meant to contrast, as well as their proud riders, with
the sorry-looking, unsightly horses of Libya, (active, however, and
patient of fatigue), and the unsightly people of the country.

The naturalist then proceeds to say that such also are his opinions
with regard to the dogs of each country ; and specifies, as examples
corroborative of his hypothesis, the Cretan, Molossian, and Car-
manian—xiwy Κρῆσσα κούφη, καὶ ἁλτικὴ, καὶ ὀρειβασίαις σύντροφος"
καὶ μέντοι καὶ αὐτοὶ Κρῆτες τοιούτους αὑτοὺς παραδεικνῦσι, καὶ ᾷδει ἡ
φήμη. θυμικώτατος δὲ κυνῶν Μολοσσὸς, ἐπεὶ θυμωδέστατοι καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες.
᾿Ανὴρ δὲ Καρμάνιος καὶ κύων ἀμφότερα ἀγριώτατα καὶ μειλιχθῆναι
ἄτεγκτα φύσιν. A farther example of this prevalent notion is found
in the lines of Gratius on the crafty Acarnanian dog— clandestinus
Acarnan :”—

Sicut Acarnanes subierunt preelia furto ;
Sic canis illa suos taciturna supervenit hostes :—

alluding to a passage of the history of Thucydides, where he relates
that Demosthenes placed 400 Acarnanians in ambuscade, in a
hollow way near Olpz; whence they issued forth in the heat of the
subsequent engagement, and by their sudden assault on the rear of
the Peloponnesians, completely routed them. A similar reference
to national character is evident in the passage of Gratius, on cross-
ing defective breeds of dogs with others in which opposite excel-
lencies exist :

Quondam inconsultis mater dabit Umbrica Gallis
Sensum agilem,! &c.

1. A passage which Wase supposes to allude to the canis Gallicus of Arrian ;
whose impetuosity of course, and entire want of scent, his peculiar characteristics,
resemble the heedless, rash, and head-strong ardour of the Gallic character in gene-
ral, (A‘lian. V. H. L. x11. c. 23.) and particularly of the Gallic soldiers of Lucan’s
Pharsalia :

quos ille timorum
Maximus haud urget lethi metus ; inde ruendi
ΤῊ ferrum mens prona viris, animeque capaces
Mortis: et ignavum redituree parcere vite.

But an allusion to the war-dogs of Celtica, the ‘ diversi Celte’’ of vs. 156. of the

APPENDIX. 205

But to descend from these general remarks on the supposed assi-
milation of men and animals, cohabitants of the same soil, to the
particular kennel-rolls of Greece and Rome. There appears to
have been a threefold distinction of Canes Venatici, acknowledged
by classic authors, during the imperial government of Rome. I do
not mean that this classification is accurately observed by all the
cynegetical and popular authorities; but it may be traced, more or
less clearly, in the writings of Gratius,! Seneca, Artemidorus,
Oppian, Claudian, and Julius Firmicus.

The Faliscian notes a triple division in the fragment of his
Halieutic poem :

canum quibus est audacia preceps,
Venandique sagax virtus, viresque sequendi.

‘* In eane sagacitas prima est,” says Seneca in one of his Epistles,
“* si investigare debet feras ; cursus, si consequi; audacia, si mordere
et invadere.”

We find nearly a similar arrangement in the Oneirocritica of
Artemidorus, a strange visionary of Ephesus, who spent his whole
life in endeavouring to solve the mysteries, hidden, as he conceived,
in dreams—rov κυνῶν οἱ μὲν ἐπὶ θήραν τρέφονται, καὶ τούτων οἱ μέν
εἰσιν ἰχνευταὶ, οἱ δὲ ὁμόσε τοῖς θηρίοις χωροῦσιν" οἱ δὲ ἐπὶ φυλακῇ τῶν
κτημάτων, οὺς οἰκουροὺς καὶ δεσμίους λέγομεν, K.T.r.

Claudian, in his third book De Laudibus Stiliconis, describing
the active co-operation of Diana and her nymphs in advancing the
honour of his hero, ‘‘ Consulis in plausum,” distinctly specifies a
triple division :

variz formis, et gente sequuntur,
Ingenioque canes: ille gravioribus αρί ἡ
Morsibus ; hz pedibus celeres ; he nare sagaces ;

Cynegeticon, seems equally tenable. At the same time, it is not impossible but that
both passages may refer to greyhounds, under the names of Galli and Celtz.

1. In the muster-roll of Acteon’s pack by Gratius’s contemporary, amidst various
sorts of hounds culled from various countries, the same characteristic distinctions pre-
dominate : we have a

trux cum Lelape Theron,
Et pedibus Pterelas, et naribus utilis Agre.

Gratii Halieut.
98.

Artemidori
Oneirocrit.
1 τς Cs xt.

Claudian. de
Laud. Stilic.
L. 111.

Ovid. Met.
Lettie 11:

Jul. Firmici
L. v. C. VIII.

Joan. Darcii
Venusini
Canes.

De Quad. Digit.
Vivip. L, 11.

Vanierii Pred.

Rust. L. 1v.

206 APPENDIX.

and then inverting the order of sequence, names, apparently in
illustration of his classes, the Cretan, Spartan, and Briton :

Hirsuteque fremunt Cress, tenuesque Lacene,

Magnaque taurorum fracture colla Britanne.

The first we must acknowledge to be nare sagaces; the second
pedibus celeres, the slenderest and speediest hounds, probably,
known to the poet, in the absence of the Vertragus,—whom alone
we consider swift of foot, and entitled to rank under the class so
denominated. The Britanne justly exemplify the dogs of combat—
gravioribus apte morsibus.

Julius Firmicus comprehends the whole genus under the triple
distinction of ““ Molossi, Vertragi, et qui sunt ad venationes ac-
comodati,”—meaning to include in the latter periphrasis the whole
class of sagacious hounds, as he does the pugnacious under the
title of Molossi.

Of Oppian’s tripartite arrangement, exemplified in the portraits
which he has drawn of the individuals representative of each class,
and of his farther distinction, founded on purity and commixture of
blood, I shall hereafter speak; assuming at present, on the autho-
rity of the cited passages, that all the more celebrated varieties of
the canine race, mentioned in the Cynegetica of Greece and Rome,
of the date referred to, may be classified under the triple division of
pugnaces, sagaces, and celeres. 1

1. The same threefold division runs through many of the modern semi-classical
Cynegetica—being founded, as of course it is, in the essential qualities of the canine
race :

Nunc age quis ville melior, gregibusque tuendis ;
Que volucri soboles cursu, nasove sagaci

Sit potior ; nec enim solers dedit omnibus unum
Natura ingenium.

Ulysses Aldrovandus, in the section of his elaborate work which treats of the canine
race, uses the very words of Seneca before cited, to mark the “ tres precipuz cani-
bus venaticis proprietates—sagacitas, cursus, audacia.”

Sed non una canum species: pars nata domorum
Excubiis, gressum et mensam sectatur herilem :
Venandi studiosa feras pars alite cursu
Insequitur, vel nare sagax vestigat odora.

APPENDIX. 207

In Xenophon, and the earlier Greek writers, we do not trace
more than a twofold division into pugnaces and sagaces; the
varieties of the latter class differing, perhaps, amongst themselves
in degrees of swiftness. Indeed, that they did so is evident from
what Socrates remarks of the sagacity and speed of different indi-
viduals of the race, in the well-known interview with the beautiful,
meretricious Theodota :—ére δὲ μεθ᾽ ἡμέραν ἀποδιδράσκουσιν οἱ λαγὼς
ἄλλας κτῶνται κύνας, αἵτινες, τ ἂν ἐκ τῆς νομῆς εἰς τὴν εὐνὴν ἀπέλθωσι,
τῇ ὀσμῇ αἰσθανόμεναι, εὑρίσκουσιν αὐτούς" ὅτι δὲ ποδώκεις εἰσὶν, ὥστε
καὶ ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ τρέχοντες ἀποφεύγειν, ἄλλας αὖ κύνας ταχείας πα-
packevacovrar, ἵνα κατὰ πόδας ἁλίσκωνται. The swift-footed of this
passage must not be interpreted as the celeres of our third class,
which will be found to contain only the Vertragus of Arrian ;—on
whose authority it is affirmed that the greyhound was unknown in
Greece in the days of the Socratic Xenophon. Probably, they
were the most speedy of the Canes Laconici, to which the philosopher
alludes—the θάσσονες αὐράων κυνοσουρίδες of Callimachus.

In accordance with the distinctions pointed out in the classical
kennels is the threefold character of ancient hunting: but as coursing
properly so called, (the third variety of chase peculiar to the
Vertragus), was of late introduction in comparison with hunting,
the two grand divisions of the sports of the field may be considered
as primarily founded on the twofold distinction of canes pugnaces
or bellicosi, and canes sagaces; and by Gratius, under the terms
arma and artes, both are vividly depicted.

‘« The one,” says Christopher Wase, ‘‘ is a desperate and gla-
diator-like entering the lists with beasts, and assaulting them by
violence ; which was the school of cruelty and ignorant course of
ancient Nimrods: the other a crafty circumventing them by wiles,
which is the child of ingenious invention, much assisting man to re-
establish him in his empire over the beasts of the field, that hath
been so much empayred.” Then, again, he observes, ‘‘ the mag-
num opus is bold and hazardous hunting of great beasts, and leve
opus is hard-riding and pursuit of little fugacious quarry.”

It was left to the courser of Nicomedia, the Bithynian Xenophon,
to place on record in his supplementary Cynegeticus, and to illus-
trate from his personal experience, the third variety of chase with
dogs peculiar to Celtica ;—which we have designated as forming a

Xenophon,
Memor. L. 11|.
CH Xie

H. in Dianam,

Vide Jani
Viitii Venat.
Novantiq.

Certaine
Illustrations
of the Cyneg.
Poem of
Gratius. p. 17.

J, Viitii Venat.
Novant,

Plin. Paneg.
Trag, dict.

208 APPENDIX.

class of themselves, under the title of pedibus celeres, of the greatest
speed of foot and least sagacity of nose of the whole genus, running
entirely on sight of their game. The Celtic or Gallic hound does
not appear to have been introduced generally into the more southern
parts of Europe, till after the dissolution of the commonwealth of
Rome. He is first mentioned by Ovid; and his style of coursing
the hare so exquisitely described, that it must have been derived
from actual experience in the field rather than hearsay ; which latter
alone seems to have given him admission into the Cynegeticon of
Gratius, Ovid’s contemporary.

The earliest systematic account of the two first varieties of Vena-
tio, will be found in the Cynegeticus of the elder Xenophon; who
describes in the 6th chapter the style of hunting the hare in the
mountainous, woodland regions of Greece, with all its poaching-
gear: and in the 9th, 10th, and 11th chapters, the chase of deer,
boars, lions, pards, lynxes, panthers, and bears. The Greeks were
entirely unacquainted with the third species of Venatio, named, for
distinction’s sake, Venatio cursoria, as the others are V. bellica,
and V. indagatoria.

The animals obnoxious to the chase were suitable to its different
varieties, and coped with by classic hunters according to the prowess
of each game. Some creatures being timid and fugacious, others of
great strength and ferocity, and a third class wily and artful,—the
hunters were wont, in the words of Pliny’s panegyric, ‘‘ certare cum
fugacibus feris cursu, cum audacibus robore, cum eallidis astu ;”—-
thereby acquiring, in Diana’s school of mimic war, the necessary
experimental knowledge for following the flying foe, or contending
with the daring, or the subtle, in the field of real battle.1

1. Painter’s Palace of Pleasure amusingly works out the points of resemblance in
the field-array of an army and a hunt ;—“‘..... by the pursuite of Beastes, sleyghts of
warre bee observed: The Houndes be the square battell, the Greyhoundes be the
flanquarts and Wynges to follow the enimy, the horseman semeth to gieve the
Chase, when the Game speedeth to covert, the Hornes be the Trumpets to sounde’
the Chase, and Retire, and for incouragement of the Dogges torun. To be short, it
seemeth a very Campe in battayle, ordayned for the pleasure and passetyme of noble

youth.”

APPENDIX. 209

Gratius has elegantly sketched the beasts of Venery in his Ha-
lieutic fragment : !

Gratii Halieut,

Cetera que densas habitant animalia sylvas, :
vs. 71.

Aut vani quatiunt semper lymphata timores,
Aut trahit in preeceps non sana ferocia mentis.
Ipsa sequi natura monet, vel cominis ire,
Impiger ipse leo venantum sternere pergit
Agmina, et adversis infert sua pectora telis :
Quoque venit, fidens magis, et sublatior ardet,
Concussitque toros, et viribus addidit iram,
Prodigus atque suo properat sibi robore lethum.
Foedus Lucanis provolvitur ursus ab antris,
Quid nisi pondus iners, stolidaque ferocia mentis ?
Actus aper setis iram denunciat hirtis,

Et ruit oppositi nitens in vulnera ferri,

Pressus, et emisso moritur per viscera telo.
Altera pars fidens pedibus, dat terga sequenti,
Ut pavidi lepores, et fulvo tergore dame,

Et capto fugiens cervus sine fine timore.

Oppian’s distribution of them into classes is nearly similar :

θηρῶν οἱ μὲν ἔασιν ἐπίφρονες, αἰολόβουλοι, Oppian. Cyneg.
ἀλλὰ δέμας Bal τοὶ δ᾽ ἔμπαλιν ἀλκήεντες, L. rv, 25.
βουλὴν δ᾽ ἐν στήθεσσιν avddrnides* of δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὁμαρτῇ

καὶ κραδίην δειλοὶ, καὶ γυῖα πέλουσ' ἀμενηνοὶ,

ἀλλὰ πόδεσσι Bool? τοῖσιν δὲ θεὸς πόρε πάντα,

βουλὴν κερδαλέην, κρατερὸν μένος, ὠκέα γοῦνα.

γιγνώσκουσι δ᾽ ἕκαστος ἑξῆς φύσιος κλυτὰ δῶρα,

ἔνθ᾽ ὀλιγοδρανέες τε καὶ ἔνθα πέλουσι δαφοινοί. κ. τ. As

And in Claudian we recognise a summary classification of the same
distinctive characters, adapted to the threefold varieties of the dog

already noticed in his poem :

capitur decus omne timorque @findionsde
Silvarum. Non cauta latent : non mole resistunt Laud. Stilic.

Fortia : non volucri fugiunt pernicia cursu. L. m1.

1. This fragment, highly Gratian in its style and subject, but long mis-appropriated
to Ovid on the erroneous authority of Pliny, (L. xxx11. c. 2.) is now considered, on
the strength of internal evidence, by Vlitius and Wernsdorf to belong to Gratius.

ὩΣ ἢ

210 APPENDIX.

A minute description of each particular chase would exceed the
limits of a compendium,! and lead me into too extensive a field.
Oppian. Cyneg. εἴδεα πολλὰ πέλει κλειτῆς πολυεργέος ἄγρης,

Le tv. ΤΌ: ἄρμενα καὶ θήρεσσι καὶ ἔθνεσιν ἠδὲ χαράδραις,

μυρία" τίς κεν ἅπαντα μιῇ φρενὶ χωρήσειεν,

εἰπέμεναι κατὰ μοῖραν ;

Let a few brief sketches of the more celebrated suffice—beginning
with the hare-chase of the keenest and most accomplished sportsman
of the classic ages.

After the snares and nets are duly set, and a man placed to
watch them, the first-fruits of the sport being vowed to Apollo and

De Venatione Diana ’Ayporépa, Xenophon slips one of his most keen-nosed dogs,
ee συφωτάτη ἰχνεύειν, the rest of the pack being held singly at the co-
vert. If this finder hit on a scent, a second dog is immediately
slipped, and a third, and so on till the whole pack are in full ery
after the started hare. The huntsman follows with his pole, and chla-
Sic apud = mys wrapped about his hand, cheering the dogs, “lo κύνες, ἰῶ κύνες,
ane σαφῶς ye ὦ κύνες, καλῶς ye ὦ Koves,—taking care not to head the
pro κακάς. — game—po) ὑπαντᾷν' ἄπορον yup-—for nobody but a bungler and no-
sportsman is guilty of this. It is then customary to shout to the
watchman at the nets, Αὐτῷ παῖς, αὐτῷ παῖς, tat δὴ, παῖ d—To her,
boy! to her, boy! now, boy! now, boy!—the latter replying whe-
ther the hare be taken or not. If she be captured, the hounds are
called off, and begin to draw for a second ; but if not, and they
again hit off the scent, the halloo should be Εὖγε, εὖγε ὦ κύνες,
ἕπεσθε ὦ κύνες. If the dogs are got very forward, so that the hunts-
man cannot keep up, but is thrown out—neither seeing them, nor
hearing their ery—he should keep running on, calling to every one
he happens to come near, and inquiring for the pack—j κατεῖδες ὠῆ
τὰς κύνας;
When he finds them, if still on scent, he should cheer, and call
every dog by name as often as possible, varying the intonations of

1. Spirited representations of the different chases are given in Montfaucon'’s An-
tiquities, Tom. 111. Liv. 111, from ancient gems, the Sepulchre of the Nasoni, Arch
of Constantine, &c. See also the Venationes Ferarum of a later date by Strada and
Galle, already referred to,

APPENDIX. 21]

his voice. If the hare has made for the mountains, he should en-
courage them with Eda κύνες, eba ὦ κύνες : but if they have over-shot
the scent, he should call them back—Hark back, dogs ! hark back!
—ov πάλιν, οὐ πάλιν ὦ κύνες : When brought back to the scent, he
should draw around, making many casts, (κύκλους,1) even up to the
line of the nets, encouraging the dogs till they again pick up the
scent—ai δὲ διαῤῥιπτοῦσαι τὰς οὐρὰς, καὶ ἑαυταῖς ἐμπίπτοδυσαι, καὶ
πολλὰ ὑπερπηδῶσαι, καὶ ἐπανακλαγγάνουσαι, ἐπαναίρονσαι τὰς κεφαλὰς,
εἰσβλέπουσαι εἰς τὸν κυνηγέτην, ἐπιγνωρέξουσαι ἀληθὴ εἶναι ἤδη ταῦτα,
ὑφ᾽ αὑτῶν ἀναστήσουσι τὸν λαγὼ, καὶ ἐπιᾶσι Kexayyviar—starting off
again at full ery.

The watchman at the nets gives a particular shout, significant of
the hare’s capture in the ἄρκυς, or her escape by going beyond, or
stopping short. If she be taken, they try for another ; if not, they
continue the pursuit of the same. Weary at length with their day’s
work, the huntsman must himself, towards evening, assist the pack
in searching out the poor tired hare at her quat, (κατακλίνεται yap ἐν
μικρῷ τὸ θηρίον, Kai οὐκ ἀνίσταται ὑπὸ κόπου Kat φόβον,) and bring them
forward with encouragement ; ‘‘ cheering the meek dogs much, the
eager ones little, the intermediate moderately,” till they kill her
κατὰ πόδας, at force, or drive her into the nets: and thus at last
will the huntsman become master of the hare—‘‘ infelicem bestiolam
lepusculum timidum tanto fortasse predabitur apparatu.”

Oppian’s instructions on hare-hunting, contained in a few verses at
the latter end of his fourth Cynegetic, are of little interest. Hares
should never be chased up hill, as their shape is particularly adapted
for it, and they avail themselves of the advantage whenever they can
get to a rising ground :

αὐτίκα γὰρ σκύλακάς τε καὶ ἀνέρας ἀθρήσαντες
πρὸς λόφον ἰθύουσιν, ἐπεὶ μάλα γινώσκουσιν

ὅττι πάροιθεν ἔασιν ὀλιζότεροι πόδες αὐτοῖς. κ. τ. λ.

Beaten roads should be avoided by huntsmen, and ploughed lands
preferred for sport. Elian has left us an animated description of
the hare’s shifts and prowess in avoiding her pursuers, and the con-

.

1. κύκλους, the rings of Gervase Markham, Countrey Contentinents, Book 1.1. ¢. 1.

Sic apud
C. Gesner. vox
bacchantium in

montibus !

Vide Savary
Alb. Diane
Leporicida.
Xen. de Venat.
Cc. VI. 23.

Xenophon de
Venatione.
Cc. VI.

J. Sarisberiensis
Policrat. L. 1.
ὃ. τὸ

Oppian.Cyneg.
L. 1v. 428.

De Natura
Animal.
Dj. xr.) ον 14s

De Venatione
Corie

Ejusdem c. x.

Apuleii Met.
L. virt. p. 512.

Ovid. Metam.
Le Viti.

Horat, Od.
Ibs fits τ: hs

22 APPENDIX.

tempt with which she looks down, οἷον ἀπὸ σκοπιᾶς, on their fruitless
efforts to overtake her.

The stag-hunt is treated of by Xenophon, in his ninth chapter,
with snares, traps, &c. Indian dogs are here preferred, for their
size, strength, speed, and courage. But as his name-sake has
written on the same variety of chase with Celtic hounds and Scy-
thian horses, I pass on to the boar-hunt, in which the former is
diffuse—too diffuse for more than a bare reference. Indian and
Locrian hounds are selected from the pugnacious class, and Cretan
and Spartan from the sagacious, to assist the sportsman in his attack
of the wild boar. The latter hound appears to be employed, on this
occasion, as a lime-dog, or inductor, to find out the lair of the beast.
Purse-nets, javelins, προβόλια, and ποδοστράβαι, are in request.

᾽

“ Jamque apud frondosum tumulum,” says Apuleius, in a vivid,
but somewhat wordy sketch, ‘‘ ramorumque densis tegminibus um-
brosum, prospectu vestigatorum obseptis campis, canes venationis
indagini generose, mandato, cubili residentes invaderent bestias,
immittuntur : statimque solertis discipline memores partite totos
precingunt aditus: tacitaque prits servata mussitatione, signo 510]
repentino reddito, latratibus fervidis dissonisque miscent omnia ”—
‘* aper immanis atque invisitatus exsurgit,” &c.

Ovid’s Calydonian boar-hunt, with the “ lecta. manus juvenum ”
of Meleager’s confederacy, will occur to the classical reader, and
farther illustrate this perilous species of chase ;1 which, with others
yet more dangerous, described by Xenophon in the 11th chapter of
his Manual, and by Oppian in his fourth Cynegetic, constitute
examples of the bellica Venatio, ““ periculose plenum opus alex,”
so emblematic of actual war. '

The Athenian is very brief on the subject of lion, pard, lynx,
panther, and bear-hunting. These ferocious brutes are commonly

1. For further particulars, see Xen. de V. c. x. Oppian. Cyn. 11. vs. 379. Adrian.
Venat. vs, 55. (Edit. Ald.) Natalis Comes de Ven. L. 111. v. 342. (Edit. Ald. F.) Cz-
sar. Borgia Ducis Epiced. per H. Strozam. P. A. Bargei Cyneg. rv. p. 104. and Iac.
Savary, Syothera L.1. A capital wood-cut of a boar bayed by ferocious hounds is
given by I. A. Lonicer in his Venatus et Aucupium, Tab. Aper. and others in the
Venationes Ferarum of Strada and Galle. See also the PMapster of Game; of the
wylde hoor, c. vii.

APPENDIX. 215

taken by stratagem; rarely, if ever, at force. Oppian is more
diffuse, amplifying the lion-chase with the Libyan, Indian, and
‘Ethiopian practices for capturing the king of beasts.

As a splendid specimen of poetical talent in this too much
neglected author, (for he richly deserves the character bestowed on
his works by J. C. Scaliger, C. Barthius, and other eminent scho-
lars,) I select, from the latter part of the same book, the following
extract—a description of an Armenian bear-hunt. The bear is
found with the limehound of the country, the nets, snares, and
μήρινθος évorpogos are set, and the din of pursuit commences :

σάλπιγξ μὲν κελάδησε πελώριον" ἣ δέ TE λόχμης
ὀξὺ λέληκε θοροῦσα, καὶ ὀξὺ δέδορκε λακοῦσα.
αἰξηοὶ δ᾽ ἐπόρουσαν ἀολλέες, ἐκ δ᾽ ἑκάτερθεν
ἀντία θηρὸς ἰᾶσι φαλαγγηδὸν κλονέοντες.

7 δ᾽ ὅμαδον προλιποῦσα καὶ ἀνέρας, ἰθὺς ὀρούει
γυμνὸν ὅπου λεύσσει πεδίον πολύ" κεῖθεν ἔπειτα
ἑξείης κατὰ νῶτον ἐγειρόμενος λόχος ἀνδρῶν
KAayyndoy παταγεῦσιν, ἐπ᾽ ὀφρύα μηρίνθοιο
σευόμενοι καὶ δεῖμα πολύχροον" ἣ δέ τ᾽ ἀνιγρὴ
ἀμφίβολος μάλα πάμπαν ἀτυζομένη πεφόρηται.
πάντα δ᾽ ὁμοῦ δείδοικε, λόχον, κτύπον, αὐλὸν, ἀὑτὴν,
δειμαλέην μήρινθον, ἐπεὶ κελάδοντος ἀήτεω
ταινίαι T ἐφύπερθε διηέριαι κραδάουσι,

κινύμεναι πτέρυγές τε λιγήϊα συρίζουσιν

οὕνεκα παπταίνουσα κατ᾽ ἄρκυας ἂντίον ἕρπει"

ἐν δ᾽ ἔπεσεν λινέοισι λόχοις. κ. τ. Δ.

But farewell the detail of these savage chases 1 --

The king of brutes
In broken roarings breathes his last, the bear
Grumbles in death ; nor can his spotted skin,
Though sleek it shine, with varied beauties gay,
Save the proud pard from unrelenting fate !

1. The reader will find descriptions of many of the different chases, for which I
have no room here, in the Latin Cynegetica of the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries,
cited under the boar-hunt of Calydon. For “the chiefe huntyng of the valiaunt
Grekes and noble Romaynes,” see ‘“‘ The boke named The Governour, devised by Sir
Thomas Elyot, Knyght.” B. 1. c. xvii.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L. tv. 398.

The Chace.
B. τα:

Xenophon de

Venatione
Curls

Senece
Hippolyt.

Act. I.

sc. l.

214 APPENDIX.

The most lively and striking picture of classic Venation, in ge-
nere, which I have met with in the Latin language, is contained in
one of Seneca’s tragedies ; which, let them be the productions of
whom they may, contain much brilliant descriptive poetry. The
whole arrangement of the field is admirably given in the Hippolytus.
The duties of the δικτυαγωγὸς, ἰχνευτὴς, κυναγωγὸς, ἀρκυωρὸς, and
λινόπτης, are successively detailed in the prologue, spoken by this
rigid paragon of chastity himself, (σωφροσύνῃ καὶ ὁσιότητι μακαρισθεὶς,)
in the character of Magister Venationis.

“4 Tte umbrosas cingite sylvas,
Summaque montis juga Cecropi,
Celeri planta lustrate vagi

Que saxosa loca Parnethi
Subjecta jacent ; et que Thriasiis
Vallibus amnis rapida currens
Verberat unda : scandite colles
Semper canos nive Riphza.

Hac hac alii, qua nemus alta
Texitur alno ; qua prata jacent,
Que roriferé mulcens aura

Zephyrus vernas evocat herbas,’’ &c.

says the son of Theseus to his attendant huntsmen—describing the
local scenery of different parts of Attica, most abundant in game—
and allotting them their respective stations and duties, with the mute
limehounds, (‘* canibus tacitis,”’) the noisy pack, and divers imple-
ments of the sylvan chase : 1

dum Jux dubia est ;
Dum signa pedum roscida tellus
Impressa tenet, alius raras
Cervice gravi portare plagas,
Alius teretes properet laqueos.
Picta rubenti linea pinna

1. The lines of this animated picture, which describe, in the language of ex-
perience, the different degrees of restraint to be imposed on the Limiers, the Molos-
sians, the Cretans, and Spartans, are here omitted: inasmuch as they will be more
appropriately cited by us, when we come to speak of the family of limiers, the canes
inductores of classical antiquity.

APPENDIX. 215

Vano cludat terrore feras,

Tibi libretur missile lethum.

Tu grave, dextra lavaAque simul,
Robur lato dirige ferro.

Tu praecipites clamore feras
Subsessor ages : tu jam victor
Curvo solves viscera cultro.

So much for the furniture of the chase, its inventors, and practice,
by way of introduction to our triple classification of the Canes
Venatici of the classic ages. We will now proceed, οἶμον ἐπὲ σκυ-

λάκων.
CEASS 1.

In the first class of the triple division—gquibus est audacia pre-
ceps, or gravioribus apte morsibus—are included all the canes
pugnaces or bellicosi—pugnacious dogs of war.

The Mede, Celt, Ser or Indian, Albanian, Iberian, Lycaonian
or Arcadian, Hyrcanian, Locrian, Libyan, Egyptian, Pannonian,
Magnesian, Molossian, Briton, Athamanian, Acarnanian, and a few
others nearly allied.

CLASS Il.

In the second class of Canes Venatici, under the title of nare
sagaces, are placed all keen-nosed dogs of scent.

The Spartan, Cretan, Carian, Etolian or Calydonian, Metagon,
Belgian, Gelonian, Umbrian, Tuscan, Armenian, Petronius, Agas-
seus or Briton, Segusian, and others of inferior note.

CLASS Ill.

In the third class, entitled pedibus celeres, those dogs alone are
comprehended, which ran on sight of their game, as the Vertragus,
and possibly the Sicamber: of the latter, however, I know nothing
beyond the meagre allusion of Gratius to his speed, and the apparent
distinction made between him and the Vertraha, in the Cynegeticon
of this poet :

Oppian. Cyneg.
L. 1. 367.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 20].

Strabo
L, vit.

910 APPENDIX.

Petronios (sic fama) canes, volucresque Sicambros,

Et pictam macula Vertraham delige falsa.

Janus Vlitius considers the Sicambrian to be the Gallo-Belgic
hound of more modern days, and identical with the Ovidian canis
Gallicus: but the latter is more probably the Vertraha of Gratius,
the ovéprpayos of the younger Xenophon. The Sicambrian people,
strictly speaking, were Germans, and not Belgians; as they dwelt
on the eastern, or Germanic side of the Rhine.

On first comparing the different types of the Oppianic Canes Ve-
natici with those of the Latin Cynegetica, I was misled by the
authority of annotators to an admission that the type, so particularly
described by the Greek poet in his first book, μηκεδανὸν κρατερὸν
δέμας, κι τ. X. vs. 401. ad vs. 412. was of the sagacious hound, the
Petronian or such-like. But this interpretation, in addition to the
want of resemblance of the picture to the supposed original, implies,
in a notorious copyist of his predecessors’ labours and a keen ob-
server of natural history, the entire omission of the swiftest of the
canine tribe, the canis Gallicus or Vertragus ; which, if known by
fame in the age of Gratius, alluded to by him in his Cynegeticon,
accurately portrayed by Ovid as to his style of running, and subse-
quently, and more minutely, by the younger Xenophon, could not,
under any balance of probabilities, have been lost to the sporting
world, between the time of Arrian and that at which Nemesian
flourished :—by the latter of whom the greyhound is most beautifully
depicted, and the mode of initiating greyhound puppies in the hare-
course detailed with the hand of a master. I am, therefore, on more
mature reflection, inclined to consider the passage referred to de-
scriptive of the greyhound type, the third class of ancient hounds,
the family of pedibus celeres.1 That Rittershusius makes no allusion

1. If the appropriation of the Oppianic portrait to the Vertragus of Arrian alone
be deemed too scrupulously exclusive,—inasmuch as it leaves the Spartan hound of
Xenophon undescribed by the Greek poet,—I will allow that preference of the Celtic
type to all others may have influenced my decision ; and am willing, with the
reader’s approval, to admit the hound of Lacedemon into a participation of the honour
bestowed on the Vertragus.

APPENDIX. lie

to such a resemblance, does not surprise me; for, by pointing out a
supposed defect of the picture, compared with a sketch of Gratius,
this learned and laborious commentator proves that he was not aware
of the variety of dog intended to be delineated by his author—per-
haps himself unacquainted with its type in nature. The very feature
of the δολέχοσκιος οὐρὴ, condemned by this editor as burthensome to
Canes cursores, with a preference of the “‘ cauda brevis” of Gratius,
(suited to the Canes bellicosi alone,) isso remarkable and useful an
additament to the greyhound’s form, that, instead of burthening, it
essentially assists him as a Canis cursor, (‘* ad conversiones in cursu
reciproco regendas,”) and much strengthens the resemblance of the
Oppianic picture to its Celtic prototype in Arrian.

The conclusion of this sketch is followed by that of the Canis pug-
nav or bellicosus of the first class, hereafter cited, θοῦροι δ᾽ αὖθ᾽ ἕτεροι,
κι 7.A.; and this again by the amusing and lively picture of the
keen-scented beagle or hare-hound—oxvAdkwv γένος ἄλκιμον ἰχνευτή-
ρων, k. τ. A.—the representative of which is taken from Britain, and
constitutes, according to my theory, Oppian’s specimen (rather a
sorry one, it must be allowed) of the second class of Canes Venatici,
termed nare sagaces. Are we not, then, allowed to conclude that
the same tripartite distinction of Canes Venatici was acknowledged
by the Cilician poet, as we have already traced in the more systema-
tic authorities cited?1 The latter did not escape the notice of the

1. In addition to this triple view, a farther distinction of the canine race is founded
by Oppian on purity and commixture of blood. The mongrel or mixed breed is again
divided into two varieties, the one constituted of dogs of different countries crossed
with each other; the other of dogs crossed with various wild animals, θηρομιγῆ, 2s
tigers, lions, wolves, and foxes ;—whence in the opinion of the ancient cynegetical
writers originated many varieties of hybrid races; which later experiments have
proved to be founded in fable ; with the exception of those produced between the
wolf and dog, and the jackal and dog. It is not improbable that the latter hybrid
production may have given rise to the fabled progeny of the dog and fox, the ἀλωπε-
κίδες of Xenophon; as the Canis aureus and common dog readily breed together ; but
we have no very well authenticated case of a litter from the Canis vulpes and dog—to
which assumed cross, the attention of John Hunter, ‘‘ magnus ille nature inda-
gator,” had been directed before his death, but not advanced to actual experiment,
as in the other crosses of the wolf and jackal with the domestic dog. Dr. Caius,

a>

Cynographia
Curiosa c. τιν
12.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L, 1. 413.

Ejusdem
vs. 467.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L, 1. 367.

Venatio
Novantiqua,

Lucian.
adversus
Indoctum.

218 APPENDIX.

learned writer of the Venatio Novantiqua, himself an experienced
and ardent sportsman; but he has not corroborated the earlier
classification of others with the more recent evidence of the poet of
Anazarbus-—indeed, he seems to view the Oppianic hound (Cyn. 1.
401.) as sagaci-celer, and the Vertragus as unknown both to Pollux
and Oppian.

The Cilician gives a decided preference to those canine tribes
which are specifically pure in their breed—giAa μονόφυλα---ἃπά enu-
merates, without any attempt at classification, all the tribes known
to him, under their geographical appellations :*

Παίονες, Αὐσόνιοι, Κᾶρες, Θρήϊκες, Ἴβηρες,
᾿Αρκάδες, ᾿Αργεῖοι, Λακεδαιμόνιοι, Τεγεῆται,
Σαυρομάται, Κελτοὶ, Κρῆτες, Μάγνητες, ᾽Επειοὶ,
ὕσσοι τ᾽ Αἰγύπτοιο πολυψαμάθοισιν ἐπ᾽ ὄχθαις

βουκολίων οὖροι, Λοκροὶ, χαροποί τε Μολοσσοί.

But if the kennel-master acted on the principles laid down by this
poet, and his Latin predecessor, Gratius, and crossed his pack with
irreconcilable varieties out of different families, belonging to different
countries, (and that he did so we have evidence in the irregular and
ill-disciplined muster-roll of Ovid,) although the names on Oppian’s
file might remain, the animals must have been so changed by the
“ὁ superinduction of opposite qualities,” that a genuine breed of any
one variety must have been most rare. To this general amalgama-
tion of heterogeneous forms and qualities in the canine race, must be
attributed the custom of applying the terms Molossian and Spartan

it is true, speaks of the vulpi-canine cross as an established one, ‘‘ quasi protritum
aliquid,” says Vlitius, ‘‘ quod ego rumore tantim,” continues the latter, ‘‘ et vix
ita compertum habeo,’’—but of this, more anon.

2. Of these the most important are hereafter mentioned under the same or dif-
ferent names : The Παίονες, are Pannonians—the Αὐσόνιοι probably identical with the
Tuscan—and those of the town of Tegea, (where Lucian tells us, the inhabitants exhi-
bited the hide of the Calydonian boar—bdetxvvow Teyéarat τοῦ Καλυδωνίου τὸ δέρμα,)
must of course be considered Arcadian sub-varieties. The rest are of the Molossian
character. Instead of Ἐπειοὶ Bodin and Belin de Ballu read ᾿Αμοργοὶ ; but of the
hounds of Amorgos, one of the Cyclades, I know nothing.

APPENDIX. 219

to the Canes bellicosi and Canes sagaces respectively, gregatim—the
dogs of Epirus and Sparta being held the best of their several classes.!
And, for the same reason, a true Molossian or Spartan of pure blood
must have fallen to the lot of few of Dian’s worshippers. Aristotle
speaks with praise of the Spartan and Molossian cross,® but awards
the highest price in the Spartan kennel to the purest blood : and
Themistius, in his first oration, states it as an acknowledged rule in
breeding, that the kennel be supplied from bitches of the purest and
most unadulterated blood.

Even after the introduction of the Vertragus, and the commixture
of his breed with the older varieties of sporting dogs—

et una
Precipites pedibus catulos habuére sagaces,—

the names derived from Sparta and Molosse were still kept up, and
prostituted in many instances on most degenerate brutes.

With regard to the original geographical distribution of the three
varieties of bellicosi, sagaces, and celeres, and of their respective
chases,? the most prevalent opinion of continental writers, who have

1. Under the sanction of antiquity, and scarce inferior to the purest poet of the
Augustan age, Ioannes Darcius comprehends under the terms Molossi and Lacones
all dogs of chase ;

Que generosa canum soboles, quis cultus alendo
Sit catulo, unde suos Epirus clara Molossos,
Audacesque sibi commendet Sparta Lacones,
Diva refer. ;

2, Such was the Pard of Ercole Strozzi ;

Pardus ad hac genitrice Lacon, genitore Molossus,
Non extrema canum fama, et spes acris Opunti.

3. M. Desmoulins is of opinion that the modern numerous races of domestic dogs
must be referred, each in its own country, to different unreclaimed species; and if

so, allowing somewhat for emigration with man, and somewhat again for crosses.

among the varieties of each region, we must suppose that those, which manifest
remarkable distinctive qualities, derived them originally from the wild indigene of

Hist. Animal.
etxs Cats

P. Angelii
Bargei L. v.

J. Darcii
Venusini
Canes,

Cesar. Borgie
Ducis Epiced.
per H. Strozam.

Bulletin
Universel.

Spelmanni
Glossar. p. 113.

Venationis
Cervine Leges.
Waa

Certaine
Illustrations of
the Cynege-
ticall Poem, &c.

p- 34.

220 APPENDIX.

devoted their attention to the Cynegetica of Greece and Rome, is
that the last mentioned originally came from Gaul, the sagacious
from Greece, and the bellicose from Asia. War-dogs of pure blood
are nearly extinct in the British islands, and are becoming more rare
on the continent of Europe; being much crossed with the sagacious
and swift-footed tribes. Vlitius, himself a Dutchman, naturally
espouses the Belgic origin of the Belgic, or, more correctly speaking,
the Celtic dog. Spelman, on the contrary, claims him for the
honour of Britain; and, in addition, we have always deemed some
sorts of bellicosi and sagaces indigenous of this country. Mr. Whi-
taker, in his History of Manchester, gives to the ancient Britons the
old English hound, or talbot, as the parent stock of the celebrated
sagacious hounds of our island: and it is found, by experience, that
this dog degenerates in every other part of the world—a strong pre-
sumptive proof of his being indigenous of Britain. The earliest
record of the greyhound allots him to Gallia; and we have no hesi-
tation in considering him of Celtic origin, notwithstanding the offen-
sive disclaimer of Savary of Caen—

Gallos non hec infamia tangit.

No exclusive national claim can be made for the pugnacious tribe,
almost every nation of antiquity having had its particular variety ;
of which none surpassed the Britannus and Molossus, natives of
regions remote from each other, unconnected, probably, in their
lineage, and united alone in untameable ferocity of character.

The translator of Gratius, after enumerating the various sorts of
the British hound, greyhound, and mastiff, (which he calls ‘ indi-
gena, or native of England,’’) observes :—‘ all these dogs have de-
served to be famous in adjacent and remote countries, whither they
are sent for great rarities, and ambitiously sought for by their lords
and princes, although only the fighting dogs seem to have been
known to the antient authors: and perhaps in that age hunting was
not so much cultivated by our own countrymen,”

each particular region. Exclusive of the jackal, he considers that there are three
wild species in Europe, and Western Asia, which have contributed to produce the
varieties of our domestic dog, at present known.

APPENDIX. 29}

CANES VENATICI. Cuass I.

CANES BELLICOSI orn PUGNACES.

Quibus est audacia preceps. Gratii Halieut.
vs. 98.

The type of this class is given by Gratius in the following lines,
which must be taken as a general description, requiring some lati-

tude in its application to individuals : 1

Sint celsi vultus, sint hirte frontibus aures, Gratii Cyneg.
Os magnum, et patulis agitatos morsibus ignes Wee; 269.
Spirent, adstricti succingant ilia ventres,

Cauda brevis, longumque latus, discretaque collo
Cesaries, non pexa nimis, non frigoris illa
Impatiens: validis tum surgat pectus ab armis,
Quod magnos capiat motus, magnisque supersit.
Effuge, qui lata pandit vestigia planta,

Mollis in officio, siccis ego dura lacertis

Crura velim, et solidos hec in certamina calces,

By its side we may place its counterpart in Greek ;—for, notwith-
standing the Oppianic sketch has been appropriated by Bodinus to
the Albanese, it certainly may be viewed in a broader light, as a
picture in outline of the whole pugnacious family, without reference
to individuals :

θοῦροι δ᾽ αὖθ᾽ ἕτεροι, τοῖσιν μενεδήϊος ἀλκὴ, Oppian. Cyneg.
ὕσσοι καὶ ταύροισιν ἐπέχραον jhiryeveios, L. 1. 418.
καὶ σύας ὑβριστῆρας ἐπαΐξαντες ὄλεσσαν

ὅσσοι μηδὲ λέοντας ἑοὺς τρείουσιν ἄνακτας,

ζατρεφέες, πρώνεσσιν ἐοικότες ἀκρολόφοισι.

σιμύτεροι μὲν ἔασι προσώπατα, δεινὰ δ᾽ ὕπερθε

νεύει ἐπισκυνίοισι μεσόφρυα, καὶ πυρόεντες

ὀφθαλμοὶ χαροπῇσιν ὑποστίλβοντες ὑπωπαῖο"

ῥινὸς ἅπας λάσιος, κρατερὸν δέμας, εὐρέα νῶτα’

κραιπνοὶ δ᾽ ov τελέθουσιν, ἀτὰρ μένος ἔνδοθι πολλὸν

καὶ σθένος ἄφραστον, κραδίη καὶ θυμὸς ἀναιδής.

1. We may suppose the muzzle in this class more or less truncated, and the capa-
city of the cranium diminished, But the sketches of physical structure are too
superficial in the ancient cynegetica to found a classification on the principle of
M. F. Cuvier.

P. Angelii
Bargei Cyneg.
L. v.

Gratii Halieut.
vs. 73.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 155.

De Quad. Dig.
Vivip. L. 111.

299 APPENDIX.

The introduction of a third, more recent portrait, will be justified
by the chaste Latinity of Peter Angelio, and the faithful accuracy of
his pen:

Tile tibi ingentes tauros aggressus, et ursos

Sistat, et imposito fugientes vulnere tardet :

Cui summe pendent aures, cui laxa superne

Labra fluant, cui vultus atrox, cui maxima cervix,
Obtusumque caput, pressumque ante omnia rostrum :
Praterea magnique pedes, unguesque recurvi :
Molle solum, sublime femen, suppressior alvus :
Ipsaque rectorum longa internodia crurum :

Spina duplex, pingues lumbi, color helvus,! honestum
Pectus: et ὃ patulis effet qui naribus ignem,
Latratu quoties sylvas implevit, et amplo

Pectore conceptas subitus decurrit ad iras.

Tum vero splendent oculi, collumque tumescit,

Et caudam crebro villosa in terga retorquet.

The quarry of these savage hounds consisted of animals more fero-
cious than their assailants—such as

Trahit in preceps non sana ferocia mentis.

Following the order of the poetical manual, to which we are
indebted for our first-cited outline of the race, the Mede and Celt
arrest our earliest attention, followed by the Ser, Lycaonian, Hyrca-
nian, Briton, Molossian, and others:

magna indocilis dat prelia Medus,

Magnaque diversos extollit gloria Celtas.?

The Persian appears to have been a connecting link between the
pugnacious and sagacious classes, though his neighbours of Media

1. Aldrovandus explains color helvus as ‘‘ medius inter rufum et album ”’—fawn.

2. The epithet ‘‘ diversos” may indicate remoteness of birth-place as explained
by Johnson ; or difference of character as hinted by Wase—Gallia being far distant
from Media, and the Celtic dog being sagacious as well as pugnacious, and therefore
differing from the ‘‘ indocilis Medus,” whose character was that of mere truculency,
unredeemed by the least sagacity.

APPENDIX. 223

and Hyreania were a purely savage breed. The Persian was a

mongrel variety—
Perses in utroque paratus.

The character of the ‘indocilis Medus” we may infer from A#lian’s
description, already cited, of the men and horses of the country—
which at the conclusion he also extends to the dogs — ταῦτά τοι καὶ
περὶ τῶν κυνῶν ἔπεισι νοεῖν μοι. The latter were fierce, impetuous,
and of great size.

There is evidently no connexion between the Celt of Gratius
and κύνες Κελτικαὶ of Arrian, though deriving their name from the
same source, and seemingly of the same country. The former
were originally perhaps the only varieties of the canine species in-
mates of the kennels of Gaul,

Gallia cum pridem coleret devota Dianam,

the sagacious and swift-footed hounds being subsequently admitted
therein ;—but not until the older mode of hunting ferocious animals
with savage dogs had fallen into disrepute, from the superior attrac-
tion of the improved style; or into disuse, from the gradual ex-
tirpation of beasts of prey. As the latter disappeared, or were
driven into remote fastnesses, we may suppose the more timid and
fugacious creatures supplied their place; and, multiplying in the
ratio of the others’ diminution, afforded abundant quarry to the
Vertragus, and the archetype of the chien courant of modern
France.

How beautifully are the more innoxious sports of sylvan life, and
superior claims of the hare and deer hunt, touched by Ovid in the
fable of Venus and Adonis. The goddess of love turns huntress :

Per juga, per sylvas, dumosaque saxa vagatur

Nuda genu, vestem ritu succincta Diane :
Hortaturque canes ; tuteque animalia prede,

Aut pronos lepores, aut celsum in cornua cervum,
Aut agitat damas; a fortibus abstinet apris.
Raptoresque lupos, armatosque unguibus ursos
Vitat, et armenti saturatos cede leones.

Te quoque, ut hos timeas (si quid prodesse monendo
Possit) Adoni, monet. ‘ Fortisque fugacibus esto,’

Kjusd. vs. 158.

De Naturd
Animal.
Dearrrmeses 1

Savary Venat.
Cervin. Leges.
L.1.

Ovid. Metam,
ΤΠ αι 557.

Sir A. Golding
Ovid’s Metam.
B. 10.

Strabo L. tv.
p- 138.

224 APPENDIX.

Inquit ; ‘in audaces non est audacia tuta,

« Parce meo, juvenis, temerarius esse periclo .

« Neve feras, quibus arma dedit natura, lacesse ;

« Stet mihi ne magno tua gloria. Non movet ztas,
‘ Nec facies, nec que Venerem movére, leones

‘ Setigerosque sues, oculosque animosque ferarum.
« Fulmen habent acres in aduncis dentibus apri ;

« Impetus est fulvis et vasta leonibus ira.’

No wonder that the Celtic people by degrees discontinued the
warlike chase, fraught with innumerable perils, and substituted the
harmless pursuit of fugacious quarry, with keen-scented and swift-
footed hounds, according to the injunctions of the meretricious queen

to her disobedient ‘‘ sweete boy :”

Pursuing game of hurtlesse sort, as hares made lowe before,
Or stagges with lofty heades, or buckes ;—

which, in the days of Arrian, constituted their principal field sport.

* Julius Pollux, in his Onomasticon, mentions the Celtic war-dogs,
and Oppian also includes Καὶ ελτοὶ in the muster-roll of his first eyne-
getic.! It is probable that they were a-kin to those of ancient
Britain; for we are told by Strabo, who lived soon after Gratius,
that the exports from this island to Gaul consisted of δέρματα, kai
ἀνδράποδα, καὶ κύνες evpueis πρὸς τὰς κυνηγεσίας. Κελτοὶ δὲ καὶ πρὸς
τοὺς πολέμους χρῶνται, καὶ τούτοις, καὶ τοῖς ἐπιχωρίοις. Whence it
appears that the Celts had native Canes Venatici which they
employed in war,’ as well as those imported from Britain.s In this

1. Belin de Ballu appears to consider the Oppianic Κελτοὶ Segusian hounds of
scent, and not war-dogs, See his Animadversiones in Oppian. L. 1. vs. 373. Did the
poet include under the term Κελτοὶ all the various sorts of hounds supposed indi-
genous of Celtica—the war-dogs, the Vertragi, Segusii, and hybrids of Pliny? No
country of antiquity affords such numerous varieties of the canine species as Gaul ;
and as the inhabitants are by the Greeks called Κελτοὶ, by the Romans Galli, and
sometimes synonymously with the latter, Celte ; so may Oppian, an eastern Greek,
include under the term Κελτοὶ the various subdivisions of the canine tribe, throughout
the whole territory of Gaul, however distinguished by earlier writers, either as indi-
genous of peculiar localities, or characterized by dissimilar qualities.

2. The high antiquity of the Canes Venatici of Gaul, espoused by Jaques du

APPENDIX. am

adaptation of canine ferocity the Celte were not peculiar; but as
dogs, thus applied, can scarce be considered in their sporting
character, it is unuecessary to multiply citations. Let the few
instances hereafter adduced suffice on this head. Whether these
Celtic dogs are the Gallic hybrids of the natural historian I cannot
say: “ hoc idem,” says Pliny, ““ ἃ lupis Galli, quorum greges suum
quisque ductorem ἃ canibus et Lyciscam habent. Illum in venatu
comitantur, illi parent. Namque inter se exercent etiam magis-
teria.” There were whole packs of these dogs in every chase or
forest, ‘‘ that had for their leader some particular demi-wolf, which
the rest accompanied in hunting, obeyed, and were directed by;
keeping an order among themselves of government and mastership.”
Gratius mentions, in the next place, the Ser, the Lycaonian or
Arcadian, the Hyrcanian, and the union of the latter with the
tiger.
Sunt qui Seras alant, genus intractabilis ire ;
At contra faciles, magnique Lycaones armis.

The Sere were a nation of AEthiopia near the origin of the Nile,
and also of India between the Indus and Hydaspes: but ‘ the
famous Ser were a people of Asia, the farthest to the east beyond
China towards Scythia without Imaus,” according to Wase’s
geography of Gratius. As the poet does not record the fame of the
Canes Indici under their usual denomination, we may consider the
Seric dog as the redoubted Indian—*‘ genus intractabilis ire.”

The Indian dog is noticed by Herodotus, Aristotle, Xenophon,
Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Plutarch, Pollux, Alian, Athenzus, The-

Fouilloux in the first chapter of his Vénerie— De la race et antiquité des chiens
courans, et qui premiérement Jes amena en France,” will amuse such of my
readers as may think his work worth referring to. Deducing the breed from the
kennel of Brutus, (the son of Sylvius, the son of Ascanius, the son of Aineas) under
whose fostering care les chiens courans et lévriers were exported from the Trojan
territory, Fouilloux exhibits the very vessel of transportation, with its canine cargo
aboard.

3. Itisa generally received opinion that the pugnacious and sagacious dogs of
Britain were constantly exported to Gaul; and Janus Vlitius remarks that the same
practice continued within his knowledge.

“ 2F

L. νι. c. 40.
ex Viti
Emend,

Gratii Cyneg.
vs, 159.

La Vénerie de
Jaques du
Fouilloux. c. 1.

Venatio
Novantiqua.

Xenophon.
de Venat. c. 1x.

fElian. de
Natur. Animal.
LiewilteCeil.

Ovid. Metam.
L. 11. 140.

Polluc. Orom.
Die το ος ν- 90.

fElian. de Nat.
Animal,
L. 1v. Ὁ: 19.

Plutarch.

p- 1787.
Ed. Steph.

Brodzi Annot.
in Oppian.
Ρ. 43.

Vulgar Errors,
&c. B. 1.

226

APPENDIX.

mistius, and Phile, among the Greeks; and by Pliny, Solinus, and
Quintus Curtius, among the Latins. The size, strength, speed, and
courage of this dog induced Xenophon to recommend him for boar and
deer hunting—eioi yap ἰσχυραὶ, μεγάλαι, ποδώκεις, οὐκ ἄψυχοι, says this
experienced sportsman; and /Elian adds to his good qualities
keenness of sight or scent in tracking—evyeveis καὶ ἴχνη καταγνῶναι
θηρίων ἀγαθαὶ, κι τ. A. J. Pollux, on the authority of Nicander,
derives the Canes Indici from Actzon’s pack; who, when they
had recovered from their madness, ‘* satiate sanguine herili,”
passed the Euphrates, and wandered into India. He particularly
distinguishes them from the Hyrcanian, with which they have
Both the last-mentioned

authors, and also Plutarch, would have us believe that the lion

been by some historians confounded.

was the only antagonist with whom this courageous dog would
willingly contend : — τῶν δὲ ἄλλων Φώων ὑπερφρονοῦντα πάντων, Says
Plutarch ; and A€lian affirms his victory over the lion ; but Themis-
tius adds the pard to his chosen antagonists, to the exclusion of
inferior combatants, as wolves and foxes. Fable however and history
are so closely blended in the records of canine biography, that we
And did we not relieve
ourselves by incredulity, the marvellous tale of patient courage

are compelled occasionally to doubt.

narrated by Allian, as manifested by this fierce animal, would make
It is found in detail in the first
chapter of his eighth book de Natura Animalium,! and succinctly
copied by Pollux in the fifth chapter of the fifth book of his Onoma-

sticon.

us shudder at the bare recital.

The cruel experiment, transmitted to us by Dr. Goldsmith, as
having been practised on the British Molossus, is quite eclipsed by
this more barbarous exhibition of the innate fortitude of the dog of |
India.

test of patient courage was the amputation of the tail, and the

For in the latter case, the commencement of the inhuman
conclusion decollation. The legs of the poor brute were successively
cut off, one by one, without his quitting his hold of the lion, his
chosen antagonist :—and when at last the neck was severed from the

1. “ Wherein,” says Sir Thomas Brown very justly, ‘ are contained many things
suspicious, not a few false, some impossible.”

APPENDIX. 227

body, the teeth still adhered with the trunkless, but still mordacious
head, (credat Judeus,) suspended to the wound. But let the credulous
story-teller speak for himself :—xai τελευτῶντες τῆς κεφαλῆς τὸ λοιπὸν
σῶμα ἀφεῖλον" ὀδόντες δὲ ἐκείνῃ ἤρτηντο τῆς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀντιλαβῆς, καὶ ἡ
κεφαλὴ ἠωρεῖτο μετέωρος ἐκ τοῦ λέοντος, αὐτοῦ μέντοι τοῦ δακόντος ἐξ
ἀρχῆς οὐκ ἔτι ὄντος. The dog like the British bull-dog was memo-
rable for never quitting his hold—a feature in his ferocious character
remarked by Phile in his iambic versification of Adlian’s marvellous
tale.

mayTds κυνὸς μέγιστος, Ἰνδὸς πᾶς κύων.

ὃς οὐδὲ τὸν λέοντα παρόντα τρέμει,
ἀνθίσταται δὲ, καὶ σφριγᾷ πρὸς τὴν μάχην,
καὶ τοῖς βρυχηθμοῖς ἀνθυλακτεῖ συντόμως,
ἐγκείμενον δὲ καρτερεῖ τὸν αὐθάδη.

καὶ δάκνεται μὲν, ἀντιδάκνει δὲ πλέον.
τέλος δὲ τοῦ τένοντος αὐτὸν ἁρπάσας,
ῥίπτει κατὰ γῆς, καὶ σπαράττει, καὶ θλίβει.
κἄν τις ἐπελθὼν ἀποκόψῃ τὸ σκέλος

τῷ τὸν μέγαν ἄγχοντι, καὶ πρὶν γεννάδαν,

μόλις ὃ νεκρὸς ὑπανήσει τὸ στόμα.

In the scarce plates of Stradan, engraven by Galle, there is a
picture of the Canis [ndicus, as I conceive, fighting with the ele-
phant and lion. The annexed quatrain, by Kilian Dufiieus, suffi-
ciently explains it, but is not worthy of citation. The following
poetical portrait, however, by a far better scholar, will be read with
pleasure, whether viewed as delineating the Indian, or his congener,
the Albanian :

— si aliqua ὃ sylvis sese fera nobilis altis
Offeret, et campo bellum committit aperto,
(Degeneris neque enim letatur sanguine prede)
Vim canis egregiam, atque acres mirabere pugnas.
Vidimus assuetos inter deserta ferarum
Nequicquam immanes irasci in cornua tauros.
Sternere ludus apros, nec totam excandet in iram,
Si rigidis pugnent informes unguibus ursi.
Gaudet atrox magni fremitum si forté leonis
Audiat, et celeri rapitur per devia cursu,

Ac formidando metuendus obambulat hosti,
Villose donec cervici adnisus inheret,
Sanguineaque feram morientem extendit arena.

Elian. de Nat.
Animal.
i. Vint. ὃ. I's

De Animal.
Proprietate. De
cane Indico.
Ρ. 148.

Venationes
Ferarum, &c.
pl. tv.

Hercul. Stroze
Cesar. Borgie
Ducis Epiced.

Hist. Natur.

EE. Vill. G. XL.

Poet Latini
Minores.
Tom. v. P. τὸ
Wernsdorf.

De Nugis
Curialium
TE. 1. 6. τν.

to
bo
OC

APPENDIX.

Acritis exultans vastos in pralia barros
Provocat, et tantam (dictu mirabile) molem
Sternit ; at ingentem procumbens ille ruinam
Per dumosa trahit, garritu tesqua sonoro

Dissultant, gliscitque gravis venantibus horror.

Bodin supposes Oppian to allude to the Canis Indicus in his 1st
Cynegetic, vs. 413.; but as the poet does not mention any name,
and particularly specifies a want of speed in the dogs he describes, I
should rather refer his sketch to the Molossian or true Epirote, (if it
must have a particular application,) than to the Indian or Albanian.
I have no doubt, however, that it is, as already stated, a general
description of the pugnacious type, and therefore includes both
Indian and Molossian.

Many of the anecdotes of the Indian dog are promiscuously told
of the Albanian, Iberian, and Hyrcanian; and it certainly is diffi-
cult to point out any distinctive characters between them. Of the
latter I shall presently speak, in the rotation in which he is recorded
by Gratius. The Albanian and Iberian are undoubtedly consimi-
lars, strongly impregnated with the Molossian cast—natives of the
Asiatic district indifferently called Iberia and Albania. They are
celebrated by modern travellers as much as by classic historical
and cynegetical writers. Pliny does not name the country of the
dog ““ inusitata’ magnitudinis” given to Alexander by a king of
Albania ;1 though it would be a fair conclusion that the dog was of

1. To this dog Priscian alludes in his Periegesis, vs. 706. :

Hic sunt Albani bellaces marte feroci;

Unde canes nati superant genus omne ferarum.
Magnus Alexander missum sibi viderat inde
Victorem barrique canem, rapidique leonis :—

and John of Salisbury celebrates the race in his Policraticus; the merits of the
breed losing nothing of its lustre, but rather gaining, in the prose narration :-
‘¢ Albani quidem in Asia canes habent leonibus fortiores : eos virtute canum, et suz
gentis artificio, quasi imbelles bestiolas populantur. Canibus quidem illis nulla
ferarum fortior, nulla animosior est. Hos Hercules, tergemino Geryone victo, ab
Italia trajecit in Asiam, eis virtutem qua leones sternerent, quasi hereditariam dere-

linquens,” ἄς,
q ᾽

APPENDIX. 229

the same country as the king. Yet Strabo, notwithstanding he
commemorates the prowess of the Albanian race of dogs, particu-
larly notes that those presented to the king of Macedonia were
Indian ; and he is supported by Plutarch, Diodorus Siculus, and
Julius Pollux, differing somewhat in the historical detail. Soli#hus,
for the most part a copyist of Pliny and Strabo, is, on this occasion,
it may be, mistaken in assigning to them an Albanian origin.
Speaking of the Albanese, he says: ‘* Apud hos populos nati canes
feris anteponuntur, frangunt tauros, leones premunt, detinent quid-
quid objectum : quibus ex causis meruerunt etiam annalibus tradi.
Legimus petenti Indiam Alexandro, ἃ rege Albaniz dono duos mis-
sos,” &c.—and again, ““ Hoc genus canes crescunt ad formam am-
plissimam, terrificis latratibus ultra rugitus insonantes.” May we
not reconcile these statements by considering the Albanese dogs of
the Latin historians—Pliny, Solinus, and Curtius—the Indians of
the Greek authors—-Strabo, Plutarch, Diodorus, H#lian, and Pol-
lux—and the Albania of the former, the India of the latter? The
inhabitants of Albania and India were both excessively addicted to
hunting—Onpevrekoi re καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ κύνες αὐτῶν eis ὑπερβολήν.

The Iberian dog is mentioned by Julius Pollux, Oppian, and
Nemesian— the latter poet merely saying the breed is not to be de-

spised by sportsmen ;

Nec tibi Pannonice stirpis temnatur origo,
Nec quorum proles de sanguine manat Ibero ;

and the former recommending it to be crossed with Sarmatian blood,
Σαρματικόν τε πόσιν φορέοις πρὸς ᾿Ιβηρίδα νύμφην.

Darcius records the strength, courage, and velocity of the Albanian
breed ;

Adde etiam Albanos, qui quantum viribus apris
Occursare valent, fulvosque equare leones,
Et vasto indomitos certamine frangere tauros,

Aligeras tantum cursu prevertere damas ;

and two lines below mentions the dogs, ‘* quos dives Iberia pascit,”
as if distinct from the Albanese—which, if Asiatic, they certainly
resembled. It is, however, possible, that Darcius may allude to

Strabo L. xv.

C.J. Solini
Polyhistor.
ὍΣ Ἐν:

Vide Bodini
Comment. in

Oppian. p. 63.

Strabo L, xr.

Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 126.

Oppian. Cyneg.

L. 1. 397.

Darcii
Venusini
Canes.

Brodei
Annotationes
in Oppian.

Jones’s
Oppian’s
Halieutics.

Oppian.
Halieut.
L. 111. 623.

Valerii Flacci
Argonaut.
L. νι. 107.

P. Angelii
Bargei Cyneg.
L.v.

295 APPENDIX.

European Iberia, or Spain. Indeed, the geographical appropriation
of Oppian’s Iberian dogs is doubtful in the opinion of commenta-
tors. Brodzus assigns the Iberian horse of Oppian (Cyn. I. vs. 284.)
to Asia; but the people mentioned by the poet under the same
name, in connexion with the Celts, in the episode at the conclusion
of his second Halieutic, are evidently inhabitants of Western Europe.
And again—his description of the tunnies ‘‘ rushing from th’ Atlan-

?

tic deep,” into the Mediterranean, and of their subsequent capture

along its shores, places the [berians a second time in the West :

Tovad ἤτοι πρῶτον μὲν Ἰβηρίδος ἔνδοθεν %Auns
ἀνέρες ἀγρώσσουσι βίῃ κομόωντες Ἴβηρες.
δεύτερα δὲ “Podavoio παρὰ στόμα θηρητῆρες
Κελτοὶ, κι. τ. A.

however, whether Asiatic or European, it is sufficient for our classi-
fication that the dogs were of the pugnacious class.

The modern representative of the classical Albanese occupies a
more extensive district than his ferocious prototype, who was con-
fined to the region between Colchos and Armenia; whereas his
descendant is found in Macedonia, Illyria, Chaonia, and Epirus.

Of the classical Albanian, in his character of a dog of war, Vale-
rius Flaccus has left us the following very animated description :

Insequitur Drangwa phalanx, claustrisque profusi
Caspiade ; queis turba canum non segnius acres
Exilit ad lituos, pugnasque capessit heriles :

Inde etiam par mortis honos ; tumulisque recepti
Inter avos, positusque virim: nam pectora ferro
Terribilesque innexa jubas ruit agmine nigro
Latratuque cohors: quanto sonat horrida Ditis

Janua, vel superas Hecates comitatus ad auras.

And the fame of his tribe, as spread over these countries at large, is
celebrated by the chaste poet of Barga in his 5th Cynegeticon, with
the same song, decies repetita, of leonine and elephantine quarry :

Quid ! tibi si, quarum concursu exhorruit Argo,
Ceruleis sparsas adeam Symplegadas undis,
Cappadocumque oras, et inhospita Colchidos arva,
Atque iter ad duros contendam pergere Iberos :
Caspiaque Albanis quondam regnata tyrannis

APPENDIX. 931

Littora? et extremi pratervehar ostia Sarni :

O quales, quantosque canes, quam fortia bello
Pectora, quam certd prolem virtute valentem
Inde legam ? sola illa uros, sola illa leones

Invadit, sola aggreditur dignata elephantos.

Opportunity offers, in introducing the dog of Arcadia to the
reader’s notice, of speaking of the semiferous race of lupine dogs, the
demi-wolves of the ancient Cynegetica.1. The cross of the wolf and
dog is of considerable antiquity; indeed the belief of its existence
may be traced very generally through the popular works of the
classic ages. Under the Spartan dog, in the second class, I shall
again allude to hybrid dogs, and refer to Mr. Hunter’s paper on the
subject in the Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Αἱ
present, it may be stated that the cross of the wolf and domestic dog
is an established one, and that the breed, so obtained, has been car-
ried forward for many generations. Aristotle, I believe, first re-
marked the sexual intercourse of these congeners in Cyrene; and,
from the fact as stated by him, Cardan (‘‘ a great inquirer after Vulgar Errors.
truth, but too greedy a receiver of it,” according to Sir Thomas Ente
Brown,) inferred the gradual degeneration of wolves into the canine

> says Brodzus in Oppianum, ‘ mutud

type.2 “ Ut lupos et canes,’
coire fatear, Diodori, Ovidii, (‘ Deque lupo concepta Nape,’) ac
complurium facit auctoritas.” As the mule is born from the horse
and ass, remarks Galen, so a mixed breed may be generated from

the wolf and dog. The race of old reported to have been sprung

1. Arcadia boasted not these as her only ferine crosses—@vAa O@npouryj—for in the Pind. Pyth.
country of Lycaon, too, in all their glory, rode the στρατὸς θαυμαστὸς of semi-human 1. 11 85.
centaurs, lords of the chase, around mount Pholvoe,

ἀμφὶ πόδας Φολόης ἀνεμώδεος ἄγρια φῦλα oe ἫΝ neg:
A : ν δ τις ὧς
θηρομιγῆ, μερόπων μὲν ἐπ᾽ ἰξύας, ἰξυόφιν δὲ
ἵππων ἡμιβρότων.
2. Scaliger denies the inference — ‘‘ Possunt quidem lupi mitiores fieri, sed Exercitat.
nunquam lupinam formam, et totalem feritatem exuent, quemadmodum et plante 202.

novo cultu mitescunt.”

3. Both these hybrid productions are alluded to, in his wonted strain of disgust, ΕἾ ¢ Agrippa
e incert. 6
by the misanthropic Agrippa, in his 73rd chapter, de Agricultura. Want o- siete

Scaliger.

Simonides
emendatus, ex
Polluc. Onom.

L. v. 47.

Cyneg. vs, 160.

Ovid. Metam.
L. 1. 198.

Vide Pausan.
in Arcad. ὁ. II.

Euripidis
Bacche.

La Chasse
du Loup.

c. VIII.

Dore APPENDIX.

from the latter connexion was that of Arcadia, the Lycaonian ;
thence called, peradventure, Lycas by Simonides, and Lycisca by
Virgil and Ovid—* Mista lupo canis est signata voce Lycisca.” 1
That the Lycas of the canine epitaph was of lupine origin, we may
conjecture from the name; but the Cean poet specifying other loca-
lities as the scenes of his hound’s exploits in life, and Pollux calling
her Avxada τὴν Θεττάλην, some other kennel may put forward a
claim, instead of that of Arcadia, for the honour of the breed ; or
the name may be merely an appellative distinction, unconnected

with lineage ;—still the monumental elegy is deserving of citation :

ἢ σεῦ καὶ φθιμένας, AcdK «ὀστέα THD ἐνι τύμβῳ
ἴσκω ἔτι τρομεέιν θῆρας, ἄγρωσσα Λυκάς.
τὰν δ᾽ ἀρετὰν οἶδεν μέγα Πήλιον, ἅτ᾽ ἀρίδηλοϑ

Ὄσσσα Κιθαιρῶνός οἰονόμοι σκοπιαί.

Gratius contrasts the docility of Lycaonian dogs, the Τεγεῆται of
Oppian, with the intractability of the Indian,

᾿

At contra faciles magnique Lycaones armis.

The breed of the northern part of Peloponnesus, having been of
great note, and the son of Pelasgus (“ notus feritate Lycaon 77)
having been converted into a wolf—the first subject, it may be, of
lycanthropy—the dogs indifferently called Arcadian and Lycaonian,
were probably, says C. Wase, ‘ heirs of his own body naturally
begotten.” Many Arcadian hounds are found in the Ovidian pack,
among the mistaken pursuers of the unfortunate son of Aristeus—

(ὃν ὠμοσίτοι σκύλακες, ἃς ἐθρέψατο,

διεσπάσαντο κρείσσον᾽ ἐν Kuvnylats, )

possessed of great speed and resolution :

1. In the rare tract of Jean de Clamorgan, I find a practical remark to the point:
«« Noterez que j’ay veu quelquefois que les levriers font difficulté de prendre une
loupe chaude, ains la veulent saillir et covrir comme une chienne: mais s'il y a aux

cours quelque bonne levriére, elle la prendra par envie et jalousie.”

APPENDIX. 233

Inde ruunt alii rapid velocits aura,

Pamphagus, et Dorceus, et Oribasus, Arcades omnes,

Nebrophonosque valens, et trux cum Lelape Theron,

Et pedibus Pterelas, et naribus utilis Agre,

Hyleusque fero nuper percussus ab apro,

Deque lupo concepta Nape, pecudesque secuta

Pemenis, et natis comitata Harpyia duobus,

Et substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon ;

Et Dromas, et Canace, Sticteque, et Tigris, et Alce,
' Et niveis Leucon, et villis Asbolus atris,

Prevalidusque Lacon, et cursu fortis Aéllo,

Et Thous, et Cyprio velox cum fratre Lycisca.

The poet elsewhere bestows on the hound of Arcadia the local epi-
thet of Menalian, from Mount Menalus—

Menalius lepori det sua terga canis.

Is it not probable that some of the hounds of chase, bestowed by
the Arcadian God on the Goddess of hunting, were culled by his
goatish majesty from the kennels of the country of Lycaon, where
Pan himself gratified his sporting ardour ? —- the brace of pie-balled
—the leash of long-eared—and the spotted hound ?

τὶν δ᾽ ὃ γενειήτης δύο μὲν κύνας ἥμισυ πηγοὺς,
τρεῖς δὲ πόρ᾽ ovatlous, ἕνα δ᾽ αἰόλον" οἵ ῥα λέοντας
αὐτοὺς αὖ ἐρύοντες, ὅτε δράξαιντο δεράων,

εἷλκον ἔτι ζώοντας ἐπ᾽ αὐλίον.

The other seven which Pan contributed to Dian’s pack, being
θάσσονες αὐράων, and destined for more timid quarry, are placed
under the Spartan family, of which they were the fleetest members.
Whether all the dogs ““ of Arcas kinde,” as sings Sir Arthur
Golding in his ‘‘ worke very pleasant and delectable,” were demi-
wolves, and ‘‘ gaunt as any grewnd,” I cannot take on myself to
decide ; but it is a fair inference, from the evidence adduced, that
lupi-canine crosses predominated, in all their ferocity, in the kennels
of Arcadia—not indeed to the exclusion of canine indigene of pure
blood, but enough to give a ferine character to the general type.

1. Blondus, in his ‘ Libellus de Canibus et Venatione,’ remarks on the breed of
demi-wolves, as they are called by Shakespeare, that this cross was not had recourse

eG

Ovid. Metam.
L. 111. 209.

Artis Amator.
eis

Callimach.
H. in Dian,
vs. 90.

Golding’s
Ovid’s Metam,
By rr.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 159.

P. A. Bargei
Cyneg. L. v.

The Governour.
BR τ ΟΣ ποῖ.

Aristot. Hist.
Animal.
Πρ 111. 6. 98.

Wase’s
Illustrations,
&c. of Gratius.
p- 67.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 167.

Parry’s
1st Voyage of
Discovery.
Appendix.

234 APPENDIX.

The Hyrcanian, savage as he was, is reported to have increased
his natural ferocity by engendering with the tiger :

Sed non Hyrcane satis est vehementia genti
Tanta; suis petiére ultro fera semina sylvis.
Dat Venus accessus, et blando foedere jungit.
Tunc et mansuetis tuto ferus errat adulter

In stabulis, ultréque gravis succedere tigrim

Ausa canis, majore tulit de sanguine fetum,

And to the subsequent generations of this cross Bargeus gives speed
in pursuit, and courage in attack :

Sic itaque immanes duxére ὃ tigride mores
Hyrcani, quibus exuti post deinde nepotes
Sive ursos, sive illi apros vidére minaces,

Accurrunt celeres, et aperto marte lacessunt.

The breed of Hyrcania, having escaped the notice of Aristotle and
his copyist Pliny, is of course omitted by Solinus, (whose work
entitled Polyhistor, however ‘‘ mervaylous delectable” in the
opinion of Sir Thomas Elyot, is a mere breviary of the twice-told
tales of the too credulous Roman naturalist,) but the same fabulous
union with the tiger is recorded by them as the parent stock of the
Indian dog. May not the Indian and Hyrcanian, though separated

to in his days, because it was not wanted— tanta feritate et astutid non egemus :”’
but Wase bears testimony to its historical notoriety. ‘* From the experience of this
country,” says he, ‘ that semifera proles, or whelps, that come of the commixture of
a bitch with a dog-wolf, is verified, called anciently lycisce ; and this ill quality they
find inherent to that sort of dogs, that they can by no way of bringing up be restrained
from preying upon cattle—‘ sed praceps virtus ipsa venabitur aula’—by which they
have merited to be esteemed criminal before they be whelped; and there is a law in
that behalf, which straitly enjoins, that if any bitch be limed with a wolf, either she
must be hanged immediately, or her puppies must be made away : this may serve to
avouch somewhat, all that character which Gratius gives of the semiferous mongrels,
of his Hyrcanian and the Tiger.”

By the occurrences which took place at Melville Island, recorded in the Appendix
of Capt. Parry's Ist Voyage, we have clear proof that even an undomesticated wolf, '
in its natural and wild state, will have intercourse with a domestic dog.

APPENDIX. 235

by Athenzus and Pollux, have been deemed identical by the Stagi- Deipnosoph.

rite ?1—To the tiger-cross of Irak, the compound epithet λεοντομιγεῖς SS
is applied by the learned grammarian just cited, as if the ‘ fera Pollucis
Onomast.

semina” of the first connexion were leonine, The ferocity of the 7 en’),
breed, contrasted with the timidity of the stag, affords an argument
to Lucretius against the Pythagorean doctrine of a promiscuous

transmigration of souls :

Quod si immortalis foret, et mutare soleret Lucretii

πα ant ; L. 11. 748.
Corpora, permistis animantes moribus essent : 74

Effugeret canis Hyrcano de semine sepé

Cornigeri incursum cervi, &c.

By the archbishop of Thessalonica the Canes Hyrcani are men-
tioned amongst the ἐπίσημα κυνῶν γένη of his commentary on Homer
(ad Hiad. ρ΄.) but they are not found in either of the poems; nor,
indeed, do I remember in the Iliad or Odyssey any dogs distinctively
marked by their geographical appellations.

The plaintive wailing of the old nurse, Carmé, over her daughter,
the nymph Britomartis,

ἐλλοφόνον Βριτόμαρτιν, ἐὔσκοπον" 7s ποτὲ Μίνως H. in Dian.

πτοιηθεὶς ὑπ᾽ ἔρωτι κατέδραμεν οὔρεα Κρήτης, vik τεῷ

1. The contiguity of India to Hyrcania, and the latter abounding with tigers, may
be the cause of the same tale being told by Aristotle and Pliny of the tigri-canine
cross of India, as by Gratius of that of Hyrcania. Both are of course purely
fabulous. Whatever loss the fierce dog of Irak may occasion to pastoral property,
herds and flocks—he is still to be cherished for his superior prowess in the savage
hunt :—

Sed preceps virtus ipsa venabitur aula : Gratii Cyneg.
Ille tibi et pecudum multo cum sanguine crescet ; vs. 107.
Pasce tamen, quecunque domi tibi crimina fecit,

Excutiet silva magnus pugnator adepta.

The people of Hyrcania fostered their savage race of dogs for the express purpose, De curand.

amongst others, of devouring the bodies of the dead—a practice noticed by Theodoret pee affect.
erm. 1X.

as being discontinued by them and the Caspians after their conversion to Chris- De leg. p. 128

tianity.

Titus
Andronicus
Act Il. SC. 11.

Ciris vs. 307.

De Venat.
ΟΣ: τς

Oppian. Cyneg.
L. 1.374.

Anyta
Epidauna,apud
Scriptores Gre-

cos Minores.
Oxford, 1829.

Numismata
Sicilie et
Magne Grecize
(Dox vine
My se ere

236 APPENDIX.

in one of Virgil’s minor poems, amended by Heyne, refers very
pathetically to the companionship of the Hyrcanian dog in the moun-

tainous chase—
to climb the highest promontory top—

though associates from a Cretan kennel would have been more in
place—

Nunquam ego te summo volitantem in vertice montis
Hyrcanos interque canes agmenque ferarum
Conspiciam, nec te redeuntem amplexa tenebo.

The Locrian dog, much esteemed by Grecian sportsmen, is
particularly employed by Xenophon in the boar-chase ; but I know
not to which of the territories called Locris he should be appropriated,
nor whether common to all. Nor do I find in him properties suffi-
ciently characteristic of the family of bellicosi to place him here
with confidence—and yet I no where see him used in pursuit of timid
fugacious quarry.!_ Oppian (no authority for classification) intro-
duces him between the Egyptian and Molossian—here then let him
stand—fovkodiwr οὖροι, Aoxpot χαροποί τε Μολοσσοί. The following
beautiful little epitaph of Anyta is admitted, merely because its
subject, the fleetest of musical hounds, bears the name of Locris—

ὥλεο δήποτε καὶ σὺ πολύῤῥιζον mapa θάμνον,
Λοκρὶ φιλοφθόγγων ὠκυτάτα σκυλάκων,
τοῖον ἐλαφρίζοντι τεῷ ἐγκάτθετο κώλῳ

ἴον ἀμείλικτον ποικιλόδειρος ἔχις.

for I am by no means convinced that the title is any thing more
than an individual appellative (unconnected with locality) bestowed

1. The hare on the reverse of Locrian numismata cannot be considered as proof of
the pursuit of such quarry being the popular diversion of the country, nor as militating
against the Locrian hound’s introduction here ;—for the same impression occurs on
other coins—on those of the Falisci, a colony of Argos, and others—having reference
to historical or mythological subjects, unconnected with the field sports of the
country. |

APPENDIX. 237

by a Grecian lady, perhaps, on a valued pet. Darcius of Venusium
places the Locrian with the Arcadian, and others of the pugnacious
class.

Sunt et Locrenses catuli, sunt Arcades, atque

Cypria quos Salamis, quos dives Iberia pascit.

The Carthaginian poet alone has commemorated the “ acres
catuli” of Libya, his native country,

Quinetiam sicce Libyes in finibus acres
Gignuntur catuli, quorum non spreveris usum :

and from him probably, Fracastorius (a learned physician of Verona,
who wrote a short poem of some merit, ‘‘de curd canum,” eleven
centuries later,) may have derived the Canes Libyci of his Alcon,
recommended for the savage chase.

Nam rabidas si forté feras te cura tenebit
Venari, et variis caput objectare periclis ;
Spartana de stirpe tibi, de stirpe Moloss&
Quere canes, Libycos illis, acresque Britannos
Pannoniosque truces, et amantes prelia Celtas

Adde, nec Hyrcanos, nec Seras sperne feroces.

It cannot be granted to Conrad Gesner that the Libyan of the
African poet is the Metagon of Gratius; nor is the resemblance
between the former and the Egyptian of Oppian sufficiently clear
to justify an inference of identity. Indeed our materials for
forming a judgment are far too scanty. We know no more of
the ‘‘ Incola arundiferi Nili” of Natalis Comes than we cull from
the credulous historians of the Egyptian dog, Milian and Solinus,
relative to his fear of crocodiles. The former naturalist reports οἱ
μὲν ἄλλοι κύνες καὶ ἑλεῖν, καὶ ἀνιχνεῦσαι τὰ θηρία σοφοί" οἱ δὲ Αἰγύπ-
τιοι φυγεῖν δεινότατοι, κι τ. Ar. “Ε Nilo nunquam nisi currentes
lambitant. dum a crocodilis insidias cavent,”’ adds the author of
the Polyhistor.

The Pannonian breed of Canes bellicosi, of high courage, were
employed in actual war, as well as its mimicry the chase.
"Παίονες stand at the head of Oppian’s long catalogue, and, upon

Joan. Darcii
Venusini
Canes,

Nemesian,
Cyneg. vs. 128.

H. Fracastorii
Alcon,

De Venatione
eile

Elian. de
Nat. Animal.
Ἐπ γες Cana

Polyhistor.
Cc. XV.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L. 1. 395.

H. Fracastorii
Alcon,

Elian. Var.
Hist. Lcx0v.
c. 46.

De Nat. Anim.
1. ν ξ-
Ὁ. XXXVII.

Plin. L. vu.
c. 40.

J. Darcii
Venusini
Canes.

238

APPENDIX.

his principle of omnifarious commixture, are recommended to be
crossed with sagacious Cretans—

ἐπιμίσγεο Παίοσι Κρῆτας.

The Veronese poet makes a twofold distinction of the dogs of
in the

first class, he places the Pannonii truces, as already cited, adapted

Pannonia in his cynegetical effusion, entitled Alcon.

for the chase of fierce prey; in the second, Pannonti agiles, for
timid, innoxious quarry :

Si vero parvos lepores, capreasque fugaces
Malueris, timidosque sequi per devia cervos,
Delige Pannonios agiles, volucresque Sicambros.

The Pannonii truces are noticed by Julius Pollux, and also
their consimilars of Magnesia—both evidently of the Epirote
breed. The former are also mentioned by Nemesian, Cyneg. v. 126.

‘Elian characterizes the Magnesian war-hounds as gofepoé re, καὶ
ἄγριοι, καὶ ἐντυχεῖν ἀμείλικτοι; and states that the horsemen of
Magnesia,! in the Ephesian war, were each accompanied to the field
with a Canis Venaticus, the dogs collectively first assaulting the
enemy, backed by the pedestrian soldiers, and lastly by the cavalry;
who did not charge till the canine warriors προπηδῶντες ἐτάραττον τὴν
παρεμβολήν. The Μάγνητες are merely named by the poet of Ana-
zarbus, in his first Cynegetic, vs. 372.

Of all the pugnacious dogs of the classic file, the most renowned
were those bred on the continent of Epirus, and denominated, from

1. Οἱ Μαιάνδρῳ παροικοῦντες Μάγνητες. The same are mentioned by A®lian, in his
work de Natura Animalium, in conjunction with the Hyrcanians, as being attended
to battle by canine auxiliaries—kat ἣν καὶ τοῦτο συμμαχικὸν ἀγαθὸν αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐπι-
κουρικόν. And Pliny, speaking of the Colophonii and Castabalenses, says they had

“4 cohortes canum—fidissima auxilia, nec stipendiorum indigna,””

His Colophoniace (si vera est fama) phalanges
Auxiliis, hostem valido fregére duello:
Infaustoque olim cecidissent Caspia marte
Agmina, ni tali defensa cohorte fuissent.

APPENDIX. 239

one of its principal districts, Molossian: of which Aristotle records
two varieties, the one for ordinary hunting, the other for guarding
flocks, houses, and property. The fabled origin of the breed is con-
sistent with its high repute in the kennels of antiquity. For, on the
authority of Nicander, we are told by Julius Pollux, that the Epi-
rote was descended from the brazen dog, which Vulcan wrought for
Jupiter, and animated with all the functions of canine life—

καὶ ψυχὴν ἐνθεὶς δῶρον ἔδωκε Art.

Of this Molossian prototype the fortunate proprietors were, suc-
cessively, Europa, Minos, Procris, and Cephalus ; and, somehow or
other, as he passed from kennel to kennel, amidst heroines and he-
roes, or whilst in the temporary keeping of Diana, (who seemingly
bestowed him on Procris,) he was metamorphosed into a wolf-
greyhound, under the name and character of the Ovidian Lelaps.
See Class 111. Vertragus.

The prowess of the Canes Molossi rendered them most useful
auxiliaries in the field of battle ;1 and they were equally prized in
the contests of the circus and amphitheatre. Their war praises are
sung by the classic muse of Darcius, in a style worthy the purest age
of Roman literature, nor are their other merits forgotten by this
accomplished poet :

Diversa veniunt prestantes dote Molossi
Diversi ingeniis, non omnibus omnia prastat
Natura, at vario ludit discrimine morum, &c.

But our citations must be made from writers of an earlier date, and
the character of these dogs derived from coeval, or at least original,
sources. The attachment and fidelity of Epirotes to their masters
formed a remarkable feature of their tribe—so much so, that Statius
tells us the soldiers of Molossia wept over their faithful canine com-
panions, slain in war:

1. Alian tells us of a war-dog, perliaps an Epirote, συστρατιώτην kiva—who so
distinguished himself with his Athenian lord at the battle of Marathon, as to be
honoured with an effigy on the same tablet with his master.

Onomast.
L. v. 39.

J. Darcii
Venusini
Canes.

De Natura
Animalium
L. vi.

Cc. XXXVIII.

In Epiced.
Pileti Ursi.

Tryphiodori
Ἰλίου “AAwo.
vs. 608.

De Nat. Anim.
1 Ti, Ce τις

240 APPENDIX.

gemit inter bella peremptum
Parthus equum, fidosque canes flevére Molossi ;

—a manifestation of kindly and affectionate feeling, of which their
congeners of an earlier date, on the authority of Tryphicdorus,
were totally unworthy :

οἱ δ᾽ ὑλάοντες
ἀγρία κοπτομένοισιν ἐπ᾿ ἀνδράσιν ὠδύροντο

νηλέες, οὐδ᾽ ἀλέγιζον ἑοὺς ἐρύοντες ἄνακτας.

In the capacity of dogs of war, they do not fall under my plan ;
nor indeed as οἰκουροὶ, nor as ‘fighters in the Venatio of the amphi-
theatre, do they strictly come within this arrangement. On these
points of their character the reader will find illustrative anecdotes in
Julius Pollux, Pliny, and Solinus.

As dogs of the chase, their strength, size, and undaunted courage,
enabled them to contend with the most terrific wild animals ;1 and
we are assured that the lion himself has been mastered by the dog of
Epirus—the tiger, pard, panther, and boar, have yielded to him,
The epithets applied to the Canis Molossus all indicate his fire
and resolution. Elian calls him θυμικώτατος ; Virgil, ‘* acremque
Molossum,” (Georg. 111.}; and Seneca uses the same epithet,
“< teneant acres lora Molossos,” (Hippolyt. Act 1.) But there is
much difference of opinion whether he was an open or close hound,
when employed in the field.2 To the latter conclusion I am induced
to accede from the following passage οἵ. Statius,

1. For a fine representation of the Canis Molossus Venaticus, see De la Chausse,
Museum Romanum, Tab. ixiv. and Montfaucon Antiquité expliquée, Chasse au
Sanglier, Tom. 111. pl. 179. Several hunters are returning from the chase with the
Magister Venationis, bearing in his hand a shield ;—a cart drawn by oxen conveys a
dead boar, on which lies a huge dog apparently killed in the fray, and by the side
walks a second hound of the type alluded to. See also the Venationes Ferarum of
Stradanus and Galle, plate vi11. and the Genii hunting, from Maffei, at the beginning
of this Appendix, where a Molossian-like hound is on the point of seizing a wild
boar.

2. Lucan has ‘‘ora levis clamosa Molossi”—and Claudian “ Molossi latrantes”—
and into the error of his poetical predecessors Cardinal Adrian has fallen, in his

APPENDIX. 24]

muto legit arva Molosso Achill, L. 11.
Venator, videat donec sub frondibus hostem.

On the trail of his game I believe him to have been a mute limier or

limehound, (whence Savary’s term echemythus,) and never to have _ Venationis
: : : : Aprugne
opened until the quarry had started from its lair—being even at that — Leges. L. 1,

time less noisy in his bark than the purely sagacious breeds. His
silence or closeness is clearly indicated by Gratius, where he orders
the yelping Etolian dam to be crossed with a Molossian sire,

vane tantum Calydonia lingue Cyneg. vs. 196.
Exibit vitium patre emendata Molosso.

Will not the praises of Lydia, of Martial’s well-known epitaph,
place her among the savage inmates of a Molossian kennel ?

Amphitheatrales inter nutrita magistros Martial.
Epigr. L. x1.

Venatrix sylvi era, blanda domi :
enatrix sylvis aspera, blanda domi Epigr. 70.

Lydia dicebar domino fidissima dextra,
Qui non Erigones mallet habere canem,

Nec qui Ποιὰ Cephalum de gente secutus
Lucifere pariter venit ad astra Dee.

Non me longa dies, nec inutilis abstulit ztas,
Qualia Dulichio fata fuére cani :

Fulmineo spumantis apri sum dente perempta,
Quantus erat Calydon, aut, Erymanthe, tuus.
Nec queror infernas quamvis citd rapta sub umbras,

Non potui fato nobiliore mori.

Venatio ad Ascanium Cardinalem ;—as if the Molossi were remarkably latrant,
whereas closeness of mouth was their more distinctive quality: unless indeed this
Cardinal of St. Chrysogonus refer to two different sorts of Molossi, the one latrant,
the other mute and sagacious :

Deducunt alii canum phalanges. Poeta Tres,
Latrantes abeunt simul molossi Pp. ae Ald,

Mox indaginis unice sagaces :

for he subsequently slips some boar-hounds, ‘‘ per invia lustra mussitantes,’’ and
others again are distributed about the covert by the harbourers or huntsmen ; the
latter being denominated ‘‘ feros molossos.”

24H

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 179.

Luciani
Fugitivi.
De Natura
Deor. 1.. 11. 63.

De Re Rust.
LL. vil. c. 12.

Opera et Dies.

vs. 602.

Metamorph.
L. vit. p. 553.

242 APPENDIX.

—her education and her quarry will, at least, assign her to the mus-
ter-roll of our first class.

But of the Canis Molossus Venaticus, enough ;—matchless as he
was for stoutness, before Britain was discovered and its race of
Canes bellicosi brought into competition with those of Epirus, he at
last was compelled to yield the palm of ferocious hardihood to the
British bull-dog, and to succumb to his superior prowess :

At magnum cum venit opus, promendaque virtus,
Et vocat extremo praceps discrimine Mavors,

Non tunc egregios tantum admirere Molossos.

The second variety of the Epirote noticed by Aristotle, though
out of the pale of this epitome, is worth recording from its classical
associations, and because it possesses in an eminent degree the
canine qualities lauded by Lucian, τὸ φυλακτικὸν, τὸ οἰκουρικὸν, καὶ τὸ
φιλοδέσποτον---ἰΠ8 ““ tam fida custodia, tamque amans dominorum
adulatio, tantumque odium in externos” of Cicero. To this I give
the name of Canis Molossus Villaticus, and include under the title
the οἰκουρὸς, οἰκοφύλαξ, πυλαωρὸς, τραπεθεὺς, ostiarius, pastoralis, pe-
cuarius, &c.; names derived from the different uses to which the dog
was applied. Let the Ville Custos of Columella be our type :—
‘‘ amplissimi corporis, vasti latraths canorique, ut prius auditu
maleficum, deinde etiam aspectu terreat, et tamen nonnunquam, ne
visus quidem, horribili fremitu suo fuget insidiantem,! &c.”—Here
we place the sharp-toothed watch-dog of Hesiod’s agricultural
injunctions ;

(καὶ κύνα καρχαρόδοντα κομεῖν" μὴ φείδεο σίτου"
μή ποτέ σ᾽ ἡμερόκοιτος ἀνὴρ ἀπὸ χρήματ᾽ ἕληται,)

—here, the ‘‘ canes rabidos et immanes, et quibusvis lupis et ursis
seviores, quos ad tutele presidia curiosé coloni fuerant alumnati,”

1. Refer to Surflet’s translation of Maison Rustique, good reader, if you have it,
and smile at the portraiture of the watch-dog, the joint execution of my medical
brethren, ‘Charles Stevens and John Liebault, Doctors of Physicke.” C. 27.
p- 168.

APPENDIX. 243

of Apuleius ; — here, the pastoral dogs of Varro (Geopon. L. ΧΙΧ.
c. I.) Fronto (Geopon. (L. xrx. ὁ. 11.) and Varro (De Re R. L. τι,
c. 1X.) ;!—and here too those, in general, of the poet of Syracuse, the
canine guards of flocks and herds, so prettily alluded to, in the in-
stance of Lampurus, by the goat-herd boy of the eighth Idyllium,

φείδευ τῶν ἐρίφων, φείδευ, λύκε, τῶν τοκάδων μευ,
μηδ᾽ ἀδίκει μ᾽, ὅτι μικκὸς ἐὼν πολλαῖσιν ὁμαρτέω.
ὦ Λάμπουρε κύων, οὕτω βαθὺς ὕπνος ἔχει τύ ;

οὐ χρὴ κοιμᾶσθαι βαθέως σὺν παιδὶ νέμοντα...
and the milk-fattened ban-dog of Claudian,

sic pastor obesum
Lacte canem ferroque ligat, pascitque revinctum,
Dum validus servare gregem, vigilique rapaces
‘ Latratu terrere lupos, &c.

The notices in Homer of these dogs are numerous; (see Iliad.
κ΄. 188. μ΄. 302. ρ΄. 109.) and their watchfulness, as nightly centinels,
is sung in classic hexameters by the poet of Venusium:

Uberior tamen est illis, et fortior inde

Laudis causa venit, molli quod tempora somno

Pauca terunt, seu flammigero det lumina curru

Pheebus, seu niveas agitat Latonia bigas,

Somnifero obliquum volvens jubar axe per orbem. .
Sed vigili domino cura, raroque cadente

Lumine prospiciunt, et herilia murmure circum

Claustra fremunt, ne sint nocturno pervia furi,

Neve lupo, tutaque greges statione quiescant.

Pitiscus tells us, on the authority of Eustathius, that it was cus-

1. The answer of the Canis Pastoralis (ὅτε φωνήεντα ἦν τὰ Fda) to the dissatis-
fied sheep is beautifully illustrative of his services in the economy of pastoral life: —éy&
γάρ εἶμι 6 καὶ ὑμᾶς αὐτὰς σώζων, ὥστε μήτε ὑπὲρ ἀνθρώπων κλέπτεσθαι, μήτε ὑπὸ λύκων
ἁρπάζεσθαι" ἐπεὶ ὑμεῖς γε, εἰ μὴ ἐγὼ προφυλάττοιμι ὑμᾶς, οὐδ᾽ ὃν νέμεσθαι δύναισθε,
φοβούμεναι μὴ ἀπόλησθε---ἰ ΠΟΥ ΟΥ̓ making good his claim to ἃ share of his master’s
food,

Theocrit. Idyll.
vill, 63.

Claudian. in
Eutropium.
L. 1.

J. Darcii
Venusini
Canes.

Xenophon
Memorab.
L. 1. τὰ τι:

244 APPENDIX.

Pitisci Lexicon tomary with the ancients to have porter-dogs 1—“ moris erat atriensi-

Antiquit. bus fores servari ἃ canibus,” — such were the πυλαώροι and τραπεῶῆες
of Homer, the attendants at the docr of Telemachus, κύνες πόδας
ἀργοὶ, (Odyss. υ΄. 144.)—the house-dogs of Patroclus, nine in num-
ber—of whom two were slain, and offered on his funeral pile, (Iliad.
WV. 173.) and the κύνες ὠμησταὶ of Priam—whose anticipated reckless
laceration of his dead body—-odiov re κάρη, πολιόν τε γένειον --- by
the πυλαώροι, is pleaded by the aged king to deter his ill-fated son
from contending with Achilles. (Iliad. χ΄. 69.) — Such too were the
gemini custodes of Evander, which followed their rustic king to the
dormitory of his Trojan guest. (Π ποιά. L. viri. 401.)

As an attribute of the porter-dogs, speed was utterly unnecessary,
though given to those of Telemachus, above cited: and that they
generally possessed it not is implied, I think, in the question of
Ulysses to Eumzus, as to the character of the ““ unhoused, neg-
lected” Argus ;

Odyss. L. xvii. ov σάφα οἶδα
807. εἰ δὴ καὶ ταχὺς ἔσκε θέειν ἐπὶ εἴδεϊ τῷδε,
ἢ αὕτως οἷοί τε τραπεζῆες κύνες ἀνδρῶν

“ ΄

γίγνοντ᾽, ἀγλαΐης δ᾽ ἕνεκεν κομέουσιν ἄνακτες.

Ulysses Aldrovandus, Spelman, and Ducange, have left us the
many titles of the watch-dogs of the classic and middle ages, in their
respective works. See Aldrovand. de Quad. Digit. Vivip. L. 11.

1. Statues and pictures of κύνες φρουροδόμοι were sometimes exhibited on the
entrance doors, or walls of vestibules—of which kind were the dogs wrought of gold
and silver by Vulcan for Alcinous, Δῶμα φυλασσέμεναι μεγαλήτορος ’AAKivdo1o—and
the Canis Catenarius of Petronius Arbiter—‘ ad sinistram intrantibus non Jongé ab
ostiarii cella, canis ingens catend vinctus in pariete erat pictus, superque quadrata
litera scriptum, CAVE CAVE CANEM.” — Even Mercury himself was some-
times there exhibited—upon the principle, I suppose, of setting a thief to catch a
thief.

2. Aristotle alludes to Porter dogs in his Nicomachean Ethics, L. vit. 6. vi.
introducing them in a very pertinent illustration of the difference between inconti-
nency of anger, and incontinency as to pleasure: anger seems to listen to reason,
though it does not hear it distinctly, &c.—KaOdep of κύνες, πρὶν σκέψασθαι εἰ φίλος,
ἂν μόνον ψοφήσῃ, ὑλακτοῦσιν" οὕτως ὃ θυμὸς, διὰ θερμότητα Kk. τ. A.

APPENDIX. 245

Canis Epitheta ; and the Glossaria of Spelman and Ducange. The
title οἰκοφύλαξ, derived from the office of the animal,

ὅτι σοῦ προμάχεται καὶ φυλάττει τὴν θύραν,

occurs in a pretty epigram of the Locrian poetess on the picture of a
Grecian lady ; but is there probably applied to a domestic pet,

σαίνοι κέν σ᾽ ἐσιδοῖσα καὶ οἰκοφύλαξ σκυλάκαινα

δέσποιναν μελάθρων οἰομένα ποθορῆν.

To the ““ hylax in limine” of Virgil (Ecl. vitt.)—the “ vigilum
canum tristes excubie” of Horace (L. 111. Od. 16.)—I need not
refer; nor indeed to the Catenarius of Seneca (de 1ra, L. 111.), nor
the δέσμιος of Artemidorus (Oneirocrit. L. 11. 6. ΧΙ.) To say that
all these passages afford instances of Molossian Canes custodes,
would be going too far. They merely exemplify the use to which
trusty, vigilant individuals of the pugnacious canine race were ap-
plied, and the functions they performed, in the rural and domestic
economy of Greek and Roman households. Horace, however, par-
ticularly specifies Epirotes in the capacity of house-dogs—‘‘ domus
alta Molossis Personuit canibus ”—as if they were the usual custodes
of patrician houses. For much of the point of his pretty fable rests
on the sumptuousness of the town-house, wherein dwelt the city-
mouse, joint-tenant with a biped lord, ‘‘ in locuplete domo,” the
appointed place of rendezvous for the rustic friend.

To the same tribe, for want of a more appropriate one, (unless the
reader would place them on a Libyan or Egyptian file,) I assign the
‘* exquisitior custodia” of Massinissa, the canine guardians in whose
protection he deemed himself more safe than in that of his fellow-
men ;

Hos Maurusiacus sibi Massinissa paravit

Custodes, hominum fidei diffisus, et isto
Non sibi conducto sua sceptra satellite cinxit.

«« Parum fidei in pectoribus hominum reponens,” says Valerius
Maximus, ‘‘ salutem suam custodid canum vallavit.”’ 1

1. On which the indignant historian observes with warmth, ‘‘ quo tam late patens
imperium? quo tantus liberorum nuumerus? quo denique tam arcta benevolentia

Aristoph.
Vespa.

Nossis
Locrissa. Apud
Poetas Grzecos

Minores.

Satir. L. 11.
S. vi. vs. 114.

J. Darcii
Venusini
Canes.

Ee. tx. C. 19.

Valerii
Maximi L. rx.
c. 13.

De Quad.
Digit. Vivip.
Lita. Cs Vilr.
Hist. Animal.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 174.

De Laudibus
Stilic. L. 111.

fHlanster of
Game.
c. xvi. fol. 67.

246 APPENDIX.

But we are going beyond our prescribed bounds, and must return
to our text-book, the Cynegeticon of the Faliscian ; who next intro-
duces to notice the Canes bellicosi of the British isles, a parent stock
of native growth. We have no information of any source from
whence these could have been imported into Britain, and, as Strabo
states that they were exported from thence into Gaul, it is inferred
that they were indigene. Whether the Canis bellicosus Anglicus
of Aldrovandus, or the Canis Mastivus, omnium maximus, animosus
et pugnax of Ray, be alluded to in the following lines of Gratius,
is doubtful. Possibly the poet may include both breeds, as the ani-
mal combats of the Roman amphitheatre were supplied by the Pro-
curator Cynegii with the finest specimens of our war-dogs, without
reference to minute distinctions ;

Quid freta si Morintim, dubio refluentia ponto,
Veneris, atque ipsos libeat penetrare Britannos ?
O quanta est merces, et quantum impendia supra !
Si non ad speciem, mentiturosque decores
Protinis ; (hac una est catulis jactura Britannis.)
At magnum cum venit opus, promendaque virtus,
Et vocat extremo preceps certamine Mavors,
Non tunc egregios tantum admirere Molossos !

Their hardihood in seizing the bull is celebrated by Claudian in
the well-known verse,

Magnaque taurorum fracture colla Britanne.

In the early authentic record of the Canes Venatici of Britain
by the royal sportsman, Edmund de Langley, three sub-varieties of
our Canis bellicosus are enrolled, in addition to the mastiff :

«« Alaunt is a maner and natre of houndes and the good Alauntz
ben the which men clepyn Alauntz gentil. Other there byn that
men clepyn Alauntz ventreres. Other byn Alauntz of the bo-
cherie.1

constricta Romana amicitia, si ad hec tuenda nihil canino latratu ac morsu valentius
duxit?”
1. The duke considers alauntz primarily derived from Spain, not natives of

APPENDIX. 247

‘** Thei that ben gentile shuld be made and shape as a grey-
hounde evyi of alle thinges sauf of the heved, the whiche shuld be
greet and short,” &e. ““ Commonly Alauntz byn stordy of here
owyn nature and have not so good witte as many other houndes
have. For if a man prik an hors the Alaunt wil gladly renne and
bite the hors. Also thei renne at oxen and at sheep at swyne and
to alle othere beestis or to men or to othere houndes for men hav
seyn Alauntz sle her maystir, and in alle maner wise Alauntz byn
inly fell and evel undirstondyng and more foolish and more sturdy
than eny other maner of hecundes,” &c.

“That other nature of Alauntz is clepid ventreres, almost thei
bene shapon as a greyhounde of ful shap, thei hav grete hedes and
greet lippes and greet eeris. And with such men helpeth hem at
the baityng of a boole and atte huntynge of a wilde boor. Thei
holde fast of here nature but thei byn hevy and foule and ben slayn
with wilde boor or with the bulle and it is nat ful grete losse,” &e.

** The Alauntz of the bocherie is soch as ye may alle day see in
good tounes that byn called greet bochers houndis,” &c.—<‘‘ Thei
byn good for the baytyng of the bulle and huntyng of the wilde
boore whedir it be wt. greihoundis at the tryste or wt. rennyng
houndis at abbay with inne the coverte,” &c.

The first and second of the above sub-varieties appear to have had
some commixture of Celtic blood in their veins—indeed the name of
Ventreres receives a ready solution in the Latin term Ventraha, by
which the greyhound is designated, according to Barthius, in an

Britain; ‘‘As men clepyn greihoundes of England of Scotland and of Bretayn
right so the alauntez and the houndes for the hawke cometh out of Spayn.”
Minsheu deduces Alani “ ἃ regione quadam Epyri, que Albania dicitur, undé primim
advecti creduntur hi canes.’ But they probably were bull-dogs in the common
acceptation of the term.

The reader will remember the Alauntes of Chaucer, on which Dryden has bestowed
rejuvenescence under the type of greyhounds, attendants of ‘the surly king of
Thrace :”

Ten brace, and more, of greyhounds, snowy fair,
And tall as stags, ran loose, and cours’d around his chair;
A match for pards in flight, in grappling for the bear.

SHanster of
Game.
c. xvi. fol. 67%.

fol. 68.

fol. 68>.

Minshei
Emendat.
p. 451.

Palamon and
Arcite. B, 3.

Cuvier Regn.
Animal.

Description of
Britaine.
B. 11. c. 13.
Pegge in
Archeolog.
vs. X. p- 156.

SManvster of
Game.
c. xviii. fol. 69.

248 APPENDIX.

ancient MS. of Gratius, where the more usual reading is Vertraha—
(Veltracha.)

Viewing the ‘‘ canes gravioribus apte morsibus” of Britain to
contain only two principal indigenous sub-varieties, the bull-dog
may be adduced as an animal of the most ferociously brutal aspect,
and most invincible courage in the creation.!_ The mastiff surpasses
his congener as much in size, as he is inferior to him in ferocity.*
See Caius de Canibus Britannicis.

To these truculent dogs, εὐφυεῖς πρὸς κυνηγεσίας, according to
Strabo (L. Iv.), as well as resolute in war, our rude ancestors were
beholden for the destruction or expulsion of beasts of prey from these

1. It has been observed by an eminent living naturalist, that the cerebral capacity of
the bull-dog is sensibly smaller than of any other race: and it is doubtless to the
decrease of the encephalon that we must attribute his inferiority to all others, in
every thing relating to intelligence. He is scarcely capable of any education, and is
fitted for nothing but ferocious combat. In the ancient translation of Caius’s
libellus by Holinshed, this savage brute is sketched to the life, as ‘‘an huge dogge
stubbome, ougly, eagre, burthenous of body (and therefore but of little swiftnesse,)
terrible and feareful to behold, and more fearse and fell then any Archadien curre.”
Nor is our estimate of his might in conflict weakened by Raphael’s statement that
“alone and wythout anye help at al, he pulled downe first an huge beare, thena
parde, and last of al a lyon, each after other, before the Frenche King in one day.”

2. Amongst the coins of Cunobelin is a representation of a dog, probably of this
native variety, tall enough, according to Pegge, and of sufficient strength ‘ to carry
a lady.” And in Thoresby’s Museum is a British coin “ exhibiting a dog undera
man on horseback.” (p. 338.

The mastiff is at present principally used in this country as a watch-dog ; and such
appears to have been his vocation of old. ‘His office is for to kepe his maistre’s
beestis,’” says Duke Edmund, ‘ and his maistre’s hous. and it is a good nature of
houndis for thei kepen and defenden at her power al her maister goodes. thei byn of
cherlich nater and of foule shap &c.”’—‘‘ ther byn many good for men that hunten
for profit of housold as for to gete flesh. Also of maystifs and of alauntis ther byn
many good for the wilde boor ;”—but ‘¢ it is of no greet maistrie ne of grete redynes
the huntyng that thei do for here nature ys not tendre nosed in harde nor in sandy
nor in dusty grounde.”” For the etymology of the term mustiff, the reader is referred
to Dr. Caius, Minsheu, Skinner, and Holinshed—and for that of ban-dog, a variety
of the same, to Skinner in voce. The Mandatarius, Sarcinarius, Defensor, &c. of
Caius, the custos curtis, pastoraiis, porcaritius, ursaritius, catenalus, &c. of Spel-
man and others, are all probably Canes Mastivi.

APPENDIX. 249

islands. The wolf and the wild boar yielded to their prowess ; + rere
: ese ° ncient
and they are thence sometimes called Canes luporarii in ancient — Tenures.

tenures.
Having mentioned the bellicost of Molossia and Britain in verses

already cited, Gratius compares others to them in the sequel ;

Comparat his versuta suas Athamania fraudes,” Cyneg. vs. 182.
Acyrusque,® Phereque,‘ et clandestinus Acarnan.

Sicut Acamanes subierunt prelia furto,

Sic canis illa suos taciturna supervenit hostes,

1. The existence of these noxious beasts of prey, in the sylvan fastnesses of our
islands, is too well authenticated by ancient records to be doubted.

Foure manere bestis of Venere there are : Book of
The fyrste of theym is the harte: the seconde is the hare. St. Alban’s,

The boore is one of tho: the wulfe and not one mo.

On referring to Blount’s ancient tenures, we find many estates held per serjantiam,

whereby the possessor was compelled to furnish these dogs for the destruction of

wolves. See A. T.p.15.p. 52. p. 60. p. 94. * But Almighty God be thanked,” in The Governour.
the ejaculatory language of Sir Thomas Elyot, ‘‘ in this realme be no such cruel 8.1. 6. xvitt.
beastes at present to be pursued !”

See Wase’s Illustrations, c. vi. “‘ of the Styles of Hunting different from the
English, both Antique and Forreigne.”

Mr. Ritson, in a posthumous work on the Celts, has left it on record that “‘the | Memoirs of
Britons, in the last decade of the eighteenth century, made use of Spanish dogs in ἃ the Celts or
war with the Maroon negroes ; having no longer any of their own fit for the pur- aunepe
pose.” peas

2. In Pliny’s animated description of the Indian or Albanian dog’s assault, we ob-
serve the crafty wiles or fraudes of the Illyrian and Acarnanian breeds, ‘‘ Horrentibus _‘{jst, Natur.
quippe per totum corpus villis, ingenti primim latratu intonuit: mox inruit assultans, L. vir. c. xt.
contraque belluam exurgens hinc et illinc artifici dimicatione qua maxime opus esset,
infestans atque evitans, donec assidua rotatum vertigine afflixit.” Indeed all the bel-
licosi thus attack their prey—but generally in silence. The Indian was latrant, it
seems, the Acarnanian mute.

Athamania, called also Illyricum, bordered on Thessaly and Acarnania.

3. Acyrus, says Wase, is ‘‘ suspicious of corruption ;” which Gronovius proposes Geography of
to amend by reading Epirus, Vlitius substitutes Taygetus, and Heinsius Argivus. Gratius.

4. Phere was situate between Demetrias and Pharsalus in Thessaly, near the lake
Bebe—ind σκοπιὴν ὄρεος Χαλκωδονίοιο:. I am not aware of the dogs of these several Apollon. Rhod.
places being mentioned by any other author. Phere was probably celebrated for.its -L. 1. vs. 50.
pom

~~

J. Viitii
Venatio
Novantiqua.

Wase’s
Illustrations of
Gratius.

Claudian. de
Laud. Stilicon.
IVa sony

Callimach. H.
in Dian.
vs. 259.

950 APPENDIX.

These were perhaps very cunning and savage varieties of the dog of
Laconia, and classed in consequence by the poet with the family of
pugnaces ; though more properly belonging to that of mare sagaces.
The words of Gratius are of doubtful signification, and the passage
may be corrupt. He either means, as the British dogs excel in
courage, so do the Athamanian in cunning—which is his usual anti-
thetical mode of stating opposite qualities—or else, as the British
dogs surpass the Molossian in stoutness, so they equal the Athama-
nian, Thessalian, and Epirote in subtlety. This interpretation
accords with the known properties of the British bull-dog. It is
singular that dogs of two districts, Acarnania and Etolia, adjoining
each other, and only separated by the river Achelous, should have
been of such opposite qualities—the former so mute, the latter, in

the sportsman’s phrase, so open.

CANES VENATICI,. Crass II.
CANES SAGACES.
He nare sagaces.

The multitudinous varieties of this class have one common quality,
by which they are united in the same family, and which Gratius
terms ‘* venandi sagax virtus,” diversified in its phenomena, and

operative under great dissimilarity of external shape.?

breed of game ; for, being one of the many haunts of Dian, it bestowed on the God-

dess the local name of Pherza :
Πότνια, μουνυχίη, λιμενοσκόπε, Xalpe, Φεραίη.

1. This class appears to answer to the second of M. F. Cuvier, having the head
and jaws shorter than those proper to our third class of pedibus celeres, but not so
much truncated as in the canes bellicosi. The parietal bones, in such types as are
supposed to resemble those of antiquity, do not approach each other above the tem-
poral fosse, but widen so as to enlarge the cerebral cavity of the forehead.

APPENDIX. “Ὁ

Of the larger and more powerful varieties the type is given by
Xenophon in the third and fourth chapters of his Cynegeticus, and
by Julius Pollux in the fifth book of his Onomasticon :—that of
the smaller and more nimble sorts will be found hereafter in the
examples of the Canis Petronius of Gratius, and the Canis Agasszeus
of Oppian. The names of the hounds, principally derived from the
countries of which they were supposed to be indigenous, have been
already enumerated. Their mode of hunting is faithfully struck off
by the Latin poet of the Halieutica, a fragment of disputed author-
ship, heretofore attributed to Ovid, but latterly to Gratius :

Que nunc elatis rimantur naribus auras,

Et nunc demisso querunt vestigia rostro,

Et produnt clamore feram, dominumque vocando
Increpitant. Quem si collatis effugit armis,

Insequitur tumulosque canis camposque per omnes.

In our descriptions of the pugnacious class, we followed, where
able, the order of the Faliscian’s Cynegeticon,—filling up lacune,
when apparent, from extraneous sources; but, in the present class,
we have no such text-book by which to regulate our progress, and
must be beholden to the Greek and Latin Cynegetica, collectively,
for an arrangement of the individuals of this class in such sequence,
as the scale of their importance in the kennels of antiquity may seem
to justify. And first, and foremost, we place the well-known hound
of Lacedzmon.

The Spartan dog, in its two varieties of Castorian and Foxite, was
employed by Xenophon for the common purposes of hunting.1 The
Καστόριαι were so called ὅτι Kaorwp ἡσθεὶς τῷ ἔργῳ μάλιστα αὑτὰς διε-
φύλαξεν ; or, in the words of the Onomasticon, because they were
Κάστορος θρέμματα, ᾿Απόλλωνος τὸ δῶρον.

ἄξομαι ἐκ Σπάρτη" ἑτέρους κύνας, vds ἀτιτάλλει

ἠϊθέων ἐς ἔρωτα ἐμὸς κάρνειος ᾿Απόλλων.

The ἀλωπεκίδες had their name διότι ἐκ κυνῶν καὶ ἀλωπέκων ἐγενον-

1. Perhaps Xenophon’s τὰ δὲ γένη τῶν κυνῶν ἐστὶ δισσὰ May not have so confined
an application as here stated. The Καστόριαι and ἀλωπεκίδες may comprehend all

the Canes Venatici of the Athenian’s day collectively—at !east all such as were used °

by him in hare-hunting at Scillus,

Halieutic.
vs. 100.

Xenophon
Cyneg. c. 111.

Pollucis
Onomast. L. v.
δον. 39.

Nonni
Dionysiac.
L. xvi.

Xen. Cyneg.
Cc. Ill.

Natalis Comes
de Venat. L.1.

Hist. Animal.
[in Ike. Ce Fe

Oratio xxvil.

Statii
Thebaid. L, 1v.

252 APPENDIX.

το; Castor, according to Nicander, having united the dog to tire |
fox, and produced a hybrid sort of sporting hound of great repute.

Castorides venatori gratissima turba.

But as if Castor and Pollux, being twin brothers, born ὠδῖνι μιῇ,
(Apollon. L. 1.) possessed a common identity, the honour of having
first initiated the canine race in the pursuit of game, is indifferently
awarded to both. Oppian, we have already seen, bestows it on
Pollux, and Xenophon on Castor—‘‘ ovo prognatus eodem.” — Ari-
stotle considers all the Canes Laconici to be of the sort called ἀλωπε-
xides—not that they were all sprung from the fox and dog, but were
fox-like in appearance :—and on the same authority, we hold that
the bitches of a Spartan kennel were superior to the dogs — Λάκαι-
ναι κύνες αἱ θήλειαι εὐφνέστεραι τῶν ἀῤῥένων εἰσί.

Although the eloquent compiler of the Cynegeticus distinguishes
his harriers, as above stated, into Castorian and Foxite hounds, he
notes no characteristic peculiarities in either: but Themistius, the
Paphlagonian philosopher, induces us to believe that each possessed
the distinctive features of a particular family—érepoy μὲν κάλλος
καστορίδων κύνων, ἕτερον δὲ ἀλωπεκίδων. WVlitius’s fanciful emenda-
tion of the text of the Onomasticon has led him into an error, and
produced the monstrous birth of a third variety, which he ascribes to
Julius Pollux, called ἀλωπεκικαστόρες ; but which that learned man’s
work will not admit.

Of the whole Spartan tribe the swiftest, perhaps, were the κυνοσου-
pides of Callimachus—deriving their name from Cynosura of La-
conia—

Dives et Orchomenos pecorum, et Cynosura ferarum.

They were the gift of the Arcadian God Pan to Diana, and pos-
sessed sagacity of nose equal to their speed of foot :!

1. With some of the descendants of the κυνοσουρίδες, the latrant sagacious Lacouni
of the modern Votizza, Mr. Hobhouse reports that he enjoyed the sport of coursing
with his Grecian host in the Morea. See Journey through Albania, Letter

RVII.

APPENDIX. 253

ἑπτὰ δ᾽ ἔδωκε
θάσσονας αὐράων κυνοσουρίδας, αἵ ῥα διῶξαι
ὥκισται νεβρούς τε καὶ οὐ μύοντα λαγωὸν,
καὶ κοίτην ἐλάφοιο, καὶ ὕστριχος ἔνθα καλιαὶ

σημῆναι, καὶ ζορκὸς ἐπ᾽ ἴχνιον ἡγήσασθαι... .

—and near a-kin to them, we may suppose, if not of the same blood,
were the brace presented by the worshipful Agrotera to her much-

favoured Cyrene :

—Onpntijpe δύω κύνε, τοῖς ἔνι κούρη
“Yunis παρὰ τύμβον ᾿Ιώλκιον ἔμμορ᾽ ἀέθλου.

But of fable, enough—The Spartan’s shape, qualities, and style of
hunting, singly and in pack, are fully described by Xenophon in the
third, fourth, and sixth chapters of his Manual. The quarry is here
that of which the Athenian was most enamoured, viz. the hare,—with
which the woods and parks of his Scilluntian retreat abounded. But
for the boar-chase the hound of Lacedemon is also employed. To
the Indian, Cretan, and Locrian dogs, the sportsman, who would
successfully combat the savage boar, must add the choicest indivi-
duals of the Spartan kennel. And in this chase, he will find one of
the latter hounds most useful as a limier,! to follow up the trail to
the boar’s couch in silence, and then, with the rest of the pack, to
bay the started quarry :

+
Fulmineus seu Spartanis latratibus actus,

Cum sylvam occursu venantum perdidit, hirto
Horrescit seevus dorso, et postrema capessit
Prelia, candentem mandens aper ore cruorem :
Jamque gemens geminum contra venabula torquet.

Julius Pollux, on the authority of Nicander, has transmitted to us
subordinate varieties of the Spartan, entitled Menelaides from Mene-
laus, Harmodii from Harmodius, and others from other persons, and
places of inferior note. Virgil applies the epithets Taygetan to the

com

1. A limehound—f δὲ κύων ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἀφίξεται τόπον ὑλώδη ἰχνεύουσα

ἐπειδὰν δ᾽ ἀφίκηται ἐπὶ τὴν εὐνὴν, ὑλακτεῖ, κε Ts A.

Callimach. IT,

in Dian, vs. 93.

Ejusd. vs. 207.

Xenophon de
Venat. c. x.

Silii Italici de
24 bello
Punico L. 1.

Onomastic..
WANG CLE

Xenophon de
Venat. c. x.

Propert. L. 11.
13.

Virgil. Georg.
L. 111. 43.

Ejusdem
vs. 343.

Bulletin
Universel.

Philosoph.
Transact.
Vol. 77. p. 24.

Illustrations of
Shakspeare.
Vol. 1. p. 66.

ὃ

254 APPENDIX.

9

race, from the ‘‘ juga longa Taygeti” which traverse Laconia, a

favourite resort of the Sylvan Goddess :

vocat ingenti clamore Citheron,
Taygetique canes :

and Amyclean, from the birth-place of Castor and Pollux :

omnia secum
Armentarius Afer agit, tectumque laremque,
Armaque Amycleumque canem, Cressamque pharetram;

a local epithet also found in a supposed fragment of Pindar, cited
by Plutarch, Quest. Conviv. 1x. 15. 748. and admitted amongst the
Fragmenta ex Hyporchematibus. Vol. 11. of Heyne’s edition. (Oxon.
1807.)

But a few words, before we proceed farther, on the lineage of the
ἀλωπεκίδες.

Modern naturalists, with the exception of Mons. Desmoulins, are
pretty generally agreed that the Canis aureus is the real origin of
the domestic dog. And if so, being a native of Asia Minor, and
of a dirty fulvous colour, may we not suppose him to have been the
cross, from which the foxite hounds of Xenophon were bred? The
latter had more or less of a ferine aspect, and fulvous colour,
softened down by the admixture of hair of a different hue about the
muzzle. Still tawny was the predominant colour—‘‘ fulvus Lacon,”
(Hor.)

Mr. Hunter denies the existence of a genuine foxite, as the dog
and fox are of different species, and will not produce together.
Guldenstadt allows the jackal may be the Thos of Aristotle. May
he not also be the Thos of Gratius, and “‘ Cat 0’ mountaine”! of his
translator? May not Hagnon’s pack,?

1, A term borrowed, according to Mr. Douce, from the Spaniards, who call the wild
cat gato-montes.

2. Hagnon Astylides—as the Cretans used ἀγνεῖν, according to Hesychius, for
ἄγειν, 6 ayvav may stand for 6 κυνηγός. See Wernsdorf, Excursus 11. ad Gratii
v. 215. Poete Latini Minores, Tom. 1. p, 242.

APPENDIX. 255
Hagnon magne, tibi Divém concessa favore,

derived from a Thoan cross, and other such semiferous commixtures,
be founded in fact ?

Hic et semiferam Thoum de sanguine prolem
Finxit. Non alio major sua pectore virtus,

Seu noérit voces, seu nudiad pignora Martis.

Thoés commissos (clarissima fama) leones

Et subiére astu, et parvis domuere lacertis.

Nam genus exiguum, et pudeat quam informe fateri
Vulpina specie, Xc.

May not these possible tales have given currency and belief to the
supposed, impossible, fictitious, engendering of the fox and dog, and
the breed of semi-wild ἀλωπεκίδες ?— Aristotle says roundly, when
animals resemble each other in size, outward character, and time of
gestation, they may breed together ; and that it positively happens
with the dog, fox, and wolf—oi δὲ θῶες, says the Stagirite also,
ὁμοίως κυΐσκονται τοῖς κυσὶ, καὶ τίκτουσι τυφλὰ, κ. τ. A.—and therefore,
by his own canons, may engender with dogs. Galen, Hesychius,
and Gesner, seem to allow the possibility of vulpi-canine issue :
Caius accounts for such a birth by the ‘ pruriens libido” of the
parties concerned :1 even Blumenbach and Desmoulins, on the
authority of others, have given credency to it. Pennant reports a
case of prolific engendering of the fox and dog, on the word of an
Oxfordshire woodman; and Daniel cites a second in London.
Hunter, who assumed nothing in natural history of doubtful cha-
racter as fact, till he had put it to the test, denies this cross, ἃ priori,
not from actual experiment; for he did not live to make the trial.
The former crosses he fully established: see Phil. Trans. Vol. 77.

1. Caius’s love of the marvellous in natural history surpasses (considering the age
in which he lived) that of A°lian and Albertus Magnus. Under the heads of Urcanus
and Lacena, this credulous correspondent of the acute Conrad Gesner notes, seem-
ingly in good eamest, that the former is the offspring of the Canis Catenarius and bear,
the latter of the dog and fox, ‘‘ quos, licét inimicos, pruriens tamen libido sepé ita
hic conjungit, ut alibi solet.”’” The truth, however, of the latter may be doubted, after
the impossibility of the former.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 250.

Ejusdem
vs. 253.

Pennant’s
Quadrupeds.

Daniel’s
Field-Sports.
Vol. 1. p. 12.

J. Caii
de Canibus
Brit, Libell.

Ovid. Metam.,
L. 111. 220.

Cyneg. L. ir.
vs, 336.

Philosoph.
Transactions.
Vol. 77.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 259,

Theocriti
Idyll. 1. vs. 110.

Cowper’s Task.
B. v.

Ηοτ. Οά. Liv.
Ode vi.

256 APPENDIX.

May not Ovid be supposed to allude to the cross of the Thos and
dog, and to exemplify it in the individual of Actaon’s pack whom

he calls Thous ?
Et Thous, et Cyprio velox cum fratre Lycisca.

The fanciful origin of Oppian’s Thos from the wolf and panther, ὅθεν
κρατερόφρονα φῦλα, baflles all elucidation.

Let the ἀλωπεκίδες, then, be considered as possible hybrids,
the produce of authenticated crosses.1 The wolf, jackal, and
dog, all differ but little. ‘‘ The dog himself,” says Mr. Hunter,

1. We may suppose the far-famed hound of Sparta, the foxite harrier, “‘ vulpina
specie,” not very unlike the prick-eared, or at least semi-pendulous-eared lurcher of
modern days, employed by a poaching shepherd to guard his flock, and too often to
catch at force, κατὰ πόδας, his master’s hares, or drive them into the wily laqueus or

snare :

ἐπεὶ Kat μᾶλα νομεύει,

καὶ πτῶκας βάλλει, καὶ θηρία τ᾽ ἄλλα διώκει.

Shaggy, and Jean, and shrewd, with pointed ears,
And tail cropp’d short, half lurcher and half cur ;

he is too well known by his depredations in the hare-warren to need a fuller delinea-
tion.

Janus Vlitius considers the Spartan a long-eared hound, and proposes to read ὦτα
μακρὰ instead of μικρὰ in Xenophon’s minute description of the type of excellence in
this breed: but Horace’s “‘ aure sublata”’ would rather favour the notion that the ear
was small and pricked up in pursuit of game, as we see in lurchers, and such-like

poaching tikes :

Nam qualis aut Molossus, aut fulvus Lacon,
Amica vis pastoribus,

Agam per altas aure sublata nives
Quecunque precedet fera.

on which Dacier observes, ‘‘ plus les chiens sont courageux, plus ils dressent les

”

oreilles en courant ;”’ a quality for which a prick-eared sharp-scented lurching cur
might be praised—which is characteristic of the Molossus, but odious in the genuine
well-bred greyhound, with which the ‘ veloces catuli’” and ‘‘fulvus Lacon’’ of the
contemporary poets of Rome have been ignorantly identified by monkish an-

notators.

APPENDIX. 257

ἐκ may be the wolf tamed, and the jackal may probably be the dog
returned to his wild state.”

All animals having been originally wild, the more a specific class
may differ from its prototype in appearance, the further it is removed
in consequence of variation arising from cultivation. Where dogs
have been least cultivated, they still retain most of their original
character, or similarity to the wolf. or jackal, both in shape and dis-
position. Thus the shepherd’s dog, all over the world, has strongly
the character of these wild animals—and so I have no doubt had
the dog of Laconia,

The wild dogs of modern travellers, as found in Congo, Lower
fEthiopia, and towards the Cape of Good Hope, somewhat resemble
the Spartan type. They are stated to be ““ greyhound-like in shape,
red-haired, with upright ears, rough tails, and extremely fierce.”
The Dingo of Australasia, and Dhole of the East Indies, look very
like ἀλωπεκίδες. The North and South-American half-reclaimed
varieties have the elongated jaws of the semi-barbarous breeds, and
tend to prove from their general shape, their character of counte-
nance, their quick manner, and pricked and erect ears, identity of
species in the dog, wolf, and jackal.

But on this subject enough :—let us now return within the pale
of the kennel of Lacedemon. The true Spartan dogs of the olden
time were strong, swift, and courageous; and barked on scent of
their game. We know that they were strong, on the authority of
Ovid’s ““ prevalidusque Lacon ; and swift, from Virgil calling
them ‘* Veloces Spartz catulos,

2)

and Pindar alluding to the same
excellence in the fragment beginning

ἀπὸ Ταὐὔγέτου μὲν Λάκαιναν

ἐπὶ θηρσὶ κύνα τρέχειν πυκινώτατον ἑρπετόν.

Still their speed, like that of the Etolian of Gratius, was of a quali-
fied character, and very much below the Vertragus.

Their strength and courage recommended them to shepherds and
herdsmen, as guardians of their flocks—the goatherd Lacon’s dog,
from his venatico-pastoral cast, being probably, of this variety.

χ᾽ ἁμῖν ἐντὶ κύων φιλοποίμνιος, ds λύκος ἄγχει"
ὃν τῷ παιδὶ δίδωμι τὰ θηρία πάντα διώκεν.

2K

Apud Athenei
Deipnosoph.
Epist. L. 1.

c. 2].

Theocriti Idyll.
v. 106,

Virgil. Georg.
L. 111. 404.

Ejusdem
vs. 409.

Sophoclis Ajac.
Flagell. vs. 7.

258 APPENDIX.

Virgil enjoins feeding the Spartan and Molossian on fattening
whey, for the safe custody of cattle ;

Veloces Sparte catulos, acremque Molossum
Pasce sero pingui: nunquam custodibus illis
Nocturnum stabulis furem, incursusque luporum,
Aut impacatos ἃ tergo horrebis Iberos...

and briefly runs through the ordinary chases in which the canine
tribe generally are used ;

Sepe etiam cursu timidos agitabis onagros ;
Et canibus leporem, canibus venabere damas.
Sepe volutabris pulsos sylvestribus apros
Latratu turbabis agens : montesque per altos

Ingentem clamore premes in retia cervum.

The trailing quality of the Spartan, and keenness of scent,? Plato
refers to, in his Parmenides—@ozepye ai Λάκαιναι σκύλακες μεταθεὶς
καὶ ixvevers τὰ λεχθέντα, (Zeno Socrati)— and Sophocles in the
prologue of the Ajax Flagellifer, where the wily son of Laertes,
tracking the murderous maniac, Αἴαντι τῷ σακεσφόρῳ, is likened
to a sharp-nosed Spartan hound,

εὖ δέ σ᾽ ἐκφέρει

κυνὸς Λακαίνης ὥστις εὔρινος Baots.

Homer’s kindly and vivid description of the hunting excellencies
of the faithful Argus, his keenness of sight and smell, and speed of
foot, would lead us to place him amongst the swiftest of the saga-
cious class : and where can we assign him a more honourable station
than in a Spartan kennel ?—I am aware some ancient Greek writer
(to whom I have lost my clue of reference) considers this far-famed
hound an isolated variety of no particular family—épos ἡ φύσις καὶ

> 7 " , , δ ,ὔ , > Ν ε ~? Sf Ue.
εν ἄλλοις καὶ ἅπασι τόποις ιασπείρεε Kuvas ἀγαθοὺς, omoltos Tts και ὁ

1. This quality Aristotle justly attributes to the length of the nostrils of the
Spartan hound, affording a more extensive surface for the distribution of the minute
branches of the olfactory nerves—déowy of μυκτῆρες μακροὶ, οἷον τῶν Λακωνικῶν,

ὀσφραντικά.

APPENDIX. 259

“Apyos—not reducible within the pale of a general classification
founded on geographical distribution; but he has evidently all the
characteristic qualities of a genuine Spartan, and I never heard of
any breed peculiar to Ithaca.

“Apyos Ὀδυσσῆος ταλασίφρονος, ὅν ῥά ποτ᾽ αὐτὸς
θρέψε μὲν, οὐδ᾽ ἀπόνητο" πάρος δ᾽ εἰς Ἴλιον ἱρὴν
ᾧχετο" τὸν δὲ πάροιθεν ἀγίνεσκον νέοι ἄνδρες

αἶγας én’ ἀγροτέρας, ἠδὲ πρόκας, ἠδὲ λαγωούς.

Bred by Ulysses, nourish’d at his board,

But ah! not fated long to please his lord!

To him his swiftness and his strength were vain ;
The voice of glory call’d him o’er the main.

Till then in every sylvan chase renown’d,

With Argus, Argus, rung the woods around ;
With him the youth pursued the goat or fawn,
Or traced the mazy lev’ret o’er the lawn.

The answer of Eumeus, in which he fondly dilates on the prowess
of the old dog in the better days of his youth, throws farther light
on his supposed connexion with a Spartan kennel :

ov μὲν γάρ τι φύγεσκε βαθείης βένθεσιν ὕλης

κνώδαλον ὅττι ἴδοιτο" καὶ ἴχνεσι γὰρ περιη 67 ...

—evidently showing that he ran on sight of his game as well as scent :
for the common reading ἴδοιτο is preferable to the δίοιτο of Eusta-
thius, and is followed by Pope in his inimitable translation :

Oh! had you seen him, vig’rous, bold and young,
Swift as a stag, and as a lion strong ;

Him no fell savage on the plain withstood,

None ’scaped him, bosom’d in the gloomy wood ;
His eye how piercing, and his scent how true,

To wind the vapour in the tainted dew!

A Spartan huntsman might value such omnifarious qualifications ;
but we cannot allow such a hound, εἰ δὴ καὶ ταχὺς ἔσκε θέειν, within
the precincts of a coursing kennel, where speed and keen-sightedness
are essential properties, according to the modern canons of the leash ;
but to stoop to ‘ the tainted green” with the sagacity of a harrier,

Odyss. L. xvii.
292.

Pope’s
Odyssey.
B. xvi. 348.

Odyss. L. xvu1.
316.

Pope’s
Odyssey-
B. xvii. 380.

See Scott’s
“« Maida:”
a Scene at
Abbotsford.

Ovid. Fast.
L. 411.

De Natura
Animal, L. 111.
Cc, Il.

De Venat.
Cc. III.

J. Darcii
Venusini
Canes.

Solini
Polyhistor.
Cake

260 APPENDIX.

or even of a Caledonian deer-hound, of which Argus has been
deemed a prototype, invalidates the claim to εὐγένεια in the breed.
Diana having been particularly worshipped in Crete,*

Pallada Cecropiz, Minoia Creta Dianam,
Vulcanum tellus Hypsipilza, colit,...

we naturally look for a race of dogs deriving a local name from her
favourite isle. And, accordingly, connected with the last-mentioned
tribe of Canes Venatici, we have the Cretan and Carian, powerful,
quick-scented, nimble hounds ; whom it would be wrong unnaturally
to dissever, as having no marked physical peculiarities. Indeed
from their parity of character, and supposed identity of origin, the
hounds of Crete, and its neighbouring continent of Caria, have gene-
rally been united in one family. ἃ

flian describes the κύων Κρῆσσα κούφη, καὶ ἁλτικὴ, καὶ ὀρειβασίαις
σύντροφος. By Seneca the Cretans are called pugnacious—‘‘ pug-
naces Cresse;” and by Claudian, wire-haired — ‘‘ Hirsuteque

fremunt Cress.” ~ Arrian, when speaking of the Segusian hounds of

1. To Darcius of Venusium we owe the following description of the ardour of the
Spartan pack ;

Inde suos etenim Lacedemon Achaica laudat,
Assueti quoniam sylvis, cupidique ferarum
Precipiti fervore ruunt, perque invia lustra,
Convallesque cavas, et sentibus horrida duris
Arva, et vulnificis dumeta rigentia spinis
Dente rotant predas, indefessique sequuntur
Quod semel emissum est. TIllos non obvius amnis
Vicinos dirimens sinuvso gurgite colles,

Sistit, nec rapidos lato tenet obice cursus.

Et licet assiduo frangantur anhela boatu

Ora, trahantque zgros aftlictis viribus artus,
Assequier tamen est animus, &c.

2. Solinus and Pliny, while they admit the religious adoration of Diana by the
natives of Crete, deny to the soil many of the common beasts of chase.
Creticus,”

“¢ Ager
says the former naturalist, ‘‘sylvestrium caprarum copiosus est, cervo
eget. Lupos, vulpes, aliaque quadrupedum uoxia nusquam educat.”

APPENDIX. 261

Celtica, their unsightly aspect, their noisy howl, and extraordinary
sagacity of nose, indirectly proves the speed and keen-scentedness of
the Carian and Cretan. Oppian enjoins the hound of Crete to be
crossed with that of Pannonia, and the Carian, as if different, with
the Thracian,

ἐπιμίσγεο Παίοσι Κρῆτας,
Κᾶρας Θρηϊκίοις ..»

but, it is probable, the Pannonian and Thracian resembled each
other as much as the Cretan and Carian.

Two sub-varieties are recorded by Julius Pollux under the titles of
διάπονοι and wdpimmor:—the former so called from their bustling,
indefatigable character—ras νύκτας ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐν ταῖς πρὸς τὰ θηρία
μάχαις ἐπιλαμβάνειν, καὶ πολλάκις παρευνασθέντας τοῖς θηρίοις μεθ᾽
ἡμέραν ἄρχεσθαι τῆς μάχης; the latter, from their running at the
horse’s side —rois ἵπποις συνθέουσιν οὔτε προθέοντες οὔτε μὴν ἀπολειπό-

μενοι.

Cecropius catulus est quem dixére parippum.

To these the courser of Nicomedia adds a third sub-variety, seem-
ingly produced by the union of the former two — ai διάπονοι ἀπὸ τοῦ
φιλοπονεῖν, καὶ ai ἰταμαὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀξέως, καὶ αἱ μικταὶ ἀπ᾽ ἀμφοῖν ; the
ἰταμαὶ probably answering to the πάριπποι of the philologist. On the
authority of Arrian, we conclude the Cretan and Carian modes of
hunting to have been the same as generally practised in Greece—such
as are described at large by the elder Xenophon in his Cynegeticus.
See Meursii Opera, Tom. 111. c. vil. Creta.

Though not used by the elder Xenophon in the common hare-
chase, the Cretans are recommended for boar-hunting, and were
sometimes employed in pursuit of deer.

Κρῆσσα κύων ἐλάφοιο κατ᾽ ἴχνιον ἔδραμε ydpyws—

How beautifully is their style of hunting described by the poet
Varius, ‘‘ Meonii carminis ales,” in the fragment preserved by
Macrobius !

Seu canis umbrosam lustrans Gortynia vallem,
Si veteris poterit cerve comprendere lustra, . ?

Cyneg. L. 1.
vs, 394.

Pollucis
Onomast.
L. Vv. Ce Ve

Natalis Comes
de Venat. L. 1.

Arriani
de Venat.
C. III.

Ejusdem
Ce Ils

Incert. Auctor

apud Stephani
‘ Schediasm.

L. v. Sch. xvit.

Hor. Lib. 1.
Od. vi.

Varius apud
Macrob. L. vr.

c. Il.

Oppian.
Halieut. L. tv.
vs, 272.

See Wernsdorf
in loco.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 211.

Wase’s
Tlustrations.
c. 5. Ρ. 38.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 231.

262 APPENDIX.

Sevit in absentem, et circum vestigia latrans
Aéra per nitidum tenues sectatur odores :
Non amnes illam medii, non ardua tardant,
Perdita nec sere meminit decedere nocti.

—affording the Cilician copyist one of a profusion of highly poetical
similes, with which he depicts the polypus, or preke, searching for
its beloved olive-tree :

ἔνθα yap ἀγλαόκαρπος ἁλὸς σχεδόν ἐστιν ἐλαίη
γείτοσιν ἐν γουνοῖσιν ἐπακταίη τεθαλυῖα,

κεῖθι δὲ πουλύποδος νόος ἕλκεται, HUT ἐπ᾽ ἴχνος
Κνωσσίου εὐρίνοιο κυνὸς μένος, ὅστ᾽ ἐν ὄρεσσι
θηρὸς ἀνιχνεύει σκολιὴν βάσιν ἐξερεείνων

ῥινὸς ὑπ᾽ ἀγγελίῃ νημερτέϊ, καί τέ μιν ὦκα

μάρψε, καὶ οὐκ ἐμάτησεν, Edy δ᾽ ἐπέλασσεν ἄνακτα'
ὧς καὶ τηλεθόωσαν ἄφαρ μάθεν ἐγγὺς ἐλαίην
πούλυπος, ἐκδύνει δὲ βυθῶν, καὶ γαῖαν ἀνέρπει

καγχαλόων, πρέμνοισι δ᾽ ᾿Αθηναίης ἐπέλασσεν.

In connexion with the kindred Spartans, the Cretans are briefly
mentioned by Gratius,—an allusion being, probably, intended to an
intermixture of the two allied breeds in order to produce the Meta-
gon, whose praises are subsequently sung :

At vestrum non vile genus, non patria vulgo,
Sparta suos et Creta suos promittit alumnos.

To your high breed countries of dogs not base,
Sparta and Creta do conferre their race.

Ovid specifies them by name in Actzon’s blood-thirsty pack,

’

1, This canine name is not found in any other Cynegeticon. From the construc-
tion put on the passage by Wernsdorf, it appears that he would derive the Metagon
from a Spartan and Cretan cross: but how, let me ask, could the huntsman breed a
mute inductor, whose essential attribute was closeness, ‘‘ne voce lacesseret hostem,”’
from the union of two such latrant races ?—A litter, so bred in Acteon’s pack, was
any thing but mute, ‘‘ Labros, et Agriodos, et acute vocis Hylactor,” as above cited.
Wase’s interpretation of the passage is more correct—see his version, vs. 211. where
the lines of Gratius are differently rendered than in the chapter on the geography of
the poem, p. 38.

APPENDIX. 263

primusque Melampus Ovid. Metam.
Ichnobatesque sagax latratu signa dedére ; L. 111, 206.

Gnossius Ichnobates, Spartand gente Melampus;

and subsequently a litter,

that had a sire of Crete Golding’s
And dam of Sparta, ees Metam.
. IITs

as sings Sir Arthur Golding :

Et patre Dicteo, sed matre Laconide nati, Ovid. Metam.

Labros et Agriodos, et acute vocis Hylactor. vs. 223.

Indeed almost all the Ovidian pack were of Cretan, Spartan, and
Arcadian blood, well chosen by the poet for the fabled chase of the
son of Autonoé,! ““ falsi sub imagine cervi ”—?

εὖτε τανυπρέμνοιο καθήμενος ὑψόθι φηγοῦ, Nonni
λουομένης ἐνόησεν ὅλον δέμας toxealpns piontent.
θηητὴρ δ᾽ ἀκόρητος ἀθηήτοιο θεαίνης ens
ἁγνὸν ἀνυμφεύτοιο δέμας διεμέτρεε κούρης
ἀγχιφανὴς, κ. τ. A.
The whole of the Spartan family, inclusive of the Cretan and Ca-
rian, appear to have barked, as I have already observed, on scent of
their game $—a quality reprobated by Gratius (malignum officium !)
when shown before the quarry was started from his lair.
1. Claudian bestows the title Molossian on the entire pack, to designate, it may
be, their ferocity : ᾿
Sic mons Aonius rubuit, cum Penthea ferrent Tn so
Menades ; aut subito mutatum Actzona cornu Mica
Traderet insanis Latonia visa Molossis,
PB The stag Acteon in the stream had spied Dryden.

Palamon and

The naked huntress, and, for seeing, died : Weiler Bar

His hounds, unknowing of his change, pursue
The chase, and their mistaken master slew !

3. The loud latrancy of the tribe escaped not the notice of the bard of Avon, who
has cleverly appropriated much of the borrowed shape and κλαγγὴ of a modern pack

Cyneg. vs. 180.

Midsummer
Night’s Dream.
Act tv.

P. A. Bargei
Cyneg. L. v.

Ovid. Metam.
L. 111. vs. 272.

264 APPENDIX.

The noisy bark of the Etolian breed Gratius contrasts with the
mute cunning of its neighbour of Acarnania, already considered in
the first class :1

At clangore citat, quos nondum conspicit, apros
“Etola quecunque canis de stirpe (malignum
Officium) sive illa metus convicia rupit,

Seu frustra nimius properat furor. Et tamen illud
Ne vanum totas genus aspernere per artes,

Mirum quam celeres, et quantum nare merentur:

Tum non est victi cui concessére labori.

Too much addicted to gladdening, when near the lair of his game,

(Sir Thomas Lucy’s, perhaps, or other Warwickshire squire’s) to our classic breed
of the olden time :

I was with Hercules and Cadmus once,
When in a wood of Crete they bay’d the bear
With hounds of Sparta: never did I hear
Such gallant chiding; for besides the groves,
The skies, the fountains, every region near
Seem’d all one mutual cry : I never heard

So musical a discord, such sweet thunder.

With Angelio’s description of the Cretan hounds, the more striking features of
which are drawn from passages already cited, I close their portraiture.

Est eadem facies, et eidem proxima forme

Corpora: membrorum sed non equantia molem
Dictezis, animus tamen, et constantia pugnax,
Quandoquidem serus litem si forté diremit

Vesper, et obtentis umbrantur rura tenebris ;
Nusquam abeunt, nusquam vestigia pressa relinquunt,
Vertm herent vigiles, &c.

1. The dog, which sits at the foot of the noble statue of Meleager, is, probably, a
representation of the animal which assisted the hero of Calydon in his attack of the
wild boar—(‘‘ infeste famulus, vindexque Diane”)—that had laid waste the domain
of his father Cneus. (See F. Perrier, Tab. 51. and 52. ex ASdibus Pichiniis, and
Montfaucon Antiq. Expliq. Tom. I.) He is apparently a boar-hound, and per-
haps of the type of Etolia or Calydon—the names being indifferently applied to the
same dog, from Calydon, (the rocky Calydon of the Homeric catalogue, Iliad τι,
640.) the capital of the state, over which the sons of @Eneus once reigned.

APPENDIX. 965

the Etolian is not admitted into the class of Canes Bellicosi, whose
general character was closeness till the game was started; at which
time a cry, however loud, was not objected to by classic hunts-
men,—but the dog, that roused the game by giving tongue before-
hand, was strongly reprobated. Such was the faulty dog of Caly-
don, who needed all his other better qualities to counterbalance this
latrant propensity. That he had some valuable properties Gratius
allows, and recommends them to be turned to account by judicious
commixture with the mute Molossian’s blood :

vane tantum Calydonia lingue
Exibit vitium patre emendata Molosso.!

In consequence of the common Canes Venatici giving tongue or
opening, before the game was roused, it was customary with classic
sportsmen to employ Inductores, mute finders, ‘* canes tacite,”
(Senece Hippolyt.,) to search out the quarry by the trail ; 2

Dogs such whose cold secrecy was meant
By nature for surprise—
Wise temperate limehounds, that proclaim no scent,
Nor harb’ring will their mouths in boasting spend.

These are the Metagontes of the Faliscian poet—so called from
“« drawing after their game ”—yperdyorres :

1. Such a sire was most likely to correct the ‘‘ vanz lingue vitium” of the Calydonian
breed; and from such parentage may have been deduced the Glympicus of the son of
Astylus. No dam could cross more appropriately with a Molossian sire, contributing,
on her part, the important qualities of speed, sagacity, and unwearying ardour of
pursuit; and receiving, from the male side, courage, strength, and closeness of
mouth. The cited lines of Gratius, carefully perused in connexion with those which
foliow in the text, will, I think, warrant the parentage assigned to the hound in
question ; and such a view will materially assist the general understanding of a
somewhat obscure part of the Cynegeticon.

2. Without such auxiliaries all the hunter’s toil will be fruitless, says Bargeus :

Ni tecum canis acer eat, qui naribus auras
Ducat odoratas, et nusquam impressa ferarum
Insistat cupide vestigia: nec tamen ullos ‘
Latratus, vocesque hilari de pectore mittat,
Cum latebre non Jongé absunt, fidique recessus.

2. ἦν

Cynegeticus
vs. 106.

Sir W. Dave-
nant, Cant. τι,
stanza 30.

Wase, p. 79.

Pp. A. Bargei
Cyneg. 1., 1,

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 207.

ppian. Cyneg.
L, 1. 448.

Silii Italici de
Qd0 B. P. L. x.
vs. 77.

Oppian. Hal.
L. 1. 18.

266 APPENDIX.

maturo pressantes gaudia lusu
Dissimulare feras tacitique accedere possent.

Steadiness and a close mouth are essential attributes of the lime-
hound tribe.1. Gratius, Lucan, Seneca, A¢lian, and others, insist on
silence. And Oppian, seemingly forgetful of this negative quality
in the Armenian bear-hound, (whom I consider a limehound,) incul-
cates closeness in sagacious dogs, generally, from their very puppy-

hood ;

μηδ᾽ ὑλάειν ἐθέλοιεν, ἐπεὶ μάλα θηρευτῆρσι

σιγὴ τέθμιός ἐστι, πανέξοχα δ᾽ ἰχνευτῆρσιν.

They are to be taught it with their names, and other matters of
kennel discipline.

The limiers of classical antiquity, more numerous perhaps than
the reader may suppose, are found widely distributed. We gather
traces of them in Homer, Lucretius, Virgil, Pliny, Gratius, A®lian,
Seneca, Nemesian, Oppian, Silius Italicus, and others. The Belgic
hound of the poet of the Second Punic War is certainly an inductor
or limier :

Ut canis ocultos agitat quum Belgicus apros,
Erroresque fere sollers per devia mersa
Nare legit, tacitoque premens vestigia rostro
Lustrat inaccessos venantum indagine saltus :
Nec sistit, nisi conceptum sectatus odorem,

Deprendit spissis arcana cubilia dumis.

And it strikes me, that the Gelonian and Umbrian of Gratius, the
Tuscan of Nemesian, and the Armenian bear-hound of Oppian, are
all varieties of limehound. Of the Metagon, already mentioned,
there can be no doubt—he is clearly of the class described by the
Greek poet of the Halieutics:

U \ ,ὔ « -“
σκύλακες δὲ συνέμποροι ἡγεμονῆες
κνώδαλα σημαίνουσι, καὶ ἰθύνουσιν ἄνακτας

5» 5 3 A
εὐνὴν εἰς αὐτὴν---

1. See the mode οἵ breaking-in the limier, chien de traict, in J. Savary’s rare
work, Venationis Cervine Leges, L, 11. sub initio.

APPENDIX. 267

The Homeric inductors occur in the boar-hunt of Mount Parnas-
sus, in the van of which Ulysses, οὐτάμεναι μεμαὼς, distinguishes

himself, with the sons of Autolycus :

οἱ δ᾽ ἐς βῆσσαν ἵκανον ἐπακτῆρε5" πρὸ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ αὐτῶν

ἔχνη ἐρευνῶντες κύνες ἤϊσαν," κι τ.λ.

and the abstract phraseology of Lucretius affords a second early no-

tice of them :

tum fissa ferarum
Ungula quo tulerit gressum, pramissa canum vis
Ducit.

The first limehound in the annals of sporting was Glympicus,
tutored in the art of harbouring by the Beotian Hagnon, a hunts-
man immortalized by Gratius :

Sed primum celsa lorum cervice ferentem,
Glympice, te silvis egit Beeotins Hagnon,
Hagnon Astylides, Hagnon, quem plurima semper
Gratia per nostros unum testabitur usus.

Hic trepidas artes et vix novitate sedentes
Vidit, qua propior patuit via: nec sibi turbam
Contraxit comitem, nec vasa tenentia longe.
Unus presidium, atque operi spes magna petito,
Assumptus Metagon lustrat per nota ferarum
Pascua, per fontes, per quas trivére latebras,
Primz lucis opus: tum signa vapore ferino
Intemerata legens, si qua est, qua fallitur, ejus
Turba loci, majore secat spatia extera gyro.
Atque hic egressu jam tum sine fraude reperto
Incubuit spatiis, qualis permissa Lechzis
Thessalium quadriga decus, quam gloria patrum
Excitat, et prime spes ambitiosa corone.

1. The Ascrean Poet’s hunting-picture on the shield of Hercules is rather a chase
at speed, than trailing after leporine game ;

τοὶ δ᾽ ὠκύποδας Aa'yds ἥρευν
ἄνδρες θηρευταὶ, καὶ καρχαρόδοντε κύνε πρὸ

ἱέμενοι μαπέειν, οἱ δ᾽ ἱέμενοι ὑπαλύξαι.

Odyss. L. χιχ,
435.

De Rerum
Natura L. 1v.
684.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 213.

Hesiod. Scut.
Hercul. vs. 302.

Hist. Nat.
Tie 111. Ὁ. XL.

De Natura
Animalium
LEA VANDI Wo ΤΙν

2968 APPENDIX.

Sed ne qua ex nimio redeat jactura favore,

Lex dicta officiis: ne voce lacesseret hostem,
Neve levem predam, aut propioris pignora lucri
Amplexus, primos nequicquam effunderet actus.
Jam vero impensum melior fortuna laborem

Quum sequitur, juxtaque domus quesita ferarum,
Ut sciat, occultos et signis arguat hostes:

Aut effecta levi testatur gaudia cauda,

Aut ipsa infodiens uncis vestigia plantis

Mandit humum, celsasve apprensat naribus auras.
Et tamen, ut ne prima faventem pignora fallant,
Circa omnem, aspretis medius qua clauditur orbis,
Ferre pedem, accessusque, abitusque, notasse ferarum
Admonet, et, si forte loci spes prima fefellit,
(Rarum opus) incubuit spatiis ad prospera versis,
Intacto repetens prima ad vestigia gyro.

We here see the limier’s style of harbouring portrayed to the life
—falling on the trail—coming to a fault—recovering the scent—and
following it up to the lair. The harbourer of more modern days is
the inguisitor of Pliny’s short sketch; ‘‘ Scrutatur vestigia atque
persequitur, comitantem ad feram inquisitorem loro trahens: qua
visd quam silens et occulta, quam significans demonstratio est!” But
of all descriptions in the range of classical literature the most exqui-
sitively beautiful is A¢lian’s—no painter can surpass this graphic
hunting-piece : — προηγεῖται τοῦ κυνηγέτου (ὃ κύων ὁ θηρατικὸς) ἱμάντι
μακρῷ προσημμένος, καὶ ῥινηλατεῖ, τῆς φωνῆς ἔχων ἐγκρατῶς καὶ σιωπῶν,
x. το A. The hound’s busy manner, — his steady search, even where
there is no game, — his burst of silent joy at catching a scent, — his
salutation of the harbourer as if sympathizing in his glee at being
successful,—his drawing on up to the boar’s couch,—the start—
and final pean of exultation and victory, are all described in masterly
style.

The Gelonian breed is very cursorily mentioned by Gratius, as
timid and sagacious ;

Arma negant contra, martemque odére Geloni,
Sed natura sagax ...

and is recommended to be crossed with the tigrine Hyrcanian ;
whence spiritless Gelonian bitches have derived that courage and
pluck, of which they stood in need :

APPENDIX. 969

traxere animos de patre Gelone
Hyrcano,

The Umbrian had much of the Gelonian character—timorous and
so/t—but remarkably keen of nose. Wishing to incorporate every
good quality in the same mongrel breed, Gratius ejaculates—

At fugit adversos idem quos reperit hostes
Umber.! Quanta fides, utinam et solertia naris,
Tanta foret virtus, et tantum vellet in armis! _

Silius Italicus notes the sagacity of the Umber, and seems to
indicate his closeness of mouth in the contrasted barking of
the Spartan,

Ceu pernix cum densa vagis latratibus implet
Venator dumeta Lacon, aut exigit Umber
Nare sagax ὃ calle feras perterrita laté
Agmina precipitant volucres formidine cervi,

But his habits are most vividly sketched in an elegant simile of
Seneca’s Thyestes, where Atreus, exulting in his artful entrapping of
his brother, (as a wild beast enveloped in the hunter’s toils — plagis
..... Clusa dispositis fera,—) exclaims in a strain of ill-dissembled
self-gratulation,

venit in nostras manus
Tandem Thyestes ; venit, et totus quidem.
Vix tempero animo, vix dolor frenos capit :
Sic, cum feras vestigat, et longo sagax
Loro tenetur Umber, ac presso vias
Scrutatur ore; dum procul lento suem
Odore sentit, paret, et facito locum
Rostro pererrat: prada cum propior fuit;
Cervice tota pugnat, et gestu vocat
Dominum morantem, seque retinenti eripit.

The Virgilian Umbrian, to which /Eneas in pursuit of Turnus is

1. ‘‘ Umber is here,” says Wase, ‘‘ the Bracco of Italy ; and as their dog is timo-
rous, so their bore is not very courageous. Whence the poet,—Thuscus aper gene-
rosior Umbro.”

ταῦ! Cyneg.
vs. 195.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 171.

Silii Ital. de
240 Bello
Punico L. 111.

Senece
Thyestes.
Act. 11. 493,

270 APPENDIX,

likened in the last book of the Aineid, may be taken to signify any
Canis venaticus, and not that of Umbria particularly :

Virgilit Aeneid. Inclusum veluti si quando flumine nactus
L. xu. 749. Cervum, aut puniceez septum formidine penne,
Venator cursu, canis et latratibus instat ;
Ille autem, insidiis et ripa territus alta,
Mille fugit refugitque vias : at vividus Umber
Heret hians, jam jamque tenet, similisque tenenti
Increpuit malis, morsuque elusus inani est.

The true Umbrian, I conceive, was mute—certainly so, until his
game was on foot; as were all the other finders spoken of. But
another reason against the dog of Maro being the native dog of Um-
bria is this — the poet would never have compared the brave and
victorious Aineas to a notoriously timid animal, who “ fugit adversos
idem quos repperit hostes—” while the hero was dealing death and

destruction on all sides of him ;

Virgil. Acneid. ACneas mortem contra presensque minatur
L. xu. 760. Exitium, si quisquam adeat; terretque trementes
Excisurum urbem minitans ; et saucius instat.
?

If the character of the hounds of Umbria be such as stated, on the
authority of the ancient Cynegetica, the epithet ‘‘ audaces ” bestowed
on them by the Latin poet of Barga must be unmerited ;

P. Angelii Celtis velocibus Umbros,
Bee Cyneg. Audaces Umbros, et odoris naribus acres.
. Ve

Barthius, erroneously in my opinion, identifies the Tuscan dogs of
Nemesian with the fierce Molossian-like animals of Oppian’s first
Cynegetic (vs. 413.). To the passage already cited under the Canes
Bellicosi, the reader is referred, for the purpose of comparison with

the following from the Carthaginian poet :

Nemesian. Quin et Tuscorum non est extrema voluptas
Cyneg. vs. 231. Sepe canum: sit forma illis licet obsita villo,
Dissimilesque habeant catulis velocibus artus ;
Haud tamen injucunda dabunt tibi munera prede.
Namque et odorato noscunt vestigia prato,
Atque etiam leporum secreta cubilia monstrant.

Oppian’s boar and lion-killers have very little resemblance to these

APPENDIX. 271

indices of the form or seat of the timorous hare, The latter poet re-
commends the Tuseans (whom he is also supposed to designate under
the title of Ausonians in his first kennel-roll) to be crossed with the
Spartan race ;

Tuponva γένεθλα Adkwor—

The Armenian bear-dog was a sort of lyemmer used by sportsmen
of the East for tracking bears ;1

πουλὺς ὄχλος βαίνουσι τανύσκια βένθεα δρυμῶν,
ἴδριες, αὐτολύγοις σὺν ἐὔρίνεσσι κύνεσσιν,

ἴἤχνια μεστεύσοντ᾽ ὑλοῶν πουλύπλανα θηρῶν.
ἀλλ᾽ ὁπότ᾽ ἀθρήσωσι κύνες σημήϊα ταρσῶν,
ἔσπονται, στιβέας τε ποδηγετέουσιν ὅμαρτῆ
ῥῖνας μὲν ταναὰς σχεδόθεν χέρσοιο τιθέντες,
ἐξοπίσω δ᾽ εἴπερ τι νεώτερον ἀθρήσειαν

ἴχνος, ἐπειγόμενοι θόρον αὐτίκα καγχαλόωντες,
ληθόμενοι τοῦ πρόσθεν" ἐπὴν δ᾽ εἰς ἄκρον ἵκωνται
εὐπλανέος στιβίης, θηρός τε παναίολον εὐνὴν,
αὐτίχ᾽ ὁ μὲν θρώσκει παλάμης ἀπὸ θηρητῆρος“,
οἰκτρὰ μάλ᾽ ὑλακόων, κεχαρημένος ἔξοχα θυμόν.

The poet concludes this part of his description with a singularly
beautiful simile of a bare-footed little damsel in joyful search of
mountain violets, (discovered by their grateful odour, and plucked for
the decoration of her head,) with which she returns singing to the
home of her peasant parents :

ὡς κυνὸς ἰάνθη θυμὸς θρασύς. αὐτὰρ ἐπακτὴρ
καὶ μάλα μιν θύνοντα βιησάμενος τελαμῶσι,

καγχαλόων παλίνορσος ἔβη μεθ᾽ ὅμιλον ἑταίρων.

The δίκτνα and ἄρκνες, the δεῖμα πολύχροον of the feathered line,
and the other instruments of the savage chase, combine to secure the
ursine quarry. See Oppian. Cyneg. Iv. vs. 354 ad vs. 424,

1. A close-mouthed hound, probably, with much of the pugnacious disposition of
our first class, added to his sagacity. Many of the limehound tribe, at least those
used in trailing after fierce prey, must have had a strong dash of the same daring
spirit—not so, however, the uncrossed Umbrian and Gelonian.

Oppian, Cyneg.
L. 1. vs. 395.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L, αν. vs. 356,

Lucani Pharsal.
L. 1v. 437.

Senece
Hippolyt.
Act. 1. 30.

Wase’s
Illustrations,
&c. c. vi. p. OL.

272 APPENDIX.

Having already noticed the wary employment of the mute finder
to search out the lair of animals obnoxious to the chase, let us look
at the subsequent proceedings.t_ When the nets and snares were set,
the game found, and started by the Canes ductores, the attendants,
it seems, slipped the latrant pack, which were held in couples at
hand. That this was the ordinary routine is proved by Xenophon,
Lucan, Seneca, and others. The Greek sportsman of Scillus does
not, indeed, say that the dog first slipped should be mute, but
merely quick-scented. Lucan, however, particularly states his qua-
lity of closeness in the lines of his Pharsalia, where he likens the
naval tactics of Octavius, ‘‘ Illyrice custos Octavius unde,” to the
wily stratagems of a huntsman preparing for the attack of his
game ;

— Sic dum pavidos formidine cervos
Claudat odorate metuentes aé€ra penne :
Aut dum dispositis attollat retia varis
Venator, tenet ora levis clamosa Molossi;
Spartanos Cretasque ligat; nec creditur ulli
Sylva cani, nisi qui presso vestigia rostro
Colligit, et preda nescit latrare reperta,
Contentus tremulo monstrasse cubilia loro.

—and Seneca implies the same,

at vos laxas
Tacitis canibus mittite habenas :
Teneant acres lora Molossos,
Et pugnaces tendant Cresse
Fortia trito vincula collo.
At Spartanos (genus est audax

1. “ The hunting used by the ancients was much like that way which is at pre-
sent taken with the Raindeare which is seldome hunted at force, or with hounds, but
onely drawne after with a blood-hound, and forestall’d with nets and engines. So
did they with all beasts; and therefore a dog is never commended by them for
opening before hee hath by signes discover’d where the beast lyeth in iis layre, as
by their drawing stiffe our harboarers are brought to give right judgment. There-
fore I doe not finde that they were curious in the musique of their hounds, or in a
composition of their kennell and pack, cither for dcepenesse or lowdnesse, or sweet-
nesse of cry like to us,” &c.

APPENDIX. 273

Avidumque fer) nodo cautus
Propriore liga. , Veniet tempus
Cum latratu cava saxa sonent :
Nunc demissi nare sagaci
Captent auras, lustraque presso
Querant rostro.'

1. The Canis ductor, or lime-hound of the middle ages, the ἐμβιβαστὴς and μηνυ-
τὴς of ancient glossaries, ‘* qui odorisequa nare spelea ferarum, et diverticula depre-
hendit,’’ was strongly allied to, if not identical with, the Sleut-hound of Scotland,
the blood-hound, lyme-dog, or limer (from the lyam or leash with which he was led)
of authors, employed in the pursuit of animals of chase, and the discovery of murders
and ambuscades. See the Glossaries of Spelman and Ducange, in voce.

Skinner defines the Limmer “ Hybris, i. e. canis vilior ex cane sagace venatico
cum Molosso copulato prognatus,’—and such probably was the parent stock of this
much-famed dog. The Lorarius of Caius must have been a more nimble animal
than the Sleut-hound—“ propter velocitatem et gravius feram urget, et citils capit.”
The Lymer is fully treated of in De Langley’s curious manuscript intitled fAapster
of Game, c. xx. et seqq. Much also will be found relative to him in the Book of
St. Alban’s, Fouilloux, Turberville, and Blome: and he is particularly described by
the Latin poet of Caen, under the title of “6 Canis armillaris.”

The following portrait by the poet of Barga is worthy of exhibition :

Ile quidem multa virtute insignis, et usu
Venandi, saltum si quando ingressus apertum est,
Evinctus loro dominum trahit. Atque ubi signa
Invenit, aut auras acer persentit odoras,

Pergit iter, rostrum et pressa vix tollit ab herba,
Huc illuc volvens oculos, et singula solers
Scrutatur : donec subter virgulta latentem
Conspexit leporem, et constrata cubilia fronde.
Tum vero gressum cauda blanditus, et ore
Accelerat, montemque omnem latratibus implet.

” of Vaniere’s Predium Rusticum,

He is the “ Praevius it loro catulus devinctus
L. xvr. Great, however, as was his celebrity in the sporting field of the classic and

middle ages, and even till a century and a half ago,—

syrchand to and fra,
To hunt the harte, the bare, the da, the ra,—

the Limier, in a state of pure blood, is considered almost extinct.

2M

Etymolog.
Ling. Anglic.
De Canibus

Britannicis
Libellus.

Venationis
Cervine Leges
Ty like

P. A, Bargei
Cyneg. L. v.

G. Douglas’s
Palace of
Honour.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 199,

Ejusdem
vs. 207.

Minshei
Emend. in
voce.

Hist. Nat.
L. τὸ 255.
Gloss. Arch.
p- 114.
Kjusd. p. 7.
Wase’s lllus-
trations.

Arrian. de Ven.
Cc. III, in not.

The Countrey
Farme, by
G. Markham.
C. XXII

274 APPENDIX.

Hitherto we have said nothing of the race of sagacious hunting-
dogs, most commonly known by the name of hounds,’ the Petronius
of Gratius,? the ᾿Αγασσεὺς of Oppian, and the Segusian of Arrian.?
The Petronius belongs to the family of fleet sagacious hounds ;

at te leve si qua
Tangit opus, pavidosque juvat compellere dorcas,
Aut versuta sequi leporis vestigia parvi :
Petronios (sic fama) canes, volucresque Sicambros,
Et pictam macula Vertraham delige falsa,
Ocyor affectu mentis pinnaque cucurrit,
Sed premit inventas, non inventura latentes
Illa feras ; que Petroniis bene gloria constat.

We here see the distinction between the harrier and greyhound, the
That the Petronii
opened as soon as they hit upon the trail of their game, before it was

former running on scent, the latter on sight.4

roused, is much regretted by the poet—

Quod si maturo pressantes gaudia lusu
Dissimulare feras tacitique accedere possent :

1. Hound is sometimes applied to all dogs, as if Minshew’s and Junius’s derivation
of the term were correct—a κυνίδιον dim. a κύων : but in England the term most
commonly signifies a hunting-dog, to which sense the A. S. huntian, hent-an, to pur-
sue, to search after, affords a more probable root.

2. The etymology of the term Petronius is not of easy solution. By critics it has
been fancifully derived from the firmness, strength, and hardness of the feet of this
variety of dog ; in consequence of which he was enabled to run over rough and rocky
ground without injury—kxiéwy εὔπους. Gesner mentions a tributary stream of the
Tiber called Petronia, ‘‘ quod per petras fluat.’’ Spelman, in his Glossary, gives
Petrunculus as a synonym of Petronius, citing the above passage of Gratius; and
under Acceptor, explains Petrunculus in a marginal note by “a brachet.” The
Spanish use Perro, says Wase, as their common appellation of a dog.

3. Schneider substitutes ‘Eyouvota for ᾿Εγουσίαι, (spiritu mutato)—the Latin term
being Segusii, as ἕξ, sex. Seyovola, Blancard.

4. “‘ Greyhounds are onely for the coursing of all sorts of wilde beasts by main
swiftnesse of foot; they doe not any thing more than their eies govern them unto,
being led by a natural instinct or hatred which they beare to all sorts of wilde
beasts.’—‘‘ Hounds are those which by vertue of their scents, smells, or noses, do
find out all manner of wilde beasts,’ &c.—See the distinctions of the two races ad-
mirably drawn by G. Markham, p. 673. of Surflet’s version of La Maison Rustique.

APPENDIX. 275

Illis omne decus, quod nunc, Metagontes, habetis,
Constaret sylvis ; sed virtus irrita damno est!

Herein, however, they strikingly resemble their modern representa-
tives; for, with Ducange, I readily grant that the Canes Petronii
ςς

ii sunt quos vulgd chiens courans appellamus.” Whoever has
heard the din of the fox or hare-chase,

— whilst the babbling echo mocks the hounds,
Replying shrilly to the well-tuned horns,
As if a double hunt were heard at once,

will grant that no Petronian pack could have been more noisy on
the trail than their modern representatives.

The Britannus sagax, ‘‘ the hound sagacious on the tainted
green,” next claims our attention. Of the Britannus bellicosus we
have already spoken under the first class. The earlier cynegetical
writers are silent on the subject of British hounds: nor do they
appear to have been known in Italy till towards the decline of the
Roman empire ; when, having been introduced into Celtic Gaul,
their merits became gradually known in southern Europe. And
here, in spite of the French encyclopedists, (the copyists of Messieurs
D’Y auville and Le Verrier de la Conterie,) who gratuitously assume
““ qu’en général les chiens Anglois n’ont pas autant de noblesse que
les beaux chiens Frangois,”—and that where the breed is improved,
as they allow it to be in some cases, the amelioration is attributable
to Norman crosses,—we must, with our native poet, claim the palm
for Britain ;

In thee alone, fair land of liberty!

Is bred the perfect hound, in scent and speed
As yet unrivall’d, while in other climes
Their virtue fails, a weak degenerate race!

By name, British hunting-dogs (as distinct from the pugnacious
class) are mentioned by the poets of Carthage and Anazarbus alone ;
by the former, where singing the praises of different canine breeds,
the merits of the blood of distant countries ;

Titus Androni-
cus, Act 11,
Sc. m1.

Pope’s
Essay on Man.

Encyclopédie
Méthodique :
sur les Chasses,
p- 138.

Somerville.
Chace, B.1.

Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 123.

Ovid. Metam.
L, 111. vs. 255.

276 APPENDIX.

Sed non Spartanos tantim, tantimve Molossos
Pascendum catulos: divisa Britannia mittit

Veloces,! nostrisque orbis venatibus aptos ;

—by the latter, in the conclusion of his first cynegetic, vs. 467, here-
after cited. Of Nemesian’s ““ veloces,”’ probably not of the saga-
cious class, I shall, in the sequel, speak. In the absence of any
assigned habitat for the Petronius, may we not consider him indi-
genous of Britain ?2 Our happy isle has ever been famous for excel-
lent breeds of hunting-dogs, for skilful sportsmen, and horses both
fleet and patient of the chase. All the Celtic nations indeed, and
our ancestors among the rest, were passionately addicted to the
diversions of the field, considering the prosecution of such laborious
callings a kind of apprenticeship and initiation for war. Thence the
superiority of the Celtic breeds of sporting-dogs, and more especially
of the Britannus sagax and Britannus bellicosus. With the latter,
perhaps, the former may have been sent to Italy by the resident
Procurator Cynegii, as worthy of admission into Roman kennels ;
for at this early period I believe there were only these two native
varieties of the canine race in Britain. In the field of battle, in
public spectacles, and in the wolf and boar-chases, the bellicosus,
the rival of the truculent Epirote, stood pre-eminent: and in the
ordinary hunting of timid and fugacious quarry, the hound ‘ naribus

1. It is my opinion that these veloces were greyhounds, — which having been ex-
ported from Gaul, their native soil, into Britain, were thence again sent to Italy ;—
and therefore I have nothing to say about them here, The passage is not of easy
application — some commentators interpreting it as having reference to one variety

of hound, and some to another :—
pars invenit utraque causas.

See some further remarks under the Vertragus of Class ITI.

2. Of what country were the Canes Petronii indigenous ? — Vlitius claims them,
without proof, for Belgium—denies all knowledge of them to Italy, beyond mere re-
port—unceremoniously dissallows the pretensions of Gaul—and, for reasons equally
inadequate, those of Britain. But the latter, in my opinion, has as well-founded a
claim to the breed as Belgium.

APPENDIX. 977

utilis,” acquired an early name and character.!_ For hideousness of
aspect, and ugliness of shape, both were remarkable ;

Si non ad speciem, mentiturosque decores

Protinus : hec una est catulis jactura Britannis :

—a notification of Ovid’s contemporary, which may be interpreted
of the sagacious with as much truth as of the pugnacious sorts.

Modern ingenuity has taught British hounds of chase to pursue
many varieties of prey. ‘‘ Alius leporis, alius vulpis, alius cervi,
alius platycerotis, alius taxi, alius lutre, alius mustelz, alius cuni-
culi tanttim odore gaudet.” The dog does not himself necessarily
differ, for adaptation to different game; and possibly, the old
English Talbot was the parent stock, whence all the sub-varieties, at
present found in the kennels of Great Britain, originally sprung,?
modified in shape and character by judicious breeding, and careful
management as to quarry : ὅ

1. Under the Canis venaticus sagax, ferarum indagator et sectator, the primary
definition of Ray, we may place the modern sub-varieties; the Sanguinarius seu
Surum deprehensor of Ray, the Leverarius of Caius, and Venaticus minor of Ray.

The Sanguinarius, or blood-hound, is the Canis Scoticus, ane Sleuth-hound, of
Gesner’s Appendix ; briefly therein described from Hector Boethius ; and answering
to the Inductor of the Classical ages more nearly than to any other ancient type.
He is beautifully described by Somerville, and faithfully by Caius, and Holinshed ;
nor is Tickell’s sketch, in his fragment on hunting, unworthy of perusal.

The second sub-variety of the British hound of chase, the Leverarius, harrier or
fox-hound, (‘ sunt ex his,” says Caius, ‘‘ qui duos, ut vulpem atque leporem, variatis
vicibus sequi student,”) is the Canis Scoticus sagax, vulgd dictus ane Rache of
Gesner’s Appendix ; “ the racche the whiche that men clepen the Rennyng hounde ”
of the fMapster of Game, c. x11. fo. 62.

Of the third sub-variety I shall presently speak under the Agasseus.

For further particulars the reader is referred to Gervase Markham’s clear, accurate,
and entertaining portraits of ‘‘ the slow,” ‘‘ the middle-sized,” and ‘nimble hounds,”
copied by this laborious compiler from the earlier work of Duke Edmund of York,
above cited. He may also consult Ducange’s Canis latrahilis.

2. Tam happy to refer to the Historian of Manchester, in corroboration of this
opinion. Skinner derives the name of the Talbot from the position of his tail—
«« Canis cauda reflexa preditus, credo ab A. S. Tegl, nobis Tail, cauda, et Butan
extra, ultra, fords!”

3. Ancient sportsmen were equally aware with their modern descendants of the

Gratii Cyneg,
vs. 177.

J. Caii de Ca-
nibus Britan.

Libellus.

Synopsis Me-

thodica Anima-

lium Quadru-
pedum.

Countrey
Contentments,
Booke 1. c. 1.

Glossar. in
voce.

Etymolog.
Ling. Anglic.

278

Somerville’s
Chace, B. 1.

APPENDIX.

strong, heavy, slow, but sure,
Whose ears down-hanging from his thick round head,
Shall sweep the morning dew ; whose clanging voice
Awake the mountain echo in her cell,
And shake the forest: the bold Talbot kind
Of these the prime, &c.

The hounds of Theseus would be correctly placed, from the de-
scription of our great dramatic poet, under the old English breed.
With it they have more points in common than with their fabled

progenitors ;

Midsummer
Night’s Dream.

My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,

So flew’d, so sanded, and their heads are hung

With ears that sweep away the morning dew ;
Crook-knee’d, and dew-lap’d, like Thessalian bulls;
Slow in pursuit ; but match’d in mouth like bells,
Each under each. A cry more tuneable

Was never halloo’d to, nor cheer’d with hom,

In Crete, in Sparta, nor in Thessaly.

The vigorous and fleet Leverarius being a supposed representative
of some ancient types, I cite the masterly picture of Somerville for
the purpose of comparison with the classic poets of the Chase :

Somerville’s
Chace, B.1.

See there with countenance blithe,
And with a courtly grin, the fawning hound
Salutes thee cowering ; his wide opening nose
Upwards he curls, and his large sloe-black eyes
Melt in soft blandishments, and humble joy ;
His glossy skin, or yellow-pied, or blue,
In lights or shades by nature’s pencil drawn,
Reflects the various tints ; his ears and legs

necessity of keeping hounds, when once entered, steady to their particular game.

Plutarch (περὶ πολυπραγμοσύνης) alludes to the attention they paid to this point of

field discipline : of κυνηγοὶ τοὺς σκύλακας οὐκ ἐῶσιν ἐκτρέπεσθαι καὶ διώκειν πᾶσαν
ρ

ὀδμὴν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ῥυτῆρσιν ἕλκουσι καὶ ἀνακρούουσι, καθαρὸν αὐτῶν καὶ ἄκρατον φυλάτ-

Xenophon τοντες τὸ αἰσθήριον ἐπὶ τὸ οἰκεῖον ἔργον. Xenophon, passionately enamoured of the

De Venat.
C. VIe

hare-chase, would not allow his harriers to turn aside, and run riot, after foxes—

διαφθορὰ yap μεγίστη, καὶ ἐν τῷ δεόντι οὔ ποτε wdpesow—it is fatal to their steadi-

ness.

APPENDIX. 279

Fleckt here and there, in gay enamell’d pride,

Rival the speckled pard ; his rush-grown tail

O’er his broad back bends in an ample arch ;

On shoulders clean, upright and firm he stands ;

His round cat-foot, straight hams, and wide-spread thighs,
And his low-dropping chest, confess his speed,

His strength, his wind, or on the steepy hill,

Or far-extended plain ; in every part

So well-proportion’d, that the nicer skill

Of Phidias himself can’t blame thy choice.

The Talbot, whose portrait is also sketched by the Latin poet of
Barga, as well as by the authors cited, is at present fallen into dis-
repute—his slowness of foot being scarce compensated by his keen-
ness of scent. The fleeter Leverarius, whose consimilarity with the
Gratian Petronius almost approaches to identity, was apparently
unknown to M. A. Biondi; for he holds it quite impossible (like
the elder Xenophon in regard to the fair capture of the hare with his
ἀλωπεκίδες at force) that any hounds should have speed sufficient to
run down a fox, without the aid of wily instruments of destruction.t
But the largest varieties of Somerville’s last picture are found a
match for the arch-felon, ‘‘ vulpem captare dolosam,”—the only
approach to the modern mode of pursuing whom, which the classics
afford, is in the fourth book of Oppian’s Cynegetics, where the κύνες
ἀολλέες are evidently a pack of hounds, though we look in vain for
the well-mounted hunters ;

κερδὼ δ᾽ οὔτε λόχοισιν ἁλώσιμος, οὔτε βρόχοισιν,
οὔτε λίνοις" δεινὴ γὰρ ἐπιφροσύνησι νοῆσαι,

1. The difficulty of capturing the fox is indicated, according to Bochart, by mytho-
logists, in the fable of the Teumesian fox, the “altera pestis” of Bootian Thebes,
which, in the song of Sir Arthur Golding,

— wrought the bane of many a wight. The countrie folke did feed
Him with their cattle and themselves, untill (as was agreed)

That all the youthfull gentlemen that dwelled thereabout

Assembling, pitcht their corded toyles the champion fields throughout,
But net, ne toyle was none so hie that could his wightnesse stop,

He mounted over at his ease the highest of the top.

Then every man let slip their grewnds, but he them all oustript

And even as nimbly as a bird in daliance from them whipt, &c.

P. A. Bargei
Cyneg. v.

De Canibus et
Venatione Li-
bellus.

Cyneg. tv.
vs. 448.

Hierozoicon
L. 111. 6. ΧΙ.

Ovid. Met.
LL. σαῖς 769:

Golding’s
Ovid’s Metam.
Booke seventh.

Cyneg. 111.
vs. 450.

Martial. Epigr.
L. x. Ep, 37.

Savster of
Game.
C. Ville fo. 43.

Venatus et
Aucupium per
J. A. Lonicer.

280 APPENDIX.

δεινὴ δ᾽ αὖτε κάλωα ταμεῖν, ὑπὸ δ᾽ ἅμματα λῦσαι,
καὶ πυκινοῖσι δόλοισιν ὀλισθῆσαι θανάτοιο"
ἀλλὰ κύνες μιν ἄειραν ἀολλέες, OVD ἄρ᾽ ἐκεῖνοι

A / > > ul
καὶ κρατεροί περ ἐόντες ἀναιμωτεὶ δαμάσαντο.

Tn no case does he fall an easy prey to the disturbers of his cunningly-
wrought latibulum :

μάλ᾽ ἀρήϊος ἐν πραπίδεσσι,
καὶ πινυτὴ ναίει πυμάτοις ἐνὶ φωλειοῖσιν,
ἑπταπύλους οἴξασα δόμους, τρητάς τε καλιὰς
τηλόθ᾽ ἀπ᾿ ἀλλήλων, μή μιν θηρήτορες ἄνδρες
ἀμφὶ θύρῃ λοχόωντες ὑπὸ βροχίδεσσιν ἄγωνται"
ἀργαλέη γενύεσσι καὶ ἀντία δηρίσασθαι

θηρσί 7° ἀρειοτέροισι, καὶ ἀγρευτῆρσι κύνεσσιν.᾿

Even when, with the din of huntsmen and hounds, driven into nets,
the entangled felon, according to Martial, still fights it out, to the
no little discomfiture and injury of his canine antagonists ;

Hic olidam clamosus ages in retia vulpem,
Mordebitque tuos sordida preda canes... *

Identical with the least of the hound tribe of the British isles, the
Canis venaticus minor of Ray’s Synopsis, and Charleton’s Onomas-
ticon, is the Oppianic Agasszus; the derivation of whose name has

1. “Men taken hem withe houndes,” says De Langley, ‘‘ withe greihoundes,
withe haies and withe pursnettis, but he kitteth hem withe his teethe as the mascies
of the wolf dooth but nat so sone.”

2. Lonicer’s ratio vulpinandi in his ‘ venatus et aucupium’ shows in its accom-
panying most spirited engraving the fox-chase of three centuries ago:

Callida versuto capitur stratagemate vulpes :
Novit enim dubias mille dolosa vias, &c.

For the merits of the fox-chase, and its ‘‘ commoditie of exercise,” see Sir Thomas
Elyot’s ‘ The Governour,’ Book 1. c. xvi1t. and for “‘ the flying of this chase,” see
a Short Treatise of Hunting, compyled for the Delight of Noblemen and Gentlemen,
by Sir Thomas Cockaine, Knight — wherein he states “ that the author hereof
hath killed a foxe distant from the covert where hee was found foureteene miles aloft
the ground with hounds,”—a run that would be deemed pretty good, I suppose, even
by the modern descendants of any Nimrod knight.

APPENDIX. 28]

puzzled Brodeus and other classic commentators not a little.! With
the hint that ᾿Α γασσεὺς may be connected with Agassa of Macedo-
nia, Agasus a port of Apulia, the Thracian Agessus, and Agathia a
city of Phocis, no reason is alleged why a British dog should deduce
his name from countries and places so remote. Of the existence of
such a tiny hound of chase in this country, Rittershusius seems not
to have been aware. British dogs, he remarks, are exceedingly
keen-scented, but he cannot divine why called small, βαιὸν γένος,
being, in his days at least, of great size. Brodzus, too, ignorant of
any other than the Britannus of Claudian, cannot reconcile the
** Anglici canes prodigiose stature” of this poet, and his own
experience, with the portrait of the Oppianic ᾿Α γασσεύς."

It is scarce necessary to observe that the dog in question has no
affinity with the Agaseus of Dr. Caius, who very absurdly borrows,
for his gazehound, a name previously engaged. by a totally different
dog ; as if to gratify his etymological mania by connecting the terms
Agaseus, a gaze, a gazehound—* neque enim odoratu, sed pro-
spectu attento et diligenti feram persequitur iste canis—(Agaszus, a
gazehound)—etsi non sum nescius etiam apud Latinos Agaszi voca-
bulum inter canum nomina reperiri”—‘* Agaseeum nostri abs re quod
intento sit in feram oculo vocant.”

Camden has fallen into the same error with Caius, and confounded

1. Nor is the etymology of the English term Beagle of more easy solution. Skin-
ner derives it from the French bugler, mugire ; and Menage thinks, as the hounds
were sent from Britain into Gaul, the name may be of British origin. A second
derivation is proposed by the former philologist, founded on the diminutive
stature of the dogs—cani piccoli — Ital. Canes minores. May nota third possible
source of the name be found in the barbarous root bigla, vigilia, excubie, from the
Greek Βίγλα, ἃ Latino vigilia—% The watchful tricks of some of our terrier-beagles
in a rabbit-warren, and Oppian’s graphic sketch of the ᾿Αγασσεὺς, his wiles, &c.
favour the notion.

2. Janus Vlitius, who, as Wase remarks, ‘‘ owns England to have been the school
from which he took the dictates of his learned commentaries,” relates the following
anecdote of the tiny beagles of his day: ‘‘ Sunt enim agasszi illi adeo aliquandd
exiles, et parvi, ut tres simul leporem in cubili suo invadentes viderim invitos a pred
sua, cui mordicts inherebant, nihilominus eluctante relinqui. Et ipse binos nutrivi
adeo delicatos et tenellos, ut manu un’ totos circumambirem. Sed hi commensales

potius, et lusui magis, quam ad venatum idonei habentur.”
2.N

Brodweus in
Oppianum,
p. 40.

Rittershusius
in Oppianum,
Ρ. 42.

J. Cade Gang
Brit. Libellus.

Skinner, Ety-
molog. Angli-
cane

Venatio No-
vantiqua,.

Synopsis Ani-
malium.
Countrey Con-
tentments, B.1.
Cc. IV.

Oppian. Cyneg.
L. 1. vs. 467.

Ejusd. vs. 489.

Venationes
Ferarum,

282 APPENDIX.

the Agasseus of Oppian with the gazehound of Britain; and even
Ray has made the gazehound a variety of the Canis venaticus sagax,
distinguished from his supposed consimilars of the same family by
running on sight of his game—‘ qui aspectu feras insequitur.”

From the following portrait, compared with that drawn by Mark-
ham, we may decide the identity of the Agasszeus and Beagle :

ἔστι δέ τι σκυλάκων γένος ἄλκιμον ἰχνευτήρων,
βαιὸν, ἀτὰρ μεγάλης ἀντάξιον ἔμμεν᾽ ἀοιδῆς"
τοὺς τράφεν ἄγρια φῦλα Βρετανῶν αἰολονώτων,
αὐτὰρ ἐπικλήδην σφὰς ᾿Αγασσαίους ὀνόμῃναν"
τῶν ἤτοι μέγεθος μὲν ὀμοίϊον οὐτιδανοῖσι

λίχνοις οἰκιδίοισι τραπεζήεσσι κύνεσσι,

γυρὸν, ἀσαρκότατον, λασιότριχον, ὄμμασι νωθές"
ἀλλ᾽ ὀνύχεσσι πόδας κεκορυθμένον ἀργαλέοισι,
καὶ θαμινοῖς κυνοδοῦσιν ἀκαχμένον ἰοφόροισι.
ῥίνεσι δ᾽ αὖτε μάλιστα πανέξοχός ἐστιν ᾿Αγασσεὺς,
καὶ στιβίῃ πανάριστος, ἐπεὶ κατὰ γαῖαν ἰόντων
ἴχνιον εὑρέμεναι μέγα δὴ σοφὸς, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὴν
ἴδμων ἠερίην μάλα σημήνασθαι ἀῦτμήν.

Let the reader compare these little pet-like, weakly, crooked, lank,
wire-haired, dull-looking creatures, keen however, and excellent of
nose, with his own experience of the beagle’s type and properties,
and the representations of authors.1 '

The poet gives some amusing instructions for breaking in the

puppy of the Agasszus ;

αὐτὰρ by αἶψα
ὠρίνθη, φριμάα τε λαγωείης ὑπ᾽ ἀϊτμῆς,

ἴχνια μαστέυει τε κατὰ χθονὺς, κ- τ. Ax

1. A clever representation of a pack of small, long-eared, beagle terriers at their
wonted sport of rabbit-catching is given by J. Stradanus, in his 38th plate, with an
explanatory quatrain by K. Dufflzus:

Callidus effossis latitare cuniculus antris

Et generare solet. Verum persepé catelli
Anglorum celeres fallunt pecus: ore prehendunt
Illusum: pradam venatorique ministrant.

APPENDIX. 283

comparing his restlessness to that of a young woman in travail with
her first child,

ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε τις κούρη δέκατον περὶ μῆνα σελήνης

πρωτοτόκος λοχίῃσιν ὑπ᾽ ὠδίνεσσι τυπεῖσα, κ. τ. A.

The praises of the little beagle have been celebrated in Greek and
Latin, verse and prose. Amongst the modern poets, he is found in
the Album Diane Leporicide of Jac. Savary, under the title of
** ululatorum ordo minorum”—*‘ gens parvis devota feris;” and
placed in the kennels of Britain—still sufficiently marked by her
insular, geographical position, and the staunchness of her canine
breed, but, unfortunately for the loyalty of Savary’s own country-
men, no longer exclusively characterized by the traitorous, regicide
spirit of her inhabitants :

Insula quos gignit septem vicina trioni,

Terra canum laudata fide, damnata virorum
Perfidia, Regisque sui execranda cruore, &c.

He is also mentioned by Angelinus Gazeus—see the Lagographia
Curiosa of Paullini. Of the Greek portrait of Arrian we shall pre-
sently speak, under the Segusian dog.

It is to Gervase Markham, our ‘“ English master of economical
philosophy,” as Wase calls him, that we are indebted for the fullest
description of ““ the little beagle, which may be carried in a man’s
glove ;”—*‘ bred,” says Gervase, “ for delight only, being of cu-
rious scents, and passing cunning in their hunting, for the most part
tiring, but seldome killing the prey, except at some strange advan-
tage.” ‘* Their musicke is very smalle, like reeds, and their pace
like their body, onely for exercise, and not for slaughter.”

The Segusian dog mentioned by Arrian, in the third chapter of his
Treatise on Coursing, as a sorry brute, quick-scented, with a pitiful
and dolorous whine, instead of bark—rough and unsightly, and the
more high-bred the more ugly—I believe to be identical with the
last variety. The Bithynian has devoted an entire chapter of his
entertaining and original manual to a description of the ᾿Εγουσίαι
κύνες : whose name, he tells us, is derived from a Celtic people,1

1. Cesar places the Segusiani in Gallia Celtica—* Hi sunt extra provinciam trans
Rhodanum primi.” Why, then, may we not suppose these hounds correctly deno-

Ejusd. vs. 493.

Lib. τι. p, 18.

Countrey Con-
tentments, B.1,
c. Iv. 14,

Cesar de B. G.
Το 10:

Animadvers. in
Oppian. Cyneg.

1. 373.

See H. Stephan.
Schediasm.
IV. 2.

Du Cange
Glossar. in
voce.

A preface to
the Reader.

284 APPENDIX.

amongst whom they were first bred, and held in repute for their
nasal sagacity. For a full description of these smaller hounds of
Gaul, the reader is referred to the cited chapter; and attached to
my translation of the same, he will find a few illustrative notes.
The remarks of Belin de Ballu, in his Animadversiones in Oppia-
num, show strange misapprehension of the ancient distinctions in the
Celtic kennels. The chiens courans of modern France are not the
οὐέρτραγοι κύνες of the younger Xenophon; nor are the latter’s
‘Eyovoiac the ““ genus canum, quorum pili instar velleris ovium
crispantur,” as incorrectly stated by this most learned editor of the
Greek poet of the chase. The Segusians are rather the bigles of the
present day—perhaps the bassets, a small variety of terrier-beagle,

used in rabbit-hunting.!

minated by Arrian ?—why may not their title be of local origin, as affirmed by him,
rather than connected with their sagacious qualities, as supposed by Vlitius? who
would view them as Canes Segusii vel Secutii—the latter term being applied to the
Canes Inductores—“ quia hominem sequentem ducit Inductor,” with which the Dutch
annotator holds the Segusian to be identical. Spelman enumerates the synonyms
of segutius, as seusis, sensius, &c. &c.—See Gloss, Arch. p. 114. and derives them ἃ
sequendo. Eccard more correctly, I think, refers to the German suchen, or rather
Saxon seuken investigare, whence sucher, seuker investigator, and with a Latin
termination, suchius, seucius, seusius, secusius, segusius, &c. The Spaniards,
according to Wase, “‘ have a blood-hound which is called un podenco,” of small
stature, with which they “prick through the woods, or follow any chase.’ Possibly
Vlitius may have had this hound in his eye when he interpreted the Canes Segusii
as Inductores.

1. There is no variety of sagacious dog, no style of hunting, to which the prefatory
encomiums of Wase are more strictly applicable, (however quaint the language in
which they are conveyed,) than the beagle tribe, and their various chases. ‘‘ It is
admirable,” says this friend of Edmund Waller, ‘to observe the naturall instinct of
enmity and cunning, whereby one beast being, as it were, confederate with man, by
whom he is maintained, serves him in his designes upon others. A curious mind is
exceedingly satisfy’d to see the game fly before him, and after that hath withdrawn
itselfe from his sight, to see the whole line where it hath pass’d over with all the
doublings and cross-works, which the amazed beast hath made, recover’d again, and
all that maze wrought out by the intelligence which he holds with dogs: this is most
pleasant, and, as it were, a master-piece of natural magique,’”’ &c. See also Gervase

Markham’s Countrey Contentments, B. 1, ¢. αν,

APPENDIX. 285

CANES VENATICI. Cuass III.
CANES CELERES.
He pedibus celeres.

This class,! by far the least numerous of the three, contains only
the Vertragus or Vertraha,? and possibly the Sicamber ;—of the latter
of whom I have nothing to communicate — being neither mentioned
by Xenophon, Pollux, Oppian, nor Nemesian. If he be, as has
been supposed, a Belgic hound, he cannot be the boar-hound of Silius
Italicus, without losing his claim to admission on our present file.
No Canis Venaticus can be enrolled here, who runs otherwise than
on sight of his game ;—it is his characteristic property—*

1. The swift-footed dogs of our third class are included, we may suppose, in
M. Ἐς Cuvier’s first division ; having the head much elongated, the parietal bones
insensibly approaching each other, and the condyles of the lower jaw placed in a
horizontal line with the upper cheek teeth.

2. Having had an opportunity of consulting Conrad Heresbach’s ‘‘ Thereutice”
since the earlier part of this work was printed off, I may here subjoin the learned
epitomizer’s description of the greyhound type :—* aliud genus Venaticorum, quos
leporarios et emissarios vocant ac vertagos;—hos querimus, qui sint corpore procero,
agili et expedito, cruribus prioribus excelsioribus, capite longiusculo, neque carnoso
sed levi, cruribus brevibus atque erectis, oculis micantibus, pectore toroso, ceteris
expeditis membris, nisi qudd clunes latiusculos habentes magis probantur, et cauda
longa et levi, non hirsuta. Vidimus tamen ἃ Norwegia et insula Thule adductos
pernicitate non vulgari, qui et cauda et corpore toto villosi erant. Vertm hi non ad
sagacitatem sed ad velocitatem usurpantur, Ejus generis sunt Britannici, simul et
pernicitate et robore valentes, nisi quod corpore vasto, cervis persequendis magis
idonei.” The latter are doubtless Caledonian deer greyhounds.

3. This property, I allow, is impaired in certain modern individuals of the Celtic
family, hereafter mentioned, in whom the admixture of nasal sagacity indicates im-
purity of blood, and degeneracy from the parent stock. The lines of Gratius,
descriptive of the greyhound’s speed, and keenness of vision, have been already cited
under the Sagacious class: Englished by Wase, (totidem versibus, the good man’s
only poetical merit) they run thus:

— chuse the grayhound py’d with black and white,
He runs more swift then thought or winged flight ;
But courseth yet in view, not hunts in traile,

In which the quick Petronians never faile.

Claudian. de
laud. Stilicon.
Ei. 111.

Thereutices
Compendium,
p: 743.

A Poem of
Hunting, &c.
Englished by

C. Wase, Gent,
1654.

Gratii Cyneget.
vs, 205.

Nemesian.
Cyneget.
vs. 106.

286 APPENDIX.

premit inventas, non inventura latentes
Illa feras.

and therefore the Belgian—Canis occultos agitat cum Belgicus apros
—must be banished from hence to the sagacious class: amongst the
inductores of which division, I have already placed him as a lime-
hound.

The best description of the type of the present class will be found
in the copious Manual of Arrian, c. Iv. V. and v1.—introduced by the
memorable summary at the conclusion of ο. 1Π1.---τὴν δὲ ἰδέαν, καλόν
τι χρῆμά εἰσι, κατά τε τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αἱ γενναιόταται αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ τὸ
σῶμα ἅπαν καὶ τὴν τρίχα καὶ τὴν χρόαν" οὕτω ταῖς τε ποικίλαις ἐπανθεῖ
τὸ ποικίλον, καὶ ὅσαις ἁπλῆ ἡ χρόα ἐστὶν ἀποστίλβει καὶ αὕτη, καί ἐστιν
ἥδιστον θέαμα ἀνδρὶ θηρευτικῷ. And the following of Nemesian, who
may be designated the poet of the pedibus celeres, as Gratius of the
bellicosi, is correct as far as it goes ;

Elige tunc cursu facilem, facilemque recursu,
Non humili de gente canem. Sit cruribus altis,
Sit rigidis, multamque gerat sub pectore lato
Costarum sub fine decenter prona carinam,
Que sensim rursis sicca se colligat alvo,
Renibus ampla satis vadis, diductaque coxas,
Cuique nimis molles fluitent in cursibus aures.

Nor must I omit the beautiful and minutely faithful portrait of the
Greek poet of Anazarbus, though aware that it has been appropriated
to a variety of the nare sagaces, and that Rittershusius does not
allude to any supposed resemblance to the Celtic dog in his commen-
tary on Oppian. Bearing in mind, however, that this erudite
scholar had only the writings of Xenophon and Pollux, and the
scanty lines of the Faliscian and African poets, to aid his attempt to
give name and place to a doubtful animal ; — had no authorities to
consult, particularly dedicated to the pedibus celeres in opposition to
the nare sagaces, to whose cause, and that of the bellicosi, the
Greek Cynegetica were exclusively, and the Latin principally con-
fined, (for the treatise of Arrian was at that period undiscovered in
the Vatican,) — and therefore could not assimilate the Oppianic
hound to the Celtic type ;—I am not at all surprised that he has left
this resemblance unnoticed. Subsequent commentators following in
his footsteps, the Celtic dog has been as entirely disregarded on Op-
pian’s page, as if he had been never admitted on his muster-roll.

APPENDIX. 287

The courser, I am confident, will recognize many of the features, as
well as the wonted quarry, of his favourite hound, in the following
extract;—which, if it cannot be exclusively appropriated to the Ver-
tragus of Celtica, will assuredly admit only the swiftest of the saga-

cious class to a participation of its type:

μηκεδανὸν κρατερὸν δέμας, ἄρκιον ἠδὲ κάρηνον,
κοῦφον ἐΐγληνον, κυαναὶ στίλβοιεν ὀπωπαί"
κάρχαρον, ἐκτάδιον τελέθοι στόμα, βαιὰ δ᾽ ὕπερθεν
οὔατα λεπταλέοισι περιστέλλοινθ᾽ ὑμένεσσι"

δειρὴ μηκεδανὴ, καὶ στήθεα νέρθε κραταιὰ,

1 Loe νὰ ἢ

εὐρέα" τὼ πρόσθεν δέ τ᾽ ὀλιζοτέρω πόδε ἔστων,
ὀρθοτενεῖς κώλων ταναοὶ δολιχήρεες ἱστοὶ,
εὐρέες ὠμοπλάται, πλευρῶν ἐπικάρσια ταρσὰ,
ὀσφύες εὔσαρκοι, μὴ πίονες" αὐτὰρ ὄπισθε
στριφνή T ἐκτάδιός τε πέλοι δολιχόσκιος οὐρή.
τοῖοι μὲν ταναοῖσιν ἐφοπλίζοιντο δρόμοισι
δόρκοις, ἠδ᾽ ἐλάφοισιν, ἀελλόποδί TE λαγωῴ.

The advocate of the Celtic hound may allege, in support of his in-
terpretation, that such ancient dogs as ran on scent were more or less
long-eared,1 — being so represented on the monuments of antiquity ;
—and may ask how the small ears of Oppian’s dog, if interpreted of
the sagacious class, are to be reconciled with the representations of
Tempesta, Montfaucon, and others, and the down-hanging ears of
modern Canes Venatici of the keen-nosed. class? Again—as the Cili-
cian was a perfect adept at versifying with the materials furnished by
his predecessors, and certainly made the best use of their labours, is
it not improbable that he should have altogether omitted the Celtic
greyhound, so faithfully portrayed by the younger Xenophon, (with
whose description that of the poet in no essential point differs,) and
have mentioned two varieties of sagaces and one of bellicosi, to the
entire neglect of the Vertragus type?

_ The deficiencies, if any, of his classical predecessors have been
judiciously and tastefully supplied by the elaborate pen of Bargzus :

1. Xenophon’s foxite has small ears, (unless with Vlitius we read ὦτα μακρὰ,) and
Arrian’s Celt large, down-falling ears, as if broken—small and stiff ones being deemed
a blemish in the greyhound. But in other respects the ears of the Oppianic hound
closely resemble Arrian’s type, and also Nemesian’s — both confessedly Celtic. See
Arrian de Venat. c. ν. 7. and Nemesian, Cyneg. vs, 112.

Oppian.
Cyneget. 1.
vs. 401.

P. A. Bargei
Cyneget. L. v.

Qa APPENDIX.

Sin autem tete oblectant, qui premia cursu
Certa petunt, celerique fuga lata equora verrunt:
Elige quos vultus tristes, demissaque cervix
Ornat, et argutum supra stant lumina rostrum
Nigra quidem, sed que multo splendore coruscant.
Ollis os ingens ad tempora pene dehiscit,
Lataque frons tenues consurgere suspicit aures.
Ac veluti coluber frigus perpessus in altis
Terrarum latebris hyemes effugit aquosas,
Moxque adeo sub vere novo jam sole calente
Exiit, et multo se suscitat improbus estu,

Ac si forté aliquem propils persensit euntem,
Explicat immensos orbes, atque arduus effert
Cervicem, et rigido summum capite aéra findit.
Vergat humi propior stomachus, lateque patescat
Pectus : et haud longis insistant cruribus armi*
Sublimes : tum prona suis extantia costis

Et latera, et lumbis qua jungitur alvus obesis,
Pressa animis calidum ostendant, et viribus acrem.
Precipueé clunes inter si stricta supremos

Ilia demittant caudam, que currat ad imum
Tenuis, ubi extrema vix tandem in parte residat :
Et parvum sese sinuans deflectat in orbem.

At vero tereti pronat vestigia planta,

Que spatiis digitos nusquam discludat apertis,
Et multum solidos paulatim curvet in ungues.
Lelapis haud aliam formam mirata vetustas

Esse refert, &c.

Let the κύων Κελτικὸς of Arrian be the classic prototype of the
modern greyhound — the Canis Gallicus of Ovid 1 — whose style of

1. For a beautiful image of the Celtic greyhound the reader is referred to Pére
Montfaucon, L’ Antiquité expliquée. Tom. 111, Liv. rv. pl. 176. A medallion from the
arch of Constantine exhibits the Emperor Trajan with his huntsmen, accompanied by
a type of this dog, the most elegant which antiquity has transmitted to us. It has
been copied on stone for the preceding work by Messrs. Day and Haghe ; who have
added to our embellishments Chrysis and Aura from an ancient gem—Lelaps from
Tempesta—and some spirited outlines from the antique. But I have most pleasure
in referring my readers to the genuine Celtic exemplars— the veloces catuli—of the
Townley collection of the British Museum, faithfully lithographed by the same artists.
This beautiful group of greyhound puppies, in white marble, was found by Mr. Gavin
Hamilton in the year 1774, at Monte Cagnolo, part of the villa of Antoninus Pius,
near the ancient Lanuvium, beyond the ‘ lucus et ara Diane,” of the Via Appia. A
second, nearly similar, was discovered at the same place, and purchased by Visconti

APPENDIX. 289

coursing is sketched to the life in the well-known, and often-cited
simile ;

Ut canis in vacuo leporem cum Gallicus arvo

Vidit ; et hic predam pedibus petit, ille salutem :

Alter inhesuro similis, jam jamque tenere

Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ;

Alter in ambiguo est, an sit deprensus, et ipsis

Morsibus eripitur; tangentiaque ora relinquit.

As when th’ impatient greyhound, slipp’d from far,
Bounds o’er the glebe to course the fearful hare,
She in her speed does all her safety lay,

And he with double speed pursues the prey ;

for the Vatican Museum. Of an earlier date, however, than these most interesting
groupes, is the medallion selected as the frontispiece of the present work. For
although the triumphal arch, whence it it was originally copied, was not erected till
about A. 1), 300. that arch was a piece of architectural patch-work, made up of the
spoils of earlier structures—its medallions and principal ornaments being derived from
one 200 years older, commemorative of Trajan’s victories over the Dacians and Par-
thians, — amongst the former of whom, on the authority of Arrian, deer-coursing was
an established sport in the beginning of the second century. About the latter period,
or at the very close of the first century, the medallion of the frontispiece was probably
wrought ; whereas the Monte Cagnolo groupes, if executed expressly for the decora-
tion of Antoninus’s villa, were half a century later.

I know of few other authentic representations of the οὐέρτραγος κύων, , — unless the
varying type of Dian’s canine attendant, on antique gems, lamps, cvins, relievos,
&c. (the most beautiful ofwhici: is on the Sicilian coins of Augustus Casar) ;

— ἘΞ ᾿ κύων.

᾿Αρτέμιδος, Hriste θοῆς ὅτε παύσεται ἄγρης,
ἵζει θηρήτειρα map ἴχνεσιν, οὔατα δ᾽ αὐτῆς
ὀρθὰ μάλ᾽, αἰὲν ἑτοῖμα θεῆς ὑποδέχθαι ὁμοκλήν ..-

approach, in any instance, near enough to the courser’s hound to be deemed ἃ like-
ness—sometimes a beagle, sometimes a foxite, at other times a greyhound, let the
reader compare the outlines of Beger and La Chausse, seemingly of the Celtic type,
with the lop-eared harrier of Visconti and Guattani, (Diana ed Ecate combattono coi
Giganti,) and the prick-eared lurcher of the same authors, Cela ed Apollo,) and
then decide on the admissibility of the effigy in this place.

To the medallion of Vaillant, of small dimensions, but of singular beauty, exhibiting
a brace of greyhounds in the act of seizing a deer—copied here in outline as a vignette
—may be added four impressions of the same hound, in four different attitudes, most
elegant and characteristic, on coins or medals of the isle of Cythnus, one of the Cy-
clades; and a stag pursued by a greyhound, in Recueil d’Antiquités, Tom, 1. p. 219.

20

Ovid. Metam.
L. 1. vs. 533.

Dryden’s

Ovid’s Metam.

Bo,

Morell. T. xv.
20. 21. &c.

Callimach.
H. in Delum,
vs. 228.

Museo Chiara-
monti. T. xvir.
De χυτῖς

Goltzii Numis-
mata Grecie.
Το VIET
τ 7 85 9 103

200 APPENDIX.

O’erruns her at the sitting turn, and licks
His chaps in vain, and blows upon the flix :
She ’scapes, and for the neighbouring covert strives,

And gaining shelter, doubts if yet she lives.

aba in And again, in the fable of Lelaps, the far-famed ‘ grewnd” of
ceoticis.

ἘΣ κα χς Beotia ;

Ovid. Metam. Tollor eo capioque novi spectacula cursts :

L. vit. vs. 781. Qua modo deprendi, modo se subducere ab ipso
Vulnere visa fera est: nec limite callida recto,
In spatiumque fugit; sed decipit ora sequentis,
Et redit in gyrum, ne sit suus impetus hosti.
Imminet hic, sequiturque parem: similisque tenenti
Non tenet, et vacuos exercet in a€ra morsus.

Golding’s I gat me to the knap
Ovid’s Metam. Of this same hill, and there beheld of this strange course the hap,

Seventh booke. ἢ ὙΠ,
In which the beaste seemes one while caught, and ere a man would thinke,

Doth quickely give the grewnd the slip, and from his biting shrinke,
And like a wilie foxe he runs not forth directly out,

Nor makes a winlas over all the champion fields about,

But doubling and indenting still avoydes his enmies lips,

And turning short, as swift about as spinning wheele he wips,

To disappoint the snatch. The grewnd pursuing at a inch

Doth cote him, never loosing ground; but likely still to pinch,

Is at the sudden shifted off: continually he snatches

In vaine: for nothing in his mouth save onely aire he catches.

Nor will the reader of modern Cynegetica forget the vivid sketch of
Pterelas’s course by the Latin poet of Venusium :

J. Darcii Ve- Ocyus insequitur Pterelas, cursuque citato
nusini Canes. Intervalla facit lati decrescere campi.
Jam propior propiorque micat, jam captat hianti
Summa pedum rostro, jam terga fugacia stringit.
Ille pavet, flexoque obliquat tramite cursus,
Et dubia trepidans formidine, jamque teneri
Se putat, et rursum tangentis ab ore recedit,
Fataque momento 5101 prorogat, emula donec
Rostra levis mergat miserando in corpore victor,
Fulmineus victor, gemino cui tramite lumbos
Spina subit graciles, Xc.

The many portraits of these classical and semi-classical Cynege-
tica will be fitly closed with the following elegiac verses on a Canis

APPENDIX. 291

Venatrix, whose characteristic attributes, pathetically written on a
monumental stone by an unknown hand, but at once applied by us
to the Celtic type, exemplify in the entombed a few of the anecdotes

of Arrian’s Hormé :

Epitaphium Canis Venatricis.

Gallia me genuit, nomen mibi divitis unde
Concha dedit, forme nominis aptus honos.

Docta per incertas audax discurrere silvas,
Collibus hirsutas atque agitare feras.
Non gravibus vinclis unquam consueta teneri,
Verbera nec niveo corpore seva pati.
Molli namque sinu domini dominzque jacebam,
Et noram in strato lassa cubare toro.

Et plus, quam licuit muto, canis ore Joquebar,
Nulli latratus pertimuere meos.

Et jam fata subi, partu jactata sinistro,
Quam nunc sub parvo marmore terra teget.

The early history of the greyhound is confounded with the Epi-
rote, as if they had a common lineage—a mistake which has arisen
from their being considered equally of Grecian origin—whereas the
greyhound has no connexion with ancient Greece. Fable, however,
assigns them a common descent from the Lelaps of Beeotia,1—from
whom also sprung other dogs of classic fame. The history of this
celebrated hound, and the lineage and geographical distribution of
his descendants, are particularized in the Cynegeticon of Bargzeus :

Illum autem specie, prestantem animisque superbum
Cynthia dilecte dederat pro munere Nymphe:
Ipsaque mox juveni Molide : genialia postquam
Fulcra tori, et dulceis itertim conjunxit amores,
Jucundumque sinu fovit complexa maritum.

Cujus ope innumeras sylvis predatus, et agris

1. “ The first greyhound,” says Topsel, (translating what Pollux had related of the
Molossian,) ‘‘ was that of Cephalus, fashioned by Vulcan in Monesian brass, and
when he liked his proportion, he also quickened him with a soul, and gave him to Ju-
piter for a gift, who gave him away again to Europa, she a!so to Minos, Minos to Pro-
cris, and Procris to Cephalus, &c.

Poete Latini
Minores.
Wernsdorf.
Tom. 1. ἢ. 121.

P. A. Bargei
Cyneget. L. ve

History of Four-
footed Beasts,
compiled from
Gesner and
others. p, 115.

De Venatione.
C. 111.

Η. Stephani
Schediasm,
Ἐπ αν: Ls

Martial. Epig.
L.xrv. Ep. 200.

Adr. Turnebi
Adversar.
ΠΧ ViEIEe Cake

Cyneg. L. 1.
vs. 524.

292 APPENDIX.

Ille feras, ne tanta olim sublata periret
Aut morte, aut sterili mox accedente senecta,
Et caderet simul extincto cum Leelape virtus :
Subjecitque canem, sobolemque ὃ matre recepit
Optatam, Cretzque ultro concessit habendam.
Inde autem vobis aucta jam prole nepotes
Allatos Graiz primum accepistis Amycle,
Tempore quo gemini fidissima pectora fratres
Nunc lepores canibus, cursu nunc dorcadas acreis,
Et nunc Tenario cervas in littore agebant ;
/Eripedes cervas, quibus haud velocior unquam
Evolat ASoliis aquilo dimissus ab antris.
Nec fuit ipsa diu tam magni muneris expers
Epirus. Miscere genus monstravit : at ollis
Ingentes animi, solersque industria crevit.

Asrian, from whose Manual of Coursing I purposely abstain to
quote at length, because the reader can refer to my translation with
little trouble, calls the greyhound by the barbarous title of οὐέρ-
rpayos κύων, expressly stating that he is so denominated in the Celtic

1. The etymology of this harsh-sounding term is more readily elucidated by
tracing it in the Celtic, than in the Latin language; from the latter of which Henry
Stephens, on the authority of Turnebus, attempts a fanciful derivation. ‘* Vertragus—
Fertragus—Fertrahus—ex eo nimirim quod feram trahat ad dominum, litera g lo-
cum liter h accipiente, sicut tragulam nomen ἃ trahendo habere grammatici affir-
mant.’”’ He does not, however, attach much faith to the derivation, though favoured
by Martial’s Epigram,

Non sibi sed domino venatur Vertragus acer,

Tlleasum leporem qui tibi dente feret ;

and Turnebus himself, when proposing it, says ‘‘ Scio ego jocularem istam visum iri
audaciam, et risus excitaturam.”’ Ridiculous enough assuredly itis! The greyhound
very rarely brings the hare to his keeper, often devours it—besides, the bearing of
his game to his master is not peculiar to this dog, Oppian mentioning the same
quality in the ᾿Αγασσεύε---

καὶ γενύεσσιν ἑλὼν φόρτον μέγαν ἀντιάσειεν,

ὦκα φέροι μογέων τε, βαρυνόμενος τε πελάζοι.

Seeing that this derivation could not be upheld, young Gerard Vossius endeavours
to adapt his etymology to the little light which Arrian himself throws upon the name,
deriving it from veertigh or veerdigh, nimble. But we shall approach nearer to the

APPENDIX. 293

tongue, not from any particular people, like the Cretan, Carian, and
Spartan hounds, but from his quality of speed, as some of the Cre-
tans are distinguished by certain peculiarities of character. Here,
however, our author’s ignorance of the Celtic language has led him
into an error. Being unable, probably, to explain a term which
had reached him in a corrupt form, he falsely derived it from the
dog’s most characteristic property, ἀπὸ τῆς ὠκύτητος : whereas in
truth it is compounded of Velé, a plain or open country,! the ‘“ ar-
vum vacuum ” of Ovid, and racha, a hound of chase ;2 and conse-

true root by referring to the passage of Gratius, in which the same dog is mentioned
under the title of Vertraha ;

At te leve si qua
Tangit opus, pavidosque juvat compellere dorcas,
Aut versuta sequi leporis vestigia parvi:
Petronios, scit fama, canes, volucresque Sicambros,
Et pictam macula Vertraham delige falsa.
Ocyor affectu mentis pinnaque cucurrit,
Sed premit inventas, non inventura latentes
Illa feras.

Spelman, citing this passage, reads Veltrahum, and gives many synonyms of the same
in the column of his Gloss. Arch. ‘ de Canibus Veterum’—but all more or less cor-
rupt. The correct term would be Veltracha, which has been changed to Veltrachus,
Vertrachus, Vertragus, in which last form it is found in our readings of Arrian—Ovép-
tpayos. Du Cange suggests Velt-jaghere, campestris Venator, ex velt campus, and
Jaghere venator, as another probable source of Veltragus or Vertragus. See his
Glossary, in voce.

The reader need not be informed, that in the term Οὐέρτραγος Arrian employs the
Greek ov, as the nearest approach to the initial V—whether using the digamma (the
V of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the F of Dr. Marsh) as his prefixture, I leave to
others to determine,

1. From the term Veltris or Veltrahus is derived the class of huntsmen denomi-
nated Veltrarit of the court of Charles the Great, ‘‘ qui veltres custodiebant :” of
which class, at a later period, were the masters of the leash whom the lords of the
manor of Setene, in Kent, furnished as the condition of their tenure to Edward I.
and II, to lead three greyhounds when the king went into Gascony; “so long asa
pair of shoes of four-pence price should last”’—*‘ donec perusus fuit pari solutarum

the term Veltrarius.

2, The Saxons used racha, and our oldest writers rache and brache. Thomas the

J. Viitii
Venat. Novant.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 199.

Spelman
Gloss. Arck.

Ancient
Tenures.

pp: 9 and 35.

Encye. Méthod.
Les chasses,
p- 290.

Jac. Savary
Alb. Diane

Leporicide,

p. ὃ.

Prophesia
Thome de
Erseldoun.

Book of
St. Alban’s.

The Prologue.
vs. 190.

Booke 1.

294

APPENDIX.

quently signifies a champaign-dog, un lévrier de plaine, a hound
adapted for coursing over an open country.

The Vertagus, or Tumbler, (‘‘ quod se, dum predatur, vertat,”
&c.) I scarce need observe, has no affinity whatever with the ovép-
By Dr. Caius, in his Libellus de Canibus
Britannicis, he is fully described; nor are his tricks forgotten by

τραγος κύων of Arrian.

the Latin poet of Caen ;

Seque volutantes, ludisque cuniculum amicis
Fallentes, prede colludentesque future,
Informat catulos Angli solertia nanos.

The files of classical antiquity afford no counterpart to the British
Tumbler, unless it be in the Vertagus of Martial—a dog already
allotted to the Celtic family, as, in some copies of the epigramma-
tist, written Vertragus.

It remains for me to mention the distinctions which have been
made by naturalists in the greyhound type of our own islands,! and

Rhymer, the earliest of Scottish poets, has raches in the retinue of his elfin queen—
“« and raches cowpled by her ran’’—and again in Sir Tristrem (Fytte 3rd.). ‘‘ Raches
with hem thai lede.” See Scott’s Glossary, in loco,

The old metrical charter, granted by the Confessor to Cholmer and Dancing in

Essex, reads—

Four greyhounds, and six braches
For hare, fox, and wild cattes.

And the words rache and brache are of frequent occurrence in the {Hapster of Game,
the Book of St. Alban’s, and our early poets. See Blount’s Ancient Tenures, pp. 2.
26. and 104. ;

1. The term greyhound has confounded English etymologists as much as that of
Vertragus has puzzled Latin commentators. It is variously spelt by our old
English writers: as grehounde by Juliana Bemers, “a grehounde sholde be heeded
lyke a snake ”’—greihounde by Chaucer, “‘ greihoundes he hadde as swift as foul of
flight.” Junius, “‘ graihound;” Gesner,
“ grewhownd ;” Harrington, ‘‘grewnd;’’ and the latter contraction is of frequent
occurrence in Golding’s translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses,

>

Lord Berners writes ‘* grayhounde ;’

And even as when the greedy grewnde doth course the sillie hare,
Amiddes the plaine and champion fielde without all covert bare. )

APPENDIX. 295

to endeavour to trace its connexion with Gallia Celtica. The mo-
dern sub-varieties of our systematic writers on natural history are

Dr. Caius’s derivation of the term, as spelt by R. Brunne, and the Sopewell Prioress,
is fanciful enough :—‘“‘a gre quoque grehound apud nostros invenit nomen, quod
precipui gradiis inter canes sit, et prime generositatis. Gre enim apud nostros
gradum denotat.’’ Whence also grebyche of the Chronicon Wtlodunense. §. 222.*
“« Hym thought that his grebyche lay hym besyde.”’ The gre-hound and gre- hound
bitch being first in degree, or rank, among dogs ; and no one under the dignity of a
gentleman being allowed by the forest laws of Canute to keep such titled hounds.
In support of the Doctor’s notion, it may be stated that Gawin Douglas uses gre for
degree in his translation of the ASneid, and so also the prophet of Ercildoun, and the
author of the metrical romance of Morte Arthur. In the complaynt of Bagsche by
Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount, a satirical poem of the ‘Lion King,’ on court
favouritism, we have a farther example peculiarly apposite ;—for the hounds, speci-
fied by name as “‘ doggis of the hyest gre,”’ were probably highland deer greyhounds.
Whimsical therefore as Caius’s tracing of the term may be, we cannot view it as
utterly untenable.

By Skinner, ‘greyhound’ is derived from the Anglo-Saxon grighund ; and he farther
remarks ‘‘ Minsevus dictum putat quasi Grecus canis, quia sc. Greci omnium primi
hoc genus canum ad venatum adhibebant, quod facilé crediderim si authorem laudas-
set.” I know of no authority for so bold an assertion, except the doubtful tales of
Hector Boethius, Fordun, and Holinshed, and therefore discredit the fact. Dr. Hickes
says: ‘Grey canis, extat in nostro greyhund. Comp. ex grey et hunta, venator.”
4- d. ahunting dog. And Junius notes ‘‘ quod Islandis grey est canis.’ Skinner,
on the contrary, hints that the dog may be a badger-hunter, “ ἃ grey taxus et hund
canis, q.d. taxi insectator.” Thus Hickes and Junius bestow on him double dog-
ship, and Skinner degrades him to a badger-hound. Well may we exclaim with
Brodzus, ‘‘ Vide quo procedat etymologiarum licentia !—6 joculares ineptias !””

The terms grewhound, grewnd, graihound, grayhound, Canis Grecus, and Graius,
all indicate a supposed connexion with Greece. Grew is often used for Greek by
Douglas and Lyndsay—(see the Bishop’s Preface to his Virgil, and the Knight’s
apology for ‘‘ The Maternal Language.””) Still I cannot believe the genuine Celtic
hourd to have been known to ancient Greece. I would, therefore, rather seek the
origin of the English name in the predominant colour of the dog ;—Grey, gray, grai,

* A curious remnant of antiquity in the British Museum, lately committed to the
press, (for private distribution, to the extent of one hundred copies,) by that liberal
and enlightened promoter of classical and British antiquarian research, both with
his pen and purse, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Bart., aided in the editorial department
by Mr. William Henry Black ;—to whom also the present writer is indebted for
an accurate transcript of the {Mapster of Game, copied and collated in the same
national repository.

De Canibus
3ritannicis

Libelius.

M.S. Cotton.
Faustina,
B. 111. fol. 194.

Lyndsay’s
Poems, by
Chalmers,

Etymolog.
Anglican.

Dictionar.
Island.

Etymolog.

Anglican.

Brodezus in
Oppian.
p. 123.

The Monarchie.

Gloss. Arch.
p- 113.

De bello
Gallico.
Pietve LBs

Symmachi
Epist. L. 11.
Ep. 77.

F. Juni
Etymolog.
Anglican.
Etymolog.
Anglican.

»

Venatio
Novantiqua.

Description of
Trelande, p. 8.

296 - APPENDIX.

named from the countries in which the respective sorts most abound,
English, Scotch, and Irish greyhounds. Spelman, whose authority
is entitled to weight, in his remarks ‘‘ De Canibus Veterum,” speak-
ing of the ““ Leporarius levipes, qui ex visu predam appetit arripit-
que, a greyhound, Ovidio Canis Gallicus,” subjoins, ‘‘ sed pro-
prié magis Britannicus ;” as if he deemed him of British origin,! a
native of our isle, like the inhabitants of the interior mentioned by
Cesar, ‘‘ quos natos in insula ips&, memoria proditum dicunt ;”’—but
he cites no testimony in support of his opinion. I. do not believe
either of the three sub-varieties of the dog in question indigenous of
Great Britain ; but rather that all our insular sorts originally sprang
from the Celtic Vertragus :—the probability of which is supported
by the history of the distribution of the Celts themselves, and the
name under which the dogs were sent by Flavian to his brother

grei, cesius, leucophzus, canus, A.S. greg; which last, says Junius, might be
referred ‘‘ ad colorem Gracis γεράνειον gruinum dictum ; propterea quod Threiciam
gruem simulet vel imitetur, ut loquitur Ovidius,” &c.—‘‘ Quid si deflecterem gray,”’
says Skinner, ‘ a nom. Grecus, 4. d. color Grecus, ut color Beticus ab Hispania
Betica, ἄς. Teut. Graw.’”—The varieties of the grey colour, of which Werner’s
nomenclature of colours gives us between twenty and thirty shades suited to our pur-
pose, predominate in the greyhound tribe, and more especially the bluish-grey and
blackish-grey, (almost peculiar to this race and the great Danish dog of Buffon,) and
all the dingy tints which under the epithet dun are found to prevail. Indeed it has
been suggested that the line of Gratius, “‘ Et pictam macula Vertraham delige
falsa,’”” may allude to the doubtful tint of colour, denominated grey, (compounded of
two colours variously commixed in the Vertraha),—‘‘ Videntur Angli canes hos
grayhounds vocare,” says Vlitius, ‘* id est subfuscos, vel nigro et albo mixtos quod
nos graw dicimus.”

1. “ὉΠ Greihounde of King Cranthlynth’s dayes,” says Holinshed, “* was not
fetched so far as out of Grecia, but rather bred in Scotland.”

From Hector Boethius it is clear that the Canes Scotici (qu. Canes Celtici) were
superior to the native dogs of the isle: ‘‘ Ut Picti suos canes Scoticis, pulchritu-
dine, velocitate, laboris patientia, simul atque audacia longe inferiores animadvertis-
sent : hujusmodi generis canum cupidi, ut penés se essent, ὃ quibus nascerentur,
quosdam utriusque sexis ἃ Scotis nobilibus dono accepére : alios finito venatu, rege
abeunte in Atholiam, ἃ custodibus clam abstraxére, et inter eos venaticum quendam
candore nivali, eximia pernicitate, forma eleganti, audentidque supra communem
canum facultatem, quem Crathlintus habuit in deliciis, insignem,’’ &c. See also
Fordun. Scotichron. L, 11, c, x11. (Regnante Diocletiano).

APPENDIX. 297

Symmachus at Rome. The Scots, a Celtic tribe, previously inha-
biting’ some part of Western Europe, emigrated into Ireland during
the third century, and gave to that isle, pro tempore, the name of
Scotland. Thence they spread over the Western islands, and took
possession of the neighbouring district of Argyle, the land of the
Gael or Gaul—giving eventually their name to the Northern part of
Britain generally. May we not suppose the Irish and Scotch grey-
hounds to have been primevally derived from the same Celtic stock,
accompanying these emigrants of Celtic Europe to Ireland, and
thence to Scotland; in one or other of which territories they re-
ceived the name of Canes Scotici, from the Scotish emigrants of
Celtica, who accompanied them?! and may not the English grey-
hound, improved in speed by careful management and judicious
breeding, as his master increased in civilization and became more

1. Julius Czsar says of Britain, “ Maritima pars ab iis incolitur qui pred ac
belli inferendi causa ex Belgis transierant.’’ Ptolemy and Tacitus confirm the sup-
posed connexion of the Britons and Gauls ; ‘‘ Proximi Gallis et similes sunt,” says
the latter, ‘‘ seu durante originis vi; seu procurrentibus in diversa terris, positio celi
corporibus habitum dedit. In universum tamen estimanti, Gallos vicinum solum
occupasse credibile est.”” And Juvenal tells us, in Hadrian’s reign, that British
lawyers learned Greek and Roman eloquence of their Gallic neighbours—

Gallia causidicos docuit facunda Britannos.

Indeed, from the coast οὗ Kent to the extremity of Caithness and Ulster, the memory
of a Celtic origin was for centuries distinctly preserved in the perpetual resemblance
of language, religious rites, and domestic customs and manners. As an example of
similarity of habits in the insular and continental (δ! ἴω, it may be noted that Arrian
records the marked adoration paid by the latter to Diana Agrotera; and Holinshed,
on the authority of earlier historians, observes, ‘‘ Amongst other the Goddes also,
whiche the Scottishmen had in most reverence, Diana was chiefe, whom they ac-
compted as their peculiar patronesse, for that she was taken to be the Goddesse of
hunting, wherein consisted their chiefest exercise, pastime and delite.”” Not being
able to fix with accuracy the date of their irruption into Britain in the dark ages of
our early annals, this laborious chronicler is inclined to consider the Celtic Scoti
κε such as by obscure invasion have nestled in this islande ;” but subsequently, in his
*¢ Historie of Irelande,” he suggests a date later than the birth of Christ for the
inhabitancy of the Scoti on British soil (circiter A. D. 300.), though previously in
occupation of Ireland and the Hebrides,

2P

De bello
Gallico L. rv.
Geogr. L. 11.
Taciti
Agricola.

Sat. xv. vs. 111.

De Venatione
ὃ. SKIT

See Note 12.
of the Transla-
tion, c. XXXIII.

Description of
Britaine, ¢. 3,

Nemesian. Cy-
neget. vs. 124.

Nemesian. Cy-
neget. vs. 124.

298 APPENDIX.

reclaimed, be derived, through such intermediate links, from the
same parent source? The coarser varieties of the North, and of the
sister Isle, are rarely seen in South Britain; and though at first
closely connected with the Celt, and amongst his earliest descen-
dants, are now considered farther removed from the genuine type of
Celtica, the ovéptpayos κύων of the Greek manual, in consequence of
commixture with the canes bellicosi and sagaces.

The strongest evidence we possess of the greyhound’s existence in
Britain, in the reigns of Carus, his sons, and Diocletian, is afforded
by the Cynegeticon of the African poet. For although I deny that
this hound can be entitled to the local epithet Britannicus, bestowed
on him by Spelman, to the superseding his usual titles, I readily
grant, at the same time, that the exported veloces of Britain, of the
Cynegeticon alluded to, were greyhounds. Nemesian must be con-
sidered almost entirely the poet of the pedibus celeres ;—at least, in
that portion of his hunting-poem which has survived the ravages of
time. But the usual terms by which the greyhound is designated in
Ovid, Gratius, Martial, and Arrian, are no where found in the poet
of Carthage; in place of which invariably occur the terms catuli
veloces. That by these terms the latter author intends hounds of the
Celtic type, I have, on a careful re- perusal of his work, not the least
doubt ; though, when writing the note to the Preface, p. 11, I was
inclined to view the veloces, particularly specified by Nemesian as of
British export, as nimble harriers, rather than genuine greyhounds ;
and did not in consequence adduce the passage alluded to, when
there endeavouring to fix the period of the latter’s introduction into
Britain. Indeed, J. Vlitius, himself sceptical at first as to the na-
ture of these swift-footed hounds, (see his remarks on Nemesian
vs. 124.,) comes round to my conclusion in the progress of his anno-
tations, (see his notes on vs. 233.). Nearly the whole of Nemesian’s
instructions have reference to canes cursores, beginning with their
exportation from our own island—where, doubtless, they had been
previously imported from Gaul—

divisa Britannia mittit
Veloces, nostrique orbis venatibus aptos ;

and pursuing the subject in the departments of breeding, feeding,

APPENDIX. 299

and entering of puppies to their game,! (his remarks on these subjects
being essentially applicable to hounds of the Celtic type,*) he adds,

Sic tibi veloces catulos reparare memento Nemesian.
Cyneg. vs. 200.

Semper, et in parvos iterum protendere curas ;
and then speaking of Tuscan dogs of scent, sagacious Inductores, he
contrasts their form with that of the hounds in question,

Quin et Tuscorum non est extrema voluptas Ejusdem

Sepé canum: sit forma illis licét obsita villo, V8, 230.

Dissimilesque habeant catulis velocibus artus....

at which point he suddenly arrests his pen, and changes his subject,
deferring till a subsequent part of his poem, unfortunately lost, the
qualities of this keen-nosed tribe of hounds,

Horum animos, moresque simul, naresque sagaces Ejusdem
Mox referam: nunc omnis adhuc narranda supellex Me θμιη:
Venandi, cultusque mihi dicendus equorum.
The latter subjects completed, he again takes up the catuli veloces,
and slips them on the sporting field, at the period of the year usual
with modern coursers for the commencement of their diversion, viz.
the beginning of winter ;
hiemis sub tempus aquosz Ejusdem
vs. 321.

Incipe veloces catulos immittere pratis,
Incipe cornipedes latos agitare per agros,

1. Wernsdorf, who does not in general attempt to apply his poet’s instructions to Poet Latini
any particular variety of hound, admits the Canis tiro, entered to the hare, vs. 186. ἀρ ΤΣ ΤῊΣ
5664.» to be of the Vertragus type.

2. It is worthy of notice that, whereas the earlier Greek and Latin Cynegetica
recommend heterogeneous commixture in breeding for the chase—crossing the canine
families of different countries with each other, under the hope of improving the pure
indigene—Nemesian contends for parity of sort, and purity of blood, to supply the
greyhound kennel, (‘‘ huic parilem submitte parem,’’ &c.); as if aware, with the
modern courser, that the essential attributes of the Celtic type would necessarily be
impaired, if not annihilated, by the admixture of alien blood. Arrian’s silence too,
on the subject of omnifarious copulation, indicates a conviction of its inapplicability

to breeding for the leash.

Symmachi
Epist. L. 11.
Ἐπ: 77.

Claudian. de
Laud. Stilic.
Ἐπ’ χις

Claudian. de
τιν. Cons.

Honor. vs. 32.

Arrian. de

Venat, c. vi.

300 APPENDIX.

From the view, then, here taken of the identity of these veloces
catuli of Nemesian with the Vertragi of Arrian, we may conclude
that greyhounds had been exported from the British Isles to some
more southern state, Rome or Carthage, when the native poet of the
latter place sung their praises in his Cynegeticon. And from the
same source, a supply of these rare and valuable dogs was kept up
at Rome, in the reign of Theodosius, by the instrumentality of Fla-
vian. Inmates, therefore, of Celto-Britannic kennels, they must
have been, on the twofold evidence of Nemesian and Symmachus,
at this early period of our dark and semi-fabulous annals. © Whether
the dogs transported from these isles, as rarities, by Flavian, ‘ so-
lennium rerum largus, et novarum repertor,” to grace with their
‘incredible force and boldnesse,”’ the Questorate of his brother Sym-
machus at Rome, ‘ quos prelusionis die ita Roma mirata est ut

7

ferreis caveis putaret advectos,” are to be considered Irish or Scotch,
according to modern distinctions, is quite unimportant; for probably

at the period of the ““ oblatio” both were included under the same

name. Indeed, it is well known, the inhabitant of Ireland bore the

name of Scotus in the age of Claudian, who wrote, as well as Sym-
machus, in the reigns of Theodosius and Honorius,

Me quoque vicinis pereuntem gentibus, inquit,
Me juvit Stilico, totam cum Scotus lernen

Movit, et infesto spumavit remige Tethys.
and again,

maduerunt sanguine fuso
Orcades : incaluit Pictorum sanguine Thule :
Scotorum cumulos flevit glacialis Ierne.

That these Canes Scotici were our Canes bellicosi seems highly im-
probable ; for the latter had been known in Rome for several centu-
ries, and could not have been deemed rarities in the days of Symma-
chus. I am inclined, then, to view them as high-bred Celtic hounds,
εἴτε τοῦ δασέος γένους, εἴτε τοῦ ψιλοῦ, naturalized in these isles, and
thence again exported to Rome by Flavian. From the earliest date
of their existence, there have ever been two varieties of fleet Gallic
hounds. As at this time we have greyhounds with rough, and others
with smooth hair, so in the days of Arrian were they distinguished
in the same way. In the sixth chapter of his Cynegeticus, on the

APPENDIX. 301
colour of hounds,' and its little importance to their merits, he ob-
serves that the hair, whether the dog be of the rough or smooth sort,
should be fine, close, and soft :—by which I understand that, though
the dog be what is termed wire-haired, the hair must not be coarse of
texture, nor loose and shaggy. And from these sources we may
derive the existing races of England, Scotland, and Ireland, without
any necessary commixture with other blood, to account for the wire-
haired skin. But the extraordinary sagacity of nose, superinduced
on swittness of foot, in certain varieties of modern Celtic hounds
with rough coats, favours the notion of Buffon and others, that a
cross has taken place with some alien, sagacious breed, at a remote
period. Be this, however, as it may, we will consider the coarse-
haired and more powerful varieties of Arrian’s Celt, the representa-
tives of the wolf-hounds of Ireland and Scotland ; 2 and the fabulous
Lelaps, “‘ the goodly grewnd” of Golding, presented by Dian to
Procris,

quem cum sua traderet illi
Cynthia, currendo superabit, dixerat, omnes,—

a poetical picture of an individual, whose counterpart the author had
seen, or heard of, in Celtic Gaul, or some Celtic colony, and whose
eagerness in the wolf or fox chase is fully supported by his high-
‘mettled descendants ;

Jamdudum vincula pugnat

Exuere ipse sibi, colloque morantia tendit.

Vix bene missus erat ; nec jam poteramus, ubi esset,

1. There are some curious remarks on the colour of hunting-dogs “‘ fit for to
course withall,” in chasing of the stag, in The Countrie Farme, B. vit. c. 22. p.837.
edit. 1600,—the reference to which is omitted in my annotations on Arrian.

2. Under the title of le lévrier d’attache, the French Encyclopedia unites the Irish
and Scotch varieties. ‘‘ C’est le plus robuste et le plus courageux des lévriers; en
Scythie on l’emploie a garder le bétail, qui n’est jamais enfermé, On en trouve en
Ecosse, en Irlande, en Tartarie, et chez presque tous les peuples du Nord: il pour-
suit le loup, le sanglier, quelquefois méme le buffle et le taureau sauvage.”’ The
common English greyhound is le lévrier de plaine of France. The former sorts are
the Lycisce of Savary,

Enormesque, animis pedis et levitate Lyvisce
Prestantes, apris certare lupisque parate, &c.

Ovid. Metam.
L. vir. 754.

Ejusdem
vs. 772.

Encyclopédie

Méthodique :

Les Chasses.
p- 290.

Venatio
Lupfha.

Golding’s
Ovid’s Metam.

Booke Seventh.

Fleming’s
British
Animals.
p- 12.

Historia
Animalium ex
Boethio.
Spencer’s
Beth Gélert, or
The Grave of
the Greyhound.

De Vgnatione
Ce Ve

Go
SS
ὰ

APPENDIX.

Scire ; pedum calidus vestigia pulvis habebat :
Ipse oculis ereptus erat. Non ocior illo

Hasta, nec excusse contorto verbere glandes,
Nec Gortyniaco calamus levis exit ab arcu, &c.

He struggling for to wrest his necke already from the band

Did stretch his collar. Scarcely had we let him off from hand,
But that where Lelaps was become we could not understand ;
The print remained of his feete upon the parched sand,

But he was clearely out of sight. Was never dart I trow,

Nor pellet from enforced sling, nor shaft from Creetish bow,
That flew more swift then he did run.

The modern Scotch greyhound differs from the Irish in many re-
spects.1 The former is rough and wiry, has a bearded snout, and
ears half-pricked ; the latter has short smooth hair and pendent ears;
the Scotch is sharp, swift, and sagacious; the Irish dull-looking,
harmless, indolent. The former is still common in North Britain,
the latter is become exceedingly rare everywhere. From Mr. Lam-
bert’s description of a modern specimen, the Irish wolf-greyhound

seems to have degenerated much in size.?

1. Gesner has introduced into his Appendix a representation of the “ Canis Sco-
ticus Venaticus, quem Scoti vocant ane grewhownd, id est canem Grecum :’’ and
calls it “‘ genus venaticum cum celerrimum tum audacissimum: nec modo in feras,
sed in hostes etiam latronesque presertim si dominum ductoremve injuria affici cer-
nat, aut in eos concitetur.” See ‘the Complaynt of Bagsche, the Kingis auld
hound,” by Lyndsay, for a quaint description of some of the qualities of the highland
breed... Poor Cilhart, too, the luckless wolf-hound of the precipitate Llewellyn, will
furnish an early example of the mountain sort. Nor should the Ossianic Maida—
καλὺς μὲν δέμας €orly—by Landseer, be overlooked, as a splendid type of the race on
canvass ; though not quite Celtic in his blood.

A breed of Sagaci-celeres is at present preserved in Scotland, between the English
greyhound and Leicestershire fox-hound : the first cross of which is represented to be
remarkably handsome, fleet, and courageous. This race is employed for the deer-
chase in the forest of Athol and elsewhere.

2. The hound described in the Linnean Society’s Transactions is stated to have
been only 61 inches in length—a size surpassed by an example of the Canis Graius
of the purest blood and greatest speed, (‘ facilis cui plurima palma,”) 62 inches
long, now in my possession—ér: γάρ μοι ἦν, as Arrian says of his much-loved Hormé,
ὁπότε ταῦτα ἔγραφον. But it is probable that the beautifully-majestic animal, which

APPENDIX. 303

The genuine Celtic greyhound, such as he is represented on the
Arch of Constantine, is the ““ Canis venaticus Graius seu Graecus”

assisted in extirpating the wolf from the sylvan fastnesses of our islands, was hereto-
fore of far greater size than the writer’s ἄῤῥην κύων τῇ ἀληθείᾳ yevvatos—of whom he

might farther say in the words of Ovid,

non dicere posses

Laude pedum formene bono prestantior esset.

Indeed Mr. Ray’s definition of the Canis Graius Hibernicus makes him of the greatest
size of the whole canine race ; ‘‘ Canis omnium quos hactends vidimus maximus,
Molossum ipsum magnitudine superans—quod ad formam corporis et mores attinet,
cani Greco vulgari per omnia similis. Horum usus est ad lupos capiendos.”’

If the reader be interested in the arcana of wolf-catching, he will find illustrations,
and anecdotes thereof, in Oppian. Cyneg. 1v. vs. 212.—in the Venationes Ferarum of
Strada and Galle (pl. 49.)—Lupos Venandi Ratio of J, A. Lonicer—La Chasse du
Loup of Jean de Clamorgan—fMlapster of Game, c. vir. fo. 40.—Turbervile’s Art
of Venerie, p. 208.—Venationis Lupine Leges of Savary, &c. The latter author
turns out his whole kennel and armoury for the annihilation of this ““ fera bellua "---
even the anathematized Iévrier is now admitted :

Non hanc, que lepori, nec que indulgentia cervo
Debetur, meruére lupi: fera bellua nullo

Non sternenda modo: non illam sexus et etas,
Nullaque tempestas violento a funere servet.

Non hic Spartani canis interdicitur usu ;

Lina placent, catapulta juvat, venabula, cippus,
Decipule, fovez, atque podostraba, pardalianches,
Et concurrentis vaga vociferatio plebis.

Derived from the Irish greyhound, and not very far removed from the original

stock, was the gazehound of past days:

Seest thou the gazehound, how with glance severe
From the close herd he marks the destined deer ;
How every nerve the greyhound’s stretch displays,
The hare preventing in her airy maze, &c.

By Dr. Caius, he is supposed to be faithfully portrayed in the following extract :
“* Quod visu lacessit, nare nibil agit, sed oculo: oculo vulpem leporemque persequi-
tur, oculo seligit medio de grege feram, et eam non nisi bene saginatam et opimam :
oculo insequitur: oculo perditam requirit : oculo, si quando in gregem redeat, secer-
nit, ceteris relictis omnibus, secretamque cursu denuo fatigat ad mortem. Agaseum
nostri abs re quod intento sit in feram oculo, vocant,”’ &c. To this portrait I can
assimilate no dog at present known in this country, (though, it is probable, such

De Venatione
Ὁ, XXXII.

Ovid. Metam,
L. x. 562.

Raii Synopsis
Animal.

Jac, Savary
Venatio
Lupina.

Tickell’s
Miscellanies.

De Canibus
Brit. Libel.

Synopsis
Animalium.

Arrian. de
Venatione.
C. XV. XVI. XVII.

Hor. Od. 1.
es he ve

304 APPENDIX.

of Ray ;—‘* qui aspectu feras venatur, cursu velocissimus, forma
corporis et incessu decorus ;” !—a definition strictly harmonizing with
Arrian’s more copious description, in c. III. 6. VIII. sub fine, and
other parts of his manual. The genuine quarry of this hound is the
little fugacious hare; of which the historian of the Celtic chase
supplies us with many illustrative anecdotes. That such was ‘ the
startled quarry” whereat < the gallant greyhounds,” Hormé, Bon-

3

nas, Cirras,? were wont to ““ strain,” over the champaign fields of

might be produced between the Irish greyhound and blood-hound,) nor do the classic
ages afford any counterpart to it.

For Dacier’s explanation of the ‘‘ catuli fideles’’ of Horace—“ seu visa est catulis
cerva fidelibus’’—as des chiens qui suivent bien la béte, qui ne prennent jamais le
change, so readily acceded to by the Delphin annotator, as portraying the English

7 in an-

gazehound, is far too fanciful to establish a race of these ““ chasseurs ἃ vue’
cient Italy. Horace merely gives sagacity and steadiness to deer-hounds, or possibly
the negative quality of not opening in pursuit of their game.

᾽

1. To this definition Ray subjoins, ‘* nonnullis Scoticus,” as if he considered the
Scotch greyhound of the same type—that there was, in short, only one variety—the
English and Scotch being identical. The additional words would of course include
the supplementary hound of Gesner’s Appendix, and probably were added with
that intent.

Arrian’s work was unknown to the great German naturalist—not having been dis-
covered in the Vatican library, when he compiled his celebrated Historia Animalium,
nor indeed till a century later. That Ray, too, was unacquainted with the Greek
Manual, seems equally clear. Thence the strong points of resemblance in the ancient
and modern descriptions of a dog, hypothetically the same, impart the more interest,
and obtain the more credence, from the impossibility of a collusive adaptation of the
one to the other, and from both portraits corresponding with the images of the Celtic
hound, which have come down to us on ancient monuments, the Arch of Constantine,
gems, numismata, &c. χα.

2. See Arrian. de Venatione, c. xvi1r. εὖγε ὦ Κιῤῥὰ, εὖγε ὦ Βόννα, καλῶς ye ὦ
ὋὉρμή. These we may suppose to have been some of the names of the favourite
archetypes of the Celtic kennel ; but of the particular scene of their exertions we
have: no evidence to adduce. Born at Nicomedia, and occupied for the most part
with civil and military engagements in the East, at a distance from Celtica, properly
so called, (within the boundaries of the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Rhine, and the
Ocean,) we know not when or where Arrian became acquainted with the Vertragus.
Was the hound existing in Asia Minor in the second century, seeing that he is no-
ticed at a later period by the Greek poet of Cilicia, and the Platonic philosopher of
Paphlagonia? The Celts themselves are found there, as cvulonists, at an early date—
even in the very district of which Nicomedia was the metropolis. Stephanus of

APPENDIX. 305

Cisalpine or Transalpine Gaul, or wherever the father of the leash
slipped the ‘* proavorum atavi” of the courser’s hound, can admit,
I think, of no doubt. Indeed, the field-instructions of the Cynege-
ticus refer almost exclusively to hare-coursing: nor does it appear
that the author himself, sensible, as he confessedly was, of the pecu-
liar physical adaptation of the greyhound to the hare-course, was
ever guilty of misapplying the dog to inappropriate quarry. The
red-deer, however, is noticed by him, in his 28rd chapter, as a chase
of the Vertragus, fraught with imminent danger, and needing high-
mettled hounds.? And, subsequently, the same animal is pursued
with Scythian and Illyrian galloways on the open plains of Meesia,
Dacia, Scythia, and Illyria:’—and, in the following chapter, we
find the like diversions practised in Africa with barbs ;+ whereby

Byzantium mentions the Tolistoboii—z@vos Γαλατῶν ἑσπερίων μετοικησάντων ἐκ τῆς
Κελτογαλατίας ἐς Βιθυνίαν. (See also Strabo Geogr. L.1v.) And other colonies
are recorded by Strabo among the Thracians and Illyrians, Κελτοὺς τοὺς ἀναμεμιγμέ-
vous τοῖς Te Θρᾳξὶ καὶ τοῖς "IAAvpiots—the descendants of whom are perhaps the deer-
coursers of Arrian’s 23rd chapter, whom I have there called Celto-Scythians : note 4.
sub fine.

1. Although it is clear, almost to demonstration, that the greyhound was utterly
unknown to ancient Greece in the days of the elder Xenophon, I readily allow that
Greece may have been Arrian’s coursing-field, with the hound of Celtica, at a later
period—an opinion supported by Janus Vlitius ;—for into the south of Europe the dog
had been introduced as a prodigy of speed—* ocyor affectu mentis pinnaque”’—pro-
bably direct from the country of which he was indigenous, viz. Transalpine Gaul,

De Venat.
C, XXIV.

Gratii Cyneg.
vs. 204.

τῆς Κελτικῆς Γαλατίας of Stephanus, (the Gallia Celtica of my annotations, without De Venatione

reference to Cesar’s more limited appropriation of the term Celtica,) about the com-
mencement of the Christian era.

2. Tas κύνας τὰς yevvalas,—possibly the coarser and fiercer varieties of the Celtic
hound—for Arrian seems to distinguish these noble-spirited dogs from the κύνα
ἀγαθὴν, who, he says, may be destroyed by a stag.

3. The Celte with their colonies overran almost all Europe. We trace them from
the pillars of Hercules to the extreme wilds of Scythia; the colonists of the latter
territory alone being, correctly speaking, Celto-Scythz ;—but in consequence of the
ignorance of the ancient Greek geographers as to the exact limits of either Celtica or
Scythia, (as already remarked in my annotations on the second chapter of the Cyne-
geticus, ) the term Celto-Scythians has been indefinitely applied to all the inhabitants
of mid-Europe, from Celtica to Scythia.

4. It was Xenophon’s want of acquaintance with these African barbs, along with
the Scythian galloways, and Celtic greyhounds, which led to the omission of them all,
in his Cynegeticus: and to the lacuna, thereby occasioned, in the older hunting-

2 Q

c. XXIIi,

Arrian.
de Venat.
Cuts

Oppian. Cyneg.
L. rv. 51.

306 APPENDIX.

red and roe deer, and wild asses of extraordinary agility and en-
durance, are captured by mere boys—a style of chase resembling the
Arabian onager-hunting of the elder Xenophon’s Anabasis. But
whatever innovations upon the established field-sport of the mother
country may have been effected in remote Celtic colonies, by the
substitution of other larger quarry in lieu of the hare, the latter is
alone to be viewed as the legitimate prey of the Vertragus.

treatise, is to be attributed the supplementary one, written by the younger Athenian.
But it is quite problematical whether hounds were employed at all in the Celto-
Scythian and Libyan chases—indeed, it is my opinion, they were not :—for, though
it be true, that Arrian recommends picked dogs, of high courage, for the stag-course,
at the commencement of chapter 23, we hear nothing of hounds in the stag-chase,
immediately following, on the πεδία εὐήλατα of Masia, Dacia, Scythia, &c. ; where
long-winded, and scrubby nags supply their place. And again, in the onager-chase
of the Nomadic tribes of Libya, barbs alone are the pursuers, with boys upon their
naked backs, continuing at full speed till the game be run down. So that οὕτω τοι
θηρῶσιν, ὅσοις κύνες TE ἀγαθαὶ Kal ἵπποι, K.7.A. with which the author commences the
period immediately foilowing the description of the vanquished onager, must in part
have a more remote reference than to the hunters spoken of in the same and prece-
ding chapters—éous κύνες τε ἀγαθαὶ referring to the Celts of Western Europe, per-
haps, and ἵπποι to the equestrians just before mentioned—the former class of sportsmen
using swift-footed hounds, the latter horses alone. This interpretation harmonizes
with Oppian’s description of the horses and hunters of Libya and Mauritania, and
their chases, as already cited c. xxiv. note 8.

τοὔνεκεν ἱππελάται κείνων ἐπιβήτορες ἵππων
ἠδὲ κύνας λείπουσι φίλους, πίσυνοί τ᾽ ἐλόωσιν

ἵπποις, ἠελίου τε βολῇ, καὶ νόσφιν ἀρωγῶν,

BARTOLI.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES AND VIGNETTES.

Tur Emperor Trajan with hunters and a Celtic greyhound: Medallion
from the Arch of Constantine. L’Antiquité Expliquée par Mont-
faucon. Tom. 111, Liv. rv. Tab. 175. < . ς : . Frontispiece.

Apollo and Diana—Twin-deities of the Chace: Silver coin of Delos.
Goltzii Numism. Grec. Ins. T. xvut. fol. 111. . . . Title-page.

The Author’s greyhound—épinv κύων τῇ ἀληθείᾳ γενναῖος. Arrian. de
Venat. c. XXXII. . . . - : : : . Dedication page.

Procris presenting Lelaps and the fatal dart to Cephalus. Metamorphos.
Ovid. L. xv. Aneis formis ab Antonio Tempesta Florentino incisi. Back of do.

Ancient implements of writing ;—picture from Herculaneum. Antiquités
d’ Herculanum gravées par F. A. David. Pl, xxxiv.p.50. . . Page 1

308 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES AND VIGNETTES.

Hunter bearing spoils of the Chace: Ancient gem. Le Gemme Antiche
gurate di Michel Angelo Causeo de la Chausse. Caccratore. T. 135.
p54. . δ δ . 5 . . - . - - 48

Diana Aricrna seu Nemorensis: Ancient gem. Begert Thesaur. Bran-

denb. T. 1. Gemme p. 64. ς : ὃ - . . A . 49
Diana in her usual hunting attire: Ancient gem of La Chausse. ὍΤΑΝ

Cacciatricr. T.61.p.21. .« 5 ὃ . . ᾿ . : ὅθ᾽
Ganymepe. Pierres Gravées d'Orléans, Τομε 1. Τ᾿ xu. p. 49. pe So
Celtic greyhound: Brass coin of Cythnus. Goltzii N. G. Ins. T. χνιπ.

fol. v1. . . : . . . . 5 a : : οἱ
Celtic greyhound: Brass coin of Cythnus. Goltzii N. G. Ins. T, xvut.

fol. viir. . . δ . . . . . . . . 54
Diana Venatrix: a beautiful Cameo of La Chausse. Diana. T.8.p. 4. 63
Equestrian Courser: Ancient gem of Muffet. Gemme Antiche. T. τν.

Caccra. Torxxr ps Hic: - : ο . . . . : 64
Celtic greyhound: Silver coin of Cythnus. Golizit N. G. Ins. T. xvii.

fol.ix. . : ° . = . . . Ε δ 65
Greyhound puppies—a groupe in white marble in the British Museum ;

from the ruins of Antoninus’s Villa at Monte Cagnolo - : . 66
Celtic greyhound killing a hare: Ancient ring. Gorlei Dactyliotheca.

fol. 120. . . . . . - . . . δ . 67
Diana Percwea: Silver coin of Pergain Pamphylia. Begeri Thesaur.

Brandenb. T.1. p. 506. . . δ : . . a 175

Votum seu Donarium Dian® Venarrict. In Hortis Mediceis. Admi-
randa Romanarum Antiquitatum ac Veteris Sculpture Vestigia, §c. ἃ
Petro Sancti Bartolo. Tab. 33. ᾿ é Ξ ὃ δ 5 : 176

Celtic greyhounds and deer from Vaillant. Montfaucon L’ Antiq. Expliq.
T. 111. . . . . . : : . . . . 177

Genii hunting from Maffei: Gemme Antiche. T.1v. Caccia pt Gent.
Το trv. p. 86. ° . . . . . : . - : 118

Diana Venatrix: Silver coin of Syracuse. Begert Thesaur. Brandenb.
T.1. Numism. Siciliz, p. 384. . : . > δ 5 . 179

Celtic greyhound: Silver coin of Cythnus. Goltzii N. G. Ins. T. xviii.
fol. x. . . 5 . . . . . . . . 900

Funeratts Pompa. In Acdibus Barberinis. Admiranda Romanarum
Antiquitatum ac Veteris Sculpture’ Vestigia, δὲ. ἃ Petro Sancti
Bartolo. Tab. 70. : Ἢ : 6 3 5 Ε 4 A 307

/ Porter or Watch-dog—Canis Custos: Ancient gem of Maffei: Gemme
Antiche. T.1v. Cane, T. rxxxvur.p.137. . a > ire ee 315

[The Plates and Vignettes are executed by Messrs. Day and Haghe, Lithographers
to the King, 17, Gate Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields. ]

BIBLIOTHECA CYNEGETICA.

“Ort μὲν οὖν καὶ ἑτέροις ὑπὲρ τούτων ἐσπούδασται, καλῶς oldar ἐγὼ δὲ ἐμαυτῷ
ταῦτα, ὅσα οἷον τε ἦν, ἀθροίσας, καὶ περιβαλὼν αὐτοῖς τὴν συνήθη λέξιν, κειμήλιον οὐκ
ἀσπούδαστον ἐκπονῆσαι πεπίστευκα. Ei δέ τῳ καὶ ἄλλῳ φανεῖται ταῦτα λυσιτελῆ,
χρήσθω αὐτοῖς" ὅτῳ δὲ οὐ φανεῖται, ἐάτω τῷ πατρὶ θάλπειν τε καὶ περιέπειν’ οὐ γὰρ
πάντα πᾶσι καλὰ, οὐδὲ ἄξια δοκεῖ σπουδάσαι πᾶσι πάντα.

Avuran. ΡῈ Narura AniImMAtium, Prerar.

For the amusement of such as may be desirous of consulting the
Cynegetical works cited in the preceding annotations on Arrian and
the Appendix, a list of their respective titles and editions is sub-
joined, |

The author does not pretend to enumerate all the known editions of
each Cynegeticon, but only those of his own library. Where two or
more of the same work are mentioned, the copy made use of is either
pointed out by specification, or the name of the editor and place of
publication are printed in italics. In cases of disputed text, different
editions have been collated, and the most approved readings selected
for use.

Enrolled in the catalogue are a few treatises de re Venatica which
the present writer has never seen. They are admitted on the authority
of earlier compilers, in whose bibliothece they appear: but their im-
portance to the θήρης κλυτὰ δήνεα (Oppian. Cyneg. 1. 16.) is assumed
rather than established. Remoteness of residence from public libra-
ries must plead for the author's unavoidable ignorance. He could
not certify by actual examination the admissibility of any book not
on his own shelves. The works in question are distinguished by the
prefixture of an asterisk,

A Bibliotheca Cynegetica upon the following plan was first at-
tempted by Rittershusius in his Prolegomena to Oppian, imperfectly
executed by Lallemant in his Bibliotheca Historica et Critica The-
reuticographan, and subsequently, but still far short of perfection, by
Belin de Ballu in his prefatory matter to the poet of Anazarbus. The
latter’s catalogue professedly excludes all prosaic works, save those
of the classic ages—departing from its rule in the solitary instance
of Conrad Heresbach’s Compendium. Of the English Cynege-
tica, Somerville’s Chace is alone admitted, the doggrel of the Book
of St. Alban’s possessing insufficient poetical pretensions, perhaps,
in the eyes of a foreigner, to place Dame Juliana Berners, or the
“ες one sumtyme scole mayster of seynt Albons,” or whoever be the
author of these antique canons, amongst those ‘‘ qui metricé hane
materiam persecuti sunt.” Proleg. in Oppian. p. xvi. Ed. 4to.

Xenophontis Opuscula Politica, Equestria, et Venatica, cum
Arriani Libello De Venatione, &c. J. G. Schneider. Oxonit,
MDCCCXVII.

Xenophontis Scripta Minora, &c. L. Dindorf. Lipsie,
MDCCCXXIV.

On Hare Hunting, from Xenophon, by W. Blane, Esq.
London, 1788.

ts
Xenophon.

II.
Gratius.

111,
Arrianus.

Oppianus.

VI.
Nemesianus,

VII.
Demetrius.

310 BIBLIOTHECA CYNEGETICA.

Gratii, qui Augusto principe floruit, de Venatione Lib. 1,
This edition of the Faliscian is contained in the rare little Aldine
volume, entitled Poete tres egregii, &c. Aldus, MDxxxilt. Re-
published by Sig. Feyerabendius, ad calcem Venatts et Aucupii J.
A. Loniceri. Francoforti, MDLX XXII.

Gratii Faliseci Cynegeticon, &c. Th. Johnson, A.M.
Londini, MDCXCIX.

Poete Latini Rei Venatice Scriptores, ἄς. G. Kempheri.
Lugdun. Batav. MDCCXXVI11.

Poete Latini Minores. J. C. Wernsdorf. Altenburgi,
MDCCLXXX.

A Poem of Hunting, by Gratius the Faliscian. Englished
and Illustrated by Christopher Wase, Gent. London, 1654,

Arrianus De Venatione, ex interpretatione L. Holsteni.
Paris, MDCXLIV.

Arriani Tactica, Peripli, Cynegeticus, et Epicteti Stoict En-
chiridion, ex Recensione Nicolai Blancardi. Amstelodami, 1683.

* APPIANOY TA SOZOMENA κ. τ. A. ᾿Ἐπεξεργασθέντα
καὶ ᾿Εκδοθέντα ὑπὸ NEO®YTOY AOYKA εἰς τόμους ἑπτά.
BIENNH: ΤῊΣ ΑΟΥ̓́ΣΤΡΙΑΣ, 1809.

Xenophontis Opuscula Politica, &c. cum Arriani Libello de
Venatione. J. G. Schneider. Oxonii, MDCCCXVII.

Julii Pollucis Onomasticum. Hemsterhuis. Amst. MDCCVI.
The fifth book, addressed to the Emperor Commodus, affords much
valuable information on the technicalities of classical venation.

Oppiani Poete Cilicis De Venatione Lib. 1111. &c. Conrad.
Rittershusii. Lugduni Batav. MDxcv.

Oppiani Poete Cilicis De Venatione Libri tv. &c. Joh.
Gottlob Schneider. Argentorati, MDCCLXXVI.

Oppiani Poema De Venatione, &c. Jac. Nic. Belin De
Ballu. Argentor. 1786.

J. Brodzi Turonensis Annotationes in Oppiani Cyneg. L. 111.
ἄς. Basile. MDLII.

Oppiani De Venatione Libri 1111. Joan. Bodino interprete,
ἄς. Lutetie, MDLV.

* The First Book of Oppian’s Cynegetics translated into
English Verse, ἅς. by John Mawer, A.M. London, 1736.

M. Aurelii Olympii Nemesiani Cynegeticon Lib. 1. Aldus,
MDXXXIIII, (The same Aldine volume as before referred to, enti-
tled Poete tres egregii, &c.) Nemesian also occurs in the collections
of Poet Venatici of Feyerabendius, Johnson, Kempher, and Werns-'
dorf.

KYNOCO®ION. Liber De Cura Canum. This work of

1. The Cynegeticus is contained in the third volume of this uncommon edition ;
which the writer regrets not to have seen till his translation was printed off. Its
principal attraction is the novel annexation of some Greek Scholia by the editor,
ingenious and explanatory. Those of the Cynegeticus, in a few instances, give a
different interpretation of the text to what is given by the translator; but these are
not very important.

BIBLIOTHECA CYNEGBETICA. 91]

Demetrius of Constantinople, written about A.D. 1270. was first
published by Aurifaber. Wittemberge, MDXxLv. The author’s edi-
tions are those of Rigaltius in the Rei Accipitrarie Scriptores. Lu-
tetia. MDCXI1. and of Johnson, attached to his Latin Poets of the
Chace. Londini, Mpcxcix.

* He Art de Menerie le quel Maistre Guillame Cri ez
nour [e on d Angleterre fist en son temps per aprandre autres,
This Ms. is reported by the Historian of English Poetry, Vol. 11.
p- 221. note m. to have been formerly among the Mss. of Mr. Fer-
mor, of Tusmore in Oxfordshire.

Che Craft of Hontyng of Manster Gohn GBylford and
Willm Cwety that were wth Lyng Edward the Secunde, It is
also denominated Le Generp de Cwetn and of {Nanstr Fohn Gite
farde. Ms. Cotton. Vespas. B. x11. The French work is unknown
to the writer: but of Che Craft of Hantyng a faithful transcript is
in his possession.

* Des Deduitz de la Chasse de Bestes Sauvaiges et des Oy-
seaux de Proye. ‘The celebrated work of Gaston Phebus, Comte de
Foix, and Vicomte de Bearn, written about the year 1347; first
printed by Anthoine Verard; secondly, by Jehan Treperel ; and,
subsequently, by Philippe Le Noir, under the title of Le Miroye de
Phebus. The author has no copy of this work.

Che Book of Huntyng the which ts clepnd Manster of the
Game. Ms. Cotton. Vesp. B. x11. JMapster of Game. Ms. Harl.
5086. The author’s copy is a transcript of the Cottonian text, cor-
rected by collation with the Harleian.

The Boke of St. Albans. The first and second editions (1486
and 1496.) being exceedingly rare, the author is satisfied to quote
from Mr. Haslewood’s elegant reprint of Wynkyn de Worde’s edi-
tion of the latter date. London, Mpcccx.

Hawking, Hunting, and Fishing, with the True Measures of
Blowing. At London, printed by Edward Allde, 1586.

Cesaris Borgie Ducis Epicedium, per Herculem Strozam ad
divam Lucretiam Borgiam Ferrariz Ducem. Francoforti, MDLX XXII.

Adriani Cardinalis δ. Chrysogoni ad Ascanium Cardinalem
S. Viti, Vicecancellarium Venatio. Aldus, MDxxxilII. (Poete
tres egregii antea citati). Francoforti, MDLXXxXII.

Venatus et Aucupium Iconibus artificiosiss. ad vivum ex-
pressa, et succinctis versibus illustrata per Joan. Adam. Lonicerum,
Francfortanum. Francoforti, MDLXXXII.

Venatus et Aucupia Johan. Stradensis et Philip. Galle,
1578. Venationes Ferarum, Avium, Piscium, Pugne Bestiariorum ;
et Mutue Bestiarum, depicte a Joanne Stradano; edite a Joanne
Galleo: carmine Hlustrate aC. Kiliano Duffleo.

* Belisarius Aquaviva de Venatione, Aucupio, &c. Nap.
1519. Basil. 1571. apud Conrad. Gesner. Histor. Quadrupe-
dum.

Ad Christianissimum Regem Galliz de Canibus et Venatione
Libellus. Authore Michaele Angelo Blondo. In quo omnia ad

vill.
Guillame
Twit.

Gyilord and
Civety.

IX.
Gaston Phebus.

x .
Ἐυππὺ De
Langley.

XI.
Juliana
Berners, or
Julyans Bares,

XII.
Hercules
Stroza.

XIIt.
Adrianus,

XIV.
Lonicerus.

XV.
Stradanus,

Galleus, et
Duffleus.

XVI.
Belisarius,

XVII.
Blondus.

XVIII.
Tardivus.

XIX.
Heresbachius.

Oe
Fracastorius.

XXI.
Lotichius.

XXII

Natalis Comes.

XXIII.
Bargeus.

XXIV.
Darcius.

XXV.
Caius.

XXVI.
Jaques Du
Fouilloux.

91 BIBLIOTHECA CYNEGETICA.

canes spectantia, morbi, et medicamina continentur, Prisca et Neo-
terica etiam exempla, a nemine hactents accuratits scripta, insidiz
feraruw, et proprietates, cum quibusdam venationibus nostri seculi
Maximorum principum cognitu dignissimis. Rome, MDXLIIII. One
of the rarest of the Cynegetica of the 16th century. A small thin
Ato of thirty-seven leaves. The passages cited by the author are
principally from Gesner’s H. Q.

* Gulielmus Tardivus de Accipitribus et Canibus Venaticis.
apud Conrad. Gesner. Histor. Quadrupedum. (Auctores Gallici.)

Conrad. Heresbachii Rei Rustice L. Iv. item de Venatione,
Aucupio, et Piscatione Compendium, in usum Heroum et Patrum-
familias ruri agentium concinnatum. The latter part is noticed in the
preface to Arrian’s Cynegeticus under the name of Compendium
Thereutice Universe, a title given it by Rittershusius in his Oppia-
nic Prolegomena. ‘The author's quotations are principally from
Conrad Gesner’s Historia Quadrupedum ; but since the prefatory
remarks have been sent to press, he has examined a copy of the ori-
ginal (Spire Nemetum ci9.19.xciv). As an Epitome of Xeno-
phon and Oppian, the appendix has merit — containing brief notices
of many varieties of ancient and modern hounds, their style of hunt-
ing, quarry, &c. Part of the third book De Re Rustica treats of
dogs connected with rural economy, the Cicurus, Villaticus, &e.

Hier. Fracastorii Alcon, sive de Cura Canum Venaticorum.
Venet. MDLY. Fracastor’s poem is appended to the Poete Venatici
of Johnson. Lond. Mpcxcix. and of Kempher. Lugd. Bat.
MDCCXXVIII.

Petri Lotichii Secundi Ecloge. The author’s citations are
from the Poemata Omnia Petri Lotichii Secundi ἃ P. Burmanno
Secundo. Amstel. MDCCLIV.

Natalis Comitum Veneti de Venatione, Libri 1111. Ald. Fil.
Venet. MDLI. also attached to his Mythologie Libri Decem. Lugduni.
MDCV.

Petri Angelii Bargei Cynegeticon. Poemata Omnia, &e.
Florent. apudJuntas, MDLXviil. The poem De Aucupio is also cited
in a separate form apud Juntas, MDLXVI.

Joannis Darcii Welsch Canes. Paris, MDXLitl. Francofort.
MDLXXXII.

Joannis Caii Britanni De Canibus Britannicis Liber Unus.
Londini, MDLxx. This Libellus is also annexed to Johnson’s Edi-
tion of Gratius and Nemesian, and to Kempher’s Poetz Venatici.
Holinshed’s Account of British Dogs is a translation from Caius’s
work.

La Vénerie de Jaques Du Fouilloux, &c. Paris, MDLXXXv.
MDCXIIII. The author's references are to the latter edition, where-
in are contained Adjonctions ἃ la Vénerie de Jacques Du Fouilloux.
La Chasse du Loup (by Jean de Clamorgan) : La Chasse du Connin :
and an additional Essay on Cyniatrics, entitled Autres Remedes
pour guarir les Chiens Malades de Diverses Maladies, &c.

The Compendium of Hunting in La Maison Rustique is
epitomised, according to Christopher Wase, from Fouilloux’s Trea-
tise.

BIBLIOTHECA CYNEGETICA. 313

The Noble Art of Venerie or Flunting, &e. London, 1575.
1611. The authorship of this version of Fouilloux is much disputed :
—by some it is given to Turbervile, the undoubted translator of the
Booke of Falconrie ; by others to Gascoigne ; and by a third party
to C. Burke. The citations are from the edition of 1611, and gene-
rally under the name of the first-mentioned author.

* A Short Treatise of Hunting, compyled for the delyght of
Noblemen and Gentlemen, by Sir Thomas Cockaine, Knight. Lon-
don, 1591. The writer has never seen the rare tract of this ““ pro-
fessed hunter, and not a schollar.”

The Gentleman’s Academie ; or, The Booke of St. Albans,
ἄς. by G. M. London, 1595.

Maison Rustique; or, The Countrie Farme, &c. translated
into English by Richard Surflet. London, 1600.

The Countrey Farme, &c. (as the last,) by Gervase Mark-
ham. London, 1616.

A Jewell for Gentrie, &c. London, 1614.

Countrey Contentments; or, The Husbandman’s Recrea-
tions, &c. by G. M. London, 1633.

* Jacobi Micylli Κυνολόγιον. A Latin poem mentioned by
Paullini in his Cynographia Curiosa: where also occur * Angelinus
Gazeus, * Ronszus, and others; the Venatio Medica of the latter
being rather above the ordinary stamp of the muse of AMsculapius.

De Venatione Tractatus, in quo de Piscatione, Aucupio,
Sylvestriumque insectatione agitur. Auctore Alfonso Isachio, Regii,
1625. A very ridiculous treatise on Piscatorial Licences, ἄς, of
some rarity, but of no value to practical or literary sportsmen. It
has been re-published, with other Cynegetical tracts of like descrip-
tion, by Fritsch.

Album Diane Leporicide, sive Venationis Leporme Leges.
Auctore Jac. Savary, Cadomeo. Cadomi, mpcLy. To some edi-
tions of this poem is annexed Venatio Vulpina et Melina of the same
author; but the writer’s copy has it not.

Venationis Cervine, Capreoline, Aprugne, et Lupine
Leges. Autore Jac. Savary Cadomensi. Cadomi, MDCLIX.

Jacobi Vanierii, &c. Predium Rusticum. Tolose, MDCCXxx.
MDccxLil. The author’s citations are from the latter edition.

The Gentleman’s Recreation : in four parts. London, 1706.

The Gentleman’s Recreations : in three parts. By R. Blome.
London, 1710.

The Chace. A poem by William Somerville, Esq.

To this list might be added the French Cynegetica of Gauchet,
Pomey, Passerat, De Salnove, De Serey, Du Sable, Gaffet, De la
Conterie, D’Yauville, and others; the Encyclopédie Méthodique,
Dictionnaire de toutes les espéces de Chasses ; and the Italian Cyne-
getica of Scandianese, Valvasone, Raimondi, Poggesi, Gatti, and
others; to some of which the author is beholden for a few remarks.
The catalogue might be amplified, too, by incorporating the numerous
tracts on the laws of the Chase collected by Fritsch and Manwood;
the notices of early British and Anglo-Saxon hunting gathered by

2R

XXVII.
Tubervile, Gas-
coigne, Burke.

XXVIII.
Cockaine.

XKXIX.
Markham and
others.

XXX.

Micyllus.

XXXI.
Isachius.

XXXII.
Savary.

XX XIII.
Vanierius,
XXXIV.
Blome.

XXXV.
Somerville.

Aristoteles.

Scriptores Rei
Rustice.

TEQTIONIKA.

Plutarchus.

/Elianus.

Plinius.

Solinus.

Phile.

Gesnerus.

Aldrovandus.
Bochartus.

Paullini.

Raius.

914

BIBLIOTHECA CYNEGETICA.

Pegge, in the Archeologia; by Strutt, in his Sports and Pastimes ;
and by Turner, in his History of the Anglo- -Saxons; and though last,
not least valuable, whether we regard the novelty of such a summary,

. or the elegance and classic taste of its execution, the article on Hunt-

ing by Mr. Smedley, in the Encyclopzdia Metropolitana.

Connected with the subject of Venation, the following works on
Natural History are referred to, descriptive of the external characters
and habits of ferine animals, and their quadrupedal pursuers :

-Aristotelis Historia de Animalibus a J. C. Scaligero. Tolose,
MDCXIX.

Scriptores Rei Rustice Veteres Latini. J. M. Gesner. Lip-
six, MDCCLXXIII.

TEQUONIKA. Geoponicorum sive De Re Rustica Libri xx.
Petr. Needham, A.M. Cantabrigiz, MDccIV.
Plutarchi Opera Omnia (De Solertid Animalium,
MDCX XIV.
Abliani De Naturad Animalium Libri xvi. J. G. Schneider.
Lipsie, MDCCLXXXIV.
C. Plinii Secundi Historiz Mundi Libri Xx XVII.

Lugduni, MDLXXXVII.

C. Tee Solini Polyhistor ex edit. C. Salmasii. M. Andr.
Goezio. Lipsie, MDCCLX XVII.
Phile De Animalium Proprietate a J. C. de Pauw. Trajecti

ἄς.)
Paris,

J. Dale-

campli.

ad Rhenum, Mpccxxx.

C. Gesneri Historia Animalium Liber primus, de Quadrupe-
dibus Viviparis. Tiguri, MDLIX. ;

U. Aldrovandi Opera. Bononiz, MDCXXXII.

S. Bocharti Hierozoicon, seu Be Animalibus Sacre Scripture.
Londini, MDCLXIII.

Cynographia Curiosa, &c. a Christ. Franc. Paullini. Norim-
berge, MDCLXXXV.

Lagographia Curiosa, &c. a Christ. Franc. Paullini. Aug.
Vind, MDCXCI.

Synopsis Mcthodica Animalium Quadrupedum, ἅς. Auctore
Joanne Raio. S. R. 8S. Londini, 1693.

ERRATA.

P. 15. 1. 8. for general, read genuine.
108. η. 3.1, 2. τάχος.
5. ἔχει.
117. n. 4. for Bruyer, read Bruyerinus.
126. n. 7. 1. 2. obtruncant.
145. Quotation from Gratius, v. 299. read leveis.
148. Quotation from Nemesian, v. 162. read complere.

The author craves forgiveness for unnoticed σφάλματα, errors of punctuation, accen-
tuation, &c. whether chargeable on himself or the typothete.

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