\ poe ees S. 1902. A v “ASIATIC! K RESE ‘ARCHES . OR, 3 a TRANSACTIONS SO CIE T ¥, _LYSTITUTED IN BENGAL; FOR ENQUIRING INTO THE HISTORY ano ANTIQUITIBS, run ARTS, SCIENCES, aes AND LITERATURE, or ‘ee THE THIRTEENTH, CALCUTTA: PRINTED AT THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE OFFICE, 3820; j j tk #4 4S ives BA ee y An ar P 2 7; y f t fra GO?) 2 Lote 9aq ‘ Co Ne Defcriptions of Soe yare Indian Plants. By N- Watlc, M. Dz. 369: \ ; ; kee An Account of a new species of Tapir found in the Peninfula of Malacca, By Major Farquhar. | Communicated by the Honorable A. Seton, E/q- i dhe : XII. An Account of a new fpecies of a Camellia. growing wild at Napal. By N. Wallich, M.D: | , AaB : XT: ie Ln Account. of Bijapir in 1811. By. Captain Sydenham. Corse anunicated by.. Coloned ‘Mackenzie. . Fe Beige: : XIV. On the Binomial Theorems as known to the Arabians. ByJ. Tytler, E/q- Communicated by R. Tytler, Ms D- Asé LIST of the. Members of the. Society: a 407" APPEN DIX, containing - : a Rules of the Society ee me iv Donations to the Library = ° xi Donations to the Mufeum: = 4 | > X¥E — = Fe Plan of the Principal Triangles between Punnae and Dau mergidda u = > Qe et ee Lelween Namthabad- and -Daumergidda 3- Primula’ prolifera ° = aa 4- Conyvallaria oppofotifolia ~' ae > 5. —— cirrhifolia = So 6. Daphne involucrata - ai | > J. ——em Cannabina Lowi ~ ee > 8. on Nepal Paper * Beal ge» Gardineri » a = 10. Andromeda: lanceolata ~~ on | Ur ———- Ovalifolia = a en 12, Gaultheria fragrantiflima ~- - ~ 13- Saxifraga ligulata_: n - 14. Blackwellia fpiralis * a Be 15. & 16. Menifpermum Coeculus ne eh oe 17+ Drawing of a new Species of Tapir ans ae | . <— OUV goyn rp pry uo SWIONVERLL TVALONT ad +10" ayy Jo NV'Td Y Apnlepy, pooicy AGNANT ppd x Booaptiaang YY] woe lai soodt WEE SS py ———— aaa LUMI o boone © AuoySpnyy syputobbing x prpomings yupuood anysnuy PoypNe popucnang oupuomununDy Sie] ie gynlopg tionieg anfopay TOONUNS seqaypdong yopuem poy ooppoabssunenyo pubbypegpanssey ix Caria Seu PUPIL ® Tins — LF _paounye PrecyOppryy \ Wenge \ AYA eat OL b ponppniy ; ee \ AWW TTa¢]| He \ Aigo * | ynprirosjon jooun > saqniopys pe 2 prmoar gr | / 100} oe t \ exc yaaa o MOO ODE © wae waoodinnys) 0 yebiminipey wpybinapumyy 0 oO ace ees oe Nia Yy eAtuoyunny, whe why) we Abeny Knoybupununy a aevavudarpe — © TPRYOITs) YY TARLYO. PPro] i) geilustiagr S alice ZI N vy 7 Q pebuppey opy 0 Ayrton Aypndnperys BRAD UYAL 1 =u moay 1waAY =—— | | | | of] equate NRIOOWLAT, tameoprn wouppunpry MaPRYUNPOY, _ Ze is | IS MUPAL <7 Ns woanvdoxpooy | ; | | \, ° cayoippry: ikprimpooy WATYS & or] pu Al XS ypu, ' pSpuge / Ye 0 UA: i Sprays ot of} || Yypmuoosn | Coy Oouny Bee whhaguay| Q ; Ke == 5 Gan | / / ueecoodeae¢y HEN AS ost \ \ LAR \ yprnersoupigy ae yporuny ny } j I; ot} = Yr viaupyuany a |) SOUL SUM Jo apog PPM pap 07 OPIUM AUID VLLLZ, LMM is UDP YS. “| Uy yoyn ryp pryn dou, ‘ SATONV EL TVALONT El 290599» nul ou} Jo NV Td of MPP MAT 5} Booaptioang pe ee ee SS] “| x | »||Gooleum * Mokuy % +e f Yaitgeer DSo Naran Apettal—o_ q Gul Bichaljg—s MuauliahHe trraherrabcll 4 WSieelaful CopenpullyP Thuttapeld) oH. Yodayoontah X Niobe hintile rege / / aS vA ae nbcoN\ee NipputlepulyT oodduMettakal Ledgah f N cape Pa R | a s tauady HW \ | LANs oSwageinke dah hiddasoorY Kétapul stul oMadah| | 5 4 vat Haggy Toomalo henna Buddah, Adoni DS Malodgoondah f eCoodathoor | okvilkondahD* SeInjuah Crell » lerreuuh ohqvnal Te? ADULT AOOF \ Gn nantegige Vaz Ae pliehiamah Gull Emam LP? oGurromnturlee H. Sijeasomct Ne peevectityjeeliy lt Sectenuiteribad? "~® Goleondah o oBaudapll- Ht oGhunpooraD$ TRIAN GLES prom which ® HyDRABAD aed the meafurement of an Arc on the Mert- dian, eee from Latitude 15° © 0,2 to Lati- tude 18° 3 45, being a further continuation of the former Arc, commencing in Latitude 8° 9 38, By oon ee chee: “WILLIAM LAMBTON, 3'¢ REGIMENT OF FOOT. { ub ¥ laft communication to the Afatic® Society gave an account of “the, meridional, operations comprehended between the flation of ob- fervation: in Goimbetoor, and that near Gooty, giving an arc whole amplitude was .4°°6' 11°28 .which -being added to the former arc extending fromthe fame Ration (Putchapolliam). in Counbetoor, to the flation of obfervation: at Punnae near Cape Comorin, gave altogether dniatc Of 6° 56°9180, Thearc which is the: fubject of this paper, €onimences at the flation of ebférvation at Namthabad, near Gooty, and Bo 2 | See _ MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC terminates at another ftation of ee. near: ie in fhe Nizam’s dominions, as high as the latitude 18° 3 23.53, being an increafe of 2° 57'09'.32, and making in the «whole~an.arc of 9° 59 457.14 in- amplitude, the longeft that hasever been meafured on the furface of this globe.. The great extent of thefe operations, together with the- confiftency of the refults, will, independant of any foreign. meafure- ments, be competent to efablifla the elliptic hypothefs with: refped to the figure of the earth. And that ‘this. may. be' done in the. mott Satisfactory manner, I have contrived to- make: the length of this feGtion fach, that its. middle point: may be as ‘near the latitude of 16° ‘94 44° as poffible, becaufe the middle point of the firft feGion fails in Or 34% 443; fo that in calculating the fucceflive degrees according to the elliptic - theory, the computed and meafured degrees may be compared. In my laft, it appeared that the mean length of the degree due to. the latitude of 11° 97° 49, the middl¢ point between Punnae and Nam. thabad, was.60430.3 fathoms... Since that paper was fent, there has. been a fmall correStion applied to the bafe near Gooty after comparing the chains with the brafsftandard fcale, as.will appear in the detailed . account of that delicate operation. This corre€tion has fomewhat. increafed the meridional diftance between that bafe and Yerracondah. fouth, and con{equently the whole terreftrial arc between Namthabad and Punitae isalfo increafed; which now gives the degree due to latitude - 11° 97° 49 equal 60481.55 fathoms, However as there are now three feétions, whofe refpective middle ‘points lie in 9°-94' 44°; 19° 2557 and 16° 34°42"; I have thought it beft to take the degrees due.to thefe latitudes, as deduced from aétual. obfervations, ufing. each,. fir/l, with the French meafure, then; with the English, .meafure, and, laftly, with. - the Swedifh meafure; and thence , obtaining. a general mean ratio of - the polar axis to the equatorial diameter,—The it mean ‘of thefe «three: ON THE MERIDIAN. | : | degrees uied with the Prenchdegree, gives ‘that ratio as.11: 1.003420 The fecond mean of the fame three degrees ufed with the English de- gree gives it asi 1: 1.0031913 5. and the tizrd mean ‘of the fame three degrees' ufed with the Swedish degree gives it as-1: 1.00324179, and the mean: of thefe three. means-gives the-ratio of -the-polar to the - equatorial diameter as 121.0032896, or the: compreffion at the-poles soi _or 32, very nearly: and this ratio has been finally adopted for computing the general fcale of degrees both -of latitude and longitude, and alfo of the degrees perpendicular to the: meridian, from the equas - tor to the pole. . Ir is well known to: mathematicians, that if a meridian of the earth ° be an ellipfe, whatever may be the compreflion at the poles; the incre- mentsto-the firft degree of an arc on.that meridian to make it equal to any other degree north from.it, will always be as the increment to the fquare of the latitude of that. diftant degree, above the fquare of the latitude of the firft degree.—That thefe Jndian operations may reft - entirely on themfelves, I have adopted this method for: computing. a fircceffion -of nine degrees; beginning with the degree in latitude 9° 34 A Ais which is 60472;83 fathoms... The eighih, of :thefe degrees falls in latitude 16° 94’ 44°, and-is 6o509.12. fathoms.—Now the degree due:to latitude 16° 34° 42" as determined by the meafurement is 6051 2.78 fathoms, fo-that.thereis:only.a difference of 366 fathoms, a quantity too inconfiderable to affeé&t the elliptic hypothefis——This is fuppofing the; degree in latitude 9°. 94 44; to. be right, in which cafe the com- preflion at the poles. would be...4, nearly... But if the compreflion ;+.., _-as.deduced from the general mean.be fuppofed correét, and the degree ing? 34’ 44” increafed to 60475,13 fathoms (fee Art. 16,) the next degree in 10° 34° 44%, will be 60478,72, and. thefe ufed will give the.compreffion ;', nearly: fo that by this method, the errors in the eae eek _ MEASUREMENT OF ANOARC degree due to latitude 9° 94° 44° and in that due to latitude 16° 34°40"; (which will according to this alteration'come out 60507,19 fathoms). may be determined. And itappears that: the firft\is:23 fathoms in def-@, and the'other 5.59 fathoms nearly, in excels; both very {mall quantities, the greatelt being lels than + of a fecond :om the earth’s furface. Wirn refpe& to the comprefiion, it is-impoMible that ,¢; can be very far from the truth, fince the whole of the meafurements which are entitled to the greateft confidence, are taken into account. The French mathematicians, by ufing Boucukr’s meafurement at the ‘Equator with their own, have found the compreffion to be ;t~ nearly. But if thefe Jndian meafurements be correct, Boucuer’s Beasts at the equator is 29 fathoms in excels. I have the highest opinion of that fagacious-observer, who appears to have been-the moft correct. of all the academicians sent out at that time, and the only one apprized of the effect of local attraction onthe plummet. But to obferve in fo mountainous. a country, and with an inftrument far inferior tothefe now in use, an error of that magnitudes not to be confidered as, fur. prifing ; yet it will make a confiderable difference in the compreffion. The celebrated La Lanbe'in all his aftronomical obfervations, where the figure of the earth was concerned, invariably, wled 5+. ; and. if this be-taken in. computing the prece eflion’ of the equinoxes, and: the -€ffect of {dlar nutation, the theory will very nearly agree with obfervas tion, The comprefiion’ is an element of! very general importance in , the higher branches of phyfical aftronomy; and’ it is gratifying ‘to think that the quantity deduced from thefe recent combined meafure- ments 1s nearly that which has been adopted by the ablest albronomers, £0 make the t theory é agree’ with cbiervation. ON- THE MERIDIAN. --—. 5. Ti order to do every: poffisle juftice to this important fubject, in placeof the measurement of degrees-due toany: particular latitudes, I have ~ ie the two. longest. .arcs,.viz.. the one which] have here given an account of, and that. meafured ‘by De-Lamare and Mécuain between ‘Dunk:rk and Barcelona.. Vhe first being- 598510 ‘fathoms, corref pond- "ing witha - celestial »arc. of 9° 53°45. 133; the other 537937 -fathoms, \ corresponding with anjarc of-9° 40129 <2; with thefe I ‘have invefti- gated the compreffion by a method similar to that given by Profe(for Puayrair inthe 5th Vol. Edinburgh Philos. ‘Tranfactions. This method with very long arcs, such.as thele, one would imagine must afford furer refults than. by.taking fingle degrees due to particular latitudes, where there. is much irregularity in‘their fucceffion, as is the cafe with the French meafurements. The compreffion brought out by this method ~ (see Art. 18) is .,2 + nearly, which differs very confiderably from what is brought'out by the aforefaid general mean; and what is fidgular, it is nearly-the. fame as thot given by taking thé degree in.g? 34 44° equal 60472,83 fathoms, and the one in 10? 34°55” equal 60476,89 fathoms, and where the degree in latitude 16°°34' 42” bv obfervation, only dif fers 3,66 fathoms from the computed one. ~ I have however, for rea- fons already. given; .abided by the cat aid 330 as brought out by the general ‘Comparifon. Tis meridional fetles; whichweaaiuenreslbtichd bale weak weaH cis terminated by another bafe in latitude 18° 2’ nearly, which has been meafured with more than ordinary attention; and befides the ftars obs ferved at Daumergidda for comparing with thofe obferved at the fouth- ern ftations, feveral others have been felected for extending the ce leftial arc feveral degrees further to the northward, fhould time and circumitances prove favorable for that purpofe. However, fhould this Cc 6. : MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC never happen. Iam of opinion, that fufficient, has been done for eftablifhing the points in queftion, viz. the elliptical figure, and dimen- fions of the earth, the great objects of all the meridional operations, efpecially thofe recently performed, which in grandeur and accuracy | must be allowed to exceed any thing of the kind recorded in the hifto« ry of practical fcience. The great excellence of the inftruments now in ufe is the chief caufe of this fuperior accuracy; and it is by that fame excellence that irregularities have been difcovered which former obfervers were not aware of, and therefore not prepared to guard. againft; and the univerfal principle of attraction, which has long been eftablifhed, is now found to affect the plummet of a zenith fector, and where there is any unequal force acting in the direction of the meri-. dian, occafioned either-by mountains or by different denfities. of the ftrata lying to the north and south of the {tation of obfervation, the plummet of the fector will be drawn from its. vertical pofition. The French and Englifh operations have been confiderably difturbed by this invifible agent ; for fo it may be termed, when no mountains are near ; and my former obfervations at. Dodagoontah, Bomafundrum, and. Paughur have witnelled its effects: Having however,. left out thofe flations altogether, the obfervations. at Punnal, Putchapothiam, Namtha- bad, and Daumergidda, appear to have been entirely free from any’ anomals y, a circumftance which mult give a preference to thefe extene five operations over any of the prefent ae | . AFTER faving permed the ratio of the polar. axis to the equato- rial diameter, their actual lengths are thence obtained, and finally the length of the guadrantal arc of the meridian, from which the French. mathematicians have deduced their {tandard; the 10,000,000th part of which are reduced to inches, being their metre or unit of meafure. The meafure of the metre here brought.is 39,37,08 Engl inches at. the ON THE MEREDIAN: : temperature of 62°, which is within ,£.,th part of an inch of what the French meafure will be, when reduced to the fame temperature ; a quantity altogether infenfible. Havine brought thefe meridional operations to fo fuccefsful'a cons clufion, it may not be altogether out of place to give fome account of the {till more extenfive geographical ones, of which thefe have beena, principal foundation.—The whole of the peninfula is now completed » from Goa on the weft, to Mafulipatam on the eaft, with all the interior country from Cape Comorin to the fouthern boundaries of the Nizam's and Marhattas territories. In that great extent of country, every obs je that could be of ufe in geography, or in facilitating the detailed furveys of the provinces, has been laid down with precifion.—All the great rivers {ketched in, in a general manner, and all the great. ranges of mountains flightly depiéted. The latter part of the furvey | which takes in the northern part of the peninfula between the latitude of 14°, and fouthern frontiers of the foreign dominions, has been, attended with peculiar fuccefs, and the dittricts of Nellore, Guntoor, Palnaud, the ceded diftricts, the My/foor to. the north of 14°, the Soondak country, and the diftrict of Goa, are covered with a net of triangles. without a fingle break. The diftriéts of Scondah and Goa have been _ furveyed by Lieutenant Garune, of the Madras eftablifhment, who has. in his pofleffion a fine inftrument made by Cary; and fuch was. my Opinion of his accuracy and judgment, that I requefted to,be furnifh- ed with his triangles to include in my general report ; and the near * coincidence of the fides common to both furveys, has proved that my confidence was not mifplaced. o. My excurfion into the Nizam’s country was for the fole purpofe of gesting three degrees more to the arc, and it was with fome hefi- 8 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC tation that I entered it at all, from being apprehenfive of interruption occafioned by the jealoufy of the inhabitants; but all. impediments: have been removed by the truly liberal {apport which I have met with from Mr. Henry Russeui, the Refident at the Nizam’s court, -who to,a zeal for promoting uleful {cience, has added a {pirit of natiofal pride in forwarding the obje& of my labours —By ‘his good offices. every appearance of ‘di ificulty has vanifhed; and it is but jut to fay thus much‘asd tribute due to his kind and fiiendly attention, —I at. firft indeed experienced fome delays when my fignal flags were fent. forward, and that from not knowing in ‘what diftria& the ey might fall; but when that happened, an order from the jeghiredar was inftantly procured by the minifter, and the difficulty removed. —But when it be- came-generally known that I was not furveying their little di (Lrigts, the alarm ceafed, and Fmet with the fame wi llingnefs to affitt, as | found i ine every other part of the peninfula; efpecially among the Gentoo inhable tants, ‘The moft ferious impedimenis. that I fhali apprehend to. the northe ward will be. from the gangs of plunderers, which infeft that quarter when the Army is ‘not in the held —Ir will however be a defirabl le ob- jee towards promoting general geography, as well as for giving a bafis for local furveys, toc xtend this work | as far to the northward aS p ffible, and to enlarge it, ‘as is intended, fo as to take j in all the great military roads leading fiom the ceded diftridts to Juulra, Eltichpoor, Nagpoor, &ex"and when that fhall be completed, and the triangles extended from Mofulipatam’ to Point: Palmiras, all which i is a part of the work before me, 1 ttuttthat 1 Mall have contributed my {hare towards the ‘advancement of Midian gésgraphy.’ Should I live to accomplifh all that, there will then be, be fides the great extent of territory ‘already comprehended, a foundation laid for extending this furvey over the whole of the Deckany through On iffa and the more northern, provinces, through the Marhatta dominions, and finally, % into the upper diftriets of Aindéftan, and i fin: ON THE MERIDIAN. : 5, cerely hope, that after I relinquifh it, fome one will be found poffeffing , zeal, conflitution, and attainments wherewith to profecute it on the principles already followed —It would indeed be gratifying to me if I could but entertain a diftant hope, that a work which I began, and: which will then be brought_to fo confiderable a magnitude, fhould at fome future day be. extended. over Britifh. India. W., LAMBTON. Hyprapan, Sepiember 15, 1815... 1:—COMPARISON’.OF. THE’ CHAINS, WITH THE BRASS STANDARD... — : Previous to giving any~detailed account of this feGiion of the are; it will be proper to obferve, that it became neceflary to make {ome cor- rection in the length of the bafe near Gooty, on account of ‘an irregu- larity that was difcovered in the fandard chain, or rather in the: compas rative lengths of the’twochains. [t may» be remembered. that.one of the chains in my poffeffion ha always been applied as a ftandard chain, and having been” fent ‘out new in. 1802, I have kept it. carefully laid by,* thinking that whilé> it was clean and never ufed as a meaz furing: chain, its length would’ remain invariable; and the com, parative lengths of ‘the two chains feemed' to be perfectly . regular, allowing for the wear of. the meafuring. chain, till previous to - meafuring the bafe'near Gooty.—At the; conclufion of the bafe near Palamcottah,‘ the excels OF the! meafuring chain above the ftandard one ad ME -ASUREMENT OF AN ARC was 30,04 divifions of the micrometer head; aneXCC1s With & chOugue | ‘rather great, but as there had been a {mall bafe meafured on Hse furface : of the ground near Tanjore, and ‘the recent experiments made ,with great care, I'refted fatisfied, though’ the increafe for the meafurement was much greater than ufual, being 9.38 divifions. I was however. much furprifed on:comparing them previous to the meafurement near Gooly, to find that'the -excefs was only 3004 divifions, but being 36.3 divifions at the-conclufion, I apprehended that there might have been ‘fome overfight at Palamcottah, or that the flandard chain had increafed in its length ; in order to determine which, it became abfolutely necef- fary to compare it with:the brafs ftandard, which was done in the fol- ‘lowing manner. ‘As Thad not the means of procuring a cafl iron bar, and executing the: rmeathrement after the manner.adopted by the late Mr. Ramsprn, it occurred to me that if upon a fine furface the chain could be extend- ed its whole length, one hundred feet might be meafured off from the ftandard {cale at a given temperature, and by: accounting for the differs ence between the expanfion of brafs and fteel, it would be eafy to de- termine whether the ftandard chain had fuffered any alteration in its. length.For this purpofe, | built a: brick wall upwards of two, feet-in height, ‘and fomething more:than:100 feet in length, fo.;that ,a .weight poft at one end, anda drawing poft at the-other, might: be.fixed in. the brick work, and the neceflary apparatus applied-for | drawing ; out. the chain.—'Phe upper furface of this wall was made; perfectly horizontal by. a fpirit Jevel fixed ona ftraight ruler about fotir feetin length, and when covered with fine chunam mortar, (a celebrated cement in this coun- try) it was polifhed, fo as to refemble a fheet of glafs, an operation at which the workmen here are remarkably expert. After this was come +. ON THE MERIDIAN. | 11 pleted, I placed the transit inftrument which isufed in laying out the bafe lines, at a convenient diftance from one end’of the wall, fuch that the point of a fine pencil at the neareit end might be diftin@ly feer through the telefcope; and by directing it to the other end, a few trials ehabled me to fee along the middle of the wall from one end to’ the other.—After the infirument had been well adjufted, a feries of points was then made, about four feet from each other by looking through the telefcope, and directing a perfon with a fine pointed pencil in his hand, to move it until it was brought into the interfeClion of the wires in the focus of the eye-glafs; and in this manner the points were fixed from one extremity of the wall to the other, and a pencil line drawn through them. This being done, brafs {crews with polifhed heads about 3, of aninch in diameter, were each ferewed faft into a {quare piece of lead, leaving the brafs button about half aninch about it.—The lead was then funk into the chunam till the brafs coincided with the polifh- ed furface of the wall, and adjufted by the longitudinal pencil line, and others drawn at right angles to it at certain diftances roughly meafured by the beam compafies. Of thefe there were fourteen; viz. five at 2x feet diftance, beginning ‘with the neareft end, for the purpofe of laying off ten feet from the brafs fcale; and then one at every ten feet from the laft one, to the completion of the hundred.— All thefe being _ fixed nearly corrett, a fine line was drawn through the whole in the direétion of the- ‘pencil line: already mentioned; on the firft of thefe buttons, a crofs perpendicular line was drawn fo as to make an interfection with the longitudinal one, and nearly in the center of the brafs: this marked the commencement. Every thing being thus prepared and the whole extent of wall {haded by tents, the final mea- furement was commenced at about the time of fun-rife, on the o4th March, 1813, having it ftriétly in view to perform the whole opera- 12 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC tion, during the fame temperature, which feldom varies early 14 woe morning for an hour and a half, and this morning happene: % > oer ticularly favorable, - Two feet and a half were then taken off from the brafs fbanderc the moft {crupulous exaétnefs, after examining with magnifyio9 2.2. the points of the compaffes, one perfon keeping one of (i: carefully fixed to aline on the fcale, while the other adjufted the, oppofite point by the {crew at the end of the beam.—-After being fatisfied, as to the accuracy of this diltance of 2® feet, one . point of the beam. compafles was fixed on the poiat of interfection which marked the. conimencement, while the other point; was drawn: acrofs the line on: the next brafs button, making a point of interfeCtion. The beam compafles were then removed to the next button, and. fo on till ten. feet were meafured off.. A long beam. was then ufed, and the points. with apparatus fixed.on it, and adjufted to that ten feet; and in a» manner fimilar to what has already been defcribed, the remaining nine- ty feet were meafured off and_a fine perpendicular line drawn through the laft point of, interfection, As there was” full time to repeat the ope- ration, the meafurement was carried back from point to point, when an . exact coincidence was, obferved.,, THE chain, which, with five thermometers, had been.lying clofe to the - wall all night, was then extended at full length; the weight applied, and . the arrow at the oppofite ead brought to coincide with the commence; ment of the meafured line while the whole chain. was adjufled by the pencil line drawn along the furface of the wall ; and after allowing ‘o~- minutes for the weight to act freely, the length of the chain wa: examined, and found to exceed the brafs meafure by 0,eg41 anch«: Weis Cae sy, - SERIA ee eae NY " ire g } \ J a oN THE MERIDIAN. . : iad ancad chain was then taken: afide, and the meafuring chain - ~~ whieh oad been laid along with the other, was compared with the mea- we farement, and €xceededit by 0,2297inches. “This chain was put afide and ihe ftendard chain a fecond time applied, and the arrow coincided wath the ‘eme mark, ‘Themeafuring chain was-alfo compared a fecond: time bet there appeared no senfible difference. From the comparifon of the two chains, it appears that ,2297—-,034 == ,1956 inches, or ,o163. feet, is the excefs of the méafuring chain above the other. The whole: of thefe operations were begun aud completed while the mean tempee yature given by the five thermometers, was 72°. Now the expanfion of 100 feet of brafs due to one degree of (eh perature exceeds the expanfion of the new chain ( according to fornier experiments} due to one degree temperature, by ,00495 inches, and the fame chain meafured exactly 100 feet by the brafs ftandard in Lon-. don at the temperature of 50°. therefore (72°—s.0°) Xj00495 gives 108g. inches which the chain ought to have fallen fhort, had there been no alteration in its length. But it exceeded the brafs meafure by ,0941 1n- ches, therefore ,1089--,0941 OM 143 inches=,o1 19 feet,is what the chain~ has lengthened, and this quantity would be fenfibly the fame, were the 3 chain compared with the brafs flandard at the temperature of 50°, for ,0119 feet of fteel for 22° of change in.temperature would only be con- trated ,oo00016 feet, a. quantity altogether infenfible. Hence the flan- dard chain from this meafurement may be confidered equal 100,011g feet at the temperature of 50°.. | ZL In the latter end of OGober 1814, about 19 months afterwards, another comparifon was made with the brafs ftandard at Hydrabad and - in, order to enfure ftill greater accuracy, inftead of ufiag magnifying glaf-- ‘ S Rt, 2 E be ; So . i) - i m% us _ MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC | fes for-applying the points of the beam, comes, the two. . 3 belonging to the circular inftrument were each placed upen an iro Oats -triped with fhort adjufing | {crews for feet, fo as to raife or Jowet the microfcope for obtaining diftinst VillOMe The brafs flandard feale cpap: & its mahogany bed was then placed on.the ¢: able refling on twa. mie very thin beard, each having two flat pieces of wood fore it at fuch a diftance as to receive eafily the mahoga any bed; ae chefe : four pieces were Of fuch a thicknefs, that their furfaces ies ie ; with the furface of the brafs f{eale. They were then moved toa | convenient diftance for meafuring off on fret, and the microfcopes placed upen them and brought over the required divifions on the fcale, and adjufied by the feet of the tripods to diftinct vifion.. The beam compafles were then laid on the {cale, and the points brought by the hand to be nearly 21 feet afunder, and afterwards fixed with care and accuracy by the adjufling ferew at one end of the beam, This being done, the proces was precifely the fame as in the experis : “ments at Bellary having the wall, brafs butions, Sc. in all refpe@s — Pas the fame when one hundred feet was meafured off. The chains were - compared as in the former experiments, but to read off the difference between the chain and the bra{s meafure, one of the microfcopes(B) with its micrometer was made ufe of, and the feale with its bed was pl: aced in the {ame manner as when the 24 feet were ‘meafured off. : The microfcope was then placed on the wood and the {cale moved oe until the fmall divifions. at its commencement were brought under the microfcope, the adjufiing ee of the triped being moved if neceflary, and diftiné vifion obtained. Thefe divifiens are each soth of aninch; — ~ that is, half an inch is, divided into. ten parts. The microfcope was then brought over the Grft of thefe parts, and the wires of the micro-. meter being placed at right angles to the longitudinal line on th: fale ve a they were fepaated and made toembrace one of thefe divificns, -: 4 ON THE. MERIDIAN. 15 - micrometer head was then turned fo as to bring the wires toa. - e@aincidénce, and the revolutions of the head and the parts of a revo- lution were noted down, Vhis was done to each of the ten divifions. and a mean taken. which gaye 18 revolutions and ae patts for the meafure of 2th of an inch. ar) ‘THe microfcope was thentaken to the oppofite fide of the f{cale where every inch is divided into ten parts, and each of thefe being mealured after the above manner. the whole gave amean Of 18 revyo- lutions, 50 pattsto,,th of aninch, ‘Now each of thele Q INCHES. revolutions is 120 parts, fo that by allowing 18 r. 50 p.to - 0.10000 Wehave 1-revolutionor 120 parts. - - - 0,005.45 | 1, part or _2,th ofa revolution ao = §= =) coos. - Tuts account of the procefs and arrangement being premifed the refults of the experiments made on the aft, 22d and 23d October were as follows ; ) | Oct, 21f,—One hundred feet of brafs meafure was laid of from the fcale in the temperature OF Ga 1? and the ftandard chain was applied at the fame temperature, when the exce/s of the chain ” : . INCHES” above 100 feet of bra{s was 21,9583: r. equal... oe hire an LAOS And fince 100 feet of brafs expands more than 100 feet of {teel by- 00495 to 1° of temperature, and the chain coin- - ¢iding with the brafs meafure at the temperature of so°, we have 15 Pal X 300495 inches, or - > « - § 0,07474 Which the chain ought to have fallen thort, had oe been no wear, but as the chain exceeded it by - : O,11598 Theis tana is, What it has lengthened « » ° - 0.19072 os 16 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC ) € So that the length of the chain is now ee Neen eect Ocr. 22d.—The brafs meafure was made at the temperature. of 65°, but the chain was compared et the temperature - of 67°, and exceeded by 24,4666.r. or = 2 «; F a18she But 2° x,00742 inches or ,o14:$4,. in which the chain had Poe Shas lengthened fince the brafs meafure was laid off a 0,01484. ° a ° ngs ‘ 6 5 \ The difference of which is,the excels of the chain at. the . INCHES< temperature of 65° or = . a ao ee STIS ORe To which add. 15° x 90495 1aches, or gt ata Se - ,074225> Their fum, will be what the chain has. lengthened, or - 419226 s FEEF. Hence the length of the chain is - =. ae) 100,01 602: ‘Ocr. 23d.—The brafs meafure was laid off, when the tem- perature was 651° and the chain was. compared when the temperature was 65.7%, and then exceeded the 100 feet by- _ 20,89166 r. Or ° a. VN a: 0.11344 From which deduce 0.6°x,00742 inches, Of = = = 0,00445 The difference is the excefs at the temperature 65° BN a 0,10899. To which add 15° .1-x 00495. inches, or< ~ ° = % 007474. The fum is what the chain had lengthened: «= a Shee And the length of the chain is Hee 2 100.015 3k. —— is : ON THE MERIDIAN. ee At Kerya Bellagul. BETWEEN AND , @ i, Adonidreog, PY YU WY er Poolycondah 06000008 OS 000N00 53 44 Malliabad poe on0e eee eae 68 42 52 Malliabad bill qenoanes onrroee 4 Darroor hill 9006 0860 2900 9000 41 35 35 7) re At Malhabad fal’. Adomidroog £06 06 G806PD0EC00C000 Kerra Bellagul..ssovover, eves 53 I 21 7 ga “MEASUREMENT OF ANARG — At Malliabad hill (continued.) BETWEEN aoe . AND . : ; ts 4 a ‘ ‘ Kerra Bellagul. aeves é eeeoeoeee eoeeLarroor hill. COC OCR EEOC ECES EC EEE 62 4 16 ee 7 Zis& Vv 250 % i rea A : 2OrG Darroor hill. Stee bites ‘sece Kotapilly hitt OM ceccuster Op -GE—24-2 | eS % At Darroor hill, : Kerra Bellagul,..ocssessensesosoess NE TERRE ee eee 76 8 ec ae ¢ “ = Ad s 3 _ Ci c foe ! i Malliabad hill Brac islensav aekecees Ketapilly bill simeasssesenes 5S 2% ie OV 8 “Crea - SATIS waar semen ee ri ~~ ¢ MEASUREMENT OF AN: ARG 39 5, PRENCIE AL. | ALA NGI. ho. N. end of the bsse from the S. end of the base 32608.64 feet. a Sl aes he : Observed Et [comen hase Angles for Distances eC PRA NCE rs. Su ere = Angles. Sea Calculation, in Feet, i a {Af ea Cae ae |e ; } OF. te One? 37> | EOPN. and of-the-base, -.v. 0000 cee cs 87 27 16.45 |—0.07 S727 NG eenduotmttie base. —.% .5 sts eae ee 97 14 2.64 }—0.03 2h tae 2.6 t '\Goolydroog station, .-oeeane...-{ 65 18 41.19 |—0.03 65 18 41.1 | 180 00.00.28 | aca aa 180 00 000 N. end_of the base, «seoers-eeer| 16423.9. 3. end of the bas’, ecscreet sees 35853.8 N. end of the base, O80e eee 8000 105 36 25.25 —0.19 J 405 36 25 | Gootydroog station from ; S. end of the base, ...... es eco} 40 28 22.79 |—0.04 4) .28 22.7 1 2Boglemauricondah, 222. coee.s--| 33 55 12, 5 |—0.05 340) 5.12.3 | 180 00 00.54 | lecor totaal 180 00 00.0 N. end of the base,..e-seee--s+| 37929.3 Boglemauricondah from i. end of the base, .2.osee+ee0.| 56280.2 Inv. ena of UiG Et Redaadobeader 35 4 245 |—0.03 35 4 24 H jS. endof, the base, .... eeescess| 105 3 6.43 _— 0.15 105°, 3-- 6:1 4 3, Paumdy. hill} eoee B0C Cees Oo ee *? 39 52 52.21 1{—0.04 . save 39 52 51.5 | 180 00 1.09 EE via AEA 7 | 180. 00 00.0 ’ N. end of the base eecesase 6808 49111.3) Paumdy hill from : enidta tithe igen oeeencce| 29218.8; N, end of the base from Boglemauricondah 37929.3 feet. Tannen N. end of the base, cecesesee---| 51 14 24.33 |—0.09 5Y 14 24-4 Boglemauricondah, ,..,++0+ cess 72 55. 7.21 |—O.12 72 55 6 9 4\Boleecondah, ...cemev-cseeces--t 55 50 29.28 1-0.10 55 50°29.0 | 180 00 00.82 | lorcet 180 00 00.0 ; N. end of the base,.... sees esc 43814.3, Boleecondah from oe end of the base, «++. eseeseees 357434) 54 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC d ce ma N. end of the base from Boglemauricoudah=-37929.3 feet. ; 5 Observed S EE) yee Angles for { Distances [ r TRIANGLES. = gs = See Z Angles. = teal & Calculation, = ia Weel | yet : r | oO ? ” O , ” N. end of the Bases. {6 e'echic v0 «0 70 32 22.860 |—0.16 70. 32. 22.2 4 |Boglemauricondah, sees ccocess++| 65 1 3195 |—O.14 65: 1-30 6+ +4 5 Paumdy shill, eeoe ece-e CLSCE CHEe. 44 26 7.85 —0.12 44 26 ee | | 180 00 1.90 | trash icyas 180 00 00.0 : N. end of the base,........ 49110.8 Pannrly bulfrom Pe cance. auaieees| = DLOSIA / NN. end of the base from Boleecondah=43814 8 te via SEMI INMN NO MOG lt aN 4 N. end of the*basey.... sees uee. | 12t 46 47.13 {—0.45 121 46 46.7 ] Boleecondab, coeo C8 C8 ROO eooe | 30 55 36 03 | +2. 202} a 30 §5 36 1 6 Paumdy ill, oe.s0r00 cooseeee| 27 17 36.71 1 27 17 37@ 179 59 59.87 | lasl 0 66 180 0 O ow : N. end of the base, ......... 49107.4 | Paumdy hill from pommesiaate: oo Nl sista | Gooty station fromthe Suengiole heehee SESS the S. end of the base==35853.8 leeaty ataligg, os. coccveces | 67 50: 39.69 |—0.04 67 50 39.7 S. emd of the base,,see-+--cee-| 27 14 264 |—0.03 27 14 26 7 Namthabad Station, sooo er on ° e 84 55 17.7 | 180 0 0.0 : Gooty station, ...0....000+| 16472 3 Namthabad station from s S: end of the bases ie. o rec |°33337.3 Gooty station from Paumdy hil'==59571.6 Gooly station, .,scccerseeeesees| 46 34 7.04 |-40.06 wt AG! 34 i izen Paumdy hill, ©0028 ©8000 22°° @6560° 13 55 238.65 —0.03 y 13 55 28.6 | 8 Namthabad station, 2 o.0e C8 OR GD00 ° ° © 80 24 | . Gooty station, Pe CNG Win ix wee 8! Ren tabad sation from Seay hile oem 9708 1 a me ON THE MERIDIAN. 5m N_ end of the base from Paumdy hill=49110.8 feet. Ts ‘Observed S 3 g S Angles for Distances 2] TRIANGLES. e |eé| = ae x Angles. Se jac| - Calculation, in Feet. Zee a D N. end of the Dase.y.ccwee eee ce 12) 46 47.18 |—0.45 _ | 12k 46 46.7 Paumdy bill, ..-.e sc eeee cree ‘27°17 36,71 97-17 37.2 G)Boleecomdah, occxccccvccceres| 30 $5 3603 !40.02 30 55 36.1 179 59 59 92 | boca vot 180 0 0. - = 7 - . _—_—_—— | N. end of the base,.... 2.00020. 438182 AL A 5 ° Boleecondah from Saaniy ieee succes 619318 Boleecondsh from Paumdy: hill==81228.75, Boleecondah,»,..seccecesceees| 94 43 55.67 |—1.04 94 43 53.5 Paumdy hill,,..-.evceeeeseee-| 47 58 19.14 |—0.43 le aie oS hd. HLO Guddacul hill, ees ceevccee ree: 37 17 50.8 {—0.44 37 17° 49.5 180 0 561 | | frail 4.3.70 180 0 QO, : ee Boleecondah,......ceecceveres| 995755 Guddacul from at re eae So stonee ol Ree: Paumdy hill from Guddacvl=133595. 5, Paumdy hill, .crccercccrcvvces. 88 42 30.5 —0 91 88 42 99.5 H |Guddacul hill, -+.ecsceseccce--f 24 14 36.17 |—0.48 24-14 35.5 [L1]Gootydroog, -,eseseesrcaceeeef | 67 2 56.17 J—0 50 IVCE ID aia aor hedecieh halal | lee are ae 0 Ay | eae 180 0 0. Paumdy hill,.....sececneeses| 59571.6 eCiootyarpog trom Seu Riles cas vee oes (4504818 Guddacul station from Gootydrcog—145043.8, Giddwcully «cae ca samel +. -| 1 3042.45.63, | 0.69 30 1aaan Gootydroog, -...eeeeeccee cers 77 48 5.4 — 1.00 So) aun At Aaa bo} ee S30) 19'Koelacondah, ..+sssescceeseers 71 59 11.15 |—0.89 71 59 10.5 180 0 a | etl ool 180 0 0. ma | Gadde ee oe ow 149076.1 Kuslecondal station from RON ont sveetcceecccese} 76749,3 36 MEASUREMENT OF ANOARC Guddacul station from Boleecondah=—99575.5- feet. He : ! ' o = , i E Observed Srsctiede: Lay 4s Angles for | Distances. | l@| TREANGELES Lag. Sella = 7 2. ! Angles. 2 ac| 2 Calculation. | in Feet. , Guddacul,po..V 8.0) Sit a...| 17 9esIe> | ALogaye 4 ee A) Boleecondith,.s...2..eeeeseee.| 134 16 5.42) |—1.80 134 16 Hi S|. oelacondah, ' eosec099 0000 beet : 28 34 26.2 -+0.55 | - 28.34 26.0 180. 0 2.62. | [aoaliyh sol 180 0. 0,0 ‘ ~ §Guddacul station,...¢°°** ss eee-| 149082.0 _ Koelacondah from Sepa Sete aiasic ce te’ eee) ya| (OaOnam oe =e Tones aenmer era recy vey Guddacul from Kvoelacondat—=149079.05. SS Guddacull coos ous caved oa | 70-40. 393%, (eo kee 70 40 32.2 Roclacondahycnwone ste cue cess 41 15 3014 41-15 29.2 {idjArrakerrabelta,...cosscscooone| 68. 3-59.75 68 3 58.6 180 0. 3.26 i Of S44 _0.28| 180 0 0. Buddays ue le cee LOSI S19 Arrakerrabette from om tKoetsni cglaere ciate) sletalatttere! cl LOM OOm aa Cn station from. Gidag lil tawouels —————————— Gooty stalions sgedsjeseCoode cees| | | oC 32 13 50:8 = Guddacul_ statioe, Caan odes cough 53 19.7- —2:22 100 53 16.8 {15|Arrakercabetta, 06900099 c@ec re] (ie 52-53. SO fan OS ed —0.63 46 52% 52.4 I -- ~ if Ls fercel a 180 0.0 | oo et Ot BORD TNEGIOOly station, sac’... sesqthOSl337 | Se rmercabeetia oom MH acesha ae eos ee 6 Koelacondah from Arrakerrab +11: —151657.5 i Koelacondah,.... coo eocesees 4 73-38 19.64 : — 0.57 i Arrakerrabetta,y...-.e++ eooes-|; 20 49.35.4 —0.48}: | 116 Poolycondah, 7O0OPCTe CLOF CGY i 85 32 : 6 67. ams 0.82 - 180 0 17. | he | Peel lo. ASH ub vanes ‘Koelacondal:, ..... iene}. 5408 t Poolycondah from eae Sf aie come eat BESS SRO ON THE MERIDIAN. 37 i Arrakerrabetta from Gootydroog—195133.7 feet. ey tEEEEEEemnenenetial ‘ e Opeervad é 3 a] | “ Angles for Distances ilo TRIANGLES. : es en Mr iz! i ae = ae — Calculation. in Beet ; 5 Tay EO IC ie oO g ”? | Arrakerrabetta, e@caoeaoerce POOR 42 (¢) 42, 59° —l. 13 42 0 41.4 4 _ |Gootydroog, 9000 ©€00% 6000 %e00 48 24 60.5 7 Poolycomdah, .oseeseeoece veers 89 34 30. *y —2.25 89 34 28.1 180 0 0.0 i Pe ai Arrakerrabetta, ...... -.--1145956.4 a Poo corsa from = HA BALA RAAPR OAR IWEXOV OFA oer --Arrakerrabetta from Poolycondali' 45957,65 (Arrakerrabétta, ..sseeev.see-s| 61 16 19.75 | —0.85 oN Oe Boolycondah, | .tacigis stele let syele 38 19 AZ —0.76 38 19 18 Adonidroog, ccc enco @0@t dove 80 24 37.64 —1.18 80 94 ) 94 36.5 ; BIEN | pea, aps aed 180 0O 2,09 | era ao76 L80> 70-0 : § Atrakerrabetta, ........eee0| 91779.9 Adonidroog from Her eee soe 90805.9 \ Poolycondah from Adonidroog==129805.9 Poolycondsty 22... wens bce | 3 37 19-5 | |--147 ; 3 37.163. i |Adonidroog,)-e00- «0-0-0 +--+ eves 52-37 46.89 J—lids} © 52 37 45.3 19\Kerra Bellagul, oocosese ©8868 ce 53 44 59.94 —1.16 q P ; 53 44 58 4 180 0 6 33 | | 7al-42 re 180 .0 0.0 Poolycondah, ..00..0+ ov0e{127920.1 Merra Bellagul from} Gane ee ee Ran eae eny Adonidroog from Kerra Bellagul—=154429.5 AdONTAT OOP s claidaisiainicleecisis «16 «0 58 45 55.57 |—1.83 58 45 536 | Kerra’Bellagul, secciesss osee- -| 68 12 52.78 |—2.05 68 )2 50:6 20 Maliabad hill, ©oece e068. 0888 @n00 53 1 ly/ 61 —l1 75 53 ] 15 8 180 0 5.96 | E SI, + ORC Ce 4 Adonidroog, .........- 179506 1 Malliabad from Serra Bellagul, -... e.0+- eae 2/ L oo: MEASUREMENT QF AN ARC, Kerrae Bellagul from Maliabad==165291.7 feet. oleae Observed = 3 e 5 Augles for Distances 2] TRIANGLES. 2 ise) 2 Angless | & pe ec = » Galeulation.. |, in Peet. z A T Valliabad,, wceees ceoeccceieees| 62 16 20.47 |—1.26}, _ 62 16 19.1. 234 Darroor: billy 09.09.0900 00 72,800°* 76 i 9-3 Ik 56 76 8 TOT: 180 0 42 | nee 130 0 0. a: Kerrae-Britagul,..scccsccacee-| T50701.3 Darron irom aie ceoeccccwcer| 1130182 lKerrae Bellagul, ..0cee++-soeeet 41 35.3443 J—E EE Te ~ 41 35 33:2 Malliabad from Darcoor bill—1 13018.2° anna! Malliabed?: coos eae | OF 82125. J — 1-10 67 52 93, \Darroor bill,..sceecescaesere-| 59 32° 064 |—1.00 > . 59 31 58.8° 2 Kotapilly hill,» B20 0 GOB ooeo poe? 52 35 40.06 —od 94 + 52 35 38.2 “YRO O 570 | | soa nee) 180: 0 O. : ° Malliabad, ... 00.2% sccs.eccv cess 129632 | Spt pity anit trom Pion: Hills, seweigaiore s loser el NS RT OOM ie TN ee eee -Darroor bill from Kotapitly hill=13179921- Darroar bile... sacunerenegect: 46-910 281-107-413 - 46-39 92 Kotapilly hil, -seccceccsescce:| 84 48 40.7 |—1.84 a 84 48 38.8 oSlinpahgelt, boacediosssccacye--] 22 32 1304) |—1-08 48° 32°14, Pipe PS 32 im of Bieoue : REMARKS. |. al San 3 | ° S ze = |Blevs. and Deps| -o & {Ascenis.|Descent] Above. | Below. a) s ra x | 1 09 o & as Mean we Temperature, Cry al Eee Feet. Feet. | Feet. | Inches. | Inches. ; ® 9 99 x : e 1 300 O 51 48 03405 4.52 27.0 74. |Commenced on the} 2} 300] O 8 33 | .00093 |. 0.75 5. 85.5l93q January, 1815.) 3] 300 0 38 12 01851 3.33 95. } 4{ 7)0 0 26 18 02051 °| 5.36 5} 600 OWN Sine 57, 03654 6.62 . 6 {| 500 0; 42;5_0 .037 30 6.11 12.7 92. 7 500} O 50 OO .05290 Heese 112 91.3 8 500 eB 25: Li .08355 1 9.14 3.6 66.7 9 { 400 OVS 24 .01776 3.77 13.5 75.7 |. 10} 400 0 46 48 .03708 5.45 1. 77.3 11 | 600 0 36 53 .| .03450 6.44 11.5 94.5 12 | 600 0 16 57 200726 2.96 115 69.3 13 600 Level 18 91.8 14; 200 1 24 90 .06020 4.91 4 79.9 15 } 600 O 34 45 .03066 6.06 2, 70.9 16 | 600 OL <0 00306 1.92 7 8 95.3 17] 800 0 67 357 01088 4.18 4.4 | 88. 18; 700 0 36 54 .04032 7.51 Q, 72.6 19 | 800 O 51 15 08888 11.93 © 15.8 93.1 20} 400 0.. 26 ~6 201152 3.04 102.8 21 300 0 16 42 00354_ | | 1.46 9, 61 6 22 | 700 OFZ 57 .01428 4.47 22.4 71.4 23 600 Oo 6 14 00096 ; 109 1 : 8. 96.9 24} 400 O.6. 18 .00068 0.73 13.5 -| 102.7 251 300 0) | 7A ae .00066 0.63 11.8 65. 26 | 800 0 59 8 .14804 13.74 9.2 87.2 27 |: 400 | 2° 52 512 .50552 20.1 42 101.2 38 | 300 1 24 33 09075 7.38 12.5 64.1 29 | 600 0 9 39 .00234 1.68 6.3 77.5 30 | 700 0 45 31 .06139 9,27 5.6 92.4 31 500 QO) ty ee! .00065 0.79 9.7 101.1 32 | 300 0 45 53 02673 4.0 { - 8.6 66.6 33 | 400 0° 35 25 .02122 412 12.6 87.7 34! 200 19) NG) 0.02 7.3 100.9 44 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC Sue Angles = & | Perpendicular. Pee len sy 3 a) Sys agg) lash i Pee of es Stra oa eh 3s REMARKS. clos is = I, t ae = ie Elevs. and Dep.| 3 a Ascen’s }Descents | Above.| Below. 5 poe Vv ome eS) a : cca ae a | Feet. ‘Feet. |’ Feet: | Taches }fachrs. x e ? ” ! 9 435 | 100 2 It) 302 |} 107316 Y°'3:82 4.2) nS 102.6 |' 1 36 “700 1’ 10) a6 |:--14623-.], 43h 3:5) x 65.7 |. 1 37 | 00 0 45 54 .02673! 4.00 AS 11 82.7 | 138 | 600 I 43 29 27606! }, 18,00 9, Be 90.2 |. 139], .600.|, 1 28 465 18666 | 14.96 ee 3.4 71.9 1 40 | 400 0 45°60 | (Os428 ocak 5 V7 | "542 |) {41 | 400 0 5 36 00052 0:65 | me | 12, 80. | 42) 400 0 14 8 | .00340 1.64} 7.6 ae 92.6 43°) 300 0:36 33 | .01695 3.19 asa 3. 63-9 144]. 200J:* 0 56: 54 | .02740 |, 3.34 ee Rar RL OY 6 53-5 | 145] 300 1 38.48 | 312387 | 8.62 aa ya 08 80-9), 1.46 | 100 3 0.20. || - ale705 , 10.28 x "19, 75 || 94. 147 | 400 1.50 40 ||. .20476 12.8 |, SER Me 100.31) 148 | 300 0 58 24 || .04329 5.1 Pes hai eal 102.34" 49 | 500} 0 10:.:0 || 00210 1.45 sok cena? 56.2], }50 | 700 0 20° 54 0.1295 4.26 4, 9 76.7] 5! | 400 Level! 14.8 “a 87.7" 52} soo| oO 18°55 || .00600 3.08 4. - go. |’ 153 | 700 0 20 0 01183 4.07 OF eee 659 | f 54) 400 Level | sh la ene 86.3" i 55 | 2700 0 50) 0 07406 |, 10.18 sh Ota 95.8 56 | 400 0 31). 0 01628 |; 3.61 Ba at! 102.6 | 67 | 1000 1 (P0277. 16500 18.16. 9.2 89.7 58} 800 1 #630 23032 19.20.! 85 ie 96.2 1 59 | 400 O 32 45 |* 01816 3.81 190.5 tate 100.5,4 | 60 309 1 Ss) 2x9 .07752 6.82 Ne ea 88.51 lei | 600} 1 4 °°O |] 20108 | 15.53. ade 61.9) ! 62 { 800 1 4b 51 35104 | 23.7 9.5 ae 87.6 f63| 300] 0 42 133 J 0020): We | 101. 7| Completed’ on’ thie ETE mR ie t ' 13th February, 1815. Descent from the termivation of theBase to the ground} 37.0 a SE AES 4 | | "s93586 | 169/12) 217147] 961.6) 200.65 |.98 East end of the Base above the West) end, in perpendicular heightx-56.6 feete “ON THE MERIDIAN. 45 By the comparifons made “at Hydrabad, the old chain with which the meafurement was made, exceeded the new one 01750. feet,and the new or itandard chain exceeded the too feet; by the brals flandard 01574 feet. Then ,01750:x ,01574—=.03930,. feet, .for the excefs of the old. chain above 100 feet... Therefdre 308:x 100.03320 feet will Feet. pive poalenetn On the Bales is soe 6 6 a 6 SORTS IEE At the conclusion, the eld chain exceeded the new one 45,03 divifions of the micrometer equal ,o1828 feet, and had therefore increafed by wear ,00072 ft. Hence 908 +22 2 =,11088;feet, the correction for the wear, which add, . . Xo,.1169 The fum of the deductions (from €ol. 4th): is 9/99586 feet, which being increafed in the ratio of 100.to 100.03330 feet, willigive; 9.9372: feet, which: fubtra@® . . + « te —3,037% eae Hence the apparent horizental diftance, wilike . . 30806,4301 The correction for the expanfion, and reduce ed to the ftandard temperature: of 62° will be e ; Qo o o (8'3,03-—50)x,0074—(62—50) X,01297 Ia: = = 308.0G0301—2,6352- feet, which: add, af e- a~ e : | eee e 6 . « ° ® ° ° a s 256 352 ence'the corrected/meafure of the Bafe for the tempe- EALUHE | GigO2 a WU DE) a, >, needa ie let ieiiet #0 | & » 3O8CO,0053: Which being reduced to the level of the fea, by taking the mean heightiof the Bafe above that level to be 1917 feet, we have for the whole length of the Bale,, . . . »« 930806,2975 N 46 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC : 6, ANGLES, be a a) —S eee At the West end of the Bafe. BETWEEN AND a . Oe 8 Malliga hill @Pe0800e CHOOHDOECOODD Daumergidda: «++, eeorcoeccres 82 38 48.5 | a6 | 6555 2 44 > 46.57 44 44 44 Katt end of the Bafe 2000 0900 Malligacscce'ess cass esierseereces 75 33 29 By - Seana aS At the East end of the Bafe. Welt end of the Bafe 098 epoo Malliga hill eee, 75 89 23 Al ON THE MERIDIAN, At Malliza hill. eed BETWREN AND Wet end of the Balersecresestss East end of the Bafe eoeveete 28 46 J Daumergidda ©000e8 ok 00800000. 26 15 Daumergidda eo cces acto ence esovon Doodallah eeevesooecsoiesve0ee HO 4Q Doodallah ares e000 AOC eoetaece Sheelapilly AC BOL DOMOOODOORENG 74 20 01D: é 69 68.5 65 | » Ay 29.67 57-548 48 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARG At Daumergidda. BETWEEN AND ee : & LEECH: Welt end of the BafesesscooveeeeMalliga hill sashes oe ablecouseodadt( al 5 48 44 4l a ed Matliga bith \.ccsces crsececccce Doodallatssscd castor cece 78 20 8@: 5a) Doodallal.srrorcecoosreerssoescaecncelapiily 59 20 47 Drm SD At Docodallah. - Daumergidda Soke hans cecerses Sheelapilly,.ccoeesssccccossseveee7O 25 55-5 Te 52 ON THE MERIDIAN. ae At Doodallah (continued.) BETWEEN AND ii : ; Malliga hill 04000sb 06s aC00000000 Sheelapilly HI ce cc cciewecseseccne 35 45 y) | see eee AEB 44-5 | Ro 43 ec 39-5 | eS 43-5 | 45 J! Sheelapilly.cooseee 0000 0900 eoooGoracgutt so0cecsosn ocr ccccovse0ed 49 31 71 gi 33 36 37 37 31 31-53 85 | 8t 26 28.5 29 29.5 | Goraegutt eoo8e888can0 Peeievicasl aud Munnoor cecccoace. ecooseoe AL 8 45-5 ) 49.8 on Ll mm Topecondah Sitaaltetell ceielecleede 81°23 26 \ to eS ar Sheéelapilly hill 00000008 06290000088 Goraegutt e2aterceseee ceocevsce AZ 40 31.53 GOra€Qult cone coe cree ones ose « Taud-Munnoore,..ccccercevseee 41 8 49.1 Sheelapilly hill ......0+ seseeeee Laud Munnoor seve ccce-coce- 52 40 20.63 ee Daumergidda .....cccreceee Sauces GUCCIAMINV i ceetieccenccdss sc0s17O 2h) hl. O7) -Sheelapilly eRe e2eo 0000. 8000 Malliga hill oe ee 808 ecee F000 28 35 43.56 oe Malliga hill 49900008-0900 soe00000 Daumergidda aoverces eoce eaor 4i 50 8o18 Q.. 50 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC At Sheelapilly, — BETWEEN, —— seeabeaveecesoacenhurD Bue Gar Malliga hill 0800 COLCEOD0GREHO008 Doodallah eeeGeceocaqae?s? opncoees 77 3 22.5 } Daumergidda.ecrsscssosccersveees Doedallah.eiccsecccces ©e@oeouotage 259 13 Doodallah oee@ pea Sad Geracgutt aven nA wees oo00 72 49 Gora gutt eves seoe eco eves Kotamarpilly se00 ” sees eves 29 59 26 68 “ON THE MERIDIAN. .. —-- 51. At Taud Munnoor, BETWEEN AND Gc celt ‘Goraegutt cope Seed *eebe “woes Sheelapilly -geve* cove gooe 42,43 45x69) ; 54 Doodallah ‘epeo )=— OOH HO 106 19 16.5 ] 13-5 > ‘15.96 Topecendah eoee wees eo 59 4 er ee © ey 4 At Goraegutt, Sheelapilly cove sere Doodallah wo». eae eovr oven 63 30 = wee BOO = tJ 5a. MEASUREMENT OF AN. ARC At Goraegutt (continued.) BETWEEN. . ~ AND Sheelapilly . «ess. . sgoes.. Kotamarpilly. cro. STau Munnoor coco eens. Topecondah — aso. Topecondah seve soee.,_Kotamarpilly. Taud Munnoor coce ose Doodallah —ovan. oeoo deee O488 00.09. _ 69 8 9009 8 32 3! ‘ON THE MERIDIANS 0/0 58 At Goraegutt (continwed.). BETWEEN AND hs Taud Munnoor een 4) seen bopecondalin 455, seee’ 03 39 23.915 Taud Munnoor ewel ica eee LD OCGatlahy + cutee dpe. 92 19h) Sates Doodallah Topecondah 416 5 21,08 — Ai Kotamarpillys oe ‘Sheelapilly Goraegutt 38 46 tal 19.54 1268 ; ‘Goraegutt ‘Peecha Raggeddy 65 2645 } Sheelapiily Peecha Rageddy a6 41 a Peecha Raggeddy Annantagherry ay2 3 26 4] € 54 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC At Kotamarpilly (continued) BRIWEEN AND Annantagherry cece coos Kotakoddangul or Goraegutt sake Maeeee *MOpeconaall ewe Se0e Topecondal coos core. coac. Annantagherry = co Peecha Raggeddyseee sores cae Goraegutt 0506 Sane Goraegutt e008 2000 Sheelapilly cece eree Sheelapilly . eon 9608. Peecha Raggeddy oa08 Dito eee 0.9% Ditto obferved direct = Mean Peecha Raggeddy ever. Annantagherry. sees Annantagherry — see wees. Sheelapilly Sac Annantagherry eves eoee Kotakoddangul wece Kotakoddangul 26.9.2, . ope Sheelapilly 90,08 76 25 79 453 65 206 °50.06 38 45 12.10 26 41 37:95 26 41 35-0 26 41 36.47 TAS CB ae 168 45 7-18 37 3 36.37 131 4 30.81 ee el - ON THE MERIDIAN. At Topecondah.- | BETWEEN AND- Annantegherry devon sew Kotamarpilly Kotamarpilly aOn0 o0-00- Goraegutt: ee oo Goraegutt ae 2000 Doodallah 00908 e900 - oae6 425 eee geo 66 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC At Topecondah {continued.) “BETWEEN ) AND Oy 06 0008 2.0.2.0 Kotamarpilly 2.0.0.9 020.0 ae ZZ ee 30-13] 28.19 | , 26.63 p 27-93 228.13 plo 26.63 J Mean 33.3959 1 545 | ——— 27-39 48 43 37. 24 27 : J ‘Kunfakeor oreo “C008 Inpahgutt : Annantagherry Stele Kotakodds meul \ pees os “ON THE MERIDIAN, 2 1 — At Kotakoddangul (continued. AND) i sn ‘Kaunkeortee BETWEEN Inpahg ut r oooe eaoo es _ Thuttapilly Kotamarpilly "e000 “9008 on ae Thutyapt My cove eoee 2000 cece Annantagherry eevee -covs Kotatnagpilly j ir Oe : Sone Cees i» V) Bt ae me Cees se: . AY i) Bae N eee ra ag ane Ai Pochamagutt. Purgy hill eooo “708 “eOooo CG elie: Mery : eh @coe ; fF Obs b& iva sear youll, Joodspn Esl Enpahgutt ewes 0060 Kotakoddangul coco goes } Opt ‘CEES SORT) ———_—___ ip Tef ra) BY eece -ecloo Alb Kauikobrtee... ocad “oo@eo ooo Paar io 7 © : ar aien Jeter: > : Looe iithe BOvid ist 9osCe Soae oreo Kotakoddangul eons ‘ovCS Enpahgutt. eros 6 3 394? yoed 49.3 es 39.8 48 43 21 27 33.5 27.15 $3.85 eet es tees 73 56 Der 55 39., VETS E 3434 Ey a aoe 27,35 39-4 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC ‘ At Kandakoor hill. 60 BBTWEEN Kotapilly wees 20.8.0, pplahguit Ae eee Kotapilly a20h, eo. Kandakoor hill = caow aed Kandakoor hill sas. doce Kotakoddangul 06-09 O39 a Kana: KOQOr 00.08. 00.08 K erie 9.9.05. 09.0% AND Inpahgutt 0.99.8 9.9.08 Kaunkoortee hill ..00 esos. een At Inpahgutt. _Kandakoor hill o... Kotakoddangul.. ..06 Kaunkoortee hill: Kandakoor Kaunkoortee ©. 0-Uy Kotakoddangul. eo... ©6.0.2. 86.8 0- @o058 57 74 O10 GD Ooo # 8 Ce Oo Sd COmae O ION THE MERIDIAN. - - 61 AY Rotapillys BETW EN AND Spencers Inpabgut: eves aces Kandakoor seontulheece «55 19 45-4 | Se, 4%, PRINCIPAL TRIANGLES, 5 PS EE ETS TER ESP Pe Soe oar St t ——————————————— W. end of the base from the E. end of the bas:—=30806.24 feet. =. a sieaiie e iar es 2 f— o lig . Observed Fe 5 & = | Angles for Distances < TRIANGLES, § Sea) eons ues is Angles. te aaNteSNN IES| Calculation, io Feet, cues SS SS ET SE aS ey) u Soe u | f W. end of the base, ..... BOO Soa ol AL Sey SZ SINR I AO) Na8 1-5 SETS fm. end of the base, ...-. Pee see setil an Los o me abo. —0.16 75 39 93.5 24 Nalligahill, 22. e ame | 28 47 “5.1 10.12 28 47 5 }.180. 0 1.83 | ba ail 41.39] 180 0 0 i _ s W. end of the DaSes 6-075 eee ase |) OLOSD:8 Malliga hill from ; F. end of the base, ..... Wee ol OO sco W. end of the base from Mailiza hill==61982.8 feet. : (SNS a W. end of the base, ©0080 >eeos 0eeo 82 38 46.57 —0.18 Tes 82 38 46.5 Malliga hill,....2. ssscsses soon, 26 15 29.41 |—O.11 96 15 29.5 25 Daumergidda, eece eee es COO aee* 71 § 43. 4 —0.13 i 71 § 41.0 | | 179 59 59.38 | asl ca 64 180° '0 0 | 5 ¢ W. end of the base,....ecee--e.| 28985.7 ALAN MSERIAM OM eraliea Mill’s cs c.cc sesh as oycc| G4977,8 ————— R > Z, > od ©) 62 MEASUREMENT :OF |= Observed é 3 & c An; é : fe} TRIANGLES. Shas oc e | 3 sles. _ Tee Be . a . i 2 Angles = ac} Caleulat ae Daumergidda from Malligs hil =64977;8 feet. ee — ms a4 | i 8 ‘ a 5 \ ' Daumergidda, .....cc0.eeeee08 | 78° 20-25 95 J—0.53 73 f 4 | |Malliga, ....+-2+ec00 onsecses | 59 49 2967 |—0.39} 3 BO 4: 4 [26 Doodallah, . 2360006990 @ geo ©0600 %e 41 50 8. | 1 ol at ) iB 180 0 3.73 | Ki: one 46 | 180: 0 Pei Ree As eet SUSTAIN et A Fe ert Ee § Daumergidda, eececeeoarteees aooe 84217.9 Doodallah fram 2 Malliga Deena is ec elmiciss owe SOSOSTS Maulliga hill from Doodallal—95408.8 feet. | ) Malliga, ©eeeoceece ©8808 e007 Fee 8 74 20 57.55 —~ 0.36 , ‘ 74 20 54 Doodallah, ee cote goge8 889° Cee 28 35 43.56.]-—0 27 G8 35 -A® 3~ fo7lshevlapitty,...cecewecesssecccs+! 77 3 26.72 10:39 77. 3. 23.7 180 0 Bai Free atl 180 0 0 Matliga, eecee ©6080 2600 4% % ecaee 46354:7 Sheelapilly from Sane. CPOHO CCS Sor OB Qe** 94266.1 Deoodallah from Daumergidda=84217.9 feets Doodallah; .sascacvesesssonssst 709575167; 1-066} |’ 70 95 5, Dawimer gidda, Cee Sscaesooeeoves 59 20: 44.91 —0.58 59 20 42.9 28\Sheclapilly, cocacccavcvcece vos 50 13 26:68. |—0.54 F 50 34 26,1 (180.0. 3.26. ie | i rel..4 180. 0.0, § Doodallaley: os weic ch eieie ec! emelcce. 00s: 04966 9 Shelapilly from 2 Daumergidda, COCO ree er ede FeOCL 103250.6 Doodallah from Sheelapilly 94266, 9% Doodallahyy oud. Mwalccteee vieenl VA2 40" S153) P22 04403 | 4% 40 31,3 Sheelapilly, .. econ cccccceecses| 73 49° 6.42 |—O 59 | 73 49.6. 29)Goraegult ll vcacomrcnccneves 68 30 93,19 —U, 50 ’ | 6313 ag 7 180 0) 0.14. [, F ee 391 180 0 0 Goraegutt from nears Buea NTE CARR lee Sheelapilly, ceceecgeoe @ IIE ASE PR SEGRE LST ON THE MERIDIAN:>\ 2) ° 63 > a = s 4 Observed é Sg = Angles for Distances 27/ TRIANGLES, = (eal hee Satta 3 Angles. 4. pre | oad Calculation. in Feet. Zz a Pp , Seat She i Docdallah, SEA eae eeecveces| 83 49 20.63 | —0.56 83 49. 20.1 'Sheetapil'y, seve eee Geese ever cane . e ° 32 35 16.3 30 'Tsudmunnoor, saleie(@eiele weciectees | G2. 39). 293.06. | —O737 t 63 35 936 | | le | 180 @G O Paudininacor from eae cooreceesesceges| 5SM687.5 eelapilly,.... @208 e90* soe -|104640 1 Se Se Sheelapilly from Taudmuanoor= 104640. 5 | SaaadiaEenenennim eae eee Sheelapi hatches: « CS | ote Ma L-.4 | Vandmunnoor,.... 000s seco | 42 43 5%. | ~0.96 | 42, 43.51.7-_| 31 Goraegutt, Oe00-o2 Pere S088 Oe. “96 2 2002 —0 65 96. 2.193 | i : bap 180 0 0 | : | | Goraegutt-from itn eww eereceevece+ 6 71 ae audmunneor, . siofalsicieteicic soccer! 69351.7 Sheelapilly from Goraegutt 71398.1. feet. - cf : i sheelapilly,!oc.erc.. «sic cowecal- 29°59 26:86 4— 0.11 g "29 59 27.5 | OLE ANIA Bek Gceadnas Ltt 15 22.4. |=07} D: PAU Obs thy CIO 565 32 Kotamarpilly, 6080 ©0000 @€008 cr 38 45 12. —0.08 38 45 12 - | ‘ F 1 180.0 3.36 | OOO ES aol 180 0 0 | ‘ Sheelapilly, ccsesscoeseee eeeeet ¥06300.9 Kotamarpitly from Se ue BSc dodge Cook SeeDoc | 57014.5 ; 7 Doodallah from Goraegutt 101154.9 feet.’- i iDo odellah pT Rs a eds Ie 31 23 bY | —0.12 31 23 24 (Goraccutt, |. ae Aik Soe ge “116-. 5 19,2 $3'Topeconds Bycccccccssecesceer: 32 31° 17.33. —O020 } 32 31-168 st Marcille abe |} SOS 3 — VRO O,2 51 : eeu +-0.49} 180 O- OF I 7 : RUA OUG AIAN S c'stcie:c osictee nie etiereece 5.2 Eeperoudal (Gorregutt,. ae ajjaif6 ete yet aclinidtts hel - MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC i 3 yolralachk of of } Observed = 4 i Angles far i He; TRIANGLES. ; = Bbc) g a , 3 AOPsi HOA Anglesé is ee) fea Calculation. ae a a Agi os f . Hy < i ® / 4 | Dondaiby bessisae sth fled 41’ 8 490 4- 126 13 ek gp Seas POT MEM UTES Po, Ceepes Sao | 32° 31157 83 |—0.15 . “ah 90" SIUME, 2. By {audwvonneoe: Ga Sieve date diecb 0 sles 106 19 15. ‘96° L663 is oh | is L106 Vg. } , } | ‘toy tla 180 0, 2.89 | Lo.9 tet e0l 180) Oy 0.4 i allah ne oe | 456683. 0 ; ‘Taudminsiook from once Mere cages i ae ae ‘ Goracgutt, .....000- 5835 { } Goraegut(from Tandmirinoore-69353 : Goraegutt, .b.cvcleise%! oles oloe-| 83 $3 93 25 |—+0:71 83 33-226 Tandmunnoor, egied dors ese oes 59 APT? 10,465 eh: 59. 4 11.4 135 Topecendah, @ooe i dices £0.00 @peoc 37 293 96.36 h—O; 43 | a7 22 ~26 ©. “ : aa f > ee ee “1180 0 | and noe Cae 120° 0 0. me ney 0 rE Fk , foraeguit Oe i ae SOS OR. Wonerondat from ei “Fh ee ess yy anq HER Sy Yaudmunnoor, ..cceccoce ooo. /113530-4 Gordeguit from: Topécondal’98003.8 feet. (ee ie BCT ees Ads oar i a bes 09 8) 57. Oo: ioe 4g }. 69. 8. 56.6 fale | fPopecondah, soos coeveseess+-| 34 25:59.97-|—0.34 34: 25 Ba 126 Kotamarpilly, ve... « eee Ovce Be Noman 76 “O5 4.87 pO. AR | ] 76 95 [; 180 0 1.73 a Bt nee | 180) 0) rs 0 ] -# RS MEAT a ao LTRS OG ae Stee : Goraegult, 2... ee eens -e°+] 57000.9 ! ee aa “RotamZepity 6 from im $Garacent Say | ass OAO20N5 isgi LeLiGk Huseaiow: mor Gorsegutt from Kotamarpilly=57009.9 feet. f EOF G f igs Goraegutt, .4 0. sf.die oti | THY 15 22, 4—| O70 ky ees eo Kotamarpilly, 0008 ©0888 2 owe © 0-e 38) AB 1g ite |} 0.08 iG BG sob BB AS 2 s. 37|\Sheelapilly, e000 @poo ©O@eF oooe 29 oy ile 86 j~ 0 pall ud i 29 2g 27.8 . ai eat eas oe om, [1800 336 leg —to.80 a LE S at r AOTC Pee Segre 71392.8 heelapilly from oe es Meee MOO LS gat ON THE MERIDIANY 65 Kotamarpilly from Topecondaha=94220.5 feet. 5 Observed 3 3 & a Angles for Distances 2{ T-R ILA-N-G:L E'S- = brorey & = Angles. & z= | | Calculation. in Feet. z A le l ; 7D TUE ERIE GEER EA iKntamarpilly,........ EAs une i nites Be ea dS SEE |—0.65 76 4 33.2 Topecondah, vooaecccs,---- eee. | 43 34 52.92 |—0.46 43 34 52.5 '3@ Aunantagherry, ,....... mit As 60 20 34.3 ~ ; rue 7, oon sh | | 180.0 0. 4 Kotamarpilly, BN ae riage Te 7 /-N 7 ade Annantegherry from 1 Topecondah,’,,... ...- Ge see POON tar SAU pet en EN ES Kotamarpilly from Annantagherry 747 45.4. feet. *} [Riotamarpillyscassccvcuisiaies susie | 37---3.36-37-|—0.03} 37. 3 357 | \nnantagherry, soos riecc-opeact af TLS 40 3267 j|—1.41 115 -40.-30.9- 39\Kotakaddangul, 2.0.0 cccscoee..) 27 15 5385 |—013 97-15, 53:4 180 0 2.85 | SEs 32| 180 0° 0 . Kotamarprly,.......00.-.-. 147052.6 Kolakéddangul from ae. TAA Oe aol lekthex PASEO Kotamarpilly from Kotskoddangu'=-147052.6 feet. Kotamarpilly, ...... Bo oaks: 131 41 3081 |—4.93 131 41 26.6 | Kotakoddangu!, 4000-22 *2 ©0828 ° 20 1 4:i.6 | = 406 vheelapilly sees @2e¢e 680" ceo%2% . ° . 98 16 51.8 | | | | | 180.0. 0 | She! apilly from 3K 'tmarpilly, ceoeese+ eves cane ++ (106296 55 SE oh. 2 - t Kotakoddangul, Colm can < seee- ol P3h7 67. 9 Ix order tu obtain’ thé diflance from. Sheelaprily to Ketateddar gui, for the purpofe of reducing the terreftrial arc, being more conveniently fituated with refpe& to the meridian of Dodagoontah; the internal. chord angle at:Kotamarpiily with the included fides Sheelapilly from Kotamarpilly ; and: Ketamarpilly from Kotakoddangul have been ufed, Hence (as in the above triangle,) the fide ‘Sheelapilly to . Kotakod- dangul =231767.9 feet, and the.angles at: ely and Kotakoddangul corrected as ‘obferved angles will be 28 16 50.8, and 20 1 41.1. 66 | MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC Annantagherry from. Kotakoddangul—98329.9 fect, Purgy hill from Kotakoddangul from Purgy hill—=96899.2 feet. Pochamagnit from 5 Kotakoddangul from Pochamagutt—120892:9 Kotakoddangul from Iupahgut'==153863.3 18) 0 2.59 | |» s6{ 40.281 180 © © ‘Kaunkoortes from ; Annantagherry, coor cece. € Kotakoddangul, ....----. ee: K otakoddangul,.. oe Biingiy-hilbstorie seentene sce OO aaa _ Observed 3 og : Ang TRIANGLES, 2 leek = ; Angles. ts zs me Cakk : a — : es ee ; 0 a7 Xnnantagherry, ecoc..scece0eee| 76 9 50.58 |—0.32 76° O..50 , Kotakoddaugal, ce aoe8 beer 23 39 56.87 —@ 9s 23 39 rG << 4 5 Purgy hill, ss eves 00040000 27OB<° 80 10 13.94 —.36- 80 hs} 3 180 O 139 | lo Ae el 180 Kotakoddangul, ole dele elals clea oe 47 58 27.39 |—0.591. 47 58 26.1 { Purey Ai eiccp eeviccecss Bsreveitts 79 55 11.41 |—O 88 - 79 55 9.8 H42:Pochamagutt,«..se2seeseeeeees| 52 6 254 |-0.60 ia ORaY 180 0 42 | 3 cael 180 0 0. A I I A Kotakeddangul,.-.covsccsssoes| 39°92 394 |—0.47; $9 @ 39. H {inpahgutl,. weecesccceeccccee{ 41 2 3607 |—0.46] 41 2 35.5 144) Kaunkoortee, ccccaccccccecoee| 99 5447.12 I—1.43 99 54 45.5 eS cen Kotakoddangul, .... ...2.. Topahgutt, 02009 ©8900 soee 7? 120892°9 ne eee ~ FRR ES IK otakoddangul ys cocece co -c] blo Ob OS nctbee be lOsl 57 0 55." WPochamagutt,...... sccceccess.| 73 57 5.3 |—1.44 73 57 4. d4ag(apabgutt, ccceccecvccrcoseses| ee oe ET 2 | | | | 180 0 0. ¢Kotakoddangul, see. 2... 153863.3 ‘Topahgutt from 2 Pochamaeute, socceececeeene|: 134297.0 ————_ ‘ 102562 98390.2 a ON THE MERIDIAN. 67 Kaunkoortee from Inpahguti=98390.2 feet. yt Observed S & 2 AG Angles for Distances Z| TRIANGLES. e joo) es = 5 Angles. & =, Circulation, |- in Feet. Za 5a Nn Qa j = ee ee Oo ? 22 y 1 oa g Katnkoortee, cass +++ ec0nvers 88 21 557 —0.56 83 21 54.7 [npahgatt, e208 4e0¢ ©0802 20600 2°* 32 3 30 7 —-0.36 32 3 30.1 i 45\Raudakoor hil! 02028 92000** 2000 59 34 35.86 —0.37 59 34 35.2 \ 180 0 226 | Waterss 180 0 0 MixunkOornleescu c's. \clcic oie vieis's «nie - 60563 | ( | Kandakoor from § I ipakpateiios at 06, tee 1.9 bao 4.9 Topahgutt from Kandakoor==114054.9 feet. Ge Me we Ow i > ' Oo -« “ue ; [Govern ieae ears ae mE 57 24 17.09 |—0 94 57 24 16. [Kain aco yes co wiejaj cles Ciara deve » 6 VOT 5. FSS) F) 705 67 15 54 46\Kotapilhy, .c0cescveccvces secee-| 55:19 50-91 1-093} 55 19 50. 180 O 3.18 | Peas as leven BOR MOs | 127902.5 Kotapilly from Ne nie ode OM Bl Sot be ot ea 116835.0 Wfan'dakGoins ser erclelnj-cjyee7 sie 6's ee Jupahgutt from Kotapiliy=127902 5 feet. TInpahcutt, eon e C8 ee C80 COHe Oe Oe A8 32 13.04° —1.08 i i sae 48 32 12 | Kotapilty hilly Wene G0 ob. locos | OBE 48 -4017- <[—L1''84 1 8448 388 47 Dar roor hill, “@-D:0-8 0 6 0 0-0-0060 c.0-0 2 OO | 46 39 10.28 |—L.O7 46 39 9.2 180. 0. 4.02 | eave os | 1805 20s5 Oe ay P § Tnpahgutt, peielee 200° @000°° 9900 175161:6 Darroor hill from iKaebaly, e@eeo%22e0 Se00 SoU NeR 131802.7 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE GREAT STATIONS. Bafe Line—The weft end isona high ground near Beder about ten miles north, and three and a half miles north weft by weft from Kau- ramoongy nearly. The ftation is on the highest part of the ground marked by a platform built of stone and chunam, level with the furface of the ground, having a large ftone in the center marked witha circle. There are feveral villages around this itation, as Shicarkanah tothe fouth weft about two miles; Oudoorpoor one and a quarter miles weft, and Ya/bigy about one and a half miles weft northwett. 6S MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC Tae. eaft-end is at the north eaft’ angle of a field on {o> sow ern declivity: of the high ground lying between the villages of Daumsraidda and Naugulgidda, both which are fituated on the great roc from Moorung to Hydrasad by way of ‘fogypett. The ftatio: by a platform of ftone and chunam raifed three-feet above ( in the center of which is.a fone witha circle.: Daumergidda tation. The grand ftation of obfervation m latitude 13: 3 23.6 js on a.confpicuous hizh ground about. one mile north eat from the village of Daumergidde, and about eight miles weft from Narain- hadda. The ftation is.on the fummit of the high black cotton ground a. few feet.weft of the road leading from ,Chillerizy to Angherrigy, and} is marked by.a {tone platform level with the ground having a ftone at: the foundation marked with a circle and ‘correfponding with the mark. on the fione above. . | Melliga hill., The mof confpictious hill ‘of a range feemingly cone... e€ted with the Beder. heights, about. fix miles eat from Beder, and) about.one.mile fouth . eaftof -Malliga,-a {mall village from which the - hill derives its mame. The {tation is-marked on the gravel rock and aah ftone with.a circle: laid over it, furrounded with, a pile of flones fup-, porting a {mall tree.. Doadallah ftation is-on.an extenfive range of high: grounds in a-direc-: tion ealt. and weft, and i is about. two and a half. miles north eat. of Gg=. wadda, and about one mile north of Doodallah.. The. flation 1 is marked . by a flone and circle 0 ona. platform, cota | pg ‘The great tree. on the high ered shane een EN: of ae mile from. the flation, being i in the way-of the flag at Maliga,a branch of: the tree was cleared ott inorder to obferve the flag on the left fide of it, _ ON THE. MERIDIAN... - 89 » | Sheelapilly tation as ona, confpicuous 1 nob.on mound. of earth .rifing about.60 feet abovethe plain on which 1t. fands,. pats, bale, not. . fenfibly differing from a circle whofe diameter .may be. ,299.feet. nearly s this fation 1 is about. 4. miles welt of Sungum and 27 miles fouth of Moongy, Doth: places being. on the road from Beder to Hydrabad. A” circle -in« Icribed ona ftone i in the center of a “circular platform of : ‘clay about 10 feet high, raifed on the nob with | a marked tone at tthe foundation, Cen: the ation. » Laudmun: oor easton is. on: a fick ground auont 7 Drie ‘welt from | Fogypett,. fituated between Royepaud and, oT. audmunnoor, The Ration is ,defined by.a circle inferted: on a fone. y = > : \4 Gioha Goraegutt hill. This isa low. brown mill falish tit its Name fidibs a Very -{mall village jatrthe fouth: eaft foot, lying. about 13 mile weft, of Goplave- ‘ram, a low. fortified, hill, and. about 4 miles fouth welt, ae. _Moonpully, a village of fome note on. the great road from Hydrabad t to Beder? >The flation,is,marked-by.a ftone and circle. on the. _fummit | about 60 fect north.eaft of a ftone pillar » : Topecondah. ‘This is about r2 miles eaft of Mominpeit, and about;3 “miles weft.of ee t,.a aE VEIRBED in: the road from hee to weak ‘tage aE ‘ete ‘hill ak ial Tying, Dan one, oan cat ‘of the « flation.... Awftone-with a-circle onthe, fummit defines the flation. te = “Ketdmarpiliy:” Phis lation is. On the fouthextremity of cavlow! dabel ridge about 2 miles eaft foutheatt of Pedda2Marpilly,about 2:0f amile } from, Kotemerpelly, and-about 16 miles wett; of. Mommpeti, a. place of 4 confiderable note... Ele. fiation is, marked on the. gravel cs about sdaal 5900 feet foutheaft of, .a,remarkable, Banian, ELEGn 46 Nes °Saninaniag herty hit: This is‘a flat hill covered with thick? jungle, fated pe 110 moni on? NO 3 , 70 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC about 11 miles north of Purgy, and about 8’ miles eaft’of Deioce. The ‘ftation i is about one mile fouth weft’ of the: apodas ona. platform O° ‘marked by a ftone witha eels . " Kotakoddangul ftation, on ahigh ground abour it mile north by éaft _of the large, village of ‘Kotakoddangul, and about alfa ‘mi welt of a remarkable tree on ‘the fame ground, ‘The lation is- marl “bya a {tone and circle in the middle of a platform. _ Purgy hill. The fouthernmeft of a mafs of hills covesc¢ wiih 1 “jungle, fituated about 3 miles north eat of Purgy.—Nea: th t toot ~ of the hill is a {mall village, Mulla Boyengoodum. The jungie on the hill has been cleared and a platform raifed, in the middle “‘ftone with a circle-marking the ftation... ~" Pochamagutt. ‘This is a low‘hill though the higheft in that neigh. “pourhood, It is furrounded to a'gteat extent with much jungle, and derives its name from a place ef worfhip “in the'vicinity, and is about “one mile eaft from Coo/i nafundrum. The jungle has been cleared from the top, anda ftone with a circle funk’ on the fammit denotes the bia orts” isteach go fhes sefinr sen BiT Kaunkoortee hill. A flat ttioaeale Table Jand, asad 6 miles “north 3 eat of Goondamettakul, a very extenfive place; and about” YL mile north of Kaunkoortee.—The ‘flation is marked bya‘ circle on’ a ftone fixed on the top of the hill, and near the weft ‘brink. —Annagoondy, a - well known hill, having-two very remarkable, trees on, the fummit, is about one mile: weft: of the station: sls ee “Kundboor, ‘A low hill below the Table land about 16 miles weft of Na ranapettah, about fix miles fouth wet of Goondamettakul; and 1! mile fouth eatt of Chintelpilly; the village from which the hill derives its name, is:at.the fouth foot.,-.The fation: is marked PXAs ftone and gircle funk on the fummit of the bill, ~ 9, REDUCTION OF THE SIDES OF THE. MERIDIONAL TRIANGLES TO THE MERIDIAN OE Be DODAGOONTAH FOR DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF THE TERRESTRIAL ARC, ae _ The length of the Are comprehended by the parallels of Dadagvontah station, and the. stations at Namthabad and vA = Daumergidda. a Fe a . = Bearings referred to Distances on the Ce aaa oP ca a = Stations at - Names of Places. the Meridian of |Distance. : Se a ee i ae ee Perpendicular. Meridian. |Perpendicular Meridian. & a ae et eee aes ee ee Soe i eee eee = Yerracondah,......00esecees Ooracondah, ...cccsscecseres 7 “4 aI, 5 N.W.|126785:7| (5610.8: W, [19582910 N.| 6244.9 W.| 4584887 N. Ooracondah,. .: wie estle coceses|Davurcondah,....scre..ceese| 5 32 524 N. £.1150506.1} 14550.4 BH. |149801.4 N. $305.5 E. 608289.8 N. Davurcondah, 2... .220+ceee--(Gootydroog, veoscccvorsceecs| O 16 40.6 N. B./158946.2} 771.1 KR. [1589443 N. 9076.6 K. 767234.1 N. Bioiydraog,. coe ToT \Namthabad, s+ sscce c+. ceee+{ 70 43 30,68, W.| 16472.2/ 15648.9.W.| 5437.5 'S.-| 6472.3 W. | 761796:6 N Koeclacondah, coc. cageovacees 10 59 34,9 N.W.| 76750.9 14635.6. W. | 75342.5 Ni} 5559 W. 842576.6 N. Roplacondihe.c.c ea epcre ce) AI OONY ondah,..se.seereceeee- 4 6 330N.W.| §4084 1} 3875.7 W. | 53945 Nx| 9434.7 W.| 8965216 N ayonth oe tierra lelieruly. seececee cere 13 2156.9 N, &./197920.1] 295709 EB. |194455.3 N. | 201362 BE. 1020976.9 N. Kerra:Betlagulys .......00... cas pArrOOr Lidl, ovue base -cctocv | 2 oA 35.9 N.W.!150701.3] 8088 4 W. |150484.% Nz| 12047.8: fe. hIZ1461 ON. Darroor Hill, ocoeeeesees o. iupali uty. Tosca cooss| 0 45 15:7 N.WIL75159 1} 2306.1° W. 175144 N. | 9741.7 Ef. 1346605 N. [npahgutt, clleisie sistexe ee ‘ iK cimkoddangy e@aeg?8eg29e0e@ 0 i 42 338.8 N, Ww. 153863.3 : 4593.5.°W. 153794.7 N.° 5148 9 1 OF 1500399.7 N Kotakoddangul,...,.-. .. oe Sheetepill cen ceeeceendees| 2°90 25.7 N..E.|231767.9| 9464.9 B. [2315745 N.| 14613.1 KE. | 17319742 N Sheelapilly,...!s 0205.00. | Be morg ida HD, cocci - | OLN 33. N: ‘B.|103250.6 46,6. EB. |103250.6 N. | 14659.7 I. | 1835224.8 Semeueeeseaianesasnai 6 MEASUREMENT OF AN) ARC The terefirial are “between Dedagoontah a nd Nanithabad *fiation as in the foregoing table ts gu. wticil.. eRe. BRE Ss ties ) ' And the tereftrial arc between Dodageontak and sa : han (see A. R. Vol. re,) is. Loctcenegerebenen See | 727334 6 Sy nn 4 The fum will be the tereftrial arc Tepweae Patlopolion : : and Namthabad equal ys....... sees Pane mmcaiads oe Oe 21g86192- 2: Yo which add the téreftrial arc, between Patcapolom and ‘Punnae {lation (fee Ay R Vol. 1s ott chee Seek Suzy G # dcedloc 5 We have for the téveltrial are Ihetvecen Punnae and Nea thabad station. . pk 2 Brot i bee 2518231. Ak _ The tereflrial arc between Dodbgooa ah and : Dvwnergide “as in the preceeding bab lesis.ices he od hak wane oie 4 ane 1835224 Q: And the tereftrial arc between Dodagoontah. and_ Nama “thabad equal ... ee enclishs/ ocala : oie. = ee aril 2S 7614706 6: ee : The difference will be: the tereftrial arc, between Nam~ a “thabad and Daumergidda..° .... aes es eee ea = 107848 os ? To which add the tereftrial arc beiwecne Punnac and /Nanthabad us above Be os 28s pee eas 5 3EBbas, 7 1 he fum will be thie tereflrial |arc | between Daumer fila: Te 6.305 197} i. 7 28 25.24 | 1 34.088 7 99°°590328 20; W. 7 & 33.62 1 33.986 7 30° 7.606 23 I. 7 28 25.87 I 33.696 7 29 59.566 241 MW. 7 98 35.37 1 33.593 7 80 8963 95, K. 7 98 26.37 | 33 494 7 80° 0:3964 26) BV. 7 98 35.87 1 33.391 7 80. 9.261 28 K, 7 98 25.87 1 33.192 7 49 59.062 29 | W. 7 28 38.87 l 33.084 7 30 11.954 30 | F. 7 28 22.87 1 39.978 7 99 65.818 May 2 | W. 7 98 38.97 1 39.788 7 30 11.758 AT Wants 50K AB: SRST 1 32.596 7 30 10.466 Sieh Ee 7 23 24,12 t 39,503 7 99 56.623 6| W. 7 28 38.87 I 32.400 7 S07 Uae 1.0 7| E. 7 28 25.47 1 32.309 7 29 57.779 Mean ¢ VIRGINIS. Nearest pornt on the Limb, 3 50 N. April 18{ W. 3 3 61) .7,952 82 81 19 BK. 3 3 50 57.942 82 32 90 W.. 3 3 Fl Opis? 80 SI 93| E. 3 3 50 56,845 82 82 95 We 3 3 5\ °6:014 Sl 82 96} Ee 3 3 50 56.410 82 83 98 | W- 3 3 61 85321 83 84 99 KF. 3 3 50 56.218 83 83 30 W. 3 3 51 9.114 82 $2 May 3} &. 3 3 50 57.661 82 $2 4| W- $ 3 #1 7/989 81 8° 5 K. 3 3 50 56 393 82 82 C 1 3 3 51 6.586 Bi 82 7) 2 3 50 57.955 8 $2 Mean 81.71 82.14 f a6. | MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC : SERPENTIS. Nearest point on the Limb, 3 oN. ish 9 Observed Correct {hermometers, remem} HACE. Correetions. ; 1 | a i Month. Zenith distance. - Zenith ‘distance. Upper. Looe ee : a8 4 o ‘ & ‘ ‘ On ra oO, | April is | W. 3+ 1. °30e76 * 58.269 3 2 29.029 é 79 | 19} ¥F 31.1 49013 58.164 Bi | 2) S904 - 80 20 Ww. 3.4214 229226 58.058 Bh 4:9) S73 Baa 80 23 On 3 1° 90763 “57.702 31.) 2) 18-332 81 iy Ww. 3} 12°99563 57.576 B31 8) OF B06 81 25 E. 3} 12120813 57.445 Bt 1 QF 575 80 30 26 | W. 341829983 “b7.317 3/2 96.447 82 82 277) We 3 {1052043 "57.189 3 2 7.319 83 83 2S Wis 3,1! 32186 < 57.056 3 2 29.316 84 84 99 | EF. 3 od £90013 56.921 Kn WA Os 83 $3 30} WwW. 3.4 1/3951 56-792 3. 2% 29.302 83 83 1 May 3 jE. 3 | 1° 4943 56.376 -3 215 506 80 80 5 Ww. 3 ) 1 032538 56.096 3 (2 28.476 8! 82 6 sr -2 > 1.2068 55 949 3) 216.579 81 81 THAW, 3 °:4 £82.63 55 804 , 3) '2° 88.434 81 81 ‘ Mean 81:33 81.33 § vhs 7 SERPENTIS. _ He One Nearest point on the Limb, *8 5 N: Bi 7 51755 8 8 44015 80 79 i9| EK. 8.7 42.39 51.623 8. ..8.-34.013 80 80 20 Ww, Sip 7, 52.14 51482 | 8 8 43.622 80 80 J p23) 1K. 8 7 40.51 51.043." ("8 + 18 3ri55g 81 sl 24| .W, 8 7 52.89 50.891 4 8 8 43.781 381 st 225 | +E. 8 7: 44.26 50.749 | 8° 8 63.009 10) 80 26.1 i Wi, 8 7 56.39 50.587 “| 8 | $ 46,977 82 82 catia end 8 7 4364 50.4276 @) <8." 834067 83 83 28 | Ww, 8. 7° 55.89 50.270 8 § 8 46.160 B84 84 29 E. 8 | 7 42.39 50.108 8 #18 32.4984 83 83 30] W. 8.7 58.64 49.944 | 8 8 46.584 83 83 May 3.| JE. 8 7 4444 49.443 | 8 - 8 33,583. 80 || 80 ‘ 6] W. 8 7 56.89 48.938 | 8 8 45828 Siege Bt 7 | \E. 8 7 46.26 48.766 | 8 °©8 35.02 81 | -81 ON THE MEREDIAN., Vi) OBSERVATIONS AT NAMTHABAD STATION: eid » LEONIS. fy) ‘ | Nearest point on the Limb, 4 20 S. 1811. | Thermometers. ——-——| [’ace. *, Observed | Correct 4 Corrections, Month. Zenith Distance. | Zenith distance. | Upper, | Lower. Oe hee On OB ac 0 Oo April 18 | W, A Ot 29) 1s 1 48 961 4 19 20.169 86 86 ! 20! KE. 421 19.53 1 48 857 4 19 30,673 33 83 21 Ww. 4.21 10.38 1 48.807 419 21.573 84 84 22 KE. A 21 18 26 1 48.761 A 39 29.499 87 87 24 W.. 421 863 1 48.656 4 19 19.974 91 91 25 BK. 4 21 20.13 1 48 599 419 31.531 92 92 96 Ww, 421 963 1 48.542 A 19 21.088 94 93 Oi, Ki. 42119413 1 48.428 4 19 30.642 96 96 28 W. 421 9.63 1 48.431 4 19 21.199 94 94 29 i. ‘4 Zi 19.26 1 48.377 4 19 30.883 93 93 30 W. 421 9.63 1 48.318 4 19 21.312 92 92 May 2 K. 4 Zi 19.38 1 48.221 419 31.159 78 79 Mean $9.2 | 89,2 REGULUS. ee On. Nearest point on the Limb, 2 10 S. April 18 W. O24 7a 1 55.373 2 10: 52.137 86 20 OF 2 12 58.89 1 55.254 2 11. 3.636 84 va | W, 212 45 76 1 55.189 2 10 50.571 83 22 Ki. 2 12 59.89 } 55.194 211 4.766 86 23 Ww, 2 12 44.76 1 55:057 2 10 49.703 83 a4 KE. 2°12 58.89 1 54.992 2 Al 13.898 91 25 W. 2 12 44.87 1 54.932 2 49.938 91 26 Ms. 212 58.24 1 54.871 2311 3.369 93 ai W. 212 44.74 1 54.801 2 10 49.939 95 28 Ki. QZ 5S. ke 1 54.730 eT Malis? Le (0) 94 29 W. 212 46.87 1 64.667 2 10 52.203 93 30 Vv, 2 12 57.62 1 54.603 2 0 3.017 92 Mean | 89.3 MEASUREMENT OF AN. ARG 7y LEONIS. Nearest point on the Limb, 5 40 N. 1911. ae | Races Observed Month. Zenith distance. ORE” ¢e ‘Apil 18.) W. 5 AY 33.13 90 Be. 5-41 23.63 Ql |. We 5 41 33.63 92 EK. 5 Al 21,13 23 W. 5-41 34,56 Q4 E. § Al. 20.38: 95 W, 5 AL 35.13 26 B. 5-41 91.13: Ql W. 5 AL 33,13 28 K. 5-Al 22.296 ' 99 WwW. 5 4132.88 304 K. GAL 82.13 « Corrections. ee o, Gigs 56.018 55.837 “55.754 55.673 55.586 55.497 55.441 55.329 55.241 55.149 55.064 94.9380 Rone manaemr ans » LEONIS. o Nearest poimt-on the Limb, .1 ee el lion Ww wnwnvnwnnnwnwnwnnvess . 6.534 6.441. 6.348 6.256 6.156 6.067 5.979 5.873 5.779 “5.684 5.588: 5,230 ee Correct — Zenith distance. | Uppers | Lower. soe Pe) 0) 43 29.148 |¢ 84 84 43 18.467 84 84 43 29:384 84 84 + 43 16.803 86 » . 86 43° 30.146 84 83 43°-15.877 90 90 43°30 541 91 ‘Ol 5 43°16.459> 93 92 43.28 371. 05 94 43 17.409 94 94 43 27,944.93 | 99 92 AZAT.110- | 9a N92 fe eee | ee eee Mean 89.1}! 88.8 os 20 (Ne: 93 35.794 80 80 23 46.701 82 eit} 4 93 34.478 85 85 23.46.3836 82 81 23, 34.43 89 89 23. 49.197 $8 - 88 93 36.109 gl 91 23 46.003 93 - OF 23: 35.409 93 93 23 46.194 90 96 93° 34.718 90 90 23. 43.990 90 90 Mean 87.85 B77. ‘Thermome-ers, ON: THE MERIDIAN, 4975 s LEONIS... Nearest point onthe Limb, o 30 NG ‘Thermometers, TSE Basa iot Observed Correct Corrections. Zenith distance. Zenith distances ft AY 6 aha ¢ 0 ee CHAN Aprib 18 | Wet O- 81 42.13" 2 9.92% O 33. 52.052 20: ), alt: O: 31° 33.76 2 9.724 .O 33 43.484 a1}, W. O- Sir 45 54 2 9.625 O 83 55.135 a2{ EE. | O 8p 33.63 2 9,522 @ 33 43.152 a3{ W. O - 31: 47°26; |}. 2° 9-428 O 33 56.688 24) End OG 84-31.38 2° 9.328 | - 0 33--40.708 25) W. 0 81 46.01 _ 2) 92252 O 33 55.235 26| KE. 0° St 33.03 2 9,120 O 33 42.150 Oa O . 34° 46.26 2° 9.023 OF: 33> 55.283 28] KE. 0} . She 3513 2 8.921 O 33 44.051 29} W. O° 31° 4654 2 8.813 O39" 55.325" 30| E. O° 31 3313 2°. 8.701 0) 41,831 4 Mean - & VIRCINISY | Nearest point on the Limb, 3.5 5. April 25} W.p 3) 7° 9i13 25.010 She |& a7 ‘ fal fe a OY Si. Pes sow [Peo sasoy of = 3) se ast 90 { OT) Wi. 3 roi 2 14.802") ' 3) & 7.328 2 90 §e9}1 BE. Bos 7: °e0.26" | &e.- 14.583 3\° 5 15.677 38 30; WwW. 3 |: 7 4301. | *2 4.479 3} 5°" "3.537 pat TY: May 3+} By 3 7 20.76 2 4.165 4; 5 16.595 82 Mean $7.5 * So. _ MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC « BOOTIS. Nearest point-on the Limb, 4 15 N. 18hé. Obsetvaa | Corrsat Thecmometers. cose eomeen) PACE. Corrections, —_—— => Month. | Zenith distance. Zenith distance. Uppers’ | Lower 0) is i oO. ¢ 2 {0 oO May 2] W.! 4 15 “9.00 1 59.448 4 16 54.448 | 98 78 3, KH. | 4 44 59.97 i 52,292 4 16 45.162 81 81 4} W. 4 15 9,95 Rh 52.134 4 16 54.384 80 80 5] &. 4 14 59.87 1 51.979 4 16 44.849 $5 84 7 Ws 4 %5 4.00 1 51.662 4 16 55.662 84 84 8} &. 4 14 53.87 1 51.512 4 16 45.382 88 88 9] W. 4 15 4.50 gd 51.357 4 16 55857 | 87. 87 12/ FE. 4 14 565.12 1 50.881 4 16 46.001 88 88 Mean 83.88 83.75 » ARCTURUS. © 4 Nearest point on the Limb, s 5 N. My 1[ 6 | 5 4 9 1 67.349 | 5 6 6.349 82 ge 2{ W. 5 eta PA 1 57.194 5 6 18.194 77 77 > il el 5 4 10,37 \ 57.046 5 6 7.416 8\ $1 4| W. 5 4 20 1 56.885 5 6 16.885 79 79 51 E. 5 4 10 1 56.721 5 6 6.72) 34 84 6| W. 5 4 20.12 1 66.559 5 6 36.679 84 84 7\ &K. 5 4 9.87 1 56.398 5 6 6.268 St 84 $i W. 5 4 21 1 56.237 5 6 17.237 37 87 9} &K. 5 4 987 1 56 076 5 6 5,946 89 83 15, W. § 4 19.87 A 55.087 5 §$ 34.957 84 84 » ON THE MERIDIANS») ©) 8h» . -, BOOTIS. Nearest point on the Limb, o 35 Se y mea ree : Thermometers A AY em peng a a Observed... J since ADIT LL bE ceeencon | Corrections. | enith distance. Zenith distances’ =: rt | Upper. |. ~-tower:- | ? 8 SERPENTIS, _ Nearest point on the Limb, O. ‘5 5 N, : " = x: : etc We nb Badiek PCO. Cle SS ee ge E.R Rada Vath May 1} EF. 0 55 14.5 1 12.785 0 56 97.985 81 PI 3| W. O 55 22.63 1 19.467 O 56 35.097 8! 81 4| E O 55 16 1 12.307 © 56 28.307 78 78 5| W. O 55 24.5 1 12.148 O 56 36.648 81 81 71 oe. O 55 15.13 1 11.817 O 56 26 947 84 84 8| W. O 55 25.25 1 11,658 0 56 36.908 86 86 9:| 5. O 55 15.33 1 11,484 O 56 26.814 86 86 15] W. O 55 25.5 1 10.452 O 56 35,952 84 84 Mean 80.13 80.13 ee anand XY 82 MEASUREMENT. OF AN- ARC an’ vs ©. SNES y KO 3G ~~~ Nearest -point.on-the Limb; 1 Sil eo Face. | | ' Months. Zenith distance. Observed — «es 11, 10.63 Vike 17.51 11 11.88 -- 19.76 LL. 10.38 11 21.01 - dite 10.63 , 68: 69° lag |W, 5 11.19.13 2 56.269 5 8 22.861 ;| |75 75 27 | EK. 5 Al 5.13 2 56.274 5. § 8.856 3] (787 79 28 | Ww, 5 11 19:0 2 56.279, §-..8 22.721 14] |74 7 doco PX March! 2] E. 511 491 | 2. 56.281 5 8 8.629 173. 73 A TS WV 5 11 19.76 2. 56.269 5. 8 23.491 74 74 | 6/" E. 511 4.63 2 56.267 5 8. 8.363 74 74 84° MEASUREMENT, OF AN ARC eX ew & ROA Roe hee 6 é Nearest point on the Limb, 2 45 ie iy , : 5 iat s a Sn Foner chs aa aK Bae Observed Correct Phayptomteiexss ———-——| Face. renennc,. Corrections, |b pay occ — Tioaskt Zenith distawce. 3 oo distance. Upnert tho cosene ee Caan ee ee pe : (eS - +f | enue c:) é 3. , e : rth e HE ay a 8 i February 14 | W. Rin: seen 3 3 1.598 | \2 46 6.718 66 66 : 15] FE. @ 42 60.87 | 3 jy 57g] @ 45 52.448 64 64 16) W. 2 43 2.62 3 .1.559| 2 46 4-179 71 7¢ 47.) Fo) | 2 42° 53.87) | 3 y539] (@ 45: 55.408 72 a 1 1s'| W, cat irene CAN Ts et ‘2 46 6.631 72 gee 21i| &, 2 42° 5V74s | ani @ 45 53,151 75 75 ‘ QQ WwW, @ 43 4.74 ° 3 1.377 @ AG 6.117 ‘ 73 ; 73 24 FE, 2 42° 53,24° | 3 yo9r| @ 4554,532 63. 68} 25(| W. 2 43 1.54° | 3 “yogi @ 46°° 9,801 68. 69} qo 261) Re 2 42 50.87° | 3 y.990| (2 45,862,090 75 a MiGs nae i 27)| Wy 2 43-774 3 1,183 | 2 46, 8923 79, 79). ‘ 23\| E. 242 52.54° | 3 3,136 | 2 45, 53.676 74. 74 | March. 2:) W. | 2 43° 6.24: | 3 -go483] 9 46. 7.283 76 IL si} F, 2 42 53.74° | 3 9.99) @ 45. 54.731 73. 73 } 4) W. || 2 43 (6.04. | 3 0.930] j2 46. 8.970 73. 73 5} EL | 2 42 62, 74 3 877 |, 2 45. 53. 617 ; 74, Zoe, | oy Mien 172.06 |. 19} ‘ Biche } Cire gn } h i teksae i LEONIS,- ig Nearest. point. on. the Limb, 4. 35 Se. s o g . or oO oO/!;., Febeuary uf W. 1 36 51.76 ‘319.135 1 33) 32.625 65 _. E. 1 37° 3.01 3 19.156 1 33 43,854 64) 7, 16 WwW. 1 °36° 51.01 3 19.181 1 38 31.829 aT os 17) &. 1 §37. 4.96 3° 19.200 1°33 45,060 ate: a as} W, 1 °33 55.63 ‘3 19.214 1 33 36.416 | 71) | 19] 5. lL 387 5.18 '3°19.297' | 4 33. 45.903 78 22; W.| 2 (36 53.26 3 19.223" 1 33 34,037 "ng FOR 84 23) E.-| 4. °37 - 6.96 3 19.999" 1 33 47,038 EAE ine 24| W. | 1 36° 60.96 ‘3 19.208 1 33 ° 31.052 os 25! KB. 1 37) 97,13 3 19.201 1 (33 47.929 Os. t , 626] Wel 1 °36 59:96 3 19.205 1 33 33.055 74 i 27) EK. (h 387 «55:96 3 19.901 1 33 46.059 ies vse March * 3} W.: 1 §36 -5).93 3 19.132- 1 33 32.098 WS wg fh 4{ E.'| 2 “37 5:96 3 19.107 1 $3 46.153 4S ret 6} W. Ro 36 -5¢.13 3 19.084 1 (33 32.046 73 t Mean d a ~= werasoraaedine ene see SESS SURERPPEN RFOTENES POR IO RES SNES PRD Ne ARE SNARE WMD ie 2 ye ON ; THE MERIDL AN, 85 \ \ » LEONIS: i t | | | o : Nearest point on the Limb, 2 25 S. —- P 18is. | Observed i Corract _ Thermometers. a Face. | Corrections. } ~ : Wenths 7 | Zenith distance. 1 Zenith distance. Upper: Lower. ae en eens) jy ee OS —j ‘ 9 4 ef RAAB Oo « 14 Y S February 14 Ww. 2 26 50.26 3 25.504 Gi G3). 24.756 64 63 : ae ve mY AGT. © IAG 3 25.544 2 23 39.086 | 63°) 63 16{ W, 2 96 50.38 3 25.578 2 23 24.802 70 70 0p ee 267 218.76 3 25.640 9 23 38.120 70 70 et 19| W. 2. 96 “51.63 3 25 671 2 23 25.959 72 72 as pe) oes. 25 oT Clase 3 25.702 2 23 38.428 7 74 ; 22 W. 2 25 51.63 3 25.713 2 93 25.917 70 70 ae ye al ae OF 2-37 °'7.06 3 25.713 2 93 41.347 68 68 4 124 Ww. 3 26 '49.63 | 3°95.730 2 293 23.920 65 65 25 K D7) 6.00 3 $5,726 °2@ 93 40,974 67 67 36 Ww. 2°. *96 -49.66 | 3 95.735 2 23 23.925 73 73 p +h A lia OF Pit G7 &14 BG 3 25.739 2 923 38,521 75 79% 75 March 3 W, ‘9° ‘96 48.63 2 25.739 @ 93 22.911 74. 74 41°. 95. 97 °'67 | 3 25,706 9 93 41.054 74 74 5; W. 2 25 49,26 | 3 25.693 2°23 23:56% 73 73 ele | Mean 70.13 70.07 Sir GINis. Nearest point on the Lumb, 6 ; N. EE pe } n Janvary 3! | W.. 6.5) aay 3 19.012 6 2 21,988 65 65 February 2 | W.! Gib) A2.5 3 19.134 6.2 93,366 64 64 3) Wh. 6 5 56,5 | 3 19.375 6.2 . 37,195 64 65 4) Ww. 6 5 43.5 | 3 19.498 6 2 — 24,002 65 66 5). EB 6° 5 58,1 3 19.611 6 2 38.519 64 65 OZ. WwW. 6. 5 (43,13 3 19.720 6 2 23.410 59 60 i fe iS 6 6 0.63 3 19.831 6 2 40.799 58 59 8}. WwW. 6 5, 39.5 3 19.945 Geo. 14.555 58 58 9} ¥. 6 5 58.63 3 90.044 6 9. _ 38.56 62 62 il Ww. 6:5 57.63 3 20.218 6 2 37.412 67 66 13 | W., 6 5 44.13 3 20.394 6 2 23.736 63 63 14! &, 6 5 5913 | $ 90.477 6 2 38.653 61 61 . 15 Ww. 6 5 43.5 3 20.554 6 2 22.946 63 63 17) &F. 6 5 59,25 3 20.700 6 2 38.550 70 70 13 |. W. 6 5 42.88 3 20.773 6 2 22.107 67 67 19)/ B..{ 6 5 57,88 3 20.837 6 2 37.043 69 70 | ae RA se Se | ; Mean 63.69 |} 64 06] I TN TE ST TT ee 86 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC Nearest point on the Limb, i d 15 N. 18it. Observed Correct ——| Face. : _ | Corrections. Month. Zenith distance. . Zenith dislances. | February 1] W, 1 16 2813 3 6.136 1 19 34.266 ; 2 BE. 1 16. 28.13 3. 6 250 A bic 94.380 o K. I. 16 218,63 3 6.364 1 19 -21.994 5 BE. 1 16 14.63 3 6.594, 1 #19 21,224 6 Ww. 1 16 26.63 346-701 ky 19 .33,.331 4 E: By 16:5 1463 3 6.810 I. £9. 21.440 8 W. 1-16 26.63 3. 6.901 1 19 33.531 9 KE. 1 3 6.996 1.-19 - 23,626 Wiz]. W. 1. 3 7.162 1 19 35.292 13 EB. 1 CALE 1 19 21,571 14 Ww. 1 3. 7.388 1 19 35.018 oa OY 1] 3. 7.460. . I, 19 © 22.590 WwW, i: 3509-539: kt 19 34.162 W. L By 7635 1, 19 31.265 E. 1. 3... 7-690 lL. 19. 22.820 ARCTURUS. Nearest point onthe Limb, 2 5 N. OF eo ee O «© 0:7 C 0 e January 31} W. 2 5 39.75 3 14.443 2B 54.193 64 65 '. February 1 | W. 2 5 41.38, 3 14 573 2.8 55.953 65 66 aes a) E.. 2 § 29.5 3 14.710 2 8 44.210 66 66 3| &. 2 § 25.5 3 14.833 2.8 40.333 64 65 4| W. 2 5 41.5 3 14.960 2.8 56.460 64 | 65 5 > 2 5 28.13 3 15 086 28 43.216 63 63 6,| W. | 2 5 Als 3 15.205 28 56.705 59 59 ia ae 2 5 28.0 3 15.315 28 43.315 59 58 8.| W 2 5 39.13 3 15.420 2 8 54.550 56 56 9.1 K. 2 & 26.88 3 15.530 2 8 49.410 63 63 In} W., 2 5 39.38 3 15 726 2 8 55.106 65 65 12.| E. 2 5 28.00 3 15 818 2 8 43.81° 66 66 4 13 | W. 2 5 40.13 3 15.905, 28 56.02 | EE. 2° 5 30.5 3 15.988 28 46.46 i 15 | W. 2 5 41.5. 3 16.072 2 8 57.57 1: | 16,| EK. 2 5 29.0 3 16.148 28 45.14 | | 17,1 >W: 2 6 39.5. 316.213 9.8 55.7 i 18 | EK. 2 5 26.38 3 16.272 28 42.6% Hacc : 19 | W, 2 5 35.0 3 16.334 2.8 51.3 i t ON THE MERIDIAN, - BOOTIS. Nearest point‘on the Limb, 3 30. Se. ee D Thermometers, Sisieee. (oc —! Face. Observed Correct | ee Corrections, Month. Zévith Distance, Zenith distance. Upper, | Lower. Beh i. oe “Ww, 3 31 31.63 2. 45.026 3 98 46.544 59 59 pee a ese 3 31 42.63 2+ 45.189 3°28 57.441 60 60 Ep 3°31 27 £3 2 45.294 3 28 43.836 6L- 61 17] &E. 3°31 45.13 2° 45.474 13 28 59.656 68 68 18° °W. 3-31 28.63 2: 45.563 \3 28 43:067 66: 66 19 | Bs 3-31 42.01 2° 45.653 3 928 56.357 66 67 QI W.. 3 31 $0.06 2 45.805 .3°98 44.255 68 69 22 EK. 3.31 44.76 2 45.859 3 28 58.901 67 68 23 | W, 3 31 34.13 2 45.908 3.98 48.222 -63 64 e4/ E. 3 31 45,13 2 45.971 3-928 59.159 61 61 95 | W. 3 31 28.76 2 46.028 3 28 42:732 65 65 26 | KE, 3-31 47.13 2. 46.081 3°29 1,049 68 69 Mean J 64.33 64.75 a PS soERPEN FIS. : oO. P; Nearest point on the Limb,.6.55° S. SSS a a a 0 (9) ‘ o A AG Oo i) February 15 6. 2 12.086 6 51 1.654 61 61 17 6 2 12.304 6 51 21.186 66. 66 18 6 2 12,417 6 51 3.953 65 65 0) 6 2 12,605 6 51 4.935 72 72 2\ 6. 2 12,697 6 51 20.423 67 67 22 6 2 19.780 6 5{ 5.460 65 66 £3 6 2 12 865 6 51 21.505 64 64 °4 6 2 12,950 6 51 3.790 61 61 25 6 2 13,028 6 51 22.712> 65 65 26 6 2 13.102 6 51 2.768 68 69 28 J i) 2 13.249 6 51 20.081 68 68 March ” E. 6 53 34.67 2 13.315 6 51 21.355 68 68 2) W. 6 53 15.37 2 13.37) 6 51 1.999 68 68 a i 6 53 33.74 2 13.425 6 51.20.315 67. 67 4| W, 6.53 18.37 @ 13.472 6 51k 4.898 66. 66 ? BP) Bat 6°53 36,87 2 13.514 6 51 23,356 66 66 Mean 66.06 66.19} 89 2 MEASUREMENT ©f A Pr nel ° SERPENTIS. Nearest pont on the Limb, > Se 1815, i mo | Face. | Observed Corrections. | fo et Months Zenith distance. i | | Males = ; February 15 W. 2 2 45.74 2°5.406 ¥ i7 | E i M0182 a.87 ' @ 5.628 8} W. 2 2% 46.87 2 5.734 19) EB) D628 a4 | % 5.838 : j 20 | W. 2-2 46.74 9 5.925 | { ai| F. 2°13: 5 4.87. 26.009 | eed 22} W. | ° 2 @ 47.24 2 6.091 f asc KE 2* 13: 9.67 26.167 | ; 24 Ww 2 2 48.74 2 6.239 . @2 501 é } 25 | 629-13" 2.87 26.312 2 0 56.558 | 64 4 26 | W. 2 2 46.74 2 6.387 2 0 40.353 69, | 69 98 | i. Beis 214.67 2 6 518 2 0 58.152 68 68 March 2] W. 2 2 44.24 2 6 624 2 0 37.616 68 63 $1 Bs 2 3 0.87 2 6.666 2 0 54.204 67 67 4') W. 2 2 4524 2 6.707 2.038.533 | 1): 66; 66 5 Be "oS "094 2 6.748 QO 5 4192 G2 ced BB ne Mean 65.81 65.87 deg 5 ‘ a Oe * SERPENTIS. Seen Woes Oe Nearest point on the Limb, 1 45° 8. : — aa, ee Oro Me ge TAC Oe ec piel Rama esa’ “oO February 14] E. 147 6.51 1 58.061 1°45 8.449 60 60 15. [Vd 1 46 48.33 1°58.177 1 44 50.153 | 60 60 17.) EB: 147 5.76 1 58.405 145 7.355 65 65 19} W, 1 46 4951 1 58.624 1 44 50.886 66 66 20\ Es 1°47 '4.13 1 58.763 145 5.417 72 72 211 W. 1 46 50:63 1 58 801 2 44 51.899 «6| . 68 69 22 ae 147 5.96 158.885 | 1 45 6.375 66 66 93| W. 1 46 50,93 1 58.966 1 44 51:964 63 63 24| #. t 47 5 63 1 59.038 1 45 6.592 60 61 251 W. 1 46 52.76 1 59.115 1 44 51.645 | 45 26 | BR. 1 47 5.88 1 59.193 145 6.66 98 | W. 1 46 52.63 1 59.322 1 44 53.30 March 1] FE. 1 47 6.96 1 59.391 145 7.5€ 2) W. 1 46 53.13 1 59.438 1 44 53-66 3 E, 1 47 3.76 1 59.483 145 4,94 4 Ww. 1 46 51.96 1 59.525 1.44 5).75 5} XK. 1 47 5.46 1 145 5.8¢ eed ‘ON THE MERIDIAN. : ne \? HERCULIS 4 i ee | Nearesi point on the Limb, 1 30 N. Thermometers, Observed ‘Correct ——| Fice. \Cerrections, : eee 2 Zenith Distances. - { Zenith Distances. Month. - | Upper. | Lower. : ———= February 37 | Fy Ped pees bed pend ld be fo es fel ed pel pk pes ews esd’ © 4 : ; : ee ee Aa 90: MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC 11. Means of the Zenith diftances, taken on the right and:left Ares; corrected for refraction, equation of the fectoria! (ibe, and the meam nuns of the micrometer. ZENIFH DISTANCE PUNNAE STATION. *¥ EONIS.. L EL800.. : 1809. Se Left Arc, Right Arc. Month. Month. y .O, é Ge, o ¢ ee April 13 2. 36 56.561 April 12 | 2. 36 45.100 |}: 2 36 49,362}: 16 53.928 14} 43.520. |Refraction, &c. &c. 4. 9.564; 18, 54.210 |. Vea Re 43.635 4 20 54.116 19: 43.\61 |Zenith distance, 2 36. 51 925. 24 54,807 |: 23. BQ TiBO, 5 |p ee meen see 26. 55.074 26 43,876 BS 28 56. OL; 27 43.523 7 30. 55.747- 29). 42.799: He May 3 56,972; May, 2 42.406 < bas 6 |. 53.570 5- 44 365. es 7- 44.646, i Mean | 3) 6; 55.109, | Mean. 2 36_ 43.615 ie OT s % RES a “REGULUS. April 12 | 4. 45. 16.280 4. 45° 19.176 4. 45. 26.359 23.581 14 14.181 |Refraction, &c. +. 4.803 |: 26.093 \7- 14.017 Sr S|: 23.235 20. 12.976 \Zenith,distance, 4. 45- 23.979. 24.117 25 14.799: 23.855 vy 12.416. 24 981 29-1 11.798:. 26.058 Mey 24° 12.119 - 24.878 5 12,191 25.759 Y 13.8:7° et 4 45 13,459 UNS TESTO OD ENTREES ON THE MERIDIAN, 9} > TEONIS. Sat or ee es es RT ea if "1809; 1809. ae b — Left Arc Right Are.. Meena. f MeeMooth Wee) 6 ON Mon : 4 1) é 6. uv ‘ des , Vi cv) ‘ ‘i i « April 18 [8 19 60.718 [> Aprid 17/| 8: 19 49.304; }. 8 19 54.9731" i 20 |. 60.544. }, 1D. 52.501) |Refraction, &er . +. 8.240)! ' 94, GO.197! |e 93, 47.269 NaN ae i 36 62.997 | oh 46.591 ‘Zauith Dist. 8: 20 3.9131! : 29 | 67.71 201), 28 48.306 ae : May 3 64.486 | 30 $8.1 39 5 63.555 May: Ae 48.521 7 61.762 6. 48.971 Mean} 8 20 1.246 Mean |. 8: 192 48.700: ~ 7 ce TRONS: 7 29 07.585 | 7 Tig Usa O20 60.404 [Refraction, &c. . + 7,588 552649 : — —— 59.328 (Zenith Dist. 7 30 11.608 59:566- SN Es Ns sD 60.364 59:062; 55.848 56.623° |" 57.779 7 29: 58.221 : sn T a anes VIRG IN I Se “ April 18 { 3.51 7.952 | April 19]. 35-50 (57.242 Sip aes Cae 20 6.152 23 56 845 |Refraction, &c. . + 3.888 25 | 6.014. 26:1 56.410 — SSS 28} | 8.321 29: 56.218 |Zenith Dis’... 3 51. 6.083 30 9.114 May 3 57.661 —_—— May 4 7.938: 5 56 328 6 6.586. |: Fes 57.955" Mean! 3. 51. 7.440 Mean |. 3 50 56.951 ee ter eS SS * SERPENTIS. >. “April 18), 8 229029] April 19) 3° 2 18.294, 20) 4 27.318 23 18.332 | Refraction, &c. 94) 27.206 25 | R7575 | rn 26 _ 96.447 97 |: 17.319 Zenith Dist. 25.64: 98 29.316 29°. 17.051 | enters ee mp 30 29.302 May 3 15.506 May ‘Zt. 28.476 | 6 16.579 } 7 22 434 | , Mean 3° ~g 387191 i 92 - ‘MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC SERPENTIS. Mean, Month. Mon:h \ ° i 4 S8 ( , oO ¢ ee “€ 4 € ee 3 April 18 8 8 44015 April 19 § 8& 34.013 8- 8 39. 35° ‘GO A3 622 £93 $1.553 (Refraction, ‘&c. . a "7 Q'goh 94 “A357 84 25. 33.009 ge ce 26 46.977 a7. 34.067 ;Zenith’Dist. 8 8 47.269 fr 2 46.166 29: 32.498 peo ear E 50 46.584 | May 3 33.583 ' May 6 45.828 25.096 7 A a Le 1 Mean 8 8 45281 Mean 8 “ 8 ° 33.393 1 [ee SS ES ES SEES SS SE STEREOS “ ZENITH DISTANCES AT NAMTHABAD, ay rf . uf af ~ “ LEONIS. Apul 20) 4 49 30.673 [oAeal a 9 20.169 7 9 25.808 99 29.499 Q} 91.573 Refraction, &e. e537) 25 31.531 24 19.974 ' eae a8 27 30.642 | 0: 26 21.088 |Zenith-Dist. 4 19 30.079 29 30.883 98. DEG GO) |e ees ee Moy 2 31.159 :30 21,312 Mean | 4 19 30.731 Mean {| 4 19 20.886 SS a OR Rc ne CEPR me en ees) REGULUS. Y | Apil 20) 2 Fl <3 630 April 18) 2 0 52.197), 7 ~~O«S NO 87.876 22 4 766 Qh 50.571 \Refractiou, &c. + 2.207 a4 3.898 23 49.713 ; 26 3.369 25): 49.938 Zenith Dist. 2 10 59.483} 28 4.140 27 | 49.939) eee pe PM ck 30 3.017 29 $2,203 ean | 2 Ii 3804 Menn't 2 10 50749 a ¥ LEONIS. Apulls| 5 a3 29145] Apil20) 6 43 18.467 bMS BS, 8 29.384 22 16 803 | Refractions, «ec. +. 5.566% 30.146: a4 15 877 CS EY | 30.541 26 16.459 |Zenith Dist. “5 43 2.7044 _ 28 371 32 TBA 0.9) | Ss asa 27.944 30 17.110 i 99.956 ‘Mean | 5 43 17.021 | ry } 3 1811, —— Ore r< 4 23 Month. April 21 23 95 97 — - 29 ; - Mey 4} Mean Mean April 26 29 May 3 Mean Mean Zz 4 74. 9 E23 Left ["Apil 18] 0 33 52052 ON THE MERIDIAN. a: * LEONIS. 1811 Arce Right Are. f Mean. Month. = ae ne « OF me “ O° « 46 701 April 20 ZL 23 35.794 1 23 40.785 46.386 22 34.47% |Refraction, &c. + 1,953 49,197 24 34.436 oe 46.003 26 36.109 Zenith Distanee, L 23 42.038 43.980 30 34.718 | 4 46.412 Mem | 1 23 385.157 | » LEONIS.. April 20, © 33 43.484 3, 55.135 22 43.152 |Refraction, &e. +- 0.416 56.688 24 40.708 | ek Ee 55.235 26 - 42.150 Zenith Distances, O 33 49.174 55.323 30)... 44-831 0 33 54.953 Mean O 33 42.563 ! E ¥ VIRGINIS. 3 5 16485] Apul 25) 3 5 4.120 3 5 li.v¥0 15 677 27 7.328 |Refraction, &c. + 2.960 16.595 30 |. 8.531 |. ; es |—_— ae = — Zenith Dist. $3 5 14.750 S 5. ACIS Mean |, 3 5 62660 J~——————.__-___ ___.-___ ” BOOTIS. 4 16 54.446; May 3) 4 26 45.162), 4 16 50215 54.384 5 44.849 |Refraction, &c. “- = 4.949 55.662 8 45.382 | ———_} 55.857 12 45.001 |Zenith Dist. 4 16 54.4604 4 16. 55.088 | Mean| 4 16 45.348 | ARCTURUS. 6 © 18.194 May i 5 6 6.349 JO, FLT 665 16.885 3 7.416 |[Refraction, &c. 1}. 5.113] 16.679 5 6.721 —————— 17.237 7 6.268 [Zenith Distance, 5 6 16.777 14.957 9 5.946 .————_—$ ——_——_ ——_ —_—-— —— 5 6 167909 Mean 5 6 6.540 | Bb a MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC ee ees Left Arc. ——_+. ——_—— oe Right Are. : Mésh, “Month Month. | as ee | rn ef re ef ee ee ee ee Se ee ee. es Oo : { < “cc = _.o0 ‘ 66 o. ae May 3} 0. 31 39.158 May- 4) Q 31 31.166: Q'S 35:19 Ae: 41,814 y Pal 29.600 Refraction, &c. 4+. 0.67% 3 39.899 15 29 541 ; — | Fi te —— — ——_-— — Zenith. Distance, 0. 31 35.868 ae Mean | 0 31 40.290 Mean’ {2:0 681 “S80; 109) poe ee = = _ SS a aE eS ES >? SERPENTIS, ‘May 1]. 3° 53° 57.964 |, May 3 53° 48.902 | =., Sib 3s, be 38: | at 56.544 ee) -- 46.679 |Refraction, &c. + 3.908 : 7a 58.087 |° ~ of - 47.989]: ie iia 15 55.791 Zenith Distance, 3 53 56 29¢ Mean |, 3, 53. 56.906. Mean | 3. 53. 47.857 | & SERPENTIS... May 3] 0 86 35.097) May, 1] 0. 66 27.289) O56 31.7454: 5 36.648. 4e " 28.307 | Refraction, &c. + - 0.901} 8 36.908 7 ~ 96.947 | ——— 15 35.952 >| 26.814 |Zenith Distance, 0 56 32.646). ‘Mea 1 0 56 -36.151 | Mean! 0-56 -27.338 |< - SERPENTIS, May 3 | E12 25.342| Diay 1.) b12 18.786. 3 5 27.266 4. 19.549. |Refraction, &¢. BELG hia % 8 28.021 7 17.554 15 | 26.916 9 17.467 |Zenith Distance, 1 12 923.718 Mean Vi W2S65886 Mean 1 ID 18330 sie ; : [SSS a = See EC ¥ TO HERCULIS.. May 2] 4 31 19.468] May 1] 4 Si — 9.205. A 31 4 19.359 Gus 10.287 |Refraction, &cs - 4.472 7 20.186 5 8.924 Oe G- {20.684 8 8.872 \Zenith Distance, 4 31 19.103). 19,924 | Mean 4 31 9.337 Sar a ee 8" SON THE MERIDIAN, 98 _. ZENITH DISTANCES AT DAUMERGIDDA; ¢ ‘ cA : . ‘f -¢ LEONIS. 1815; } 181.5; «: : ( q a ee Left Are. ra Right Arc: Mean. Month: : Month: ae ; ; ; 0 Be Sais es 2 ‘| One « Opt ce Feb.. 15: 7,16 -51:860 go ABE $3,736 15.4. 22'°946 i8 429.107 Meas! 6 2-96.836 | Men]. 6 2. 22.639 f oe ee y BOOTIS.. 28.147 Feb, 13 1.19 - 34.966... Feb, g 119 24.380 1 19 6. 33.331 3 21.994 Refraction, &c, - 1.188 8 33.531; 5 21.924 Ww 35.992 7 21.440 {Zenith Dist. 2 19 29.335 14 ‘ 35.018 ‘ 9 23.626 Si 16 34.162 13 91.571 18 31.265 15 22.590 J ? : 19 22.820 } RT Swe ee Qe _ | Mean 119 33.838 Mean 1:19 22,456 : ON THE MERIDIAN. - v7, ARCTURUS. 1815. | : -——— Left Are, oe Right Are, Mean. Month. Month, | ne SS Oe SS =: —Sa , ——— OF, ee ONG £6 Oo «6 73 Jan. 31 2 8 54.193 | Feb. 9 2 8 44.2i0 2 3 49.436 Feb. } 55.953 3 40.333 |Refraction, &c. + %.066 4 56.160 5 43.216 | 6 56.705 7, 43.315 Zenith Dist. 2@ 8 51.502 8 | 54.550 | 9 42.410 | aw ee Lele 55.106 12 43.318 13 56,035 14 46,488 i5 57.57% 16 46.148 4 17 55.713 18 42.652 19 51 334 : Mean] 2 8 55 362 Mean 2 8 43.510 1 A a ; ‘BOOTITS., Heo. 14 3 28. 57.441 feb, 131° 3 28 46544 3 28 51.602 - 17 59 656 15 41.835 Refraction, &c. +- 3.448 19 &6 357 18 43.067 uaa 23 58.901 Qi 44.255 {Zenith Distt 3 23 55050 24 59.159 23 _ 48.222 eee 96 : 61.049 | 95 42.732 Mean 398 52761 ; Mean 3.28 44.443 =< ee, fa) ’ SERPENTIS. Fib. 817 6-51 21.186 Feb, 15 6 51 1.654 |: 6 5Y 19594 21 90.423 18 3.953 jRefraction, &c. +. 7.012 23 21.505 20 4.935 sie eet alse ek 22.712 22 5.460 ‘Zenith Dist. 6 51 19.536 28 20.081 a4 3.790 | ~ — March ] 21.355 26 2.768 3 20.315 | March 2 1.999 5 4 4.898 Maan 5 | Mean 6 51 3.682 6’ SERPENTIS, Feb, 17 2 0 56.242 Feb. 15 2 0 40.334 2 0 48.097 19 55 402 18 41.136 (Refraction, &c -+-- 2.190 2 55.861 20 ~ 40.815 —— 23 56.503 92 41.149 |Zenith Dist. 2 O 50.287 25 | 56.558 24 A250 1 [mere a 28 58.152 26 40.353 | March 3. 54.904 March 2 37.616 5 54.192 4 38.533 40.305 aad Mean | 2 O 55.889 Mean] 2 O 98 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC SERPENTIS. asi s, \ : 1815, i ; _—— Left Arc, 9° |————---—— Right Arcs : Mean. . Month, Month. o ¢ be - 0 é “c QO; «ce = 14] 2b 45 8.449 Feb. 15 f ). 44. 60.153 1 44 . 59.207 4A7 7.355 19 50.886 i fractions &c. ++ 1.658 20 §.417 21 51.829 |. te 22 6.375 93% 51.964 [Zenith Dist. 1.45 0.865 24 6,592 need 51.645 pe wert 26. 6 687 a8. 53.308 March 1 7.569 |} March @ 53 692 3 4.277 + A|. FASS 5 5.893 Piean| 1 45 6 513 Mean V44 ) 51901 bP) *HERCULLS: ESE 4 Feb. .19| 33. 59.757 Bebe. Aad , 1.33. 54.074. 21 60.193 20 Refraction, &c. 4- 1.395 93 60.462 92 WS Q5- 60.201 a4 45618 [Zenith Dist. 1 33 55.469 ¥° 28 62.717 26 45.959 ———— — March 2 / 63:341 Merch 1 47.190 A} 63.060 ee eS 46.586 5 45.970) Mean Y 34 1.391 Mean lL 33 46.758 12. AMPLITUDE OF THE ARC - Between Namthabad and. Daumerciddai ; } EF Zevith Distances at Amplitude. Stars. ne a ee Namthabad. Daumergidda. o 6 6&6 9 co (Le @' ¢ ec 8 Teonis,:. ooo sieve Woe eisie AAG '30:079 °S. 41. 7216) 53.9388 @ 57 23.154 Regulus, sees jo04se00s 2 10. 59.483° -S: LTE IG) WA ei2 Yona 22.099 | Y Leouis, sees cose wevoree 5 43 28.704 N. 2 46 3.056 N. 25.64% | i Leoniss cke Gogneeees 1 23 42.038 N. 1 33 40925 § 22.963 | & Leonisy <2) 23-718. N. 1 45 0.865 S BA533 ¥Y Heroulisy opesceee ~.- 4. SR v9.03: N. t 33 55.469 S. 93.634 Mean CU MARY Tee den IAO i RE ON THE MERIDIAN, 99 13. AMPLITUDE OF THE ARC Between Punnae and Daumergidda, by seven corresponding Stars. Zenith Distances at Amplitnde. ; Ove “ ON ose “c Qo « : a’) Leonis, 006) ce ad-8 209-20 2 36 51.996 N, 7 16 53.223 S 9 53. 45.159 Regulus, sococree ress ce 4 45 23.979 N. EMG: Sie A laehete abt) 45.561 3 Leonis, bees 0060-00 00'F0 rs} 20 3 213 N, 1 33 40.925 S 44:138 f} TLreonis, sooccressccene 17 $30" 11.608 N. Bi 2S. S41394°0.S 45.932 e WirgiNis, 2./00-c-0ec owe «= 3. 5. 6.083 N 6 2 36.470. § 42.653 dD Serpentisy..escooecssss» | 3 2 25.643 N. 6 51 19536 S§ 45.179 Y Serpentis) eoee 9060 08 Da 8 & 47.269 No. 1 45 0.865 S 48,134 ; Mean. 9 53 45,257 ee Celeftial Arc between the parallels of Putchapolliam and Namthabad,, (fee A. Rs Vol. 12.950), = or as 6 1am Terestrial Arc, (fee Art..9, of the prefent paper,» = 1489191.2 Mean length. of one degree; = 60487.56 Latitude of the middle point,, ~ = = 1202.90 Celestial Arc between: the parallels of Numthabad and te) Daumergidda, - = eee a i a , 4 ae oe FEET. Terestrial Are, = = = o - 1073428.2 FATUOMS. Mean length of one degree, ~ a sh 60512.78 Latitude of the middle point,. “ a x 16 94°42 us. Yt appearsby the comparifon of the celestial with Q : nl the terestrial arcs, that the degree due to Jatitude 9g 34 44 is 60472 83 fathoms, that due to latitude 19° 2 55 is 60487.56. fathoms. And that due to latitude 16 34 42 1s 60512.78 fathoms. 100 - MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC Now in order to obtain a general mean for the ratio of the polar ax “id to the equatorial diameter of the earth, lect each of thefe be taken. feparately, first, with the French meafure ; then with the Englifh, Jastly with the Swedilh, which will produce three means ¢ from whic three, the general mean is had. If the formula in- page 93, Afiatic Refearches, Vol. 12th, be referred to, and the refpective latitucc and the degrecs due to them, be fubfiituted, we fhel! have the refults as follows: first, with the French meafurement in latitude 47 24¢ OY a en) e ; (iE Ee a SEE, ROSATI 7 ERO ORE i Cos.? ( 9° 34° 44”) — Cos.2 (472 24 0"). (aes) ia en A 60472.83 1 Ice 60795. \2 - mamas 66 WV sins (479 240’). (Se a) -—Sin.?( 9° 34° 447) 1.0034569 r rs See eee 1 # oos.2 (159 2 56°) — Cos.* (ATX. 942.0) . {OPI iy B \ Guin7.56/ 1 ae) eg os. hy VOOT OR ON: GG a Ane merit #f Sinsa (47° 24° 0 )-(Sraer es Ta) ~-Sin.? (13° 2? 55") 1,0034536 of ce ee ae 60795. \¥ 4 ? aS 3 i) 9 4? 0”? B ¥ Cos.? (16 34’ 42 ) Cos (47 (60: 519. Tas) 1 Ae ae 60705. a a : Ate ¥ sin (37° 24 ©) «(asi 78) —Sin.? (16° 34? 42%) = 1.0033787 1 The Mean of which is ; ear 10034295 ry ¢: ee Second, with the Englifh, in latitude §2/ 2 205 : ; 60820. t LV Goe,2( 9° 347 44°”) — Cos 2 (52° 2” 20”). (soare, a i = 60820. \2 ac 2 34° 44?) 1.0032218 * z ” = —Sin.? ( 9° 34° 44 i 1.002218 Inpe Sin, (ORFs ay 20!) eee oe —<—— Oo 60890. \5 aoe Tad ‘ 9 107 ° 1. ¥ Cos? (13° 9? 55°) —Cos.2 (58° 2? 20 (a =) i ———— Ie VS (539 2? 20”). 60820. a ne 2°55) 1,0032102 6043/7. 60187206 J 2 Oo #4) ” a One 20? 1 Cos.4 (16° 34? 42”) — Cos.2 (52° 2? 20 yao i Is-¢ 4/ Sin? (25° 2? 207) ¢ (90820. )} —Sin. (162 34? 42) 10031420 \60512.78 ‘ON THE MERIDIAN. 01 I neice . The Mean of which is.) —————- S3qlet 1.0031913 Third, with the Swedifh meafure in latitude 66.!2012) ” 60955. 3 _\60472.83 Ta SW ed a See by ae 1 ¥ Cos.? ( o 3 4 44?) — Cos.? (66° 20? eae Te, a 2 (66° 20? 13” 60955. 2 ‘ « ; ae ‘ (soars a3 )* Sin? ( 9°34 44) 1.o082702 60955 = 0487-46) 1 Y Cos. (13° 2” 55”) —. Cos.7 (66° 20? 12” , 1 SSS ae SS Pew Wee 2 (66° 90° } 12”). (a oe _—_—_——— \2 }: —Sin.? (13° 2 55”) 1.003963 60487, 56 Ho cart ue 34° ae — Cos.? (66° 20 12”) . 60955. \3- ais (costs73 rt ee oe l+e- é r 2 ” 60.955 a ua Vs ES ? (6° 20° 12”). (a Al —Sin.? (16° 347 42”) 3.0032102 ig i I tp Bary mee § £ The Mean of which is cia eto cette Ea i 1,0032479 Hence by comparing thefe three meafure- ; : 1 ments in India, with the French, gives, - . —+—++ _ 1,0034296 é ; ea 1 With the English, gives - = paneaviea ter | : 1,0031913 AViththe Swedih cives 7 = poh os ee ‘ae | ; 1,0032479 3 ‘ 1 And the general mean is ' Pas sible -_.1,0082896 ie 1 ete Which gives the Relies 0 or — nearly. 303,99 304 16. All this is aati the earth tobe an ellipfoid, but, it will be proper to determine that queftion from the Indian meafurements alone (1) (2) eau having recourfe to any other. In order to which, let «, «, x, écc. be the meafures of contiguous degrees on the meridian, whofe Dd m2 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC : hee: (1) (2) (3) | refpeétive latitudes aren, :/, 4,&c. Then it is known that if that (2) (1) as Gay . x— x meridian of the earth be an ellipfe, =... —___. 1} a : \ 3° (sinc? i —Sias*! i) compreffion, let the ratio of the polar-to the equatorial diameter be ‘will exprels the (3) ) X— X . what it will, Hence 6 oy ea is alfo equal ‘the {fame ‘com. 3X (Sin? § —.Sin, ae | (3) (') 2) (il x k eT ell a (2) 1 I 2 gX Sn 2-4 — Sin.” ry 3 SD sin. ae e Sin. preffion; and therefore CSS (3) @) Er 3) 7) @) (1) Ysine cd — Sin And by reduction re a ix 2), en ee : _ (2%) () ) Sin.? § — Sin? 2; And alfo Mos: KX (K — X), O eh: C2) Q) ee n.® P— sine Sim.? OO ey Sin.? g — Sjn.? 6 dy (2) es sin Sint And therefore’ ee Xb x = G @ @ «ay ES I sin | iat Alloby defeending ee x Xi — Oi 2: plc PS ete ea | | a): iy oy 1@) ay oa w@ (2) 1C4y > rl€ (1) (Sin? ¢ — Sio? 2 (2) (1) Sin.” $ a Sine? ¢ pe ae ‘ 43 ee: c ‘ " (1) i (1) > (2%) ; 1) eu ve ON 'THE MERIDIAN, ° BOF ee eee ; : | So that if X — X be exprefled by ¢, we fhall have QQ) (9 kK = 8 a (2) (1) Xm X 4 d! Ba eek Ch4 o® (3) «C) Sint Since 2 Xo X + dg—— (2) 5) .Sin.2 ¢ — Sin. 2 oO My (4) @) ~§Sin.* 2 — Sin. 2 Ke K 4b d¢ ———-——— Mea). (2) | (1) Sin.? J — Sin.* ¢ FC a © Cy Sin > 2 —Sin.? 2 wa. & ilbes REDE Gad - a | ae) GQ) s , in. 8 Em Gini Z where 2 denotes the number of degrees, and athe increment to the ift degree. . Here it is evident that d is the only unknown quantity to’ Oe. sores ©) be determined, since X = X+X.:-. X=_Athe terreftrial mea-- qi)’ fure of an arc of n ‘complete degrees, X being the meafure of the firft © Cy degree in latitude / by obfervation. : 3 ry (Sia. ah Sin. a 2AR ne (Si0.2 2 — Sin? ) Hence 4 == Yaa (oy. A pe roe SES aa ED 2 ) “Gin Sins) ) ay a) (A == n X)« (Sin? > aw Sin, We } Se a 7" And: d= ——— 7 @y > OX?) (3) () (”) (Sin.? & — Siv.? /) 4. (Sin.? ¢ — Sin.? ¢) &oe-o:= «ufo (Sine? § — Siv.* ; Gy a whence d becomes a known quantity ; and'fince (Sia.? ¢—Sin.? -be denoted by 2, or . « °2. a ; is a conftant and: known quantity, £-————_——— 2 dSigp.? Wea Suet ) £104 > MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC we fhall have the order.of the contiguous degrees as. s follows: e pdt), () : 7 “X= X +o © (1) XoX4d 3 i ) i o_ ar Q (Sin. 7 == Sin, A (4) () (4) (1): X = X +'Q (Sint Z — Sin 1) &e. (Oa (n) (1) to A ee Gat Sin? 2) (1) : (1) ‘When the degrees are defending from « in Iatitude / (—1) S Fi a18 ag Od 6 40 (-2) then let X be the next lower degree. in lat. ¢3. X the next for lat, 7 &c. Qs Ga) a () (—2) D Gans KX — X then CO eared a Pd). pay: Gs) aX Gt Sin dD 3 X (Sin,?-1 — Sin. 4) (—2) (1) (1) (<1) > * Sin. — Sin. oe And therefore rae XA —(X — x): — w yh 0) ey Sin.? ¢—= Sin.” d ! Lon gt 9 Or putting X— X = d we fhal Ht hag, coh Gali qa) xX =X —o Gara Naeges, @U) Pitac A= x pm ti : (Gj) (=9) mia yg 8 Sind si : gl Perv A Sin.? -d = Sin i? 7 cet on (I) > (—3) (—3) (1) Y Sin.? J — Sin.? Z Rie hey ol Ge “Sin.? ¢ = Sin? & ce nat as GAY GY, 1 Sinn? 2 — Sine 2 ~-~X—d ame Se; 2 x aA (1) (=i) c, o3 2 Sing — Sin b. 1) (—n) f—)- a) i Sin.* == Sin,? ! oa reduced, tO 22K yes ue : “G).) (=!) C8 Eg Ps. gas 2) ON THE MERIDIAN, — 105 i at Ge sandal Gore) jee (a X a A). (Sin.? J — Sin.? 2); r2) Q): (=7) Coen ls OY RUa 4 ): (oe sia iy testers EIGEN Ey ied! .e-e (Sin,? J — Sins dp 1 where 4 is thie terreftrial arc in: fathoms and’z the number of coms ; ie 1 d plete-degrees. Thea when diis:found; put -2= —— we fhall (\ Q) = (Sins? Fi— Siv.* 2) Cer) haye X = K -L@ kage i! xX — Jd} Cpe. (i. . (2% xX.= X.— Q (Sit.2 2 Sin. 2 UB (Sy (UPR Be (i) {=3]. X = K —.QxSin 2% — Sin.? iy ti) (ip, a (1) (4) X'= KX — Q (Sin.? ¢ — Sin? 1) Ses. (7) (1) ) {1} {ap to X= X — Q (Sin? J — Sin.” Ds) To apply the firft formula to the prefént meafurement, it will, be neceffary to have a terreftrial arc to-correfpond with'a celeftial one of complete degrees, and the fittt degree determined by, obfervation. \If we begin with the degree:in latituderg 34 .44,. which is. 60472.83 fae. thoms as the mean degree deduced from an are of 2-50 10.54 where the anual ponding. terre {trial arc, or the diftance between Punnae {ftae ' Fathoms. tion, and that at Putchaboliamis; =. = 171510.75 "The half of which is the diftance of the mide point of. the degree from: Puichapolliam-= “ li 85758.375 Yo which add halt-the degree fouth, or = -- 302367415 - ‘Their fui is the terreftrial ‘are between. half the degree | fouth of the middle ener and Putchapolliant, « «- ©: » 115994-79%» Ee 106 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC ‘The latitude of whofe comrnencement is 9 34 49.6 MINUS 50 oo 4 43,6 the latitude of the fouth extremity of an arc of complete degrees. Now the .terrefrial arc between : Puichapolhamand Namthabadis . « » » «© «2 »« »« « 248188.594 Between Namthabad and Daumergidda is « 5 . » %78904-700 "Lo: witch add” theabove ) 20 a ee 115994:799° Their fum is the tereftrial are between 9 4 43-6 and iauiney rd das ke i eS han ain, mm ie 543088 O24, The latitude of Daumergidda by adding the arc between Namihabad and Daumergidda by 13 Stars, or (2 57 23-3 2) oO to the latitude ef Namthabad (Pas 6 | 0.21) As - 18 2 23. £3 The fame latitude by adding the whole are between Punnae and Daumergidda by feven correfponding Stars, (9 53 15.25) to the latitude of Punnae (8 9 38.39 is 18 3 23.64 Gives the mean or correét latitude of Daumergidda, 18 3 23 58 Hence from 18 3 23.58 Subtract 94 43-66 ie : Fathom. Ditference or are 8 58 39.92 whofe meafure is ; 543088.024 “To Wwhich.add 72744 20.08 whofe meafureis 1945-184 Gives the number m ' Q © Owhofe meafure(A) is 544433.208 of complete degrees aneEenme) * The latitude of Namthadad as given.in my last paper (A. R. Vol. 12,) was is G 0.6, but the latitude here given is considered more correct, and is had by adding the celestial arc between Puichge polliam and Namthabad, to the latitude of Putchapolliam, which last is obtained by adding tbe acc between Punnae and P pichapoltiam to the latitude of Punnge statiens : ON THE MERIDIAN. 107 1 Now the mealure of the firft degree or X is G0472 89 fathoms and ° (1) - Bah be m==9. Therefore n X = 544255.47 which fubtracted from A or (1) 544433:208 Bust ana aoe And Sin.? 2 — ie : = oe ° 006014 X 177.474 == I. Teb685285 _ equal (4 — 2 X). ae : Sin.? i the Hare and ae denomi- 4 nator (Sin.* 7 — Sin.” u te ae iu “= Sin.? r ef. (Sin.* os Sin.* ECLA | Se (Sin. tea. 1) is ,2631370. 10D G2 (') (4 —n X).(Siv.? 2 —Sin.* 4) 1.0689284 Hence Sa = 4.082285 eg (2) () {9) (1) {Sin t— Sint 1) +... {Sin.2¢—Sin.2 4) 963137 - a 4.06225 - and = ———- = 675.47 = Q (ty (Sin? ¢ — Sin.? 3006014 Me ole oe ( d Degree in Fathoms. Latitedes () ‘) " ily aca CRs Ue NU Nee ures. $ iss —- X 4- O coves rr en 0GH.0 2008 9000 OFFS L079 0 2080 ADE OD 60472.83 e000 eeco ceoe 9 34 44 a (1) SA —— aX ote d eover ove CooFereecceere ©0820 eeve re 2-088 0-00 60476.89 PROS ees2H xcce 10 34 4 (3) ) {3) (1) N x= = >& + Q (Sin. 3 l ———~s| Sin. < hj. 2 @ o-t-0¢ -0-0.-0., Oeecra 60481.34 BO00 80. 8 @ove il 24 44 (4) (1) el GD) Cy ae Mee Ginn Sin?. 1)! on cic ccsere nsec cavceccie GUS86.16 ,cecccccceae 12 $4 44 (5) (1) (5) (1) : or x == Q (Sin.? — Sin.” t) 290009000098 Ha0 see -60491.36 2080 040.0-9 200-8 13 34 44 46) (1) (6) ce) AY x -j- Q (Sto. 2 1 — Sin, 2 é) 2000 0.00.90001,.0000 0-28 $0496.92 Q0O8 A220 2208 14 34 44 477) 7) .@ | 2G les 7x + Q (Sio: i 2 — Sin; e yy, 29.9 20,0,0 @0,0° eieioww '60502,85 @290 *08* Dee 15 34 44 48) (1) (8) a) > rnc Xx a Q (Sin. 4 t — Sins 4 e000 0 O00 aeleteisioie eoee €60509,12 evece*G8 oove 16 34 44 £9) af!) (9) ‘Ko XK FQ (Sin.2. 6 — Sin? bet Meee ce COSIETE cate acon ence O84 ae 644433.21 = A LEO eet Bi 103 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC = ‘Accorvine to this table the degree in latitude 16 34 44 is 60509.12 and the mean degree for latitude 16 34 42 as deduced from the are between Namthabad and Daumergidda is 60512.78 fathoms, which ex- ceeds the computed one only 3.66 fathoms. It may however be ne céflary to examine: what compreffion will be brought. out. by ufing, (2) Ny K— 4.062225 I> ee ee —— 60472.83 for X, for — \ fyi gay 2 ee eee. 3 X (Sin. ¢ — Sin? /) 3 >¢.60472.83 x, 006014 268.6: nearly, which differs conker that given by the genéral’mearn. t Inwe fuppole 504 to be tite true” coinprenion: letut be détermins- ed what the value of X ought to be to ana it Outs, and by bee [ te means detect the errors af the heave sey x, and.that in, 16 34 42s. (8) which laft may be compared with X.—Put A ==> 544493.21, @ = Moe ie Tai ; - (8) (Sind — Sin,* /) = spobo14sb = Sin ve Sin.? Das 2. 6 (Sin? /—- Ge) eho. )) Ci oped. Sin 4) = ,263134,. Then fince d= —— -=a Xo X; . b (1) 3X (a) Ap Wen Wie Sia YY, . ‘AunX i 304. d Se SS eee from which is, obtained ie UR ne, () (Box 304 18 bb 304. i (A an sae 006014 d 60475:13 whence d = 1 — 3, ay and Q== 26s187, 5006014 = $9679... Krom thefe, the follqwing table has been computed, from seach it appears that the first degree by meafurement: is 2,.3 fathoms in defcét, and thats in latitude 16 34 42. 18 5.59. fathoms in, excels, both quantities. too {mall to affect the elliptic hy pothefis; the greateft being: lefs than 2 - ofa fecond on the earth’s farlaces ON. THE MERIDIAN. — | 10%: EARLE ' M, Degree iv Fathomss Latitudes ay (0) Oo te x= x - fel 00:00 2608 0008 8002 00084 * 0800 90000000 oeeo 60475.13 7200 96500068 9 34 44 (2) (1) x sam ONG = d @l0GE, 76 0899 C908 ©2900 000s 0000 0006 220088 CORPS SABO. eile 6 b'e-6% 10 34 44& (3) =) (3) (1) iM == — X +e. Q (Sin. 2 ? — Sin. t) oooas poe wen 40000 @09600 60482.65: et owas 015-8 ere 11 34 44 (4) (1) (4) (1) xX. eed x 45 Q (Sin.? j-- Sim.* t) 90072008 0600 90°3 95000 60486.91 O20 ve00e78 08 12 34 AL. (5) (1) (5 }- (t) X = X +.Q)(Sin.? 7 — Sine 71) ecole cieisisinleie-0'6 a seeiee che COLD DIA cab ctecioe cen lis Sa 14s COP) (6) Ce ae x = X + Q (Sin.? § = Sin.” t) 000% 9 0006-2088 009-8 o 60496.42 eceet enoe 8800 14 34 44 (7) (QQ) (7) (1) ie Be 1) (Sins? 0 — Si. 92) seee -elcaislooc esses oo< 6 cg GQ00L.OD” .scdes oases o 15 34 44 és) (3) (8) (1) | x x + Q (Sin.* i= Sin. op) e@Ges0ae SACOAOSAE @oeGgoe 60507. 197053 wees O86 e 16 34 At, @) (i) (9) @) » ies X +-.Q (Sin. l= Sin.? 4) 290-0 DDS FP FFT OOMHM2 O06 6051304 coos voevccs 17 34 44 54$433.21 — A a From infpecting thefe two tables, it appears that the degree in Ce latitude 13 34 44 is very nearly the fame in each: the mean being Go4gt 4. fathoms, which certainly muft be near the truth. We fhall - - . < 1 > . therefore adopt it:in future with the compreffion —— for computing 304 the general tables of degrees for every: latitude from the Equator to the pole. . : 17.. If the method be adopted which is pointed out in the 42d No. of (1) (3) (7) the Edinburgh Review, where we may call X, X, X, &c......X%, the degrees for latitudes. L. G1, D2, L393, &coe.-s EL --(n—1.) Now as the increment to éach fucceeding degree will always be as the fineof twice the latitude ; orif m be any multiple of the fine of twice the latitude, to be determined by certain data, the yaciement Bet £10 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC "to each fucceffive degree will bem. Sin. 2 latitude of the middle point of that degree, fo that ()-.@ X <= X--+- o for latitude . (L.+ a) (2) () X= KX +4 oak m. Sin. 2(L + a) (39 °Q) 2° Aicz X +o e Sin. 2(L + 0) am , Sin. 2(L +.3) (4) (Q) 0 Des x of. Ot Ml. Sin. 2 (L OF oc) pee ce: Sin. 244 .1) WN ¢ Sin. 2. }) CG) (1) - oO ThatisX = X 4.0 for lat.-(L > + o) (2) @) Sk KX 4.m (Sine @(L + 0) © a ae o (lL 4 * * Sin. 2(L +1) ° ee er EEN X= X pf me Sin. 2 (bit) ‘aa | ste. 2(L-+3) J js 2(L +0) Se cur me Sin. 2(L + 1) | | sin. 2(L 4.2) &e. it Sin, 2(L 4 (2 — 3)J qa) @) 8 @. (n) pat Sk eK aK 28 Xi A (1) ¢ ° amet j S ‘Then A=nX -+- m™ oe 1.910. 2(L+0) +n—2.Sin. 2 (L+1) an —3- Sin. 2(L+2)+n—4 Sin, 2 (L493) &c. ‘ n— 1, Sin. 2 (E46) +n—2.Sin-2(0 4 1) xX a— 3. Sin. 2(L + 3),.&e. “Now m being determined, it will be eafy to compute the fucceflive degrees, for from the above arrangemontit appears that fons en | fond ON THE MERIDIAN. 19) 3c!) X= X +0 (2)@) 0 Mo KX +m. Siu. 2 (L +0 (3) (2) o =X tm. Sin. 2 + 1) (4) (3) ° X= X +m. Sin. 2(L + 2) () © Orie Key Nb. Sin. 2 (ls 3-7 3))) Gece (n) (n—1) o toX = K+ Sin, 2 (L #(n—2)) Tuen in order to get the value of m; Let A == 544439,21, Ore ce () n=ig; L = 9 34 44; X the numerator. . (1) = 6047 2,83. — Then 4 ~— 9 X= 197 74 © 6 66 f ’ m0) But n— i Sin. 2 (i os O = 8 > Sin. (19 9 28) 26262 6909 23%92 OHO 90909 C000 96253648 00005048 988% 00°9 O96 ° 808 2.5965618 m— 2 Sin. 2.(. + 1) = 7. Sio. (21 9 28) . Gree) 3 Sip. 2 (LL =f 2) ——r 6 ° Sin. (23 9 98) e ©8208 7800 Haba Oi e@o0ar 2°90 2.3595870 Pama VAS Se (Ly ati 3) = 5 Sini(25;. 9) 128) a iios soisevielelece cisies'ec'occ- S:1255025 e2ese0 08080a0d 1,8257696 Qo— 5 Sio. 2 (L Ge 4) <= a o Sin. (27 9 28) © essoer ee ee —r— no 6 Sin. 2, (L o- 5) — 3 ° Sin, (29 9 28) 0 ore 4 0800 SFLL FQHH COCO OFC 1.4616489 1.0347932 an — 7 Sin. 2 (L aod 6) =F 2 6 Sin. (31 9 28) sec ee 9000 C888 6806 tT OOH ot ed rmn—=— 8 Sin, g (L +. 7) coat 1 ° Sia. (33 9 23) 2000 PF OSG O sx eH Be Fe ee B2OER 0.5409465 . Ay => Sum — 14.5062343 —————— 177.74 Hence ————= == 12,2527 = i. 14,5062343 -Hewce if the.aforefaid value of m be ‘fubftituted ingthe above, and oO 4 ae 0 “ (34 . °o ‘ ia Ec multiplied by the fines of 19 9 28; 21 9/28; 23 9 28, &c. refpectively, we fhall have the degrees as follows :—~ if , ? FX ee 60172 83 fathoms, for Latitudean cic eccclesde sce ects va (2) x suai 60476.85 090973094 COO eoh* OHLOTOHD CAHOO ean etooooOr 1 ORD? 2. MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC (3) | a x — ear 60481,27 oooesesoreece Peogeceoceesoognoe® Fe 2 ee SC8ORE sores ee og eo ecee V1 34 44s (4) XS 60486.09 ee eee ec ooceoeetse me, poyre Sseocasecs 2eo0oveecestreceagpeeeove0r+e2ee 12 34 44, ()) . a 60491.3 _@ 008 OOS FL CE See CHeKEe S198 eooe © OH OKO SOHORrt He Fe ee poioniecie.s! Lig) 34 44 (5) x — 604935. 89 oat ete:/esiegie: P@CCee nerve re OSH OF Fe PODS e ocean cates te te ota:p effe}alis ote 14 34 AG. (7) he 60502.86 eoc200°°2% coee ©0008 652 6000220502 9050.90.08 CORO* Oe, COF8 se 15 34 At (8) bears — 60509.21 aeee 8BG288 F888 gece oo. AE © 0.028 17926 00FS BORE T5FHM OB HOT ORDO oaae 16 34 Ad’ (9) : x Sa 60515,91 op Rie e).e.0 0 6000 © 22 000 FOO 097SCH OOH 2H Op 22028 O98® gooa%0800 17 34 44 Thefe refults are the fame very nearly as.in the above table ist, and» m. Sin. C9. 9 28,) is the fame.as d in the former cafe. 8. With refpeét to the compreflion, that nething may be left un- done to give full. and enture-fatisfaction on that fubjeG&, | fhall- here add an inveftigation familar to that given by Profeffor Playfair in the sth Vol. of the Edinburgh Philofo phical Tranfattions; where in place of ufing the meafures of fingle degrees due to particular latitudes, twa meafured arcs..of large amplitudes are made ufe of, the latitudes of - whole extremities are determined with great accuracy. 3 Let. A, D, B, E, be a. meridian of the earth, where 4 is.at the equator, and D-at, the pole. Suppofe F to be any point on. that~ meridian, and I? HW the radius: of curvature of the ellipfe. at the rds : . point. ut AC = a. DC ; { being the, center of the ellipfe .. and let. 4 be equal the angle 4.K F, the Jatitude of. F; or let. it be the meafure of - the arc of Jatitude to rad. a.3-thar is, the meafure of the angle 4 K Fin. parts of the rad, IG £ be an indefi.. ON THE MERIDIAN. ¢ 4s nitely fmall part of the pine: then if A F=z, G Fazz the Aurion forthe atc A F. And of GH be drawn, then the angle G WE A th; eu fiuxion of ie are of Pe ade | £0 “rad: ‘1,——-Hence as ‘1°: a ih iI: a pie A ce F AH. But i radius af curvature FH= a? b* (a? — a‘. Sint A -- é*. Sin. =A) “Rhee fo 7 ee have 6 —a—c, ard J? = a’ pee ea eae nealy ince cis very {mall .com pared with a or &, — Hence FH =a (a—G@ c). eu ae : Sing - —-3 3¢ But (4° —.24 € |. o1n.* A) ede is equal tog (1. + ——. a w) 5 ‘A) nearly, by rejecting all the terms. involving c and therefoteF . —=4—2¢ + 3¢.Sin.? 4,.which fubiiiutsd’ for FH, we getz se A (a—26 + 3c. Sin: A) Beg 2 cy + LA cea Sin.’ 4.) But 1 — €os. 2 4 a0. A ———. - and therefore z= A (a — 2c) +i.cd sls 2 LRN yc) ah RAE Yok Y 3.¢ A. Cos. 994 whole fluent is z= (4 —:) AS. Sime 4— FE y = ° aA —c (f 4 2-4~. Sm-2 A) which requires no correction ; and this is the meafure of an arc’on the meridian extending: fromthe: ‘equator to” the EE of the point F, where 4 denotes the arc of latitude in parts of the rad. | : Ler ie is my other point whofe arc of latitude is A. Then 4 N = aA~c \ote A; Sin: 2 Ava and hence we get FN =a 4 — A) ~¢ a 4 i Tara : | a —A oe + 3 Sin. 2.4 — 2 Sin. 2 ag Put awed £2 =m, ———— -+ 4 Sin’ 2.4 —%. Sin. 2:4 =n, and Lthe length of the meafuredarcin fathoms; G 8 et V4 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC then L = ma — na. Now if any other arc be meafured whofe length ni in fathoms Is. i and. whofe extremities are in latitudes. y and A: and if ai 112 OY Bil oe e m =a Am A, Sin 2d —2.Sin. 2.4, then Zo I a 3. ¥ ae : nh — ni ma—ne from which two equations we get a = and ¢ == ) Q a 873.1. = 973 39 a) a 2 ¥ mL — mL c on L-— omy ——~ and — = the compreffion,. i I CT —— TN. 7 oF ~ le To apply this to the cafe in queflion; Let #be the latitude of Punnae .....s0. sarne & G 3854 1 Abe that of Daumengidddssrccccpsrocsercses 18 3 23.65 i M a AA CQuall i vicvsccas aes cveseoesoas es 9 53 45:2 — >» 1727158 a ‘ é ; A the latitude of Dunkirk’... cccscesssascoes BT 2 qi A that of Barcelona: ois .s.casinsletecieses 4 2148188 Gpeems, ayT MA — A equal. 105.840060.0h809090 060009000 00.0000.05. 9 49 124.2 == 9 168974 m 4, Am=A f——— 4+ Sin. 2 nds. SiN. 2° A equial viscc.1s cxaveses 5 G17 0250s a33 123 3 Wi 2 | 4, . In. 2 a A ERY Be. ° Sin. 2, A equal. 99000000 o6000D00 g "0738488: Z, == 598610 ney the arc oe and Daumergiddas. L = 587987 fathoms) between. (Barcelona. and Dunkirk. | d mi = mi, a —=-— nearly, which differs confiderably from that i Bhan aia Then ‘ON THE MERIDIAN. It brought out by the general mean. However as [am not at prefent in pofieffion of the account of the Swedifh meafurement, nor of that of the Englith fince the operations have been extended to the northward of Clifton, 1 fhall not depend on this fingle comparifon but abide by : | the compreflion which for reafons already given, cannot be far m 4 from the truth. 19. Since then itis determined to adopt as the compreftion, 304 and 60491.4 fathoms for the meafure of the degree due to latitude OF; “ Y 1 o Pilauace 23.34 44, we fhall have mw — 6o491.4; / —13 34 44; and the frac- 4 tion —— will give 1 +. ¢ == 1.0032396. Then let A = 57° 2957795, 304. the arc equal radius, and @ = equatorial diameter; we have 1a = aal(Gee 0 (ta) 4 (Sint! 3 Re Se 3486852.4 fathoms for the radius of the equatorial circle, which divided by 57° &c. gives 60857.05 fathoms for the degree on the equator which will be of ufe for computing both the degrees. perpendicular to the meridian, and the degrees of longitude. Then becaufe the ratio of the two diameters ee ee Ey 4a —= ~~ 8 ast: 10032895; we fhall have the femi-polar axis = 3486852. 4 eee 1,0032806: Ibe : “ == 3475419.66 fathoms. Since m is the degree for latis inde ik let m be the degree for any other latitude 7; Then by the for- mula in art. 2 (Afiatick Res.. vol. 12th, page 93,) we have m = m (Costd «(b+ e) + Sin.t0)3 eee EE Cos? bie Ch + e)? + Sin.? )3 and if m be at the equator where Cos. / m (Cott. (Ate)? + Sin.2 12 a= Ii, and: Sin, /=—0, TRON, 270 a. eens perce: ; 1 + e)3 . Now if —- | 1 Oe ce 1 60491.4 be fubftituted for m and 13 34 44 for Z, we haye m = a » MEASUREMENT OF ANARC [- BOA QT 0d meme nn een senate (1. 0032896)? cues: (1.0082896)* -L Sint (13 34 4's ) ree on thé meridian whofe middle Oint ig On the e uator. —Bousu g q ers degree meafured under the equator-in South America was 6482 faa thoms, which exceeds this by upwards of 23 fathoms. Jt is Bouguer’ ia - 60458.54 for the - meafurement which the French Mathematicians have ufed with that of - ; I De Lambre, and they have made the compreffion to be ——. 334 For the length of the quadrantal arc of the elliptic meridian, fince a is the longer diameter, @ x3, 14159 &c..will, be the length: of}. the | ay circum{cribing circle, or the circle Mane diameter is 6973 go5 tathoms, and circumference equal Gonaoce X 3014 ‘&o. = 219036 30 fathoms, | ia Put d = 1— — = ,006056 nearly. . gt oe d? pdt ; THEN as 12 t— ————— Kets a. 3.141 Bee 2 as 3. ‘14150 &C. ad 9% 4? ; x oD a é ix (1——-——— &.j= ee x 998358 uals 91872656 fad ae 94 gt thoms, the whole circumference of the eliptic meridian, whole. tranfyerfe. axis. is they length: 2 of the. equatorial diameter, or 6973905 fathoms, and whofe conjugate axis is. b, equal 6950839 fathoms, the length of the polar axis. Hence 21872656 rae amen pando fathoms, the ey of the quedrantal arc $ 4 which reduced to ink and quided by 10 ,000;000 will give 39.3708 Englifh inches for the length of ‘the French. metre. at the temperature of 62°. But the French ftandard is at the temperature of 32°, at which the metre by their meafurement was 39339272 Engitfh.inches,. which accord) ing to the rate .of expanfion in brafs, of which. the flandards | ot Ol het ON THE MERIDIAN. my are mad*, would, at the temperature of 62° be reduced’ to: 39,37% Bnolifh’ inches, which differs from the above, only ,ooo2 inches, a quantity altogether infenfible. The maelre, as it 1s termed by tie Freach, is the unit of meafure, and is adopted as fuch by moft. of the nations on the: continent.’ The Englif/n, as a great commercial people, lave never yet been able to ffx upoh a ftandard, though they have for azes exnerienced the want’ of it, and their averfiom to receiving any thingy thit is foreign, as a guide, has left them at this day without any ftandard in nature to which they can refer, There cannot in my Opinion, bé any thing more fimple, than to take fome fractional part of a quadrant of the earth’s meridian, whofe length has beca fo unqueftionably fettled’; and a fixed ftandard mealure, call it what they pleafe, could always be referred to the brafs ftandard {cale; and if at the temperature of 62°, the meafure’of 39,371 inches be taken off, we know thai to be exactly the ten millionth part of a quadrant of the meridian, which muft be for ever invariable: Tue unit of meafure being once determined upon, it’s multiples and fub-multiples may be arranged according to any fyftem beft adapted to the habitual mode of counting. The French Philofophers have chofen. the decima/ {ty tem altog-ther. The multiples, which are named from the Gree2 numerals, are-the deci-mztre, equal to ten metres; the heéfo-metre, equal to ten decametres ; the £:o metre, equal to fen heGtometres, &c. The fub-multiples are froin the Latin numerals, where the deci-mzire is equal 4, of the metre; the centi-metre equal ,', the decimetre, and the mdi metre-equal ,', the centimetre, &c - For the unit of meafure for capacity, the decimetre is cubed, and H h 118 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC called the dive, and is equal to 2% English pints, wine meafure. The unit of meafure for weight, is the weight of a cubic centimetre of diftilled water, at the temperature of 32°. Tris fyftem is extremely fimple and ingenious, and promifes per- petuity, whenever the old prejudice in favor of the ancient weizhts and meafures fhall be overcome ; and notwith{tanding its foreign origin, I fhall-ftill hope that.an enlightened. nation like ours, will adopt cither this, or fome other one, on:fimilar principles... New names feem to be abfolutely neceflary, and I do not know of any that ave mere apvras priate, than thofe which the French mathematicians have made ufe of, We have no meafure which correfponds with.any fractional part of ihe guadrantal arc of the meridian, The fathom may be called the neareft, but it certainly is not fo fimple a fra€tion as the 10,cocoooth part, and af we were to increafe the yard to correfpond with the metre, we fhould have to increafe the inch, the foot, and every other meafure inthe fame proportion; fuperficial and cubic meafures would have alfo to undergo the fame change. A fyflem, which has already been adopted by nearly all the nations on the continent, would the moft eafily become univerfal. ON THE MERIDIAN 119 20, Elevations and Depreffions, contained Arcs, Terreftrial Refra€tions, toge- ther with the heights above the level of the Sea, of the principal tations. Ippar ent ele: Contained, Refrac Elevation above the $ea.4 Stulions at Stations observed, | vations and ire Vion “erence lepressions. | °°” ety Stations. Heights. , , DONG eth : feet, (Guddacul Be) .rrakerrabetla 2.10 9247 B : 17.3 $ Arrakerrae , 2202 rrakerrabetfa — ge,.} Gaddaculgooda 015 39°D 5 Arrakersubetta 4...) Adonidroog ee |O0 8 49 D ; 15 10} 4 Adonidroog 2108 Adonidreag a-. | Atrake:rabetta ....( 0 147 D ; : Adonidroog ow | Madliabad oes (0 17 '2'D ‘ 29.40)". *- Malliabad i 1644 alliabad soe} Adonidroog oe | O 6 56 D : | Malliabad ate Kotapilly esor) 0 12 35 D ; 30 10 iz Kotspilly i 1657 Kotapilly cece! Malliabad eves sO0 260) | Malliabad ven-| Dirroor woe} O 5 52 D RR. 18 35 4 Darroor hill ¢ 1883 | Darroor hi'l ove .| Malliebad ecoo| O 8 i6 DD. g | Marroor hill ao--{) inpahgutt -- (0 055 D 12 28 57 x Inpabgute i 2409 Inpahgatt eo-+]i Darroor hill 2...) 0 21 33 D 5 Koelacoudab oes! Poolyecndah =...) 0 12 36 D |? g 5g F Poolycondah ; | 1891 | Poolycondah ooee| Koelacondah .o--/ 0 6 38 E 15 g | Poolycondah eceeo| Kerrae Belingul ..| 0 18 42 D 5 Bellacul 1498 Kerree Bellagul oo0-| Poolycondah .e.-| 0 224 K- ; ans g pereae Peline® Kotapilly e-=-} Kandakoor soos| O 412 E ; Rand alen 2031 Kandakoor acee| Kotapilly see Ol TZ) SOLD ; Hee t altace Bae inpahgutt eve» Kotakocangul ....)019 2D x awodanenn 1996 er WiloehRapahgute secs 0 0037 D ; PaO lm a (a eotekodauenl Kandakoor ecoc| Kauukoortee pe00}019 OE x : : : 5s *. e 4 g Kaunkoortee ecoe|) Kandakoor eoe | 0:94 59 D ; oe S Kauukoorlee Bsa Kauekoortee eoe-| Kotakodangul ....| 0 20 25 D Bs vue Kotakodangul ».--| Kaunkoortce oo. 0 8 21 FF ; ahaa (ae Kotakedangul er Kotakodangul eeee| Pachamagutt 4...) 0 5 32 E s ste iB Pochamagutt cee! Kotakodangul ../ 0 20 10 D é pega [aes Hochalnaleutt een otakodangul .-...} Purgy hiil eee O 9 15 EB une es Pargy Will coe.| Kotakodangul ...-/)0 23 33 D ' a ROE ae parey RUM ye pest Kotakodangul oe. Kotamarpiliy ....f0 4 26D S| Ae 3 ane Kotemarpilly Kotskodangul ....|018 2D ‘ a4 V7 ae Kotamarpilly . { 2285 | Kotamarpiliy cows! Lopecondah ,,5.0 7 58D |) : . 41 opecondah a---| Kotamarpilly ....{ 0 5 55 D ‘ ie Mees) Peper onal nee oe | Kotamarpilly ocee| Goraegutt Deven ke SOuDDy alr i mae abet 5 Gormeguit See okamiarpilly. (cous f4 Ath f 925)°, + Goraesutt , 2145 Geraeputt ece-f Doodallah see PO 42 38 D |) ( : Doodaliah coer} Gorargutt een) Grol e OAD 'f Sena oe Beodaliae Bolo’ Goraeputt coor Sheelapilly vee} O 0 47 EF = honlawttt = Slieclapilly ooo} Goraegutt een Oh 30" D k Le Me BEAT 29 Gormegutt e-~-| Taudmunnoor oa-.| O J6 13 p PROF C OTL es Taudmunnoor — ewee} Goraegutt eee] 0 Or a4 ; BEG Hh aes aS gE OE HS, Doodalloh eow:| Daumergidda ... $0 5 51-D : 7 eee Daumergidda eee-| Dovdallah eee UO mOn SO i bso) 20 Dannerside sojesors Kotukodangal ....| Annantagherry opee| 0 6 44 x a o es Annantagherry e==-| Ko'akodangul soe} 0 21 24 ‘ AG TOM a Avnantagherry ae lopecondah cove) Landmunnvoc decee| O 18 27 : ate - Vandmunpoor — e.ve] Vopecondah aes) 0, 1 S70 } 13.45 ar Tandmannoor Wa Taudmungoor eee} Doova lah coe] O O 229 ? nae ‘ Docdallah ee++| Taudmunnoor ....] 0 8 52 9 oa ze Doodul Sn eaas Sheelapilly cose} Malliga hill coe. | O 2 56 : oops é Malliga hill eove| Sheclapilly hill o...] O 4 17 t aah ae peviga nit, \- | 2232 Malliga hill e-..!| West end of the base} O 4 : ye West end of the Base] Malliga hill, 00] 0 i 1014] zo |W. end of the Base) 1996 Naumergidda eoce] West end of the base] O a e West end of the Baie] Daumergidda ....] 0 t 4 46 $ W, end of the Base) 1936 West end of the Base} East end of the base] 0 ack ' 2 Hast end of the Base] West end of the bas:| 0 i oe se Rettend of theBase| 1983 120 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC 21. Tables of Degrees Meridional, Perpendicul and Longitudinal, from the Equator to the Poles. Gree ea MERIDIONAL DEGREES, ee tom Latitudes. Degrees. Latilades. ¢ Degrees. } Latitudes. }. Degrees: | ees Baihoms. Fathom. ; Fathioms,. a i) Ca) o 3 (¢) 60458.6-4 i ie al 606165 62 | 60924.5 | 1 60458.8 39- {> 6625.8 i 63 4. 60933.1 2 60459.3 33 §0635.2 64 60941.4 3 60460.3° 34 60644,8 65 60949.6 4 E0461.5 35 60654 5 66 | 60957.5 § 60463.2 38 60664.4 67 60965.3 6 60465.) 37 60674.3 ; 68 60.972 vA 60467.5 38 606844 69 609 70.8: 8. 60470.1 39 | 60694.6 7) 60986 7 9 60473.2 40 60704.8 | 71 60993.4 ORE 60476.5 4\ 60715.1 72 60999.7 | 60480.3 42 60725.4 73 61005.7, 12 | 60484.3 43 6073>.8 74 61011.5 13 60488.7 44 607 46.3 75. els 610:6 8 | i : 60493.4 45 60756 7 76 61022.0 15 60498.4 46 607672 77 61026.7 36 60503.8 47 60777.6 | 78 6103!.2 17 60509.4 Ag. 60788.0 | 794 61035:3 13 60515.4 49 60798.4 | 80 61039, 1 19 60521.6 50 6808.7 Bi | 61042.5 20 60698.2 $1 E0819.0 | 82 61045.6 9) 60535.0 52 608792 5 83 61048.3 92 60542.0 ee 602%29.3 84 61050 7 93} 60549.4- 54 61819 3 he 85 : 6.1052.7 a4 60557.0 85.) 60859 3 6, 61054.3 95 60564.8 56 €0869.0 &7 61055.6 26 6572.9 67 | {60872.7 RB 61056.5 &7 60581.2- 58 | 60882 2 | £9 . 6105704 23 60589.7 59. : 60897.5 gO 4. 61057.25 39 60598. 4: 60 | 6°906.7 ; aes 60607.4 6L 3 609158.7 PERPENDICULAR DEG RES. | Latitudes. Degrees, Latitudes. , Decvéeis Latitudes. Degrees, | Fathouis. Fathoms. lb Fathoms, | (0) O° 60857 05 0 60863 0 20 60880.4 1 60357.1 | 7 aap 60864.3 21 60882.7 2 60857 3. 12 | €0865.7 | 22 60885.0 3 60857.6 13 GOf67.1 f. 93 60887.5 4 60858 0 14 \ .60868.7 | 24 60890.0 5 60858 6 15 60870 4 25 60892.7 6 60859.2: 16 6872.2 26 60895.4° 7 60860.0 17 6074.1 27 60898.2 8 | 60860.9: 18 60876.) | 28 60901. 9. 608 61-0-o ft 0 LL 60878 2/14 29° 60903.9. cn ,ON. THE, MERIDIAN.. 121 PERPENDICULAR DEG REES.—Continued. | ee fy «| Latitudes. | , , Degrees. _ \ Latitudes. Degrees. Fathoms, | Eathoms, (AG) | Sas MRS NE Fathoms. © . | : PW 22noisslod shisha i ' 30 60906.9 52 6098). NYE: 61042 0 31 60910.0 53 “609845 | 2505) ——- 64043.8 | 32 609131 BAe Wes O09RMO Me 76. 61045.5 My 33K fry ef yy OMG.2, 0 Hof) 9D 60972 SPO Oa SET m6 4047.1 34 * 60919.4 + AOD et 600984 oll 78 . 61018.5 35 60922,7 57% “* eggy76 WV eloped a = 6m419.9 36>). 60926.0 58 61000,8 80 61051.2 37 i}: 60929.3 59 61004.0 81 61052.3 38 |: 60932.7° 6 61007.0 82- 61053.4 39 60936.1 Ol his). 1019.0 [83 6'054.3 40 |° 60939:5 62° To, C10Te:9*4 24 BES 610 55,1 4.3), .60943 0. 68 61015.8 85 61055 7 AZ APO FOREGO TL OA Poy OHON 86.5... 86 fr 6£056-3 AZ fa: 60959.9, 65 “ 61021.3 | 3 ‘-s7-TF+ 61056 7 44 | | 60953 4 36 61024.0 — 88 61057.0 46. 60956.9 || . 67. 2136402626 fam spo 5 BY. | ___.61057.2 46. 60960.4 jf - 68 61029.0 “90 | ~ —“etos7.25 AT. 60963 9 69 J 61031.4akee ysicg od T AS: . 60967.4- 70 61033.7 = AQ . 60970:'8 : TL cha -- Gi035: Orde ae) PE " 50 | 60974.3. 72 4 | GlOSS Oedieones et Fl 51 60977.7 73 61040.1 7 LONGITUDINAL DEGREKS.., ‘Latitudes. Degrees. Latitudes. |" Degrees. || “atirudes.'| ~ < ‘Degresss, Fathoms. Fathoms. Fa‘homs. tn Oo. 60857 05 52210.0, 28643.8 1 60847.8 51657. ~ '97700.6 2 { 60820.2 $1088-6°° ~~. 9267488 3 60774.2 50504.5.. 25758.7 4- 60709 8 49901.9° 24820.7 5 60627.0 49290.2 23845 0 65) 60525.8 48650,3 22861.9 %. 60106.4 | 48015 Sty 21871.7 8 60268.6 47356,2 20874.8 9 60112.6 46682.4 19871.4 10 59938.4 45094.2) ' 18861.8 Li. 59746.1 45292.0 17846.4 12 595356 44576.0 16825 4 is. | 59307.1 - 43846.2 15799.3 i4 *b9060.6 ° 43:03.0 14768.2 15 2 . 48796 3° 7 » -A2B46Bq 7 fis A o7% cf) 18%82-6 16 © 6 gg5141° 41577-3" oe 9 Te 13699 7 17 58214.24-, » 40295 fe) ~My 16989 18 57896.6 *40000.5 |}. &> &8O~P ~)> “J0B0I 19 57561.4 39193.5 81 9550.7 20°). 57208 8 38374.5 82 8497.0 21 66838 9 37543.7 83 7440.6 22 56451.6 36701.4 $4 6382.0 23 56047,2 $5847.8 es f 6321.4 at 55625.8 34983.1 & 4259.1 95 551875 34107.6 87 3195.5 26 51732 4 33221.7 88 2130.9 27; 5 4260.6 32325 5 89 1065.5 28 53772 4 31419.4 90 53267.8 30503.5 52746.9 9578.2 Li “199 aeastieMENt OF ‘AN ARG Tus foregoing Fables of. pace are “eohiP ed ee Es fone rath, ‘Afiatick ‘eleavcles, wnerd : = T he degree in Jatitude 2 — The’ er endicular degre P P P hes Yon the Equator where p= vs ae % Ce Shes slegres of longitude i. fn = The Regice on tS meridian | : : | be A p= The Berpendicdlik de gree ein any. ‘other latitude 7 a Pa The degree of longitude e) 1 = The polar axis: Ake ¢ == =I he equatorial d diametet Ay A 2 il ae (ike)? aE eal Bison ees = od Ca Tres ah? a Were eae | Cas ee Ge ae 1% ne | ial i a ae ve Cay | : Wht para oan ane: L Lanreg | fat, lee | | hs’ which (Fee Art. 19) m = Go4gt 43 tools 34 43 x Ord = * dota 05, fat ‘and a cae C= a 08 ha Mn | | | | | i| f ~ “ON THE MERIDIAN, 1723 99. Latitudes: and Lon yitndes of all the great stations, and principal lacés. deduced from ihe Meridioval Arc, including those (ancl y given s the whole being -computed-frdm-the scale of degrees given in Art. 21. \ & NAWES OF PLACES. ws ® Midndragher: yr Sh Les ek Olle a wy Karmunglim milk, (mark) 56 v sivanderem, pagoda r eo a oh oe \WNaga'aocherry, pageda } 98.00 50 Vie huiddor, ‘pagoda [ 6s..6° 9 000, 4, Kuwnitmaposha, HONG AB py f “le aud Fort, pagbda eb 2 O bias il Perrandariotha,’ nia 2 88S OL La ‘Ste vigundume papde a eee ae Cor naloor. hill a ie Gi of a0 #\Vruli avaud hit’ aad 1 hee ogi ~ Patiatn ottah,! Flag Sia % oe ae 3 T ehes at Fihoivelly, pa oda ~ it. ie ‘ ye “UMS p steam, hol, pigaila | See Luabee * Waste of the base, » bs, . & ‘edeo * Wist bud of phe base, fonee! llepes “(Patacdsin,.: Fing Staff hd oes @\Viilubkdta hii -. Soo odes @! Peulabotpotha, i waoon \edeo _ {Wotapnddarum, pagoda) Ee vane’ Dhedeost eel slateitber hiel, ha | iSe6 BS Ph dee rob wha Panjatamegorchy! {eatew 4) ? ee ee g ’ Vypaur, Christian Gharch © Lodenit0 y invivelly. Cuuntries and Provinecs »{Uravancoce, ; {linnivelly, ve Viavancore. APbas ivelly. | 5 Uinnivelly, Sb nadyeliy, Vinnivelly, SP rnivy: bh. ; Vinuiv ly. Monivety, dMinuive! ly. Pinnive Ih. Torn iebly. js i Hiowivery. ‘Siwmepeliy. : Pismively. |Tiunjivelly. _#\Vy paar station Paes me Sb do cat [Pinniverly, : Vaimbavr, Christiea” Chive Cm ee |Pumively. : oF Natsipode, building ge, GS Ban Muwively Koor, Christian Churen Se 6it).. Tinnivielly. om i ee palace | bead Jill... 1gtionivelly. hangars acoil, pagada | cone ee Vinuivelly. , ) Perridvo mali, fpoce Ox SPS Pre i Minwivelly. z 2 erchiyam j “soon Aledee Diynivelly. Chitngoo C houltry, | seen A iay.. |amnad,, Perialpata My : as Liab eet | acmad,) amaswamy Chonltry,. Si E Bas Ramnad, {Moothoopett, Christiso Chie aidauly, skid gp Tinniverdly. i Pinginelll. Tinnivetly, i Finnivelly. Me -“ Puaniwly. c j — - —— , i na 4 Patlum, Gheistiain Charch © ates | eeos ‘Travancore. Mannacans, Christian Church : Diente I pavancoe. it Kaduitpeciam, ARGH { ae ae Travancore, TK dotapdoli, «Christian Church des t nnivelly, _. WShevastdt gm, | pag: da boee my Uravangores *Punaae, } aie As ee Liowivelly. ; pPittite Has’ Che tis 1 a Chui ch! aves | tnnivellly. VK A ac, Cheis tae Church | { e u BAG Pravancore # Koodsinkolam , a a. Ahob Yinniw Hilly. Kiiolae hy, © hedetian Ghoroh eee er! Peayencore sagas thy ugercod, BB. crack gate ; Foor et Ipavencures, . udagherry, PiagS off ~eote. ode ss tivancores, ive ambally, ‘ia end pagota - : epee oplsavancor:... Ae Mus potha, Foe ope ofl tively, * Oodagherny hicd, : bece Oke iw Trayancuse. J& Agnacpaurac, | = one’ coeo oh hravancore, | Red. hills, | ee i linnivelly. 2 Comnigd in Peak, Sp ofels dleséz0 Uiunivedy. Latitudes. e See Lopgiludes from ae Greenwich. Madi asiobser. tu wR On “Ae J h 6 17. 2 49° <0 W177, 29,30 4 5 24. 2 A6 AI 77, 32,19 A. 3 2 56.i5 _.| 77 (22.95 8.53 2 39 8 17 39 92 9 23 247 14, |.77_ 34/16 9 38 2 37 39 -'|.77.4Q 51 9, 44 2 25, ST. 47, A2, 53 10 34 2 4839 77 99 38 |x 10 36 2 34 31 77 43 69 10 43 3 045 17.17. AS 1i34.. | 9 49 92. 1177 29 8 14 37, | @ 4°51 ol 77. 23,39 15,2, @ AI 22 1 1:77;,54 8 16° 3 ||. -2 40°36 77 37,54. 16 14 1-2°53.57 (17.24, 33 « 16 53 3 0 35 27,17, 59 2 22 40 || 9 22 52 77.55 38. 23.40 .,). 2.43 53. | 77,34, 397 23.10 2 45.50. 77, $2 40 26 °7 -) 9 35 16 77,43 14; 29 3 3 18 31) 76.59, 59s 29 35 1,2 35 42 77, 42 48. 29 5A. 1. 2 7297 (4/7811 3 30 29 | 2 37 49 .77 40 44 Si -8.,.4 2 42,9 77 36°93 3! 96 39 3 1.77 .39.97 37 58 20.33 77 $7 57 » Al $3 34:43. 177 43 42 42.56 77 56 25 43 32 77,47 33 43 47 77 44 39. 45 33 77.49 37 46 22 46 57 LG Gis i 77 41 56 48 3 78 217 48 25 | 7 40 44 49 2 46 43 54 57 4 36 55 40 56 4 LP CEDIA 94 MEASUREMENT OF AN ARC Woorachw Mi,’ pagoda eee * Sankerry droog °~ ee |Sattiamunglum, pagoda - e0ee Coimbetoor. # Mulliakerrue peak pitlas Seee ovee jomlems | | Malliamah droog, este ob eo + |Coimbetaor. % Kumbetarine hill, pg Oe © oboe « (Coimbetoor. \Allagasdndrum, pigoda f. OG .i © of. Satomi *Pantamalli, ~ Sodas (we SES ' -o (Céimbetaors.. aM [Pay dott pei bee! © LL. idatemy sd. BAN foto ai i ¢ | REN I TE ADE I AY 5 HAD tO 06 WD tO "bo WO WO IS 008 2D 6929 29 ER Countrics “J... . | Longttuces from NAMES OF PLACES. and Latitudes. }|- — i Provinces. | btMadras-obser.|. Greeawich, 8 a ‘7 Oo «4 “0 ° ) a ‘TirPbopotany; pogoda aisisis coos |Ramnad. 9 17° 2] 125 37W) 78 62 686 ® K aalikautan hill, he ge 6 Gan isle’e Tinnivelly. 9 17 6 2 40, ime 77 38 19 Rauiiséramy pagoile acco oe e % fkamond. 9 18 i2] O 56 45 79 21 46 Ticroovutmunga, paged’ esee- eves [hamnad, 9 19 1f..0 30.48. 78 47 42 Ramoed palace, sees ooee esee {Ramead, 9 22 18 f 1 25 3 78 52 59 * Kooteapaurae hill, Bees ecco’) [Ramnad, | 9 98 64} 244 36 78. 3 58 Shevelipootoor pagoda, cove cooe {linnivelly. | 9 2 37.13, 77 ALT */Gopaulswemy hill, pagoda coos ovee'! {linnivelly. 9 2 27 «15 77 51 1% gl pcomichinaig pettah, pagoda..c. ooee > (Madura: 9 4 2 27,56 27.50 39 *\Suddragherry hil!, wees caso: \Madure.- _9 23434 | 77.43 55 */Sekundermalli, tae eooe ~ |Madura;! 9 [2 1b OS) 78 7 30 Madura Fort, pagoda 0o0@ eoae Madura, = 9 O.F. (2. Bh 66 + S) 73 10 34 * Nagamalli, e000 ooee |Madura. ; 218,56. 77.59 34 */Risheemalii, Bs eoce ° (Madura... 2 22 14 77. 56 16, * Permeul hill, 0000 oa00 Coimbetoor.. aT 2) 41. J 9 V7 87 1 Dindigul flag staff, eooo | = ogee |Madura; | 3% 17, 23:, 78.4 7 |Pyaey hill, pagoda oone osee |Coinbetoor., , : 2 43 $8, 77 34, 32 Virpachy hill, pagoda” etsees coe: Ioimbetoor.. . Aon Ze 8426:5 1,.)77 A714 Jaiukul droog | sae eoee - |Coimbetoor. 3 20 27. | 76 58,3 * Kurroomalli, wheat ones |Madura u 2 92 44.) 77 55 49 ) ® Rungomalli, cao coco’ |Coimbetoor«. 220 lo 77 58 20 Lf Parteemalli, ese - |Coimbetoor. . 2 77 37 56 Darapooram, highest cavalier, Ok ee epee. |Coimbetoors, . ,, 17 35 18 Chenjareé hill, bag ods, sepa Sep: «see ICoimbetoor... . 77 14 56 #[oduormalli, - fy eS cess [Ucimbetoor,, |. 77; 34,27 *(Naddktunee hill, eee as soce. | oimbetoor,. | 7740: 20 nd Kautpolliam, oC Sele ele coee- |Coimbetoor, . 77 At. 8 Ld Parmatty hill, 08-0 9> ea 2 Coinibetoor.. . 77, 68.40 Payroor, pagoda bse cer cooe [coimbetoor, oid, 58 15 Coimbetdor. palace e00e. eccoe | oimbetoor.. 77 0 36 % Patcha: Jolliam, oboe um cece - (Coimbetoor. 77, 40,43 ®/Hallagamalli, pagoda, eos ‘ese - [Coimbetoor. TL 29.37 Shevamalli, pagoda gece ooo « [Coimbetoor. 27 35 36 She¥andanpuity, (building) “Gee ocevo - |Coimbetoore 77 2, 28 'W obikolee hill} pagoda osice. ecas ©2000 Coitwbetoor. fos 77 32) 6 % Yaclma! Oor hilly: | = see He ae Coimbetdor, z 27 48 i 7 ‘Arsaiamalli, 8 & oclere cheese - \Coimbetoor. : ed, 334 57 Naincut drbog,’ (iret Near ‘Mosque,) ecco: (Salem. f 78, 1316 ‘iziamuig)um, i sgoda vece eoee ae es 59 27, 33/31 Ardagherry, pegodaiod’ rock “ecee epee « \Saleme ee ik 77.58.23 Ninahwalli, pagoda ™ leon edae 2 45, 6 77 33 24 *|North end ef the base, Sh em, ecee (Cet, Districts} 15 5 53 | 2.38 43 ‘77 39 47 * Namtlvabad, - enee Qos o - Ced. Districts, 5 6° te) 2 ‘38 46 77 39 $4 } */Konakoondloo hill,’ aaa seee |Ced, Districts.| 15 6 43) +2 53 2 77 25°98 ° */Gooty droog, fag staff” aeons wee |Ced, Districts} 15° 6 53] 236 3” 77°42 22 #/Guddaculgooda, pagoda sees ove |Cett. Districts! 75° 7 231-3 0 48 77°17 42 *Bolteecondah, elorwis coos jCed, Districts | 15 ° 10 46 24413 77 34.17 Mokay high cavalier, aire aves Crd, Districts. -¥5 14° - 5-] 3 11 36 77. 6 54 Peepilly droog platform, cece ones [Ced. Districts. +5 14°94 2°30 38 77 47 52 Muddigherry, pagoda eles -... (Ced. Districts, 15 15 7 |: 2 50°15 77 23°15 *|Goodathoor, cones eve \Ced, Districis.| 15° 19° 54] °3 15 49 77° 2 47 #K oelacondah, :. PES Ac aves \Ced. Districts.) 15 19 24 2 38 37, 77°39 53 Gooleum, (turret) taee eoee [Ced, Distriets| 15 21 a7 4 3 11 41 77 6 49 Sunnygoondioo, pillar coeo evee (Ced. Distries.| 15 22 2 2 33 20 77 45 10 #) Patttcondah, elevele eooe [Cedy Districts,| 15 23-44 2 44 29 77 33 51% BA rrakerraebetta, . cove eooe JCed. Districts.' 15 24 38 3) S52 77 \4 38 ~ 7 SS > Or rani Kikk ¢ .iNaraniky droog, turret *!Pooly condah, «< * Holelgoondah, eeoe ® Davuncondah, 08-90 Kotacul bill, ‘pees Tarnacul hill, elas * adonidroog, building Pr * Goodicnt betta, coco Buddsh Poomul, pagoda Pe @ Saggirozat, ne \Chiswa ‘Toomul, turret on bith ‘Kaumforutt, ' -® Kerrae Bellagul, lig Karncol Fort, Laul Battery Koassgy hill, */Bader Bellagul, Rajavelly, pagoda Nanguldinny, pagoda Maudeveram, Boos |Koodally Sungum, pagoda e090 geo0® 0020 eeoa Toonga Buddra, turret ae |Tuonacul bill, pagoda Rees \Gutt Bichallae, sees , .|Moorycoodehy N. E. angie Peddacoorva hill, anes {Pauktoor:Fort, N. W. angie Pauktoor Eedgah, Marra Moonigalla, #Ylacondah, & Malliabad, eccoce Annantapooram hill, pagoda Rachoor droog, building eoeeo 20600 Qoed Yaetumcondab, oats *!Darroor hill, BANE /Shaikapoor hill, eee Geddawal pagoda 20.00 {Paungul droog, ois ae Marchade Fort, oace Chanderragudda droog pagoda Narrawah Mosque, see 'Balchacker peak, eee *|Gurromurtee, (0.00.0 it Kotapilly hill, ooed Mucktul Eedgah, sow Mucktul, pagoda sise Kuddasoor Mosque, e200 Ghumpoora droog, eece ‘Ootkoor Fort, cavalier e206 #*fopahgutt, cove |Koilkondah droog pagoda ged jYateghur droog, voce Naranapettah (domb) e000 %|Kandakoor hills) ope» |Goodda Mctticul Redgah, «+. oe Kaunkoortee, eeod e000 ae Pochawahgutt, e000 %| Kota Koddangul, ‘gpee #\Purgy hill, eee hin Re | Provinces. “|Ced.’ Districts. 4Ced. Districts. | Ced. Districts. Nizam. |. Countries and Ced. Districts. Ced. Districts. Ced.- Districts. Ced. Districts. \Ced. Districts. Ced, Districts, Kurnool, Ced. Districts. Ced. Districts | Cedo Districts. “1Kurnool. Ced. D'stricts.{. ,Ced. Districts. { Doorb. ‘Kurnool, Dooab., Dooab. (Dooab. iKurnool. Kurnool. |Doozh. Dooah. Nizam. (Nizam. Nizam. Nizam. Nizam. Nizam, Nizam. JNizam. Nizam. Nizam. Nizam. Nizam. | Nizam. © Nizam. Nizam, Nizam; Nizam, Nizam. 'Ced. Districts. [Ced. Districis. ‘MEASUREMENT ‘OF AN ARC Latitudes, Longitudes from. ee Madras obser.| Greenwich. —_—— ML ‘ : < tis SS —eeeeeEeeeeeeeeeoooooooooeoe ee —eEeE—E EEE SS é j ae 4. 2d Cet BS BO BD WO tS 0S WO WH AD AD WD HD WO WD AO HD AD WD PD BD DO ED BD WD ED — BO BD LOWS 9 ED ED WO AD BD BD BS 00 1D 1S Eo BSD WD AO tO WD WO OS ON THE MERIDIAN. : 197 en) OOo a a Countries ~ Lonsctudes ftom, NAMES OF PLACES. and Latitudes, \————--——__-- Provinces. . Madras obsery Greenwich. | *)Annantagherry hill, uae eooe |Nizam, 17 8 35| 3 23 54W. 77 54 36E. TYeggoo Maumdy Mosque, .... 9 +++ |Nizam. }17 24 57] 219 30 77 59 0 Nagareddy pilly, ‘oe f OG ai Nizam. 17 26 ii 2 19 20 77 69 10 jfopecondah hill, pagoda coee oves |Nizatne 17 30 27; 210 ‘6 7&8 $ 24 eiolamarpilly hill, eee oooe | Nizam. 17° 30.32 | 2°27-."9 77 51 21 #* /Topecondah hill, ENP aces {Nizam 17, 30 43 | 210 55 78 7 35 Nuckulgutt hill, s EGA cece (Nizam, 17 $2 18}.22t 3 77 57 27 Rajenpett building, ‘2... rr vewee (Nizam: | 17 (3%. 50} .2 +9 °56 78 & 34 Goblaveram, Fort N. W. angle, cose |Nizam. | 17 39. 21-l- “2-23-32 77 54 58 * Goraegut hili, ABAR ‘oeeo §©6| Nizam. 17 39 434 2 24 57 77 53 38 Gopenpilly, pagoda “oie, veee Nizam, — 17 40 37} 243 52 77 34 38 | * Sheelapilly, wgeere eeee |Nizam, 17 46 20) 235 9 77 43 21 */Taudmunuoor, cows 2°). epee Nizam. ‘17 48 28| 217 14 78 1 16 Jogywaut hill, ide dee -eeoo |Nizam, 17 50° 18) 210 36 78 7 54 Murrallee, remarkable tree, --.. -eceo jNizam. 17): 60 (S7et" 218: 8 78 0 27 “®) Malliga hill, coe. , eooo |Nizam. 17° 53° 15 2 38 47 77 39 43 Paumpaud, turret coee eee» |Nizam. 17 54 271 2 29 16 77 49 14 Beder Mosque, high minater, .. soe oeee. ‘Nizam. 17 54 57| 24318 -t 77 35 12 ™ Doodallah, oieg eves |Nizam; = > J 17. 56--17| 2 22.38 17 85 5% Chilleriga Fort, ozs eee. |Nizant. 17 57 $8 | 2°94. 1 77 54 29 Kauramoongy Fort, “oo o@ eos ,|Nizams 18, 1 30] 2.39 22 77 39 8 * \ast end of the base, ooee eect | Nizam, 1 18- 2 -A6'] ~-2 84 52 “77 43 38 2 West end of the base, -eoee ocooo {Nizam . i8 3.24] 240.8 77, 38 22 | Daumergidda, “00 00 ~ eeee = |Nizam. © ‘13° -3 44404 $6219» 77. A3 21 Note—All places marked with the arterisk (*) are grat stations. Hf. On the existence of the Hindu religion in the island of Balt.. Phe, By JOHN CRAWFURD, Esa... Tu E. Hindu religion, which was atone time-extensively fpread’ througheut the oriental Archipelago, and conftituted-the belief of all the: tribes which had emerged from barbarifm, or made: any progrefs in: focial order, now, exifts only. on the ifland.of Baiz, as .the predominant: religions Tuat the Hindu religion {till prevailed on Bali is a fa&- which has: ‘been long known ; but I.am not aware that any’ precife information has been made public on this: curious and interefting fubje&. I hall i endeavour to fupply the deficiency, as well as. my: own narrow expe- rience and my want of previous preparation. for fo difficult a tafk. will : ‘enable me. The details. which ¥ am about to lay. before the 4Aszatic: Society are chiefly the refults of my own enquiries on the ifland; and: were fupplied to: me through: the liberality of the elder prince of Ble/.’ hing, who. oraitted: no opportunity. of. gratifying. my: curiofity.. He- caufed fome of the molt: intelligent Brahmens. to be fummoned to fup=- _ ply me with. the information: I required; and with great cheerfulnefs.. and. good. humour. fupplied himfelf. the place. of an intrepreter, fors a HINDU RELIGION: iweran ISLAND or BALI. A29: which a refpeétable acquaintance with the Ma/ay language rendered him perfecily competent, ‘To thé honor of all the partes concerned, Emuft obferve, that: I met with the: moft: perfect.candour andopennels, without the leaf. impatience or referve; on the’ contrary, an anxious defire to gratify my curiofity ; and even. a fatisfaction difplayed. at the intereft apparently taken in what fo-nearly concerned them. Religious intolerance, indeed, is a vice-far- removed from. the difpofitions.of the inhabitants of all thefe iflands, whether: Aahomedan or Hindu. . WaeENn interrogated refpecing their-religion, the natives of Bal fay,. that they are of the religion of Siva, ( Agama Siva), or of tne religion of Buppua, (Agama Buddha); butasalmo& all know ledge. of, their res lizgion. is confined to- its. minifters, whole opiniors and so cines d the people fupinely fubfcribe to, it is ufual-tofay- * the religion of the Brahmans. of Siva,” and. « the religion.of the Brahmans. of Bopp. Ha, A, inftead. of more general. appellations... Ir is of the Hinduifm-of the fe& of Stva only, that I can furnith’ any detailed information... The Buddhijis are few in number. In the ter- _ ritories of the family of Karang-affam, conftituting perhaps not Tels than one half of the ifland, there were but three {mall diftricts chiefly occupied by the worfhippers of BuppHa-and thefe were diftant from the part of the ifland which Evifited. The name of one of thefe dif- tri€ts is worth’mentioning, forthe inference which may be drawn from it. Itis called: Defa Buddha es which. means the country of the Buddhifis of Hetnaae Tue followers of Siva fpoke of'thiefé of Buppaa more’ with contempt than hatred or rancour—the laft, indeed, are feelings not likely to be entertained by any: people for a: fallen fect; im which light the Bud- _ dafis were.evidently looked upon. The Brafmans in their converfa= Lk = HINDD RELIGION tion often let fall expreflions, which fhewed that they entertained neo — ref{pect whatever for the followers of the oppofite worfhip. The fe& of Siva may indeed ‘be denominated the national religion. It is the religion of nine-tenths of ‘the people, of every fevereign on the ifland, and of every man in power. - ‘Tue followers of Srva'on Bafiare as in weftern India divided into four great.clafles or cafts, wiz. a -priefthood, a foldiery, a mercantile «lafs, and afervile clafs, refpectively thus denominated; Brahmana, Satrzya, Wafya and Sudra. Making due allowance for the imperfec- tion of the alphabets in ufe among the tribes of the oriental iflands, t believe thefe terms will not be found to differ much from the original orthography; an obfervation which as faras I can judge, applies to the numerous clafs of words introduced from the Sanjkrit, The following origin of the cafls was dittinaly ftated by the Brahmans. “ The god Brauma produced the Brakmaza from his mouth, whichimports wifdoms the Satriya from his cheft, which imports f{trength and government ; the Wijya from the abdomen, which implies that itis his bufinefs to furnifh fubfiftence for the fociety; and, the Sudra from the feet, which implies that he is deftined to obedience and fervitude-” The Brahmans made this ftatement without my having put any queftion that could Jead toit ; for which reafon it is that I repeat what to the Andy {cholar muft have the appearance of mere common place. ‘The inftitu- tion of the cafts is termed by the Balinese, Chator.jalma. Tue Brahmans are held in high refpec& 3 they will not condefcend te act with any inferior clafs. Tt is held unworthy ef a Brahman to humble himfelf before any individual; and he will hardly deiga to make a common obeilance even to his prince. To fit on the ground is derogatory to his rank. To fupercede the neceflity of | his doing fo, I obferved that at Blelling in the apartment where the Raja veceived us, there was conftruéted a permanent feat well raifed ON THE ISLAND OF BALI. 13 from the ground; on which the Brahmans ranged themlfelves. In the audience chamber of every Raja i was given to underfland that there Was 2 fimilar fructure. The perfon of a Brahman is held inviolable ; | da hardly any circumftance of aggreffion on his part will warrant tae _ king his life. Tur common clafles cut the hair fhort in the fame way that the Svae ancfe do. The Brahmans alone wear it long, tying it asthe Hindus of weftern India do,in a knot behind the head. From. this circumftance it was no difficult matter to diflinguifh them. In a fuperior regularity ‘of features, and the abfence of the flat and often unmeaning lines of the Malay vilage, I imagined, with others of my countrymen, that their Indian origin, could eafily be traced, This will be thought the lefs improbable when it is recolleéted that the prefent generation is but the tenth removed from the firft tock that fettled on the ifland. The fupe- rior clafles may take concubines from the inferior: but the oppofite practice is firicty interdiéted. The offspring of {uch unions, as in con« tinental India, forms a variety of new calts. Alegal marriage, how- ever, can be contracted only between perfons of equal rank, fo that the four great claffes are in this manner preferved diftinc. Amone the Hindus of Bait as well as in India, there exifts a clafs of «utcalts called as there Chaztdala. Thefe are heldimpure, and being ex- cluded from affociating with their fellow fubjeéts, occupy the outfkirts ofthe village. Potters, dyers, dealers in leather, diftillers, and retailers of ardent fpirits, are of this order. Hirurrro I have defcribed practices and inftitations nearly parallel with thofe of Jne7a ; but there are others, to judge from which, the na- tives of Baik would hardly deferve the name of Hindus, in our appreciatte on of the cuftoms and labits, which ought to be afcribed to the latter. 152: _ EINDU RELIGION Tue fingular prejudies of the Hindus of Continental Lndiaon the fub- ject of food, are either qualified in practice; oraltogether negleGed by thofe. of Bali. The lower claffes are by no means punctilious on the fabjeét of. diet; andthe Brakmans who alone attend to diftin@ions of this kind, refoe&k them with fuch modifications, as render their obfervances.very. wide of the Indian practice, as far as my limited, acquaintance with both will, enable me to judge. Tue Bahnefe venerate the cow « but they affign as: the reafon'for pay- ing no peculiar honors to the common breed found on their own ifland,. that itis not the one which their religioa commands them to refpe@h The breed of oxen found on Baliis ofthe wild fpecies, ufually called. Benteng by the natives of these iflands. It is of a.remarkably large fize,. and fit for any purpofe of agriculture, but wants ‘the ‘hump: which: characterizes the indian cow 5 and nes: would feem: neceffary: ta. entitle the animal to fanaity. On Fava, I have feen. many images. of the Bull Nandi, the vehicle of Manap EVA, with an enormous hump. evidently fhowing that the ordinary. cattle of tHefe countries didnot afford. the models from. which. fuch {culptures: were made.. The- Raja of Blelling expreffed a great defire: to. have one of the Indians breed, and.wrote me.to this effe@ on. my. return to Java. I had the- futisfaction to procure a white bull and cow of the Gujrat breed, which were fent to Bal/, and reached the Raja in fafetys Tue ordinary ox be Bali is decidedly held ia no Tefped = fer-the ins: ferior clafles eat beef without fcruple. The Raja fupplied our. troops: with-abundance of cow beef in preference to that of the buffalo, which. is more efteemed. among the Balinefe. The cattle were flaughtered-on, the beach withina few yards of the houfe where tx Raja refided ; and, this without offering violence to his’ own ih ete or eet of any’ clafs | of his fubjeéts, IN THE ISLAND OF BALI 133 Tar Brahmans indeed abftainjfrom. eating beef and every fpecies of animal food whatever. Their diet.-is purely vegetable : they even fometimes go fo far.as to refrain from eating rice or other farinaceous _ grain, confining their dict to.roots and fruits. Neither milk n or any preparation from it, is ufed as:food. This -is however eafily explained. The cattle of the oriental iflands yield too fcanty. and precarious a fup=. ply to conftitute an article of food. The Brahmans of Bali dwelt upon this circumftance, and faid.that their books recommended to them the milk of the cow, and a certain oily preparation from it as the moft exe cellent of all diet; but that it was their misfortune that the cattle of their ifland did not afford them the food fo peculiarly, obpecribed to. them by their religion, : {n Pal: there are no Fazrys ; no mendicant devatees fuch as overa run weftern India. Neither as far as | could difcern is there any thing known of thofe abfurd penances, and’ thofe whimfical and painful prace tices by-which the Afceti:s of wetiern India: recommend. themfelves to diftin@tion. The aufterities of a Brahmana-or Pandita on Bak confit of exerciles of felf-denial ; fuch as-abftinence from certain defcriptions : ‘of food; exclufion from «the fociety of mankind, and retirement tax caves and foretts.. Celibacy is occafionally but rarely in the lit of meritoe- rious aufterities.s- ‘The three inferior-claffes among the Balinefe feemed to me to eatindifcriminately “of every fpecies of animal: food, commonly: deemed edible; among thole, pork isevidently the favorite: food: We faw great numbers. of hogs ‘of-an excellent kind which feemed=to be taken great care of They conftitute indeed the principal animal food of the people. . At:an entertainment: given to the: oficers of the expedition by-the,aja,-Rand at-which he himfelf prefided, pork drefled in agreat variety of forms, made up the) largeft portion of the feats The Brahmans alone refule to eat with the inferior, clafles, At-this feaft M m. 154° HINDU RELIGION the Raja’ Arank“tea’ ‘prepared and. hended: to him'by his attendarits; who were generally” Sudras : he even’ welt further, and did not:{cruple- td receive the fame beverage handed’ to"him’by a Chinefes: An European long’ atcultomed to the unfociable prejudices of wéftern India, on.a. fubje@ in itfelf indifferent, will be agreeably furprifed to find-anal- molt total abfence of all prejudices on °this point in the population of thé oriental iflands: ‘On Baltone might fee a Hindu, a Chinefe,a-Ma- homeddn, and'a Chriftian,° fit’ at the fame board and partake with little: exception of the fame fare | - ‘Tz Buddhifts, from thé account I réeeived of them from the Satvas; are {till lefs {crupulous in the matter of dict than the latter, who ftated of them as a matter of reproach, that they did not hefitate to eat carrion and the flefa of dogs.’ _NerrHer the Brahmans; nor the other twice-born .clafles of Bals wear the thread; which is their. ufual badge in India ; nor did I obferve the ufe of any fectarial mark whatever. The want of the latter may be eafilly accounted for ; for where nearly: all are of the fame fea, dif. tinion becomes’ fuperfluous. The abfenée of the :thiead as cértainly fingular, and ‘calculated to excite fulpicion refpe&ing the ‘purity of their extrddion. The firfl fettlers néceffitated to mtérmatiry with the natives of the country, might {till regard the injunctions of religion fo far, as to deny to their contaminated pofterity, the ufe ef the facred badge .of their order. A Brauman of Benares, one of our fepoys was introduced into the sorefence of the Raja. He acknowledged: thatthe Batinefe were »dege- neérated Hindus ; but addéd rather vaguwely’that-all the réft:of the world Dut his own countrymen were fo too. ‘Imeed hardly :qbfenve that be and my Bali friends were mutually unintelligible to each other. d IN THE ISLAND OF BALI: 135. . peinted, out tothe, latter the, facerdotal cord .which he wore: but the nature of it was altogether incomprehenfible to them. ie ~-Or all the cufloms which certify:the eflential Hinduifm of Bali, there ig none of fo decided-and: unequivocal a charafter, as the: facrifice of) the woman on the funeral‘pile of ‘her lord. The following isa fhort, account ofi the ceremony aspradifed on Bali: Whena wife. offers, herfelfthefacrifice is termed: Satya; #f it be acconGubine, flave; or other domeftic; itis cailed: Bela, A woman of. any caft: may facrifice. hers felfin this manner; but it ismof frequent with, the Setriya and Wafiyte. Ri'very feldom happens that a woman of,the fervile clals, thus, facrifices herfelf 5 and what is {till more extraordinary a woman of the dacerdatal order never: iar Yn the vicmity-of every town ordarge village, a place is fet afide for this folemnity. It isthe fame where the common dead are burnt..:On our march te the palace of the Raja, which is two-miles from the shore, ‘we faw a place of this kind’ where many victims had perifhed.. Ina pit which was there; there were ftili fome afhes, the relis of the laft fae crifice. Mite ‘Raja informed me that Gaptain Saver of the royalinavy, and fome of his officers were prefent three years ago, when two young females facrificed themfelves at this very place, In the manner-6f'per- forming the egremony, I I could not find that there was any thing which Aiffered from ahs pradiice, in the fouthern parts « of India.’ ae *PeruaAps the moft remarkable. oe RS conne&ed with thefe Wacriftces, is the-great number of svomen who on particular occafions offer themfelves. ‘The Raja fated that when his’ father’s sbody was burnt, the incredible number of 74. women facrificed themfelves with at. dknow-fron the authority of of perfons who. were prefent, ¢ that 20 138 HINDU RELIGION’ women {acrifced thetafelves laft year on the funeral pile of Wavanan JALAnTEG, one of the fovereigns of Lombok.* Se oTuHe Raja Of Blelling intormed me,. that there was more need to ref. train than encourage the women on fuch occafions; and the Mahame=: dans of Bali, alefs fufpicious fource of information on fuch a, fubjea,. - declared that they never knew any inflance of force or overperfuafion. 6n fuch occafions. Aninftance of humanity .and reafon it may be prefumed not very frequent, is well worth recording.. Bacus Jauanrec, a prince of Karang-affam on Bali, who died but afew. months.ago,. dire&ted on his death-bed, ‘that ‘neither: his wives-nor. his’ domettics . fhould faecrifice themfelves ‘On “his ‘funeral'pile.. As the bodies ofthe - dead are preferved for a great length of time after death,.itfeems reas - fonable to fuppofe that grief can have little fhare.in the. motives which , induce the women to determine:uponthele facrifices.. The meritori- . oufnef{s of the: facrifice 3 the. honor. it,.confers,,.and. the rewards,and : a@iftinGions which arethought to. await the viétims.in.a future fate of - _exiflence, | was:affured -by “the Balinefe, were the only motives which » excited the women-to.deftroy themfelves on this occafions... The Raja. Mifcourfed: with me freely,on the fubject, and. feemed to {mile at. the~ ‘fimplicity. of the peor women; though will not pretend.to affirm. withe -how much. fincertiy.. “Tus Hindus of Bali like thofe of India burn the bodies of their dead. inthe treatment obferved’ in other refpe@s, the only circum flance which feems to differ from the pra€tice of the Hindus, is the long- “period which it is cultomary ‘to prefervé the body: previous to burning » “it. This isalways im proportion’ to-.the’ rank of-the deceafed. The ° bodies of perfons ofthe loweft: order,. are. ufually, preferved. for fome - “weeks ; andthofe of perfons. of, rank. often. for a period exceeding a * Limbok, the shee Hopatinug of .which is’ Maberesday . wasconquered about 50 yeatsago by a. prince of Balj 3. andis fill-in fubjeQion to the Balinefie IN THE ISLAND OF BALI. 137 year, fometinies near two. A) fortunate day mutt. be fixed upon by the Brakmans before the body can be confumed. During this time it is embalmed, and kept in apartments conftruéted for the purpofe. A relation of the raja died fome months before our arrival on Bali; and his body had then not been confumed. My curiofity was excited re{pecting it, as four women had given, out their intention of burning themfelves with it. I therefore interrogated .the ambaffadors, who came to.fava four months thereafter, refpeéting it ; and found that it had not yet been burnt, the Brahmans not having been able to detere mine.on a fortunate hour for this important purpofe. Tue Balinefe efieem the burning of the dead body, a facrifice to BraumA, whofe emblem they fay that element is, agreeably to which BraumA& in their language and in that of Java, has become an appella- tion for fire.* - How the Budihi/’s of Bali treat the dead, I havenotbeen able to learn: When Hinduifm prevailed on Fava, a fect on thatifland expofed the ‘bodies ef the dead to the open air, as is now done by the inhabitants of Tibet and parts of Tarrary, and by the Perfan worthippers of fire. his mode of treating the dead was termed Setra.; and confidered in the light of an oblation.to the deity .of the Sun (Surya). Gold trinkets and beads are now and then found.en Fava, and faid to have been the ornaments wern by the.dead on fuch occafions. [t is probable that the fect which treated the dead in this manner were Buddhifs. The Brahmans of Bali do not perform -the ordinary rites of religion in the temples. Thisis left to perfons of inferior rank generally Wifiyas or Sudras, who.are termed Mamamnanku or guardians of thofe temples, * Proper names in Sax/erit, as far as can judge, are often uicd as apgellatives in the languages of ¢hef dflands. ‘Thus, Brahmo ‘s- fire ; Cali a tiver; Ganga water; and Marute and Pavava, the wind. Noa 138 HINDU RELIGION The Brahmans even went the length ofafferiing that they paid adoration to no idol whatever, a fingular circumflance certainly if true. My ewn want of (ufficient experience will not allow me to decide upon ‘the accuracy of this flatement. I mut, however obferve, that I was a good deal furprifed not to meet on that part of Bali, which we vifited, any images of Hindu worfhip, fuch as} had been accuftomed to fee in great numbers on Fava. - I have reafon to believe, notwithftanding the ftrong affertions of the Brahmans, that Hindu temples really exit in the interior of the ifland, though they be not common. | Tue Brakmans are intrufted with the whole of the admimi- ration of jullice, civil, criminal and ecclefiaftic. Contrary to. the practice of India, which places the magiftracy in. the hands of the: military clafs, it is here the exclufive province of the priefthood, who. are poflibly from the pofieflion of fuch valuable temporal authority, . induced to leave the commor ritual of religion to their inferiors. IN every village there is One or more places of worfkip. I vifited’ to of these rude temples, which in the language are denominated Sanga. They confifted of a {quare enciofure, the wall of mud, with.. out any other covering thaa what the fhade of an Indian fig tree afforded. Upon entering we faw nothing but a few weoden prefles af. the rudeft conftruction, containing fome caps with oi! and wicks: prepared to be lighted up at night. A Sudra entered’ one of thefe temples with us, who feemed very anxious to fatisfy our curiofity as- far as lay in hispower. He approached the wooden preffes with great reverence, proftrating himfelf before them ; and muttered fome: prayer which we could not ainderftand. I afked him through an intrepreter, to whom he paid his adorations; and he faid to the great god of the orean (DEVA AGUN SAcara.) The temple was within a few yards of IN THE ISLAND OF BALI. 139 the fea, and dedicated to the tuéelary god of that element.* Tue vulgar worfhip of the people differs widely from the religion of the Brakmans. 1 converfed with the latter on this fubjeét, who feemed to look down on the vulgar fuperftition with much contempt. With the populace every {pot is fuppofed to have its guardian deity, to whom a temple is raifed. He ranks according to the extent or im- portance of the place he protea&s. Every na‘ion on B:/ has its pecu- liar tutelary god; fo has every village. The mountains, forefts, and rivers are in the fame way imagined to have their refpective guar- dians. It is to thefe that the grofs worfhip of the common people is cheifly addreifed, while the Brahmans and thofe infirufed by them, . worfhip the gods of the Hindu Pantheon, Amonce thefe, Manspeva or Siva is:chiefly invoked. The Balinefe ~ call him molt frequently Prama Siva “The Lord Siva”; but he 1s known to them by moft of the many names and epithets beltowed on ; him in the Hindu mythology». He is the fame. deity fo familiar to the converted natives of thefe iflands-under the title of Bataragura. They - paint him as an angry and powerful tyrant; in this refpect agreeing not. lefs with his chara‘%ter of déftroyer an the Hindu Triad, thin with the attributes. of the chief deity-of a barbarous:people ever mifc ievous and malignant. On Java where the Hmduifm. which prevailed was, as now on Pali, ofthe fe&t-of Stva and of.che herefey of Buppua,a great variety - of images of the peculiar objects of the worfhip of thefe two feAs are to | be met with, while one’ feldom fees anyrelitts of the images more im= medrately conneéted | with the- worlhip of Visunu. The Balinefe have - two great religious feftivals, each of which: Occurs twice a year, the one fucceeding the other at an interval of ten days.. The firft in point of ~ * Within 20 yaads of the seraple, there was a ¢ockapit, in which there were full 1o0.covks seady ~tnainede The Balincgfe ase great cock Aghtess. 140 _ HINDU. RELIGION time is Galunan and is of: five days. duration ; the fecond is termed Kuninan, and is of three days’ duration. Thefe feftivals take place in December and June, the firft being the time in which the great rice culuvation commences ; and the fecond that in which the harvelt ts reaped ; in fhort the {pring and’ harveft of thefe, fouthern latitudes. They anfwer! may prefume to the feftival of the Holi, and that in honour of Durca in India. Tussg feltivals are dedicated to rejoicing, feftivity, and the worlhip of the gods, not deemed incompatible with each other. All ferious occupation is interrupied ; even war at all other times carried on with the relentle{s ferocity common to Barbar.ans, is deemed unlawful during the celebration of thefe feftivals. Wuartever be the religion of the tribes of the oriental iflands, one general obfervation applies to all, that fentiments conneéed with it make no deep or permanent impreffion upon them. The prejudices of the Eaft-infular Hindus are neither exclufive nor wnfocial ; nop aire their inftitutions marked by that chara@ter of permanency and immutabi- lity which we afcribe to the native inftitutions of India; and Mahomedanif{m, as it is praGifed here, is nearly ftript of its zeal and ine tolerance.* Confiderable experience of the ‘favanefe in particular has fully convinced mé that they, regard the precepts of the Koran, only when perfedly convenient to them.. I do not apply this ob- fervation particularly to the common people, who like thofe of other countries, often want time and opportunity to give their attention to Juch fubje& ; but to the middling and better clafles of fociety, who enjoy the requifite leifure ; and who are not deftitute of the intelli- ees acquirements that might be fuppofed neceflary to a con- * The maritime and commercial tribes, fuch as feme of the Malays and the principal pepulation of Celebes 3 are ftritter Mahomedans than thofe of whom I have had mof experience, A longer and more frequent in- terceurte withjforeign Mabomedens has made them {0g Ps IN THE ISLAND OF BALI. 141 fideration of fuch fubje@s. Among thefe there is fof an example, One in athoufand, who abflain from the open ufe of wine; and in the native cour's of jultice the imtereft of money is fued for as openly and with as lide fcruple, as in the moft. commercial fociety in Europe. Tuuse people are at the fame time to a wonderful degree fimple and credulous. It is neceflary to know them, to be able to underftand, with what facility they fometimes lend their belief, to the moft mars yellous and improbable fidions ; more particularly if recommended through the medium of religion. | Tuts character renders the Favanefe the perpetual victims of delufion andimpofture. No great plant ftrikes a deep or firm root in fuch Jand, which is the na'ural foil of the perifhable weeds of ephemeral and puerile credulity. Laft year it was almoft as if by accident dif- covered, that a beautiful road, more then fifty miles in extenr, had been made in avery fequeftered part of the ifland, and in the territories of the native princes. The population of whole diftrits was employ d in making it's but for what purpofe no ene could ever diftin&ily tell: Some enthufialt it was faid had dreamt or prophefied, that a cerrain holy perfon was to make his appearance ina certain diy and hour on the fummit of a high mounain,* from which he would defcend into the plain. A road would therefore be neceflary for his accommoda- tion; and each man inftiga’ed his neighbour to the pious undertaking. Five or fix thoufand perfons were occafionally at work uponit; and the road was nearly completed in a few months, The facility with which the people were diffuaded from going on with the work when their ufclefs toil’was difcovered,is not the leaft remarkable circums anes =e ® One of thofe, called the brothers by mariners ; perhops, she moft lofiy in the iflaid. Oe 142 . HINDU RELIGION: fiance: connefed with this ftrange ftory. Were this the place, many other curious. examples in. illuftration of this character: miglat be adduced; and.thisis the refulé of our own. fhort exe- periance of thefe people: Thenatives of Bali, though {am lefs ac. quainted‘ with: them, I .can venture to fay partake much of the fame difpofition. It may be afked then, how it has come to pafs, that, . while furrounded by Mahkomedan tribes, they have refifted the intros- duction of the Mahomedan religion, fo fuccefsfully and eafily proe- _ pagated among the great population of Fava.* This, image, is to be: afcribed greatly. to the many refugees from the laft ifland, who took fhelter there on the eflablifhment of the Mdahomeddn religion, and to the difguft naturally incident to an unf{uecefsful attempt on the national: religion, whichis known te have been made about the peirod of the converfion of the furrounding tribes. But perhaps, above all thefe caufes, it- may be afcribed to the powerful oppofition which it is reafon- able to conclude, the intelligence, .art,. and_experience of the colony of Brahmans, then fo recently.arrived from_India, .would make to the ne- trigues of the Mahomedan: miffionaries .t. Even at prefent the Balanefe are more pertinacious, and guarded.on fuch points than I could have: expected to. find. them, judging only by.experience of their neighbours... Tue elder Raja of Belling, whom I have fo often mentioned, having: requefted me by letter to fend him fome Javanese books; 1 tran{mitted among others a Mahomedan theological treatife, tranflated from the 4ra- - bie, called “ the hiftory of all the prophets.” He returned it tome by the firft opportunity with the following'civil’and cautious, but very inteliigible reply. “ The fubje& of the book which my friend has fent me,” fays the Raja, “is of a very weighty nature, IT even fear to + Balj means to re‘urne eo fall back ; aname given to the ifland, itis feid, by the Mabomedan zealots, who attempted its convesfian 5 ta allufion to the people having clapfed imte Logazifm, after once embracing the faith of Makumed. IN THE ISLAND OF BALI: 143 keep fuch a performance in my poffeflion ; and truft therefore he will not be difpleafed that I return it.” A FEw yearsagoa prince of the Karang-affam family,* who'are fo vereigns of Lombok, having vifited the neighbouring ifland of Sumbawa,- the principal population of which'is Maromedan ; was circumvented by the art of fome Mahomedar priefis, and’ became a convert to their relic gion. Kerut Karane Assam, his fovercign and relative, highly in- _cenfed at his apoftacy, immediately withdrew from him ‘his fupport,- and even forbid ‘him-his country. The unfortunate princein confe- quence wandered about for many years a wretched outcaft; and: at: laft perifhed by fhipwreck on the coaft of Ceylon, on his return from a pilgrimage to Mecca. The Mahomedans look upon him as a martyr, | and his ftory is a fubject of frequent converfation-with them. . Tue Balinefe however carry their jealoufy no farther than feems: reafonably neceffary to their own fecurity, againf the attempts of a relis gion decidedly hoftile to their own. Both the Mahomedans and Chie nefe enjoy the moft undifturbed exercife of their refpective. worfhips 3 and the fame indulgence would be extended: no doubt to any other peaceable fe. The Mahomedans, though excluded from fettling in the interior, or exercifing any office dire€tly connected with the details of domettic policy, are admitted to employments of truft and emolument about the perfons of the princes: The confidential minifter of the Ra. ja of Blelling, {found was of that’perfuafion. Some of the Mahome- dans themfelves gave me to underftand, that the protection of fome of the native princes was carried tova ftill:greater‘length, fome going fo ‘far as to infift with their Mahomedan fubje€ts upon’ a‘ more punctual per formance of the:duties of their religion, than was {uited to the lukewarm devotion of many.of of them. re “The prin €3 of e's Fal y, but -they alone, Si. (2 ithe. fovercigns of Bali and Lonbok,-are ef the WiZye2 os mescamtile clafs ; the vefk uniformly of che Satriva tribe, i 144 - HINDU RELIGION “One of the Rajas of Lombok, whom I have already meritioned,a ve- nerable old man of 80, who is now on the throne, is diftinguifhed for his attention to this fingular kind of difcipline, fo entirely however in the pet {6 often afcribed to Polytheifm. THe learning of the Balinefe i is contained in a dead. language, called Rawi. The Kawi bears the fame relation to the vulgar dialedts .of the Archipelago, that the Sanferit does tothe Pracrit diale&s of Hinduflan 3 or as the Pali does to the languages of the further Peninfula of india. It is the language of learning, of religon, and of the laws. ‘Tue Kawi may be written either in the modern charaéter of Bali and “Fava, which are the fame (ice note A}; or in a more ancient and perfea& one, how nearly out of ufe, and alfo common to both. The modern al- phabet contains 20 -confenants and five vowel founds: but has no Characters for the initial and medial vowels. The ancient alphabet has the fame number of confonants and vowels ; two dipthong founds with chara@ers for the medial and initial vowels. Both are formed onthe principles of the Dewa Nagaeri alphabets and the ancient alpha- bet in particular bears it a very clofe refemblance. The Kawi in point of conftruAion, partakes of that fingular degree of fimplicity, which is fo univerfal a charaf@er of the languiges of this part of the world. It differs from moft of thefe ina frequent ufe of the paffive fignification,cf verbs, amounting indeed toa fort of exclufion of their active ones: a want of a pronoun of the third perfon, and in having the adjeive in pofition placed before the noun, Isthe Kawi the original language of fome nation of the conunent Of India imported by the firf’ adventurers, or is it rather a languige gradually formed by ingrafting upen the meagre dialect of the abero- ginal tihabitants of thefe countries, a large portion of the language, ‘which contained the religious inftitutions and arts, which the /ndian IN THE ISLAND OF BALI; 145 ‘edventurers introduced among’ the barbarous. and favage tribes, of the oriental iflands (fee note B:) | : Wits a thorough convidtion of my own incompetence to ‘decide on this queftion, [. have endeavoured to colleé the materials to enable the oriental {cholar to do fo, and have for this purpofe appended ta my effay a fhort vocabulary of Kawt words, and an extract from the _ Kawt Mahabharat, with an Englifh verfion made through the medium of the common Javanefe language. The tranflationis I hope as faiths ful as.can be expected under fuch circumftances. (See Note E.) Aut Kawi compofition is in regular meafured verfe,* of which there are twelve radical ftanzas, from which a variety of others may be form ed,, according to eftablifhed rules of profody, Theferules are, I ima- gine, borrowed from thofe in ufe in India. To enable the Sanferat dcholar to judge, I fpecify the names of the 12 radical flanzas which are as follow: Sardula-wikundtta, Faya-dita, Wahirat, Bafanta-tilata, Wanfa-patra, Srakdara, Sakarine, Swandana, Champakamalya, Prawira datita, Danda, and Katri- padma.t rs i Tue moft popular and efteemed workin Kazi isthe { Brata-yuda or holy war, which I imagine is the great Indian poem the Mahabharat, or ras ther aparaphrafe of at. The Favanefe imagine it to be an original work, and do nat {eruple to point eut on’ Java the fite of || 4/2na.and the various {cenes of the wars of the Mahabharat. The Brata-yuda was compofed (£ A mt A * This confirms the etymologic I affinity between the word Kawi, and the Sanferit terms Cawi a poets aud Marya poetical compofiiion.— Note by the Secretary. 4 Of the forms here enumerated eight are decidedly Sax/-rit, viz. Sa’ rdula vice? dita, Vafanta tilacdy table annexed - Vanfapatra, Sragdhara, Sichdrint, Champaca mala, Pravara lalita, and Dan da; (Kee the 1ex ‘to Mr. Cotesnoone’s eflay on San/erit and Pracris Poetry, A. R. vole 10, pe 468); the remaining “four have every appearance of being San/erir terms, though ihe change they may have undezgone both in sheie yprovunciariony «nd in the written expreflion of the founds, makes it difficult to verity them, —Ditte. "ft Probably, a corruption of Bha‘ rata, the family of BxARatTa, amongtt whofe defceadants the war occursy and yuddba war.—Ditio, {| Heflinapur ancient Dehli, ox a city about 50 miles N. E. of the modern city of Dedli; the capital of ud bie's hir,—Bithon ; a Pp 14a : HINDU RELIGION fhould rather fay tranflated-or-paraphrafed) in the Javanefe year 1117, by a Brahman of Fava, called Puseppan. This:date is invariably prefixed to every copy of the work. . The facred and myftical fyllable Om or On, as the Javanefe pronounce it, is alfo not unfrequently prefixed, and I think. is. a certificate of the genuine Hinduif/n of the poem. The language of the SBrata-yuda is, much more modern. than that: of feveral other works.in Kawz | In Kawi there is a verfion of the RAmAyana, identified with the celebrated poem of VAtmi'x1, by a precife fimilarity of title, and (as far ‘as my limited means. of informing myfelf will enable me to judge) of -ftyle and.fubje&t. The language is more obfolete and obfcure than: that of the Brata-yuda ; and of the hiflory.of. the compofition nothing: ‘is knowne. Anorner work, in Kawi is termed [believe with fufficient accuracy: Nitt-Safira, It is a treatife on ethics ina ftyle fill more antiquated and. ob{cure than either of the ‘two laft works. A. rourra and fifth work are called Viuaha and Arjuna-vijayas. Thefe are legends of Arjun, a hero, whofe nameé is of great renown on: Fava and Balz. Or works on religion and law I can donomore than repeat the lift _ with which the Brahmans of Bali furnifhed me. _ Prefixing ‘to. eacla’ name the word. book. or writing,. the lift is as follows :— Agama, Adigama,, i Purwadigama, Savafa mufchayagama, Kutara-manawa, Dewagama, Maifwm- 71, Tatwa, Wiya-warahs, Dufta-kalabaya, Slokantaragama,. Satmegama and ‘Gamryagamana.* 2 | ® Mott of thefe works, as well as thofe mentioned above, are manifetlly of Hind origin; the term Agama ewhich enter into the sompofition of moft of the works here fpecilied is a generic term in Sanferit for anyy compoktion treating of sole fcigaces which are GonBdered by ihe Hindus as ficreds— Note Sy she Secrciarpr., s IN THE ISLAND OF BAL. TAF Fas Brahmans of Bali complained of the lofs of fome- works: of im- . portance connected withi their religion, and made anxious enquiry. res fpedting their exiftence m fadia. had. not learning eonugh to. give _them a.fatisfactory reply ; nor can. I now even call to mind. the names or titles. of the works in queftion. ‘The converfation unfortunately took. place in.a. moment of hatte, wheait was out of my power to take: notes of what pafied.on the fubject. I save looked in vain both on Fava and Bali for any veftige of the Hindu Scriptures: or Vedas, and though | reafonably diftruft. the kill with which: the enquiry. was purfued, [ am yet flrongly inclined to. _believe,,that they, have no exiftence;. and. probably never had among the: Hindus of the oriental.iflands.. It feems fingular enough,, that an orthodox feét of Hindus, as the worfhippers.of. Siva are, fhould not be in pofleffion. of the facred text.. The. inferior-calts among the Hindus are by the ordinances of their religion interdi@ted from reading. the Vedas. Did the firft Brahmans, who fettled inthe: Archipelago, hie from fome impurity or contamination under a fimilar interdiction ; or were they pretended Brahmans only, and in reality perfons.of inferior rank, to whom the ufe of the Vedas was unlawful? Or laftly-did the firft Brah« mans, compelled by neceffity to intermarry with the aboriginal inhabie- tants, confcientioufly forbid the Vedas to their. polluted pofterity ? Amone the: writings whichexift in the Kawi, the pureft fource is the: numerous infcriptions on ftone‘and copper which are found on fava. Thefe are all.in the ancient character,. From fkilful tranflations-of thefe, the hiftory of Hmdu//m inthe oriental iflands will receive much elucis dation.. Itis an.interefting and:important fact of thefe infcrip'ions that: _by far the greater portion of them have well defined‘dates, I have pes rufed fome nearly 1,200 years old; -The-greater portion however, do not exceed half that antiquity ; but many refer toa feries of dates long antecedent to the date of the infcriptions themfelves, Of the flyle of “q48 --' HINDU RELIGION - thefe infcriptions, 1 may obferve, that it is myfterions and seniematical, abounding more‘in exhortations to piety and obfervance of -relicious duties, than in any important matter of fact, What portion of the {ciens ces of India the Braimans of Bali are in ‘pofleMon of, I had no means Of afcertaining with any accuracy, and had fuch opportunity occurred, I fhould have been unable to avail myfelf of it for want of acquainte ance with the original fubje&. The fcanty remarks however, which J have collected on this fubjeét, I willingly fubmit, Tur Indians have taught the inhabitants of thefe ifland their decimal fy fem of notation which is in‘common ufe on Bali and Yav2. Whats ever progrefs the natives of thefe iflands have made in aflronomy, deems in a great meafure alfo borrowed from the fame fource. Their year is lunar conferting of 360 days, which they divide into twelve unequal portions called* Majfa or {eafons. . The length of each is as follow : aft, 41 days. ad, - 23 ditto. 3d, 24 ditto, Ath, 24 ditto. 5th, 26 ditto. 6th, 41 ditto, ath, 41 ditto. Sth, 26 ditto. gth, 25 ditto, doth, 25 ditto. auth, 29 ditto. ath, 41 ditto. a In Sanferit and ite Adiadé Agrivatives.@ zouth 5 the. by the Secretary _ folar nmonth is recognized in Hixdu computation, —Noze & IN THE ISLAND OF BALL. 149 Ir is the bufinefs of the Brahmans to keep this reckoning ‘and ‘to adjuft this calculation, which is folar, tothe lunar year. It is a fun@ion of prattical importance as the occupations of the hufbandman are directed by thefe meteorological fubdivifions of the year. Each fea {on is appropriated to a particular employment, whick the huiband- Ian never commences till methodically warned to it by the Brahe mans: what the Brahman does on Bali, the Makomedan prick performs on Fava. Tue days of the week are, I may prefume, evidently Indian, and fo are the names of the figns of the zodiac: both are infertedin the catalogue* of Kawi words, that the Sanfcrit {cholar may be enabled to — determine. Copper cups have been found in numbers on Fava with the Hindu figns of the zodiac engraven upon them ; and I dicos vered at Ta/aga in the diftriét of Cheriton, a Kawr manulcript inthe ancient chara€ter, which among many other Hindu figures, had the fgns ofthet xodiac diflinétly depicted upon it. Tux Hindus of the oriental iflands are not without fome knowledge of-chronology. The. feur fabulous eras of Jndian chronology are known to them under the following names : Karta.yoga, Treta-yoga, Dwapara-yoga and Kakh-yoga.. The duration of each period is not fpecified ; but that afligned to the whole, differs, ina moft remarkable degree, from the account of the yogas given by théy/vdian chronolo- - a * This catalogue has not been received by the Socieity.— Nore by the Secretary, + This performance appears to be an aftronomical treatife. ‘It is written. with black and red ink, upon a ftrong paper, almott refembling parchment. ‘The manafeript confifts of feveral long flips of papers folded zig-zag; and each compartment forming a diftin&t page in the way that 1 have feen Burman and Siame/z manufctip'sy written. ‘This is the only ancient manufcript that has to my knowledge ever been difcovered on Fave by Europeans. Of the hiftory ofit nothing was known, nor was there any one in that part of the ifland whe-could read a fyllable of it. It was not the lefs tegarded cn thataccoant. The people of the difti& viewed it with fuperftitious veneration, and no confidegation would induce them to part with it. Money and a valuable Koran were offered in vain, The chief, in whofe pofleMion it was, affured me with much fimplicity, @hat the crops would fail, and famine and peftilence affail the landy if the holy relic quitted it, Qq 150% | HINDU RELIGION gifts. The united amount of the four periods, counting to the com- mencement of the prefent era, is nomore than 15,025 years. 1 lite rally tranfcribe the account of the yages with which I was fupplied, without pretending to offer any explanation of the fingular difcrepancy between it and all the Indian accounts, however difagreeing among. themfelves. Tue common eras of the eaft—infular Hindus, take their rife by their. own. account from. the date of.the firft introdu@ion of Hindurfm. among them. Thiseventtook place in Fava* 1742 years ago, and in Bali five years later. The Javanese era is called the era.of Aji Saxa, This I. fufpedt, implies. a’. tautology, as-it means no more than the era of: the prince who inflituted the era. The leader of the firtt Indian: colony to Fava was a Brahman, named. Trirusti, who. is with reafon believed to be alluded. to under the title of Aji Saxa ; dates are fome times written in figures, which is: generally: the cafe in the different: infcriptions found on. Sava: but a pradtice which. I believe to be: Hindu, that of fubftituting. written images, bearing fome analogy to the number intended: to be reprefented, is. much more frequent. ‘The whole of the numbers of a particular date are flrung together into: averfe, in. which is generally. 1mplied fome allafion to the tranfac-. “tion which it.records. An example or two will'explain this. Fuz following 4ine commemorates: the building. of the. principal: temples .at Brambanas on, Fava: : — 1kU hanana ele a Taissmeans that. Brohmen: held.upithe moonin.beth-hands.’”” . Tés means to ‘imply that the place was built’ by Brhmans, and the mars Comer SS SEERA ® She Favanefey sotwihitanding their poavttien (o Maberedan; nifa; Mil preferve the Hinde era, and never > calculated by the flees Bee 7 & IN THE ISLAND OF BALI. 1ST vellous effort which one of them is defcribed as making, probably al. ludesto the power and labour which the accomplifhment of fo great: an undertaking required. Read inverfely, it gives the year 1218. SirNA tan kirti-nin bume. One OTs 1 is a line which commemorates the cen ucHon of Mapapahit, the laft’ ae flate of Fava. : Titi eserfe lxerally means“ Loft, loft is- the work. of: the land,’ Read inverfely it gives the -Javenefe year .1400. The tenor of. the vérfe indicatcs:a feeling of regret for the lofs-of the city. To what extent the Bulinefe have imitated the fculpture and archi=- tecture of the Hindus of weftern India: I have, as already obferved,. had no opportunity of afcertaining.® But many of the: Englifh. who» have vifited Yuva, have had. ample opportunity: of appreciating the fkilland extent with which the Aindus. of that ifland: had imitated thefe Indian arts. A view of. the rélics- on fava, it may be faid, has: excited, though to aninferior degree,. the fame féntiments of furprize in an Eurepean which have always been felt at the contemplation of the great monuments: of Himduifm.in Hinduflan. They difplay a por tion of the fame laborious. and indefatigable perfeverance which: charatteriges. thofe ftupendous relies of Hiadu. art, which have been {fo often deferibed.. (See Note c.) In. the political inflitutions of the Hzndus of the oriental iflands may be traced many of thofe which peculiarly-characterize the fyftem of Hindu Government... Whereever the Hindu. religion has made con= fiderable progrefs in.thefe iflands, the hereditary government of a fingle individual will be invariably found eftablifhed ; where-it has. not, we fee free, but favage cc mmunities'; and ftill more frequently elective - “My refpe@able ar ay +m ‘abl= {rreowd lone! Mackenzie has oiven a fk tc) of Brambanuain\n che Batawian Refearches.s The word iv the Favanf language impoits © the place of Brabmause’ 159 _.. HINDU RELIGION and turbulent monarchies: in the Hindu. ilates the adminiftration is en« trufted to a minifter; in the eleGive monarchies it is chiefly conduéted ‘by a council. With re{pect to the condition of landed property, I believe i may fafely venture to-affert, that on Bak in particular, it is precifely the fame as it now exifts in India, in thofe Hindu ftates which have leaft felt the influence of the Mabomedan principles of Government. A right of private property in the foil is recognized with a refervation to the fovereign of a portion of its produce.* Each village forms a little municipal community complete in itfelf, having its chief, a. HINDU RELIGION thatof the Zavanefe, abound in Sanfcrit terms, while ia arts and ine provement the formerare far beneath the latter. “Tur fir Indian colony which came to Java is faid to have arri- yedin the firft year of their prefent era, or 1742 years ago. The — leader of this adventure was a Brahman of the name of Trirustt. ~The landing is faid to have been effeGted on thefouth coaft-of the ifland,’ -and the fir eftablifhment to have been made at the foot of the moun- tain of Sumeru, or Meru, which {till preferves that name, Tritusti: eftablifhed the prefent era, and ‘he-is from thence more commonly known by the title of Aj: Saka, or the founder of the era. Accounta are-not agreed -re{pecting the number of this firft colony ; but no ftatement. which I ‘have heard.is fo exaggerated, as not to be recon- -Cilable to probability, the higheft making it to amoutit to no more than 190 families. | 7 ‘Iris an important and interefling faét réfpeding this emigration «that the perfons of whom it confifted, were not all male adventurers 3 but that women and children were of the number. The -confort of the leader, and his two fons are exprefsly mentioned by name, the former. called BrauMani Kazu, oe the latter. ManuManNsa and Manvu- MA. DEW A. Wuat over-ruling caule-could induce a colony of Hindus to ate ‘tempt (to them) a diftant and dangerous voyage,.and with their wives and families, to feek a refuge in anunknown-country, feems at firft aqueftion of difficulty. Seeking a caufe of fufficient magnitude for. fuch an effect, and comparing the date of the emigration ufually afligned to the perfecution ef the Buddhists, and their expulfion from weltern India by the fupenor influence of the Brahmans*; I am in- * Is not the term. « religion of the Brakes bppotea to that of the‘ religion of BupDHA," at leaft a yery dubious expreffion? Are there not Brahmans of both perfwafions? On Bels. as 1 haye already: fated, the ford Brebracn is applieable alike tonhe priefts of bork fects, IN THE ISLAND OF BALL 455 clined te think that the emigrants who took refuge on 7av@; confitue ted abranch of the general emigration of the follewers of Buppwa, ‘who fpread their religion among the population of Ava, Siam, Fapan, China, and other eaftern countries: Trapirion indeed gives no account of the particular tenets of the Airft adventurers to fava. In the courfe of ages perhaps no great dif- ference remained between ‘the two feéts, except what was merely dotrinal. Under thofe circumftances, pofterity might forget the par- ticular tenets. of the early colonifts, That no ‘hoftility fubfifted be- tween the later times ‘may be ftrongly prefiamed. 1 fhall adduce one -proof only. In‘the great Buaddhi ft temple already defcribed -in a note, there is not a fingle image of the worlhips of Siva er Visunu, nor even ‘any figure which I could identify with them; yet within a mile of it, there are two {mall ones evidently confecrated to the orthodox reli- gion, as might be {een by their decorations: a fine fRatue of BrauMa up- wards of feven feet high was difcovered by us near the rains of one of them. Tue fons of Trrrustrand their defcendants, are faid to have fucceed< ed him in the government of his -coleny down to the firft century of the Favanefe era. In the year 417, the principal fovereign of the ifland -claimed his defcent from the fir adventurer. If therefore Buddhifm was the religion of the firft fettlers, it is probable it was the prevailing ‘one down to that period. : From the arrival: of the firft fetilers down to the year 350, a crowd of colonifts and adventurers continued te come to fava, from which circumftance'the inference I fhould draw, is that the fame caufe conti: nued toimpel them to-emigrate, or in other words, that the perfecu- tion of the followers of Buppaa in Indza, continued down to'this peri- od, The date of the arrival of the principal adventurers is fated as follows: 156 HINDU RELIGION SELA PrawATa,in the year = eG Yas! OSS 100. PGotdica, Ini ee) oe Goat rg nen Joerg od 200. SUWILA, 1: a) has a et = ge mika 310. HuraMa, in 2 2 2 = : = 7! Trispi, and his fon * Dasa Banu, in - = 350. Azourt the year 250, the emigrations feem to have become much lef: frequent. The animofity of religious perfecution.had. probably now: ceafeds.- Tue conneCion with Indie was however by no:-means interrupted. Adventurers continued to arrive from:time to time, and Favanefe prin« ‘ces are occafionally defcribed'as vifiting Kalinga.down, to ‘the conquelt: of + Mayapamit on the Favanefe year.¥400., In the year 480, a: number of Pandits. are ftated to have come to the ifland holding dottrines unknown.to thofe who. had come before them.. The chief of tmefe was Dartyvarr Kumpana. ‘Their opinions. being: ‘obnoxious to the people, they were maltreated and expelled from dif. ferent native ftates, till they at laft found refuge with Survupana, the: principal fovereign of the ifland, who made their chief his Guru, im= plying no doubt that he had-embraced his opinions. Does this circume. fiance mark the firft arrival of the worfhippers of Siva °° A FEW years previous to the Mahomedan converfion of the: avanefe,a number of Brahmens of the fet of Siva, arrived.on Fava,. and received. protection from Bra-wi JAYA, the laft fovereign of! Majapas. @ The latter, in his capital which was- called Hoffina after-the city of the Pandus, was attacked by heftile - chiefs from Kalinga, the princiyal of whom called himfelf Raja of Salanapuri. VhetHindis with the facred yellow, a ceremony which'1 fubmitted to with a good» grace as toa high compliment, and: which was eagerly fought for by’ the hindu attendants, who, as well as the Seana and moft of the village - ers, received the blefling after me, and. we-all proceeded to-our- quarters. Tue annual ceremony of carrying the images of their gods to wafh inthe facred ftream of the Yuma, is, it appears, one of much folemni-- ty among the mmhabitants of the neighbourhood ; and _ the concourfe-of people now aflembled here has -been bufily engaged, in “doing honour. to.-it.« They» dance «to the found of ftrange--mutfic, and get drunk ona fort of vile fpirit, brewed here from grain and par- ticular roots, fomctimes fharpened; as it is faid, by pepper... The dance 1s moft grotefaue and favages a multitude of men taking hands, fomes times ina circle and fometimes in line; beating time. with their feet, women, who mix indifcriminately with them, and. keep. ape the dancing _ and imtoxication till late in-the night. 792 ACCOUNT or A JOURNEY vo rue Sovncrs or cnx bend, with one accord, firft nearly to the earth with their faces, then backwards, then fideways, with much grimace and many contortions, Thefe, and their wild drefies of black and grey blankets, give a oe air of brutal Ter to the affembiage. ““Tue-men dance all day, and in'the evening they are joined «by ‘the “Trey continue this frantic wotfhip for many dayss arid in- truth, at bears much fimilitude to their general manners and: habits—favage and : inconfiftent, Ata piace’ fo facred, where there are fo m: any brahmins, _and which is the refort of pious pilsrims, at might be expetted, that-a _ firiG attention to the forms of religion, a {crupulous obfervation of ‘the - privations and aufterities enjoined by it, would be particularly remarks able; here; however, much is met with, fhocking even to thofe hin- _€us-who are leaft bigoted. ‘All clafies end cafts:of people. brahmins g people, - not even excepted, eat every fort of-meat, fave beef, and I believe fowls, and drink fpirituous liquors even to excefs, - Fowls are in plenty in this and the-neighbouring-villoges, and they were even ofiered to. me _as prefents by the zemindars, which could not have been the cafe, had they been held in abhorrence. -I was alfo furprifed at their indiffer- ence, as to what might have appeared, and certainly- would in the low country, be Geemed polluticn to their temples. They themfelves pointed out the-outer-room of a temple or place of worfhip for the ufe .f the kitchen; and faw-with perfeé-compofure a muffulman fervaat, kil mm it the fowls-they had themfelves provided, and drefs tiem dinner. -I- know not if the place was in general ufe for worfhip. eid and-in bad repair; but even toa ruined temple, the hindy, of the glains would probably pay more refoett than fuffer fuch auic to @naceorit, The-drefs.of the people before alluded to is, in (2°', bu JUMNA ann BHA/GV’RAT’HI RIVERS. 193 fame we have obferved through the whole country, after leaving the lower parts of Sirmor; a jacket or drefs of blanket, tying like the common hindu aygerka, around the waift and open down the right breaft, lightin the body and on the arms, but with fhort {kirts all round, very ample, and gathered in folds like the Scotch phelibeg ; around their waift they wear a cemerbend, either of woollen ftuff, or of rope formed of goat's hair neatly plaited. They wear drawers or trowfers very loofe to the calf of the leg, but tighter, and falling in numerous creafes, to the heal; a piece of blanket ftuff, fomewhat lighter than the reft, is worn round the fhoulders like the Scotch plaid, and is ufed to keep the body dry, or the head from the heat, as rain or fun may require ; on their head they wear a black cap of hair or wool fitted to the fcull, and ending in a {mall point. The wool from which they manufacture thefe cloaths, is of extreme coarfenefs; very far inferior to that met within Befeher, or any of the hill ftates to the weltward, which fometimes was wove into blankets of confiderable beauty and finenefs ; their colours are only two, a dark brown, and the common dirty grey ; the former isaffected chiefly by the men of fuperior rank and means; not a rag of cotton cloth was feen;. and the drefs of the women in no wife differed from that of the men, * except that fometimes their heads were covered with a handkerchief blue or checked, and they wore beads of glafsor pewter in as great profufion as they could obtain them; and dangles of the fame metal of great fize, round their arms and anclesy. Tue perfonal appearance of thefe people is much the fame as that of the Bifeheris about Rampér and Serdn. They have ftout well built figures are frequently very fair, though much fun burnt;. their eyes of en blue, and their hair and beards curled, and of a light or * They. wore fomettiing like a petticoat infteud of the trowfers, which the men dx: ffed in,. 1D 194 ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY vo tae Sources or tru red colour. They feem admirably calculated to be formed into fol- diers for a hilly region. Here and there traces may be detected of the Tartar features, the {mall-eye, high cheekbones and meagre mu/ftachios, but they are not fufhciently prevalent to give rife to the idea of any confiderable intercourfe or intermixture. The language is ftill Hine duflani, and- though flill very bad, itis rather more intelligible than that generally heardin Bifeher. On making enquiry refpeCcting the diftance from this place to Jum- notr?, the nature of the road, and the poflibility of paffing the night there, we were informed, that it 1s fix cos, of very bad and rough road in the river bed ; but that there is another route confiderably longer with a fevere afcent, which is fometimes ufed, when the river istoo high to pafs; but there is no place to pafs the night in;) We however believed the difficulties as ufual exaggerated, and determined to carry the neceffaries fuificient to enable us to remain a night, as I was exceedingly anxious to attempt reaching at all events fome elevat- ed {pot on the mountain, both to judge cf its ftructure, and to make obfervations from. THe morning was exceflively cold: the heighths were clear, but clouds hung ail around on the lower regions. Leaving every. muffulman fe- poy, the whole of the hindus fet out on this pious errand; and the Fumnotri pandit, with fome other brahmins, led the way: we pafled the backward and green corn land, and entered ‘Sumna’s bed; the. flream . here. is- not. large, but. very rapid; we crofs it on a ftick, and- the path here becomes dangerous and difficull, in fa& there is no track; but we proceededin the bed ftream; croffing and re-croffing. it-.as. the. lofty ove: rocks on either fide jutted into it and alternately oppofed our progicls. JUMNA Ann BHA‘GIRAT HY RIVERS, 195 By one of thefe we were at laft compelled to mount, and f{crambled up through a thickly tangled wood of foreft trees, dwarf bamboos and creepers, frequently beholden to the roots and branches for our footing, till we reached the point of a fteep crag, on which is placed a ' {mall temple, facred to Buatramjr. The place is faid to be half way from the village, and Baarramyt is underftood to be the avant courier of Fumna, and it is his duty to announce thofe who come to worfhip her. His temple merely confifts of a few loofe ftones, and is not three feet high. There is noimage; but it contains a number of pieces of iron, with one, two, or more {harp points, fome twifted and fome plain; a {mall brafs canopy hung in the center; a {mall lamp and bell _of the fame metal, which is rung during worfhip. Here the officiating brahmin faid a long prayer with fome fervency, ringing the bell and offering flowers, (which where alfo prefented by the attendants) thus propitiating the deity towards the ftrangers. The place is curioufly chofen—very wild and gloomy. Tue defcent to the river from hence is more dangerous than even the afcent, leading in fome places along the face of the rock, where the want of natural footing is remedied by laying fticks along upon the roots of trees, or pins driven into the fiflures of the ftone. When we reached the river bed again, the laborioufnefs and difficulty of pro- ceeding was greater than below ; the water was more confined and the defcent quicker; the current more {trong and the cafcades more fre= quentand greater in heighth; while, in conftantly croffing and re-crofling the water, its cold (having juft left the'ice) was fo intenfe, as nearly to benumb the joints. We foon reached 'the {pot, pointed out from be- low as Jumnotri,. but it was not the facred branch; here two {treams joined the Yumna, and the rocks are more open than below. From henee, though completely at the foot of this higher region of the moun- : tain, the peaks of {now are feen towering above us, as ready to Overe 196 ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY to tur Sourncgs of THE whelm us; and in fact, the bed of the river is here ftopt up by a pros digious mafs of {now, which has carried down with ita mighty ruin of rock and foil. From under this mafs of fnow one ftream flows; and just above, the 4t‘h-patfa Gunga, equal to the branch which retains the name of the Yumna, rufhes down in a broken cataract from the ravines of fnow.. From hence turning to the left, and clambering over a rapidly afcending fucceflion of rocks, ina fhort way, we reac’: Jfumnotre. Tue fpot which obtains this name, isin fact a very fhort “lacce from the place where the various {mall ftreams. which are formc:. om the mountain brow, by the melting of many maffes. of fnow, unite and fall into a bafon below; to this bafon hawever, there was, no ac» cels, for immediately above this {pot the rocks again approach over the ftream, thoughtheir heighth is lefs formidable than below, and bar further progrefs in the torrents bed ; a mafs of fnow, blocks. up the further exiremity of this pafs, and the river iflues. from under it :: between the two rocky banks, the breaft of the mountain appears: and clofes the view, of vivid green, and furrowed by time inta: numberlefs ravines, down which are feen. trickling the various fources: of this branch of the Yumnas. | Art the place where it is cuftomary to perfom ablation, the rock om the N. E, fide of the rivers very fteep, and feems of the fame nature: as that which has. been noriced: ati Aart Gerh, apparently quartzofe, and chiefly white, but. exhibiung a variety’ of fhades. and . colours. The firucture hke that too is. /aminar, and from between the. lain run feveral ftreams of warm. water. ‘There are feveral ties fources: and one particularly, whenee fprings. a column ¢ very confiderable fize, fituated in, the bed of the river betywecn: two large fiones, and over it, falls a flream of the river water JUMNA ann BHAGIRAT’AI RIVERS, 197 This water is much hotter than that before taken notice of at Afart Gerh, as well as in greater quantity ; the hand cannot be borne in it for a moment, and itemi'sa very confiderable quantity of vapour, I could not deteé the leaft acidity tothe tate, nor any ful-~ -phureous, or other fmell : it was perfe@ly pure, tran{parent and taftes lefs.- A-great quantity of a red cruft, which feemed to confift of an’ oxid of iron, with fome gritty’ earth, covered all the ftonés’ around and under the ftream, and was to all appearance cdepofited by the~ water. This by expofure to the air, hardened into a perfe@, but very porous {tone ; whilft below the water it was frequently” mixed with a flimy’ fubfiance of a very’ peculiar character; very tenacious ; of a* dull light yellow colour, {ome what like Ifinglalsy it: was certainly as’ well asthe above defcribed ‘cruft, produced from the water, for it covered the {ftones, over which the ftream ran, and” was very abundant. Thefe warm {prings»are of great fanctity, and the {pot for bathing is* at the point before mentioned, where the cold and warm water mingle and form a pool about milk warm. The fprings have all> particular names fuch as Gauri Cund,. Terbet Cund, &c. and as ufual fome, fue~ perititious tale is related of their origin. . It is faid, that the {pirits of the 12:.Rishis;,orr holy men, who~ followed. Mahd Deo from Lancd, after the- ufurpation of the tyrant Ravan, to the Himila range, ine habit this rock, and continually worfhip that’ Divinity; why this fhould produce warm water, is not quite. fo clear: Here however, all the people bathed while the brahmin faid prayers and -received -his dues. ‘Aimost every fort of {toné and rock, which we have feen in ‘our courfe through the hills, is obferved in the bed, and on: the banks of 3 the upper partof the Jumna. Of thefe, two predominated, that fir met with in the courfe of the Pader, in large rounded malies, was par- ticuiarly plentiful, confifling or compofed of much mica, quartz, and 1K OS ACCOUNT ov a JOURNEY vo tHe Sovacns or THE coarfe fand or grit with abundance of ahard black fubflance, probably hornblende. The mafs is of various, but generally great hardness, and I believe, it is a fpecies of true * granites Tue other next abundant, was that white laminated rock, from which” the _ hot-water trickles, and which has been called quartz; is met with of yellow, red and greenifh tinges, but always in lamina. Shiflus.or flate, of every fort, micaceous, and coloured of every tint, and of all degrees of hardneis; grey, red, whiteifh and blueifh, is alfo abundant, and always plentifully . veined with quartz. This ftone, is by far the. moft common and plenti- full all-over thefe hills. There was no -lime-ftone, evident, unlefs | fome fpecimens of the white laminated -rock refembling mar= ble, be of a calcareous nature, which is not improbable; but had not . an acid of any fort asa teft, and have to regret my incompetency to Speak with any degree of pofitive certainty on mineralogical fubjeas. Durine the courfe of our tour, it was peculiarly obfervable, that the - rocky and more abrupt faces of the loftieft hills, inthe whole extent from the plains.to the {nowy range, pointed in a north wefterly diree- tion, but varyin g very much, according to fituation and circumftances ; and that the oppofite faces, though always ‘rough and unequal, were > more {loping and lefs precipitous: tnis difpofition was more confpicu- . ous anddi ftin&, the further we entered the hills and the nearer we approached the high rocky peaks of the fhowy range. {r was.alfo obvious that the ftru€ture of thefe rocks was ftratified; fometimes confifting of different kinds of ftone, at others apparenily of the fame fort exhibiting merely this tendency in the formation and fra@ure. Thefe ftrata were always at an angle with the horizon ; dif- ' * [think that fome part of this rock was believed so be Sienite. JUMNA ann BHAGIRAT'HI RIVERS. “199 ering materially in its elevation, but generally about 45 degrees; and moft frequently pointing in a line from north eaft, to fouth welt. “This formation was peculiarly evident in the rocks forming the banks, Of this part of the Fumna. ) ‘alt 3 Ir would be pleafing to {peak of the vegetable productions of this remote {pot, but here I am equally unable as in geological enquiries, to ‘fatisfy {cientific curiofity. Thofe trees and fhrubs which are met with through the whole range of this hilly tract, are alfo feen here, and there are feveral additions, which sould they be botanically defcribed, might be-interefting. Of pines, thofe which refemble the filver and fpruce fir,as well as one perfectly refembling the Weymouth pine with two forts of Larch, are found; the birch, anda {pecies of the fycamore, ~oak of ‘feveral forts, with a great profufion of trees and plants cover the *ocksand hills, tothe extent of the woody region; the ftrawberry, ‘both the common /carlet, and the a/pine forts, and ‘fine and large of their kinds, with rafpberry and blackberry bufhes, were very abundant:; and here for the firft time I recognized the : black ‘currant buth. The round leafed rhubarb we alfo faw, but 1 could ‘not vind, that the natives ufed it medecinally. The ‘Gorkhas ufed - ¢heir rocts as a poultice, to apply to ‘bruifes and ‘hurts. The pundit prefented me with an herb of peculiar and very pleafant fmell which ke pulled from off the bare rocks, at the higheft part of one day’s journey, it was called Maz, and is confidered facred; it was very {mall, + mot growing above 2 to 3 inches in heighth, with a {mall bunch of heaves refembling fennel, ‘Our return down the bed of the river was rendered fully more dif. ficult. and dangerous, by an increafe which had taken place in the fize of the ftream, fince we afcended, 300. ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY vo rue Sources or-rHz Suppen flu@uations of the fize of the river are very: common withe- out any immediately apparent caufes; and they-are to..be: looked for in the changes of the atmofphere, which take place very, rapidly. in» thefe hills, and have a {peedy effect on the {now, and confequently on «- the many fources of the river; partial falls of-rain too occafion a. quick, but momentary rife.. Even when low, the dangers:of the. path » are confiderable, and | am confident,: that by. this. read, it: would be impoffible to.reach the place, was the river at all higher thanwe found it, Though trifling in detail; the obftacles are numerous and ferious » in practice, and it is-the firft day’s march we have made, where I thought the danger and. difficulty confiderable. . Wuen we arrived at the village, enquiry was: made: refpe@ing the~ route to Gungotré, and it appeared their were two ways. The one would carry us.back.3 day’s march on the road we came, and - itsfein is fura snifhed curiovfly with a thick foft elaftick hair, and forms 2 comfortable bed to lieo), Th= *y are accufom. ed to place its horns not only in temples, but on the graves of fuch aswerein their lives efteemed he ys and appear to atrach to them fome myfterious charm, We found one pair on our route, which had been placed at the {pot where a-man had pérified inthe fnow; they were quite deftruyed by the efe& of weae . ther, ~ a ™ Baral, {-e Moorcror7’s tour, A, R. Fol, ¥2th; there canbe lite doubt, but it ‘is the Argel, ORsCS anima, — Secretary. 204 ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY ro tHe Sources of THE the horizon at an angle nearly fimilar to that before obferved (45 de- grees ;) {uch are the hills forming the north fide of the glen; thofe- on the fouth fide, prefenting their northern fides to us, are more round-- ed and {moother than ordinary, covered with green and brown, as it there was much heather ; much {now upon them tewards their tops, and large {caurs of black and whire rocks, ftreak their breatts, where i the {now or the rain has bared. them of foil; the very fkirts, are: fring-. ed {cantily with ftunted wood, whence run green flopes covered. with fern and a beautiful, fort of thiftle, through which burft a profufion. of flowers of every hue, and in a deep floney bed, winding through this: green valley, runs the Bhim-ci-Gad’h.. We continued along the ftream for fome time, and pafied a: fpor, where for feveral furlongs the water runs under a large mafs of fnow: ‘that fills up. the bed entirely. Beyond this, the valley opens out confiderably, difplaying a: pretty. wide extent of rich verdure, though fnow is all. around; indeed for nine months: of the year, the bottom of the valley itfelf is covered with it. Thus no cultivation can be attempted; but the vegetation: is ete and luxuriant, affording pafture to. large flocks of fheep which: are driven here at this feafon.. We foon came to.our encamping ground, which: is near the top of the glen, a little way from the bridge of fnow. A. cave, under .a large. Stone called Bhim-ca-Udar, fervedias a covering; under this. and’a few: fimilar rocks, our party to the number of 60 or more, contrived. to: accommodate themfelves. We have reached the top: of the valley of Bhim-ci-Gadd’h, and are in- the heart of the {now; the hills which form the valley, arecontinuous with the range of {nowy peaks, that quite clofe to us ia front, bound JUMNA ann BHA'GIRAT’HY RIVERS. 205 “our view. A rocky ridge divides the large femicircle before us into two parts; in the back ground of that on the left hand, the eaftern peak of Bender-puch’h rifles to a prodigious heighth ; while from its boe fom ftretches down a large hollow of deep {now, cut into ravines, and precipices of a fearful heighth, The mountain itfelf exhibits one huge {nowy mafs, without fpeck or flain, : : On the right, Swméru Parbat, a peak hardly inferior to Bender-/ uchh, forms the center of a {nowy hollow, as rugged and deep as that to the left; from’each of thefe, ftreams arife, which unite, and form Bhim- c-Gadk at a very fhort diftance from hence. As we were but a very fhort way from thefe hollows of {now, we obtained a better idea than we had any opportunity to do before, of the vaft thicknefs to which at has accumulated. : : Tue hill people aflured me, that it muft be 500 cubits, while I was loofely fuppofing to one of them, that the face of: one of the precipi- ces of {now was 300 feet; this {hews the opinion the natives entertain, but indeed only the wildeft conje&ture can be offered, for what mortal | can ever reach them; they are defolate, cheerlefs, and unapproacha-< ble, Tue journey of to-day, is the fir which has been totally defert; not a houfe, nor a hut, nor any veftige of cultivation, nor trace of man, has any where appeared; it has been defolare throughout; but the hills have been particularly verdant, and the pafture very rich; not only a variety of graffes covered the ground, but a profufion of the lovelieft flowers burfiing through this green carpet gave the livelieft effect to every flope and bank; the beauty of the thiftles and ferns, © was particularly con{picuous, and cowllips, polyanthufes, orchifes and . 1G 205. ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY ro tue SOURCES oF TURE lillies of every colour and {pecies were in great profufion. Among. other fhrubs, to-day we remarked the common juniper, eafily. recog. nifed by its berries and fmell, July 17.—Tue morning was cold and foggy; by.a little after day light,. we were in motion, and continuing our courfe to the very. top ofthe glen, _ crofled Céindl-ci-Gad’h, juft as-it leaves the bofom of {now below Bendere fuchh, upon a bridge of ice; hence crossing the point. formed .by, the jun@ion of the two water.courfles, we pafled many of the {mall ftreams that form this eafternmoft branch of the Bhim ci-Géd’h, and commenced: a_very difficult afcent along enaee one which falls-here froma. large mafs. of. Inow and continues.to run underit; this was,.an.exceed< ingly painful part of our road, as the afcent was very. fteep.and. flippery. The ground was here bare and the grafs ftunted, yet. there. were. fill. plenty of flowers; a little further on,. vegetation decreafes fall more ; hardly any thing being feen, where the ground is bare of fow, fave a feanty green flime and browa mofs, , like that found on barren damp, grounds, A, bafon, or hollow . was. here formed in the mountain of fnow, and the ruins. of the peaks. around, heaped. on. each other. It was exceedingly cold, and, a: moderate warmth even, was only preferved by the toilfome exercife: of climbing thefe heighths. Many. of: the cooleys, and feveral. of. the fepoys, both. Gorkha, and Mewati now. began. to. lag, and: were hardly. able to. proceed, and every. one complained of. the poifon’d wind. I now began to -fufpect that, this fuppofed. poifon was. nothing more than the effect, which the. rarehed fate of the air, from. the great heighth we have -reached, has. on. the lungs, and. this. fup-_ pofition | was led to frame. from. my own fenfations; I could hardly. - command ftrength, enough to climb the fleep rocky path, and experien- ced in breathing much difficulty. and_oppreffion, as if there were an in-. fufhciency of air. Ido not think we could. long have borne tt, had. JUMNA ann BHAGYRATHY RIVERS. 207 the afcent continued much furthers In this bafon we pafféd a fmall pool of water, held very. facred; it’s name is Mdtri.co-Tal, and from it the chief ftream; of Bhim-ci-Gad'& iffues: it is filled with ice and furrounded with fnow,: - Erom hence we paffed over another hollow and fteep’ afcent of Snow, which lies. deep on maffes of bare rock, and reached the top of the ridge called Banfiird-cé-Ghit. The cold was: very great, and it was painful to remain any time in inattion, yet every one was indifpof- ed'to move, and'a tendency to fleep was very perceptible. The ‘mo- ment that any one who complained much of the oppreffion at breaft lay down, he inftantly dropt afleep, and was with difficulty roufed. Eating a few mouth-fulls gave a flight relief, but nothing materially alleviated it, nor. was.any one free from the general. fymptoms of de- bility. Ir the line can.be drawn with any degree of exaétnefs, the bottom of this afcent appears the extreme heighth to which vegetation extends. At the top, there is not even the dull mofs or lichen feen below; the. ftones are bare and unchanged, except by the air; and no fign of life appears, except afew reind/s, and.thefe flew together in. coveys. Ts being probably the higheft point to which we were likely ta afcend, 1. took particular notice of the rocks which compofed the mountains; fragments of which chiefly formed the ridge we ftood up- on, ‘They were principally the fame as thofe remarked in the bed of the Yumna, Duar hard ftone* formed’ of white and black materials, and firt met with in'the Paber’s bed was moft abundant; micaceous fchift much | weined with quartz; and a fort of moderately hard blueifh ftone, much 308 ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY To THE Sovrcys oF THE pervaded with fhining particles, and common in all rivulets at home, with feveral lefs remarkable forts, lay in varying quantities all around, I think alfo I faw that common fort called whin ftone, but in no great quantity. During the fhort opportunines afforded me by partial open- , ings in the fog; I took particular note of the neareft and highelt cliffs in wiew; and_as far as the glafs could determine or be trufted, they cone fift of the fame kinds of rock as thofe found in the route we have gone over to-day, and juft now de{cribed; the colour, the fhape and fracture, as fimilar : white, red, reddifh yellow, black and blue, at times in {trae ta, at times in fhapelefs maffles; but the primary formation of the hills is always f{tratified ; the angle of elevation, and the direétion of thefe ftrata, is ever the fame. Tue ridge in whichis Banfiré Ghat, is COntinuous with Ranfurts el'- Dhar, which {weeps down to the fouthward in feveral peaks from Sumeru Parbae. and is thus connefted with Bender-puch'h ; beyond the ‘ghat to the fouthward, it rifes into feveral high peaks, and is loft in Bacri-ci- Dhar, Panda Raffu, c. The weftern fide is that which we afcended, the eaftern looks into a fimilar bafon to that we haye pafl= ed, from the {now of which Banfiré-ci-Gad’h flows to the Bhdgirat'hi s itis fingular that on the eaftern fide there is more foil, though nog more vegetation than on the welt, in {pite of the action of the fnow, which it might be prefumed annually wearing the mountain away, would leave little on its fide but bare rock, From this ghat the road wound along the mountain brow; with many deep indenting and irregularities, but with little general defcent, af any, and was accordingly laborious, paling over much {now, and moift flippery rock, till we reached a pals called Cl’hdyé-cd- Canta. Cw haya-cd-Canta is the point at which the true def{cent commences, and 1 believe is lite inferior in heighth to Banfurd cé-Giat; it is JUMNA ann BHAGYRATAY RIVERS. 209 faid that in clear weather, the plains of Hindufian may be feen from hence; but a thick fog, with heavy rain enveloped us at this time, and completely bafficd the hopes I had of gaining any ufeful bears ings. _. Avery fteep rapid and difficult defcent begins here and carried us” to the fource of Chinpo-gadhs which ishere formed from a numter of fources, from the melting fnow. We followed the:courfe of this fiream, rapidly. defcending for a very long’ way, till it. is joined by another and far ‘larger one, called Rindi-géd@’h, which has its rife in a prodigious {nowy hill named Dédian-ci-Bamec, to the north welt: it is very rapid and impaffible. The fpot wherethefe ftreams meet is called Lama T’halan, and is very lovely. Pursvine our courfe along the united fiream, now known by the. name of Rindi’ Gad’h, we crofled it upon a very large mafs of ice, which filled up the bed for a long diftance; and amile further, on reach- ed a {pot, thick in foreft, which is marked by fome very noble fir and fycamore trees, under the fhade of which our guides propofed that we fhould pafs the night; and thus, the formidable journey which they earneftly difluaded us from, and which -was reckoned by ‘Govinn Buisut at 40 Cos, proves to confit of not more than 27 * miles, or’ 18. cos ; a diftance we could eaflly have traverfed in; two days, but for the following reafons. “That but few Situations are found where the requifites for. fhelter and fire, may be met with, fo as to be fit for a halting place. Bhim-ci-Udér being almoft the only one; and even there fuel is only procurable at eng ER SEES? * 4B the wheel 3 one di iy *s journey, Aor, Od COC, OOO apiece miles De ~ ONE dihey alee es sete eclete ce eek saws vise es 112 ditto. hence to ihe village SUCiBSy \ p e'wialpelmieiuiceieiaeee =rcenrhinis, 915 ditto, 262 | 1 410 ACCOUNT oF # JOURNEY vo raz Sources or THE a confiderable diftance; and, that the fleepef and moft pinful afcent cremeniies near Bhim ci Udér 3 between which afeent, and the place we have now reached, there is no foot where reft, fhelter and firewood for anight could be obtained. Thus travellers muft remain the firft night at Phin ci-Udar, as the two day’s Journies are far too laborious to be performed in'ones and the feverity of the fecond, fully makes up for. the eafe-and fhortnefs of the firft, both by the ftéepnefs and difficulty of the country, and the badnefs of the road, but above all by the arti- ficral fatigue brought'on by the oppreflion of breaft which we all felt fo much. “Tue vegetable produtions of to-day’s march, though much of it was quite bare of vegetation, were very various; two flowers particu- jarly attraded attention; one was called the Gugu/ and grew fome- what like the common flat thiftle, with leaves radiating from a center, like the reprefentation of a fun; in the center, was a flower level with the flat leaves, much refembling the bloffom of a pine apple plant. This flower is held in high religious veneration. The other confifted of a ftalk covered with large and long leaves, fomewhat like thofe of a primrofe ; ending ina cup refembling that of a tulip, but. which was formed merely by a continuation of leaves of the fame forts which clofed round the ftamina and piftil, forming the petals of a very no- ble flower. Thefe at their infertion were greentfh, like the ftalk and lower leaves; but their upper parts are black and yellow, and the cen. ter of the cup is of the fame color, but far more vivid. The hill peo- ple called it *Birmsh Caun/a, becaufe, as the guide informed us, “ it was. as the raja among flowers.” We could obtain no explamtion of the terms, and therefore the application of thz mame is not intel- ligible. : : & The divine wa ec lilly ot Camala. JUMNA ano BHA‘GI/RATAY RIVERS. 9 211 No living thing was feen on this march fave the mond/, which flocked together in packs, and appeared of a fpecies. fomewhat different fron: . thofe in a lower region. Futy 18.—The morning was: mifly;. the gorge of Ch'haya Canta: was however diftinguifhable at a prodigious. heighth. above us. That pafs, we are informed, was the fcene of a great battle between: the rebellious zemindars of. the remote parts of. Rewaen, and the troops. of the raja; which, to the artiount of 2600, were fent to- colle the revenue, and pumifh the notorious and daily robberies - which were-there committed. The zemindars upon this foreign inter- ference, joined and encountered the weary. and flarved .troops, tand. killed the greateft part of them.. Lavine our pleafint grove, we defcended ‘quite into the nullah’s- bed, and bya rough intricate path through thick jungle, we reached the Sén/ Gdd@’h, a rapid torrent of the fame fize as the Rindi. Gad’h, 3 and croifed it by a wooden bridge, whence a fteep.afcent led us to Candi-cé-Ghatin Candi-ci-Didr. This probably ends the detail of ridges - which ate thrown off by: Bender-puch’h,..and its dependent’ hills, and which we have crofled on our route during thefe two lalt marches. - The ravines dividing thefe, all fend their waters to the Bhézirath’s, and chiefly between: the villages Sicht and Guffalee ; but many inferior ranges rife, which ftretch to the fouthward as far as.the plains; .and. fwell that river with the ftreams they..give birth to. From this heighth we fir obtained a momentary: glimpfe of the” Bhigirathe, running far below ina narrow rocky bed, andthe enor moufly lofty and fharp peak of- Sri Caxta,: diflinguifhed -between clouds, gavea noble earneft of what the view would have been if weather had at all fivoured-us, but mift again’enveloped us and 'difz 922 ACCOUNT or 4 JOURNEY ro rue Sources or ram eppointed our hopes. We left our lofty flation, and by-a rough fleep defecnt reached the village of Suc’hi,* which is fituated near the foot, of a hollow that runs down from Canda-ci- Didar, and nearly a mile from the Bhégirat’h ; we have pafled through fome ftraggling cultiva- fon, but the country has much the air of negle€t and depopulation, Some fine old walnut trees, and many apricot and other fruit trees, {hew, that the village once was large and thriving. “Tue river from hence appears nearly as large as the Set’, when we firfl faw at at Rawifér; butsts banks are far wilderthan any thing we. have yet feen. The chafmin which it rol's ison a much lirger {cale, and the favage ro oughnels of its. mountainous precipices keeps pace with their increafe in ize. Bare rock is much amore predominant, and wood, every where thinly f{cattered, ftill more {paringly fprinkles the recky pinnacles, whica form-but one precipice from their peak to their bate ; fuch is the appearance of the river bed viewed downwards from Suchi, ina line, but little to the weft of fouth, till {hat in by clofing. gmcuntains. . Leaving the village, we croffed the og ofa Ti idge a inte above “it. | and defcended to the river fide, a at the low er part Of an opening in its hed, ofa fingular nature ; it meande ts for more than two miles ina flat. fhringl y {pace, which may vary in breadth from one to fix furlongs broad Jua above this {pace, on the weft or right bank of the river, three ill ageés are fimated ona flope, fomewhat lefs inclined than the, furrounding hills, and on which there are many fields of wheat, &c. Precipices « deicend on the Gppolite fide quite down . to the river; at the Jower eb d of this thingly {pace, | there i isa flight wood: en, bridge. under which the’ liver, now again contracted, runs with great | vio} ence, Crofling this, one road 1: uy along the bottom of the precipice, where | ii = pean niet aati RRS ee eee eee RA REACTS @ Ses this yillage in the outline of Lichicnaat Webs SaIVeye—Allatic BR fear ches, WO. Big JUMNA ann BHAGIRATHY’ RIVERS. 913 there are many bad fteps; two’ miles from the bridge, on the oppofite fide, the Saear Gad’h enters the river, which rifes ina lofiy wild range to the north of Benderpuch’h, called. Dhum D'har, along eaiich there is a very dangerous: path leading to the remoter parts of Rewaen. The Ailiitfelf feems.to. be an object of- fuperftitious fear-to the hill people. Tue courfe now was nearly eaft, and the road became very difficult. Two large ftreams join the river alitile way on; the Gémt:, and the Hersila Ganga... The firft bears a large body. of water along a mot. | Graggzy,and tremendous cleft in the right bink, and; we are told; takes its rifeion the fouth-ealt fide of a fnowy hill called Nefel, forming part of the, boundary between Rewzen and: Bifeher, and probably runs in a-direction from fouth=-weflt to-north-eaft, or from weft to eaft, tothe: north of.- Benderpuch’h and its range; itis faid to be eight day’s journey hence to the north-weft, the road through {now, and very arduous and: dangerous... The B fcher men who come to Gangotr? and the neigh- bourhood, either from religious motives, or to {teal fneep, make ufe)of this road. when the. feafon admits of it, : 2 ‘THe: Hersila Ganga, jaft above the other, is of lefs fize, the chafm it ruins in, as. wild ; it has its rife in the Oureire range, and between it and the Gamiz, there is only a narrow flip of {harp rock near their des bouche; the gap in the river bank, that admits thefe two rivers, is very remarkable for its fharp craggynefs...- | Just beyond, on the eaftern bank, are’the ruins of a village’ named Cachaura, where once a Rana lived who held {way over all Tacnaur ; but fome qQarrel arofe with the Btotras, who live under the Chinefe dominion at no great diftance from hence, and thefe people came and deftroyed the village, depofed-the Rana, and d-molifhed a temple, which was in confiderable repute, to the God fais. The pandit of | 84 ACCOUNT or A JOURNEY to rue Sourcts oF tHE Gangotr?, who was the relater, cannot fay when this took place, but as i is traditional, and this {pecies of information does not appear of long endurance among this people, it may. probably not refer to a very dif- tant period. ‘The ruins of the mai’s or temple, are ftill to be feen. The village -Durcl, our ftage for the night, was. but a fhort dif_lance onwards, | and. we reached it eafily by 5 o’clock. “Puts village, the higheft in the bed of the BAégirat‘hi, ie firuated juf above the confluence of the Keri Nulleh with the river, and is ftated to be 12 cos from Gangotri: it formerly was populous, and compara- tively rich; the revenue it produced being 75 rupees annually, of which.22 were appropriated to the holy purpofe of fupporting the religious ellablifhment of Gangotri. ‘In the timeof the Gorcha’ pows er, 49, were thus beftowed ; ‘but, by the pandit's account, who rélated thefe particulars, little or nothing now atote from this fource. ‘Jutt oppolite, on the other fide of the river, is-fituated the village of Mune abba, once populous, and-of its revenue (alfo about 75 rupees) half “went to the eflablifhment of Gangoiri, ard half to the catching and _ training of hawks for the rapu’s amu fensent, Now, the pandit and his : family alone, confifting of about, 4 perfons, remain of its whole popue Jation, The village of Caghaura alio, till lately, produced a revenue. to the crown of 75 TUPCes, but now itis quite defolate ; and this total de- fertion or partial deterioration, is univerfal in the country. A village called Suparga, which formerly .exifted at fome difiance below, was -prefented, it is faid, by. aja MAu.Sinu when he came to bathe at the dacred {pot, tothe -Gangolri eftablifhment. Now the zemindars have totally deferted. it, and only the name remains. There can be but lit. ile donbt, that this defalcation in cultivation, inhabitants and general profperity, may be referred to the iron rule of the Gorcha Cane QUCKOTS. JUMNA anp BHACIRATHI RIVERS. 915 Wun we reached the village, no male inhabitants ‘were to be Yeen, fave a few old drahmins and decrepid old men, who, with the women and children, remained in the houfes. In anfwer to our enqui- ry, as to where the others were—we were readily and unhefitatingly an- {wered, “that they had gone to buy corn, orto fteal fheep ;?? and ina tone, that proved they thought this a piece of bufine(s, too ordina i, and common to conceal, Erom the.defcriptions attempted of the nature and appearance of the Fumna’s banks, it may ‘be conceived, that nothing wilder or more impra€ticable could well prefentitfelf to the traveller, than the {cenes they afford; and | contefs, that while-viewing them, this was my own idea. Neverthelefs, it-is certain, that the charaCter of the mountains ewhich form that part of .the Bhagirathi’s banks, ‘we have pailed today, differs from ‘that of any ~yet feen,and is marked by features {till more srugged.and iaccesible. ‘Tue common drefs is here the fame as that in ufe at Cur faic—blanke vets of black or grey wool. just at-the entrance of the villace, I was ftruck by the fight of a goofberry bufh, a plant we had Jong looked for, without fucce{s;.it ‘was growing in aneglected fiate, but there was fruit upon it nearly ripe, though {mall and four, .and there could be no doubt of the identity of the plant; this nearly completes the lift of the common Englifh garden fruits, found ia:the hills.* * Hare, when settled forthe night, enquiries were made respecting the roads, which lend from this point to Badarinack on the on hind by Cédér—and to Burassé, near ths head of the Tonse, on the other; bothacross the snowy hills ; as well.as respecting what Passes there might be in this neighbour. hood through them to the Chinese domiuions, the- boundaries of which, I learnt, commenced at no greet Sistance: and having unders‘ood that {wo Bhotéas, inhabitants of # village within the Chinces territories. Svere in the neighbourhood, I desired they might be brought for the purpose of questioning them. 216 ACCOUNT ov a JOURNEY to-rne Sovecs or rue —Fuly ioih.—A milty morning fucceeded a nisht: of drizzling rain, . ana we fet off for Gangolri about 7 o’clock; th the Giftance we were told er Or ooOoOrroo'" There aye in truth no roads from Nene “e, gave hat by which we came, that lead through: any practic “gable, or indeed -to-any inhabitable country ip the first instance. But ‘here are, as hes been before re- marked, paths which are used by travellers fer shortness, or by thieves.on their excursions to plunder - neighbouring districts of their sheep and cattle, during a few of the summer, months, when the snow - ‘pas lessened: and thus frequently a prodigious round is cut cfrom a journey, where the usual low - road ig taken, For, in these hills, places that are in fact very close to each-n her, are moved toa ten or twelve day’s journey, by the imperious nature of the country, aud this is well exemplified in the res ~ letive positions of Guagotré, Cu iapndih, and Badarine'th, which all lie in one ridge of hillss. end of which, the first and.second are not, in tiuth, 12to 15 horizontal miles distant, while the second and last are sti!! more near, Yet taking even the shortest route, and going ths longest marches, fen or twelve days ave reguisile to travel from Ganzotri to Cédarnath, because a very long Valea is talcen to. avoid mfuntains totally impracticable, Of this road, 1 could gain no distinct information; no one here had ever atiempted it, but it is described as worse ‘than that. from Jumnotri to Suchi, tie @Xe tending to fully eight days, dariog which uo habitation or trace of. man is seen, and snow is chiefy.pree - g yi ® Oar) a ‘ P] J Pp y ; dominan!.. There is.neither shelter nor woods . The lower roed by Cachaur.is even more tedious, and is in fact equivalent to going down the: one = river, and ap the other, for it passes w thin ona day’s march of s’ rinag ar From.this information, insv ficient as it was, we were obliged to abandon the idea entertained.of visit. tog Cédarnath and Badarinéh on this. occsion, for our.time wae.too limited to take the lower aud more easy road, and 1 feared the upper and desert one, on, account of the people who. were shieady auch exhausted by daily. marching for a.month running, and oa whom even.two-night’s exposure. ~ had-mads a. considerable impression. Whea this. was evident, and wheo it wag considered that this... exposure would. be prolonged (o at.teast 8 days, ducing which the cold and fatigas would ut least equal. that of the two gone by, wilhout the means of procaring wood to. warm them, and that i¢ would be nee cessary ¢o carry provisions for these 8 days along with us, while procuring potters was a very dubious matter ; it may wot, under these considsrations, appear unnecessary to have abandoned the further prac: _secution of our intentions, and Lwith mach -ssluctance did so.-- Similar in its nature to these desert roads, bat periaps more dangerous and dismal, is that which: feads slong Shear Gah, and across Daum Dhar to Barassu, ove of the remotes! divisions of Rewaer; of this raute, the fltanine account was ebiained : it is wholly desert, aud at all seasonaJics chicily through snow ; proceeding up the raving of Shear Gad’h by a steep and rough ascent, a mere level part ig gaius ed, which leads to the usual resting place, a cave 3 the whole distance only about, 4 cos, and the latter « -partentircly threugh coow. The 2d days j journey- is of nearly the same length,and like the first, in a direct northerly course, ising. Benderpuch’h.on the left hand to.the south westward, while on every = hand, during the day, nothing is seen but wastes of snow aad sharp rock ia hich bare peaks 5 3. the ops “pression at the chest and difficulty of breaching continues great-all this day, and the-resting place is 2 eave in the ‘snow. The 3d_ cariies. the traveller across (he Dhwm Dhar, at the point where the rivee Tonse irises froin its west side saad follow! g its course for a cds, ha reaches. a cave.ini's banke, name ed Thagur Salu,”’ The Ja’ er part of tha ve cnt isto the/iorth: west... From: this placea day’s jours -. ney carries Hi in W-south west dircetion slong thes Donse,:ty Uslah, thefirst! village in Lerrasse > - one cos below Usteh, the village Gangar is siivatedhin a souihe ly, direction, wm little to the south east of which is Dhafmere. Another ersou made ibis J: UEne ley in, 3 duyg, reaching, Thagur salu the 2a- q tay, and Usiahk ihe 31 ; he calls the distance of the fiyat day’s Journey 8 to 9 lovg cos, entirely to the.- perih, sate, the keiter cosy which (ends westerlye . oe JUMNA ann BHAGIRAT?HI’ RIVERS, (309: 217 js 12 cos» Several points were to be arranged before - we began our march ; the drahmins requefted that no muffulman might be allowed The direction of the extensive and jofiy range of Dhum D’har is certaiuly very near north aad soutii, and it is nearly as certain, from ths accounts of every ove who was interrogated, that the Fonse arises dar north, on its westera face, aid thus has’a course from considerably to the north of the Fumna. As no wood is to be found on such routes, those who travel along the higher and more inclemené regions of the Bills, are ander the necessity of carrying blankets to protect them from the rigour of the cold while they lay lu holes in the suow, or under slones, and eat food raw, or previously dressed; and - this is probably by no means an uncommon mode of travelling, for there is a road from Biseher, aud particularly from the remoter provinces of that state, to Badarinath and Gedar, that lays entirely bee hind the ranges of bills in sight from-here, and of which very little can possibly pass near the habita. tions of men: this is frequented both for purposes of devotion, and of traffic ia salt and wool. The route adverted to in the narrative, leading along the hill of Nekel, and dewn the Ghumti Ganga, ig ‘probably a path diverging from this reute to Baverénath, and indeed it is evident that the mountains _~are pervaded in every direction by simitar cuts, though to the oys of the travellers they appear impare sible. ~Itis related, that about 35 years ago, a band of 4 or £00 wer, from Bharassu, aad theremeter parts of Gerwhal, made an incursion through the hills iato (he Chiaese terriiory, with a view to pluve dor. I could obtain no particulars relating to theic raule, or to the time it eccupied, but they effected their purpose, bringiog back agcod mauy sheep. - If this ba a fuct, it corroborates the ides that here -are many more.passes through the Aimalaya range, than have come to our knowledge, oz thas are generally supposed, through which if is peactieable to convey at least smali animale. Further information was sought respecting these passes, aud the Chinese territories, by questioning the two Bhotics who were brougiit to us at Deraiis they wers however persons from whom much could not beexpecied; thoy were poor inhabitaais of a miserable village, and had never éravelled --much; what they did know, however, they communicated tn a way that showed they did cot wavt ‘acuteness, and that they understood the objact we had ia view iu interrogating them sand being treated kindSy,. were well pleased to give satisfaction, They spoke a broken sort of Hindustanz, acquired ia ‘their intercourse with the hill people, but their owo lenguage was perfectly distinct in evry respect. They stated that they were inhabitants of the village of Chounsah, consisting of a few poor houses nthe purgunnch or district of Chapning ; the chief officer (or subadar, as they called him) is uame ed Catex, This village they state to ba about cosm »uti?s journey from heace, at the rate ef 9 fo _ 12 cos per day; but. they evidently have no very deGnite notion of a cos. 2 suspect their journeys do not exceed 6 to 3 miles; scmetimes far less, as they travel over avery dificult country, ant go _ very slowly, They represent the read as «xceadingly bad: it lies for 10 days slong the bed of the Jahnevi, tracing it to its source, which lies ira lufiy bill called by them Sanciiau; acd its course is very winding, but chiefly from the enstwarl. Avocser siream takes its rise from Sancfiax, whick _ tups to Biseher, and debouches into the Setlg7, at a placaihey calied Holbe. ‘The name of this siream, they call Lingeen. Kaid, ‘Chaprang isa large town, situated in a plain whera there is nothing but short-grats no -wool of any soré. Et is one month's journey frow their village, ina northerly direction ; ome day’s march, . through snow anduhrough hills, all very bad and rogsed road, the rest a level plain. Ta the course of thie journey, they pasa ths Setlej river by « s2uzo or wooden bridge; it is even then of considerable Size, and it goss under the name of Lang-sin-7T’hang: but they kuow it to be the same siream, which, in Bsecher, is called Satuara or Setle. I XK, 212 ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY To rae Sovrers or rue to pals the village, which, indeed, was a meafure I meant to have adopted ‘| unafked, and.therefore atonce agreed to.. The pandibalfo reprefented: From Chaprang !o Gare is one month’s journey also, the-road laying in a wortherly direction along perfect grassy plain, with many shawl goats/and shesp grazing om its they are in abundance both xt « Chanrang and Gara,, Between these two places ds situated the city .of. Tuling,, through which ths- road lies, and which they describe as large, and where a grand Lama resides,_ Tt bas beea universally found, that the, hill people exaggerate distances when stating them-in cos, , ead lead ome to suppose that their day’s marches are very long ones, when im fact they are. exceeding. , Jy short; end this frequently happens, from the exceedivgly difficult nature of the country and roads. (hat lead acrossit.. hus, E balieve that, if an average of 45 miles be allowed for the day’s journey ., in thege difficult roads, it will be found fully equal to the truth ; (his would make the coarse of tha, Fahneod 55. miles, and the direction is probably from N. E&. 69 to N. E, 80. But,. as it turns much > ina winding channel, and ike road ascands and descends, full one-third may be taken from that scens, and that jseren toa little, This would place the source about 37 miles to the N. E. 70 of Bhairania ghats; and, following. the same reasoning, the village Chounsah may be double the distance further | in the same direction, taking afew more milea fromit, on account of greater ascents and deflexions.. than are to be mat within a river’s course—say one-third ; Jeaving 77 miles further, or 114 from Bairamghati. Chaprang is said to be another- month’s jotrney to thd N.~6 of which through, hills, equal to about 33—less one-third or 22. Tha rest being on level ground, more must be allows? _ ed but, by their own account, they do not travel more, even on 2 plain, than 5 or 6 cus, which® they call $ miles, Chaprang willihen bs found 212 miles to the north of ‘Chownsah, and, by the * same veexoning, Gara will be 240 miles to the north of Chaprang, and about 506 miles N. B. 11, 302% or thereabouts, from Bhairamghaté, This is going on very wocertain data, but may, with olher’ vemarks and routes, contribute a trifig.to fis some poiate in em hitherto. Mite known couutrye: I was exceedingly anzious to-ob'ain any information resproting the Sedle7 and its sources, and paw! Very: particular attention to all they eaid relating to that river; no ove wog permitted to spesk to, or + Jook at them, and I myself paid strict regardy that no question show!d be put of a nature to suggect * to them what sort of answer was desired, and aa every word they said was spontaneous, I have'some * confidence in this additional ‘evidence to that river’ coming from a confiderable distance to the eusts * ward, and behind the #izmalaya range. “ise men, however, could aot distinctly ssy where the'stream” was derived from. 2 Many questions were-pat to them relative to their managers-and customs on peculiar occasions: Of marriage, they tell, that the bridegroom buys his wife at a great expence, according to his means, : and much expsnditure is made by his father in the ceremony, the father of the bride only furnishing ihe ornaments of-the lady; i¢ does not appear distinctly that much is given to ihe Lames or priests, * on occasions of marriage, as they do not officiate or attend them, even the sight of a woman being: atrictly prohibited them. Marriage contracts are entered inte. at all agesy from childhood.upwards, but. z the wives are mot carried away till the age of 15 or 16, - OF theirdead, they say, that in their village, they throw their dead into the river; but this ts entirely * from poverty, for any one who cam afford it, at least partly burns the body, and thea commits it to: the stream. At Chaprang, when avy man of rank (any % sirdar’’) dies, his body is taken by persous appointed for the purpose, and beat and pounded, bones aod all together, and mede up into halls, o ~ Ramin on JUMNA anp BHAGIRATAV RIVERS’ tp that it was not-cuftomary to approach the facred fhrine with arms of any fort, and that every one performed this laft ftage with naked feet. As by the general voice it was allowed, that marauding and: plunder were common occurrences in this ‘neighbourhood, I did not deem it proper or fafe to-go: totally unarmed; but agreed, that only’ five men fhould be permitted to accompany us thus accoutred, and: that [ fhould take my own gun; but that thefe’weapons of war fhould be thrown alide before we got within’ fixhe of the holy {pot, -and des: pofited»in a cave near it, under a guard: 1 allo pledged ‘myfelf that ne ule fhould- be-made of thefe inftruiments, except’in ‘cafe of “ne-- ceflity ; nor any life facrificed either by the people or myfelf, from the time of our leaving the village -tild we returned ‘to it; moreover, ° that I fhould not carryemeat of any fort, dead:or alive, along with * me, but feed purely om rice and: bread. -'They did ‘not ‘even fuggelt® the putting off my thoes at the village, nor could I have done fo; but I promifed ‘to throw them off when entering into the precinéts of the temple, or approaching the holier places, with which they were ’ much pleafedy ~All, the Hindus, including: the eae went from.’ hence bare foot: ‘ they are muth revered and. feared by the psoopla, who do not venture to approach them. Great ex- pence is incurred at this ceremony, many thousand rupees being given to ths Lamas, with a sort cf © rich cap, of much value. The bodies of poorer people are sometimes burned, and sometimes throwa into the river. The Lama appears to be held in great respect: those who fail in this regard, and who dé not adatinister’ the meat-offsrings.of graim and ghee, are punished by the Mantra} by which, the offender is placed under the influeuce of some spell, and rendered immovezble ia tha position he happens to bein, and becomes (as they term it) like stone or earth. All'disputes are settled by thé Raje Catox, (he is probably called raja from be! ag yr the chief pers son, on another occasion he was called subadar.)- A ‘parson who kills another with a sword, is fixed to four places, and branded with iron or brass instruments till he dies; a thief is branded in the forehead with an iron, his‘goods ate'seized by the State, and he'is’ ‘driven from the “couatry. These Bhotiaa were short stout men} with featurds strong!y: marked with the’ Tartsrien characters; high cheek bones, flat uose and face, and small eyes, tho corners of which ‘urned much upwards. t } - a ‘hey wore their heie very thick’aud bushy, and efiding ‘in a long platted tail, after tha manner o% the Chinese, ‘Their colour was considerably lighter than thatr gewerally: Sih in amongst ‘the hill ; people, being a dirty yellows; theit faces were much tanned, however, a ad wrinkled. Their cloathes , @ se ee h / consisted of a gown or wrapper, of coarse brown woollen stuff, with something like’ drawers of the e . a Papeges a n stuff, very loose above, but bound very tight around the calf of the Irg, [he dress, figure, and ie general appearance, however, wasexceediugly diferént from that of the Pahwrias or hill peopte- 990 | ACCOUNT of a JOURNEY..10 THE Sources oF THE + For rather more than two ¢os, the road lay chiefly through 2 wood of large firs; a little above. the bed of the river, the path was good, but here and. there. ihterruptedsby: abad ftep. At this place we af-: _cended the projection. of a.rock, which.clofes up the valley, by a rude, but curioufly conftructed Jet of Reps, formed by pins ftuck into the | yock, and beams and ftones laid acrofs them. The channel of the river became deep, dark and narrow, and the path a mere devious _{cramble, over. enormous fragments Of rock from above, mingled with broken pieces .of trees, interlaced with tangled juag/e, till we reached a {mall retired pot, beneath fome fine trees, where a cool foring, and the pleafantnels of the place, induce pilgrims in general to halt. The river runs below this at a depth ef about 100 yards, between two walls of folid rock, in which it has hollowed itfelf avbed ju foficient.to © contain it, and of which the breadth at the upper part is nearly. che jame.as below,,and in this trough it tumbles over a fucceflion of {matt fails for a confiderable way. Beyond this, the road is dimicult, and frequently dangerous, pafling along the face of Seaurs,,in the. beds of torrents, acrofs rocks, and ever a fucceffion of broken ground, oll we reach the top of a very ugly and dangerous defcent, which is #Ad to be fix cos from the village, and which leads immediately dewa upon Bhairamghats, Ar this point the Bhégirat’hi is divided into-two branches—that which preferves the name, coming from the eaftward; while the other, of a fize fully equal, joins 1t-ander the name of the fahnew, from the - north-eaft, . Both thefe divers run in chafms, the depth, narrownels, and wildnefs of which, it would be fac from eafy to convey an idea ots between them, a lofty crag, equalin heighth to.thofe that tower on el» ther fide above the torrents, is thruft Like a wedze. The extreme pré- cipitoufnefs of all of thefe, the roughnefs of their. faces, with the wood which grows near their bafes, obfirutted the view, and prevented the whele being comprehended at a glance ; but the diftant black cliffs, a ‘JUMNA ann BHAGYRATHI’ RIVERS. 931 topped with lofty peaks of {now, are difcerned fhutting up the prof ‘pect in either of the three ravines, when the clouds for a moment pers ‘mit them to appear. Juft at the bottom of the defcent, and immes diately above the jun@ion of the two torrents, an old and crazy wooden bridge is thrown acrofs the Bhagirat’h/, from one rock to the other many feet above its [tream, and it is not till this point is reached, that the extraordinary nature of the place, and particularly of the Tie vers bed, is fully comprehended, and then is feen the ftream in a ftate of dirty foam twifting violently, and with a mighty noife through the {ftrangely hollowed trough of folid granite, cutting it into shapes of every fortand leaping in fearfull waves over every obftacle. Tae bed of the Fahnevi is at leaft equally picturefque and fully. ag favage, but we had not equal opportunities for feeing it; the perpen: dicularity and heighth of the rocky fides is perhaps greater than that of the others; this river is faid to have its rife ina very lofty moun- tain, called Rakefur Stan, fituated: in the dominions of China, and which is 1g day’s journey’ from hence in a direction nearly that of its. apparent courfe from hence, viz. north east by east, Iam inclincé to think it is ftill more eafterly, and by no means fo diftant. Just at the wooden bridge abovementioned, there is an overhangs ing rock, under which worfhip is performed to Bhatramji, and a black . ftone partly painted red, is the image of the God, and here not only were prayers faid and worfhip performed, but every one was obliged to bathe and eat bread baked by the brahmins, as preparatory to the great and effeétual ablutions at the holy Gangotri. From this place we afcended the rock between the ftreams, by a path more curious and dangerous than any we baye met with. The , ik | (232 ACCOUNT or « JOURNEY vo cae Sources or tue rock is too fteep and perpendicular to afford any natural path, and the chief part is therefore artificially conftruéted in a- manner before alluded to, by placing beams of wood and ftones upon firong timbers driven into the fiflures of the rock; thus forming a hanging flight of imperfect Reps over the fearful gulf below; and as_ this fometimes has fuffered from age or weather, and as fometimes the means of at- taching it to the rock were {canty, or altogether awaiting the means of | pafling are as frequently fo infufficient and hazardous, as to ftrike dread into thofe not much accuftomed to fuch travell ing-—at times a leap is neceffary to reach the next fure footing while the precipice and torrent gapes below; at others, all the fupport that prefents itfelf to fave you from this fall, is a ledge of the rock not three inches broad, with a flight bamboo, hung from fome root above to take hold of. By this znpleafant path, we reached a {pot on the firft ledge of the ~ mountain where in a thick grove of fir trees, a [mall temple is placed » to Bhairam. It is a plain white building erefied by AmEa Sine ‘"T’nappa, who gave afum of money to be laid out on repairs of the road and places of worfhip here and at Gungotri. Having paid cur refpedts to this deity, we continued our road along the right bank of the river, by a path equally bad as that of one afcent, and ftill gradu. ally afcending among fragments of rock and wood, which made ouy progrefs painful and dangerous. Ture cos of this defeription of path brought us oppofite the de- bouche of a confiderable ftream called Midné-ci-G’had, which tumbles down a deep ravine, through the opening of which is feen the fnowy _ range of Miéni, with the extenfive bofom of {now that feeds the flream. Juft below this, we had a view ofa very fingular and lofty peak called Rudru Himdla Bahin, a prodigious {pire of bare rock, the top of which was enveloped in fnow. Juft oppofite to the ftream of JMidni, we obtained bearings, both upwards and downwards of the JUMNA ann BHA'GYRATHI RIVERS. 223 - givers courfe, and for the firft time the fcite of Gungotré, with the {pot where the river arifes, was pointed out by the pundit; this. laft was nearly diredtly eaft. The path now became very laborious and our progrefs very painfull. One cos from Gungotri, and two from Miént-ci-@had, we reached a {pot called Patangni, which is noted as that where the five brothers, commonly called the Pénduwan, Bui Sinn, Arjun, YUDHISHTHIR, SAHADEO, and NacuLa, remained for ‘twelve years worfhipping Manapeo, after his retreat from Lanca. After that period they left this place and afcended Swergérohini, a peak of the facred hill whence the Gayges flows: there four of the brothers died, and their immortal parts afcended to heaven; but Yudhifhthir, without tafting the bitternefs, ‘of death, or quitting his earthly tenement was affumed body and all. Within a gun fhot of ) Gangotri, the Cedar Ganga a rapid and confiderable ftream, faid to have its rife in the Cédar mountain 12 cos diftant, debouches into the Bhagi+ rathi, and the place of confluence called Gauri Cunda is holy, and ferves as a further preparatory ablution ‘ere Gangotré be approached, ‘Tue fpot which bears the name of Gangotri, is hid from view by the roughnefs of the ground, and the maffes of fallen rock: fo that it cannot be feen till clofe upon it. The hills which form the river’s bed, and which the whole way from Bhairamghati are exceedingly precipi- tous and clofe, here recede a little; and without lofing any thing of their favage grandeur, admit fomewhat of a lefs confined view, and more of the light of. day. Juft above the debouche of the Cedar Ganga, the bed widens into a {mall fhringly fpace, in which the river rolls with great rapidity, changing its courfe as the floods direct it. At the gorge of this {pace, a bridge is thrown acrofs, formed of two parts, the interior ends of the beams refting on a large rock in the cen- ter; and juft above this bridge, in a bay formed in this {tringly f{pace, as fituated the {mall temple or Mat, dedicated to the goddefs Ganca or 594 ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY ro rus Sources oF ite Bra’crrav Hi. In former days, there was no temple made with hands for her worfhip; but within thefe few years, as‘ has been obferved above, the piety of Amar Sinn T'uappa, chief of the Gorc’ha conquer= ors, provided a fum of money (from 4 to 500 rupees) et the erection of this {mall building. Tag temple now built, is fituated about 15 feet above the fiream and precifely on the facred rock on which it is faid Bhagira’th ufed to kneel, worfhipping Maha Deo; it is a {mall building of a fquare fhape from 16 to 20 feet high, much in the ufual form of pagodas, rounding in towards the top; itis very plain, painted white with {mall dull red mouldings, and furmounted with the ufual round and {colloped orna- ments of fuch places; from the eaftern face of the {quare which is turned nearly to the facred fource, there is a {mall projection covered witha ftone pent houfe roof, and in the eaftern end of this, is fituated the entrance to the pagoda; and juft before this entrance there is placed a {mall pagoda fhaped temple to Bhairamji. The whole is placed in a fmall enclofure, furrounded by a wall built of unhewn {tone and lime, within which alfo there is a comfortable but fmall houle built for the accommodation of the brahmins who come to officiate, Without the enclofure are two or three ftheds conttructed of wood, called. Dharm Salas (or charity houfes) built for the ac- commodation of Pilgrims who refort here; and there are many caves all around, formed by overhanging ftones, which yield a fhelter to thofe who cannot find room in the fheds. Tus {cene in which this holy place is fituated, is worthy of the myl- terious fanétity attributed to it, and the reverence with which it is re- ' garded, There is not here the confined gloomynefs of Bhatramghit’s the bare and peaked cliffs that rife to the fky, yield not in ruggednels JUMNA ann BHA‘GI'RATHS RIVERS: 295 sor height to any we have feen, their ruins lie in wild ehrotic maffes at their feet, more {canty wood relieves their nakednefs; even the dark hive more rarcly roots itfelf in the deep chafms which time has worn. - Thus on all fides is the profpe& clofed, fave im front to the eaft; ~ where from behind’a mafs of bare rocky {pires, four huge lofty fnowy “peaks-arife. “Fhefe are the peaks of Rudra Himdia. “Tue fir and moft natural obje& of enquiry, after cafting a glance “over the general landfcape, is to afcertain whence the river fprings. Here, as at Famnotri, we were told, that no mortal has, or can go fur- ther in its bed towards its fource, than this fpot; and this difficulty is indeed fufficiently apparent. I made a trial to gain a point about twelve furlongs off, beyond the temple, for the purpofe of obferving - the courfe of the river, and of feeing Gangotré in another point of view 5 Dut having, with confiderable difficulty, made my way for fome dif- “tance over the unfteady fragments, at the rifk of being ‘precipitated -anto the fream, I-was forced to turn back; beyond that point, the precipices def{cend more abruptly to the water's edge: and, m all pros “ability, it would be nearly impoffible to make way along their faces. ~Croffing the Rream, to take advantage of the eafier places that may oc- cur on either fide, is out of the queftion: it is too large and rapid ;— and climbing higher up the mountain fide is equally fo, for the crags. -increafe in ruggednefs and fReepnefs till they end in fnow. It may be, that enterprifing perfons remaining at this fpot for feveral days or weeks, might explore or form a path towards the fource, for time and patient perfeverance can do much, and has in fatt, formed the path hither; but Iam convinced not only of the difficulty of the thing it- : felf, but that it would not be eafy to overcome the reluctance of the ‘hill people to afcend, whofe affiflance would be fo neceffary to ftran= gers, and whom fuperftition and religious prejudice have hitherto kept below. : iM 296. ACCOUNT oF « JOURNEY. +vo-THH Souvrdus-op-ruw-, Tux fource i 18 deféribed as about 5 miles horizontal’ diftance from- the temple, ina dire@ion. nearly S$.E.85; and it ts, ia all probability, . chiefly fupplied by the, melting of the great bofom of {now that tere . ‘minates the valley, and lies between the peaks. of the mountain {poken.., of above. ‘This mountain, reckoned the. loftieft and Jargelt of ‘the - fnowy range in this quarter, and probably. yielding +© none in the whole iméla, obtains the name of Rudra Himdla, and is fappofed to be the.throne or: Fefidence of Mana DEo bimfelé. > It_has.five principal} peaks called * Rudi a0e Himdla, Brahmépuri, V; Wraburk Udgari Canta, , and Swe ngarohing.. Thef e form a fort of femicircular hollow, of very < confiderable. extent, which is. filled = with’ eternal. fnow; from... which, and from_ the -varions.. ravines. of this. hollow, the prin- cipa al part. of the flream. flows: Probably there may. be {maller hol.” Jows to: the. right above Gangotr,. which. fupply a ‘portion, Such- iS. the amount .of the pundits- account, and. I .believe it. to be cone fittent -with truth, for the following. reafons... Ourafcent from the vil-- Jage of. Sucint, which. 1S itfelf high among the hills, has been great, ee) es from Durdii, rapid; fo much fo as.to leave no doubt. that this. {poet - 4s, far.e levated above. tele vel of the. countries beyond the fnowy. hil Is, jndeed ¢ our perpens Ke ular diftancs, from. the {nowy region was ve ry in. aR scon§iderable, an dw ere i ir not that the heat of the, place i is increafed by ee the confiaement of the funs rays,..and , their reflexion from fo much - _rock, it is. probab'e that fnow: would continue. lying. here. continur lly, ‘The co ld confequently 1s great here at. night. i The river Setley cect inky - comes through the Himala. range; but when we were upon its banks, .and ata very confiderable di fance, within the range of fnow, At was .a Jong days journey, or probably equal to 12 miles of regular. gra dual . picen' from the river to the. region ob fnow, and the hes t both night and Gay was in lerable ; nay at Serdn, 2 miles. above’ its Be ed the cold *; % = alfo bears the name of Peach Parcat, fon ive five sili and Sasaéra oe which muft- not, be confounded with that fpringing from Benderpuch’ by. amd Jometines the general appellation of Gailds is givers | aad 5S -JUOMNA ann BHAGIRAT HAY RIVERS. B99 ‘inconfiderable: It mu‘t then be allowed that the difference of altitudé indicated by thefe circumftances is a ftrong: prefumptive proof that the Bhdgirat’ i does not- come through the {nowy “range, but rifes in ahve Me. Ir if doesnot come through the Himalaya, its courfe cannot be fat from hence. The fnowy peaks exrend to no great breadth ; they ges nerally confilt of one lofty ridge cut into high peaks and deep ravines, and projec. feveral-equally irregular ridges on‘either fide towards the north eat and fouth weft; thefe inferiour- ridges are oever equal ia hheighth to.the parent mountain, but. neverthele{s: at times fhoot up: mafles.of great magnitude, whence in their turn diverge other moun tains that.either. themfelves or by their-branches.reach the plain. - Tue breadth of the mountainous: region’ may ‘probably occupy ‘a fpace of from eighty to one hundred miles: the grounds for’ fuppo# fing this to. be the ex'ent of that.fpace,' are not only-.our own obferva= ‘tion, but the informattonswe have received from diferent: and: intellia y; gent per fone relative to routes through the pafles* ~!hus reafoning from. probabilitics, Obfervation. 2 inf srimation, /udid. Himdla is at Jeaft removed to the nesta of the an wy Tange, and if -1s.fairto ce clude “jes ‘ne lind, mountaino us and clévated as it. is, rather falls than rifes to the north and north ealt of this. mountain... This,.is confirmed. by the pundit, ‘and thofe’zemindars who have been accuflomed to view the country from. lofty ficuations .omeither fide of the-glen of the- Bhagirat’ht. No one feemed in the leaft to doubt. the faét,..that the. river had its rife in the aforefaid hollow of fnow; and. fome went fo far as.to aflert that, when. climbing in fearch .of. {tray fheep, they had. feen the glen of the river ending thus, and cculd difcern the deep ra-- 2 SSE 2 Inthe Witi Mana pifs, after palling Badariaath which is about the centet of etevatiun, that iad fy > whe highelt cleyatcd {pot om that road, (he pJvins ase reached in thiee doys, 238 ACCOUNT oF a JOU RNEY vo tax Souncus ov dan vine through which it trickles down into its bed from the {nowy bafon: and further declare that no very confiderable.ftream appeared to jon it from any other quarter. “The road before adverted to; by which the - Bifcher men go to Cédér for falt, proceeding behind this. mountain was - quoted by the pundit asa proof, thatthe river.did not come from a greater diftance, and. he mentioned feveral corroborating accounts given by Bhotias, who had travelled much in this quarter. "To all this. may be added, thatthe ftream ae the Bhagirat'h, though large and rapid, is perhaps not greater than may be accounted for by the large mafs of {now that fupplies it, acted on by rain and: {nu, at atime of. year..when. both.have greateft effects and that few ftreams of any confequence join it above the “f'ahnevi; the Shewri- Gad'n, the Miani Gad’h, the. Bougi Gad’h and the Cédar Ganga, being the only ones from the fouth eaft, while from the north wef side, notva single ftream larger than a mere rill, falls into it; all of which renders it probable, that few if any nullaks unite with the river above Gango- ivi, and that it really is formed as above defcribed. : Ir has been faid, that the appearance of the bed of the river and hills clofing up our view confirmed the information we received. About two furlongs beyond Gangetri, a point on the left from the northward fhuts out the immediate view of the ftream; beyond this, _ probably about one mile, (or lefs of horizontal diftance) a point from the fouthward ftretches down behind the former, hiding a larger and higher portion of the bed and fides; beyond this the courfe is to all appearance ftraight fora confiderable way to the fouthward of eafi, and a very rough craggy ridge fhooting into fharp points forms the eaftern bank, and ends in a point, round which the river again appears to turn, and which ftretches down from Swergarchini. JUMNA- awn BHA’‘GI/RATHY RIVERS. | 239 “Sweredronini is the neareft of the five peaks, and forms the weftern point of the great nowy. hollow, Rudra: Himdla forms the eaftern point: but from ita great fhoulder: runs; down) .to the; fouth weftward, that as far as-we could judge gives off, or. ends:in the moun=> tains we are furrounded with, and:-forms agreatunbroken though uns ' equal inowy ridge, thatbounds.and confines the glen of the Bhagie vat hts. Tug other peaks mentioned above form different points in the back of this immenfe hollow, and all together-compofe one of the moft ro- | mantic as. well as, large{t. mountains,. perhaps in the. world.. The above difcuffion and explanation may feem tedious and exceflive; but when the object is to throw every poffible light on even the re, motelt, and leaft important. part, of the courfe of this. venerable river, . tedioufnefs may perhaps be pardoned... Tue old popular idea, that the Ganges iffues from a rock like a cow’s mouth, (Gae Muk’h) did not. fail to occur to me, and enquiries were made into the origin of this fable... When it was.mentioned, the pun= dit laughed and obferved, that moft of thole pilgrims. who came from the plains put the fame queftion in feveral fhapes; one afking whether it. did not take its rife from the leaves of a facred birch, (Bhojpair ; ) others. from its. roots: and others again fuppofing, that the ftream really and vifibly came down from heaven. But he gravely ale. fured us that no fuch thing happened, and that the -river, in truth, came from the fuow as above menttoned. He then gave the account above detailed, adding, that.it- was.the true one given in the Sé/ras, and that he was convinced of its corre€tnefs not only for that reafon, | but (fhewing the landfeape before us, and pointing to the five peaks, asin evidence of what he advanced,) becaufe, as might be feen, it couid not. well.be otherwife,: 690° ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY ro tar Souncus oF rus So far as the people of the place—pundit, brahmins, and zemindars were queftioned, merely about their own diftriat and the places conti- guous, their anfwers were diftin& and prompt, with every appearance of being correat to the beft of their apprehenfion: But when any at- tempt was made to carry them further abroad, oro collect any thing of the topography of the country beyond this great range, they faled altogether: either at once faying they knew nothing-about the matter, or giving improbable inconfiftent accounts. Some of. them aflferted, that there was a plain and well cultivated country atno greater dif- tance than 12 cos (horizontal diftance) from the ether fide of Rudra’ Himdla; but, from the nature of the country it.was not poffible te Téach it, except by a very circuitous route. “But whether they alluded to the great plains.of *7artary, or to fome intervening valley, it was impoflible to dif{cever. They however afferted, that at might be feen from fome ef the high peaks in the neighbourhood, which | mult bee lieve to be falfe, or at beft very doubtful: as I think there cannot be any means of afcending a point high enongh .to afford fuch a view from any place near this Ipot. “From the time we entered the bed of the siver -above Such/ one Lpecies of {tone has chiefly predominated. A hard white flone per- vaded more or le{s with black fpots, {treaks and flars, and .frequently with mica; the fitmafture.is remarkable, and though the -colour, the -compofition, and proportion of the ingredients vary, fill it is quite the | fame ftone: [ am much inclined to believe it is a fort of granite;t it is much hke that ftone firft met with inthe ’Pader’s bed, though in general : Himalaya, asthe rowres ve have obtained from more cieditable authorities, imply the exiftence of a fag greater extent of hills Aretching even to the fouthward.of Kama. ‘The plain was reported, I thint, to.be dise€tly behind the Céd/ér moumtaing which is continuous.with, indeed, a part of, Rudra Himdla, and did _mot belong to Ge ahal, + This cor j:Gure has becn Goce fully jukified, as Scientific men have. pronounced the fpecimens go be’ ASUE, granites “© Te fuch a pliin do exift, it cannot well, I think, be near the grest plains on the NE. and b, of she Te" TO FUMNA 8b BHA RAT HI* RIVERS) > 231 whiter: fome pieces are pur ee , others fpotted, with jet like particles; others with dong black bars, .irre ular! ly eroffing each other ; > fome with mica in a grey bed; fome with faa black or blue veins, fome flightly xed, fome yeliowifh, and other foecimens grey. In the river bed, from Suchito Dura it was foundin large rounded irregular mafles, but from that village to Gaxgair’, the whole mafs of the mountains feems tc be compofed of it, and the bed of the river from a mile or ‘wo below Lhairamghdti is formed in a folid mafs thréugh which an irregular trough has been hollowed by the continual aftion of the water, jufl broad enough for the flream to rufh in a fucceffion of falls and rapids. Its waters are quite loaded with a quantity of white thine ing fand, which doubtle{s is preduced by the attrition of the “ones rolled along this channel, and their’ gradual and conftant adhon On the fides and bottom of this rock. — Tre night we arrived, ‘fatigue was fufficient to prevent much fur= ther exertion, and.combined with coid to fufpend the intentions even of the pious,.and a-night’s refl under the roof of one of the Dkharaw Salas, was very accep’able. ‘Tae whele of the next day (the 20th July,) was eccupied by the peoplein bathing in the holy ftream, and the worthy pundit made a «onfiderable harveft from the zeal of the party ; indeed, it was a mat- iter of ferious confequence and great joy to every one that had thus happily reached a place of fuch fuper-erinent fandtity, where, in fa@, ‘the a& of ablution:is fuppofed to cleanfe from. every fin heretofore committed; while the fuppofed difficulty of reaching it is fo great, that few but profeffional devotees ever attempt the pilgrimage, It is, aye find, cultomary for thofe who have loft their father or mother, to fubmit to the operation of fhaving, and the changes this produced 232 ACCOUNT or 4 JOURNEY 20 rue Sources or tHE on. the party, were whimfical even the muftachios were not {pared = one ‘chief means of grace, was frequently wal king round’the holy teme ple, and i in this caly mode ‘of obtaining it, it was obferved that the mo: noted rogues were molt forward — forme were ee ly indefat ble, : ry ~ fo Tite outfide of the temple has been before defcnbed— within, there: are three 1 images, one of them, I think, was of Céur; and the flone thelf: on which they were placed, was. wet and foiled with the offerings: pres- fented: a. peculi ar and very, ftrong fmell was perceptible, but I know: not, what it was 3. the place 4 is, as ufual in Hindi temples, lighted by .a: lamp which yielded. but a. fick} ly gleam—no daylight, had admitiance—- no.fign of riches was, perceptible, either in,the temple or on the perfon: of its priefi—no-tinfel even glittered:on the i images, which were form.. ed of black ftone, and. were painteds The pundit was a fmart: little man, cloathed like the reft of the hill. people in coarfe wools. len, cloth : he wore a.red velvet cap upon. his. head,. which had. been: prefented to. him by fome pil grim fromthe low country: The truth. is, that though the fhrine of Gangotré is the holieh of thofe to be met» with in this.facred range, it is the leaft acceffible, and confequently has fewer Votaries ; - for. thofe coming from the low country: choofe rather» to take a comparatively ealy road, and proceed’ to a more folendid: and better frequented {hirine, that of Badaringt’h which’ is thus far beta. ter endowed, and the officiating. priefts of which are in much better: worldly ciréitinflanee’, than thofe of. Gangotrt. “PRE: pundit complains. ed much of this’ de faldation, which he: faid’ was” “partly owing to the flate of the country. from: the Gorcha congueft : ‘as, fince’ that~ ‘period: ‘the roads being negle@ed, and no provifion being made for'the necef- fary repairs, it was a Taatter of fome difficulty to reach the fhrine in: fafety § - and this being once known, fad an immediate effeG@ in deters. ‘fing: eventhote who might elfe have attempted the j journey. JUMNA ann BHAGYRATPHY RIVERS: 1933 We had now ftaid the full time we could afford, and ‘had not, in #a&, provifions for another day; preparations were therefore made for eur return, and on the morning of July 21/t, we fet off for Durdli. ‘Tue morning was clear and lovely, and the fnowy peaks of Sumeru Farbat {hone forth in full glory, illuminated by the rifing fun. Our route was the fame as that we came by. Goofeberry bufhes were a- bundant the whole way, but the fruit was {mali and four. Several trees of cedar were pointed out* to us by the brahmins, but they were not abundant; it appeared the common red cedar, and is called by the natives D'hip; they regard itas very facred. Our Hindé attendants €ach carried away a little picce of it given by the brehmins. July g2d.—Asovur 12 o'clock we left Durdii, and reached the vile Jage of Suc’hi. July 29d. —TuE morning was exceedingly foggy, with much driz« giing rain which indeed had fallen the whole night : we left the village at7 oclock, and defcended to the river by a fleep ftony path through ridges of cultivation, and croffed it by a bridge fulpended upon two rocks ; it is-here very rapid, and enters between banks more confined, than oppofite and above the village. From hence the road leads along the face of the.eaftern, or left bank, rough, ftony and difficult, climb- ing up rocks when the paffenger’s only hold is by roots of trees, and exceedincly uncomfortable from wet. Somewhat below the bridge, we paffed the debouche of Rixdi Géd'h, which ftream we crofled, defcends ing from Ci’haya Canta. * Ip appears upon enquiry, that from the time we entered Gerwhal, on crofling the Micral nallah nea Lakhamandel, on the fist day’s journey, that we have travelled entirely in Rewzen till we croffed the paia at Ch’hdya Canta, when we entered opper Tacneur, which occafionally was attached 1o Rewaen, and fomes times formed a different Amil, 10 Boi ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY vo tue Souaces-oF tn3 Arte amile and half further.of fimilar road-we reached and ¢rof- fed Loid Gad’s by a wooden bridge, a.ftream which has a courfe from Faunds afnowy hill,.through 5 cos.of defart country, and is large and. rapid. X ~ Tin-rocks here refume their fratiform appearance pointing as be. fore to the fouthward, and their ftru&ure has changed... A little fure. ther on we croffed the river again.on Logrndd-ca Sango... Iv here: winds much, running very rapidly: between the banks which. approach each other clofe and are very precipitous and rough; the road which.at firft carried us clambering up and down the precipices with much toil, now winds alonz the foot of one of.its banks. ; 9 Jasr below the bridge, there is a very yapid. defcent in the Tivers« bed, for near a mile, in which {pace though there is noabfolute cafcade of any magnitude, yet the declivity is fo Meep, that the mver tumbles. wer it,the whole way, with a noife likeloud continued thunder, in ax maf{s of.dirty. foam: at the end (f this rapid, we again croffed the river, . to the left bank, by Dairduieca-Sange,, which is very long, narrow, and : infecure,., | Tusroad from Lodrnad ca-Sango,is very painful..and difficult, leada Ing entirely over the high piled ruins ef the rocks above, and much tangled with thorns, while it: rifes and .falls conunually till. we reach Dangalo.ca-Sango, on which we croffed the Bhagirathé. for a. fourth time to-day. Ju above this bridge, we fawthe dcbouche of Canaulé Khela above, called Gedar Gadh,. which-is, in fact, the fame inte which, the fireams from Banfuru Ghatand Sath-k-ar-Cotit flow. A lite be- law the bridge,.and in a {mall nullab, not far above the river’s- bed, the village Buaghel: is fituated, and on the left bank a little further.on, a Small yillaze, U7i,is feen, and froma thence begins the T’héé, or diltrict. : JUMNA ann BHA/'GYRAT’HY RIVERS. 935 e. é of Cathir. Two miles further carried usto a nullah called Curmi-ci- Gad’h, the bed of which we afcended, to get round a high rock that projects into the river’s bed; the afcent was exceedingly toilfome and dangerous, its length a mile and a half: another defcent to Elzé Gad’h, which we croffed with difficulty, and an afcent from its bed, brought us to the village Tear, our refting-place for the night. Our perambulator, which had accompanied us through the hills, . became fo fhattered and crazy at Durdli, that we could make no» further ufe of it; a confiderable annoyance, as we mult calculate the diftance by time, and from point to point; from Suché to Tear it cane- mot. be. lefs than 16 mules, : Tr-was mentioned, tha the mem of Durgli village were all abfent when we arrived. there ;.it was afcertained. indeed, that the object of their journeyiwas.plunder,.and to-day. we underltood, that they had actually. fucceeded in driving away 4.0r 590 fheep and. goats from the diltrict.of Cathyir.. Jult after crofiing. Danga/o Sangg, we overtook a: large party of men, amounting probably ~to.100,: armed. with *axes, bows and arrows, who, it appeared, had come from:.a-villige called Reithal, thus accoutered, to way-lay; and rob, the thieves of their hae ty. Their informatiqn however was too late, and the plunder was fafe.- Jy carried of.” When: queftioned, they anfwered-without thé iéaft hefi- tation,-noraffedted to conceal ‘their intentions; when: tcld’ that fuch mifdeeds would.draw on.them the vengeance cf government, ae that probably:twentysor thirty of them:would be hung; they fhewed ‘nei« oe ther the affediation of-fhame. or contrition for the offence, nor fear. ofits - ¥ > pth . . - , Pte _ A : - * Every Pabaria carries an axe, called’by them Daygra, which is favall; and wora tack in the cemorboid dea manaer fimilar-to that in which the Gore Aas weer their Crcris.' The Daxegra is \ike the Cucré, the weapon of the fuldiery the bafbandman, or tradefman—wlefal in all cafes, Few of them, had sa/zwirs 5 they- ars not osiginally » hill weaponry and are all jm osed from the plaimas.. 836 ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY ro raz Sources or run P punifhment, nor in any way evinced a fenfe of the juftice or injuftie: of the confequence pointed out to them, but coolly anfwered, * it i: well, as the_fircur fhall pleafe.” Fuly 24.—Tue morniog was chill and cloudy, but many of the fnowy fummits appeared on the oppofite fide of the river, with deep ravines ftreaked with fnow, defcending from their bofoms, carrying their flreams to the river. .A few {mall villages are feen near the river, on ‘their tkirts—Tedr itfelf is {mall and poor; the houfes are chiefly covers ed with grafs; flate is probably {carce of a good guality, and wood is only ufed to cover the temples. We left the village at half paft 73 juft beyond it the profpeét down the river opens, feveral villages with a good deal of cultivation ap- pearing. A various and irregular road, pafling Skewdr-ci Gad’h, and through the wretched village of Cé/in led us to Palu, a village fituate on a projecling point high above the river, upon which, and in the valley, there is much culuvation. “Fwo miles and a half of a fimilar road, including another afcent and defcent in crofling Gatd Gad, . carried us to Ret?hal* which is a large village and looks more thriving Seeman FN AOE es PR ai i EO Rae * "From the village of Rei’ha/, the lower road ftrikes off from Gangatri to Cédarnat’h and Badarinalb, The fir day’s journey takes the travel er to a cave called Sheali.cieUdar, 10 cos, the road is “tolerably good ETS —= a Gn 2 foutherly dire€tion—one fteep afcent. Second day’s journey to Cai’har, 12 cos, courfe foutherly—half afcent, half defeent, Third day’s journey to Billang, full 14 cos, dire€tion to- the eaf—confiderable afcent and defcenty but goid good. Fourth day’s journey to Puwali Danda, a defart hill. refting-place, a caves 10 ¢o#—mnuch afcenty but good path. Fifth day’s journey Terpaj? Narain, g cos—3 cas level, 6 cos of defcent to the eafllward, Sixth day’s joumey to Gauri Cunda, 7 cos—afcent and defcent to the eaftward. ‘There is at this place gz hot fpring, which is led throvgh a brafs mouth fixed in the rock, where pilgrims bathe, Seventh day’s journey to Cedar 10 cos—great afcent, but good road. “The temple to Maua’peo is faid to be of confiderable fize ; fituated very near the fnow, upon a fpot of level ground on the mouniainy which is, in fa€t, a part of that called Rudra Himlda—a facred flream called Céli Ganga, has itsrife here, and joins the Alacéuanda at Rudrapraydg, There are, at this place, eleven Dara Salas for the ufe of pilgrims, Biom Cédarnat’h to Badarinat’h, although the diftance horizontally be lithe, it requires eight days to go 3 force ed marches will do it in fix, three days of which are nearly entirely a return backwards; then an afcent nearly, fis is faid, in the Same direction, The perfect impraQiicability of the country occafiens this neceffary detour. "hay JUMNA awn BHA‘GYRATHI RIVERS, 237 than ufuals it was from hence that the chief part of the robber band we yelterday met, iflued. Several {maller and larger ftreanas now flow on either fide to the Bhagrrat’hi, the names:ot which it is ‘of little im- portance to mention ; one large one, the Yal-Géd’h debouches oppofite to Reithal. Purfuing our way, we paft Notarna and Doar, poor {mall villages, and traverfed feveral fields of ridged cultivation, furtheron we paffed through Gé/a/i, a tolerably neat and large village, containing from 15 to 20 houfes, chiefly thatched with grafs. A temple covered with wood was allo ob‘ervec, but the Chinefe appearance of the houfes,: the lofty. towers and enormous projecting wood or {tone roofs, are wearing fafk away and the houfcs aflume more of the look of common: Winduftanee. huis. — The wretched village of Facolla, is fornéwhat nore than 9 miles by the road, but not above: one, of horizontal dif. ance from Gufati, and we reached it.erofling two nullahs by a ftony xough and difagreeable path. —. Here we refted forthe night, andin very miferable accommodati- ons; thefe have been found worle as we got nearer the low country, the houfes are dirty, clofer, and more full of vermin. ~ Since leaving Tear, our route hes led through the diftrit of lower Te wenawir. The mountains in this day's march have loft fill more of their rough favage appearance ; they {lope eccafionally more towards their bafes, and are frequently wooded far up: ‘cultivation is more com- mon, villages more frequent, and the predominating colours of green and yellow, give a far more cheerfull caft toa country, that however can only feem lefs wild by contraft with that we have left. - July 25.—Tue night was rainy, and the ‘morning as ufual, cold, wet, and comfortlefs; and we found that, through fome millake of our ey 938 ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY fo rug Seurcus ov rue guides, or our attendant. Kisun Sinn, we have taken a wrong’ road, which is confiderably more toilfome than that which leads acrofs the river from Year. « In the one we were about to enter on, we were in- formed that, confiderable obftacles would prefent themfelves from the rife of one or two large nullahs, the temporary bridges of which had been carried away by the flaods. Directions were given to ereét others for our paflage, but the indolence and natural flownels of .thefe peo ple, in the comimon bufinels of life, is fo great, that we could place lit- tle reliance on their exertions, and we fet off without any certainty of reaching Barahaé that night. Tae-manufatures of Bifeher are remarkably fuperior to thofe of Rewaen and Tacnaur both in materiai aad workmanthip; the blankets and woollen ftuffs of the former, are frequently of great finenefs, clofe in texture and of confiderable beauty, while thofe of the datter are coarfe, unfightly and bad; the wool of the former, is of a finenefs equal to fome of our beft -Englifh wool, while the produce of the latter’ countries appea’s to partake of the.chara@er of hair, and the thread fpun from itis briftly ftubborn, and rather calculated to produce a coarfe hair cloth, than any comfortable warm woollen fabrick; the reafon of this difference,-is even lefs explicable than that of others, and it is to be feared has its origin only in natural indolence and floth. For pafture,at all events is equally good in Rewaen as in Bufeher, and one breed of fheep would in all probability thrive there as well as another, feeing that they fucceed perfedily well in a fimilar climate. Tue fuperior flate ef agriculture was notorious in every diftri& of Bifeher through which we pafifed, and cannot entirely, though it may in fome meafure, be referred to the more untoward and impracticable mature of the.countries now under difcuffion. The hou fes in the fore mer are alfo more calculated for comfort in general than thofe of the JUMNA ann BHAGIRAT AY RIVERS. | 239 latter, though this difference is more perceptible, internally than exter- nally. Tue circumftancesin which thefe countries or diftri€ts are placed, though they appear to be pretty familar, differ perhaps in fome points ; and itis but fair to ftate them, as itis poflible the difference of character, above remarked, may in fome degree at leaft be referred'to them. “Tue Gore’has have ruled in Gerwhal for near twelve years, previous to which a fevere’conteft had been maintained, which drained the coun- try of men and money. They appear to have borne in mind, in their fubfeguent conduét to this unfortunate State, the trouble it coft’them to win it, and aéted as if determined to revengeit. ‘Hs old families were deftroyed; all'thofe perfons of rank and importance who were taken, were murdered or banifhed; its villages burnt or deftroyed ; and great niimbers of its inhabitants were fold as flaves. The remaining part were opprefled by heavy taxes: and:many voluntary ‘banifhments and ‘emigrations took place, to avoid a tyranny too oppreflive to be borne, and too ‘powerful to be withftood. Thus, throughout great part of Gerwhai, the traveller fees but the ruins of villaces, and ‘the traces of former cultivation row abandoned: while,’the inhabitants that remain, are, in all probability, the moftignorant and the loweft; and it may fairly be prefumed, have funk lower in éxertion and mind, from the “Oppreffion they have groaned under. Tur Gore’has have only fucceeded ‘in ‘fubjeéting the fiate or province of Bifeher, within thefe 3 or 4 years patt, and its fubjeQion was ‘far lefs complete than that of Gerwhdl. The conquerors have had'lefs time, lef opportunity, and probably faw that they dared Iefs to deftroy the country and villages, or murder and difperfe the inhabitants; the ree moter diftri@s they {carce-penetrated into, and the certainty we'trace 240 ACCOUNT ova JOURNEY. Wo wHe Sounczs or THE through the whole of Bijener the marks of the Gorc’ha violence, and the proofs of their temporary power in forts and firongholds fill; the former are far lefs obvious than in Gerwha/, It may be inferred from this, that the ancient [piri¢ Of laberty and reGiftance is lefs beat down, — and the mental energies ‘tefs'deprefied in this fcene of recent, and fomewhat mihdermenqneth tba ti that of long eftablifhed tyranny. it appears too, that Bifeher, even in the remotefi parts, hat kept up a greater and more general commercial intercourfe than its neighbour- ing provinces: the courle of the Set/e), pafimg through even its wildeft — diftricts, and communicating with the plains of Biiaxz om the one hand, and. thofe of the Panjabon the. other; give facilities for, and encour- agements to trade, not pofiefied bythe north weftern parts of Gerwhat. Many more perfons reach the plains of Hinduflan from Bifeher, and many merchants frequent it. in return. ._Whillt, except a pilgrim to Femnotri or Gangotri, none ever come or go to. the countries in which thefe are fituated. Ar 9-o'’clock we left Jacola, detained till then by heavy sain, and marching a very fhort way along the hill face, we defcended for up- wards of a mile to the river's bed, by a very fteep rough and flippery path, which there winds along its bank, following the inflexions of the flream, till we crofled Selcour Gad'k, oppofite which there are three vil- lage one above the other on the other fide, below them a {mall nullah falls into the river. Hence our road ran for a confiderable diftance,. partly along rice cultivation, and partly..along fome flat table land which we now met with, a little elevated-above the river bed in the hollow of each reach; pated Funecé-Gérh an old houfe or. fort, pros. jeting into the river on the oppolite-fide, formerly .a..place, of conii-. derable fanctity, and where one of the many-ablutions .prefcribed to- the religious on the way. to Gangotrt. was. performed; jult below,. JUMNA axp BHA’G’RAT’HI’ RIVERS. 94} Jum ci-Godh empties itfelf into the river; fomewhat further on, upon ihe road (f{lillon the right fide of the river) we paffed the {mall and poor village of Iné where we faw fome of the largett peaches, I remember feeing either. here or at home ; we reckoned this place at leaft 54 miles from Faccl/a, Tue path fill leads along the river bank, occafionally on rice grounds and at times through thick, tangled, but {mall jungle to Godri- géa@h, about 2 milcs further on, a deep and rapid ftream which we forded with difficulty and purfued our courle to Rin’ Gaa’h, a large and deep torrent much {welled by the reas, Over this C’hsa, which is fully g miles from Jaco/a, the zemindars had gone to plac: a tempoe rary bridge. We were detained a full hour, till it was ready, and a moft frail fabrick it wis when finifhed, copfifting of two fmall round flicks extending from the leit bank toa lirge rock in the middle, from which, to the other bank, :hree fmilar ones tied together gaye a_moft limber and unfteady mode of tranfit; fuch was the machine on which 60 or 60 perfons, many with heavy loads were 'o crofs a wild mountain fiream ; by care however, although it bent till the wood touched the flream, we fucceeded tolerably well; the feadinefs of thefe hill peo- ple in preferving their footing thouzh heavy laden, in difficult fituatt- ons, is really farprizing; only one accident happened, but it was a fatal one, One unfortunate coo’y milled his ftep from the reaction of . the timber, and feil into the ftream; ere a hand could reach him, he was’ {wallowed up and carricd away ina moment to the junction of the nullah, with the river, about 150 yards below, where his head for a moment. appeared fepara‘ed from his load, but the foaming current of the LAdgirat’hé here tumbling over large rocks, with great noife, feized him and hurried him along with its tremendous torrent. From the bed of Rixé Gad 4, by a winding irregular road, we reache ed the top of the valley or reach, where Sarakét is fituated, At the 1Q 242 ACCOUNT ov « JOURNEY ro rue Sources or THE upper extremity on this (weft) fide, we pafled the temple of Lakhajuru, facred to Siva, and: another to DurcdA. Somewhat further on, onthe eppofite bank, is fituate the village Mandha/, and a very fhort way be- low it Jrlot. Barahdt is no great diftance below this laft, and is fituate ed on the right or N. W. bank of the river, on a fmall ftripe of level land, which commences at the top of the reach, and lays at the foot of a high hill. Itis a wretched place, confifting of five or fix poor houf- es furrounded with filth, and nearly buried in a jungle of nettles, thorns, and every rank weed, the produce of a dunghill ; the peo- ple looked as poor and wretched as the place. Taapirion, for it may be faid to amount to that, fays, that Barahét was a place of note end wealth, containing 50 or Go fhops in its bazar, (a large number for a hill town,) and fituated inthe midit of a rich well cultivated country, abounding in corn and cattle of all forts: it was alfo a place of much fandtity, and this is the only relique of its former felf to be difcerned. Even its temples, however, are ina *mi- ferable ftate of dilapidation, though they ftill abound with brahmins and fugeers. Dat hatri is facred to Siva—Murli Manur is either the name of a temple or the deity it is facred to; Parseram has his fhrine; and Suc’hi-ca-Mandir (the temple of Suc’n1,) contains the famous Triful or trident. There are alfo many holy pools for ablution, as Surg Cund, Brahma Cund, Vifahernath ; all. formerly frequented by pil- erims on their way to Gangotri, whofe worfhip and adoration there was acceptable, in proportion as they purified themfelves by frequent ablutions, at the facred ftages on their upward way. Still they are fre- quented, but by no means as in former days; indeed, the difficulties thrown in the way of travellers during the fway of the Gerc’Aus, and the detericration of the roads, have rendered Gangotrt a place of far lefScrefort than formerly. All thefe temples, bathing places, and reli- “® "The Garthqueke of 1808,—Ajiatic Researches, vol. xi, pase 476, JUMNA ax» BHA’GYRATHI’ RIVERS. 243 gious buildings of every defcription, as well as the town itfelf, now prefent a melancholy picture of ruin and decay; even the Dharans Silas, and provifions of charity, have not efcaped. There were fevee ral fields and rich fpots of land, attached to the temple of Parasuram, for the purpofe of feeding the pilgrims during their ftay here: but they have all either been taken from it, or are laying wafte. July 26.—ArTER amoft uncomfortable night and procuring the means of carriage for the baggage with confiderable difficulty, we pro- ceeded on our journey, but went in the firft inftance to view the tem- ples and places worthy of notices; but in fa& little remains to detain the traveller, fave the trident, which is furely a curious fpecimen of the tafte of the old time. Its three-fold compofition, the elegance of its fhape,and the unknown chara@ers, that occupy much of its fhaft, point it out as a fingular objeét of admiration, intereft, and fpeculation, for by what means it came there muft I fufpe@ remain quite an unde- cided point, This pillar has been fo minutely defcribed (I have una- derftood,) by Meffrs. Wess and Raper, that it is perfectly unneceffary to repeat here what they mult have faid. At the turn of the river forming the end of that reach in which Barahat is fituated, there is a 7hulla or hanging bridge of ropes, over which leads the dire@ road to Srinagar; below, the valley becomes broader, and ftretches down in a wefterly courfe for feveral miles. Leavine the 7’hulla on our left, we wound along by a water courfe, carried for the purpofe of irrigation from Barahdti-ci-géd’h, which we croffed and afcended to Barah4ti village, about 2 miles from Barahat. It has been a large village and it enjoys a fine prtofpect over all the valley, but upon this, as on the rich cultivation and villages of this valley, the hand of defolation has fallen, and left little but ruins. G44 : ACCOUNT or a JOURNEY vo rue Sources of tie Jusr about L2k,hajéré the Badgirathi began to affume fomewhat more of ‘the character of a great river, fpreading out into a wider chane nel, yet flill retaining much of the impetuofiry of the mountain torrent, and it {weeps in numerous windings, through this fine valley which is from 3 to 4 furlongs broad, and confifs chiefly of table land, probably the bed it once ran in, and is here and there finely {welled into rifes; all is cultivable, and evidently has once been under ullage, and remains of villages in various places evince a once more numerous population; all now is waite, but green and {mooth. Two or three miles from Barahdtt, we croffed the Rat'hor gadk where we fuffered confiderable detention, while a temporary bridge was thrown over: fomewhat further on, {crambling along the river fide, we reached a {mailer ftream Sinhoti-gadh, which we forded with much dithculty, for it was deep. and ftrong, This nullah ends the long reach aud-valicy, and we pafled two or three bad fleps, where the banks clofe for a fhort fpace, before entering on another, about 2 miles long, inthe middle.of which the village D’hinda, is fituated, on.a rock overhang. ing the water, about 7 miles from Berakdt. The river flows now in. auniform courfe, till it is jotned at the bottom of the reach by Dhunéri- géd’h,a large ftream which flows through a valley apparently rich in cultivation... The oppofite fide of the river forms part of Dhundri pure gunnah, and there is much rice and ullage all around. At Dhénda village we left the river and afcended the hill behind it, fir by a gradual eafy path, along ledges of culuvation, till we turned the edge of the hill, when a fucceflion of pretty fharp afcents and def- cents through fir covered sills, catricd us to the village of Petcard, our night’s ages : Tue village of Petdrd is not much better calculated to »ccommaeadate travcliers, than thole we have lately paffed through, poor and diity ; JUMNA axp BHA‘GVRAT’AI’ RIVERS. 945 but bad asthe lodgings and fare were, wearinefs and hunger made them acceptible. Our mirch we reckon at only 12 miles, but heat and bad roads made it toilfome. fi July 27.—Tue fituation of the village is lofty, and the view from it extenfive and beautiful, particularly down the courfe of the Bhégirat’hi : we recognife from hence too feveral points, which formed objects of obe fervation in our courfe up the Fumna, fuch as the peaks of Bugi and Marm4. Below, the Gadul Gad’h flows through a fine valley, and joins the Bhégtrat’hi at Dharafu: from whence, the river runs in a long” -and comparatively broad valley, well cultivated and fudded with nu- merous villages. Beyond, the eye ftretches to the hills above Athir, and even thofe near Srinagar are to be difcerned. Tue road from the village te Dharafu is entirely defcent; this place was formerly of fome religious confequence, but now is totally in ruins; itis fitzated ona rock, near the confluence of the Gadul Gad’h with the BAdgirath?. Jult at the bridge by which we crofs this nullah, there is a temple to BayramGuru, where two jogs, a man and awoman, refide, for the benefit of pious pilgrims, who are expected to contri- bute to their fuppert. Rifing from the bed of the ftream, and pro- ceeding a mile onwards, we reached Baret’h: village, firuated ona rifing ground, atthe upper end of the valley: a fhort way from hence, ‘there is an eftablifhment of jogis, who refide at the temple of Man. -GALANATH, where, there are {ome uncommonly fine mango trees, but éhe fruit was hardly ripe. “Turreg are feveral villages on either fide of the river here: thofe on the north eaft bank are in Jul pergunnah: that of Qudepore, com- mences On this fide at Gadul Gad’. 1B 246 ACCOUNT ov a JOURNEY vo rue Sources or tHe From Bareth:, our path lay along this fine valley, pleafant and ealy ¢ the river runs chiefly on the eaftern fide to the debouch of the Nagun: Géad’h, a pretty copious ftream, from near Marma-ci-Dhar. At this Point, two oppofite DAars approach and interrupt the range of the val- ley, which, however, continues to the fouth eaftward, ll fhut out by in'ervening points from the view, though lefs level and fertile than that we have pafled through.. | Ar this point, we left the Bhdgirat'hi entirely croffing the Naguw nul- lah, and afcending Faudagang-ci-D'har: on the face of this hill, we- found many trees of the Tejput, (Laurus Caffia,) the flavour of which was very good and powerful. 1t is the fame with that tree, the leaves and. {kin of the roots of which forms an article of trade, from Nepal and the lower parts of the hills with the lower provinces, and mentioned by. Colonel Kiaxpatrick: it was perfectly wild and, feemed. tolerably~ abundant. Our afcent continued, chiefly through wood, occafionally: along abare hill fide, and now and then along rice cultivation near {mall . water courfes paffing feveral villages, and frequently very fteep and painful till we reached Cvcef/u-ct-D’har continuous from the weftward® with Marma, and fully 44 miles from.the place where we left the river, we reckoni from. tof to 11 from Petaré, The whole road was wearic- fome and irregular, and this gorge is very highly. elevated, the wood. towards the top, befides the common fir, confifts chiefly of the long leaved oak, and a {pecies of rhododendron, frequently mentioned be- fore, a very, extenfive view iscommanded from.hence, but not a peak. of the {nowy range was vifible; deep and dark clouds refted on theme. Faom this gorge a fleep déeftent commenced, at firft through deep- red foapy foil, and then in the bed of a ftream called Bel-c: Gadh, which rifes inthe paf:. We paffed'along fome fcanty rice culivation, and though the miferable ruined village of Macrora, and reached that JUMNA ann BITA‘GIRAT’RY RIVERS. 247 of Bhalu, after a very fatiguing defeent. It is fmall, but tolerably clean, and formed our place of lodging for this night. Thereis nothing wor. thy of obfervation here, it is ons of 7 villages forming: the :Bhalu divie - fionin the Founpore diltrict: . — Fuly «8 —Av7.o'clock we left Bhals; the path defeending rapidly: ‘inthe bed.and.{tream of the Bel or. Bhal Gad'h: oppofite the mouth of this nulla, bu: yet along way off Sow:c'hola-cteTiba, was obferved, a high » hill, jut-above.the Dun ;. the path croffing and. recroffing the~ ftream, whichis large from. heavy rain, was painful and unpleafantr ; a little bes low, the ftream_is increafed by. Sinhalo-ci.Gad', fromea-.wild glen in > which are fituated three villages, belonging to Bizlu divifion. Still: further on Mathal Gad’h alfo joins,-and the whole, about. 2 miles from Bhalu,; takes'a wefterly direction, uniting with the Famli Gad’h, which comes in a welterly dire&tion from Dhaaauli ci-D,hdr. The. whole. was - ters of the two vallies, at firft under the name.of the Famli Gaadh, and : afterwards called.the Agloha. Gad’h, flow weltward to the. Fume. Crossine the end of» Macrel ca-Danda; which forms the point. be- tween the Béland Famit-Gadhs, and crofling the latter fream, we began to afcend and paffed through litde dirty villages, Dangolo and Bahimo: thefe form a part of the Daj-jola purgunaah, and the latter. we reckoned . g miles from Bhale.-. Tie hills now were green and rather bare of wood, the houfes had totally loft all appearance of the Chinefe ftyle of building, degenerating into the common peor Hindujtan: hut. The-drefs’ of the women as well as the men, had began to-change even at Barahat, where ~cccafion« ally cotton cloth inftead of blanket and woolen was obferved ; here cotton is the univerfal material of drefs, fometimes coloured and check- ed, and the cotton fkull cap is in general ufe, B48 ACCOUNT ov « JOURNEY vo raz Sources oF rux A srezp and hot afcent'led us by the miferable village of Gérono’, from whence the path lay on the left hand hill fide to a rough wooded defcent, and the bed of a dry nullah; hence a very fteep zig-zag af- cent brought .us to the top of a heighth whence we enjoy an extenfive yiew, and trace the whole valley we have croffed, from its rife in Dha- nauli, nearly to its debouche ata village called Gerh, by the “Fumna, where it has changed its mame, from the 4glha, to the Pélia-Géd'h. The range of Marma.ct-D'hér forms the northern boundary. of this large valley, fketching from Fount, and its hills, in the weftward, by Coeffuin the eaftward, and forming the Seurt and Dbhanau t-ct-D'hirs, and ftretching- to the Bhégirat'his this long range, in its courfe gives off many fubordinate D’hars, which form valleys, that finda general outlet to. the Yumna through the Agloha-Gadh. From this flation we kept along the face of the hill, for about a mile, where turning fharp to the left a fhort but rough defcent brought us to the village Belu; this is a {mall and poor place, but as there are no other refting places between it, and Nagel inthe Deyrah Dun, faid to be a diftance of 12 miles, we were forced to content ourfelves with re. maining for the night, and probably it was as well to give our weary people fome extraordinary reft, as the march for the next day, to Dey- yah, was de{cribed as a long and fatiguing one. July .29.--We role early and got.on foot by fix, to encounter our day’s < fatigues. Tueroad wound along the left hand fide of the hill on arocky path formed entirely of lime ftone, to the head of a valley one fide of svhich-is formed by the Sewacholaeci-Tiba » the place is called Mugra: isa dark, gloomy, wooded ravine, andin it theres a perennial {pring of remarkable coldnels: it is one and half miles from Belu. From this piace, a fharp afcent brought us.to a point im the cre of Sowacho/ae ‘JUMNA axo BHA'GIRATHE RIVERS, 249 We cizTibas and all the beautiful Dun} and the (Ll more lovely and {mil- ing plains of Hindu/flan, burft full upon our view. ‘ From hence, we couric: a thorelan elimpfes of ie faowy hills, and of the peak of Benderpuch’h. Haridwar too was feen, and feveral other _ points we could not certainly identify. “Tur latter part of the defcent is precipitous and rocky: from the foot of the hil!, we paffed along the beds of feveral fmall nullahs, which are only, formed by the heavy rain, and through the thin jungle that covers the rifing grounds at the foot of the hills, till'we reached Nage/, ~a [mall village, not far in the plain; from hence the path fo Dey: a is ‘plain and level, through cultivation and mango topes, leaving “Kalunga, -on our left. | [regretted ‘much that I could not vifit this place; but neither weather nor time permitted; it is indeed too well known to need defcription; neither does the town ‘of Deyra require to be defcrib- -ed, and in fact having only palled through it, | could give no, adequate ‘idea of the place. It is ‘about 6 miles from Nugel ; the diftance of Nagel from Be/u, I cannot fo well determine, but am inclined to confi- < der i it at leaft 7 or 8 miles, fo that our concluding ‘march was at lealt from 12 to 14 miles. "Tue next morning we left the Dun, which was chiefly under water, “by the Kearu pafs, and reached Saharunpore on the seu of rae: goth of ates RM ALG Oe AVL UE a THE MURDERERS ele PH ANSIGARS. BY DOCTOR SHER Ww 00D, Communicated by Colonel sie Renrit as YY HILE Europeans have journeyed through the extenfive territo- ries fubjea to the Government ‘of Fort St. ‘George, with a degree of fecurity no where furpaffed, the path of the native traveller has been befet with perils litle known or fulpected, into which, numbers annu- ally falling, have my fterioully difappeared ;, the victims of villains as. fubtile, rapacious, and cruel, as any who. are to. ben met with in the records of human depravity. Tue Phanfigars, or ftranglers, are thus defignated from the: Hindus tani word P’hanfi, (a) anoofe. In the more northern: parts ‘of India, thefe murderers are called Thegs, ( (b) fignifying deceivers : ‘in the Ta- mul language, they are called Ari Tilicar, | (cy or muilulman. noofers : in Canarefe, Tanti Caller, (d) ‘implying thieves. who: ufe a wire or catgut noofe: and in Yelagu, Warla Wahndlé” or ‘Warld Vaifh ay Wahndioo, (e) meaning people who ule the noofe. Tea is no. ee to ain that (ORES were aware. eof the ex: iRence of fuch criminals as ahoeuiees until fhord y after the conaprd mye |) it ocr, | o Baa . os 1s OF THE MURDERERS 251 of Srargapatan, in 1799; when, about a hundred were apprehended in the vicinity of Bangalore. They did not engage general attention ; nor would it appear that they were fulpected to belong toa diftine clafs of hereditary murderers and plunderers, fettled in various parts of India, and alike remarkable for the fingulatity of their practice, and the extent of their depredations.. In the year 1807, between Cfslloor and Arcot, feveral. Phanfigars were apprehended, belonging to a gang which had jut returned, laden with booty from. an expedition to Tra- vangore § and information was, then. obtained, which ultimately led to the developement of the - habits, artifices, and combinations of thefe atrocious delinquents. Tue Phanfigérs that infefted the fouth of India a few years ago, were fettled in My/ore, on the borders of that kingdom and. the Carna- tic, in the Balaghat diltri€ts, ceded to. the Company by.the Nizam in 1800; and they were particularly numerous in, the poliums. of. Chiticor.. The fequeftered part of the country, which comprehended thefe fo-< ums, maintaining little intercourle with the neighbouring diftricts,. abounding i in hills and faftneffes, and being immediately fubject to fe- veral polygars, afforded the Phanfi (gars a. convenient and fecure res : treat ; and the proteétion of the polygars was. extended to them, in common. with other claffes of robbers, in confi deration of a fettled cone tribution: or, which was. mbre. frequent, of fharing in the fruits of — rapacity. Iv is impoflible that fuch criminals as P*hanfigirs, living by fy tee matic plans of depredation, couldlong remain in the fame place in fafety, unlefs their, practices were encouraged Or ooanived' at by pers fons inauthority. : ., Wind them into the susy-hoarted m man § he ae an ie wD | SO thy y ve a 4 LEED be | And: hug him into snares. When the Pkdnsigars determine, ' after obtaining fuch: information’ as they « iene requifite, to attack a traveller) they ufually propofe'to him; under the fpecious plea of mutual fafety, or for the fake of fociety; to. travel together 5 ; or elfe they follow him at a little ditance; and) onvars riving at a convenient place, and a fit opportunity’ prefenting for - > s) ‘ f 3 Sa Chita © .2n0:)) sors @ sees) tanam *Cencha (BY cian aa (ah V3 a Te Sitac 8000 eooas e0ea ‘0 ) ? t = pe bah , g Id}. D’hoti (fef). ees, | 7: |: 5 =) Cawudga ee00. 0000 filver,| Newar (h) asa, tape e 3 iA 9 = Curp e008 e000, 9000 a horfe Nar Muctem, econ 0008 S CUNDAOE tess. epee a mafe.| Sir.ghant <--> seco, chief knot.. Newala e000 e000 fheep. Der-ghant. 1z.0r flip knot s Lamcani seee veo a hare Mant ees a convenient place Moz (per) sae. esee. bullock j: © ~~ iden for murdering. Agasi as38 sean! turban Cont .... mame ofan entertain-_ Raclin (fer) sess vee jackal f= = ment. given by P’hdnsi- Gomuda (h) = o--- ong §= COCK |” gars to. their friends. Literally. 1... coo P*Rdnsigar. acceptation.. Nyamet. .... os..A delicacy os. ....A rich man Lacra =... woacA ftick coco = ese A manof no property, Whankand Gees nen see, soe Ditto, CALLED PHA NSI'GARS., 26% Dhol eeceeoeeA barber’s drum -...An old man Man jharcer do ....Sweep the place .-.-Sce that no perfon is near Kanta pante lao ....Bring firewood -...Take your allotted pofts, . Pan ka rumal nicalo Take out the handker- Get out. the deti, &c, | ) chief with the beetle. ... Pan Khao. ...- Eat beetle ,. .-.- ...,.Defpatch him... Rona cero . 20.9, Implhes a flight burial, with the .- face downwards, the body whole, and covered only with fufficient..: earth to conceal it... Kedbi Gidbi, Dekho, Look after. the flraw., Look after the ¢orpfe; that is, the P’ha'nsiga'rs proceed to a vil- lage after the flight. burial, and fend.cut. the appointed: perfons to bury the body properly, keep- . ing watch that no perfon is looks . ing. Kedba bahir pariya .... The ftraw is come out. ;, Jackals have taken out the corpfe: you muft not gothat way. Bhavani Piter....Defcendents of Bhowani., rasiys Phansigars 2? » =——— Putir,.,.. Town of head Banerte 6 Ufed interrogatively to afcertain, . without the. rifk of expofing themfelves,.. whether perfons whom they. meet. on their jours neys, and, whom they fufpe& to be of the fame fraternity, are fo ornot. When caution is partis cularly requifite, the queftion is 268 ‘OF THE MURDERERS. ‘putin the latter and lefs fufpici- ‘ous fhape. The firft fyllable put ‘afcertains the point of their con- ‘nexion ‘with Bhavant, whillt from ‘the termination dr, ‘which ‘figni- fies a townor village, they would appear to a ftranger'to be‘enquir- ing only -about ‘fome ‘particular place. “P’wAnsrca-rs bring up all their male children to* the ‘profeffion, “un- ‘lefs bodily defeéts prevent them from following it. ‘The «method ob- ‘Served in initiating a boy, is very gradual. ‘At the age of ten or twelve ~years, he is firft permitted to accompany.a party of Phansigars. ‘One Of the gang, generally amear relation, becomes his u/téd or tutor; whom the child is taught to regard with great ‘refpect, and whom he -ufually ferves'in a menial “capacity, carrying a: bundle, “and drefling “food for him. “Frequently the father aéts as the preceptor to his fon. ‘Jn the event of being queftioned by travellers whom he may meet, the “boy-is enjoined to give no information further, than that they are pros -Ceeding from: fome one:place to another. ‘He is inftructed ‘to -confider his intereft as oppofed ¢o that of fociety-in general; and ‘to deprive ‘a ‘human being of “life, «is reprefented as an aft merely analogous and equivalent to that of killing a fowl ora theep. At firit, while a mur- der is committing, the boy is ‘fent to fome diftance from the ‘fcene, along with one of the watchers: then allowed to fee only the dead_bo- dy: afterwards mose'and more of the fecret is imparted to him—and, at length, the whole is difclofed, ‘In the mean time, a fhare of the booty is ufually efligned to him. He is allowed afterwards to -aflift in mat- ‘ters of minor importance, while the murder is perperrating; but, ‘it is mot until he has a‘tained the age of.18, 20, or 22 years, according to the bodily ftrength he may have acquired, and the prudence and refolution CALLED! PSHANSTGARS. 269 he may ‘have evinced, that he is: deemed capable of applying the dhouti,, nor is he allowed to do fo, until he has been formally prefented with one by. his uftad, For this. purpofe a-fortunate day being fixed apon, and the timeof the Defferah is deemed particularly’aufpicrous: | the preceptor takes ‘his pupil apart and prefents him witha dhouti; which he tells him to wfe inthe name of Javi:; he-oblerves to him that or | it he is to rely for the means of fubfiftence, and he exhorts him to be difcreet! thd’ ourageous, * On the’ éondlufion of. this ceremony. his education is ¢onfidered to be complete, hei is ‘deemed qualified to act as a ‘Phansi¢ar ; and he’ dpplies the noofe on the next occafion that : ‘ oiferss sie foten Arter his injtiation, a Phansigar. continues to-treat his,preceptor with : great refpect.. He. occafionally makes, him prefents,. and. affitts. him in, his old age; and, on mecting. him alter, a Jong. ablence,, he. touches his feet in token of Teverence, Suen is the. efteet of. he: courte of. edueation. I ae deloriheds ftrengthened by habit, that Phansigars. become flrongly- attached. to, their deteflable occupation, : They rarely, if ever, abandon ite ()), Some, narrowly efcaping t the merited vengeance of the law and releafed, from prifon under fecurity, could not refrain from refuming their old employment. and thofe who, bending ander the,weighs .of, years and infirmities, are nQ longer able to bear an active or principal part,,conti-, nue. tp. aid the. caule, ‘by. keeping. watch, procuring anteligenci. OY} ely fing the food of their younger gonfederates, 5:09 9 olin oy uz bonds of focial union among P’hansigars are drawn ftill,clofer, by intermarriages, Though not of frequent occurrence, inftances are oft) ‘Apres! are know tp aves engaged in the fervice. of the: oe ty as epey , aoe evedjss) enolisg io 12Cil un cok B besmiol s! TO} tried ; 270 OF THE MURDERERS not wahling in which they have married into families deemed ‘honelt and. ref{pectable. - The women are not ignorant of the proceedings of their hufbands., -Perfons of «mature age are very rarely admitted ‘into the draternity, and when this has been done, it was only after long and sntimateintercourle had enabled ‘the. P’ we nsaars fally to appreciate the oharagier of their confederates, T ° the influence of see character are Phansigars ufually in- debted for becoming the heads of gangs. Like others, who follow law- lefs and abandoned courfes, the P’Adnsigars are profligate and improvi- dent, and addiaed te the ufe of bang ; fo that the wealth they may, ac- quire, even though confiderable, is {oon wafted. Waurruer any P*hinsizér were ever capitally punifhed a the Nae bobs of the Carnatic, I’ know not. One gang, fettled i in the polium of Chargal, near the Paidnaigdrug Pafs, between ihe upper and lower Cara natic, was apprehended about 17 years ago, and fined to the amount of 5,000 rupees by the /udahdar of the province; a mode of punifhment fo far from being juttiBiable, that it could hardly have been impoled except from fordid. motives: nor could i it fail to give new impulfe to, . the activity of the P’hansigars, and to render them more than ever rae paciaue any fecret in their Barbaroes practices. : : Hy pin Autti er again ‘thefe criminals in a very fummary manner, and deftroyed’ feveral of them. In the reign of Tirpoo, fome were fentenced to hard labour, and others fuffered mutilation of the limbs. While Puawian was dewan of Myfore, during the minority of the prefent Rajah, highway robbery being acne was mage. capital, and feveral PusaslgareN were executed. : Tr malt be obvious that -sveliniate, BxeopE what is extremely vague and unfatisfattory, can be formed of the number of perfons that have CALLED P°HA'NSIGA‘RS, 271 annually fallen viims to Phdnsrgars in the fouth of India. ‘The num: ber has varied greatly at different periods. There is reafon to believe, that from the time of the conqueft of My/ore in 1799, to 1807 and. 1803, the praGice of P’hinst'garé’, in this part of India, had reached its acme; and that hundreds of perfons were annually deftroyed. (m) The great political changes, which marked the commencement of that period, and the introduétion of anew fyftem of government in My/ore, the Ceded Diftricts, and the Carnatic, though infinitely preferable to the for-— mer, yet was it in many refpeéts lefs jealous and vigilant, and afforded facilities of communication before unknown between diftant countries, of which the P’hansi'gérs and other ¢riminals availed themfelves to overfpread the country: and it may be conjeGured that many perfons, deprived by the declenfion of the Mohammedan power of their wonted refources, were tempted to refort to criminal courfes to obtain a dubfiftence. Tue foregoing defcription of the Phansicavs is meant to be more particularly applicable to thofe gangs that were fettled in the northern | part of the Carnatic and in the Ceded Difireds, antecedently tothe year 1808. Since that time, they have become well known to the Englifh courts of juftice, and their habits have undergone fome changes. Many have left the Company’s territories and fled to thofeof the Nezam, and of the Mahrattas. But though the number of them is greatly diminifh. ed, Phansi gars fullinfeft the dominions of the espa The gangs, (rm) Un one of his reports the magiftra e of Chittér obferves: — J-beligve that fome of the P’bausigars have been concerned in above two hundred murders ; nor will this eftimate ; appear extravagant, if it be ree membered, that murder was their profeffion, fréqatoty. their ouly méins of gaining @ fubhifence : every man of fifty years of age, has probably been actively engaged dusting twenty five years of his life in murder, and on the moft moderate computation, it may be reckoned, thache has m ade one excarfion a year, and met cach ime with ten victims,” Vir, Faancrs Barrouemeo fays, in a note pageGgie= During a refidence of'13 or 14 yearsin India, A never heard of any traveller being rp bed os murdered om the highway,” —Trawels in Iudia, branflated by Forsrsa. 279 OF THE MURDERERS: ) indeed; confift ‘of fewer, pexfons, than’ -formerly.s-their plans are. lefs, fy tematic, their range is lefs ample; they, roam the, country, more {es gfeily ; more frequently changing their :mames, and, places. of abode, and adopting other! precautionary meafures;to fcreen themfelves from. juftice. | Unfortunately, few/of the numerous! Pzdnsrgars that have at different times been apprehended, could,-be- convicted,.in accordance with the evidence required: .by., the, Mohammedan, criminal law; which, admitting not the teftimony,of, accomplices, and rarely. the fufficiency, of ftrong circumfantial evidence ‘unlefs confirmed by. the confefhon of the culprits, their adherence to: proteftations of- innocence has alone, but too frequently,.exempted, them from, punifhment, .Thofe that, have been tried,and releafed becoming greater .adepts in. deceit, have, together with their old propenfities, carned.with them a knowledge of, the form of trial, and of the nature of the.evidence. requifite to their. conviction, ‘Tur habits and proceedings of the P'hans?gars. it is reafonable ta, conclude have been modified and vu ried, by different circum {tances and events of a local or political nature.in the feveral flates infefted by them, in fome places approximating more than in. others to the fore- going defeription. There ts every, reafon. to believe, that in the Deccan, and, more particularly i in the, territories of the Nizam, P? hanst gars are. very numerous. ‘They will be naturally encouraged tg fettle 1 ia greater numbers, and to carry On. their praétices.. with lefs caution and fecrecy, in: a: country, a.prey to. anarchy. or.invafion, where the adminiftration, 1S feeble or ‘corfupt, or where crimes are copflantly committed: with ime ni Ati is allo not unreafonable to fappole, that, they. may occafion- ally atti in concert with. other clafles of delinquents ; and that their pro- , ceadings may fometimes be of a mixed nature, partaking of the pecur liaritiésof thofe with whom they may bein league.» In, thofe countries. 0, where Phansivat ri has been long practifed, ate may be prefumed, way CALLED P?HA'NSIGA'RS, — BS that the ordinary artifices will at/length become known, and as the: fuc- cefs of thofe murderers muft chiefly depend/on the ignorance ‘of itras vellers of their devices, they will perhaps ai at pee ay to. refort: to novel and unfufpected Hroatagemns, dd emmeddchiiwey oil netind) ., Lave heard of no inftance in which a European was murdered by Phansi'gars. The manner in which they are accuftomed: to travel in India.is perhaps generally fufficient'to exempt thenrfrom: danger; ad- | ded to which, apprehenfion of the. confequences. of f{tridt enquiry!and fearch fhould.a European.be miffing, miay be fuppofed. to intimidare the P*hinsigarsj at leaft},in. the dominions of-the Company. : Similar reafons. influence them ia {paring.coolies-and,parties charged with. the property a Engiijh gentlemen, combined, with,,the jconfideration that while fuch. articles would generally: be.ufelefs to:the. .P’hdnsigars, they, would find difficulty.i in difpofing,of them,.and: might incur, imminent danger of dete@ion in the attempts.» | Daag the difappearance of fea numbers - a natives fhould have: excited fo little intereft. and enquiry.as not. tohaye led; to a. general knowledge of: thofe combinations. of. criminals - will. naturally. appear extraordinarys. Such ignorance, certainly, could not jhave prevailed in England, where the abfence, MW unaccounted. for, of.even.a.fingle: per- Yon, féldom fails to produce fufpicion, with confecutive inveftigation and difcoyery. In India the cafe is far.otherwifes- and fuch an. event, unlefs occurring, toa perfon of fome confequence, would. fearcely .be known beyond the precinéts. of. the place,of; refidence. or the village: of the unfortunate fufferer... Many. that fallwvictims to the. Phdnsigérs are the fubjefts of, other :and .diftant. flates: ‘many. have no. fettled abodes.. It muft alfo be remembered that. Phansigars | xefrain from: murdering the inhabitants of towns.and villages near to which they. are: A. A. 274 OF THE MURDERERS halting; neither are they accuftomed to murder near totheir ‘own has bitations ;: cireamftances which not/only prevert‘fufpicion “attaching ta them:as the murderers, and to «the ‘local’ authority ‘as’ proteGing and fharing the booty with them, but tend to'throw at upon ethers, who refide near to the {pot whither a traveller may have beén traced, and where:he was laft {eens Befides, a perfon fetting out on a journey is oftenunable to-fix any period’forihis return';/and though’ he fhould not revifit his homevat the expecteditime, his delay will, for a while, excite little alarm in the minds of ‘his friends. ° He is fuppofed to be unexpectedly detained—to'be ill--to have “met with fome “ordinary accident —to have defertedhis: family—to have died: ‘Should’ fafpicion arife that he has been murdéred, the att is attributed to ‘ordinary high. way robbers, and-it is but feldom that minute ‘enquiries can be infti- tuted by” ‘his bereaved’ rélatives; © But fuppofing that this 38 "done, and the progrefs of the’ Smiffing traveller traced to a ‘particular place and not beyond it, ftill fufpicion would “be ‘apt to ‘attach to any, rather than’ to a few apparently inoffenfive ravens jours ney! ing either for the purpofe oF traffic, as 15 imagined? “OR,” 28 18 ; often pretended, to fee their’ relations—~or, to be préfent at Tome t marriage ; ; ie who; ifever’ noticed) have perhaps been lons? fince [org bitten.” Pie notwithfvanding ‘all thefe improbabilities, sigs, fhould fall Jae the Wid fi PMS Be RELY RN Sets: % “pyre WAT wiry LA Soi eh a€tual mers where could may be soy is A A te : . Nhe CPAs Chae Aadys ged ebaree 4 {i bs Pe) @~ i 4 2 e _ Tres with refpe& to fepoys; who; having Spvslnbel: eave ‘of ablende, never rejoined their cotps, the conclufion' generally formed has been, that they had deferted—when, i in various ‘inftances, they had’ fallen face tifices ‘to the wiles’ of the Phansigars. The farne obfervation’ is partis cularly app Neable to golak peons; charged ‘with the conveyance of mas ney and valuebles; many of whom. haying difappéared, no doubt was entertained that they had abfconded, and appropriated the property to their own ule, Even the apprehenfion, which an indiftinct idea of | CALEED PHANSICA'RS: aig danger terids to creatéii the minds of thefe*and other travellers, would. render them only more liable to ‘fall dntoothe ‘fiare. “Lets perfuatiory would be requifite to” indutethear to: Gott ai ‘party “Gf bpngapiays® ‘prompted by the belief that they were enue Brovicing, in the moft efs % Nidbsog fe@inal mantier, for theirowi Tafetys"° enrS ee Bh ae Kh r } On : te we | at . cco 4 7 aa EEA AN hotel.” i H et Firs Ah? 2 | Serer FB & si) 531 ‘ peat confitutes the rol sdidus' feature in® “ithe chardger of thefa riurderers, 1s, ‘tha® prodigal < as ‘they are-of human life,” “they. Can rarely” cRim the benefit of ever the palfiating eircunitance’ OOF firong *peclini- ary temptation, Phey’ aré ‘equally? diingers” to coinpathion. ‘and Pes" morfe—they “ale never’ réttrained: from the commiffion Of crimes ‘by comimifération fot the unfortutute traveller ahd” they” are. éxeripted from the’ Cork pundiois vifitities Oficon liens,” Which fidlly follow,” founek or later, the fkeps of elit. hd Phansig itt? they” “obferve; with cold findiference blended witha degree of: firprize, when quehtioned on this fabjed, «ig their bufine/s;” which, with reférerice to the tenets of fatalifin, they cohéeivé themfelvés’ to have Beén pre-ordained to “sBniW. “BP ad application of the'fame dotrine,: they fave tofpared themfélvés) not fnatly, to tigers} maintaining? that as thelé ‘ferdcious ‘beats areinipelled by irrefifible néceflity, and fulfil the défighs of na. are in préyitis’< otf other aniihalé) {0° thé appropriate ‘viGims of the’ Phaibigars 3 are men; © dfid® that’ the ‘dettiny’ “of ‘whofe whom they kill, 4° was Written on their foreittads,” | ‘Tus ftate of moral infenfibility and debafement is yet. calculated to give birth to pity, while if aggravates the horror with which ‘we cons semplate their atrocities. It ought not to be forgotten, that ee ma- ny who adopt criminal courfes, the Phénsigars had not previoully to diveft themfelves of upright -principles—to oppofe their praétice to their feelings ; but that, on the ‘contrary, having been trained up from their childhood to the profeffion, they acquired habits unfitting thea Yb ia Guat ke MURDRRERS: for-honek andinduftious-exertion; that.a déeteftable fupetitition lent its fandions to their enormities::.and:that they’ did) but. obey. the in= PE nai’ soaps seve — their, pai iepor ~ Ks o gis 4 By T 4 ia s Le me ey ei! ay Gye we & d qe «A 2 7 ea Buk Tae 7 “heds i n i in oe more norihern, pene of i Indian may me dined into three claffes. The firft confifls chiefly of Mohammedans who origi- nally refided under. the protection of zemindars of large.eftates, as Hua Sine, Dia Ram; &c. and in the diftrit of ;Etawah ; including alfo, a few ftragglers at other -villages... The fecond. chats, is, .compofed , of Hindus, who- are for the, moft part af. the, Lodeh calt, and is, much more. numerous than the. former, They. refided in great. numbers in. the. eafiern part. of, Etawah, and. the. adjoining. diftriét of Cawnpore, until alarmed by. the active, exertions. of the magiltrates, by whom.many) were apprehended. Thefe Thegs had long ef{caped fufpicion by en= gaging in tillage, and by always carrying. on.their: depredations at a dif. tance from. home. The third clafs is more confiderable. in refpect. to, number, and extends over a larger, tract. of country than either. of, the. foregoing claffes. It confilts of.a defperate affociation. ofall calts, which. grew_up. in the Pei cunnahs. of Sindoufe and Purhara,, and. the neighe. bouring villages.on the Mahratta territories. | They travel.in large. bos. dies, and are more bold. and adventurous than the Thegs. in. the Come, pany’s. provinces. : ‘Their predatory excurfions are chiefly confined to the country -that lies to the eaftward and fouthward of Gwalior, and to» the province of Bundlecund. : “Taevanor, in 1 the following age evidently alludes to. se Ping sigars or T’hegs. ote Fa) Phere Phag ie not dnfaow's in the Fath o of Iadihy’ bat it is not applied tothe: Pohansigdrn but. tga} ) clafs of delingvents to: ‘whom it feems more: appropriate, Viz. “to cheate, ‘or {windlers, ‘who, often appears: ing ai as pearl and coral fellers, prattice various fraudulent acts, particularly j in fabhicwi ing. bad coins: for goods. which they. tecsive ‘onder ‘the Be ence: cree: or taking le back CALLED P°HA NSI'GA’RS. 2g THoucu the road I have been {peaking of from Delhi to Agra ve * tolerable, yet hath it many inconveniences. Ons may meet with ** tygers, panthers, and lions uponit, and onc had beft alfo have a care #9 of robbers, and above all things not to fuffer any body to come ’ near one upon the road. The cunningeft robbers in the word are in that country. They ufe a certain flip with a running noofe, ‘s which they can caft with fo much flight about a man’s neck, when 4 they are within reach of him, that they never fail, fo that they % ftrangle himinatrice, They have another cunning trick alfo to ‘catch travellers with, They {end owta handfome woman upon the «© road, who with her hair aifhevelled feems to be allia tears, fighing * and complaining of {ome misfortune which fhe pretends has befallen * her. Now as fhe takes the fame way that the traveller goes, he eafily s¢ falls anto converfation with her, and finding her beautiful, offers her “ his affiftance, which fhe accepts; but he hath no fooner taken her up ® behind him en horfeback, but fhe throws the fnare about his neck “¢ and ftrangles him, or at leaft ftuns him, until the robbers (who lic hid) “* come running into her affiftance and complete what fhe hath begun, “ But befides that, there are men in thofe quarters fo fkilful in cafting * the fnare, that they fucceed as well at a diftance as near at hand; and “¢ if an ox or any other beaft belonging to a caravan run away, as * fometimes it happens, they fail not to catch it by the neck.” (0) Traverrens in the fouth of India alfo are Tometimes decoyed through ethe allurements-of women into fituations, where they are murdered and plundered by perfons lying in wait forthem; but, whether by thar clals -of criminals who are properly called P’Adnsigars, 1 am uncertain. This method, as well as that of adminiftering intoxicating and poifonous mixtures to travellers, though inconfonant with the habits of the large —_— Ao} TWavsnoar’s Travels, pars JIL, page 41. 878. OF THE MURDERERS gangs, who. are not accompanied in their excurfions by women, may: perhaps be reforted to by {maller and. more needy parties, who rob. near to their owa abodes, or who, having no fixed habitation, continue ally roam with their families from plice to place.~” Wiru refpeé to the praétice of throwing the noofe from’ a diftance, as mentioned by Tuevenor, and which is that of the Binjaris. in India, to.recover their ftrayed bullocks, (/) I conclude it to. be the fame as was reforted to,in battle (according to Eirpausi) by the ancient Pers. pans and other Afiatic nations, for feizing and binding their enemies, and dragging them off horfeback. The cammand, (literally a, rope or noole,) faid to have been formed of filk, or of the dried {kin or finews., of animals, is mentioned in various parts of the Saaa# Naan. Thus, in narrating the exploits of the renowned champion Rustwum, it is faid:— pre ae 39.9) ts nee er ae nae wey th Rustum. advanced like a furious elephant, His cammand in his arm full bay FPlto SANS OW ites (p) 7. AY, Bry freaking of the Circaffiant, oblerses : — Us ne te fervent point va hich ni idldyfeanx. pour Ja chaffey & quand sls y vont ile s’aifemblent d’ordinaire fept.ou huit des principaux du village. de si bons chevaux qu’a J2 courf: ils fatiguent la befte & la forcent de fe rendre. une corde quia un neeud coulant & ceft atachee a l’arcon de Ja felles & ils font sj adroi's a Ia jeter au col dg la bee qui fe rend de lafitade qu’ y ena pew qui lear echapent.”—Tom. I. Liv. Troisieme, Ch. XI, Ws ont: Chacun tient toute preste. Pp The Jagui of the South American Indiane, enabler them to ftrike and. entangle animale at the diftance of 300 paces. It isa ftrip of leather, five or fix feet long, to each end of which is fattened a (tone about two. pounds weight. The buatfasan, who is on horfeback, holds one of thefe ftones in. his hand, and whirls the. other round like a fling as (wiftly as poffible, in order to hurl it with more force, wheo he throws it at the. animal he hae fingled out, which he.is almoft certain of ftziking, The aqui of the Spani/ peafants of Sout: America, ia the ufe of which they are.amazingly expert, differs, from that ufed by the Jndians in having a fingle noofe, in place of a ball at each end. Ic is their principal, weap ny for they employ it on all occafions, both in hating aad in their private quarrels, Uctoa faysy that the Spani/ peafantry can ftrike and halter the obje@ of their attack, with almoft unerring cereainty, at the diftance of 30 or 40 paces; but that a {mall diftance, fach as 10.06 25 paces, rendere their dextcuiy, a) fome meafure ineff:Aual,—Vide Encyclo oBrewh Art. Chili. _ CALLED PHA'NSIGARS, 279. woh Slee od ke Ak ioe J) yw bw, He loofed Avtan (g) from his bends, And tied his Kyanian (r) cammand to the bow, of his faddle,. A AS 9p— past. J ile ond ey Kg For from their faddles, with the noole of. my cammand,» el | . I tore, them, and bound faft their, heads and feet. aes b af (ms bet 6, ie vledleails sia BB 1 wd act. He threw the well. oe cammand And caught many a horfemen on the fame ipot.- Ne Tye by lar rf. wef ke X sed wy 4) 3 When the cammand iffued from the hand of Rustum,, he crowned head (s), became impr anna lhy the fame manner as the cammand, the Pa‘san, (Te! }or Pa'san, (Tors/ literally a rope, was alfo, it. is probable, .ufed by, the, ancient. -Hzudu , heroes in war.. Ifthe authority of the, RAmAy ana, were allowed to . be fufficient to eftablifh the point, it might be allerted that there were . three forts of Pagas, known to the, Hindus: two, viz.,the,noofe. of . juftice and the noofe of death, pertaining to Yama; and_.one, the noofe of the water, to Varunz., They are mentioned in the following paflage . among the weapons prefented by. Vis wamitra to RAMA, | UAIMRVATGR AIC Ze Boy Se TT RTT @ A nuifanect to ‘Rana in the plains of Mazsaderdn ibe Perfiam region of magic and romance. (r) From the dynafty of ancient. Perfan Kings fa named. (s) Alluding to Khacax or, the King of China, who, feated on his elephant,. was taken Usatbek by Ruse uM in a great baitle, in which the former had come to the alfiftance of the Tarés againft ‘the Perflany—~Sse. a\fo D:Herbelot’s Bib, Or, Art. Khathai, &¢, =~ 280 OF THE MURDERERS ** Y give thee the Dkerma-f4$4, and also, the mifile weapon delong- sng to it; the cruelly-conquering Ca’La-péSa, and the highly valued Varun 4-Pésa,” (8) Siva is fometimes, though very rarely, reprefented with the Piga; (v)—Visun'v, as Hari, is invoked in the Bhagavat, and fad ¢o hold it in one of his eight hands; and Gan’‘es’a, as the lord of wiles, ftratagems, &c. is almoft always reprefented with the Pasa. ‘How longthe country fouth of the Kisrua has been infefted by Padnsigars { know not, though it is certain that they haye been fettled 4n the Poliums of Chittoor for at leaft a century. On this point the Phansigars themfelves are quite ignorant, ‘knowing in general little smore than that their fathers and grand fathers follewed the fame horrid employment, and taught it to their children. Thereis however no weafon to fuppele thatthe practice in this part of Jndia, is of great ans tiquity. Itmay alfo bea.queftion whether to the Hindus or to the Muffelmans ought to be confidered as attaching the reproach of invent- ang this deteftable fyfzm of pillage and murder. The refpect paid by Muffalman Phansigarsto the omens and modes of divination, and to the-religious and-idola'rous rites of the Hsndus—a ref{pect apparently 0c accidental, but which pervades, and feems interwoven with their whole fy em—affords grounds for the belief, that to them, rather than to the Muffelmans, is to be afcribed the invention. ‘On the otherihand it may“be argued, that‘had thefe bands of murs derers confifted primarily.of Hindus, ic would probably have appeared (2) Book J. feétinn 26.—The learned tranflators of the Ra MA Yana, flate the pasa to have had the power of entangling orbinding the-foe, aad {uppofe ic to have been a kind of gin or net. (v) A print, in whieh Jayu or Srva, and Qu anemapi or Gan‘ti’a, are reprefented with the pabsits will be found in Picart’s Cufloms and Religious Ceremonies, Vo). ANY. page 457. CALLED P’HA'NSIGARS. 281 that the practice wis of confiderable antiquity ; in which cafe there could hardly have been that prevailing ignorance among the Hindus with regard to it, which isfound to exift, It is.a practice more in unifon with the habits and cuftoms of the Mu/fe/mans than with thofe of the Hindus. The gangs at leaft in the fouthern parts of India, confift chiefly of Muffelmans, and fimilar practices, it has ap- _ peared, prevailed in Hindu fan in the time of SHan Jenan and Augune ZEB, and probably much anterior to the reigns of thefe monarchs, and have continued to the prefent day; and if, as I have been ins formed, Arava and Perfia be infefted by P’hénstgars, little room is left to doubt that thefe murderers canig along with the Mohammedan conquers ‘ors into India, and that they have followed the progrefs fouthward of the Mohammedan arms. In fupport of this opinion it may be obferved, further, that inthe more fouthern provinces which were mever, O£ which fell lateft, a prey to Mohammedan conquerors, P’hansigars do not appear even yet to have eftablifhed themfelves. Ihave not heard of any gangs being found'to the fouth of Salem in Baramahal; and even thefe, there is reafon to’believe, but recently migrated thither from the Poliums of Chittoor, and the zillah of Cuddapah. With refpect to the Hindu ufages, adverting to the difpofition obfervable among the lower orders of both nations to adopt the rites and cuftoms of each other, they may have been introduced and eagerly received among ignorant and fuperftitious offenders, ever prone to- embrace a {[cheme which ferves the purpofe of tranguillizing the’ mind without requiging the abandonment of criminal habits, either by Hmmdz converts to J/lamifns, or by fuch Hindu criminals as retaining their religion, attached theme felvesto bands of P’hansigars, RICHARD C. SHERWOOD, Surgeon on the Eftablifhment of December 1816, Fort St. Georges 2C€ 382 OBSERVATIONS REGARDING As a Supplement to Mr. Suerwoop’s paper on the clafs of robbers and murderers in the fouthern parts of India, denominated P’hans/gars, and in confirmation of the intelligence received by him refpe&ting a - fimilar “ clafs of criminals, under the appellation of Thegs, who infeft . the upper part of Hinduftan,” Mr. Hanineton fubmis to the Society an extract from an official document of a recent date. As conne&ted with the fubje@t, he alfo lays before the fociety an ex- tract from the fame document, refpecting other defcriptions of robbers © and vagrants, in the weflern provinces, OBSERVATIONS REGARDING BADHEKS AND T’HEGS, Extracled from an offical report by Mr. Jouw Sn«xesrean, Acting Superintendent of Police for the Western Provinces, dated the 50th April, 1816. 7 "Lue moft heinous robberies committed in thefe Provinces are per . petrated by gangs of Badhcks and Shighal Khors. Thefe gangs are almoft exclufively fettled in the Diftni@ of A/y Gher, and in that part of the territory of the Nawab Vizier, bordering the Difri&t of Goracpur. ‘After rftuch inquiry I am difpofed to believe that the Badheks of Aly Gher, and the Sheghal Khors of Baraich, are connected with each Other; and are one and the fame people; the name confi uting the fole . diftinétion. Exclufve of the Shzzhal Khors eftablifhed in the country of the Nawab Vizier, the following tribes of Jackal eaters are notorious in the Weftern Provinces:—1/t, Badheks,—od, Kunjar,—3d, Gidia, ath, Bauria,—gth, Harbira. All of thefe fubhft by robbing, and are -BADHEKS AND T°HEGS: 983 more or lefs attached toa vagrant life, eating the flefh of jackals, lizards, &c. When ftationary, they commonly refide with their families in temporary huts, conftructed of reeds and leaves, and erected in jungles and plains. The term Budhek is faidto be derived from the Sanferit word, “ Badh,” * deftru@tion,’—The following Diftich is taken from a Hindee Author. © Hit anhit fab hot hyn, Tulfi dur din pae, | ‘* Badheo, Badhek mirg ban te rudhir ké dét butae.” Which may be rendered— © Tulsi, friends become enemies in the days of misfortune; even as the blood of the firicken deer feryes as a guide to the Huntfman (deftroyer). 3 | Tur Badheks of Aly Gher andthe Shigal Khors of Gorachir are out-cafts of Muffelman as well as Hindu tribes; the majority however are Rajpits. Vhe records of this office fhew a fubdivifion of claffes amongft the Badheks, as the Sédanki, Déidhadhal, Faran, Danpi, Bhipti, Badharah, Powar and Chowan, the two laft cf which are alfo the diftinguifhing names of Rajput tribes, Tue Badheks are divided into feparate gangs, each confifiing ef from thirty to an hundred followers, headed by a jammadar; and thefe gangs occafionally unite for the purpofe of carrying on their depreda- tions with greater certainty of fuccefs and difpatch. They are com- monly protected by zemindars, who fupport their families during their abfence, and affift them when they are apprehended and get into trou- bie; becoming fecurity to the Police for their future good behaviour, and employing them oltenfibly as ryots; but, in fact, harboring and ecouraging them in their predatory habits, for the fake of the propor 94 OBSERVATIONS REGARDING tion of plunder, which they invariably receive. They are alfo fre- quently fupported by petty Mahajuns, who advance them money at an’ exorbitant intereft. Some of the Badhehs fhare {uch booty as they obtain; others receive a monthly flipend of two or three rupees, from their jummadars, who alfo feed and maintain them at a confiderable expenfe, fupplying them with fpirituous liquors, of which they drink inordinately. The jummadars have generally confiderable fums of money at their come mand, either for immediate expenditure, or for obtaining their releafe __ by bribery, when apprehended, Fonmerzy numbers of Badheks infefted different parts of the Dif tricts of Alygher, Etawah, Furruckabad and Agra. At prefent thofe refiding in the Company’s Weltern Provinces are fettled on the eftates: of the Chieftains of Moor fan, Hatras, &c. in Alygher, and fome few in the diftrict of Agra. The reft are eftablifhed in great numbers in pergunnahs iroula, Balrampur and Baraich, in the North Eaft quar- ter of the territory of the Nawab Vizier, and alfo in the vicinity of Go-. had, Gwalior, Bhertpur, and the country to the weftward of Dehli,— The gangs generally make excurfions once a year, in the profecution of which they journey feveral hundred miles.—Thofe in AAgher have: been known to range to Saharanpur, Haridwar, Lucnow, Allahabad, Bes nares and Faypur ; and thofe in Baraich to Chaprah in the diftri& of Saran, \o Hazdri Bagh. in Ramgher, and to Allahabad, On fome oecafi= ons they travel feparately, and meet at a given fpot, or they follow one another in detached parties, in which cafe, they faften fhreds of cloth to trees, oF pile up mounds of earth or dung, as marks to guide thofle of their brethren who follow their footfteps.—They travel, not unfre- quently, difguifed as fakeers or Pilgrims, with the water of the Ganges, carrying im their awers, or cafkets, heads of fpearsto arm theme — BADHEKS AND T’HEGS. 285 felves! and food for their fubfiftence. At other times their jamedars journey through the coustry as merchants; accompanied by their gangs, and women as fervants: with camels, carts, tents and doolies. Previoufly to their commencing thefe expeditions, they fend out their pies, difguifed as religious mendicants, commonly as Jyragis, to obs fain intelligence in any town orcity where they may determine to pros ceed, Itis the bufinefs of thefe fpies to gain corre& information re- garding the hoards of cafh or jewels in the houfes of merchants and others, or refpeéting difpatches of treafure. Inthe principal cities are to be found perfons flyling themfelves jamédars, who fupply the ‘bankers and merchants with hired peons, for the fafe-guard of treafure or merchandize. Some individuals of this defcription have been ob- ferved to rife to.-great opulence in a fhort time. In feveral confeffions of Badheéks apprehended in Furruckabad, Sdran and other places, it is flated that the Badhek {pies collude with thofe jummadars; and ins {tances are mentioned of the Badheks having themfelves been hired out by thefejamadérs; to ferve as peons for the protection of the treafure which they intended to plunder. The farrajfs and mahajans, whether from falfe economy or from careleffnefs, wfually fend their money . auunder very infufficient.ef{corts ; and itis a common practice to attempt #0 remit and conceal a difpatch by fewing up the money in the clothes of the peons—Whcen the {pies have obtained information, they ‘prepare bambus, as fhafts for fpears, which they bury under ground with torches for the ufe of the gang—They endeavor alfo to arrange ‘for the reception of the gang, on their arrival, with fome zemindar or local refident, with whom they may have been formerly acquainted ; or they feleé& fome retired jungle or ravine where they may remain concealed till the time of a&tion.—On the arrival of the gang the jamadar arranges his plan with the fpies.—-They then quit their place of «concealment, dig up the bamboos and torches, and fixing on their {pear 2D OBSERVATIONS REGARDING heads, proceed, as early in the dufk of the evening as poflible, that they may have the night before them for retreat.—Ifa houle is to be robbed, they ftation men to guard all the approaches, whilft they effect: the robbery ; and they invariably murder or wound all who come in their way.—They are equally fanguinary with the guards efcorting: treafure ; and frequent inftances have occurred of fepoys having beem furprized and butchered at night.—In the doolies they carry off their | wounded, as women, with the purdahs down; and asin fome of thefe robberies, hajims or village barber furgeons have been apprehended with the gangs, itis probable that thefe perfons accompany to drefs their wounds—Immediately the robbery 1s effe&ted, they travel thé whole of the night, in the direction of their homes, with great. rapidi. ty ; and divide their booty on the following day, at the firt favorable foot; when they feparate and return to their places of abode by difs ferent routes. Tue clafs of Shighal Khors, called Kunjars, are faid to have formerly _ been very notorious as dacoits.—There are however, very few of this clafs remaining in the weftern provinces, and thole, for the moft part, earna livelihood by the manufacture of cord, bafkets and by cut- ting wood, &c. & The Bawria and Harbira clalles of Shighal Khors: are particularly {qualid, and fcarcely human. in their appearance. “The greater part of them have for time to. time, been expe: tled from the Company’s territories, but there are fill many remaining ; and num- bers frequently make temporary incurfions fron the Mahratta States. Thefe are the men who follow camps, and are particularly expert in cuts ting into, and ftealing from tents. They are not {o notorious as ganz robbers, as famed for their {kill as thieves and cut-puries ; robbing in. crowds of people, and paffing the ftolen prop:rty from onc to ano- ther, and praftifing other fimilar tricks to prevent detection, BADHEKS AND TPHEGS. 287 Tue Gidias are fimilar in their habits to the two claffzs laft mention. ed, and are likewife famed for imitating the noife of animals, hier they approach to rob, and for. difguifing themfelves in fins to avoid . detection, - Or thefe claffes, the Badhezs are by far the moft numerous and. def., tru ive to the peace of the: country; and the circumftances under which they roo; combined. with the precautions. which they take, by giving two.or three names to.each individual, and ufing a cant peculiar » to themfelves, render it extremely difficult to bring them to jultice. . Mucu fcepticifm, fill prevails regarding the exiftence of any diftiné ~ elafs of p.ople who are defignated T’hegs.s Perfons have. been appre- hended, tried and conviéted, for highway robbery and murder, under ~ cireumltances fimilar to thofe which diftinguifh the crimes of this def= - cription afcribed-to-the T’hezs ; but no inftance has come to my know- _ ledge of any individual having been convicted of highway robbery and murder, againft.whom it has been eftablifhed that he was a profeffed Theg, who-earned a fubfiftence by the commiflion of this crime. The refult of fuch enquiries as 1 haye made upon this fubject, leaves, how-" ever, little room for doud:, that there are at prefent perfons refiding ia | the Company’s territories who praétice this {pecies of robbery as a pro- feffion; various confeffions in this office fhew, that regular focieties of thefe men have. had.exiftence, communicating together and making, at fated periods, a divifian of their {poil. '. Tue term “ T’hes" ts ufually applied, in: thé. weftern provinces, tc perfons who rob and murder travellers on the highways, either by pol- fon, or the application of the cord’or-knife.—The literal meaning how- ever, in its Common acceptation,: as given in the familiar proverb, ts ® villain,” “ rafcal,” “ knave,” &c, which alfo is the fignification appli» OBSERVATIONS REGARDING ej. to the termin Grrcurisr’s Didtionary.—* Bhagalpur ca Bhagalia, Cahalgeng ca T’heg, Patna ca Dewélia, tinon nadm zad:” or,“ the Bhau- gulpur Cheats, the Cakalgeng Knaves, and the Paina Swindlers, are no- torious.” ‘They are known alfo by different appellations in other: parts of India, as would appear from the following extra& from a work re« cently publifhed. LORBES'S ORIENTAL MEMOIRS. SARENGPUR IS none foraa manufa&ory of muflins for turbans and other cottons, which are cheaper than any we have met with. A jathera or religious fair, is occafionally kept here, at which our fellow traveller, Strap MAHOMMED, 2 particular friend of Sirk Cuaries Mat- LET’s, was prefent on his lat journey to Delhi ; when feveral men were (taken up for a moft cruel method of robbery and murder, prattifed on travellers by a tribe called Phansigars or ftranglers, who join paffen- gers frequenting the fair in bye-roads, or at other feafons, convenient for their purpofe. Under the pretence of travelling the fame way, they enter into converfation with the ftrangers, fha re their {weetmeais, and pay them other little attentions, until an opportunity offers of fud- denly throwing a rope round their necks, witha flip knot, by which they dexteroufly contrive to ftrangle them on the {pot.” Tw the part of Jndia to which the prefent report relates, there would _ appear to be five diftinG claffes of robbers of this defeription, who rob and murder on the highways. ift Clafs.—Tue high roads leading through Etawah, Aly Gher, and Furrackabad are, for the moft part, the fcenes of the atrocities committed by this clafs. To fo great an extent did this crime prevail in former year, that during 1808 and 1809, not lefs than 67 bodies were taken BADHEKS AND THEGS 189. out of wells in the fingle diftri of Etawak. The gangs compofit.« this clafs were eftablifhed and fofteréd in the efates of the Chieftains Hrra Sinn, Buacwant Sina, and Taicur Dayaram in Aly Gher, and of Himmer Sinu, the former Raja of Héa in the difinict of Etawahk, and fome detached parties alfo refided:in different parts. of the three: diftriats above named. In 1811, alilk of 63 perfons and. feveral firdars- called jamaddrs, compofing thefe gangs, was given into this office by perfons who were induced to deliver themfelves up to Colonel Garn- ner, under the hope of pardon. They were all Mujelmans and chiefly’ of the Mewati tribe. By the confeflions. made by the members of thefe gangs, they appear to-have carried on their malpraChices in fmall: parties, afluming various difeurfes, reforting tothe Serazs,. and accom-- panying travellers under f{pecious-pretences, to have watched. their op=- portunity, and-to have deftroyed their victims in retired places com- monly by ftrangulation, the knife being ufed alfo, to fecure complete- deftruction, and the bodies being ufually thrown into wells or nullahs.. Deleterious drugs are {aid to be ufed-only by novices im the bufinefs, the more expsrienced T’hegs trufting rather to the certain effects of the knife or cord, than to- the doubtful operation of poifon. ‘Thefe murs: ders are moft frequent in the hot winds, at which feafon travellers are induced to {tart on their journey before day light to avoid the heat. od Clafs.—Tars clafs con Gifts exclufvely of Hindus, and chiefly of the Lodeh tribe.—They are ftated to pafs themfelves on travellers as. brahmins: and cayets, and - are: reported to be much more numerous than the 1{t clafs.—The {cene of their depredations has been, for the mot part, on the confines of Etazah, and the Wefternthannahs of the Caénpur diftn@, and they are ftated to be oftenfibly engaged:in culti- vating {mall ‘pots of land, though in faé& fupported by the more lu 2. E. OBSERVATIONS REGARDING ive profeflion of T’heggy. The.murders committed by thefe peo- pieare effected by means fmilar toshafe pratifed by the 1ft clafs. od Clafs.—Tuts clafs was formerly fettled in the pergunnahs of Sindoufe and Perhara, from whence they were expelled, and have fince taken up their refidence in Mahratra villages, on the confines of our territory, where the aumz/s of the native Governments are faid to derive a revenue from their depredations. From the examinations, it would appear, that thefe T’hegs are Muffelmans and Hindus of various tribes, The murders committed by thefe gangs appear to be perpetrated more openly than thofe committed by the firft two claffes; whole parties of traveliers being deftroyed together, and the bodies of thefe vitims being frequently found unburied on the plains. The depradations of this clafs are faid to have formerly extended over different parts of the Dead, but latterly, to have been directed to the country near Gwalior and to the diftri& of Bundelcand. It does not appear that the crime of murder by T’hegs was known in the dittrict of Bundelcand prior to 1812, but, in confequence of the Gilperfion of the Sindoufe Thegs, no lefs than 19 inftances of the offence were a{certained in 1813,in which 95 bodies were found with marks of the knife or cord. Yery confiderable gangs of thefe people are faid to beat prefent collefed in the Mahratta ftates.) Mr. Wavucuore, on the 2a ft infant, writes“ But a few weeks have elapfed fince a party of 42 * travellers (men, women and children,) were every one ftrangled by a large body of Thess, The travellers were coming from Febbelpur «towards Purma, and the murders took place about the frontier be- « tween the Nagpur and Purma country. Four of the mifcreants were * feized by an officer of the Purma Chief, &c. &c.” : Ir would appear from examinations in this office, that the punith- ment for this offence in fome of the Mehratta flates, is by. enclofing BADHEKS AND THEGS. 201 the criminal alive in a pillar conftru&ted of mafonry. The jon: magiftrate of Etewzh writes, that a gang of Z’hegs, feized not long fince by the Chieftain Mir Kuan, were fubjefted to amputation of each hand, and to the lofs of their nofes. 4th Clafs.—Severat inftances of murder on the highways ia the dif- tricts of Allahabad, Ghazipur, and Yuanpur, will be obferved in the de- tailed reports for the laft year, faid to have been perpetrated by per- fons afluming the garb of basragis, who join travellers at maths and ac- company them on the road, take an opportunity of mixing the feeds of the Datura or other narcotic plant, with the hooka or food of the tra- veller, and plunder him when ftupified orkilled by the effe&ts of the dofe. Thefe murders are not, I apprehend, committed by the perfons termed T’hegs—as poifoning would appear to be the only means of deftruction ufed by thefe robbers, At the fame time, as they have pre- vailed for fome years, particularly in the diftri& of Fuanpur, and the circumftances attending each cafe are nearly alike, there feems reafon to believe, that fome affociation, fimilar to that of the Thegs of the Doab, is eftablifhed in Fuanpur and its vicinity. Pilgrims proceeding from the weft and north weft to Gaya, or to Fagannath in Cuttack, take | Benaresintheir way, and pafs through the diftri& of Juanpur. In ike manner pilgrims proceeding from the lower provinces, pafs through Fuanpur, in their way to Haridwar, or to Mathura and Bindra« ban. The circumftances of various roads meeting in this diftrict, combined with the facilities afforded for ef{cape by the proximity of the country of the Nawab Vizier, are probably the caufes why this offence is more prevalentin Fuanpur than elfewhere. 5th Clafs—Travevcers have been frequently found murdered in that part of the country placed under the joint magiftrate flationed at Ghazipur, The bodies have commonly been difcovered buried, and OBSERVATIONS REGARDING ~~ ‘offence'can be traced to the eaftward, throuch the diftriGs of Saren and Tirhut. In the detailed report on the ffate of the police, dus ring the laft year, in the jurtfdidtion of the yoint magiftrate of Ghezpur,. ‘a cafe will be found flated, in which it appeared: fronr the magiitrate’s:: enquiries, that a fraternity of gofains had long been: eftablifhed in that quarter, who’ were faid to entice travellers. to fojourn at their math. particularly fepoys, and to murder them: It is not {tated what means: of defiruGion are ufed by théfe people; but in the examinations taken: before Mr. Cracaorr, the zemindars would appear to be concerned’ with the gofains in thefe nefarious practices ; and-itis {tated by a wits ness, that numbers of travellers have, for years, been made away with,. in this quarter. The eftablifhment of chokies, on the highways prin= cipally infefted by thefe mifcreants, and the employment of the village watch in aid of thefe chokies, are, in every refpect, the moft certain and efficient arrangements which c:n be deviled for the fupprefion of ' thas crime.: r MEMOIR RELATIVE TO A SURVEY OF KEMAON, With some Account of the Principles, upon which st has beer conducted. By Captain WEBB, Commuxicatrp sx tHe Moser Noute tus Parerornz. Gar progre{smade in the furvey of Ksstaon induces me to fubmit an abftract of the refults before His Excellency the Commander in Chief, prefaced by a fhort memoir, not mefely to exhibit, what has been done, but with a view to obtain inftrudtions, as tothe degree of minutenefs, with which it may be deemed expedient, that the furvey in queflion ‘fhould be made up. Tue nutnber of places, whofe latitudes, longitudes, and elevations, ‘are included in the annexed catalogue, is confiderably greater, than that ~“ of places on, andi near the Ganges river, by Mr. R. Burrow,” which latter forms the bafis, on which the whole map of this fide of -JIndta has been made to reit. Iy it is not required, that the map of Kemaon fhould be more detail- ed, than thofe of other diftri€ts under this Prefidency, tt may be fufh- cient to fill up the work by routes and information: the prefent lilt of elevations may alone, be fufficient to convey a general idea of the phys ‘fital afpect of the country. @F 994 MEMOIR RELATIVE TO / as great attention has been attraéted to furveys of this nature, fnce M. Homzoupt’s account of New Spain hes been publifhed, and. from other confiderations, it is probable, that the work will be thought incomplere, if nat accompanied by vertical fections. Hitherto the want of bxrometers, none having yet reached me in ferviceable condi- tion, has prevented my attempting a continued fection, which could fcarcely be effe&ted by geometrical methods only, as no.continued lines of stations could be feleGted, the diftances of which can be determined: with fufficient accuracy for this purpofe.. Ir might alfo be defirable, that fome approach to a phyfical’ map, fhould be had, witha view to facilitate geo!ogical and miueralogical res, fearches, which may by.pofhhbility, lead to. important confequences. , It cannot be doubted, that the mountain diftrids contain the precious., metals, from_the well known faa, thay the linds of almoft every moun- tein {tream are affiduovfly wafhed for gold: at. the points, where their rapidity diminifhes Thetribe of people, who. follow, this, avocation, dre denominated Boksa, and.their.employment is by general report’ at- tended with ample profit. The gold duit fapplied. by. the. rivers of - Africa, has long made an opinion current in Hurofe, that fome lofty central land exifts, which may rival South America in its mines of the. precious metals—and the fame fpeculation feems no. lefs applicable to, the mountains of central A/fia. aS | ) T nave it alfo in view to noint out a fervice of great practical aubiry,, which may be derived to geography from a knowledge of the true. pofition and elevation, of. feveral {nowy peak§ in. the. Himalaya chain, | of which my furvey already includes upwards of thirty, and mott of, them are vifible from the plains, | Wir fearcely an exception, furveys in Bergal..have been. made by. the compaf{s aad perambulator only, and thofe who have had much, A SURVEY OF KEMAON, 29%. experience in mealurements of this defcription, are well aware, that five miles in an hundred.is not an impoffible error, . Tue known pofitions. of {nowy peaks afford a ready mode for detéra:-. mining the true geographical place of any, flation, ,from..whence they , are vifible, and. may therefore .be. applied to. the correétion of maps..; compiled from route. furveys of the defcription jut named. It may be well to detail the feveral cafes, in which they. may be fo applied, and I have appended to this memoir examples.of mott of them, from which a tolerably correél idea, maybe formed, of the degree -of accuracy, = which may be expected to attend the refulrs. | CASE Isr. , Turse fnowy peaks, the geographical pofitions of which. are known, ». - beiag vifible from any place or ftation—and the horizontal angles they fubtend at that {lation being obferved—the diftance of the flation from. e.ch peak, together with its latitude and longitude, become known alfo. | CASE 2pay | The latitude.of a: ftation being obferved, and. alfo the true azimuth |, of a fingle known peak —the diftance between the peak and the ftation, , and the longitude of the latter, become known alfo. CASE: 3p, Yue angle of elevation of anv peak, the heighth and pofition of which are known, being obferved,. and the heighth of the tation being alfo known—thele data are, competent to give the diftance between the peak and the tation }and if the.azimuth of the peak be obferved, the latitude Be a of the place of obfervation. become known alfo _. This cafe comprifes the method adverted to by M. Humsotpr in his *Geozraphical Effuy,? under th _denomination of Vertical Bafes,” and» which he apfears, to have adopted. very extenfively.. The fur- vey.of a mountain province may thus ,be.accomplifhed by aid of ba 296 MEMOIR RELATIVE TO rometrical obfervations only, and with extreme accuracy, if the ftations be not very remote from each other, and are fo chofen, that their relative difference of elevation fhall be confiderable. ‘CASE 4ru. Tax diftance and heighth of a. known peak, together with its obferve ed angle of elevation, give the abfolute heighth of the ftation of obfervae 'tion—or, if this be known, the prevailing degree cf refraction may be obtained: which latter it may fometimes-be important to know; far to the weftward for inftance, where the furface of the country undu- dates confiderably, or within the mountains. CASE Ste. ‘As, by fome ef.the foregoing, the true diftance, and relative pofition of two or more ftations on the plains of Jndia, may be corre@ly found, it follows, that the true pofitions of {nowy peaks, not at prefent known, as well as their. altitude, may. be found, and that fuch peaks will again enable an obferver to determine the pofition of any number of {lations on the plain, or within the mountains, from whence they may be viltble, ‘Yr appears, therefore, that the pofitions of {nowy peaks, already ob- tained by my furvey, are amply fufficient to correct the geography of a-vaft belt of country; the breadth of which, ina foutherly diredien from the Himalaya range, averages from one hundred to one hundred and thirty miles, and in length fomewhat exceeds that of the range irelf. “Fun general direction of the inowy chain is from W. N.-\W. to E. S. “E. nearly, to which of courfe the belt is parallel, and if from fucha line even perambulator routes were furveyed inia foutherly direCtion, fo 28 to make but {mall angles with the meridian, the error in mea A SURVEY OF KEMAON?. | ao% [urement would not fenfibly-vitiate the longitude of ‘the place ‘come ‘to, which is the element moft difficult to obtain.’ That error would affect the latitude almoft exclu fively, and-every tyro: in pradiical aftronomy: can correct the latitude by celeftial obfervation to. within afew fae thoms of the truth; andthus it appears, that the limits of geographical correction, for which a-means is offered by a knowledze-of the pofi- . tions of peaks inthe Himalaya chain, may be made to extend far be- _ yond the points, at which the peaks themfelves ceafe-to be vifible. es 00 OO | FE |G bee Principles upon which the Survey of Kemaon has been condufted. Tue bale is a line, nearly in the dire@ion of the meridian. The la- titude of the ftation, at either-extremity, having been carefully obferv- ed with acircular inftrument, and.the angle of an azimuth made by one of them with a meridian pafling through the other, aftroaomically dee. termined, the length of the bafe was calculated with thofe data. The value of the meridional degree is.affumed tebe 60,600 fathoms. From the bafe fo obtained, triangles were extended in the ufual _ manner, the three angles being: ebferved inall practicable cafes.’ The fides of thele were next computed in order, by plane trigonometry;. the iaftrament made ufe of being divided only to 20 of a degree. Tue latitudes.of the feveral (tations were now: caleulated, the angle’ _ f azimuth. being in all cafes either referred to the orginal bafe, or aftronomically computed. In every inftance of trial, the latitude com- puted from the furvey agreed with celeftial obfervation, fo nearly, as to leave it doubtful, which might be in error. 2G 298. MEMOIR RELATIVE TO! ‘Bur it was defirable to have’ a ftation of verification, if I may fa’, term it, as far fouth as. pollible, andil feletted Pil:ait for this purpofe. The geographical pofition of the great mofque atthat place had been. given by Mr. Burrow in this catalogue, and I purpofed adopting it, as the firft meridian of my furvey ; by which means,.my.map would be immediately conneCted.with that of Rohlkhand, and I referved the verie .. - fying of the abfolute longitude of Pilibhit, till leifure and opportuni- ty fhould permit me to make a feries of obfervations, correfpondent: with others at the Madras Osszrvatory for that purpole.. The {nowy peaks, Nos. XII, XIX, and: XXV, are diflinQly vifible-. from a grove, near the town, which became my itation, and I was enabled. to connec it witha minaret of the great mofque by a fingle tnangle, one fide of which was, meafured.. The true azimuth of the minaret, and the diflance fo obtained, gave its difference of latitude from my . > CaN é ; : Hs aN flation o 51.4 foutherly.. Alfo the latitudes af. the fnowy peaks, as. fixed by my furvey, were refpectively; _ ) i a a ae XW = 30°15 36,1 WN, KX = 30 12-158 Nu. AXXV— 29 52 457 N. ‘Tux. horizontal angles, fubiended by. the abovementioned peaksy. . were obferved, and their feveral azimuths altronomically computed. Assuming the pofition of the fnowy: peaks to have been truly given ~ by my furvey, I computed, (as in Cafe 1ft,} their refpe‘tive diltances. from my ftation, which came out by-the.calculation as under; | XIII =p 97291. fathoms. XIX =.98340 fathoms. XXV = 96030: fathoms. Tuesz diftances, computed with the true angles of azimuth, gave - their differences of. latitude, and confequently the latituds of my fae. tion, and that of the mofque. as follows : A SURVEY OF KEMAON. Vatitede of snowy peaks XKIIT =: 30 18° 26,4 Differences of Intitude ee 3 $6 19,8: 1 32 58,2 1.13 28,2, Latiteds of station ween 99°39. 16,3% 7 26 39 16 9 43 39 17,5 Mosque south. Le ee 6 0 51,4 ® 0 51.4 QO 0 51,4: Latitude of mosque” Saeees 83 38 24,9-- 23: 38 25.5- 2833 26.1 XIK 30 12 18,4 299 XNV = 29 52 45,7 The latitude of ibe mosque, hy Mire Burrow's observations $s 98% 33% 20° No Tus very exa& refult may be admitted, as a proof of the corretinefs of the bafe, the {malleft error in which would have been fenfibly felt, when its operation was extended to diftances approaching toven times: its own -leneth, or nearly one hundred.thoufand fathorns. ] NEXT computed the differences of longitude of all the ftations from Phibhit, u fing, what is generally termed, a table of metidionul: parts: for that purpofe, It was not till a moath-ago, that I was much gratified by finding, that M. Humsotpr had adopted the fame method in his~ furvey of Mexico, and that he had even ufed the fame table, that giv- en:by Menpoza pve Rios. Beine now affured, that the diftances given by my furvey were trufi- worthy, it became neceflary to determine the heighth of the feveral ftations above Rohilkhand, and approximately above the fea; but the weather became hazy at Piliditt, and it was not till my arrival at- Casipur; that’a favorable opportunity for this purpofe prefented itfelf Tue {nowy peaks, Noss XI" XI, XHI, XIV, are-diftin@ly wifible from CaSsipur.; and their ref{pective heighths above that-place, and-alfo ahove Cali Math, a high mountain near, Almera, were calculated from their obferved angles ofelevation at each. The, refraction being NS p SS ' ya a | | ee SS \ < 1 / z = I . | > eee \ Ne iN I Sa b I. SAY i ae bY vi SSNs, ; { | 1 aS | \| Pe | fy ij NS ! y lj \ } | : } | ‘ \ \ H | \ , op ii, as ™~ BNR i MEMOIR RELATIVE TO In the preceding diagram the flation near Pulibhit is reprefented by P. A, B, C, are the {nowy peaks, Nos. XIII, XIX, XXV, refpeétively ; PA, PB, PC, their diftances from the ftation; Pd, Pd, Pd’ their dif. ferences of latitude. PN is a meridian paffing through the ftation. The things known are marked witha line () the things required with @cypher (0). — | ; : CASE 2p. Is that moft likely to occur in practice, as it affords a means of com puting the longitude of the flation from obfervations of a fingle known peak. Ir fuppofes to be known, the co-latitude of the peak, the co-latitude of the ftation, and the angle of pofition atthe latter; to find the arch of difance, and the angle made by their meridians at the pole, or which is the fume thing, their difference of longitude. _ Tur following are inftances, ia which I have computed the longitude ‘of places in Rofzcund by this method. The firft ftation is a walled garden a little to the eafiward of the town of Ca'sipur, four {nowy peaks were vifible and gave the longiude as below : | Longitude of Ca’sipur by No, XITo = 78 48 64,8 EB. XIE) Lo 78 48 52.3 XIV — 7% 48 55.5 d.4 Yi 78 45 533 eee Mean Longitude 632 eiclé iolorsieiwieite 0608 e068 7& AS 54,1 Tue longitude of Césipur according to Mr. Burrow is 78° si be= ing 26" moreeafterly. But the longitudes given by Mr. Burrow are deduced from aftronimical obfervation entirely, and he himfelf fug- gefts that fome of them may be as much as five minutes in error. A SURVEY OF KEMAON. 363 Tuz next fation is the village Chemrowa, in the Rampur jaghir. Ren ia 2 « 2 tf wa. Longitude of Chemrowa, deduced from No. XII, =: 78 58 13,4 No. XV, = 78-58 8,3 . Mean Longitude, ein epee oe 78 58 10,8 eee Tue third and laft example was obtained at the fort of Afzelgerh. Longitude of Afzelgerh by No. VI, 78 $i 55.8 VIL a) 78139" 17.7 ST, 78 82, 30-7 MY SS 78g. 57 KV, 5 78 32 25,8 Mean Loogitude, Arce Sons 78 32 9,5 Tite faowy peaks, Nos. VI and VIII, are ae aie in the cluftex : es csied to be Badarinath, and by a reference to the conditions of the triangle, which affigns their pofition, they will be found fo unfavora« ble as not to promife a refult of great exactness. Ir will alfo be obferved, that the angles made by the azimuths of the eaftern peaks with the meridian are very confiderable, and that the fmalleft error in the affumed latitude or azimuth, will produce a very fenfible effe@, under thefe circumftances, THelbugitde of Afzelgerk by Mr. Buerow is 78° 33 40’, or eafs terly of mine 1’ 93°. Tue difference of longitude between Pilibhit and Cas ipur, : is by Mr. Burrow ¢' 6” defs than by my furvey. eae the difference of longitude between Casipur and Afzelgerh is 0’ 95° gredter, than by me, although his ftation at the former place, was tothe wefward of mine. AnD it is evident, that though the errors of aftronomical obfervati- ons may be plus or minus, indi/criminately, fuch cannot be the cafe with S04 - MEMOIR RELATIVE TO trigonometrical deductions from fixed points. I have ufed the fame peak No. XII and XII both at Casipur and Afzelgerh. CASES 3 and 4, I wave already noticed that to attain great accuracy by thefe methods, the difference of heighth of the ftations fhould be confiderable, and the diflance not very great; efpecially when the angle of elevation or epreffion, can be obferved at one ftation only. Not being provided with barometers, I have no fuch example to offer, as I could with, or as the methods themfelves are fully fufficient to afford, Wuen the arch of diltance is very great, an the angle of elevation extremely {mall, the varieties to which the refractive ftate of the atmof- phere is fubject, will alone occafion difcrepancies of vaft amount. That this is the cafe, will be clearly feen by the following approxima- tions, in which I have fuppofed the ftations to be precifely on the fame level with Caszpur, which is not of courfe, firidly true. STATION AFZELGERH, EXAMPLE 1. cee | SER SSS © 6 ed eee ee ete Kefraction. : 2 a5 as a Distance No. XU by cxse 3d,ce0e| 77820 80266 79424. 79018 True Distance of No. XIi... 2.2... 78843 78843 78843 78843 RELRTONBs eo esitie's cca ere cine, afce'o dower a (Oss +1493 +581 #175 a a ee —_——} Refraction ° a ak ae Distance No. XEIT, by case 3d. gee. 79779 82316 81403 80996 ‘True Distwoce No, XILi,......--.| . 80895 80895 80895 - 80895 TirrorB..s sec. cece Cree cass 0600 0858 —-1116 =f-1423 +508 | +31 : Oi intl Nan — rest» ee | es see Refraction. e whe a aa ove ~— ee ee, ec | ee Yrue Distance No. XV. sescorcccess 82018 89018 89018 89018 =_ Sie Dtrore seers ee cel Bees ean -1911 +1540 ~ +4353 =206 esse | eee ee ee ——— ee oe Jistance No. XY. by case 3d...,,.. 87107 90558 89371 88812 | § SSS ES RES Gee ee eee | oS ae EE a i ‘A SURVEY OF KEMAOON. 0% SPATION CHAMROW A, EXAMPLE if, Refraction Distance No. XII. by Case 3d.,.... Yrue Distance of No. XII....,.. 97397 97979 98252 | 98485 | 98a3i | 98578 | 98578 98578 | 98578 | 98573. 2204 96309 028089°% ©5608 oe firrors... eee PEvigi, | 590 I~ 396 =93. |. -953, | | 8 SSS SS SE EEN (Sees TE. ATNTERNRSE mene Fae ney Soe Feces TY | eee eeepc | ew Tue true diflances of the fnowy peaks, which have been ufed: as a ftandard of comparifon.in the preceding examples, were derived by: Cafe ad. Ir feems reafonable to-infer, that the: refractive ftate of the atmos. phere demanded an allowance, in the firft ue equal to. about > of the intercepted arch, and.inthe fecond to 75 nearly. Hap the mean ftate of refraGlion; which L aflame to be 3 for {nowy- peaks, been ufed in thefe inftances by a traveller, defirous to know his place in the map, his conclufioa would have been:erroneous by about. £ a mule, at 4fzelgerh, and by fomething lefs than. 14 mile at Chamrowa. He might ftill, however, confole himielf. with. reflecting, that, even. were it poflible to-find a level road-to the Himalaya, a derambulator furveyor could not meafure the diftance, after many day’s labor, with: any chance of obtaining it fo-correétly, as it had been thus acquired: by an obfervation, which was made and computed in twenty minutes. I CANNOT at prefent offer anexample of the sth Cafe, as no {nowy peak is vilible from any part.of Rohilcund, where I have been, the pofi- tion:of which is not already eflablifhed by my furvey of Kamaone 2 i 306 MEMOIR RELATIVE TO Catalogue of Places, with their respective Latitudes, Longitudes, and i id | 30 : 25 i 40 | 4s £O Thaci] Peak.cece.. Elevation above the Sea, as derived froma survey of Kemaon. By Carrain W. S. Wess, Surveyor. Names of Places. Pilibhit, (the Great Mosque.)....« Station (A) (in Grove near ditto.).. Ca'i Math, (Gorkha Stockade.) ..¢ Snewy Peak J. (Great Himdlaya.).. eee INT, ig Je siaele ooee IV. e200 @ooe eoeo V. @oac0 e@aeo e2e¢ VT. gece eaoe e509 Vif. e000 eoee coce WARES sc, nae 902@e 1O.& e@oco Soar eeaoe Ke. @eece @ee260 eong XT. @co0e @oee evo XU. sieve Sees e@aoe XTC. @cne O20e0 Ae od} XIV. e900 Gooe eoo0 KV. ee eoce ohe(ets pC C57 mes Ries cove Suemishe OK VilNaige Asian sibs soles Oe SAVAREE 25 re S ae Lgiets! ER he fed ore ecce XX. aoe 2008 ecoe >: S.4 Caos eisiole Cees XXII, e008 ©0600 2008 X XU, e000 ecco @eeo XXIV. e080 Booo0 eone KXV: 6008 22e@ Boowy Pesk XXXVI. (Himalaya.).. Agar XXVIII. Reoni Temole. .... 0986 P0000ven Nyathana WY Goh ia gisieiieisiacsteulelelace Siahi Oak Tree. ..e Badhun Dhua Peak. Duna Giri Temple. Bhatcot Penk. ecco ©90080809°° BOLD Abri Deo Peek, 0000 006° 6068 aowe Gana Nath Stockade. seao e.-s-ee Binser Peak... woce 8000 60° 98000 0000 Shem Deo Temple. erceo TMPO@Ce COBO ‘Fort Moira, 9000 60000000 0008 0080 Mote’hser Peak... 0 dcemeese cece Baridaui Peakiicece secevsce sees Shem Deo. (Station.) cone seeaoece Pio Nath: Temples eee. ss es Bagha Ling ‘Temple..cce. voce ceo Rai Pesk.. ©2209 6600 086090009 2208 Rai(Station.).. 8 OB e000 0509 mmm Dhaj Peak. sooeissce-000s sosecesy ecop ©° 8000 @eG0 ®%eG0% BOG aesee O6%5 9H08 oe2eeo 2eae ° oce oe © Ge SO Smeete (Res ES — a res ee ee ee Be —— s Latitudes. om Ried Bae | ees Se 23 33 40 N. 88 39 16.9 29 38 11.5 30 49 47.2 30 49 4.3 30 46 223 30 45 46.9 30 28 28.9 30 42 229 30 4\. 57.7 30 43 40.9 30 42 4.3 30 20 16.9 80 20 6.8 30 37 59.5 30 15 36.1 30 21 51.7 30 16 13.3 30 1% 3.7 30 11 14.6 30 14 33.1 30 12 15.1 30 9 23.3 30 6 41.5 30 6 18.7 29 59 33.7 29 57 13.3 99 52 45.7 29 50 44,5 29 49 42.8 29 39 33.7 29 47 56.5 29 $4 145 29 98 337 29 47 91.7 29 49 34.9 29 44 42.7 29 45 56.5 29 42 1.9 29 36 34.9 29-35 7.9 29 28 19.1 29 33 16.8 29 36 12.5 29 49 57.1 99 47 30.1 29 42 21.1 29 43 14.6 29 38 34.9 %9 30 17.9 Longitudes. 42 30 51 52 55 58 19.8 19 6 19.6 11.3 — i=) mab & & w SS ets O« GR = 08 as | © wo mo oo BHSSHRSROHAL Aw a= = YH wWwKEDADKE WA = om ere Ge 30 2 4145 ¥- e Elevations. Feet. oot 6417 92345 22058 92840 91611 19106 92498 22578 23164 21314 15733 206386 23263 22313 25669 22419 17994 19:43 21439 22635 $0407 19099 19497 22727 22233 22977 21045 20923 6596.7 5785 7193.2 $433 7272.2 9060.6 7030.9 6828 5 7896.6 6964.9 §520.8 7710.9 6725.9 6923.2 7627 6 76416 5 7796.7 6594 2 8166 3 8148.6 seer / PORE | A SURVEY OF KEMAOON, 507 No. _Names of Places. | Latitudes. Longitudes. Elevations. ; y evs « Ni o °° BE, Feet. Heighths above Ascot, (Station.) oe 29 45 46°3 80 8 56.8 5502.9 Sivacot; Temple: .106 sees. seoel, 29 48 28.9 £0 5 3 6862.2 Barak Bishi Peak. ... coo. eres 39 42 499 80 4407 7805.4 ERGmpH aks! .sc6yi.s sis, emesis 29 58 35.5 80. 6 28.9 9847.4 $5 Cutalgérh (Fort, 2.22 eece seo-| 29 24 13'9 79 53 384 6321.7 Basca Pesk.: ©00% »9@00 ©0608 oa200 29 20 36.1 80 3 7.3 6061.2 Byovhari Fost. (Dotee.) .... »...| 29 33 9:7 20 15 58.3 5543.2 Cali Nagh Peak, eooe 00008 eeoo 29 51 36.1 79 57 13.4 ; 7898, Charalek’h P. (in Dotee.} osso+--e 29 34 55.9 80 19 6.4 6544.4 60 Roulacot. ( Ditto.) ..6 o- ©8600 29 33 15.7 80 24 6:3 8291,9 Go’al Lekh P. (Ditto.).. ssooccees| 2929 1.9 80 14 57 8194.8 Chaumanh Temple. ..cc eens «| 29 35 41.5 79 Il 35.9 "6355.7 Gupat Ganga Peak. .. ..sc0c coves 29 37 31.9 79 52 57.6 7192.2 Asi Chila Temple, ..00 o...0- 29 37 31.9 80 111.4. 7034.9 | 66 Cumbhpur Temple. conc 000 cove 29 38 17.5 79 15 344 6306.9 | Cat?mei Na’o Fort. 1... cose coes 29 35 457 79° 0 32.4 4978.4 Lobahger’h Fort. 4@O0dD ©2020 C008 99 58 4.2 ‘ 79 10 53.3 y 6357.7 Mseot Villages ose (ow se vce s 29 45 17.5 80 10°35.9 5016.7 Chipala Peak, (Butan.) .. «.o-.| 29 54 42.1 80 16 52.5 13455.1 | 70 Rant Shica P. (Doti.) oe «sooo 29 46 415 80 24 1.2 10132.3 Shica P: ( Ditto.) 0206 eoa0 0% 89 44 349 80 21 10.5 9176.3 Chand Nagh P. o0eoo ©2008 C0C% oe 99 37 37.3 80 3 56.9 7078.7 Mount Lébug (Summit of the Pass. (a) 30 19 43:3 80 27 24.9 18870,6 Goh Village. (Bitan. )oooe ons. 30 14 40.6 80 22 45.5 11483.8 76 Edge of the Cali R. below Ascot... 3273.2 { Deo Dhia Temple, e0oer OB Oeeean 29 94 93 79 43 17 6669.6 Khilpati Stockade. ..:eess eooses 29 91 30 800 44 6324.8 Chamawat Cantonment. «coe coer-+| - 99 19 45 79 56.17 ; 5467.5 Siti Pealksarnreisreacclociselevcieiss cele: a9 25 97 79 56 10 5837.8 80 Hawal Bag’h. ee ACO al | 99 38 20 79 26 3 3889, Sitoli Stockade, .......,e000e++e-| 29 36 13 7929s . 5187, Mount Browne, 20022 60 OF eeoe Gees 99 36 44 ‘ 79 30 46 : : ; 5705 St. Mark’s Tower. algle Wisistoie @ee00e §9- 35 40 79 30 28 ; §404 Fort Almora. Pre re tik BO 39 35 30 79 30 (@) $337 | 85 Cutar Mall. ..0. osee cece coeet 99 37 22 ; 7927 9 5144 Simtonca Peak. (Bitan ) e206. 99 68 46 80. 28 49:9 10662. Jeiti Village. (Ditto,) -.... 29 57 40.1 80 96 94.7 6310 Snowy Peak ab.Golaghi (Himalaya.)} 99 8 19 80 32 38 21150. | Taugling Ghati, (Bitan.) seo» 50m 12 80 27 15 116516 90 Runju Village, (Ditto.) ....} 30 57 48 80 25 25 5779 Saiusura Viilage. (Ditto,)...... 29 55 32 80 28 45 6211.8 Cila, or Seealpunt. (Ditto.) .... 29 56 30 80 26 36.3 5218.6 Cila Bridge over the Dhali R.(Do.) 3811.2 Confluencs of Réla Gher & Cali 3721.8 R. (Ditto. ) 99 53 5G 80 24 0 3924.8 95 Camp below Lama, (Ditlo) ..0. 29 51 18 £0 23 45.8 6564.2 Jama Village, (Bootan.) 2... 29 52 57 80 23 27 $686.5 Rathi (Ditto,) @eos 29 55 27 80 24 15 $931.2 Shactii (Ditto,) @ ate oie 29 48 31 80 O 16 4443.2 Dingat’har, Village .. ....c0ce...| 29 47 23 79 56 55 4224.8 00 Phal Debis Temple. seesvececsee! 29 48 32 79 62 52 5128.4 Khane Village, 20208 ehO8ceee sane 99 50 43 79 61 53 5717.4 Hanu ci Than,(Temple.) .... eee} 29 48 10 79 $1 45 5703.5 Odiari Village. anos seco cove 99 46 312 79 53 83 5375.3 | _ Dhandula. Ditho. ios aneoe ase eoudG 43 79 54 32 4241.5 105 Budéra, Ditto,’ case. o oath 8080 1 79 51 52 5730.6 Loha Tha} Dittog sinc creas.) pee SOL ae 79 53 33 5734.8 Desaula Ditto, socccnces«| *29 51 30 79 62 O 5618.4 Sauli -Dilto, seceeee-| 29 $0 50 308 MEMOIR RELATIVE TO pote pees Z eterna Names of Piaces. Latitudes. Longitudes. Rlevations. : : ° 3 e ° A A Feet. Garbia village, (Butan,) ja ASN at, DO! Oma 5iby N.| 80 41 32.6 E 10200.2 Mt. Noamjang. (Himataya.) se apeieily FO, (exe Bee 80 39 44.6 18398 |'Erigs Station near Garbia. A sete (80> 360 80 39 46 ‘k. 1098352 Spar Bridge over Calapani R. (Bilan.)} 30 9 7 80 42 23° 12670 4 Byas. Rik’hi P. (Himalaya.) eeicie SO) on eS | 80 46 2: 19857°2 Mandarin’s Camp, , (Batan.), ee HO: CG 80 44 18 14433-8 Ghati, or Pass to Factory. Peis 093 WLR 1) 80 48 10. 17597.8 No. 2} of Citstas.. (Himalaya.) Peet's ie. 10 Ye) ies ag Wf 80 45 O 2944154 No. 2, » €Ditto.) Sos ci BQ ker Ae 80 46 8 ° 20991.8 {Kuwa Lekh: P. (Butan,) p coon) 30 8 QO **P 80°49 ‘5a 15245.4 Statioa near confluence of the Cali and? | 4 , : Calapani Rs, (Bootan.} | . wet SO) RB) hig 8041) 35 T1S4by4s 1) Sithi Lekh P, (Himatayn.). saer 00. cts 28" 80 40 16 | 'B58(1.4 Bowling village. (Butan,) soeeh aO-.o. 12 80 26 49 Ss Phakul ditto, (Ditto) 73 caret toOrenaL) On 80 27°17 — Calapani Fountaia, 5 ete sles! 2OehO: . SO: 80-43 28 — i Deodar Ghat. (b) yn oie ois ie Sp ae 79-26 40 6273.7 Ghagar Ghat. (c) As oove| 29 24 OF 79 2 3° 7696.1 | Loharcat Steckade, PEs siecle el AD 79 96 F 6739.4 Surface of the Lake, Bheem Tal. (d) oes) 29 19 18 199 23 53 4271.5 | Kissenpar (Rohilcund.) deisel, oak Soe eae AS. 73 48 54.1 pe ‘|Chamrowa, (Ditto.) ives sisreiel 20,40. 2 269% a7 78 58 10.8 eee 4139 |Afzel Khan’s Palace. (Ditto.) once) 29,93, .- 52° * 78 32-.9.5 —_ APPROXIMATIONS. (@) Faclacot. (Chinese Factory.) cane! SO e143 “r St. “2 10 g 14500 Laks Manssrovar. €Ditto diteo. ) a ete LOWY ees st 9°10 (d) A cWhabétra, or Sat’hi at the southero extremity of the lake. 28682 REFERENCES. : N ov 43, (a)° With-extreme difficulty, and { may add, with extreme peril, — was fortunate enough to. accomplith the paflage of Lebug Ghéii, without accident on the 6th. of June 1816.. Nos. 124, #25, (b;) (c:) The new road from, Bamauré to Almora, recently conftruéted at the expence of the Britifh, Government, croffes both thefe points. No. 126, (d.) The fhape of the lake Bhim Tal approaches mor nearly to a triangle, than to any other regular fizuare, the length of th longeft fide is abou a mile,and thatof the ‘horteit five furlongs. its extent appears to have been much greater at fome former period ; the diminution it has experienced, is evidently to be attributed to <= sofition by the ftreams flowing into it. There is fill depth of waicr A SURVEY OF KEMAOON, 309 fafficient for a firft rate line of battle fhip to ride at anchor. Lieut. Srepyen, who had a {mall canoe om the lake, ftruck foundings in 64 feet or nearly 11 fathoms, about the central parts, and the banks fhelve : very rapidly. ‘ApproxiMATION £; the pofition of the pafs leading to Taclacot is already given by my furvey ; the direction of Taclscot was pointed to me north 82° eaft from thence, and its diftance from the eaflero defcent is one day’s journey for laden goa's; the above bearing, with a horizon- tal diftance of eight miles from the fummit of the pafs, cannot give a very erroncous pofition to Tacéacot. Tue dire€tion of Manfarovar wasalfo defcribed to me by many perfons, who had vifited it to be about north go° eaft from Taclacot and the diflance two day’s journey, for laden goats, which as the road is level may perhaps be 14 miles By this information 1 have affigned, what limagine to be the geo. graphical pofition nearly of the monaftery, mentioned by Mr. Mcor- cnort, and which I conclude to be fituated on the weftern bank of the Jake, but as Manfarovar is ftated to be of an elfiptical fhape, and to have its diameters equal to eleven and feven miles refpeCtively, it feems at leaft probable that the latitude and lomgitude, I have given will fall fomewhere within the limits of the lake itfelf efpecially if it be remem- bered, that the place at which my information was obtained, is not fo much as twenty miles diftant from Manfarovar. Aut the Tartars and Phitias who were with me were of opinion, that the eaftern defcent of Taclacot Ghat: was not greater than the wes: tern, and hence we may conclude that the clevation of the lofty table 2K 310 MEMOIR RELATIVE TO Jand of central Afia is nearly the fame, as that of the Deba’s camp: (No. 114,) or 14,500 feet above the level of the fea. ArtHoucH feveral of the preceeding Jatitudes, and longitudes, are inferted to the tenth part of a fecond, as given by the calculations, it is by no means intended to convey an idea, that the principles, on which - this furvey is conducted, can attain to that great degree of exattnefs; Every figure of even the most trivial computation will be found in: the field books, whichI have tranfmitted to the Surveyor General’s. Office: in fo much work, when the furvey in the field and ailits de- pendant computations reft with an individual, a few errors may be ex- cufed : fome I have difcovered and corrected, though none have been pointed out to me, fome may ftill remain. Upon the whole, I flatter myfelf, that in the more effential parts, this: -furvey will bear comparifon with any, that have been performed in Bengal, and 1 can only lament that { have not been able to collect. the materials into a map of fuitable external appearance. 7 (rE eS Ee VI. CEREMONIES” @BSERVED AT THE CORONATION OF A HINDU RAJA, | Br Mr. BROWN. ~- eeESE———— As ine obfervance of any public: ceremonies amongft the Hindi: population of Jzdia is daily falling into difufe, and asthey. will cone. fequently be known at no diftant period from tradition alone, it may ‘perhaps form part of. the objects of the Afiatic Society, to procure fuch: def{criptions of them as eye-witnefles of their performances are qualifi- ed to contribute, and to preferve in the tranfactions of the fociety, fuch memorials of their paft exiftence—with this view I beg leave to offer: tothe acceptance of the fociety- the following account of the coronas: tion of the Raja.of. Co/a/tr:, at which I.happened to be prefent. In order fully to comprehend the caules that'then led to that cere-- mony, it is neceffary for me to ftate the political fituation of the Rd of Colaftri at that period. Tue arms of the Tartar. conquerors of India. never penetrated. into- Malabar, the inhabitants of which preferved their ancient government, . relizion, and cuftoms, until the invafion of Hyder Ally from the neigh- bouring province of Canara about the year 1766, with a numerous army, put an end to the Hzzdw government, by the expulfion of the Rajas and chief men, moft.of whom fled to Travancore. As the Mapilla chieftain .of Cananore, Ali Raja, had urged Hyder to, and afflifted him in this. conqueft,,he, as a_reward put him in. poffeffion. of the Raj of 512 CEREMONIES OBSERVED AT THE Colaftvé on condition of paying an annual tribute. The government of the country being then transferred from the Hindus ta fanatical Muffelmans was, during the courfe of 12 years which Ali Raja held it, almoft completely depopulated ; murder and rapine prevailed in every quarter, fo that no Hindu remained in it who had the means of getting to Travancore. ‘During this long period, little of the ftipulated tribute had been paid, and Hyder therefore willingly liftened to propofals made to him by one of the princes of the Co/aftrt family, (who had been proteéted in the Honorable Company’s fettlement of Te/lichery) to pay him tribute if reftored to his country. The negociation was car- ried on through Domincos Ropricuss, the Company’s linguift, a man of great wealth, who becoming fecurity forthe payment of the tribute, the Raja was put in poffeffion of the Réj,in 1776-7, with full powers to re-eftablifh the ancient government. This was immediately done ; the exiles were recalled, and reinftated in their landed property, but the country from fo long a courfe of oppreffion and fpoliation, afforded flender meanis of realizing the tribute; whilft the refidents, under the name of Aarcaras, placed with the Raja to receive the tribute, and to obferve and report his actions, augmented his diftrefs by their rapaci« oufnefs. The firft year’s tribute was advaneed by Domincos Ropaicues. but fubfequently the revenues fill continued unequal to the demand on them, and therefore, after the country had been reftored to lome kind of order, the expedient of crowning the fenior Raja, for the pur- pofe of raifing money, was refolved on, It is. here neceffary t@ ex plain that the law of fucceflion adopted in this family, and indeed in all the Raja families of Malabar, is, that the fenior male, by the female line, fucceeds to the fir& fation of Colafirt Raja, in whofe name the govern- ment is conducted by an aéting Raja whom he appoints, and who js fact the ruler, the other after being crowned, retiring to 2certain fort with all the enfigns and exterior marks of dignity, where he pafles his time __ in the performance of religious. ceremonies. What probably renacred ahs ‘CORONATION OF A HINDU ‘RAIA. BTS the adoption of thissmode of delegated government neceflary is, that as the number of princes inthe family is generally confiderable, (he - fons of all the daughters fucceeding each other according to priority of birth) the fenior is always far-advanced in-years and paft the term. of active life, before he comes to that dignity, The fenior raja, in the prefent initance was a very aged man, not lefs, I judged, than 70 years of age. He had hitherto remained in Travancore, probably to avoid the expence neceflary for bis eftablifhment, but was now brought from _thefe, that the finances of the Raj might be recruited with the contri- butions due, by cuftom, not only from its own fubjects but from the other rajas -and chieftains connetted with it, on the performance -of this ceremony; at which alfo attended. deputies from the fet tlement of -Maht and Tellicherry, each prefenting a box containing a -ceértain fum in gold, in conformity to ancient cuftom. The bramins having fixed onan aufpicious day in the month of December 1778-9 , notice of it, and invitations, were fent far and near, and great prepara- tions weré made by the a€ting raja for the accommodation, and entér- tainment, of the multitude that were expected to afiemble from all parts. of Malabar and the countries of Cochin, Travancore and Palshat. Tus place which immemorial cuflom had»prefcribed for the. perfor- -mance of this ceremony was a fort, named Maday, fituated between the rivers of Balliapatam and Cavay,in an open {pot, and more {pacious than Malabar forts generally are. Here on an elevated {pot under a canopy,a kind of throne, but not higher than a common chair, was placed. About one o'clock p. m. the raja was brought in a covered palankeen, _attended by many bramins, to this chair, and feated in it, but: concealed fromthe f{pettators by perdas held up before him, whilft the people were made to fall back to adiftance of 20 to go yards in front, and bramins were there ftationed to prevent any perfon going beyond thefe 2-1 314 CEREMONIES ONSERVED AT THE: limits... The concourfe-of people aflembled was very great. Into tHe fort the chief people only had been admitted ; the multitude were withs - out the walls in-vaft numbers, but from the elevation’ of the«{pot-on ‘ which the throne was placed moft of them could-fee it... THE propitious moment. being arrived, the ferdas were withdrawn ° and. the raja expofed to view with the crown on his head. Various. - rites were then performed. by the dramins, whilft others.recited invoe - cations and chaunted. ftanzas appropriate to the occafien.. This cone - tinued for about half an hour, when the chief dreamin, or prieft of the ° Raj advanced, having a. flat filver difh in his left hand, containing a little fine unhoiled rice. He approached fo clofe to the raja, as to be able to reach the crown with his hand, {topped and. recited a prayer ox invocation... He then took a little of the. rice in his right hand and dropped it-on the crown. This he repeated three times letting the rice fall lowly, whilft he at fame time continued to proclaimin avery loud | voice the new titles of the raja with invocations or prayers compofed no coubt for the auguil ceremony. . Tus filence of the multitude: without, as well as within the fort; during all this was admirable. The awe and reverence with which they beheld the rites and liftened to the dramins wes fo great, that not ~ a breath was to be heard whilft they continued,.fo that the voices of the b/amins were diftintly heard out of the fort; but the moment for adoration, which was that when the lalk rite with the rice was complet= ed, was no fooner come, than a fimultaneous fhout burft from the - whole, fo loud and fudden and fo ftriking to me, from its being totally unexpected, that it feemed the fhout of Mitron’s pandemonium rea- hzed, 2 j Gist te Tue adoration at the fame time began, and continued as long as the Raja remained expofed, which was. above an hour, during which the t Sue S \ _ CORONATION OF A ‘HINDU RAJ&: | 315 offerings:were prefented and received by the attendants. During the fame time gilts of cloths and money were diflmbuted amongft the > bramins and their women, the number of whom alone was immenie, all of that ¢aft of the -adjacent:countries and-many even from: Tanjore having aflembled. , For their accomodation alfo, very exténfive woods en buildings had been erected, in which they were feafted with drefled viGuals, confifting of. rice, dhal, ghee, curries. of various vegetables, with papadoms, (fine cakes, made of gram Hour, and a fine f{pecies of alkali, which gives them an agreeable falt tafle and ferves: the purpofe ‘of vealt, making them rife. and become very crifp when fried). plan- tains and other fruits. “This entertainment, which was-for the: dramins-- and.their families, only, conunued three days, twice each day.: : Tue gettures made ufe of en-this occafion to:exprefs their adoration, were fufficiently remarkable to. merit a de(cription. The perfon-ftand¢ ing ereCt lifts his hands to his face and joins them open, the fingers ftretched and reaching a little above the eyes; the fingers are then drawn down to the: palm,‘and the hands drawn back from each other to the diftance of ¢ight or ten inches, then replaced as before, and the {ame motions repeated, which when performed by every’ individual of . fogreat a multitude formed a very fingular fcene. - T sx crown was of gold, but the: diftance at which I was ‘placed, - prevented me from:-noting any thing but its form, which refembled | that of the Tiara, worn by the Roman Pontiffs, before it was disfigured into.a triple crown by the arrogance of Bonirace and Bunepicr. When we confider with what minutenefs the Azndus adhere, even in matters of minor importance to the practices of their anceftors, we may conclude thatthe form of this crown was very ancient, and is therefore worthy of remark as being different from that of any dia- dem worn by princes either now or at former periods ; but that the 316 CEREMONIES OBSERVED AT THE _cap of ceremony of the high priefl of the Temple of Yerufalem was not unlike it. ‘Tuts ceremony on the whole affords two fubje@s worthy of con- ‘{ideration. Firft, the rite of f{prinkling rice over the crown, whilft on the head of the raja, fo different from any prafice in the weit of “modern or ancient times. ‘The rite now in ule of anointing princes at their coronations is of modern inftitution, and generally admitted to have been borrowed or imitated from.the Jews. Secondly, the cit. cumftance of its being a ceremony arifing out of a feudal fyftem of government, at which ali the vafiels were obliged to appear, and to con- tribute to the expence of it, each according to his rank; and that 1 fhould have been reforted to for the purpofe of filling the raja’s coffers ina fimilar manner to that in which our own princes often rendered the feudal ceremonies fubfervient to fimilar purpofes. Tl have the honor to be, Sir, Your moft obedient fervant, A, BROWN. VI. Analyfs of the SNAKE-STONE. By Je DAvy, M.D. F. S, Se SNAKE-SToONES, it is well known in India, aré fubftances employed : by the natives as remedies againft the bite of venomous ferpents. » Tue forms of thefe ftones and their external charaGers have already been defcribed by more than one author, but Iam not aware, that any account has been publifhed, yet, of their: chemical nature. For thofe ftones which I have examined, I am indebted to the Ho-' norable Sir ALEXANDER JOHNsTONE, Chief Juftice of Ceylon. They“ were of three different kinds. - Tue firft kind were {mall bodies, round or oval, nearly white to- wards their circumference and black or brown at their centre; they were polifhed, poffefled a flight degree of luftre and had a pretty appeare= ~ ance, in confequence of which and their fuppofed: virtues, they are occafionally fet and worn as neck-ornaments; they were of moder- ate hardne(s, eafily cut by: the knife, but not fcratched by-the nail; : when breathed on they emitted an earthy {mell like clay, and when ape ~ plied to the tongue or any. moift. furface, they firmly adhered to it. Berore the blow-pipe they gradually became perfectly white and loft a little of their fubftance, yet they emitted no fume or odour or 2M sie ANALYSIS. OF flame. Put into dilute nitric acid,a very flight effervef{cence was pro- duced which was momentary, when the ftone was in powder; ina few hours the whole of the ftone was diffolved with the exception of a ve- ry minute portion of carbonaceous matter. This folution on the addi- tion of ammonia afforded a copious precipitate, which was infoluble in-weak oxalic acid. The-precipitate being feparated by filtration, the ~ fluid was rendered turbid by the 1 mentioned acid, Resuits which prove that thele fones are compofed of phofphate of lime, with a little carbonate of lime and {light traces of carbon. Thus their compofition is the fame as that of bone partially calcined, which { have no doubt, they are in reality.: their phyfical properties are thofe of calcined bone as well as their chemical nature; calcined bone Tike _ the flones admits of being polifhed, affords when breathed on an earthy fmell, adheres to moift furfaces and in fat has every real property which thefe ftones poffefs, Aworner “kind of fnake-ftone, of which I faw only a fingle fpeci- men, was afmall oval body fmooth and fhining Db? externally black, internally grey ; it had no earthy fmell when breathed on, and had no abforbent or adhefive power. By the perfon who prefented it to Sir ALEXANDER JOHNSTONS, it was much valued and for adequate reafon, iftrue, “it had faved the lives of four men at leaft.” Berore the blow pipe it emitted a flight fmell like that of vegetable matter buraing and became white. In dilute nitric acid it diffolved and effervefced ftrongly, and until the whole was diffolved the effer- vefcence continued. The folution was not precipitated by ammonia, but copioufly by carbonate of ammonia. The precipitate before the blow- -pipe was converted into pure guck lime. THE SNAKE STONE, ; 319 ‘From thefe refults it is evident, that this highly valued fone is merely carbonate of lime ‘coloured by a little vegetable matter, Tue third and laft kind of {nake-ftone I have to defcribe was of a cylindrical form, flightly curved about an inch in length and in cir- cumference about three quarters of an inch; it had a {mooth fhining furface, was dark bottle green, pretty hard and rather brittle, when ‘broken it proved to be compofed of concentric, thin layers; it had the odour of mufk ina flight degree: it did not poffefs any abforbent power. | Brrorz the blow-pipe it decrepitated, fell to pieces, blackened, took fire, burnt with avery red flame and emitted much {moke. The coal it left was voluminous; the afh this coal afforded when incimated was fmall in quantity, and confifted chiefly of carbonate and phol- phate of lime, | Tue nature of this ftone I did not farther inveftigate. The preced- ing refults fatisfied me that it wasa Bezoar which Sir ALEXANDER Jounstons previoully fulpected. Ir will naturally be afked, are thefe fnake-ftones defervine of the reputation which they have acquired among the natives ; are their virtues real or imaginary? By putting the queftion in a different form it may be folved more eafily. Is a calcined bone ora fragment of carbonate of lime, or a concretion formed in the inteftines of an antilope an antidote again{t the poifon of f{nakes? Every one ac- quainted with the animal economy and the effects, and the mode of operation of the poifon of {makes will (I think) decidedly anfwer in the negative. The two kinds laft def{cribed can have no plyfical or che- 320 ANALYSIS OF. snical effect whatever as local applications; and the firft kind can have little effe@ even as an abforbent ; were it indeed poflefled of the ftrong= eft abforbent power, Iam confident, its application would be ufelefs, and worfe than ulele{s, as interfering with the employment of efficient means Of cure, | AnotueEr queflion may be put.—Is it not curious that thefe ftones if poilefled of no real power thould be fo much confided in as they -are,, and if deftitute of all virtue as an antidote, fhow'd be efteemed as an. antidote, and noi only by ignorant Indzans, putevei by many Europe- ars.—In reply it may be generally remarked, error is popular, guod. mavult homo effe verum id facile credit; appearances are deceptive and correct conclufions difficultly drawn, not to mention the effccts of lus perftition and its influence on the minds of Indians. Tobe more par- ticular, it may be remarked farther, that I believe the perfons who have uled {nake-flones have (independent of other fources of miftake,) been deceived by applying them in many inftances to thé bite of - fnakes fuppofed to be, but not really venomous ; and in other inftancess in attributing to the ftones, the cure which was due to nature alone.. Txe majority of ferpents fuppofed by the natives to be poifonous: are harmlefs. Though I have been in Ceylon only a few months, I have already feen and examined twelve different fpecies of fnakes: of thefe only one kind was believed by the natives to be harmle(s.. Notwithftanding ef the whole number, only three fpecies proved to. be poifonous, About a week agoa fnake was brought me by a Mo- deliar. He called it a Mahibilla. Though dead, the man who carried. it, was under great apprehenfions of danger, and took care of himfelf ‘by carrying it tied to the end of a long pole. The Modeliar excufed the man’s timidity, faying it was very venomous; in an hour (he a{- ferted) the man who is bitten by it diess—Yet on examination, | found . THE SNAKE STONES. ; 331 that this fnake had no fang-teeth or. poifon-bag, and of courfe was’ harmle{s: of the three poifonous kinds, the bite of one I have afcertains © ed: is never fatal evento {mall animals, and: much lefs to man, The “ferpent alluded to, is that called here the carawilla. Its poifon ats in a peculiar manner, occafioning much fwellmg and pain in the part’ bitten.’ The: {welling gradually’ abates.’ Difagreeable fuppurating ule ~ ers are a frequent confequence ; but the recovery is fpontaneous and ° ~ certain. {may relate an inflance in which a fnake-flone gained much” credit, applied to the bite of a ferpent of this kind. The ftory was ’ thus told me by a fpectator. - A native fervant was bitten in the leg by a ferpent.’ A fnake charmer was immediately’ {ent for, He came fpeedily, yet before he arrived, the leg and thigh were much {wollen. ‘The charmer applied his fnake flone, which wasa long time continued. In about three hours, the pain, which at firft was excruciating, had near- ly ceafed, and the {welling in about three hours more had fubfided, and the man, who was travelling on foot, was able to purfue his jour- ~ ney, which I have no doubt he would have been able to have done’ | juft’as foon, if no fone had been applied. Tue bite of the other two poifonous {nakes, the cobra di capello ie (coluber naja), and the folonga (a {pecies of coluber), is thought by moft of the natives tobe abfolutely mortal, which is far from the’ truth. The efie&t of the bite depends ona variety of circumftances that people in general leave-out of confideration, 1 have made’a num: ber of experiments with both kinds, and can {peak from my own ex- perience. The poifon of thefe fnakes is foon exhaufted, when of © courfe their bite is innocent. And though the poifon be not exhaufted in | the majority of cafes of the Lite of the cobra di capello, and in many of the folonga, it is not fufficiently virulent to:caufe the death ‘of any ani- mal, excepting fuch as are {mall and weak: 2N- 898 ANALYSIS OF twOr alt errors, practical rrors are = the worits; and to this cla/s of errors, I-flatter my felf 1 have proved that the ate of {nake-ftones being _ antidote againft the poifon of {nakes belongs. The fooner fuch a be- lief is exploded the better. Many a life in all probability has been facri- ficed to it, that might have-been faved by efficient means of cure, timely applied, and much human fuffering undergone, that might have _been relieved, had real, infiead of thefe imaginary remedics been ene ployed, | Se ae oe ea ae GEG ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS, BY THE SECRETARY. THE experiments of “Dr. Davy have fatisfattorily eftablifhed the nature of thofe fabflances termed {nake-ftones, and have fully corro- borated the notions entertained of their compofition and inefficacy $ the conclufions that he has drawn, however, were not unknown either in the eat or welt, and it may not be uninterefting to take a eurfory view of the opinions which have deen exprefied of their nature and. propert ics, by preceding writers in thefe kingdoms, as well as in Tere Q ae diurope, as a card Bice ele to Dr. Davy’s analytical enquiries. Tuz.modern introduGion of the fnake-ftone to the attention of the philofophers of ‘Europe, appears to have occurred in the latter part of the 17th century. In 1662, fome f{pecimens were brought from India by three Francifcan Friars, and depofited in the mufeum of the Grand Duke of Tufcany, where they were feen and defcribed by the natura- | “Lite Rept; about the fame time, forme were fent from Java by Sir _PuripErto VERNATI to Sir Robert Moray, for the Repofitery of the Royal Society: they had alfo fome fhort time before been defcribed in Tuevenor’s€ relations of divers confiderable voyages’, and they were again mentioned in Tavernier’s Travels in the Eafl Indies. | re VAS cen ahaa THE SNAKE STONES, orn 3238 ‘Inu all thefe cafes, an erroneous opinion was exprefled of the origin of ‘this ftone; it was faid to be found in the head of the Coluber Naja, and - ether ferpen's, and was thence termed fietra ‘del ferpente, cobra.de cae pelos lapis ferpentss, coora de capeto dili; pedra:de cobra, prerve de jerpeni, and {nake-ftone; and another kind was named, from the: place whence it was fuppofed to be brought, pedra del ferpente di Mombaz- 8a, or lapis ferpenits de Mombuzza; the defeription of which, given by ‘TuHevenor, 1s thus.ciied in the Pailofophical Tranfaétions of 1665: ** In the Haft Indies, and imthe:kingdom Qam/y “in China, there is founda ftone in the-head of a certain ferpent (which they call by «a namé fignifying hairy ferpent), which heals the bitings of the fame fer- pent, that elfe would killin 94 hours. This {tone is round, white in the middle, and about the edges, -blue er greenifh. Being applied to the wound:it adheres to-it of itfelf,.and falls not of but after it hath fucked the poifon, when they wash it in milk, wherein itis left awhile, fill it return to its natural condition, It is a rare ftene, forif 1c be put a fecond time upon the wound, -and flick to it, ’tis a. fign it. had not fucked all the venom during its firlt application, but if it fick not, ‘as. a mark that 2il the paifon was.drawn out at firft.” -Tue account thus given: of the origin of the f{nake-fone, appears nct to have received implicit credence; TAVERNIER Confiders it to be a. medicinal compound, and K 2merer (Amenitat exot.) looks upon it as an artificial fabrication: THevenor {ftates, particularly, that the town of Diu was celebrated for its manufacture, and in the Philofophical Tranf- ations for 1749-50,. in.2 communicatien from Sir Hans Stoane, hs {tates on the authority of Doctor ALtexanper Sruart, recently return- ed from the Ea/t Indies, that the {nake ftones ** were not taken out of ‘ta ferpent’s head, but made of the bones of the {mall buffalo.in the “pe saath il Gomera) tee ON Yh PARANA Paystcch Solacaiar italy beau et rb Ba Ge ANALYSIS OF” S¢ Indies, (by which their coaches are drawn: inftead of horfes,) the ss bones being half calcined or charred by the dung of the fame buffa- lo ” the fame is fated by Parr, in his Medical. Dictionary, in» whichtthe /apis colubrinus :. is faid to- be made of - hartfhorn, biumt to: placknefs, and afterwards polifhed; the whole corroborating the conclu- fion of Dr. Davy, that one fpecies of the f{nake ftone.is nothing morey than bone partially. calcined... Tue notion that 2 gem or {tone of great value and miraculous Dro perties was formed in the head of a fnake, is one of confiderable anti«. uity and wide circulation, and both in its early introduction and fubfee - { 3 quent revival, is manifeftly of. Indian origin. Soxninus, in his chapter on. Ethiopia, fates, that « * exciditur. e cerebries draconum, dracontias “ Jabis,” and he adds, wfu jus. orientis. Reges pracique gloriantur, quoting Soracus, or Salkus an ancient Greek. author, who wrote < - Ten xoov as having feen this. extraordinary gem... Pu1nosTRaTus, as cited by Sarmasius, is fill more precife-as to. the locality of the fable, - and declares, that the natives of. India or Wis cut off the head of the - ferpent in order to extract the {tone contained in it: the fame account of the origin. of this fone occurs in Piiny, who mentions its being procure ed by the natives of India, by decapitating the ferpent whillt afleep 5 and who alfe notices the medical application, by the Seythians, of another fiene, faid to be found in the head of the viper, which 1s ufed as an antidote: (vipere). deffecant quidem Seythe inter aires, ad. ex IMenaUme = lapillum, quem aunt ab ea devorart terrtiae... ie Tue gem of the clafftcal writers, and which-according to them is” mot a ftone at all, unlefs it be taken from the head of a living {nake, is. evidently the. wonderful. Carbuncle of the romance writers. Itis.. probably alfo the fame as the fnake-ftone of modern’travellers, al- though know to them only in. its medicinal character: both are the i oT: THE SNAKE STONES. $25 ofispring of Indian fable, and we find accordingly in the Sanferit poets frequent allufion to the ftone in the head of the fnake, and in the Characa and Sufruta two medical works of high authority ‘and great reputed antiquity, the aU Alm: Serpamané or {nake gem, is enumerat- ‘ed amongett the antidotes, and defignated alfo by the fynonime AT Ala Garamam or poifon ftone. The Mohammedan. writers make fimilar mention of the {nake ftone, which according to the author of the Akhtiyar Beda is found in the head of the 4/di or viper; the author of the Tohfet al Momenin calls it Hear at Hazyak and defcribes the Haiyah asa fortef fmake; the latter calls it allo Mar mohereh or {nake ftone, and the former adds asanother name Badzehr, or Bezoar, confidering it as the animal {pecies of that celebrated alexipharmic, which appears in general to be the {nake ftone of the eait, and which was one of the three kinds examined by Dr. Davy, as well as one of thofe defcribed in the communication refe rred to above, made by Sir Hans,Sroane to the Prefident of the Royal Society. 4 Tux Bezoar according to our medical writers was unknown to the ‘Greeks, and was firft introduced to the knowledge of Huropfe, by the Arabic writers. There does not feem indeed to be any mention of it in the works of AristoTLe or of Puiny, though we have the authority of Isnt Teumiz or Hepdraviag, achriftian phyfician who lived at the court of the Abbaffide Khalif Moraxx1, about the middle of the ioth century, and the author of a voluminous medical work entitled AZ Moghni, * for-its being known to the Greeks, as he cites ARisTOTLE as ftating its being brought from Jndig and China. Another author alfo * This statement rests upon the authority of the author of the Johfet al Momenin. D’Here BELOT however ascribes the great work—entitled 42 Mozhni to Esn. BerrAr, and another, Moghne fil tib—to the son of Esnx Tatmiz, or Sarp Bin Hepvaccan. They may both be rightas Moghné implying, the satisfier or contenter, foxms partof the title of many works, especially on medicise oud law. | 20 396 So ABA T YSIS OF“ Exn Beit’ér quotes the fame writer for its dofe,-in his ‘chapter on aniie dotes: this teftimony, which is rather fufpicious;‘and which may have : proceeded fromthe defire of the authors to fhelter themfelves under a great name, would only add an additional fa& to the many we already ~ pofleéfs, evincing the poffeffion by the Arabs of many claffical works, es- - pecially on the {ciences, which have ‘not come down ‘to later ages, and ' will leave Eurofe full indebted to ‘the Arabs or’ Perfians, for “its' ace - guaintance with the HE ESCES pallees ‘Bezoars. ‘The name from which the modern appellation is derived, 'eflabliflies - the snes of knowledge in favour of the gts tans, as eau Padxzehr, ama €X=— mae hea as yee sailor. of poifon, and Nenehouee 8 Etymology therefore is: not without original. fupport 7 5( pad- sehr vel. gq. Padizehr et park Badzehr, compofitum:: eft" ex : 3. Pad-eé 45 venenum tollens, pellens, alexi-pharmicum~ et lapis Bezoar. It may ‘therefore be termed properly the poifon ftone, which isequally the fignification of its Arabic. name, Hajar-ts Sem, and the name by which.t is ufually known-of Zehr Mohereh.. OnienrAt writers diftinguifh Bézoar into two clafles, or mineral and: animal: the mineral fort is procured, according to ARISTOTLE fays. Isnt Texmiz, from India and China; according to AzBu Hinpuyau,- from the mountain Zerawand in Cirman: it is perhaps the foflile Be- zoar of Europe, a kind of ftone relembling the animal Bezoar, being, formed of concentric layers, and fimilar to it, externally, im fize and: Shape. . Tus other kind of Péd:-zehr is the animal fort, called by the 4rads very accurately, Heyer at tis or goat ftone; it being in fact acalculous concree THE SNAKE STONES. ‘397 tion found ‘in the ftomach of animals ofthe goat kind efpecially, as is juitly ftated by the author of the Tohfet al Momenin, who takes no notice — of the fabulous generation of it by the fucceifively congealed rheum _ flowing from the eyes of a fort of camel or deer fuppofed to feed upon fnakes, as mentioned inthe Khwdésal Ehjar and other works: the Akhtiyérdt Baddt is fingular in deriving the animal Bezoar from the head of a fnake, although its prefence in the porcupine, ape and ox"’is oticed in fev eral works, agreeably tothe information given by Ta- VERNIER, who-fays with great truth, J’ay eu la curiofité de me bien in- {truire de tout ce qui fe peut feavoir du Bezoar: of both {pecies of Be- zoar, many’ varieties, clafled according to the fhades of colour, are enus? meraied by the original.authoritiess : Ir is foreign to the objet of the prefent remarks, to notice the many ~™ wonderful properties afcribed by oriental writers 'to the Bezoar, or to « advert to any, but its f{uppofed alexipharmic power. In this ref{peét, aswell as in the method of ‘its application, it anfwers to the accounts © given by Tugvenot and Kmprer of the virtues of the fnake ftone, and, leaves no doubt of their general identity, - Tue only remaining conclufion refulting from Dr: D avy?s enquiries,» regards the inefficacy of thefe fubftances, be they what they may: the credulity that prevailed on this head, has not been confined to the nas tives of the Ealt, nor even to thofe who took the oriental fables” upon truft, for Tavernigr, from information gathered onthe fpot, appears to be quite fatisfied of their properties ; and no lefs a perfonage, than the Prefident of the College of Phyficians, Do@tor Bavrm an, informed. Sir Hans Sioane “ with great admiration that He had feen the great ef- * fects upon the bite of a viper of the f{nake ftone, or ferpent ftone as “it is called, before King Cuaruzs 2d, who was a great lover of fuch 328 ANALYSIS OF * natural experiments.” We know perfectly well now, what to think of fuchteftimony, andthe abfolute inertnefs of thefe fubftances is indifputably eftablifhed: in this refpect indeed the preceding experi- ments, only corroborate the inference of Kzmprsr, “iftis lapidibus nihil eficacioineffe, nifi quam actuali frigiditate fua, vel abforbendo ** praeftant,” and we have the authority of Fontana, for its being known from the experiments of thofe two great Italian naturalifts, Redz and Valifnieri, that the {nake Rone has no efficacy in curing the bite of vipers. _ VII. Cree at eee AN ACCOUNT OF VENOMOUS SEA SNAKES, ON THE COAST OF MADRAS; obey « BY, ED ah “MOE R aE COMMUNICATED BY COLONEL M’KENZIE, , bg Pe ed: PRR Lakes a: SOON after the opening of the ‘bar in the month of Odober 1815; reports were circulated at Madras, that a great fhoal of fea {nakes had entered the river, and that-many natives in crofling it had been bitten and had died.. Thefe. reparts caufed fo ferious an alarm’ among the natives, that they, attracted the attention of ‘the fuperintendent of the police, who on enquiry afcertained that three individuals after crofling the river had died, and their death ‘had been occafioned (as was univers - fally believed). by’ ‘thefe fnakes. In confequence of this’ information, a reward was offered for each fea {nake caught onthe condition of being - carried to. the police office. « 3 Pinpauts were erected oppofite'to the two principal fords on. the river, where undermy medical: fuperintendence fkilful natives pro- vided with Eau-de-luce and other remedies were conftantly ftationed, and who were directed to.afford immediate aid to thofe perfons who might be unfortunately bitten; this little. eflablifhment was continued until the river had become. nearly dry ; during its exiftence fifteen perfons (aétually bitten) were carried to the Pandau/s, all of them in a : greater orlefs degree exhibiting thofe fymptoms confequent upon the : action of a powerful animal poifon.on the fyfem; to all of them, the remedies pre{cribed were prompily adminiftered, and with the happ 2.P 330 ACCOUNT* OF eft effet. As two of thefe cafes came under my own immedi:te- ob- fervation, | have detailed. them: below; from notes. carefully: taken on the fpot, during the continuance of the fymptoms, and the exhibi- tion of the remedies for their relief. To thefe two cafes I have ad- ded the progrefs.and refult of an experiment, farther-corroborative. of the dangerous charater of thefe unwelcome vifitors. In confequence of the reward offered by the police, from two to three hundred {nakes were caught alive, and chiefly by fifhermen »who were either fearle{s or uncon{cious of any danger from them. Amonc thofe caught, there appeared to ‘be a confiderzble variety, but farthe greater number were of the {pecies. Hydrus major and Hydrus grecilis, of both, feveral were very. accurately examined by my friend Mr. Ryper of the Mint, and fome well prepared and preferved {pee cimens have been fent by him to a gentleman in England. From a-comparifon of thefe with the defcription given by Dottor -SHaw in his excellent Zoology, there can be no doubt as to the charace ter of the fnakes which made their.appearance in the Madras river. Isuart in [ubftance quote Do&or Suaw’s charafteriflics, HYDRUS MAJOR. Hi. Lividus, fafcris decurrensbus fufers, fqwamis hexagonis abrupte-carinatis. Ets le ngth is moze than three feet, its colour pale. or livid, marked ' throug! ou: the whole length of the back by a feries of large tran{verfe {-mi decurrent dufky bands; the tail banded more deeply or fo as to fhew Jefs of the ground colour, itis much fRriGtured at the beginning or place of the vent, and then widens confidera ily towards the tip, | which is obtulcly poited; the length of the tail is about four inches VENOMOUS SEA SNAKES. 53% end the {cales which cover it are fomew hat of -a {quire form, end fo difpofed asto refemble in fome degree thofe of a ith ; they are all. marked by an abrupt middle carina—the {calcs on the body are chiefly hexagonal, and are carinated in the fame manner, thoie on the head large and angular: along the lower part of the'abdomen runs a’pretty ftrongly marked. carina, the {cales being not dilated into any appeare ance of fcuts, but merely marked by a middle line of divifion on the very edge of the carina; the vent 1s furrounded: by a row of large firong lengthened {cale : : “Tue hydrus major is entirely a marine {pecies, itis furnifhed on each fide the upper jaw with a row of {mall teeth, one of which (two in ‘thofe examined at Madras) is much larger than the reft, and on being examined is evidently tubular. : ‘HYDRUS GRACILIS. H, Corpore anterius gracillimy fguamis ovrtis Levidus, pofterius craffore /quas mis hexagons abrupte truncatis, » ‘Leneru about two feet, head very {mall, and covered with large f{cales: neck and fore patt of the body very flender and cylindric for the diftance of about {even inches when it begins to enlarge, and flat- ten into a carina on the upper part which is continued to the end of the tail. Theflender part above mentioned is covered with ovate {mooth Icales, the remainder of the animal with hexagonal ones, each marked with an abrupt central carina. The tail is about an inch and three q:iarters long, flat, and obtufely acuminated but not fo broad as the thickelt part of .the bedy. Tue body is banded all along from the head to the tail, with numer. ous, equidiftant dark and fomewhat obtulely pointed bands, reaching al- moft to the abdumen, which with the intermediate {paces is of a plea ane “2 SeOCOUNT OF 7! brown colour ; thofe © on the cylindric part of the body are nearly annul; ihe ftriGure or contraétion at the vent is not fo: strongly marked as in# the is le et : to which i in tone Rewneuiare: this fpecies feems allied. . | : a : | G Tae head and mouth of the Hydrus g ae legamined” at the Mint. being very {mall, the existence of tubular fangs could not be fatisfa€to. ryly afcertained, but from the carinated {cales added to its other cha- radteristics, there can be butlittle doubt entertained o their exiftence, : | CASE VI , “Azout jae P; M. on behee SE ‘November, a nitive woman in crof{- fing near the land cuftomi houfé was feen whilft ttepping out of the ‘water to fhake off fomething which grafped her foot, and which to fe- veral people who were looking on appeared diftinaly to bea water {nake, the woman aiter having advanced a few paces from the river fell down, and was carried’ to the Pandaul ina fate of apparent infea= fibility : on examining her feet, two {mall but diftinct’ wounds were formed on the ankle‘of the right leg, her fkin' was cold, her face livid, ihe breathed with great difficulty and ‘with an’ occafional hickup and her pulfe at the temple or wrilts was {carcely to be felt: a ligature was immediately applied above the wound previoutly enlarged with a lan« cet, and to which a piece of the ‘carbonate of ammonia welll moifiened with the pure nitric acid had been applied ; thirty drops of the Eau-de- luce ina glafs of water were adminiltered nearly at the fame time that the other means were'taken’; in five minutes more a-fimilar dofe was poured down her throat; this laft feemed rather to encreafe the fpafm atthe cheft, but the pulfe now was feit feebly, though diftindlly at the wrift—-the third dofe was repeated in three minutes more, and upon (wallowing it, fhe {ereamed ‘and evidenily breathed more freely. VENOMOUS SEA SNAKES. 233 “Ten minutes had now elapfed fince fhe had been carried tothe Pay. daul, and in about three minutes more a tea fpoonful of the Eau-de- luce was given which almoft immediately producea violent naulea, - and caufed a profufe perfpiration to be thrown out over every part of her body. On putting a hitle faltinto her mouth, fhe faid it was not falt but fugar, the natives deemed this an infallible fign of fill continu- ed. danger. ‘NorwitHsTANDING her improved fymptoms an additionul tea fpeon- ful of the Eau-de-luce was given, and a frefh application of the nitric cid was made to the wound from which (fhe faid) fhe now felt no pain, From this period fhe continued to recover, and in about an hour after fhe had been carried to the Pandau/, fhe was entirely relieved: complaining, only ef a numbnefs in the leg and thigh above the wound, which fenfation continued for three or four days afterwards, . 3 CASE. I. Azout half paft eight A.M. Mahomed a lafcar, was carried to the Pandaul, faid to have been bitten by a {nake, aboutthe middle of the river: advancing a few paces, after having quitted the bank he fell down violently convulfed: when brought in, his breathing was labori- ous, his face livid, ‘his fkin cold and clammy, his pulfe was diftincily felt at the temples, but it was feeble at the writt, his urme and fzces paffed involuntarily frem him, a quantity of foam and froth was eject- ed violently from between his clofed teeth; with fome difficulty, two _ Imall wounds were difcovered on the outer edge of the left foot, which on being preffed bled a little, a tourniquette was inftantly applied above the wound, which at the fame inftant was laid open to the ex- tent of nearly an inch in this manner +. and the carbonate of ammo- mia well foaked in the nitric acid applied to it—a tea {poonful of Eau- 2Q Ue 334. . ACCOUNT OF de-luce in diluted brandy was with difficulty poured down his threat,. which quantity was repeated every five minutes—after the third dofe the fpafms were relieved, his {kin became warm, and he appeared to be fick at ftomach, after the fourth dofe, he retched violently, and brought up a {mall quantity of phlegm and aprofufe perfpiration was thrown out. I now confidered his danger as much leffened, although he fill. continued infenfible—the Eau-de-luce was continued'and a frefh quan- tity of the alkali and acid was applied to the wound, in about 35 mi-. nutes after his admi(fion, and after having taken feven doles of the Eau- de-luce, two of which were reje&ted, he was greatly relieved and fpoke. On putting a little falt into his mouth he faid: it:tafted four, in: about an hour afterwards he quitted the Pandauw/—complaining only’ that his throat was burnt, and that he felt as if he had no left leg : this lat fenfation as in. the fermer cafe continued for many. days. TurTeEn others in the courfe of one month were carried into the Pandauls, and all of them. were relieved by the fame means promptly. adminiftered—the two cafes detailed are however fufficient to prove the dangerous character of the fea {nakes, which in fuch numbers ens tered the river, and I entertain the ftrongeft convition that had not immediate and powerful remedies been applied. many. of thofe bitten. muift have perifhed, EXPERIMENT. | A carcs healthy chicken was exvoled.to a Hydrus major nearly four feet long, which had been caught 12.hours, during which period: it was kept in a veffel filled. with froth water—the chicken was made to prefs upon the head and body of the fnake, but did not fucceed in. roufing it— upon which the Hydrus was taken out of the veffel and: permitted toroll about inthe e@pen verandah in the prefence of feveral people, the chicken was then prefented. to it, made to prefs upon its VENOMOUS SEA SNAKES. 355° head, which at length irritated the Hydrus which was feen: to bite, at the chickens foot—the bird: was immediately withdrawn—the marks of the fangs were perceptable though not diftinétly fo: butin about 10 minutes from-this period it appeared'to droop, and to have arflight con- yulfive flutter in both wings, in three minutes more it was decidedly convulled, and at the end of 17 minutes from the period of being bit- ten it fuddenly dropped down quite dead. - REMARKS. From the refult of the experiment, and froma confideration of the fymptoms detailed in the two cafes and corroborated in a greater or lefs degree by thirteen others, there can (I apprehend) be no-doubt en- tertained as to the dangerou: charaéier of the hydrus {pecies, and of the powerful effects of their poifen upon the: human bedy. It may per- haps be prefumed from the entire recovery of fifteen perfons “bitten to- whom the proper remedies were adminiftered, that it might not have” proved fatal, and thatthe poifon was.not fo danyevous as that of many of our Indian land {nakes :; on this point I. fhall not venture to decide farther than toremark, that the fymptoms detailed in Cafe od, followed as nearly after the bite, and were as alarming in their appearance as in the cafes of thofe bitten by the cobra de capello; the moft dangerous - ‘of our Indian {nakes : this being fo, there are no ftrong reafons for prefuming that-the refults would not: have been equally fatal, -had the proper remedies not been promptly applied. My confidence in the volatile alkali as a powerful:antidote when taken into the itomach had been long eftablifhed, and in the concentrated and elegant form of the Eau-de-luce fully confirmed by the able detail of its effets, in his own cafe given in vol. 11, of the Afiatic Tranfactions by my friend Doctor M’Rax of Chittagong. . 345 | ACCOUNT OF r TH application of the carbonate of ammonia and nitric acid'to the 4yound ftodd recommended to me by its conftant ufe amongft the na tives in jimilar cafes, and after the ftings of {cerpionsand other poifon- ous infects. | To explain why {alt was offered to the perfon bitten, it is proper to add.that anuniverfal belief prevails amongft the natives of this part of India, that {alt taftes {weet to thofe who are under the influence of a powerful animal poifon, and that when this morbid tafte ceafes, that the danger is abated or entirely over, and that all medicine may be fately difcontinued. 1X. THE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN IN JAVA, Br JOHN CRAWFURD, Esa. q HAVE the pleafure to prefent the Afiatic Society with an account of the Hindu ruins of Prambanan on Fava. A refidence of feveral years inthe vicinity of this place afforded me many opportunities of infpe@ion and enquiry of which if I have availed myfelf with any tkill, I may hope that my narrative may compenfate by its accuracy for its deficiency in learning. Tue principal'ruins of Prambanan, * as the name*is writtén and pronounced by the prefent inhabitants of theifland, are fituated about 10 Englifh miles from Gugyacarta, the refidence of the’Suitan of Java, ane. about:go from Suracarta the refidence of the Sufuhunan. Tus ‘high road which runs in a direétion nearly-eat and weft, be- tween.thefe places, pafles through the ruins. By far the greater part of the ruins are-in the diftriG of :Pajair and ‘the-reftin the diftriét of Maiavam where it joins the former, The “country about Prambanan is a portion ofan extenfive valley, laying between the mountains of Rébabu and Méragi to the nerth, and an -humbler range to the fouth called from its fituation, near the fouth * As P. and B. are in most4taoguages and particularly ‘io those of the Indiwn Islands, mutually convertibie into each other, and the middle B. seems. inserted to obviate a- hiatus. Pramdanan probably meanstae place of drahmins, agresable to the mode of forming such nouns in Javanese, 2k THE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN | ‘cock Gunny cidul or the fouthern mountains. The moft northerly of “ruling are notabove two miles diftant from the latter, and though man 3 cne peak of Mdrafi, nearly onthe bafe of that. exe. tenfive mionniain. From the more eafterly of the ruins.to. the more- Cchely, the diftance is three miles and a half, and from. the rums on: the more fouthern range of hills to thofe farthef north not lefs than three miles, fo that the whole of the remains may be eflimated tooccus. py anarea of ten or eleven {quare miles;. Before offering any account of the temples I may: fhortly premife, that the whole of thefe buildings: appear to me to have been dedicated to the religion of Buddha, biend- ed with the worfhip of Siva, of the Linga and Youi.. This will render: intelligible {ome remarks on the temples which it. will be. convenient:. to interfperfe with the defcription of them. . A rew of the ruins confilt of fingle temples, but:the greater number of groups. of a fquare figure. compofed.of one.or.more rows of: {maller temples {urrounding one or. more great. temples... The firft : of thefe groups that ftrikes the eye of a traveller is.one lying: with- in a few yards of the high way, and immediately-to the north of» the village of Prambanan.. Here a confufed mais of blocks. of hewn flone, rubbifh, rank vegetation, and rude mounds. prefents itself. . Tracing the remains of the wall; which furrounds this. group, I found that the area occupied by it was a {quare.of about 600 Exnglifh feet to. a fide. Running parallel with the remains of the wall are thofe of two- rews of {mall temples at a few paces diftant from each other. Moft — of thefe temples are nearly levelled with the ground, and none of them’ are perfect, They may be eftimated to have been, when complete about 20 feet high: each {eems to have contained a fingle image, the~ pedettals of which are ftill remaining in feveral. This image I conjec- ture to have been BuppuA, from difcovering it in parallel fituations in | IN JAVA. — firmilar Groups, and from the exiftence in the: vidal it a fingle wr utis - lated flatue fuiting the pedeltals:in the temples. » In the ‘centre of: the fquare now defcribed are three temples lying parallel to each other, in direction north and fouth,’-and much’ larger than: the exterior ONES,- That occupying the immediate-centre, is con{picuous by its decorations. and extent... The contents of this great.temple whieh has four entran- ces and as many fanes, appear to identify the whole group of buildings with the worfhip of Mahadevaw: The northern fane contains an image of. his Saéii in the charaéter of Durcd :punifhing Maunésasura, the -weftern, an image of Gan’£6a, their firft born, and the fouthern an alto relief figure of the Gon himfelf, ’in=.the charatter: of a devotee. The eaftern fane is fo thoroughly: blocked up with ftones, that there is: no. accefs to it, nor Is it known what figure it contains.’ Judging hows ever from the other images, and from fimilar buildings on other parts. of the ifland, I would hazard a conje&ture, that the Burt Nawot the Véhan of the Gon, is the image contained in this. inacceflibie portion. of. the temple, - Gan’'és 4 and DurcA, but more particularly the latter, are ftill objects- of veneration with the inhabitants of Yava.'1In the ancient books of the Javanefe both are defignated by their proper Jndian names, but the vulgar denominate the former Liman or the elephant God, and the lat-- ter Boke Lora Jurgran, or * the virgin lady ‘tall and thin.” Barren : women, men unjortunate in trade, or at play, perfons in debt, and fick perfons, continue to this day-to propitiate.the goddefs DurcA with of- ferings, and I have feldom vifited Prambanan, that I did not find her ftatue {meared with perfumed unguents or decked with flowers. This _ Tuperftitious veneration of the Favanefe, for the relics of their anci- ent worfhip, tdifcovercd in one of my laft vifits to this place, was not “> | TAH RUINS OF. PRAMBANAN i to.) lowes orders of the peaple, for His Highnefs:-the Susu- «~~ about a year ago when meditating,- ambitious {chemes of. no sunon Jew or, made offerings to this fame image.of Dure 4, perhaps, ce ud induced to propitiate a Hindu divinity ,.on the nature of the connection he has fi nce -been ¢ € C3 known to have Rass, In a-northerly. direflion from this group, and about ‘half a mile dif. tant from it, is she numerous group called «(*) Chand}. Séwa, or ‘the thoufand temples, fo denominated, not from their precife number, but in.compliance with anidiom ‘of the Favanefe language which applies this numeral in a loofe way to any largeaflemblage of ‘objects crouded together, of which there as, another example.in:the fouthern -range- ‘of mountains oppofite, whichin one fituation take frem their . geek _ the name of, Gunnun.Séwa or thoufand hills. Tue group of Chandi Séwa isa {quare building of a fimular‘charace der with the laft, but in fome refpects in a much better fiate of prefer- _yation, The northern and foutherm fides of the fquare--mealure ‘G00 _Engijfh teet, and the eaftern and western 550. Tuis large group confists of “four rows of {mall pyramidal buildings, - having one great temple in the centre. ‘The actual number of the temples is no lefs than 21g; the outer row containing 78 the fecond 66, . the third which is feparated by a confiderable interval from the two firft-44, and the fourth 28. -Between this laff and “the great central. temple, there are the remains Of:a wide trench, “The great central tem- ple, which is probably siot lefs than.6o0 feet high, has been en of *® Chandi meansa Spire, not a temple for which the word is NGhEae, but the former is in pm: Gero language always applied to Mdindu ruins, IN JAVA. 341 all its images, and in one only of the 212 {maller temp!s, is theve a figure remaining. This folitary figure is a fine flatue of Brpoua, fitting crofslegged in the ufual manner and thus meafuring 9: ‘feet high and 45 round the waift, excluding the arms. Clofe by fome of the other-{mall temples anumber of mutilated figures of Buppua are ftill found, the pedeflals corref{ponding to which ftill exift, in the temple themfelves,.and I have little doubt, but. the whole of the {maller temples were fhrinesof Buppua., Moft.of thefe were oceupied feemingly by ene image only, but others.as may be fufpected from the niches inthe walls contained_one or more {mall figures; befides the greater one im the hody of the temple. . ‘Tue principal objéGs of worfhip-were certainly inthe great temple, . -and from the analogy-of the other buildings, I have httle doubt, but Mandpfva or his confort, and progeny.in one character: or another are the chief..objects of. worfhip.... Tus fhape-of the imaller templesis peculiarly worthy of obferva- tion. From the foundation to the lintels of the doors, they are of a. fquare form, they- then affume a-pyramidal, but round fhape, and are -here decorated.around, by. {mall figures-refembling. Lingas, while a Slirger’ Linga {urmounts the: whole building forming the apex of the Stemple.. Thisftrudture was tolerably perfect. in ones or two of the templesonly; but the materials.of-a.fiaular, architecture;might in ge- neral -beitraced:in the ruins of the reft.| Fhis indeed in, a» few words maybe reckoned:a defcription of the, exterior of .all the, temples. of Prandbanan, . The group of the thowfanditemples, like all. the’ others. was. {ur- 8 “$49 THE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN ve veftigeés of which may flillbe traced. To the iquare cere are four diftin& gates or ‘entrances, “one ‘on ‘each suse, and “facing the°eardinal “points “of the compafs. At cachior chele- entrances, are two-cigantic Ratues, feeminely in ‘the charaéters of -warders. Thee are in the pofluré 6f ‘kneeling-on ‘one knee, and in this attitude are in “heighth, exclufive of the ~pedeftals, which are a foot and a haif high, feven’feet and eight inches, and -mea- fure round the body including the arms ri feet, “Fhe “Faoanefe term ali thofe figures, which are‘frequent throughout ttre Ifland, Gepaila, and I had ‘hence at firft imagined thenrto“be-reprefenrations‘of Crisnn‘a, of whom this is one ef the titles, but their occupations, the abfence of :a crown or umbrella, or other mark of royalty, render the conj:Gure inadmiffible, andthe perpetual prefence of the {nake is more »proba- bly intended to characlerise the religien-of Siva. Ouirtine the “ thoufand tempies” and returning again in a fouther- - direction we meet a fingle unconne&ed temple which the Yavane/e Cail, for know not what reason, Chandi Afak-or the temple “ef. the dog.” 4t is “a fpapelefs ruin difplaying “nothing remarkable, the tap “as Open and difplays to the “obferver the infide-of the building;.defi- uate of image orfculptures: “proceeding fill farther inthe fame direc- “tion, but not in all above 300 yardstrom the * thousand stemples’p:we come ‘oa {mall group, which Contains abeut 15 temples including one jaree central one. “Thelé are of the fame pyramidal> dorm, and differ’ énlyfda° being lefscornamented swith: {culptures.’ Dhe entrance into this is by a’fimgie gate:-tocthe eafern fide; guarded by two warders of the fame character with thoie already sdeferibed, but of inferior fize. All the temples of this. group, have been pillaged . ot their images, but a fingle: mutilated: figure .of Buppaa, ielafe “by. . feemed to indicate what the contents of the {maller temples had been, (MINGEAN Daag aye 343 ‘The central temple has nosdefpthan4a2.empty niches of various fizes, ‘but the principal figure of this’ building was probably a a-jgure in high relief, on.a large-block. of blockfone, found, lying near the front of the temple?. }.am.at a dofs to. point, ovt what, Indian chogts is in= tended to be reprefented | by it,as. the ufual emblems of the Hindu Gods are-not difcoverable on it, About amileand a half to ‘the eaflward of the thoufand temples and clofe to ‘the village ef Pluofan, trom which they take. their. modera name, { difcovered in the month of April.lait, feveral groups of, temiples which had hitherto efcaped the obfervatien of our countrymen on. Je04: and indeed I pelieve of all Europeans, Vhenatives difplay an entire apathy. on all fubje@s of this -nature and the .dilcevery of thefe ruins on. the prefent. occafion Was purely accidental., Ihe , more north 1eF A ‘group of the temple 5 ot Flusfan 1s an oblong {quare,meafuring 700 | feet en. the eaft and welt ‘fides, and goo ito the narth and {guth. Fhe {mal ler temples have bee all levelled to the ground in this . {quare, andin entering it, ene peteoues io their room a mais ef ruins,and rubbifh appearing here and there, above the long rank grafs.’) Lhe {quare appears originally to have con- “tained thute difindt fets ef temples, each, having a lar ge. centrical ‘one, Surrounded by a row of {maller ones. ‘The middle and more 19 utherly -of the central temples, are fill partly. fianding, though im a ftate of Tuing?}Fke, middle temple. conta ins two fanes, 0 e of which however, as blocked up with mafles of flon Xe and i n cel be The other cons tains on the fame platform or fhelf, two fine male flatues in a fitting poflure, fide by fide, and from the fimilarity of the uy and whole cheraéier, evidently intended to reprefent the fame divinity, which from the: crefcent behind one of them, may ne eae to be Mand. “DEVA. PTE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN. 1 the mer: foutherh temple ‘the two fanes are full entire, and: cone. scha pair of figares,’ much'refembling thofe in the middle tem- ‘hough de) hate of any of the more ufual emblems. of the Hindu. = ile doubt however, but they are reprefentations of. Siva to whom itis probable the whole group is dedicated. Tue interior of thefetwo temples differs ‘in aremarkable degree, from all thofe which i haye examined i in other fituations by the richs. nefs and profufion of the decorations. ~The principal figures are thofe of perfons of rank in an attitude-of devotion., Some are fitting and others ftanding, but all addrefling their devotions to the images before defcribed. The greater number are accompsnied by figures. of flaves. er. fervants: holding umbrellas. The. fmaller. temples as. already mentioned, are all in complete rain, “bat the ymages:which they contained; full. exift, “and. feveral of them, are néarly~‘perie@, all thofe {urrounding ‘th ne two central temples , already defcribed, are. images ef Buopuain a Sitting pofture, the right-fide of the bofom bare, the hands.varioully difpofed, fometimeés refting on the knees, fometimes as if demonitrating Or, offering in{traction, the features are elevated, the expreffion of ihe countenance placid, the ‘hiir fhort and ‘curled, els refembling nature than'the effeét of art, and. in my judgment having no Jikenefs to the woo ily hair of the African, no more than the features, to the flat nofe, thick lips, and: other characleriftic marks ef ‘the negro countenance, Tue group. of temples in-the northern. extremity of the. great ins clofure is ina thorough flare of dilapidation, including the central tem. ple, yet it is remarkable that mofiof the figures Rill remain, and many = BS y ~ of them are entire; a fact, which feems to prove that religious (= had little {hare in the deftru@ion of thefe temples. Among the-images “UN JAVA, , 345 remaining in this particular part- of the building, ‘the moft numerous are flatues of Bunpwa, and there are at leaft ten or twelve of thé male divinity, images of which both in brafs and ftone, are exceedingly frequent on Java, but! cannot take upon me to fpecify its mame or identify. it withany ef the Gods.of Hindu mythology. Fothe prefent group of buildings there ate two entrances, bota to the weftern fide, and each guarded by apair of the gigantic warders already defcribed, About midway between the gates I difcovered a flab of black {tone with aninfcription in the Deva -Nagarz character, much effaced and I fear illegible, except in. one or two places: The ftone is at leaft‘a foot thick, and as it-bears no- mark of the’ application of blows it feems fomewhat difficulr, to account for its being broken as. it is, unlefs we fuppofe that it was placed in an elevated fituation and fra€tured in its fall.. The. temples of this group like the reft feems to have been furmounted by a figure like the Léaga, and feveral mutilated ones, were difcovered among the ruins, -. Ouirrtne this latter group, and proceeding in-a foutherly direction” about 150 yards, we meet with another group called Chandi Capuiren orthe feraglio, by the modern Javane/2, from “its containing female images. only. (*) There is nothing of the hiftory of thefe temples to be ~ gathered from the modern names impofed upon them; which imply Jome fuppofed ule of the building, with a whimfical reference to theit~ prefent domeftic habits, wholly foreign to the real objet of thefe ftruse tures. The group. of fifteen temoles already mentioned, is for exame ple termed Lombon or the granary from its fuppofed-relatian in this fenfe to the Thoufand temples near it, and there is a {malt temple, I res ee *°A Derivative: according to tho forms of Javanese Grammar from Puras,-a Princess. QT. THE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN enember ip the y cinity of the great temple of Boro Budor in the diftrict Cade, ch is termed from.a {uppofed -whimfical relation to the ‘ae kitchen. Chandi Caputren is an oblong {quare, the | out> ‘aces of which meafure 300 feet, andthe eaft and weft 200. In this group there is no temple: ftanding, but the foundation of each is diflin&ly vifible, and the -enumeration -of the whole: proves, thatthey amounted to.92, appearing to have been all of.equal fize, for this group is remark able, for .containing no great -central temple, end no -ftatue. of Buppua: each-temple {eems to have contained a fingle Statue. of .a female deity which I-can only conjecture ;reprefents fome mild form of the.confort of SIVA. He fite of the temples Of Prambanan is abundantiy fupplied -with “fine water, fo much defired by the ‘Aindus, -and fo neceffary to the “performance of their ntual, Befidestwo rivers of the puréft water, there is between the villages of Prambanan avd Plaofana {mall tank, evi- Gently an appendage of the temples, This ‘little piece: of water, is a iquare of about goo feet toa fide. The ground around it-is elevated, and there-is every appearance of -its being an artificial excavation. The whole tank is. covered with the blue Lotus, the ‘flower .of which is fo confpicuous an ornament of the fculptares onthe temples, “Tue Lotus though a-native of “Java, is generally propagated inthe ‘Sirf inftances by art, after whichit perpetuates itfelf, fo that we may ha- zard a conje@ure, that the plants which now cover this little fheet of “water, are from the eriginal ftock planted by the firft founders of the : Poet ae) % ”* The Tea aie with its usual copiousness has no less then 10 Bames, indivenon? oF fo.eign forthe Lous, among which may be enumerated the followiog,. viz. Tunjun Sor 99. cme seanala, Cumuda, Trati, Sarcsidya aud Canegars. aN JAVA. SAT “Tarutmok limits of the ruins of Prambanan to theieafiward, are -about twe miles from the village of Prambanan,and here in the miatt -@f the rice fields the fite of an-ancient temple is marked by:a few {cat- tered bricks, which conftituted « part of the foundation, but more dif- -tinGly by twolarge and two {mall flatues of the ufaal warders. Thefe relics are all that remain of this portion of the tempels, but from ‘them it may be fafely inferred,that this was a group “fimilar in charac- oter to thofe already defcribed. “‘Proceepinc from thefe ina fouth weft direftion, we come to the ‘village of Cabon Dalam (*) which is net above half-a mile diftant from ‘that of Prambanan, and clofe to the foot of the fouthern range of ‘mountains, near to the village of Czbon Dalam are the ruins of a group of temples, not apparently differing effentially from the others. Tue central temple alone is ftanding, all the fmaller ones being in | ruins, and the materials employed in the conftruction of the rude dykes -and enclofures of the neighbouring peafantry. The temple has been ‘plundered-of its images whatever they were, and nothing remains to determine to what deity the building was confecrated. The entrance to the group is by the weftern |fide, where there are two warders, fimilar to thofe already defcribed, one of thembroken and funk in the ground. It wasat this temple that my refpected friendColonel Mac« KENZIE, Gifcovered a flab of dark coloured ftone with a Deva Magari infcription, fimilar in appearance to that-which I found at Pluofan, but ‘with the in{criptionfar-more perfe&, Wor far'from thefe ‘buildings I’ found myfelf about four years ag6, a block of the black ftone, which is the ufual material of the buildings, > " * Nhe Royal Garden, 348 THE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN on which was 2a infcription in the ancient Fuvanefe writing, which is a round character differing entirely in. appearance from the Deva Nagari, hough both alphabets be formed: on the fame- principles. This block of ftone from the manne: in which it was fafhioned, had evidently con-. ftituied a part of the materials.of the temples. I may here remark as. a fact, not foreign to the hiftory of. the temples, that Prambenan- is. the only place on Java where any infcription in the Deva. Nagari is found, . whereas infcriptions in the ancient Favanefe charaGer are frequently: met within many parts of the ifland. The difcovery of both in the. fame fituation is alfo a fact worth attending to, and may be adduced in; proof of, the hypothefis, to.be afterwards mentioned in difcuffing the hiftory..of the temples. In. a. wefterly dire€tion. from the village of Caton Dalam, and jul: behind that of Prambanan we difcover very extenfive ruins, but no- eemples fanding, thefe ruins extend to the weft as far as. the banks of the Umpah (*) a. clear and rapid ftream which runs.in a. fouth weft: courfe, till it empties itfelf into the fea nearly oppofite to Gugyacarta. To the fouth the ruins. extend nearly to the bottom of the range of hills. This ground is alledged by the natives to.have been the fite of a town or.city and.certainly. has.that appearance. Here the walls of. a great {quare enclofure are ftill io. be traced, particularly.to the north. and weft fides.. By meafuring thele, they are difcovered to have. been. goo feetto a fide. The appearance.of the {quare, is that of a modern Craton, and tradition. relates, that it-contained the King’s palace, but of: this there is no veftige ; towards the eaftern fide of the enclofure, are- however to be found. a number of images.of a very interefting and: determinate charaéter. The ruins of: the temples in which thele were- contained, form as at Cdbon Dalam, the materials of the rude. dykes. * Umpah, means pedesial or stand, possibly from its washing the fougdations of © am2abs: of the templesand other buildings. IN JAVA. 349 ~qhich feparate ‘the neighbou ring fields and gardens. Among‘the moft -semarkable.of the figures here difcoyvered, may be mentioned a repre- fentation of Surya, with his:feven headed horfe the driver Arun does snot want the legs, as he is more commonly ‘reprefented,. A ‘figure, of Mahédeva(*) more diftin€ly marked thanufual with images‘of this'God -on Fava, a{cull in his crown, the Pasain one of his four hands, and a erefcent.at the back of the images. “Another figure of the fame God, -fourhanded and not lefs diftinaly marked by the known -attributes, “of this diyinity, for behind the image there-is a-crefcent, and in tts “crown a garland of {culls-: -feveral figures of Gan¢s‘a, -one-of them dif- playingthe God, ‘{haded by a hooded {nake, the only inftance ‘I can -recolle& on the illand of this image fo charaéterized; and here are -alfo feveral ordinary figures of Bunpas. But the mef ‘remarkable srches ofthis place, are three ere& but mutilated flatues ef a male divinity, which-Dhave ne where elfe ebferved, ‘Each is accompanied by its Véhana. The firft having the Bull Nandi,"is no Goubt Siva, ang i fhould have as little doubt, but the ether two, whele Vahan is Gerudt, care Vifinu, but clofe to all thefe are as many-correfponding ‘Fonts, which -on being meafured are difcovered to fit the lower parts of the images, ‘which therefore there is no doubt, were ‘the ‘cerrefpending “ingas. Notwithfianding the appearance of Guruda, therefore it deems pretty certain, that the temples of ‘this pottion of the ruins atfo were lIrke the relt, dedicated tothe worfhip of Mahddéoa, of the Lange and Yomi, «coupled with the do@trines of Buppwa. Ascenpine the range of foutherly hills fo Requently mentioned, and in a dire@ion nearly due feuth from the relics jut de{cribed, we find not above a few hundred yards from the rugged brink of the hills, the remains termed by the ¥avanefe, the Craten or royal reGdence of co teeta otis ; * Neither Mana Deva nor his Sacéi, are ever to my knowledge found on java, with ‘tha third «eve iniths forehead, as they ¢o frequently are represented iu India. 2U 350 ‘THE RUINS OF PRAMDANAN Boco. (*) The-real figure of this ruin, which appears fromthe ranknela of the vegetation under common circumftances, «mils of inextricable confufion, was diftin@ly afcertained: by: burning and: deftroying the grafs and trees. It proved:to:be-a fquare:terrace- conftruSed of huge blocks of hewn ftone, meafuring 68 feet toa ‘fide, aid being four feet ~ high. This terrace is furrounded:at the difkance Of 14 feet, by-a wail aicertained from a {mall portion ‘of it, yet nearly perfea, to have beea . 11 feet high. Inthis there are four doors, which I found by @ mari« ners compafs to-face the cardinal points : [may here obferve, that as. this appears. to-have been an obje& aimed at,‘throughout the whole of the buildings, it would be a curious point to determine with what des gree of precifion the obje@ has been-attained, as from ‘this, the {kill of the-artifts and the nature of the inftruments which they employed might be afcertained: On the tep of the terrace im two fituations; are deen fome lofe blocks of ftone which appear to have conftituted the elevated foundation ofthe fheds, which the -Javanefe I believe in imitation of the Hindus, term Pandapa or Mandapa, it isin fach fituati ons as thefe, that the modern princes take their feat on» publie occafis ons, and to judge from this as-well as from the refemblance of the ters race itfelf, to thofe ofa modern palace called the Sitimgil; (+) I have no hefitation in affenting to the common tradition that the prefent-ruin was really a palace. Dr. TytLer who accompanied me in one of my lafi excurfions to Prambanan, difcevered in the largeft of the two pil- lars of {tone on the terrace, a fragment of a flab. of fone on which. was a Deva Negari infcription, and. a little way. to the fouth of the building a. mutilated ftone figure, which I imagine to reprefent Mahe. Diva defiroying Tripurafuru. The in{cription, the image, the nature of the materials and the charafter.of. the architecture, feem diflindly” to identify thefe buildings with the ruins on the plain. * Craton, is a derivative fron Ratu, a king or sovereign princes. + Sidingil litereily high ground or lan de. IN JAVA, 75/0) te Ovrrtine ‘the ruined palace and proceeding about ‘half.a mile in an reafterly direction, we difcovered two,artificial excavations in the rocks;: the large(t of which is:14 feet long. and- 10 ‘broad; having a bench. to- wards the back part to fitor recline on 3. they are not above three feet. high; between the caves is a {malls tank about 6 feet deep like the caves cut inthe rocks, have no-doubt that thefe excavations, con- ftituted the retreat of holy devotees, who fought a-reputatiom \.y. the: performance of thofe auferities believed. fo efficacious;.according to. the religious fyftem-of the Hindus.’ After leaving the caves-and going. eaftward about two miles as-far as-I could: conjedture, amidf. the mazes of a difficult forett, we came to a-folitary temple or rather the ruin .of - one.. This the Fauvane/2».call Chand:.Baron a term: of which I. never: could obtain .afatisfa@ory explanation,. From the nature of the mate- nals, and judging from the little that yet remains {landing of the fabric itfelf, we may plainly-difcern that this temple is ofthe fame-character, © with thofe of the plain. Since I vifited it, ] have-been. told that a» fta= tue of Gan‘fs'« has been dug up from the ruins.-.Such a fituation as that occupied. by-the ruins new delcribed, is one-that never would be chofen by the prefentrace.of inhabitants, whole interefts:confine them- to the plain and_all the modern feats of Javane/z government are in the. latter fituation.. The builders of -Prambanan.mutt therefore have been. _ a€tuated by. different motives, and thefe motives are difcovered bya reference to the Indian precept, which direds.a Hizdu prince to choofe the faftneffes of. the mountains for the feat of his government. Raya Baca ftated by tradition to’ be the builder of Prambanan is wholly unknown in the hiftories of Fava,but by name, and by the fingle circumftance of his being fated tohave: been defeated by a Javanefe prince of the name of Banpun. | B5Rs THE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN Sucw are the whole ef the -ruins fituated in the ditri@ of Paj an. ‘The river Umpah divides this laf odifrict from Mataram, and on its weftern bank is the village-of ‘Bora clofe to the road fide, near which are feen four gigantic-fatues.difering from.any yet mentioned. ‘Tue following is a brief defcription Of thefe flatues.. ‘Fhe fiatue is fiteng crofs legged,.and thus meafures fix feet high, and feven feet three inches acrofs the breafi including the arms. “The figure.has an elevat- ed-crown, the facerdotal cords, armlets, and a breaft piece in the ufual mafiner, butitwants as far.as I} can afcertain any diftinguifhing attri- bute of an Indian divinity, ‘Thefe figures are ina fuperior ftyle of fculpture. In the village of Bogas: Lt found a well fculptured ons which was aie by the peafants as a-bleck for hufking rice. As the travélier diffene on tothe town-of dAyugacarta, the road ‘is croi- fed about three quarters of a mile from Prambanan by a fecond ftream called Cal: Banin, or the clear river, an epithet fo univerfally applica- ble to.all the rivers in the interior of Sava, that it is not eafy to guefs why it fhould be particularly applied to one. ‘Not far from the wef tern bank of this litle {tream, and within a dozen yards of the ‘fouth fice of the high road, there is a fingle temple which like all thofe yet undetcribed takes its name fromthe river-nearit. This 1s upon the svholethe moft highly finifhed, the moft perfe&, andin fome refpe&s the moft interefing, of the ruins ef Prambanan, and-therefere I fhall be more particularia my defcription ef it. The tempieis of a pyrami« fh 28% and differs chiefly-inats greater fize and the fuperior atyle Ree ot .the.decoratiens from the ether temples, Vas whele building rests upon an artificial Fah elevated foundation, waich judging from fimilar ones-that haye been traced, Is probably of IN JAVA. 353 ‘brick,on this foundation there is-a terrace of hewn stone, five and a half feethizh. The conical ‘part of the building 1s reduced to a fhape- lefs mafs,andthe lower partonly: which is about 40 feet. is entire. , This contains two great fatiés to the east and west, and two {mall cham: bers té the north and fouthy. ” | Tue exteriour’of thefe compartments. meafures, the east and west, each 49 Englifh feet wide, and the north and fouth, each 26 feet.” Ly- ing between thefe four faces of the building, are four angular double fided-projections facing the intermediate points of the compafs, thus giving to. the whole building.12 faces of .various dimenfions. Tux entrance to the principal fane isto the east, by a flight of feven steps tothe terrace from which’you enter the body of the temple through a porch: dire&ly fronting you, there is the remains of what _ has the appearance of a handfome altar piece, over which there is a niche, which feems to have been occupied by the chief object of wor- fhip when the temple was entire : within the porch, and on each fide as you enter there are two niches for full length figures, but every image has been removed from the interior of the temple. The wes- tern fide differs from the-eastern in the {maller fize of the chamber, to which there is no accefs by a porch, and it is in a state of much dilapi- dation.. The entrance into the northern-and fouthern chambers is through a mean door, and dire&ly: by a flight of steps of the fame hewn stone as the rest of the building. Thefe are dark prifon like apartments, and have by: a minute aperture a communication with the great-easternfane, They -had each contained an image, the pedes- tals of which are‘still standing.: In various parts of the outfide of the building, no lefs than 12 great niches may be counted. At the entabla- ture and cornicing, which terminate the fquare fhaped portion of the 2 X. “SS bd “THE RUINS ‘OF -RRAMBAN AN ‘building, a:numiber .of {maller niches .are ‘to. -be .ifeen a)l.:round «this \part.of ithe building, :in two.af..which.we .difcovered ‘that. iimages df JBuppua.in a‘fitung .:posture still remained, and mutilated‘hguresand fragments.of others were found fcattered through the ruins round the temple, fo that the whole of the empty niches of.ihat part of. the (building were in all likelihood fimilarly occupied. IMMEDIATELY above the figures of Buppaa where the temple: bepns to aflume, a conical fhape, feveral figures, apparently of the Lingy, are still standing,.and.a great.many more both whole -and mutilated’ are found ‘{cattered among the ruins. On infpe€ting the exterior of the temple, we difcover the eastern and fouthern (fides, the latter in - parti- gular, ina much fuperior state. of préfervation to the northern and - western, which is readily accounted for, when -we advert to :the cir- -cumstance of the latter being expofed without.proteétion to the-storms _and rains.of the western feafon,.while the former are.protected by the range of hills, even from the milder influence of the. eastern feafon. »In the easterly and foutherly. fides of the building, the struéture.is in- deed.in a.state of freshnefs, not.to be feen throughout any. other .part of the ruins of Praméanan, difplaying to great gadvantage the .minutenefs, .and I may add the perfeGtion of the workmanthip. .Hereisto be full . difcovered, what has long ago been effaced in the.reft .of she temples, _a fine coating ef mortar which covered the buildings,and gave the laft finifh to.the Jabours of the artift. The plafteris about the eighth part ; of an inch thick, and adheres to the fmooth ftone. with wonderful. te- nacity, a fatisfatory proof of the excellence of the compofition, and the {kill of the builder. Nothing.can.be more different than the mortar at prefent in ufe, which is both ill-concocted and unfkilfully applied, yet notwithftanding the excellence of the former, when I con- fider the manner aod fituation in which it is applied, that it has difap- peared where expofed to the inclemency of the weather, and beea IN JAVA, 366 wypréferved only under favorableccircumftances, “I :mult‘look upon ‘this Englife Oude, in jevanefe Nayugya, and in Dutch still:more barbaroufly Djoyu. The temples of Prambanan are built of a-hard dark and heavy {pecies of bafalt called by. minera- logists trap. This lam told by Doctor Horsesieip is the chief compo- nent-part of the mountains of Fava; In the foundations and: coarfer parts of the buildings an interior material, a kind of white foft fand stone-in various degrees of aggregation isto be found. The black hard stone is-ufually hewn into [quare blecks of various fizes.. The refpec« tive furface-of the stones which lie on each other in the building, have grooves and projections adapted to each other ; they are regularly arrang- edin the building in fuch a-manneras to en{ure the greatest strength and folidity in the stru€kure, and no mortar is any where had recourfe to as.a cement. . With materials of fuch excellence the construction of the temples of Prambanan, cannot be contemplated asa tafk of very extraordinary difficulty, for there is neither beldnefs nor grandeur in the defign. There is nothing here upon a «great: fcale, nothing but what feems within the reach ofthe «most obvious ‘mechanical contrivance, the.most ordinary .efforts of common ingenuity... What. we are chiefly struck withis the minute laborioufnefs -of the execution. . }ts. fuccefs is alfo calculated to excite our admiration, though ne doubt the effect is hightened by the comparifon which we are apt to make between thefe ruins, and the rude effecis.of. the.modern art of the Favanefe by which Ms we.are furrounded. ~. Upon the whole there is neither grandeur nor fublimity in the tem- ples of Prambanan. The want of pillars conveys a difagreeable im- preffion of heavinels and inelegance; the buildings are themfelyes too 3-¥. GER TRE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN called fo, is:to:‘be-difeovered.on allthe moft perfe& Hinilu temples en mall, the entrances are mean, and the. .interior..conveys ,.mere of the gloom of a vault oreprifon, than-of the awe which ought -to attach.«o -a place of worhhip. -For the place they-are in, they .are- indeed won- derful firuétures, but one mull bea Hindu to view them with any thing hkeenthufiafm. Thefculptures and decerations of the temples.are end- leis, but fame.are..fo predominant.and characteriftic .as to:deferve par- ticular notice: one-rematk -ref{peQing all of them may: be. premifad, that.they muft have been executéd.after the ereCtion of the walls, ‘the only obvious and practicable means,.indeed of delineating figures aiid groups.of fuch extent-on-a-variety of «different ftones. “The firf part the fculptures.of {he temples, which (fhall mention are the human figures which.are fo dften ‘delineated in reuéf on the wails. ‘Thefe- are’ fome. -times male-and. fometimes female, and are executed with confiderable “#kill, the artift often fucceeding in conveying to the figures even a-por- 4tion of eafe. and grace. ~Thele~fculptures. areI think ~ univerfally -deftitute of the-charaéteriftic -ermblems -of the Hindu Gods. They _ ALE as. invariably vwithoutarmour.ef amy kind. “Neither their coun- stenances nor attitudes. portray any remarkable aQivity. of mind-or sbody. ~Theirymild but. paflive forms -~ not -deftitute of fome grace . would-feem rather. emblematical of that benevolence. and tender: heart ednefs fo vaunted in the dodtrines of Buppia,: but of- which “fo dttie ‘is difcoverable in the conduét of the modern~follewers “of this «wor- Ship, 3f-weform cur conchifiens-from the-character-6f the people of Avaand Siam or of the inhabitants of Ceylon, all of hem» probably ‘the moft remarkable for cruelty of any people of Afia.; ‘The next decora- tion of the temples which I {hall mention is a monftrous face without ra lower jaw, found in the moft confpicuous part of the temples, par- ticularly over the key ftones of ‘the arches, and towards the angular projections of the buildings. The fame ornament if indeed it can be IN JAVA. | “say galled. To, ‘isto. be difcovered.on -allithesmolt..perfett Hindu ‘temples ‘on the -ifland; -andis :particulatly -frequent-on ‘the reat ‘temple farther back than the beginning of the 12th céntury of Sal/vana, and none Of the real: hindu temples -which bear: the mark of an indian origin later than the middle of the 19th: the whole reign of genuine Hinduafns; aswell. as-can be afcertained. from fuch. dates, is confined : 22 362 THE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN in the central diftriéts, to a period of about 143 years. On a brafs cat of Buppua, found net many milesfromthe ruins.of Prambanan,-there is ‘Tam told infcribed in the'Deua-Nagri character, the precise year alleged to be that of the building of the oldeft of the temples of Prambunan, or ri88; on two of the aftronomical ‘bra!s ‘cups fo frequently met with,- and which were brought from the diftri@ of Pachitaz, there are in- fcribed in plain figures imthe ancient Favanefe character the years ef Salivana 1241 and 1246. Thera afcribed to the building. of tne temple of Bere ‘Pedor, which is imafar higher flate of preferva- tion, than thofe of Prambanan, is 72 years more recent than the eldeft of the latter. From all, thefe fas, ‘and the internal evidence alorded ky the ftate of -the rains themfelves, I conclude that the era alleged for the building ef «the temples »of Prambanan is not far from ‘the truth or at all events, is exceedingly prebable. It may here-be -remarked, that while the eftablifhment ef Hiaduifm, cannot be traced farther back than the beginmng of the ith century of Sa/roana inthe centre Of the ifjand, ‘there are feveral monuments m the eaflern end-which ‘prove its exiltence there at leaft goo -years earlier. Tue dilapidation whichis difceverable in the tempies of Pramcanan, ds foon traced to its true caufes, by a careful confideration of the buildings themfelves, an attention:to the phyfical -circumftances of the country, and the character of the pepulation. The chief caufe of deftruction, -is 1chink, the luxtriance of vegetation peculiar to the «limate, The folidity of the ftruQure, however admirable, is little calculated «o refift this {pecies of depredation :-the tendrils of a variety -of creepers infinuate themfelves into the minutelt chinks of the build< ings, anc {oon growing into trees of 8 and 10 inches in diameter, their deftru€tive efeas become quite irrefiftible, in Rru€ures neither pro- - seéted by mertar, nor bound by bars of metal, which might have pro- traGed their fall. The progrels af this {pecies of dilapidatioa, is dif- IN JAVA, 363 overable throughout the whole of the buildings. Tue next moft powerful caufes of dilapidations, are the earth- quakes, fo frequent in thefe volcanic regions, under which may be comprifed the concuffions, from the active ftate of. volcanos, the crater of one of which is not perhaps 15 miles ina direct line from the buildings, and the effeéts of the eruptions of which may be traced to within ‘two or three miles of the temples themfelves, A ruirp and effe@tual fource of deftruftion is the removal of mate- rials, for ceconomical purpofes, and of the images, and {culptures from mifplaced curiofity; of this fource there are ample traces, not to mentie on that the neighbouring dykes, are chiefly compofed of the ftones, of the temples: in fome places, a You will be found asa rice mortar, and in others the Zinga, buried in the ground to a fufficient Jength to ‘afford a convenient feat; at the town of Ayugyacarta 1 difcovered a great many images, and traced a large portion of them, to Prambanaa, from whence fome of them, had been brought within a few years only. : #A-rourts fource of deftruction, which I chiefly flate on the au- thority of the natives, has been the fearch for hidden treafure: evi- dences indeed of the frequency ef this practice, may be traced among the ruins, in the pits furrounded by excavated earth, ftones, and rubbifh, which are fo often feen. Amone the caufzs of the dilapidation, of the temples of Prant- banan, I have not included, though it may at firlt fight: appear a probable one, the effects of the fanaticifm ef the early mahomedans: my chief reafons for believing that religious zeal, had little fhare in their deftruction, are in the firft place that no marks of wilful and malicious violence, are difcoverable either in the temples of Prams banan, or any other onthe ifland: many of the images, which would oO4 THE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN naturally be the firlt objects of deftruction with the zealots, are quite entire, and alkof them, will be difeoveredto be in a ftate of prefervation proportionate to that of the temples, in which they fiand: when thefe ‘have fallen in, the images will be found either erufhed, mutilated or slightly injured in proportion to the weight. of: the incumbent materials. ; In the fecond place, it is to be remarked, that judging. from the refs- peét, in which thefe temples are-ftill held, we may infer the venera= tion with which they muft have been confidered at the period of the converfion, and that immediately fubfequent to it;.and:hence cone. clude the improbability of any violence being offered: to them: the converfion of the JFavanefe indeed was rather the effe@t of a-fort of fafhion, and of example, than conviction: after the difcipline of near: three centuries and a half they are flill but luke-warm mahomedans;:: prudenual motives would: therefore have aciuated even the moft fana- tic of the earlier leaders of Mahomedanz/m, to- refpeét the objects. which were venerated by the people. From the facts handed down. to us refpecting the hilory of this converfion, we are indeed made ecquainted with the extraordinary attention,. paid. by the early lea ders, to the prejudices of their followers, for im many refpects they nather blended J/lami/m with the ancient fuperftitions of the country, than eftablifhed a thoreugh: revolution in religion, a facton which probably hinges the chief fecret of their fuccels:. Taw inclined to confider the religion of the founders of Prambanan, | as @ genuine example, of the reformed worfhip, of Buppua. J venture to conjecture, that the religion of Buppua as practifed on Fava, was not the worfh’p of any deified perfon of this name, but a reformation of the bloody rites of Siva end Durc& brought about by certain foges or philofophers, who are reprefented by the images of Buppua. ING DAWA 2 ET. 365 Tue Jaranefe of the préfent time, call their ancient ‘réligion, AcAma Boppwa, which | underfland’may be rendered from the ‘Sanferit, * the religion of the philofophers.” [tis remarkable, that among the Favanefe, the name of Buppaa, 1s “wholly= unknown ‘to per fons of éducation, who. are at the fame time well acquainted: ‘with! all thé°other Hindz gods, nor is i to pe bet hy my UMS ie Be eo in the wep hk Bats of the indian ain oye ‘Tue mott eae atl in! corroboration; of the opinion, © Hhave advanced, is that the flatues of Bubp, ae never found in the great central temples, whee we-expea the principal obje@ls of wor- — fhip. On the contrary, they’ feem ‘rather’ to be in’ the. fituation of votaries themfélves: at’ Chandé. Stww for example ‘they appear oc- cupying the {mall temples only, and’ looking (towards the great cen- tral.building would feem as if adoting the obje& placed there. The fame saci the cafe at Plaofane’ vi ) Conrormasty to this opinion, of the” founders, of Prambanan, prace tifing a reformed worfhip of Siva‘ l think we may obferve that the reprefentations of this: divinity, and his Sact1, are in their mildeft forms. The moft wrathful form, of Durcs on avd, the horrid di= vinity to whom human facrifices were offered im India, is her punifhs | ment of the demon of wickednefs, an‘a@ rather of beneficence than cruelty : except on this occafion, the is ores as a rather hand{ome and un-offending female. . nr oo SE ETE a (*) The modern Javanese vse she word Bupnua; ot asthey write it Buoaor Buvo the pearest approximation to the tiue orthograpliy which their alphabet wil afford, to express what belovgs to aocieut times, that is te the times when they were Buddhists. (+) I have séen a statue of Buppita more than once witha Léaga growing fiom the crows ‘of ‘the head. A 3S» “66 THE RUINS OF PRAMBANAN Mana-pfvi I have'feen on one occafion:(*.) fiiting om a pile of "hu- man {culls and decked with aineck-lace of the fame materials. At Pram- tanan, he appears, once, -as already mentioned exceating vengeance on a tyrant, but) by far the. molt frequent.form, of this deity on Fava, is that-of -a wenerable‘and. harmlefs ibs We may be roninee oo a ee of fais, that the buildings of Prambanan, and all fimilar firu®ures, are. not the work of the natives of the country, but of foreigners and were we to draw any conclufion in favour of the general civilization of the people, from the perfection attained In thefe, we fhould argue erroneoufly. Hinduifm, or.at leatk the doctrines of ‘Boppua, flourifhed on Java for a period of about 500, years, when the emigrations from, India ceafing or becoming lefs frequent, the Javanefe, were deft. £0. themfelyes, and the:monu- ments, erected from. this time, until the utter overthrow.of Hinduifm, a period. of more than a.century, evince the rude {tate of the arts among them, and fufficiently atteft, that. Pxambangx, .and.all.monu- ments of a fimilar nature, were not the work of the natives. ‘The beft examples of Wis degeneracy, jane. in the Hindu relics, difcovered 0, the mountain of Lawa. _Thefe are evidently dedicated to the fame worthip as the others, but. they are: Fob rude, and on the llighteft infpe@ion, are difcovered to be the work.of a very dif ferent race of people, from: the older temples. On the, buildings at Sucuh, ‘to the northern fide of the mountain, there are the.dates 196, apd 1362, only 38, ori39 years, before. the eftablifhment. of: Maho- medanifm, anda century pofterior to the building of Boro Bedor;: the: Jaft of the enti Hindu temples. If farther proofs were required, "(7) One.of ,eix statues | now-at eae. ‘and by far the farce on Faou. They were brough? from Tanam-eruim (garden; of (penfimes)pin the dig'nict of Malang towards:the eastern end of ‘ahe island. This is said to have heen the priacipal place ef worship of a 1ace of} kivgs,-whose residence yas at Syihasaci ia. the. same, Histrict, The six statues Are, the figure of Srva, atready amen. tioned, a figure of Duna punishing Mauesasvaa, a statue of Ganesa, one of Naynr end tap B'gantic male statnes, one of them withe trident which I take ¢o bo also figures of Maganeva. iN JAVA: fuse 567 India, known to the “favanefe, by ats proper:name,'the only ene “familiar to them, and the only one of which mention is made in their books.’ Henc: they defignate all. India by this name, and know it by no other, except indeed, when by an excufable vanity, they wouldvinfer the-equality of their ifiand, with that, great continent and [peak of them relatively’ as the countriés on this, or on that fide of the »water, common modes of expreiiion. It may be farther ftated, that JFavanefe tradition, invariably afcribes the intreduction of Hinduifm, to the natives of elinga. ‘he princi- pal native intercourfe between India, and Fava, as well.esthe other iflands, down to the prefent, is from.the fame. countries. That thein- tercourfe was at all events, with the countries .on the eaflern. coaft of the peninfula of India, may be inferred by the finking agreement ‘between.certain remains of the ancient inftitutions-ef Fav2, and thofe »peculiar to the Indian countries in ,queflion. The molt remarkable example is.afforded in'the -calendar '{*,) the zra of Salivana, which as that, which exifted on Java, is in India, 1 believe nearly confined —_~———-- RPP eo RE ae ae SS hl at ak *) This renowacd personage is wuknewo jo the Aadian isjauds by the name of Salivang, tbe 363 THE RUINSYOF PRAMBANAN to the Deccan. The year in. Carnatic and Telinge, was lunar with inter- calations of one month in every thirty, and this was:the ancient mode of reckoning, alfo‘on Fava, and iso fo. fill-om Balt as its. name Saca Warfa Chandra. Shee iia Ir is fill more gore aia with sefpetiet to the zra, to. find the’ Fa=. panefe, and. Balnefe, agreeing. precifely, with the more. northern nations, of the Deccan, in reckoning the birth of Sahvana; as.itis: known, . that the latter differ by.one year in their calculations from their fouth-- ern, neighbours. 1s eat ae als conclufion I fhall add- that the worlhip of Buppwa; and” of* Siva, of the Linca, and Yoni, wereif I am rightly informed the- prevailing: forms of religion in the’ Deccan; in’ the period when we fuppole,: the intercourfe with Java; to have taken places the former was perlecuied and. nearly. fuperfeded. by the latter to which ‘we: may fately afcribe the downfal...dfithecone on. Juve, as evinced by: the ftriking decay.of. the-arts which .accompanied it and the triumph. of the other on. Bak, whereas | have’ mentioned..in.a 1ostaT effay, it is now the prevailing form of Hindui Lame Aveevacanra . May al ft 1826... N. B.. I fhould be wanting in rn oen did I not Pe itces | the: great affiftance, I-have received, in the compilation of. this. paper from the valuable Effay of Colonel McKenzir, in the volume of the Tranfattions of the Batavian Society. anecivanas by chil 1 have heaid him desing Nac aes or Ae Saca Tegel Age Soco, secording to the peculiar eradication of the Jeoancse meaning. °° King. Saca” and Ducat Wareh, a name equivalent to ‘offspring of the water!’ hich ds)A-helieve, aawellias the fornier, one of the titles, auder which be is knows ig stadia. A ge Deferiptions f fone: rare pelea Plants, dys Nis Wal- lich. Eqs Superintendent 4-H the Botanic Garden, Cal- Cu tlQ. va : Read February/1, and June3, 1818. m ae Faroe, firida, Pratt, Erecra afperula, ‘ramis clotights fubdichetomis: nlaiench foltis’ linearis bus, flipulis truncatis fimbriatis peduneulis terminalibus © longiffie mis ‘ternis ‘{ubpaniculatis, ‘ftizmatibus ‘linearibus. Habitat in mentibus’ Aaa inque Turraye -huic vicina;: vigens Mare “tio-Mayo. oe snail MO, eppewieiie di bs Herba gracilis, tenuis, ‘hela pedalis’ ffquipedatiqu, vadice perenni longa fibrillofa alba. inl doh ee sat Caulis obfoleté tetragonus, pubefcens’ punéifque minutis elevatis .{ca- briufculus. ‘Rami oppofiti fubbrachiati, fiformes, ergcintcits, fub- complanati, ‘femel bifve' dichotomi. , pee alia anguftifiima, aoe pollicatia ad 1 a internodiis longiora, HLS OL NOL Bb gS 370 : DESCRIPTIONS OF cofta fubtus elevata, bafi definentia in ftipulas breviffimas vaginantes crenulatas dum juniores denticulis aliquot fubulatis notatas ; fupe- riora fubulata. anibe Flores magni, extus purpurafcentes, glabri, terni, cum. folitarioe dicho tomiis, pedunculis elongatis..gracillimis erectis inftrudi. Calycis dentes lanceolati, eredti, acuti, bafi tubi adprefii. sie hypocrateriformis. Tubus gracilis, ftriatus, obfoleté tetragonus, " femipolliéaris, calyce multoties-}ongior, apice leviter ampliatus.. Las: es _ 6nie oblong, obtufiufculz, patentes, tubi dimidium aequantes. Ae pthc lineares, longze, ereatze, cum lacinils altsrnantes, fonce inchwfze, | _ filamentis capillaribus breviffimis infidentes. Ovarium oblongum glabrum. biloculare, loculis poly {poris ovulis fepto utrinque incraflato infertis. Szylus brevis, glaber. Stigmata inclufa. Capfula fabglobofa, magnitudine piperis’ nigri; glabra; fulca, placentis ‘ carnofis, inferne fepto=utrinque:-adnatiss c= - > Obfervation, his elegant plant which appears to me quite diflin& from. Hedyotis graminifolia, Linn. was firft communicated te: me by my efteemed friend Mr. Wittiam Jac, ‘of the Honorable Eat In- dia Gompany’s medical fervice, .to whofe liberal. and. valuable be- -~ tanical: communications Iam indebted: for. defcriptions, drawings, and {pecimens of {everal interefting plants, from. the former of which the preceeding. account has almoft entirely been taken. I had it afterwards from Napaul whence my people fent abundance const Ipecimens. to me, under the names of Goflega Soak. Ihave retained the fpecific name given by Linneus to.a {pecies e631 OF Oldenigndia which has been afcertained not to differ from his ‘Hedyotis granyinifolia,, and 1 have placed, my plant under the laft mentioned genus on the authority. of the illuftrious prefident of “othe Linnean : Society. , ¢ tee Aedyotis in. Rees’ New Cyclopedia ) and that of my predeceffor in the botanic oaien at Calcutta, the late Dr. Wittiam RoxsugcH, who im a note to Oldenlandia, in his INDIAN PLANTS 371 Mfs. Flor2 Afiaties poiuts out the apparent identity of thefe two genera, : ie 1a : Androface cordifolia. Wall, Villofa, foliis ovato-cordatis obtu(is finuatis crenulatis .fcapis. petiolos fubzequantibus ; umbella pauciflora involucris fetaceiss calyce cam-. panulato corolla breviore, fruciifero ampliato. Habitat in fylvis prope Katmandu Napalize, vigens initio anni. Nomen Boolle Suak. Radix gracilis nigricans fibrillofa.) Folia plura, erecto patentia, regulariter finuata, lobis latis rotundato-acutis, bafeos approximatis,. bi-tripollicaria, fupra rugofula, pilis hyalinis geniculatis . praccipue ad. vaforum traétus obfita, ciliata, fubtus gla- briora, venulofa, cofla nervifque alternantibus prominulis. Petioli teretes, graciles, folium zquantes purpurafcentes, bafi mem- _branaceo.dilatati, uti {capi umbelleque veftiti villis copiofis longis rufefcentibus. | : Scapt plures, filiformes, ereéti. | ) Umbella. patens,. pauciflora, radiis capillaribus pollicaribus. Involucrum conftans bracteolis lineari-fubulatis. vix bilinearibus villofis, pedi- cellos numero zequantibus, | Flores “majufculi. | Calyx. obfoleté quinquangularis, fundo rotundato, laciniis quinque ovatis acuus ciliatis, patulis. Corolla albida, utrinque villofula. Tubus cylindricus calyce anguftior medio vix dilatatus. Faux nuda, leviter contracta, flavefcens. La- cini@ tu3o breviores fubobovate leviter retufz patule. Eilamenta breviffima, laciniis corollz alternantia, Anthere@ erectze me- dium tubi haud attingentia, Ovarium fubrotundum,. glabrum, obfoleté quinque-fulcatum, uniloculare polyfporum, ovulis placenta centrali ftipitatas infertis. Stylus capil Bye. DESCRIPTIONS. OF Jlaris. Stigma capitato-clavatum fupra faminibus: parum eleva‘um. Capfula rotundata, fundo calycis perfiftentis globofo recondita, bafi fiyli coronata, vertice dehifcens.in-valvulas quinque ovatas ,acutas. Se. mina plurima, minura, fufca, afperula, fubrotunda, inferta placente globotes palesceo-villofze pedicellate. MOk. 4 Obfervation. The °opinibn of Dr. F. Hamitton (late Buctawan,) and Sir J. E. Smits, relative to Androface rotundifolia (Exot. Bot. 2. pe 413) applies with equal force to this pretty little plant; both are belonging to Androface, to which genus Cortu/a Gmelin? ought alfo to be referred, as has been remarked by Gaertner and LAMARCKe | The affinity between the latter and my plant-is very great. Allits parts, ‘efpecially the footftalks and calyces are befet with long ve- ry foft, tranfparent, beautifully articulated hairs, which frequently 4 have a reddifh or purplifh tint. The leaves are faid to poffels a dilagreeable fmell when freth. ‘Primula prolifera. Wail. Glaberrima, nuda, foltis oblongis fubfpa'hulatis obtufs dentatis -pe- ‘tiolatis, {capo longifimo, flor:bus umbellati is demum verticillatis, bracteis linearibus f 1 foliaceis. cifformibus. ‘Habitat in montofis prope Sylhet Bengalx orientalis ubi floret a Pebrua- tio ufgve ad Apritem, | Planta omnibus partibus glabra, rradue CATENS, ‘Radix conflans fbris- crafts .cylindricis cornofis rubicundis, radiculas capilla ares- breves ‘exferentibus, ! : Folia ereCto-patentia, pate ebovata, argute denticulata, walde obtufa, _fupra leviter.convexa, fubtus cofta magna nervilque prominentibus “notata, deorfum attenuita in petiolum latum “canaliculat um mate ginatum ; {pithamea ad dodrantalia et ‘ultra. : Seapus gracilis teres ercBus, fol his Here cue longior. pyre aia a = / \) NW lly Liv ‘ \ / / \/ He / (Za , f \( aga Kd: Mme Gr 7 = 1 { y ia 27h r Bee C % i ‘ Y ay) 4 ee 7 “ uv tA mak pie i aes ANDIAN PL ANTS . 37% 2Umbelia terminalis, denfa, reste polt anthefin, : elongatione caulis fenfim mutata in verticillos duos, tres -quin quatuor multifloros, ERIS HONCs remotiu{culos pollicem duofve diftantes. , Brae plures fubulate f. lineares, pedunculis parum’ breviores bah gibbofe-dilatata connatz; nunc infra verticillum inferiorem dif- formestfoliacez: lanceolato-ovatze, acutz, undulatze, create, ipfum ‘verticillum longitudine zquantess Flores in fingulo verticillo viginti v plures, ere@iufculi, flavi, fragran- tiffimi, pedunculis infidentes erectiufeulis gracilibus fefquipollica- ribus, raro ad medium bracteola ‘parva munitis. ‘Calyx tubulofus bafi obfoleté’ quinquangularis; laciniz lanceolate, acu- tz dorfo -convexz. : ‘Corolla hypocraterifomis, Tubus calyce duplov triple longior, cylin- -dricus, decemftriatus, furfum Aeviter ampliatus. ZLimbus planus, laciniis obcordatis ‘crenulatis bafi: -contrattis, finu acutangulo inte« gerrimo. faux contraéta, notata tuberculis quinque minutis bilobis. | — floris. Ovarium turbinatum, breve. Stylus gracilis lamina zquans. Stigmata e elongata -patentia, hinc puberula, clavata, fupra. antheris elevata, Observation. This {pecies feems.to differ from UO. chinenfis,. (Bot. - Mag. Vol. xa, 916).1n having-yellow long peduncled flowers plac- ed in fpreading umbelle's oppofite to the infertion of the leaves; jn the fegments being narrower and ilightly piel and the. fligma raifed above the long ftamina, £ amin poffeffion.of.a third apparently different plant, witich froma want of complete. fpecimens . 1 am. not able at prefent to~ determine fatisfactorily.. | Convallaria opposifoli, Wali” Caule tereli, foliis. oppoli tis. peal ovatis Ve obloagis acuminatis glabris, . peduaculis axillaribus nutaatibus mitltifl aris, periaathiis 1ofundis ss . G j 4 ? Rcd ah vonealluiun fppeulfe Za os : LaMA7E TOL NE INDIAN PLANTS-~ | : 38) ” Buliformibus: . | ey WBabitat in montibus Bengalz orientalis, etiam in Napalia:- Nomen khafianum,. Kattia Sekurias» : Radix. perennis, magna, carnofa, conftans nodis pollicaribus Ovatis rotundatis laevibus, vertice faved notatis ampla. - duplici, deor>- fumr “‘fibras copiofas craflas- aliafque capillaceas* emittentibus. Caules. ex eadem radice numerofi obliqué-ad{cendentes*f. inclinati, tris- quadripedales, apice: {ubnutantes, uti omnes “plantas” partes laeves,- nitidi, bafi Ieyitér incraflati,:, vaginati,’ -punctis copiofis - purputeis - obfiti, teretes f.. leviter: comprefli,’ firmi, craffitie “caiami {criptoril, oblolete articulato-lexuofi.: Vagine “aliquot ad “inferiorem’ partem caulis eregte: alternz cylindrice ftriate purpurafcentes ore obliques: acutee;. emarcefcentes.-. | Bolia adf{cendentia, fecunda, patentia, firma, fubcoriace2, tri-quadripol-~ licaria, in“acumen» gracile’ lineare attenuata, bafi: acuta, margine fubrevoluta, lucida, fupra atroviridia juxta nervos’fulcata, fubtus’ pallida 5 ad 7 nervia nervis ‘alternis obfoletis, cofta ‘elevata carinata. - juniora. (turionum- DS) ee car -oppofita, laetiffimé vie rentia. | Petiols ‘breviffimi, ‘vix® femiunguiculares, -crafli, fupra fulcati. Flores e \atere inferiore taulis, i. es illo’ -foliorwm oPpefito provenientes “nutantes,.inodori, albi, punétis purpurafcentibus confperfi, laciniis: viridefcentibus. - Peduncult axillares, folitarii, unguiculares, punétati, $lad S-flori. Pediceili ’ gracillimi . clavati: femipollicares,: bafi mediove braéteola capillari incurva. Perianthum apice leviter contractum,'laciniis patentibus lanceolatis a-~ cutis, apice intus: fafciculo. villorum munitis. Filamenta fapra. bafin. perianthii: inferta,. conniventia. Anther@ lineares * fagittates exferte, conumformantes acutum itigma includentem.- 532 : DESCRIPTIONS GF Ovarium oblongum, teres, triloculare, trifulcurm, ioculis polyfporis, Stylus filiformis fabclavatus. Stigma {ubtrigenum willis. plurimis hyalinie obfitum. : Bacca rubra, jaevis, trifulea, mag gnitudine- pif toculis tri-v. tetrafpermis. ‘Coct. tin Conyallaria. majali, Gaert. carp. 1.59. t 16. _ Obfervation 1 am indebted Jor roots. of this ue to the audntry of . Mr. SwmirH. They produced new {Shoots in February 13!8, which lofiomed the next month, “Lhe elegantly formed arched and ‘{hining ‘leaves and -the pretty, 4 reoping Howers add to the antereft, «which this plant .cannct fail .creating in thofe, who. have been delighted with the fragrance and beauty of ats-cagnate Liy ef the valley, and Salomon's Seal, is root i is formed preciely like that of fhe Jatter (Convailaria ‘Polygonatum) and_it PANES. of ats whole chabit, while its oppokite leaves, affording another inflance of true petiols in this genus, .fufficiently difingurh it: from that sand ail ae. other {pecies. ) Se i have fiance the abovementioned period received. abundant fup- plies of roots feeds and fpecimens from Napaul through :the ile berality of the Honorable Mr. Garone. Convallaria eirrhifolia Wel. Scandens ; foliis-verticillatis fenis linearibus apice cirrhatis. Jdabitat in Napalia “ubi vocatur Goobafa. Floret Aprili, sd Mayum. Radix .carnofa, digitum circiter Crafla, nodis clongatis foveolatis, | Cauls uti tota planta laevis, leviter glaucefcens, teres, crafline calami {crip- torii, attenuate-elongatus, quidripedalis, debilis mpl: x {candens, b.fi nudus et purpureo-maculatus, ' Folia lineem vel duas lata, poll ices tres ad guatuor longa, firiata, cotta fubtus clevata, cauli “@pproximata, marginibus. acvolutis, bali (© S JM Z Wij Y fis g, Y// , Me SE. Stroke £ . SS | QAilit wy Sh \SS y} Y \ “= Ij o> V4 : 7 : Aaph WE APWOULCETANME . \ INDIAN PLANTS de 4ubincraflata, apice attenuata in cirrhum breyern recurvatum fili- | formem femipollicarem ; inferiora folitaria oppofita ‘ternave, peliqua difpofita in verticillos fexfolios numerofiffimos internodiis longiores, fuperiores yalde approximatos, , Péduncult axillares, tot quot folia, vel pauciores, teretes, femipollicares, mutantes, triflori, Pedicellé capnlares pedunculos longitudine fube- _ zequantes, claveti, bafi vel infra medium inftru€li braeola alba capillacea decidua, | | Flores pendul, -albi, Periantiium tabulofam wnguiculare, fexcoftatum, verfus faucem leviter contrattum. Laciniz ovate obtulz apice intus acervulo yillorum “terminatz, | oe ee | | Filamenta infra bafin laciniaram inferta iifque oppofita fubulata brevil- fima, Anthere lineares, filamentis longiores fubfagittate, parum vexfertas, | Ovarium teres f{ubcylindricum trileculare, loculis bi-vel trifporis; -ovu/a axi adfixa, Stylys filiformis, Siigma vilis {, papillis yalinis obfie tm, %: ay Obfervation. The only ipecies to which this remarkable plant has an¥ affinity is Conualiarta verticillata from which, however, it is eafily ditinguilhed at firft fight by, the numerous many leaved verticals and the tendril at the end of each jeaf.# Daphne imvolucrata, Wad, ‘Capitutis axillaribus lateralibuf{que pedunculatis ereflo-patentibus ince lucratis, perianthiis fericéo: villofis, foliis alternis oblongo-lanccolatis * Since the «buve description was presented 10 the Society Thave got» ecpy of Redon e’s Liline ceesin which, Vol, VI. 315, there is adeacription of Polygunatum sibiricum. Tuts species, which mone of the botanical an‘hors in my possession quotes, is exceedingly like my plant; it seems howy aver to differ in having few-leayed ertici's and in the bractes being much larger, a8. DESCRIPTIONS OF petiolatis acuminatis, fubtus. elaucefcentibus.. Habitat in fylvis montium prope Sylhet Bengalzeorientalis, florens tempe-. frigido. | -‘Frutex ramofifima.. Rami teretes, glabri, cortice-caftaneo- nitente;. aetate albicante:. Folia alterna, raro oppofita, petidlata, integerrima, ¢ri-quadripollicaria;., bafi acuta, coriacea,. glaberrima,. fupra= nitida,. cofia’ valde: pro-- minente nervifque copiofis fubtranfverfalibus; reticulato-venola. . Petioli breviffimi, fupra. plano-fulcati. = si/pule ad” folia primordialia. fubulata, gee admodum caduca; nullo. earum. velti 210 manente. | | Capttula axillaria et lateralia in axillis foliorum preeteriti anni, pedtine-- culata, hemifphzerica,erectiufcula, {olitaria, rerius geminata, fex-ad decemflora.. Pedunculi pollicares.vel infra, filiformes,.- graciles, incrafiato-clavati, :, villofi, bafi-muniti. bracteolis aliquot fubulatis dectduis. ; Involucrum caducum, purpurafcens, diphyllum. Fuidla ovata, obtufa, . -concaviufcula, femiunguicularia, integerrima,. pubefcentia, intus. - fericea,. firiata, zftivatione florum. capitulum. omnino includentiae.. Flores {effiles, albi,. fuaveolentes.. Perianthium. bypocrateriforme,- gracile, femipollicare; extus villis denfif- fimis.. adpreffis fericeis intus. glaberrimum;. mareefcens linbo patente quadrifido 5 ¢.. lacinie - lanceolate, _ acute; imbricantes 3 ‘duz: oppofitz. ee eftivatione inclufe.. Faux nuda. pere Viao | , siamina octo, ere€ta, feriebus: duabus * tubo:-inferta ; - fuperiora “qua - tuor fubexferta, laciniis oppofita; inferiora- iifdem alternantia in medio tubi. Filamenta eapillaria, breviflima. Anithere.lineares 1. oblonge, utrinque longitudiratiter dehifcentes; biloculares. Piflilum breviffimum, quartam. perianthii.partem, haud. excedens.. Qva- pins Pres 0e sl. iyphne CO SED yes Z ud del. VED) cahnupersa fal ee es eS! Oo Oe —-- - = 2 — se SRM ID ei Si RR i H ‘ i mS ee INDIAN PLANTS. ' 885: rium obigngum, batt nectario. membranaceo cylindrico:: truncato” ! integerrimgo cinétum, fuperné< -villis longis ere&tis barbatum, unilo- ~ culare, monofporum, ovulo..vertice. adfixo. | Stylus filiformis villis ovarii occultus, iifque vix longior, leviter tortuofus. Stigma mag- num, capitatam,, cornofum, - luteum, rugulofum, vertice retufum. Obferyation, Specimens. of this handfome {hrub were fent to mevin 18153 from Sylhet,. by. Mr. MeoR.: SmitH; who informs me that a very good and durable kind of hempis: prepared. of its fibrous bark. With the exception of their! being pérmanently erect, the heads of flowers agrée well with Sir J. E,:Smira’s excellent de- . dicription of thole of: Daphne! pendalao Plant. ined. fale. uy 340 — WAS a i Daphne. cannabina Loureir : Floribus aggregatis terminalibus’ feffilibus braéteatis, tienes pubel- centibus ; folis lanceolatis Sparfis feffilibas, retuli ve! acutiulcalis. Daphne cannabina, umbellis. terminalibus, foliis lanceolatis oppolitis. Loureir: cochinch. ed.. Willd. i. 291. P ee 4 Habitat in montofis. Hint fanae meridionalis, e Napalia ufque ad provinciam Kamom, florens- Decembre ad Mariium. -Fraétus -maturefcunt menfibus Aprilt et Maio,. Nomen Set- Burooa. Nepalenfibus. Bhulloo-Soang. ¢ HES Frulen, fex-ad oGapedalis, ramofiflima;, ramis fparfis rigidis teretib 1US, cortice pallido slabro rugofulo,. tus fericeo-fibrofo. Folia approximata, fubcoriacea, lanceolata, f: oblongo-lanceolata, utrinque att enuata, apice fepifiime retafa, interdum acuta, tri-quadripollicaria, ‘glaberrima, atroviridia,, fupra mitida, fub- ius Opaca, cofta elevata nervifque gracillimis fublongitudinali- bus, interdum eitoleic: et remote crenulata. ee Se ee ea t 1 understand from Mr. Gurd er that Soang, aa and: Sid are synonymous terms in the ea landssigaify’ 6 flower” .Y 7~ 396° DESCRITT ONS) OF . Mores mmsjufeuli, alibi) fragrantifimi, ae aN Md lrneperaad dl. / INDIAN PLANTS. _ 897 epecnliarly: firwmand leathery | texture, beautifully reticulated be- dow; with’ the margin finely’ ferrated fiom: the very bafe almofkt ‘to the end of their: tapering: point. They are perfeGly ‘fmooth meafuring: am inch oraninch > and a quarter’ tm breadth. It iss not unlikely. (hat this: tree nay prove to-be a kind of’ Ars butus,, the corol feeming 'te~partake more of che chara&ter of ‘that genus: thaniof Andromzsz. Not haying yet feen ‘the fruit 1 ams unable. to: decide this. queftions. Gauliheria fiagran iimas. Wall,’ Ramis flexuofis,. foltis « ovato-linceolatis ferratis utrinque acuiis fub- bifariis gladris fabtus re fiaofs-pun€tatis,> racemis -exularibus. foli= tarus fulia « aquantibus* ovarifque incano-pubelcentibuss: Wabitat in Napalir; -florens-Aprilix Nomen Sheaboogi. 3 Frutex ramis rigidis fulvis téretibas leviter: anzulatis, junioribus pus - befcentia.incand: veftitis. - Be | Foha alterna, interfitiis duplé -ldngiora, patentia, .coriaceas firma, trie pollicaria,:. linceolatay vel: ovato-lanceolata,’. ferrulata,:. marginibus: fubrevolutisy fapia«lucida, fubtus pallida puntis copiofis refinofis elevaus purourafcemuibus notata,, cota: fub-carinaté nervis' infe- rioribus = fuboppofitis totam. fere. folitlongitudinem excurrentibus, reticulato.wenofa. Petioti ‘brev fivuiy crafi, profundé fulcati. - Ruceme ereciufcul: fefLles graciles* multiflort pubefcentes. Pedunculus fubflexuofus ; pedicel/i teretes vix brevia. Anthere falcefcenites, ereGez, -conniventes, loculis terminatis ‘cornu ‘copillaceo furcato. | Ovarium planum -villofum, *circumdatum annulo carnofo - ebfoleto fublobato. «Stylus! columnaris «brevis. + Stigma obtufum.. Obfervation. -This elegant fhrub agrees fo’ well with the’chara@ter and habit of Gaulteria, as they have been defined by the celebrated author of the predromus flore Nove Hollandi@ (vol. i. 558) that I hefitate not referring it to that genus. Not only the flowers “but the leaves alfo partake. of a very” aromatic ‘fragrance, which 4 the plant retains a. confiderable time even ‘after it has-been dried; the plant might therefore’be ‘ufed at “Napai, as G. “procumbens i is faid Ao be employed in Canada, as an improver ‘of inferior forts of Tea. 1 have not yet had any opportunity of examining ‘its nuh, | owwhich dam informed i i eat by the Napalele. | ae Saxifigs ligulata. Wali | Radice carnofa hore fquamoia, fois: bends totundatis {, -obovatis _ brevillimé petiolutis ‘vaginifgue. digulatis: -Giliatis, {cape brevi_ uni- -cbracleato,: panicula vterminalicfureata;petalis calyce duplo longio- — wibus. Habitat in mon: iDus oe ct t Bengal orientalis, oa Januario et | ‘Februanoc oo ee eS ‘Nomen Khafanum “fa Tarohg fig? NagalenGbus Sohanpe-Soah. « Rasliss cylindrica, pollicem circitér crafla, fufea,intus' laetifime rufefcens, sopesalis et alta andivifa, Jignofe-carnofa,> folida, obfita’ bracties (rudimentis vaginaram) magnis nigricactibus irregularibus. patenti- , bus emarcidis, deorfum emittens- fibrasJongas teretes fubfimplices, Mii. —— Ly Sh. TINO ODN \\ Wow CLT SS NNONN Minn yan DSi / I f | ¢ 4 , “ / | / : bee GLEE ligula Wa kt INDIAN PLANTS. > i a ae Folia ornnia radicalia, plana, terre incumbentia, obtufiffima, indivils, bafi leviter anguftata, ad infertionem petioli retufa, crenato-dentata, den- tibus crenifque cilus longis pallidis inzequalibus terminatis, palmaria > ad pedalia, uti omnes planta: partes laevia, carnofa, ad lentem punc- tata, fupra_ faturaté viridia, dum juniora purpurafcentia, fubtus pallida, cofta valde robulta lataque, nervis ‘prominentibus fubop- pofitis furcatis, ad marginem reticulatis, averia. Petiolus valde craffus, cylindricus, lineas duas ad fex longus, infertus dorfo vaginz laxze membrancez in ligulam magnam petiolo duplo longiorem ereétam bilobam ciliato-barbatam definentis. Scapus craflus, cylindricus, rufefcens, pedalis, apice femel bifve furcatus, Bratiea ovata, acuta, adnata, ciliata, laxa, pollicaris, infra bifurationem {cavi, decidua. , Flores magni, albicantes vel rofei, inodori, pedunculati, congefti in panicu- lam terminalem compa@am fubracemofam nudam leviter nutan- tem. } Pedunculi teretes, craffi, rufefcentes; Pedrcelli vix unguiculares. Calyx ovatus coloratus, profundé quinquefidus; lacinig ovate, obtufla, erediz, leviter ciliate. Petala fubrotundo-ovata, unguicularia, bafi in uncuem brevem an- guftata, scalyci antus inferta, lacintif{que ejus alternantia. Filamenta fubulata, calyci.inferta, patentia, quorum quinque peta- Jorum longitudine laciniis calycinis oppofita; quinque illis al- ternantia et breviora, petalis oppofita. Anihere ovate, ereaz, utrinque longitudinaliter dehilcentes, rubicunds. ‘Ovarium {uperum profunde bipartitum, feu potuls ovaria duo oblongo ovata convexa latere interiori plana lined longitudinali exfculpta, unilocularia, polyf{perma. Ovuila valde numerofa edfixa pla- centz oblong carnof paginz interiori linee ifte longetudinali corre{pondenti inferte. Styli duo, longitudine filamentorum majorum, crafli femiteretes, divaricato-patentes. Siigmaia Cars “400 DESCRIPTIONS OF nofa, fubreniformia, mucofa, viridia | Obfervation. I received this ornimental plant in the beginning of 18) 3 from Mr. Epwarp ‘Garpner, the Refident at Katmandu, and from Mr. Smira, omy affilant at Sylhet. 1 have fir.ce had: a greatnumber of rocts from both places which. are thriving. very well in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta. There are, it appears, two. varieties; One with almof’ pure- white, the other with more or lefs pink-coloured: bloiioms, which gradually change into each other fometimes even’ on one and. the fame plant, and which added to: the large; fhining thick-leaves:: give the fpecies a very beautiful appearances. The young leaves: are ef purplifh. or brownifh.colour and ftand’ fomewhat ereQs. Blackwellia fpirclis, Wad. Fullis cuneiformi-obovatis, glandulofo-dentatis, fubtus. pubeicentibus, . foicis. axillaribus folfariis longiffimis. nutantibus, floribus fubpen- tandtis. : | Habitat in.Pegu.. Ih horto-botanico Calcut 2-floret menfibas: Augulo-. Decenal, re Arbor ma ena, ramofifiine, trunco. re&, cortice glabro cinereo decis. duo, Rami: longiffim,. teretes,, ‘glabri, callofi- pundtati, pendulis Palia alterna,. fubbifurta, petiolata;. palmaria et imojora, cuneiformia % obovata, coriacea; apice rotundata-cuin acusnine lato-obtufo, bafi atienuata, remoré: et obtufGilime: der.tatas finubus inter: dentes ine craffatis glanduiofis, fupra: glabens fubtus cofté. nervifque pro- minenubus pubeicentit bus. ; Petiolt eraMi, brevifimi, pisbefcentes, fupra: plani. : Stipue lanceolata v. lineares, caduez: ; Spice nuda, ind vifze grac il mse cylindrica; folia zeqvantes, poft de- : florationem elongates, nutantes, | breviffimé pedunculatz, yilise cop'ofi, brevibus c.nis veltilze, Raches teres, gracilisy fublignola, | Lhe eg > / ‘ Wy - Na: EX A AK Ne ’ SUIS ‘ESS AAR RES XN [\i RS \\ eae WY " [U AN NSS WA SSS YAAWESS VS CANS Ress ae st Me \= ie ~es x ; PSs a at ae PAS {A fikR WN. NE” Vs Anas ie SS a LN v i A’ \ NN aw WER ; NS ANS SA SNA WY SS) RARE PAS INE EEN Wh Ne AY Nah \ \\ wae Na Rewrmarereerts OQ : ; W AN \ AAW \ \\ ANY AIK var . sy. i A ACN \ A ARN a Ky Ay / Deg ne hin hit Wl il i } Nk i \ eB iy f Ac WaaAeR ee Ne & y - “INDIAN PLANTS 401 | fpiralis. . Flores parvi, feMfiles, 6 ad 10 ; ditpot itt in elomerulos denfifiimos {pire in modum circum rachia ordinatos, elongatione fpirze reimo- tiufculos. Bractea parva lanceolata dicidua infra omnes ¢lo- merulos, aliaque minutz infra fingulos flores. Perianthium 10 v. 12-phtylium, patentiflimum, radiatum; foliola mi- nima, villofa, ciliata, albicantia, acuta: exterlora oe linearia ; interiora fub{pathulata, illis parum latiora. Filamenta 5 v. 6 glabra, capillaria, perianthio longiora, foliolis ejus in. terioribus oppofita, patentia. Anthere fulce, ovate, didyme, utrin- que dehifcentes, glabra. | Nettarta tot quat ftamina cumque illis alternantia, carnofa; feffilia, fub- rotunda, majuf{cula, aurantiaca, villofa. Ovarium femiinferum, turbinatum, villofum, “intra perianthium ovato- . acutum, angulatum, uniloculare, loculo magno lineis duabus ve! tribus parietalibus notato, ovulis pluribus lateribus gregatim adfxis, cylindricis pendulis. Styli duo, e bafi lata intus fulcata (perfiftente?) divergentes, fubula‘i. Stigmata minita, globofa. | | Obfervation. This handfome tree {prung up accidentally from earth _ which was received from Pegu in 1811, and has fince grown to a confiderable fize, with numerous long and flender pendulous branches which it emits from the bafe almoft of the ftem. it has bloflomed freely during’ the three laft years without fhewing any difpofition to produce fruit. In gencral habit as well as in the peculiarly fetid fimell of the flowers it is exactly like Ludia Jottida, Roxb. Mfs. afpecies of Homalium, which the doubts of Yujficu, Willdenow and the author of that article in Rees’ new Cyclopzedia feem to. require fhould-be united’ with Blackwellia. The parts of the flower are in that tree more numerous and the ftamens fafcicled. It has for many years bloffomed abundantly without 402 DESCRIPTIONS OF once producing any fruit. * Blackwellia tomentofa, Vent. which I know only from Poirer’s | Supplement to the Encycl. botanique. i. 640, feems to be a pe Species from that ‘defcribed above. Clematis fmilacifolia. Wail, Scandens, foliis fimplicibus ovato-cordatis, petiolis acirrhatis, racemis axillaribus paucifloris elongatis. Habitat in montibus Bengalze orientalis prope Sylhet, ubi vocatur Boegs handi ; inqve Napalia, Floret initio anni. | Frutex volubilis, ope petiolorum {candens, omnibus partibus glaberrima, ramis eracilibus elongatis fulcatis ftriatis fufcis articulatis. Folia oppofita, long® petiolata, integerrima, acuta, quinquepollicaria- ad palmaria, fubcoriacez, quinquenervia, tran{verfim reticulate. venola. | Peliols teretes, graciles, fupra planiufculi, bafi delatati, longitudine folii, hinc inde torti, abfque ullis cirrhis. : : Racemi oppofiti, foliis duplo triplove longiores, floribus longé-peduns culatis oppofitis majufculis, Pedunculi ftriati; partiales quadripollicares, patentes, Gracice infra fingulum par pedunculorum oppofite, fenucoloite, fub- cuneatz, femipollicares. Aliz interdum infra medium finguli pedunculi partialis oppofitee, lineares, recurvata, Perianthis foliola quatvor, patentia, demum reflexa, oblonga, acuta, unguicularia, crafla, extus ora ec y ‘ofa, ftriata, intus glabra violacea, Petala nulla. * Since writing this I have received specimens from Nepal ofa tree which, toge-her with that Gescribed here, belong to MHomalinas and probably formtwo new species of Astranthus Leu, as suggested by Mr. Robert Brown | in Tuckey’s narrative of the expedition to the river Congo, Aprend. JPo 438, , ST EE OIE EY 03 Ine slo nis ung DOG na, iS a) 9 Vy ie Se ENG 2 ya satel \ ‘p 103 Ane rmis fi VTS f (/f { (Rass \ Seal lea INDIAN PLANTS. 403 Stamina numerofiffima, patentia, filamentis apice fubulatis nudis. 4n- therarum locula linearia, utrinque adnata, ~ Piflilla copiofa, erecta, ftaminibus breviora, villofo-barbata, recep taculo eleyato pilofo. infidentia. | : Capfule numerof, fufcz, compreffe, falcata, margine incraflates, fparfé pilofze, apice incurvata fenfim definente in fetam gracil- limam bipollicarem plumofam. Funiculus brevis, filiformis, apici loculamenti hinc applicatus. Coet: ut in Clemati Vitalba. Gzeertn, Carp. 1. 353 t. 74. Obfervation. This fpecies: is fufficiently diftincé from all its congeneres and requires no further detail. Its elegant leaves, the dark brown velvet perianth, and the numerous yellow ftamens contribute to render ita very beautiful plant. Menifpermum Cocculus. Perenne volubile et fcandens, foliis cordatis, bafi truncatis firmis lucidis. Mis. Gul.. Roxburgii. Natfjatam {. Batte-Valli, Rheed. Mal, vir.1. tab. 1. Tuba baccifera, Rumph. Amb. v. 35. tab. 22. Tuba flava, ibid, 38 tab. 24? ; Menifpermum Cocculus. Linn, Mat med. n. 175. (exclus: fynon. Pluckenetii) Gaertn. Carp. i. 219, tab. Zo. Menifpermum lacunofum. Lam, Encycl. Bot, 1v p. 98. Meni{permum flauefcens. Lam. ibid ?- Giffampelos Cocculus. Poiret. ibid v p. g (exclufis plurimis fynon.) Habitat in Malabaria; Amboina, Celebe, ‘etc. In hortum botanicum- Calcutta introductum a cel. B. Heyne. M. D. _ Frutex magna f. potius arbufcula, volubilis et fupra arbores ope batium petiolorum § cirrhatorum laté candens; ramofifima, frondofiflima, fempervirens, > |. 3 | 3 wp AOL / DESCRIPTIONS: OF Radix crafla, lignofa, ramofa ;. intus. faua, -lacunoflas vetuttior: cortice fuberofo obtecta. 3 st | i Tr uncus Cra fis » CY lindricus, cortice. veltitus. fuberofo molhrivas,: plus rimis parvis ‘notate cisereo, bafi emitiens folones iacicantes, plures ergyas longs, apice.foliofas, tenellas purpurafcentes. Ram7 lone. gillimi, teretes, glabri, fordidé gry(fei, pendul ; juniores uti omnes, reliqua partes latviflimi, pallidi, glaucefcentes. Palin {parfa, petiolata, patentia, ramulorum valde approximata, amie- pliffima, dodrantalia et ultra; coriacea, firma, {ubrotundo-ovata, obtula, v. acutiufcula, apice cum mucrone decidud margineque : integerrimoe recurvatis, bafi leviter cordata, vel fubtran{verfa,— femper ad infertionem pet ioli leviflimé> emarginata, fupra atro- viridia lucida, inter vafa in bullas latas. tranfverfales clevata ; fub- tus concava: glauca, furfure parco ad{perfa, feptem-v. quinque= nervia, cotta bafi integra. nervifque:extrorfaum ramofis yalde pro- minentibus Carinatis, venis gracilibus horizontalibus, finubus va- forum, precipue axillis nervorum glandulofo- excavatis, ad pa- ginam inferiorem folii villorum acervulo nofatis, ad fup eriorem elevatis. Folia adulia, preprimis corum vafa flavefcentia; juniora’ ovata, acuta, coloris latifimeé viridis. Feiicé? graciles, teretes, lignofi, fupra leviter fulcati, folia longitudine aquantes, juniores: duplo et plus breviores, apice incurva tumidi, bafi valde incraflaté pollicart varié hinc inde torti, cirrhati. Stipule nulle, nee -earum veftigium: | Inflorefcentia foeminea. Racems oblongi, laxt,: penduli, numerofi, 4 ee plures fafciculati, raro. foliarii, ex ipfo trunco ramifgque veétuf- tioribus, pedunculati, compofiti, pedales bipedalefque. Racemute {parfi, fubielfiles. digitum circiter long, cylindric, patentiflimi, nox ad{cedentes (ratione peduncull univerfalis recurvati.) | Pedunculus bafi nudus, teres, incraflatus, extrorfum leviter angulofus ; nartiales graciles, friati: omnes fubcarnofi, laeves, lactefcentes, g* infertione leviter intumefcentes et fubarticulati. . Blores a ; INDIAN PLANTS: 405 fnarfi, albi, carnofi, patentes, copiofi. Pedicelié teretes, crate fiufcni,; leneas duas longi, bafi medioquée bratteola und duabulve / minutis:ovatis: acutis:emarceféentibus inftru@i.. Similes- braGicolz: ad: infértionem: racemuli finguli, uti: priores valde deciduz: Perianthium, petaloideum, hexaphyllam,. recurvatum; zftivatione ime _ bricatum,; foliola lanceolata acuta .duplici Ordine difpofita, aqualia, 7 Foitola alia. IsVe 2. farius 3, minima, bratteiformia (calyx?) lato« ovata ve oblongata, obtufa, bafi Moris adprefla, hujus foliolis alter. nantia, cumque illis decidua. Qvarta-tria,. rarius guatuor, erecta, fubulato-cvata, dorfo-gibbofa, conti. gua, perianthii, foliolis . interioribus alterna, hifque breviora, uni- locularia,. tMmonofperma;. ovu/a oblonga, teretia,. furfum adfixa, _ pendula... Stigmata feffilia, fubulata,- acuta,. cornofa, - rugofla, ree. curvata, mucola;- Neclaria {, rudimenta. ftaminum § v; 10, bafin ovariorum-ambientia; patentia,.carnofe,. cylindrica, truncata, eae; minima,: Inflorefcentia mafcula .haud vila. Obfervationy. The following is an extraét-from the late Dr, Roxguren’s vas- luable manufcript, ‘ There is no figure in Razepe’s or RumPHius GE. 66 66. works which I can quote for this famous plant: nor.indeed in any ‘ book known to me, except. that of Garatner. and that | extends. only to the fruit. Itis a native of Malabar, from thence feeds ‘were* fent to the Botanic Garden: at Calcutta in 1807. In 1812- the plants reared from thefe were fufficiently large to extend over’: a confiderable Mango tree, having ftems as thick as:a man’s wrift, ‘ covered. with deeply: cracked » ‘{pongy afh-coloured:: bark: . the - young fhoots fmeoth and green... Leaves alternate, very exactly- cordate, entire, apex obtufe or emarginate, of a .hard’ texture, lucid above, paler but no wife tomentofe or villous underneath, ‘irom 4. to 12 inches long, by 3 to 8 inches broad. I cannot. fay. , He) 406 DESCRIPTIONS ‘OF «6 any thing of the natural-charaéter, as our plants have “o' yet « blofiomed.” One of the four individuals-alluded. to in this extra@ blo! iflomed for the firft time towards the clofe of 1816, and while I wiite wis (in December of the following year) both that and another female fomewhat f{maller fhrub are covered from the bafe .of the flem along the principal branches with innumerable fafcicles of pendulous racemes, which give them a very ftately appearance. The {mell of the flowers fpreads to a.great diftance and being very powerful is offenfive in the immediate vicinity of the fhrub, not unlike that.of the common Berberry and Lawfonia. The root Js ligneous and very branchy, porous and of a.deep yellow colour within, pofleffing a peculiar, trong and naufeous f{mell, and like all the tender parts of the plant a bitter tafte. The principal _ branches of the root are covered with a fpongy cracked bark. The circumference of the trunk meafures at prefent between four- teen and feventeen-inches. The old leaves efpecially their rbs and nerves are yellowifh. sant The miftake of Porret in uniting Ciffompelos Pareira, Caape= a and other plants with Menipermum Cocculus L. in the continuae tion of Lamarcx’s Encycl. Botarique, v. p. g. has been adverted to by the illaftrious author of the articles Menifpernum and Cifampelos in Rexs? new C yclopedia.— Lamarck (l. ce iv. p- 96.) cites Rumpsius’ Tuba baccijera with fome doubt as_a_ variety, ' or perhaps the female plant only of his M. tabercwlatum (Roxburgh's M. verrucofum, fee FLemMInG in Afiat. Refearch: xi. p. 191); and two pages further on, he forms it intoa difting {pecics, whieh he calls M. lacunofwm, and which is the fame as M. Cocculus. I am durprifed that: neither Rugepe’s nor Gazrt NER’s works have been quoted under this head. The fame great botanift eftablifhes a ieparate fpecies on Rumenius’ Tuba fava and calls it M. fl.vefcens, INDIAN PLANTS . 407 i. -c. p. 98) having previoufly remarked, with great propriety, that it comes very near to the Tuba baccifera. I have ventured to. quote both thefe plants of Rumpnius as fynonymes: becaufe | though his defcriptions of their flowers and fruits feem to differ, yet they agree perfeétly in other refpetts and the leaves of the dhrab which is de{cribed above, varying from almoft orbicular ebtule to ovate-cardate, more or lefs acute, unite in them the CharaGters of both thofe plants. — " Ruceps’s figure of the leaves is a cy exact repe(ehiaien of ‘thefe of my plant ; and agrees better with the defcription in the Herbarium Amboinenfe than Rumpuius’ss own plates de, notwith- Sanding the remark of this lat mentioned author te the contrary. I have not been able to identify this plant with the San{crita mame of at, Cécdmari, given by Dr. W.. Axnsiiz, in his excellent Materia medica of Hindooftan, pag. 81; nor have my hopes of fuce ceeding in tracing the name Cocculus to the Sanfcrita Cacoli and _Kacola been realifed ; one of thelfe latter belonging to an innoxious bulbous root, the other to an aromatic fruit, which certainly is not that of the plant in queftion. My worthy friend, the Reverend Dr. Wintisam Carzy, informs me that one of his pundits, a na- tive of Malabar, to whom he-fiewed the fruit which I had. pro- cured ef the Menifpermum, recognifed it immediately as being: produced i in vatt abundance on that coatt, where it is called Ga- vala-phala, or the posfon fruit, alfo Cacamars, from the circum- Mance of the natives, efpecially the Chriftians who, he fays, feed on crows, making ufe of it to killthem. Whey bruife the frefh oreven unripe feeds and mix them with boiled rice into a pafte which is laid about for the crows and infallibly kills all that eats of it. He adds, that.a large fruit of another kind, to which the name KAdkamari is given, is ufed forthe fame purpofe, but only intoxicates the crows, fo that they may be eafily taken. { under- 5 ? 408 DESCRIPTIONS OF fiand that thefe feeds are employed about Calcutta ov Cabehiine fifth and ‘killing crows, but I have only been able ta mest with them ina fingle native fhop, where they were fold tc. ine the name of Bacaen-ka-phal, probably from: their fancied likenel: -with'the fruit of a kind ef Mela (Melia sempervirens; : Mahanimba)~ which. goes by . that name. Cdcamaré- and. Gibalas phala are both ‘legitimate Sanfcrita words, though they. are not to be met with in any of the dictionaries or medical. writings of; the Hindoos confulted on this. occafion. ik 8 ey Since writing the above Mr. Murpoca Baown. of Anjarakandy- has favored me with the following account, in reply to feveral, queries which I took the liberty to Sa gen to. hina. relative to: this interefting { fhrub.. & The Cocculus Vine is. indigenous in. Ma/abar~ and Canara, and. ‘grows in the interior of moft parts of: thofe provinces, but mott: “ luxuriantly in. South Malabar: and Travancore. li have never: © feen it) wild within lefs than ten. miles of the Sea, though T have “A 6 &© planted it within half a mile, where it grew vigoroufly. and pro-. “. duced fruit. Here ‘(at Teilicherry) It -grows. to. an immentfe: “ fize, overtopping. the higheft foreft- trees and. by its'wiry hard: 86 tendrils catches hold of the branches of the ‘adjacent trees and ‘> thus creeps. from. one to another to an aftonifhing diftance from: 6 the parent reot. When in bloffom all thefe various branches *° as well as the parent ftem are thickly. covered with large bunches. ‘© or grapes, which afterwards panies a aca of the ss. Berries.” 4 ° ““ The natives make no ule of the roots cither in medicine or 6 for dying, fo far as 1 have been able to’ learn.” ‘“* One of the largeft of my planted Vines, about 15 years old “ meafures 91 inches round at about a foot and a half from the: ** ground. Lait year (1817) they began'toe put forth their flow- ha a) ayes iG © Bb » 66 6 an G nN 66 6 nm R a. ¢ 66 - GG 6 nan & a i non G » & a & Loa) 6¢ G nan nan G6 6 an na G 66 G6 EN st nS 66 66 G4 - BE INDIAN PLANTS : 409. ers on the 15th of September, and all were full of bloffoms by the roth of O&ober. The flowering branches fhoct from the trunk of the Vine and alfo from the wood of the large branches. The flowers are fucceeded by {mall white berries, to the number of 2 and 300 ona bunch, which continue flowly to increafe in fize until the commencement of March, when they begin to ac« quire a purple colour, not all together, but fucceflively, and fall off, when they have become of a bright purple, one by one, as each berry attains maturity. The birds alfo carry off great numbers in this ftlate; a circumftance which leads the natives to gather them before they begin to change colour, and. confe- quently before the kernel has acquired ‘the oily part, which conttitutes its value as a poifonous drug.” «© T have never heard. that the drug was put to any other ufe but that of a vermifuze on black cattle and horfes, and for killing or rather fiupifying fifh, foas to make them float on the furface and be eafily caught. What is carried from hence to Arabia and Perjia, is as I have been affured, ufed for the fame purpofes, Tt iS probable that when freth it would alfo kill rats and crows: indeed it is ufed with that intention in fome parts; but having never feen this done I cannot therefore {peak to its effeGs. In Canara I have met with a kind of wax made of its kernels freed from their huiks, ufed for burning in Lamp.” ** The proper name in Malabar is Nanja Cooras (Poifon Berry), but it is more generally known to traders and the common peo- ple by the name of Polla Kay (light or imperfe@ fruit). from its being gathered before maturity, the kernel not haying acquired its proper fize to give the Berry weight. In Canara it is named Garala Phale, but whether that be the Sanfcrit name I cannot fay ; Caca-marz or Kill-crow, is the Dughani name, and probably derived from the ufe that is made of it. 410: . DESCRIPTIONS OF 6s There is no prohibition to ‘its exportation heté) ¥° 2a. the ~~ 6 demand is inconfiderable. The Arabs ftill take away 2 few 6 candies (about 670 Ibs.) of it‘annually. © The’ price in Uaeland «° 7s fo low that it will hardly pay ‘freight, though ‘fome: “ai ago S*-jJarge quantities were fold there at a high ¢ price.” Note by the Secretary. There are feveral Sanf{crit terms familiarly known. on this fide of India, which might be fuppofed to refer to the Cocculus. indicus, but which on examination prove to have nothing in conformity with it except the found. That amongff thefe, the words Caco/z: and Cacco/a are affixed to very different Subftances, as is noticed by Dr. Watticu, will perhaps be moft fatisfactorily {hewn by the following account of them, extracted from original authorities. Cécolz, The Hindus enumerate in their medical works a clafs of eight fub- flances, which they denominate the Ashta verga or clafé of ‘eight ;. they are all voois, and appear to come chiefly from Wepal and the countries fkirting the Himalaya mountains; their properties are lup- ~-pofed to corre{pond, “and they may be employed either feparate- ly or collectively, as remedies in a great variety of morbid con- ditions : their géneral virtues are’ thus detailed : They are cool, {weet, fattening, and aphrodiiiac, promolive of digeftion, fanative,. jactiferous and tonic; they are correétive of the vitiated humors or wind, bile, and blood, curative of fever, and of great efficacy im urinary and phthifical affections.’ They are feverally named Fivaca, Rifnabha Meda, Mahdméeda, Cadcoli, Cfhira Cécolt, Riddht, — and Yriddbz: they are probably tonic medicines of fome power and at leaft merit further inveftigation : the fubftance among{t thefe — termed Cécoli, is generally conneéted with the one fubfequent to it in the above lift, or ee a Cécoli, and they are thus ae a Mr. W. Haninpieuls GColledtqr: of Guelome at auras informs me, ihat a very heavy duty has been laid upen the drug, amouating almost (o a prohibitien, INDIAN PLANTS : rel an the Bhava Pracasa :. Thefe two drugs, aré procured from Moa vung, and the adjacent diftricts. Cjhira Cacoli refembles the root of the Pivart (Afparagus vacemofus), and is of a» white colour, a fragrant fmell, and full of amilky: faps. The Cécoli is of fimilar form and: charaéter; but of a dark hue, They. are both {weet and cooling; they’ remove’ fever, and correct a vitiated flate of the blood and:bile: the root of the Vidar (Convulvulus paniculatus) and the: Afwagandha (Phyfalis flexuola), are ‘aed fubltitutes for thé -Cécolt and Cfhira cacoit: Cacesla or Caccolaca. This fubfance:is« always clafféd | amonelt the perfumes, and forms one of the ingredients in different aromatic compoOfitions, along with agallochum, frankincenfe, campher, mufk, faffron, fpices, and other fimilar articles. It is procuerd in the bazar in different degrees of frefhnefs, and is a berry of a more or lefsirregularly: oval form : when frefheft it is invefied: with a thick green {febaceous-and fragrant coat, but ina more advanced flate, this fhrinks fo as to be {carcely difcernible from the fhell which - is of a: greyifh-colour; in either flate the centre is filled with a refinous inflammable fubftance, of a ftrong- and fpicy odour fo- luble but very {paringly in water, and more abundantly in {pirit. The hiflory of this fubflance.is not given.in any of ‘the medical works ~ ! have confulted, nor are its .chara&er and origin known to any of the mative, Druggilts, although. ufed by them in many ‘of their compounds. It appears fometimes to be confounded with Civet, aad itis. called fo, or,Chataf\ by. the author of the’ Sabda-Chan- arica, a medical vocabulary in San{crit with a Bengali tranflation: if this is mot an error of the author or tranflator, the-berry fold by the druggifts cannot be. the :true: Caccol, but I'’much doubt the accuracy of. the interpretation: the fynonimes -will all apply to.cither fubftance, though: they require to be tranflated out of a.mctapherical phrafeology : the names.given in.the SabdeChan- 12 °~—t. DESCRIPTIONS) OF drica are Cacola, Colaca, Gandhawydcula, Tailafadhana, Caccolaca anc Cofaphala of which the two firt and ‘fourth, though anomalous formations, appear to relate to the Cola or fruit of the Jujube, (o “which the Caccola berry may be:compared in appearance; Gand= havyécula means diftreflingly-oderiferous ; Tailafadhana either the - purifier of oil, or that of which oil is the folvent, and it may he obferved that civet is moft readily foluble in that :menftruum ; the laft term Cofha phalam, way be rendered the fruit of the - fcrotum or fheathe, referring ¢ither to the part of the animal ‘whence it is extracted, or to the fort of coat ‘by which the berry is invefted. The Réja Nighanta and Bhave Pracafa. deferibe the medical propertres of Cgecola, and ftate it to be pungent, bitter, warm, and carminative, {weetening the breath, relieving heart- burn, exciting appetite and promoting digeftion, and remedying morbid affections of wind and phlegm: neither this nor. Cacoli therefore are conlidered as poifonous, nor can they be confounded with the Cocculus indicus. The only remaining word whieh may imply the fruit of the Cocculus vine is te be found in the vocabularies of Amara and Himachandra, amongtt the different hinds of poifon: no defcrip- tion however accompanies the fame, nor have the different com= mentators on Amera fupplied this deficiency, nor illuftrated the mature or origin of the fubftance, by ety mological analyfis. “The word is Cécola; it implies a poifon, not of animal origin, and is derived according to Raya Mucuta* from the fame word Cicola, a raven, from. its being of the like dark colour: in this it cor | refponds fufficiently well with the hue that the Cocculus berry is mentioned by Mr. Brown. to acquire when ripe, and being fmilar to it inits poifonous property, as well in its appellation, itis pofble that in this word we have the Sanferié origin of the mame given by European writers to the fruit of the NigmpEe imum Cocculus, ea) INDIAN PLANTS 413 REFERENCE 40 THE Prares. Primula prolifera a. peduncle and bratte with the calyx opened; b. corolla; _ c. fruit bearing verticil, Convaliaria oppofitifolia, a, flower, | b. ditto opened ; ce, piftillum ; d.e, fe€tions of ovarium ; f. berry ; , g. h, feGtions of the fame; . feed; f. g, feGtions of the fame fhewing the embryo. C. cirrhifolia. , a b, leaves viewed from both furfaces; c. flower, d. ditto opened. Daphne involucrata. 3 {The letters in this plate have by miftake been engraved as : capitals), a. flower ; b. ditto opened ; c, pifillum ; d. the fame with the ovarium opened. D, cannabina, Lour? (Two plates; the laft ftruck off on the common fort of . paper manufaftured from the bark of that fhrub in Napal.) a, peduncle with the common receptacle and two detached brattes ; Ai DESCRIPTIONS OF i flower ; | c. the fame opened ; eee d. piftillum, with its hypogynous annular ame Opened. 5 e. drupe with part of the withered perianthium attached to its bale ; f. g, fections of the fruit ; 3. embryo ; k. cotyledons. D. Gardner. | a. flower; b. ditto opened ; c. peduncle and receptacle, with a detached bracte 3 d, piftiium ; 3 e. the fame, fhewing the pendulous ovalum. Andromeda lanceolata. — a. flower; b. calyx opened ; c. corolla, opened ; D. ovarium divided horizontally. A. ovelifolia. ee fe ee a. flower ; d. ditto, the corolla vanes | b. corolla opened ; c. flamina (augmented). Gaultheria Hee aoe a. flower ;_ b. peduncle and bractes ; c. calyx and piftillum ; d. corolla, opened ; e. flamen (augmented) Saxifraga ligulata, Ps 3 INDIAN PLANTS — 4} . Bi flower ; b. ditto opened. c. pirtilla ; _ d. one of them fomewhat enlarged ;- _ @, ovarium divided. horizontally. Blackwellia {piralis. a. b, flower viewed from two fides, with a-detached bra&e - c. piftillum, fhewing the infertion of the ovula ; all flightly aug- mented. | | | ‘Minifpermum Cocculus. (Tivo plates.). a. partial raceme, natural fize; . b. flower, . | A ¢. ditto with its detached leaflets ;— d. peduncle, all the parts of the flower removed ‘except the” nectarial {eales; ©. piltilla ;. f. ovaria cut horizontally ee g. ditto divided . longitudinally.’ Al, Account of a new fpecies of Tarir found in the Penine fula of Malacca, by Major FARQUHAR.—Commue nicated by the Honorable A. SETON. Letter from Major FarguuHar to. the Honorable A. Szton. My Dear Sir, Conceiving that the accompanying account of an animal of the Tarir kind, found in the forefts in the vicinity of Malacca ; but which I believe is not ‘generally known to exift in any part of the old world, may prove interefting, 1 have taken the liberty to tran{mit it to you, for the ‘purpole, ({hould you confider ‘it as meriting public attention), of being prefented to the Afiatic So- ciety: I have. likewife the pleasure to fend a full length drawing of the animal, and a drawing and {fkeleton of its head, which is of very fingular fhape. I remain, My Dear Sir, Your much obliged and very faithful Servant MAacca, 3 29th January 1816. W. FARQUHAR. Als : ACCOUNT OF THE Clafs Mammalia, order Belluz. Generic charatter.. Seven grinders om each fide in the upper jaws Six ditto ditto in the under jaw. Four Cutting-teeth exclufive of tufks in the upper jaw. — Sex ditto ditto (four large and two f{mall) teeth in the under jaw. Two Tufes (or Canine-teeth) on each fide in the upper jaw, fhorr, diftant, obliquely truncate, lightly recurvated, back ones much ~ {maller than thofe contiguous to the front teeth. One tufk on each fide in the under jaw more pointed and prominent than thofe in the upper jaw. : in. all twenty-two teeth in the upper, and twenty in the under jaw. A vacant {pace of two inches between. the grinders and tufks in each jaw, upper jaw proje@ing abcut half an inch over the un- der, and having a thin heart-thaped. bone, four inches long, jutting out from the lower part of the forehead directly over the ay of the nofe, ; ‘The fkull forming a. fort of ridge at tops The back arched. The fore feet divided into four hoofs the hind feet into three: The nofe of the male extending beyond the lower jaw, between fever and eight inches, forming a fnout or praeoles cateaabrs and flexible. NAM Ni N FAPIR OF MALACCA. ayo Dimensions of &@ male Tarin, as taken at Malacca on ite g0ih of, Noe vember, 1815. - ‘Extreme léngth from: the point. of the probofcis to the tip of ” the tail 7 feet. Wength of the probofcis; —. Bei eee aly Ditto of the head, ss a: A La, jeu Ditto of the neck, : Re aie 0. 5 8. Ditto: of . the: body, . hs SiG CDR ils 4:4 Ditto of. the taal, . tae : e a rb Ditto ear, s oie ibn 6» Diftance between the ears, ane f g Heighth-of the fhoulder, =... 2 2) 2 Ditto middle of. the body; lee oi 3° 4 Ditto at the rump, By Soe ele 2 Ditto of the hind legs, : E 2.3 Ditto of the fore legs, 0 ° 100s) Circumference of the body, . a ‘ 6 “Ditto of the neck, _ ° 3: Ditto of the head,. ar : 2. of Ditto.of the. donna é ae 104 + The Tarr (called Tinnoo by the Malays), is an animal, which I be- lieve lias hitherto been confidered, by the naturalifts as being pecu- liar, tothe new world: it will however appear abundantly evident . from the prefent: account,’ that. this is..a‘miftake ; and that a Ipecies at lealt of this quadruped, is common to ‘many. of the forefts on the Malay peninfula, and particularly fo in the vicinity of Malacca, being as well known to the natives there as the ele- phant or rhinoceros, ‘The Tarim of Malacca, although differing in fome effential points from that of “America, cannot, I conceive, be confidered ACCOUNT -OF THE but asa variety of the fame genus of quadiuoeds. The princi- pal difference will be found to confift in the number of teeth and tufks; the Tain in America according to Linnaus has enly ten orinders in each jaw, and is without tufks; whilft that of Malacca has fourteen grinding teeth and four tufks in the low- er jaw. Linnaus gives likewife to the American Taper, ‘ten - fore-teeti in each jaw, whereas the Malacca Tapir has only four in the upper, and-fix in the lewer jaw exciulive of the tufks. Some other naturalifts however allow the American Tarin to have tufks fingle and incurvated. In every other refpe&t the Malacca and American Tarvin willl fancy, be found to correfpond very nearly, and particularly in that diftimguifhing character of the probofcis, — or {nout, which over-hangs the lower jaw, from feven to eight inches, extenfible and flexible, like that of the elephant and com- mon only to the male, | The manner in which the feet are divided is likewife very pe- culiar;-and is the fame in both.animals; having four hoofs in the fore, and only three in the hynd feet. The general fize and fhape of the Tarim of the ald and new world will be. found nearly alike, but differing in color; the head of this animal is of a fingular fhape, and forms a fort of ridge at top, the eyes are dmall, ears roundifh and bounded with white, which can be Gcawn forward at pleafure, the Jegs are fhort and very. flout, the body large, and in fhape fomewhat refembling that of the hog. The neck is fhort and thick, and the fkin ftrong and coarle, like that of the byallo. The hair is fhort, and of a black co- lour, from the probofcis to the extremity of the four quarters ; he body and part of the hind quarters of a light grey, and the re{t of the hinder par’s and legs are black. The tail is very fhort, and almoft deftitute of hair; It has no mane on the neck, in which refpe@ it feems likewife to differ from the American Varir; - RAs TAPIR OF MALACCA. 4a} when young it is beautifully {petted with brown and white.| The Tapir of Malacca is not known to the natives as an am. phibious animal; it ts perfedtly harmilels, and of a timid difpo- fiom. Indeed it feems deftitute of any natural means of offence or defence. It feeds on vegetables, and is faid to be. particu- larly fond of fugar-cane.: Its flefh is eaten by the natives (with the exception of Mohummedans, who deem it unclean) and con. fidered very good: none of thefe animals have as yet been do- mefticated at Malzcca, but I have no. doubt if taken when young, they might be tamed with. equal facility as thole of America The drawing which accompanies. this will be found a faithful reprefentation of the Malacca Tarra: It is taken from life, and will convey 4 much better. idea of the animal than any def{crip- tion I am able to give. -Itis,1 think, very poffible-that the Matacca Tarre may be found to correfoond more clofely with one of the two folfile fpecies de- feribed by: Covisr, in his geological difcoveries, at having been met with in different parts of France, Ger many, and [als ie the - one named the finali, the other the gigantic Tapire | I¢ may be proper to-remark: that the foregoing dimenfions were taken from-a Taprr, which had ‘not attained its full fize ; I have the head of a full grown one now by me ‘which meafures two-inches move ia circuinference than the. above. Additional obfervations by the SECRETARY: Tae difcovery of the prefence of an animal in the eaftern he- mifphere, which has been hitherto fuppofed peculiar to the new world, isa cicumbanes that deferves the fulleft illufration which 422, ACCOUNT OF THE ithe Socrery can beltow woon it: and it has therefore been deem- ed advifable, to publith the following additions to the valuable communication of Major Farguuar: the firk of thefe, from the pen of a diftinguifhed pupil of our illu@cious effociate M. Cuviee, fhews’ fatisfa€iorily, that the animal difcovered by Major FarguHar is effentially the fame’ as the Taprr of South America, and the fecond from G. J. Sippons Esg. late Re- fident at Bencoolen, prefenting to the Society a living animal of this defcription, informs us of a fa, which is equally interefting in a geological and zoological view, and proves that the exii- tence of the oriental Tari isnot limited to the Peninfula of Ma- baCCQe ee] Obfervations by M. Darn, on the Tapir of Malacca, ES SN WHEN | an exror has originated with a diftinguifhed writer it paffes long current under his fan€lion, and is lowly. and reluc- tantly correéted ; it is te this gircumftance we muft attribute the repetition by Linnaus, Burron, Suaw, and other eminent naturalifts, of the milake committed by Marcrav gE, when he firit gave a {cientific. defcription Of the TAPIR of South America, and : _ who has erroneoufly afferted, that the animal had but twenty teeth in each jaw; or ten molures, ten incifores, and no dentes. canini: it is not eafy to conceive how Maxerave, in general fo exa@l, and who had fo many opportunities in the Brazils, of ex- ‘amining the living animl, fh ould have fallen into fuch an error, for the Taprr of America has in the upper jaw 14 grinders, two canine, and ffx cutting teeth, and in the lower jaw, but 12 grin- ders, with the fame number of canine and cutting teeth as in ns TAPIR OF MALACCA, — 433 ‘the upper; making in the whole forty-two teeth; and upon the moft careful examination of the {kull of the Tapia of Malacca, depofited in the Socrery’s Mufeum, I can confidenily affert that the teeth agree in number, form, and proportion, precifely with thofe of the American Tarik. Inthe upper jaw there is an imper- feet evolution of the two canine teeth, and the. two outer incifors have all the appearance of tufks, and this accounts for the error in the defcription, which the excellent naturalift, who has en- riched zoology. with fo importaut a difcovery, has committed ; the fame miftake has indeed been lately made, with refpect to Tarir of America by the learned Fevix D’Azzara, and it is one of _-wery natural occurrence, asthe two outer incifors have the cha- racter of tufks, and the more fo, from being much more pro- minent than the true canine teeth; they are eafily however diflin- guifhed, by the cultivator of comparative anatomy,. by their in- fertion in the bone peculiar to the encsors, (os incif/); an articulation that would leave no doubt of their real charaéter, even in the en- tire abfence of the denles canint, and a proof of the value of a {cience, which determines the nature of parts, by the immutable laws of anatomical pofition, and mot by the uncertain, and varying teft of external appearance. The identity of the Tapia of Malacca, with that of South Amerita makes it af courfe a different animal, from the {mall fofhile _ {pecies, defcribed by M. Covizr, as that has been fhewn to differ widely from the American animal, both in the dentition, and in the conformation of many parts of the maxillary bone, For the corre& number and accurate nature of the teeth of the American Tapir, natural {cience is indebted to Massrs. Gzore rroy Sr; Hitraiez and Cuvier. To Major Farguuar alone be- longs the honor of having firft given, with the trifling exception I have nouced, a corres del(cription of the interefling animal which 424 ACCOUNT OF THE forms the fubje& of thefe ohh a aiines ff have only to add, that the young. male Tarim which is in - ¢he menagere at Barackpore, is in all refpeéts the fame, with that Gefcribed by Major Farquuar. : Letter from G. J. SIDDONS Ejj. to the SECRETARY to the ASIATIC SOCIETY. Sir, -L have fent on board the Ship Claudine, commanded by Captain Wexsu, a very rare animal called on this Coaft the Fannok which I beg you to prefent to the Afiatic Society in my — mame. vaN : | : 7 : It refembles, with extreme clofenefs the Tapir of Burron. , It was prefented to me by the Pangeran of Soongye Lamowe, who informed: me that it was caught in a paddy plantation upon his lands in the interior. Search was made for its parents, but no traces of. them were difcovered: the people were attratted by the fhrill cry of the animal, which they found at the edge of the paddy ground, clofe to.a thicket, amidft very long grafs, the Pangeran himlelf is, perhaps, | the oldett man living in thefe diftridts: He fays that he never faw but one other animal of: | this defcription, which was when he was about ten years old, _and that he has never heard of cne having been feen fince, that which he then faw was of the fize of a {mall cow. The Tannoh eats boiled rice, after it has got cool, grals, leaves &c. It is of a very lazy habit, but perfeétly gentle, and loves to bathe, (remaining a very confiderable time under water) and to be rubbed or {cratched, which he folicits by throwing TAPIR OF MALACCA; 425 Or himfelf down on his fide. He-has been in wy pofleffion al- moit three months, during which period he has grown confide- rably, and his {kin has changed. from a dufky brown, ftreaked and {potted with white, to its prefent appearance. I truft the animal will reach Calcuita alive, when no ‘doubt it will gratify the curious in natural hiflory. a I remain’, Sir; : as Your very obedient fervant SUMATRA, | Fort Marlborough G, J. Sippons. - 6th Dec. 1816. a Re QSAR) a caren Ne The animal defcribed in the letter from Mr. SIDDONS, is the ore alluded to by M. Diarp, and. is ftill living in the mena- gerie at Barackpore: it’s habits, continue of the gentle and indo- lent character mentioned in the preceding communication, and it agrees with Major Farquaar’s defcription in every refpett, ex- cept in its evincing a great fondness for water: it confianily feeks a pool in which it remains immerfed the greater part of ‘the day; and not unfrequently dives for a very confiderabie _ - period, prefenting in this refpect another analogy to the Tarir, of South America. The following meafurements have been recently made of its dimenfions, 12. Extreme length from the point of the probofcis to the tip of the tail, — a é j Re Length of the probolcis, i ; : 5 Ditto, ; head, ‘Bay 4 r 6 Ditto, » 4) neck, bik : 5 a > ACCOUNT OF THE ~: ae Ditto, n> bodys yu es al wo ge ‘Ditto, ea ball, ° ° 0 2 Height atthe fhoulder,- — . ° 2 O* Ditto, middle of the body, Sor ey 3 8 Ditto, wait, rump, e 0 : 2 ‘Ditto, 4; foreclegs; ° ° i 8 Ditto, a hind legs, Be Dia ds Circumference. of the body, ° : 54 Ditto, . neck, A i 9) 48 Ditto, : : head, 2 : 2 10 ‘Ditto, : probofcis, about ° ° The following defcription of a young animal, received fuble- quently from Major Farqusar, with fome other intere {ting communications on fubjects of natural hifory, will complete the information we at prefent poflefs regarding the oriental Tarir. The drawing which accompanies the following account of a young Tapir, and which I have the pleafure of offering to the - ‘acceptance of the Astatic Sociery, was taken from an animal about four months old, and reprefents it as of a reddifh brown colour, ftudded with white fpots. Ic was taken from one I had alive in the houfe. After it has paffed the above périod, it begins grae dually to change colour until the age of fix months, by which time i¢ has lok all its beautiful foots, and attained the general color of the full grown Tapir as reprefented ina drawing | tranfmitted from hence to the Asraric Society in the beginning of laft year. The Tarirz from which the prefent drawing was made, I preferved alive inthe houle for upwards of fix months, when it died fuddenly. I found it an animal poflefled of a moft mild and gentle difpofition. It. became as tame and familiar as any _ of the dogs about the houfe, fed indifcriminately ont all kinds | of vegetables; and.was very fond ef attending at table'to receive i TAPIR OF MALACCA. 497 bread, cakes, or the like. It feemed very fulceptible of cold, noiwithftanding the great thicknefs of its fkin, and I think 1 may venture with great fafety to affirm thatthe Tapir of Malacca has nothing amphibious in its nature, a. character which appears to attach ‘to thofe of America: indeed. the one I reared fhewedra« ther 2n averfion to water, and in the wild fate they are found. to frequent high grounds, An Account of a new fpecies of a CAMELLIA growing wild at Napal. By N, WALLICH E/q. Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Read December 12, 1818. % AEST -4mone the numerous valuable additions which the Botanic Garden: at Calcutta owes to the indefatigable. and fuccelsful re- fearches of the Honorable Mr, Garpnegr, are fpecimens in full blofioms,. plants ‘and ripe fruits of the genuine Tea fhrub and its nearly allied neighbour, the Camellia. Of .to¢. former ote thefe, he informs me, there is only one fhrub at Katmandu, growing in. the garden of a Cafhmeeree, where it was originally introduced from China while a young plant. | It has attained a - height of g or 10 feet, is rather tall than buthy, being of no great circumference in its branches or fiem, but thriving exceéd- ingly well, producing abundance. of bloffoms and ripe capfules annually, from September to November. Moft of the offsets which Mr. Garpner has caufed to be taken from it have unfortunately failed after continuing very vigorous for fome tine after they had been put in the ground, but as the attempt will be repeated i- doubt not, that both the Tea-fhrub, and the equally intere fing: Napal Camellia will before long be introduced into fuch parts OF CAMELLIA. | 420 - of the Northern Hindooftan, as may appear beft calculated to their fuccefsful cultivation. The tree which is the fubjeg of the pre- fent enquiry was difcovered by Mr. GarpNer on the mountains of Sheopore and Chandra-Gaivri, which form the boundaries of the Valley of Katmandu to the North and South, and have been noticed in Kirxparricx’s account of Napal, It grows to a confi- derable fize throwing out numerous leafy branches, and produce ing bloffoms during the rainy feafon, that is from July to October, fucceeded ‘by abundance of fruit which ripen in the courfe of three months. Notwithftanding the conipicuous oilinefs of its feeds, the tree does not feem to be ufed by the natives for any pur- pofe but that of fuel. Mr. Garpner remarks with great juflice, that it is fo like the genuine Tea both in its leaves and bloffoms, as to be eafily miftaken for it; the very fame obfervation has been made by Chevalier Taunsere in his flora japonica, in {peak- ing of his Camellia Safangua, acircumftance which corrobarates the affinity which exifts between thefe two [pecies. I confider them however as fufficiently diftinét from each other, and fhall con- clude my defcription of the Napali tree, which I propefe call- mg CamelhaKifi, the Newar name being Kifh or Kzjh-Soah by enumerating the points on which their fpecific difference ap- pears to me toreft. Mr.Garpner informs me that, like thofe of the Safangua, its leaves acquire on being dried the peculiar fra- grance of Tea; and that he intends trying them as an improver of and fubftitute for the latter, in the manner in which Profeflor THUNBERG informs us that his tree is ufed in Fapan, - Camellia Kifl, Wall, Foliis ovato-oblongis attenuato-acuminitis, aculé ferrulatis bafi integer- rimis, petiolis ramulique novellis villofulis; floribus axillaribus terminalibu{qiic fubternis, ftylo breviflimo figmatibus elongatis, 430 - ACCOUNT. OF. A SPECIES. \ capfulis trivalyibus trifoermis glabris. ; 3 Arbor ramofiffima,. umbrofa, cortice ramulorum cinerafcente, noyello-. rum petiolifque villofis—Folia alterna, patentia, approximata, cori- acea, ovata, v. Ovato-oblonga, tripollicaria, fefquipollicem lata, interdum majora, aCumine femipollicarl margine convexiuiculo, excepté bafi acuta, ferrulato, laevia, fupra atroviridia lucida, fubtus pallida, cofta elevaia, nervifque obfoletis obliquis ad peripheriam anaftamofantibus.—Petioli planicufculi, fulco Jato exe. arati, vix ultra lineas duas longi — Flores albi terni, nunc in axillis. folita rii v. terminales geminati, feffiles—Calyx oftophylius, caducus, aeftivatione gemmaceus conicus femipollicaris, foliolis. ovatis imbricatis concavis coriaceis fuf{cefcentibus obtufis. cume- cufpidula minut4, ad apicem leviter. fericeis, exterioribus minori- bus.—-Petala obovata, retufa, patentifiima, bafi anguftata, femipoll- icaria, dorfo parum fericea.—Siamina ooginta v. plura, petalis: parum breviora, cumque illis patentia, filamentis craffis. dup- lici vel triplici ferie ad bafin con nata in annulum anguftum. pallidé aurantiacum ovario breviorem.—Anthera@ complanato-ovate,. difco carnofe, utringue dehifcentes, biloculares.—Ovarzum fubros. tundum. obfoleié triangulare, -villis. denfis fericeis veftitum,. triloculare: ovulis in fingulo loculo fex v. pluribus axi ime fertis.—Stylus craflus, brevis, villofus—Stigmata tria filamenta. fubzequantia, patentia, clavata, intus fulcata, apice papillofa.—Cap/ula.. rotundato - triangularis, pollicaris, lignofo-coriacea, trilocularis, nunc bilocularis, trivalvis, valvis lato-ovatis, apice incraffatis marginibus truncatis latis ; extus fufea fubnigricans, glabras immatura pubefcens.—Diffepimente membranacea, contraria, nunc incompleta v.: fubobliterataa—Semina folitaria grandia, nucamen- tacea, fulca, gibbofoconvexa, intus planiufcula vertice umbi- lico parvo notata; unicum reliquis fepius majus; uno duo- bufve nunc. abortientibus,—IJntegumentum: duplex : exterrum A ee ere ys SA RL, ee 3 i OF CAMELLIA, — | 431 cruftlaceum, fragile; interius tenue, fufcum, lamellofo-mem- branaceum, venulofum. — Receftaculum centrale, triquetrum, apice. femina. affigiens, demum liberum.— Albumen nullum.— Embryo f{emini conformis, hinc gibbofus.—Cotyledones . amyg- dalino carnofe, valde inaquales, una fupra alteram, olei- ne.— Radicula. parva conica- intra cotyledonum. bales: exca- vatas latens, centripetay: Obfervations 1 have already hinted above at the great affinity: which exifts. between this f{pecies and Thunburg’s Safangua, Flora Fapon. 272. ti go3.the latter: differs {pecifically in having blunt and {maller leaves, folitary terminal flowers, along ftyle and villous capfules ; its fize is alfo much larger than that of our plant, which’ never grows beyond the height of a {mall tree.. The figure of that fpecies in Lord MAcARTNey’s Embally to China, vol, Il. p. 467 agrees better with our:plant, but its leaves ftill want the decided acumen, befides being more deeply ferrated..The common Yapan role has more firm and fhining leaves with ftronger ferratures, its flowers are much larger and the petals .of a leathery. thick tex- ture. E On referring to the drawings of ‘the Botanic Garden which were executed in the latter part of 1814, during the Superintendence of my elteemed friend .and predecefflor Dr. Francis Hamiron (late Buchanan) I find,. he has figured a {pecies of Camellia under the name of Chamegota, fo called by the natives inhabiting the moune tainous. countries bordering on-: Sylhet, from whence it was fent by my indefatigable affiftant, Mr. M. R. Smita, who obferves in his - letter accompanying the fpecimen, that it grows to the height of about 7 feet, andis covered in December with white fragrant bloffoms. 1 am unable to difcover the leaft difference between that and the Nepal plant, and hefitate not confidering them as one and the fame fpecies. 432 ACCOUNT OF A SPECIES. aoe SS + since the preceding account was written I have had an oppor: tunity of comparing my plant with the defcription and figure « Camelia otlefera publifhed by Mr. Cruarx ABEL in his intereftin. joarney to the interior of China (p. 174 c. icone, et p. 363). Thele two fpecies are unqueftionable very like each others; that from — Napat may however, be difiinguifhed by having larger acuminate leaves, not altogether deftitute of nerves and but flightly marked, on their under furface, with elevated dots, which are only obfervable by means of a powerful lens; its flowers being fmaller and its ftyle much fhorter than that figured in the plate attached to Mr, Assx’s defcription, The variety mentioned p. 199, has {till greater af- finity to my tree. The leaves of the Nupul tree have avery flrong but tranfient fmell of Tea; but their infufion, poffefes only to a very flight degree its flavour, owing perhaps as Mr. Garpnar jultly obferves, tothe defe@ive manner of gaihering and drying them for the trials which he inftituted. It has been afcertained by my eficemed friend that the Napalefe extra& anoil from the feed of the Kifi by preffure, which is much valued by thena as a me-~ dicine, The feedlings reared in the botanic garden at Calcutta are thriving very well. ‘fhe ftem and branches of this tree are fubjeét to the growth of large feffile excrefcences, perhaps a fpecies of parafitical fungus, of an oval form and fpongy texture which are faid to be very poifonous, They have been repeatedly fent to me ina dried fate attached to {pecimens of the Camelia, but I haye as yet not been able to afcertain their {pecific nature. An Account of BiyapuR im 1811, by Capt. G. Sypen- HAM, of the Madras £ fade yYament, Communicated by Col. C, MACKENZIE, ee PO G0 ES 0 See aia ‘THERE is perhaps no place in India lefs known, and more worthy of being known, to Europeans, than Byapér. Few have feen this City, and fill fewer have def {cribed it. The account of Tavernier, the firfi European traveller of note who vifited it, and who was there, it appears, in 1648 A. D. is ftrangely inaccurate. This au- ‘thority is followed by Tuzvenor, who had not the means of afcertain- ing its truth by perfonal obfervation. Both deleribe Bijapur, as a City exhibiting nothing remarkable but crocodiles in the ditch which ‘farrounds it. Had Bernier, the mo intelligent and corre& of all the “writers of that period upon India, feen Bijapir, he would have vindicated it fram the mifreprefeniations of his predeceffors: and ‘molt probably havé affociated with the Cities of DelRi and Agra, of which he has given fo faithful and intere! ting a delineation, the ca- : pital of the Adprin Sudui dynatty (a), Orms, in his fragments, laments ‘the want of information refpeétings Bijapiir; and we are indebted to Major Moor (b), for having deteéted and exposed the inaccuracies OE ea el OG Ud (a) See Scott's Wistory of the Dekkan, vol. }. p. 2Q7. (bo) Narrative of the Operations of Captsia Little's Detachment, p. 319. a eS 434 : ACCOUNT OF which had for. more than a ceatury involved in obfcurity one. oF the moft fplendid Cities in India; and for having brought to light its. hidden beauties, ina faithful defcription of them written in 1794. Sir James Macxintosu vifited Bijapér in 18038, and emphatically: - termed it the Palmyra of the Dekkan. The foliowing account is. drawn from an attentive furvey of, this, City,-in 1811. Yas obje&ls which-attract particular notice at Bijapur, are- clall- ed in this imperfe& {ketch, in the follawing, order : ah The Fort and inner Citadel, ad The remains of the City,, . 9d,,The principal edifices and public. works within the Fort, Ath Thole outfide of it, sth and lafily, a few. curfory remarks will be offered onthe hiftory-, of the, place, and on tts prefent fate. aft. Tue. wall of the, Fort was completed by Arf AApi, Sadun in the - year 1566 A. D. (c). Its defences confift in a rampart flanked by 109" towers of different ime ioes, a ditch and covert-way. foo euns ae y it, and, a Citadel in the interior. Tuese works are very ftrongly built, and flill in tolerable repair; ie exterior and interior revetments are of hewn ftone, laid in chue - nam. The pardpets are compofed-entirely of the fame materials, and are g feet in height, and. 3 feet in thicknefs. The towers are int general femi-circular, with a Tadiie of about 36 feet. The curtains appear to rife from the bottom of the ditch, and vary from 30 to 40 feet in height, being about 24 feet in thickne fs. The diteh is in man parts filled up, and fo covered with vegetation, that not-a veltige «« (c) Scott's History, of Dekkan vol. 1. Pe 299... I BIJAPUR... | 435 af appears. In other parts it feems’to have been formed through ‘vock, in breadth from 40 to 50 feet, and about 18 in depth,a re- yveted ‘counter{carp as difcernible in many places, and the remains of aline of masonry running in a parallel direction at the diftance of about 70 yards in’front of. this, point out the boundary of the co- vert-way. The circumference of the counter{carp is 62 miles and 2 -the form of the Fort an irregular circle. Tue works of the Citadel (d) are compofed of the fame ma- ierials; it is regular and the defences confift of a rampart and faufse-braye flanked by towers and a wet ditch about 120 feet in breadth; the fpace between the ramparis and the wall of the fauffe-braye is very broad, the ditch entirely furrounds it; but the ramparts of the body of the placé are not complete: there being about 3 furlongs in length on the north face open. The circumference ‘of the counterf{carp of the ditch is about 5 furlongs, It’s water is good and contains abundance of fine fifh, but no alligators, as hasbeen flated by former writers. There is but one entrance into the place, which is through two gates ; one of them called the iron’gate, is of wood cafed with that metal. (e) Tue Citadel is faid to have been built by Yusur AAprz Suda the founder of the Uynafty of Bijépér, and afterwards improved by his fucceffors, edly. Yo the weftward of the Fort are the remains of a molt ex- tenfive City. To trace its limits would be a day’s work. It is now an immenfe mafs of ruins, but from the innurnerable tombs, (4) Kilai ara. €*) For this description of the Fort I am chiefly indebted to a Memoir of the late Lieut. Davies of the Madras Engineers, Kindly communicated by Colongl Mackenzie, Survey os Goweral of La iia NC ae eet Ghee a foe ee On) ON re cee ee Se ee eye oN gf ee ea eT ASG ; ACCOUNT. OF mof{gues, caravanieras and edifices of every defcription whic exhibits, it mutt have been oneyof the greateft Cities in India. ': was formerly divided into feveral puras or quarters. One of theie Shah-pira is alone 6 miles in circumference, and is faid to have contained an hundred thoufand buildings. It lies fouth-weft of the Fort, and being that part of the City which was laft built, the remains of its walls and ftreets are {till perceptible, and it is diftinguifhed by feveral monuments of ancient grandeur, whofe durability has refilled the havock of time. To the fouth-wett of this quarter is Afzal-péra and next to that Jbrahim-pira. Of the former, there are no “yemains but tombs, mofgues &c. which is the cafe with the other, excepting that part moft contiguous to the. Fort, which has been repaired and forms the prefent Petiah. On the ruins of the fouth-wefternextremity of the old City, now fiands a walled town called Térwéi, about two miles from the Fort, in which there are many buildings worth feeing. scaly. Tue moft confpicuous object within the Fort is the Vakbara (f} of Sutrin Munammep the laft independent fovereign of the AApit-SHAui dynafty. This flately building is 150 feet {quare in the infide, and including the dome upwards of 150 feet high. The Giameter of this dome, L take to be notilefs than. 130 (g) feet; its ‘hicknefs I afcertained by meafurement, to be,9 feet, and as its ‘bape is femicircular, its perpendicular height is of courle 65 feet. Uhe diameter in its concavity has been eftimated at 117 feet, but ‘s | alcended to the top ef the building, I, found. that the diameter uf the outer circle was equal to. the inner width of the building, from which by fubtraéting double the thicknefs of the dome, its inner iameter was at once ascertained, Ihere—is- ‘a circular’ ledge ro feet oO Literally ¢ Place of burial,” and applied to the Tombs of Kings and Nobles, fg 5) Oaly 10 feet less {han the diameter of the Cupola of St, Teter’s. CTR omen pi eaten te Ss | BIJAPUR.» oe 437 broad. projecting: into, the area, of the: building from the’ bottom of the inner ‘¢ircumference. of the dome, which is fo ingenioufly- laid upon fupports inclining inwards to the fide walls in graceful eurves, that it does not apparently diminifh the width of the room, ' but is rather an ornament to it, It cannot be called acornice, but affords the fame relief and. effect. I found:my way:to it through a niche in the cupola, and.on railing my voice, the echo fro. the top. was fo perfec. that: I could fancy it the voice: of another perfon mimicking me. The tomb of the SutrAn lies under a wooden canopy in the centre of the room on-a platform of granite 80' feet {quare and raifed. 4. fect above the floor. On the right‘of the SULTAN's tomb, as yousenter, are the tombs of his fon and‘daugh- ter. in-law; on the left, the tombs. of a favorite dancing-girl, his? daughter, and his wife.. “Over aloft ty door-wey through which you ene ter on the fouthern fide, are fome Arabic ipfcriptions. in Togra letters’ which are {culptured, in altosrehievo;. The charafers are gilded, and the ground is painted with a liquid pwtparation of lajaward or lapjs lazuli which gives the whole an appearance of a beautiful diftribution of gold and enamel. All:the infcriptions which I fhall have occafion to mention. are feulptured and orgamented after this- fafhron, and t being dispofed in all varieties of fhape and: figure have a very elegant effect, They are faid to be all extras fronx the Korgn, but the cha- ratters are fo entwined and interwoven with each other, that the quickeft reader of this hand would find fome difficulty in decy- phering them, I was, however, fucce{sful in difcovering a Perfian infeription here, which js @ chronogram on the death of Sultan Mu- HAMMED. The line is a eee “the. end of MuaMMED was happy,” and. the date anfwering to it is 1067 Hijri. (h)- On the outfide of. this face is fufpended from the top of the building, (b) Ae D. 1656, : t Pe J So f e Ps Mme X & s 5 * 4 are een se yo ‘9 Ps cc PeNynay ae Pe ey 4 BS oh i yes AT 742-4 ve aE Me WA er on tan 7 PRY oe po Po em eee Pesos Ulery Chama a aareo One, Worchk my oa Holo OMIC CONC Te pete rats y & ‘ 4 M ~ {7 4 ‘ ov Piast * 9.5% » - e ry tia ee | pares Ce cmnem iy erent sows Fel eal pane Biondi ketene eR an oe gE BNA pe PRON R ODOUR 7 18% 11 JS Mp Ge beer Poet Wiese UO Canine eau NGeresere: MIRO TEI Carat TE nonetied tne Vir= 4 pa) @ LA! LSS . ¢ Me r 74% Cc wy ey ee ce 4 yy hes Tap ab nn Les oe ray ay i Bed MERU papas hoe r ya 8 e 5 rat aj ng Has CL DT Ot cay PPO gare SPO ys Vv: ifs i ce © hw ce Rye AMA é ) Di hehe "~ Gneluding the baluftrades, whicrs are 6 feet high, and éxclufive of the dome is wo feet. Thefe baluftrades are relicved on each face by two cupolas near the corners, under them is a gallery about 10 feet high and 5 broad, prefenting tothe front of each face a neat arcade of 19 arches, At the four corners of the tomb are minarets, well adapted ‘ their conftru@iion to the reft of the work. Their height, including that of the domes by which they are {urmounted, is about 140 feet. Their Thape is oagonal, one fide of the o€tagon refting again{t a projeClion om the corner of the building, which contains a narrow circular flaucafe, by which you afcend te the top. Each minaret has eight ftories: feyen of thefe are odtagonal rooms of 12 feet diameter, with ‘am arched roof: each fide of the oflagon has an open arch 6 feet in Aepth, and over them are yings for nxing perdas, You enter thefe Gmail rooms. from ‘the fiair-cafe through one of the arches; and through the other feven you look Out into the court, The whitenefs Bi the minaret is relieved: by : cornice of dark granite between the arches, and alfo by its dome, e flone of which is of a reddifh tinge. Again, thefe arches, with the intervening cornice, and the baluftrades furrounding the bafe- ment of the dome, give a lightnefs to t-e minarets which their bulk would have prevented, had not its effe@ neen counterbalanced by the fill and tafte of the. architeét. he. minarets have alfo a fine relief from the body of the work, the {tone of which is well polifhed and ofa dark colour. The outfide. of the arge dome is white and the, domes of the minarets, the frail cupoles, and baluftrades, of a reddifh coloured itone. THE “general ftyle of this tomb. is grandeur and fimplicity and ‘mmunificence of its projector. BIIAEUR. | 439 os, ts conftruction does credit to the tafte of the archite& and tothe / \ Tue tomb is railed on a terrace of granite 200° yards {quare, and 2 high, with a plain cornice on the edge. Oppofite the eaftern and weltern faces of the building ia the centre of this platform are large fountains ; 3; and from the weltern-fide of it Gere another terrace'to the diftance of 35 yards, at the end of which 1s fituated the mofque, which is 20 yards long, and has 2 handfome dome over its centre. .The ftyle of the mofque corre{ponds with that of the princi- pal building, and its minarets are extremely neat. The whole is fituated in a capacious enclofure upwards of 300 yards fquare, con- taining ranges of buil dings with an arcade in front, The northern face is clofe to the rampart ‘of the Fort, and in the centre of the fouther face is the Nakkar-Khanah, () through which you enter this court, after having pafled an outer enclofure of between two and three hundred yards {quare, withan arcade on each face, containing ranges of £ rooms for public accommodation. From the top of the minarets of the tomb you have a perfea& view of the Fort, and all the fine edi- fices that it contains, and of the country feveral miles beyond it in every direction. The tomb and all its contiguous ftructtures were buile by Suttén Munammep himéfelf, Tax obje&t which next prefents itfelf for notice is the Fam Masyiz or public mofque, a very elegant firudture. In the centre of the building is an open {pace 75 feet fquare, over which the dome is raifed: the walls on the four fides of this fquare have each three open arches. The centre arch is the largeft of the three, and on each fide of it, is a narrow ornamental band running perpendicularly up the wall, and joining another band laid diagonally above the arch. Semen cs eee 8 ee eee (i) Place-where a large Drum, called the Nakkarah, is beaten. ane 7 _ACOUONT OF This ornament is compofe:i * a chequered work of very fimal! tiles. painted alternately. with bles od yellow colours of a: moft balers. hue, the continuity of which relieved in the centre of each band, by ornaments, in which there is a more graceful and variegatec ¥ [a os pofition of the tiles. Over the arches which face the caba or recefs, and above the band, are three illuminated infcription in Togra. 6) The fide in{criptions are. immediately above the fide arches, and in Arabic charaéters difpofed ina circular form. The central orna- ment, which is above the centre arch, partakes more of the form of a natrow oval, and contains the following infcription, in large letters. 2 J echt, E bat Oe apr ; Arran, Mun ammen, ABUBACR, Omar, Osman, Hyper, (i.e. Ali) (k) by which we find that Sultan Munammen, by whofe order all the ornaments in the mofque were executed, was a Sunnz (1) though all his predeceflors except the laft, were of the Shiah (m} fe@. The recefsitfelf is moft richly decorated with a profufion of gilt and enamel, and covered with. beautiful infcriptions, all in Arabic, with the exception of a flanza in Perfian, on the inftabililty of this life, and this chronogram, 5 3b cj bole, gn yl “ the building of the mofque of the Sultan whofe end was happy” which makes the date of the com- pletion of the mofque to be 991 Hijri. (2) The whole of the build. ing is. railed upon a terrace about 15 feet from the ground, which has vaults underneath it. The height of the top of the dome from the furface of the ground is 140 feet. The outfide of the building prefents a double arcade in each face: the lower one is clofed, but the upper row. is open, and conftitutes the front of a {pacious gal- (j) A large orpamental eharacter i in arabic writing. (k) The vame, of the prophet and his four iuxmediaté amccessors, in the order in which they gucee tet to the khaléiphat, (1) Orthedox. (m) The principal sect of Dissenters. A full account of both sects is con(ained i ia 2 D'Ohsse0% @ Tableas ¢- l’Empire Ottoman. (oy. A. D. 1583. TV a gS ieee (oo a pik | . / . y : ef n BIGEOR a Jery, which is faid to be conitructed; on 2 fimilar plan to that at Mecca. The edifice was founded and nearly finifhed by Ati AApm Suau. It was completed by his fucceffor IsrAuim 2d. and the or- mamental parts cf it were executed in the reign of his fon Mu- HaMMED. The mimbar or pulpit, confifling of three fteps of white marble was furnifhed by Aurenczts, who alfo built the outer half of the wings and the gate-way fronting the mofque. He likewife chunamed the floor, and. divided it into more than two thoufand ‘mufallas or partitions marked by black lines upon which Mukame- dans pray. But he carried of a mafly filver chain fufpended from the top, to the end of which was faftened a large ruby, which, the principal attendant gravely affured me, hada luftre fo brilliant as to give light to the mofque at night. He alfo took away all the mufallas of velvet fatinn and broad-clo:h, which formerly covered the floor: every thing that he pilfered was converted into moncy and diftributed to his troops. This account, may perhaps be exagge- rated; but as this Conqueror was not very {crupulous in matters of religion, except in the obfervance of it’s outward forms, tho’ he once afflumed the garb of a fakir to cloak his ambitious defign; and as he had a numerous army to’ maintain who were fometimes clamorous- for pay, he thought probably: as little of robbing a mofque, as fome conquerors of the Welt have done, of plundering churches. Tue next in’ order to ‘the above buildings is the unfinifhed Make bara of Ari-AAptu’ Suan. It was conftruéted by the Surrdn himilelf upon a terrace 15 feet high, and upwards of 200 feet {quare. In each face are feven lofty arches, thirty feet high and 20. broad ; and between the oppofite fides are feven rows of thefe arches, They were all comp leted when the SuLtan fea and the work remained unfi- nifhed ‘without being roofed, It is faid that Aui-AApic. Suu in. tended to haye built an upper ftory of the fame dimenfions, over car aig \aCCOUNT. OF the centre of which was. t@ have been reared a dome, fuitable to rhe magnitude of the building, winch had it been finifhed would have been a more flupendous work (aan the Maufoleum of Mun'ammen. But even in tts prefent. flats, 1t is.a grand object, and from the fl; of the arches has fome pee at a diftance toa {pend Got! es firucture in ring. Secanper the laft fovereien of this dynafly, who yielded the Fort and his perfon to AurEeNGzés, lies under, a mean tomb-iftone, like that of TAnan-Suau (0) at Reuza; and the fepulchres of both thefe royal captives afford a melancholy exhibition of the inftability of hue man egreatnefs. Near this building are the Taj-Bauri, a moft capacious Well conftru&ied by Sengp-ut Mutc, an eunuch of Iprduim’s court, the tombs of Aspux Reza, and his fon, celebrated fairs in his reign, the fepulchre of Aurenezép’s daughter (queen, he fays) &c. The agates and pavement of the latter, with the greateft part of the marble railing round the tomb have been removed by facrilegious hands fince Moor vifited it. There is another Well near the north- “weftern angle of the Fort very little inferior to the 74j-Bauri. It is the work of CuA&np Bist, the wife of Axrt-AAp1i-Shah, and daughter of one of the NizAm Suaui ‘fovereigns, who in the reign of Ipranim 2d, repaired to her brother’s court, and defended Aimade nagar fo gallantly againft SutrAx-Murdp; and whofe heroifm | received fo juft a tribute from the pen of Ferisuta. On one fide of this fine Well is a neat little mofque. The Uperi Burj or lofty cavalier infide of the Fort was built by H’yper KuA&n, a noble in the court of lpr Anim AAdvi-Suiu tit. There is a fmall but neat building called the Kadam i-Rafil, but vulgarly and improperly {o, as it is ‘fuppofed to have contained a few precious hairs of the prophet’s beard, not an. impreffion of his foot; Mun ammep Sud removed (o} The last King of the Kuzs Suani dynasty of Golconda, taken prisoner by AURENGZED. Wee! ieee: tia Ce ns Be an A heh ey i we Per 7 ote i fe Ne y Pe ad BIJAPUR) 443 ihem from: this palace ‘to .a°grandoedifice which he erected clofe to the eaflern wall of the Citadel, ‘and’ communicating with it, and which he at firft intended for’ his own Palace. By another account it appears that they were depofited by Aurznezes in the palace of Mun'ammep, which is now called Afarai-Sharif, from the holy relics, it is {till believed to contain. This abfurd ftory of the Afar-i-Sharif is alluded to by Fertsura, who relates that, Mir Mun‘aMMED. SALIC HAmADANI, a venerable Said, arriving’ near ci 2 _ Byaptr, (p) and bringing with him fome hairs of the prophet, the SuLTAN, (q) eager to pay “his. refpedts to: fuch’ valuable relics, went out to meet him; and having condu@ted hinr into the City entertained him with royal magnificence - for many~ days. He endeavoured. to prevail upon him to fix his refidence at his court, but the holy-man was. earneft to perform: the pilgrimage to Mecca; and at his departure the SuittAn- conferred’ upon him many rich prefents, and received: from him two of the facred hairs, which he placed with care in a golden fhrine fet with jewels, and conftantly vifited it every Friday night and upomall holy-days. ‘None have now acce{fs to them, but thofe who are interefied in the im- pofture, or who are fuperftitious enough to believe it a reality. The dimenfions of the hall of this palace, will give fome idea of the whole building. It it about 50 paces long, and 15 broad, and it’s height may be 75 feet. It?s front has one large arch in the centre, and a {maller one on each fide. Immediately before the hall is a grand re- fervoir 75 yards long, 60: broad, and 6 deep, into which projetis a fmall terrace, fromthe central arch, with a wooden railing round it. The greateft part of the palace isin ruins. At one end of the hall lies a large flab of yellow ftone richly veined, nearly 6 feet long, 2 feet broad, and one fpan thick. It is of the fame kind as the (p-) 1695, A. D. (q.) Ibrahim 2, _—-— Add ACCOUNT OF fmall variegated flones which you fometimes fee inlaid in the pave. ment in front of dargahks, is confidered very valuable, and water rubbed on. it is f{uppoled to have fome medicinal virtue ; this {pecies of ftone is.called: Seng-i-Sumak. In. a handfome ftreet leading from. the eaftern,-gate-way of the Citadel to the Fdmi Masjid, are the remains of a grand fate prifon, and a mint. There is alfo a lofty building of three ftories, witha moique adjoining it, conftruéted of black ftene very elegantly carv- edin fome places. ‘This was erected by a {weeper or mihter, who mult, have, been. what this name literally imports, for fach a work would not be difcreditable toa prince. You fee,the ruins of many Aplendid boufes built by Omrahs of the court, with adjoining mei- ques, courts &c. The moft confpicuous amongit them Is the manfion of Musraré Kaan, 2n eminent nobleman in the reign of Ari. Adpue SHAH: Tae Fort is abundantly fupplied with water by aquedudls from Turwé, the Béoam Talab, and other refervoirs on the fouthern fide of:it, and by a number of fine Wells, the principal of which have been, defcribed. The Begam. Talib is now out of order, and molt of the other tanks were deftroyed in the laft reign of this fovereign- ty, in order to prevent an enemy ‘from fitting long before the place. ‘ oy OA a Tae, dimenfions of the lane eun, called Mahc-t- Maidan, (r) or mal- itet-of-the- field” are correctly fen by : Major Moor ({s) It was not however, as he Rates, caft by Aurenczés. This immenfe piece of ordnance was made by Rumi KxHAn, a Turkifh officer of one of the Nizim Swdus, and “fell into- the hands ‘of SurrAn Mu- n/aMMED of Bijapur, who had engraved upon it in Perfian this. (r) lt is of the composition called Puckrupee ox of five metals. (8) po 322, yr BER eae 445 “tfeription:. “The Prince Mun‘ammen-Guizi, in fpiendor like “the fun, under whofe fhade the world fought a fhelter, By the _ © face of his aldeftroying fabre, in half the twinkling of an eye, he took 6“ the matter-of-the-field ‘from Nizam OHAH.” This infcription was erafed by the order of Avurunezés, who had the following one fub- ftituted for it: **SuHan AALumcir Guazi, emperor of kings, who “yeffored juftice and conquered the -fovereigus of the Dekkan, re- 6 duced Byapur. Fortune frmled on him, and vidory exclaimed; “he has fubdued the mafter-of-the: field.” The date of the con- queft is expreffed by thefe words Pa fh SS ( (t) “ he took the mafter-of the. feld?” and. is “1096 Hijri.” The date cut on the ‘gun is 1097. (uj) The neatnels of the chronogram is a fuficient excufe for the miftake of one. year. There is an annual refort of Hindus to this gun, and it has a few conftant attendants who place flowers. and a es in and about it. There is a very ancient but fubftantial. hdgéh ) inthe fort built by Yussur A&pit Suda. Or the buildings in* the Citadel, ‘all are in ruins, except’a beautiful little mofque built by AviAdvi Sua. The infide is of finely po- lifbed black: granite, very neatly carved,’and on the fides of the cdbah, are feveral well executed fcul ptures of different mofques. The moft confpicuous obje@’ here is a‘lofty edifice called Heft Kendee, or feven-ftories, in one of which is a drawing on the wall of Ati- aN ~ 2 Po . ° , re Qo AApit-SHAu, and Rampud.a dancing-girl, This was part of that Suu- tAN’s Palace, and the entrance to it is. through a grand court 140 yards long by 80- broad.’ Front of the D/odi-Mahl, another () «&) j A? cult means literally King af the Field, ef ‘appears hera, and in p. 448, to be confounded with sult | which certainly_signifies,” master, owner, proprietor, &c. Ep, (u) A. D, 1685. (*) Place where the two principsi1Mah ‘ammedan Zedes er feasts arg celebrated, 30 & fal Gh ; ACCO UNT OF ne: palace, preients to the view three lofty arches ; the centre 0 one . of Mics which is of extraordinary dimenfions, It is 60 feet. broad, and 8 deep, and the height appears about 8e feet. Next to this is the A- -nanda Mahi, which has the appearance from the flylea in which it is built, af having been the refidence of the -ladies of the Haram, Adon this isthe dawlut-Khanak, Or-court-of-juftice, fituated at the. extremity - Of a court 1s0-yards long by So broad, . Here the ‘Surténs were vinftalled, in a baleony projecting from the upper ftory, where alfo juftice was adminiftered. In front of the building Isa large fountain, and at the oppofite end of the.ceurt is a low range of buildings with afront ef go arches, in which the Umraus attended in waiting. There is a black fone a few paces before the centre, ‘of this arcade, called the mujri gah, from which the officers of the court ufed to perform their obeifances. On the right of the front at the 4dawlut Khanah isthe Sona Mail, which, as its name implies, was richly gilded, but now hardly a veftige of this ornament remains. Oppofite to the Sona Mahl, is the Sicca Wahl, an-w hich: was kept tlie ; the northern fide of the Citadel. ake, upper ‘rooms faced with .black . granite, jcovered . with fculptured.: infcriptions in the aohz, not ene of which I could decypherx, ‘From this place the. Suntins ufed to view, combats between clephants,. their menagerie and bunting eftablifhments, and parties.of troops in review order, on a fiaall plain immediately beyond the ditch. (After having pal. fed the, ealerm gateway. of the Citadel, you fee ‘cn entering the Fort on, the Gdes. of the road four pillars. of black marble, an offering» fae che ide ay" RAme RE di to ArinAdpi. SaAne One of them i is carve ,_ the other. plain and. circular, _Pheir diameter-is one cubit, and: they: are-faid to be 15 fett: high? but nét more than a third of them is feen, the reh beme furrounded with afuppert of flange — _ and mud. On the. curtain outfids,.of this: gate is ai carved repres fentation of the head of RAmrdj, Wnclining downwards in comme- West privy-feal, . Beyond t his is the Pane Mahl, built-on-the brink of tac . i. i> BIJAPUR: ae 447 -moration or the wretched Fate of that.great potentate, who was be- . headed, after. having been defeated and taken prifoner in a molt ~-Fevere battle with the allied armies of the MuKammedan fovereigns of the Dekkan. A:i-AApu-Saiu headed the confederacy which ‘decided the fats of the gigantic empire of Binagar. 1 neither faw ner heard of the equefirian flatue of RAmray at Bijapur, which thas been mentioned in a former work, though my guide of his own accord pointed’out to methe-head. Within the Citadel isa very an- cient Pagoda, trom which it would appear that there was a fortrefs ; s 2 a : TESS Ea ly here before the Muliammedan invafion of the Dekkan, which partly razed, and parily repaired, improved, and extended, may have cons ftituted the work {aid to have been confiruéied by Yusur Adprt Su ‘The Pagoda is built very much in the ftyte ot the rudeft excavauons | at Edlora, and appears gery ancient, _ athly. Tur moft con{picuous amongft. the buildings outfide of the Fort is the Makbara of Sutin TaRAHiM 2d, On the outfide of the body of the maufoleum over which the dome is raifed, the cr walls are carved into Arabic infcriptions. {culptured with grea fkill, and difpofed in every variety of ornament. The mie ng and enamel, however, i 1s entirely defaced, excepting | in a {mall part of _ One of the fides, where its remains give a faint idea of iis former luftre. A perfon looking at the illuminated page, of a beautiful ori« ental manufcript, magnifying this, and faneying it to be reprefented by. {culpture, painting, and gilding, on the face of a wall of black granite, will have fome conception of the labour, {kill, and brilliancy of this work. The whole of the Koran js faid to be carved on the - four fides of this elegant frudure, in which, the utmoft art and tat of the architeét and the {culptor have combined to produce the ae * effedt. This beautiful building with it’s mofque was crected by Iara nim for his deceafed daughter, ZUURAH (w,) Sui7rAn, and on his death, (wr) Venus, 448 ACCOUNT OF his remains weré depofited here. It has unfortunately fultained fome- injury from the fhot of that extraordinary gun © the Méalices- maiden”, - which were direéted again{t the tents of Aurenczén, who fini’ eu ‘camped, a liile beyond the tomb, Among the numerous edifices tm the old city area good caravanfara confiructed by Musrars Kuan, and a {till more lofty one of two ftones, of which only ene face re- mains, built by a Sdhiéer or Banker, both fituated in Shahpura. In. thefe times Sdikars, living under native governments, do not per-. petuate their memory by: public works of this kind, but. live in fmalk houfes, and move about in mean equipages, ‘and in fhort doc every thing to conceal the real amount of their wealth, which, if cifpl ayed,, might poffibly become the prey of their rapacious. governors. Near thefe caravanfaras is the dargah (x) of 4Aminn-dineteala, fitnated on: a ring ground, and one of the neateft places. of this defcription J. have ever feen. This man came from Buthéra. to the court of Sun 1 An Mun’ammep, and died in the reign Of SECANDER in 1086. Hij- ti, {culptured above the door of e dargah. Moor makes ra- “ther a ridicnious miilake about the meaning of the word, Khau= jah, which is apphed very commonly to thefe holy perfonages, and fignifies ford or mafter, I was very. politely received here by the Sajjadah Nefhin, or fuperior of the. dargah, Saryin-Muiam- mrp Husaini, a lineal defcendant of the Kuavjaus, whofe. appear . ance is more worldly than devout. The ftriking contraft between the honors paid to the memory of thefe devotees, and the neglect fhewn to that of kings, is obfervable throughout India. The prin Cen pal edifice in Afzalpira, is the handfome tomb of Arzan- Kuan | Suirazi, oné of the principal nobles i in the court of ALi. Aavu-Sudn, and a difciple of Cuinei Sian’s, whole dargah i isnear his pupil’s tomb, . Cuinei Suan was a follower of the celebrated SHAH-MapAr, the foun- der of a fe@of fakirs. Allthofe who fog about tigers, bears, and mons, () Name applied to the tomba of Saints and Ref alos personages, an, at “ies are of this fet, the Fallawers of which are perhapsthemoft diffolute sand vagabond of all MuKammedans. Sada Mapp is buried at Makanpu’, anda holt of pilgrims annually refort to his tomb from all parts ‘of Hindooftan. The Makanpir-ca-Mdlé as it is called, is perhaps ‘the mof numerous and moft celebrated of all DHBHEREEES Or rae fairs, bia Hindooftan. Att the tombe and mofques ‘which have been defcribed, were fumptuous! y ‘endowed in ‘the time of the kings of Byapér. Thefe endowments were, however, very much curtailed by Aurzenczes, who fettled the following maintenance for the fupport of their efablifhments, | For the roysi-tombs, a daily allowance of * rupees to the atten- ‘dants, and 2 rupees for the expence ef lamps, perfumes and flow- ‘Tae Yamt Masjid, 2 rupees f per diem. Yue ancient Jidgak 1 rupee per oe m, te the Muwazzzn or public acrier, at the Dads, } Tue Bdgah outfide of the Fort, built by the emperor, halt a rupee per diem. — Tau Aferi-Shargf & of a rupee per diem, befides: 2 Tupecs to the Mutawalli or principal attendant. atin aha 4 Tae Dargah of Amin o-din-1-Ala 2,200 rupees from the annual collec- tions in the City, and fome villages in the difiritt, producing a revenue of 15,000 Rupees.. There area number of inferior places, which have {mall endowments, All the edifices which have been defcribed, have not a particle of wood in them, but are built entirely of granite, finely polifhed, and fo neatly put together, that it is {carce pere gant Bi oO ACCOURT OF ceptible where the fiones join. “Every houfe in the Fort and: City: is. built of ftone,. Phe ftyle’ of arehiteQure here. is. much {uperior ‘to any fpecimen, that I have feea in India, The:domes, arches and. minarets, and’ thé ornamental work, are atl executed in the bek tafte, and: reaily prefent- fine fpecimens-of the art.. The gilding and- enamel is very. much in the Perfian ftyle;, and. there are fome builde. ings, which appear to bé conftructed after the Turkifh fafhion. le will be: recolleted, that the fovercians of this court were of. Turk. wh defcent, and that the greateft. part of. the nobility were, Turks, peeueieid Tartars, There: were, allo _many- foreign artilts in the: fervice- of the Court, who. no. doubt: intreduced..the. Ryle of build- ing and decoration Been in their own countries. FRRISHTA relates, that the firft Suntén-Y bsus-AApin- Suda. invited many eiminent arti(ts ‘from. Perjias Tariary, and. Turkey, to. his court, and made them. *‘eafy under the fhade of his. bounty; and that his {ucceflor Ism ARL, ¢.was himfelf a complete artift in painting and varnifhing.” ‘Thefe two. SutrAns, with the gd. Ing4uim, were buried. at Gooké, about 6 Cols. rom, Shalapare.. Lregret. that Iam unable: ta render the preceding defcription more- interefling by defigns of the principal. buildings, and by copies of: infcriptions, which, on many: accoun(s are veluable.. The object of. this imperfeG account, ig to attraét. the traveller and: the artift to this. noble City, before the rapid | poe of dilapidation fhall have lefe only the veftiges of Jivs ancient grandeur. ‘The one will hese find a wide field for cee dee and reflection, and the other will have’ full feope,to the employment of his pencil ; ; and’ fhould the public hereafter - ‘be favored with a more accurate defeript: 6a of Bigapir, andowith re- prefentations of it’s moft elegant fiructures, | fhalt be happy in having contributed by this humble effort to refeue from oblivion, the fil fplendid remains of ene of . the mol, magnificent, Cities of Indias. - oCB IGA BOR: : 3 ASA athly. Fox an-aecount of the-origin and*progre{s of the fovereignty of Byapir, Berisata may be confulted. with great advantage.—Vhat. interefting: wsiter brings his Hiftory of this dynafty down to the eudof the reign. (y) of IprAnim >KAnis Saku, 2d (2) OF the furbfe- quent reigns, ‘embracing a periodsof fixty years, untal. she conqueit- ef Buapar, by.the Imperial arms, we have nofatisfactory.account;- for the ‘méagre epitome in: the Looboo-Towareckh; (a) {earcely,excites curio hiy. A Hiftory of thé reign of SourAn. Mun ammep, written after the plen of Ferisat a’s'work, would be interefting, as the latter part of it would exhibit the caufes of the decline ofthis monarchy, whieh, how ever, prefervedits fplendor during the-greateft part of, that: Prince's government._-At Byabir, -you: hear morevef «Suntén-1-Munmoon, than all his predeceffors:; and’ though-the predvection for his -nanre may, in: fome degree; arife from his: being the laf ‘independent. {a- vereign and the beft knownef the AApiu,SuAus,- {till all comeur-in -giving him a mo{l-amiable charatter, and in extolling his jufice, and his munificenee... The. fugceflors of the Imperial.armies, and. the-ex- tenfien of thein-conqueftsansthe Degkanj gave a vital. blow to the tm- tereft of it’s feveral independent: fovereignties! Mun amuen AApit SHéu, about-the. yeat 1650 A. De was compelled:to become tribuiary “to the emperor SHA. Jeran,. and at the clofe of. his reign, the autho- rity of Mun'ammep. was ftill further. weakened ‘by. the fuccelstul rebellion. of. Serer In-the reign of his. fucceffor, the foundetions of the mhonarchy »were completely fubvericd, and Sevaji, -after having. treacheroull. alfalhinated the general of. Avi Adpit-SHAx, and twice defeated his tL OODS, ufurped the greateil part of his domi- nrons,. Axi, Atpin. Sn Au diedpin 1672 A, D. leaving, a nominal king= dom to -his infant-fon Sxcanper,;-and in 1635, Biyapir, with “ies few natin pt (vy) ‘A. D. 1626. (v) This Ponce reigned 47 5 enzac* (a) The Essence of. Historieg, Anh z 452 ome ACCOUNT OF ~ remaining deper ndenos ‘was reduced to oo imperi-. voke by Adnupe a GER. : Tus 2d. volume of Scott's Hiftory of Dekban,-from pm. gs : 53, and from p. 69 to. 73, contains a-detailed ants of «he reign. of “Secanper Adpm Spéu, of the. Operations. ‘of the “imperial troops -againft the kingdom of .Byapur before the arrival@{ the emperor in the Dekizan, and of the fiege and conquek of Byapir by Avuunezts. ~But the date of the conqueft, as reprefented in that account of lis operations an. the Dezkan, ‘ic incorrect; for, by the infeription on that -immenfe gun, the 6 Mélic-i:Marddn,’ the true date is alcerisined -to be 1097 A. Hs or. 1635 A.D. which is alfo given inthe Lochs Towareekh, asthe year in which Bijapur furréndered to tthe Imperial -army. All the Perfian hiftories, which I have confulted:on this fu bject, are filent. re{pecting the fate ef Secanpzr; but, from the.verbal accounts of the belt informed perfons at Biya pee it appears that he was put te death by AAtumeia, a few months after he furrendered chimfelf to that empcror. When he firft waited upon him, he carried upon his head'‘the Afiérni- Sharif, but thefe bely rélics did net fave him from deftru@ion. Avrenezés, having diiceveréd, or having | pretended to difcover, that his royal captive was engaged ‘in a ‘conf{pi- Jacy with Stvajsi, put anend to his exiftence by haviag ‘poifon — -miniftered to him ina melon, eras fome fay, by-having him crufhed to death between two boards, I heard at Bijafér,an anecdote of a converfation which pafled between Aurenczis, and his daughter, the Becum, whole. fepulchre has been defcribed, which is perhaps worth —_ velapre. On the fall of* the place, the. emperor was ‘boafting to her of the fucvels with which Ptovidence had crowned his arms in every quarter, and of his having by the extin@ion of this fovereignty ac- complifhed every object of his ambition, and faubdued and. dethroned —_— Ce BIJAPUR, Bid ADS every powerful king in Amdoofian, and the Drkkan. The Beeum Odlervcu, “ your majelly, itis true, is the conqueror of the world, (4) “but you ha,e departed from the wife ‘policy of your illuftrious Se ie who, when they fubdued kingdoms, . made the pofleffors * of them: their fubjécts and tributaries, and thus became kines of “kings; (¢) while you are now only a fimple king, without royal fub- * jefls to payyou homage, and to give youa claim: to that envia title.” Aurenczés was forcibly {truck with the juftice of this ‘remark, which occafioned him fo much iioetncti'e that he could not refrain from. expreffing his difpleafure at the délivery of fentiments fo hurtful to his vanity. When Aurenezés- took’ Bijapur; he gave f it the name of “ Dareoo Zuffur. (da) Tur Emperor's fon, Mun ammep Kam Buxusu; was appointed (a the government of Byapir, 1707 A. D. In this eventful year, AURENG- zep.died, and his fons contended forthe empire. KAm Euxkusy on his. arrival at Byapur, aflumed. the imperial titles, proclaimed the | Khooiba, and ftruck .coins- in his. own name. Fortune, however, favored. the arms of SuAu-ALumM, who having vanquiihed all the competitors for Bijapér, remained under the imperial authority until the year 1724 A. D. the epoch of the eftablifhment of NizAm- - Oot-Moorx’s independence inthe Dekgan. Vt was held by his-fuc- ceflors till 1760, when Nizam-Ures-Kuan, Yhaving been completely defeated by the PesHwa Barajee-Bajze-Rao, purchafed a peace by ceding to the Maruartas the Soobah of Bijapir, with other forts and diftriats, yielding an annual revenue Of 60,00,000 rupees. Front that. period, the MarHarras have retained poffeffion ofthis Fort, and _it’s dependencies, oh) Sl eee (4.) Adsuncin, the okms'by which Aunenends is gengsally called in India. (cy) Shahun Sha!. (d) The Place of ¥ Victory, = W. 45h (. ACCOUNT OFR, a = An ig. dificult now to afcertain the amount oF revenue produced in the dominions of the independent fovereigns of Buapur. The grofs revenue of their territories, according to the Jonna Bundce (e) eftablifhed by AURENGZE', was 7,88 80,000 rupee. The military CRS 2 F p rE > Or Kham force maintained by SuttAn Muy amMMep, amounicd ta 1,860,000 horfe; and in the time of his fucceflor Ari-AApit-SHin 26, to 80.000, ‘Besjapur as it was, and BYyapér as. it is, are two very different places, “The City 1s a mafs of ruins, as well as the infide of the Fort, which atfelf is fo injured, that in one or two places in. it’s eaftern face, you can afcend from the ditch to the rampart. In fhort, nothing now ‘remains but the durable monuments of it’s ancient grandeur, What is now Called the Soobah of Biapir, is only one of it’s former fircars or.diftni€s, which produced in the time of AALumMGiR 24,00,000 ru- pees, derived from the Auweéls, (f) or capital, and 29 fergunnahs de- pendent on if. But this diftri& has been difmembered under the Maruarra government, and it’s dependent pergunnahs now compofe Several diftin® Jagirs. One of thefe is the City and its dependent villages (huwe) of Bijapur, conta aining- 32 villages under the City, held in Jugir by Goxta, one of the principal military chieftains under the Pssuwa’ss government. The huwé/: with it’s dependen- cies, produced, in the time of AAcumetia, upwards of 5, 00,000 rupees ; and under the Maruarras, about twenty years aga, one lie. It's pres fent ‘r revenue, I underftand, is between 30 and 40,Coo rupees, about a fourth of whichis Jaer (g), and the reft mé/, or territorial produce ; and this diminution in the revenue is the confequence of a bad admi> “nultration of the country, the greatelt | part of which is now defolate. (ec) Rental. (f) City and its dependent Villages. (g) Imposts. | BIJAPUR. 455 The fort has now only so Siéundies (A) for its garrifon, and the Aumal (3) mainfains 2 hundred, About 3,500 rupees are diftributed from the revenues of the Jif-/), among, the Muhammedan attendants, at the ‘diftevent tombs and mo!aues, which have been defcribed, and will be comfiderec. rather a liberal allowance from a Hindoo government, for maintenance of religious clafs of people of a different perfuafion. ituated “in N. lat. 17°.¢. and E, long. 75°.42. The couniiy is open in its *mmediate neighbourhood, and the climate is J L faid to be falubrious. (4) Irregular matchlockmen. (4) Collector. — & se XIV. Essay on the Binomial Theore: as AnOWN tothe Arabs. By J. TYTLER, Bsa. Communicated by R. Tyrer, M. D. For. long time it was imagined that the difcovery of the law-which determines the coefficients of the terms of the powers of a Binomial Root, commonly called the Binomial Theorem, was entirely owing to Sir Isaac Newron, My prefent diftance from books and other sources of information compels me, in proof of this, to refer to fo common a work, as Joun Warp’s Popular Introdu@tion to Mathematics, He explains the Theorem, in part II. chap. 2 § 5, and concludes with thefe words: ** Now from thefe confiderations it was, that I propofed this _ method of raifing powers in my Compendium of Algebra, page 51, as wholly new (viz. fo much of itas was there ufeful), having then (I profefs) neither feen the way of doing it, nor fo much as heard of its being? done, But, fince the writing of that tract, I find in Dr, Wauuis’s BINOMIAL THEOREM. Aba lifiory of Algebra, sage 319 and 931, that the learned Sir Isaac had difcovered it long before: which the doctor fets down Let m be the exponent of the power; Gm Oma m2 m3 m4 ig meehs ix. Ma Xe XX will be the feries of the Unciag required; but he doth not tell us how they Grli came to be ‘ound out, nor have [ met with the leaft hint of it in any author.” Tuomas Simson, alfo, in the 6th seCtion of his Algebra, attributes it without any hefitation to Sir Isaac New Ton. At latt, the late Dr. Hutton, in the 77th page of the Introdu@ion to his excellent Mathema- | tical Tables, edition 1Vth, fhowed that this Theorem, as far A relates to integers, was known before the time of Sir Isaac, and that his merit con- ‘fifted in the extenfion of it to frafions. The paflage is not very long, and will fave the trouble of a reference, and bring the whole fubjeé at once before the reader; I {hall therefore tran{cribe it. « For affigning the coefficients of the terms in the multiple expreffions, our author (Briccs) here delivers the conftru€tion of figurate or poly- gonal numbers, inserts a large table of them, and teaches their several ufes; one of which is, that every other number, taken in the diagonal lines, furnishes the coefficients of the terms of the general equation by which the fines and chords of multiple arcs are expreffed, which he aiu- ply illuftrates; and another, that the fame diagonal numbers conftitute the aX 458 | ESSAY ON THE coefficients of the terms of any power of a Binom ©; » prop also mentioned by VieTA, in his Angulares Se&i be before him, pretty fully treated of by STIFEL 3 Integra, fol. 44 and seq.; where he inferts and mak<: “o¢ £5 uic o. Lach “a table of figurate numbers, in extracting the roots of all powers whatever. But it was perhaps known much earlier, + 0) treatife on figurate numbers by Nrcomacuus, (fe i a.coum’s Vilory, p. XVIII) Though indeed, Carnan feems to @cr) to StiFetius. See his Opus Novum de Propo:-.cn.vus Numerorum, where he quotes it, and extra@ts the table and its ufe from Stirex’s book. Garoan. In p. 135; &c. of the fame wor k, makes ufe of a hke table to find the number of variations or conjugations, as he calls them. Srevi- NUS, too, makes ufe of the fame coefficient and method of roots as StiFe- LIus, (See his Arith. p. 25.) And even Lucas pe Burco extratts the cube root by the fame coefficients, about the year 1470. But he does not go to any higher roots. And this is the firft mention I have feen of this Jaw of the coefficients of the powers of a Binomial, common'y called Sir J. Newron’s Binomial Theorem; although it is very evi on that Sir Isaac was not the first inventor of it, The part of it propes'y belonging to him, feems to be, only the extending it to fractional indi<<:, which was indeed an immediate effect of the general method of deo. ting all roots like powers with fra€tional exponents, the Theorem be < notatallaltered. However, it appears, that our author Brices was he frst who taught the rule for generating the coefficients of ‘ic ,fucceffively one from another, of any powers of a Binom: tuucpendent of thofe of any other power, For having fhewn, in ‘i: - BINOMIAL THEOREM. 469 Abactis Meyyione (which he fo calls on account of its frequent and excel- tent ef> and of which a {mall fpecimen is here annexed,) that-the num- hers ia the diagona) directions, afcending from right to left, Asacus IIATXPHSTOS. oH. les. F E D Cc B A. y =(8) | —(7) +(6) | +(5) | —(4) | —(3) | + 2) (1) ¢ a 7 6 | 5 4 3 2 28 21 15 10 6 3 84 56 35 1 | 10 4 126 70 35 “15 5 126 56 91 6° 84 28 7 i] 36 8 9 are the coefficients of the powers of Binomials, the indices being the figures in the firft perpendicular column A, which are alfo the coefficients of the 2d terms of each power, (those of the firft terms being 1, are here omitted); and that any one of thefe diagonal numbers is in proportion to the next higher in the diagonal, as the vertical of the former is to the marginal of the latter; that is, as the uppermost number in the column of the former is to the first or right hand number in the line of the latter. Having fhewn thefe things, I fay, he thereby teaches the genera- tion of the coefficients of any power, independently of all other powers, by the very fame law or rule which we now ufe in the Binomial Theo- rem, Thus, for the gth power; g being the coefficient of the ed term, and 1 always that of the 1ft, to find the 3d coefficient, we have 2: 8:: g: 36; for the 4th term, 3:7:: 36:84; for the 5th term, 16 = Sa: 126; and fo on for the reft. That is to fay, the coefficients in the terms In any power m, are inverfely as the vertical numbers or firft line 1, 2, 460 ESSAY ON THE 9, 4yceceoM, and directly as the afcending nuinbers 27, 1-1, m—2 M—3, vee 1, in the firft column A; and that con’cquent' thofe coefficients are found by the continual multiplic atioa of thele fraGions m, Boh me +++ 2) which is the very Theorem as it Staras at this day, and as applied by NEwTow to roots «© ‘ractional exponents, as it had before been ufed for integral powers. This Pheorem | being thus plainly taught by BricGs about the year 16s0, + 1s urprifine howaman of such general reading as Dr. WALLIs wos, Could poi > y be ignorant of it, as he plainly appears to be by the “5. <>, gebra, where he fully afcribes the invention to Newron, and @dds, that he himfelf had formerly fought for fuch a rule but without fuccefs; or how Mr. Joun Bernourtut, not half a century fince, could himfelf firft difpute the invention with Newron, and then give the discovery of it to M. Pascat, who was not born till long after it had been taught by Brices, ‘See BERNOUILLI's works, vol. 4. fa. 173. But I do not wone der that Briccs’s remark was unknown to N EWTON, who owed almoft every thing to genius and deep meditation, but very little to reading: and I have no doubt that he made the difcovery himfelf, without any light from Briccs, and that he thought it was new for all powers in generals, as it was indeed for roots and quantities with fractional and > irrational exponents.” Tuus far Dr. Hutton. Mr. Revsen Burrows in the Id volume of the Asiatic Refearches, Appendix No. V. fufpeéts that this rule was known to the Hindus. Iam now about to fhow, that it was alfo known to the Arabians, It is to be found in two of their Arithmetical books BINOMIAL THEOREM. 461 ig! the Mifteh-ul-Hifad, or key of ‘Arithmetic, compofed by. Jumsuip gri-vic’AQUD in the reign of ULucu Bee, grandfon of Timur, and yi. the Ayoun-ul- Hijab, or voles of Arithmetic, compofed by MuzAmMeD Bagir in the reign of SHAu AsBzas I, about the year 1600, Neither of - thefe works is very generally to be mét with, at leaft in that part of India where I am ftationed, and I have not as yet been able to procure more than an’ extraét of each. The author of the Muifich ul. Hifab declares (I am told) that his rule is not invented by himfelf, but taken from authors more ancient ftill. His rule is much more complicated than that in the Ayoun-ul-Hifab, and prefuppofes an acquaintance with former parts of che work, which are not in my poffeffion, I do not therefore tranfcribe that, but proceed to give the rule as it flands in the Ayoun-ul-Hifab, premifing that the coefficients of the terms are called the J ;lse Je! of the power, which Ihave tranflated Radices Locorum; _and the firft power of a number, that is, the number itfelf confidered as a root, is called the ,ls or J,)-ls which I have, in like manner, tranflated Latus or Latus Primum. Gaby tele deylall olelialy IgV glad ely alae! cop glee IS ie Neal al plat jheaw ob AAT yo Udy gh Vahl! (de Bilal! cobball, pball ole! wats .,! Wale] 3 wt) Ce yc Vom), adhe okas e rae \jb Arncd 9 eich! es i) pe PRY asl , een te nc 9 Crd) die cist ra J Mtl lj \y Jucld | El 5 eae.) Vag] wd! e\js eo y lags BR) \e ee) AMG abe (RT od a elp lr dele! pad y UnSaly sg) JUN EY psy bord Gill Eb Whang JUN She eYy Sela! euch y Gust! eel ly acy Lod sl gry Cryel y ase cnbeey)! seag) MN cot ye cnbliie ona IS AY oh Ul Vy yds ol J! Vakrg JW 615 \y y ehead | all brow si Le las Salad bey ee Sel pb ¥,1 ee ade yb vals 3 Y spa ESSAY ON THE CAN ghd Gast Ga OS ee Ape Spel ote’ wl iat Mes pds ol die eacaRS 9 A> ¥} Sable 5 JU! Ej Jwld | 14 Vou): ir mehetae ty NAT ps Vise 1 3 ANjle FE gay olal Genny aI 2156 punyle 2d ob QBN dl blip yer eomry g tema! £1 jly be mary oS KSLA! demall Wy por 9 i aia teats al ae ob Ass US) dpsed!) Ua pig dary) dare Wraith snes y JU le lj 1d yay Jo le Gaadt of plein le etjy VIP gay folal Uinwyy Sle slo #1j¥ le pee QTE yoy hold inwy g Coal d Sle Hh jb be Cute cd Gil! dead) Uy yoy Baad 4 83 yyo Bb y WII Cat Can en pee Sige! Lege Ml alas We dys Gal ead 2 1 ap \a-0 Js! al&s\ 9 ghlve pide di) lee olalceye ls 0 (oT ik we salbod blgagln ee meq iene doen awn | fois prior a nko nc ansine bolo ie jg UAE a) as Hehe se oe ae nae ei Try os oe ema a Gee oe ee Fe ag weed aa (J le ae ri. hues ee) teres cond Les isin acm eee Aes WC, | IT Le eum e aaee EAS OCC ed il BINOMIAL THEOREM. 463 cB noni! yoSS the phe gil y Asami enmbial! yi dae gash glue bse Myo eelall 14d dl eS SJ be She Bled IS J Ye onder Siny yo WM ed Geet Wend Sle lye AE yh 1 Vi aad) Cal Flalng Si Dial ea ly aes cates; UM Mee peng Cnty Glory oI Cow Lid le cd apie IF Sle Jl Whe cnenty WPas | eet Corn) Me oy hey dary ly di Lora y yo 3!) Lewd Sle Slog lope JS nS BAS Culsil lda dey SS) eed Kad 3 ** Obferve that the Radices Locorum of each power are numbers which are placed oppofite the Latus Primum, and the preceding powers (i. e. the powers whofe Indices are lefs than that of the power “whofe Radices Locorum or coefficients are required), and the method of difcovering them is-as follows :—Let the names of the Latus, and of the power preceding or lower than the given one, be written in a row ef length (i. e. ina row from the top to the bottom of the page), and take the number of the index of this given power, and place it oppo- fite to the name of the Latus, then fubtract from it, and multiply 4 of the remainder into the number which is placed oppofite the Latus, or the contrary, (i. ¢. or multiply the remainder into half of that which is placed oppofite the Latus), and place the product oppofite the name of the f{quare, then fubtract 2 from it (viz. from the index of the given power), and multiply 4 of the remainder into that which is placed oppofite the fquare or the contrary, and place the product oppofite the cube, then fubtract 3 from it, and multiply 4 of the remain- der into that which is placed oppofite the cube or the contrary, and place the product oppofite the biquadrate, and fo on to the end, and a | ESSAY ON THE then by a neceflary confequence the fame number will be found in every place, which 1s equally diftant from the middle or the twa mide < ones; therefore, if you chufe it, write the firft. found figure, alfo i» the laft place, (i. e. in the prefent inftance) that which is written op- pofite the Latus and fquare may be written oppofite the biquadrs and cube, and fo on till it be completed. For example, let it bx required to find the Radices Locorum of the cubris cubi cubi cub Let us: write from the Latus to the quadratics cubi cubi cub? «: was directed, and let us write 19 which is the index, of the giv power oppofite the Latus and the laft place, and fubtra& 1 from and let us multiply it to the £ of 12, and write 66 the product opp>- ; fite the fquare and the penultimate place, then fubtra& 2 from it, aic multiply 10, which is the remainder, into } of what was written oppofite the {quare, and write the produ&, which is 220, oppofite th: cube and that place which agrees with it (i. e. which js equal’) diftant from the middle on the other fide), then fubtra& g from it, an® multiply 9 the remainder into I of that which is oppofite the cul~. and write the produé&t, which is 495, oppofite the biquadrate and tl which agrees with it, then fubtra& 4 from it, and multiply 8, t remainder, into = of that which is oppofite the biquadrate, and wr the produ&, which is 792, oppofite the quadratics cubi and that whi agrees with it, then fubtrat 5 from it, and multiply 7 the remaind:- into 16th of that which is oppofite the quadratics cubi, and write t product, which is 924, oppofite the cubris cubi, and then thefe nun. BINOMIAL THEOREM. 465 & bers, {o written, are the Radices Locorum of the cubris cubi cubi cubi, of which this is the table. a | Numbers Names of the Powers preceding the given Power. oar AA tUSUey eye scistte ne lonais/as cua eldieeege ese, acel’s 12 ! CLERC) AA tet UE esas a ee 66 Wube rey faeverisie eleieredelerers. siaieisuvielesicvels’« 220 BStGUACTALe Wale\e) Ole elle siiniels sleet 6 oc 495 Quadraticswcubin en ere sess se es ee 799 Cubriskcubiwe ee iic coc cesses lc Mon 924 | = Quadratics quadrati cubi ... bigodhy by 792 Quadratics cubi cubi .>..... Eee rs 495. Cubris ea ee ee nae a 220 Quadratics cubi cubi cubi Hence then this power of every number is equal to the fum of the powers of its two parts, and 12 times each of thefe two parts multiplied into the quadratics cubi cubi cubi of the other; and. 66 times the {quare of each of them iato the quadratics quadrati cubi cubi of the other; and 220 times the cubi of each of them into the cubris, cubi cubi of the other; and 495 times the biquadrate of each of _them into the quadratics cubi cubi of the other; and 792 times the quadratics cubi of each of them into the quadratics quadrati cubi of the other; and g24 times the cubris cubi of one of them into the cubris cubi of the other, and fo of other cafes,” 466 ESSAY, &c. “ From this very clear rule it plainly appears, that whatever may hay= been the cafe in Europe, yet long before the time of Bricecs the Are. dians were acquainted with “ the rule for generating the coefficients of the terms fucceflively one from another, of any power of a Binom >) p] independently of thofe of any other power;” and thus proof added to the many others, that Mufulmans, before the flimulus 0! Muhammed’s newly imbibed doétrines had ceafed and their narcot. effects began to appear, were much fuperior in {cience to contempc rary Chriftians, Ir is but juftice that I fhould add, that my firft knowledge of th: rule was obtained from the Khazanut-ul.Ilm, which is a complet fyftem of Arithmetic, Algebra, and Geometry, as far as known to the Arabians and Hindus, compofed in the prefent day by Kuaw Jez, « moft intelligent inhabitant of Paina. On my requefting to know from what original authors the rule was taken, this gentleman was kinc enough to favour me with the above extra. No more I think is required to demontftrate, that his own work highly deferves tranflatior and publication, rs 4h Y | MEMBERS OF THE _ASIATICK SOCIETY, 1820, 1B AVECRSO. NS: Tar Most Noise Francis, MARQUIS or HASTINGS, K: G. Gow -VERNOR GENERAL, ec. &e. Ge. Honstez, J. STUART, Exo. A Honste. J. ADAM, Eso. a. of the Supreme Honste. J. FENDAL, Esa. | me PRESIDENT, Tre Mosr Nosie MAROUIS or HASTINGS, &e. &c. 2, ilt. VICE-PRESIDENT, Tas ani nee Rev, T. F. MIDDLETON, D. D, E.R. S. Lorp Bispop oF Caucutrae 2d. Ditto, Sa E, HYDE Ast, oe Te gd. Ditto, Mayor Generaz TV. HARDWICK, £ R. & L. S&S. 4th. Ditto, W. B. BAYLEY, Eva. COMMITTEE OF PAPERS. Inccuoiwe tur PRESIDENT, tug VICE PRESIDENTS, & SECRETARY. JAMES ATKINSON, Eso. HOLT MACKENZIE, Esq, J. BENTLEY, Eso. Reverenn JOSEPH PARSON, Reverenp Dr. W. CAREY. | GEORGE SWINTON, Erq. J. G. GORDON, Esa. | Docror N.. WALLICK, Cor, COLIN MACKENZIE, € 68). APPENDIX. SECRETARY, H. u, _ WILSON, Esa. (abfent e OFFG. SECRETARY, Carrain A. LOCKETT, ; SUPERINTENDENT of the MUSEUM, Docror N. WAMLICH.. Kezsper of Ditto, C; HUTCHINS, TREASURERS, Mzssrs. PALMER ann CO, AGENT in Europe, H. T. COLEBROOKE, Eia, 8OOK-SELLER in Europe, J. MURRAY, Albemarle Streets: MEMBERS. , Dre Jo Adam? : | William Boag. Rey. J. Anderfon.. R.H. Boddams.. : DD. Ainflie. | C. K.. Bruce. M. 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Taylor, ye Captain R. Taylor. ~ John Lloyd Williams. Dofor. J. Taylor. | P. M. Wynch. Rt. Hon. Lord. Teignmouth? | : H.-H, Wilfon. | Rev. William T te ev. William Tenan ory W.H. Trant. : 5) Montague Hen. Turnbull. ames young. : Rev. J. Young, L. L, D. John Thompfon;: - HONORARY MEMBERS: Rev. Dr. John. M. Langles. Rev. Thomas Maurice? M’ Carpentier De Coffigny. Baron Denon. M. Baron DeSacy. Baron Debaflayn de Richmont: Sir William Oufeley. Lieut, Col. Fi:zclarence. Karl of Mountnorris, Joieph Van Hammer. | IM. Volney. See eee Re APPENDIX. aa 06 COE |e oes RULES OF THE ASLATICK SOCIETY. Tye following i is an abftract of the Rules of this i Inftitu- ‘tion, which are now in force, including thofe printed in the Appendix to the fixth and fubfequent Volumes of the Society’s TranfaGions: _ Original” Rules, adopted ee the Founder’s dco, 15th. February 1784. 1. Tar the.inftitution be denominated the Afiatich Socieiy: that the bounds of its inveflizations de th 2 geozraphical limits of dfa; and that within thefe limits. its enquiries be exiended to whatever is per= formed by than er preducee Dy nature, - “e. THar weekly meetings be held for the purpofe of hearing origi. nil papers read, on fach fubjedts as on within the-circle of the Socies ty’ sen -quirics. 3. Tsar all curious and learned men be invited to fend their traas to the Secretary ; for which they fhall immediately receive the thanks - of the Society. ii ee APPENDIX] 4: ~Tuar thé Soticty’s refearches bépeblifhet anmaallys ita tadhe ency of valuable materials be received. 5. Twat mere tranflations of confideradle lenzin be not. admitted. except of fuch unpublifhed’effays ovtreatifes as wivy be tran{mitted to - the Society, by native authors.. : 6... THAT all queflions be decided ona ballot, by a majority of twos. thirds, and that nine Menibers -be required to conltitate a-Board.for fuch decifions.._ gy. Tar no new, Member.be admitted who has not exprefféd'a . voluntary defire to became {os and in that cafe, that no other quali- fication be required, than a love of knowledge, and a-zeal for the pro-- Motion Of at. - Subjequent refolutions of, the Society, which are in forces 8. THar the future meetings of the Society be. held on the firtt ednefday of each alternate month; viz. in the months of February, April, Fune, Auguft, October, and December, at. nine o'clock. in the, evening, 9. Tuat. if any bufGnels. Showa. eecur, to. require: intermediat= meetings, they may be convened by the Prefident; whe,may allo, when neceflary, appoint any other day of the week, inftead of Wednefduy, for the ftated mectings ef dhe Saciety«: 10. Tuar as it may not always be convenient for)the Prefident, RU LES © Of “THE SOCIETY. ik a a . ste - ° oe 9 . TD on beeen eiag onestinie 8 the Society, a.cextain number af, Vice Rr fracas be cleciec | aanually; ay. Tat it rare the Prefident and the Vice Prefidents fhould be abient xt any. mecting, a quarter of an hour -after.the fixed time, «the Senier: Member Sent Chall take.the chair for the evening... bs age Tuan.every*Member of the Sbciely’ have’ the’privilege of in troducing, as a vilitor, any) gentleman who is not ufually refident in Calcutta... 13. TuHar with a,view to provide funds for the neceflary expences of ihe Society, an admiffion fee be eftablithed, to confit of two gold mohurs, payable by every Member on» his election ;: and that ‘each Member. of the Society, refident in India, (honorary Members» excepted,) do:alfo contribute a gold mohur :quarterly, in the firft: week of Yanuary, April: .fuly,..and Ogfober.. Any: Member neg- lecting to pay his fub{cription, for half a year after it becomes due,.; to, be confidered as no longer a Member of the Society. pain ene i 14. Tuat_a Treafurer be appointed.. | *- 15~ Twat in addition tothe Secretary, an Affifiant: ee and . a Librarian, be alfo appointed, - 6..Tuat-a Committee of Papers be appointed, toconfift of the’ Prefident, Vice. Prefidents;,Seeretary,: and nine other Members, to be elegted annually ; and that any number not lefs than five,. be. com-- petent to form a Commiitice. ee * 7 s ; : Be 2 es 2 a za a = ee oe APPENDIX. a ee a “ay, Tuar this’ Committee fele€: from: the poosi commuticater - 7 (ix “to the Society, fuch: as may appear proper for peblication, and 2 Superintend the printing ef theSociety’s Tranfaélons. ¥ ¢ 18. Tsar the Committee of papers be authoriz “2 to draw wpon the Treafurer for any fumsrequifite to defray the expence of publifhing -the Tranfaétions, and that an order, figned by a majority of the Com- mittee, be a {fufficient warrant to the Treafurer for paying the fame. 19. Vsat the Committee of Papers be authorized to-defray any ‘mall contingent expences on account of the Society, which they may .deem indifpenia Ble... 90, THar the agents of ‘the Society in England be.defired to pur- chafe and forward for the Society’s Library, books of {cience and ori- ental literature publifhed in\ Europe, taking care, that thofe purchales at ne time exceed the funds arifing from the fale of the Seciety’s pub= Aications. — Ole ‘Tat the Coremittee. of “Papers. be requefied to-furnifh the Agents in Europe, wih {uch further inftructions as may appear Te- quifite for their guidance im the fele@ion of books proper to be placed in the Library .of ihe Secs 22. THAT ie will be proper to pL abiifin, with each “volume OF ‘the Eefearches, a lift.of fach oriental fubie&is as may be confidered in the light of defideraia, to be prépared by the Committee, from lifts, fub- : rajtted te the ac by the Members or others. 23. Tart aaa teflimonial to the merit of the beft papers, commtm_ — a Fi, RULES OF TH& SOCIETY, ’ nieatec tq the Society, on the fubjeCs propofed as defiderata, the author, when not a Member of the Society, be prefented with the volume of Refearches, wherein fuch paper is contained, accompanied with 2 complimentary letter fromthe Secretary, in the name of the rd 2%. THat every’ fab{cribing Member of the Society’ be, on ap- a) . ; \ . rt piicaon, furnifhed witha copy of the 12th volume, as well as o4 amy future volumes of the Society’s ‘Tranfadtions,-in return for his “contributions, without any: further“payments as. Tuar with a view to the more general circulation of the Afatick Refearches in India, the price of the 12th and future. volumes, ‘0 non-fubfcribers, be fixed ata gold mohur; and that if feveral volumes of different rears be- purchafed together, they be fold at ten rupees ezcho: i WOULS BU Ms 26: On the 2d February 1814, the Society determined “upon forme ing a Mufeum for the reception of all articles that ‘may tend to illuftrate oriental manners, and hiftory ; or to elucidate the particularities of nature Or art in the Ealt.”” The following refolutions were at the fame time pail-d upon the fubjed 27; . Tar this intention be made known to the public, and'that con- tributions be folicited, of the undermentioned nature; rie In{criptions on: {tone or brafs. ~2. Ancient-monuments, Muhammedin or Uindus 3. Figures ofthe Hindu deitics. 4. Ancient coins, vi ‘PPE NDIK, ‘g. Ancient mandferipte, 6. ‘Inftruments of war, peculiar tothe Bat ‘7, Ipframents of mific. ahs bees Bo The Vehels: employed in religious ceremonies, 9. implements of native art and manufadure, &c. &e 10. Animals peculiar to India, dried or preferved wai ccSkele fons-er- “pa rtictiha rbtees Of animals De Owlhal® {Or LWGRZ. 1% Birds specuhasite Juda fiutled, ors preferved: Dned splavits, efeuits;| dc. } 14. Mineral or: vegetable ;prepatations im: Kahern’ pharmeey. 25, Ores of metals. 6. Nativel: alloys of imetele. 27. Minerale: df every dé{ctiption, Sic.. Bee 28. Tar the names Of perfons contributing to the Mufeum or’ hit- brary of the Society, be hereafter publifhed at the end of each volume of the Afiatich Refearches. Daa tas - 29e~ Tuat. the hall. on. the_ground floor of -the Bacar ty. houfe,. be fitted. Up, for the reception of the articles that may be procured 5 the. plan and expences of fo doing, ta be regulated by the Committee of Papers and Secretary, and the -perfon under whele.. Superinrendence the Mufeum may be placed. qo. Taw the expence .which may “be incurred-in, preparing hig materials, furnifhed in a flate unfit for prefervation, ‘be defrayed b¥ the Society, within a certain and fixed extent. 31. Tuar the thanks of the Society’ be given to Déttor Warricn for the ‘tender of his fervices; aiid that “he be eppointed Super: vat A 8 tendent of the Orientel Mufeum of the Afiatick Society. -? "RULES OF THE SOCIETY. wi age. (On thessth 4prii 1815, in confequence of Doétor Warzicn’s “being obliged ta refide at-fome diftance’ trom Calcutta, it was refolved, at his fuggeftion, to appoint a joint Superintendent of the Society’s Mufeum, and -Mr.. Wituiatts laoyp Giszons, who is alfo Afiiitant Gseveturt and Librarian to:tlie Suciety, was aceordingly reguefted -to Fount Superintendent with DoMtor WakLica. gg, On the nth “pure 1815, the Superintendents of the Mufeum were reguched ‘to retum the thaaksof the Sactety to the perfon from whom any donation to the Mufeum has been ‘received, and to make fimilar acknowledgments for any ‘conterbuion ‘which ‘may be hereafter made to the Mufeam,” : BIBLIOTHECA ASIATICA, (ue following refolutfons were pafied, on the récorm- mendation of the Committee of Papers, under date the 2d July 1806. But materials have not yet been received for publifhing a volume of the work therein, propofed. 34. Tut the Society publifh, from time to time, as their funds will admit of it, in volumes diftin® from the dfatick Refearchés, tranflations of fhort works im the Sanfcrit and other A/falick languages, or extra&s and defcriptive accounts ef books of greater length in thofe languages, which may be offered to the Society, and appear de- ferving of publication. | 35 Tar as this publication may be expected gradually to extend to all dfatick books, of which copies may be depofited in the Library of the Society, and even to all works extant in the learned languages of 4fa, the feries ‘of the volumes be enticed Bibliotheca Aint ora defcrip.. wis tive catalogue of. dfaticé: books, with extraéts and tranflati- is 36. Tat the Committes-of Papers, adopt fuch means as may ap... af pear, proper, for. making the infeations of the Society in this. y2ipec* generally known, Phyfical ‘and Literary Committees.» 37+ Ar the fugzeftion of one of the Members of the-Saciety, it was~. refolved, on the 7th September 1808.; Firfi.. That-a Committee be formed to propofe fuch plans and carry on fuch correfpondence as. may) feem bef fuited to promote the. knowledge of, natural hittory; philofophy, medicine, improvements of the.arts, and whatever is com- prehended in the general term of phyfics3. to-confilt of APPENDINIA xv LIST of DONATIONS, ‘ro rar LIBRARY, &e. DONO es 9, , r Ps 4 fe) ae he P \ =a 7 seeks ae wi 2 ee RT a me (DONATIONS. , The Roy at Society oF Co- MeaniaGione- dE the aug Society of Co- PBNHAGEN, Tue Society of Carn, * Monf Juxuen, Monf. Rousssau, Monf, Gount Vou RY, a 3 hay: Con: snooker, Esq: He He Winson, Esq Mont, Lanevés, Col -FitzCiartnce, Captain T.- Rozspucx, George DowdefweH, Efg. | Cal: C. McKenzie, jx 4 The firft number of the Revue penhagen: Memoirs of the Society of Caen, 2 vols. and antimber of Traés publifhed by them. Encyclope- dique et Efquiffe d’un Effai fur la: Phi- lofophie des’ Sciences: - et Notice Hiftos- riqué fur le’ Perfe Ancienne et Moderne, Mémoire fur les Wahabis ; L’Alfabet’ European applique aux Langues Afiatique ; and fome other Works dedicat edtothe Affatic Society. © ‘Treatife™’ ‘on Obligations and Contratts, by nea “Colebrooke, Efq. Sanferit and Eaglifh Dictionary, by H. H. Wilfon, Efq.« Refearches fur la découverte de Vefleace | de Rofe. A Copy of his TFravéls. > Annals of the College of Fort William, by Captain Roebuck. © Rumphius, on Botany, 6 volumes. WNenia Britannica: or, Sspulchral Hiftory of Great! Britain; from the earlieft period to jt general converfion to Chriftisnty: by the Rev. Jemes Douglas, F, A. S, Xvi LIST of Donors and DONATIONS to. the Museum APPENDIX, of the Afatick Society, DONORS. J. Apam,. Esq. | DONATIONS. /&. collection .@f Minerals. and Shel!- Tue Most Nope THE Par. The Skpll of a Lionefs. _¢ SIDENT, dN. ALEXANDER, EsQ. Captain Baker, -ARCHDBACON - Lt. 2j. P, Borreav, J. Baown, EsQ. apt. W. Bruce, Specimens of plants colleted at Bai. oy . Captain W. S. Webb. - A pumber of Articles appertaining to Hine doo Mythology, Art of War, &c. - Specimens of wood, the produce of Kae maon, colleGted by Captain W. S. Webb. — Specimens of Coral. ‘ Specimens of Javanefe Cotton Cloth Many- faQures. Acolle@ion of ancient Chinefe Coins Specimens: of Minerals from Rajpootana, and of Lead-Ore from Ajmeere. Piece of a Bafaliic Column from Sag/fctte, near Bomdoy. A number of Spears, Xvrecfes, &c. irom -Macaffar. | _ #, Skall and, Skin ef the Argali (Ovis Ame -mon:} 1s A number of coins, and a great. variety ol Brafs Images from Nepal. Goins found at Tirhot. Specimen pf Sculpture, from Perfepolis: sige ommend ene rcenraeinenoe edema _ DONORS. — 5 Gol. A. CAMPBELY, t ‘Capt. J. Coomss, J. Crawrorp, Esa. G, CrurTenDen, Esq- J. DaCxvuz, EsQ. 7” “Gen. Donxin, “G@. Downpzaswe ti, Eso. ‘Sir EB: H. East, Major Farquuar, Capt. T, Finpas, Mrs. Col. Fremine, Mr. T. M, Gate, Major Gau, ~~ : oA, 4 \ ) Honble. E. Garbner, Weak, Giszons, Fege ALF. Gray, Esq. “LIST or DONATIONS, ro raz MUSEUM, &c. vt APPENDIX: DONATIONS’, es Puppets, reprefenting Javanese deities and mythological heroes, Stalaétite from. Y¥oug: An Urn, manufactured from clay, found near Sadras. 4 Stone Images‘ found at Djogocarla-in Java. The Skin of a large Snake. “Some Implements of war, ufed by the Als “foars at Celebes, Ditto, from “the /alacca iflatds- Statue of a’Hindoo Deity from=Fava “Rn Alabafter Tablet, injaid with fdénes in’ the mofaic manner, from the Tw at’Agra. “An Egyptian pebbie. A ‘Centiped, preferved in fpirits. “The Skull of a Taps. The ftuffed {kins of feveral animals’ of Ma- lacca. . A Javanefe plough. -Four cry fal Images from Nepal. “A ftufied Albatrofs. A quiver with poifoned arrows from Souk “America, ’ Specimens of Nesal Paper. A'Sea Cocoa-nut. A flatue OF Siva from Fiva. xvid ; ae APPENDIX, ‘LIST OF DONATIONS, TO THR ‘MUSEUM, kes eet RENTON teh —— DONORS, DONATIONS. Specimens of Volcanic Tuffa- Major GrirritH, _ Major Genl. Harpwicx, Model of a Ceylon. fifhing-canoe. . - Minerals collected by ey Lachlan on the N. E.. frontier. of Bengal: Major Hareiorr;. Two Perfian Coins. Lt. J. Home, Some. Implements. of War, Images &e. from: the Burmak Empire.. 3 : Horns of the Hill-Gow of Aracan._ W. Jonzs, Eso.- Foffils from the diftri€t.of .Burdwan. Capt. F. Irvine, Specimens of Soils from. Hindooftan. Mrs. Kine,» _ & Madogafcar, Spear. Lrrerary SOciery OF Prince.or. Wares Isuanp, . and other articies:. Mis Luorp, The fkull ofa Buceros, and part. of the. ti 3 head Gb a two-horned Rhinoceros. . Lt.. Lroyp,. . Volcanic. duft from Solo.. : Mr. McCariume,, 7 ‘Specimens of Java cloths... Col. GC. Macxyunziz, * Specimens of minerals from Myfore- | A vafemade of ftone, found at Greefee in Jara. en eae 8 , Be Malayan Implements of War, Hufbandry ae A Sarcophagus from: the Veninfule, eccome.. panied by a drawins: A. monilrofity in a Saas. Specimens of Hindoo fexi ature. De. Mackenzie, Two Sea-{nakes, caug ght Beer Madras. W. H. Macnasuren; Esq, Coins found near, Me dah. LIST oF DONATIONS, TO THE MUSEUM, es ee DONORS... —— W- MoorcrortT, Esq. > J. Parmer, Eso... Lt. C. Paron, : Capt. E. PoE aye Lt. Prince, C. M. Ricxexts, Eso: D. Scorr, Esq? Lt. Szymour, G. J. Sinpons, Eso. > ® Hon. C. Struarr,~. Major C. Sruart, Lt. R. Tayror, Major J. W. Tayor; ». Mifs 7 YTLER, Dr Ry DY TERS .. Specimens -of minerals bovations. The {kin of a Pangolin-~ Various minerals, and {ub-marine produttions, from Java. The tkin of a large Snake. Four Spears from the Ifland of Engano: A monftrofity ina Terrier Pup, in fpirits. from various parts of India. The fkin of a large Capek “Alligator. Foflils from the Cyrrybarree Hills. The horn of a Rhinoceros, from Suwiaira. A Canoe; and fome Spears and other articles, - fromthe Ifland of Engano. » Several weapons frora Sumatra. Specimen of Rattan of great length, trom Nepat. Some Wepaleje trumpets, from Capt. B- Latter A Sea-fnake. - Models of Boots ufed in the Perjian- Gulpl. A Sarcophagus from the vicinity of Bufhire. A complete fuit of Indian Armour. A number of Models of Machinery ufed by the natives of India. A great variety of Articles, -illuftrative of the Mythology, Antiquities and Huiban- dry of Infular and Continental Jndia, Specimens of Shell-lac, and Indian Infeéts- So) La Cea RS APPENDIX. os ee LIST | OF DONATIONS, TO THE MUSEUM, Be pore ae Dr. VoysEy;,. Dr. Wat.ich; Capt; H. WI xinson, Lt: T.. Wittrams, H: H. Wison, Esq: Mr. G. Wiuson, ‘Capt, W..S. WEBB, . Col. Yuxe; DONA LILO Wes. Te | . ca | Seem ‘Webctablelwax from the Cape of Goold E Hobe, “Specimens of Nepal and Fava Paper. Specimens of Coral. from Sumatra.’ 4 “Spears from the ff{land of Engano. , - “several Images from Fava« “Model of an Otaheiian Canoe. Two {pears from the Ifland of Engane: Cranium and Horas of the Argali. A fingle horn. of the Deer kind, aa Tar Lary. f Several article -3 uled by the. Portas. . Fragment bearing an in{cription, taken from a temple near Srinagar. : A Scythien-Lamb, . | ri 3B! ie: hatter Pigeseee Sas : oa a é ae ee) vl ERRATA. © # Loge ea. read a OF nearly: ee ae L. 15. & 16. for Tquare of the latitude, read fquare of the fink | of the latitude. EB. Bae" > for'366, read'9 66, fathoms. e Pe ee No eC ora: for z9 and 4559, read » 253 andl 5 Pe L: 21,° Gi dass for - STC a ds Bi BNE) goss M96 for Fy read = ae P. 6) Livgos. 29S for Panna? rend Punnae, P.ige Te 4g. for joo. 384 read 60984. oe | a? P. 48. mean angle at Daumergidda between Doodaliah and Sheelapilly, for 59 20 44.95, read 59 20 44 Ode f At Doodaltah, between Pima ide and saad li, the) mean .angle «is 7° 25 46,60. P. 94: | fer » Bootis, read ¢° Bootis. P. of ‘tor # ‘Bootis, read e Bootis. (3) Ch) 0 WP, 110, 0. § read X= XK +. o + m. Sin. 2 (Lit nye Site 2 (Lf i) : (4) (1) 0 Zo 6 read X= X40 dm. Sin, Be Of a ‘Sin. 2. (Lash 1) He mm 5.9% (+ 2) | APs 113. Ve 4: for d+F H, read A. F Al . die Z. 4, & 5 for a* b* (a* — a* Sins 44 5 Sin: A) | sal mead a*b* (a — a> Sines Ao b+ Sin A} ‘ ; ys Pe Pa bs ae ra (a atic. (a> — 2ac. Sin.* A) ery - ¥ > : Lhe a . [ a BEeG, I (a D¥.(a> — 2 arc. Sins 4) | | td. As ce Sh ‘ ir é 2 a -~2, L. & ror 4a”. 2-2 ¢, Sin A) read (a? — 246. Sin* A) aha 12 IY (den -\) A—3c¢. Sin... A \ reaG (2 ~— 5). 4 +4+3c. Sinn & ae * ot 46. 14 58 Pantheon. at Paris, and Evaun, which for latitude OA oie .% ae art ‘ ra - De es : rs % S a Bh “ak Eire aS saxti SBRRATAL er SMEAR, In. page 100, where the. French degree due tele tudé- 47 24 is 60795, fathoms 3. it, was. S taken from vol, od of: Col Me paws Survey ; ‘but there muft have. been. fome raiftake, fince in reférrirry to the Bae du Syitéme Métrigues vole 3d. ps 89,., the diflance b- Dunkirk and Manizouy. ds: §51683,6. toifes,. equal 53765747 fatharas, at the temperature of 32°, which reduced .to,62°, will.be ¢87475 4 fa = thoms; whereas, the diftance between Dunkirk 2nd Barcelona; (which i} ag ‘fomewhat lefs. than the diflance. between . Dunkirk and hited ieee 587987 fathoms, as given in vol. ad Be 148: (are, on.the. meridiag) im Col. Monce’s. Survey. . THe, mean, degree,.by-the French meafurement, due: to latitudé (the middle. -point..between Dunkir# and Montjouy), is 60728 fathoms, which appears too fmall,. I haye therefore, for (=> > es prefent, taken the mean degree as deduced: from jhe arc between. thes e 47, 30 46, is 60779. fathoms, reduced to the temperature of 622 ; and, by, fab fituting thefe in the:formula;lin p: 100, we fhall have by the three eeparif as with . the French meafure, 2,-— aa Neanly : and the mean of all the. comparifons with the French, glith and Swedith, er give DN nearly, for the, compre! Mon ‘at the pole... ant = Sg 4 5 In pe T1dy. the quantity: 589937- fathoms: is put for -L, the lengtin’s of the terreftrial arc between Dunkirk | and Barcelona, | mole differe - ence of jatitude” is S 40 13,2—< 21689745 the length of the ac rad: unity. Thefe data give .t. for = Khe cempreinon.. f eS4 tathoms be put for £, as .the terreftria we gtx Seer, i Mortjo ouys whofe difference of latitude Seo 40 pga 0808: eb : ’ : ~ ¥ 4 r 4 Pik et Gad OBO a Gan: easy for the eee i ant aa ay the refule will give ~s.5 = are ety es ne Be i Fi ve Sh, a * 2 Akin re ae : i r “<3 iy 1, y > ; ERRAT A, xxii rittle from’ hat aa be brought out, by oniik 60728 fathoms for ; tatitude 46 a 5B) with the three mean. degrea § for latitudes 9 34 44 12: 2555 & 16-34 Ade : THE! Trench mathematicians: firlt made ule of Boucuin’s arc mtas fured at the. equator, with that. between Dunkirk and Montjowy, which brought outa compreffion of -, a But ‘Devamane, alterwards ree computed all the obfervations both of Bouever and La Conpamine, and ultimately brought - out a compreflion of +55 nearly, which - fas adopted, e (2). (1) Ute be ufed in place of eraoiD “p. 108, to find X and X—X ord,. () A=—nk< 2 we thall have — : ron which-will be found x == 60475,47 35% * 304 fathoms; . and: d==-3,5ig2 fathoms, and g== 585,17 fathoms; from which data Table 2, was recomputed, and will ftand as follows: Degrees, ~ Lalstudess ©) (9 “ie i Gg i wT Xe X ‘WD s009 ened e008 cosa ~eacet ego aoc ~GO475.47 coco -Sove - 9 34 34 ‘@, (7 | x — x —~ a ed eoaa @o00 00008 ooae pace - e990 60478.99 RASe eoano 10 34 4% @) () eo) x =X Se Q- (Sim.? 2 — Sin. t)\eeog.cueece cces, en0e~ 60482.84 veoe Seca Ll 34 42 (4). C1) Cae Os x = Ss - @ (Sia. *o— Sia.? a t)* oene s2a5 -voon, a eaan 60487,02 esos oToe 12 34 44 (5) {1) (5) Oyrs MS Xp (Bin. 2 —— Sin) eocns- weed \spo00> caer GOSD1IS3 Jako-oroes-13 $4 44 (6) (1) (6) mop) x == x +. Q (Sin.? t ory ‘Sin? %) 220.0 asa) “So f00 aaGbe-e 60496 .34 cout - 9000 14 $4 44 @ ) CRE Gay | Y= X + - (Sin? 2 ere B)y abate cpiddy, “cua n, eons, BOSOLAT- Soe pone 15 34 44 @) @) a5 = Xi Qin? F — SP d) ocoo.: soca Seas Sane G0506.01 cao0- soos 16 84 46 (9) (1d) (9) “° \Qy) Ki Kf Q int F< 4 Sint £) cece. voce ‘enoo soos SOSISG4 yaad iso, 17 34 6% _—— $44433.91 == Al j =o | ans ae a ‘a si : : ‘ ae a - ‘f . ene aoe ee ; Te 3 - ' pay we ‘ERRATAD 4 ie From ee Table, it t appears, that the firkt degree t by. eo, nt ae a,6 fathoms in defefts, ba that the one. in. latitude 16 34 m “i amay be compar a with X) i is 5,89 fathoms i in excels and. that. inedegree in latitude 13 34 44 is nearly. the fame in each; cme macan beip 60491,46 fathoms, which being put for m, and by 34 ri then fubftitued in the formula, we fhall get 60459,2 fathoms for - the degree on “the meridian, whofe «middie point. is on the cquaior; and the degree on the equatorial circle. will be 60848 (thom: . Hence, 60848-+57° - &c, ‘the arc equal radius,~we fhali get * 9486334, and d= 6972668 fathoms, alfob=6950176 fathoms; whence, tie quadrantal arc of the elliptic meridian will be found equal 5467497 fathoms; and, finally, the French metre 36.366 inches at the temperature | of 62°, which falls fhort of that given by the French mealurements, 0,005 inches. | > iy ' i Many 5 =? ) _ is) ; F i a : : os ae 4 = _ i i a ‘ ’ ~S ~~ 7 ae ; t 4 a a = > { J 1 a : 7 ! as ~ _ aye i i — J y : — 1 \ ; . j = re oa a ae an) 9 a — Ss ‘ ~~ ~~ = a 1 : iF — { —— 7 = - uy : ) oo i ay y a rt say = t \ : - eis 4 ey C4 = i i = rs ‘ i etd if v ' ~~ : - I ' 1 i" 7 - » i on aa] ' te ‘ ; — — = ' j a 5 ne t mn ‘ ' ' i : ; ‘ 1 a i 2 ' '