PARTI SUBREGIONAL REVIEWS Tropical Asia and Pacific (Sections 2 - 5; ASSESSING THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE WORLD’S TROPICAL FOREST A contribution to the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 Compiled by WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE with financial support from Overseas Development Administration, UK June 1992 TABLE OF CONTENTS MANAGING INFORMATION ON THE WORLD’S BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AT WCEMCRALAGEE COREE ARI PRS Se PS os ORS Eee... i HOW TO USE THIS REPORT ............. 2.2... cee eee eee ene ii ACKNOWEEDGEMEN DS as acco arses ea ue ica oul ee tol cv eure) a) aha Gas, us Gubuscaeelnaie ater e ili PART I SUBREGIONAL REVIEWS 1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODS ................0 cece eee teens 1 1.1 INTRODUCING THE WCMC TROPICAL MANAGED AREAS ASSESSMENT. 1 Pie ie BACK PLOUNC tor teeta ree Siem eae & awit cot a ote eet enane aake 1 1.1.2 FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 ....................-.-.-. 1 1.1.3. WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 ................. 1 1.1.4 Status of the FAO Assessment and its implications on the WCMC AASSESSment’ S Fase Se Pe eles foal isd YAN A RR Oo 3 122} METHODS? 20. Fs 2 ee A PRS PDS ON POSTE SE es Me 3 L:2Mle'eScopet se ee tee eet ee ES ES See cay oe so TORO NMONOT Ret... 3 1:2.2- « Dataicollection.= + s2s/e2224 50242282 2.5 05 2 TORR CUO ee. 4 -26e"Datatmanapement st hese eens esses oe ss ey BRS PM See. 6 1.2.4 Analysis and review of information ...................-------- 6 REFERENCES: 5 sacs 2 5485094522500 80208072 05 BOOS bee. . 10 ANNEX 1.1 List of countries covered by the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1 2 es tte es at a ara LN eld ala tte ha PRA Tt 11 ANNEX 1.2 Letter to heads of all forest administrations in developing countries ...... 12 GLOSSARWEM Fe ee ene emp ee ene tee Meer eee ee eee ee Sree ene wears 15 TROPICAL ASIA & PACIFIC Di SOUT LCAS LAG a ete EME Pe eran a oy te keg ee STE OL REE ORCS Oh GR ees 18 2 al HISTORICAL PERSPEG@TRVE Ns 3.5002 cc cie © cuspoucmen ar Cease mora ceces ont 18 2.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............. 18 DeLay E OLES(GY/ SCCLOL Serie ie etre urs) cl cos Sioned sin is a suate dysuens a caou a a 19 DDE NV GILL SCCLOLL Ui eee Me ROR ee Otek che) heats. ee sia lier sete piconets cay oe ee 20 Den a eA UGILIONAMS CCLODS HE cana mapet tise Sse) seach shievieuel oy Sveut nore) a) due.) Seems Sas els. shes 20 2.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .................-2200000+ 20 DAIS NOLES UY; SCCLOM ty Bees Ls Gk ee crc pope ap ile co eee ci- hs e ho fnioe 20 EBV IR NSAI SEED Pe fe SAS eas MR I Ee I ees ie 21 Dessay VAC GILIONALESECLOLS rai oc ni ia tele ay auvsu,sius.seu eMianeete is ousecn eel SDeeee eps cele 21 2.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ................. 02 eee ee eeee 21 2.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS .................. 200-0: e eee ences 22 2.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector.................22000- 22 2.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ............ 24 2:5: FUTURE: PROSPECTS: © f0.5 2c 5 ase Sie fo selene, Sen etn e) ake ee ie oho 24 2.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ................-.2.--- 24 2°5-2). Other NationallInitiativesiy cy e--e ee nce ene ea nen 24 2-525, Internationaluinitiatives’ jae ecient Dich acne eee 25 2.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............ 0.0... eee ee nee 25 REFERENCES. (fhe. 555 SE BAe Se er hee Ee! octane, icin Se eee 27 Annex 2.1 List of conservation areas ......... 2... eee eee ee ee eee 40 Annex 2.2 Extent of notified forests .. 2... ... 2... eee eee ee eee 72 3 CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA .......... 00 ccc eee eee 79 3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ...............22. 22 eee eee ee eens 79 3.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............. 79 3.2 I JROresttysSCCtOLr epicure che Gureitetete ee teen au Me cata se ee 79 3:222 Wildlife;Sector wes: « fasnecsns arch euenes 27s, bck ee) eRe aka cae eirasl ee 81 3.2.3. ‘Other Sectors: jis see. Syste Gee Ge use, Ghee eens ya oe ee 81 3.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ................-----2---5- 81 3:3. Rorestry, SectOr ras yetes secs epee ios ob mccee abanits. Scone cece EE 82 3.322 Wildlife: Sector ;<.cs cs aele . Geet, sie seks st ss va lnteeaniom cites jeanne ete 82 3:3 3 Other Sectors:c) dens be x sade aie ors he Gusts oie cae os ae ae, Ree 82 3.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ................---.2--2---e 83 3.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS .................-----2 eee ee eeeeee 83 SrA alk WROLeSthy SECtOR ta sista Sees, ere ees atac ice en lowe cece ero es eee oes 83 3.4.2 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 83 3.5\.FUTURE PROSPECTS: 2.cio5) 05 ons os we RR ee ak ope eee 85 3.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ................+0-000- 85 3'5.2. Other National Initiatives: 2.5). 2h eine ee cee et a Meee eg 85 3:5,3) International (Initiatives, 22: 2... 2 averse cle ecm sacl ie eae oe ee eae 85 3.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............ 0... ccc eee eee 86 REFERENGES 05 aie. cthstaeueges an soe oeoe le eerie neseh sur oh ohict abe, Cunha 1 eae eaeae 87 Annex 3.1 List of conservation areas .. 1... 2... ee ee es 99 INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA .. 0.0.0... eens 113 4.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .............. 02.0 ce eee eee eens 113 4.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 113 MAM [OeTINY EEO sooo ope bees sonnboboonbtooo dD oudobobO GE 113 iL) \KMES SES 55 son coe moe pee ool belo doo biD Dad Blo GD oot 114 4:73) iOthiersiSectorswa oe ees oe oS eee 115 4.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ............2.-02 2002000 115 ABM lromesiny Soe oc aoa goon oocoan os asonndonou DUO DUO goaaOn 115 AS mWiildlife\Sectorat Aa: @ a a ol) 2 a a) ee motes che ead ies ee 115 A-3 3) Other: Sectorsiy aie aes aN eS l= =) = ele) ead oy sites ees eee 116 4.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ..............02 eee eee eeees 116 4.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS .............. 2020 e eee eee eee 116 4.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .............--.5--44. 116 4.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors ..... 117 4.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 118 4.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS ............... 2. cece e eee eee teens 118 4.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ...............2-0004- 118 4-522) Other National initiatives) 2225 4 os) <)> = yea meee hie oe 118 45)3)eInternationaluInitiatives: 2524520655.) o6.= - = cea een ce elke 119 4.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION .............. 0.20 cece eee eee 119 RERERENGCES 4.oF “ceesereie . ols oe Gt dss 6 23s oo SRE OE Ea: 120 Annex 4.1 List of conservation areas .. 1... 1... ee ee ee 132 Annex 4.2 Extent of notified forests .............-.. 0.222 eee eee eee eee 183 OCEANIA: WESTERN PACIFIC ............ 2-02 eee eee ee eee eens 189 5.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ................. 2202 e cee eeeeees 189 5.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 189 5.2.1, Forestry Sector’: 4 2 Jebhe leaks 2 oe os AeVSBIAE aceite 8.5.3. - 189 5,222. Wildlife:Sector.. sls ahesicneieneyerais ois cee aetoie cisnclysdal oheiomemiey oa) ote 190 §.273. Other Sectors... gee eis Ge se oe oe Ae ee LAUIPIROLe . 190 5.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ...............--.+-+202- 190 SAMMRorestrytSectOm yw Gs Pee ois edensves ceca ets ee op ore Beclis Geese eo Se 190 §.3.2., Wildlife:Secton actin the Boracay: octet canis aoteveeaes. acid. 2a ae 191 5.4.3) Othersectors +a ei Sees, MEE: end eto Metteees: i so 191 5.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ............... 0.02 ee eee eer e nee 191 5.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry sector ...................22-- 191 5.4.2 Conservation Areas, Forestry and Wildlife and Additional Sectors ....... 191 5.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 193 § 5. FUTURE/PROSPECTS (22 he. eee ea oe ce oh elies chon eb elton elle) sitet 224 63321 (Forestry Sector 4...) ces = ie eee eetroeeter seh oie eens See veke ee otenomeme 224 Orso eWaldlifeSector 224.5. 30a see 5S - cehdtiie is 6 Ales ae aoe een 224 6:23:39) FAdditionallSectors: 2.) cso 2 cone n ches eS © eee cl clemeeie Gun Geman 224 6.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations .............-..-2--++++00-- 224 6.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ............ 0.2.00 0c eee eee eee eee 224 6:4 ele Forestry SeGtor irq aus te ere ere ver sess ice orc ne eles tees ee eee 224 6.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry and Wildlife Sectors ............. 224 6.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 225 6.5: FUTURE PROSPECTS. .......022.%.%5 088 Ses CARS Oe 226 6.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ...............------ 226 6.5.2 Other National Initiatives ..................0202020022 22 e 226 6.5.3 International! Initiatives’: Forestry Sectors. 22525225 8ce225 40 SOS AOI en. 340 9:3). 2 Wildlife; SeCtO fe yas hier cat a keicks Sicoeen a aew oe ioe eS ee ome ne 341 9°3'3, Additional Sectors 3.5.5. sas.c.e @1¥ cots wos «OR ee 341 9.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ..................000000 ee 341 9.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS .................0 0000s eevee eeee 341 9.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector...................... 341 9.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors ..... 342 9.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 343 9:5' FUTURE) RROSBECTS oo. sis sac yas wd Sob mine a wus 8 a oil oe 343 9.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ..................... 343 9'5:2 Other, National, Initiatives). <.. s-4. = = en eee Sher ae ee ene 343 OF5-3) InternationallInitiatives) 1-4 ce ee cleo eco) oto oie ioe cies 343 9.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION .............. 000. e eee eee eee 344 IREFERENCES (ooo cpccn uous gsi. 10t a ofthe iets sy Sa Gs SuSE EO he Oe 345 Annex 9.1 List of conservation areas... 1.1... ee ee ee 359 Annex 9.2 Extent of notified forests .........0. 20.00. cece ce ee eee ee ee eee 369 10 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA (including Madagascar) ................. 376 10.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .......................0-0-000- 376 10.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 376 KOIZ 31 SROLEStEYISOCEOR, prep aes sigens nes oe! ae suse n lsc ene Met toy ou SN Lie eee 376 10:2°2, Wildlife'Sector os. oc), ou. ey secs, oop ec 377 10.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .................--2-+25- TOPSSI@ ForestrysSectorsames Stevo ewe 2. loses fox, worensircwcinemcbeewtansine sowtmtne on edinws 10°32). WildlifeiSecton ¢<,2. sss, +05: 4,20 ea Sereeaee We eh ee oe 10.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ..............-.-2 000s 10.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .................... 10.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors .... 10.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation.......... 10:5: FUTURE PROSPECTS 3A). Sad. COE MOD ASSO? ATA. 10.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network .................... 10.5.2 Other National Initiatives ............... 0... 220222000000 10:53) International! Initiatives; (/5)-yo1sncscucyse SIO ee 10.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............... 0.2... e eee eee eee IREFERENGES 65) 2oo.5 535 be eats velco sya oue eutse eeuee ys es EE RR BABS TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA 11 CENTRAL AMERICA AND MEXICO .............. 00 cece cece ee eees 11.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ................. 00.2 e eee eeee 11.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ DIEZ Forestry: Sector ¢.r.n.noretak patet thal it arto Seem t at ete eee Re es 11222) WWiAldlifetSecton ¥..:.--52¢sesion shat shone tence eacdawss ince cm edannperapaneneaseteaneneee 11.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .................--2005- LUSiUs Forestiy Sector sc ee ai tn hie oe tlc wwe eros ealisuaede ole coe HESE2 SWaldlifetSectoney. =i t.4 nile bee tk, SE OYE, MARES OM) NUE. Pee A 11.4 MANAGED AREA STATUS .................. 0-2-2 e eee eee 11.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .................... 11.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors .... 11.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation.......... PES SFUTUREVRROSPRECTS i650. 2. hati ite etal tre hate Mel of occc ee eee ER cho 11.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ...................- PUI5729 OtherNationalWInitiatives Vy < oe .cos. cece oh eke rau cee des oo ale atop erste fer ore ss 11.5.3 International Initiatives ............... 0.2.00. eee ee eee 1G PRIORITIES FORJACTION (ooh .0 0h 8.0. h i hehe creo creer eon oat ret oad oe REFERENCES 8) 5.0.02 Moe SLR anion ons A I) en eo AE bee 3 397 Annex 11.1 List of conservation areas 2... 11... ee ee ees 414 Annex 11.2 Extent of notified forests ..... 0.0... 0... cece eee eee eee 431 T2°CARIBBEAN § 5550-534 00 50 50 stich Paka, POP Oe Ee Ea, ee 439 12.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ................ 0.0 eee eee eee 439 12.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 440 12.2.1), Forestry; Sector. .-....:- 201 4ee) Re Bee aes RAR LSE 440 12.2.2 Wildlife\Secton) (5. 04. wal ST EO GMS TEI 441 12/2 Sei Other: SCCtOns? & ../ioysvena nce sirenemantcs sh amenes Me RORET EE PL ote 442 12.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .....................04.- 442 122321 VE orestry!SectOre q..0s se yvns ela oe ee enc se sae See eee 443 P2732 M Wildlife Sector eh nraswepete semana te osirsitaw eke Bante ts tcitsiheua tae ca tons ee 443 P23) 3s OMNIS CCLONS 45 ocean anenoroepeuerse ars cha) Like & ee oreese ee 444 12.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations .................02000000% 444 12.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ................. 000 e eee eee eee 444 12.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .................... 444 12.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry and Wildlife Sectors ........... 445 12.4.3. Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation.......... 447 12.5, FUTURE) PROSPECTS 33005 ss he aio ois EER SOLS ELE 447 12.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ..................-. 447 12.5.2 Other National Initiatives ................0...00.00ceeeee 448 1225-3 einternationalpInitiativcsmaen naa eee ceili aencn ican neon 450 12.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............ 20.0... eee eee eee 451 REFERENCES 96 Fae PE een nt 5. co: less 5s, ec lovseeoh sy isp coetie as ci SE Te a eee ae 452 Annex 12.1 List of conservation areas... 1... 2. ee ee 480 Annex 12.2 Extent of notified forests ........... 0.0... e eee eee eee eee 517 13 STROPICAL SOUTH AMERICA 37 Ae eee eee 588 13.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ...................2.02.00000005 588 13.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 588 13.2.1 JFOrestty Sectotencce sae an ac) ce prams, meee, Sue) ome Tamce Se 589 13:22 Wildlife Sector fr 25 5205s AR) SO es eetiee : 590 132.3), AdditionalSectors:. haga eoickops aligereners) ca catoenat~ R 9 590 13.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .....................-.. 590 1323.1) Forestry:Sector. fern ena ciacsirk sarees ieee s Coeisks e FuLw ho ee eee 591 13:3.2. Wildlife Sectorm Waseca a CO eee. 591 13.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations .................0000200- 592 13.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS .................. 000 eee eee eens 592 13.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector ...................-.- 592 13.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors .... 593 13.4.3 Contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation .......... 594 13:S5eEUTURE PROSPECTS 5 fio) sities wieceos ie gee sn 4 eMac se pans oe 595 13.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network .................2.. 595 13.5.2 Other National Initiatives .... 0... 0... ee ee ee ee es 595 13*5:3)plnternationaldnitiativess saris ee ee cae ch meee eee 596 13.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............. 0.2 ce eee cee ee eens 597 IRREFERENCES 5 p20) sc re es ee ke eee Lair se ce Nessa. ee POY CRE 598 Annex 13.1 List of conservation areas... 1... 1. ee ee ee eee 618 Annex 13:2) Extent of notified/forests © .5---2--:2-2--56-+-+.4--5-+ +5066 oe 653 PART II REGIONAL AND GLOBAL REVIEW TROPICAL ASIA & PACIFIC, TROPICAL AFRICA AND TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA 1, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2... Jo Bho he kel ees ees ee ee 663 2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION (FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE SECTORS) 20 [0805 odes) cuccieets hep akec Seine sees MCLE oe ie legtsprbte kay nie ck 5 eaemtogee 663 2 Rorestty/ Policy. Woutapiiesreycetitoaeet eel tas. > eicnetsaei a eoaiancdie ieee os «ste uae 664 23aborestry egislation! ajo. ssetaeteet tee cons elena. «soe s os oe eietiorn ie . 664 DAs WildlifesPolicys 2224s cusmees tease eae ael eee he, ecg es ws ar sa We eee che eg . 665 2S Wiildlifeskegislationese, sc onteapeae rte ete ciel oi is aires aa eee ee . 666 2.6 Additional Sector Policy and Legislation ................0.000eeeeeee 666 3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .................20000 ee eeee 667 4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ........... 0... cece ee eee eens 668 4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .................--2---2---- 668 4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors .......... 669 4.2 FU ICOVELAa Se mn. Ba hat cette. ee ake Bi a ave ea ee ee char eihae habe aarp es 669 472.2. Representativieness ance pees cece ocelot cr Sete ee cee Sura iateed cee, eases 670 B23) Inte grityperrace tasesns Meta ciel tae eave letee on cue acne: a pscieneha eo aa uae 670 472.4" EMPECUVENCSS i, oisccms eae Pate mee cc ee & abe crc canes Scepeeee eas eee ia seh rare 671 4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ................ 671 SAHUTURE PROSPECTUS sign. 7 eaeeseetaae Giese og Seed esac Ree ne a 672 5.1 Expanding the Conservation Areas Network.............--20-0+ee ee eee 672 5.2 Regional conventions and programmes ..............000c eee eeeceees 672 5.3. InternationaliInitiatives) = 32) aes. och «ees a ci we Seeks Sees See ees cure 673 REFERENCES oo. ocscec hones coe to neiie naw albopelton cilewe hae Raion men nS eT tet eeu ols 675 PART IIT MAPPING TROPICAL MANAGED AREAS ..... 676 1 Sources of maps with annotations ............... 2... eee eee eee ee eee 678 TROPICAL ASIA & PACIFIC 2 South Asia Fig. 2.1 - Fig. 2.6 3 Continental South East Asia Fig. 3.1 - Fig. 3.5 4 Insular South East Asia Fig. 4.1 - Fig. 4.5 5 Oceania Fig. 5.1 - Fig. 5.4 TROPICAL AFRICA 6 West Sahelian Africa Fig. 6.1 - Fig. 6.7 7 East Sahelian Africa Fig. 7.1 - Fig. 7.6 8 West Africa Fig. 8.1 - Fig. 8.8 9 Central Africa Fig. 9.1 - Fig. 9.6 10 Tropical Southern Africa (including Madagascar) Fig. 10.1 - Fig. 10.11 TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA 11 Central America (including Mexico) Fig. 11.1 - Fig. 11.8 12 Caribbean Fig. 12.1 - Fig. 12.23 13 Latin America Fig. 13.1 - Fig. 13.9 1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODS taps a MANAGING INFORMATION ON THE WORLD’S BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AT WCMC The Earth’s biological and other natural resources provide many economic, social and aesthetic benefits to mankind. This is particularly true of tropical forests which support over half the world’s biological diversity, as well as provide much needed foreign exchange, and contribute to the livelihood of rural human populations in many developing countries. It is essential, therefore, that effective programmes for sustainable human development are based on conservation objectives. Responsible institutions and individuals need access to a service that provides factual information on the conservation status of the world’s biological resources in a timely, focused and professional way. This service is provided by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. Established in 1988 as a company limited by guarantee with charitable status, WCMC is managed as a joint-venture between the three partners in the World Conservation Strategy and its successor Caring for the Earth: IUCN - The World Conservation Union, UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme, and WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature. Its mission is to provide information on the status, security, management and utilisation of the world’s biological diversity to support conservation and sustainable development. To implement its mission, WCMC maintains substantial databases on the status and distribution of plant and animal species of conservation and development interest; habitats of conservation concer, particularly tropical forests, coral reefs and wetlands; the global network of conservation areas; and the international trade in wildlife species and their derivative products. Much of this information is managed using Geographic Information Systems, and is supported by an extensive bibliography of published and ’grey’ literature. WCMC is also involved in providing support for the expansion of national data management capabilities in developing countries, and in developing communication networks for the flow of information. WCMC contributes its data to GEMS - the Global Environment Monitoring System, coordinated by UNEP. GEMS is a collective programme of the world community to acquire, through global monitoring and assessment, the data that are needed for the rational management of the environment. GEMS is an element of the United Nations Earthwatch Programme. Working closely with the IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected areas since its inception in 1981, the WCMC Protected Areas Data Unit has compiled an extensive database of the world’s conservation areas currently in excess of 30,000 records. Each record includes information on size, date of establishment, national designation, geographical coordinates, biogeographic province and, in the case of forest reserves, function. Boundaries of many of these conservation areas have been digiiised from maps using a Geographic Information System, enabling them to be plotted and overlaid onto other georeferenced datasets for analytical and presentation purposes. In cases where maps of conservation areas are not available for digitising, the geographical coordinates can be used to plot their locations. This database, and associated digital files, has been expanded under the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 and forms the basis to the present report. The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 is the first attempt to assess the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation. This assessment is therefore in many respects prototypical and in time could be significantly improved. This will require major improvements in the management of information on forestry sector data relating to protection and conservation, at the national level, and thus subsequently at the sub-regional, regional and global levels. In many instances this assessment has had to be carried out at two levels, based either on information that is derived from the site-specific level, or information that is only available at the aggregated system level. In the latter case, therefore, it is not possible to provide information on mean size and size distribution, location information, overlap with wildlife sector conservation areas, or precise numbers and areas of sites assigned to production, protection or conservation uses. Future assessments could be made more comprehensive and more reliable if this detailed, site-specific information becomes available for both wildlife and forestry sectors. HOW TO USE THIS REPORT Findings from the WCMC Assessment are presented in this final report to the Overseas Development Administration, UK, which has funded the project. The report represents WCMC’s contribution to the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990. It has been planned in close consultation with FAO so that its contents can be readily incorporated within or supplement the FAO Assessment. It comprises three parts as follows: Part I subregional reviews of managed areas in tropical countries for Asia & Pacific, Africa, and Latin America; Part I regional and global overview of managed areas for each of the three tropical regions (Asia & Pacific, Africa, and Latin America), based on the subregional reviews in Part I; and Part III _=maps and lists of managed areas for each tropical country. The report is intended to be a source of information and analysis rather than to be read from cover to cover. The primary means of accessing this information is through the Contents list. Before dipping into the main body of the report, the reader is urged to browse Section 1.2 on Methods which not only explains how the information has been collected and compiled, but also draws attention to its limitations. The subregional reviews in Part I, which include summary statistics for individual countries, have been compiled according to a standard format to enable comparisons to be made directly between countries and subregions. Each subregional section is self-contained, complete with bibliography and annexes in which summary data on the forest estate are presented and conservation areas are listed. The exceptions are the country maps of managed and conservation areas which, because of their larger A3-size, are presented separately in Part III. The conservation areas listed in Annexes X.1 of the subregional sections are cross-referenced to the maps in Part III, enabling the location of individual sites to be identified from the maps. Sources of maps with annotations are provided in Section 1 of Part III. Part II comprises regional and global reviews based on summary details extracted from each subregional section in Part I. A number of terms have been used which have very specific meanings so far as this report is concerned. Examples include forest land, managed area, conservation area, forestry sector, wildlife sector and total area. These and others are defined in the Glossary at the end of Section 1. Finally, this report is largely a review and analysis of information contained in the four-volume series Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems prepared by WCMC and published by IUCN for the IV World Parks Congress, Caracas, 10-21 February 1992 (IUCN, 1992). Referencing of the text in this report has been kept to a minimum, thereby avoiding repetition of the extensive bibliographies contained in the four-volume series. These should be consulted for much of the background information on national conservation area networks, with details of their legislative and administrative basis, and of their representativeness. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Production of this report has been based largely on the substantial conservation areas database and associated digital maps that WCMC manages, supplemented by a massive pantropical data gathering exercise. This information is drawn from an extensive network of conservation area professionals within forestry and wildlife authorities, as well as those within scientific institutions and conservation bodies. WCMC wishes to express its thanks to these individuals and their agencies, too numerous to mention individually, for their support without which it would be unable to operate. WCMC recognises with particular gratitude the fundamental contribution of the IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, whose commitment to WCMC over the years has helped the Centre to develop its capability in managing information on the world’s conservation areas. WCMC also acknowledges the support of the IUCN Forest Conservation Programme, which was instrumental in initiating this project, and the IUCN Environmental Law Centre for its help with information on conservation areas legislation. Staff at WCMC involved in the Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 include Mike Adam, Clare Billington, Simon Blythe, Gillian Bunting, Daphne Clark, Graham Drucker, Harriet Gillett, Donald Gordon, Michael Green, Thomas Moriarty, James Paine, Corinna Ravilious, Deborah Rothera, Joel Smith, Mark Spalding and Alison Suter. The project has been managed by Jeremy Harrison and coordinated by Michael Green with assistance from Clare Billington and James Paine. The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 has been funded entirely by the Overseas Development Administration of the UK under Research Scheme No. 4544. Particular thanks are due to staff within the Natural Resources and Environment Department who have supported this initiative through its various stages. WCMC has welcomed the opportunity to integrate this project with the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990. The support of Dr K D Singh, its coordinator, and his colleagues is greatly appreciated. ili OIC RS Pi ity Pictecatie i Mt “ta Bry? alg) ee ~ 8 ME AURAL IAN Pn Dosniicnes ling oxy/leiten: Sate delidiay guiNeD: bietqutenin: cle 1A sala vas so. seesath rhs cts veueaals oh) eC Rt ale Mere tothe Wo hon eh eae ore, eR a OR a ene re we aoa i ee Re nus ee eT | A PORWR Or Pocenegae, rok) sent ee iba sOiietn At iva TH OO) aoeega red bow wlawd ‘coediieh mritietiitoes Imdinmebagt aa cbaunitarng tater ry abi iT STE pavbats i aby sek tattter Aaa Bd vy DS Ss Sa G9 able ats tp Tapani, ech MERON Reseribane, A” Ese salt. jak evel myc gab yada at ghitdamno ait Coane oF pot cb 2 ‘ teinsiwranl ekw Olde somuaryor4 mailers wre A IOUT oh Ye: to Sei sergloakwuuadisg obs | J ee — er Mt one ~ Foe eh MP a wiinll poled shea sa 0 1, prety hs pape bs aah Bi ite) Mg Malgin’t ws r bin joo ietioh,, Aha et} evens" Nap, aaa ara rah be asthe id a ett Di. eh tees (ley annie enaati oh oednetiinvapad tak tery wh) Bad ey on wea ? i om beuuitte ¢ eed Mande! of Pe onan vented Ae a ore 9 besibbitthetia steele bia if sie a gs . 7 7 : a F a. 5 mai ah Ng Sam an 16d ee iy mi Slaionat $0 9 ile sen ars re ee ee ae ee ew ap eres ona Shines we tennl dae le a oe bat dpa when amido wee to a Netball AN ei emp 9 dag a deg he ssemp whi Pete | ope, ogy, 0 1) Paley Ter Cerne, 8 Min ee so ea NAM ei: itil soap tsliing Haein Ste os ma vorrei ieee Ths limit fe uthintgl Iner all 46 ihe nee evciael GMa rialaled ane eatin 1 shag \ est ee Mae Bow = etre le iain pal ol Se permeneetngey: i 1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 1.1 INTRODUCING THE WCMC TROPICAL MANAGED AREAS ASSESSMENT 1.1.1 Background The clearance of tropical forests, both rain forests and dry forests is an issue at the top of the environmental agenda. Most tropical forest occurs within developing nations where pressures are greatest from burgeoning populations to exploit this resource for its products and convert forest land to agriculture. Meanwhile, developed nations are concerned that such forests contain half the world’s species, as well as playing an important role in maintaining global climatic stability. In order to assess the status of tropical forests (and woodlands) and identify trends in deforestation and afforestation, FAO and UNEP conducted a survey of tropical forest resources in 76 tropical countries in 1978- 1981 (FAO, 1981). It was concluded from the Tropical Forest Resources Assessment 1980 that human population growth and agricultural expansion are the main causes of deforestation in the tropics. The 1980 Assessment was instrumental in mobilising global support for the Tropical Forestry Action Plan which aims to stem, and eventually reverse, the process of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. Much of this deforestation and degradation is unmanaged, uncontrolled and unsustainable, providing no long- term benefits to the local people involved. An integrated approach to land-use is needed whereby: forests are converted to agriculture only where soils are rich; they are managed for minor forest products for the benefit of local people as well as for timber production; and they are selectively protected in order to maintain ecological services, genetic resources and biological diversity. Such protection forests are a vital resource for local people, and are being managed increasingly for the direct benefit of local communities on whom ultimately depends the future integrity and maintenance of conservation area systems. 1.1.2 FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 Aware of the need to improve and update the baseline information gathered under the 1980 Assessment in order to keep governments and the international community informed of the state of tropical forest resources, FAO is carrying out an assessment for 1990 (FAO, 1990). The FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 complements the new round of assessments of forest resources in temperate countries conducted under the auspices of the FAO/ECE Timber Committee in Geneva for the reference year 1990. It was also intended that the scope of the 1990 Assessment would be expanded to include non-tropical developing countries, where trends in deforestation and degradation are linked with processes of desertification as well as with pressure from agriculture and inadequate management. However, this part of the 1990 Assessment has not yet been funded. It was generally recognised that the 1980 Assessment was over-concemed with commodity production, notably timber, and that more emphasis should be given to the service functions of forest, including environmental protection and nature conservation. This is being addressed by the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 which is designed to quantify the environmental services of tropical forests (particularly with respect to conservation areas) and form an integral part of the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990. Efficient integrated land-use is essential to ensuring that local people benefit from available forest resources. Hence the importance of the WCMC Assessment in helping to ensure that conservation areas are considered by resource- use planners to be efficient forms of land-use. 1.1.3 WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 Tropical forests have long been valued for their timber, on account of which governments of many countries have either nationalised them or developed extensive networks of forest reserves to safeguard them from over- exploitation and conversion to other forms of use. Such provisions have often proved inadequate due to a lack of proper management practices and enforcement measures in the face of ever mounting pressures on forests for their timber and potential agricultural land. While attention within the forestry sector has been focused primarily on their timber production value, with exploitation all too frequently occurring at unsustainable levels, there has been a growing awareness of the ecological values of tropical forests as centres of biological diversity and endemism, and for watershed management. Increasingly, countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia have been allocating forest reserves or parts thereof to protect watersheds and conserve biological resources. But quite how much tropical forest is reserved for such protection and conservation purposes within the forestry sector is not known. The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 is a three-year project (July 1989-June 1992) funded by the Overseas Development Administration, UK under Research Scheme No. R4544. It is being carried out in collaboration with IUCN - The World Conservation Union, in particular its Forest Conservation Programme and Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, and in cooperation with the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations to compliment its Forest Resources Assessment 1990. Its overall objective is to complement the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 by quantifying the contribution of forestry, wildlife and other sectors to nature conservation in the tropics. This will help to identify gaps in existing managed and conservation area networks and, particularly with respect to the forestry sector, highlight the need for increased allocation of tropical forests for protection and conservation purposes. Under the terms of the ODA Memorandum, the specific objectives of the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 with respect to "each of the countries covered by the [FAO] Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project" are as follows: a to update information held by WCMC on conservation area systems, and to expand its information on managed areas other than those established primarily for nature conservation, particularly with respect to forest reserves managed for sustainable resource use; a to present this information in short accounts of the state of national managed and conservation area systems, drawing the main conclusions into regional summaries; | to map managed and conservation area systems on a Geographic Information System; a to use this GIS facility to analyse the coverage of different vegetation types or bioclimatic units by managed and conservation areas, and to examine the coverage afforded to different regions by those systems; a to prepare analyses of managed area coverage by forest type and management category, and present this in a form that is compatible with the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 tables and reports; and a to prepare further analyses and reports as time permits. These objectives have been met, with the exception of the analysis of vegetation/bioclimatic types, and findings are presented in this report and in the four-volume series Protected Areas of the World: A Review of National Systems (IUCN, 1992), compiled by WCMC. The latter country-by-country review of the world’s conservation areas was produced for the IV World Parks Congress, Caracas, 10-21 February 1992 under a separate but related project funded by British Petroleum. It comprises descriptions, lists and maps of national conservation area networks. A considerable amount of information on national conservation area networks generated from the WCMC Assessment has been incorporated within this series, which provides the basis of the present report. It has not been possible to examine coverage of the different vegetation/bioclimatic types by managed and conservation areas within the available time. It has been WCMC’s intention throughout the project to base this analysis on the ecofloristic zone maps of the tropics produced for FAO by the Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Végétation, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Such maps have been available for tropical Asia (Sharma, 1986a) and Africa (Sharma, 1986b) for some time, but those for parts of Latin America have still to be completed. WCMC did not acquire the digital datasets of ecofloristic zones for Asia, Africa and Latin America (excluding Central America and Mexico) from FAO until the penultimate month of the project. Subsequent technical problems with the geo-referencing of the digital ecofloristic zone data sets precluded an analysis based on protected areas data sets. It is still planned to assess the representativeness of the managed and conservation area networks with respect to ecofloristic zones, but in the months immediately following completion of this report. This study will be carried out in close cooperation with FAO and the results presented in a separate report. 1.1.4 Status of the FAO Assessment and its implications on the WCMC Assessment The FAO Assessment has changed in several respects from those originally specified in the Guidelines for Assessment (FAO, 1990), due to inadequate information and a lack of additional funding. Changes which have directly affected the scope of the WCMC Assessment are as follows: a it will cover only tropical countries, with the exception of those in Insular Africa (other than Madagascar) and Oceania which have been dropped due to paucity of data. Thus, the FAO Assessment currently covers only 100 out of the 130 tropical countries originally identified for inclusion. These are listed in Annex 1.1; a it is not being extended to an additional 30 non-tropical developing countries as originally anticipated because of a lack of further funding; and a it is no longer planned to produce a series of country briefs due to the lack of a comprehensive response from tropical countries. In view of the these constraints and developments, the WCMC Assessment has necessarily been modified in order to maintain its consistency with the FAO Assessment. It includes 100 of the 101 geopolitical units covered by the FAO Assessment (Saint Pierre and Miquelon, listed by FAO under the Caribbean subregion is excluded from the WCMC Assessment), plus those five countries in Oceania which have a significant amount of forest (i.e. Fiji, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu), and Bermuda as listed in Annex 1.1. The FAO Assessment will officially end in October 1992 with the completion of a series of regional reports covering Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is anticipated that this report will supplement the FAO regional reports, or be incorporated within them. A preliminary, summary version of Part II of this report has already been presented to FAO for inclusion within its report to the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (FAO, 1992). 1.2 METHODS 1.2.1 Scope The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 covers 106 tropical geopolitical units. These are split into 12 subregions and three tropical regions (Latin America, Africa and Asia & Pacific), as shown in Annex 1.1. The scope of the WCMC Assessment was initially wider, covering a total of 163 geopolitical units in line with the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990. It included all those in Insular Africa and Oceanian subregions and extended to non-tropical developing countries. Government agencies within 158 of these geopolitical units were approached for information during the early stages of the project. But it was subsequently trimmed in line with changes within the FAO Assessment, as explained above (Section 1.1.4). The study is focused on managed areas, particularly those having a protection or conservation role which are referred to as conservation areas in this report. These terms are defined in the Glossary. It is directed primarily at the forestry and wildlife sectors, within which occur the majority of managed areas. Additional sectors are covered where appropriate. No attempt has been made to exclude managed areas notified after 1990 from the WCMC Assessment because this would not affect the analysis significantly. The number of records of sites established post-1990 is only 119, which is less than 0.5% of all the sites recorded on the WCMC database as having been established prior to 1990. 1.2.2 Data collection Forestry sector Prior to this assessment, WCMC’ information on managed areas in the forestry sector had been patchy, with good coverage of a few countries and scant or no data for the majority. Managed areas in the forestry sector are used predominantly for production purposes and, therefore, are of secondary interest to WCMC, as compared to those areas under protection and conservation management regimes. For the purpose of this study, it was necessary for WCMC to contact forest administrations in every tropical country, often for the first time. Administrations were asked for statistics and maps of the forest estate, information relating to its management and copies of relevant legislation. A standard letter was drafted in consultation with colleagues in the IUCN Forest Conservation Programme and the FAO Assessment, translated into French and Spanish, and circulated to all forest administrations using the list of Heads of National Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Administrations maintained by the FAO. Attached to the letter were two tables which these authorities were requested to fill in. The English version of the standard letter and tables is shown in Annex 1.2. Letters to forest administrations in 158 tropical and non-tropical developing countries (or geopolitical units) were sent out during the second quarter of 1990. Responses were received initially from 20% of countries, but, following reminder letters being sent in December, the response rate had increased to 40% by April 1991. As previously mentioned (Section 1.1.4), the scope of the project was reduced to 100 tropical countries following changes made to the FAO Assessment in mid-1991, and WCMC’s efforts in the latter part of 1991 and early 1992 concentrated on soliciting responses outstanding from among these tropical countries. By the end of this project, 52% of tropical countries had responded (Table 1.1). The level of response was remakably even, ranging from 48% in Tropical Latin America to 56% in Tropical Africa. A number of reasons may account for this relatively disappointing level of response. First, many of the countries in this assessment have extremely meagre financial resources dedicated to forestry and wildlife activities, and staff may not have been available to compile the information requested. Secondly, as a related issue, it is likely that the detailed information on individual sites, maps etc. may not be available, even within the countries themselves. This indicates the importance of supporting and building information gathering and management capacity within countries. Information obtained directly from forest administrations was supplemented with data gathered under the FAO Assessment, particularly in the case of those which did not respond to WCMC’s requests. In the absence of any recent data, and as a last resort, statistics were used from the Tropical Forest Resources Assessment 1980 (FAO, 1981) with respect to quantifying the extent of natural forest under production. Additional information on the forestry sector was obtained from the libraries of the FAO Forest Department, Rome and the Oxford Forestry Institute. Copies of much of the forest legislation relevant to managed areas were obtained from the FAO Forest Resources Division. Wildlife sector WCMC already holds an extensive body of information on conservation areas within the wildlife sector. This information has been gathered over many years as a result of direct contact with the appropriate government and other agencies responsible for their management. It is continuously being updated as existing areas are upgraded in their conservation status or enlarged, and as new ones are created. Relevant agencies within all tropical countries were contacted at some stage during the WCMC Assessment for their latest lists and maps of conservation areas, or asked to check and update such material generated from the WCMC Protected Areas Database and Biodiversity Map Library. Much of this information-gathering exercise was conducted under the auspices of compiling Protected areas of a world: a review of national systems (IUCN, 1992), with relevant data feeding directly into the WCMC Assessment. As explained in Section 1.1.3, these two projects complement each other. Table 1.1 Level of response from forest administrations in tropical countries to requests for information on managed areas initially made in March-June 1990. At least two reminders were sent over the subsequent two years to those administrations which did not respond. REGION No. countries No. countries Response responding level TROPICAL ASIA & PACIFIC South Asia 7 3 43% Continental South East Asia 5 2 40% Insular South East Asia 5 4 80% Oceania 5 2 40% Subtotal 22 11 50% TROPICAL AFRICA West Sahelian Africa 9 3 33% East Sahelian Africa 6 4 67% West Africa 8 6 75% Central Africa 7 2 28% Tropical Southern Africa (+ Madagascar) 11 8 73% Subtotal 41 23 56% TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA Central America (+ Mexico) 8 3 38% Caribbean 25 14 56% South America 10 21 40% Subtotal 43 21 48% TOTAL 106 55 52% Maps Where possible, maps of managed areas were obtained from the relevant government authorities within the forestry, wildlife and any other sectors in order to digitise their boundaries using a Geographic Information System. In addition, the map libraries of the University of Cambridge and Oxford Forestry Institute were searched for maps of managed areas. Maps were also obtained from the Natural Resources Institute of the Overseas Development Administration (ODNRI) and Hunting Technical Services, UK. 1.2.3 Data management WCMC manages its information on conservation areas in the following ways: a hard copies of bibliographic material (books, papers, reports, legislation etc), correspondence with raw data, and maps are filed on a geographic basis; a relevant data are extracted from this raw material and stored electronically in the WCMC Protected Areas Database or, in the case of maps, digitised using a Geographic Information System and stored within the WCMC Biodiversity Map Library; and a texts describing national conservation area networks, their legal and administrative basis, are compiled using a standard format and stored electronically. (Texts describing individual conservation areas are also compiled, and stored in the same way, but these are not relevant to this study.) For purposes of the WCMC Assessment, the WCMC Protected Areas Database was expanded to include other managed areas, notably forest reserves. A number of modifications were made to the database to enable the function of forest reserves to be recorded as production, protection or conservation, in line with the classification used by FAO (1990). This database currently comprises some 31,000 records, of which some 9,136 are relevant to the WCMC Assessment.. An example of the type of output which can be generated from the Protected Areas Database are the lists of conservation areas presented in Annex X.2 of respective subregional chapters within Part I of this report. Summary statistics of the forest estate provided by respective forest administrations in Table 1 of Annex 1.2 at the request of WCMC were entered into a series of worksheets within a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet. Output from this database appears as Annex X.1 of respective subregional chapters. Maps of managed areas were digitised using mainly ARC.INFO but also ATLAS*GIS software, in the latter stages of the project. Digital files are stored within the WCMC Biodiversity Map Library. 1.2.4 Analysis and review of information This is described below for each part of the report. Limitations with the data are discussed in italics as appropriate. PART I The way in which data are generated, analysed and presented is described below for each section of the subregional chapters. X.1 Historical Perspective Reviews the way in which nature conservation has evolved through legal and administrative regimes, based on informaton contained in Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems (IUCN, 1992). X.2 X.3 X.4 Nature Conservation Policy and Legislation Reviews current nature conservation policy and legislation within forestry, wildlife and other sectors, based on information contained in Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems (IUCN, 1992). Table X.1 has been compiled by extracting the relevant data from the Annex of legal designations in IUCN (1992). The sector to which individual pieces of legislation apply (i.e. forestry, wildlife or additional) is indicated, together with management objectives for each designation as legislated or laid down in policies. Managed Areas Administration Reviews current administration within forest, wildlife and other additional sectors based on information in Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems (IUCN, 1992). Managed Areas Status Data on managed areas originates from two databases, namely the WCMC Protected Areas Database (Annex X.1), and the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet with the responses from forest administrations (Annex X.2). Data in Table X.2, showing the extent of natural forest land under production, protection and conservation, are derived directly from Annex X.2. It should be noted that, whereas statistics for individual protection and conservation forests were collected as part of the WCMC Assessment, this was not extended to production forests. Data presented in Annex X.2 are often subject to a number of limitations, due to the way in which statistics are compiled nationally, as follows: @ It is not always possible to distinguish between the different forest origins. For example, data for natural forest may occasionally include plantation forest. @ It is frequently difficult to differentiate between protection and conservation forest as countries do not necessarily follow the classification system drawn up by FAO (1990). In the final analysis, this does not affect the WCMC Assessment as both protection and conservation forest are treated similarly as conservation areas. @ It is not always known whether or not raw data for protection and conservation forest, as supplied by forest administrations, include conservation areas managed by the wildlife sector. Where this is known to be the case, the raw data have been modified by subtracting the contribution of the wildlife sector. These and other deficiencies reflect the availability of national statistics, or the way in which they are compiled, and are noted at the foot of the tables in Annex X.2. Coverage The WCMC Protected Areas Database was used to generate statistics for analysing the coverage of national conservation area networks in terms of total and partial protection, and assessing the relative contribution of the forestry, wildlife and additional sectors. These statistics are presented in Table X.3. The analysis extends to all existing and proposed conservation areas, irrespective of their size, but managed areas under productive regimes are excluded. It does not extend to privately-owned and managed reserves. Coverage by national conservation area networks is expressed as a percentage of the total area of a country, and examined in relation to the widely-accepted target of 10%. This is considered to be a realistic goal for many countries, taking into account other demands on land for economic development and subsistence needs. Coverage expressed as a percentage of total area can be misleading, however, in the case of the countries with widely scattered islands and having a marine component that is well represented within the conservation area network. This discrepancy arises because total area accounts for land and inland water bodies only, and not territorial waters. The representativeness of conservation area networks is examined with respect to major habitats, and gaps identified from other studies are highlighted. Particular attention is given to whether or not plans based on systematic surveys have been formulated to ensure that the full range of a country’s biological diversity is represented within its conservation area network. Integrity Mean size and the frequency distribution of conservation area sizes are used as a measure of the integrity of conservation area networks (Table X.4). This, by necessity, is based only on data where the extent of individual conservation areas is known. Thus, agreggated data that may be included in Table X.2, Table X.3 or Annex X.2 will not appear. Given that, in effect, conservation areas have been increasingly established as islands in a sea of humanity, they should be theoretically as large as possible to maximise the degree to which their contents retain their integrity (Soulé, 1983). Thus, the effectiveness of a conservation areas network in maintaining biological diversity will partly be a function of the size of its constituent units. For example, conservation areas need to be large enough to support minimum viable populations of key species. These should consist of at least 500 genetically effective individuals, or a total population of about 1,000 individuals including juveniles and other non-breeders (Soulé, 1986). The optimal size of a conservation area will vary with respect to the key species under protection, but the many sites that contain populations of threatened large mammals need to extend over several tens or hundreds of thousands of hectares, respectively, for ungulates or carnivores at the top of their food chains. The effectiveness with which conservation areas are managed is assessed qualitatively, based largely upon information from Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems (IUCN, 1992). X.5 Future Prospects Official proposals to expand conservation area networks are reviewed, based on statistics presented in Table X.3. The many new conservation areas recommended by authorities other than the responsible management agencies, such as consultants representing non-governmental organisations and aid agencies, are excluded from the analysis. Other national initiatives to strengthen networks through specific projects and programmes, to overcome economic constraints through funding mechanisms, and to improve management through new approaches are reviewed. Participation in international and regional conventions and programmes, particularly with respect to the Convention concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) and the Unesco Man and the Biosphere Programme is reviewed (Table X.5), together with attempts between adjacent countries to manage conservation areas under cooperative agreements. X.6 Priorities for Action These are necessarily broad and may not be comprehensive, but the priorities identified in this report are summaried in Table X.6. PART I The analyses in Part II are essentially similar to those described above for Part I, but carried out at the regional and global level, rather than subregional level. This is intended to summarise the major trends across each of the three continental regions, and at a global level. It is by necessity a summary document dealing with generalisations, and should be read in conjunction with appropriate sub-regional reports, where much greater detail and elaboration is provided. PART Ill This part of the report consists entirely of maps of managed areas of each country generated from the WCMC Biodiversity Map Library. Maps show the boundaries of existing managed areas, where known, or their centre points if only their geographic coordinates are known. Proposed managed areas are not mapped. Different hatching patterns are used to distinguish between the following: @ managed areas under production and conservation areas within the forestry sector. ™ conservation areas within the forestry sector and those within the wildlife and any other additional sectors. Conservation areas are numbered on the maps; these numbers correspond to the numbers in the respective lists for each country in Annex X.2 of the subregional reports. Not all conservation areas are mapped because the 8 locations of some sites are not known. This is evident by comparing the numbers in Annex X.2 with those in the maps. Managed areas under production are mapped, if the information is available, but they are not individually named by cross-referencing to the list in Annex X.2 as in the case of conservation areas. The source material from which the maps are derived is given at the beginning of Part III on a country-by- country basis. Maps are based on the best available information. Sometimes this may be ten or more years old, as in the case of Atlas of Forest Resources of India published by the Government of India in 1976. This was used as the source for digitising India’s forest reserves. In this particular case, there has been relatively little change (4%) in the total area of reserved forests, from 39.8 million ha in 1976 (Government of India, 1984) to 41.5 million ha in 1991 (Forest Survey of India, 1992), and boundaries of many forest reserves may not have changed significantly. Sometimes it has been possible to obtain copies of digital files, for example, most South American countries. In the case of Indonesia, a full set of film positives of Map 9 Land Cover and Suggested Forest Zoning, The Land Resources of Indonesia - A National Overview - Atlas was obtained from the Natural Resources Institute of the Overseas Development Administration, but unfortunately these could not be digitised for technical reasons. Sources used in the production of maps are given at the beginning of Part III. REFERENCES FAO (1981). Forest resources of Tropical Africa, Tropical America and Tropical Asia: regional synthesis and country briefs. 4 volumes. FAO/UNEP Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project, Rome. FAO (1990). Guidelines for assessment. July 1990. Forest Resources Assessment 1990. FAO, Rome. FAO (1992). The forest resources of the tropical zone by main ecological regions. Forest Resources Assessment 1990 Project. Report presented at the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, June 1992. Forest Survey of India (1992). The state of forest report 1991. Forest Survey of India, Dehra Dun. 89 pp. Government of India (1984). India’s forests 1984. Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. 114 pp. IUCN (1992). Protected areas of the world: a review of national systems. 4 volumes. Prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Sharma, M.K. (1986a). Eco-floristic zone and vegetation maps of tropical continental Asia. Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Végétation, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Sharma, M.K. (1986b). Eco-floristic zones of Africa. Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Végétation, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Soulé, M.E. (1983). Applications of genetics and population biology: the what, where and how of nature reserves. In: Conservation, Science and Society. Unesco-UNEP. Pp. 252-264. Soulé, M.E. (Ed.) (1986). Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. P. 189. 10 Annex 1.1 List of countries included within the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 West Sahelian Africa Burkina Cape Verde Chad Gambia Guinea-Bissau Mali Mauritania Niger Senegal East Sahelian Africa Djibouti Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Sudan Uganda Central America and Mexico Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada South Asia Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Continental South East Asia Cambodia Lao PDR AFRICA (TROPICAL) West Africa Benin Céte d’ Ivoire Ghana Guinea Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone Togo Central Africa Cameroon Central African Republic Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome & Principe Zaire LATIN AMERICA (TROPICAL) Guadeloupe Haiti Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Puerto Rico Saint Lucia Saint Vincent & the Grenadines Saint Christopher & Nevis Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands ASIA & PACIFIC (TROPICAL) Myanmar Thailand Viet Nam Insular South East Asia Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore 11 Tropical Southern Africa Angola Botswana Burundi Malawi Mozambique Namibia Rwanda Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Insular Africa Madagascar Tropical South America Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Venezuela Oceania Fiji” New Caledonia” Papua New Guinea” Solomon Islands” Vanuatu" “Excluded from FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990. Annex 1.2 Letter to heads of all forest administrations in developing countries FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 The World Conservation Monitoring Centre, in cooperation with the IUCN Tropical Forest Programme, is currently gathering information on protected and managed forests in tropical/developing countries for incorporation into the Forest Resources Assessment 1990 being implemented by FAO under the framework of the Tropical Forestry Action Plan. The last such survey undertaken by FAO was in 1980, in response to concern about the depletion and degradation of tropical forests and woodlands throughout the world. That assessment covered 76 tropical countries and provided a set of quantitative estimates on forest resources and deforestation rates. The findings were instrumental in mobilising global support for the Tropical Forestry Action Plan, the aim of which is to reverse the process of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. As you are aware, FAO is carrying out a further assessment, working to a baseline of 1990. In the new assessment explicit emphasis will be given to reviewing the service functions of forests, including environmental protection and nature conservation. It is necessary, therefore, to examine the extent to which tropical forests and woodlands have been assigned a conservation role through their protection as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and the like, or as certain categories of forest reserve. WCMC is working closely with FAO in preparing this part of the Assessment, with the support of the Overseas Development Administration of the UK. Information is needed on the forest reserve system within your country. It would be very much appreciated if the following details could be provided by the end of May 1990: 1. _ statistical data summarising the extent of the forest reserve network as shown in Table 1. a map (Scale 1:1 million is preferred, complete with projection - e.g. Mercator - and latitude and longitude registration marks) showing the distribution of the forest reserve network, with all forests reserved for protection or conservation purposes (e.g. protection of watersheds and water catchments, nature conservation) named and their boundaries marked; 3. a register of protection and conservation forests to be cross-referenced to the above map (2), with details of size, date of notification etc. as shown in Table 2. In addition, it would be helpful if you could also provide the following: 4. copies of forestry legislation and policy relevant to the general establishment of forest reserves (but copies of legislation dealing with the notification of individual reserves is not needed); 5. precise definitions of the different categories of forest reserves, if not covered by the above (4); 6. details of recently introduced or proposed conservation measures within the forestry sector (e.g. bans on logging above specified altitudes or gradients, total bans on logging or raw log exports); and 7. acopy of the forest department annual report. It would be most helpful if WCMC could be put on your department’s mailing list for future issues. Your help is greatly appreciated and if there is any way in which we might be able to reciprocate with information, please do not hesitate to contact us. Yours sincerely WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 12 Table 1 National forest reserve network - summary information Please complete the table below in the manner illustrated by the example, or supply an official listing annotated as appropriate with the information requested. Any policies relevant to the protection of forests should be entered as a footnote to the table as shown below. For the purposes of the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990, forest function is classified according to the following definitions: Production forests - areas which support sustained production of wood. Protection forests - areas, other than conservation forests, which in practice cannot support sustained wood production because the terrain is unsuitable (eg too steep or rugged, subject to flooding). Conservation forests - areas designated for conservation. NAME OF COUNTRY/STATE: e.g. Gondwanaland MONTH/YEAR OF REFERENCE: e.g. December 1989 National Forest Function No. Area designation Prod. Prot. Cons. reserves (ha) - Class Forest Reserves 126 3,783,417 - Protection Forests + 28 999,777 - Commercial Forests!” + 38 2,674,576 - Amenity Forests + 11 20,767 - Virgin Jungle Reserves + 49 88,306 ' No logging permitted above 2,000m: this amounts to an area of c.198,000 ha. 2 No logging permitted in the coastal zone: this amounts to an area of c.143,000 ha 13 VA ysasoj uoNEuEld = J / jsoOJ UOU = NY / ISOJOJ JeINYeU = J :sadAy ysoI0J, a ER BS) ee 8 eS Se eee oe ON d u u 192 “ wiynjeg 7 ON d u “ £17 . 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JouTEUT OG} UT MOTEq 914) OU} aye[duloo eseatd $}SaJOJ UOIBAIESUOD/UOT}Oe}0Id Jo JaysIZay 7 QUI, GLOSSARY This highly selective glossary provides definitions of some of the less familiar or more technical terms used in this report. Alienable forest land Forest land available for transfer to other forms of land use (FAO, 1990). Conservation forest Areas within the forestry sector designated for conservation by law or other regulations (FAO, 1990). Conservation area Defined as for protected area. [The term conservation area is used instead of protected area with which it is synonymous. } Forest land An area of land proclaimed to be forest under a Forest Act or Ordinance (FAO, 1990). Forest reserve Generally well-defined, surveyed, demarcated and legally constituted forest under the control of a forest department. All acts of felling, collection of forest produce, grazing and even trespassing are usually prohibited unless expressly permitted by law (FAO, 1981). Forestry sector That part of government responsible for the protection and management of forest land. Land area Refers to total area excluding the area under inland water bodies, these being major rivers and lakes. [Data are taken from the FAO Production Yearbook.] Managed area A legally designated natural area managed for production on a sustainable basis or for conservation purposes. The term includes conservation area and is frequently used generically when referring to reserves within the forestry sector that may have a production and/or conservation function. Natural forest Forest composed of tree species known to be indigenous to the area. Included in this definition are primary forest (undisturbed), disturbed primary forest associated with various intensities of selective logging, secondary forest resulting from logging of primary forest, logged over forest with under-planting of exotics, and managed forest regenerated artificially or naturally so long as this involves the renewal of essentially the same crop as before (FAO, 1990). Notified forest Forest land that is notified as reserved. N.B notified forests are usually demarcated, the boundaries being given in the notification. Plantation forest refers to forest established artificially by afforestation on lands which previously did not carry forest within living memory, or by reforestation of previously forested land involving the replacement of indigenous species by new and essentially different species or genetic varieties (FAO, 1990). Production forest Forest having terrain and soil conditions suitable for the production of wood and other products on a sustainable basis. The distance to consumption or export centres is not taken into account, which means that economically inaccessible forests are included in this class (FAO, 1990). Protected area An area of land and/or sea managed through legal or customary regimes so as to protect and maintain biological diversity and natural and associated cultural resources. [This definition was agreed at the IV World Parks Congress on National Parks and Protected areas, Caracas, 10-12 February 1992. The term protected area is not used in this report, conservation area being preferred.] Protected forest Similar to forest reserve in so far as being notified, demarcated and under the control of a forest department. However, the degree of control exercised is generally of a low order and nearby villagers usually have rights to grazing and collection of forest produce for their own consumption (FAO, 1981). 15 Protection forest Areas within the forestry sector located on terrain that is too steep or rough, or subject to periodic or permanent inundation, which makes forest management impractical due to physical non-productivity (FAO, 1990). Total area Refers to the total area of a country, including the area under inland water bodies. [Data are taken from the FAO Production Yearbook. ] Unclassed forest Forest land which is publicly owned but lacks any well-defined legal status (FAO, 1981). Unclassified forest Forest land other than that legally reserved or that which is alienable, i.e. the rest (FAO, 1990). Wildlife sector That part of government responsible for nature conservation. 16 Domaine de chasse Domaine forestier permanent de 1’Etat Domaine forestier rural de 1’ Etat Forét de dévéloppement communautaire Forét classée Forét communale Forét de production Forét de protection Forét protégée Forét recréative Forét rurale Parc international Parc national Parc présidentiel Parc régional Périmétre de protection Périmétre de reboisement Périmétre de restauration Réserve de chasse Réserve forestiére Réserve de faune Réserve de faune et de flore Réserve forestiére Réserve intégrale Réserve naturelle gérée Réserve naturelle intégrale Réserve naturelle nationale Réserve naturelle partielle Réserve naturelle Réserve spéciale Réserve partielle de faune Réserve totale de faune Sanctuaire Zone protégée d’exploitation de la faune Zone cynégétique Zone de chasse Zone d’intérét cynégétique Zone tampon Glossary of French terms Hunting reserve Permanent state forest Rural state forest Community development forest Classified forest Community forest Production forest Protection forest Protected forest Recreation forest Rural forest International park National park Presidential park Regional park Protection area Reforestation area Restoration area Hunting area Forest reserve Faunal reserve Faunal and floral reserve Forest reserve Strict reserve Managed nature reserve Strict nature reserve National nature reserve Partial nature reserve Nature reserve Special reserve Partial faunal reserve Total faunal reserve Sanctuary Protected zone for faunal exploitation Sport hunting zone Hunting zone Sport hunting zone Buffer zone Glossary of Spanish terms Area boscosa baja proteccién Area critica Area de caza y pesca Area de manejo integral de recursos naturales Area de proteccién y recuperacién ambiental Area de proteccién Area de proteccién de flora y fauna silvestre y acudtica Area de proteccién de recursos naturales Area de uso multiple Area nacional de recreacién Area natural unica Area recreativa Area recreativa natural Area silvestre Biotopo natural y tipico Biotopo protegido Bosque de libre disponibilidad Bosque de produccién Bosque de proteccién Bosque de uso multiple Bosque especial Bosque nacional Bosque permanente de produccién Bosque permanente de proteccién Bosque productivo Bosque protectivo Bosque protector Campo experimental forestal Coto de caza Estacién bioldgica Lote boscosa Manantial Monumento cultural Monumento nacional Monumento natural Parque Parque forestal Parque histérico Parque litoral Parque marino nacional Parque municipal Parque nacional Parque nacional marino Parque natural Parque regional Parque urbano Refugio Refugio de fauna silvestre Refugio de vida silvestre Wooded area under protection Critical area Hunting and fishing area Area of integrated natural resource management Environmental protection and recuperation area Protection area Wild and aquatic flora and fauna protection area Natural resource protection area Multiple use area National recreation area Unique natural area Recreation area Natural recreation area Wildland area Natural and typical biotope Protected biotope Freely disposable forest Production forest Protection forest Multiple-use forest Special forest National forest Permanent production forest Permanent protection forest Production forest Protection forest Protection forest Experimental forest Hunting reserve Biological station Forest plot Water source Cultural monument National monument Natural monument Park Forest park Historic park Littoral park Marine national park Municipal park National park National marine park Natural park Regional park Urban park Refuge Wildlife refuge Wildlife refuge Reserva Reserva antropoldégica Reserva biolégica Reserva communal Reserva de fauna Reserva de fauna silvestre Reserva de la biosfera Reserva de produccién de agua Reserva de produccién faunistica Reserva de recursos marinos Reserva ecolégica Reserva equivalente Reserva especial de la biosfera Reserva fiscal Reserva forestal Reserva forestal de asentamiento comunal Reserva forestal de inmovilizacién Reserva geobotanica Reserva indigena Reserva marina Reserva nacional Reserva nacional de recursos naturales Reserva nacional de vida silvestre Reserva nacional hidraulica Reserva nacional natural Reserva natural Reserva natural de vida silvestre Reserva natural privada Reserva scientifica Rutas y vias escénicas Santuario de fauna silvestre Santuario de fauna Santuario de flora Santuario de vida silvestre Santuario histérico Santuario nacional Sitio de patrimonio histérico-cultural o arqueolégico Via parque Zona de interés turistico Zona de repoblacién Zona de reserva para la proteccién de tortuga marina Zona de reserva para fauna migratoria Zona protectora Zona protectora forestal Zona reservada Zona sujeta a conservacién ecolégica Reserve Anthropological reserve Biological reserve Communal reserve Faunal reserve Wildlife reserve Biosphere reserve Water production reserve Faunal production reserve Marine resource reserve Ecological reserve Equivalent reserve Special biosphere reserve Fiscal reserve Forest reserve Communal forest reserve Closed forest reserve Geobotanical reserve Indigenous reserve Marine reserve National reserve National natural resource reserve National wildlife reserve National hydrological reserve National natural reserve Natural reserve Natural wildlife reserve Private natural reserve Scientific reserve Scenic routes and roads Wildlife sanctuary Faunal sanctuary Floral sanctuary Wildlife sanctuary Historic sanctuary National sanctuary Historic-cultural heritage or archaeological site Parkway Zone of touristic interest Reforestation zone Reserve zone for sea turtle protection Reserve zone for migratory fauna Protection zone Protection forest zone Reserved zone Zone subject to ecological conservation Glossary of Portugese terms Area especial de interesse turistico Area de protegao ambiental Area indigena Estagao ecolégica Foresta nacional Foresta estadual Foresta municipal Local de interesse turistico Monumento arqueolégico o pre-histérico Monumento natural Parque de caca federal Parque de caca estadual Parque de caga municipal Parque nacional Parque estadual Parque indigena Parque municipal Reserva bioldégica Reserva biolégica nacional Reserva bioldgica estadual Reserva biolédgica municipal Reserva ecolégica Reserva indigena Reserva particular do patrimonio natural Area of special tourist interest Environmental protection area Indigenous area Ecological station National forest State forest Municipal forest Locality of touristic interest Archaeological or prehistoric monument Natural monument Federal hunting park State hunting park Municipal hunting park National park State park Indigenous park Municipal park Biological reserve National biological reserve State biological reserve Municipal biological reserve Ecological reserve Indigenous reserve Natural heritage private reserve PART I SUBREGIONAL REVIEWS 2 SOUTH ASIA 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka 2.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Protection of nature is a very old tradition in South Asia. Wise use of natural resources was a prerequisite for many hunter-gatherer societies which date back to at least 600 BC. Most notable among such traditions are sacred groves, totally inviolate to any human interference, and village groves where only limited use is permitted among members of the community. Many of these still exist today. Protected areas have perhaps the longest history in South Asia. The concept dates back to at least the 4th century BC in India when provisions for their establishment were codified in the Arthasashtra Indica (321- 300 BC) by Kautilya, reputedly the Prime Minister of King Chandra Gupta Maurya. Prescriptions included tules for the administration of forests and provisions for three classes of forests, namely those reserved for the king, those for ascetics and those for the public which could be used only for hunting purposes. Kautilya is also the first-recorded person to have advocated the establishment of Abhayaranyas or sanctuaries for wildlife. The following century, during the reign of Emperor Ashoka, conservation measures for wildlife were enacted and reserves established for wild animals. In Sri Lanka, one of the world’s first wildlife sanctuaries was created in the 3rd century BC by King Devenampiya Tissa. These traditions were continued by indigenous and colonial rulers who reserved areas rich in wildlife specifically for privileged hunting. As land became progressively settled or cultivated, these hunting reserves increasingly became refuges for wildlife and many of them have subsequently been legally designated as conservation areas. Conservation in the subregion, however, stems mainly from the creation of extensive reserved forest networks during the late 19th and early 18th centuries to safeguard timber, soil and water resources. Superimposed on this network has been a much smaller number of conservation areas where the value of the biological resource has persuaded authorities to reduce the level of utilisation of forest products. Thus, nature conservation has its recent origins in the forestry sector, many conservation areas having been established on lands originally reserved for forestry purposes. This process is in various stages of development within different countries in the subregion. It is in its infancy in Bhutan where, in the absence of any nature conservation legislation, national parks and equivalent reserves are essentially reserved forests notified for conservation purposes, and administered by a Wildlife Division of the Forest Department but remaining subject to the provisions of the Bhutan Forest Act. In all other countries, except the Maldives, separate nature conservation legislation has been enacted for the establishment of conservation areas. In most countries, these are administered by wildlife divisions within respective forest departments, but in Nepal, Sri Lanka and a few states or provinces of India and Pakistan, the wildlife sector has been upgraded to departmental status. In Bangladesh, however, the Wildlife Circle established in 1976 in the erstwhile Forest Department was abolished in 1983 and nature conservation became the responsibility of the territorial divisions of the Forest Directorate. Nature conservation legislation has yet to be enacted in the Maldives. Here, conservation of natural resources is the responsibility of the National Environment Council but this body has no legislative authority 2.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION Legal provisions for the establishment of conservation areas exist in all South Asian countries except Bhutan and the Maldives, where a nature conservation act is being drafted. These are summarised in Table 2.1 and reviewed below. 18 2.2.1 Forestry Sector Policy Originally, in the first half of this century, forestry policies were directed primarily towards commercial interests. Increasingly, during the 1980s, policies shifted towards conserving forests to maintain environmental stability, as in the case of the national forest policies of Bangladesh (1979), India (1988) and Sri Lanka (1980). In India a target has been set for one-third of its total land area to be under forest (as stipulated originally in the 1952 National Forest Policy), and two-thirds in the hills and mountainous regions. In 1983 a moratorium was imposed on the felling of trees at altitudes of 1,000m and above. In addition, the Indian National Forest Policy, 1988 advocates the provision of corridors to link conservation areas and thereby maintain genetic continuity between artificially separated populations of migrant wildlife. Forestry policy has been revised to meet the requirements of development and extension forestry in Pakistan, where attempts to bring forests under sound scientific management through enforcement measures have been largely unsuccessful. Bhutan has a particularly enlightened forestry policy under which is recognised the importance of maintaining a minimum forest cover of 60% in order to prevent soil erosion and maintain climatic stability. The present policy of 1974 is due to be replaced by a new policy which gives even greater importance to conservation, based on the premise that forest resources should be regarded more in terms of their conservation value and less as a source of revenue. Prescriptions will include: designation of all forest land above 2,700m or on slopes exceeding 60 degrees as protection forest; prohibition of shifting cultivation on slopes of 45 degrees and above; establishment of a comprehensive network of protected areas; and banning of grazing in forests reserved for conservation or protection. Similar provisions have been made in Sri Lanka where logging is prohibited above 1,500m and on gradients exceeding 30 degrees. Presently, there is a moratorium on logging in the wet zone. Nepal has a well-developed mechanism for formulating and declaring policy through its national five-year plans. Present forest policy is based on the 1976 National Forestry Plan and incorporated within the most recent (seventh) five-year plan. Its main objectives are to meet the people’s needs for forest products, to maintain and restore the ecological balance through programmes of reforestation and watershed management, and to derive maximum economic gains from forest products. A new forestry sector policy was formulated in 1989 under the Master Plan for the Forestry Sector and subsequently revised in 1991. Conservation measures include: management of forest resources according to their ecological capability so as to conserve the forests, soil, water, flora, fauna and scenic beauty, with representative examples of ecosystems unique to Nepal protected and tourism regulated according to local carrying capacities. Legislation Within the subcontinent, present forestry legislation dates back to early this century, with broadly similar acts introduced in India and Sri Lanka under former colonial administrations to reserve forest lands for the controlled exploitation of timber to meet commercial and local demands. Bangladesh and Pakistan adopted the Indian Forest Act following their independence in 1971 and 1947, respectively. In Bhutan and Nepal, forestry legislation was introduced later, during the 1960s. Nepal is currently revising its forestry legislation under its Master Plan for the Forestry Sector. Existing forestry legislation provides for the establishment of reserved, protected and village forests in most countries, slightly different terminology being used in the case of Nepal. The notification of reserved forests is a lengthy procedure involving settlement of existing rights and demarcation of boundaries. In Bhutan, however, very few reserved forests have been demarcated. Sri Lanka has a large number of proposed reserves which are a legacy from earlier this century. Although awaiting notification as reserved forests, they are subject to the provisions of the Forest Ordinance, 1907. Under its national Man and Biosphere Programme, Sri Lanka has also demarcated a number of MAB reserves within reserved forests. These are representative of the main bioclimatic zones of the island. All forms of exploitation are excluded from these conservation areas. Sri Lanka is the only country in the subregion to have introduced legislation within its forestry sector specifically for the establishment of conservation areas. Under the National Heritage Wilderness Areas Act, 1988 any piece of state land having unique or outstanding natural features may be reserved for total protection. 19 Other forestry-related legislation includes the Soil & Watershed Conservation Act, introduced in Nepal in 1982 to provide for the conservation and development of critical watersheds. The Act has yet to be applied but two nationally important watersheds are being considered for designation as protected watersheds areas. A number of countries, however, have introduced legislation to improve provisions for protection of forests. In India, for example, the Forest (Conservation) Act was promulgated in 1980 to stem the indiscriminate diversion of forest land to non-forestry uses. Nepal introduced a Forest Protection Special Act in 1968 to provide forest officials with policing and judicial powers, but such measures became less applicable with the subsequent change in policy towards community forestry and decentralisation. 2.2.2 Wildlife Sector Policy Few countries within the subregion have formulated nature conservation policies, the exceptions being India and Sri Lanka. A National Wildlife Policy for India was first formulated in 1970, one of its aims being to reserve at least 4% of total area for nature conservation. Recently, this objective has been exceeded. The basis to present nature conservation policy in India is the National Wildlife Action Plan adopted in 1983. Objectives include the establishment of a representative network of conservation areas and development of appropriate management systems. In Sri Lanka, a National Policy for Wildlife Conservation was approved by the Cabinet in 1990. Effective management is advocated, as well as sustainable use of natural resources where this is compatible with management objectives. A working policy has recently been drafted for Nepal as part of the Master Plan for the Forestry Sector. This is essentially a guide to the implementation of the National Parks & Wildlife Conservation Act. Legislation Conservation areas legislation within the wildlife sector emerged chiefly during the 1970s (i.e. Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan), although much earlier (1937) in the case of Sri Lanka. In India the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 provides the necessary uniform legislation for the establishment of conservation areas which has since been adopted by all states and union territories, while in Pakistan separate legislation derived from a common draft has been enacted by each province. Bhutan presently lacks nature conservation legislation but a new Forest & Nature Conservation Act has been drafted which will replace the Forest Act, 1967. This legislation will expand on forestry policy to include related aspects of wildlife and biological diversity. Present nature conservation legislation in the subregion provides for the establishment of national parks, sanctuaries or wildlife sanctuaries/reserves and, in the case of Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan, game or hunting reserves in which licensed hunting is permitted. Provision for strict nature/natural reserves, accessible only for purposes of scientific study, is limited to Nepal (where none has been created to date) and Sri Lanka. National parks generally provide for a greater degree of protection than sanctuaries, as in India where people may reside in sanctuaries but not national parks, but the reverse is true for Bangladesh and Pakistan where wildlife sanctuaries enjoy more legal protection than national parks (e.g. entry or residence is prohibited in wildlife sanctuaries but not in national parks). Nepal has recently (1989) amended its National Parks & Wildlife Conservation Act to provide for the establishment of ’conservation areas’ in which management is directed towards the integration of conservation and sustainable use objectives. Such provisions do not exist elsewhere in the subregion. 2.2.3 Additional Sectors Not applicable 2.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION 2.3.1 Forestry Sector Administration of forestry is the responsibility of forest departments/directorates in the respective countries (Table 2.1). Most have a long institutional history, the oldest being in India which dates back to 1862. Forestry has a relatively recent origin in Bhutan, however, beginning in 1952 with the establishment of the 20 first administrative unit. Administration is decentralised to respective states or union territories in India and provinces in Pakistan, with the role of central government being mainly advisory. In general, management is the responsibility of respective territorial divisions, each under a Divisional Forest Officer. Thus, reserved (and protected) forests are combined into single administrative units, or forest divisions, which are managed according to working plans, usually of 10 years duration. Management of conservation areas generally falls outside the forestry sector, the exceptions being national heritage wilderness areas and national MAB reserves in Sri Lanka which are the responsibility of the Forest Department. 2.3.2 Wildlife Sector Conservation areas have traditionally been managed under a single administrative organisation within the forest departments of respective countries within the subregion. Wildlife divisions or wings have been upgraded to departmental status in Nepal and Sri Lanka, in the Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir, and in the Pakistan provinces of Punjab and Sind (Table 2.1). In Bangladesh, however, the Wildlife Circle established within the erstwhile Forest Department in 1976 was subsequently abolished in 1983, allegedly in the interests of economy. Following its down-grading within the Forest Directorate, responsibility for nature conservation has been devolved to the respective divisional forest officers. Nevertheless, separate staff are deployed for protection purposes in various national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Law enforcement within conservation areas in Nepal is the responsibility of the army. This sharing of responsibilities is considered to be a constraint on effective management and a drain on the financial resources of the Department of National Parks & Wildlife Conservation. In Azad State of Jammu & Kashmir and Sind, Pakistan, the appointment of local dignitaries as honourary game wardens invested with considerable legal power to enforce the law within conservation areas has met with some success. The administration of Project Tiger in India, initiated as a Central Sector Scheme in 1973, is overseen by a Steering Committee headed by the Minister of State for Environment and Forests. The Director is responsible for coordinating the project within central government. Execution of the project is the responsibility of the chief conservators of forests in the relevant states, with tiger reserves managed by field directors. The project’s present status is that of a centrally-sponsored scheme, with costs shared equally between the union and state governments. 2.3.3 Additional Sectors In Nepal, the Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management was established in 1974 in response to the growing awareness of the need to conserve soils and protect watersheds. The Department is empowered to designate protected watershed areas under the Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982. None has been declared to date but, together with the departments of Forests and National Parks & Wildlife Conservation, it is jointly responsible for the management of Shivapuri Watershed and Wildlife Reserve, an important watershed providing the capital with its main supply of water. 2.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations Nepal provides the only example in the subregion of conservation area management being entrusted to a non-governmental organisation. Management of the Annapurna Conservation Area (pending legal notification) has been entrusted to the King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation, an autonomous non- profit organisation established in 1983 by act of Parliament. The Trust aims to complement the efforts of government and foreign agencies in conserving and managing natural resources. 21 2.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS The managed areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Figs 2.1-6 (Part III). Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 2.1 which also serves as a key to the maps. 2.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector Coverage Managed areas within the forestry sector account for some 13.5% of the total area of South Asia (Table 2.2). They are most extensive in Bhutan (43.1%) and Nepal (29.8%), respectively, where all land under forest has been either reserved or nationalised. The reserved forest networks of India and Sri Lanka are extensive, covering approximately 15.3% and 17.7% of respective countries, while those of Bangladesh and particularly Pakistan are below 10%. Most of the forest estate in South Asian countries is allocated for commercial production purposes, including India and Nepal for which the relevant data are not available (Table 2.2). A significant amount of this estate provides protection or conservation services in Pakistan, where more of the reserved forest network has been allocated for protection than production purposes, and in Sri Lanka where about 10% (110,800ha) of its reserved forest network has been designated as conservation areas. In Bhutan, which lacks any nature conservation legislation, 970,575ha of reserved forest covering 20.7% of the country have been notified for conservation purposes. 2.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors Coverage There are over 843 legally designated conservation areas in South Asia covering a total area of 26.2 million ha or 5.8% of the subregion (Table 2.3). Approximately 21% of these conservation areas are under total protection, covering 2.0% of the subregion (Table 2.3). The rest are partially protected. The forestry sector is directly responsible for over 50 conservation areas, covering a total area of 1.2 million ha or 0.3% of the subregion. The 10% target of total area under protection for conservation purposes has only been reached by Bhutan and Sri Lanka, which have extensive conservation area networks, covering 20.6% and 13.8% of respective countries. Least extensive are those of Bangladesh (1.2%), which falls well below the minimum of 5% recommended by the erstwhile Ministry of Agriculture Task Force, and the Maldives which has none. Those of India (4.4%) and Pakistan (10.3%) are fairly extensive, but almost half of the Pakistan network comprises game reserves which are designated essentially for hunting purposes and afford little or no protection to the habitat. Nepal’s network has recently been expanded, following establishment of the Annapurna Conservation Area in 1987 and the notification of Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area in 1991. The network presently covers 9.4% of the country, or 11.3% with Annapurna which is effectively managed as a conservation area pending notification. Representativeness Nature conservation areas have often been established haphazardly in the past, with little regard to ecological or other criteria for their selection. This is reflected in the existing networks of Bangladesh, with freshwater and marine habitats poorly represented (Rahman and Akonda, 1987), and Pakistan where a number of critically important ecosystems are largely unprotected (Roberts, 1986). A more systematic approach has recently been adopted in India, where the existing network has been reviewed and plans formulated for a comprehensive network representative of the full range of biological diversity within the country (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988). Similarly, plans are underway in Sri Lanka to develop an optimal network (Green, 1991). Although extensive, the recent networks established in Bhutan and Nepal are unevenly distributed, with inadequate representation across the middle of respective countries (Blower, 1986; MFSC, 1988). This deficiency is addressed in the recent national conservation plan for Bhutan (MacKinnon, 1991). Integrity Data in Table 2.4 indicate that conservation areas in Bhutan and Nepal tend to be large, while those in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are on the small size. Networks in Bhutan and Nepal are optimal, comprising a relatively small number of large conservation areas. The opposite holds for Sri Lanka with its 22 many small conservation areas, often isolated from each other by settlements, plantations and agricultural land. Sri Lanka’s totally protected areas (mostly national parks), however, tend to be much bigger and on a par with those of Pakistan which is a very much larger country. The networks of India and Pakistan fall between these two extremes, though totally protected areas (national parks) are very much larger than partially protected areas (sanctuaries) in India. As might be expected, the mean size of totally protected areas in the subregion is nearly double that of partially protected areas. National parks constitute the bulk of the former category and, by definition, they tend to be relatively large areas to provide a range of services. The latter category comprises mainly sanctuaries, and wildlife and other reserves, many of which have been established to protect specific sites for resident or migratory fauna. In Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, however, many partially protected areas are probably too small to protect viable populations of key ungulate or carnivore species. Effectiveness Apart from inadequate representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by weaknesses in policy and legislation, inadequate institutional support and ineffective management. As mentioned in Section 2.2, nature conservation policies have been formulated in only India and Sri Lanka, while Bhutan and the Maldives have yet to introduce legislation to provide for the establishment of conservation areas. Very often, existing legislation needs strengthening or updating. In Nepal and Sri Lanka, for example, existing nature conservation legislation is being amended to provide for new categories of reserve, zonation (including the establishment of buffer zones) and to enhance presently inadequate penalties for infringements. Similar amendments to raise penalties for offences are under consideration with respect to the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) (Amendment) Act. Management is frequently hampered by the necessary but lengthy legal procedures, particularly those which relate to settlement of rights. A recent survey in India, for example, shows that legal procedures have been completed in just 40% of 52 national parks and 8% of 209 sanctuaries (Kothari et al., 1989). Institutional resources for conservation areas management are inadequate throughout the subregion. While comprehensive data for national expenditure in conservation areas are not readily available, World Bank (1991) statistics indicate that expenditure on nature conservation is less than 0.5% of national budgets in virtually all countries. An exception is Pakistan, with Rs 332 million (US$ 15 million) earmarked for nature conservation. This represents 2.1% of the total budget allocated under Pakistan’s Seventh Five-Year Plan (1988-1993) and 16.6% of the allocation to the forestry sector (Sheikh and Jan, n.d.). In India, expenditure on conservation areas in 1983-84 represented only 1.5% of forest department budgets (Kothari et al., 1989). In Bangladesh, the wildlife sector has been abolished (Section 2.3.2), and in Bhutan it is so inadequately staffed as to be virtually ineffective (Blower, 1989). The general lack of commitment of resources for conservation areas is largely responsible for many of the deficiencies in their management. Management is not planned in the majority of conservation areas. For example, Kirthar is the only national park in Pakistan with a current management plan. In India, only 43% of 52 national parks and 28% of 209 sanctuaries have management plans (Kothari et al., 1989). Nepal is exceptional, management plans having been formulated for six of its eight national parks. A number of these, however, are out of date (Green, 1992). Management is generally weak, often ineffective and in some cases, non-existent. Enforcement is very often handicapped by the absence of clearly-demarcated boundaries that are easily recognisable on the ground, as with many conservation areas in Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Encroachment is ubiquitous, few conservation areas being free from this problem. It is both indicative of inadequate vigilance and enforcement measures and symptomatic of the level of human pressure on natural resources to meet subsistence needs. 23 2.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation Preliminary data in Table 2.2. suggest that the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation is negligible (< 1%) in terms of the total area of the subregion under protection and conservation forest. Over 95% of the conservation area network falls within the domain of the wildlife sector (Table 2.3), although much of it was originally part of the national forest estate and subsequently upgraded with the introduction of nature conservation legislation. However, the contribution of the forestry sector to protection and conservation is much higher than suggested by these statistics because data are currently available for only a few countries (Table 2.2). Furthermore, as discussed in Section 2.2.1 and noted in the tables of Annex 2.2, a number of countries have formulated policies under which logging is prohibited above certain altitudes and on slopes exceeding specific gradients, but national statistics on the extent of forest lands meeting such criteria are not available. 2.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 2.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network Official proposals to expand the conservation area network total some 6.9 million ha, or 1.5% of the total area of the subregion (Table 2.3). Most of the improvements to the network, affecting some 6.5 million ha, are planned for India (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988). Other significant extensions to existing national networks are planned for Bhutan, while those for Nepal are already in hand (see Section 2.4.2). Proposals for Bhutan will address the inadequate representation of the middle of the country within the network, adding a further 2.1% to the present 20.6% of total area covered by conservation areas. 2.5.2 Other National Initiatives Strengthening networks A variety of initiatives to strengthen conservation areas planning and management are being implemented or formulated. In India, the conservation area network has been considerably strengthened through the operations of Project Tiger, acclaimed internationally as an outstanding success. Since its launch in 1973, a total of 18 tiger reserves covering over 2.8 million ha has been established. This represents 19% of India’s existing network of national parks and sanctuaries. Project Tiger continues to operate as a centrally-sponsored scheme, with costs shared equally between the union and state governments. Similar initiatives are planned in India for other flagship species under Project Elephant and Project Snow Leopard, demonstrating how action plans can be built into five-year programmes. Sri Lanka’s network experienced a major expansion in the 1980s under the Mahaweli Environment Project. This was designed to mitigate the impact of the Accelerated Mahaweli Development Programme largely through the establishment of a network of conservation areas in the Mahaweli catchment area. Administration of the Project is now being transferred to the Department of Wildlife Conservation. Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which often limits the effective management of conservation areas. In Bhutan, WWF is helping to set up a trust fund, from which the income will be used to sustain conservation activities. A similar initiative is underway with the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka. Conservation areas play a vital role in Nepal’s tourism industry, attracting mountaineers, trekkers and those interested in the country’s wildlife or cultural diversity. In recent years, income generated from tourism, concessions and other sources has consistently exceeded expenditure if the costs of assigning protection responsibilities to the Royal Nepal Army are excluded. This is a drain on the financial resources of the Department of National Parks & Wildlife Conservation, representing 84% of its budget of NRs 124.3 million in 1990/91 (Upreti, 1990). 24 Improving Management A recent survey of the status of India’s conservation areas has shown that many are poorly managed with little consideration given to resolving conflicts between the authorities and those living in or around them (Kothari er al., 1989). These and other management issues are due to be the subject of a major ecodevelopment programme focused on a selection of the main conservation areas. Efforts to integrate conservation with development are already underway in Nepal, with its attempts to develop model conservation areas in the Annapurna and Makalu-Barun regions. A new approach to management in Sri Lanka is planned by the Department of Wildlife Conservation as part of its five-year investment programme. Plans will be formulated to manage conservation areas in clusters, rather than in isolation to each other as is traditionally the case. 2.5.3 International Initiatives Conventions and Programmes Most countries within the region participate in one or more international conventions and programmes concerned with conservation areas (Table 2.5). All countries except Bhutan have accepted or ratified the Convention Concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, but only India, Nepal and Sri Lanka have had natural properties inscribed in the World Heritage List, several of which are outstanding examples of tropical rain forest. India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have acceded to or ratified the Ramsar Convention. None of the wetlands designated under the Convention, however, is particularly significant with respect to its forest resources. Several countries have set up National MAB Committees under the Unesco Man and Biosphere Programme. Biosphere reserves have been designated in Pakistan and Sri Lanka, but not yet in India where the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is in the process of being established and 12 other potential sites have been identified. In Sri Lanka, 47 biosphere reserves have been created but only two of these have been designated as part of the international network of biosphere reserves. The biosphere reserve concept, however, is being increasingly applied in the subregion, particularly in India where many existing or proposed sanctuaries form buffers to core areas under national park status. Cooperative agreements There is little cooperation within the subregion, with insecure national borders jeopardising coordinated conservation action. For example, joint management of the adjacent Bhutanese and Indian Manas properties was agreed in 1974 between respective countries, but this has since lapsed. Nepal and China have established conservation areas on their respective sides of Mount Everest. Plans to manage the Makalu-Barun National Park/Conservation Area in Nepal and adjacent Qomolangma Nature Reserve in China are being formulated under cooperative agreements with the Woodlands Mountain Institute, USA in the case of both countries. 2.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Priorities for conservation action in the subregion were reviewed as part of the IUCN systems review of the Indomalayan Realm (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1986) and the Corbett Action Plan (IUCN, 1985), but these are somewhat dated. Priorities have more recently been reviewed by IUCN (1992) in preparation for the IV World Parks Congress. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and summarised in Table 2.6. In conclusion, remarkable progress has been shown in the development of national conservation areas networks in the subregion over the last few decades. The most positive trend has been the growing awareness of the values of conservation areas and the increased recognition that conservation often 25 represents the most appropriate form of land use for such areas. The greatest challenge, which has still to be adequately addressed, is the need to involve local communities as partners in managing conservation areas. 26 REFERENCES Blower, J.H. (1986). Nature conservation in Bhutan: project findings and recommendations. Project HDP/BHU/83/022. FAO, Rome. 55 pp. Blower, J.H. (1989). Nature conservation in northern and central Bhutan. Project BHU/95/016. FAO, Rome. 48 pp. Dorji, C. (1983). Bhutan. Paper presented at First International Symposium and Inauguration of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1-5 December 1983. 11 pp. FSI (1992). The state of forest report 1991. Forest Survey of India, Dehra Dun. 89 pp. Green, M.J.B. (1991). Conservation review: progress report (August-October 1991). IUCN/EMD Report No. 7. Environmental Management Division, Forest Department, Government of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 24 pp. Green, M.J.B. (1992). Nature reserves of the Himalaya and the mountains of Central Asia. IUCN, Cambridge and Oxford University Press, Delhi. 458 pp. IUCN (1992). Parks for life: proceedings of the IV World Parks Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. 250 pp. Jan, Abeedullah (1990). Forest management in Himalayan Karakoram and Hindu-Kush region of Pakistan. Forest Department, Islamabad. 173 pp. Kothari, A., Pande, P., Singh, S., Variava, D. (1989). Management of national parks and sanctuaries in India: a status report. Environmental Studies Division, Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi. 298 pp. MacKinnon, J. (1991). National conservation plan for Bhutan. Annex Report No. 1. Master Plan for Forestry Development. Department of Forestry, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. 94 pp. MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system of the Indo-Malayan Realm. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 284 pp. MFSC (1988). Master Plan - Forestry Sector Nepal. 13 reports. HMG Nepal/ADB/FINNIDA with Jaakho Poyry/Madecor Consultancy, Kathmandu. Rahman, S.A. and Akonda, A.W. (1987). Bangladesh national conservation strategy: wildlife and protected areas. Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Dhaka. Unpublished report. 33 pp. Rashid, H. Er (1989). Land use in Bangladesh: selected topics. Bangladesh Agriculture Sector Review. UNDP Project No. BGD/87/023. Pp. 106-155. Roberts, T.J. (1986). Critical ecosystems in Pakistan. Unpublished report. 10 pp. Rodgers, W.A. and Panwar, H.S. (1988). Planning a wildlife protected area network in India. 2 vols. Project FO: IND/82/003. FAO, Dehra Dun. 339, 267 pp. Upreti, B.N. (1990). Status of national parks and protected areas in Nepal. Tigerpaper 18(2): 27-32. WRI/CIDE (1990). Bangladesh environment and natural resource assessment. Draft for review. World Resources Institute/Centre for International Development and Environment, Washington, DC. 86 pp. 27 Arenjoueg d sped [euonen L (278g) UOPIEAM OFTIPIIM JOT SAIOBAI OUTED d {(uotup¢)) uOTWBATOsaIg Bale peso[D d OPIPTEM JO JOyoaNI [LAA] Vv (YoRo=IOIg) OFTTPIEAA CLI Waroy BTBTTIA 1 WAlOJ poarosoy 2) (218g pue uoTUA) WaloJ poyoojarg 1 quouipedeg 4sa104 [a] 19V 1sl04 UBIpUT L@I Arenjoues OFT1PTIA\ d SAISsal OsTIPHE AA d youd pouoney d (uorstarq aJIPILM) wourpredad yso104 [A] suoneoynoN Wao} poarosoy fe) quouipedeg 4s9104 SNOLIBA [4] Vy IsaZ0y uBNYyg 6961 uenyg LA] YW Gueupusury) ayBIOJOATT] ISAO (UoNBAresatd) OsTPIIAA Ysopylsueg vL6l ayBJOAlIG] ysasOF [a] VW IsI04 L@lI ysopejsueg uOpeUssag “Ue [10}9g] aL JEaX Aranjoues 2J1PTEM SAIosal oUIBs OVAL yped euoneyy SAIOsAl OUTED A. Ay Oo Waloy OdUTTTA, Wao} poalosay WAIOJ pojoojolg 40 4 seale paseuvyy AWAOYING IaNBASTUTUIpPY uo1nesisa] *(@SN 9ATIOBINXS [RIOJOUIWIOD JopuN pur] ySOIOJ = dD ‘ASN 9ANVOLI}X [LOO] JopuN puL] soso} = J ‘uONOa}0Id Jeed = g ‘UONDE}0Id Je}0) = J.) 9AJOa[qo JUOWOSeURUT 0} SUIPIOIOR POISse]O ore suOeUsIseq ‘Aj JOYINE saNLsIuIUIpe o[qisuodses pue JUoUJORUA JO IeAA YIM ‘seoIe poseueUT JO} SUOISIAOId [edo] UZ AGB L Bly poysioyEM po}d9}01g SATOBAI OFTTPTEAA SAIOsal AINBU 49LS yred yeuoneyy aAlosal SuUNH Bale UOIBAIQSUOD SAO} 97815 jOAIOSAI JSBOJ VIVAL {aloy payoojoud yeAvyoued ,saroy yeAByoued 118asoy yoRI]UOD 0 d L L d d OnNHHO juaweseuBW] poysseye Ay puv uoljearasuog [log Jo yuowpedeq UOT]BAIOSUOD 2TTPTTAA puv syivg [euoleN jo juowpedegq 3sal0,J Jo juoupredag [v] }9V UoNBAIssUOD payssayBAA puv [IOS [AA] PY UOKHBAZasUOD asTPILM PUB SAVq [UONBN [4] Vv wa0y Avenyoues SJT[PIIAA yred [euoney [AA] eouvurpIQ voHoa0Ig OFTPILA PUTS PATQBal OUTED) prvog yuoweseueyy esI[PIIA\ Puls Arenjoues OFTPTEM SAIOsAl OWES OBA [LM] 2Yy Guowoeseueyy 2 yred euoneyy UOT]BAIBSUOD SAIOBAl OUTED quoupredeg spit ‘uonBarasald ‘U01}99}0Ig) OFITPTM qelung SAIOSAI OFTTPTIAA, yped yeuoneyy ware Sununy poljornuoD quowpredeg ysal0j [A] WV UoIBAIOSAlg OJIIP[IAA SBalY UZOyYON staly WoYyON - Arenjoues OJT1PTM SAIOBAl QUES 9yBALIG yped yeuoneyy LM] YW Quowedseuepy 2 uoTBAIOsUOD ‘UOIIBAIOSOIg SATOsaI OUTED (ZUIAA 2FITPIIAA) JUowpedeq ysal04 ‘u01}99}01g) OTPTIAA SUTAGIG JoNUOIy s94\-YYON JonUualy AN - Avenjoues OJM PIE SAIBSAIl OWES OVAL yped Jouonsy [A] 20uvutpigQ QuowedeuByy pues uolyBAIosuOD SAIOSAI OUTED ayelojoalIq yoUUOITAUg ‘UOTWBATOSAIg ‘UOT{9}OIg) I[P[IAA PBqBUrE[S] pequuryysy - Arenjoues Ost1PTIM sped [euoneyy SAIOSAI SUBD quowpedeg ejI[piiM pus ysa107 [A] 9V YONDAI01g OFITP[IA UBIsTyONTeg uBysiyon[eg - Arenjoues OsTPTM yped euonenyy @ATOsaI OUTED (3utAA 2JT1PIEM) wawyredaq ysa104 LA] Vv OFIPE TwYysey zp nuWES pezy yaloy poarosoy WAlOJ poyooj}0lqg quowpedeg 4s10,4 [a] 1°V Is0y UEsrEg "s]SAl0J PaAtasal JO Joquinu ¥B UT payst{quiso Useq sABY ‘UOTJEO[dxe Woy payoojoid A[TwI0) ‘soATosaI {YIN [BUOHBN , ‘UONB[sId9] sasoy Mou UTYIM poyerodioouT 9q 0) oNp are puB ‘Jo}ag ATsalo.j BY) Joy UB[_ Jo\sBA| OY) Jopun pastaal Butaq Afuaiino are suoreusiseq | SAISSAI [BINIBU JOLIIS Arenjoueg SAIOsAI SINjBNY yred peuoney JOpLuo0o a[8une UOTBAIASUOD TPIT JO joupedeg [M\] 20uvutpIQ uoNoe}0Ig BOT puw Bune Bale SSOUJOP|IM o8B}Loy [BUOTIBNY quownyredeg 4sa10,j [a] 29V sary ssousopfiAy edeyLIOF] [BUOTIBNY Wolo} VdUTIIA Waloy poalosoy quoupedeg 4sal0j [4] eoueurpic ysal0,7 Table 2.2 Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex Dede Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION Area Production Protection Conservation Total Bangladesh 144,000 11,953 (8.3) 540 (0.4) 0 12,493 (8.7) Bhutan 47,000 20,250 (43.1) + 0 20,250 (43.1) India 3,287,590 ? ? 0 503,419 (15.3) Maldives 300 0 0 0 0 Nepal 140,800 ? 7 2 41,940 (29.8)? Pakistan 796, 100 6,400 (0.8) 9,940 (1.2) 0 16,340 (2.1) Sri Lanka 65,610 10,461 (15.9)? 70 (0.1) 1,072 (1.7) 11,603 (17.7) SOUTH ASIA 4,481,400 >449,064 (10.0) >10,550(>0.2) >1,072(>0.0) 606,045 (13.5) ‘Approximate only, having been derived by subtracting the total area of national parks and sanctuaries (14,457,803ha) from that of reserved and protected forests (64,799,712ha). ?Provisionally estimated as the difference between total forest area and total conservation area network under Department of National Parks & Wildlife Conservation. Includes proposed forests which are de facto forest reserves. Table 2.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 2. N is the total number of conservation areas. COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. ee —_—_ National designation N Area (ha) N Area(ha) BANGLADESH (144,000 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Game Reserve P 1 11,615 (0) (0) National Park P 4 15,239 (0) 0 Wildlife Sanctuary T 7 83,372 3 7,356 Subtotals 12 110,226 3 7,356 (% total area) ( 0.8) ( 0.1) Totals 12 110,226 3 7,356 (% total area) ( 0.8) ( 0.1) BHUTAN (47,000 sq. km) Wildlife Sector National Forest P {0} (0) 2 100,700 * National Park P 2 67,976 (0) 0 Reserved Forest P 4 46,262 (0) (0) Wildlife Reserve : P 3 61,843 (0) (0) Wildlife Sanctuary P 2 794,495 (0) (@) Subtotals 11 970,576 2 100,700 * (% total area) ( 20.6) ( 2.1) Totals 11 970,576 2 100,700 * (% total area) ( 20.6) ( 2.1) INDIA (3,287,590 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Game Reserve P 30 101,629 * {¢) fe) National Park T 68 4,426,430 86 2,867,626 Sanctuary P 416 10,031,373 261 3,604,662 Subtotals 514 14,559,432 * 347 6,472,288 (% total area) ( 4.4) ( 2.0) Totals 514 14,559,432 * 347 6,472,288 (% total area) ( 4.4) ( 2.0) NEPAL (140,800 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Conservation Area P al 83,000 4 311,000 Hunting Reserve P 1 132,500 ce) 0 National Park T 8 1,014,400 (0) (0) Wildlife Reserve P 4 94,100 (0) (0) Subtotals 14 1,324,000 4 311,000 (% total area) ( 9.4) (22) Totals 14 1,324,000 4 311,000 (% total area) ( 9.4) ( 2.2) COUNTRY Sector National designation PAKISTAN (796,100 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Game Reserve National Park Wildlife Sanctuary Subtotals (% total area) Totals (% total area) SRI LANKA (65,610 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve National Heritage Wilderness Subtotals (% total area) Wildlife Sector Jungle Corridor National Park Nature Reserve Sanctuary Strict Natural Reserve Subtotals (% total area) Totals (% total area) Man. Cat. Hu HuvHy N 83 10 82 175 175 49 116 Notified Area(ha) 3,535,284 * 954,246 2,749,054 7,238,584 * (| 9-1) 7,238,584 * (| 9-1) 99,596 * 7,648 107,244 * (| 1-6) 10,360 460,180 32,548 256,424 * 31,574 791,086 * ( 12.1) 898,330 * (1327) SOUTH ASIA (4,481,100 sq. km) - summary by sector Forestry Sector (% total area) Wildlife Sector (% total area) Additional Sector or sector unknown (% total area) 50 792 107,244 * 0.0) 24,993,904 * ( 5.6) (@) (| 0.0) rOrFO ooo NOoOrrPWO 362 SOUTH ASIA (4,481,100 sq. km) - summary by management category Total protection (% total area) Partial protection (% total area) Degree of protection unknown (% total area) Totals (% total area) 180 662 to) 842 8,772,658 (2.0) 16,328,490 * (| 3-6) (0) (| 0.0) 25,101,148 * ( 5.6) 92 362 Proposed Area(ha) 0 Oo* (e} Oo ( 0.0) Oo* ( 0.0) (6) (0) fe) ( 0.0) 0 27,716 * 921 60 0 28,697 * ( 0.4) 28,697 * ( 0.4) (0) ( 0.0) 6,920,041 * ( 1.5) 0 ( 0.0) 2,902,698 * (70-6) 4,017,343 * ( 0.9) 0 ( 0.0) 6,920,041 * ( 1.5) * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered. 34 Table 2.4(a) | Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size a) Forestry Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 SRI LANKA Notified sites 28 1 7,648 ie) 1 fe) (0) P 47 2,119 27 18 2 fe) Total 48 2,234 27 19 2 fe) SOUTH ASIA Notified sites T 1 7,648 fe) al 0 fe) P 47 2,119 27 18 2 (0) Total 48 2,234 27 19 2 (0) Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 35 Table 2.4(b) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BANGLADESH Notified sites T: 7 11,910 1 4 2 (@) P 5 5,370 al 3 1 (0) Total 12 9,185 2 7 3 (0) Proposed sites T 3 2,452 ie) 3 ie) fe) Total 3 2,452 (0) 3 0 fe) BHUTAN Notified sites P 11 88,234 1 3 6 1 Total 11 88,234 al 3 6 1 Proposed sites P 1 100,700 (@) (0) (0) 1 Total 1 100,700 (0) (0) ce) 1 INDIA Notified sites aD 68 65,094 7 14 38 9 P 445 22,770 152 108 174 11 Total 513 28,380 159 122 212 20 Proposed sites TT 86 33,344 5 24 54 3 P 261 13,810 45 118 98 (0) Total 347 18,652 50 142 152 3 NEPAL Notified sites T 8 126,800 (0) fe) 4 4 P 6 51,600 fe) fe) 5 1 Total 14 94,571 (0) fe) 9 5 Proposed sites i 4 77,750 0 1 2 1 Total 4 77,750 fo) 1 2 1 PAKISTAN Notified sites T 82 33,525 28 24 23 7 P 92 48,799 13 42 28 9 Total 174 41,601 41 66 51 16 SRI LANKA Notified sites Ay 14 35,125 0 4 9 1 P 51 5,869 23 17 11 0 Total 65 12,170 23 21 20 1 Proposed sites T 2 13,858 0 1 1 0 P 2 490 2 (0) (0) 0 Total 4 7,174 2 1 1 fe) SOUTH ASIA Notified sites T 179 48,966 36 46 76 21 P 610 26,604 190 173 225 22 Total 789 31,677 226 219 301 43 36 Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10,000 Proposed sites T. 91 31,897 5 28 P 268 14,990 47 119 Total 359 19,275 52 147 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 37 10001- 100,000 >100,000 55 100 155 3 2 5 Table 2.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas, together with the number of properties (natural or mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions in brackets. Convention Reserves’ Convention Ee ae Eero Ee ee Fa ae Be) es ee Eermey aT [Ean Tee iF | mdia | 197 Payer iT RE ee Enon aT ae ee) ee Se Ea Wi ld | ‘Unesco MAB Project 8 38 UONBAIBBUOD IPA JO UoWWedsg uayBuang suOTeI)sTUTUIpPB oyqpyia peroutaosd yo Awouojne osearouy Ary 0} soynp uonsajosd yo yuowudisse pug UONBIISTUTUIpe UB 2)BaI-D SONSSI JUSTE DATOSOY UOISTAT OJP UayySuans 91D FIP 1EUIDY YJOMjau aq) SuseuByY omyjou motaal AToAtsuayadwioDd womyou motaar AJoatsusyardwiod SUTBIUNOWY Ppl JO uoKwUssasdar osvasoul omyou sanwyuasaidas ysiqusq (8861) DIpuy ui ysomaN Dady paidajosg afjpjyy, 0 Suiuung :\usuwl|duy SUTEUNOW [PPI 0} puorxg yomyou motaal AJoatsuayardwiod yAomjau ay) Suyatduios "seare UONBAIOSUOD 0} BuIJe[eI UOTOe 10} SotJOIId FeuoNeU Jo ArewUINS uone[siza] ayepdr UolB|sIda] TeJapey [pou youu” Bary UONBAINsUOD BUIndeuUY AyON uonEysida] yowug uolje[sida] youuq uOKE]sIZa] UdyJUIIIS oma | ysopujsueg 9°7 AGBL 39 Annex 2.1 List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III. BANGLADESH Game Reserve 1 Teknaf 11,615 1983 Subtotal 1 site 11,615 ha National Parks 2 Bhawal 5,022 1982 3 Himchari 1,729 1980 4 Madhupur 8,436 1982 5 Ramsagar 52 1974 Subtotal 4 sites 15,239 ha Wildlife Sanctuaries 6 Char Kukri-Mukri 40 1981 7 Chunati 7,764 1986 8 Pablakhali 42,087 1983 9 Rema-Kalenga 1,095 1981 10 Sundarbans East 5,439 1977 11 Sundarbans South 17,878 1977 12 Sundarbans West 9,069 1977 Subtotal 7 sites 83,372 ha Proposed (Wildlife Sanctuaries) Hail Haor 1,427 Hazarikhil 2,903 Rampahar-Sitapahar 3,026 Subtotal 3 sites 7,356 ha Totals Notified conservation areas 12 sites 110,226 ha Proposed conservation areas 3 sites 7,356 ha 40 BHUTAN National Parks 1 Doga 2 Royal Manas Subtotal Reserved Forests 3 Khaling 4 Pochu 5 Sinchula 6 Zhoshing Subtotal Wildlife Reserves 7 Dungsum 8 Mochu 9 Shumar Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuaries 10 Jigme Dorji 11 Neoli Subtotal Proposed (National Forests) Black Mountains Thrumsing La Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas sites sites sites sites sites sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 41 18,000 27,843 16,000 61,843 790,495 4,000 794,495 100,700 100,700 970,576 100,700 ha ha ha ha ha* ha ha* 1974 1988 1974 1974 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1974 1984 INDIA - Andaman Islands National Parks 1 Marine (Wandur) 2 Middle Butten Island 3 Mount Harriet Island 4 North Butten Island 5 Saddle Peak 6 South Butten Island Subtotal Sanctuaries 7 Arial Island 8 Bamboo Island 9 Barren Island 10 Battimalve Island 11 Belle Island 12 Benett Island 13 Bingham Island 14 Blister Island 15 Bluff Island 16 Bondoville Island 17 Brush Island 18 Buchanan Island 19 Chanel Island 20 Cinque Island 21 Clyde Island 22 Cone Island 23 Crocodile (Lohabarrack) 24 Curlew (B.P.) Island 25 Curlew Island 26 Defence Island 27 Dot Island 28 Dottrel Island 29 Duncan Island 30 East (Inglis) Island 31 East Island 32 Egg Island 33 Entrance Island 34 Flat Island 35 Gander Island 36 Goose Island 37 Gurjan Island 38 Hump Island 39 Interview Island 40 James Island 41 Jungle Island 42 Kwangtung Island 43 Kyd Island 44 Landfall Island 45 Latouche Island 46 Mangrove Island 47 Mask Island 48 Mayo Island 49 Megapode Island 50 Montogemery Island 51 Narcondum Island 52 North Brother Island 53 North Island 54 North Reef Island 55 Oliver Island 56 Orchid Island 57 Ox Island 58 Oyster Island-1 59 Oyster Island-2 60 Paget Island 61 Parkinson Island 6 sites 36,140 42 ha 1983 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1987 1987 1977 1985 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1983 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1985 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1985 1987 1977 1987 1987 1977 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 Passage Island Patric Island Peacock Island Pitman Island Point Island Potanma Island Ranger Island Reef Island Roper Island Ross Island Rowe Island Sandy Island Sea Serpent Island Shark Island Shearme Island Sir Hugh Rose Island Sisters Island Snake Island-1 Snake Island-2 South Brother Island South Reef Island South Sentinel Island Spike Island-1 Spike Island-2 Stoat Island Surat Island Swamp Island Table (Delgarno) Island Table (Excelsior) Island Talabaicha Island Temple Island Tillanchang Island Tree Island Trilby Island Tuft Island Turtle Island West Island Wharf Island White Cliff Island Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Andhra Pradesh State Sanctuaries 101 Coringa Eturnagaram Kawal Kinnersani Kolleru Lanjamadugu Manjira Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Neelapattu Pakhal Papikonda Pocharam Pranhita Pulicat Rollapadu Siwaram Srivenkateswara Subtotal 43 94 sites 100 sites O sites 17 sites 45,511 ha 81,651 ha ha 50,700 673,605 ha 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1977 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1985 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1978 1953 1965 1977 1963 1978 1978 1978 1976 1952 1978 1952 1980 1976 1988 1978 Proposed (National Parks) Donubhavi 30,000 Eturnagaram 21,900 GBM 30,000 Gudem-Marripakala 34,100 Nagarjunasagar 120,000 Shri Venkataswara 30,000 Subtotal 6 sites 266,000 ha Proposed (Sanctuaries) Anantgiri 20,000 Donubhavi 70,000 GBM 96,200 Gudem-Marripakala 70,000 Lankamalai 30,000 Mudinanipalli 6,000 Nachungunta- Kottavalem 5,000 Navpada 2,000 Sriharikota Island 2,000 Vellikonda 20,000 Subtotal 10 sites 321,200 ha Totals Notified conservation areas 17 sites 673,605 ha Proposed conservation areas 16 sites 587,200 ha INDIA - Arunachal Pradesh Union Terr. National Parks 118 Mouling 48,300 1986 119 Namdapha 198,524 1983 Subtotal 2 sites 246,824 ha Sanctuaries 120 D'Ering Memorial 19,000 1978 121 Itanagar 14,030 1978 122 Mehao 28,150 1980 123 Pakhui 86,195 1977 Subtotal 4 sites 147,375 ha Proposed (National Parks) D'Ering 10,000 Dibang Valley 100,000 Lado 50,000 Pakhui 50,000 Tawang 30,000 Tirap Evergreen 10,000 Walong 80,000 Subtotal 7 sites 330,000 ha Proposed (Sanctuaries) Dibang Valley 100,000 Itanagar (extension) 5,970 Kalaktang 30,000 Karsinganala 2,000 Lado 50,000 Moiling 70,000 Namdapha 20,000 Palin 25,000 Raneghat 2,000 Tale Valley 2,500 Tawang 30,000 Walong 70,000 Subtotal 12 sites 407,470 ha Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Assam State National Park 124 Kaziranga Subtotal Sanctuaries 125 Barnadi 126 Dipor Beel 127 Garampani 128 Laokhowa 129 Manas 130 Nameri 131 Orang 132 Pabha 133 Pobitora 134 Sonai Rupai Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Dhansiri-Kaki Manas Tinkhopani Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Barail Barak Barnadi (extension) Desangmukh Dhansiri-Kaki Dibru Digboi Garampani (extension) Hollongapar Inner-Line Forest Karwa Laokhowa (extension) Mikhir Hills Nameri (extension) Orang (extension) Poba Pobitara (extension) Ripu-Chirang Zamzing Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Bihar State National Park 135 Palamau Subtotal Sanctuaries 136 Bhimbandh 137 Dalma 138 Gautam Budha 45 6 sites 19 sites 1 site 10 sites 3 sites 19 sites 11 sites 22 sites 1 site 394,199 737,470 42,996 42,996 2,622 4,000 600 7,014 39,100 13,707 7,260 4,900 3,883 17,500 100,586 10,000 70,700 10,000 90,700 30,000 19,000 7,378 9,000 10,000 42,500 5,000 1,400 5,000 10,000 4,000 12,486 20,000 1,293 1,940 9,000 2,117 30,000 4,000 224,114 143,582 314,814 21,300 21,300 68,190 19,322 25,948 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1974 1980 1989 1952 1979 1928 1985 1985 1987 1934 1986 1976 1976 1976 139 Hazaribagh 140 Kabar 141 Kaimur 142 Koderma 143 Lawalang 144 Mahuadaur 145 Nagi Dam 146 Nakti Dam 147 Palamau 148 Parasnath 149 Rajgir 150 Topchanchi 151 Udaipur 152 Valmikinagar Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Dalma Kabartal Palamau (extension) Saranda Valmiki Nagar Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Blackbuck Braital Ganga Dolphin Gogabil Kabartal Kodarma (extension) Kusheshwarstan Muta Mugger Old Reserve Topchanchi (extension) Vaimikinagar (extension) Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Chandigarh Union Territory Sanctuary 153 Sukhna Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Delhi Union Territory Sanctuary 154 Indira Priyadarshini Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 17 sites 5 sites 11 sites 18 sites 16 sites 1 site 1 site O sites 1 site 1 site O sites 46 46,160 485,895 6,000 2,000 18,700 31,500 30,000 88,200 1,000 600 10,000 3,000 3,000 2,905 600 500 6,000 325 38,200 66,130 507,195 154,330 2,542 2,542 2,542 1,320 1,320 1,320 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1976 1986 1978 1985 1978 1976 1983 1985 1976 1984 1978 1978 1978 1978 INDIA - Goa, Daman and Diu Union National Park 155 Bhagwan Mahavir Subtotal Sanctuaries 156 Bhagwan Mahavir 157 Bondla 158 Chorao 159 Cotigao Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Gujarat State National Parks 160 Bansda 161 Gir 162 Great Rann 163 Marine (Gulf of Kutch) 164 Velavadar Subtotal Sanctuaries 165 Balaram Ambaji 166 Barda 167 Dumkhal 168 Gaga 169 Gir 170 Hingolgadh 171 Jambughoda 172 Jessore 173 Kachchh Desert 174 Khijadiya 175 Marine (Gulf of Kutch) * 176 Nal Sarovar 177 Narayan Sarovar 178 Paniya 179 Porbandar 180 Purna 181 Rampura 182 Ratanmahal 183 Thol Lake 184 Wild Ass Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Gir (extension) Nal Sarovar Narayan Sarovar Wild Ass Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Aliabet Island Banni Barda (extension) Cambay Gir (extension) Kori Creek Mandvi Rajanmal Terr. 1 site 4 sites 5 sites O sites 5 sites 20 sites 4 sites 47 2,399 25,871 700,000 16,289 3,408 747,967 495,370 1,658,072 100,000 12,000 10,000 100,000 222,000 1,000 2,000 8,069 1,000 49,000 2,000 2,000 5,600 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1978 1967 1969 1988 1968 1979 1975 1990 1980 1976 1989 1979 1982 1988 1965 1980 1990 1978 1986 1981 1980 1969 1981 1989 1988 1990 1988 1982 1988 1973 Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Haryana State Forest Reserve 185 Kohli Khera Subtotal Sanctuaries 186 Bhindawas 187 Bir Shikargah 188 Chautala 189 Chhilchhila 190 Nahar 191 Sultanpur Subtotal Proposed (National Park) Sultanpur Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Damdama Kalesar Nimbi Pinjore South Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Himachal Pradesh State Game Reserves 192 Bassa 193 Ghana Hatti 194 Tara Devi Subtotal National Parks 195 Great Himalayan 196 Pin Valley Subtotal Sanctuaries 197 Bandli 198 Chail 199 Churdhar 200 Daranghati 201 Darlaghat 202 Gamgul Siahbehi 203 Gobind Sagar 204 Kais 205 Kalatop & Khajjiar 206 Kanawar 207 Khokhan 208 Kugti 209 Lippa Asrang 210 Majathal 25 12 sites sites sites site sites site sites sites sites sites sites 70,669 2,406,039 292,669 378 862 539 1,779 60,561 80,736 141,297 3,947 11,004 5,659 2,701 9,871 10,546 12,067 1,220 3,069 6,157 1,760 33,000 2,953 3,164 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1975 1975 1975 1975 1984 1987 1962 1976 1985 1962 1962 1949 1962 1954 1949 1954 1954 1962 1962 1962 211 Manali 212 Naina Devi 213 Nargu 214 Pong Dam 215 Raksham Chitkul 216 Renuka 217 Rupi Bhabha 218 Sechu Tuan Nala 219 Shikari Devi 220 Shilli 221 Simbalbara 222 Simla Water Catchment 223 Talra 224 Tirthan 225 Tundah Subtotal 29 sites Proposed (National Parks) Sechu Tuan Nala Spiti Subtotal 2 sites Proposed (Sanctuary) Spiti Subtotal 1 site Totals Notified conservation areas 34 sites Proposed conservation areas 3 sites INDIA - Jammu and Kashmir State Game Reserves 226 Bohu 227 Boodhkharbu Chakar 228 Brain 229 Chashul Wetland 230 Daksum 231 Dara 232 Gaurana Wetland 233 Honlei Wetland 234 Hygam 235 Jawahar Tunnel 236 Khangurd 237 Khirram 238 Khrew 239 Kokarian Wetland 240 Koritaroh 241 Lung Nag 242 Mirgrind Wetland 243 Nadoora Wetland 244 Nangachantar Wetland 245 Noorichang Wetland 246 Pampore-Kranchoo Wetland 247 Panyar 248 Pargawal Wetland 249 Sabu 250 Sangral Wetland 251 Shallabug Wetland 252 Shikargah 253 Sudh Mahadev 254 Thain 255 Tsomarari Wetland Subtotal 30 sites 49 388,179 ha 10,300 50,000 60,300 ha 50,000 50,000 ha 531,255 ha 110,300 ha 1,000 101,629 ha* 1962 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1980 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 National Parks 256 Dachigam 257 Hemis 258 Kishtwar Subtotal Sanctuaries 259 Baltal 260 Changthang 261 Gulmarg 262 Hirapora 263 Hokarsar 264 Jasrota 265 Kanji 266 Karakoram 267 Lachipora 268 Limber 269 Nandini 270 Overa 271 Overa-Aru 272 Ramnagar 273 Surinsar-Mansar 274 Tongri 275 Trikuta Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Chang-Chenmo Dachigam (extension) Daultbeg-Depsang Hemis (extension) Rupshu Shiang (Saichen)-Shyok Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Boniyar Brako Gurgurdoo Gya-Miru Hajibal (Kanzalwan) Indus Valley Kargil-Leh Road Khandadhar Kishtwar-Lahul Lower Suru Mindum Nambla Nunkun Mt Pir-Panjal Rangdum Rizong Sabu Shimsha Kharbu Umba Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 3 sites 17 sites 6 sites 19 sites 50 sites 25 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 50 455,100 ha 723,573 ha 50,000 20,400 30,000 65,000 300,000 400,000 865,400 ha 6,500 6,000 22,500 13,000 5,500 2,000 5,000 5,000 50,000 10,000 8,000 1,280,302 ha* 1,101,900 ha 1981 1981 1981 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 1988 1987 1987 1981 1981 1987 1981 1981 1981 INDIA - Karnataka State National Parks 276 Anshi 25,000 277 Bandipur 87,420 278 Bannerghatta 10,427 279 Kudremukh 60,032 280 Nagarahole 64,339 Subtotal 5 sites 247,218 Sanctuaries 281 Adichuncha Nagiri 84 282 Arabithittu 1,350 283 Bhadra 49,246 284 Biligiri Ranga Swamy Temple 32,440 285 Brahmagiri 18,129 286 Cauvery 51,051 287 Dandeli 572,907 288 Ghataprabha 2,979 289 Melkote Temple 4,982 290 Mookambika 24,700 291 Nugu 3,032 292 Pushpagiri 10,292 293 Ranebennur 11,900 294 Ranganthittu 67 295 Sharavathi Valley 43,123 296 Shettihally 39,560 297 Someshwara 8,840 298 Talkaveri 10,500 299 Tungabadra 22,422 Subtotal 19 sites 907,604 Proposed (National Parks) Bhadra 49,200 Brahmagiri 28,100 Kudremukh (extension) 2,968 Nagarahole (extension) 7,761 Subtotal 4 sites 88,029 Proposed (Sanctuaries) Ammeddikal 10,000 Bilgi 2,000 Biligiri Ranga Swamy Temple (extension) 24,960 Chincholi 17,200 Gunjawatti-Angni 35,000 Honavar 5,000 Kaveri 30,000 Kundapur 100 Pilarkhan 2,000 Pushpagiri (extension) 508 Rocky Beach 500 Sharavathi Valley (extension) 20,977 Shettyhalli (extension) 8,000 Someshwara (extension) 7,460 Talakaveri 16,300 Subtotal 15 sites 180,005 Totals Notified conservation areas 24 sites 1,154,822 Proposed conservation areas 19 sites 268,034 INDIA - Kerala State National Parks 300 Eravikulam 9,700 301 Periyar 30,500 51 ha ha ha ha ha ha 1987 1974 1974 1987 1975 1981 1974 1974 1974 1987 1975 1974 1974 1974 1974 1987 1974 1940 1974 1974 1974 1987 1978 1982 302 Silent Valley Subtotal Sanctuaries 303 Aralam 304 Chimony 305 Chinnar 306 Idukki 307 Neyyar 308 Parambikulam 309 Peechi Vazhani 310 Peppara 311 Periyar 312 Shenduruny 313 Thattekkad Bird 314 Wynad Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Agastyamalai Anamudi Karimpuzha Periyar (extension) Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Agastyamalai Anamudi Chimony (extension) Chirikala Ezhimala Kumarkon Kurathimalai Palamala Parambikulam (extension) Ponmudi Shola Forest Trivandrum Area Turtle Nest Beach Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Madhaya Pradesh State National Parks 315 Bandhavgarh 316 Fossil 317 Indravati 318 Kanger Ghati 319 Kanha 320 Madhav 321 Panna 322 Pench 323 Sanjay 324 Satpura 325 Van Vihar Subtotal Sanctuaries 326 Achanakmar 327 Badalkhol 328 Bagdara 329 Barnawapara 52 3 sites 12 sites 4 sites 13 sites 15 sites 17 sites 11 sites 8,952 49,152 5,500 10,500 9,044 7,700 12,800 28,500 12,500 5,300 47,200 10,032 2,500 34,444 186,020 20,000 30,000 22,500 9,500 82,000 18,100 20,700 2,500 2,000 500 500 10,000 10,000 12,000 10,000 10,000 2,000 500 98,800 235,172 180,800 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1980 1984 1984 1984 1976 1958 1973 1958 1983 1950 1984 1983 1973 1968 1983 1978 1982 1955 1959 1981 1977 1981 1981 1979 1975 1975 1978 1976 354 355 356 Bhairamgarh Bori Gandhi Sagar Ghatigaon Great Indian Bustard Gomarda Karera Great Indian Bustard Ken Gharial Kheoni Narsingarh National Chambal Noradehi Pachmarhi Palpur (Kuno) Pamed Panpatha Pench Phen Ratapani Sailana Sanjay (Dubri) Sardarpur Semarsot Singhori (Sindhari) Sitanadi Son Gharial Tamor Pingla Udanti Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Kalibhit Madhav (extension) National Chambal Panna (extension) Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Achanakmar (extension) Amarkantak Balai Bhairamgarh (extension) Chachai Falls Choral Gouapalli Gumtara Hasdo Basin Kalibhit Kawardha Kuno Langur-Kharia National Chambal (extension) Rangwan Dam Rukhad Sainmura Semarsot (extension) Sirangiri Sitanadi (extension) Son Gharial (extension) South Khargaon Turuv-Baria West Chindwara Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 53 31 sites 4 sites 24 sites 42 sites 28 sites 13,895 51,825 36,862 51,200 27,782 20,221 4,500 12,270 5,719 42,300 118,696 46,086 34,468 26,212 24,584 11,847 11,024 68,879 1,296 36,459 34,812 43,036 28,791 55,336 4,180 60,852 24,759 1,035,837 ha 20,000 14,985 5,000 57,334 97,319 ha 14,845 30,000 20,000 6,105 25,400 13,500 30,000 11,800 20,000 42,500 20,000 44,500 20,000 16,700 5,000 20,000 30,000 4,964 10,000 9,964 6,320 10,000 20,000 20,000 451,598 ha 2,154,835 ha 548,917 ha 1983 1977 1974 1981 1972 1981 1981 1982 1974 1978 1975 1977 1981 1983 1983 1977 1983 1976 1983 1975 1983 1978 1976 1974 1981 1978 1983 INDIA - Maharashtra State National Parks 357 358 359 360 361 Gugamal Nawegaon Pench Sanjay Gandhi Tadoba Subtotal Sanctuaries 362 363 364 365 Andhari Aner Dam Bhimashankar Bor Chandoli Chaprala Gautala Autram Great Indian Bustard Jaikwadi Kalsubai Harishchandragad Karnala Katepurna Koyna Malvan Melghat Nagzira Nandur Madmeshwar Painganga Phansad Radhanagari Rehekuri Sagareshwar Tansa Yawal Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Bhamragarh Gnanganga Koyna Nagzira Nawegaon (extension) Radhanagari Sanjay Gandhi (extension) Tadoba (extension) Wood Fossil Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Achra Akola Grassland Bhamragarh Darekasa Dasgaon Duelgaon-Rekhuri Gandhari Gnanganga Great Indian Bustard (extension) Itiadoh Rajoli Jaikwadi (extension) Kolhapur Lalling Mahabeleshwar Mayani Lake Nagzira (extension) Nandgaon 54 5 sites 24 sites 9 sites 36,180 13,388 25,726 8,696 11,655 95,645 50,900 8,294 13,100 6,110 30,900 13,500 26,100 849,644 34,105 36,200 448 1,500 42,400 2,912 159,733 15,281 10,010 32,462 7,000 37,200 217 1,100 30,481 17,752 1,427,349 30,000 10,400 15,000 15,000 21,512 15,000 3,004 30,045 1,000 140,961 ha ha ha 1987 1975 1975 1983 1955 1986 1986 1985 1970 1985 1986 1986 1979 1986 1986 1968 1985 1987 1985 1969 1986 1986 1986 1958 1980 1985 1970 1969 Rev. Fr. Santapau Shivpur Tipeshwar Ujani Vikroholi Wadali Blackbuck Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Manipur State National Parks 386 Keibul Lamjao 387 Siroi Subtotal Sanctuary 388 Yagoupokpi Lokchao Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Dzuko Siroi (extension) Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Dzuko Imphal Botanic Garden Kaihlam Taret Lakhao Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Meghalaya State National Parks 389 Balphakram 390 Nokrek Subtotal Other area 391 Pitcher Plant "Sanctuary" Subtotal Sanctuaries 392 Baghmara 393 Nongkhyllem 394 Siju Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Nongkhlaw Shillong Peak Tura Arabella Subtotal 55 23 29 32 sites sites sites sites site sites sites sites sites sites site sites sites 4,000 295,214 1,522,994 436,175 4,000 4,130 8,130 18,480 18,480 30,000 20,000 50,000 10,000 1,300 26,000 10,000 47,300 26,610 97,300 22,000 6,801 28,801 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1977 1982 1989 1986 1985 1974 1984 1981 1979 Proposed (Sanctuaries) Garampani Mawsmai Nongkhyllem (extension) Rongrengri Saipung Link Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Mizoram Union Territory Sanctuaries 395 Dampa 396 Murlen Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Dampa Murlen Phawngpui Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Ngengpui Palak Rengdil Twai Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Nagaland State Sanctuaries 397 Fakim 398 Intanki 399 Puliebadze 400 Rangapahar Subtotal Proposed (National Park) Intanki Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Dzuko-Puliebadze Kisa Macaque Shiloi Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 56 sites sites sites sites sites sites sites sites sites site sites sites sites 1,000 1,000 15,100 20,000 30,000 67,100 32,223 86,100 48,000 5,000 53,000 30,000 20,000 6,000 56,000 11,000 20,000 1,000 10,400 42,400 53,000 98,400 642 20,202 923 470 22,237 5,000 5,000 7,000 3,000 3,000 10,000 23,000 22,237 28,000 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1985 1989 1983 1975 1979 1986 INDIA - Orissa State National Park 401 North Simlipal Subtotal 1 site Sanctuaries 402 Balimela 403 Balukhand 404 Bhitar Kanika 405 Chandaka Dampada 406 Chilka 407 Debrigarh 408 Hadgarh 409 Kapilasa 410 Karlapat 411 Khalasuni 412 Kondakameru 413 Kotgarh 414 Kuldiha 415 Lakhari 416 Mahanadi Baisipalli 417 Nandankanan 418 Saptasajya 419 Satkosia Gorge 420 Simlipal 421 Sunabeda 422 Ushakothi Subtotal 21 sites Proposed (National Parks) Bhitar Kanika Chilka-Nanda Island Satkosia Gorge Subtotal 3 sites Proposed (Sanctuaries) Belghat Bhetnoi Chakapadkandom Chandrapur Chilka (extension) Gahirmatha North Kuldiha (extension) Malyagiri Mehendragiri Srirampur Subtotal 10 sites Totals Notified conservation areas 22 sites Proposed conservation areas 13 sites INDIA - Punjab State Sanctuaries 423 Abohar 424 Bir Bunerheri 425 Bir Gurdial Pura 426 Bir Motibagh 427 Harike Lake Subtotal 5 sites 57 84,570 84,570 ha 16,000 7,200 17,000 22,000 1,553 34,690 19,160 12,600 25,500 11,600 43,000 39,950 27,275 11,835 16,835 1,402 2,000 79,552 135,500 44,213 30,403 599,268 ha 36,700 2,000 30,000 68,700 ha 49,300 15,000 10,000 47,100 86,447 5,000 325 80,000 5,000 10,900 309,072 ha 683,838 ha 377,772 ha 18,824 829 847 524 4,300 25,324 ha 1978 1984 1975 1982 1987 1985 1978 1970 1969 1982 1981 1984 1985 1981 1979 1970 1976 1978 1983 1987 1975 1952 1977 1952 1982 Proposed (National Park) Harike Lake Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Dholbaha Nara Siali Dhar Siswan Dulwan Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Rajasthan State Closed Area 428 Doli Subtotal Game Reserve 429 Gajner Subtotal National Parks 430 Desert 431 Keoladeo 432 Ranthambore 433 Sariska Subtotal Sanctuaries 434 Bandh Baretha 435 Bassi 436 Bhensrodgarh 437 Darrah 438 Jaisamand 439 Jamwa Ramgarh 440 Jawahar Sagar 441 Keladevi 442 Kumbhalgarh 443 Mount Abu 444 Nahargarh 445 National Chambal 446 Phulwari 447 Ramgarh Bundi 448 Sanjjangarh 449 Sariska 450 Sawai Mansingh 451 Shergarh 452 Sita Mata 453 Sunda Mata 454 Tal Chapar 455 Todgarh Raoli 456 Van Vihar Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Alwar Fort Desert (extension) Kumbhalgarh Mount Abu Sitamata Wood Fossil Subtotal 1 site 4 sites 5 sites 5 sites 1 site 1 site 4 sites 23 sites 6 sites 58 4,300 4,300 2,100 3,800 1,500 2,000 9,400 25,324 13,700 70,636 70,636 600 600 316,200 2,873 39,200 27,380 385,653 19,276 15,290 22,914 26,583 5,200 30,000 10,000 67,600 57,826 28,884 5,000 28,000 51,141 30,700 519 49,200 10,325 9,871 42,294 10,700 710 49,527 5,993 577,553 2,700 50,000 20,000 5,000 20,000 100 97,800 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1930 1981 1981 1980 1982 1985 1983 1955 1956 1982 1980 1983 1971 1960 1980 1983 1983 1982 1987 1958 1984 1983 1979 1962 1983 1955 Proposed (Sanctuaries) Boroswar Diyatra and Bap Jodhpur Safari Park Johdia, Alwar Kanodwala Rann Nokha Pachpadra Ramgarh Sajangad Salvas Sita Mata (extension) Siwana Tal Chapper (extension) Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Sikkim State National Park 457 Khangchendzonga Subtotal Sanctuaries 458 Fambong Lho 459 Kyongnosla 460 Maenam 461 Shingba Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Khangchendzonga (extension) Pangola Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Dzongri Kitam Kyongnosla (extension) Nimphu Tolung Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Tamil Nadu State National Parks 462 Guindy 463 Indira Gandhi 464 Marine (Gulf of Mannar) Subtotal Sanctuaries 465 Anamalai 466 Kalakad 467 Karikili 468 Mudumalai 469 Mukurthi 59 13 29 sites sites sites site sites sites sites sites sites sites 20,000 1,000 1,000 500 30,000 5,000 2,000 500 5,000 1,000 22,300 20,000 2,000 110,300 1,034,442 208,100 84,950 84,950 5,176 401 3,534 3,250 12,361 9,700 10,000 19,700 46,800 1,300 2,100 16,700 23,000 89,900 97,311 109,600 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1977 1984 1984 1987 1984 1976 1989 1986 1976 1976 1940 1982 470 Mundanthurai 471 Point Calimere 472 Pulicat 473 Srivilliputhur 474 Vedanthangal 475 Vettangudi Subtotal 11 sites Proposed (Biosphere Reserves) Gulf of Mannar Nilgiri Subtotal 2 sites Proposed (National Parks) Anamalai Gulf Of Mannar Mudumalai Mundanthuria-Kalakad Nilgiri Tahr Point Calimere Subtotal 6 sites Proposed (Sanctuaries) Barbetta Boluvampatti Karandamalai-Sirumalai Karangulam Karikiti Kaveri Kazhiveli Keenparai Koonthakulam Marakanem Megamalai Mudumalai (extension) Mundanthurai-Kalakad Palni Pichavaram Salem Sandal Sujjalkuttai Varushanad Subtotal 19 sites Totals Notified conservation areas 14 sites Proposed conservation areas 27 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. INDIA - Tripura State Sanctuaries 476 Gumti 477 Roa 478 Sepahijala 479 Trishna Subtotal 4 sites Proposed (National Park) Trishna Subtotal 1 site 300,484 ha 552,000 552,000 ha* 70,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 7,800 1,000 158,800 ha 5,000 233,900 ha 313,186 ha 944,700 ha* 38,954 858 1,853 17,056 58,721 ha 12,300 12,300 ha 1962 1967 1980 1988 1925 1977 1988 1988 1987 1987 Proposed (Sanctuary) Central Catchment Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas INDIA - Uttar Pradesh State National Parks 480 Corbett 481 Dudwa 482 Gangotri 483 Govind 484 Nanda Devi 485 Rajaji 486 Valley of Flowers Subtotal Sanctuaries 487 Askot 488 Binsar 489 Chandra Prabha 490 Govind Pashu Vihar 491 Hastinapur 492 Kaimur 493 Katarniaghat 494 Kedarnath 495 Kishanpur 496 Mahavir Swami 497 National Chambal 498 Nawabganj 499 Ranipur 500 Samaspur 501 Sohagabarwa 502 Sonanadi Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Kedarnath National Chambal Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Banog Chakrata Deodar Dodital Dry Grassland Dudhatoli East Moist Grassland Faizabad Kaimur (extension) Ladhiya Valley Nainital Oak Pindari Pipri Ranikhet Pine Sohelwa Sohgibarwa Yamunotri Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 1 site 4 sites 2 sites 7 sites 16 sites 2 sites 16 sites 23 sites 18 sites 61 5,000 5,000 ha 58,721 ha 17,300 ha 52,082 49,029 155,273 47,208 63,033 83,153 8,950 458,728 ha 600 4,559 7,800 48,104 2,073 50,075 40,009 97,524 22,712 434,489 ha 35,000 ha 20,000 208,225 ha 893,217 ha 243,225 ha 1936 1977 1991 1991 1982 1988 1982 1986 1988 1957 1954 1986 1982 1976 1972 1972 1977 1979 1984 1977 198 1987 1987 INDIA - West Bengal State National Parks 503 504 505 Neora Valley Singalila Sundarbans Subtotal Sanctuaries 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 Ballavpur Bethuadahari Bibhutibhusan Buxa Chapramari Gorumara Halliday Island Jaldapara Lothian Island Mahananda Narendrapur Parmadan Raiganj Ramnabagan Sajnakhali Senchal Subtotal Proposed (National Park) Jaldapara Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuaries) Adhsoi Ajodhya Ashidob Badamtan Baxiganj Bethuadahari (extension) Birik-Rongpo Buxa (extension) Dalka Gonpur Halna Jaldapara (extension) Mal 13 Singabad Sohara Teesta Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 3 sites 16 sites 1 site 16 sites 19 sites 17 sites 62 8,689 7,860 133,010 149,559 ha 3,860 102,858 ha 10,000 10,000 ha 1,800 35,865 ha 252,417 ha 45,865 ha 1986 1986 1984 1977 1980 1980 1986 1976 1984 1976 1941 1976 1976 1982 1985 1981 1976 1976 NEPAL Conservation Area 1 Makalu-Barun Subtotal Hunting Reserve 2 Dhorpatan Subtotal National Parks Khaptad Langtang Makalu-Barun Rara Royal Bardia Royal Chitwan Sagarmatha Shey-Phoksundo Subtotal OUWDIAMHDU Pw Wildlife Reserves 11 Koshi Tappu 12 Parsa 13 Royal Sukla Phanta 14 Shivapuri Subtotal Proposed (Conservation Areas) Annapurna Bara Ghodaghodi Tal Phulchoki Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 63 1 site 1 site 8 sites 4 sites 4 sites 14 sites 4 sites 83,000 83,000 132,500 132,500 22,500 171,000 150,000 10,600 96,800 93,200 114,800 355,500 1,014,400 17,500 49,900 15,500 11,200 94,100 266,000 20,000 10,000 15,000 311,000 1,324,000 311,000 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1991 1987 1986 1976 1991 1977 1988 1973 1976 1984 1976 1984 1976 1985 PAKISTAN PAKISTAN - Azad Jammu & Kashmir Game Reserves Ghamot Hillan Machiara Moji Mori Said Ali Phala/Kuthnar Qazi Nag Vatala Subtotal OIHU &WNrH Wildlife Sanctuary 9 Salkhala Subtotal Proposed (National Park) Neelum Valley Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing PAKISTAN - Baluchistan Game Reserves 10 Bund Khush Dil Khan 11 Gogi 12 Kambran 13 Wam 14 Zangi Nawar 15 Zawarkhan Subtotal National Parks 16 Dhrun 17 Hazar Ganji-Chiltan 18 Hingol Subtotal Wildiife Sanctuaries 19 Buzi Makola 20 Chorani 21 Dureji 22 Gut 23 Kachau 24 Khurkhera 25 Koh-e-Geish 26 Kolwah Kap 27 Maslakh 28 Raghai Rakhshan 29 Ras Koh 30 Sasnamana 31 Shashan 32 Ziarat Juniper Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 8 sites 1 site € sites 3 sites 14 sites 23 sites O sites 27,283 423 13,537 3,861 243 324 4,832 450 50,953 810 810 51,763 1,296 7,773 211,433 10,364 1,060 3,887 235,813 167,700 15,555 165,004 348,259 145,101 19,433 178,259 165,992 21,660 18,345 24,356 33,198 46,559 125,425 99,498 6,607 29,555 37,247 951,235 1,535,307 ha ha ha* ha ha* ha ha ha ha ha 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 PAKISTAN - Federal Capital Territory Game Reserve 33 Islamabad Subtotal National Park 34 Margalla Hills Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuary 35 Islamabad Subtotal Totals PAKISTAN - North-West Frontier Province Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas Game Reserves Bagra Bilyamin Darmalak Drosh Gol Gehrait Gol Ghorazandi Goleen Gol Indus River Jabbar Kacha Marai Makhnial Maraiwam Nizampur Purit Gol/Chitral Chinar Gol Qalandar Abad Rakh Sardaran Rakh Topi Resi Shewaki-Chukhtoo Shina-Wari Chapri Sudham Swegali Teri/Isak Khumari Thanadarwala Tooshi Totalai Zarkani Subtotal National Parks 63 Ayubia 64 Chitral Gol Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuaries 65 Agram Basti 66 Borraka 67 Manglot 68 Manshi 69 Sheikh Buddin Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 65 27 site site site sites sites sites sites sites sites sites 69,800 69,800 17,386 17,386 7,000 7,000 94,186 312,314 1,684 7,750 9,434 29,866 2,025 715 2,321 15,540 50,467 372,215 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1980 1980 1980 1987 1974 1987 1979 1979 1987 1982 1987 1987 1984 1977 1984 1976 1979 1980 1986 1984 1976 1987 1974 1984 1984 1987 1976 1979 1984 1984 1984 1984 1983 1976 1976 1977 1977 PAKISTAN - Northern Areas Game Reserves 70 Askor Nallah 71 Chassi/Baushdar 72 Danyor Nallah 73 Kilik/Mintaka 74 Nar/Ghoro Nallah 75 Nazbar Nallah 76 Pakora 77 Sher Qillah 78 Tangir Subtotal National Park 79 Khunjerab Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuaries 80 Astore 81 Baltistan 82 Kargah 83 Naltar 84 Satpara Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas PAKISTAN - Punjab Game Reserves 85 Abbasia 86 Bahawalpur Plantation 87 Bheni 88 Bhon Fazil 89 Chaupalia 90 Cholistan 91 Daulana 92 Diljabba-Domeli 93 Gat Wala 94 Head Islam/Chak Kotora 95 Head Qadirabad 96 Indo-Pak Border 97 Kala Chitta 98 Kathar 99 Khari Murat 100 Kot Zabzai 101 Pirawala Kikarwala 102 Rahri Bungalow 103 Thal Subtotal National Parks 104 Chinji 105 Lal Suhanra Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuaries 106 Bajwat 107 Bhakkar Plantation 108 Changa Manga Plantation 109 Chashma Lake 110 Chichawatni Plantation 111 Cholistan 9 sites 1 site 5 sites 15 sites O sites 19 sites 2 sites 66 12,955 37,053 44,308 65,036 7,255 33,425 7,515 16,842 14,251 238,640 226,913 226,913 41,472 41,457 44,308 27,206 31,093 185,536 651,089 10,067 514 2,068 1,063 9,857 2,032,667 2,429 118,106 5,883 3,132 2,850 132,611 1,141 5,618 10,118 506 5,464 71,306 2,415,400 6,095 37,426 43,521 5,464 2,124 5,064 33,084 4,666 660,949 ha ha ha ha ha ha* ha 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1979 1978 1955 1978 1960 1974 1979 1972 1978 1978 1978 1980 1983 1978 1964 1978 1978 1978 1978 1987 1972 1964 1986 1986 1974 1986 1981 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 Chumbi Surla Daphar Depalpur Plantation Fateh Major Plantation Kamalia Plantation Khabbeke Lake Khanewal Plantation Kharar Lake Kundian Plantation Machu Plantation Mitha Tiwana Plantation Nemal Lake Rajan Shah Plantation Rasool Barrage Sodhi Taunsa Barrage Tehra Plantation Subtotal 23 sites Totals Existing conservation areas 44 sites Proposed conservation areas 0 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. PAKISTAN - Sind Game Reserves 129 130 131 132 142 Deh Jangisar Deh Khalifa Deh Sahib Saman Dosu Forest Hala Indus River Khipro Mando Dero Mirpur Sakro Nara Pai Surjan, Sumbak, Eri and Hothiano Tando Mitha Khan Subtotal 13 sites National Park Kirthar Subtotal 1 site Wildlife Sanctuaries 143 Bijoro Chach Cut Munarki Chach Dhoung Block Dograyon Lake Drigh Lake Ghondak Dhoro Gullel Kohri Gulsher Dhand Hab Dam Hadero Lake Haleji Lake Hilaya Keti Bunder North Keti Bunder South Khadi Khat Dhoro Kinjhar (Kalri) Lake Kot Dinghano 67 815,378 3,274,299 308,733 308,733 ha* ha ha 1978 1978 1986 1986 1971 1967 1986 1971 1986 1986 1986 1970 1986 1974 1983 1972 1978 1965 1965 1966 1973 1965 1974 1972 1965 1962 1976 1976 1974 1977 1977 1977 1978 1972 1977 1977 1977 1972 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 161 Lakht 162 Langh (Lungh) Lake 163 Mahal Kohistan 164 Majiran 165 Marho Kohri 166 Miani Dhand 167 Mohabat Dero 168 Munarki 169 Nara Desert 170 Norang 171 Runn of Kutch 172 Sadnani 173 Samno Dhand 174 Shah Lanko 175 Takkar Subtotal 33 sites Totals Existing conservation areas 47 sites Proposed conservation areas O sites 68 12 43,513 738,628 1,259,725 ha ha ha 1977 1977 1972 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1980 1977 1980 1977 1977 1977 1968 SRI LANKA Forest Reserves PREEPR PBWNHNFPOWDIMDTUAWNE Agra-Bopats (National MAB Reserve) proposed Anaulandewa (National MAB Reserve) proposed Badagamuwa (National MAB Reserve) Bahirawakanda (National MAB Reserve) proposed Baron's Cap (National MAB Reserve) proposed Boranjamuwa (National MAB Reserve) proposed Daragoda (National MAB Reserve) Diyadawa (National MAB Reserve) Doluwakanda (National MAB Reserve) proposed Dotalugala (National MAB Reserve) proposed Gilimale (National MAB Reserve) proposed Habarakade (National MAB Reserve) proposed Haycock (National MAB Reserve) proposed Hurulu (National MAB Reserve) Iranaimadu (National MAB Reserve) Issembessawewa (National MAB Reserve) Kanamuldeniya (National MAB Reserve) Kandapola Sita Eliya (National MAB Reserve) Kankaniyamulla (National MAB Reserve) Kanneliya (National MAB Reserve) Kikilimana (National MAB Reserve) proposed Kilinochchi (National MAB Reserve) Kottawa-Kombala (National MAB Reserve) proposedFoR Madhu Road (National MAB Reserve) proposed Masmulla (National MAB Reserve) Minneriya (National MAB Reserve) proposed Mulatiyana (National MAB Reserve) Nagacholai (National MAB Reserve) Nellikele (National MAB Reserve) proposed Nuwaragala (National MAB Reserve) Nuwaragam (National MAB Reserve) Ohiya (National MAB Reserve) proposed Oliyagankele (National MAB Reserve) Omunugala (National MAB Reserve) Panikkankulam (National MAB Reserve) Pattipola (National MAB Reserve) Pattipola-Ambewela (Nat. MAB Reserve) proposed Peak Wilderness (National MAB Reserve) Pidurutalagala (National MAB Reserve) proposed Puwakpele (National MAB Reserve) proposed Rammalakanda (National MAB Reserve) proposed Sita Eliya (National MAB Reserve) proposed Sundapola (National MAB Reserve) Tammannawetiya (National MAB Reserve) proposed Teldeniya-Ambekote (Nat. MAB Reserve) proposed Teravil Oddusudan (National MAB Reserve) Udawattekele (National MAB Reserve) Wedihitikanda (National MAB Reserve) proposed Yakadawela (National MAB Reserve) proposed Subtotal 49 sites Jungle Corridor 50 51 Nilgala Jungle Corridor Subtotal 1 site National Heritage Wilderness Area Sinharaja Subtotal 1 site National Parks 52 53 Flood Plains Gal Oya 54 Horton Plains 55 Lahugala Kitulana 69 ha* ha ha 1894 1921 1936 1942 1930 1901 1940 1892 1940 1934 1939 1944 1932 1929 1935 1939 1927 1940 1926 1921 1897 1970 1988 1984 1954 1988 1980 56 Maduru Oya 57 Ruhuna (Yala) 58 Somawathiya Chaitiya 59 Uda Walawe 60 Wasgomuwa 61 Wilpattu 62 Yala East Subtotal Nature Reserves 63 Minneriya-Giritale 64 Tirikonamadu Subtotal Sanctuaries 65 Anuradhapura 66 Buddhangala 67 Bundala 68 Chundikulam 69 Gal Oya Valley North-East 70 Gal Oya Valley South-West 71 Galway's Lands 72 Giant's Tank 73 Great Sober Island 74 Hikkaduwa Marine 75 Honduwa Island 76 Horagolla 77 Kalametiya Kalapuwa 78 Katagamuwa 79 Kataragama 80 Kegalle 81 Kimbulwanoya 82 Kokilai 83 Kudumbigala 84 Little Sober Island 85 Madhu Road 86 Mahakandarawewa 87 Maimbulkande-Nittambuwa 88 Mihintale 89 Minneriya-Giritale 90 Padaviya Tank 91 Pallekele-Kahalla-Balaluwewa 92 Pallemalala 93 Parapuduwa Nuns Island 94 Parititivu Island 95 Peak Wilderness 96 Pigeon Island 97 Polonnaruwa 98 Ravana Ella 99 Rocky Islets (Ambalangoda) 100 Sagamam 101 Senanayake Samudra 102 Seruwila-Allai 103 Sigiriya 104 Sri Jayewardenepura 105 Tangamalai (Adhisham) 106 Telwatte 107 Trincomalee Naval Headworks 108 Udawattekele 109 Vavunikulam 110 Victoria-Randenigala-—Rantambe 111 Welhella-Katagille 112 Wilpattu North 113 Wirawila-Tissa Subtotal 70 11 sites 2 sites 49 sites 58,850 97,878 37,762 30,821 37,063 131,693 18,149 460,180 ha 7,529 25,019 32,548 ha 3,501 4,164 256,424 ha* Strict Natural Reserves 114 Hakgala 115 Ritigala 116 Yala Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Bundala Dutch Bay (+ Portugal Bay) Lunugamvihira Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserve) Riverine Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuary) Bellanwila-Attidiya Marshes Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas * Subtotal is incomplete because of 116 5 sites sites site site sites sites missing data. 71 1,142 1,528 28,904 31,574 6,216 21,500 27,716 921 921 60 60 898,330 28,697 1938 1941 1938 ha ha* ha ha ha* ha* Annex 2.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation. Region: Asia Sub—region: South Asia Name of country/state: Bangladesh Total area (sq.km): 144000 Land area (sq.km): 130170 Month/year of reference: 1987 FOR E'S fT FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 1195338 54000 Non—forest Plantation 69662 TOTAL 1265000 0 54000 0 0 0 Notes: Actual forest cover is approximately 1m ha but total government land classed as forest is 1,933,000ha, comprising 1,265,000ha reserved forest, 54,000ha protected forest, 193,000ha aquired/vested forest, 409,000ha unclassed state forest and 12,000ha Khas/WDB land (WRI/CIDE, 1990). It is assumed that 1,265,000ha of production forest includes plantations, which totalled 69,662ha within forest reserves in 1985 (WRI/CIDE, 1990). NB According to 1987 Statisticai Yearbook of Bangladesh (cited in Rashid, 1989), reserved forest totals 1,416,000ha and protected forest 55,000ha. Annex 2.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub-—region: South Asia Name of couniry/state: Bhutan Total area (sq.km): 47000 Land area (sq.km): 47000 Month/year of reference: 1983 F"O*R Es Ti FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 2025036 970576 Non-—forest 141590 Plantation 2738 TOTAL 2169364 0 0 0 970576 0 Notes: All land under forest is reserved forest, except private smallholdings (<1% forest land). Data are taken from C. Dorji (1983) and based on a total forest area of 3,139,940ha (67% total area), which includes 566,575ha of alpine scrub and pasture. 970,575ha have been notified for conservation, including all of the 566,575ha of alpine scrub/pasture, and represent existing protected areas network. The balance is considered to be production forest, of which 141,590ha is degraded and 2738ha plantation forest. Under the National Forest Policy 1985, all forest i) above 2,700m and ii) on slopes above 60 degrees should be allocated a protection role. The extent of this is unknown and included within the total for production forest. 73 Annex 2.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub-—region: South Asia Name of country/state: India Total area (sq.km): 3287590 Land area (sq.km): 2973190 Month/year of reference: 1989 FOREST FUN Cit ON FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: Reserved forest totalled 41,491,617ha in 1988, protected forest 22,308,095ha and other recorded forest 12,208,131 ha in 1989 (FSI, 1992). The data for reserved and protected forest cannot be entered in the table because a breakdown into forest function and origin is not available. (FSI, 1989). A moratorium was imposed on felling trees at altitudes of 1,000m and above in 1983. 74 Annex 2.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: South Asia Name of country/state: Maldives Total area (sq.km): 300 Land area (sq.km): 300 Month/year of reference: 1990 FORRES t FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 0 0 0 0 0 0 Non-—forest 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plantation 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 (0) Notes: 75 Annex 2.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: South Asia Name of country/state: Nepal Total area (sq.km): 140800 Land area (sq.km): 136800 Month/year of reference: 1979 FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 5226000 Non-—forest Plantation 12000 TOTAL 5238000 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: Forests were nationalised in 1957 and most remain undemarcated. Total forest area in 1985—86 was 5,518,000ha or 37.4% total area (MFSC, 1988). Some of this falls under the Department of National Parks & Wildlife Conservation and the balance under the Forest Department. Data for production forest in the Table, based on FAO Forest Resources Assessment (1990), include a large but unknown amount of protection forest occurring on hill/mountain slopes. Te Annex 2.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: South Asia Name of country/state: Pakistan Total area (sq.km): 796100 Land area (sq.km): 770880 Month/year of reference: 1984? FOREST FUN Gercl ON FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 640000 994000 Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 640000 0 994000 0 0 0 Notes: Source of data: Pakistan Forest Institute (cited in Abeedullah Jan, 1990). Some of production and protection forest may lie within plantations. State forest, covering 1,042,000ha, is not included in Table 1. 77 Annex 2.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: South Asia Name of country/state: Sri Lanka Total area (sq.km): 65610 Land area (sq.km): 64630 Month/year of reference: APRIL 1990 FORME Sy FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 551151 494970 7000 110784 Non-—forest 485900 Plantation 188000 TOTAL 1225051 494970 7000 0 110784 0 Notes: _ Proposed reserves are areas of reserved forest awaiting notification but subject to the provisions of the Forest Ordinance. Protection forest represents mangroves. Conservation forest represents national MAB reserves, plus Sinharaja Natural Heritage Wilderness Area. Non—forest represents scrublands. No logging is permitted on slopes >30 degrees, stream reservations or, in the case of existing and proposed forest reserves, areas above 1,500m. Presently, there is a moratorium on logging in the wet zone. 78 d “ ai2A ros inolger- Baath Agta Me Gf COUrTTYy/ sink eh Sar ; Fotal den (94, lei) Tea tOu 1 ~ Oreee arid area (aq. kr T7ORRO ee) Mearih/Avear of reforence: 190887 A - payee pcm a FOAEST FUN CMTO ORO MU FOREST atainotnottewdans® ne a ORIGIN besodbdtiting . ot) (hed) (or) thal Gah. a ee ene Silas Netuiral saTDOD * git an. oe Non forest Pranvation 3. CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA ett J 5 3 CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam 3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The earliest known conservation measures in the subregion were taken during the 13th century by King Ram Khamkaeng the Great, who established Royal Dong Tan Park in Thailand. Parks were also established around temples and other religious sites, which, due to the Buddhist prohibition on killing, functioned as wildlife sanctuaries. In 1859, King Mindon of Myanmar declared the environs of Yadanabon Royal City as a wildlife sanctuary. Continental South East Asia includes five widely differing countries, with long and distinctive histories, in which colonisation by European powers played a seminal role in the establishment of protected areas. To the west lies Myanmar, formerly part of British India, whilst to the east lies Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, at one time all part of French Indo-China. Between them lies Thailand, a country that avoided colonisation. Systematic conservation of natural resources was not implemented until the 19th century, when the respective forest departments of Thailand and Myanmar were established, and recognisably modern management principles were introduced. In Myanmar forest reserves were established by the British colonial administration in the teak-rich monsoon forests, laying the foundation of the Burmese teak industry, and forest resource inventories were conducted as early as the 1850s. Legally gazetted areas for nature conservation also first originated in Myanmar, where the 1902 Forest Act made provision for the establishment of game sanctuaries, principally to protect hunting stock, with the first in place by 1911. Game protection also led to the establishment of Cambodian hunting reserves in 1960 under the French administration; in practice these have long since lapsed. The French colonial administration also established extensive hunting reserves in Laos, but, again, these have not survived. Available information suggests that naturai resource conservation in Viet Nam is a recent phenomenon, dating from 1962. The experience of the former French colonies has been very different from that of Thailand and Myanmar, with effectively all measures taken by the French administration being lost after independence and 30 years of war and conflict. All five countries, however, are united in that responsibility for nature conservation areas rests with respective forest departments or ministries, reflecting the origin of many modern reserves in the forestry sector. 3.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION Legal provisions for the establishment of protected areas exist in only three of the five countries in Continental South East Asia, the exceptions being Cambodia and Laos (Table 3.1). The former’s colonial legislation has lapsed, whilst the latter is preparing new legislation under an internationally backed Forest Resources Conservation Project. 3.2.1 Forestry Sector Policy Originally, forestry policies were directed primarily towards commercial interests, but latterly have been broadened to take into account not only wider environmental issues but also changing social and political circumstances in some of the centrally planned economies in the subregion. In Myanmar, forest policy recognises the basic tenets of conservation and has these salient points: the protection of catchment areas by preserving a permanent forest estate, with a target of 30% of land area; preservation of natural heritage by conserving species and ecosystem diversity and establishing of a conservation areas system; amelioration of climate; and ensuring sustainable utilisation of forest resources for the direct benefit of present and future generations. Private forest enterprises were nationalised in 1963 and all activities were taken over by the state, for example, through the Forest Department or the Myanmar 719 Timber Corporation. However, in 1989 private enterprise was once again permitted in forestry (FD, 1991). A similar move towards privatisation is also being made in Viet Nam, where a major change in forestry policy was instituted during the 1980s. Article 5 of the Law on the protection of Forests (1972) states that *the government delimits forest preserves aimed at protecting flora and fauna, historical and cultural relics and public health, conducting scientific research and other special interests’. The forest estate is then divided into special-use forests, protection and production forests, broadly under the control of the Ministry of Forests. However, in 1986 the government introduced a new economic policy under which it was decided to allocate a major share of forest land to non-governmental bodies, including individuals. Another radical change, mirroring the changes in Thailand, has been the prohibition on logging the most valuable and rare hardwoods, and the export of large logs from natural forests. Current forest policy, therefore, has the following guiding principles: forest protection, reducing the impact of shifting cultivation, afforestation, management and exploitation, and manpower development. Cambodia is also planning to privatise sawmills, in order to allow the Direction des Foréts et Chasses to focus its efforts more closely on protection and conservation of existing forests and silviculture. The Thai Royal Forest Department, established in 1896, introduced modern management in order to achieve maximum and theoretically sustainable yields of forest products. A 1985 Cabinet Resolution restated that forest policy was ’to manage forests for the benefit and welfare of the greatest number of people’. The Draft National Forest Policy (1986), amongst other statements, established a target of 40% forest cover in the country, with 25% assigned to production purposes and 15% to protection in the form of national parks and nature reserves. The 40% target has not been achieved, and following serious flooding in the south of the country, the policy was radically changed in 1989 when a nationwide logging ban was introduced, thus rendering all forest reserves as conservation areas. Legislation Continental South East Asia shows marked differences in the provision of forestry legislation, ranging from early colonial law to very recent enactments, but also including countries that still lack effective legal instruments. The Indian Forest Act, 1865, was applied in Burma, and forest reserves were established from 1870 onwards. The earliest extant forest legislation is the Burma Forest Act, 1902, which makes provision for the establishment of reserved forests for the controlled exploitation of timber to meet commercial and local demands. This Act, however, is now considered out-dated, although proposals to replace it have yet to be implemented. Thai forestry legislation is more recent, and the current National Forest Reserves Act dates from 1964. Most recently, the Forest Resources Protection and Development Act, 1991 has been passed in Viet Nam, dealing with the general subject of forest protection as well as national parks and protected areas. Legislation in Laos and Cambodia appears to be lacking, although new legislation is being drafted in Laos under the Forest Resources Conservation Project. Although detailed information is not always available, available information indicates that all countries in the subregion have legally designated forest reserves. 3.2.2 Wildlife Sector Policy Few countries within the subregion have formulated nature conservation policies, the exception being Thailand. The Draft National Forest Policy, described above, established a target of setting aside 15% of land area under protection for conservation, although the nationwide logging ban has, in effect, substantially extended this provision to in excess of 40% of land area. The enabling legislation, upon which national parks and wildlife sanctuaries are established in Thailand, also amounts to policy statements inasmuch as a clear purpose is stated, namely the conservation of wildlife and habitat, though with provision for recreation within national parks and stricter protection within sanctuaries. However, there has been criticism that the Thai protected areas system was developed without recourse to scientific principles, thus omitting several important habitats. Subsequently, it has been used to circumvent any resumption of logging by establishing national parks as rapidly as possible, without a concomitant increase in staff and financial resources to maintain either the new or, indeed, the existing sites. 80 The Wildlife Conservation and Sanctuaries Division of the Myanmar Forest Department has a stated aim of extending the coverage of conservation areas from the present 1% of land area to 5%, to represent the country’s various ecosystems. In recognition of the severe environmental problems facing Viet Nam, the programme for the Rational Utilisation of Natural Resources and Environmental protection (Committee 52 02) was established in 1981. This Committee, in collaboration with IUCN, formulated the National Conservation Strategy which amongst other matters, identified the need to expand the network of conservation areas. Although there remain grave problems, the government has responded with a substantial expansion of the conservation areas network to 12,792 sq. km, and the current target is 20,000 sq. km. Legislation The earliest legislation within the subregion remains the Burma Wild Life Protection Act, 1936, which was based on principles of species conservation rather than more modern concepts of habitat and ecosystem protection. New legislation to replace it with instruments that allow for the establishment of contemporary conservation areas has not yet been implemented. Modern conservation legislation in the region is restricted to Thailand and Viet Nam. The recent passage of the Forest Resources Protection and Development Act, 1991 in Viet Nam, Part 2 Chapter IV of which deals with the management of protected forests and Part 5 of which deals with the management of protected areas and national parks, is an encouraging sign of commitment, although detailed information of the provisions within this act is not available. Conservation area legislation in Laos and Cambodia remains in a very poorly developed state. A draft Nature Conservation Act has been formulated in Laos, although this has yet to be implemented. Cambodia remains without conservation legislation and, until such time as more over-riding political difficulties are resolved, there is little prospect of this being rectified. 3.2.3. Other Sectors Not applicable 3.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION 3.3.1 Forestry Sector Administration of forestry is the responsibility of forestry departments (Table 3.1). Some have a long institutional history, the oldest being that in Myanmar which dates back to 1856 at which time it was staffed by members of the Indian Forest Service. The Thai Royal Forest Department was established in 1896. Administration is decentralised to respective divisions in Myanmar, under divisional forestry officers, and to the provinces in Viet Nam, where responsibility for nature reserves is taken by local People’s Committees. It remains centralised in Thailand. Day-to-day management rests with provincial and district authorities. Myanmar has a distinctive system whereby the Forest Department is responsible for the management of forests, whilst the Myanmar Timber Enterprise is responsible for timber extraction, processing and marketing; both bodies, however, are within the same Ministry. Forestry is represented at ministerial level in Laos through the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and the structure of the Department of Forestry and Environment is replicated in provincial governments. The administration in Cambodia is undergoing a complete reconstruction following the liquidation of professional cadres by the Pol Pot regime, and currently numbers some 235 staff in the Direction des Foréts et Chasses, although further details are not available. The Vietnamese National Commission on Environmental Affairs was formed during 1990, which includes a committee of natural resources, and coordinates activities between the appropriate government ministries. 81 3.3.2 Wildlife Sector Throughout the subregion administration of conservation areas is closely linked with the forestry sector, and is frequently within the same ministry or even part of the forest department. In Cambodia the two functions are combined within the Direction des Foréts et Chasses, while in Laos the recently created Environmental Protection Division and the Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation Division are both subordinate to the Department of Forestry and Environment. Three systems operate in Viet Nam, with protection forests under the Department of Forest Management and Protection, national parks under staff answering directly to the Ministry of Forestry, and nature reserves and historic and cultural reserves under local People’s Committees, thus marking the absence of a discrete wildlife sector within government. In the early 1960s the Thai Royal Forest Department devolved its responsibilities for protected areas on to a newly created National Parks and Wildlife Section, both subsequently upgraded to divisional status during the 1970s. Calls to amalgamate the two divisions and promote them to full departmental status have not been adopted. There is no example yet in the region of the wildlife sector attaining full departmental or ministerial level, possibly an indication of government priorities, and the forest sector retains dominance for the time being. 3.3.3 Other Sectors No information 3.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations There are no examples in the subregion of non-governmental organisations having management responsibility for protected areas. However, Wildlife Fund Thailand has been a vociferous advocate of protected areas in Thailand, where NGOs have been instrumental in a project designed to foster support amongst local communities around Khao Yai National Park. 3.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS The protected areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Fig. 3.1. Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 3.1, which also serves as a key to the maps. The bulk of the conservation area network falls within the domain of the forestry sector, but, although there are wide variations within the subregion, much of it has been upgraded with the introduction of nature conservation legislation. Due to the absence of detailed information it is not possible to either list or map the 722 known forest reserves in Myanmar, nor is it possible to list the 1,218 forest reserves in Thailand, although these are depicted in Fig. 3.1. Unlike the Thai forest reserves, which have been classified as conservation reserves due to the nationwide logging ban, the 722 forest reserves in Myanmar have been assigned to the production category (Annex 3.2), on the basis of the legal definition given in the 1902 Forest Act, and are consequently excluded from any further analysis. Similarly, locations of the 172 forest reserves in Cambodia are not shown due to the lack of maps, and these are also excluded to the assumption that they have a production function. 3.4.1 Forestry Sector Coverage Natural legally defined forest lands account for some 28.85% of the total area of Continental South East Asia (Table 3.2), including production, protection and conservation forest reserves. Conservation and protection forest reserves are most extensive in Thailand, covering 232,393 sq. km (45.3%), where all forest reserves are effectively designated for conservation purposes since the imposition of a nationwide logging ban. It should be noted that this total includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Cambodia theoretically has the most extensive network in terms of percentage cover, comprising 172 forest reserves. This includes 93,332 sq. km (51.3% total land area) under protection and 82 conservation use. However, in practice, these are likely to receive little or no management. The extent of actual forest cover within these reserves is not known precisely, and many reserves are devoid of forest. Extensive forest reserve networks exist elsewhere in the region, in Myanmar and Viet Nam, although site- specific details are not currently available. 3.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry and Wildlife Sectors Coverage There are at least 1,506 legally designated conservation areas in Continental South East Asia, covering a total area of 28 million ha or 14.3% of the region (Fig. 3.1 and Annex 3.?). The forestry sector is directly responsible for 1,260 reserves, of which 1,218, covering 17,350,478ha, are in Thailand and are assigned to conservation. Totally protected areas account for 1,408 sites (24 million ha or 12.5% of the subregion), compared to only 98 partially protected areas (3.5 million ha, 1.8% of the subregion). This apparent predominance of totally protected sites is very largely accounted for by the Thai forest reserves which have been assigned a conservation classification under the logging ban in force in Thailand. Excluded from this analysis is the extensive forest reserve network in Myanmar, which has been assigned to the production classification, and those reserves in Cambodia assigned to protection and conservation because the number of sites involved is not known. Forest reserves established by provincial government in Laos are also excluded. If these are included then there is rough equivalence between totally and partially protected sites. In practice, even those areas that are classified as totally protected may well suffer from encroachment and logging, translating into a less effective conservation system than that suggested by the data. The 10% target has theoretically been reached by all countries in the region, with the exception of Laos, and in the case of Thailand and Cambodia it has been very greatly exceeded. The conservation area network in Thailand currently exceeds 45% of total country area, with nearly one half of the country under legal forest reserve classification. Cambodia has an apparently extensive system covering 72.9% of the country, although this figure is largely theoretical due to the lack of management on the ground. Viet Nam’s highly fragmented network covers 12.2%. New protected areas continue to be established in both Viet Nam and Thailand, but precise information is not available to update Table 3.3. Myanmar’s nature conservation area network is extremely small, covering only 1.0% of the country, although if the forest reserves were to be considered to have a conservation or protection or function this would to rise to a little under 16%, indicating the continuing dominance of the forestry sector. The nascent system in Laos is even smaller, at 0.8% of the country. Representativeness Nature conservation areas have often been established haphazardly in the past, with little regard to ecological or other criteria for their selection. Continuing and growing pressure for land has often forced the selection of conservation areas to be made on pragmatic, not biological grounds, and Opportunities to rectify this are diminishing across the subregion. Only the relatively extensive and pristine forests of Laos offer the opportunity for all major habitat types to be represented in a conservation areas system at between 10% and 20% of their original area. In Thailand for example, lowland forests are poorly represented, and much of the conservation areas system is located in upland areas subject to less intense pressure from agriculture and other land uses. In Myanmar, lowland evergreen, hill evergreen, semi- evergreen forests, as well as wetlands and tidal forests, are all unprotected. Projects to assess and identify means to rectify these omissions have been undertaken in Myanmar and Laos. Integrity Data in Table 3.4 indicate a wide variation in mean size and size distribution for conservation areas in the subregion. Data for the forestry sector (Table 3.4a) are skewed by the presence of a small number of very large sites in Cambodia, and by the absence of data on the Thai forest reserves where site- specific information is not available. Available information suggests that wildlife sector sites tend to be larger, with a large number of Thai national parks and wildlife sanctuaries increasing the mean size of totally protected sites to 60,709ha. Partially protected sites are smaller, with a mean size of only 17,304ha. Thailand includes 18 sites of more than 100,000ha, and the proposed network of reserves in Laos also includes a similar number of such large areas, indicating the relatively extensive habitat that remains for inclusion within conservation areas. Conservation areas managed under the ’additional sector’ are restricted 83 to Viet Nam, where the mean size is small at 9,578ha, and with most sites being less than 10,000ha, reflecting the highly fragmented nature of natural habitat in the country. Effectiveness Apart from inadequate representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by weaknesses in policy and legislation, inadequate institutional support and ineffective management. As mentioned in Section 3.2, nature conservation policies have not been formulated in any great detail. Existing legislation needs strengthening or updating. In Myanmar, for example, existing nature conservation legislation fails to cater for modern conservation concepts. National park legislation in Thailand allowed some logging to continue and this loophole has not yet been permanently plugged. Legislation is effectively lacking in Cambodia and Laos. The only country to have enacted new legislation is Viet Nam, (Forest Resources and Development Act, 1991), although detailed information is not yet available. Institutional resources for conservation area management are inadequate throughout the subregion. While comprehensive data for national expenditure in conservation areas are not readily available, World Bank (1991) statistics indicate that expenditure on nature conservation is less than 0.2% of national budgets in Thailand and Viet Nam, and much less in Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos. The general lack of commitment of resources for conservation areas is largely responsible for many of the deficiencies in their management, with severe shortage of manpower being the rule rather than the exception. Management is not planned in the great majority of conservation areas. For example, the first management plan in Thailand was only completed during the mid-1980s and only a handful of other sites have yet received such attention. Proposed management plans have been formulated for a number of areas in Myanmar and Viet Nam, and management plans are being developed in Laos for a limited number of priority proposed sites. In the case of the recently established sites in Thailand, it has been suggested that several years could pass before any field visit is made by Royal Forest Department staff. Field management is generally very weak, frequently ineffective and in many cases, non-existent. Enforcement is very often handicapped by the absence of clearly-demarcated boundaries that are easily recognisable in the-ground. Encroachment is ubiquitous, few conservation areas being free from this problem. It is both indicative of inadequate vigilance and enforcement measures and symptomatic of the level of human pressure on natural resources to meet subsistence needs. Doi Inthanon National Park is by no means exceptional as an example of the threats facing conservation areas in the region. The number of people living in the park has increased over recent years, and 15% of the park has been cleared for cultivation. Heavy use of pesticides has polluted streams, while virtually all large mammals have been heavily hunted. 3.4.2 Contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation The extent of forest lands in the subregion managed for protection and conservation purposes is summarised in Table 3.2. The contribution of the forestry sector may be greater than suggested by these data due to forest laws that protect wildlife in forest reserves, even where they may be classified for production purposes. In Myanmar, the extensive forest network offers effectively the same level of protection to protection as is found within game sanctuaries, although, in the absence of contrary information, these have all been assigned to the ’production’ category in Table 3.2 and are thus excluded from subsequent tables. The Thai National Forest Reserves Act also makes provision for the protection of wildlife by defining it as *forest produce’ and then prohibiting its removal from any forest reserve. Nevertheless, prompted by the concern that the current logging ban may be lifted, the Thai Royal Forest Department is upgrading forest reserves to national park status, as this offers more robust and long-term legal protection. 84 3.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 3.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network The subregion includes a number of countries whose conservation area systems are amongst the least well developed in the world, thus leaving substantial room for progress. Official proposals to expand the wildlife sector conservation area network total some 5 million ha or 2.6% of the total area of the subregion (Table 3.3), of which 3.5 million ha are accounted for by proposals in Laos. This figure is greatly increased if the proposed extensions to the forestry sector are included. For example, the protection and conservation forest reserve network in Laos is due to be expanded by some 12 million ha, with 65% of the country being included. If implemented, this will lead to a total of an additional 8% of the subregion falling under protection management. National parks are being declared in Thailand at a very rapid rate, in an attempt to secure the remaining forested areas, although this may lead to an overstretching of resources which are required to maintain the integrity of existing sites. The effectiveness of the ban within Thailand could, however, be questionable, as increased timber prices may have encouraged more illegal logging than before. There are potentially serious repercussions on the less well protected forest resources of the surrounding nations. 3.5.2 Other National Initiatives Strengthening networks Detailed system plans for individual countries within Continental South East Asia have been completed in only two countries. An internationally-backed nature conservation and national parks project was carried out in Myanmar during the early 1980s but has yet to be followed through, with proposals to strengthen existing sites and establish new areas remaining largely unimplemented. Further, although a number of sites are legally established under the 1936 legislation, recognisably modern management is only in place in some five areas. A Forest Resources and Conservation Project is currently under way in Laos. This has identified a large number of potential protected areas but is focusing efforts on only a limited number of high priority sites at the present time. Management plans are being developed for a smali number of Vietnamese sites, assisted with international cooperation. It remains to be seen whether these developments will bear fruit, but much of the subregion is without system plans, and protected areas are either not being established, or are being established on a spurious basis. Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which often limits the effective management of conservation areas, and the subregion includes some of the poorest and most internationally isolated countries in the world. Viet Nam, Laos and Cambodia have experienced severe warfare, genocide and internal strife and poor economic performance. Consequently, financial resources are in short supply and conservation has been accorded a very low profile. Improving Management Many of the conservation areas in the subregion are ’paper parks’ which have yet to be realised as substantive conservation areas, capable of surviving in the long-term. Attempts to address the needs of local people around a conservation area, one of the most pressing management issues, have been made in Thailand’s Khao Yai National Park, but this is yet to be widely adapted either within that country or in the region as a whole. Management plans remain rare, although moves are afoot in Viet Nam and in Laos to address this issue, the latter placing an emphasis on developing in-country skills and the preparation of the plans in the local language. 3.5.3 International Initiatives There is a patchy record of participation in international conventions and programmes concerned with conservation areas (Table 3.5), although progress is being made. Thailand, Laos Viet Nam and recently Cambodia, have accepted or ratified the Convention Concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, but only Thailand has had a natural property inscribed in the World Heritage List, comprising an outstanding example of tropical rain forest. 85 Viet Nam alone has acceded to the Ramsar Convention but the single wetland designated under the Convention is not particularly significant with respect to its forest resources, much of which are no longer natural. Thailand is the only country within the subregion to have participated in the Unesco Man and the Biosphere Programme, with three biosphere reserves established during the late 1970s. Participation in the ASEAN Environment Programme is restricted to the sole member of ASEAN in the region, namely Thailand, and two Thai national parks have been designated as ASEAN Heritage Parks. International Cooperation There is as yet little international cooperation within the subregion, relations often being tense and not conducive to joint nature conservation programmes. A proposal to establish a tripartite protected area covering parts of Laos, Viet Nam and Cambodia for the conservation of kouprey Bos sauveli has yet to bear fruit after several years, although there will be an attempt to revive the concept during 1992. There is much potential, for example, for some first class cross-border conservation areas between Myanmar and Thailand, but this is unlikely to be realised in the current political climate. 3.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Priorities for conservation action in the subregion were reviewed as part of the IUCN Systems Review of the Indomalayan Realm (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1986) and the Corbett Action Plan (IUCN, 1985), but these are somewhat dated. Priorities have more recently been reviewed by IUCN (1992) in preparation for the IV World Parks Congress. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and summarised in Table 3.6. In conclusion, progress has been shown in the development of national conservation areas networks in the subregion, particularly during the last 10-20 years. Conservation, however, is dominated by the efforts of a single country, Thailand, and the remaining countries have a monumental task ahead of them not only to establish protected areas where studies have shown there is a clear need, but also to find the financial and human resources to maintain and protect them in the long-term in the face of extremely demanding social and economic pressures. 86 REFERENCES Forest Department (1991). Forest resources of Myanmar. Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangon. 13 pp. IUCN (1992). Parks for life: proceedings of the IV World Parks Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. 250 pp. MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system of the Indo-Malayan Realm. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 284 pp. IUCN (1985). The Corbett Action Plan for protected areas of the Indomalayan realm. YUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 23 pp. Uga (1992). Situation of wildlife and protected areas in Myanmar. Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangon. 7 pp. 87 angnahendiaton Ft til | ‘ alhatnind en are! ‘athe jill otsn cami ED ae ee MIE > el Se netirmening won al ya etd. ter the Gennnt Cx AME ATM wrrche Tetlocd Seaipiaded wenthay § Comvettitios js ant pardcwinn yj mignifiomnt- wih reapict ir ite Hired aeacuinoes, annals il aiiieh mies eal to (via immeeqed) ienot sammy jo soruncan t Se: ATR) =f | eh ones : CALI ly exigent ee ri esa Programa, Witt three biucplhere reaetvde entntlished disney’ the tata tP7 Gy. # fv eecemived Pree ckegyhye ae dhe ‘ayia AUS aN abil ari laReE i ay pe a ‘bah v0 Toad mations Legy SB OE ngtowi tite Gant: einem ED A sal ; en We on pwithsaeial ohn tow pean rates Welect> a d mvt aal we wer ny a) ye Lite Wola s peas ofan toning Agi 7) rai Fase ON RE, AP PS era tl wah seed arte Cvepena palin Of Lancy View Han aod Capes’ Hos sanvell bas cet to beat Seve eiies saviors? .yetirk inci ai on doring TON, Thats Fe i eat, fh ae Lidia mit en treaere on M yeditne as ken hci Reet Gale ce any ky a he 4 seabeieeh aa se % rv PRIORITIES POR nerices ey, | Priontios tee use ald oy an eat innit "ped te ie ~frahinertn feaysim Reoaton — Di niptcitones, wiksio, seals wrbads a “ thew oe anja va tha, andl Fy i Sad Pkg ‘ “at d : —- ) : Priet then tava wage cotly: Nam. 9 ian seats spine ee viii ae Congrep, Thar are grecimbnd. or ee at SAN be gn ts ool roatieanneaemrentiiap ee ee rae cael we Pratt dia we agent a oe fan! : etrregiyn, meson ort ‘thai sassy, Theat end Hom ne ino =o. ve , b eat ahaa anal r Wed [BUOHBN (Arenjoues ojI[ppiA\) Bare poarosad [eurTUG PIT vase Jutjuny-uonN] L quounredeg 4saJ0,] LA] PY UOKse}01g d TeAoy ‘UOIsTATG UOHBATAsUOD 2TIPTLAA pue UolwATosoY S[BUITUW PITA 0961 quowipedeg ysaloj ypad Jeuoryeyy L Tedoy ‘UOISIAT UOIBAISSUOD 2FTTPTEM [AX] V Steg TeuONEN 1961 winjaloqry L yred ysa10,j L WAlOJ PpoArosal [BUOTIBNY L quounredag ysaro.j [ekoy [4d] PV SeArosOy SaJOJ [BUOTEN +961 pusyrey |, [AA] Uoneornon apd peuonen d Ansosog puw ainynousy jo Arsturyy 861 (uoIstatg soLrenjousg pues Arvenjoues suey UONBAIBBUOD OTPIA\) Juoupedeq ysaloy LAA] PW UOND}0Ig JIT pA Bung 9E6I ealosal Ajddns oneuntD eatosar Ajddns [eo] aatosal Ajddns yerosourwi0d 1SQIOJ Poalosoy quoupedeg 4s9J0,4 [a] VW IsIOog BULINg 2061 qewuBhyy jeans aes s cot es ies = ae Bh pele a [109998] 91, qwax woHe|sta>] SAIasal (1sAl0J) [euN’.] SDAIZSAI JSAIO] aed Teuoren AWIOQING IANBASTUTMIpPY *(asn SATIOBINXS [BIOJOWIUIOD JapuN pur] ISeIOJ = 2 ‘asn eAroesXxe [edo] Jopun purl ysesoy = J ‘uONajoId ered = g ‘UON99}0Id Je}0} = J) 9ANDefgo JUOWASeULUT 0} SUIPIODIe Paljisse[o ae suOIeUsIsoq *AjJOYNE SATeSIUTUIpR a[qisuOdsel pue JUEUNJOeUD JO JedA YIM ‘Seale poseUeUI JOJ SUOISIAOId [eso] Ve AGB. aAtasald 4804 uoneznn quowidojaaeq uol99}01g Waloy UOTa}0Id payssaqeAy Waroy uora}01d [esB0D WaloJ UOTD9}01g WaloJ uoTonpolg SAIOsal [BJUOWUOITAUS pus feimyjno ‘TeouoystH SAIosal aIN}BNY yred [euonen :ysaloy osn-[erseds Anjsaio,s yo Ansturpy [4] 818e10,5 Jo uoNDa}01g 94) UO MET [4] YW youdojaaeq Ansaioy Jo Aysturypy pue uor}90}01g sddINOSOY ISAI05 [4] L9/61 ‘ON UOISIDOq SIOISTUIP] JO [IOUNOD, Table 3.2 Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex ep ae Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION Area Production Protection Conservation Total Cambodia 181,040 38,752 (21.4) 71,112 (39.0) 22,220 (12.3) 132,091 (72.9) Laos 236,800 0 1,942 (0.82) 8(<0.01) 1,950 (0.82) Myanmar 676,550 100,147 (14.8) 0 0 100,147 (14.8) Thailand 513,120 0 0 232,393 (45.3) 232,392 (45.3) Viet Nam 331,690 62,000 (18.9) 24,000 (7.3) 7,000 (2.1) 93,000 (28.3) CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA 1,939,200 200,899 (10.36) 97,054 (5.0) 261,621 (13.49)559,580 (28.85) 91 Table 3.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 2. N is the total number of conservation areas. COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. a National designation N Area (ha) N Area (ha) CAMBODIA (181,040 sq. km) Forest Sector National Park P 2 10,717 * (0) 0 Other area P 2 1,747,640 1 20,000 Reserve P 7 474,320 * (0) (0) Subtotals 11 2,232,677 * 1 20,000 (% total area) ( 12.4) (0.1) Totals 11 2,232,677 * 1 20,000 (% total area) ( 12.4) (0.1) LAOS (236,800 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P 23 194,237 * (e) (0) Subtotals 23 194,237 * (0) (0) (% total area) (0.8) (0.0) Wildlife Sector Conservation Area T (0) (0) 26 3,187,408 Other area T 0 0 2 182,075 Wetland Reserve 1 (0) 0 3 124,500 Subtotals (0) 0 31 3,493,983 (% total area) (0.0) ( 14.8) Totals 23 194,237 * 31 3,493,983 (% total area) (0.8) ( 14.8) MYANMAR (676,550 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Game Sanctuary P 15 536,964 9 115,812 National Park P 1 160,580 4 212,691 Nature Reserve T (0) {e) 1 145,196 Park P 2 13,054 fe) (0) Recreation Area P 0 0 1 3,367 Wildlife Sanctuary T 0 (0) 6 29,145 Subtotals 18 710,598 21 506,211 (% total area) ( 1.0) (0.7) Totals 18 710,598 21 506,211 (% total area) ( 1.0) (0.7) THAILAND (513,120 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest reserve T 41218 17,350,478 (0) (0) Subtotals 1218 17,350,478 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 33.8) (0.0) COUNTRY Man. Sector Cat. National designation N Wildlife Sector National Park T 69 Non Hunting Area P 46 Wildlife Sanctuary T 34 Subtotals 149 (% total area) Totals 1367 (% total area) VIET NAM (331,690 sq. km) Forest Sector National Park T 8 Subtotals 8 (% total area) Additional Sector, or sector unknown Historic/Cultural Site T 29 Nature Reserve T 50 Subtotals 79 (% total area) Additional Sector, or sector unknown Other area ? 10) Subtotals 0 (% total area) Totals 87 (% total area) CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA (1,939,200 sq. Forestry Sector 1260 (% total area) Wildlife Sector 167 (% total area) Additional Sector or sector unknown 79 (% total area) CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA (1,939,200 sq. Total protection 1408 (% total area) Partial protection 98 (% total area) Degree of protection unknown (0) (% total area) Totals 1506 (% total area) Notified Proposed Area (ha) N Area (ha) 3,337,202 * 18 777,300 396,887 fe) fe) 2,551,596 5 260,800 6,285,685 * 23 1,038,100 ( 12.3) ( 2.0) 23,636,163 * 23 1,038,100 ( 46.1) ( 2.0) 199,887 te) fe) 199,887 fe) (0) (0.6) (0.0) 86,237 (0) 0 670,461 2 15,000 756,698 2 15,000 (2s) (<0.01) fe) 1 4,631 (0) 1 4,631 (0.0) (<0.01) 956,585 3 19,631 ( 2.9) (<0.01) km) - summary by sector 19,977,279 * al 20,000 ( 10.3) (<0.01) 6,996,283 * 75 5,038,294 3.6) ( 2.6) 756,698 3 19,631 (0.4) (<0.01) km) - summary by management category 24,195,861 * 12.5) ( 3,534,399 * (e's) 0 (0.0) 27,730,260 * ( 14.3) 63 15 1 79 4,721,424 (2.4) 351,870 (0.2) 4,631 (<0.01) 5,077,925 ( 126) * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered. 93 Table 3.4(a) | Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size a) Forestry Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 CAMBODIA Notified sites P 6 372,112 fe} (0) 2 4 Total 6 372,112 (0) ie} 2 4 Proposed sites P 1 20,000 0) ce) 1 ce) Total 1 20,000 (0) 0 1 (e) LAOS Notified sites P 22 8,828 3 13 6 (0) Total 22 8,828 3 13 6 (0) VIET NAM Notified sites T 8 24,985 fo) 3 5 (0) Total 8 24,985 (0) 3 5 0 CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA Notified sites Tr 8 24,985 (0) 3 5 0 P 28 86,675 3 13 8 4 Total 36 72,966 3 16 13 4 Proposed sites P al 20,000 (0) {e) 1 Oo Total 1 20,000 fo) {0} 1 (0) Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 94 Table 3.4(b) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 LAOS Proposed sites ay 31 112,709 1 1 11 18 Total 31 112,709 1 1 11 18 MYANMAR Notified sites P 18 39,477 3 3 10 2 Total 18 39,477 3 3 10 2 Proposed sites iT, 7 24,905 2 2 2 1 P 14 23,705 2 7 4 1 Total 21 24,105 4 9 6 2 THAILAND Notified sites T, 97 60,709 fe) 12 67 18 P 46 8,627 21 13 12 (e) Total 143 43,955 21 25 79 18 Proposed sites T 23 45,134 (0) 2 17 4 Total 23 45,134 0 2 17 4 CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA Notified sites Ty 97 60,709 (0) 12 67 18 P 64 17,304 24 16 22 2 Total 161 43,455 24 28 89 20 Proposed sites T 61 77,154 3 5 30 23 P 14 23,705 2 7 4 1 Total 75 67,177 5 12 34 24 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 95 Table 3.4(c) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size c) Additional (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- Sector (s) 10,000 100,000 >100,000 VIET NAM Notified sites T 79 9,578 18 44 16 1 Total 79 9,578 18 44 16 1 Proposed sites T 2 7,500 0 2 (0) 0 ? 1 4,631 fe) 1 fe) (0) Total 3 6,543 (0) 3 fe) (0) CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA Notified sites T 79 9,578 18 44 16 1 Total 79 9,578 18 44 16 1 Proposed sites iT 2 7,500 0 2 {0} 0 2? 1 4,631 fe) 1 0 (0) Total 3 6,543 (e) 3 0 (0) Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. Table 3.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas. The number of properties (natural of mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions is given in brackets. World Heritage Biosphere Ramsar ASEAN Convention Reserves’ Convention Heritage HH Pi a eee Laos 1987 (0) oh Res ee ee Pe 1987 (1) ire @) | | 1984.@) CUO he " Unesco MAB Project 8 97 Telekpiiadiiibs tinea Qe ON te Te bo xinn eh eavilieerd sec eiigarémabatneens (Pak wo by siete PRC ON gate CELT DED LEON tt rvonastte ty Wile and (cy Alayna asdven! nil nevi naan lenges Saye jAO}OGS OSTTPTIM, QALOSIP YsI[QuIs9 JO soryTIqisuodsal SATBIISsTUTIPB AJLIBTO {seale UOIWBAIOSUOD MOU puB ZuUT)sIxo Jo JUOWOZeUBU PV UOr9}01g puB yuoUIdojsA0q SAT}NOIJO MOTTB 0} ANYsazo.j JO ANsTUIPY UsYdUAI}S wy" bs900‘07 JO 39318) uTE}B 0} YIOmjou puvdxg sadinossy IsAo4 166] AIddy WBN] 191A, yomjou popuedxa syeyIquy payuosardax WIM eyensuswWos poddns peuOKNyysul osBaroU] -IOpUN apNjoUr 0} sBaIB UOTBAIOsUOD pUud}Xq uonjyystdaq Surjstxe ur apoydoo] as0[D puyyrey yp UOISTATIG yooforg ye [BUOTBN puw UOIBAIOSUOD aINjBN] SOLTBNJOUBS PUB UOIJBAIDSUOD JT[P[IA\ USy)ZUarS dGNN/OVdA 24) Jo suornepuowosar juowetduiy uoNjE]sIZo] YIP JoRu” sBUTUBA UOISIATG UONBAIOSUOD SOLIOYst.y PUB OFTTPITAA yooforg UOIBAIAsUOD soaINOsOy 9Y) pUuB UOISTAIG UOT9}0Ig [BUAWUOITAUY 94} Udy\ZUANS yS9JO,{ 94) JO SUOIJBpUsWWODAI yUSWA|dUI] PY UOHBAIOSUOD aINBNY Ywp jowug SOB] OSSBYD IB JSAlO,J SOP UOTOAITG oY) USYy)SUATIS SBIIB UOIJBAIOSUOD SATIUBISqns YsI[quIsA uone[siday jowug aa eer s YAOMJaU Iq) SuIseUBA YAOMjau 94) SuNajdui0D uo}EsisaT “SROIE UOIJBAIOSUOD 0} SUTIE[AI UOTJOR JOJ SomtIOLId FeuoNeu Jo Areuruing 9°€ SIGBL Annex 3.1 List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III CAMBODIA National Parks 1 Angkor Wat 10,717 1925 2 Elephant Mountains Subtotal 2 sites 10,717 ha* Other areas 3 Phnom Kravanh 280,640 1971 4 Preah Vihear 1,467,000 Subtotal 2 sites 1,747,640 ha Reserves 5 Cardamon Mountains 6 Dangrek Range 7 Great Lake 8 Kirirom 81,720 9 Lomphat 197,480 1971 10 Phnom Prich 195,120 1971 11 Senmonorom Subtotal 7 sites 474,320 ha* Proposed (Other area) Hondrai Sou 20,000 Subtotal 1 sites 20,000 ha Totals Existing conservation areas 11 sites 2,232,677 ha* Proposed conservation areas 1 site 20,000 ha * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 99 LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Forest Reserves 1 Don Nam Khem 1,935 1938 2 Dong Ban Bane 1,700 1949 3 Dong Ban Xay 1,025 1937 4 Dong Hua Sao 26,000 1950 5 Dong Khan Thung 33,000 1983 6 Dong Khok Pa Dek 1,660 1950 7 Dong Lom Sak 5,000 1949 8 Dong Na Tat 8,383 1961 9 Dong Nong Heo 1,741 1940 10 Dong Nong Meuat 3,000 1972 11 Dong Nong Pheu 900 1977 12 Dong Phou Chieng 6,000 1950 13 Dong Phou Peung 14 Dong Phou Teung 1,700 1948 15 Dong Phou Xiang Thong 42,500 1958 16 Dong Saphong Meuk 495 1939 17 Dong Veun Kam 20,000 1958 18 Houei Nhang 808 1959 19 Phou Ba Chieng 5,000 1983 20 Phou Done Khong 3,290 1970 21 Phou Ilang 2,400 1983 22 Phou Kang Heuan 11,700 1983 23 Phou Pong 16,000 1983 Subtotal 23 sites 194,237 ha* Proposed (Conservation Areas) Dong Ampham 162,465 Dong Hua Sao 70,668 Dong Sithuane 75,690 Mekong River (b) 65,000 Muang Hiam 135,702 Muang Khi 118,740 Na Kai Plateau 161,835 Nam Chuane 207,700 Nam Feuang 224,252 Nam Kading 129,400 Nam Khang 76,620 Nam Kong 122,070 Nam Ma 86,853 Nam Met 75,480 Nam Poui 147,820 Nam Theun 162,705 Nam Yo 59,838 Pa Sak Sayabouri 124,855 Phou Dene Dinh 222,932 Phou Khao Khouay 130,680 Phou Xang He 75,315 Phou Xiang Thong 95,355 Xe Bang Fai 102,870 Xe Bang Nouane 126,280 Xe Kong Pine Forest 82,491 Xe Piane 143,792 Subtotal 26 sites 3,187,408 ha Proposed (Other areas) Phou Sanhe 65,875 Xe Khaman 116,200 Subtotal 2 sites 182,075 ha Proposed (Wetland Reserves) Bung Nong Ngom Wetland 1,000 Mekong River (a) 117,500 Paksane/Pak Sa Marshes 6,000 Subtotal 3 sites 124,500 ha 100 Totals Existing conservation areas 23 sites 194,237 ha* Proposed conservation areas 31 sites 3,493,983 ha * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 101 MYANMAR Game Sanctuaries Inle Lake Kahilu Kelatha Hill Kyatthin Maymyo Minwun Taung Moscos Island Mulayit Pidaung 10 Shwe u Daung 11 Shwesettaw 12 Tamanthi 13 Taunggyi 14 Thamihla Kyun (Diamond Island) 15 Wethtigan Subtotal WODIFHD UU PWNHe National Park 16 Alaungdaw Kathapa Subtotal Parks 17 Hlawga Wildlife 18 Popa Mountain Subtotal Proposed (Game Sanctuaries) Byingye Htu Lake Lemro Ngwedaung Peikthance Rihlake Thitson Yegyauk Zamual Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Kyaukpandaung Lampi Natma Taung Pegu Yomas Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserve) Pakchan Subtotal Proposed (Recreation Area) Gyobyu Reservoir Subtotal Proposed (Wildlife Sanctuaries) Dipayon Kadonlay Kyun Letkokkon Meinmahla Kyun Mohingyi Mong Pai Lake Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 102 15 sites 1 site 2 sites (Vs) sites 4 sites 1 site 1 site 6 sites 18 sites 21 sites 64,233 16,060 2,448 26,820 12,690 20,588 4,921 13,857 70,359 32,597 55,167 215,077 1,606 88 453 536,964 ha 160,580 160,580 ha 363 12,691 13,054 ha 3,917 1,458 4,432 737 259 1,036 9,065 91,023 3,885 115,812 ha 13,261 16,835 36,260 146,335 212,691 ha 145,196 145,196 ha 3,367 3,367 ha 1,360 259 388 13,670 10,360 3,108 29,145 ha 710,598 ha 506,211 ha 1985 1928 1942 1941 1918 1972 1927 1936 1927 1927 1940 1974 1930 1970 1939 1984 1981 1985 THAILAND National Parks Ao Phangnga Bang Lang Chae Son Chaloem Rattanakosin (Tham Than Lot) Chat Trakan Doi Inthanon Doi Khuntan Doi Luang Doi Suthep-Pui Dong Bhu Phan Dong Hin Kong Erawan Hat Chao Mai Hat Nai Yang (+ Ko Phuket reefs) Hat Nopharat Thara - Mu Ko Phi Phi Huai Huat Kaeng Krachan Kaeng Tana Khao Chamao-Khao Wong Khao Khitchakut Khao Laem Ya - Mu Ko Samet Khao Lam Pi - Hat Thai Muang Khao Luang Khao Phanom Bencha Khao Pu - Khao Ya Khao Sam Lan Khao Sam Roi Yot Khao Sok Khao Yai Khlong Lan Kho Budo-Sungaipadee Laem Son Lansang Mae Ping Mae Wong Mae Yom Mu Ko Ang Thong Mu Ko Chang Mu Ko Lanta Mu Ko Phetra Mu Ko Similan Mu Ko Surin Mukdahan Nam Nao Namtok Mae Surin Namtok Phlui (Khao Sabup) Pang Sida Phu Chong - Na Yoi Phu Hin Rong Kla Phu Kao - Phu Phan Kham Phu Kradung Phu Long Na Yay Phu Phan Phu Rua Phu Si Tan Ramkamhaeng Sai Yok Si Laana Si Nakarin Si Phangnga Si Satchanalai Tarutao Tat Ton Thaleban 103 50,000 140,600 153,200 24,608 21,320 149,000 21,718 10,168 1981 1988 1980 1987 1972 1975 1990 1981 1975 1981 1981 1983 1988 1981 1981 1975 1977 1981 1986 1974 1981 1982 1981 1966 1980 1962 1982 1983 1979 1981 1987 1986 1980 1982 1990 1984 1982 1981 1988 1972 1981 1975 1982 1987 1984 1985 1962 1972 1979 1990 1980 1980 1989 1981 1988 1981 1974 1980 1980 Thap Lan Thuak Khao Nom Sao Thung Salaeng Luang Ton Krabak Yai Wiang Kosai Subtotal Hunting Areas Ang Kep Nam Bang Phra Ang Kep Nam Huai Chorakhe Mak Ang Kep Nam Huai Talad Ang Kep Nam Sanambin Bung Boraphet Bung Chawak Bung Khong Long Bung Kroeng Kawia-Nong Nam Sap Chao-ram Cave Khao Chi On Khao Kho Khao Kradong Khao Nam Phrai Khao Pa Chang - Laem Kham Khao Phra Thaeo Khao Prathap Chang Khao Tha Phet Khao Yai-Khao Na Pha Tang-Khao Taphrom Khao-rheng Khlong Lam Chan Lampao Mae Lao - Mae Sae Mu Ko Libong Nong Hua Ku Nong Nam Khao Nong Plak Phraya - Khao Raya Bang Sa Nong Thung Thong Nong Waeng Pa Krat Pa Len Pak Phanang-Pa Len Ko Chai... Pa Phru Pa Rang Kai Panamtip Cave Phru Khang Khao Somdej-prasinakarin Thale Noi Thale Sap Thale Sap Nong Bong Khai Tham Khang Khao-Khao Chong Phran... Tham Lawa - Tham Daoadung Tham Pha Tha Phon Tham Rakhang - Khao Phra Non Wang-pong Wat Phai Lom - Wat Amphuwararam Wat Ratsattha Krayaram Wat Tan En Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuaries 116 Doi Chiang Dao Doi Luang Doi Pha Chang Doi Pha Muang Huai Kha Khaeng Huai-Sa-la Khao Ang Ru Nai Khao Banthat Khao Khieo-Khao Chomphu Khao Phanom Dong Rak 104 224,000 126,240 14,900 41,000 69 sites 3,337,202 1,856 620 16 46 sites 396,887 52,100 9,705 57,108 58,311 257,464 38,000 10,810 126,695 14,470 31,600 ha* ha 1981 1972 1981 1981 1976 1980 1980 1980 1975 1983 1982 1979 1990 1985 1986 1980 1979 1985 1980 1980 1977 1984 1987 1984 1988 1984 1979 1985 1986 1980 1975 1980 1982 1984 1975 1984 1988 1986 1989 1975 1976 1985 1982 1976 1983 1982 1987 1978 1977 1976 1978 1984 1980 1980 1972 1990 1977 1977 1974 1978 126 Khao Pra Bang Kram 127 Khao Sanam Phriang 128 Khao Soi Dao 129 Khlong Nakha 130 Khlong Phraya 131 Khlong Saeng 132 Lum Nam Pai 133 Mae Tuen 134 Mae Yuam Fang Khwa 135 Maenam Phachi 136 Omgoy 137 Phu Khieo 138 Phu Luang 139 Phu Miang-Phu Thong 140 Phu Wua 141 Phu-si-tan 142 Prince Chumphon Park 143 Salak-Phra 144 Salawin 145 Sub-lungka 146 Thung Yai Naresuan 147 Ton Nga Chang 148 Umphang 149 Yod Dom Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Bang Larn Doi Phuka Huai Nam Dung Khao Laem Khao Lug Khao Nam Karng Klong Prao Mae Ta Khrai Mu Kho Lantar Nam Toke Haui Yang Nam Toke Tarn Sadet Nam Toke Trie Khao Nam Toke Yong Ob Luang Phu Wieng Tai Rom Yen Tarn Bohoranee Tuek Khao Budo Subtotal Proposed (Wildlife Sanctuaries) Dong Phu Si Tharn Huai Sala Khao Harng Rue Nai Lum Nam Bang Nara Tha La Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 34 18 149 23 sites sites sites sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 105 18,640 10,001 74,502 48,000 9,500 115,530 118,111 117,300 29,200 48,931 122,400 156,000 84,799 54,500 18,650 25,000 45,400 85,855 87,500 15,500 320,000 18,195 251,564 20,255 2,551,596 ha 46,100 126,900 17,900 81,400 15,000 22,000 126,700 122,900 12,500 19,800 3,900 3,900 20,200 63,000 32,400 21,300 12,100 29,300 777,300 ha 25,000 44,400 101,900 20,100 69,400 260,800 ha 6,285,685 ha* 1,038,100 ha 1987 1985 1972 1972 1980 1974 1972 1978 1986 1978 1983 1972 1974 1977 1975 1990 1988 1966 1978 1986 1974 1978 1989 1977 VIETNAM Historic/Cultural Sites PREP RPEPR DUPBWNHNPOWUDITDU WHE Ai Chi Lang Ba To Bac Son Bai Chay Ban dao Son Tra Cac dao o Vinh Ha Long Chien Khu Boi Loi Chua Huong Tich Con Son Dao Ho Song Da Dea Ca Hon ron Den Ba Trieu Den Hung Vuong Do Son Dong Phong Nha Duong Minh Chau Ho Lac Ho Nui Coc Hon Chong Lam Son Muong Phang Ngoc Trao Ngu Hanh Son Nui Ba Den Nui Ba Ra Nui Tam Dao Nui Thanh Pac Bo Tan Trao Subtotal National Parks Ba Be Ba Vi Bach Ma Hai Van Cat Ba Con Dao Cuc Phuong Nam Bai Cat Tien Yok Don Subtotal Nature Reserves 38 Anh Son Ba Mun Bana-Nui Chua Ben En Binh Chan Phuoc Buu Bu Gia Map Bu Huong Chiem Hoa Nahang Chu Yang Sinh Cu Lao Cham Dao Ngoan Muc Dao Phu Quoc Duoc Nam Can Hon Me Huu Lien Kalon Song Mao Khu Dao Thac Ba Kon Kai Kinh Kong Cha Rang Langbian Plateau Lo Go Sa Mat 106 29 sites 86,237 57,500 8 sites 199,887 ha ha 1986 1986 1977 1986 1977 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1977 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1977 1986 1977 1977 1977 1977 1986 1986 1982 1962 1978 1988 1986 1977 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1977 1986 59 Mom Ray 45,000 60 Muong Cha 182,000 1986 61 Nam Dun 18,000 1986 62 Nam Lung 20,000 1986 63 Ngoc Linh 20,000 1986 64 Nui Ba 6,000 1986 65 Nui Cam 1,500 1986 66 Nui Dai Binh 5,000 1986 67 Nui Hoang Lien 5,000 1986 68 Nui Pia Hoac 10,000 1986 69 Nui Yen Tu 5,000 1986 70 Pa Co Nang kia 1,000 71 Quang Xuyen 20,000 1986 72 Rung Kho Phan Rang 1,000 1986 73 Sop Cop 5,000 1986 74 Suoi Trai 19,000 75 Tam Quy 350 1986 76 Tanh Linh 2,000 1986 77 Tay Bai Cat Tien 10,000 78 Thanh Thuy 7,000 1986 79 Thuong Da Nhim 7,000 1986 80 Thuong Tien 1,500 1986 81 Tieu Tao-Easup 20,000 1986 82 Tram Chim 5,500 1986 83 Trung Khanh 3,000 1986 84 U Minh 2,000 1986 85 Vu Quang 16,000 1986 86 Xuan Nha 60,000 1986 87 Xuan Son 4,585 1986 Subtotal 50 sites 670,461 ha Proposed (Nature Reserves) Bao Loc 10,000 Mount Lang Bian 5,000 Subtotal 2 sites 15,000 ha Proposed (Other area) Cam Son 4,631 Subtotal | 1 site 4,631 ha Totals Existing conservation areas 87 sites 956,585 ha Proposed conservation areas 3 sites 19,631 ha 107 Annex 3.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation. Region: Asia Sub-—region: Continental South East Asia Name of country/state: Cambodia Total area (sq.km): 181040 Land area (sq.km): 176520 Month/year of reference: 1988/89 FO RES I F UINTG Tt WOTN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 3875166 7119233 2222000 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 3875166 0 7119233 0 2222000 0 Notes: Comprises 172 forest reserves for production (3,875,000ha), 6 forest reserves for wildlife protection (2,222,000ha) and, not included in the table, one national park (10,700ha). Site specific details are not available however, leading to apparent ommissions in other parts of the Assessment. Remaining forested area (7,119,233ha) is classified as protected forest (C. Sarun, pers. comm., 1992). 108 Annex 3.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: Continental South East Asia Name of country/state: Lao People’s Democratic Republic Total area (sq.km): 236800 Land area (sq.km): 230800 Month/year of reference: January 1991 © Rn Eo t FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 5000000 193429 9500000 808 2500000 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 5000000 193429 9500000 808 2500000 Notes: Forest land covers 17m ha, of which 5m ha is proposed for production, 9.5m ha for protection of 84 watersheds, and 2.5m ha for conservation. 109 Annex 3.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: Continental South East Asia Name of country/state: Myanmar (Burma) Total area (sq.km): 676550 Land area (sq.km): 657540 Month/year of reference: 1989 EF O°R ES T FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 10014763 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 10014763 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: There are 722 reserved forests covering a total area of 10,014,763ha. An unknown number of these in the vicinity of townships are left intact as ’climatic reserves’ to prevent erosion of hillsides (Forest Department, 1989). 110 Annex 3.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: Continental South East Asia Name of counitry/state: Thailand Total area (sq.km): 513120 Land area (sq.km): 510890 Month/year of reference: 1989 FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 0 0 0 O 23239276 0 Non-—forest 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plantation 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 0 0 0 0 23239276 0 Notes: In view of the present logging ban, the entire network of Thailand’s 1,218 national forest reserves is de facto conservation forest. The national forest reserve network includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Consequently in Table 3.3 the area entered for the 1,218 forest reserves is further increased by the 396,887ha. Source: Forestry Statistics of Thailand 1989. 111 Annex 3.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: Continental South East Asia Name of country/state: Viet Nam Total area (sq.km): 331690 Land area (sq.km): 327490 Month/year of reference: 1991 EO RES F FUN GT 1 ON FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 6200000 2400000 700000 Non—forest 6200000 3300000 200000 Plantation 1900000 TOTAL 14300000 0 5700000 0 900000 0 Notes: Conservation category comprises ‘special use forests’ which is the national park and nature reserve network. However, there is some discrepancy between the data for conservation forest given in this table (90,000ha) and that given in Table 3.3 (956,585ha) for which the available information does not provide a comprehensive explanation. Protection forests are generally designated as watershed protection areas. Source: SRV Ministry of Forestry data, 1992 112 wer tess ives teinentinad Rihige rege, ace 2 i . oo res wa area (a9 3120 OBER wea fun. brn) 510RM “ORPTSE nYst) oP , i ralerar a ia f ma, CY Pa ererce yy \ Se oe FORE? waa Toe 5 EY POP riiitaahinaineco atts Qiamaitsqors Existiniaixd ir ‘eases Epon! Pl bye bie (ary) (orf) | ent a ee ER - Natures oooo0yT - 2 OOnadoas: Non —forest OOG00S 0 4 Piaitation GOTA 000008 4 INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA yee eee on ee oe ALife Bi a Ne 4 INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore 4.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Establishment of conservation areas in the subregion appears to be a relatively recent phenomenon arising from intervention by colonial powers. In 1714, an officer of the Dutch colonial government in Indonesia gave a plot of land to his employees as a conservation area; this survived and in 1913 was officially designated as a nature reserve. The Governor of Singapore prohibited the further destruction of hill forests as early 1840, and forest reserves were established from 1882 onwards to not only provide timber but also for environmental services. The first true nature reserve was established in Indonesia in 1889, with an extension to the already established Cibodas and Bogor Botanical Gardens. In 1910, the US administration in the Philippines established Rizal (Dapitan) National Park. Progress was made throughout the subregion during the following decades, and by the 1970s and 1980s a fully-fledged system of legal instruments and associated governmental organisations had been emplaced. 4.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION In general, the subregion enjoys adequate legislative provisions for conservation, with a number of instruments recently enacted. Forestry legislation makes provision for the classification and reservation of forest land under a number of different designations. What is lacking, however, is the rigorous enforcement of these legal provisions, leading to a frequently poor record in conservation. 4.2.1 Forestry Sector Policy Forestry policies in the subregion are geared toward sustained productivity, multiple-use, maintenance of environmental services, establishment of a permanent forest estate, alleviation of poverty, equitable distribution of wealth, provision of employment and so on, with priorities varying from one country to another. Extensive areas of forest have been assigned a production role, and rates of clearance in Indonesia, for example, are second only to Brazil. Forest cover in the Philippines has been reduced to a mere fragment of what existed only a few decades ago. Measures to control logging, much of it either illegal or not carried out with mandated safeguards, are being introduced increasingly, and a consistent theme throughout the subregion is the achievement of sustainable timber production, bans on the export of unprocessed logs, slope and altitude limits to logging activities, in order to ensure long-term revenue generation and protect the environment. Peninsular Malaysia has also seen a dramatic decline in the rate of forest cover loss, countered by a strong determination on behalf of government to retain sufficient forest, whilst the Philippines has introduced a ban on whole-log export in a last-minute bid to rescue some economic value from the remnants of its once extensive forest resources. The exception to this general rule of forest loss is the diminutive Brunei Darussalam which, rich in oil resources, has been able to keep forest exploitation to the barest minimum, largely because of its wealth of oil resources, and the national forestry policy has conservation and protection of forest resources as a fundamental aim. Policies to strengthen the sustainability of forest production are widely in place. In Brunei, timber production has been limited to 100,000 cu.m annually, with any shortfall to be imported initially, but subsequently produced from rehabilitated or existing forest reserves within the country. Continuing development in Indonesia is heavily reliant on forestry. Under the 1984-89 Fourth Five-Year Development Plan, some 63 million ha (32% of country area) were assigned as either limited or permanent 113 production forest, complimented by nearly 50 million ha of natural conservation areas including protection forests. The plan envisaged forest rehabilitation, increased efficiency and value-adding activities to increase overall productivity, but also signalled a continuing commitment to the expansion and safeguarding of nature conservation areas. The government has progressively tightened the regulation of logging, with a ban from 1985 on raw log exports. Current policies stress the protection functions of forests, sustainable production of goods and services, and involvement of local people. Forestry policy in Malaysia reflects the federal nature of the country, with an overall national policy acting as guidance to individual state policies. In general, there is considerable uniformity in the policies enacted by the states of Peninsular Malaysia, but much autonomy is claimed by the Bornean states of Sabah and Sarawak. A National Forestry Council coordinates and ensures uniformity amongst the states, and its decisions are referred to and endorsed by the National Land Council. By the late 1970s it became accepted that logging and deforestation rates were not sustainable. In the face of pressure to convert forested land to agriculture, and to provide guidelines for the management of remaining forest resources, the National Forestry Policy was formulated in 1977 and accepted in 1978. The main feature of this policy is the establishment of a permanent forest estate within government-owned state lands, classified as protective, productive and amenity forests, which, in principle, may not be converted to other uses. The 1984 National Forestry Act has been widely accepted by the states, ensuring consistency in many areas of forestry administration, classification and management. Sabah and Sarawak each have distinct forestry policies, although broadly in line with that of Peninsular Malaysia, with both states establishing a permanent forest estate. In the Philippines, the basic forestry policies of 1980s are embodied in the 1975 Presidential Decree 705 (PD), as amended by PD 1559 of 1978 (Revised Forestry Code). The four salient features are: multiple use for development, land classification, establishment of wood processing and protection, development and rehabilitation. Emphasis was placed on environmental protection, as well as providing a source of livelihood for upland communities and foreign exchange. In early 1989 a bill was passed that forbade logging in any province that had less than 40% tree cover, a measure that would theoretically bring logging to a halt in all but nine of the nation’s 73 provinces (Collins et al., 1991). Legislation Legislation in the subregion is generally of recent origin, the oldest act still in force being the 1934 Forest Enactment of Brunei Darussalam. Legislation broadly makes provision not only for gazetting production and protection reserves, but also reserves specifically intended for the conservation of nature. In some cases these have formed the basis of conservation prior to the advent of modern conservation legislation. 4.2.2 Wildlife Sector Policy Policy statements for the wildlife sector as such are usually not available, but may inferred from the legislation enacted in each country. Such statements have become increasingly clear. For example, the 1990 Indonesian Conservation of Living Resources and their Ecosystems Act states that utilisation of living resources is an integral part of conservation. The 1986 Brunei Darussalam National Master Plan combines the need for socio-economic development and environmental protection with the establishment of conservation areas seen as means to this end. Many of the projects identified in the Master Plan were incorporated into the 1991-95 Sixth National Development Plan and conservation objectives have also been identified in the Forestry Strategic Plan. The Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development incorporated elements of the earlier, but unadopted, National Conservation Strategy. This in turn has influenced the formulation of the proposed Integrated Protected Areas System, which is also considered part of the Asia Development Bank sponsored Master Forestry Plan (although the linkages between the two are not always clear). Legislation Modern legislation is widely available for the establishment and protection of nature conservation areas, with no less than four enactments since the start of the decade. The Indonesian Conservation of Living Natural Resources and their Ecosystems Act (1990) overcomes a number of weaknesses in earlier enactments, principally the Indonesian 1967 Basic Forestry Act, and sets a modern standard by incorporating concepts of biodiversity conservation in the context of sustainable utilisation. 114 This goes beyond the position maintained by other countries in the subregion, which still tend to define nature conservation areas in terms of narrow protection criteria. In Singapore, the National Parks Act (1990) makes provision for the establishment of national parks and nature reserves, and established the National Parks Board. The 1990 Wildlife Protection Ordinance in Sarawak makes provision for strictly protected wildlife sanctuaries, in which even tourism is prohibited. In Brunei Darussalam all conservation areas continue to be legally designated forest reserves under the 1943 Forest Enactment, although an increasing number are being designated as conservation forests. The 1984 Wildlife Protection Act, which makes provision for strictly protected sanctuaries, has not been put into effect. However, the recent designation of Ulu Temburong, formerly Batu Apoi Forest Reserve, as a national park, indicates that more modern conservation concepts are being applied. A Wildlife Conservation Act, with provision for the establishment of national parks and other totally protected areas, has been proposed, together with the establishment of a Parks and Conservation Department to administer the act. Neither has been implemented to date. The National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (1991) in the Philippines provides the fundamental legal basis for implementing the internationally-backed integrated protected areas system plan, with provisions for establishing and managing a new network of conservation areas. 4.2.3 Other Sectors For some time the Brunei Museum has used the Antiquities and Treasure Trove Enactment, 1967 to designate certain of Brunei Darussalam’s islands (namely Pelong Rocks and Pulau Punyut) as historical sites, with a view to protecting their flora and fauna. Several other islands have received partial protection. In Malaysia, the federal Fisheries Act (1985) makes provision for the establishment of marine parks, for the conservation of flora, fauna and their habitat, and for recreation. 4.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION 4.3.1 Forestry Sector Administration of forestry is the responsibility of forest departments/directorates in the respective countries (Table 4.1). Administration is decentralised to respective state forest departments in Malaysia, although the federal Forest Department in Kuala Lumpur retains overall authority. Sabah and Sarawak, however, have a much greater degree of autonomy, and each has its own discrete Forest Department. (Note that details of legislation and administration in Malaysia are desegregated in Table 4.1 in order to highlight the distinction between Sabah, Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia, although in general the country is dealt with as a single entity.) Forestry administration in the Philippines has a long history of administrative restructuring, but is currently part of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, as the Forest Management Bureau. This marked an important departure from the arrangements that existed from 1972 until 1987 when the Bureau of Forestry, the Parks and Wildlife Office and the Reforestation Administration were merged into a single multi-function Bureau of Forest Development. This body suffered from conflicting objectives, contributing to the severe erosion not only of forest resources during that period, but also the loss of many conservation areas. 4.3.2 Wildlife Sector Separate bodies have been developed in the wildlife sector, with a general history of origin from within the forestry sector, and subsequently gaining increasing autonomy over time. In Indonesia, the Directorate of Nature Conservation and Wildlife was established in 1971 as a unit of the Directorate General of Forestry, but was subsequently promoted to the level of a Directorate General. 115 With the disbanding of the Philippine Bureau of Forest Development in 1987, the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau was established as an autonomous part of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, with a mandate that is independent of forestry functions. Recent change is also in evidence in Singapore with the passage of the National Parks Act, 1990, which established a National Parks Board, responsible for both national parks and nature reserves. Singapore provides an example of the demise of an administrative body, namely the former Forest Department, which in the absence of any forest reserves, has ceased to exist. The situation in Malaysia is complex, with a Federal Department of Wildlife and National Parks having responsibility for only a limited number of areas and issues due to the responsibilities shouldered by the individual states. In Sarawak, the National Parks and Wildlife Office remains an integral part of the Sarawak Forest Department, but it suffers from a lack of staff of institutional support from within the Department. Sabah, on the other hand, has created the Sabah Parks Board of Trustees, a discrete government agency under the Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Development. The same Ministry also presides over the Department of Wildlife, and these two bodies are unique in the subregion inasmuch that they are not part of or derived from a Forest Department. Nevertheless, the Forest Department continues to have conservation responsibilities as part of its mandate to sustain adequate forest resources. 4.3.3 Other Sectors Not applicable 4.3.4. Non-Governmental Organisations A number of NGOs are active in the Philippines, pre-eminent amongst which is the Haribon Foundation. This organisation was responsible for drafting the first integrated protected areas system plan (IPAS), and thus introducing the concept of system planning. Haribon continues to be actively involved in conservation areas management and development. A number of other NGOs are also actively involved in promoting the protection of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, for example the Ecological Society of the Philippines. NGOs have also played a critical role in Malaysia, lead by the Malayan Nature Society, whose Blueprint for Nature, published in 1972, helped catalyse the expansion of the conservation areas system in Peninsular Malaysia. The Society was also instrumental in protecting Endau Rompin. 4.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS The managed areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Fig 4.1-6 (Part III). Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 4.1, which also serves as a key to the maps. The bulk of the conservation areas network falls within the domain of the forestry sector. The extensive protection forest network in Indonesia is not depicted due to lack of information, although its importance in the subregion may be appreciated from the summary data in Table 4.2. 4.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector Coverage Natural, legally designated forest lands account for some 44% of the total area of Insular South East Asia (Table (4.2), the bulk being assigned to production purposes (28.2%). Production reserves are most extensive in Sabah (40.7%), Brunei (38.3%) and Sarawak (34.0%), although four-fifths of the total area under protection is accounted for exclusively by Indonesia. Singapore is noteworthy inasmuch that it has no legally gazetted forest reserve network. Protection reserves occupy about half the area of the production systems (13.0% of total area) and again the great bulk of this is dominated by Indonesia. Conservation areas are much less well represented, accounting for only 2.7% of total land area, and 70% of this coverage is again found in Indonesia. Only Brunei Darussalam has more than 5% of its area under conservation forest classification. 116 4.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors Coverage At least 2,000 conservation areas have been established in the subregion, the great majority being located in Malaysia and Indonesia. The total area included is 43 million ha, or 17.0% of the subregion. The forestry sector is directly responsible for some 1,503 areas, covering a total of 8.8% of the subregion. Again, most of these lie in Indonesia and Malaysia, principally comprising the extensive network of protection forests in the former, and forest reserves in the latter. Some 500 of these conservation areas are under total protection, covering 14 million ha, or 4.9% of the subregion. (Table 4.3). The widely accepted target of 10% of total area under protection has been reached by Brunei Darussalam, with 45 % of its area in conservation areas, although most of these have been classified in this exercise in the ’partial protection’ category. Least extensive is the network of the Philippines, amounting to 4.8% of land area, which is heavily reliant on a network of national parks and nature reserves that in many instances are no longer of conservation value. Data in Table 4.3 and 4.4 certainly underestimate the true extent of conservation areas in the subregion because they are based solely on site-specific listings. Annex 4.1 provides summary statistics, and indicates that as much as 13.9% of the subregion is under protection or conservation forest classification, although site-specific data are not available. Representativeness Nature conservation areas have frequently been established haphazardly in the past with little regard to ecological or other criteria for their selection. This is reflected, for example, in the inadequate representation of wetlands in Indonesia or lowland dipterocarp forests in Malaysia. However, considerable progress has been made throughout the subregion in system planning, with all but Singapore having compiled a comprehensive plan for conservation areas. These run from the Blueprint for Nature compiled by the Malayan Nature Society in the 1970s, the FAO National Conservation Plan of Indonesia in the early 1980s, through to the Integrated Protected Areas System plan in the Philippines. These plans have yet to make a significant impact on conservation area acquisition policy, although there is increasing awareness amongst governments that these will inevitably have to be realised for realistic and sustainable conservation goals to be achieved. Ecofloristic zone analysis [pending data from FAO] Integrity Data in Table 4.4 (a) indicate that forestry sector conservation areas in Indonesia and, to a lesser extent, Malaysia, tend to be large. Some 70% of sites in Indonesia and 60% of sites in Malaysia are greater than 1,000ha, and 36% of sites in Indonesia and 25% of sites in Malaysia exceed 10,000ha. A similar picture emerges in the Philippines, with 55% of sites exceeding 1,000ha, although this excludes a large number of forest reserves dedicated to protection function due to a lack of information. Brunei Darussalam is exceptional, with a preponderance of small sites, reflecting the limited land area available for managed areas. Throughout the subregion, the ’partial protection’ category is dominant, with both a larger number of sites and mean size, a reflection of the extensive protection forest networks of Malaysia and Indonesia. Data in Table 4.4(b) indicate that conservation areas managed by the wildlife sector tend to be larger with a mean size for established areas of 51,97ha, against 16,091ha for areas within the forestry sector. Some 53% of existing wildlife sector sites in Indonesia exceed 1,000ha and 68% of sites in Malaysia also exceed 1,000ha. Effectiveness Apart from inadequate representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing networks, conservation areas are limited by weaknesses in institutional support and ineffective management. Institutional resources for conservation areas management are generally inadequate throughout the subregion. While comprehensive data for national expenditure in conservation areas are not readily available, World Bank (1991) statistics indicate that expenditure is less than 0.5% in most countries. These figures range from some 1.5% in Brunei Darussalam to 0.01% in the Philippines. These data are crude, as different government agencies with overlapping responsibilities may allocate other resources to activities 117 affecting conservation areas. One general theme is the importance of international funding, totalling perhaps 20% of budgets in Indonesia during 1982-92, and playing a critical role in the execution of the Philippine Integrated Protected Areas System, which is expected to be financed with World Bank Global Environment Facility funds. Staffing appears to be a recurrent problem, often characterised by inadequate numbers, training and equipment, as well as a failure to demarcate conservation areas on the ground. In Indonesia the rapid expansion of the conservation areas network has lead to an overstretching of staff resources and consequent degradation in quality of management throughout the network. Encroachment is ubiquitous, few conservation areas being free of this problem, and there are frequent clashes with other government- sponsored or mandated land-use schemes. Although an extreme case, these problems have become so severe in the Philippines that most of the conservation areas system has ceased to have any outstanding conservation value. A systematic problem that is yet to be addressed in the legal provisions for conservation areas, with the exception of the recent enactment in Indonesia, is the integration of conservation strategies with the social and economic needs and aspirations of local people. Conventionally, policy and legislation has aimed towards a highly protectionist model that is uncritically based on western models, and which, in practice, has proved to be inappropriate in many developing nations. Until such time as development issues are integrated into conservation policy, legislation and administration, there is likely to be a continuing degradation of conservation areas. 4.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation The extent of forest land in Insular South East Asia managed for conservation and protection purposes is quantified in Table 4.2, totalling nearly 400,000 sq.km, or 14% of the subregion. It is likely that these data underestimate the actual contribution made by the forestry sector to nature conservation due uncertainty in the statistics. Both Indonesia and the Philippines use slope, altitude and other factors to classify extensive areas as forest protected from logging and other activities. Precise figures detailing those areas that meet these criteria are not available. 4.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 4.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network Official proposals to expand the forestry sector conservation areas network total only 17,108 sq. km, or 1.2% of the subregion. More dramatic, however, are the proposals to expand the nature conservation area network, which total no less than 238,574 sq.km, or 9.4% of the subregion (Table 4.3). However, many of these proposals are long-standing, and it would be naive to assume that any but a fraction of these will be realised. Bearing in mind the difficulties already faced with managing the system as it is currently constituted, any rapid expansion may lead to a deterioration in management and long-term protection. 4.5.2 Other National Initiatives Strengthening networks A variety of initiatives to strengthen conservation areas planning and management is being implemented or formulated. Of these, the Integrated Protected Areas System in the Philippines is probably the most dramatic, as it envisages a major overhaul of conservation areas on the ground as well as legal, administrative and financial innovations, although in the first phases it is intended to develop only ten priority sites. The Malaysian Blueprint for Nature is being revised, and includes recommendations for a large number of conservation areas, some being included in the National Conservation Strategy, which is being developed on behalf of the federal government by WWF Malaysia. The National Master Plan of Brunei Darussalam includes conservation areas as an integral component, and implementation is evidenced by, for example, the establishment of Ulu Temburong National Park. The National Conservation Plan for Indonesia has yet to be fully implemented but remains a potential system plan for future development. 118 Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which often limits the effective management of conservation areas. Additional sources of income, principally tourist receipts and international funding, have played an increasingly important role. Tourist receipts from Mount Kinabalu Park in Sabah, for example, generate sufficient funds to cover the entire Sabah Parks budget. Private sector investment in tourism infrastructure in Indonesian conservation areas is estimated to reach US$ 120 million for 1992- 1997, possibly exceeding both government and international financial inputs. International funding innovations have included a ’debt-for-nature-swap’ in the Philippines, whereby foreign debt has been purchased at discount rates and converted to local currency to support a number of conservation areas projects. Both Indonesia and the Philippines may receive funds under the World Bank Global Environment Facility, the former to support a Biodiversity Action Plan which includes a conservation areas and development component, and the latter through implementation of the Integrated Protected Areas System plan. Singapore and Brunei Darussalam are probably two nations that do not require international financial assistance, both having per capita incomes in excess of US$ 10,000 per annum, although there is likely to be a requirement for assistance in training. Improving Management Training both in conservation area management and buffer zone activities have been identified as priorities throughout the subregion (IUCN, 1992). Relatively few countries have facilities specifically for nature conservation area management, although Peninsular Malaysia has a wildlife training centre at Krau Game Reserve which provides in-service training. Management plans remain rare, although there are recent exceptions, such as the work of the Haribon Foundation at Mount Isarog National Park, and WWE at Arfak Mountains Reserve in Irian Jaya. Both these plans specifically address the involvement of local people. 4.5.3 International Initiatives Participation in international conventions and programmes concerned with conservation is patchy, with three signatories to the World Heritage Convention and two participants in the Unesco Man and the Biosphere programme, but no participation in the Ramsar Convention (Table 4.5). All countries in the subregion are members of ASEAN and participate in the ASEAN Environmental Programme, with all but Singapore successfully nominating ASEAN Heritage reserves. International Cooperation Opportunities for international cooperation on the ground are limited, by geography, to Borneo, involving Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei Darussalam and the Indonesian province of Kalimantan. Although the possibility to establish contiguous conservation areas does exist, for example between Batang Ai National Park in Sarawak and the proposed Gunung Bentuang dan Karimun National Park in Kalimantan, specific details on cross-border cooperation are not available. 4.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Priorities for conservation action in the subregion were reviewed as part of the JUCN Systems Review of the Indomalayan Realm (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1986) and the Corbett Action Plan (IUCN, 1985), but these are somewhat dated. Priorities have been reviewed more recently by IUCN (1992) in preparation for the IV World Parks Congress. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and summarised in Table 4.6. 119 REFERENCES Collins, N.M., Sayer, J.A. and Whitmore, T.C. (Eds) (1991). Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Asia and the Pacific. Macmillan Press Limited, London. 256 pp. IUCN (1985). The Corbett Action Plan for protected areas of the Indomalayan realm. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 23 pp. IUCN (1992). Parks for life: proceedings of the IV World Parks Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. 250 pp. MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system of the Indo-Malayan Realm. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 284 pp. 120 ysed uoneels0y SAIOSOI DUNQBU QUE SAIOBOs CINBN] yied euonen, yaed ysosoy puviy PAIOSOI OLEH SAO} U0I}9901g eAlosol Sununy PAIOBSI 18910,] Asvenjoues 231/PIIAN yied jsuonen SAIOSOI SHOT UONBAIASUOD BINjBN pue U0T}92}01g 1S2J0.J JO [BIOUSH a810)9A1G Aysaloj Jo Ans, winesnyy lounig quounledag 189104 AONB aanesysTorUIpy [MW] 19V sweishsooq Joy) pues sooInosey SUIAIT JO UONBAIOSUOD [a] 19W Ansor04 o1seg BISSUOpUT [A] V YORd210Ig OITPIIAA [a] quounseuq 1scl04 weyessmeg iounig [40109] anu, ea, nonEysize] *(esn 9A1}981}X9 [BloJOUIMIOD JopuN puR] jSeJOJ = Dd ‘aSN 9AI}OBI}XO [BOO] JopuN pur] ysoJOJ = J ‘UOTSe}0Id JeIed = g ‘UOIda}0Id ]e}0} = J) eATJOAf[qo yUoWOseUEUT 0) SUIPIOSO# Poljisse[o Je Seale poyoojOlg “AWWOYINE SATBI)sTUTUIpE o[qQIsUOdsel pUB JUEUJOBU JO Jeak YIM ‘sBalY po}ooj0Jd Joy suOIsIAOId [ese] Ip 2481 [a] umouyuy YBMEIBS - Aaenjoues 231] PIAA quowyedeg yses04 yemeles LA] 29ueUIpIO UOND2}01g IT PIAA yied jeuoney quounredeg yseJ0.4 yemules [WM] eoueurpig yeg jeuoneN yemeles - SATOSSI OJNTPIEAA Arenjoues pig [A] UMouyuy SATOSAT OF TPILAN eAlesas ojdunf uids1 A DAIISAI 1890} UOIII}0Ig DAIOSOI S910} QAOIZUB] DAIOSOI 1S210,] SAIOSAI ISAO} OSAWOG WAlOJ [BINIOUTWIOD alo} Quswy Qe O By Ay Oy A ee quowpedeg 182104 yeqes [a] ov Quowpusury) siscl04 ied -o) aden enyog-ip duex [A] quounoeug syleg ied quownuow amen yleg suey Aaenjoues pig Bu An er uMmouyUy) [A] Umouyul uMOUyU() Adenjoues 231] PIAA Sarasa OFT PLLA syleg Jeune PUB 2YIT PIA JO [eIaUaH JojooNIG [aA] 19V 231T PIL JO UonD=I01g ee syleg [BuOneN yied jeuonen PUB AJIT PII Jo [e19UIH JojoarIg [a] 19V syzed JeuoneN = SOO} JUSUTYDIVS IOBAA @Alasel o[sunf uid, 3soJ0} UONONpoid Joquity, 18210} UONEWBIEI [10g SO} UOND2}0Id [10g WSaJOJ YOIBISOy 182J0J JOIWUOD poo].{ sosodind e1opay Joy 8210.4 Qyt[pyim Joy Arenjoues 18010.4 1890} UOTBONp| waloy Auewy eisXeleyy Axjsa10,J JO 10)99I1q 2181$ [a4] 19W Ansoio, JeuonEN Jejnsurueg Po Ay Ay Oy OO OOO be A SATOSO OINeN, yaed jeuonen pavog syseq [euoHeN LM] (OT ‘ON) 0661 2°V S¥Ied [eUCHEN suodeaurg Arvenjoues 2tPILAA SATOBOT OFNTPIAA Asenjoues Bole JOO SAIOsaI OINIBN quowNUOW [BINeN quownuo;, Asenjoues quueyy SAIOS0] DUB] yied ouneyy Aaenjoues [BoU01s1H eAlosar jeuNey BO18 UONBAIOSUOD, uONes [BoISO[OIg d L d d d d d d L L d d d d uMOUYU) [LA] umouyun, yied jeuonen esnyjos wey Asenjoues plig REE neaing IPI pus sBary pojoo}01g LA] ST6EON OV SOdINOSOY yaed jeuonen [einen pue ywowuosAUW Jo yuowpEdeg [a] Z ‘ON J°pIO eanensurupy Ansc107 sourddipiyg Table 4.2 Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex 4.2. —— ees Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION Area Production Protection Conservation Total Brunei Darussalam 5,770 2,212 (38.3) 186 (3.2) 318 (5.5) 2,716 (47.0) Indonesia 1,904,570 576,560 (30.2) 296,365 (15.6) 49,694 (2.6) 922,619 (48.4) Malaysia 329,750 100,697 (30.6) 22,847 (6.9) 5,807 (1.8) 129,351 (39.2) (- Peninsular 132,750 28,500 (21.5) 19,000 (14.3) 766 (0.6) 48,266 (36.4)) (- Sabah 73,620 29,983 (40.7) 999 (1.35) 2,502 (3.4) 33,484 (45.5)) (- Sarawak 123,985 42,214 (34.0) 2,848 (2.3) 2,539 (2.0) 47,01 (38.3)) Philippines 300,000 37,601 (12.5) 11,137 (3.7) 13,410 (4.46) 62,148 (20.7) Singapore 620 0 0 0 0 (0.0) INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA 2,540,695 717,671 (28.2) 330,535 (13.0) 69,229 (2.7) 1,116,834 (43.9) 124 Table 4.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may be inflated because they may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 2. N is the total number of conservation areas. COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. National designation N Area (ha) N Area (ha) BRUNEI DARUSSALAM (5,770 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P 24 210,925 2 5,777 National Park T 1 48,859 2 10,900 Subtotals 25 259,784 4 16,677 (% total area) ( 45.1) ( 2.9) Wildlife Sector Wildlife Sanctuary P (0) (0) 4 1,219 Subtotals (0) (0) 4 1,219 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.2) Totals 25 259,784 8 17,896 (% total area) ( 45.1) (31) INDONESIA (1,904,570 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P 1 15,000 Oo 0 Hunting Park P 11 396,091 11 339,450 Marine Nature Reserve T 8 1,023,455 0 0 Other area P 2 O * 7 331,742 Protection Forest P 720 13,323,253 * 5 142,150 Research Forest P at 1,300 (0) (0) Subtotals 743 14,759,099 * 23 813,342 (% total area) ( 7.7) ( 0.5) Wildlife Sector Game Reserve T 69 5,129,644 112 5,857,304 * Grand Forest Park P 1 70,000 10) {e) Marine Multiple Use Reserve P 0 (0) 1 50,000 Marine Park P 3 30,880 (0) 0 Marine Recreation Park P 1 59,450 (0) (0) Marine Reserve P 0 0 2 Oo * National Park P 24 6,905,069 11 4,083,230 Nature Reserve T 180 6,005,426 224 11,389,024 * Recreation Park P 51 149,007 46 150,398 * Subtotals 329 18,349,476 396 21,529,956 * (% total area) ( 9.6) ( 11.3) Totals 1072 33,108,575 * 419 22,343,298 * (% total area) ( 17.3) ( 11.8) MALAYSIA (329,750 sq. km) Forest Sector Amenity Forest Reserve P ils 20,767 1 700 Communal Forest P 29 5,630 10) 0 125 COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector cat. —— —_ National designation N Area(ha) N Area(ha) Domestic Forest Reserve P 10 7,355 0 0 Forest Reserve P 389 2,993,363 * 9 389,416 Mangrove Forest Reserve P 17 316,457 ie) 0 Protected Forest P 63 3,222,545 13 412,326 Protection Forest Reserve P 28 99,977 0 (0) Virgin Jungle Reserve T 123 107,557 3 1,331 Subtotals 670 6,773,651 * 26 803,773 (% total area) ( 20.6) ( 2.5) Wildlife Sector Bird Sanctuary T 8 16,836 2 20,295 Conservation Area P 2 81,755 0 0 Marine Park P 1 130 21 33,823 * Marine Reserve P (0) 0 1 710 National Historic Monument P 1 71 0 (0) National Park T 12 688,134 * 14 680,090 * Nature Monument P 1 156 1 567 Nature Park P 1 240 (0) 0 Nature Reserve T 0 0 2 26,702 Other area P 3 1,143 * (0) (0) Park P 6 126,886 (0) (0) Turtle Sanctuary P 1 Oo * 2 295 * Wildlife Reserve T 13 380,918 16 604,586 * Wildlife Sanctuary T. 6 239,813 * 8 182,802 * Subtotals 55 1,536,082 * 67 1,549,870 * (% total area) ( 4.7) ( 4.8) Totals 725 8,309,733 * 93 2,353,643 * (% total area) ( 25.3) ( 7-3) PHILIPPINES (300,000 sq. km) Forest Sector National Park T 65 461,603 * 5 77,012 Subtotals 65 461,603 * 5 77,012 (% total area) ( 1.5) ( 0.3) Wildlife Sector Biological Station P 3 Oo * fe) 0 Bird Sanctuary T 2 24 ie) {0} Conservation Area P 1 Oo * (0) (0) Faunal Reserve P 1 3,329 (@) (e) Game Reserve T 1 6,300 0 (0) Historical Sanctuary P 1 24 Q . 0 Managed Nature Reserve P (0) ie) 1 Oo * Marine Park T 2 33,223 1 Oo * Marine Reserve T 4 Oo * 2 oO * Marine Sanctuary P 6 35 * (0) (0) Monument P 1 2 0 (0) National Integrated Protected T fe) 0 53 776,435 * Natural Monument P al 304 0 Oo Nature Reserve P 1 (0) {e) 0 Other area P 8 24 * (0) (0) Park P Oo 0 1 Oo * Sanctuary P 2 Oo * (0) 0 Wildlife Reserve T 2 Oo * (0) (0) Wildlife Sanctuary P 9 963,811 * (0) (0) Subtotals 45 1,007,076 * 58 776,435 * (% total area) ( 3.3) ( 2.6) 126 COUNTRY Man. Sector Cat. National designation N Additional Sector, or sector unknown Marine Reserve/Tourist Zone P 51 Tourist Zone P 2 Subtotals 53 (% total area) Totals 163 (% total area) SINGAPORE (620 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Nature Reserve T 2 Park T 3 Subtotals 5 (% total area) Totals 5 (% total area) INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA (2,540,710 sq. km) Forestry Sector 1503 (% total area) Wildlife Sector 434 (% total area) Additional Sector or sector unknown 53 (% total area) INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA (2,540,710 sq. km) Total protection 501 (% total area) Partial protection 1489 (% total area) Degree of protection unknown (6) (% total area) Totals 1990 (% total area) | —_____ eee SSS... a — — ———— ——————————————____ Notified Area (ha) ( 1,468,67 2,796 168 2,964 ( 4-8) 2,964 ( 4-8) Proposed N Area (ha) fe) fe) O 0 fe) O ( 0.0) 63 853,447 * (| 2.9) ie) te) 0 oo oooo {o) jo) - summary by sector 22,254,137 * ( 8.8) 20,895,598 * ( 8.2) Oo * (0.0) 58 1,710,804 (0=7) 525 23,857,480 * t 1924) (0) 0 (0.0) - summary by management category 14,144,756 * ( 5.6) 29,004,979 * ( 11.4) 0 ( 0.0) 43,149,735 * ( 17.0) 444 19,626,481 * (ETT) 139 5,941,803 * (oi23) re) 0 ( 0.0) 583 25,568,284 * ( 10.1) * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered. 127 Table 4.4(a) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size a) Forestry Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BRUNEI Notified sites T 1 48,859 {0} fe) 1 (0) P 24 8,788 13 4 7 fe) Total 25 10,391 13 4 8 (0) Proposed sites T 2 5,450 (0) 2 (0) 0 P 2 2,888 (0) 2 [e} fe) Total 4 4,169 (0) 4 (0) (0) INDONESIA Notified sites T 8 127,931 fe) (0) 3 3 P 725 18,945 196 249 239 20 Total 733 20,135 196 249 242 23 Proposed sites P 23 35,362 1 3 15 1 Total 23 35,362 1 3 15 1 MALAYSIA Notified sites T 123 874 101 21 1 (0) P 439 15,184 124 175 132 8 Total 562 12,052 225 196 133 8 Proposed sites T 3 443 3 O (0) fe) P 23 34,888 5 5 11 2 Total 26 30,914 8 5 11 2 PHILIPPINES Notified sites T 63 7,327 28 23 12 0 : Total 63 7,327 28 23 12 fe) Proposed sites T 5 15,402 0 3 2 0 Total 5 15,402 fe) 3 2 (o} INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA Notified sites T 195 8,417 129 44 17 3 P 1188 17,350 333 428 378 28 Total 1383 16,091 462 472 395 31 Proposed sites T 10 8,924 3 5 2 {e) P 48 33,782 6 10 26 3 Total 58 29,496 9 15 28 3 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 128 Table 4.4(b) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BRUNEI Proposed sites P 4 304 4 0 fe) 0 Total 4 304 4 0 (0) (0) INDONESIA Notified sites T 249 44,719 109 64 50 22 P 80 90,180 41 9 15 15 Total 329 55,773 150 73 65 37 Proposed sites T 315 54,750 35 97 110 46 P 56 76,493 26 8 7 5 Total 371 58,032 61 105 117 51 MALAYSIA Notified sites T 37 35,829 10 14 8 5 P 14 15,027 6 3 5 fe) Total 51 30,119 16 17 13 5 Proposed sites T 37 40,931 4 11 14 6 P 5 7,079 3 1 1 fe) Total 42 36,901 7 12 15 6 PHILIPPINES Notified sites T 5 7,909 3 1 1 0 P 12 80,627 6 2 1 2 Total 17 59,239 9 3 2 2 Proposed sites T 51 15,224 3 14 17 ie) Total Sal 15,224 3 14 17 fe) SINGAPORE Notified sites T 5 592 4 al 0 {0} Total 5 592 4 1 (0) ie) INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA Notified sites T 296 42,240 126 80 59 27 P 106 79,172 53 14 21 17 Total 402 51,979 179 94 80 44 Proposed sites T 403 48,479 42 122 141 52 P 65 66,465 33 9 8 5 Total 468 50,977 75 131 149 57 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 129 Table 4.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas. The number of properties (natural of mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions is given in brackets. World Heritage | Biosphere Ramsar ASEAN Heritage Convention Reserves! Convention Convention | Brunei Darusstam | - | 1984 (0) 1989 (2) 1977 (6) 1984 (3) Philippines 1985 (0) 1977 (2) pSigaporcor: |. (fe: us we |e a ‘Unesco MAB Project 8 SOE See eee Bex, 130 ysauoy Arepuosces pue Areunid Zururewios ysaroy Arepuoses JO uonssjoid ainsuo ‘joy syZeg [eUOTBNY soJOJUA pue Areurnid Zururewias jo uonoojoid amnsuq alodesuig usd wiayshg suary poyoojolg WV wash sealy po}oa}01g Nealng TPIiAA pus sealy poyoojorg usySualjg poyeidoquy 9y) JO sainseow! o130j8I)8 jUoWo[duI] peyaidoquy JeuonBN juowoduiy sourddyyg quowyredag Wao YBMBES puw syed YBqug ‘OjTIPTIAA puB syed ABoyaxg UOIwAIOSUOD [BUOTBN puw Jo quowyedeg usyysuars ‘uore[siZo] Sunstxo corojuq | ainjen Joy yuLdon|[g puz yuawe[dun puv oya[duI0D BIskEpByy Ax)8210, ug[g uoNoy AysioAlporg jo Ansnnpy voysuarjs ‘uoneysiZe] Suystxe solojuq pue uv[g uorBAIesuoD [BUOT}eNY JUSWO|dW] BISQUOpU UB] _ 189781)¢ py weyessmeq quoulyedaq uoljearssuod pus syzeg ysTiquisq Axjsal0,] pue uBlg Joyseyy [BuoryeNy yuawo;dwy UONBAIZSUOD TPIT pesodoid youuq Toung yuomjou ay) SuiseuEyy ar ge bo 8) re ae “seare UOILAIOSUOD 0} SUTJe[eI UOTIE JOJ SorTIOIId feuoeU Jo AJeuWINS 9'p AGEL wgidnal) sowvencions of programmasoat hen § me neck to internssonn) (ands i 4 ie Thimher Of properties (natural et tailed tic re 10 .OF ORE oC mel h- a = i 7% Nees ee ene Co ; 5 OSS ’ S Indonegig . % i989 (a £ & — te wae hmmm tame ae +" k ) Malaysia 1988 (@ a ie ed ee ee ee) = he ~—r es ‘T, Singahore we os ee ea 2) ms *Unexm: MAB Project & aan Annex 4.1 List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Forest Reserves Anduki (Conservation Forest) 917 1948 1 2 Andulau (Conservation Forest) 746 1940 3 Andulau (Production Forest) 12,646 1940 4 Badas (Conservation Forest) 76 1948 5 Belait Peat Swamp 1,492 6 Berakas (Conservation Forest) 149 1950 7 Berakas (Recreational) 199 8 Bukit Biang (Conservation Forest) 2,730 9 Bukit Sawat (Conservation) 486 10 Bukit Shahbandar (Recreation Forest) 234 11 Keluyoh (Conservation) 77 12 Labi Hills (Conservation/Protection Forests) 64,283 1947 13 Labi Hills (Production Forest) 55,597 1947 14 Labu (Production Forest) 14,348 1953 15 Ladan Hills (Production Forest) 17,357 1950 16 Ladan Hills (Protection Forest) 10,565 1950 17 Luagan Lalak (Recreation Forest) 275 18 Peradayan (Recreation Forest) 997 1953 19 Selirong (Production Forest) 2,566 1948 20 Sg Ingei (Conservation) 18,491 21 Subok Hills (Recreaticn Forest) 15 22 Sungai Liang (Recreation Forest) 66 1948 23 Ulu Badas (Conservation) 443 24 Ulu Mendaram (Conservation) 6,170 Subtotal 24 sites 210,925 ha National Park 25 Ulu Temburong 48,859 1991 Subtotal 1 site 48,859 ha Proposed (Forest Reserves) Labi Hills Extension (Production Forest) 3,612 Ladan Hills Extension (Production Forest) 2,165 Subtotal 2 sites 5,777 ha Proposed (National Parks) Tasek Merimbun Extension 3,100 Tasek Merimbun 7,800 Subtotal 2 sites 10,900 ha Proposed (Wildlife Sanctuaries) Pelong Rocks 2 Pulau Berambang 721 Pulau Punyut 8 Pulau Siarau 488 Subtotal 4 sites 1,219 ha Totals Notified conservation areas 25 sites 259,784 ha Proposed conservation areas 8 sites 17,896 ha * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 132 INDONESIA - Irian Jaya Game Reserves Pegunungan Jayawijaya Pulau Anggrameos Pulau Dolok Pulau Sabuda dan Pulau Tataruga Wasur Subtotal ObPWNH National Parks 6 Teluk Cenderawasih Marine 7 Wasur Subtotal Nature Reserves 8 Enarotali 9 Gunung Lorentz 10 Pegunungan Arfak 11 Pegunungan Cyclops 12 Pulau Batanta Barat 13 Pulau Biak Utara 14 Pulau Misool 15 Pulau Salawati Utara 16 Pulau Superiori 17 Pulau Waigeo Barat 18 Pulau Yapen Tengah 19 Rawa Biru Subtotal Protection Forests 20 Abepura Selatan 21 Remu Sorong 22 Wosi Rendani Subtotal Recreation Parks 23 Gunung Mariam 24 Gunung Meja 25 Nabire 26 Sorong 27 Teluk Yotefa Subtotal Proposed (Game Reserves) Danau Bian Kepulauan Asia and Ayu Mingima Pulau Mapia Pulau Sayang Sungai Rouffaer Teluk Lelintah Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Gunung Lorentz Mamberamo-Pegunungan Foja Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserves) Gunung Wagura-Kote Inggresau Jamursba-Mandi Kumbe-Merauke Mubrani-Kaironi Pegunungan Fakfak Pegunungan Kumawa 5 sites 2 sites 12 sites 3 sites 5 sites 7 sites 2 sites 133 800,000 2,500 308,000 1,710,950 1,433,000 308,000 1,741,000 300,000 2,150,000 45,000 22,500 10,000 11,000 84,000 57,000 42,000 153,000 59,000 4,000 2,937,500 580 4,830 300 5,710 100 500 100 946 1,650 3,296 50,000 76,406 3,500 4,015 10,468 81,898 2,500 228,787 1,483,200 1,442,500 2,925,700 15,000 280 900 126,810 1,000 51,000 118,000 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1981 1981 1978 1980 1982 1990 1991 1980 1978 1978 1981 1982 1982 1982 1982 1981 1982 1978 1966 1970 1969 1978 1980 1980 1981 1978 Pegunungan Tamrau Selatan Pegunungan Tamrau Utara Pegunungan Wandamen Wondiwoi Pegunungan Weyland Pulau Numfor Pulau Pombo Raja Ampat Sausapor Sidei-Wibain Teluk Bintuni Wewe-Koor Subtotal Proposed (Other area) Kepulauan Mapia Sayang Subtotal Proposed (Recreation Parks) Beriot Klamono Pulau Biak (Parieri) Sungai Seram Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 18 27 32 sites site sites sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 134 247,875 265,720 79,500 223,000 1,500 100 2,976 900 450,000 1,584,561 1,547 1,547 12,350 10,000 2,000 1,000 25,350 6,398,456 4,765,945 ha* ha ha ha ha* INDONESIA - Java Game Reserves Bali Barat Baluran Cikepuh Gunung Sawal Meru Betiri Pulau Bawean Subtotal OINHU WNP Hunting Parks 9 Maelang 10 Masigit Kareumbi Subtotal Marine Nature Reserve 11 Kepulauan Karimun Jawa Subtotal National Parks 12 Bali Barat 13 Baluran 14 Bromo-Tengger-Semeru 15 Gunung Gede Pangrango 16 Kepulauan Karimun Jawa Marine 17 Kepulauan Seribu Marine 18 Meru Betiri 19 Ujung Kulon Subtotal Nature Reserves 20 Arca Domas 21 Arjuno Lalijiwo 22 Bantarbolong 23 Batu Gamping 24 Batukau I/II/III (Bali) 25 Bekutuk 26 Besowo Gadungan 27 Bojonglarang Jayanti 28 Cadas Malang 29 Ceding 30 Cibanteng 31 Cibodas-Gunung Gede 32 Cigenteng Cipanji 33 Cimungkat 34 Corah Manis Sempolan (I/III) 35 Curug Bengkawah 36 Depok 37 Dungus Iwul 38 Gebugan (Gunung Ungaran) 39 Gotas 40 Gua Ngilirip 41 Guci 42 Gunung Abang Banyuwangi Selatan (Blambangan) Dataran Tinggi Yang (Yang Plateau) 43 Gunung 44 Gunung 45 Gunung 46 Gunung 47 Gunung 48 Gunung 49 Gunung 50 Gunung 51 Gunung 52 Gunung Burangrang Butak Celering Halimun Honje Jagat Papandayan Picis Sigogor Simpang 19,475 25,000 62,000 8,128 14,145 5,400 58,000 3,832 8 sites 195,980 70,000 12,421 2 sites 82,421 111,625 1 site 111,625 77,727 25,000 57,606 15,000 111,625 110,000 58,000 78,359 8 sites 533,317 135 ha ha ha ha 1947 1937 1939 1973 1962 1979 1972 1979 1966 1976 1986 1982 1980 1982 1980 1986 1982 1972 1980 1913 1972 1930 1982 1974 1979 1919 1973 1919 1920 1925 1925 1919 1919 1919 1924 1913 1931 1924 1930 1919 1924 1978 1979 1975 1973 1979 1979 1954 1924 1924 1936 1979 Gunung Tilu Gunung Tukung Gede Janggangan Karang Bolong Kawah Ijen Ungup-Ungup Kawah Kamojang Keling I,II & III Krakatau Laut Pasir Tengger-Gunung Bromo Leuwang Sancang Malabar Manggis Gadungan Moga Muara Angke Nusa Barung Nusa Gede Pandjalu Nusa Kambangan Pagerwunung Darupono Pananjung Pangandaran Pancur Ijen I,II Peson Subah I,II Plawangan Turgo Pringombo I,II Pulau Bawean Pulau Bokor Pulau Dua Pulau Noko dan Pulau Nusa Pulau Panaitan/Pulau Peucang Pulau Rambut Pulau Sangiang Pulau Saobi (Kangean Islands) Pulau Sempu Ranu Darungan Ranu Kumbolo Ranu Pani-Ranu Regulo Rawa Cipanggan Rawa Danau Sangeh (Bali) Sepakung Sub Vak 18c dan 19b Sukawayang Pelabuhan Ratu Sungai Kolbu Takokak Tangkuban Perahu Tangkuban Perahu Pelabuhan Ratu Telaga Bodas Telaga Dringo Telaga Patenggang Telaga Ranjeng Telaga Sumurup Telaga Warna Teluk Baron Ujung Kulon Ulolanang Kecubung Vak 53 Comal Watangan Puger I,I1V Wijaya Kusuma Yanlapa Yunghun Subtotal Other area 112 Jatijajar Cave Recreation Site Subtotal 136 92 sites 196,504 1 site ha ha* Protection Forests 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 Gunung Awilega I Gunung Awilega II Gunung Bitung Gunung Cakrabuana Gunung Cikanera Gunung Cipatujah Gunung Cisaatgirang Gunung Culabadak I Gunung Culabadak II Gunung Gadung Cilutung Gunung Gadung Gunung Galunggung Barat Gunung Galunggung Sal Gunung Galunggung Timur Gunung Jantra Gunung Karasak Gunung Kasur Gunung Manggu Gunung Medangkamulyan Gunung Padawaras Gunung Pasir Koja Gunung Raja Gunung Satriya Gunung Singkup Gunung Tangkil Gunung Tanjong I Gunung Tanjong II Gunung Terajung Nusa Lembongan Ps Tambang/Pasir Cijulang Subtotal Recreation Parks 143 Carita Cimanggu Grojogan Sewu Gunung Baung Gunung Gamping Gunung Papandayan Gunung Selok Gunung Tampomas Gunung Tangkuban Perahu Ir. H. Juanda Grand Forest Park Kawah Ijen Merapi Kawah Kamojang Kawah Tangkuban Perahu Linggarjati Pananjung Pangandaran Panelokan (Bali Is.) Plawangan Turgo Situ Gunung Sumber Semen Tangkuban Perahu Telaga Bodas Telaga Patenggang Telaga Warna Telaga Warna/Pengilon Tretes Tuk Songo Watu Dodol Subtotal Proposed (Game Reserves) Cikamurang Cikencreng Cimapag 30 sites 27 sites ha* ha 1927 1927 1930 1927 1928 1935 1940 1927 1927 1928 1927 1927 1927 1927 1928 1927 1927 1927 1935 1941 1927 1939 1940 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1981 1927 1978 1978 1968 1980 1982 1978 1975 1979 1974 1979 1981 1979 1975 1975 1978 1978 1984 1975 1975 1974 1978 1981 1981 1978 1975 1974 1977 Eko boyo Gunung Abang (Bali) Gunung Kancana Gunung Liman Wilis Gunung Limbung Gunung Perahu Gunung Tunggangan Jogo Tamu/Ponco Moyo Muara Bobos Pasir Salam Perairan Kangean Pulau Rakit Sancang Cipatujah Subtotal Proposed (Hunting Parks) Gunung Pangasaman Serpong Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Merapi Merbabu Pangandaran Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserves) Ciogong Gua Petruk Gunung Aseupan Gunung Beser Gunung Burangrang Selatan Gunung Cikuray Gunung Galunggung/Karacak Gunung Guntur Gunung Karang Gunung Kawi/Kelud Gunung Kendeng Gunung Kujang Gunung Lawu Gunung Liman Wilis Gunung Masigit Gunung Muria Gunung Nagara Gunung Pananggungan Gunung Raung Gunung Ringgit Gunung Slamet Gunung Sumbing Gunung Unggaran Ijen Kali Urang Karang Kamulyan Kembang Ketu Lengkong Mawuk Medang Kamulyan Muara Cimanuk Muara Gembong Nusa Kambangan (Perluasan) Pangumbahan Panto Domas Pegunungan Pembarisan Pulau Deli Pulau Manjawah Pulau Sepanjung Pulau Tinjil 138 16 sites 2 sites 2 sites 3,000 145,798 34,000 1,500 35,500 ha ha ha Rowo Bayu Salatri Segara Anakan Situ Mustika Tambak Ruyung Tanjung Sedari Telaga Denuh Telaga Ngebel Teluk Lenggasana Waduk Gede/Jati Gede Subtotal Proposed (Other area) Trunyan (Bali) Subtotal Proposed (Recreation Parks) Cibulan Cigugur Cipanas/Cisolok Curug Sewu Gunung Ciremai Gunung Klotok Gunung Pinang Jati Luhur/Sanggabuana Jayabaya Kawah Putih Kenjuran Merapi Merbabu Pasir Puti Watu Ulo Pasir Putih/Besuki Perairan Pelabuhan Ratu Pulau Merah Tanjung Pasir Tapan Tawang Banteng Watangan Puger Winong Sari Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 104 1,000 15,352 5 10,998 8,200 120 234 16,000 10,500 51 sites 335,772 30 1 site 21 sites 34,188 169 sites 93 sites 1,146,000 561,818 * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. INDONESIA - Kalimantan Game Reserves DOIRHDUPWNHE Danau Sentarum Gunung Palung Kelumpang-Selat Laut-Selat Sebuku Kutai Pleihari Martapura Pleihari Tanah Laut Pulau Semana Tanjung Puting Subtotal Marine Nature Reserve 9 Kepulauan Karimata Subtotal 80,000 60,000 66,650 200,000 36,400 300,040 8 sites 778,310 77,000 1 sites 77,000 139 ha* 30 ha ha* ha* ha* ha ha 1985 1981 1981 1971 1974 1975 1982 1978 1985 Marine Parks 10 Gunung Asuansang 11 Pulau Sangalaki Subtotal National Parks 12 Gunung Palung 13 Kutai 14 Tanjung Puting Subtotal Nature Reserves 15 Bukit Baka 16 Bukit Raya 17 Bukit Tangkiling 18 Gunung Kentawan 19 Gunung Niut/Gunung Becapa 20 Gunung Palung 21 Gunung Raya Pasi 22 Lo Fat Fun Pi 23 Mandor 24 Muara Kaman Sedulang 25 Padang Luwai 26 Pararawan I,II 27 Pulau Kaget 28 Sungai Kayan Sungai Mentarang Subtotal Other area 29 Teluk Gorontala Subtotal Protection Forests 30 Barangan 31 Belum ada Nama 32 Bukit Batutenobang 33 Bukit Perai 34 Bukit Rongga 35 Empoho 36 Gn Adung 37 Gn Balo Gelumpong 38 Gn Bawang 39 Gn Belakang 40 Gn Belungai 41 Gn Bengkarun 42 Gn Bengkawar 43 Gn Bintawa 44 Gn Bintuang 45 Gn Bukit Penyilam 46 Gn Dada 47 Gn Dakan 48 Gn Ensawit 49 Gn Ensuma 50 Gn Hambun 51 Gn Hung Hui Sau 52 Gn Ipoh 53 Gn Jekarang 54 Gn Ka Mentabai/Sei Jantu 55 Gn Kader 56 Gn Kalayu 57 Gn Kalimantan 58 Gn Kepayang 59 Gn Keramas 60 Gn Kerohok Patimo 61 Gn Ketukung 62 Gn Ketungau Timur 63 Gn Kirwai 28,000 280 2 sites 28,280 90,000 200,000 300,040 3 sites 590,040 70,500 110,000 2,061 245 110,000 30,000 3,742 1,600,000 14 sites 2,002,341 1 site 2,750 600 60,000 28,000 140 1982 ha 1990 1982 1982 ha 1987 1979 1977 1979 1982 1937 1978 1936 1936 1976 1967 1979 1976 1980 ha ha* 1940 1949 1931 1931 1930 1931 1931 1932 1931 1931 1931 1931 1948 1931 1932 1947 1932 1931 1931 1940 1931 1949 1931 1931 1931 1930 1932 1940 1931 1948 1931 Labai Ladangan Lait Loneet Majau Malangsar Mansibu Medikit Melawi Londong Melawi Merubuk Morambai Niut Nulu Ketungau I Nulu Ketungau II Padang Ausut Palim Pandang Puloh Paninju Panjung Pasir Panjang Pe Lung San Perigi Perupuk Posong Rasak Raya Hilir Raya Hulu Raya Riyas Sabungah Saburuh Saih Sampuh Sanggau Sapuh Sebangkok Sebau Sebayan Sedano Sedau Segyang Sei Bayan Sekajang Sekeh Sekoh Selantar Semaung II Semerabat Sempure Semubuhan Sengkanan Senjujuh Sentuna Sentunuk Sepatung Sepauk Serat Setatuk Segande Setengah Sobaduk Malang Su Suwalan Tanah Merah Tanaman Sekong Tanjung Gunung Tayap 141 1932 1931 1931 1930 1931 1931 1931 1932 1932 1948 1931 1931 1931 1948 1948 1931 1947 1930 1931 1930 1931 1931 1930 1941 1932 1931 1930 1930 1931 1932 1931 1931 1948 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1941 1931 1931 1931 1947 1948 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1930 1930 1931 1931 1931 1931 1930 1948 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1940 1931 1931 1931 1949 131 Gn Teberangkis 132 Gn Teberau 133 Gn Temiayang 134 Gn Tengon 135 Gn Timahobe 136 Gn Tiuang Kandang 137 Gn Tiung Kandang 138 Gn Uke 139 Gn Utu 140 Gn Uwi Fabun 141 Gunung Tunggal 142 Hl Balikpapan 143 Hl Mahakam Ilir 144 Hl P. Nunukan 145 Hl Sungai Wain 146 Htn Pendidikan Mahakam Hilir 147 Hutan Malakan 148 Juju 149 Ka Mentabai/Sei Jentu 150 Nulu Kapuas 151 Nulu Kerian 152 Nulu Silat 153 P. Tarakan 154 Piyabang 155 Riam Kanan 156 Sagu Komplek 157 Sei Embaloh 158 Sei Jentu/Sei Semelangai 159 Sei Jongkong 160 Sei Mandak 161 Sei Menlebah 162 Sei Nulu Mandai 163 Sei Nyabah 164 Sei Palim 165 Sei Pinoh 166 Sei Semitau 167 Sei Sibau 168 Sei Silat 169 Sei Suai 170 Sei Suruk 171 Sei Tebaung 172 Semelanga/Gn Mentabai 173 Ulak Subtotal Recreation Parks 174 Bukit Suharto 175 Bukit Tangkiling i176 Pulau Kembang 177 Tanjung Keluang Subtotal Proposed (Game Reserve) ; Kelompok Hutan Kahayan Subtotal Proposed (Hunting Park) Atinggola Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Sangkulirang Sungai Kayan Subtotal 144 142 sites sites site site sites 800 1,000 200 15,000 1,495 1,800 600 840 1,200 2,000 50,830 1,500 10,025 4,560 1,400 700 397,000 120,000 31,200 2,400 1,500 90,147 18,000 250,000 5,000 30,000 80,000 10,000 167,000 11,000 35,000 166,800 30,000 120,000 30,000 10,000 22,500 35,000 7,500 1,500 3,901,060 27,000 533 60 2,000 29,593 150,000 150,000 25,000 25,000 100,000 150,000 250,000 ha* ha ha ha ha 1941 1931 1931 1931 1930 1941 1931 1932 1931 1930 1979 1978 1979 1978 1979 1980 1947 1949 1947 1947 1947 1979 1947 1975 1947 1947 1949 1949 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1949 1949 1947 1949 1947 1947 1947 1949 1947 1977 1976 1984 Proposed (Nature Reserves) Apar Besar Batu Kristal Bukit Batikap I,II & III Bukit Raya (Perluasan) Gunung Bentuang dan Karimun Gunung Beratus Gunung Berau Gunung Lumut Gunung Sebatung (Pulau Laut) Hulu Bahau-Sungai Malinau Hulu Bahau-tung (Pulau Laut) Hutan Angrrek dan Tanah Merah Hutan Kapur Sangkulirang Karimata Kaya Kuku (Kalimantan) Kelompok Hutan Sambas Kelumpang Baai Kuala Kayan Long Bangun Marang Meratus Hulu Barabai Meratus Hulu Tanjung Muara Kayan Muara Kendawangan Muara Sebuku Muara Uya Pamukan Pantai Samarinda Pararawen Baru Perairan Sungai Mahakam Pulau Kalambau dan Pulau Birah Pulau Maratua-Karang Muaras Pulau Sebuku Pulau Suwangi Sesulu Sungai Berambai Tanah Merah Semboja Tanjung Dewa Barat Teluk Adang dan Teluk Apar Ulu Barabai Ulu Kayan Ulu Sembakung Ulu Sungai Tanjung Subtotal Proposed (Other areas) Apo Kayan Tanjung Penghujan Subtotal Proposed (Recreation Park) Danau Tondok Movat Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 43 177 50 sites sites site sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. INDONESIA - Lesser Sunda Islands Forest Reserve 1 Gunung Timau (West Timor) Subtotal 1 site 90,000 10,000 390,000 600,000 130,000 110,000 30,000 250 950,000 3,000 200,000 150,000 5,000 120,000 13,750 73,500 350,000 200,000 46,250 80,000 150,000 110,000 25,000 10,000 95,000 46,250 5,977,650 ha* 100,000 40,000 140,000 ha 2,635 2,635 ha 7,406,624 ha* 6,545,285 ha* 15,000 15,000 ha Game Reserves Gunung Wanggameti (Sumba Is.) Kateri (West Timor) Manupau (Sumba Is.) Pulau Menipo (West Timor Is.) Pulau Moyo (Sumbawa) Pulau Moyo Marine Pulau Padar (Komodo Is.) Pulau Rinca (Komodo Is.) Wae Wuul Mburak (North Flores) Subtotal OWO IHU bwWh a Hunting Parks 11 Dataran Bena 12 Tambora Selatan (Sumbawa Is.) Subtotal Marine Recreation Park 13 Pulau Teluk Maumere (NTT) Subtotal National Parks 14 Gunung Rinjani 15 Komodo Subtotal Nature Reserves 16 Maubesi (West Timor) /NTT 17 Pulau Tujuh Belas (North Flores) 18 Ruteng (Flores Is.) 19 Tanah Pedauh (Sumbawa Is.) 20 Wae Wuul Mburak (North Flores) Subtotal Protection Forests 21 Aisiu 22 Ale 23 Amaleta 24 Amapura/Ternate 25 Ampang 26 Arambolo 27 Bakanilain 28 Bamuda Lewotobi 29 Batuputih 30 Baumata 31 Bayapa 32 Beliling 33 Besilain 34 Bifemenesi Senmahele 35 Boinino 36 Boka 37 Boraino 38 Bula 39 Bun Limau 40 Caniki-niki 41 Cekaut 42 Dana 43 Danaino 44 Dangalatuanlain 45 Danolain 46 Debatu 47 Denah 48 Dendot 49 Dodo 50 Donggo Masa 51 Donomana 52 Duruma 144 sites sites site sites sites ha ha ha ha 1981 1977 1975 1969 1969 1960 1978 1978 1987 1990 1980 1981 1987 1975 1985 1936 1932 1932 1965 1937 1929 1925 1933 1929 1932 1932 1939 1926 1978 1935 1930 1935 1965 1932 1936 1934 1930 1925 1930 1930 1930 1930 1930 1931 1929 1930 1932 Egon Mewuli Fatuanas Fatukona Futukaduak Gapung Gn Atbe Gn Belesunu Gn Besar Gn Kateri Gn Marejebonga Gn Rinjani Gong Gunung Mutis (West Timor) Hafu Halilik Numoraoh Hanupu Hola Ilengoi dobo Inggulang Jaran Pusang Jati Timung Jepu Kali Kupang Kalibumbu Kalitoto Kemangboleng Kampaja Kandangkerbau Kanitie Kapenta Kapohak Wanggameti Kaukordale Kayu Putih Kedutu Kelara Kelebe Kelongkang Keo Kalituke Kou Kuenuke Kurungsilato Lae b Tumbagi Laikajambi Laikawanga Janggamangu Lakaan Mondeo Lakomolain Lalanggasang Lambaya Ledoraka Leheing Leriwapupudi Lewotobi (East Flores) Lobadoh Lobo Kelibegu Lodoyow Lademoralain Lokoroko Matalumbu Loposobaka Loribebodin Lumuniatman Maja Mane Mangkalanung Manupau (Sumba Is.) Manus Eabongan/Wairana Maria Mata Mauramba Mbali 145 1933 1939 1937 1933 1939 1936 1935 1965 1932 1956 1929 1937 1965 1935 1936 1930 1957 1925 1931 1931 1932 1978 1932 1932 1937 1930 1938 1928 1965 1928 1965 1927 1932 1926 1931 1932 1932 1932 1932 1978 1965 1965 1978 1930 1965 1933 1932 1932 1932 1926 1932 1932 1937 1919 1932 1936 1937 1937 1937 1929 1928 1965 1965 1941 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 allsyal 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 Meler Kuwus 5,437 Memelele 600 Meru/Pura 620 Moka 304 Monggu 260 Mongolewi 2,827 Monotodale 200 Mouramat 656 Musisamolain 369 Mutistimau 183,000 Nainaban 468 Namaeak 424 Nasardale 368 Natakopora 2,500 Natu 300 Ndeki Komba 9,825 Ndona 800 Ndora 890 Ndota Kelikima 2,500 Ngada Welomerah 55,950 Ngorang 17,950 Nipa 3,979 Noabesi 3,200 Oepai 17 Ontel 7,500 Pajo 1,763 Pangadusasa 9,200 Pelangan 11,000 Pelaning 1,537 Pernubu 2,500 Petandakan 83 Pogobina : 350 Pota 20,500 Praimbana Lakatang 15,550 Praingaha takungada 66,875 Puntuh I 100 Puntuh II 15,950 Puolelo 47 Pusu 7,340 Pusuk Pao 8,942 Ranget 3 Rebanbila 14 Rekawaou Prainggalandi 8,195 Riwo 16,500 Riwu 612 Rompa 33,625 Rutong 41,000 Sauisa 36 Selah Legium Complex (Sumbawa Is.) 50,000 Selalu Selala 49,981 Seli Riwo 12,100 Sesok 6,250 Sili 800 Sirung 9,265 Sisimeni Sanan 52,000 Soep 70 Sookau 293 Soromandi 38,860 Sosus 900 Sukoria 5,000 Talolara 107 Taukau 525 Teunraen 36 Tnh Daru Praimanangu 43,750 Tnh Pokang Bolong 5,605 Todo 10,200 Tukubesi 195 146 1938 1932 1965 1926 1930 1928 1926 1936 1926 1974 1932 1936 1930 1965 1941 1940 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1928 1972 1937 1965 1937 1965 1937 1931 1937 1927 1937 1958 1965 1965 1932 1939 1932 1929 1937 1934 1927 1965 1937 1932 1929 1939 1941 1937 1937 1940 1935 1965 1978 1927 1932 1929 1929 1932 1937 1937 1941 1965 1932 1939 1935 187 Udukama 188 Uilomi 189 Usbean Atenupu 190 Usuplele 191 Wailaku Watulayan 192 Waloria Kalinobe 193 Wanga 194 Washila 195 Watu Panggota/Bondokapu (Sumba Is.) 196 Watusipi 197 Womasa 198 Wubuh Lewolorai 199 Yawila Subtotal 179 sites Recreation Parks 200 Danau Kelimutu 201 Suranadi (Lombok Is.) 202 Tuti Adagae (Alor Is.) Subtotal Proposed (Game Reserves) Bakau Landu Bakau Perhatu Batugendang Forest Danau Ira Lalora-Pulau Yaco (East Timor) Danau Rana Mese Dompu Gili Air (Pulau Pemanang) (Lombok) Gunung Talamailu (East Timor) Hadekawa-Labelakang Hutan Dompu Complex (Sumbawa Is.) Kurung Baya/Varanus Landu Mangrove Swamp Lore (East Timor) Pahatu Mangrove Swamp Pantai Lunjuk (Sumbawa Is.) Pulau Dana Pulau Kambing/A.Laura Pulau Kera Pulau Panjang (Sumbawa) Pulau Pemananang Pulau Rusa Pulau Sangiang Sungai Clere (East Timor) Tambora Utara (Sumbawa Is.) Tanjung Kerita Mese Tanjung Oisina Mangrove Swamp Tanjung Rukuwatu (Roti Is.) Tanjung Watupayung Tilomar Watu Panggota/Bondokapu (Sumba Is.) Subtotal 30 sites Proposed (Hunting Park) Pulau Moyo (Sumbawa) Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserves) Adonara (Adonara Is.) Egon-Iliwuli PFo (East Flores) Gunung Abu Lombo (Flores) Gunung Diatuto (East Timor) Gunung Muna (Alor Is.) Gunung Mutis (West Timor) Gunung Olet Sangenges (Sumbawa Is.) Luku Melolo (Sumba Is.) 147 3 sites 1 site 3,000 1,670,411 ha 10,036 ha 22,250 22,250 ha 2,000 14,925 5,000 15,000 15,000 40,000 35,000 4,000 1935 1932 1939 1927 1932 1932 1965 1965 1941 1935 1933 1938 1984 1976 1981 Teluk Pelikan 10 Subtotal 9 sites 130,935 ha Proposed (Recreation Parks) Baun Forest (West Timor) 37 Camplong/Sisimeni Danau Rana Mese 5,000 Danau Sano (Flores) 5,500 Gunung Futumasin (East Timor) 4,000 Pantai Palolowaru 100 Pulau Kera 8 Pulau Rakit 2,000 Pulau Satonda 1,000 Subtotal 9 sites 17,645 ha* Totals Notified conservation areas 202 sites 2,165,916 ha Proposed conservation areas 49 sites 461,206 ha* * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. INDONESIA - Moluccas Game Reserves 1 Pulau Baun 13,000 1974 2 Pulau Kassa 900 1978 3 Pulau Kassa Marine Game Reserve 1,100 1978 4 Pulau Manuk 100 1981 Subtotal 4 sites 15,100 ha Marine Nature Reserves 5 Pulau Pombo 1,000 1973 6 Sebagian Kep. Aru Bagian Tenggara 114,000 1991 Subtotal 2 sites 115,000 ha National Park 7 Manusela 189,000 1982 Subtotal 1 site 189,000 ha Nature Reserves 8 Gunung Api 80 1937 9 Pulau Angwarmase 800 1978 10 Pulau Banda MP 2,500 1977 11 Pulau Nustaram 3,200 1978 12 Pulau Nuswotar 7,500 1978 13 Pulau Seho 1,250 1972 14 Wae Mual 17,500 1972 15 Wae Nua 35,000 1972 Subtotal 8 sites 67,830 ha Protection Forests 16 Gn Gamalama 2,380 1962 17 Waibau 1,000 1962 Subtotal 2 sites 3,380 ha Proposed (Game Reserves) Gunung Gamkonora 32,000 Gunung Kelapat Muda 145,000 Lolobata 189,000 Pulau Kobroor 170,000 Waya Bula 60,000 Subtotal 5 sites 596,000 ha 148 Proposed (Marine Multiple Use Reserve) Teluk Ambon Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Aru Halmahera Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserves) Ake Tajawi Gunung Arnau Gunung Sabatai Gunung Sahuai Gunung Sibela Hutan Jati dan Akelamo Jamdena Kai Besar Kepulauan Sula Pulau Jemadena Pulau Obi Pulau Penyu Pulau Taliabu Sakata Sakata, Dolit dan Akelamo Taliabu Waeapo Waya Bula Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 1 site 2 sites 18 sites 17 sites 26 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. INDONESIA - Sulawesi Game Reserves 1 Bone 2 Bontobahari 3 Bulawa 4 Buton Utara 5 Dolongan 6 Dumoga 7 Gunung Manembo-Nembo 8 Lampoko Mampie 9 Lombuyan I/II 10 Lore Kalimanta 11 Pati-Pati 12 Pinjan/Tanjung Matop 13 Tanjung Amelango 14 Tanjung Batikolo 15 Tanjung Peropa Subtotal Hunting Parks 16 Gunung Watumohai 17 Karakelang Subtotal Marine Nature Reserves 18 Arakan Wowontulap 19 Kepulauan Togian 20 Pulau Bunaken 15 sites 2 sites 149 50,000 50,000 ha 183,000 458,000 641,000 120,000 45,000 45,000 30,000 40,000 2,500 60,000 37,000 15,000 60,000 15,000 2,000 70,000 120,000 50,000 70,000 3,000 45,000 829,500 390,310 2,116,500 110,000 4,000 75,200 82,000 38,937 624,426 50,000 22,000 72,000 13,800 100,000 75,265 ha ha ha ha ha 1979 1980 1980 1979 1981 1979 1978 1978 1974 1973 1936 1981 1975 1980 1986 1976 1979 1986 1989 1986 21 22 23 24 25 26 Take Bone Rate 530,765 Subtotal 4 sites 719,830 National Parks Bunaken Menado Tua Marine 89,065 Dumoga-Bone 300,000 Lore Lindu 231,000 Rawa Aopa Watumohai 200,000 Subtotal 4 sites 820,065 Nature Reserves Bantimurung 1,018 Bulusaraung 5,690 Dua Saudara 4,299 Gunung Ambang 8,638 Gunung Kelabat 5,300 Gunung Lokon 100 Karaenta 1,000 Lamedae 500 Mas Popaya Raja 160 Morowali 225,000 Napabalano 9 Paboya 1,000 Panua 1,500 . Pegunungan Feruhumpenai 90,000 Pulau Mas Popaya Raja 160 Tanggale 125 Tangkoko Batuangus 4,446 Tangkoko-Dua Saudara 8,745 Tanjung Api 4,246 Subtotal 19 sites 361,936 Protection Forests Alindau 6,000 Alitta/Pinrang y 620 Ana Banua 11,285 Balantuk 9,250 Bambapuang/Batulayana 15,900 Banggai Bangkurung 2,000 Barru 80,000 Basukiki/Berru 5,400 Batudaa 20,600 Batui 37,000 Batumilla/Enrekang 10,000 Batumilla/Pinrang 1,250 Batumilla/Sidenreng 2,510 Bendera 3,600 Bila 8,735 Biru 61,250 Bkt Kambune Kalaena, Bkt Parupu & Bkt Tamboko 360,000 Bolango 33,000 Bone Barat 6,470 Bone Timur 35,000 Bone Utara 40,000 Bontamaya 7,891 Bontokadatto 15,624 Bontoramba 2,536 Buko 11,000 Bulagi 14,500 Buliohuto Timur 20,000 Buliohuto Utara 45,000 Bulubualo 11,300 Buludua 3,500 Bulumata 1,688 Bulusaraung 16,900 Bungku Selatan 118,000 150 ha ha ha 1989 1989 1982 1982 1980 1980 1978 1978 1932 1919 1976 1974 1919 1986 1919 1973 1938 1979 1919 1936 1919 1978 1977 1960 1940 1961 1961 1962 1961 1961 1961 1940 1933 1961 1940 1941 1941 1961 1931 1960 1978 1936 1933 1938 1938 1928 1963 1929 1961 1961 1938 1938 1933 1960 1924 1962 1963 Bungku Utara Bunta Buntu Gassing Buntu Sadoko Buol D. Matano/D. Towuti Dampolas Danau Lindu Dondo Dulago Dunobogu Gawalise Gn Damar Gn Lelunga Gn Lumut Gn Tantora Katonopo Gunung Damar Gunung Lokon Gunung Lompobatang Gunung Soputan Gunung Tumpa Kalangkangan Karua I Karua II Kep. Salue Kep. Togian Kintom Komp. Apparang Komp. Balangjatie Komp. Pesoang Komp. Tangka Korokonto Lamala Lampobattang Lampobattang/Goa Laposo Nini Canang Latimojong Palopa Latimojong/Enrekang Latimojong/Sidenreng Layange Lemojong Makalo Lewaru Liang Lompobattang Lore Kalamanta Lubutodaa & Paguyaman Barat Luwuk Majene Malili Malino Mamasa Mapongka Maranjongi Masila Matange Moutong Nanggala I Nanggala II Nanggala III Nepo-nepo Nulu Lamasi/Makawa Ongko G Tanjong Ongko Palakka Pagimana Paguyuman Barat Pakawe Paloleh 151 14,250 73,250 17,402 35,250 151,000 3,750 31,000 20,000 29,250 47,000 19,000 30,000 1,500 61,750 2,052 30,000 3,930 20,000 13,433 216 10,000 20,134 26,791 16,000 1,000 7,967 185 933 11,242 61,000 4,750 5,000 24,930 45,000 58,000 28,780 48,700 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 Palolo Pangkalaeng Maros Pangkalaeng/Gawa Pani-pani Pao Utara Pegunungan Latimojong Pesapa Ponau Pongpongeo Ponre Ponsan Pontobatu Raranggunan Rongkong/Karama Sadang Salakan Salok Balasok Sapa Bintoang Sekka Matta Simbuang Besar Tallubanua/Pinrang Tamburera Tamposo-Sinansajang Tinombo Tojo Tompo Toribulu Ulu Galung Ulubila Ulubongka Wala-wala Walanao Walerang Wanaripalu Wiau Subtotal Recreation Parks 181 182 183 184 185 186 Batu Angus Batu Putih Danau Matado/Mahalano Danau Towuti Tirta Rimba Wera Subtotal Research Forest 187 Sungai Camba Subtotal Proposed (Game Reserves) Bangkiriang Danau Tempe Gunung Mambuliling Gunung Suhendaruman Kakinawe Kepulauan Tukang Besi Kokinawe Komara Lambu Sango Lariang Malobo Mambuliling Mampis Lampu Mamuja/Tapalang Marisa Complex Masupu 152 136 sites 6 sites 1 site 3,292,405 635 615 30,000 65,000 500 250 97,000 ha 1,300 1,300 1,000 9,445 2,000 5,000 5,000 200,000 5,000 2,000 20,000 4,000 2,000 10,000 2,000 12,500 94,000 2,500 ha* ha 1960 1936 1936 1935 1935 1940 1941 1960 1963 1949 1947 1960 1929 1963 1931 1961 1936 1961 1965 1947 1941 1941 1937 1960 1963 1960 1960 1969 1964 1963 1930 1937 1940 1963 1939 1981 1981 1979 1979 1978 1980 Palangka Pegunungan Buol Toli Toli Pegunungan Morowali/Pelantak Pegunungan Palu dan Sekitarnya Pegunungan Pelantak Polewai (Sulawesi Selatan) Polewai (Sulawesi Tenggara) Pulau Pasoso Rangkong Rawa Aopa Selat Muna Teluk Lasolo-Teluk Dalam Terosik Tombatu Unggunoy Subtotal Proposed (Hunting Parks) Bintauna Kaidipang Rompi Torrongkapai Bungaro Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserves) Gunung Ambang (Perluasan) Gunung Dako Gunung Saputan Gunung Simansaya Gunung Sojol Kaya Kuku (Sulawesi) Kelompok Hutan Buol Toli-toli Kelompok Hutan Palu Kepuluan Sangir Talaud Komplek Hutan Bolango Lamiko-miko Lasolo-Sampara Pandamarang Pantai Morowali Pasang Kasu Pegunungan Lompo Batang 31 4 Perairan Pulau Peleng-Pulau Pulau Banggai Pulau Kakabia (Kawi-Kawi) Pulau Samalona Pulau Talisei Pulau Una-una Simarorong Sungai Saluki Tanjung Panjang Tarrosipa Subtotal Proposed (Protection Forests) Gunung Simbalang Lantung Subtotal Proposed (Recreation Parks) Matangao Tanjung Penghujan Wakauti Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 25 187 65 * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing 153 sites sites sites sites sites sites sites data. 1,000 500,000 500,000 600,000 500,000 5,000 8,000 150 59,000 150,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,705,595 ha* 20,000 20,000 15,000 1,000 56,000 ha 11,120 15,000 8,000 3,500 50,000 10,000 500,000 600,000 7,500 5,000 45,000 5,168 80,000 20,000 5,000 10,800 100 699 3,000 2,000 1,381,887 ha* 15,000 1,000 16,000 ha 1,000 40,000 1,000 42,000 ha 5,988,962 ha* 4,201,482 ha* INDONESIA - Sumatra Game Reserves Bentayan Berbak Bukit. Gedang Seblat Bukit Kayu Embun Danau Pulau Besar/Danau Bawah Dangku Dolok Surungan Gumai Pasemah Gunung Raya 10 Isau-Isau Pasemah 11 Kappi WOMIH UN &WNE 12 Karang Gading & Langkat Timur Laut 13 Kerumutan 14 Kluet 15 Padang Sugihan 16 Rawas Ulu Lakitan 17 Sekundur and Langkat (South and West) 18 Sumatera Selatan 19 Tai-tai Batti 20 Way Kambas Subtotal Grand Forest Park 21 Dr. Moch. Hatta Subtotal Hunting Parks 22 Benakat 23 Lingga Isaq 24 Nanuua 25 Semidang Bukit Kabu 26 Subanjeriji Subtotal Marine Park 27 Pulau Weh Subtotal National Parks 28 Barisan Selatan ({\.% 29 Gunung Leuser 30 Kerinci Seblat 31 Way Kambas Subtotal Nature Reserves 32 Aceh Rafflesia I/II Serbojadi 33 Baringin Sati 34 Batang Palupuh 35 Batu Gajah 36 Batu Ginurit 37 Bukit Tapan 38 Bungamaskikim 39 Cawang I/II 40 Despatah I/II 41 Dolok Saut 42 Dolok Sibual Bual 43 Dolok Sipirok 44 Dolok Tinggi Raya 45 Dusun Besar 46 Gua Ulu Tiangko 47 Gunung Indrapura 48 Indrapura 49 Jantho 19,300 175,000 48,750 106,000 25,000 29,080 23,800 45,883 39,500 12,144 8,000 15,765 120,000 23,425 75,000 213,437 218,440 356,800 56,500 130,000 20 sites 1,741,824 70,000 1 site 70,000 30,000 80,000 10,000 15,300 65,000 5 sites 200,300 2,600 1 site 2,600 365,000 792,675 1,484,650 130,000 4 sites 2,772,325 300 154 ha ha ha ha ha 1981 1935 1981 1980 1980 1981 1974 1976 1978 1978 1976 1980 1979 1936 1983 1979 1939 1935 1976 1937 1986 1980 1978 1978 1973 1980 1982 1982 1980 1981 1936 1921 1930 1924 1934 1978 1919 1932 1932 1924 1982 1982 1924 1936 1919 1980 1929 1984 50 Kelompok Hutan Bakau Pantai Timur Jambi 6,500 1981 51 Konak 1 1932 52 Lembah Anai 221 1922 53 Liang Balik 1 1936 54 Manua 1,500 55 Pager Gunung I/II/III 1 1932 56 Pulau Berkeh 500 1968 57 Pulau Burung 200 1968 58 Pulau Laut 400 1968 59 Rimbo Panti 2,830 1934 60 Sibolangit 90 1934 61 Toba Pananjung 1,235 1932 Subtotal 30 sites 392,042 ha Protection Forests 62 Aek Sarudik 543 1928 63 Air Bangis 5,100 1921 64 Air Ketebat 3,230 1974 65 Air Putih 23,467 1920 66 Air Sebelat 7,100 1935 67 Air Tarusan Ut-Sel 25,117 1920 68 Alahan Panjang 22,364 1921 69 Angkola 8,485 1920 70 Arau Hilir 5,377 1919 71 Bajang Air Tarusan (Utara) 81,865 72 Bandar Baru 250 73 Barisan I 75,061 1920 74 Barumun 40,336 1921 75 Barus Timur 5,960 1934 76 Batahan 6,770 1921 77 Batang Gadis I 42,640 1921 78 Batang Gadis II 12,775 1920 79 Batang Marangin Barat/Menjuta Hulu 64,600 1926 80 Batang Marangin Timur 1926 81 Batang Mari 14,209 1921 82 Batang Matat I 15,414 1921 83 Batang Natal 1,125 1924 84 Batang Palangki 52,344 1921 85 Batang Siulak 11,400 1926 86 Batang Tabir 25,500 1926 87 Batang Tebo 38,410 1926 88 Batang Toru 3,470 1923 89 Batang Ulak 420 1928 90 Batu Ardan 25,000 1933 91 Batu Serampok 7,200 1933 92 Bayang 31,403 1921 93 Bentayan 19,300 1981 94 Bila II 19,440 1923 95 Bila Mulu 14,940 1928 96 Biosalahnama 4,995 1930 97 Biruan Selatan 98,250 1930 98 Boven Lais 16,016 1934 99 Bt Merangin Barat 30,100 1926 100 Bt Merangin Timur 34,140 1926 101 Bt Parlampungan I 13,922 1924 102 Bt Punggur 20,831 1927 103 Bt Rigis 8,295 1935 104 Bt Rindingan 6,960 1941 105 Bukit Balai Rejang 16,700 1926 106 Bukit Balal 13,583 1926 107 Bukit Daun 28,000 1926 108 Bukit Dingin 3,700 1932 109 Bukit Dingin/Gunung Dempo 38,050 1926 110 Bukit Gedang Hulu Lais 25,325 1937 111 Bukit Hitam (Sebag) 5,520 1932 112 Bukit Kaba 13,490 1926 113 Bukit Kaba Wetan 3,500 1935 155 Bukit Kalisik Bukit Kelam Bukit Kelam Tambahan Bukit Kueing Bukit Lekat Bukit Mancung dan Sei Gemuruh Bukit Mulu Sulup Bukit Muneung Bukit Nantiogan Hulu/Nanti Komerung Hulu Bukit Nipis Bukit Raja Mandara Bukit Reges Bukit Riki Besar Bukit Sanggul Bukit Sebelah & Batang Pangean Deleng Congkeh Selatan Deleng Gengkeh Deleng Kutu Dolok Binge Dolok Ginjang Dolok Inge Dolok Lubuk Raya Dolok Matutung Paung Dolok Pinapan Dolok Pontas Dolok Saut Dolok Sembabala Dolok Sembala Dolok Sembelin Dolok Sibual-buali Dolok Siesar Dolok Siharbangan Timur Dolok Sipipisan Dolok Tanduk Benua I Dolok Tanduk Benua II Dolok Tombus Dolok Tusam Gunung Balak Gunung Betung Gunung Bintan Kecil Gunung Bintan Gunung Daik Gunung Gedang Seblat Gunung Jantan/Betina Gunung Kerinci Gunung Kijang Gunung Lanjut Gunung Lengkuas Gunung Merapi Gunung Patah/Bepagut/Muara Duakisim Gunung Raja Basa Gunung Ranai Gunung Sago, Malintang Karas Gunung Sago/Malintang/Karas Gunung Seminung Gunung Singgalang Gunung Sumbing/Masurai Gunung Tanggamus Gunung Tanggang Gunung Tua I Gunung Tua II Gurah Serbolangit Harangan Uluan Hulu Bintuanan Complex Hulu Palik Hutan Sinlah Kalapegasing 156 1932 1926 1926 1968 1932 1932 1978 1936 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1921 1916 1928 1923 1928 1920 1928 1932 1934 1923 1916 1933 1920 1916 1928 1923 1921 1918 1934 1928 1935 1981 1978 1981 1932 1978 1926 1968 1981 1968 1916 1936 1922 1978 1918 1932 1935 1930 1921 1923 1924 1939 1932 1930 Kambang/Batanghari I/Bayang Kampang Kampar I Kampar II Kampar III Karimun Keoil Karuluh Mulu Kaut Utara (segag) Konak Kota Agung Utara Kruang Aseh Barat Kruang Aseh Selatan Timur Krueng Aseh Utara Krui Utara Kuantan II Langsa Kemuning Lembah Anai (Extension) Lembah Gumonti Lembah Harau Lhokseumawe Selatan Lhoksukon Selatan Lubuk Niur Mahat Matat Malampah Maninjau (North and South) Maninjau Ut-Sel Manjuto Mulu Martelu Purba Marubei I Marubei II Masang Sianok Merangin Barat dan Nunjuta Ulu Mulu Bintunan Palakiah Paraduan Gistana & Surroundings Pasaman I Pasaman II Kimali Perantian Batu Peurlak Pg Arahan Pg Kubuata Pg Neba Pg Serkungpeji Pg Sirarukuh Pg Sulah Pg Tebek Pisang Mata Poldung Pulau Weh Punguk Bingin Raja Na IX dan XxX Rokan Saka Sangir Mulu Sangir Ulu /Batang Tebo/Batang Tabir Selawah Agam Sembabala Barat Sembala Selatan Semponan Barat Semponan Timur Serbolangit Sianak-anak I Sibatu Lotang Sibayak I Sibayak II Sibolga Sibuatan Selatan 100,000 60,150 22,620 26,480 13,256 400 10,355 9,220 6 102,110 29,745 75,227 14,685 14,030 36,700 34,735 96,002 81,961 23,467 52,250 55,250 39,600 38,466 14,555 22,106 22,106 27,840 195 1,875 11,250 1921 1921 1921 1921 1978 1926 1932 1939 1935 1932 1932 1933 1935 1921 1932 1922 1921 1933 1939 1940 1921 1921 1921 1920 1920 1926 1916 1916 1916 1921 1926 1936 1935 1936 1921 1921 1925 1941 1935 1933 1935 1930 1941 1930 1933 1934 1934 1976 1934 1921 1938 1926 1926 1932 1939 1932 1934 1933 1939 1921 1910 1916 1916 1923 1932 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 Sibuatan, I, II, III Sigiring-giring Sigulingari Sijunjung Sikabau Sikulapang Silinda Simacik I Simasik III Simbolon I Simbolon II Sinabung Sinamar Hilir Sinamar Mulu Singgalang Singgalang Tandikat Singkel Utara Sipirok I Sipirok II Siranggas Sitabunan dan Sijaba Sopo Poa Sosa Sulasih Talang Sumpur I Sumpur II Sumpur III Sumpur Lusun Sungai Jago Sungai Pulai Sungai Soi Empat Tamiang Selatan Tanggamus Tanjung Riau Tele Tor Matutung Tor Simar Barimbing Wai Buatan Way Tenong Kenali Way Waya Subtotal Recreation Parks 288 289 290 291 292 293 Lau Debuk-Debuk Lembah Harau Mega Mendung Pulau Weh Rimbo Panti Sibolangit Subtotal Proposed (Game Reserves) Air Sawan Bakau Muara Kampar Bakau Selat Dumai Bukit Baka (Sumatra) Bukit Batu Bukit Besar Danau Belat/Besar Serkap Danau Tanjung Padang Kerumutan Lama Krui Utara/Bukit Punggur Merangin dan Menjuto Ulu Perluasan Leuser (Bengkong) Pulau Alang Besar/ Sinebu Pulau Bulan Pulau Nias I/II/III/Iv 158 ’ 226 sites 4,431,273 6 sites 1,943 140,000 70,000 60,000 18,000 200,000 10,000 2,500 55,000 34,861 80,815 70,320 15,000 12,000 47,949 ha* ha 1916 1916 1934 1919 1921 1934 1935 1916 1916 1916 1933 1916 1919 1921 1916 1917 1940 1921 1922 1934 1924 1934 1921 1917 1919 1920 1921 1919 1968 1968 1932 1937 1941 1978 1939 1916 1952 1941 1935 1941 1980 1979 1974 1982 1979 1980 Pulau Selat Dumai Pulau Simeulue Sangir Ulu /Batang Tebo/Batang Tahir Sangir Ulu Sarang Barung Sembilang Siberut II (Perluasan)GR Subtotal Proposed (Hunting Parks) Padang Lawas Peranap Pulau Bulan Subtotal Proposed (Marine Reserves) Pantai Krueng Raya Pulau Breuh Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Berbak Siak Dua Siberut Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserves) Alur Melidi Aneuk Laut Bajang Air Tarusan (Utara) Bandar Baru Sibayak Bukit Balai Bukit Gabah Bukit Jambul Bukit Mancung /Sei Gemuruh Bukit Nanti Komering Ulu Bukit Rancing Bukit Rimbang/Baling-baling Bukit Sabarung Komering Bukit Sebelah & Batang Pangean Danau Bawah dan Pulau Besar Danau Gunung Tujuh Dolok Sembelin Giam Duri Gunung Batan 22 Gunung Dempo Utara dan Selatan (N and S) Gunung Duren Gunung Kubing Gunung Manumbing Gunung Maras Gunung Parimisan Gunung Raja Basa Gunung Ratah Gunung Sago/Malintang Gunung Salawah Agam Gunung Singgalang Gunung Sulasih Talang Gunung Tayam Kalianda Kambang/Batanghari I/ Bayang Kompleks Hutan Lunang Kuala Jambu Aye/Air Kuala Langsa Langsa Kemuning Laut Tapus Lembah Anai (Extension) Malampah Alahan Panjang 159 sites sites sites sites 60,000 26,750 189,050 361,200 180,000 107,303 1,740,748 68,700 120,000 12,000 200,700 100,000 100,000 56,000 256,000 250 1,000 81,865 250 13,585 4,200 2,151 1,500 22,483 8,640 136,000 1,523 32,803 25,000 6,200 33,910 40,000 3,430 3,750 14,900 3,480 1,150 12,950 3,095 5,000 13,583 5,486 6,000 9,658 6,150 3,350 1,000 100,000 17,700 3,000 7,000 1,000 8,000 96,002 36,919 ha* ha ha* ha Maninjau (North and South) Mere Kakau Muara Siberut Muara Sungai Guntung Natuna Besar Pantai Seluma Perairan Pulau Weh & P. Beras Pulau Barut dan Pulau Terang Pulau Bengkaru Pulau Jemur Punguk Bingin Rantau Pala Gajah Rebang Seberida Sei Prapat Simandulang Siak Kecil Sibolga Singkati Kehidupan Singkil Barat Tanjung Datuk Subtotal Proposed (Other areas) Lunang Muara Dua Kisam Sinlah Subtotal Proposed (Protection Forests) Batang Bungo 60 sites 3 sites Bukit Gedang Seblat (Southern extension) Gunung Sulasih Talang Subtotal Proposed (Recreation Parks) Air Kelebat/Danau Tees Bukit Kaba Candi Muara Takus Istana Sultan Siak Komplek Hutan Way Curup Pulau Pasir Panjang Pulau Penyengat Pulau Tikus dan perairannya Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas * Subtotal is incomplete because of 3 sites 8 sites 293 sites 104 sites missing data. 160 22,106 10,950 12,000 26,000 6,000 400 5,400 1,600 13,500 120,000 2,900 35,000 20,100 5,000 65,000 28,800 1,148,719 ha* 17,500 91,665 81,000 190,165 ha 80,000 40,000 6,150 126,150 ha 300 28,580 ha 9,612,307 ha* 3,691,062 ha* MALAYSIA - Peninsular Malaysia Bird Sanctuaries 1 Batu Gajah 4 1952 2 Bukit Fraser 2,979 1922 3 Pahang Tua 1,335 1954 4 Pulau Burong, Pulau Babi, Pulau Perjudi 1 1926 5 Pulau Lima, Besar Pulau, Lima Kechil, Tokong Raket 2 1954 Subtotal 5 sites 4,321 ha Forest Reserves 6 Air Hitam (North) 1,877 7 Air Hitam 8 Ampang Catchment 2,110 9 Angsi 12,349 10 Aur 52,280 11 Ayer Hangat 12 Ayer Panas 13 Bahau 7,010 14 Balok 15 Balok Mangrove 16 Banang 17 Banjar North 268 18 Banjar South 111 19 Batang Hijau 47,790 20 Batang Kali 21 Batang Melaka 1,304 22 Batu Gangan 23 Batu Undan 678 24 Bebar Mangrove 25 Behrang 8,646 26 Belara 27 Belungkor 28 Benchah 4,784 29 Benut 30 Berangkat 21,160 31 Berembun 21,939 32 Berkelah 33 Beruas 34 Beserah 35 Besul 10,742 36 Bikam 2,149 37 Bintang Hijau 29,648 38 Bubu 11,769 39 Bukit Bauk 11,684 40 Bukit Belata 41 Bukit Bindu 42 Bukit Bintang 43 Bukit Cherakah (North) 44 Bukit Cherakah (South) 3,068 45 Bukit Enggang 46 Bukit Galing 47 Bukit Hantu 1,030 48 Bukit Inas 49 Bukit Juru 158 50 Bukit Kajang 51 Bukit Kayu Hitam 2,493 52 Bukit Kesing 2,443 53 Bukit Kinta 65,971 54 Bukit Kuantan 55 Bukit Kutu Utara 6,040 1922 56 Bukit Lagong (North) 57 Bukit Lanjan 58 Bukit Larut 7,150 59 Bukit Malut 60 Bukit Mambai 161 Bukit Naga Bukit Panchor Bukit Perak Bukit Perangin Bukit Relau Bukit Sawak Bukit Sedanan Bukit Senggeh Bukit Sungai Puteh Bukit Tangga Bukit Tarek Bukit Tinggi Bukit Tunggal Cape Rachado Cerul Chabang Tongkat Changkat Bharu Chebar Cherating Mangrove Chikus Chini Chior Dayang Bunting Emas Endau Erong Forest Research Institute Gading Gallah Gua Cherita Gunung Arong Gunung Besut Gunung Bongsu Gunung Bubu Gunung Inas Gunung Jerai Gunung Ledang Gunung Pulai Gunung Raya Gunung Semanggol Gunung Tampin Gunung Tebu Gunung Tunggul Ijok Jabur Jahit Jambu Bongkok Jedok Jelei Gemas Jeli Jemaluang Jementah Jengai Jengka Jeram Padang (North) Jeram Padang (South) Jerangau Jerantut Johol Jugra I, II and III Kampar Kampong Gajah Kanching Kapar Kechau Kelang Kelau 162 1932 1914 Keledang Saiong Kemaman Kemasul Kepis Kerdau Kinaboi Kisap Kluang Koh Moi Korbu Kota Siam Krau Kuah Kuala Bernam Kuala Langat (North) Kuala Langat (South) Kuala Palong Kuala Sedili Kuala Sepang Kubang Badak Kubang Nibong Kulim Labis Lagong Lakum Lapang Nenering Layang-Layang Lebir Lenggeng Lenggor Lentang Lepar Lesong Lumut Ma'okil Machinchong Malut Mangsok Maran-Temerloh Road Mata Ayer Matang Menchali Mentas Mentigi Merbok Mercang Merlimau Mersing Padang Chong Padang Terap Palong Pangkor (North) Pangkor (South) Pantai Acheh Panti Papulut Parit Pasir Panjang Pasir Raja Pasoh Payong Pedu Pekan-Nenasi Road Pelagat Pelangai Pendas Petoh 163 1982 Petuan Piah Pontia Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Pulau Rantau Rasau Kerteh (Dungun) Rasau Kerteh (Kemaman) Rawang Relai Rengam Rimba Rompin Rotan Sedena Segari Selat g n Mangrove Che Mat Zin Kechil Klang Kukup Langgun Lumut Pintu Gedong Redang Selat Kering Singa Tanjong Barat Tanjong Timur Tengah Tenggol Tiga Timun Tongkok Tuba Panjang Telui Mangrove Tunggal k Melintang Panchor Semangkok Semerak Senali Sepang Serend Seriga Sertin Setul Sintok ng Inas Kechil ah la g Slim Hills Soga Sokor Som South South Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Sungai Taku Gemas Johor Badak Buloh Durian Jeloh Johor Kemudi Kial Lalang Leban Linggi Menyala Miang Mangrove Nipah Pinang Pulai Santi Sator Sia Yu 9,862 193 1,338 8,785 4,559 1,115 1,220 628 5,488 2,928 597 821 498 24,563 32,363 59,324 16,141 157 580 4,566 1,335 7,884 9,060 4,260 42,600 23,928 12,633 6,868 2,868 3,114 20,616 76 1,230 24,940 975 3,789 7,000 1963 262 Sungkup 263 Tanjung Dagu 264 Tanjung Gelang 265 Tanjung Hantu 266 Tanjung Tuallang 267 Tapah Hills 268 Tasek Bera 269 Tebong 270 Tekai-Tembeling 271 Tekam 272 Telok Bahang 273 Telok 274 Telok Gadong 275 Telok Kopiah 276 Telok Muroh 277 Temangan 278 Tembat 279 Tenggaroh 280 Terenas 281 Terengun 282 Tersang 283 Tras 284 Triang 285 Ulu Bertam 286 Ulu Besut 287 Ulu Dong 288 Ulu Gombak 289 Ulu Ichat 290 Ulu Langat 291 Ulu Lemoi 292 Ulu Muda 293 Ulu Nerus 294 Ulu Sat 295 Ulu Sedili 296 Ulu Selangor 297 Ulu Setiu 298 Ulu Telemong 299 Ulu Temiang 300 Ulu Tranum 301 Ulu Trengganu 302 Yong Subtotal Marine Park 303 Pulau Lembu, Kacha, Paya, Segatang Subtotal National Park 304 Taman Negara Subtotal Nature Monument 305 Batu Caves Subtotal Nature Park 306 Kuala Selangor Subtotal Other area 307 Royal Selangor Golf Course Subtotal Park 308 Templer Subtotal 165 297 sites site site site site site site 728 65,341 40,038 2,231 596 1,762 240 989 1,973 15,191 455 13,760 27,500 13,280 48,933 15,452 14,662 49,360 10,666 11,616 5,991 15,622 20,179 38,800 2,209,937 130 130 434,351 434,351 156 156 240 240 403 403 1,011 1,011 ha* ha ha ha ha ha ha 1988 1939 1930 1989 1923 1956 Turtle Sanctuary 309 Rantau Abang/Dungun Subtotal 1 site Virgin Jungle Reserves 310 Angsi 311 Balok 312 Batang Melaka 313 Berembun 314 Bintang Hijau 315 Bubu 316 Bukit Bauk 317 Bukit Bintang 318 Bukit Cerakah 319 Bukit Galing 320 Bukit Jugra 321 Bukit Kinta 322 Bukit Lagong 323 Bukit Larut 324 Bukit Nanas 325 Bukit Perak 326 Bukit Perangin 327 Bukit Senggeh 328 Bukit Tarek. 329 Cabang Tongkat 330 Gunung Arong 331 Gunung Besout 332 Gunung Inas 333 Gunung Jerai 334 Gunung Ledang 335 Gunung Raya 336 Gunung Tebu 337 Jambu Bongkok 338 Jeli 9339 Jengka 340 Jeram Padang (South) 341 Jerangau 342 Kemasul 343 Kledang Saiong 344 Kluang 345 Kuala Langat (South) 346 Labis 347 Lenggor 348 Lepar 349 Lesong 350 Lumut 351 Ma'okili 352 Mata Air 353 Menchali 354 Pangkor (North) 355 Pangkor (South) 356 Pantai Ache 357 Panti 358 Paya Pasir 359 Pulau Kechil 360 Pulau Kukup 361 Rasau Kerteh 362 Renggam 363 Segari Melintang 364 Semangkok 365 Sungai Durian Qufoy 366 Sungai Kial 367 Sungai Lalang 368 Sungai Menyala 369 Sungai Miang 370 Sungai Pinang 371 Sungkup 166 O Say ha* 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 Tanjung Hantu Tanjung Tuan Tebong Tekam Telok Bahang Temangan Terenggun Ulu Gombak Ulu Langat Ulu Sat Ulu Sedili Ulu Temiang Subtotal Wildlife Reserves 384 385 386 387 388 Bukit Kutu Bukit Sungai Puteh Endau-Kluang Endau-Kota Tinggi (East) Endau-Kota Tinggi (West) Klang Gates Krau Kuala Selangor Pulau Tioman Sungai Dusun Sungkai Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuaries 395 396 397 Proposed (Amenity Forest Reserve) Bukit Fraser Bukit Nanas Cameron Highlands Subtotal Sungai Udang Subtotal Proposed (Bird Sanctuary) Trengganu Subtotal Proposed (Marine Parks) Pulau Babi Besar Pulau Babi Hujung Pulau Babi Tengah Pulau Banting Pulau Chebeh Pulau Kapas Pulau Lang Tengah Pulau Langkawi Pulau Mentinggi Pulau Perhentian Besar Pulau Perhentian Kecil Pulau Rawa Pulau Redang Pulau Sembilang Pulau Seri Buat Pulau Sibu Pulau Tenggol Pulau Tinggi Pulau Tioman Pulau Tulai Subtotal 167 74 sites 11 sites 3 sites 1 site 1 sites 20 sites 19,255 ha 2,428 239,715 ha 9 64,953 64,962 ha* 700 700 ha 295 295 ha 25,000 25,000 ha* 1953 1959 1959 1959 1967 1964 1967 1923 1932 1933 1933 1933 1936 1923 1922 1972 1964 1928 1957 1906 1962 Proposed (Marine Reserve) Pulau Sipadan Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Endau Rompin (Johor) Endau Rompin (Pahang) Kinta Korbu Pantai Acheh Subtotal Proposed (Nature Monument) Kuala Selangor Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserves) Tasek Bera Tasek Cini Subtotal Proposed (Turtle Sanctuary) Pulau Pangkor Rantau Abang/Dungun (Extension) Subtotal Proposed (Virgin Jungle Reserves) Lebir Machinchang Relai Subtotal Proposed (Wildlife Reserves) Batu Feringghi Belum Grik Gunung Belumut Gunung Tempurong Ipoh East Kuala Gula Menchali Mersing Padang Mulud Selama Sungai Nenggiri Ulu Lepar Ulu Muda Ulu Nenggiri Ulu Trengganu Subtotal Proposed (Wildlife Sanctuaries) Pulau Ketam Pulau Tekukor Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 16 397 54 site sites site sites sites sites sites sites sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 168 710 710 48,775 38,689 87,464 567 567 26,500 202 26,702 295 295 208 600 523 1,331 1,465 207,200 51,800 20,910 1,214 890 400 7,413 2,154 22,250 37,037 4,047 115,257 16,000 116,549 604,586 4,000 4,000 2,974,481 751,650 ha ha* ha ha ha* ha ha* ha* ha* ha* MALAYSIA - Sabah Amenity Forest Reserves Babanga Baradaya Gum Gum Kg. Hindian Kukut Membalua Milli Nonum Nabahan Padas Damit Sibuga Sook Subtotal FPOUWONIHDUPWNHEH PR Bird Sanctuaries 12 Kota Belud 13 Pulau Mantanani 14 Pulau Sipadan Subtotal Conservation Areas 15 Danum Valley 16 Maliau Basing (Gunung Lotung) Subtotal Domestic Forest Reserves 17 Jembongan 18 Kawang 19 Labuan 20 Lema'as 21 Matunggong 22 Tagaroh 23 Tajong 24 Tamalang 25 Tamparuli 26 Tatahan Subtotal Mangrove Forest Reserves 27 Abai 28 Benkoka Peninsula 29 Elopura 30 Gum Gum 31 Kuala Bonggaya and Kuala Labuk 32 Kuala Segama and Kuala Maruap 33 Kuala Tingkaya 34 Kudat and Marudu 35 Lahad Datu 36 Menumbok 37 Pulau Banggi 38 Semporna 39 Sibyte 40 Sulaman Lake 41 Sungai Sugut, Paitan, Pulau Jambongan 42 Tawau 43 Trusan Kinabatangan Subtotal National Park 44 Crocker Range Subtotal Other area 45 Sibuga Forest Subtotal 169 11 sites 3 sites 2 sites 10 sites 17 sites 1 site 1 site 20,767 ha 15 12,515 ha 42,755 39,000 81,755 ha 1,582 1,551 199 1,482 7,355 ha 316,457 ha 139,919 139,919 ha ha* 1984 Parks 46 47 48 49 50 Bukit Tawau Kinabalu Pulau Penyu (Turtle Islands) Pulau Tiga Tunku Abdul Rahman Subtotal 5 sites Protection Forest Reserves 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 Bald Hill Balembangan Bidu Bidu Gemok Hill Gomantong Gunung Lumaku Kelawat Kukusan Leila Limau-Limauan Lipaso Mandamai Mount Cochrane Mount Conner Mount Pock Mount Walker Pababag Quoin Hill Segarong Selangan Island Sosopodon Tambalugu Tanjong Nagas Tawai Tenompok Timbun Mata Tinagat Ulu Telupid Subtotal 28 sites Virgin Jungle Reserves Agathis Basio Batu Timbang Batumapun Mangrove Brantian-Tatulit Crocker Range Dagat Garinono Gomantong, Materis, Bod Tai, Keruak, Pangi Imbok Kabili Sepilok Kalumpang Karakit Kawang Gibong Kretam Labuk Road Loro, Kitabu & Lajong Lungmanis Madai Baturong Malawaring Maligan Malubuk Mamahat Mengalong Merisuli Milian-Labau Pin-Supi 170 27,972 75,370 1,740 15,864 4,929 125,875 ha ha 1979 1964 1977 1978 1974 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1931 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 106 Pulau Batik 107 Pulau Berhala 108 Pulau Sakar 109 Rafflesia 110 Sem Kerangas 111 Sepagaya 112 Sepilok (Mangrove) 113 Siaungau & Mesapol 114 Silabukan 115 Sungai Imbak 116 Sungai Kapur 117 Sungai Lokan 118 Sungai Paitan 119 Sungai Sansiang 120 Sungai Sapi 121 Sungai Simpang 122 Tabawan, Bohayan, Maganting, Silumpat Islands 123 Tabin 124 Teak Plantation 125 Ulu Sapa Payau 126 Ulu Sungai Napagon 127 Umas Umas Subtotal Wildlife Reserves 128 Kulamba 129 Tabin Subtotal Proposed (Bird Sanctuary) Kinabatangan Subtotal Proposed (Marine Park) Semporna Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 49 sites 2 sites 1 site 1 site 129 sites 2 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. MALAYSIA - Sarawak Communal Forests Bako Dabei Kabong Katiyu Kepayang Lubok Antu-Samarahan Munggu Babi Munggu Kupi Pelala Punang 11 Salim 12 Setajam 13 Siniawan 14 Sungei Engkalat 15 Sungei Ipoh 16 Sungei Melinau 17 Sungei Meluan 18 Sungei Merirai 19 Sungei Pangai ray OCOWUDIHRHDU PWNPH 71 353 173 760 356 233 4,128 1,235 840 816 18,113 1,250 1,852 129 344 625 1,149 1,009 394 3 720 523 850 88,302 20,682 120,521 141,203 20,000 20,000 8,823 8,823 1,034,125 28,823 ha ha ha ha ha* ha 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1931 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1957 1956 1961 1959 1983 1962 1980 1984 1957 1964 1958 1957 1962 1954 1949 1949 1954 1949 1954 Sungei Selidap Sungei Tulai Sutong T.R. Anchal T.R. Janda T.R. Mut Tabuan Alit Tanah Puteh Tanjong Kelepu Ulu Sungei Nibong Subtotal Forest Reserves 30 31 32 33 Apeng Balansat Balingian Bawang Assan Beluru Beluru lst Extension Beluru 2nd Extension Beluru 3rd Extension Beluru 4th Extension Binatang Buan Bukit Bediri Bukit Hitam Bukit Hitam lst Extension Bukit Lima Bukit Sembilang Daro Daro Extension Ensengei Ensengei (Extension) Entulang Gayum Gunung Pueh Gunung Pueh lst Extension Gunung Pueh 2nd Extension Gunung Pueh 3rd Extension Kampong Tian Kanowit (East) Kayangeran Kayangeran ist Extension Kemena Kenalian Kenaya Kenaya lst Extension Kota Kota lst Extension Kubud (East) Kubud (West) Labang Labang 1st Extension Lemai Lower Baram Lower Baram lst Extension Lower Baram 2nd Extension Lower Baram 3rd Extension Lower Baram 4th Extension Majau Makan-Kalulong Maludam Marau Marudi Marudi Extension Naman Niah 172 29 sites 5,630 ha 1949 1966 1977 1961 1965 1965 1958 1948 1959 1956 1958 1926 1973 1952 1938 1958 1975 1975 1975 1951 1977 1951 1929 1949 1980 1925 1924 1951 1964 1989 1976 1939 1927 1959 1958 1958 1952 1951 1925 1931 1977 1953 1956 1973 1956 1981 1969 1969 1954 1977 1973 1957 1961 1965 1965 1980 1952 1984 1962 1978 1931 1955 1953 1936 84 Niah Extension 7,144 1957 85 Niah-Suai 11,534 1964 86 Rajang Mangrove 6,475 1929 87 Rajang Mangrove lst Extension 2,428 1931 88 Rajang Mangrove 2nd Extension 3,440 1950 89 Rimbas 2,367 1958 90 Sabal 1,616 1927 91 Sabal Extension 3,226 1962 92 Sampadi 23,920 1920 93 Sarawak Mangrove 8,728 1920 94 Saribas-Kalaka 9,187 1957 95 Sedilu 3,633 1923 96 Sedilu lst Extension 7,070 1958 97 Selezu 2,084 1965 98 Setapok 6 1921 99 Setuan 2,729 1953 100 Setuan lst Extension 7,272 1965 101 Sibuti Mangrove 245 1930 102 Sibuti Mangrove list Extension 475 1958 103 Similajau 87,766 1953 104 Similajau Extension 4,452 1959 105 Simunjan 15,113 1959 106 Simunjan lst Extension 3,942 1965 107 Sixth Mile 8 1924 108 Stabar 3,569 1951 109 Sundar 1,740 1956 110 Sungei Bawan 4,361 1931 111 Sungei Bawan Extension 9,308 1953 112 Sungei Lakah 470 1954 113 Sungei Paradom 165 1952 114 Sungei Segan 734 1930 115 Sungei Segan lst Extension 2,165 1966 116 Sungei Segan 2nd Extension 692 1966 117 Sungei Semengoh 653 1920 118 Sungei Teras 438 1952 119 Tahu 2,566 1969 120 Terentang 3,189 1930 121 Terentang 1st Extension 3,231 1950 Subtotal 92 sites 783,426 ha National Historic Monument 122 Niah Caves 71 1972 Subtotal 1 site 71 ha National Parks 123 Bako 2,728 1957 124 Batang Ai 24,040 1990 125 Gunung Gading 4,106 1983 126 Gunung Mulu 52,865 1974 127 Kubah 2,230 1989 128 Lambir Hills 6,952 1975 129 Loagan 1991 130 Loagan Bunut 10,736 1991 131 Niah 3,140 1974 132 Similajau 7,067 1979 Subtotal 10 sites 113,864 ha* Other area 133 Semengoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre 740 1975 Subtotal 1 site 740 ha Protected Forests 134 Anak 1,323 1977 135 Anap 81,854 1937 136 Anap lst Extension 61,716 1956 137 Bah-Sama 13,883 1935 138 Bah-Sama First Extension 52,380 1985 173 193 194 195 196 Bahau Bahau First Extension Balai Ringin Balai Ringin lst Extension Balleh Balleh 1st Extension Balleh 2nd Extension Balui Batang Belah Batang Jemoreng Batang Lassa Belaga Bok Tisam Danum Datu Igan Kakus-Pandan Kebulu Kebulu lst Extension Kenyana Kenyana 1st Extension Kerangan Kut-—Mudan Lemiting Lepah Loba Kabang (North) Loba Kabang (South) Loba Pulau Matu-Daro Medalam Melana Mujong-Merirai Mujong-Merirai lst Extension Mukah Hill Mukah Hill 1st Extension Niah-Jelalong Oya-Mukah Paloh Pelagus Pelagus 1st Extension Pulau Bruit Retus Saribas-Lupar Sawai Sawai lst Extension Sebungan Sebuyau Sebuyau 1st Extension Sebuyau 2nd Extension Sebuyau 3rd Extension Silantek Stutong Taman Tatau Tatau 1st Extension Telang Usan Triso Triso lst Extension Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuaries 197 198 199 Lanjak-Entimau Pulau Tukong Ara-Banun Samunsam Subtotal 7,365 63 sites 3,222,545 ha 168,758 1 6,092 3 sites 174,851 ha 174 1937 1985 1935 1959 1935 1985 1985 1985 1936 1951 1951 1951 1985 1958 1952 1940 1937 1957 1952 1984 1959 1952 1951 1951 1951 1951 1951 1951 1959 1938 1952 1984 1958 1985 1959 1952 1952 1936 1985 1951 1958 1987 1954 1980 1959 1954 1958 1958 1964 1955 1950 1949 1958 1966 1955 1950 1959 1983 1985 1979 Proposed (Forest Reserves Batu 16,770 Batu Minah 56,649 Bungo 12,950 Gunung Ampungan 880 Gunung Lesong 464 Kerian 12,626 Sedilu 2nd Extension 9,777 Sujan 28,830 Tutoh Apoh y 250,470 Subtotal 9 sites 389,416 ha Proposed (National Parks) Bruit Patok 1,567 Dulit Range 13,380 Hose Mountains 284,700 Pelagus 2,044 Pulong Tau 164,500 Salak Mangroves 10,319 Santubong 1,737 Tanjung Datu 1,379 Usun Apau 113,000 Subtotal 9 sites 592,626 ha Proposed (Protected Forests) Anap (North) 2nd Extension 28,790 Anap (North-east) 2nd Extension 8,992 Anap (South-east) 2nd Extension 16,512 Anap (West) 3rd Extension 11,270 Batang Krang 1,960 Gunung Ngili (East) 290 Gunung Ngili (West) 260 Kakus-Pandan (East) lst Extension 52,440 Kakus-Pandan (South-west) lst Extension 21,206 Kebulu (West) lst Extension 1,300 Limbang 232,310 Lingga-Klauh 30,836 Niah-Jelalong (First Extension) 6,160 Subtotal 13 sites 412,326 ha Proposed (Wildlife Sanctuaries) Batu Laga 100,000 Kuala Rejang 1,000 Lanjak-Entimau (Extensions) 18,414 Maludam 43,365 Samunsam (Extension) 14,810 Sibuti 1,213 Subtotal 6 sites 178,802 ha Totals Notified conservation areas 199 sites 4,301,127 ha* Proposed conservation areas 37 sites 1,573,170 ha * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. PHILIPPINES Biological Stations 1 Macajalar Bay Marine 2 Puerto Galera Marine 3 Southern Luzon Institute Marine Subtotal Bird Sanctuaries 4 Minasawa 5 Ursula Island Subtotal Conservation Area 6 Moalboal Subtotal Faunal Reserve 7 Mount Makiling Subtotal Game Reserve 8 Lake Buluan Subtotal Historical Sanctuary 9 Quezon Memorial Park Subtotal Marine Parks 10 Sumilon Island 11 Tubbataha Reefs National Subtotal Marine Reserves 12 Coron Island 13 Heron Island Reef 14 Matabungkay Bay 15 Tagbilaran Subtotal Marine Reserves/Tourist Zones 16 Al-Sulnuan Point 17 Aligway Island 18 Anilao-Maricaban Island 19 Apo Island 20 Ayala/San Ramon 21 Bacuit Bay Island 22 Balabac Island 23 Balatasan Cove 24 Balatero Cave 25 Balicasag Island 26 Batangas Coastline 27 Bating Peninsula 28 Boracay Island 29 Busuanga Island 30 Buyallao Peninsula 31 Buyong Beach 32 Cabilao Island 33 Camiguin Island 34 Canaron Island 35 Fort Burton 36 Fortune Island 37 Fugo Island 38 Gaban Island 39 Gaubian Island and vicinity 40 Gigantangan Island 176 sites sites site 3, site 3, 6, site 6, site 33, sites Sis}, sites 20 24 329 329 300 300 24 24 23 200 223 ha* ha ha* ha ha ha ha ha* 1964 1960 1980 1933 1926 1940 1974 1988 1978 1965 1980 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 Libago Island Ligig Island Ligpo Island Maasim Island Malahibang Island Malanina Island Maliputo Island-Talicud Island Medio Island Olango Island Complex Opao Island Pambaron Island Panglao Island-Balicasag Area Pocanel Island Puerto Princesa Sacol Island Samal Island (eastern side) Sangali Cove Santa Cruz Island (Big & Small) Selinog Island Sibalat Island Siguijor Island Sogod Solitario Island Sombrero Island Suguicay Island Verde Island Subtotal Marine Sanctuaries 67 El Nido Marine Turtle Guiuan Nasugbu Panguil Bay Pollilio Island Turtle Island Subtotal Monument 73 Capas Death March Monument Subtotal National Parks Agoo-Damortis National Seashore Park Aurora Memorial Balbalasang-Balbalan Basilan Bataan Biak-na-Bato Bicol Bulabog-Putian Bulusan Volcano Calauit Island Callao Cave Caramoan Cassamata Hill Central Cebu Fuyot Spring Guadalupe Mabugnao-Mainit Hot Spring Hundred Islands NP/TZ/MR Imelda Lake (Lake Danao) Initao Kuapnit-Balinsasayao Lake Butig Lake Dapao Lake Imelda (Dana Lake) Libmanan Cave MacArthur Landing 177 51 sites 35 6 sites 35 NN 1 site 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1975 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1977 1978 1978 ha* 1984 1970 1970 1970 1970 ha* 1952 ha 1965 1937 1974 1939 1945 1937 1934 1961 1935 1976 1935 1938 1974 1937 1938 1972 1940 1972 1963 1937 1965 1965 1972 1934 1977 99 Mado Hot Spring 100 Mahagnao Volcano 101 Mainit Hot Spring 102 Manila Bay Beach Resort 103 Manleluag Spring 104 Mayon Volcano 105 Minalungao 106 Mount Apo 107 Mount Arayat 108 Mount Banahaw-San Cristobal 109 Mount Canlaon 110 Mount Dajo 111 Mount Data 112 Mount Isarog 113 Mount Malindang 114 Mount Pulog 115 Mounts Iglit-Baco 116 Mounts Palay-Palay-Mataas-na-Gulod 117 Naujan Lake 118 Northern Luzon Heroes Hill 119 Olongapo Naval Base Perimeter 120 Pagsanjan Gorge 121 Pantuwaraya Lake 122 Paoay Lake 123 Quezon 124 Rajaha Sikatuna 125 Rizal (Dapitan) 126 Rizal (Luneta) 127 Roosevelt 128 Rungkunan 129 Sacred Mountain 130 Salikata 131 Sohoton Natural Bridge 132 St Paul Subterranean River 133 Sudlon 134 Taal Volcano 135 Tirad Pass 136 Tiwi Hot Spring Geothermal Reservation 137 Tongonon Hot Spring Geothermal Reservation 138 Unnamed (Proc. No. 1636) Subtotal 65 sites Natural Monument 139 Bessang Pass National Shrine Subtotal 1 sites Nature Reserve 140 Alibijahan Island Subtotal 1 sites Other areas 141 Cagayan Island MS/TZ 142 Gaubian Island 143 Guindolman 144 Malampaya Sound MS/TZ 145 Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Nature Centre 146 Pangasinan Watershores 147 Sagay 148 Sulpa Island Subtotal 8 sites Sanctuaries 149 Lake Malimanga Bird and Fish 150 Sumilon National Fish Subtotal 2 sites 178 49 1939 653 1,381 1957 465 1954 92 1940 5,459 1938 2,018 1967 72,814 1936 3,715 1933 11,133 1941 24,558 1934 213 1938 5,512 1940 10,112 1938 53,262 1971 11,550 1987 75,445 1970 4,000 1976 21,655 1956 1,316 1963 9 1968 153 1939 20 1965 340 1969 983 1934 9,023 1987 10 1940 1,335 1955 1,335 1933 1965 94 1965 1965 840 1935 3,901 1971 696 1936 4,537 1967 6,320 1938 44 1913 272 1937 46,310 461,603 ha* 304 1954 304 ha 1980 ha* 1970 1978 1970 24 1978 24 ha* 1980 1980 ha* Tourist Zones 151 152 Aslom Island Buyayao Island Subtotal 2 sites Wildlife Reserves 153 154 Dampalit Island Mayaba and Napayauan Island Subtotal 2 sites Wildlife Sanctuaries 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 Cleopatra's Needle Culion Island F.B. Harrison Lake Danao Liguasan Marsh Magapit Mount Mantalingajan Mount Matalingahan Palawan Subtotal 9 sites Proposed (Managed Nature Reserve) Apo Reef Subtotal 1 site Proposed (Marine Park) Balicasag Subtotal 1 site Proposed (Marine Reserves) Bantayan Island Calayan Island Subtotal 2 sites Proposed (National Integrated Protected Areas) Apo Island Apo Reef Asid Gulf | Bantayan Islands Bicol Cagayan Island Candaba Swamp Coron Island Dalton Pass Davao Gulf Guiuan Peninsula Honda Bay Inabanga Lamon Bay Lingayen Gulf Mactan Island Malampaya Sound Manila Bay Maqueda Bay, Villareal Bay Maricaban Strait Mayon Volcano Moalboal Mount Apo Mount Calavite Mount Canlaon Mount Giting-Giting Mount Halcon Mount Isarog Mount Kitanglad Mount Malingdang Mount Pulog, Nueva Vizcaya, Ifugao, Benguet 179 140,000 480 43,930 6,002 10,000 763,399 963,811 900 12,900 1,000 1,000 5,201 5,000 10,000 5,000 20,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 3,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 25,000 1,000 19,300 37,000 5,201 1,000 82,800 10,000 16,000 5,000 10,000 74,100 52,700 10,000 1978 1978 ha* 1980 1980 ha* 1920 1965 1941 1932 1967 ha* ha* ha* ha* Mounts Iglit-Baco Nasugbu 1,000 Pagaspas Bay 1,000 Palanan 50,000 Pangil Bay 12,500 Polillo Island 10,000 Puerto Galera 5,000 Quezon 983 Ragay Gulf 11,000 Sabtang, Ibuhos, Dequey, Mount Iraya 26,800 San Miguel Bay 1,000 San Pedro Bay 1,000 Sorsogon Bay 1,000 Southwest Bohol 5,000 St. Paul, Cleopatra's Needle 20,700 Subic Area 70,900 Tawi-Tawi 17,700 Tayabas Bay 3,000 Tinagong Dagat Bay 1,000 Twin Lakes 5,000 Ursula Island 50 Zambales Mountains 98,700 Subtotal 53 sites 776,435 ha* Proposed (National Parks) Balicasag Island 2,100 Leyte Mountains 42,000 Matalingahan 20,000 Rajah Sikatuna 9,032 Twin Lakes y 3,880 Subtotal 5 sites 77,012 ha Proposed (Park) Moalboal/Pescador Municipal Subtotal 1 site ha* Totals Notified conservation areas 163 sites 1,468,679 ha* roposed conservation areas 63 sites 853,447 ha* * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 180 1987 SINGAPORE Nature Reserves 1 Bukit Timah 2 Central Catchment Subtotal Parks 3 Labrador 4 Pasir Ris 5 Sungei Buloh Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas sites sites sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 181 ha ha Annex 4.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation. Region: Asia Sub-—region: Insular South East Asia Name of country/state: Brunei Darussalam Total area (sq.km): 5770 Land area (sq.km): 5270 Month/year of reference: PORES T FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 221216 18562 31777 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 221216 0) 18562 (0) 31777 0 Notes: Ulu Temburong NP (48,859ha) has not been included in this table. 183 Annex 4.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub-—region: Insular South East Asia Name of country/state: Indonesia Total area (sq.km): 1904570 Land area (sq.km): 1811570 Month/year of reference: February 1990 FO RE s 1 FUN Gancl"OTN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 57656000 29636483 4969362 Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 57656000 0 29636483 0 4969362 0 Notes: Data given here for existing protection and conservation forests do not match that given in Table 4.3 due to the lack of specific information on individual sites. Although there is no clear information, it is likely that the figure for conservation forest given in this table may include national parks, nature reserves, game reserves and hunting reserves. 184 Annex 4.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: Insular South East Asia Name of country/state: Malaysia Total area (sq.km): 329750 Land area (sq.km): 328550 Month/year of reference: FOREST F UN Garth OIN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: See subsequent worksheets for Sabah, Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia. 185 Annex 4.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub-—region: Insular South East Asia Name of country/state: Malaysia — Sabah Total area (sq.km): 73620 Land area (sq.km): Month/year of reference: 1989 FOR is 8 i FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 2998380 99980 250280 Non-—forest Plantation 50306 TOTAL 3048686 0 99980 0 250280 0 Notes: Annex 4.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: insular South East Asia Name of country/state: Malaysia — Peninsular Malaysia Total area (sq.km): 132750 Land area (sq.km): Month/year of reference: December 1987 FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 2850000 1900000 76600 Non-—forest Plantation 2400 TOTAL 2852400 0 1900000 0 76600 0 Notes: Annex 4.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub-—region: Insular South East Asia Name of country/state: Malaysia — Sarawak Total area (sq.km): 123985 Land area (sq.km): Month/year of reference: December 1990 ie Oi iS ff FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (na) Natural 4221425 284829 253935 Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 4221425 0 284829 0) 253935 0 Notes: Source: Forest Department in litt. 7.1.91. The conservation category in the above table includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Annex 4.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub—region: Insular South East Asia Name of country/state: Philippines Total area (sq.km): 300000 Land area (sq.km): 298170 Month/year of reference: FOREST FE LUCNiGam OWN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 3760102 2804000 1113700 3406000 1340997 Non-—forest Plantation 65437 440000 1031113 43000 TOTAL 3825539 3244000 2144813 3449000 1340997 0 Notes: Source: Philippine Forestry Statistics (1990). Effective from 1 January 1992, all remaining virgin forest will be put under the Integrated Protected Areas System (IPAS) and thus no logging operation is allowed within these areas. it is not known if these forests are included in protection or conservation category in the above table. Data in this table for protection and conservation forests do not necessarily match those in table 4.3 due to the lack of specific information on individual managed areas. 186 Annex 4.2 (continued) Region: Asia Sub-—region: Insular South East Asia Name of country/state: Singapore Total area (sq.km): 620 Land area (sq.km): 610 Month/year of reference: FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 0 0 0 0) 0 0 Non-—forest 0 0 0 0 ) (0) Plantation 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: There are no legally gazetted forest reserves in Singapore. 187 7 na "te : i Ai 20 Sa retyy uf ‘ au Rays ae ' ay Ci a m aight libs thier ele “a ae te a : msi ote ‘ ? vag | a na 5 OCEANIA: WESTERN PACIFIC Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu 5.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE This account is restricted to the five large island nations of the western Pacific Ocean. Although significant forest resources are found further to the west, for example in Western Samoa and even the remote Cook Islands, the five countries in question collectively account for 95% of the land mass of the entire Pacific region, dominated by Papua New Guinea which alone accounts for 81% of the total. The establishment of legally mandated protected areas is a relatively recent phenomenon in the Pacific, although there is a long history of land and resource protection through customary tenure, traditional rights and the imposition of taboos, in some cases dating back several centuries. Traditional conservation activities, such as establishing taboos on certain areas or control of fisheries through social means, have underpinned Pacific societies for many years, playing an important role in controlling levels of exploitation. The gradual breakdown of these social systems due to increasing populations, mobility and development pressures, underscores the need to develop a conservation constituency based on modern concepts. Historically, the colonial regimes which existed in all the countries in the subregion tended to ignore these social factors, and measures imposed at that time collapsed with the advent of independence. New Caledonia is exceptional in that, although autonomy in environmental affairs is enjoyed, it remains an overseas territory of France. A large number of protected areas were established during the 1970s, but this trend was not continued during the 1980s. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop innovative conservation approaches that work with, and not against social and economic conditions, thus paving the way for greater progress in the coming years. 5.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION Legal provisions for the establishment of managed areas exist in all western Pacific nations and these are summarised in Table 5.1 and reviewed below. Throughout the subregion, however, customary tenure and rights play an overriding part in the control of resources, and government activities are frequently constrained to only those areas that are under direct government control. This may amount to little more than a fraction of the total area of a country. The exception to this is New Caledonia where Melanesian reserve land comprises only 24.4% of the total area. 5.2.1 Forestry Sector Policy All nations in the subregion face limited means of earning foreign revenue, and forestry has played a decisive role in supporting economic growth. Consequently, forestry policies have tended to stress the development of the commercial value of forest resources. In recent years, however, there has been a move towards incorporating conservation and protection aims into policy statements and national development plans. The Ministry of Forestry in Fiji has recognised the need to set aside forest from production, and a proposed ten-year development plan for envisages 15% of the total natural forest under permanent protection, with 7,000ha to be set aside annually. Over the past three years considerable interest has been focused on supporting efforts in Papua New Guinea to implement the National Forest Action plan which is aimed at reducing deforestation rates, and achieving economic development that is sustainable, based on sound ecological and social management and utilisation of forest resources (Saulei, 1991). Legislation Forestry legislation in general makes provision for development of forests as an economic resource as well as protection of forest either through the establishment of reserved forests or through the classification of forest on the basis of slope or other criteria. In Fiji, management classifications are superimposed on legal classifications, leading to a confused legal status. Provisions for environmental impact assessments by logging companies operating under the Forestry Act (1973) and the Environmental 189 Planning Act (1978) in Papua New Guinea provide legal protection against environmental degradation; in practice, as much as 70% of logging activities are carried out in the absence of such assessments. Other acts in the subregion, such as the Forestry and Timber Act (1969) in the Solomon Islands or the Forestry Act No. 14 in Vanuatu, make provision for protection of resources or mandatory re-afforestation, although there may well be cases for implementing more modern legislation in a number of countries. 5.2.2 Wildlife Sector Policy Conservation policy statements have been made by governments, either in development plans or, in the case of Papua New Guinea, as part of the country’s constitution. The long-term economic and social plan for New Caledonia includes protection of natural heritage as an objective. These statements have been further elaborated in a number of reports and system plans, compiled by consultants and others, but supported and approved by governments. However, no country appears to have an explicit and autonomous wildlife policy. Legislation Throughout the subregion there is an urgent need for new legislation to be enacted which not only incorporates modern concepts of habitat and ecosystem protection, but also considers the needs and aspirations of local people. Legislation has frequently been proposed in conservation plans but has yet to be implemented, and anachronistic, colonial legislation remains in place which only allows for the establishment of strictly protected areas on government-owned land. A notable exception to this is the Fauna (Protection and Control) Act (1966) in Papua New Guinea, which makes provision for the establishment of wildlife management areas on land held under customary ownership, and places local owners in direct control of the area, with concessions for controlled, local resource exploitation. This is seen widely as a conservation model that could be adopted successfully in the subregion, and in the Pacific more generally. 5.2.3 Other Sectors Reliance on marine resources has lead to the development of powerful fisheries bodies within government. Although these may have an ambivalent role, inasmuch that they are responsible for both the protection and development of fisheries as a commercial resource, there are, for example, provisions in the Fisheries Act No. 37 (1982) of Vanuatu for the establishment of marine reserves. The overriding importance of mining to the economy of New Caledonia has placed that sector in a position of great influence, and only specified areas that are protected under mining legislation, as well as conservation enactments, are guaranteed long- term protection. 5.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION 5.3.1 Forestry Sector Administration of forestry is generally the responsibility of governmental forest departments, under either a specific Ministry as in Fiji, or more eclectic bodies such as in the Solomon Islands or Vanuatu. Although these governmental bodies have been established to manage and protect forest resources, they remain restricted by the widespread effect of customary tenure, which places the control of forest resources in the hands of customary groups, not governments. In Papua New Guinea, the provisions of the Forestry Act (Amalgamated) (1973) allows for government to purchase timber rights from customary owners for limited periods, and subsequently to grant a licence to a commercial company for timber extraction; land tenure remains with the traditional owners. The Native Land Trust Board in Fiji also acts in an intermediary role between the Forest Department and native land owners, the Department being otherwise constrained only to that land owned directly by government. A similar situation exists in the Solomon Islands where only 9% of land area is state owned. The forestry sector may also be directly involved in conservation activities, with the Fiji Forest Department being responsible for a number of nature reserves. 190 5.3.2 Wildlife Sector There has been a tendency to make provision for protected areas administration from within existing government structures concerned with multi-sectoral resources management, such as forestry or agriculture, with a small, appended, conservation unit. However, there has been a trend away from this, and a number of discrete governmental organisations have been established, frequently independent of the forestry sector, to administer the wildlife sector, amongst other responsibilities. This is exemplified by the quasi- governmental National Trust for Fiji or the Environment and Conservation Division in Papua New Guinea. Due to the overriding importance of customary practice in the subregion, these bodies frequently have to interact closely with other organisations such as the Native Land Trust Board, or the committees established to oversee wildlife management areas in Papua New Guinea. 5.3.3, Other sectors In order to accommodate conflicts between the needs and aspirations of local people and more strategic national needs, a number of bodies have been established. The Native Land Trust Board in Fiji, although not specifically involved in conservation, has a role in supporting the National Trust for Fiji and the Forest Department in their efforts to secure native lands for parks and reserves via the native land leasing procedure. 5.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations Although recognisably modern NGGs involved in conservation area establishment or management may be a relatively rare phenomenon in the subregion, the Fauro Peoples Association and Vella 2000 have approached government for advice on the establishment and management of protected areas. The committees established in Papua New Guinea to control wildlife management areas may be considered NGOs, although their establishment only comes about with the compliance of government and implementation of the Fauna (Protection and Control) Act, 1966. 5.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS The protected areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Fig. 5.1. Details of individual protected areas are given in Annex 5.1 which also serves as a key to the maps. 5.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry sector Coverage Information on natural forest lands is lacking generally, although this may not necessarily indicate the absence of forest reservation either legally or on the ground. Thus data, in Table 5.2 may indicate an extensive forest reserve network, which is not reflected in Table 5.3. This is because in some instances only summary data are available, and not site-specific details. Specific information relating to reserved forests is not generally available for the subregion, and the data presented in Table 5.2 probably underestimate the extent of managed areas. Site-specific data relating to Papua New Guinea, for example, are not available, although some authorities suggest that 150,000 sq. km (32% of land area) of forest have been deemed to be commercially operable, although to date only some 50,000 sq. km have been assessed, or have been or will be developed. Conversely, some 53% of the total forested area is considered inaccessible and not commercially operable (Saulei, 1991). This is not reflected in subsequent tables, as there has appears to have been neither legal nor administrative classification of these areas. 5.4.2 Conservation Areas, Forestry and Wildlife and Additional Sectors Coverage There are some 132 legally designated conservation areas in the subregion, covering a total area of 1,733,131ha, or 3.2% of land area (Fig 5.1). However, as discussed below, this includes a large area of controlled mining areas in New Caledonia (525,528ha) which, although important for securing conservation 191 areas, are not strictly conservation areas in their own right. According to the data in Table 5.3, the forestry sector is directly responsible for 41 conservation areas, covering a total area of 110,494 ha or 0.2% of the subregion. The great bulk of protected areas, however, are in the wildlife sector, numbering 82 sites and covering 1,097,109ha, or 2% of the subregion. Most protected areas (986,816ha) lie in Papua New Guinea. Substantial areas covering 567,600ha in Fiji are classified as protection or non-commercial on the basis of slope criteria, although it is not clear how these relate to the legally classified forest reserves (29,279ha) listed in Annex 5.2, as there is a poor relationship between legally established forest reserves and administratively classified forest areas. Furthermore, there is no legal restriction on logging in these classified areas (Maruia Society, 1989). An unusual situation exists in New Caledonia, where great biological value is found alongside rich mineral deposits. In practice, mining may occur in almost any location, including in legally designated conservation areas, unless such an area is also protected under mining legislation. Mining activity is controlled over 525,528ha (28.3% of land area), but is only prohibited in 1.9%. As both forest and wildlife sector protected areas collectively cover 7.3% of land area (excluding marine reserves), it is clear that a significant proportion may not be under secure, long-term legal protection. Only 46 protected areas are under total protection, covering 105,899ha or 0.2% of the subregion. In contrast, 86 partially protected areas cover 1,627,232, or 1.7% of the subregion (Table 5.3). This latter figure is accounted for largely by the relatively extensive network of wildlife management areas in Papua New Guinea, and a single site, Tonda Wildlife Management Area, covers 590,000ha or 36% of the subregions’s entire protected areas system. Again, it should be noted that this total includes the controlled mining areas in New Caledonia (525,528ha). The conservation areas systems in the subregion are poorly developed, with numerous habitats and ecosystems excluded, and only New Caledonia exceeds the 10% target figure (with a combined forestry and wildlife sector coverage, including marine reserves, of 188,401ha or 10.13% of total land area) either in terms of established or proposed protected areas. The weakest systems are those of Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. For the Solomon Islands, even the figure of less than 0.01% coverage is an exaggeration, as the single national park and the wildlife sanctuary have ceased to be effective conservation units, and the country may be considered to have no protected areas system at all. Vanuatu and Fiji fare little better, with very low percentages of their land area under legal conservation protection, and many critical habitats are yet to be protected. The protected areas system in Papua New Guinea, although the most extensive in the subregion, is very inadequate, especially in the light of its global importance for biodiversity. An exception to this general rule is New Caledonia, whose protected area system is relatively comprehensive, although biased towards sites of botanical interest. Representativeness Conservation areas have often been haphazardly established in the past, with little regard to ecological or other criteria. This is reflected throughout the subregion, with the possible exception of New Caledonia, with numerous habitats not included within a reserve system. Although a regional hierarchical ecosystem classification and criteria for conservation are being developed for the Pacific region (TNC, 1991), the lack of comprehensive information on the status and distribution of habitats, centres of diversity or endemism has precluded a detailed analysis of either the strengths or weaknesses of the conservation areas system. Nevertheless, the less systematic ecosystem and conservation areas reviews of Dahl (1980, 1986) clearly indicate the inadequacy of the areas system. Integrity Data in Table 5.4a (forestry sector) and 5.4b (wildlife sector) indicate that managed areas throughout the subregion are small, reflecting both the scarcity of land as a geographical resource, and the restriction placed on government agencies by the preponderance of land held by customary owners. Two exceptions have strongly skewed the size distribution and mean size data in this table, namely Maza Wildlife Management Area (184,230ha) and Tonda Wildlife Management Area (590,000ha) in Papua New Guinea. With the exception of only a small number of sites, most areas are less than 1,000ha in extent. Table 5.4 also reveals that partially protected areas tend to be more extensive, both in the wildlife sector, which includes the two large sites in Papua New Guinea mentioned above, and in the forestry sector, which does not. 192 Effectiveness Apart from inadequate representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation areas are limited by weaknesses in policy and legislation. The latter in particular, in some instances, is still based on outmoded and inappropriate principles of strict protection. This is compounded further by inadequate institutional support and ineffective management. These all to combine to make an imperfect response to the principal chailenge to conservation areas in the subregion, namely human use. This may range from unauthorised activities, such as fuelwood gathering, hunting, or illegal settlement, to development activities in the form of logging, road construction, plantation establishment, mining etc. The establishment of protected areas, either in the forestry or the wildlife sector, is also hampered by the large proportion of land held in customary tenure. In Fiji, conservation areas such as nature reserves are under the management of departmental rather than national institutions. Coupled with inadequate legislative and institutional support, this suggests a likely failure to meet increasing political and social pressures in the future. Weak or ineffective management appears to be endemic throughout the subregion, and even those areas receiving legal protection rarely receive day-to-day management on the ground. This stems from a lack of commitment by governments to make sufficient budget allocations to provide adequate manpower, training and equipment, and, perhaps more importantly, extension services to foster support for conservation areas amongst local communities. 5.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation The extent of forest land in the subregion managed for conservation and protection purposes is quantified in Tables 5.3 and 5.4, totalling nearly 110,494 sq. km, or 14% of the subregion. It is likely that these data underestimate the aciual contribution made by the forestry sector to nature conservation, due to uncertainty in the statistics. 5.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 5.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network Proposals to expand the conservation areas network are available in abundance, from comprehensive system plans such as Dunlap and Singh (1980) in Fiji to the science-oriented work of Diamond (1976a) in Papua New Guinea or in the Solomon Islands (Diamond, 1976b). However, almost without exception, these plans have yet to be realised, probably because in general they have ignored the significant impact that customary land and resource ownership has on conservation paradigms imported from other parts of the world. A recent exception is the proposal for a network of protected forest areas in the Solomon Islands (Lees, 1991) that was designed in close consultation with customary owners, and which seeks to promote their interests as well as wider conservation values. In the same vein, the wildlife management areas of Papua New Guinea are seen as a conservation model that could be adopted successfully elsewhere in the subregion. The government of Papua New Guinea has proposals for a further 83 wildlife management areas, as well as several other areas, with a target of including 20% of the country within conservation areas (Saulei, 1991). Information of specific proposed conservation areas is currently limited to 126 sites covering 54,668ha (Table 5.3). 5.5.2 Other National Initiatives Strengthening networks The National Conservation Strategy for Vanuatu is being developed on a foundation of public consultation and ’grassroots’ involvement, and amongst other aims is intended to lead to a radical review of conservation legislation in the country. This is intended to make provision for custom leaders and land owners to have sites of special importance registered for legal protection. 193 Despite a number of initiatives, such as the regional conservation conferences, national system plans, and systems reviews etc, there has been insufficient progress in the development of conservation areas, and a number of reasons for this may be advanced. First, all countries in the subregion are relatively poor, and governments have been faced with pressing overseas debts and social and economic hardships, against which conservation has been accorded a low priority. Secondly, with one or two notable exceptions, aid organisations have tended to ignore conservation as a legitimate form of natural resources development, opting instead to channel assistance to the traditional sectors of forestry, fisheries, agriculture and infrastructure development. Thirdly, is the unusually strong links between people and the land, leading to strong ownership claims either over land or resources, and frequently convoluted land tenure. Overcoming Economic Constraints The South Pacific Regional Environment Programme is involved with the South Pacific Biodiversity Conservation Programme, a major proposal for funding under the Global Environment Facility of the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Environment Programme. The conservation programme is envisaged to last five years, with the principal objective of conserving biological diversity through the establishment of a diverse range of terrestrial and marine conservation areas. These will be planned and managed so as to incorporate sustainable use whilst protecting natural features. Subsidiary activities may also include the provision of information and education and species protection measures. Improving Management The principal response to the problems facing the development and management of conservation areas is the strengthening of institutions, and promotion of landowner participation in management. The recruitment and training of staff in government conservation agencies, together with the training and appointment of local people to manage areas, is essential if there is to be progress in the establishment of protected areas. Similarly, acquisition of sufficient resources to function effectively is a pressing need in the subregion and a priority for most conservation area management agencies. The provision of legislation that is sensitive to local conditions is also a necessary precursor to sustained conservation (IUCN, 1992). 5.5.3 International Initiatives Conventions and Programmes Adherence to the major international conventions and programmes concerned with establishment and management of conservation areas, namely the World Heritage Convention, the Ramsar Convention and the Unesco Man and the Biosphere Programme, is very poor. Two states have signed and ratified the World Heritage Convention, but only one has ratified the Ramsar Convention; no sites, however, have been established under the provisions of these conventions. Adhesion to the two regional conservation conventions, the 1986 Convention on the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region (SPREP Convention) and the Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific (Apia Convention) is better, with four signatories to each. The SPREP Convention has been signed by Fiji, France, on behalf of New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The Convention entered into force during August 1990, and Article 14 calls upon parties to take all appropriate measures to protect rare or fragile ecosystems or endangered flora or fauna through the establishment of protected areas. However, as this provision only applies to the Convention area, which by definition is open ocean, it is most likely to assist with the establishment of marine reserves and the conservation of marine species. The Apia Convention has also recently entered into force, and has been signed by Fiji, France, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Among other measures, it encourages the creation of protected areas to preserve indigenous flora and fauna. A series of regional conferences focusing on protected areas was initiated in 1975, and the first South Pacific National Parks and Reserves Conference, hosted by New Zealand in 1975, catalysed conservation activity through the region. In particular, the Third and Fourth conferences in 1985 and 1989, respectively, strengthened the protected areas activities of the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). SPREP, to which all countries within the subregion are party, is the region’s principal intergovernmental organisation for the protection and management of the environment. The implementation of the action strategies formulated at the two most recent meetings has been undertaken by SPREP, and international assistance has been channelled into the subregion by this means. 194 A joint project between the Honolulu Zoo Hui and the National Trust for Fiji has established mechanisms by which international funding has been made available for the continuing protection of Yadua Taba Crested Iguana Wildlife Sanctuary in Fiji. Cooperative agreements The island nature of the subregion means that there are few shared boundaries, the only exception being the boundary between Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya, and the northem frontier of Australia across the Torres Strait, where there is a bilateral agreement to manage resources. Tonda Wildlife Management Area in Papua New Guinea and Wasur National Park in Irian Jaya are contiguous, and proposals have recently been made to manage the two areas in a concerted fashion, which would result in a transboundary protected area of some 900,000ha. 5.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Priorities for conservation action were identified throughout the subregion by Dahl (1980), and again as part of the IUCN protected areas systems review (Dahl, 1986). The Third South Pacific National Parks and Nature Reserves Conference led to the promulgation of the 1985 Action Strategy for Protected Areas in the South Pacific Region (SPREP, 1985). This was subsequently revised and updated (SPREP, 1989) at the 1989 Fourth South Pacific Conference on Nature Conservation and Protected Areas, and was endorsed as part of the SPREP work programme for 1991/1992. The Strategy aims to provide a programme to help implement the nature conservation and protected areas objectives of SPREP’s Action Plan for Managing the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific. It also incorporates the views of the IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. The Strategy recognises the importance of the human dimension in natural resources conservation, and acknowledges the strong potential of traditional knowledge and custom to assist in the development of sustainable resource use appropriate to the special circumstances of the South Pacific. Specific recommendations for the countries included within this subregional account stress the need to enact appropriate legislation, establish administrative and management capabilities, expand the protected areas system and initiate environmental education and public awareness programmes (Table 5.6). 195 REFERENCES Dahl, A.L. (1980). Regional ecosystem survey of the South Pacific Area. SPC/IUCN Technical Bulletin No. 179. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 99 pp. Dahl, A.L. (1986). Review of the protected areas system in Oceania. JUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 328 pp. Diamond, J.M. (1976a). A proposed nature reserve system for Papua New Guinea. Unpublished report. 16 pp. Diamond, J.M. (1976b). A proposed forest reserve system and conservation strategy for the Solomon Islands. Summary. Unpublished report. 19 pp. Dunlap, R.C. and Singh, B.B. (1980). A national parks and reserves system for Fiji. A report to the National Trust for Fiji, Suva. 264 pp. IUCN (1992). Regional reviews: Pacific. Draft. Pp. 11.1-11.20. Lees, A. (1991). A protected forest system for the Solomon Islands. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service/Maruia Society, Nelson, New Zealand. 185 pp. Saulei, S.M. (1991). Forest use and conservation in Papua New Guinea. In: Pearl, M., Beehler, B. and Taylor, M. (Eds), Conservation and environment in Papua New Guinea: establishing research priorities. Proceedings of a symposium held 3 June 1991. The Government of Papua New Guinea/Wildlife Conservation International. Pp. 83-92. SPREP (1985). Action strategy for protected areas in the South Pacific Region. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 24 pp. SPREP (1989). Action strategy for nature conservation in the South Pacific Region. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 49 pp. TNC (1991). An ecosystem classification and criteria for conservation in the tropical insular pacific. The Nature Conservancy. Draft. 76 pp. 196 SAISsAl BIO[J puBw BUN [eIOods SAlosar [BOTUBIOG [BIOodS SAIOSAI QINBU JOLI}S SOAIOSIY 32 SoU yred [Boye |, PAIDBAI 1890] yped peuoney SOP UOTS9H 39 JUOWOUUAITAUY,] OP VdIAIOg 8]Q10,J sop juaWoyEdgg ity Joy snd [ouoHEN iy Joy snl [oUOTEN [A] 801 “ON YoRBISqtIaG [4] umouyul, [WM] 2¥ Isnt] TeuoneN [a] 1°V II seatosoy puw req PeUOHEN BIUOpaTeD MON @Alosol [UNG] BAB poAlosoy [LW] V UOKNsej}01g sued 7 sprig Ware) TEITY|NOFATS IO} poyooj0lg SAIOsal QINjBN] PAIOBAL 18i0.J quownredeq Anse104 [a] VW IsAI04 uoHeussag “UB [10)99g] anu SLED, 4 seaie padeuey] AQIOYING IANBASTUIUIPY WONBISISa] *(asN 9AT}OBIIXE [LIOIOWTUIOD JepuN pur] JSoJOJ = J ‘ASN 9A1}0RI)XO [LO] JapuN pur] ysesJOJ = J ‘uONe}0Id Jered = g ‘UONIa}0Id Je}0} = L) aATOefgo JuoWaseUeUI 0} SUIpsOIIR Poljissejo ose svore poyoojorg “AyJOYINE SAIeNSIUIUIPE o[qQIsUOdseI pue yUSUTIeUD JO JeAaA YIM ‘Seare pajoe}0Id J0J suOIstAoId [ese] T'S 91981 SAIosal [BUOTBAINOY PAIBSAI S904 pug ysoJ0.j BIB )6310.J porstoads 10N @ATOsAl OULTBIA Avenjoues prig red [euoreN Arenjoues 2JT1PILAA SAIOSAI 18310.] ySIOJ 9981S Wasoy payjouog yed euoneyy BAY JUSWOSBUBU STP SAIOSAI BINVVN sed ours] ysaloy TouoTyBNY B[IOUNOD JUSWIUIOAOD [8007] 81804 JO 1OAIIG s1SAOJ JO JOOIIG souoysi.] JO Juowpedeg soomnosay Teainjeyy a Adiougq ‘spuey yo Ansty ‘UOISIATG UONBAISUOD 7p JUOUTUOITAUY saomnosey Taney 2 Adioug ‘spuey jo Ansturpy ‘UOISTATC, UOHBAIQSUOD 7 JUOWTUOITAUq §}SalO.J JO JOJBAIBSU0D UOTWAIOSUOD puB yoUTUOIIAUY Jo juowpedeg ‘uoIstalg uoNBArasuoD aNjEy SIO}TUIWOD JUSWASBUBW OJTTPTI AA, [d] O€ “ON UOnEINsay yutor Ansa10,4 [4] pI “ON PY Ansaog [a] Le “ON PV seLoysty CAA] Vy UONS=IOIg SPIT PIL [a] Vv Sed TeuoTEN LM] 29uUBUIpIC yUSWIWIZAOD [8007] [4] eoueurpio soquiry, 2p 882104 [AM] VW SHE TeuoNEN [A] V (TonUOD 2p UoHoa}01g) BUNey LAA] 29VW sBary uolyBAIosu0Z [a] YW AysaI05 SpuUB[s] UOWO[OS BOUND MeN Bndeg Table 4.2 Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex 4.2. Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION Area Production Protection Conservation Total Fiji 18,270 3,227 (17.7) 5,676' (31.0) 0 8,903 (48.7) New Caledonia 18,580 0 807 (4.3) 0 807 (4.3) Papua New Guinea 462,840 0 0 0 0 Solomon Islands 28,900 0 0 X<0.01) 5 <0.01% Vanuatu 12,190 0 0 0 ? ? OCEANIA 540,780 3,227 (0.60) 6,483 (1.2) 0 9,710 (1.79) ‘Comprises adminstratively classified protection and non-commercial forests. It is not clear if this includes the 15 legally designated reserved forests, covering 230 sq. km. 199 Table 5.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas. The number of properties (natural of mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions is given in brackets. World Heritage | Biosphere Ramsar SPREP Apia Convention Reserves! Convention Convention Convention Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands 200 yup youuoraugq usy3uang “Zutures) jyoys oyeyopun {UOISIAIG, UOIYBAIOSUOD puB yUSWTUOITAUA Udy}dUAIIG “UOIJBAIZSU0D, pus yuowuoMAUY Jo yuouTedeg usy)dualg “UOTNATSUT UOTJBAIOSUOD [BUOT}BU dojaaop ‘yoddns Jeuornnyysut pus satyelsidoy uoyysuaI]S YIOMjau ay) SulseuRy ‘osuBWIOLIY UO SAIOSAI LNBy B SUIpNoUT ‘syEIQEY Pepnjoxe AjuaLino opnjour 0) yromyou pus)xq BOUIN MeN BNdeg UI SYWAA 0} SnoZoreue suare pojoojold yst{quyso (1661) 8207] UIU{IM sUCTepUsUTUOSaZ yUoWa[dWIy *93BIDA00 %OT JO 30810) poyeys quowofdum ‘sussysf{s000 SULIBUI pUB [EIS¥OO OpNjoUT 0} Ylomyou puwdxq *yeyIQBy PJIq oTWopus puv seare Jeol Alou! 0} e3BIOA09 s¥alE poyoojold pus)xq ‘UB[_ JWoulcTeuByy sAcIZuBy JUSWOTduT ‘sye;IqQey Pepnyoxe ApjuaLno opnjout 0) YOMyoU pus}xq YAIOMjau ayy Suyaydur0sd “SPOIL UONPAIOSUOD 0} BUIeIAI UOTIOR IO} somiJOrId yeuoreu Jo ArewuNS uonE[sisoy seare pojoojold oalsuoyaidwios youuq “aInua} PUB WOISsNd [BO] SBPOWIIODIB 0} UOTBISIZ9] MoU JORUT uoRNysu0D TeuoneN ONd JO 2anefGo yyno,y youwsrdun 0) uoneystdo] pus sarorjod yeuorjeu MorAoy suarE peyoajaud soy uo1jsa)01d juouvuLed apraoid 0} uctE[siso] puowy UONEISISo] SOAIOSOY pue syreg [euoNBN youua AyIny eth SpuB[s] UOWOTOS BOUIND MON Bndeg BIUOPe|BD MON hy 9°S 91481 # i = - P * = - ah Seer e dl hen Sra 47 Seeiierey sushi be thing Seed, 1 q : : r 7 i cbt) fet ceretie oe ety Hees | a r ; 4 2 rE } : 7 fj F — 100,000 FIJI Notified sites T 9 689 7 2 0 ce) P 21 1,098 17 3 1 fe) Total 30 975 24 5 1 (0) Proposed sites BY 1 350 1 (0) fe) (0) P 2 344 2 (0) 0 (0) Total 3 346 3 fe) 0 te) NEW CALEDONIA Notified sites P 10 8,071 2 5 3 fe) Total 10 8,071 2 5 3 (0) SOLOMON ISLANDS Notified sites P 1 500 1 fe) 0 0 Total 1 500 1 (0) fe) fe) OCEANIA - WESTERN PACIFIC Notified sites T 9 689 P 32 3,258 Total 41 2,694 Proposed sites T. 1 350 P 2 344 Total 3 346 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 205 ooo & bO ooo o00 Table 4.4(b) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size = b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 FIJI Notified sites T 2 155 2 (0) (0) 0 Total 2 155 2 0 te) fe) Proposed sites T 5 9,097 0 3 2 0 Total 5 9,097 0 3 2 0) NEW CALEDONIA Notified sites T 28 3,039 19 7 2 (0) P 5 4,514 3 1 1 (0) Total 33 3,263 22 8 3 (0) PAPUA NEW GUINEA Notified sites T 4 3,044 (0) 4 fe) (0) P 29 33,608 12 9 6 2 Total 33 29,903 12 13 6 2 Proposed sites ub 1 4,920 te) 1 (0) (0) P 1 120 1 fe) fe) (0) Total 2 2,520 1 1 0 0 SOLOMON ISLANDS Notified sites T, 2 1,045 1 1 fe) fe) Total 2 1,045 1 1 fe) (0) VANUATU Notified sites P 5 41 5 fe) fo) fo) Total 5 41 5 0 fe) (0) Proposed sites P 8 387 7 1 (0) 0) Total 8 387 7 1 fe) (0) —.. Se ee OCEANIA - WESTERN PACIFIC Notified sites T 36 2,769 22 12 2 (0) P 39 25,574 20 10 7 2 Total 75 14,628 42 22 9 2 Proposed sites T 6 8,401 {e) 4 2 (0) P 9 357 8 1 fo) fe) Total 15 3,575 8 5 2 0 OOOO llc eee Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 206 Table 4.4(c) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size c) Additional (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- Sector (s) 10,000 100,000 >100,000 NEW CALEDONIA Notified sites P 8 65,691 1 1 5 1 Total 8 65,691 1 1 5 1 OCEANIA - WESTERN PACIFIC Notified sites P 8 65,691 1 1 5 1 Total 8 65,691 1 1 5 1 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 207 Annex 5.1 List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III. FIJI Amenity Reserves 1 Lololo 1 2 Lomolomo 1 3 Nukulau Island and Reef 6 1970 4 Saweni Beach 4 1 5 Tavakubu 1 Subtotal 5 sites 10 ha Forest Park 6 Colo-i-Suva Forest 91 1972 Subtotal 1 site 91 ha National Park 7 Sigatoka Sand Dunes 240 1988 Subtotal 1 site 240 ha Nature Reserves 8 Draunibota and Labiko Islands 2 1959 9 J. H. Garrick Memorial 428 1983 10 Nadarivatu 93 1956 11 Namenalala Island 43 1984 12 Naqarabuluti 279 1958 13 Ravilevu 4,020 1959 14 Tomaniivi 1,322 1958 15 Vunimoli 19 1966 16 Vuo Island 1 1960 Subtotal 9 sites 6,207 ha Reserved Forests 17 Buretolu 1,198 18 Colo-i-Suva 370 19 Kalobo Water Catchment 226 20 Korotari 1,087 21 Maranisaga and Wainiveiota 77 22 Naboro 23 23 Nadarivatu/Nadala 7,404 24 Naitasiri 30 25 Rewa 224 26 Savura 448 27 Taveuni 11,295 28 Tavua 1 29 Vago 408 30 Vunimoli 20 31 Yarawa 160 Subtotal 15 sites 22,971 ha Wildlife Sanctuary 32 Yadua Taba Island Crested Iguana Reserve 70 1981 Subtotal 1 site 70 ha Proposed (Amenity Reserves) Vatura Forest Waisali Forest 50 Subtotal 2 sites 50 ha* Proposed (Faunal Reserves) Bird Island, Beqa Lagoon Gau Moturiki Mount Washington, Kadavu 208 Mubulau Island Namena Lala Island Nanuku Islet Naulu-Lokia Swamps Navua Swamp Neoveitchia Storckii Palm Nukubasaga and Bukubalati Nukutolu Islets Ogea Levu Selala Mangrove Silktail Sovu Islands Taqua Rocks Vatu-i-Lami Island Vatu-i-Ra Island White Rock Yabu Island Subtotal Proposed (Forest Parks) Bouma Reserve Mount Evans Waikatakata Archaeological Park Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Lower Vunivia Catchment Mount Tomanivi Nadrau Plateau (Western Sector) Sovi Basin Taveuni Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserve) Rokosalase Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 21 32 32 sites sites sites site sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 209 638 638 4,250 3,300 3,370 19,260 15,309 45,489 350 350 29,589 46,527 ha* ha* ha ha ha ha* NEW CALEDONIA Forest Reserves "South" of New Caledonia Col d'Amieu Koumac Kuebini Mont Mou Ouenarou Povilla Tangadiou Tango Tiponite Subtotal 10 sites OWDIDUNPWNHE rary Other areas 11 Amoa/Tchamba 12 Boulouparis-Bourail 13 Branch Nord Dumbea et Couvelee 14 Haute Doutio 15 Nord Cote Est 16 Ora Peninsula 17 Paita-Dumbea-Mt Dore 18 Ponerihouen 19 Pouembout Subtotal 9 sites Special Botanical Reserves 20 Cap Ndua (Southern #5) 21 Chutes de la Madeleine 22 Fausse Yate (Southern #2) 23 Foret Cachee (Southern #7) 24 Foret Nord (Southern #4) 25 Foret de Sailles 26 Mont Humboldt 27 Mont Mou 28 Mont Oungone (Southern #3) 29 Mont Panie 30 Pic Ningua 31 Pic du Pin (Southern #6) 32 Yate Barrage (Southern #1) Subtotal 13 sites Special Fauna Reserves 33 Aoupinie 34 Haute Yate (Riv. Blanche and Riv. Bleue TP) 35 L'Etang de Koumac 36 L'Ile Pam 37 L'Ilot Lepredour Subtotal 5 sites Special Fauna and Flora Reserves 38 L'Ilot Maitre 39 Mont Do Subtotal 2 sites Special Marine Reserves 40 La Dieppoise 41 Reserve Speciale Tournante de Marine Faune 42 Yves Merlet Subtotal 3 sites Strict Nature Reserve 43 Montagne des Sources Subtotal 1 site 210 830 400 386 635 280 1,100 3,200 675 307 5,000 350 1,482 546 15,191 ha ha* ha ha ha ha ha 1980 1970 1975 1980 1959 1971 1970 1979 1970 1972 1981 1972 1972 1975 1972 1975 1972 1990 1972 1972 1972 1983 1950 1950 1972 1950 1972 1972 1975 1960 1989 1966 1941 1981 1981 1990 1981 1970 1950 Territorial Parks 44 "Michel Corbasson" 45 Ouen-Toro 46 Parc 47 Parc 48 Parc 49 Parc 50 Parc Territorial Territorial Territorial Territorial Territorial 51 Riviere Bleue 52 Thy Subtotal Totals du du du du du Lagon Lagon Lagon Lagon Lagon Sud: Sud: Sud: Sud: Sud: Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas * Subtotal is incomplete because of Amedee Islet Bailly Island Canard Island Laregnare Island Signal Island 9 sites 52 sites O sites missing data. 211 1,133 11,327 ha 713,929 ha* ha 1989 1981 1989 1989 1989 1989 1980 1980 PAPUA NEW GUINEA Marine Park 1 Horseshoe Reef Subtotal National Parks 2 Jimi Valley 3 Kokoda Trail 4 McAdam 5 Mt Wilhelm 6 Varirata Subtotal Park 7 Cape Wom International Memorial Park Subtotal Provincial Parks 8 Mt Gahavisuka 9 Nanuk Island 10 Talele Islands Subtotal Reserve 11 Namanatabu Historic Reserve Subtotal Sanctuary 12 Baiyer River Subtotal Scenic Reserve 13 Paga Hill Subtotal Wildlife Management Areas 14 Bagiai (1) 15 Balek (III) 16 Baniara Island (II) 17 Crown Island (IIT) 18 Garu (I) 19 Iomare (TI) 20 Lake Lavu (I) 21 Long Island (III) 22 Maza (1) 23 Mojirau (I) 24 Ndrolowa (I) 25 Neiru (I) 26 Nuserang (1) 27 Oia-Mada Wa'a (I) 28 irung (I) 29 okili (I) 30 Ranba (I) 31 Sawataetae (I) 32 Siwi Utame (I) 33 Tonda (I) 34 Zo-Oimaga (I) Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuary 35 Moitaka Subtotal Proposed (Marine Parks) Abau Alim Islands 212 1 site 5 sites 1 site 3 sites 1 site 1 site 1 site 21 sites 1 site 1,488 973,850 ha 1986 1970 1969 ha* 1973 ha 1989 1973 1973 ha 1979 ha 1968 ha 1986 ha 1977 1977 1975 1977 1976 1987 1981 1977 1978 1978 1985 1987 1986 1981 1989 1975 1977 1977 1977 1975 1981 ha ha* Arawe Islands Astralobe Bay Baluan Islands Calvados Chain Cape Anukur Cape Gloucester Cape Nelson Chambri Lake Conflict Group Coutance Islands Djaul Islands Duke of York Engineer Group Feni Islands Fergusson Islands Fly Island Goodenough Islands Hansa Bay Hermit Islands Hoskins Bay Island between New Hanover and Kavieng MP/Reserve Kerema Kikori Killerton Islands Kulu, Manus, Passu Kuvenimas Lake Lea Lea Salt Flats Lihir Group Los Negrosls Manam Island Mangrove Island Milne Bay Islands Misima Islands Murik Lakes Ninigo Group Normanby Islands Papuan Barrier Reef Pinipel-Nassau Group Pocklington Reef Rambutyo Islands Sabben Islands Salamaua Peninsula Shouten Islands St Mathias Group Tabar Islands Tami Islands Tanga Islands Trobriand Islands Tumelo Ali, Seleo and Angel Is. Umboi Islands Unei Island Vuvulu Islands Ware Islands Western Islands Woodlark Islands Yela Islands Yimas Lake Subtotal 59 sites ha* Proposed (National Parks) Embi Lakes Lake Dakataua 4,920 Lake Hargy Mt Bosavi Mt Giluwe Mt Karimui Ramu 213 Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserve) Mt Susu Subtotal Proposed (Other area) White Beach Village Reserve Subtotal Proposed (Provincial Parks) Afore Lakes Huon Peninsula Idlers Bay Kinikini Labu Mt Kemenagi Waigani Swamp Subtotal Proposed (Recreation Park) Taurama Beach Subtotal Proposed (Wildlife Management Areas) Balabob Lou Island Matupit Motupore Island Towifro Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 7 sites 1 site 1 site 7 sites 1 site 5 sites 35 sites 81 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 214 4,920 120 120 986,816 5,040 ha* ha* ha* ha* ha* ha* ha* ha* SOLOMON ISLANDS Bird Sanctuaries 1 Dalakalau 2 Dalakalonga 3 Mandoleana 4 Oema Island 5 Tulagi Subtotal Forest Reserve 6 Kolombangara Subtotal National Park 7 Queen Elizabeth Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuary 8 Arnavon Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas sites site site site sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 215 500 500 1,090 1,090 1,000 1,000 2,590 1954 1954 1937 1931 1930 ha* ha 1954 ha 1980 ha ha* ha VANUATU Recreation Parks 1 Aore 2 Bucaro Aore Subtotal 2 sites Reserves 3 Naomebaravu-Malo 4 President Coolidge and Million Dollar Point 5 Whitesands Recreational Subtotal 3 sites Proposed (Other areas) Ambryn Caldera Cook Reef Duck Lake Lake Letas, Gaua Reef Island # Subtotal 5 sites Proposed (Recreation Parks) Asuleka Island Malau Palikulo Ratard Plantation Saraoutou Title 706 Venue River Subtotal 7 sites Proposed (Reserve) Erromango Kauri Subtotal 1 site Totals Existing conservation areas 5 sites Proposed conservation areas 13 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 216 57 ha 150 ha ha* 5 3 10 22 13 40 8 101 ha 3,000 3,000 ha 207 ha 3,101 ha* 1984 1984 1984 1983 1984 POCO. 1 Eee fice o- ea awed ~~ ese weet of ehnow ee * we vedie v ar : _ - > a — > 0 enh ea : Se Pics =o % , = tina a ty a henna Thal tal 6 ees ee ee a Vic? een a ‘ —— , >| T sa oo ¢ ; my ’ to 7 + F tT " 7 _ i i i ~ : =, = ’ : | fi ee ma a 4 apy e s = . ry « reo ae = < 2 ¥ ik Annex 5.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation. Region: Oceania Sub-—region: Oceania — Western Pacific | Name of country/state: Fiji Total area (sq.km): 18270 Land area (sq.km): 18270 Month/year of reference: 1988 FOInIE iS ih FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 322730 567600 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 322730 0 567600 0 0 0 Notes: Comprises administratively classified protection and non—commercial forest, not legally specified forest. 217 Annex 5.2 (continued) Region: Oceania Sub—region: Oceania — Western Pacific Name of country/state: New Caledonia Total area (sq.km): 18580 Land area (sq.km): 18280 Month/year of reference: FORE SU FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 80715 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 80715 0 0 0 Notes: Comprises ten forest reserves under the control of the Department of Forests, for subsequent development. Classification into the natural forest origin/protection function is an assumption. 218 | Annex 5.2 (continued) ) Region: Oceania Sub—region: Oceania — Western Pacific | Name of country/state: Papua New Guinea Total area (sq.km): 462840 ) Land area (sq.km): 452860 Month/year of reference: FO RES T FUNCTION } FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed , (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) » Natural , Non—forest Plantation 48200 TOTAL 48200 0 0 0 0 0 ) ee eee Notes: Source — National Progress Report on Forestry, 13th Asia | Pacific Forestry Commission (1987). ) 219 Annex 5.2 (continued) Region: Oceania Sub—region: Oceania — Western Pacific Name of country/state: Solomon Islands Total area (sq.km): 28900 Land area (sq.km): 27990 Month/year of reference: FO3R jE iS 7 EU NECuiaIEOrN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 500 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 500 0 0 0 Notes: Comprises Kolombangara forest reserve. 220 Annex 5.2 (continued) Region: Oceania Sub-—region: Oceania — Western Pacific Name of country/state: Vanuatu Total area (sq.km): 12190 Land area (sq.km): 12190 Month/year of reference: January 1991 FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 500 Non-—forest Plantation Notes: Pemne Sind nein pees,