ASSESSING THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE WORLD’S TROPICAL FOREST A contribution to the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 Compiled by WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE a financial support from Overseas Development Administration, UK June 1992 TABLE OF CONTENTS MANAGING INFORMATION ON THE WORLD’S BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AT WECM CFE, SE Perret. Cheah SPRY Ae RUM) sons © OHA RM A MEMES CKO i HOW TO USE THIS REPORT ............ 2.20 cece eee ee eee ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ieee aiciee eile 2 clei) lela clo oe) a) eels clei ley ili PART I SUBREGIONAL REVIEWS 1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODS .............5-0 00sec eee e rene nee 1 1.1 INTRODUCING THE WCMC TROPICAL MANAGED AREAS ASSESSMENT ._ 1 Neila il. REG SION tha s-drersarns 2 eeenses. pedS OS COOH OOOH FOU O ODD Cao goo. 1 1.1.2 FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 ....................0.. 1 1.1.3. WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 ................. 1 1.1.4 Status of the FAO Assessment and its implications on the WCMC Assessment... 85s £404.44 94 52.4.4 24 SL EASE OPER, SAP RE 3 122) METHODS) tr ere ee ne ee SER nS A RNY MRL Ed PRE AMES os 3 P2SIP Se SCOPEt a eee te ee eS Dale Ra Atle 6 28 FORGE 1 Batted Gc 3 te De atarcollectione sea erie ints oie ett ee ete erent rete. ea sermntat a 0 4 12253" = Data*management ==, = a ht fee ee ee eS RS Rene Sete cme coe 6 1.2.4 Analysis and review of information ...................02.0005- 6 REFERENCES) 52 6245222 454.52 Sh 4 fe Bas 542 on 2 SO RE ee... 10 ANNEX 1.1 List of countries covered by the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment TPO) a alt ih Sn are ei he I A acre cite: ar te ra tam ae edt AEN 11 ANNEX 1.2 Letter to heads of all forest administrations in developing countries ...... 12 GUOSSARV Pe. Cet te tre ce Na ce cee ee a eo ger eels t eters als 15 TROPICAL ASIA & PACIFIC A) MORGHH ELAS UV) dh” BAe Sida eA SAR RD HH ene a Pr eel SRE 18 251 DHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE), © 25. 2 5 5 2-5 5 cacphpeneucn © ayirwep “mcmspencsesiceces oe 18 2.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............. 18 BAM RCIA, SELOP 4G-8 os 6.46 SEBS GS SS Sb.o 6 e660 Elo 6 clot eyciclonoNal 19 DUDE Pe Wildlife: SCCtOLM in prec ty Ante ei a) eo oirs heme eee beac eas caleie We cage apt We seh ale sacs 20 Dees PAAGILION Al SCCLOLS ite ieusp oi the ours Ge eo eae) eS al Gees ep ielges Sebusst ee ceheuaie) eytette. = 20 2.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ...............-.-000+2+ ee? 20 Dea RR OLCSEDY SC COL eins aE Mom opcie gS 0 oor Sous slieis> 5.2m 3) 8 20 DeSED WG lites SECO Gece era etc stake cieiisa sec, Giaciensuetbel eacucute eueitena)(e e's ase do anos 21 Doses eA AGITIONAlSCCCOLSmeN tas re oo Sick oley ac ite ee deli nes omtatney sites, opis lene etcerions 21 2.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ..............-2--e eee eeeeeee 21 2.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ........... 20. eee eee ee eee 22 2.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector..............-++-+-+----- 22 2.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ............ 24 235, (EUTURE)| PROSPECTS Wee oct icilon scyicl tied odieed clientele tient tic ment 24 2.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network .........-------+--+-- 24 25.2, Other National Initiatives’ 2). sya ees ee enon nue menel terol outer eaten de> 24 2-5-3) InternationallInitiatives) space eens een) etre ead cee nie leat 25 2.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION .............. 0.2 0c e eee eee eee 25 REFERENGES @ 65) csc ee eae oe eR REN en Se Lt SMa Rte Seite 3) 16 ae, ame 27 Annex 2.1 List of conservation areas... 2... es 40 Annex 2.2 Extent of notified forests .... 2... 2... 0. . cee ee ee es 72 3 CONTINENTAL SOUTH EAST ASIA ...........0 0002 e eee eee eee 79 3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ............... 2... ee eee eee eee 79 3.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............. 79 WAIL AON IA SIA Rots old id bin aso MO Ole o ma cman aps boogaloo 6 79 B27) MIM GN Sareea 6 ata og ae Als OOo Como eisicin. orn S omen Ooo O:0targ oo 6 81 31237 Other; Sectors! avs eiereie susie sett nessa ogee oe come oe citor| HSRC tent eee 81 3.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ................2--+22002: 81 SS ulp Forestry; SCClOte min ya iieerou a sart aesee) cuisine ies <) sfts: |stats moyen = Mean 82 3322 Wildlife: Sectonieys.. < che. cutee, socuel ee gieliet ol ec Sea is site Spot ote chee omnenS 82 3 3.3 Other SECtOLSy EA> aj.ssicscifay coe pal sees) olaates aes Eyl oeiceyies sich seottewtnn we epreednias co hau Nae 82 3.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ..................-.0002200- 83 3.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS .............. 000. e eee eee eee eee 83 342i WForestry Sectorgercjumene vet eticcycirr a el cherie ete p etretcairenay sora) aipenas ae need 83 3.4.2 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 83 3/5) FUTURE PROSPECTS) ic). i ce ook oie hee seg sae iom ona) cist ga cheer ene 85 3.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ...............----4-- 85 3:5:2) ‘Other. NationaliInitiatives, 94552425 > oe on 2 oe es sls ye hemes 85 3°5-3) International Initiatives! {27m am cies anes ore 2 toe eke ite oie carers 85 3.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............ 2... cece ee eee 86 IREFERENCES: 36.25) ogee tse: oo) os ence es) Ee tome eels oh oss bans Vanna Cibo Poaceae 87 Annex 3.1 List of conservation areas .. 2.2.2.1... ee ee es 99 Annex 3.2 Extent of notified forests .... 2.0... 20... eee ee ee ees 108 INSULAR SOUTH EAST ASIA ... 1.1... 00 eens 113 4.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ............... 0c eee eee eee e eee 113 4.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 113 AVA LXOETINY NOE G6 G Gea Biaiolg Sam eho Gabo oo Goo ad 6 n5.6 0 Oe 113 Cldod \ Witla Nee (reg. 6 cls ole ai biged oor aeoes oo 5c 6 orald Orda aemeoloare dio ad dic 114 (sy OG? SOGOiS Boose ooasa oon ene so dob saad aoe a6 0 dood A0.0 115 4.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ...............25-220006:- 115 Wail Jetoeiny SEG? peo oacaeouosod ob doueuoHOoooD UD OUD ODOOU OS 115 AB MWildliferSectorss 44 telars) } Geiss wee «= AR: We te tesias Ee See 115 4'3°3\ OthensSectorswm eras ee essai slg Sie dit wee eb en eats 116 4.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ...................2--0000% 116 4.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS .............. 2... e eee eee eee 116 4.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector ....................-. 116 4.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors ..... 117 4.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 118 4.5 FUTURE: PROSPEGTS » scene 5. cist ey ceo See a crake a RA - 118 4.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network .................04-. 118 4-5.2) Other Nationalpinitiatives Sac. 0 eel.) liken meee CRO el 118 435/3)( International Initiatives © <2 26 6 = 26 je 2s 2 © @ epeyteegh seca fe Dhol 119 4.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............... 02.20 eee eee eee 119 REEKERENGES is 3 ees Se we oe iow Se AGRE ERR BLS = 120 Annex 4.1 List of conservation areas .......-...0 22 eee eee ee eee eee 132 Annex 4.2 Extent of notified forests .............. 2.0.2.2 ee eee eee eee 183 OCEANIA: WESTERN PACIFIC ..........---- 2 eee eee eee ete 189 5.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ............... 0. c eee eee eee eee 189 5.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 189 §.2;1\, Forestry, Sectors. 22 22a Ses ino © os os SEV AE fepehleratel BR: 189 5:2.2) Wildlife: Sector wiy< sea edsietie Sisters ced Ghai ciate aeetse one a) Shanes ceo we 190 5.23), Other Sectors. 245 6 se his ores] «is oe OE te I ee eee 190 5.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ...................-+005: 190 5 SBA ROTeStiyASCClOGGA Ay eles co oi. o syne) etl wii) © Ee eSctd Oras ie aoe mes 190 §.3.2, Wildlife!Secton aan Fates. See eas obec sad > 8 ee 191 §.3.3 Othersectors: Arceah. Se Srey, St, BO AO CR aoe ee 191 5.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ..............-- 2-22 e eee eee eee 191 5.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry sector ...................24- 191 5.4.2 Conservation Areas, Forestry and Wildlife and Additional Sectors ....... 191 5.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 193 5.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS ........0..22- cece cece teen teens 193 5.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ................2005. 193 5.5.2 Other National Initiatives ...... 0.0... . ee ee ee eee 193 5-5-3) Internationallinitiativess4 4s ees ene oo oe ieee 194 5.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ............. 0.0.00: ee eee 195 REFERENCES say 52055): SSTSUeWS 2. acs anacantegiay aaaceea Sesen eee RO A 196 Annex 5.1 List of conservation areas .. 1... 1... cee ee ee ee 208 Annex 5.2 Extent of notified forests .......... 0.0.00 cee eee eee eee 217 TROPICAL AFRICA 6° WEST SAHELIAN AFRICA: .0.250.0 0 os ce ce ee i nle eels 222 6.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .................... 000 eee eeuee 222 6.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 222 6241" Rorestry Sectors 5 tee eee ee Oe ee ee etd eee 222 6:2 22-Wildlife'Sector #4 ARE Sf Seo NATE ) RAO TD. T9 el eee 223 6:23 | Othe Sectors. itis ay See ras hetes set et, SPE TA aS Rh ae 224 6.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .......................-. 224 6-SuliBRorestry; Sectors. ecru gion aisis ace ects cues GUS oan en Se Gee 224 6:3:.2 )WildliferSector x) HAs Saher PRS os ss nase fees gen so 224 63323) Additional ectors 3 iy cesyevenicn ch occnce tiop sacurh cectioucs oeckiohiamer ty alarcicl eee 224 6.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations .....................0000- 224 6.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ................0 0000 cee eee ete eae 224 6:41" (Forestry! Sector aia cis sein aie se, eek) NA ee ero shan a ee 224 6.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry and Wildlife Sectors ............. 224 6.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 225 6.5. FUTURE PROSPECTS: 22 2252522202525 1 ee ee ee eee 226 6.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ..................0.-. 226 6.5.2 Other National Initiatives ............ 0.00.0 eee eee ee eee 226 6.5.3 International Initiatives ........... 0.0... cee eee ee eee 226 6.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ................. 00 cee eee ee eee 227 REFERENCES 6:66. 6:¢.4 0.4.6 4 4 2.4 SRR EI Tes, Se TI BE 228 Annex 6.1 List of conservation areas .. 1.2... ee ee ee 242 Annex 6.2 Extent of notified forests... 2.2.2.0... 0... ee ee eee eee 250 7* EAST SAHELIAN ‘AFRICGAWIS 282 SEI, Ae Se), EAR 260 7.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............- 260 UPol itoresiny Qos o do eaensccancpoGuvoosepomgeDes soo Goo oUDe 260 UA SMM SEEOe cone boesgoeoo seb ond ooo OOD OU NS Cb 00 6% 261 UP) (actin Seto oosacdnoopodsonouoooopooUgdGddnOo ODO O6 261 7.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ............---2-+2 2-2 261 Fedak Forestry, Sector 3/0 -)-0) sy. «om 2 pies = Rede) deeb) eee hee ile 261 TeSeDWildlifeiSectoGeae eee eae oer aes elie ae ea 262 UBS INTO SESS Gesgocaaceoeeo boob odvGdds0dcanocOnOOE 262 7.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ............0--2 eee eee reas 262 7.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ............-- 22 eee eee eee eens 262 7.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector ........-------.-.--+-: 262 7.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors ..... 263 7.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 264 7.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 255 «566 es Hoey ede stedek> A eke 265 7.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ........------------: 265 7.5.2 Other National Initiatives ............. 222 cee eee eee ee eee 265 7.5.3 International Initiatives ......-......- 22. eee eee eee eee ees 265 7.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION .............--2 22 eee e eee eee eee 266 REFERENGES ai cigcc ce. oo 3 us etapa or a Sabra) oy oh nerceute “eyes ecto en eteetcoeeres 267 Annex 7.1 List of conservation areas .. 2... 2... eee ee ee eee 279 Annex 7.2 Extent of notified forests ...........-. 0. eee eee eee ee eee 294 SPAWES THA RIGA ooh cs. eres eerie ep pelle <= von’ scsn ben diets cus seen ele DEE ee aR: 300 8.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ...............-- 22 eee ee eee eees 300 8.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............- 300 Re2e ly Rorestny SCctOnucysuescycw swede leveled cbcs =) len eee) Meme) ee R RRM R om 300 VOOM WAI Saami bg God coon dob aogaosdodbennsououdaanvad ds 301 oeeN Ose NEON ooo oboe ous eo Od eRe BOUU OU OOD Oe cid. a cle 301 8.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .............----++++055 301 Seaniebonestiy, Sectoreaaes rei ens ieier cic) lenny ei) 0 atone rcelien= 301 853-2) Wildlife:Sectotucy-scu-see- whence o-oo een ed teow ete oe Tote 301 ERAn(Ojisemicatineaoiooe aavetoedeudcnuenmGomoobeuuucdo oe ho oor 301 8.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations ............-+++--eeeeeees 302 8.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ...........----2 +2 see eter terete 302 8.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .........-----+-+-++++--- 302 8.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors ..... 302 8.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 303 $5 FUTURE, PROSPEGIUS i ipsiiicie tet hee eee on cnerc) enon RE near -tre metre) = 303 8.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ...........-----+++-: 303 8.5.2) Other National) Initiatives) 45 = 5 4 22 1 eel ler iene re i= 303 8) Titigareivorell INNES spec ooncoeebooaaso ce nnoccnvods0aDS 304 REFERENCES 28h. 28 aes oh st ok ae tice) wah alia) oh aah ap eh a le, Sao be 305 Annex 8.1 List of conservation areas ... 1.2... ee ee es 318 Annex 8.2 Extent of notified forests... 2.2.2.2... ee eee 331 DRCENTRAL, AFRICA 55 5 cris 5s nd 8 Hier I I eet) Sea oe 339 9.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .............. 2... cece eee eee ene 339 9.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 339 9.2.1 Forestry. Sectors 2 1)./ 2202 G2 TAOS ee Oe OT Seay ke 340 OED 22 Wildlife: Sector: < xcs ee: o's, cats epee arent acne eee er 340 91:2..3) -Additionals SCCtors: .) 2...) sin) of ch ot etyotiel ot oh et ct 2) ol ones en oe eat ees 340 9.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .................--.2-04. 340 9.3.1 Forestry Sector sicictchehe oe octet he: ey ns eee Ae En SARS 340 93:2 «Wildlife: Sector: si:c,. 8) 252 202.-2s) erterens cet eee eee ee eae 341 9.3.3) sAdditionalSectors’ 05 0: seers 0 cece ated he's Med eee 341 9.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations .................-.022000-: 341 9.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ................--.2 2 ee eee eee ees 341 9.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector ...................--.- 341 9.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors ..... 342 9.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation ........... 343 9.5 FUTURE: PROSPEGTS) 22,200 c.c) cnc) 23 cence cage a cee eens, So 343 9.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ..............--.---- 343 9.5.2 Other National Initiatives ............ 0.2.2... e eee eee eee ee 343 9'553International| Initiatives) 5) -..c. ee ion once eee nein 343 9.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION .............. 0.00 eee eee eee ee eee 344 IREFERENCES | 656 htt ge onsen Geter e pda seneucigteeiase sites welt ota ies RTS Ree ke Dee eae eee 345 Annex 9.1 List of conservation areas... 1.2... ee ee 359 Annex 9.2 Extent of notified forests .. 2... .. 2.0.2... eee eee ee ees 369 10 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA (including Madagascar) ................. 376 10.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ..................-202 02s eeeee 376 10.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 376 10:21) Forestry Sector een sea Sp a See ee ee ee ee ea 376 10.2.2: Wildlife:Sector 20.2... 6 scsi e cee. e Ses sy aracay sue eRe En ee 377 10.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION .............----+-+002- 10:3) iForestryiSectore OPW Ua A tas ein 2 ae APs eee area 10:32, Wildlife:Sector, 5.50.44 2c, 3 2 bee Ore eas de tek CEO EE. oe 10.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS ..............-.-0 020 e eee eee ees 10.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector .................... 10.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors .... 10.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation .......... 10.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 22299. .t4 4 Se MEN AY 29 2OD- SARITA. | 10.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network ..................-.. 10.5.2 Other National Initiatives ..............00002 eee eceeenees 10523), Internationalinitiatives) jya420 eee ele See eee 10.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION .............. 0... eee eee ee eee IREFERENGES 5.0 oe gegspsise cise 5. jac e ait sc 2,8) suey sy te, GRIM CMe oe Ree os TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA 11 CENTRAL AMERICA AND MEXICO ...............2.2 000s eee eee eeee 11.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ........................-00005. 11.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ e212 Forestry: Sector = 2:28 At att tere as Sate eee Bee oe D222 =WildlifetSector = 2... 258A cdctew es eal 2 oe borne se eG eben eens M2. 3 Additional Sectors: \ 24h ecw here ee pent els eS 11.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ...............--+------- 13.1 (Forestry Sector <2. coe the cise a eashe oc el aa ene ss ees Stewie ely 1163.2 8 Wildlife Sector...) nd etalon het, BE ROT TS ee, 1119383" AdditionaliSectorsOPwey. RH 5s Sn dete e ee oe ae Be edie 11.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations .................-+-+...+-++. 11.4 MANAGED AREA STATUS ............ 0.0... eee eee eee 11.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector ..................-. 11.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors .... 11.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation.......... 115° FUTURE PROSBECTS ernst etchant teat) tat sist tote, emote) sore ee® ous 11.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network .................-.- 11.5.2 Other National Initiatives... 2.0... 2. ee eee 11/5¢3 International Initiatives»... 72h. Sete ee, ee. 11.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION ........... 0... eee eee eee Annex 11.1 List of conservation areas 2... 1... ee eee 414 Annex 11.2 Extent of notified forests .............. 00.00.0000 eee eee eee 431 12'“ CARIBBEAN: » 3.6 S232 6 p03 2 SER APE BA I AE, DEGREE LDL 439 12.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .....................0.00 000 eee 439 12.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION ............ 440 12.2.1. Forestry Sectors... 279394 ety vet a hed! Snipe 7 oe 440 12-2222 Wildlife;Secton dae Ai eu c eee OEM, TH) 5 PE. 441 112-2: SiiOther SCCtOLs fetish ie hor ednce Aoncs ances SE, Oe, Eee 442 12.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION ........................ 442 12 Sal ROREStVASECEOD a 4i.2/. saree A eee antes oat oy enclose, ee 443 P22 MWildlifel Sector MeO Me wk a eit ohaNince.6100,000 BURKINA FASO Notified sites P 1 19,200 (0) (0) 1 (0) Total 1 19,200 (0) (0) 1 0 CHAD Notified sites T 2 207,000 0 0 (0) 2 P 17 668,934 3 2 4 8 Total 19 620,309 3 2 4 10 Proposed sites T 2 520,000 0 0 0 2 P 2 82,350 0 (0) 2 (0) Total 4 301,175 (0) Oo 2 2 GAMBIA Notified sites P 40 701 31 9 (0) (0) Total 40 701 31 9 (0) (0) MALI Notified sites P 3 44,940 (0) fe) 3 (0) Total 3 44,940 (0) (0) 3 {0} SENEGAL Notified sites P 1 756 1 (0) {e) (0) Total 1 756 1 (0) 0 (0) WEST SAHEL Notified sites T 2 207,000 (0) 0 (0) 2 P 62 186,366 35 11 8 8 Total 64 187,011 35 11 8 10 Proposed sites T 2 520,000 (0) (0) (0) 2 P 2 82,350 0 (0) 2 (0) Total 4 301,175 (0) (0) 2 2 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 236 Table 6.4(b) | Frequency distributions of conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BURKINA FASO Notified sites T 3 163,100 fe) (0) 1 2 P 8 269,175 {0} (0) 5 3 Total 11 240,245 0 (0) 6 5 Proposed sites T 3 161,666 fe) fe) 1 2 Total 3 161,666 (0) 0 1 2 GAMBIA Notified sites T 3 6,146 (a) 2 1 (0) P sll 107 1 (0) 0 (0) Total 4 4,636 1 2 1 (0) Proposed sites P 2 2,250 al 1 {e) (0) Total 2 2,250 1 1 (0) (0) GUINEA-BISSAU Proposed sites P 5 91,200 (0) 0 4 1 Total 5 91,200 (e) fe) 4 1 MALI Notified sites T 1 350,000 (0) (0) 0 1 P 12 438,499 0 (0) 5 7 Total 13 431,691 fe) (0) 5 8 Proposed sites T 1 316,000 (0) 0 (0) 1 Total 1 316,000 (e) {0} 0 1 MAURITANIA Notified sites T 1 310,000 0 0 0 1 P 3 478,666 (0) (0) 1 2 Total 4 436,500 0 {0} 1 3 NIGER Notified sites T 3 3,078,833 (0) 0 (0) 3 P 3 153,413 (0) 0 2 1 Total 6 1,616,123 (0) {0} 2 4 SENEGAL Notified sites T 6 168,741 1 2 2 1 P 7 175,575 2 1 2 2 Total 13 172,421 3 3 4 3 Proposed sites T 2 100 2 (0) 0 0 Total 2 100 2 (0) {o) (0) 237 WEST SAHEL Notified sites 28 17 671,570 1 4 4 8 P 34 310,022 3 1 15 15 Total 51 430,538 4 5 19 23 Proposed sites T 6 133,533 2 0) 1 3 P 7 65,785 1 1 4 1 Total 13 97,053 3 1 5 4 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 238 Table 6.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas. The number of properties (natural or mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions is given in brackets. a Convention Reserves’ Convention Convention [ Burkina Faso | 1987 @ | 986 | 990) | RO ee ae | LGisiotee! ataile: 2 3 | Meme) see ae Cee bee ee ates | Sei i: se oe Ee iain kao eas | ee eo Se ese 1977 @ ‘Unesco MAB Project 8 R = ratified S = signatory 239 quowia8euew saordwiy] uoleysalojop pus Bururus ‘Butzes3 peBor]I JoXjUOS 0} yuowoseuBW oAcIdWI] Jon3y [4,P neeye[q pus uindry,p ouvg jo yuowodeueU aaoidwy ‘ued juowo8euew uindiy,p oueg juowoduiy gousuty ayenbope 3utpracid pue ssJoquinu jyeys Zuisvarour Aq juowodeuew sAcIdwy quowo3euew yuows[duiy so3em ayenbeps pus juouldinbo Burptaoid ‘jyes Suture Aq juowedseuew sacrduy Axyunoo ay} 0} suinyar sowed usYyM JUoUWoZBUBU 310)59y UOTVBI]STUTWIpB UB 9JBAID uonjosjard ost[p[IM UT seryTUNUIUOD [BOO] JO uonsdronsed Jayea13 Sujowoid Aq yuowoseuew oaciduiy YIOMjaU 9q) SuIseURTA ayenbope st YIOMION puB[poom uviuepng pus puvjssuld papoom uryyIMm uoToojqld pus)xe pue uorjeje3ea durems Jo vale uv yoo}01g ouvfg ded oyerodioour 0} dN Ulndiy,p oueg pusjxe pus ‘ejop JOAnYy [Bsausg oy} Jo wed woyyou oy) UT os IBsUBY B IPN|OUT 0} wWa}shs ware pojoojoud puvdxg syByIQey Ss} puw oUOZ UBIBYBS OY) UTYTM so[durexa apnjout 0} wi9}sAs vase poyoojold puedxq yomjou sanuyussaidar ystqquisq sdurems aAojZuBu yoo}0I1d 0) woyshs puedxy sdurems puw pus[poom poyeurop-viuy4aqosy Burpnfout ‘pojuasaidar Ajayenbepeut Apjualino ose yey) sodAy u01y8}239A jo saydurexe epnjourt 0} yomyou puedxg OsBy JO PURIST Oy) UO SATOSAI B YSIIQRISY “snyeys ylud [BUOI}BU 0} S9AIOSAI cary) OpBssdy) ‘uoryeja30a JoYyBS portpowun ZuTuTeual Jo a[durexo apnjout 0} wiaysAs ware poyoojold puedxgq YAOMjau ayy Sunaydui0; “sare UONPAIJOSUOD 0} SUTeTEI UOTIOe JO} sontiord feuoneu Jo Areuruing ainjeu Bf op UOT]BAIOBUOD BI Ins 107 pesodoid youuq uoneysiday youu aplsa edea ee er a 9°9 21981 Annex 6.1 List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III. BURKINA FASO Classified Forest 1 Mare aux Hippototames 19,200 1937 Subtotal 1 site 19,200 ha National Parks 2 Deux Bales 56,600 1967 3 Kabore-Tambi 242,700 1976 4 W du Burkina Faso 190,000 1954 Subtotal 3 sites 489,300 ha Partial Faunal Reserves 5 Arly 130,000 1954 6 Kourtiagou 51,000 1957 7 Pama 74,700 1955 8 Sahel 1,600,000 1970 Subtotal 4 sites 1,855,700 ha Total Faunal Reserves 9 Arly 76,000 1954 10 Bontioli 12,700 1957 11 Madjoari 17,000 1955 12 Singou 192,000 1955 Subtotal 4 sites 297,700 ha Proposed (National Park) Komoe-Leraba 280,000 Subtotal 1 site 280,000 ha Proposed (Sanctuaries) Beli Bird 160,000 Mare d'Oursi Bird 45,000 Subtotal 2 sites 205,000 ha Totals Notified conservation areas 12 sites 2,661,900 ha Proposed conservation areas 3 sites 485,000 ha 241 CAPE VERDE Proposed (Integral Reserve) Cova Tina Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 1 site O sites 1 site * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 242 ha* ha ha* CHAD Classified Forests Bebo Deli Djoli Kera Dora Kagui Haut Bragoto Helibongo Lac Ouei Siagon Yamodo Timberi Yamba Berete Subtotal OWWDIMNDUMPWNHHE a Faunal Reserves 11 Aboutelfan 12 Bahr Salamat 13 Binder Lere 14 Fada Archai 15 Mandelia 16 Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim 17 Reserve de la Biosphere de Lac Fitri 18 Siniaka-Minia Subtotal National Parks 19 Manda 20 Zakouma Subtotal Proposed (Faunal Reserves) Beinamar Larmanaye Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Goz-Beida L'Aouk Subtotal Totals Notified conservation Proposed conservation areas areas 10 sites 8 sites 2 sites 2 sites 2 sites 20 sites 4 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 243 12,400 2,340 521 214,000 1,254 350 46,500 64,000 521 341,886 110,000 2,060,000 135,000 211,000 138,000 8,000,000 50,000 326,000 11,030,000 114,000 300,000 414,000 76,500 88,200 164,700 300,000 740,000 1,040,000 11,785,886 1,204,700 ha* ha ha ha ha ha* ha 1955 1956 1955 1964 1974 1967 1969 1969 1989 1965 1969 1963 GAMBIA Forest Parks 1 Bankuba 2 Belel 3 Beri Kolon 4 Brikama 5 Dobo 6 Gambisara 7 Hamdulai 8 Helakunda 9 Jabisa 10 Jamara 11 Jambangkunda 12 Jeloki 13 Jollifin 14 Jumbo Yaka 15 Jundaia 16 Kahi Badi 17 Kaolong 18 Kasaywa 19 Kenowore 20 Kiberi 21 Kumadi 22 Kusun 23 Lohen 24 Madina Demba 25 Mamato Konko 26 Marike 27 Mutaro Kunda 28 N'Jassang 29 Ngeyen 30 Ngongonding 31 Niani Maru 32 Njau 33 Nyanaberi 34 Pakala 35 Sabbi 36 Sakaru Dalla 37 Sao Frest 38 Se-Ulumbang 39 Sikunda 40 Tanu Subtotal 40 National Parks 41 Kiang West 42 Niumi/Sine Saloum 43 River Gambia Subtotal 3 Nature Reserve 44 Abuko Subtotal 1 Proposed (Reserve) Coastal Subtotal 1 Proposed (Wetland Reserve) Bau Bolon Subtotal 1 Totals Notified conservation areas 44 Proposed conservation areas 2 244 sites sites site site site sites sites ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1987 1987 1978 1968 GUINEA-BISSAU Hunting Reserves Arquipelago dos Bijagos Boe Ilha de Cofara Lagoa de Cufada Mata de Cantanhez Rio Geba/Rio Mansoa Subtotal Ou PWN Proposed (National Parks) Boe Dulombi Ilhas de Orango Lagoa de Cufada Mangais do Rio Cacheu (Pelundo) Matas de Cantanhes Subtotal Proposed (Protected Area) Mata de Cantanhez Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas sites sites site sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 245 177,000 68,000 89,000 54,000 68,000 456,000 456,000 ha* ha* ha* ha* ha* 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 MALI Classified Forests 1 Bossofola 2 Faya 3 Nafadji Subtotal Faunal Reserves 4 Badinko 5 Bafing Makana 6 Banifing-Baoule 7 Douentza 8 Fina 9 Kenie-Baoule 10 Kongossambougou 11 Sounsan 12 Talikourou Subtotal National Park 13 Boucle du Baoule Subtotal Partial Faunal Reserves 14 Ansongo-Menaka 15 Gourma Elephant Subtotal Sanctuary 3 sites 9 sites 1 site 2 sites 16 Falaise de Bandiagara natural and cultural Subtotal Proposed (National Park) Bafing Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 246 1 site 1 site 16 sites 1 site 12,000 79,822 43,000 134,822 193,000 158,989 13,000 1,200,000 136,000 67,500 92,000 37,600 13,900 1,911,989 350,000 350,000 1,750,000 1,200,000 2,950,000 400,000 400,000 316,000 316,000 5,746,811 316,000 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1944 1954 1952 1951 1990 1954 1960 1954 1952 1955 1954 1953 1954 1956 1960 MAURITANIA Faunal Reserve 1 Reserve de Moufflon Subtotal Integral Reserves 2 Baie du Levrier (Cap Blanc) 3 Iles Mauritaniennes 4 Las Cuevecillas Subtotal National Parks 5 Banc d'Arguin 6 Diawling Subtotal Partial Faunal Reserves 7 El Agher 8 Elephant 9 Tilemsi Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas site sites sites sites sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 247 ha* 310,000 310,000 ha* 1,173,000 13,000 1,186,000 ha 250,000 250,000 ha* 1,746,000 ha* ha 1982 1986 1962 1986 1976 1990 1937 NIGER National Nature Reserve 1 Air and Tenere Subtotal National Park 2 W du Niger Subtotal Partial Faunal Reserve 3 Dosso Subtotal Strict Nature Reserve 4 Addax Sanctuary Subtotal Total Faunal Reserves 5 Gadabedji 6 Tamou Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 248 site site site site sites sites sites 7,736,000 7,736,000 ha 220,000 220,000 ha 306,500 306,500 ha 1,280,500 1,280,500 ha 76,000 77,740 153,740 ha 9,696,740 ha ha 1988 1954 1962 1988 1955 1962 SENEGAL Classified Forest 1 Samba Dia Subtotal 1 site Faunal Reserves 2 Ferlo-Nord 3 Ferlo-Sud 4 Gueumbeul Special 5 Ndiael 6 Popenguine Special Subtotal 5 sites Hunting Reserve 7 Maka-Diama Subtotal 1 site National Parks 8 Basse-Casamance 9 Delta du Saloum 10 Djoudj 11 Iles de la Madeleine 12 Langue de Barbarie 13 Niokolo-Koba Subtotal 6 sites Special Reserve 14 Kalissaye Subtotal 1 site Proposed (International Parks) Reserve des Elephants du Fleuve Senegambien Subtotal 2 sites Proposed (Nature Reserves) Dindefello Special Faunal and Floral Reserve Kassel Special Bird Subtotal 2 sites Totals Notified conservation areas 14 sites Proposed conservation areas 4 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 249 756 756 487,000 633,700 750 46,550 1,009 1,169,009 60,000 60,000 111 90 201 2,242,231 201 ha ha ha ha ha ha* ha ha ha* 1936 1971 1972 1983 1986 1970 1976 1971 1949 1976 1954 1978 Annex 6.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation. Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Burkina Faso Total area (sq.km): 274200 Land area (sq.km): 273800 Month/year of reference: 1983 FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 976436 19200 Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 976436 0 0 0 19200 0 Notes: Data are taken from the Ministry of the Environment and Tourism (1991). All classified forests (except Mare aux Hippopotames 19,200ha which is also a biosphere reserve) are subject to commercial exploitation and hence are listed as production forests. Data were gathered in 1983. 250 Annex 6.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Cape Verde Total area (sq.km): 4030 Land area (sq.km): 4030 Month/year of reference: FaOuR ESS a FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 (e) 0 (e) Notes No information available #51 Annex 6.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Chad Total area (sq.km): 1284000 Land area (sq.km): 1259200 Month/year of reference: April 1990 FO RES i FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 14630000 5096000 Non-—forest 4936 Plantation TOTAL 14634936 0 5096000 0 0 0 Notes: Data are taken from the Ministry of the Environment and Tourism (1990). Reforestation areas are listed here as production forests of non—forest origin, although they serve both production and protection functions. The figure 5,096,000 for protection forests represents 10 Classified forests. 252 Annex 6.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Gambia Total area (sq.km): ; 11300 Land area (sq.km): 10000 Month/year of reference: 1992 FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 10700 28045 10000 Non-—forest Plantation 2000 TOTAL 12700 0 0 0 28045 10000 Notes: Data are taken from the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (1992). Plantations include rhun palm forests and bamboo forests. The figures for production and conservation forests represent 60 forest parks. 253 Annex 6.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Guinea— Bissau Total area (sq.km): 36120 Land area (sq.km): 2812 Month/year of reference: 1991 FO RES 7 FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: Data are taken from the Plan de Conservation de l’elephant au Guinée—Bissau, 1991. The protected area system is the responsibility of the Directorate of the Forestry & Hunting Service. Proposals exist to establish 5 forest reserves ( to cover 900sqkm), but no information is currently available on the legislation or management authority under which these would be established. 254 Annex 6.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Mali Total area (sq.km): 1240190 Land area (sq.km): 1220190 Month/year of reference: 1980 FOFR Es FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 960000 134822 Non—forest 240000 Plantation TOTAL 1200000 0 0 0 134822 0 Notes: Data are taken from FAO (1981) and WCMC database. The 1.2 million ha are found in 102 classified forests. The figure of 134,822ha represents three classified forests listed on WCMC database, 255 Annex 6.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub-—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Mauritania Total area (sq.km): 1025520 Land area (sq.km): 1025520 Month/year of reference: ORES I FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes No information available 256 Annex 6.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Niger Total area (sq.km): 1267000 Land area (sq.km): 1266700 Month/year of reference: 1981 EO Res 1 FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 144200 163800 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 144200 163800 0 0 0 0 Notes: Data are taken from FAO (1981). FAO state that 70% of the existing classified forest (144,200 ha of 206,000ha) and proposed classified forest (163,800ha of 234,000ha) corresponds to productive formations. It is not obvious which category the remaining 30% fits in to. 257 Annex 6.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Senegal Total area (sq.km): 196720 Land area (sq.km): 192530 Month/year of reference: 1981 FiOsk Ee Soh FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 190000 1081000 Non-—forest 1502000 Plantation TOTAL 4692000 0 0 0 1081000 0) Notes: Data are taken from FAO (1981). 145 classified forests cover 1,081,000ha. 258 Ay ee f ty 1UTAR _ a” Ai ? / : laglorr: Afriea solv nigilerias ew noon " i Nama of covuntry/state: Migs oe a Bhs | Yate) eran ioc. teni 1267006 Mauve! oy an (EQ. IN, BP OG Morti/year of raterence: 1984 a wa SS as Si REPUB iy ee Femi ta FORES << Fis lls lk PORE ORIN a —— nea Sore 4 a2 v4 7 EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA 7 EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda 7.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Protection of nature in the form of local customs and laws is an old tradition throughout the subregion, one notable example being the protection of "kayas” or coastal forests as sacred groves in Kenya. More formally, the establishment of managed areas began with the reservation of forests at the turn of the century in Kenya and Uganda, although the majority were established in the 1930s in Uganda and Sudan, the 1940s in Kenya, the 1950s in Somalia, and the early 1980s in Ethiopia. There are currently no forest reserves in Djibouti. Within the forest reserve networks of Uganda and Kenya, nature reserves have been created which afford a high degree of protection to flora and fauna. Following the early establishment of game reserves in Kenya in 1898, and the first national park, Forét du Day in Djibouti, in 1939, all countries of the subregion currently have conservation areas within the wildlife sector. Further, all countries, with the exception of Uganda, have passed post-independence legislation providing for the creation of conservation areas, mostly during the late 1960s and 1970s. In at least half the countries of the subregion the administration of forest reserves and conservation areas in the wildlife sector originally fell to tne same organisation, and in Uganda game reserves were initially created from forest reserves. Today, all countries have distinct forestry and wildlife agencies, although within a number of countries these agencies are collaborating their efforts to ensure the effective management of conservation areas. 7.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION Legal provisions for the creation and management of conservation areas exist in all East Sahelian countries. These are summarised in Table 7.1 and reviewed below. 7.2.1 Forestry Sector Policy Current forestry policy throughout the subregion reflects the dual purposes of protection and management for sustainable use. For example, one aim of the forest policy of Kenya, as contained within sessional paper No. 1 of 1968, is to draw up management plans for all forests, based on the principle of sustained yield. Further, policy statements for Somalia emphasise the preservation of forestry and wildlife resources for the benefit of the Somalian people, the creation of protected areas, and the preparation of management plans combining production and conservation. The need to increase the area under reservation is also reflected in a number of statements. In Uganda, emphasis is placed on the maintenance of enough forest land to ensure sufficient supplies of timber, to allow for amenity and recreation, and to ensure the conservation of plants and animals in natural ecosystems. The forest policy also specifies that 20% of the total reserved forest area is to be conserved in strict nature reserves, and a further 30% protected from intensive forms of forest management in buffer zones. Similarly, a forest law and policy was drafted for Sudan in 1989 which, together, are to provide for production and protection functions within forest reserves, and specify that 20% of the land area is to be protected eventually in the forest reserve network. Legislation Current forestry legislation dates back to 1932 when the Central and Provincial Forest acts were passed in Sudan. A new forest law, drafted in 1989, is, however, likely to replace these early laws. The 1940s witnessed the enactment of modern-day forestry laws in Kenya and Uganda, which have subsequently been revised numerous times. Forestry laws in Somalia and Ethiopia were passed in 1969 and 1980, respectively. All of these laws generally provide for one or more categories of reserve, together with provisions for forest exploitation and management practices, establishment of a management authority, the creation and management 260 of forest reserves at the local level, and offences and accompanying penalties in connection with forest resources and reserves. Related and subsidiary legislation to the principal acts exists for most countries, notable among these being the Presidential Decree of 1986 which banned all logging in Kenya, and the Penal Code Proclamation of Ethiopia (1957) which has several provisions related to forest and wildlife conservation, and reserved lands. Somalia and Ethiopia are unique in that provisions relating to the creation and management of forest reserves and conservation areas in the wildlife sector are contained within the same legislation. Other countries have distinct wildlife and forestry laws. The forestry laws of Kenya and Uganda, however, make provision for the establishment of more protective nature reserves within forest reserves. A number of forest reserves in Uganda have dual status as national parks, game reserves or sanctuaries. In Uganda and Somalia, the need for revised and expanded legislation providing for protected areas has been recognised, while national forest priority areas are awaiting legal gazettement in Ethiopia. Forestry legislation per se does not exist in Djibouti. 7.2.2 Wildlife Sector Policy Most countries have formulated, or are in the process of developing nature conservation policies. For example, Kenya’s commitment to conservation was stated in Sessional Paper No. 3, 1975: Statement on Future Wildlife Management Policy in Kenya, which made provision for optimising returns from the wildlife resource, coherent planning of projects and wildlife programmes, and defined the role of national parks. More encompassing is Somalia’s Mogadishu Manifesto on the Conservation of Wildlife, 1989, which embodies current government policy, formulating the basis for all future development projects and activities in various fields pertaining to Somali wildlife. In contrast, the need for a new conservation policy with clear objectives for effective management of conservation areas has been recognised in both Uganda and Sudan. Legislation Within the subregion, the majority of countries had pre-independence laws relating to the creation of conservation areas. Early examples include the Kenya National Parks Ordinance of 1945, the Sudan National Parks, Sanctuaries and Reserves Regulations of 1939, and legislation dealing with the establishment of game reserves in Uganda in 1902. These were subsequently amended or repealed, most recently in the 1970s (Somalia) or 1980s (Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan). As of 1990, Somalia was considering new draft legislation, while Uganda has recognised the need for legislation to replace that passed in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1970s, Southern Sudan was given a measure of autonomy, and legislation passed in 1972 created the categories of national park, game reserve and controlled area for the Southern region. Legislation passed in 1986, however, provides for the establishment and management of conservation areas throughout the country and replaces the earlier laws. Present nature conservation legislation in the subregion commonly provides for the establishment of national parks, game reserves, sanctuaries, and controlled hunting areas, while Somalia also has a grazing reserve designation. National parks tend to afford the highest degree of protection, and controlled hunting areas the least throughout the subregion. In Kenya, Somalia, and Uganda, laws were passed in the late 1970s which completely banned hunting. 7.2.3 Additional Sectors Not applicable 7.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION 7.3.1 Forestry Sector Administration of forestry is the responsibility of forest departments in the respective countries, with the exception of Sudan, where forestry matters fall under the mandate of the National Forestry Corporation (Table 261 7.1). Most have a long institutional history, for example, Sudan where the first Forest Department was created in 1901. In Ethiopia, the State Forest Conservation and Development Department is responsible for the establishment and management of national forest priority areas, while peasant associations and urban dwellers associations are responsible for natural resources, including forests, within their areas of local jurisdiction. In Kenya, trust land forests are managed by the county councils, while other forest reserves are managed by the Forest Department. Management of forests under the National Forestry Corporation of Sudan is mostly confined to the north of the country due to the ongoing civil war. Management of conservation areas, apart from forest reserves serving a protection or conservation function, falls outside the forestry sector, the exceptions being nature reserves in Kenya, and nature reserves and sites of special scientific interest in Uganda. In Kenya, nature reserves are managed jointly by the Forest Department and Kenya Wildlife Service, while the Game Department in Uganda has jurisdiction over wild animals in all forest reserves and maintains field staff in some of the larger reserves. Further, several forest reserves in Uganda have dual status as national parks or game reserves and are therein managed jointly by forestry and wildlife sectors. 7.3.2 Wildlife Sector The management of conservation areas in the wildlife sector is the responsibility of one organisation in Ethiopia (Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation), and by two or more agencies in the other five countries of the subregion. In Sudan, for example, management jurisdiction lies with the Wildlife Conservation and National Park Forces in the Northern Region and with the Regional Ministry of Wildlife Conservation, Fisheries and Tourism in the Southern Region, while in Somalia three agencies are involved: the National Range Agency in the southern and northern regions; the Central Rangelands Development Project in the central region; and the Ministry for Jubba Valley Development, in conjunction with the National Range Agency, in the Middle Jubba. Although most conservation areas in the wildlife sector of Kenya are managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service, national reserves are administered by district councils. Djibouti is unique to the subregion in having a research institute assist with the management of conservation areas. 7.3.3 Additional Sectors Not applicable 7.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations The Somali Ecological Society is currently managing Balcad Nature Reserve. 7.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS The managed areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Fig. 7.1. Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 7.1 which also serves as a key to the maps. The bulk (about 95% total area) of the conservation areas network falls within the domain of the wildlife sector. 7.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector Coverage Natural reserved forests account for about 0.8% of the total area of the subregion (Table 7.2). They are most extensive in Uganda (5.4%) and Kenya (2.5%), respectively. Currently, no natural forests are legally reserved in Djibouti, while the situation in Somalia is unclear. Of the 0.8% of natural reserved forests in the subregion, more than half serves a conservation or protection function (Table 7.2). All forest reserves in Kenya are considered conservation forests by virtue of a country- wide ban on logging in 1986, while of the more than 700 notified reserves in Uganda, conservation forests constitute 63 % of the forest estate, and a further 9% is protection forest. When legally established, the national 262 forest priority areas of Ethiopia will be zoned into management blocks for production, conservation and protection purposes. 7.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors Coverage There are more than 800 notified conservation areas in the East Sahel, covering 43.3 million ha or 8.3% of total area (Fig. 7.1). The forestry sector is directly responsible for over 600 conservation areas, covering approximately 2.4 million ha or 0.4% of total area for the subregion. All of these lie in Kenya (>200 forest reserves) and Uganda (> 460 forest reserves) (Table 7.3). Approximately 9% of conservation areas are under total protection, covering 3.0% of area in the subregion (Table 7.3). Most of these fall within the wildlife sector. The rest are partially protected. The target of 10% of total area under protection for conservation purposes has been reached by Uganda (23.7%), Ethiopia (15.9%), and Kenya (10.3%). The Sudan is half-way towards reaching the target. Least extensive are the networks of Djibouti (0.4%) and Somalia (0.8%). About 73% of the conservation area in Ethiopia, and over 50% of lands in Uganda, however, is tied up in game sanctuaries and controlled hunting areas which make minimal provision for habitat protection and are designated essentially for hunting purposes. Representativeness Nature conservation areas have often been established haphazardly in the past, with little regard to ecological or other criteria for their selection. This is reflected in the existing networks of Djibouti, with dense forest habitats needing further protection (Welch & Welch, 1985), and Ethiopia where a number of important ecosystems are largely unprotected (Friis & Tadesse, 1990). A number of programmes and plans, however, have been formulated which recommend an expansion to the conservation areas network in Ethiopia. In Kenya, national parks and conservation areas in the wildlife sector are found in the majority of habitat types for the country. The largest proportion of these, however, are found in arid and semi-arid regions (Pertet, n.d.). In response to this, the Kenya Wildlife Service is striving to create a national network of conservation areas and is developing a systems plan (KWS, 1990). Within the forestry sector, the establishment of a further 500,000ha in forest reserves is awaiting legal notification. In Somalia there is an urgent need to establish a conservation areas system, made almost impossible by the current security problems and drought. The majority of conservation areas in Sudan are in savanna woodlands, found mainly in the inaccessible south, and no conservation areas occur in desert and Sahelian zones which make up half the country (Stuart & Adams, 1990). Uganda is considered to have a good system of parks and reserves. Nevertheless, 25 out of 94 non-aquatic ecosystems are totally unprotected or only have small portions within forest or wildlife reserves. To afford a greater degree of protection, the Forestry Department has recently created a number of sites of special scientific interest, and is currently looking to expand nature reserves from 5% to 20% of total reserved forest area (Forest Department, pers. comm., 1990; Howard, 1988). Integrity Using mean size as a measure of integrity, data in Table 7.4 indicate that forest reserves serving a conservation or protection function in Kenya tend to be small, the majority being less than 1,000ha in size. Similarly, the totally protected nature reserves of Kenya and Uganda have a mean size of less than 6,000ha. In the wildlife sector, established conservation areas in Sudan and Ethiopia tend to be large, with totally protected areas in Sudan having a mean size greater than one million ha. Partially protected areas in Uganda and Somalia have a mean in excess of 120,000ha, while those of Kenya are less than 60,000ha. Significantly, however, totally protected areas in Uganda and in particularly, Kenya, are a respectable size, having a mean larger than 100,000ha. Conservation areas in Djibouti tend to be on the small side. The mean size of partially protected areas (7,050ha) in the forestry sector, made up exclusively of forest reserves, is almost twice that of totally protected areas (4,675ha). This reflects the relatively small size of nature reserves in the subregion. In the wildlife sector, the mean size of totally protected areas (282,39Sha) is slightly larger than that for partially protected sites (239,242ha). National parks constitute the bulk of the former category, and by definition tend to be relatively large areas to provide a range of services. Partially 263 protected areas comprise mainly game reserves, controlled hunting areas, and sanctuaries. Significantly, conservation areas in the wildlife sector tend to be considerably larger than those in the forestry sector. Effectiveness Apart from gaps in the representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by weaknesses in policy and legislation, inadequate institutional support and ineffective management. As mentioned in Section 7.2, nature conservation policies in both the forestry and wildlife sectors have been formulated or are in the process of being drafted or amended for all countries of the subregion, the exception being Djibouti. For a number of countries, legislation needs strengthening or updating. For example, existing forestry laws need to be reviewed in Kenya, and regulations enacted in Ethiopia to allow for the legal establishment of conservation areas and national forest priority areas. New definitions for the various types of conservation areas in the wildlife sector also need to be established in Ethiopia. In Somalia, the need for new legislation covering all aspects of forestry and wildlife has been recognised. As such, a wildlife law was drafted in 1990 which makes provision for a number of conservation area designations, and it has been recommended that complimentary forestry legislation be prepared. Security problems in a number of countries of the subregion have frequently hampered the enactment of conservation areas legislation. Institutional resources for conservation area management are inadequate in all countries within the subregion. Constraints include a lack of adequately trained staff, funds, resources, and scientific information upon which to base sound management decisions. These problems are most acute in Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan, while the situation in Uganda is gradually improving after years of political turmoil. Further hindrances to conservation areas management are poor communication and transportation networks in a number of countries. Conservation areas management is further complicated where forestry and wildlife agencies are both involved: the need for, and often lack of coordinated management in Kenya’s nature reserves is a prime example. Low priority and a general lack of commitment of resources for conservation areas is largely responsible for many of the deficiencies in their management. This situation is exacerbated by countries having an unclear programme or weak planning of their conservation area networks. Very few conservation areas in the subregion have management plans, and for those which do exist, they are largely out-of-date or difficult to implement. For example, the- management plans for conservation areas in Uganda have been mostly forgotten and never acted upon, while all working plans for forest reserves in the country are out-of-date. The majority of conservation areas in Somalia, Sudan, and to a lesser extent Ethiopia, exist on paper only, while the boundaries of conservation areas in the wildlife sector of Uganda and protected forests in Somalia are ill-defined. Common threats to the subregion’s conservation areas include poaching, expansion of human settlements, illegal grazing, shifting cultivation, unauthorised extraction of timber, fuelwood and minor forest products, uncontrolled bushfires, and, in the cases of Sudan and Kenya, dams and irrigation schemes. These threats are compounded by a rapidly growing population in the subregion, civil unrest in a number of countries, and famine in drought-stricken areas. 7.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation Data in Table 7.2 indicate that the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation is minimal (0.5 %) in terms of the total area of the subregion under protection and conservation forest. Although data for Somalia are missing, it is likely that the contribution of this country to the total would not be significant (<0.1%). In contrast, about 95% of the conservation area network falls within the domain of the wildlife sector, covering 7.9% of total area of the subregion (Table 7.3). 264 7.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 7.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network Official proposals to expand the conservation area network total 9.3 million ha, or 1.8% of the total area of the subregion (Table 7.3). Two-thirds of this is proposed in the wildlife sector, with the majority of sites to be afforded partial protection. Improvements to the network affect 1.6 million ha in Sudan, 2.4 million ha in Ethiopia, and 4.6 million ha in Somalia. Proposed areas in Ethiopia already exist as de facto national forest priority areas which serve protection and production functions. Other significant extensions to existing national networks are planned for Sudan and Kenya. Proposals for 20% of reserved forest lands to be designated as nature reserves in Uganda will afford protection to the entire variety of ecosystems within forest reserves, include medium altitude forest and critical sites of biological diversity (Howard, 1988; Pomeroy, 1990). 7.5.2 Other National Initiatives Strengthening networks A variety of initiatives to strengthen conservation areas planning and management is being implemented or formulated. Following the National Programme for the Conservation and Management of Forests, Wildlife, Soils and Water and its Tropical Forestry Action Plan, Ethiopia has demarcated 58 national forest priority areas and is considering the establishment of a number of wildlife reserves and national parks. Under the Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Project, an additional 500,000ha of conservation forest have been earmarked for notification, forest inventories are being conducted, and management plans are being drawn up (World Bank, 1988). Under the World Bank’s Environmental Action Plan for Somalia, the remnant riverine forests of the Jubba valley have been established as a priority concern, while a Tropical Forestry Action Plan has recently been initiated in the country (IUCN, 1990; Stuart & Adams, 1990). The Five-year Development Programme 1987-1991 for Sudan includes increasing the area of savanna forest reserves to be brought under protection and management (World Bank, 1986), while a government/ICBP conservation programme is assisting with managing reserves (Stuart & Adams, 1990). The European Commission has funded the Natural Forest Management and Conservation Project in Uganda which supports the Forestry Department in its goal to expand nature reserves in the country, while a conservation project has begun for the degraded forests of Mount Elgon, Kibale, and Semliki (Harcourt, in press). Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which limits the effective management of conservation areas. In addition to the aid projects mentioned above, the Elephant Action Plans, prepared for most countries in the subregion, identify funding and project priority areas. Since 1987, tourism has been the largest foreign exchange earner in Kenya, with the Kenya Wildlife Service receiving KSh 130 million in 1990. It has been suggested that a Wildlife Conservation Trust be established as a long-term strategy to strengthen the Uganda National Parks and Game Department (Pomeroy, 1990). Improving Management Within the subregion, there are several initiatives which attempt to link conservation with development in and around conservation areas. Two examples are the management of wildlife outside conservation areas by local residents under the Kenya Wildlife Service’s Community Wildlife Programme, and a collaborative government/FAO/UNDP project in Somalia which has been working towards applying the benefits of conservation to local communities (Stuart & Adams, 1990). Goals of forest management in Sudan include the need to increase the area and protection of forest reserves in woodland areas, and promote multiple- use management to benefit people living near forest reserves (ESMAP, 1986). The National Rehabilitation and Development Plan 1988/89-1991/92 of Uganda includes provision for the integration of wildlife management with rural development (Uganda National Parks, 1991), while the management of forest parks will involve an Advisory Committee composed of local authorities and community leaders. 7.5.3 International Initiatives Conventions and Programmes Most countries within the subregion participate in one or more international conventions and programmes concerned with conservation areas (Table 7.5). All countries except Djibouti and 265 Somalia have accepted or ratified the Convention Concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, but only Ethiopia has had a natural property inscribed on the World Heritage List. Kenya and Uganda have acceded to or ratified the Ramsar Convention, while Kenya, Sudan and Uganda all participate in the Unesco Man and Biosphere Programme. To date, five biosphere reserves have been created in Kenya. All countries of the subregion have either ratified or are signatory to the AfricanConvention, which defines several designations of conservation area. Cooperative agreements Cooperation within the subregion is difficult due to civil unrest in a number of countries. Nevertheless, an action plan to conserve and strengthen the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem between Kenya and Tanzania, and an agreement between Sudan and Egypt to establish the Gebel Elba Conservation Area, are examples of cooperative arrangements being attempted. The existence of a number of transboundary conservation areas in the region provides a departure point for further advancements. 7.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Priorities for conservation action in the subregion were reviewed as part of the JUCN Systems Review of the Afrotropical Realm (Mackinnon and MacKinnon, 1986), and in the accompanying Action Strategy (UCN, 1987), but these are somewhat dated. Priorities have been reviewed more recently by IUCN (1992) in preparation for the IV World Parks Congress. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and summarised in Table 7.6. In conclusion, progress throughout the subregion has been hindered by civil unrest, environmental conditions (i.e. drought), and the demand on resources by rapidly growing human populations. Not surprisingly, the greatest progress has been made in those countries where these seemingly intractable problems have been minimal. Governments of the subregion are aware of the need for conservation area networks, well-funded institutions and up-to-date policy and legislation but have their hands tied by more immediate demands. 266 REFERENCES ESMAP (1986). Fuelwood/forestry project feasibility aide mémoire. Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme. 23 pp. Friis, I. and Tadesse, M. (1990). The evergreen forests of tropical N.E. Africa. In: Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 23a: 249-263. Harcourt, C.A. (1991). Chapter 31: Uganda. In: J.A. Sayer, C.A. Harcourt, N.M. Collins (Eds.) (In press), The conservation atlas of tropical forests. Africa. Prepared by IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and WCMC, Cambridge, UK. MacMillan Press, London. Howard, P.C. (1988). Nature conservation in Uganda’s tropical forest reserves. Kampala, Uganda. Unpublished draft. 302 pp. IUCN (1987). Action strategy for protected areas in the Afrotropical Realm. YUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 56 pp. TUCN (1990). The IUCN Sahel Programme progress report: 1 December 1989 - 31 May 1990. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 32 pp. IUCN (1992). Regional Review - Eastern Africa. In: Regional reviews. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Pp. 2.1 -2.30. KWS (1990). Kenya Wildlife Service - A policy framework and development programme 1991-96: Annex 6 - Community conservation and wildlife management outside parks and reserves. Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi. 181 pp. MacKinnon, J. and Mackinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 259 pp. Pertet, F. (n.d.). Endangered and critical habitat areas in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya. 14 pp. Pomeroy, D.E. (Ed.) (1990). Forum II - conservation of biodiversity in Uganda. Proceedings of the Second Conservation Forum, 8-10 February, Kabarole District, Uganda. 63 pp. Stuart, S.N. and Adams, R.J. (1990). Biodiversity in Sub-saharan Africa and its islands: conservation, management and sustainable use. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 242 pp. Uganda National Parks (1991). Elephant conservation plan - Uganda. Uganda National Parks, Kampala. 52 pp. Welch, G.R. and Welch, H.J. (1985). Djibouti II Autumn ’85. Privately published. 197 pp. World Bank (1986). Sudan: Forestry Sector Review. Report No. 5911-SU. The World Bank, Washington, DC. 183 pp. World Bank (1988). Kenya - Forestry subsector review. Report No. 6651-KE. Agricultural Operations Division, Eastern Africa Department. 41 pp. 267 Aren}IUBS yaed jeuonenN JAIISAI JUIBS) Bale SuNUNY pafjo1U0.D 9A19S91 OFTIPTAA Axenjoues yaed jeuopen Bare SuUNY pajo1U0; Bare AyLI0LId 3S310J [FUCKEN 3S910J 3)81S ySa10J 2A1999}01g S10} 9]9q9y] [euojeu seg ayeasyquy 9A19s7y [ey10}1119) eg POISSB]D 318 SuOIJEUTISAG ‘A}LIOYING JATVB.YSIUIWIPS J]qQIsuOdse1 PUB JUBUIJIVUD JO IvaA YIM ‘SBa1e PasBULU OJ SUOISIAOId [eda] UOHESTUBZIQ UOIBAIISUOD azIPTTAA UEIdory| UONSTUBZIC) UOIBAIISUOD 2zPHAA UBIdoINY quomjedaq juauIdojaAaq PUB UO1VBAIISUOZ 3S910,4 23815 quewp1edag juatdoaAeg PUB UOIVBAIaSUOZ 3S310.7 2)8)S JUIWIIUUONAUT,| BP 39 SIG Sap U01999}01g BL 9p ad1Arag/sanbruysay, 39 sanbiyyuaig Saqo19qI9y IP 39 SapNjyg,p ANapigdng ynyysSuy JUIMIIUUO.NAUA,| IP 39 SAG Sap U01}99j01g B] ap adiAsac/sanbiuysay, 39 sanbiyyuaissg Saya1aqIay ap 32 sapnyy,p IMayigdng ynyysuy JUIMIIUUOMIAUA,| IP 32 SazIG Sap W01NI9}01g Bl ap ad1Asag/sanbruysay, 39 sanbiyyuaiss SaqoayIay ap 39 sapnyy.p ANaiagdng ynjyWSUy [AM] suonemnsay woyearasuoD asp [A] %61 ‘ON DoNneUIE;DOI1g yUaMIdoO]aAIg 2B WONBAIASUOD AFIPHA F 182104 La] pasodoad uoneysisay] [al 261 ‘ON “ONBWIEpI0Ig JUaUIdO;aAIg 3Y UOWYCAIISUO) BPH BF S04 LAA] umouyun uonEsise7] [MM] suureu- SNOS Spuoj sap 32 UNG] B] ap 001999}01d By ans yuBII0d LEDIA/Ud/790-08 “ON 39199C [M] suyreur- SNOS Spuo} Sap 32 auNvy B] ap W0IDa}01d ap Saunsau Sa] JUBXIY EOET-ZL “ON 7QLIV uidomg *(9SN 9AI}IVIZXS [VIDIOWIWIOD JOPUN PUL] 3SI10J = 2) ‘ASN 9A1j98.19X9 [BIO] JapuN puL 3Se10J = TJ ‘uOIIIj0Id JeNAIed = g ‘U01}99j0I1d [ej0} = J) 9ANVIO[qo JUBWIseULU 0} SUIP.10I98 VL A481 Forests Act [F] Wildlife (Conservation & Management) Act No. 1 [W] Law on Fauna (Hunting) and Forest Conservation No. 15 [F] Law on Fauna (Hunting) and Forest Conservation No. 15 [W] Legislation unknown [W] Wildlife Law and Regulations (proposed) [W] Forest Department Kenya Wildlife Service Forestry Department, National Range Agency Wildlife Department, National Range Agency Wildlife Department, National Range Agency Somalia Wildlife Service Forest area/Central forest Nature reserve Local sanctuary Marine national park Marine national reserve National park National reserve Protection area Forest reserve Controlled area Game reserve Grazing reserve Partial game reserve Nature reserve Wildlife reserve National park National reserve National conservation area Provisional national reserve Provisional! national park Transfrontier wildlife protection area yaed jeuoneN AxenjoUBS JIBS) QAJ9S01 JUIBS) Bale SuUNY pajo1U0D 989.19)U] DWUIIS [BIeds JO ays ySlOJ BUTT PAIISIT FINJBN] DAIISIA JSIIOJ [BIO] PAIISAA SIO} [B1VUID, ysed jeuoneN AAJOSA BUBS) BaIB payjo.1u0d yued jeuoney AXBN}IERS PAIaSIY BAI UOPBAIISUOD INERT PAIISAT ISAO] syivg [BuoNeN Bpuesp saninbyuy pue IPA “WIsLINOy, Jo Axjstuny ‘juaWjIedeg aues quowjIBdaq 3S3104 quownjredaq 3sa10q WISLINO], Puw saLIaqsiy SuO}BAIASUOD AFIPIIMA JO Anysyuyl [euolsay $9010. YIBY [BUOIBN! PUB UONBAIISUOD 2JTIPTIAA $9910] YsBq [BUOHEN PUE UOIVBAIISUOD atIPTIA 018100102 A1}sa10,j [BUOIBN] IM] 9V Syzeg feuOHEN [mM] (97 “deg ) 9y [01}UOD pus UONBAIaSaIg GUE La] umouyun uonesi3e7 La] @pz *ded) ry yse104 [AA] 7)°V Syivg [BUOHEN PUB UOBAIISUOD IzNPIIM [Md] ,22UBUIpIO SjeUUY PIAA JO WOHBAIasaIg [a] usouyqun noyesise7] La] #9 Ise10.7 [BUTAOIg [a] 29 S)se10,q [BaQUaD UEPNS WIIyINOS 10J WOEISISIT , *Q[QBITBAB JOU BIB STBap ayn “gg6] ArENUEL Ey UO passed ‘,,BLIdAF] OOP] IeaA ‘adUEUTPAO YY [BUOHEN PUB UONBAIASUOD IJTPHA, 24) Aq parejder uaaq aaey SME] Asay , Bpuesy oa (3 Years Ris oy Bs oe x -B Z a TR pres. pins yaenn APN TORE HE CRE ber zz y hae . P ' 4 hi . ted + ipl } 1% sitio = ie) , MEAN UNO mom A, ; — oy i ~¥) Moa Table 7.2 Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex 7.2. Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION Area Production Protection Conservation Total Djibouti 23,200 0 0 0 0 (0.0) Ethiopia’ 1,221,900 0 0 0 0 (0.0) Kenya” 580,370 0 0 14,741 (2.5) 14,741 (2.5) Somalia’ 637,660 ? 4 ? ? Sudan‘ 2,505,810 12,700 (0.5) 0 0 12,700 (0.5) Uganda 235,880 3,575 (1.5) 1,145 (0.5) 8,067 (3.4) 12,787 (5.4) EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA 5,204,820 >16,275(>0.3) >1,145 (4 >22,808(>0.4) >40,228 (>0.8) ? No information ‘National forest priority areas await legal gazettement. Although de facto protected areas, they are not included. * All forest reserves (except plantations) are classified as conservation forest in view of the 1986 ban on felling of indigenous trees. * There are 27 ’protected forests’ in the country, but no data are available. “The total for natural production forest is inflated because it includes unknown amounts of protection forest, and may include some plantation forest. 271 Table 7.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may be inflated because they may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 7.2. N is the total number of conservation areas. COUNTRY Man. Sector Cat. National designation DJIBOUTI (23,200 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Integral Reserve National Park Territorial Park Subtotals (% total area) HHH Totals (% total area) ETHIOPIA (1,221,900 sq. km) Forest Sector National Forest Priority Area’ P Subtotals (% total area) Wildlife Sector Controlled Hunting Area Marine National Park National Park Sanctuary Wildlife Reserve Subtotals (% total area) wHHAHY Totals (% total area) KENYA (580,370 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve Nature Reserve Subtotals (% total area) WJ Wildlife Sector Game Sanctuary Marine National Park Marine National Reserve National Park National Reserve Subtotals (% total area) uwvHUHY Totals (% total area) 272 WR of? 11 11 67 Notified Area (ha) N Oo * 10,000 Oo * 10,000 * ( 0.4) oooo 10,000 * f°) ( 0.4) [o} ow (Gao) 13,182,300 * 200,000 2,082,900 957,300 2,982,400 19,404,900 * ( 15.9) oo00000 19,404,900 * 0) ( 15.9) 1,421,400 * 132 52,679 * {e) 1,474,079 * 132 (| 2.5) 500 43,700 70,609 2,905,261 1,527,333 4,547,403 (| 78) mOWOrFO 6,021,482 * 136 ( 10.3) Proposed Area(ha) (0) te) 0 fe) ( 0.0) fe) ( 0.0) 2,443,107 2,443,107 ( 2.0) 0 0 10} ie} {0} (0) ( 0.0) 2,443,107 (| 2.0) 581,261* O 581,261* ( 1.0) fe) 250 (0) 115,032 0 115,282 ( 0.2) 696,543* ( 1.2) COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. National designation N Area(ha) N Area (ha) SOMALIA (637,660 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Controlled Hunting Area P 3 oO * 0) 0 Game Reserve P 4 344,360 * (0) (0) National Park T 0 Oo 11 2,240,000* Nature Reserve P 2 180,190 (0) 10) Partial Game Reserve P 4 Oo * (6) 0 Wildlife Reserve P 0 0 10 2,350,000* Subtotals 13 524,550 * 21 4,590,000* (% total area) ( 0.8) ( 7.2) Totals 13 524,550 * 21 4,590,000* (% total area) ( 0.8) ( 7.2) SUDAN (2,505,810 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Bird Sanctuary P 0 fe) 8 14,200* Game Reserve P 14 3,130,000 5 600,000* Managed Nature Reserve P (0) (0) a 12,000 Marine National Park T 1 26,000 1 O* National Park T 7 8,473,000 2 76,000* Nature Conservation Area P 0 (0) 5 880,000* Wildlife Sanctuary P 3 95,500 (0) 0 Subtotals 25 11,724,500 22 1,582,200* (% total area) ( 4.6) ( 0.6) Totals 25 11,724,500 22 1,582,200* (% total area) ( 4.6) ( 0.6) UGANDA (235,880 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P ? 872,116 (0) (0) Nature Reserve T 12 45,509 al 3,054 Site of Special Scientific P 4 3,574 0 te) Subtotals 16 921,199 1 3,054 (% total area) ( 3.9) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Controlled Hunting Area P 14 2,828,501 * (0) (0) Game Reserve P 11 919,215 (¢) (0) National Park T 6 833,606 {e) 0 Sanctuary P 8 98,816 (0) 0 Subtotals 39 4,680,138 * (0) 0 (% total area) ( 19.8) ( 0.0) Totals 55 5,601,337 * 1 3,054 (% total area) ( 23.7) ( 0.0) 273 COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat... ——_______ a National designation N Area(ha) N Area(ha) —___—_—_—_——..c.|: oo — — — — — EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA (5,204,820 sq. km) - summary by sector Forestry Sector 27 2,395,278 * 133 3,027,422* (% total area) ( 0.5) ( 0.6) Wildlife Sector 178 40,891,491 * 47 6,287,482* (% total area) (( Hot))) ( 1.2) Additional Sector or sector unknown 0 (0) (0) (0) (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) nnn n nnn n ccc ccc cnc nee EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA (5,204,820 sq. km) - summary by management category Total protection 80 15,629,955 * 19 2,434,336* (% total area) ( 3.0) ( 0.5) Partial protection 125 27,656,814 * 161 6,880,568* (% total area) ( 5.3) ( 1.3) Degree of protection unknown (0) (0) 0 (0) (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 205 43,286,769 * 180 9,314,904* (% total area) ( 8.3) ( 1.8) S:.°>"—"—“——“Own—nawqe0”76wSBEea=q_j_l— eee * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered. 274 Table 7.4(a) | Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size —— a) Forestry Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 KENYA Notified sites T 9 5,853 5 3 1 (0) P 229 7,157 132 60 36 1 Total 238 7,108 137 63 37 1 Proposed sites P 125 4,650 91 24 9 1 Total 125 4,650 91 24 9 1 UGANDA Notified sites T 12 3,792 3 8 1 (0) P 4 893 2 2 0 {0} Total 16 3,067 5 10 1 fo) Proposed sites T 1 3,054 (0) 1 {e) {e) Total 1 3,054 0 1 (0) 0 EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA Notified sites T 21 4,675 8 11 2 (0) P 233 7,050 134 62 36 1 Total 254 6,853 142 73 38 1 Proposed sites T 1 3,054 (0) 1 {e) (0) ; P 125 4,650 91 24 9 1 Total 126 4,637 91 25 9 1 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 7.3, because the areas of some individual properties may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 275 Table 7.4(b) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 DJIBOUTI Notified sites T 1 10,000 (0) 1 0 (0) Total 1 10,000 (0) 1 (0) (0) ETHIOPIA Notified sites T 13 249,246 (0) 1 4 8 P 25 646,588 0 (0) 2 23 Total 38 510,655 (0) 1 6 31 KENYA Notified sites T 27 109,220 6 6 11 4 P 29 55,118 1 7 14 7 Total 56 81,203 7 13 25 11 Proposed sites T 4 28,820 1 fe) 3 ce) Total 4 28,820 1 (0) 3 (0) SOMALIA Notified sites P 4 131,137 1 0 1 2 Total 4 131,137 1 {0} 1 2 Proposed sites T 8 280,000 (0) 1 2 5 P 7 335,714 (0) 0 (0) 7 Total 15 306,000 (0) 1 2 12 SUDAN Notified sites T 8 1,062,375 (0) (0) 3 5 : P 17 189,735 2 2 6 7 Total 25 468,980 2 2 9 12 Proposed sites T 1 76,000 {e) (0) 1 Oo P 10 150,620 (0) 3 2 5 Total 11 143,836 (0) 3 3 5 UGANDA Notified sites T 6 138,934 (0) 1 2 3 P 31 124,081 1 5 17 8 Total 37 126,490 1 6 19 11 EAST SAHELIAN AFRICA Notified sites T 55 282,395 6 9 20 20 P 106 239,242 5 14 40 47 Total 161 253,984 11 23 60 67 Proposed sites T 13 187,021 1 1 6 5 P 17 226,835 fo) 3 2 12 Total 30 209,582 1 4 8 17 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 7.3, because the areas of some individual properties may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 276 Table 7.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas, together with the number of properties (natural or mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions in brackets. er World Heritage Biosphere Ramsar African Convention Reserves’ Convention Convention Ea ae Be ea eee Rec e O e e Ee ee ee SS A a | Sudentonns risratajon opel oro fh P old 30 EE 1987 (0) 1979 (1) 1988 (1) ‘Unesco MAB Project 8 R = ratified S = signatory 277 syuowpudep SoAlosal alnjeu pus syed WaloJ pus owen pus ‘sxivg [BUCTeNY BpuLs”~) UaY)BUaNS SO} JO WLIO} ay) UT UOTDa}0I1d Waysks009 pudXy UOljB[sIZa] UspBorq pue oyepd¢ Bpuesy) Axunod 9y} ynoyZnosy) soytAtjoV JO UOTBUTPIOOD s9U0Z SOAIOSAI JSAOJ UTYIIM UOIDa}0Id Joy ‘suonestuesio Arsaloy pue oft[pliMm usy)Zualjs uvljayeg pus Wosep opnpout 0} yJomyou puvdxq SUIMOT]B UOTB[SIZ9] solo} MOU JOBUT SOTAIOS OTP WBWOS o8A1D ylomyou oanujuasaidar ystiquisy uonje[st3ay ayepd—) aS ay quowpedeg ysaloj oy) pus ylomyou SOIAIOG SIIP[IA, BAUSY UseMJoq drysuonsar voy Buars SAlasal Jsaloy pusjxo puv uvjd susoysAs yuowodwy uonje[stZa_ oyepdy) Bhuoy quowyedeg uleyy juawdojaaeq svoie AjWWoud pus uoNBAlIasuod sedInosey [BINjeAY oY} UstTuarS Salo} [BUOTeU Jo UOTISsN[oUT Aq YOmyou puedxq uolyesi3a] youu” uidomy sued juoweseuew dojaaeq SUIBIUNOUW BIQUP] 0} pus}xq UOl}e[sIZ9] USpvoIg puB UdY}sUAal}G ynoqilq “SBaIe UONPAIJOSUOD 0} BUTVeIAI UOTE JO} somtoIId euoWeu Jo AreuWING OL AGEL Annex 7.1 List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III DJIBOUTI Integral Reserve 1 Maskali Sud 1980 Subtotal 1 site ha* National Park 2 Foret du Day 10,000 1939 Subtotal 1 site 10,000 ha Territorial Park 3 Musha 1972 Subtotal 1 site ha* Totals Existing conservation areas 3 sites 10,000 ha* Proposed conservation areas 0 sites ha * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 279 ETHIOPIA Controlled Hunting Areas Afdem-Gewane Akobo Arsi Awash West Bale Borana Boyo Swamp Chercher & Arba Gugu Dabus Valley Eastern Hararghe (Harar-Wabi Shebelle) Erer-Gota Jikao Maze Mizan-Teferi Murle Omo West Segen Valley Tedo Subtotal 18 sites Marine National Park 19 Dahlac Subtotal 1 site National Parks Abijatta-Shalla Lakes Awash Bale Mountains Gambella Mago Nechisar Omo Simen Mountains Yangudi Rassa Subtotal 9 sites Sanctuaries 29 30 31 Babile Elephant Senkelle Swayne's Hartebeest Yabello Subtotal 3 sites Wildlife Reserves Alledeghi Awash West Bale Chew Bahr Gash-Setit Gewane Mille-Sardo Nakfa Shire Tama Yob Subtotal 11 sites Totals Existing conservation areas 42 sites Proposed conservation areas 0 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 280 593,200 504,900 1,087,600 913,600 966,300 4,536,600 304,500 212,700 2,378,800 238,600 337,500 417,200 456,100 234,700 13,182,300 200,000 200,000 88,700 75,600 247,100 506,100 216,200 51,400 406,800 17,900 473,100 2,082,900 698,200 5,400 253,700 957,300 183,200 178,100 176,600 421,200 70,900 243,900 876,600 163,900 75,300 326,900 265,800 2,982,400 18,404,900 ha* ha* ha ha ha ha ha 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1983 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1983 1985 1973 1973 1983 1973 1969 1970 1966 1969 1974 1978 1973 1966 1966 1976 1970 1972 1985 1973 1973 1973 1973 1959 1973 1973 1959 1973 1973 1959 KENYA Forest Reserves! Aberdares (Central Muranga) Aberdares (Central Nyandarua) Aberdares (Central Nyeri) Arabuko Sokoke Bahati Bojoge Buda Bunyala Cheboyit Chembartigon Chemorogok Chemurokoi Chepalungu Chepkuchumo Cherial Choke (Mnjonyi) Dagoretti East Ngamba Eastern Mau Eburu Eldoret I & II Embakasi Embobut Escarpment Fururu Gogoni Gonja Ikilisa Iveti Jombo Kabarak Kabiok Kaisungor Kakamega Kalimani Kamiti Kangure Kapchemutwa Kapchorua I Kapchorua IV Kapkanyar Kapolet Kapsaret Kaptagat Kaptaroi Kaptimom Karua A Karua B Karua C Karura Kasigau Katende Katimok Kemeto Kenze Kerrer Kessop Ketnwan Kiagu Kiambicho Kiambu Kiamuti Kibithewa Kibwezi 281 1943 1943 1943 1943 1932 1991 1932 1956 1941 1949 1949 1941 1956 1962 1949 1991 1938 1978 1941 1932 1966 1941 1954 1941 1991 1932 1961 1960 1933 1941 1962 1949 1941 1933 1960 1933 1961 1941 1941 1941 1967 1941 1932 1941 1936 1949 1961 1961 1961 1932 1941 1960 1949 1949 1960 1954 1941 1949 1959 1961 1932 1961 1959 1936 Kieiga Kierera Kiganjo Kijabe Hill Kijegge Kikingo Kikuyu Escarpment Kilala Kilombe Hill Kilulunyi Kilungu Kimojoch Kinyesha Mvua Kinyo Kiongwani Kioo Kipipiri Kipkabus (Elg-Marak) Kipkabus (Uasin/Gishu) Kipkunurr Kiptaberr Kitalale Kitale Town Kiteta Kithendu Kitondu Kitoo Kitumbuuni Kiu (Ngungu) Kyai Kyemundu Lariak Lelan Lembus Leroghi Leshau Loitokitok Londiani Lugari Lusoi Maatha Macha Magumo North Magumo South Mailuganji Maji Mazuri Makongo-kitui Makongo-machakos Makuli-nguuta Malaba Mangrove Swamp Maragoli Marenji Marmanet Marop Marsabit Mataa Matthews Range Mau Narok Mbili Mchungunyi Menengai Meru (Lower Imenti) Meru (Upper Imenti) Metkei Mkongani North Mkongani West 282 1959 1959 1932 1980 1959 1959 1943 1960 1936 1991 1933 1949 1991 1949 1960 1960 1956 1961 1941 1941 1967 1977 1932 1933 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1932 1958 1959 1936 1960 1977 1932 1977 1984 1959 1991 1978 1979 1941 1932 1961 1960 1960 1933 1932 1957 1967 1932 1949 1932 1960 1956 1967 1991 1991 1977 1938 1938 1954 1956 1956 Modagache (Weni-tole) Molo Momandu Mosegem Mount Elgon Mount Kenya Mount Londiani Mount Nyiru Mrima Mtarakwa Muguga Mukobe Mukogodo Mumbaka Mumoni Hill Munguni Muringato Nursery Mutejwa Mutharanga Mutito Mutula Mwachi Mwachora Mwakamu Mwandongo Nabkoi Nairobi Arboretum Nakuru Namanga Hill Namuluku Nandi North Nandi South Nanyungu Ndare Ndatai Ndiwenyi Ndotos Range Nduluni-kalani Ngaia Ngamba Ngong Hills Ngong Road Njuguni North Mbooni Nthangu Ntugi Nuu Nyambeni Nyamweru Nyeri Nyeri Hill Nyeri Municipality Nzaui Ol-arabel Ol1-bolossat Ol-pusimoru Ololua Pemwai Perkerra Catchment Rumuruti Saimo Sanao Sekenwo Sekhendu Shimba Sogotio Sokta Hill 283 1991 1932 1955 1949 1932 1943 1932 1956 1961 1949 1938 1962 1937 1986 1938 1959 1932 1959 1959 1962 1960 1938 1991 1991 1991 1932 1932 1977 1979 1986 1936 1936 1986 1932 1960 1991 1956 1960 1959 1961 1985 1932 1959 1933 1960 1959 1961 1959 1941 1932 1944 1987 1960 1941 1938 1957 1941 1949 1962 1932 1949 1949 1962 1977 1956 1941 1949 199 South Laikipia 200 South Mbooni 201 South-western Mau 202 Southern Mau 203 Susu 204 Tarambas Hill 205 Taressia 206 Thunguru Hill 207 Thuuri 208 Timau 209 Timboroa 210 Tinderet 211 Tinderet North 212 Tingwa Hill 213 Toropket 214 Transmara 215 Tulimani 216 Tumeya (Elgeyo Marakwet) 217 Tumeya (Uasin Gishu) 218 Turbo 219 Tutwoin 220 Uaso Narok 221 Ururu 222 Utangwa 223 Utunene 224 Uuni 225 Waiya 226 Wanga 227 Weni-Mwana 228 West Molo 229 Western Mau 230 Witu Subtotal 230 sites Game Sanctuary 231 Maralai Subtotal 1 site Marine National Parks 232 Kisite/Mpunguti 233 Malindi 234 Mombasa 235 Ras Tenewi 236 Watamu Subtotal 5 sites Marine National Reserves 237 Kiunga 238 Malindi 239 Mombasa 240 Mpunguti 241 Watamu Subtotal 5 sites National Parks 242 Aberdare 243 Amboseli 244 Arabuko Sokoke 245 Central Island 246 Chyulu 247 Hell's Gate 248 Kora 249 Lake Nakuru 250 Longonot 251 Malka Mari 252 Meru 253 Mount Elgon 284 3,472 1932 208 1933 82,411 1932 136 1941 2 1991 423 1949 385 1936 631 1959 735 1959 295 1950 5,891 1932 27,870 1932 26,150 1932 915 1954 117 1941 35,270 1941 326 1960 366 1961 215 1941 10,788 1968 12 1949 2,041 1960 433 1936 55 1960 166 1960 93 1960 263 1960 77 1986 5 1991 275 1932 19,833 1932 3,938 1962 1,639,079 ha* 500 500 ha 3,900 1978 600 1968 1,000 1986 35,000 1991 3,200 1968 43,700 ha 25,000 1979 21,309 1968 20,000 1986 1,100 1978 3,200 1968 70,609 ha 76,619 1950 39,206 1974 600 1990 500 1983 47,090 1983 6,800 1984 178,780 1989 18,800 1967 5,200 1983 87,600 1989 87,044 1966 16,923 1968 254 Mount Kenya 255 Nairobi 256 Ndere Island 257 Ol Donyo Sabuk 258 Ruma 259 Saiwa Swamp 260 Sibiloi 261 South Island 262 Tsavo East 263 Tsavo West Subtotal National Reserves 264 Arawale 265 Bisanadi 266 Boni 267 Buffalo Springs 268 Dodori 269 Kakamega 270 Kamnarok 271 Kerio Valley 272 Lake Bogoria 273 Losai 274 Marsabit 275 Masai Mara 276 Mwea 277 Nasolot 278 Ngai Ndethya 279 North Kitui 280 Rahole 281 Samburu 282 Shaba 283 Shimba Hills 284 South Kitui 285 South Turkana 286 Tana River Primate Subtotal Nature Reserves 287 Arabuko Sokoke 288 Cheptugen-Kapchemutwa 289 Kaimosi Forest 290 Kaptagat Forest 291 Karura 292 Katimok Kabarnet 293 Langata 294 Mbololo 295 Nandi North 296 South-Western Mau 297 Uaso Narok Subtotal Proposed (Forest Reserves) Aroso Awach Nursery Aywaya Bondoni Boni Bura Nursery Chawia Chepnyal Cheptiram Chonyi-kaya Endau (Kenya) Fighi Juu Mkumu Fungo-kaya Gaikuyu 22 sites 23 sites 11 sites 285 3,880 1,174,700 906,500 2,905,261 53,324 60,600 133,900 13,100 87,739 4,468 8,774 6,570 10,705 180,680 208,800 151,000 6,803 9,200 21,209 74,500 127,000 16,500 23,910 19,251 183,300 109,100 16,900 1,527,333 3,434 43,032 1,575 52,679 294 2 142 18,466 10 ha ha ha* 1949 1946 1986 1967 1983 1974 1973 1983 1948 1948 1974 1979 1976 1985 1976 1985 1983 1983 1970 1976 1949 1974 1976 1979 1976 1979 1976 1985 1974 1968 1979 1979 1976 1979 1978 1961 1981 Gembe Giribe God Kwach Goye Gwasi Homa Huri Hills Igho Mkundu Igi Ikumu Imba Irizi Jaycee Jibana-kaya Kabonge Kakuzi Hill Kalangu Kamatira Kambe-kava Kanzulu Karaini Karangu Kasigau Nursery Kauma-kaya Kaya Ribe Kegonga Kiambere Kiangombe Kianjiru Kibauni Kigala Kingatua Kiria Kirimiri Kitovo Kodera Kodera Forest Area Koguta Kotim Kuja Bull Camp Kwa Hill Kwisagat Kyawea Lambwe Latema Loima Hills Lowero Hills Lungi Maeta Hill Mai Maimu Makinyambu Makutani Mango Mangrove (Mto Tana) Mangrove (Res Mwachera) Marabu-Magina Maranga Marigat Masai Mau Matha Mavindi Mbololo Juu Mbololo Mwambirua Mikuro Miriu Mngambua (Mwawanyu) Molinduko 286 Mount Kulal Mraru Mugabwa (Ngabwa) Mumoni Museve Mutha Muthini Mutuluni Mutunyi Muune Mwaganini Mwarungu Mworungu Ndhoani Ndune Ngangao Ngorome Njukini East Njukini West Nyamarere Nyasoko Nyasumbi Hill Ole Lengishu Onoo Water Point Otacho Rabai Rabuor Ramogi Ranen Rangwe Ronge Sagalla Sagegi Hill Salaita Sekerr Sodany Hill Sungululu Tana River (Bangali) Tana River (Herimani I & ITI) Tana River (Hewani) Tana River (Kokani) Tana River (Mbalambala) Tana River (Mwina) Tana River (Wayu I,II,III) Twanyoni Usenge Weni-mbogho Wesu Wire Yale Yekanga Subtotal Proposed (Marine National Park) Diani Complex Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Arabuko Sokoke Marsabit South-Western Mau Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 287 132 sites 1 site 3 sites 297 sites 136 sites 41,965 63 2 50 392 22 100 581,261 ha* 250 250 ha 36,000 36,000 43,032 115,032 ha 6,239,161 ha* 696,543 ha* * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. ‘Includes an unknown number of plantation reserves covering a total area of 165,000ha. 288 SOMALIA Controlled Hunting Areas 1 Borama District 1969 2 Bushbush 1969 3 Juba Left 1969 Subtotal 3 sites ha* Game Reserves 4 Bushbush 334,000 1969 5 Geedkabehleh 10,360 1969 6 Mandera 1969 7 Mogadishu 1969 Subtotal 4 sites 344,360 ha* Nature Reserves 8 Alifuuto (Arbowerow) 180,000 9 Balcad 190 1988 Subtotal 2 sites 180,190 ha Partial Game Reserves 10 Belet Wein 1969 11 Bulo Burti 1969 12 Jowhar 1969 13 Oddur 1969 Subtotal 4 sites ha* Proposed (National Parks) Angole Farbiddu Awdhegle-Gandershe 80,000 Daalo Forest 251,000 Gaan Libaah 50,000 Gezira Lagoon 5,000 Har Yiblane Jowhar-Warshek 220,000 Lag Badana-Bushbush 334,000 Lag Dere 500,000 Las Anod-Taleh-El Chebet 800,000 Rus Guba Subtotal 11 sites 2,240,000 ha* Proposed (Wildlife Reserves) Boja Swamps 110,000 Eji-Oobale El Hammure 400,000 Far Libah Far Wamo 140,000 Haradere-Awale Rugno 250,000 Hargan Dalandoole 800,000 Hobyo 250,000 Ras Hajun Zeila 400,000 Subtotal 10 sites 2,350,000 ha* Totals Existing conservation areas 13 sites 524,550 ha* Proposed conservation areas 21 sites 4,590,000 ha* * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 289 SUDAN Game Reserves Ashana Bengangai Bire Kpatuos Chelkou Fanyikango Island Juba Kidepo Mbarizunga Mongalla 10 Numatina 11 Rahad 12 Sabaloka 13 Tokar 14 Zeraf Subtotal WDIMHDU &WNrH Marine National Park 15 Sanganeb Atoll Subtotal National Parks 16 Bandingilo 17 Boma 18 Dinder 19 Nimule 20 Radom 21 Shambe 22 Southern Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuaries 23 Arkawit 24 Arkawit-Sinkat 25 Khartoum Sunt Forest Subtotal Proposed (Bird Sanctuaries) El Rosieris Dam Jebel Aulia Dam Khashm el Girba Dam Lake Abiad Lake Keilak Lake Kundi Lake Nubia Sennar Dam Subtotal Proposed (Game Reserves) Abroch Boro Machar Meshra Wadi Howar Subtotal Proposed (Managed Nature Reserve) Mukawwar Subtotal Proposed (Marine National Park) Port Sudan Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) 14 sites 1 site 7 sites 3 sites 8 sites 5 sites 1 site 1 site 290 90,000 17,000 500 550,000 48,000 20,000 120,000 1,000 7,500 210,000 350,000 116,000 630,000 970,000 3,130,000 26,000 26,000 1,650,000 2,280,000 890,000 41,000 1,250,000 62,000 2,300,000 8,473,000 82,000 12,000 1,500 95,500 150,000 450,000 600,000 12,000 12,000 ha ha ha ha ha* ha* ha ha* 1939 1939 1939 1939 1935 1939 1975 1939 1939 1939 1939 1946 1939 1939 1990 1986 1986 1935 1954 1980 1985 1939 1939 1939 1939 Lantoto Suakin Archipelago Subtotal Proposed (Nature Conservation Areas) Imatong Mountains Jebel Elba Jebel Marra massif Lake Ambadi Lake No Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 25 22 sites sites sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 291 76,000 76,000 100,000 480,000 150,000 150,000 880,000 11,724,500 1,582,200 ha* ha* ha ha* UGANDA Controlled Hunting Areas ay OWUODYIRHKH UU k&WNHe Buhuka Central Karamoja (Napak) East Madi East Teso Kaiso Tonya Karuma Katonga Lipan North Karamoja North Teso Sebei Semliki South Karamoja West Madi Subtotal Game Reserves Ajai Bokora Corridor Bugungu Karuma Katonga Kibale Forest Corridor Kigezi Kyambura Manteniko Plain Upe Toro Subtotal National Parks 26 Gorilla (Mgahinga) Kidepo Valley Lake Mburo Mt Rwenzori Murchison Falls Queen Elizabeth* Subtotal Nature Reserves Igwe/Luvunya Kasagala Kisanju Maruzi Hills Ngogo North Mabira Ntendure Hill Nyakafunjo Rkungiri Waibira Wambabya Zoka Subtotal Sanctuaries 44 Difule Animal Entebbe Animal & Bird Jinja Animal Kazinga Animal Malawa Bird Mount Kei White Rhino Otze Forest White Rhino Zoka Forest Elephant Subtotal 292 14 sites 11 sites 6 sites 12 sites 8 sites 1,750 22,451 175,220 22,690 24,061 227,660 89,856 1,079,330 253,490 50,400 798,470 83,123 2,828,501 ha* 15,600 203,363 74,830 71,272 20,662 33,915 38,232 15,514 158,656 228,715 58,456 919,215 ha 2,445 134,400 53,600 61,361 384,000 197,800 833,606 ha 1,080 10,314 eating) 6,829 7,200 3,355 913 710 268 3,210 3,429 6,084 45,509 ha 1,024 5,120 3,261 2,243 768 45,220 20,480 20,700 98,816 ha Sites of Special Scientific 52 Buto-Buvuma 53 Kifu 54 Mpanga 55 Nile Bank Subtotal Proposed (Nature Reserve) West Bugwe Subtotal Totals Interest 4 sites 1 site Existing conservation areas 55 sites Proposed conservation areas 1 site * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 293 3,054 3,054 ha 4,729,221 ha* 3,054 ha 1989 1989 1989 1989 CO, i A } Crnit fing Areas mat here he ; cb ‘ a = 1 ce i a moja iRapak)y. "= Ns Aisin | a yl Py 2 eetia & Ne Senter y iss aH | F ‘ { fey tila 6 y20.§ tegen } eis 7 Fatornge 20,6 ‘eae £ aoe LA Hoe ti Eb Sarin abe = eocie 46 eee S S'mebed. oma btO.E se ee oo ig Semi Lied : : : 48 Gauthh Latemoje pial vateaia to eaveom woe! 4 Warr tc, Panty, le a ; wimrotal | TS edieh neal y Uae A aaa ae wines “ ay Came fava yer Ce WO athe 2s ; AB Nga” itm, ea an cee | ape A 18 Sateen Kpoa meeelid 7 * Sc fee cies a7 Pegg ‘ a : ; } af Rare ; resi Lo Tena ; ge sri © es al Lite) ts hts - ; rt mie iy _ 20 Binnie Forget cimeadios fe a, ‘ane (MA Kigtel “ , » 23 Rywierk 7 oe ae te | Se Ae me gee ow cite 24 Acie ‘tye Eins “el 7 ee ae i Ds ; nt = Pa oe y ohh wy ne ia 3 5 peta 1 See eee Annex 7.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation. Region: Africa Sub—region: East Sahelian Africa Name of couniry/state: Djibouti Total area (sq.km): 23200 Land area (sq.km): 23180 Month/year of reference: 1990 FORRES 7 FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: There are no forest reserves in Djibouti. 294 Annex 7.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub-—region: East Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Ethiopia Total area (sq.km): 1221900 Land area (sq.km): 1101000 Month/year of reference: August 1991. FORE sot FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 1628738 2443107 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 1628738 0 2443107 0 0 Notes: Data provided by Kidane (State Forest Conservation and Development Department), pers. SO, 30 August 1991. National forest priority areas are awaiting legal gazettement. Most national forest priority areas serve a variety of production, conservation and protection functions and are being subdivided into relevant management blocks. 60% of national forest priority areas are inaccessible for commercial purposes (EFAP, 1991). 2,443,107 ha out of a total of 4,071,845 ha (60 %) has therefore been placed in the protection forest category. 295 Annex 7.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: East Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Kenya Total area (sq.km): 580370 Land area (sq.km): 569690 Month/year of reference: August, 1991. FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 1474079 581261 Non-—forest Plantation 165000 TOTAL 165000 0 0 0 1474079 581261 Notes: Data provided by Omollo & Blackett, August 1991; Blackett, March, 1992. Forest reserves in Kenya have not been classified under the forest function categories above. However, the government banned all felling of indigenous trees in 1986. Therefore, the area of forest reserves, apart from the 165,000 ha of industrial plantations, has been placed under conservation forest. There is about 53,000 ha of nature reserves found within forest reserves and constitutes part of the total in the above table. 296 Annex 7.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub-—region: East Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Somalia Total area (sq.km): 637660 Land area (sq.km): 627340 Month/year of reference: October 1991. FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: According to Simonetta (pers. comm., 1987), there are 27 “protected forests" in the country. No further data is available. 297 Annex 7.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub-—region: East Sahelian Africa Name of country/state: Sudan Total area (sq.km): 2505810 Land area (sq.km): 2376000 Month/year of reference: September, 1991. FOR E Ny ‘ bls al aan Ded 8 WEST AFRICA Benin, Céte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo 8.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Protection of nature in West Africa has its origins in oral customary law, traditional rules and taboos conceming hunting. Examples from Ghana include the protection of snails and tree species in sacred groves of the closed forest zone, and the establishment of a monkey sanctuary at Boabeng-Fiema in the Brong-Ahafo region. At Boabeng-Fiema, mona and black and white colobus monkeys are considered sacred and are protected as such. The first protected areas were created in the early 20th century, when most of the countries in the region were under colonial rule. Colonial authorities in the subregion were Britain (Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone) and France (Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Togo). Liberia is an exception in not having been subject to colonial tule. 8.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION Legal provisions for the establishment of protected areas have been passed in all countries within the subregion. These are summarised in Table 8.1 and reviewed below. Conservation areas in the subregion are designated either under the forest law, or under separate wildlife law. In both cases, designations are generally similar and follow those given in the African Convention of 1968. This provides definitions of strict nature reserve, national park and special reserve (which includes other areas such as game reserve, partial reserve, sanctuary and soil, water and forest reserve). 8.2.1 Forestry Sector Policy Information on forest policy is only available for Ghana, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. In general, the role of forests, both in serving a conservation function and as a natural resource, is recognised in all three countries. Legislation Forest policy and forest law in colonial Africa were based on experience from continental Europe, and reflect the idea, common at the time, that nature provides a readily exploited resource. Legislation principally concerned land tenure, and forest exploitation. In British colonies, the early administrators followed the pattern of reservation of forest lands adopted in India. This mainly concerned establishment within a legal framework of a permanent forest estate the boundaries and use of which could only be amended by the highest authority in the land. In francophone countries within the subregion, legislation was derived directly from France, a country with a long experience of temperate forestry. This legislation was based on the principle of Roman legislation, according to which any unoccupied land where existence of written ownership documents could not be proved, belonged to the state. All forest lands were thus declared state property, although local populations exercised many usage rights. Contradiction between oral customary law and the written regulations of the forest law resulted in a general reluctance of local people to accept the delineation of reserve forests. Since independence, French-speaking countries have tried to amend the regulations on forest ownership. However, as a general rule, the whole forest area is still considered to be state property (forét domaniale), the concept of private forests being virtually non-existent. Throughout francophone countries, the concept still exists of state forests comprising classified forests and protected forests. Classified forests are gazetted areas in which customary rights of use are generally permitted, but which are otherwise generally protected. Protected forests comprise that part of the state forest not subject to individual classification orders, which therefore do not appear in Table 8.1. Within protected forests, 300 uncontrolled clearing and unauthorised logging are forbidden, as well as the regulation of customary rights which the population could otherwise exercise without restraint. Most current forest laws within the subregion contain some reference to the multiple role and uses of forests for environmental protection and raw material production. Information on existing forest legislation is not available for Togo, but a new Code de la Forét et de la Faune is due to be passed, which will make Togo the only country within the subregion not to have separate forest and wildlife legislation. 8.2.2 Wildlife Sector Policy Information on wildlife policy is available only for Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. In these countries, the importance of preserving wildlife is stressed. The need to ensure that local people benefit from protected areas is also recognised, for example, by permitting the use of protected areas as a source of bushmeat. Legislation All countries within the region, other than Togo, have passed wildlife legislation designating protected areas. There is often close interlinkage between this and the forest legislation. Present nature conservation legislation in the subregion generally follows the 1968 (Algiers) African Convention. Designations are for national parks, strict nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, hunting reserves and sport hunting reserves, definitions of each category generally being similar throughout the region. The highest degree of protection is given in strict nature reserves, where access is only permitted for management purposes and scientific research. National parks are open to tourism, but residence is not permitted. Sanctuaries are for the protection of named species. Reserves in which hunting is permitted comprise hunting reserves, where subsistence hunting is allowed, and sport hunting reserves, where hunting for sport is permitted, usually following purchase of a permit. In general, many categories of conservation area have been defined for which there are as yet no examples on the ground. 8.2.3, Other Sectors Not applicable 8.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION Departments responsible for administration of protected areas are given in Table 8.1. Categories are listed according to the language used in the original legislation. A glossary of terms (French, Portuguese and French) is given in Part I. 8.3.1 Forestry Sector Administration of forestry is the responsibility of forest departments in the respective countries (Table 8.1). Most have histories dating back to colonial times, earlier this century. For all countries for which data is available, the forestry sector is responsible for at least some of the conservation areas. 8.3.2 Wildlife Sector Conservation areas are generally managed under a single administrative organisation within the forest departments of countries within the subregion. The Wildlife Division has been upgraded to departmental status in Ghana, and recommendation has been made for upgrading the wildlife and national parks section in Liberia. Separate wildlife sections have not been established in Guinea or Togo, conservation areas in these countries being administered by the Forestry Sector. 8.3.3 Other Sectors Not applicable 301 8.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations Togo provides the only example in the subregion of management being entrusted to a non-governmental organisation. Management of Fazao-Malfakassa Faunal Reserve has been passed to the F. Weber Convention for a period of 25 years, starting in 1990 (Bleich, 1991). 8.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS The managed areas system is mapped (where possible) for each country within the subregion, in Figs 8.1-8 (Part III). Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 8.1 which serves as a key to the maps. 8.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector Coverage Data for the subregion, although far from up-to-date, is rather more complete than for the neighbouring subregions of West Sahel and Cental Africa. Managed areas within the forestry sector account for approximately 9.4% of the total area of West Africa (Table 8.2). As available data is incomplete, this should be considered a minimum figure. Managed areas within the forestry sectors of the subregion are most extensive in Liberia (13 %), although this area comprises solely production forest. By contrast, in Benin, which ranks second in this table, all the 12 % of land managed within the forestry sector comprises conservation forest. Of the countries for which data was available, Togo has the lowest figure (1.8%) for managed areas within the forest sector. 8.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors Coverage There are over 386 legally designated conservation areas in West Africa covering a total area of over 14 million ha or 6.7% of the subregion (Table 8.3). Approximately 8.7% of these conservation areas are under total protection, covering 3.1% of the subregion. The rest are partially protected. The totally protected areas tend to be much larger than the partially protected areas, such that the area covered by the two categories is roughly equal. The 10% target of total area under protection for conservation purposes has been reached only by Benin, Cote dIvoire and Togo. Benin has by far the largest protected areas system within the region, due to several large reserves in the north of the country. The protected area systems of Liberia and Sierra Leone are the smallest in the subregion, covering less than 2% of each country. Representativeness Representativeness of the protected area systems within the subregion varies widely. The systems of Cote d’Ivoire and Togo are extensive, and are considered to be adequate, particularly as most habitat types are represented. Two of the habitats protected within Cote d’Ivoire are only protected in one other country: dense humid Guinean forest in Ghana and mangroves in Senegal. The systems of Ghana, Guinea and Nigeria are comparable, although less extensive, in being fairly well dispersed throughout the countries, and representing most habitat types. Although Benin has by far the most extensive protected areas system within the subregion, distribution is very uneven, all areas being in the north of the country, on the border with Burkina Faso and Niger. Sierra Leone has a small protected areas system. However, when sites which are currently proposed are finally gazetted, all the vegetation types in the country will be covered. Ecofloristic zone analysis [pending data from FAO] Integrity Data in Table 8.4 indicate that conservation areas under the wildlife sector tend to be large or very large throughout the subregion. Mean size of totally protected areas is in all cases at least double that of partially protected areas. National parks form the bulk of the former category and, by definition, they tend to be relatively large areas to provide a range of services. 302 In contrast, mean size of conservation areas within the forestry sector tend to be far smaller, throughout the subregion. Effectiveness Apart from inadequate representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by weaknesses in policy, legislation, institutional support and management. Existing legislation frequently needs strengthening or updating (Table 8.6). Management plans for conservation areas within the region generally do not appear to exist. The general lack of commitment of resources for conservation areas is largely responsible for many of the deficiencies in their management, which generally is ineffective or in some cases non-existent. Enforcement is very often handicapped by the absence of clearly-demarcated boundaries that are easily recognisable on the ground. Encroachment by people is ubiquitous, few conservation areas being free of this problem. 8.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation The forestry sector is directly responsible for the vast majority (90%) of the conservation areas within the subregion, which cover a total area of approximately 7 million ha or 3.4% of the region. However, these conservation areas largely comprise classified forests, which in general are small. Therefore, the total area for which the forestry service is responsible is actually slightly less than the area covered by the 31 conservation areas for which the wildlife sector is responsible. Data in Table 8.2 suggest that the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation is minimal (3.3%) in terms of the total area of the subregion under protection and conservation forest. However, this figure is almost certainly minimal, and the contribution of the forestry sector to protection and conservation is probably higher than suggested by the statistics because data are incomplete. The contribution of the forestry sector to conservation is further underestimated, as no figures are available of the extent of protected forests, which are legislated for in all francophone countries within the subregion. Protected forests comprise virtually all land outside gazetted areas, in which felling, amongst other things is prohibited, and which thus serve a conservation function. 8.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 8.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network There appear to be relatively few official proposals to expand the conservation area network. Figures in Table 8.3 show a total for 54 proposed sites covering 1,176,529ha or 0.6% of the total area of the subregion. Approximately equal numbers fall within the wildlife and forestry sectors, although the wildlife sector represents the bulk of the area covered. 8.5.2 Other National Initiatives Strengthening networks No information Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which limits the effective management of conservation areas throughout the region. Improving Management Throughout the region an increase in funding is necessary to enable adequate management. Problems in recruiting sufficient trained professional staff are common. Guinea has a particular problem in having an excess of staff, who are largely unmotivated. Reducing the numbers and increasing training is considered a priority task. 303 8.5.3. International Initiatives Conventions and Programmes All countries within the region, apart from Togo, participate in one or more international conventions and programmes concerned with conservation areas (Table 8.5). Only Ghana is party to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), hence Owabi, Ghana’s only Ramsar site, is the single Ramsar site within the subregion. Cooperative Agreements Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire cooperate in the management of Mount Nimba, which is a joint World Heritage site. A Conseil d’Entente with Niger, Burkina Faso, Céte d’Ivoire and Togo provides an administrative structure for cooperation between neighbouring countries, although the relevance of this to managed areas is not clear. A proposal to set up a single authority to manage the three contiguous "W" national parks in Burkina Faso, Benin and Niger, totalling over 1 million ha, and to raise funds for its operation, is being considered. 8.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Priorities for conservation action in the subregion were reviewed in the now dated IUCN Systems review of the Afrotropical Realm (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1987) and the accompanying Action Strategy (IUCN, 1987). Priorities have been reviewed more recently (IUCN, 1992) for the IV World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and summarised in Table 8.6. The Sudano-Sahelian PLATFORM for Action on UNCED Negotiations and Beyond: A Contribution to the African Position (Anon, 1991), concerning environmental degradation within the Sahel, was drawn up for UNCED 1992, following two consultative meetings of 22 Sudano-Sahelian countries, including several from the West Africa subregion. The report highlights the link between poverty and mismanagement of natural resources, particularly exploitation of marginal lands and deforestation. Recommendations include action to be taken at both the international and African level. In cenclusion, progress in the subregion has been seriously hampered by the environmental conditions (i.e. drought), and the demand on resources by rapidly growing human populations. Although mostly aware of the need for conservation area networks, well-funded institutions and up-to-date policy and legislation, governments in the subregion have generally not been able to ensure these are established. 304 REFERENCES d Anon. (1991). Sudano-Sahelian PLATFORM for Action on UNCED Negotiations and Beyond: A Contribution to the African Position. Prepared by the 22 Sudano-Sahelian Countries. CILSS, UNSO, IGADD. 22 pp. Bleich, M. (1991). Rapport de la saison 90-91. Parc national de Malfakassa-Fazao/Togo. Unpublished. 14 pp. IUCN (1987). Action strategy for protected areas in the Afrotropical Realm. YUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 56 pp. Frame, G.W. and Tanghanwaye, N.N. (1991). African Elephant Action Plan Togo National Plan for Elephant Conservation. Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Lome, Togo. 77 pp. MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 14 pp. Stuart, S.N. and Adams, R.J. (1990). Biodiversity in Sub-saharan Africa and its islands: conservation, management and sustainable use. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 242 pp. 305 aT[aryed ajaunjeu oArosgy aeIZg WUT oT[aINjEU oATOSSY oun] op sAIBB9y Tsuonwu ored qusUlssTogal ep anQuILgd uonoajoid op anauiigg o93p)01d yIOJ S7SSB[S FOF ¥eIA,| OP Tein Jonsasoy oureuiog 78)q,| Op yuoueued Jonsasoy oureulog anbiy939uAo ou0Z epetogds oalosgy QpBIS9juT oTJaINyeu AIOSDY SUNBY Op SAIOSIY [euolyeu ore onbiygaguAo ou0Z AIO89Y qouUlsstogal Op AIQUILIZd agdpj01d yoy O9SSB9 INOT "(aN SATORIIXS [BIOJOUIWIOD = J ‘asn sATIORINXS [LOO] = J ‘UONIeI0Id Jered = g ‘UOT}Da}0Id Je}0} = J.) aANDefqo yuaWIESeULUI 0} SUIPIOIOe PolJIsse]o ase seare poyoojOIg *AWIOYINE sANeIstUIUIpe o[qisuOdsel pue JUSUNJOEUD JO JVOA YIM ‘Seore pojoa}0Id JOJ SUOISTAOIA [ede] Boe & A Qu Ay Aa en Aa XNBUOTIBN SdBg XNB 3} ,P JLIUjaIIeg 8}Q10,j 39 KNB sop aIg}sIUT| S}QOJ Jo xnvq sop alaqstuly XNBUOTBNY saeg 32 OUNBY op SdIAIOg AJOSAlOJ JOIAIOG AONE ayer)stuyUpy La] xneuorsu sored sop 39 sayjoryed no sopeid9)ut SOT[AINJBU S9AIOSAI SOP JUSWOSSE[D9P Op 39 JuoWesse[o op alnpgoaid B] ap UOTBUSWO] S91 ¥ InjE}s quBYOd EE +99 “ON IalDIq [4] 2onsazoy epop quwpod ¢Zp-¢9 “ON 107 (4] 3819.1 9p Jonsozoy ourewiog np uonsed OP Spilfepouwl soy jUBXIy TET-BL “ON Y99q [aa] 2sseyo B] OP aslaloxe,| op Jo alnyeu Bl ap UOT}Da}01d Bl 9p UoHMUSW|I9x BHO 10-18 “ON 107 [a] sonsazoy opoD queyod Z]0-18 “ON 107 [109995] aNtL qeay mONesI3a] SIOAT,P 9190 TS 91981 Forest Ordinance (Cap. 157) [F] Forestry Department Amenity forest Forest reserve Private forest Production forest Protection forest Sacred grove Trees and Timber Decree [F] Forestry Department Protected area Wild Animals Preservation Act [W] Department of Game and Wildlife Game production reserve National park Strict nature reserve Wildlife sanctuary ~~ Legislation unknown [F] Direction Nationale des Foréts et Chasses Forét classée Ordonnance No. 007/SGG/90 portant code de Direction Nationale des Foréts et Chasses la protection de la faune sauvage et reglementation de la chasse [F] Parc national Réserve naturelle gérée Réserve naturelle intégrale Réserve spéciale Zone de chasse Zone d’intérét cynégétique Sanctuaire T P T P P P P Communal forest Government forest reserve National park Native authority forest reserve Wildlife refuge Act for the Conservation of the Forests [W] Forestry Development Authority vu Ue Communal forest reserve Controlled hunting area Game reserve National park Nature reserve Wildlife and National Parks Act [W] Wildlife and National Parks Section, Forest Development Authority [W] sq v0r ~ Conservation area Nature conservation unit Legislation unknown [W] ~~ 1937 v v 1991 Sierra Leone 1988 Togo 1988 ? Forestry Ordinance - Northem Region [F] Legislation unknown [F] Legislation unknown [F] Federal National Parks Decree No. 36 [W] Forestry Act [F] Forestry Regulations [F] Wild Life Conservation Act No. 27 [W] Code de l’Environnement [F] Legislation unknown (to be included within proposed Code de la Forét et de la Faune) [F] Department of Forestry (Northern Region) State Departments of Forestry State Departments of Forestry National Parks Board Forestry Division Forestry Division Wildlife Conservation Branch Direction des Foréts, des Chasses et de l’Environnement Communal forestry area Government forest reserve and protected forest Native authority or local government council forest reserve Strict nature reserve Game reserve National park Community forest National production forest National protection forest Protected area Community forest Sacred bush area Unclassified forest Controlled hunting area Game reserve Game sanctuary National park Non-forest hunting area Strict natural reserve Zone d’environnement protégée Réserve de faune Parc national Forét classée = pete ape By vw i v . ii : Fie Wik exten A ny ch Cs hs 4 ed Bs) ee ee tae ! i , a4 a Table 8.2 Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex X.2. Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION area Production Protection Conservation Total Benin 112,620 0 0 13,737 (12.2) 13,737 (12.2) Céte d’Ivoire 322,460 23,787 (7.4) 0 12,222 (3.8) 36,009 (11.2) Ghana 238,540 12,560 (5.3) 6,396 (2.7) 0 18,956 (7.9) Guinea 245,860 0 8,931 (3.6) 1,635 (0.7) 10,566 (4.3) Liberia 111,370 14,453 (13.0) 0 0 14,453 (13.0) Nigeria 923,770 76,492 (8.3) 0 20,988 (2.3) 97,480 (10.5) Sierra Leone 71,740 2,853 (4.0) 0 0 2,853 (4.0) Togo 56,790 0 0 1,042 (1.8) 1,042 (1.8) WEST AFRICA — 2,083,150 130,145 (6.2) 15,327 (0.7) 49,624 (2.4) 195,096 (9.4) 309 Table 8.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 2. N is the total number of conservation areas. COUNTRY Man. Sector Cat. National designation N BENIN (112,620 sq. km) Forest Sector Classified Forest P 45 Reforestation Area P 7 Subtotals 52 (% total area) Wildlife Sector Hunting Zone P National Park T Subtotals (% total area) On Ww Totals 57 (% total area) COTE D'IVOIRE (322,460 sq. km) Forest Sector Classified forest P 63 Subtotals 63 (% total area) Wildlife Sector Botanical Reserve Fauna and Flora Reserve National Park Partial Faunal Reserve Strict Nature Reserve Subtotals 1 (% total area) Hun NPRPORPH Totals 75 (% total area) GHANA (238,540 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P 23 Protection Working Circle P Subtotals 23 (% total area) vu Wildlife Sector Game Production Reserve National Park Strict Nature Reserve Wildlife Sanctuary Subtotals i (% total area) wHnv 31¢ Notified Area(ha) 1,373,707 2,567 1,376,274 ( 12.2) 510,000 843,500 1,353,500 ( 12.0) 2,729,774 ( 24.2) 1,222,190 1,222,190 (| 3-8) 7,350 123,000 1,762,500 95,000 5,000 1,992,850 ( 6.2) 3,215,040 ( 10.0) 209,623 430,000 639,623 ( 2.7) 136,080 1,029,795 32,400 12,702 1,210,977 (Gs) N ooo oo ooo ooooo0oo°o NON WRORP Proposed Area(ha) oo oo0o0o0o0o0o (o) oO ~ COUNTRY Sector National designation Totals (% total area) GUINEA (245,860 sq. km) Forest Sector Classified Forest Faunal Reserve National Park Strict Nature Reserve Subtotals (% total area) Totals (% total area) LIBERIA (111,370 sq. km) Forest Sector National Forest Subtotals (% total area) Wildlife Sector National Park Nature Conservation Unit Subtotals (% total area) Totals (% total area) NIGERIA (923,770 sq. km) Forest Sector Game Reserve Strict Nature Reserve Subtotals (% total area) Wildlife Sector National Park Subtotals (% total area) Totals (% total area) SIERRA LEONE (71,740 sq. Wildlife Sector Game Reserve Game Sanctuary National Park Strict Nature Reserve Subtotals (% total area) Totals (% total area) HH HHU 37 FOR 26 34 40 NOrROF 311 Notified Area(ha) 1,850,600 (728) 893,076 te) 38,200 125,300 1,056,576 ( 4.3) 1,056,576 ( 4.3) 129,230 ie) 129,230 (| 1.2) 129,230 (| 1.2) 2,040,782 58,013 2,098,795 (| 2-3) 2,114,396 2,114,396 (| 2.3) 4,213,191 (| 4.6) N Arouwo WNr 13 13 14 Proposed Area (ha) 54,834 ( 0.3) 453,400 453,400 ( 4.1) 55,400 46,364 101,764 ( 0.9) 555,164 ( 5-0) 371,920 * 0) 371,920 * ( 0.4) 29,700 29,700 ( 0.0) 401,620 * ( 0.4) 42,958 7,511 70,573 38,823 159,865 (| 2.2) 159,865 (| 2.2) COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat... ————___ — National designation N Area(ha) N Area (ha) TOGO (56,790 sq. km) Forest Sector Faunal Reserve P 9 290,381 (0) 10} Forest reserve P 28 104,157 ie} 0 National Park 7 3 357,290 (0) 0 Subtotals 40 751,828 fe) 0 (% total area) (@elsy2)) (( @a{0))) Totals 40 751,828 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 13.2) ( 0.0) WEST AFRICA (2,083,150 sq. km) - summary by sector Forestry Sector 346 7,145,286 25 847,377 * (% total area) ( 3.4) ( 0.4) Wildlife Sector 40 6,882,966 29 329,152 (% total area) (( <}683)) ( 0.12) Additional Sector or sector unknown (0) (e) ce) fe) (% total area) ( 0.0) (030) WEST AFRICA (2,083,150 sq. km) - summary by management category Total protection 31 6,518,424 18 220,792 (% total area) (( eaat}) ( O.1) Partial protection 355 7,509,828 36 955,737 * (% total area) ( 3.6) ( 0.5) Degree of protection unknown (0) 0 0 0 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 386 14,028,252 54 1,176,529 * (% total area) ( 6.7) ( 0.6) * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered. Table 8.4(a) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size a) Forestry Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BENIN Notified sites P 52 26,466 19 20 8 5 Total 52 26,466 19 20 8 5 GHANA Notified sites P 23 9,114 8 7 8 0 Total 23 9,114 8 7 8 {0} Proposed sites P 2 8,505 0 1 1 (0) Total 2 8,505 fe) 1 1 O GUINEA Notified sites T. 3} 54,500 fe) fe) 2 1 P 131 6,817 61 46 24 (e) Total 134 7,884 61 46 26 1 Proposed sites ae 1 5,032 te) 1 ie} 0 P 3 4 3 (0) fe) 0 Total 4 1,261 3 1 fo) {0} LIBERIA Proposed sites P 4 113,350 (0) 0 2 2 Total 4 113,350 (0) 0 2 2 NIGERIA Notified sites P 34 61,729 8 5 12 9 Total 34 61,729 8 5 12 9 Proposed sites P 10 37,192 (0) 2 7 1 Total 10 37,192 {0} 2 7 1 TOGO Notified sites T 3 119,096 (0) 1 (0) 2 P 9 32,264 1 2 5 1 Total 12 53,972 1 3 5 3 WEST AFRICA Notified sites T 6 86,798 (0) 1 2 3 P 249 19,550 97 80 57 15 Total 255 21,133 97 81 59 18 Proposed sites T 1 5,032 (0) 1 (0) (0) P 19 44,333 3 3 10 3 Total 20 42,368 3 4 10 3 to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 313 Table 8.4(b) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BENIN Notified sites T 2 421,750 0 fe) 0 2 P 3 170,000 fe) (0) fe) 3 Total 5 270,700 fe) 0 0 5 C6TE D'IVOIRE Notified sites T 9 196,388 0 2 4 3 P 3 75,116 0 1 1 1 Total 12 166,070 0 3 5 4 GHANA Notified sites T 6 177,032 0 i 2 3 P 8 18,597 1 3 4 0 Total 14 86,498 1 4 6 3 Proposed sites T al 21,264 (0) 0 1 0 P 2 8,279 (0) al 1 0 Total 3 12,607 (0) 1 2 fo) LIBERIA Notified sites T 1 129,230 (0) (0) (0) 1 Total 1 129,230 (0) fe) 0 al Proposed sites T 1 55,400 0 0 1 10) P 2 23,182 0 fe) 2 ie} Total 3 33,921 (0) (0) 3 0 NIGERIA Notified sites T 6 352,399 (0) Q 1 5 Total 6 352,399 (o) 0 1 5 Proposed sites T. 1 29,700 ie) 0 1 ie} Total 1 29,700 (0) (0) 1 0 SIERRA LEONE Notified sites Hy 1 80,813 (0) fe) 1 (0) P 1 1,200 (0) 1 0 fe) Total 2 41,006 10) 1 1 0 Proposed sites T. 14 7,814 (0) 11 3 (@) P 8 6,308 (0) 7 1 (0) Total 22 7,266 (0) 18 4 (0) WEST AFRICA Notified sites T 25 239,905 0 3 8 14 P 15 59,022 1 5 5 4 Total 40 172,074 1 8 13 18 Proposed sites ae 17 12,691 (0) 11 6 (0) P 12 9,449 6) 8 4 0 Total 29 11,350 0 19 10 (0) 314 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 315 Table 8.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas, together with the number of properties (natural or mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions in brackets. fcowcrvoire | ee | om@ | - Ee sf See Tae a re ea ‘Unesco MAB Project 8 R = ratified S = signatory 316 SoAT}Oa[go JUOWAZeUBU PUB s}UNT Jo UOITUTJopar 2]qQuUS 0} WaysXs vale pojoaj0ld Jo yUoUIssasseal oJo[dWIOD yousig uonBAlasuoD 2JIPILAA pus yuowpedeg A1jsal0,j oy) UT suorIsod qouloseuBUL OUT JJBIs PEUOIsseJoId aro! yINIDAY Aorjod ayt[piim Jeuoneu 2y) JO UOTyeUOW|duN a[quus 0} yUOWeZeUBW sAcIdWT Jem [AIO Zuunp posdejoo juowodeuayy seare poyoojold uTyyIM uONBALN. pus 3u13Zo] ‘ZuNuNy SuToNUo pus ‘syoquinu Jyeys Butonpal pus jyeys Buturexy Aq quowoseuew saoiduiy sopald Joysty ye Ajrepnoised ‘jyus Jo JUSWUYINIOAT pue Zutpuny Zutsearour Aq quowodeuew saoidwy Bunjoodsoid pjo3 puew B3uryouod jorjuoo 0) quoweseueu sAoidwiy “sale pajoajold UL JUSWa]}e8 UBUINY WUT ‘UoWoSeuBUT sAcIdUI] YIOMjoU 9q) SuIdeUB ulusg ul dN Uelpueg pue gN UBloy UseMyeq JOpL0S apnypour 0} ‘ApYySI[s Woyshs Bare poyoojold pusyxq youelg uolyBAlosu0; SFTP, 24} JO ayepuBU oy) Jopun posodoid seare poyoojoid apnjour 0} wiaysAs ware pojoojold pusyxq ysaloy ouwjuoW pus dues ‘puBlmoy yoojo1d 0) waysAs ware pojoojold pusjxq SOUOZ asn o[dyjnu Aq pepunouns ‘seare aloo poyoojo1d Ayy#10) asudusoo 0) wiayshs ware pojoojord doyaaog “sBare piig [e1sB0o JUBWOduN puw sAcIsUBUT JO suare apnjouy ‘soyis Aytuapt 0) Aoains y8nosoy) Zutmoyjoy waysXs ware pojoojoid pusyxq SalOJ SNONPIOap-IwW9s puB Wsaloy ugaidioao pusdn ut (s)8are poyoojoid ysiqquisq ayenbepe paropisuos w9ysh¢ 8)SQJOJ POlJIss¥[O DWOs JO UOTBUSISep oy) OpwIsd— YAOMjaU ay) SuNadw0D "SBI UOIJBAIOSUOD 0} SUIVEIOI UOIJOR 10J sor1IOIId FeuoNeU Jo ATewuINS aune,] B| ap 3 JO Bl op pod mou oy) osrpeuty et a om ae SOSSU9 JOULISIP AIOWW puB JOM OJUT S9LI089780 SNOJOWINU oY) 2)BpI,}Osud_, SOAIOSAI OUIBS JO ysalOj puB S9ATOBAI AINJBU JOLS UZOMIEQ 9yBIJUSIOJJIP 0) ‘ZUISTAAL SpooU MET OJT[P[IM 9781S PY HPV [BUONEN 7 IPM 8861 ay} 0) suOTB[Ndal YBIP ERG] JOBUT ee Fae. uoneysizo] BalY PojoojOld PUB OSTTPIIM MOlAoY aNOA],P 2199 9°8 21981 i vee hoe soe Fas mene Bs ol BEE A SO ER OE Sees. et) + ea bor man mina se a * Sperapat eT = Annex 8.1 List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III BENIN Classified Forests 1 Agoua 75,300 1953 2 Agrimey 2,800 1945 3 Atcherigbe 3,150 1942 4 Atlantique 900 1953 5 Bassila 2,500 1943 6 Bellefoungou 1,300 1943 7 Birni 3,200 1943 8 Boko 300 1952 9 Bonou 197 1946 10 Dan 1,237 1942 11 Dassa-zoume 2,645 1945 12 Djigbe 4,300 1942 13 Dogo 31,850 1955 14 Donga 250 1943 15 Gougoun 73,200 1950 16 Guene 1,300 1942 17 Itchede 191 1945 18 Ketou 11,000 1945 19 Kilir 50 1943 20 L'Alibori Superieur 256,000 1955 21 La Lama Nord 6,500 1946 22 La Lama-Sud 9,750 1942 23 La Sota 53,000 1947 24 Logozohe 1,200 1942 25 Mekrou 9,320 1950 26 Mont Kouffe 180,300 1949 27 N'Dali 4,721 1942 28 Ouari Maro 107,500 1946 29 Ouedo 586 1944 30 Oueme Boukou 20,500 1954 31 Oueme Superieur 177,542 1954 32 Ouenou-Benou 30,000 1943 33 Pahou 765 1940 34 Penessoulou 5,470 1942 35 Sakarou 240 1954 36 Sakete 60 1946 37 Savalou 1,015 1945 38 Seme 1,290 1943 39 Serou 498 1946 40 Soubroukou 84 1946 41 Tchaourou 1,100 1942 42 Tchaourou Gokana 2,000 1948 43 Toui 29,030 1942 44 Tozoun 66 1942 45 Trois Rivieres 259,500 1949 Subtotal 45 sites 1,373,707 ha Hunting Zones 46 Atakora 122,000 1980 47 Djona 188,000 1980 48 Pendjari 200,000 1980 Subtotal 3 sites 510,000 ha National Parks 49 Boucle de la Pendjari 275,500 1961 50 W du Benin 568,000 1954 Subtotal 2 sites 843,500 ha Reforestation Areas 318 51 Abomey 52 Barage de Natitingou 53 Kandi 54 Kouandi 55 Natitingou 56 Parakou 57 Taneka Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 319 7 sites 57 sites O sites 173 345 250 250 203 256 1,090 2,567 2,729,774 ha ha ha 1945 1952 1942 1942 1946 1949 1951 COTE D'IVOIRE Botanical Reserve 1 Divo Subtotal Fauna and Flora Reserve 2 Haut Bandama Subtotal National Parks Azagny Banco Comoe Iles Ehotile Marahoue Mont Peko Mont Sangbe Tai Subtotal OWUNOIHDU bw Partial Faunal Reserve 11 N'Zo Subtotal Strict Nature Reserve 12 Mont Nimba Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 320 1 site 1 site 8 sites 1 site 1 site 12 sites O sites 7,350 7,350 123,000 123,000 19,000 3,000 1,150,000 10,500 101,000 34,000 95,000 350,000 1,762,500 95,000 95,000 5,000 5,000 1,992,850 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1975 1973 1981 1953 1968 1974 1968 1968 1976 1973 1972 1944 GHANA Forests Reserves Abasumba Aboben Hill Abutia Hills Akrobong Anhwiaso North Bombi Daka Headwaters Dede Gambaga East Gambaga West I Gambaga West II Krokosua Hills FoR* Kumbo Marago River Nasia Tributaries Nuale Obotumfo Hills Sapawsu NPRPBPBPPRPBPPRPP OCWUDIDUPWNKPOWVDIMDUEBWNH 21 Sissili North 22 Sukusuku 23 Volta River Subtotal Game Production Reserves 24 Ankasa 25 Bia 26 Gbele 27 Kalakpa 28 Shai Hills Subtotal National Parks 29 Bia 30 Bui 31 Digya 32 Mole 33 Nini-Suhien Subtotal Strict Nature Reserve 34 Kogyae Subtotal Wildlife Sanctuaries 35 Boabeng-Fiema 36 Bomfobiri 37 Owabi Subtotal Proposed (Forest Reserves) Greenbelt Kulpawn Tributaries Subtotal Proposed (Game Production Reserve) Assin-Attandanso Subtotal Proposed (National Park) Kakum Subtotal Ahirasu (Blocks I & II) Sekondi Waterworks (Blocks II & III) sites sites sites site sites sites site site 104 725 899 104 260 363 148 14,566 5,110 12,753 11,500 22,222 48,170 16,449 8,806 31,469 5,180 155 1,531 1,010 8,288 14,760 5,051 209,623 20,736 22,810 54,691 32,400 5,443 136,080 7,770 207,360 312,595 491,440 10,630 1,029,795 32,400 32,400 260 5,184 7,258 12,702 1,471 15,540 17,011 15,359 15,359 21,264 21,264 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1927 1962 1939 1927 1930 1926 1963 1952 1955 1948 1954 1968 1935 1956 1954 1956 1954 1930 1957 1938 1940 1972 1940 1976 1974 1975 1975 1976 1974 1971 1971 1971 1976 1976 1974 1975 1971 Proposed (Wildlife Sanctuary) Agumatsa Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 322 1 site 37 sites 5 sites 1,200 1,200 ha 1,420,600 ha 54,834 ha GUINEA Classified Forests PRRPPP PWHPOWDITD UH &WHPH Badiar-sud Bagata Bakoum Balayan-Souroumba Bambaya Bani Banie Bantarawel Baro Beauvois Beko Bellel Binti Botokoly Boula Chutes de Kinkon Chutes de Tinkisso Colline-Macenta Counsignaki Damakhania Dara-Labe Darawondi Darou-salam Diecke Diego Tamba Diogoure Dixinn Djimbera (Bantiguel) Dokoro Fanafanako Fello Digui Fello Diouma Fello Sounga Fello-Selouma Fello-Touni Fitacouna Fougoumba Foye-Madinadian Galy Gambi Gangan Gban Gbinia Gioumba Goto Gouba Goulgoul-Kankande Grandes Chutes Gueme Sangan Gueroual Guewel Guirila Haute-Komba Hoo Kabela Kakrima Kala Kaloum Kambia Khabitaye Kolumba Koni Konkoure Fetto Kora 323 1956 1942 1951 1951 1951 1952 1956 1936 1943 1945 1943 1944 1944 1942 1955 1955 1944 1945 1955 1944 1943 1978 1954 1945 1946 1943 1944 1983 1952 1986 1967 1936 1953 1955 1983 1942 1944 1954 1943 1955 1942 1945 1956 1945 1954 1944 1955 1944 1936 1954 1944 1955 1955 1944 1955 1944 1944 1943 1945 1955 129 130 131 Koulou Koumban-Kourou Kourani-Oulete- Dienne Kouya Koyoto L'Amana Laine Lefarani Ley-Billel Loffa Lombha Lombonye Mafou Makona Mankiti Milo Mirire Miti Kambadaga Mombeya Mt. Balan Mt. Balandougou Mt. Banan Mt. Bero Mt. Gouba Mt. Konossou Mt. Kouya Mt. Loura Mt. Salia Mt. Tetini Mt. Yonon N'Dama N'Guidou Nimba Piedmont Nono Nzo Ore-Djima Ouladin Paradji Pic de Fon Pic de Tibe Pincely Pissonon Sala Samba la "Ton" Sambalankan Selly-Koro Sere Serima Sierra-Fore Sincery-Ourssa Singuelema Sobory Souarela Sources de Dinguiraye Sources de Kindia Soyah Tafsirla Tamba Tangama Teliko Tialakoun Tinka Tolole Tomine Koumba Vonn Wonkon Yardo 324 1978 1942 1942 1952 1952 1955 1943 1955 1945 1967 1942 1985 1942 1944 1944 1943 1952 1945 1950 1952 1945 1955 1943 1955 1942 1955 1950 1956 1954 1943 1936 1936 1950 1955 1953 1945 1945 1945 1986 1952 1951 1936 1943 1942 1942 1978 1956 1944 1951 1943 1945 1961 1945 1944 1978 1943 1944 1954 1967 1956 Subtotal National Park 132 Badiar Subtotal Strict Nature Reserves 133 Massif du Ziama 134 Mount Nimba Subtotal Proposed (Faunal Reserves) Alkatraz Blanche Cabri Corail Tristao Subtotal Proposed (Strict Nature Reserve) Kamalaya (Kounounkan) Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 131 134 site site sites sites site sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 325 893,076 38,200 38,200 112,300 13,000 125,300 mr wo 14 5,032 5,032 1,056,576 5,046 1932 ha* ha ha ha* LIBERI Nation 1 Sa Propos Be Ce Lo Ti Propos Ca Proposed (Nature Conservation Units) Wo Wo Totals A al Park po Subtotal ed (National Forests) lle stos-Sankwen fa-Mano enpo Subtotal ed (National Park) pe Mount Subtotal logizi Area negizi Area Subtotal Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 326 site sites site sites site sites 129,230 129,230 65,600 145,000 230,000 12,800 453,400 55,400 55,400 20,234 26,130 46,364 129,230 555,164 ha ha ha ha ha ha 1983 NIGERIA Game Reserves PRPRPPP PBWNHRPOWUDIMKUBWNH Alawa Bakono Baturiya Wetlands Dagida Dagona Falgore (Kogin Kano) Gilli-Gilli Ibi Ifon Kambari Kashimbila Kwale Kwiambana Lame/Burra Margadu-Kabak Wetlands Nguru/Adiani Wetlands Okomu Ologbo Opara Orle River Pai River Pandam Sambisa Udi/Nsukka Wase Wase Rock Bird Subtotal 26 sites National Parks Chad Basin Cross River Gashaka/Gumti Kainji Lake Old Oyo Yankari Subtotal 6 sites Strict Nature Reserves 33 34 Akure Bam Ngelzarma Bonu Lekki Milliken Hill Omo Ribako Urhonigbe Subtotal 8 sites Proposed (Game Reserves) Akpaka Anambra Ankwe River Damper Sanctuary Ebbe/Kampe Iri-Ada-Obi Kamuku Meko Num River Ohosu Okeleuse Opanda Stubbs Creek Subtotal 13 sites 327 2,040,782 ha 45,696 422,688 636,300 534,082 251,230 224,400 2,114,396 ha 58,013 ha 19,400 35,400 11,730 120,000 96,610 9,720 47,100 11,440 10,520 10,000 371,920 ha* 1971 1972 1976 1971 1969 1916 1972 1990 1969 1977 1916 1971 1972 1985 1981 1973 1916 1972 1972 1978 1981 1972 1972 1991 1991 1991 1975 1991 1991 1912 1949 Proposed (National Park) Baturiya Wetlands Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas * Subtotal is incomplete because of 1 site 40 sites 14 sites missing data. 328 29,700 29,700 ha 4,213,191 ha 401,620 ha* SIERRA LEONE Game Reserve 1 Tiwai Island Subtotal 1 site National Park 2 Outamba-Kilimi Subtotal 1 site Proposed (Game Reserves) Bagru-Moteva Creeks Kagboro Creek (Yawri Bay) Kangari Hills Kpaka-Pujehun Sankan Biriwa (Tingi Hills) Sewa-Waanje Subtotal 6 sites Proposed (Game Sanctuaries) Bo Plains Bumpe Mangrove Swamp Subtotal 2 sites Proposed (National Parks) Kuru Hills Lake Mape/Mabesi Lake Sonfon Loma Mountains Western Area Subtotal 5 sites Proposed (Strict Nature Reserves) Bonthe Mangrove Swamp Gola (West) Forests Gola North Extension Mamunta-Mayoso Swamp Mogbai (Gola North) Port Loko Plains Sulima Mangrove Swamp Wemago (Gola East) Yelibuya Island Subtotal 9 sites Totals Existing conservation areas 2 sites Proposed conservation areas 22 sites 329 1,200 1,200 ha 80,813 80,813 ha 5,000 5,000 8,573 2,500 11,885 10,000 42,958 ha 2,590 4,921 7,511 ha 6,993 7,511 5,180 33,201 17,688 70,573 ha 10,101 6,200 3,885 2,072 4,000 2,590 2,590 3,500 3,885 38,823 ha 82,013 ha 159,865 ha 1987 1986 TOGO Faunal Reserves Abdoulaye Akaba Aledjo Djamde Galangashie Haho-Yoto Kpessi Oti Mandouri Togodo Subtotal WODIAHMN PWNHH National Parks 10 Fazao-Malfakassa 11 Fosse aux Lions 12 Keran Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 330 sites sites sites sites 30,000 25,626 765 1,650 7,500 18,000 28,000 147,840 31,000 290,381 192,000 1,650 163,640 357,290 647,671 ha ha ha ha 1951 1959 1954 1954 1955 1952 1951 1954 1950 a yh Ts ré y's vagpet por ny Toke inn} wer Annex 8.2 ‘Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation. Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Benin Total area (sq.km): 112620 Land area (sq.km): 110620 Month/year of reference: 1991 FLOMREESS? T FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed ___ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 1373707 Non—forest 2567 Plantation TOTAL 0 0 2567 0 1373707 0 Notes: — Data are taken from B.D.Otchoun, pers.comm. 1991. The figure for conservation forests represents 45 classified forests (see Annex 8.1). Classified forests are listed as protected areas by the Department of Forests and Natural Resources, although according to legislation (Décret No. 89-385), classified forests may be exploited if permission is granted by the Minister responsible for Water, Forests and Hunting. The figure for protection forests represents 7 reforestation areas. 331 Annex 8.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Cote D’lvoire Total area (sq.km): 322460 Land area (sq.km): 318000 Month/year of reference: February 1990 PO) drs Sey FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 2378670 1222190 Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 2378670 0 0 0 1222190 0 Notes: Data are taken from Bagno, 1990. There are 191 classified forests, 128 of which occur in dense forest and serve primarily a production function, and 63 (1,222,190ha) which are found in the savanna zone and serve principally a protection function. The total for production forests does not include the area for 25 classified forests which are to be declassified for agricultural purposes. 332 Annex 8.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of couniry/state: Ghana Total area (sq.km): 238540 Land area (sq.km): 230020 Month/year of reference: August 1990 FO RE St FU N Gatch OFN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 1255989 639623 1471 Non-—forest Plantation 52828 482517 108049 TOTAL 1308817 0 1122140 109520 0 0 Notes: Data are from the Forestry Commission, 1990; Forestry Department, 1990 (above totals). Many of the producion forests have Protection Working Circles which generally consist of steep slopes and watersheds in which logging is prohibited and, therefore, serve primarily a protection function. The total area under Protection Working Circles is estimated to be 430,000ha (Gartey, 1990). The figure for protection forests of natural origin comprises 209,623ha of forest reserve (Annex 8.1) and 430,000ha protection working circles. 333 Annex 8.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Guinea Total area (sq.km): 245860 Land area (sq.km): 245860 Month/year of reference: March 1992 FOREST FUN CATchiOeN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 893076 163500 Non—forest Plantation 1406 TOTAL 0 0 894482 (@) 163500 0 Notes: Data are taken from the Direction Nationale des Foréts et Chasses (1992). The figure for conservation forests represents the national park and strict nature reserves. The figure 893,076 represents classified forests (see Annex 8.1). The figure 1,406 represents reforestation areas, which are assumed to be of plantation origin, and for protection purposes. Information concerning production forests is not available. 334 Annex 8.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Liberia Total area (sq.km): 111370 Land area (sq.km): 96320 Month/year of reference: May 1992 FO Ree sri FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (SS : Natural 1445327 508800 _Non—forest _ Plantation TOTAL 1445327 0 0 0 0 508800 | _ Notes: Data are taken from B.S.Gwyan (Forestry Development | Authority); Anstey (1991). National forests (production) are administered by the | Forestry Development Authority. National parks and other conservation areas are managed by the Wildlife and National | Parks section within FDA and are therefore not included in this table. | 335 Annex 8.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Nigeria Total area (sq.km): 923770 Land area (sq.km): 910770 Month/year of reference: June/December 1990 F © RES 7 E UNE Canc OuNn FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (na) Natural 7649180 2098795 371920 Non-—forest Plantation 194178 TOTAL 7843358 0 0 0 2098795 371920 Notes: Data are taken from the Forestry Research Institute, 1990 (production forest totals); Nigerian Conservaton Foundation, 1990; WCMC database (conservation forest totals). The figure 2,098,795 represents strict nature reserves and game reserves, which are managed and administered by each State Department of Forestry. National parks used to be administered by the Division of Wildlife and Conservation within the Federal Department of Forestry, but since 1991, have been controlled and managed by the corporate National Parks Governing Board, operating through individual National Parks Management Committees. The area of national parks is therefore excluded form the above table. Strict nature reserves can occur within game reserves, hence the figure 2,098,795 may be an overestimate. 336 Annex 8.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Sierra Leone Total area (sq.km): 71740 Land area (sq.km): 71620 Month/year of reference: 1990 FO RE Si FU NeCaich OUN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (na) (ha) (ha) (ha) ‘Natural 285300 34000 ‘Non—forest Plantation 11800 TOTAL 285300 34000 0 0 11800 0 Notes: Data are from Davis (1987), Allan (1990) and Palmer (1992). National Parks and other conservation areas fall under the Wildlife Conservation Branch within the Forestry Division and are not included in the above table. The 11,800 ha of conservation forest are stands planted 200m deep along road strips, for conservation purposes. 337 Annex 8.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: West Africa Name of country/state: Togo Total area (sq.km): 56790 Land area (sq.km): 54390 Month/year of reference: August 1990 FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 104157 Non-—forest 29180 Plantation 38881 TOTAL 68061 0 0 0 104157 0 Notes: Data are from Frame, G.W. and Tanghanwaye, N.N. (1991). The Ministry of Environment and Tourism comprises six departments. These include the Department of National Parks, Fauna Reserves and Hunting (responsible for management of national parks and reserves, which are therefore not included in this table), and the Department of Protection and Control of Exploitation of the Flora, which is responsible for conserving the natural vegetation in all the forest reserves, and for enforcing the forest code. Some forest reserves are managed by the Ministry of Rural Development, which exploits natural forests and tree plantations both within and outside forest reserves. Togo has 80 forest reserves. Approximately 28 of these, (covering 104,157ha) mainly fulfil a conservation function, and are listed here as conservation forests. A further 39 are listed here as production forests. These comprise 11 reserves (covering 29,180ha), listed as being of non—forest origin, which have been cleared of natural vegetation, and 28 (covering 38,881ha) being plantations. Remaining RNR : 338 forest reserves lie within the faunal reserves and national parks. 9 CENTRAL AFRICA it gee a aed) ag ae ql i. healt Beth ea it abe) 9 CENTRAL AFRICA Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire 9.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Protection of nature in Central Africa has its origins in oral customary law, traditional rules and taboos concerning hunting. Nature conservation legislation within the subregion still reflects the countries’ colonial histories. In the Central African Republic, Congo and Gabon (previously French colonies) and Zaire (previously a Belgian colony), policy and law were derived directly from France or Belgium (by Royal Decree of the Belgian monarch), and the long experience of temperate forestry in those countries. The situation in Cameroon, which was formed by the union of two parts formerly under British and French administrations, is more complex. Reserves in Equatorial Guinea, then a Spanish colony, were created by Ministerial Decree of the Spanish government. Sao Tome and Principe, a Portuguese colony was subject to Portuguese colonial law. 9.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION Legal provisions for the establishment of protected areas have been passed in all countries within the subregion, other than Sao Tome and Principe, since independence. These are summarised in Table 9.1 and reviewed below. Conservation areas in the subregion are designated either under the forest law, or under separate wildlife law. In both cases, designations are generally similar and follow those given in the African Convention of 1968. This provides definitions of strict nature reserve, national park and special reserve (which includes other areas such as game reserve, partial reserve, sanctuary and soil, water and forest reserve). 9.2.1 Forestry Sector Policy In general, little information on forest policy is available. Sao Tome and Principe had no forest policy by 1985. In Cameroon, main objectives of the forest sector are defined under the VIe Plan de Dévéloppement for the period 1986-1991, but no policy has been formulated. Legislation Texts from the colonial period were based on experience from continental Europe, and reflect the principle, common at the time, that nature provides a readily exploitable resource. A decree, based on France’s long experience of temperate forestry, established the forestry regime in French Equatorial Africa (which included Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic and Gabon). The original French forestry legislation was based on the principle of Roman legislation. According to this, unoccupied land, where existence of written ownership documents could not be proved, belonged to the state. All forest lands were thus declared state property, although local populations exercised many rights of use. Contradiction between the oral customary law and these written regulations led to a general reluctance of local people to accept the delineation of reserved forests. Since independence, all francophone countries in the subregion have promulgated new forestry law, based on the earlier French legislation. The concept of state forests,comprising classified forests and protected forests, still exists. Classified forests are gazetted areas in which customary rights of use are generally permitted, but which are otherwise generally protected. Protected forests comprise that part of the state forest not subject to individual classification orders, which, therefore, do not appear in Table 9.1. Within protected forests, uncontrolled clearing and unauthorised logging are forbidden, as is the regulation of customary rights which the population could otherwise exercise without restraint. 339 In general, forest legislation within the subregion concerns only the large forest massifs. Clauses which concern forest outside these areas are few, and technically far behind those found in recent legislation for countries in neighbouring subregions. The situation in Cameroon is confusing. Areas of forest were originally designated as forest reserves. New forest legislation has subsequently been passed, which provides for many designations, but not for forest reserves. Existing forest reserves are, therefore, awaiting reclassification as production or protection forests, but meanwhile continue to be known as forest reserves. Conservation areas may be established under the forest legislation (e.g. Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Congo and Gabon). Alternatively, they may be established under separate wildlife legislation (Zaire). The Forest Codes of Cameroon and the Central African Republic name various designations of conservation area, but definitions of these categories are only given in the subsequent wildlife laws. Equatorial Guinea and Zaire only have fragmentary forest legislation. 9.2.2 Wildlife Sector Policy Information on nature conservation policies is not available. Legislation Conservation areas legislation has been promulgated within Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea and Zaire. Designations for conservation areas, whether defined under the forest code or separate wildlife legislation, are generally the same throughout the subregion, and follow the 1968 African Convention. Categories defined include national parks, strict nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, hunting reserves and sport hunting reserves. The highest degree of protection is afforded to strict nature reserves, where access is only permitted for management purposes and scientific research. National parks are open to tourism, but residence is not permitted. Sanctuaries are for the protection of named species. Reserves in which hunting is permitted include hunting reserves, where subsistence hunting is allowed, and sport hunting reserves, where licensed hunting for sport is permitted. Gabon is anomalous in that definitions of conservation areas do not follow those given in the African Convention. Protected areas were established in Equatorial Guinea when the region was under colonial rule. Following independence these were all ignored. Eight protected areas have recently been established in the country, but information is not available concerning the legislation under which they have been gazetted. Legislation on the creation of protected areas in Sao Tome and Principe has not been passed, and needs to be established urgently. 9.2.3, Additional Sectors Presidential reserves in the subregion are established by presidential decree. 9.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION Departments responsible for administration of protected areas are given in Table 9.1. Categories are listed according to the language used in the original legislation. A glossary of terms (French, Portuguese and French) is given in Part I. 9.3.1 Forestry Sector Within the region, there is a proliferation of state and para-statal institutions involved in the forestry sector. Individual managed areas are frequently managed by numerous organisations. In the Congo, six different ministries are involved in forest management, and in Zaire, ten departments are involved. 340 In general this leads to confusion and inefficient overall management. 9.3.2 Wildlife Sector Conservation areas have been managed traditionally under a single administrative organisation within the forest departments of respective countries within the subregion. This remains the case in the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon, where conservation areas are managed by departments within the ministry responsible for forests. In Cameroon the department responsible for wildlife is in a separate ministry to that responsible for forests. Management of conservation areas in the Congo and Zaire is complex, many organisations being involved, which, in the Congo fall within six different ministries. In Gabon, a para-military force of forestry and wildlife staff is directly responsible for managing reserves. 9.3.3 Additional Sectors Officially decreed presidential reserves exist in both the Central African Republic and Gabon, under direct control of the countries’ presidents. 9.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations No information is available on the direct involvement of non-governmental organisations in the management of protected areas within the subregion. 9.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS The protected areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Fig 9.1-7 (Part III). Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 9.1 which serves as a key to the maps. 9.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector Coverage Data for the region is generally so incomplete that general conclusions concerning the extent of managed areas within the forestry sector cannot reasonably be made. Available data is given in Table 9.2, and indicates that a minimum of 8.8% of the total area of the subregion is managed by the forestry sector, although this is considered to be a gross underestimate. According to Table 9.2, managed areas within the forestry sector appear to be most extensive in Equatorial Guinea (11.3%). This figure represents eight recently established protected areas, which are presumed to be under the management of the forest sector. Apart from Equatorial Guinea, the country in the subregion with the greatest area (3%) managed by the forest sector is Cameroon, virtually all of which comprises production forest. This is in contrast to the overall figures for the subregion which indicate that most of the land managed by the forest sector is allocated to protection or conservation purposes. The contribution of the forest sector to conservation is further underestimated in the tables, as no figures are available for the extent of protected forests, which are legislated for in all francophone countries within the subregion. Throughout the francophone countries, virtually all land outside gazetted areas is known as forét protégee, in which felling, amongst other things is prohibited, and which thus serves a conservation function. The contribution of the forestry sector as a whole to protection and conservation is, therefore, much higher than suggested by the statistics in Table 9.2. 341 9.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors Coverage There are some 209 legally designated conservation areas in the subregion covering a total of 27 million ha or 6.7% of the subregion (Table 9.3). Approximately one half of these conservation areas are under total protection, covering 3.2% of the subregion (Table 9.3). The rest are partially protected. The forestry sector is directly responsible for only 75 conservation areas, covering a total area of 3 million ha or 0.2% of the region. Bearing in mind the paucity of information available, this is certainly an underestimate. The 10% target of total area under protection for conservation purposes has only been reached by the Central African Republic and Equatorial Guinea. Only 5.4% of Zaire is protected. This is an important consideration, bearing in mind that this country alone accounts for 57% of the subregion. In contrast, Sao Tome and Principe have no protected areas, but as the total land area of the two islands which comprise the country only amount to less than 0.1% of the subregion, this is insignificant on a subregional level. Representativeness No protected areas yet exist in Sao Tome and Principe. As the country consists of two islands this has greater implications than if an equally small area on the mainland was totally unprotected. Although currently 9.5% of Cameroon lies within protected areas, these are not evenly distributed. National parks were originally set up in the north, where big game could be more easily viewed in the Sudanian savanna. This region is, therefore, well represented in contrast to forest areas in the south of the country, which are much less well represented. Similarly, in Central African Republic, most protected areas are located in the northern Sudanian savanna. However, attempts have been made recently to improve the representativeness of the system with the establishment in 1990 of Dzanga-Ndoki National Park and Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve in the extreme south-west comer in a region of rain forest. In the Congo the situation is quite different. Samples of all vegetation types except swamp forest are included within protected areas, although the area gazetted is minimal (3.9% by 1982), and, as management is virtually non-existent, these are in effect only paper parks. Until recently, Equatorial Guinea had no protected areas, the well organised areas established during colonial days having collapsed. However, nine areas have recently been accorded formal protection, theoretically establishing an effective system. Again, information available suggests that these too exist only in name. Conservation areas in Gabon are located primarily on or near the coast, with little of the east of the country being represented. In Zaire, conservation areas are well distributed throughout the country. Ecofloristic zone analysis [pending data from FAO] Integrity Data in Table 9.4b indicate that conservation areas under the wildlife sector tend to be large or very large throughout the subregion, particularly in Zaire, which has a mean size of totally protected area of over 1 million ha. Mean size of totally protected areas is in all cases almost double that of partially protected areas. National parks form the bulk of the former category which, by definition, tend to be relatively large areas and provide a range of services. The two presidential reserves listed under Additional Sector (Table 9.4c) are similarly large. In contrast, reserves managed by the forestry sector are comparatively minute with a range of 4 to 40,000ha, apart from in Zaire which once again provides conservation areas with the largest mean size, of 141,500ha in this instance. Effectiveness Apart from inadequate representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by weaknesses in policy, legislation, institutional support and management. Existing legislation frequently needs strengthening or updating (Table 9.6). Management of protected areas throughout the sub-region is inadequate or totally lacking. Management plans for conservation areas within the region generally do not appear to exist, and many protected areas are ineffective, existing only on paper. The general lack of commitment of resources for conservation areas is largely responsible for many of the deficiencies in their management. Enforcement is very often handicapped by the absence of clearly-demarcated boundaries that are easily recognisable on the ground. Encroachment by people is ubiquitous, few conservation areas being free of this problem. Poaching is a continual problem throughout the region. Even in Gabon, management is generally low despite the country’s relative affluence, an exception being the relatively well protected Wonga-Wongué Presidential Reserve. Invasion of protected areas by local populations, 542 which is a considerable problem elsewhere in Africa, is generally not a problem within this region, due to the comparatively low population pressure. 9.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation Preliminary data in Table 9.2 suggest that the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation is low (8%) in terms of the total area of the subregion under protection and conservation forest. The great majority (86%) of the conservation area network falls within the domain of the wildlife sector (Table 9.3). The figures in Table 9.2 should be considered to be an absolute minimum. Data for the subregion was sparse, and the contribution of the forest sector to conservation is further underestimated, as no figures are available of the extent of protected forests. These are legislated for in all francophone countries within the subregion, and comprise virtually all land outside gazetted areas. Numerous activities, including felling, are prohibited, hence these forests serve a conservation function. 9.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 9.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network The conservation area networks in all the countries within the region need to be expanded. In Cameroon, legislation states that 20% of the country should be protected, but present coverage is much less than this. Gabon is one of the few countries in the world that still offers exceptional potential for conservation. In general, the major ecosystems remain intact, and human activities are having less of an influence on the forest as people become more sedentary. Proposals exist for the establishment of completely protected ecological zones on Sao Tome and Principe, at high altitudes, and on very steep slopes. Official proposals to expand the conservation area network throughout the region total some 1.7 million ha or 0.4 % of the total area of the subregion (Table 9.3). 9.5.2 Other National Initiatives Strengthening networks No information Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which limits the effective management of conservation areas throughout the region, although this is much less of a problem in Gabon, which has a GNP at least double that of other countries within the sub-region. Improving Management Management needs to be implemented, or improved throughout the sub-region. 9.5.3 International Initiatives Conventions and Programmes All the countries within the sub-region are the subject of a regional programme "Conservation and Rational Utilisation of Forest Ecosystems in Central Africa", financed by the European Development Fund of the EC (IUCN, 1989). Sao Tome and Principe, and Equatorial Guinea are not party to any of the international conventions listed in Table 9.5, to which other countries in the subregion belong. These comprise the 1968 (Algiers) African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the Unesco Man and the Biosphere Programme, under which biosphere reserves are established , and the Convention Concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (in which all other countries in the subregion participate). Gabon is the only country within the subregion party to the Ramsar Convention, under which three wetlands have been designated, all of which encompass areas of forest. 343 Cooperative agreements Zaire has transfrontier parks with Uganda and Rwanda, in neighbouring subregions, but there does not appear to be any cooperation in management. 9.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Priorities for conservation action in the subregion, summarised in Table 9.6, were reviewed in the now dated IUCN Systems review of the Afrotropical Realm (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1986) and the subsequent action plan (IUCN, 1987). Priorities have more recently been reviewed by IUCN (1989), and IUCN (1992) in preparation for the IV World Parks Congress. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and are summarised in Table 9.6. Recommendations listed in IUCN (1989) include limiting the great diversity of institutions responsible for forest management, establishing coordination between NGOs and the forest services, and the recruitment of women, who usually play an important role in agriculture and collection of forest products, into the forest service. The Sudano-Sahelian PLATFORM for Action on UNCED Negotiations and Beyond: A Contribution to the African Position (Anon., 1991), concerning environmental degradation within the Sahel, was drawn up for UNCED 1992, following two consultative meetings of 22 Sudano-Sahelian countries, which included Cameroon. The report highlights the link between poverty and mismanagement of natural resources, particularly exploitation of marginal lands and deforestation. Recommendations include action to be taken at both the international and African level. In conclusion, although mostly aware of the need for conservation area networks, well-funded institutions and up-to-date policy and legislation, governments in the subregion have generally not been able to ensure these are established, which has hampered progress within the subregion. REFERENCES Anon. (1991). Sudano-Sahelian PLATFORM for Action on UNCED Negotiations and Beyond: A Contribution to the African Position. Prepared by the 22 Sudano-Sahelian Countries. CILSS, UNSO, IGADD. 22 pp. IUCN (1987). Action strategy for protected areas in the Afrotropical Realm. YUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 56 pp. TUCN (1989). La Conservation des Ecosystémes forestiers d’ Afrique centrale. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 124 pp. IUCN (1992). Parks for Life: proceedings of the IV World Parks Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. 250 pp. MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 259 pp. Stuart, S.N. and Adams, R.J. (1990). Biodiversity in Sub-saharan Africa and its islands: consrvation, management and sustainable use. 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Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex 9.2. Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION Area Production Protection Conservation Total Cameroon 475,440 14,037 (2.9) 477 (0.1) <1(<0.1) 14,514 (.0) Central African Republic 622,980 9,500 (1.5) 0 6,335 (1.0) 15,835 (2.5) Congo 342,000 4 3,170 (0.9) 3,170 (0.9) Equatorial Guinea 28,050 ? 2, 316,700 (11.3) 316,700 (11.3) Gabon 267,670 ? ? i Sao Tome & Principe 960 ? P ? Zaire 2,345,100 6,185 (0.3) 0 5,172 (0.2) 11,357 (0.5) CENTRAL AFRICA 4,082,200 29,722 (0.7) 3,647(<0.1) 328,207 (8.0) 361,576 (8.8) ? = No information 350 Table 9.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may be inflated because they may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 9.2. N is the total number of conservation areas. COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector cat. ——_—_—__—__——- National designation N Area (ha) N Area(ha) CAMEROON (475,440 sq. km) Forest Sector Protection Forest P 9 47,676 11 154,985 Recreation Forest P 1 25 3 124 Subtotals 10 47,701 14 155,109 (% total area) ( 0.1) ( 0.3) Wildlife Sector Faunal Reserve P 9 1,018,995 * 4 85,000 * Hunting Reserve P 27 1,721,190 0 (0) National Park T 7 1,031,800 1 353,180 Subtotals 43 3,771,985 * 5 438,180 * (% total area) (@ ~*Zo))) ( 0.9) Totals 53 3,819,686 * 19 593,289 * (% total area) ( 8.0) ( 1.2) CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (622,980 sq. km) Forest Sector Classified Forest P 46 633,472 (0) Q Subtotals 46 633,472 fe) (0) (% total area) ( 1.0) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Faunal Reserve P 7) 2,668,000 1 320,000 National Park T 4 3,102,000 1 435,900 Sanctuary P 0 (o) at 265,000 Special Reserve P 1 335,900 (0) (0) Strict Nature Reserve 7 1 86,000 {¢) 0 Subtotals 13 6,191,900 3 1,020,900 (% total area) ( 9.9) ( 1.6) Additional Sector, or sector unknown Private Reserve P 1 250,000 O (0) Subtotals 1 250,000 (0) (0) (% total area) ( 0.4) ( 0.0) Totals 60 7,075,372 3 1,020,900 (% total area) ( 11.3) ( 1.6) 351 COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. National designation N Area (ha) N Area (ha) CONGO (342,000 sq. km) Forest Sector Protection Forest P 2 317,000 0 (0) Subtotals 0 317,000 (0) (e} (% total area) ( 0.9) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Faunal Reserve P 6 895,794 O (e) Hunting Reserve P 3 155,000 Oo 0 National Park T 1 126,600 (0) {0} Subtotals 10 1,177,394 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 3.5) ( 0.0) Totals 10 1,494,394 0 (0) (% total area) ( 4.4) ( 0.0) EQUATORIAL GUINEA (28,050 sq. km) Forest Sector Protected Area P 8 316,700 0 0 Subtotals 8 316,700 (0) (0) (% total area) ( 11.3) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector National Park T (0) (0) 1 Oo * Subtotals (0) (@) al Oo * (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 8 316,700 at Oo * (% total area) ( 11.3) ( 0.0) GABON (267,670 sq. km) Forest Sector Faunal Reserve P 4 650,000 (@) (a) Hunting Area P 6 695,000 0) (0) Strict Nature Reserve T 1 15,000 0 (0) Subtotals 11 1,360,000 fe) 0 (% total area) ( 5.1) ( 0.0) Additional Sector, or sector unknown Presidential Reserve P 1 380,000 (0) (0) Subtotals 1 380,000 (e) (0) (% total area) ( 1.4) ( 0.0) Totals 12 1,740,000 {e) (0) (% total area) ( 6.5) ( 0.0) SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE (960 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Ecological Zone P 0 (0) 2 29,000 Subtotals {0} (0) 2 29,000 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 30.2) Totals {e) (0) 2 29,000 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 30.2) 352 COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. ———____- ss National designation N Area (ha) N Area(ha) em ZAIRE (2,345,100 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P ? 517,169 * (0) (0) Subtotals (0) 517,169 * (e} (0) (% total area) ( 0.2) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Hunting Reserve P 55 3,838,645 * ie) 0 National Park T 7 8,544,000 2 76,850 * Strict Nature Reserve T 4 Oo * ie) (0) Subtotals 66 12,382,645 * 2 76,850 * (% total area) ( 5.2) ( 0.0) Totals 66 12,899,814 * 2 76,850 * (% total area) ( oe) ( 0.0) EE EEE EE ee EEE EE eee CENTRAL AFRICA (4,082,200 sq. km) - summary by sector Forestry Sector 75 3,192,042 * 14 155,109 (% total area) ( 0.8) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector 132 23,523,924 * 13 1,564,930 * (% total area) ( 5.8) ( 0.4) Additional Sector or sector unknown 2 630,000 0 (0) (% total area) ( 0.2) ( 0.0) eu CENTRAL AFRICA (4,082,200 sq. km) - summary by management category Total protection 25 12,905,400 * 5 865,930 * (% total area) ( 3.2) ( 0.2) Partial protection 184 14,440,566 * 22 854,109 * (% total area) (3715) ( 0.2) Degree of protection unknown te) (0) 10} {0} (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 209 27,345,966 * 27 1,720,039 * (% total area) ( 6.7) ( 0.4) aes ee * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered. 353 Table 9.4(a) Frequency distributions of conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size —.. a) Forestry Sector (ha) <=1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 CAMEROON Notified sites P 10 4,770 6 3 1 (0) Total 10 4,770 6 3 1 (0) Proposed sites P 14 11,079 7 3 4 (0) Total 14 11,079 7 3 4 0 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Notified sites P 46 kp tal 19 17 7 3 Total 46 13,771 19 17 7 3 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Notified sites P 8 39,587 (e} 1 7 {0} Total 8 39,587 (o) 1 7 (0) GABON Notified sites T 1 15,000 0 O 1 0 P 10 134,500 fe) (0) 6 4 Total 11 123,636 (e) (0) 7 4 ZAIRE Notified sites P 2 141,500 (0) fe) 1 1 _ Total 2 141,500 (0) (0) 1 1 CENTRAL AFRICA Notified sites T 1 15,000 fe) ie} 1 0 P 76 34,550 25 21 22 8 Total 77 34,297 25 21 23 8 Proposed sites P 14 11,079 7 3 4 {0} Total 14 11,079 7 3 4 (0) Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 354 Table 9.4(b) Frequency distributions of conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 CAMEROON Notified sites £, 7 147,400 (0) 2 (0) 5 P 35 78,291 1 3 25 6 Total 42 89,809 1 5 25 11 Proposed sites T. al 353,180 (0) (0) 0 1 P 2 42,500 (0) fe) 2 fe) Total 3 146,060 (e) (e) 2 1 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Notified sites T 5 637,600 fe) 0 1 4 P 8 375,487 fe) (0) (0) 8 Total 13 476,300 fe) fe) 1 12 Proposed sites T 1 435,900 te) 0) (0) 1 P 2 292,500 (0) fe) (0) 2 Total 3 340,300 fe) fe) (0) 3 CONGO Notified sites T 1 126,600 0 0 (e) 1 P 9 116,754 0 al 6 2 Total 10 117,739 (0) al 6 3 ZAIRE Notified sites T 7 1,220,571 fe) 0 (0) 7 P 14 274,188 2 1 4 7 Total 21 589,649 2 1 4 14 Proposed sites Tr 1 76,850 fe) fo) 1 0 Total 1 76,850 fe) (0) 1 (0) CENTRAL AFRICA Notified sites rT 20 644,520 0 2 1 17 P 66 161,114 3 5 35 23 Total 86 273,534 3 7 36 40 Proposed sites T 3 288,643 fe) 0 1 2 P 4 167,500 fe) (0) 2 2 Total 7 219,418 fe) fe) 3 4 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 355 Table 9.4(c) Frequency distributions of conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. c) Additional Sector(s) Mean Number in each size class (ha) size (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Notified sites P 250,000 {0} 0 10) Alt Total 250,000 (0) (0) fe) 1 GABON Notified sites P 380,000 fe) (o) (0) 1 Total 380,000 (0) (0) (0) 1 CENTRAL AFRICA Notified sites P 315,000 (0) 9 (0) 2 Total 315,000 (0) fe) (0) 2 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 3, because the areas of some individual sites may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 356 Table 9.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas, together with the number of properties (natural of mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions in brackets. World Heritage | Biosphere Ramsar African Convention Reserves! Convention Convention 1982 (1) iG) [S| elhed 7" Central African 1980 (1) 1977 (2) Republic 1987 (0) wre) |S) fl eib. Eguaoria Guinea | - | | - T- 1986 © 983.) | i986 @) | ss Sao Tome and Principe ‘Unesco MAB Project 8 R = ratified = signatory 357 UTBUal 7B8Y} 9804} USEMJ9q UOTJBUTPIOOD BuTACIdUT pus ‘sare pojoojo1d [enpraiput Joy afqisuodsax suorjestuvss0 Jo Joquinu ay) 3utonpar Aq yuoweseuew saciduiy quoWoseuBU 938dI)sUT Jooyss peseq-BuUBALsS ZUTjsIXo OY) UT SB [Jom SB ‘sBaIE SAI0J UI UONBAIAsUOD JOJ [oUUOSIAd UTBI] “eary) 0} s}UUpTEdap aonpal puB s}Q10,j Jo XNBY SEP BBI9U9DH UOTOAITG 94) ostuBsiooy ‘jUaWwodeuBu! oacidun 0} BuIpuny osvaroU] jUaWaseUBU 9}8d1)sU] sBalB po}oojo1d Jo jUaWadeuBUI 94) Joy a[qisuodsal AyLIOYJNB UO 9}82ID UONBIsIZI] VoJOJUS puB JUOWeSBUBU BACIdUI] juowe3eusul sAcidwiy YIOMjau ay} SuIdeURyA yBomyou puvdxq ylomjeu ystquisq sbale payoojold punoye souoz Jayjnq dojaasq ‘sula,sAso00 SAO} JUDIAJIP I9AOS 0} Ylomjou puvdxgy yomyjou puvdxo pus ysi[quise-0y Axjunos ay} JO You ay} UT yJOMjoU ay) puBdxa puB soAtosal SB SBAIB UONBISAOJal 9}}0ZBH “yOMyou puvdxgy yomyeu pusdxy QUOZ JSAlOy JO UOIBIUasaldal osvarOU] YAomjau ay) Suyarduo; “seare UOTBAIOSUOD 0} BUTVR[EI UOTIOe JOF SaIytsO1Id feuoneu jo Areuruins uonjeredaid ut Ajuaiino ‘Ieysalog apod mau jouug UONEISIZa__ UOTBAIASUOD JORUT UOUSAUOD UBOLITY 24} YM ULOJUOD 0} UOTBISIZa] B10)s9y uOljB[sIday_ UOTYBATOSUOD ainjeu ssed pue apo 4salo,j ostAoy UOT}BAIBSUOD Joy UOIstAcId UayBUAl}s 0} BPOD ISAO] [96] B8IAVY UONRISIZI] ALO} [BG] JO UOISTAAL puv uojal [eorper Zurosuo aja;dwioD edioung pue QWIO], OBS ~~ wouInD Teuoyenby ie orgnday uBoLyy [Bua UuOOIBUWIBD 9°6 F481 Annex 9.1 _—_List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III CAMEROON Faunal Reserves 1 Campo 300,000 1932 2 Dja 526,000 1950 3 Douala-Edea 160,000 1932 4 Kimbi 5,625 1964 5 Lac Ossa 4,000 1968 6 Mbi Crater 370 1964 7 Nanga-Eboke 16,000 8 Sanaga 9 Santchou 7,000 1933 Subtotal 9 sites 1,018,995 ha* Hunting Reserves 10 Bandjoukri 58,780 11 Bel Eland 26,000 12 Boune Dje 97,040 13 Cobas 50,000 14 Densa 70,480 15 Djibao 64,600 16 Dobinga 44,600 17 Elephants 17,000 18 Faro Coron 56,860 19 Faro Ouest 125,950 20 Grand Capitaine 29,360 21 Hippopotame 46,950 22 Kourouk 95,000 23 Landou 38,370 24 Logone Birni 80,000 25 Mayo Duele 64,600 26 Mayo Oldiri 46,940 27 Mayo Oldiri Nord 60,000 28 Mayo Oldiri Sud 38,370 29 Mayo Sala 38,000 30 Ndock . 181,120 31 Rhinoceros 72,510 32 Sadje 26,660 33 Tatou 20,000 34 Tcheboa 160,800 35 Vogzom 85,000 36 Waimba 26,200 Subtotal 27 sites 1,721,190 ha National Parks 37 Benoue 180,000 1968 38 Bouba Ndjidah 220,000 1968 39 Faro 330,000 1980 40 Kalamaloue 4,500 1972 41 Korup 125,900 1986 42 Mozogo-Gokoro 1,400 1968 43 Waza 170,000 1968 Subtotal 7 sites 1,031,800 ha Protection Forests 44 Bakwery 9,324 45 Barombi-Mbolake 885 46 Mbamidjin 145 47 Mont Koupe 300 48 Mont-Bamboutos 222 1948 49 Monts Ekasekas 250 50 Mouma 10,000 1936 51 Nkilzock 3,000 1936 359 52 Obala Subtotal Recreation Forest 53 Bois des Singes Subtotal Proposed (Faunal Reserves) Bafia Boumba bec Lac Lobeke Nki Subtotal Proposed (National Park) Mbam et Djerem Subtotal Proposed (Protection Forests) Boumba Belo Ejagham Kakaya (Kiki) Kouloumbou Koutaba Meri Mogode Mpadama Nyassogolo Yamben Zebe Subtotal Proposed (Recreation Forests) Edea Poli Sokilimbanga Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 11 53 19 sites site sites site sites sites sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 360 42,000 43,000 85,000 353,180 353,180 84 124 3,819,686 593,289 ha ha 1974 ha* 1968 ha ha ha ha* ha* CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Classified Forests Badada Kere Bako Malikpa Bandengue Banzoum Batangafo Batouri Kadei Batouri Sadowa Bengue Birini Bolee 11 Botambi 12 Boungou 13 Calvaire 14 Collines de Bangui 15 Cote des Singes 16 Disso Donago 17 Herman 18 Landjia 19 Lole 20 Lotomo 21 Loumi 22 Mobaye 23 Mokinda 24 N'dres 25 Nan Barya Ngoudou 26 Nayomo Guimi 27 Ngotto 28 Ngoulo 29 Nidou 30 Ohou 31 Ouabere 32 Ouele Ouele 33 Pami 34 Pamia 35 Pande Zamaga 36 Paoua 37 Paya 38 Pepoulou 39 Poto Poto 40 Pradama 41 Sabo 42 Seriki 43 Tomi 44 Yakamele 45 Yangana 46 Zizi Subtotal ray OUWUOYIH UV bPWNFeE Faunal Reserves 47 Aouk-Aoukale 48 Gribingui-Bamingui 49 Koukourou-Bamingui 50 Nana-Barya 51 Ouandjia-Vakaga 52 Yata-Ngaya 53 Zemongo Subtotal National Parks 54 Andre Felix 55 Bamingui-Bangoran 56 Dzanga-Ndoki 57 Manovo-Gounda-Saint Floris Subtotal 361 46 sites 7 sites 4 sites 633,472 ha 330,000 438,000 110,000 230,000 130,000 420,000 1,010,000 2,668,000 ha 170,000 1,070,000 122,000 1,740,000 3,102,000 ha 1952 1952 1950 1955 1953 1952 1954 1951 1950 1952 1952 1952 1952 1952 1956 1948 1951 1951 1950 1951 1948 1951 1950 1951 1950 1952 1951 1952 1953 1956 1950 1951 1953 1952 1952 1951 1952 1951 1939 1940 1940 1960 1925 1960 1925 1960 1933 1990 1933 Private Reserve 58 Avakaba Presidential Park Subtotal Special Reserve 59 Dzanga-Sangha Subtotal Strict Nature Reserve 60 Vassako-Bolo Subtotal Proposed (Faunal Reserve) Bahr Oulou Subtotal Proposed (National Park) Sangha Economique Subtotal Proposed (Sanctuary) Bongo Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 362 site site site site site site sites sites 250,000 250,000 335,900 335,900 86,000 86,000 320,000 320,000 435,900 435,900 265,000 265,000 7,075,372 1,020,900 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1980 1990 1960 CONGO Faunal Reserves Conkouati Lefini Lekoli-Pandaka Mont Fouari Nyanga Nord Tsoulou Subtotal Du kPWNe Hunting Reserves 7 M'boko 8 Mont Mavoumbou 9 Nyanga Sud Subtotal National Park 10 Odzala Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 363 sites sites site sites sites 144,294 630,000 68,200 15,600 7,700 30,000 895,794 90,000 42,000 23,000 155,000 126,600 126,600 1,177,394 ha ha ha ha ha 1980 1951 1955 1958 1958 1963 1955 1955 1958 1940 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Protected Areas Altos de Nsok Estuario de rio Muni Estuario de rio Ntem (Campo) Isla de Annobon Macizo de Monte Alen Macizo de los Montes Mitra Pico Basile o Sta. Isabel Sur de la Isla de Bioco Subtotal OIH UN P&wWNEe Proposed (National Park) Monte del Frio Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas kr © 40,000 70,000 20,000 1,700 80,000 30,000 15,000 60,000 sites 316,700 site sites 316,700 site * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 364 ha ha* ha ha* 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 GABON Faunal Reserves 1 Lope 500,000 1962 2 Moukalaba-Dougoua 80,000 1962 3 Ouanga Plain 20,000 1966 4 Petit Loango 50,000 1966 Subtotal 4 sites 650,000 ha Hunting Areas 5 Grand Bam-Bam 20,000 1971 6 Iguela 180,000 1962 7 Moukalaba 20,000 1962 8 Ngove-Ndogo 250,000 1962 9 Sette-Cama 200,000 1962 10 Wonga Wongue 25,000 1962 Subtotal 6 sites 695,000 ha Presidential Reserve 11 Wonga-Wongue 380,000 1971 Subtotal 1 site 380,000 ha Strict Nature Reserve 12 Ipassa-Makokou 15,000 1970 Subtotal 1 site 15,000 ha Totals Notified conservation areas 12 sites 1,740,000 ha Proposed conservation areas O sites ha Sites 5 and 10 lie within Site 11. They are not mapped as information concerning their exact location was not available. 365 ZAIRE Forest Reserves 1 2 Luki Yangambi Subtotal Hunting Reserves NNNNNPBPRPPRPEPHPPBPP PWUNFOWUDIDUAWHKPOWUDITDU AW Alundas-Tutshokwea Azande Basse Kando Beni (Oicha) Bili-Uere Bombo-Lumene Botende Bukama Bushimaie Epi Epulu Fizi Gangala-na Bodio Gungu Hippo/Kolwezi Iles aux singes Iles de Kifuabire Kalemie Kalule Kibali-Ituri Kiziba-Baluba Kolwezi Lac Kwada Lac Mokoto Libenge Loma Lualaba Luama Luama/Shaba Lubudi-samppa Lueba-Izeba Lwadekere Maika-Penge Mangai Mitwaba Mole Mondo Missa Mont Hoyo Mufufya Mulumbu Mwanza Mwekaji Mwene Mwene Musona Rubi Tele Rubitele Rutshuru Sakanya Sandua Sefu-Kiongo Semliki-Kasenyi Sud-Ouest de Lubero Swa-Kibula Tshikamba Watalinga Subtotal National Parks 58 Garamba 366 2 sites 55 sites 33,000 250,000 283,000 600,000 240,000 982 60,000 380,000 63 340,000 9,200 900,000 36,000 32,400 1,000,000 100,000 140,000 3,838,645 492,000 ha ha* 1979 1938 59 Kahuzi-Biega 60 Kundelungu 61 Maiko 62 Salonga 63 Upemba 64 Virunga Subtotal Nature Reserves 65 Bomu 66 Eaux Delcommune 67 Lac Fwa 68 Ubundu Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Okapi Parc National Marine Subtotal Proposed (Reserve) Lomako Marungu mountains Uvira Subtotal Totals Notified conservation areas Proposed conservation areas sites sites sites sites sites sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 367 600,000 760,000 1,083,000 3,656,000 1,173,000 780,000 8,544,000 76,850 76,850 12,665,645 76,850 ha ha* ha* ha* ha* ha* 1975 1970 1970 1970 1939 1925 Annex 9.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation. Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa Name of country/state: Cameroon Total area (sq.km): 475440 Land area (sq.km): 465400 Month/year of reference: March 1992 FORRES Ti FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 1403702 829345 47676 159585 25 124 Non-—forest Plantation 48903 4009 TOTAL 1452605 833354 47676 159585 25 124 Notes: Data are from B.Djingoer, pers.comm. 1992 Forestry | Department, Ministry of the Environment and Forests. Reforestation areas are listed as production forests of plantation origin. The figures for conservation forests represent 4 recreation forests. | 369 Annex 9.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub-—region: Central Africa Name of couniry/state: Central African Republic Total area (sq.km): 622980 Land area (sq.km): 622980 Month/year of reference: May 1990 E,O RR EsS F U N Cc} OIN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 950000 633472 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 950000 ) 0 0 633472 0 Notes: Data are from Ministére des eaux, foréts, chasses, péches et tourisme, 1990. The figure 633,472 represents 46 classified forests (see Annex 9.1). 370 | Annex 9.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa Name of country/state: Congo Total area (sq.km): 342000 Land area (sq.km): 341500 Month/year of reference: 1981 PORES Tt FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 317000 'Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 Note: FAO (1981) gave an area of 317,000ha for the classified forests in the last assessment. New legislation has since been passed, and the term protection forest is now used. 371 Annex 9.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa Name of country/state: Equatorial Guinea Total area (sq.km): 28050 Land area (sq.km): 28050 Month/year of reference: 1992 FIO VRSE tS.) FeU NEG) OFN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 316700 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 0 316700 (0) Notes: Data are from Castroviejo (1992). The figure for conservation forests 316,700ha represents eight protected areas, recently established, and presumed to be managed by the authorities responsible for forests. 372 Annex 9.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa Name of country/state: Gabon Total area (sq.km): 267670 Land area (sq.km): 257670 Month/year of reference: PORES Tf F UN Gitol OTN FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) ‘Natural Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes No information available. 373 Annex 9.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa Name of country/state: Sao Tome/Principe Total area (sq.km): 960 Land area (sq.km): 960 Month/year of reference: 1989. FO RPE Sai FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 45000 29000 Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 45000 0 29000 0 0 Notes: Data are taken from Jones et al (1989). The figure for proposed protection forests represents two ecological zones to be established at higher altitudes and on steep slopes. 374 Annex 9.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Central Africa Name of country/state: Zaire Total area (sq.km): 234510 Land area (sq.km): 226729 Month/year of reference: October 1988. FO tR Ess’ 7, FUN CT I O°N FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 618545 517169 Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 618545 0 0 0 517169 0 Notes: Data are taken from D.Katond, pers.comm. 1990 and IUCN (1990). Management of forests in Zaire is complex, with numerous organisations being involved. The figure 618,545 represents 200 production forests. The figure 517,169 represents 117 forest reserves, under the management of the Direction de la Gestion des Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables. 375 Arrest 8:2 (corpriued iiqiery: Africa, el, bes cepa ira gery ~ haat gs, Nagte of Got inntry/ eta tonite |. . “ee enaiyi lai Teel won (99,h) eit} ortines ) Lave area (eq: kin). AD pied i Mantiyew of relernnce: wes ee ER BENS FOREST 10 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA 10 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA (including Madagascar) Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe 10.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Protection of nature, in the form of traditional creeds and superstitions, is an old tradition throughout the subregion, one notable example being the protection of mountain forests and peaks in Madagascar. The "305 Articles Code" of the Ancient Malagasy Kingdom also provided protection for forests on the island and, under this code, those who were convicted of deforestation were condemned to be chained. During the 19th century, chiefs in Zambia had traditional hunting grounds where a measure of protection was provided. Conservation in the subregion, however, stems mainly from the creation of extensive networks in both the forestry and wildlife sectors, with forest reserves first being created around the tum of the century in Malawi, in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s in most other countries, and somewhat later (1970s) in Botswana. To date, no forest reserves have been established in Namibia. Significant additions to the forest reserve networks of most countries has occurred in the post-independence period. The establishment of conservation areas in the wildlife sector follows a similar pattern, with the first game reserve being created in 1897 in Malawi, followed by those created in the early 1900s in Namibia and Tanzania, in the 1920s and 1930s in Angola, Rwanda, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Madagascar, and in the 1950s and 1960s in Mozambique and Botswana, respectively. Significant additions to these wildlife sector networks occurred in the majority of countries from the 1950s onwards. In most countries, national parks were established somewhat later than game reserves, and Burundi represents one of very few African countries where no national park was established during the colonial period. The majority of conservation areas in the wildlife sector of Malawi were created from previously established forest reserves. National monuments, which serve primarily to protect natural features, were first created in Zambia in the 1940s, Victoria Falls being a prominent example. National monuments, and legislation allowing for their creation, were established in the 1960s for both Malawi and Namibia. Nature conservation is in various stages of development throughout the subregion. Legislation allowing for the creation of forest reserves exists in all countries, with the possible exception of Namibia. Further, all countries have legislation providing for the creation of conservation areas in the wildlife sector, most of which conform to international standards, the exception being Angola where conservation areas are established under individual laws (IUCN, 1987a). Apart from Madagascar, where the situation is under review, each country has distinct agencies or departments which are responsible for conservation areas in the forestry and wildlife sectors, respectively. 10.2 NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY AND LEGISLATION Legislation exists for the creation and management of conservation areas in all countries of Tropical Southern Africa. These are summarised in Table 10.1 and reviewed below. 10.2.1 Forestry Sector Policy Forest policy has been developed for a number of countries in the subregion, reflecting the dual purposes of protection and management for sustainable use. The need to increase the area under reservation is also stated. For example, the national constitution of Namibia (1989) outlines state policy on the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. This is complimented by the Nationhood Programme for an Independent Namibia, which emphasises the environmental and economic role of forests. In addition, the recently approved National Forest Policy states that 10% of the country’s land area will be managed as state forests. Similarly, the government of Zambia has set a target to increase the area of state-managed forests to 376 at least 15% in the future. In Malawi, the Department of Forestry’s "Statement of Development Policies (1987-1996)" is currently guiding the management and control of the forest estate, while the accompanying five- year action plan (1988-1992) has identified a number of priority strategies including initiatives in community forestry and cooperation with other countries in the development of forest resources. Legislation Within Tropical Southern Africa, early legislation allowing for the creation of forest reserves dates back to 1921 in Tanzania, the 1930s in Madagascar and Rwanda, the 1940s in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe, and the mid-1950s in Mozambique. In almost all cases, these early acts have either been amended or new legislation adopted, mostly in the 1970s and 1980s. Forestry legislation has recently been passed in Botswana (1976) and Burundi (1989), while the origin and date of legislation creating forest reserves in Angola is unknown. Early legislation in Rwanda, and probably in a number of other countries in the subregion, made provision for the exploitation of timber resources in the interests of European settlers, while leaving Rwandanese nationals free to cut wood in accordance with customary rights. Most forest reserve networks today, however, have been established with both exploitation and conservation in mind, and, in the case of Tanzania, the development of management plans for forest reserves is stipulated in its legislation. Present forestry legislation throughout the subregion allows for the creation of one or more forest reserve designations, outlines provisions relating to forest exploitation and management, establishes management authorities, and sets out offences and accompanying penalties in connection with forest resources and reserves. Related and subsidiary legislation to the principal acts exists in most countries, notable among these being the Acquisition of Land for Public Purposes Ordinance No.19 (1948) of Malawi, which enables the proclamation of public lands, subsequently gazetted as forest reserves. In no less than six countries (Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia and Madagascar), the principal forest acts make provision for the establishment of private forest reserves, local authority forest reserves, community forests or village forests. These categories are generally governed by the same regulations set out for government reserves, and are usually managed by local authorities. Zimbabwe is unique in that it has distinct legislation governing the conservation and sustainable use of communal land. All but Mozambique and Madagascar have distinct wildlife and forestry laws. In Botswana, hunting is allowed within the forest reserve network, while in Zambia national parks are classified as conservation forests by the Forestry Department. 10.2.2 Wildlife Sector Policy Most countries within the subregion have formulated, or are in the process of developing nature conservation policies which emphasise the importance of conservation areas in protecting wildlife and natural habitat. For example, the Wildlife Conservation Policy of Botswana, 1986 emphasises the importance of national parks and reserves, wildlife management areas, and the rational use of wildlife. Similarly, Malawi’s Wildlife Policy Statement, 1963 contains provisions for the protection of wildlife and natural habitat, the control of hunting, and for conservation education programmes. Somewhat more extensive, the Ministry of Wildlife, Conservation and Tourism in Namibia has recently set out a number of aims and objectives for the next decade, including the development and maintenance of a network of conservation areas which will contain at least 10% of each habitat type, the proclamation of marine reserves, and the development of master plans and management policies for each conservation area. A second feature of many policies within the subregion is an emphasis on the role conservation areas play in support of rural development. For example, the Director of Wildlife (1991) stated that the overall conservation goal of Tanzania is to integrate wildlife conservation with rural development, and to maintain a viable network of conservation areas which will benefit rural people and provide for the conservation of flora and fauna. Likewise, the policies of Zambia and Zimbabwe, respectively, emphasise the protection and management of the parks and wildlife estate, and promote wildlife management as an economic form of sustainable resource use. Currently, the development of a national environmental policy is a priority area in Angola. 377 Legislation Within the subregion, the majority of countries had pre-independence laws relating to wildlife conservation and the creation of conservation areas in the wildlife sector. Early examples include the passing of the first game law in Botswana in 1891, legislation passed in Rwanda (1925) which allowed for the creation of Virunga National Park, the 1925 Game Ordinance of Zambia, a decree of 1927 which established the first nature reserves in Madagascar, the Game and Fish Preservation Act, 1929 of Zimbabwe, and the "Regulamento", 1936 of Angola, which allowed for the establishment of national parks and reserves. These were subsequently amended or repealed, most recently in the 1970s (Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia), or 1980s (Burundi, Namibia, and Zimbabwe). There is recognition of the need to draft new conservation area legislation for Angola, while revision of the natural resources acts in Malawi is ongoing. The proposed Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Bill of Botswana is being promulgated and will amalgamate the existing Fauna Conservation Act and the National Parks Act, while the National Parks and Wildlife Act of Zambia has been redrafted and is currently before parliament. These new pieces of legislation will either create or redefine conservation area designations. Present nature conservation legislation in the subregion commonly provides for the establishment of national parks, game/nature reserves, sanctuaries, controlled hunting areas, and strict (integral) nature reserves. Other categories found include the international game park of Zambia, national recreation area of Namibia, and a single piece of legislation providing for the establishment and management of Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. National parks and strict nature reserves tend to afford the highest degree of protection, while controlled hunting areas the least throughout the subregion. Wildlife management areas and game management areas, which are a feature of Botswana and Zambia, respectively, provide for conservation, local utilisation of wildlife resources, and often serve as buffer zones to the more strictly protected designations. In Zimbabwe, a number of parks and reserves are a part of the estate of the late Cecil John Rhodes and as such are also covered by the terms of the Rhodes Estate Act of 1978. 10.2.3 Additional Sectors In Tanzania, the creation and management of marine reserves is provided for by the Fisheries Act No. 6, 1970, and the accompanying regulations of 1975. National monuments legislation has been passed in Burundi, Malawi, Namibia, and Zambia. 10.3 MANAGED AREAS ADMINISTRATION 10.3.1 Forestry Sector Administration of forestry is the responsibility of forest departments or services within the subregion. Exceptions to this are Botswana and Tanzania, where forestry is administered at the divisional level, Namibia, where a Forestry Directorate exists, and Zimbabwe where a Forestry Commission is the managing authority (Table 10.1). Most have a long institutional history, dating from the tum of the century in a number of countries. Unlike all other countries of the subregion, where there are distinct agencies which administer conservation areas in the forestry and wildlife sectors, respectively, the Administration Forestitre of Madagascar is responsible for all conservation areas. In Namibia, the Forestry Directorate will be responsible for the management of forest reserves when the necessary enabling legislation is introduced. 10.3.2 Wildlife Sector Many of the original game departments in the subregion were established for tsetse control and have since assumed conservation responsibilities. Further, the management of conservation areas today is closely tied to tourism in many countries. With the exception of Madagascar, management of conservation areas in the wildlife sector is the responsibility of the respective wildlife departments. Today, these departments, apart from those in Angola and Mozambique, operate independently of their respective forestry administrations. For example, jurisdiction lies with the Department of Wildlife and National Parks in Botswana, and with the Office of Tourism and National Parks 378 in Rwanda. Somewhat unique are Burundi, where management responsibility lies with the National Institute for the Environment and the Conservation of Nature; Mozambique, where Eduardo Mondlane University manages the partially-protected Inhaca Island; and Tanzania, where three agencies have management authority: the Division of Wildlife, which is responsible for game reserves and game controlled areas; Tanzania National Parks; and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority. In addition, while the majority of game reserves are controlled on a regional basis in Tanzania, seven are considered national projects and come directly under the management of the Wildlife Division. Management of conservation areas in the wildlife sector is linked closely to rural development in a number of countries. For example, responsibilities of the National Parks & Wildlife Service of Zambia include management of the Administration Management Design Programme for Game Management Areas, and the wildlife component of the Luangwa Integrated Rural Development Project, while the Department of National Parks & Wildlife Management of Zimbabwe oversees the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources projects throughout a number of districts in the country. 10.3.3 Additional Sectors The creation and management of national monuments is the responsibility of the National Monuments Council in Namibia and the National Heritage Conservation Commission in Zambia, respectively. The Fisheries Division in the Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania, manages the seven marine reserves in the country. 10.3.4 Non-Governmental Organisations While there are no local NGOs which are exclusively responsible for the management of conservation areas, the Kalahari Conservation Society of Botswana funds projects relating to protected areas, the Wildlife Society of Zimbabwe promotes the establishment of wildlife areas, and the East Africa Wildlife Society and the Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania support the management of reserves in that country. 10.4 MANAGED AREAS STATUS The managed areas system is mapped for each country within the subregion in Fig. 10.1-13. Details of individual conservation areas are given in Annex 10.1 which also serves as a key to the maps. The bulk (over 90%) of the conservation areas network (by total area) falls within the domain of the wildlife sector (Table 10.3). 10.4.1 Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector Coverage Natural reserved forests account for at least 5.2% of the total area of Tropical Southern Africa (Table 10.2). They are most extensive in Tanzania (14.2%), Rwanda (12.7%), Madagascar (10.6%), and Zambia (9.6 %), the latter having over 450 notified reserves. The reserved forest networks of all other countries in the subregion cover less than 10% of the respective country, while there are no notified reserves in Namibia. Of the 5.2% of natural reserved forests in the subregion, the majority (about 72 %) are allocated for commercial production purposes (Table 10.2). All reserved forests in Mozambique, however, serve a conservation purpose, those in Malawi and Burundi are all considered protection forests, and 75% of the forest estate in Madagascar is set aside for protection purposes. 10.4.2 Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional Sectors Coverage There are more than 650 notified conservation areas in Tropical Southern Africa, covering a total area of 99.9 million ha or 16% of the subregion (Fig. 10.1). The forestry sector is directly responsible for over 370 conservation areas, covering a total area of approximately 9.1 million ha or 1.4% of the subregion. Most of these lie in Madagascar (279) and Malawi (70). The total coverage of conservation areas under additional sectors is minimal. 379 Approximately 13% of conservation areas are under total protection, covering 4.4% of area in the subregion (Table 10.3). Most of these fall within the wildlife sector. The rest are partially protected. The target of 10% of total area under protection for conservation purposes has been reached by eight of eleven countries of the subregion, including Zambia (29.7%), Tanzania (28.5%), Rwanda (21.0%) and Botswana (17.6%), which all have extensive conservation area networks. Least extensive are those of Burundi and Angola, both of which are about half way towards reaching the target. About 57% of the conservation area in Zambia and about 45% of the area in Tanzania, however, is tied up in game management areas and game controlled areas, respectively, which make minimal provision for habitat protection. Representativeness In a number of countries in the subregion, nature conservation areas have been established haphazardly in the past, with little regard to ecological or other criteria for their selection. This is reflected in the existing networks of Angola, where conservation areas were established first in zones of low agricultural or economic potential, and Burundi, where the current conservation area system is comprised mostly of montane habitat. In contrast, Botswana supports 14 major ecosystem types, nine of which are represented in national parks and game reserves (Hannah ef al., n.d.). Forest reserves in the country are found primarily in dry woodland types. In Madagascar, the establishment of conservation areas, beginning with the selection of ten nature reserves in 1927, was to provide a representative sample of the many ecological features of the island (UCN/UNEP/WWF, 1987). Despite this intent, only about 8% of the country is included within the conservation area network, and not all native terrestrial forest communities are afforded protection. Fourteen additional sites have been proposed to extend protection to the south-west and centre-east, to mangrove and wetland habitat, and to coral reefs (Nicoll and Langrand, 1989). Protection of the biotic communities in Malawi is extensive. Of the 29 communities recognised by Shaxson (1977), examples of 18 occur in conservation areas of the wildlife sector, while a number of others are found in the forest reserve network (Clarke and Bell, 1986). Extended protection to the deciduous miombo woodlands and the evergreen forest biome are considered priorities, among others. In Mozambique, increased protection is needed in highland and coastal forests, while in Namibia, the Ministry of Wildlife, Conservation & Tourism has set a target of protecting 10% of each habitat type (Grobler, 1991). In Tanzania, where conservation areas cover nearly 30% of its total area, recommendations to extend the conservation areas network to montane and lowland forests, and to establish conservation areas on Pemba and Zanzibar have been formulated (IUCN, 1987b; Stuart & Adams, 1990). Zambia has 2 good conservation area network covering most major habitat types (MacKinnon & MacKinnon, 1986). Nevertheless, inadequately protected habitats include a number of montane habitats, and isolated patches of lowland and gallery forest in the north-west (MacKinnon & MacKinnon, 1986; Stuart & Adams, 1990). In Zimbabwe, additional protection has been recommended for lowland forest, quartz grassland and forest, and Parinari forests. Integrity Using mean size as a measure of integrity, data in Table 10.4 indicate that forest reserves serving a conservation or protection function in Malawi and Zimbabwe tend to be small, the majority being less than 10,000ha in size. In contrast, the reserves of Botswana, although small in number, have a mean size in excess of 30,000ha. Totally protected sites (strict nature reserves) under the jurisdiction of the Administration Forestitre of Madagascar have a mean size larger than 50,000ha. Extrapolating from Table 10.3, forest reserves serving a conservation or protection function in Mozambique tend to be large, with a mean size exceeding 135,000ha. In the wildlife sector, the partially and totally protected conservation areas of Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, and Namibia tend to be few in number but large in size, with means in excess of 300,000ha for each country. Both Tanzania and Zambia have respectable numbers of partially and totally protected areas, again with means larger than 300,000ha. The totally protected sites of Malawi, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe have mean sizes (> 100,000ha) which are considerably larger than those of their respective partially protected sites, while conservation areas in Burundi tend to be on the small side. Conservation areas in additional sectors in the subregion are all afforded partial protection and are small in size. 380 The mean size of totally protected areas (51,776ha) in the forestry sector, made up exclusively of strict nature reserves, is about four times that of partially protected sites (12,980ha), comprising mostly forest reserves. In the wildlife sector, the mean size of totally protected areas (353,825ha) is slightly larger than that for partially protected sites (329,060ha). National parks constitute the bulk of the former category, and by definition tend to be relatively large areas to provide a range of services. Partially protected areas comprise mainly game/nature reserves, sanctuaries, and controlled hunting areas. Significantly, conservation areas in the wildlife sector tend to be considerably larger than those in the forestry sector. Effectiveness Apart from gaps in the representation of the subregion’s biological diversity within existing conservation area networks, conservation efforts are limited by weaknesses in policy and legislation, inadequate institutional support and ineffective management. As mentioned in Section 10.2, nature conservation policies in the forestry sector have been formulated at least in Malawi, Namibia, and Zambia, while the majority of countries in the subregion have nature conservation policies in the wildlife sector. For a number of countries, legislation needs strengthening or updating. For example, wildlife legislation in Angola is in urgent need of revision, particularly when one considers that the existing designations of conservation area do not conform to international standards (IUCN, 1987a). In Botswana, the proposed Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Bill will upgrade a number of conservation areas, and make provisions for legally established wildlife management areas in the country. In Malawi, a weakness of forestry legislation is that nearly all of the country’s statutes were enacted prior to independence and occasionally revised in the 1960s (Vardy, 1982). A new act governing natural resources management in Malawi is being prepared. Significantly, new forestry legislation (since 1980), allowing for the creation of various forest reserve designations, has been passed in Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Enactment of conservation area legislation is hampered in a number of countries by civil unrest or lack of resources. Institutional resources for conservation area management are inadequate for almost all countries within the subregion. Constraints include a lack of adequately trained staff, funds, resources, and in one or two cases, an infrastructure which is almost non-existent for the management of conservation areas. These problems are most acute in Burundi, Mozambique, and Angola, where, in the latter, the Forestry Development Institute operates on less than US$ 20,000 per year for conservation areas management (IDF, 1991). Further hindrances to conservation area management are poor communication and transportation networks in a number of countries, rendering many sites inaccessible. A lack of coordination between agencies managing conservation areas has been identified as a problem in several countries of the subregion. Low priority and a general lack of commitment of resources for conservation areas is largely responsible for many of the deficiencies in their management. This situation is exacerbated by countries having an unclear programme or weak planning of their conservation area networks. Very few conservation areas of the subregion have management plans. The majority of conservation areas in Angola and Mozambique, and game controlled areas in Tanzania exist on paper only, while Jolly (1990) has noted that many of the conservation areas in Madagascar are protected in name only, most being unprotected from land and animal poachers. Exceptions to these general trends are found in Namibia and Malawi, where conservation areas are well managed. In the case of Malawi, a master plan for national parks and wildlife, and protected area plans for conservation areas in the northern, central and southem regions were prepared in the early 1980s (Clarke, 1983 a,b,c,d; Mackinnon & Mackinnon, 1986; Stuart & Adams, 1990). Further, Botswana is actively managing its forest reserves, and has adopted a high cost/low volume tourism policy for the reserves, envisaging that considerable financial and ecological dividends will be realised in the long-term (Modise, pers. comm., 1991). Common threats to the subregion’s conservation areas include subsistence and commercial poaching, the growth of human settlements, illegal grazing, shifting cultivation, the unauthorised extraction of timber, fuelwood and minor forest products, uncontrolled bushfires, and in the cases of Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia, mineral prospecting. Other threats include rice cultivation in Malawi, hydroelectric developments and the expansion of industrial activities in Zambia, and forest swamp reserves are under threat from drainage plans in Namibia. These threats are compounded by rapidly growing populations in the subregion, and civil unrest in a number of countries. 381 10.4.3 Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation Data in Table 10.2 indicate that the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation is small (1.4%) in terms of the total area of the subregion under protection and conservation forest. This percentage, however, represents minimum coverage as data are not available for all countries. For example, an unknown amount of commercial forest area in Zambia serves a protection function in guarding hilly slopes and sources of streams or rivers. Nevertheless, over 90% of the conservation area network falls within the domain of the wildlife sector, covering 14.4% of total area of the subregion (Table 10.3). 10.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 10.5.1 Expanding the Conservation Area Network Official proposals to expand the conservation area network total 14.6 million ha or 2.3% of the total area of the subregion (Table 10.3). These improvements to the network affect 10.7 million ha in Botswana, 1.3 million ha in Malawi, and 1.5 million ha in Mozambique. The establishment of wildlife management areas in Botswana will form buffer zones around most national parks and game reserves. Other significant extensions to existing national networks are planned for Madagascar and Tanzania, while extended protection will come about in Namibia through the creation of more conservation areas in the wildlife sector and the notification of forest reserves. 10.5.2 Other National Initiatives Strengthening networks A variety of initiatives to strengthen conservation areas planning and management are being implemented or formulated. In Rwanda, a project entitled "Tourisme et Parcs Nationaux" ran from 1974 to 1990, the principal objectives being to develop infrastructure and tourism in conservation areas, and to provide equipment and technical assistance in park planning and management. Following this, a new programme is currently being planned (ORTPN, 1991). The Elephant Conservation Plan for Angola outlines a three-phase programme spread over the next five years. Actions within this programme include the establishment of an effective conservation area network and the creation of a state wildlife and conservation authority. In addition, regional Southern African Development Coordination Conference sub-sector proposals include infrastructure development in conservation areas of Angola (IDF, 1991). In Madagascar, IUCN and WWF are giving considerable support to improving the management of parks and reserves. As of 1991, there were no fewer than 29 separate WWF projects in the country. The World Bank, interested in the commercial possibilities of the proposed Kruger/Limpopo International Park, is considering a US$ 12 million loan to Mozambique to get the scheme started (Caplan, 1991). In Tanzania, the Report on the Conservation of Ecosystems and Genetic Resources under the Tropical Forestry Action Plan contains a "Conservation Action Plan", drawn up for forest areas, which includes a number of projects for certain key areas, notably closed forest and mangrove forest (Bensted-Smith and Msangi, 1989). Other multi-agency projects include the planning and development of marine and terrestrial protected areas in the country. Overcoming Economic Constraints Funding is a major factor which limits the effective management of conservation areas. In addition to the aid projects mentioned above, the Elephant Action Plans, prepared for most countries of the subregion, indicate funding and project priority areas. In Namibia, income from hunting, tourism, and wildlife products is second only to the mining and fishing industries (Berry, 1990), while in Rwanda, tourism, based on the national parks, has been promoted vigorously and was the third largest foreign exchange earner in 1988 (Perlez, 1988; Wilson, 1991). Total earnings for the Wildlife Division in Tanzania were about US$ 2.6 million, while Tanzania National Parks earned over US$ 3.5 million, and Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority received over US$ 1.84 million in revenue in 1990 (WD, 1991). In total, Tanzania earns more than US$ 70 million from wildlife in the form of tourism, sport hunting, live animal trade, and, formerly, from ivory (ITC, 1989). Further, the Tanzania Wildlife Protection Fund channels funds and other facilities to national organisations involved in wildlife management. 382 Under the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources projects in Zimbabwe, considerable revenue is being accrued by management trusts involved in community management. As of 1990, the estimated total revenue from hunting safaris in these areas was about US$ 4 million, of which approximately 50% accrued directly to the districts involved (Metcalf, 1990). US-AID and WWF have provided support for the Administration Management Design programme for game management areas in Zambia, while wildlife management areas are being developed through the Natural Resources Management Project funded by US-AID in Botswana. In response to economic constraints, the Direcgéo Nacional de Florestas e Fauna Bravia is currently considering privatising the management of Mozambique’s wildlife resources (Ministerio de Agricultura, 1991). Improving Management Within the subregion, there are numerous initiatives which attempt to link conservation with development in and around conservation areas. Two examples include the goal to integrate protection and management into rural development programmes in Angola, and the development of wildlife management areas in Botswana to allow for conservation and controlled utilisation of wildlife outside conservation areas. In Madagascar, the World Bank has targeted the country in a pilot cooperative venture to integrate conservation and economic growth. An "Environmental Action Plan" has been drawn up, one of its features being the equal division of funds: half in support of conservation in reserves, and half to the local people (Jolly, 1990). Integrated rural development programmes that include provision for local communities to benefit from wildlife have been in operation in several parts of Malawi for some time, and it has been suggested that these programmes be extended to the Lower Shire Valley (Stuart & Adams, 1990). Further, the Department of Forestry’s current five-year action plan (1988-1992) has identified initiatives in community forestry and is encouraging multiple land use systems as priority strategies. In Rwanda, recommendations have been made to develop a scheme to involve local people in the management of conservation areas, while in Tanzania it has been proposed to set aside wildlife management areas and to develop wildlife-based industries for the benefit of village communities and the private sector (WD, 1991). Further, Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania was established as a multiple use management area to promote the conservation of wildlife and other natural resources and the interests of the 25,000 resident Masai pastoralists. Currently, two major parallel initiatives testing different models for involving local communities in sustainable use of wildlife resources in Zambia are the Administration Management Design Programme for Game Management Areas and the Luangwa Integrated Rural Development Project (Lungu, 1990). The former provides a national policy framework for community-based wildlife conservation and management, linking wildlife benefits to local communities for conservation in game management areas. By comparison, the latter is More encompassing and is intended to be a multi-sectoral project for economic development in the central part of the Luangwa Valley, including wildlife management and initiatives aimed at development of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, water resources and infrastructure (Lungu, 1990). In Zimbabwe, the buffer zone concept was introduced in 1960, and considerable emphasis is placed on the role of conservation areas in raising rural living standards and generating revenue through domestic and foreign tourism and utilisation of wildlife (Child, 1984). Outside conservation areas, the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources projects have been initiated in at least thirteen districts of the country. Half the revenue realised from sport hunting and other activities on such lands accrues directly to the districts involved, the other half to the respective management trusts (Metcalf, 1990). 10.5.3 International Initiatives Conventions and Programmes Most countries within the subregion participate in at least one international convention or programme concemed with conservation areas (Table 10.5). All countries except Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and Rwanda have accepted or ratified the Convention Concerning the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention). Of those countries which are party to the Convention, only Burundi and Mozambique have not had natural properties inscribed on the World Heritage List. Zambia is the only country of the subregion to have acceded to or ratified the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), while Madagascar, Rwanda and Tanzania participate in the Unesco Man and the Biosphere Programme. To date, two biosphere reserves have 383 been accepted in Tanzania, one in Rwanda, and one in Madagascar. All countries of the subregion, with the exceptions of Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, have either ratified or are signatories to the African Convention, which provides for the establishment of several conservation area designations. Most countries are members of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) and the Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation and Utilisation of the Soil (SARCCUS), which both have sectors responsible for the conservation and management of natural resources. Cooperative agreements Despite a number of security problems in the subregion, there are no fewer than thirteen transfrontier conservation areas between countries in and around Tropical Southern Africa. Botswana is currently considering a collaborative programme for the management of the contiguous Gemsbok National Park (Botswana) and Kalahari Gemsbok National Park of South Africa, and is assessing a number of sites for potential transborder parks with its other neighbours. Mozambique and the Southem African governments of South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Swaziland are discussing the creation of the Kruger/Limpopo International Park, which, if established, would comprise one of the largest national parks in the world (Ministerio de Agricultura, 1991). 10.6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Priorities for conservation action in the subregion were reviewed as part of the IUCN Systems review of the Afrotropical Realm (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1986), and in the accompanying Action Strategy (IUCN, 1987b), but these are somewhat dated. Priorities have more recently been reviewed in IUCN (1992) in preparation for the IV World Parks Congress. These are generalised, recognising that translation of priorities into action will vary according to national conservation objectives, history and political will. They will provide a foundation to the more specific priorities identified in this report and summarised in Table 10.6. In conclusion, progress throughout the subregion has been variable, ranging from the well established and managed conservation areas of Malawi and Namibia to the almost non-existent networks of Angola and Mozambique. Not surprisingly, much of this situation is a direct reflection of the political stability in the first two cases and the civil unrest in the latter two. Other countries of the subregion fall in between these two extremes. Governments of Tropical Southern Africa are well aware of the need to integrate rural development with conservation, and have made remarkable progress in initiating such programmes in and around conservation areas of the subregion. 384 REFERENCES Bensted-Smith, R. and Msangi, T.H. (1989). Report on the conservation of ecosystems and genetic resources. Tropical Forestry Action Plan, United Republic of Tanzania. Unpublished report for the Forest and Beekeeping Division of the Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism. Berry, H.H. (1990). Namibia: Large-scale commercial wildlife utilisation. Gnusletter 9(3): 15-17. Caplan, J. (1991). The park of all problems. The Guardian, 8 November. P. 31. Child, G. (1984). Zimbabwe's approach to protected area management. Proceedings of the 22nd Working Session, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 22-27 May 1983. Clarke, J.E. (1983a). Principal master plan for National Parks and Wildlife Management. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe, Malawi. (Unseen). Clarke, J.E. (1983b). Protected areas master plan for Northern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe, Malawi. 87 pp. Clarke, J.E. (1983c). Protected areas master plan for Central Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe, Malawi. 77 pp. Clarke, J.E. (1983d). Protected areas master plan for Southern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe, Malawi. 163 pp. Clarke, J.E. and Bell, R.H.V. (1986). Representation of biotic communities in protected areas: a Malawian case study. Biological Conservation 35: 293-311. Grobler, D. (1991). Review of conservation in Namibia over the past decade and objectives for the next decade. Paper presented at the CNPPA Workshop for Anglophone Africa in preparation for the Fourth World Parks Congress, Amboseli, Kenya, 16-19 July 1991. 11 pp. Hannah, L., Wetterberg, G., and Duvall, L. (n.d.). Botswana biological diversity assessment. Agency for International Development, Bureau for Africa. IDF (1991). Elephant Conservation Plan, Angola. Instituto de Desenvolvimento Florestal, Luanda, Angola. 49 pp. ITC (1989). United Republic of Tanzania: development and promotion of wildlife utilisation. International Trade Centre Project No. URT/87/004. (Unseen). IUCN (1987a). IUCN directory of Afrotropical protected areas. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. P. 3. IUCN (1987b). Action strategy for protected areas in the Afrotropical Realm. YUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 51 pp. IUCN (1992). Regional Review - Eastern Africa. In: Regional reviews. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Pp. 2.1-2.30. TUCN/UNEP/WWE (1987). Madagascar: an environmental profile. Jenkins, M.D. (Ed.). IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 374 pp. Jolly, A. (1990). A changing world banking on Madagascar. Ecoafrica 4: 1-3. Lungu, F.B. (1990). Administrative Design for Game Management Areas (ADMADE) and Luangwa Integrated Rural Development Project (LIRDP). In: Kiss, A. (Ed.), Living with wildlife - wildlife resource management with local participation in Africa. (Draft). World Bank, Washington, DC. Pp. 115-122. MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 259 pp. Metcalf, S. (1990). The CAMPFIRE programme in Zimbabwe. Nature et Faune 6(1): 22-27. Ministerio de Agricultura (1991). Elephant Conservation Plan for Mozambique. Direccio Nacional de Florestas e Fauna Bravia, Maputo, Mozambique. 47 pp. Nicoll, M.E., and Langrand, O. (1989). Madagascar: revue de la conservation et des aires protégées. WWF, Gland, Switzerland. 374 pp. ORTPN (1991). Plan de conservation de |’éléphant au Rwanda. Unpublished report. Office Rwandais du Tourisme. 43 pp. Perlez, J. (1988). Compromise keeps Rwanda’s dwindling families of gorillas alive. The Globe and Mail 27 December. P. A1S. Shaxson, T.F. (1977). A map of the distribution of major biotic communities in Malawi. J. Soc. Malawi 30: 35-48. (Unseen). Stuart, S.N. and Adams, R.J. (1990). Biodiversity in sub-saharan Africa and its islands: conservation, management and sustainable use. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 242 pp. 385 Vardy, R.G. (Compiler) (1982). Draft environmental profile of Malawi. Arid Lands Information Centre, University of Arizona, Tuscon, USA. 195 pp. WD (1991). Elephant conservation plan - Tanzania. Wildlife Division, Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and the Environment, Dar-es-Salaam. 152 pp. Wilson, R. (1991). The conflict in Rwanda and its impact on the mountain gorilla. 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[eUOTIeN] yred [euoreN Bale JUOWOSBUBU OUTED yped sured peuorjeursquy waroy [BuOTHEN yao [BOO] FA Re Ay Ay Ae Be A By quoweseusyy FIP Pus HV [eUOHEN Jo juouedeq uoIssImWoD A1]s910,J UOIssIWIWIOD ANjsal0j UOISSIUNWOD UOIJBAIBSUOD O8BILIOH{ [BUOTIBN SoIAlag OFPIIM pue syreg TBUOHEN SdIAIag OITPIM puB sxe [BUONEN quowypudeg 382105 [A] $1 ON 2°V OSTPIEAA pue syed [al (SZ1_ “deD) wy war0g [a] (Lez ded) yoy sonpolg jsalo.j puwy] peunuUUOD [v] €Z “ON PV UOISSTUIWIOD UOTBAIABUOD sBEILIOH] [BUOTIBN] [A] LS “ON VW OFIPIEAA puB Sed [eUCHEN La] LZ ‘ON PV PIA puwe yred oureD euCHEUIE}U] [d] 6€ “ON VW BIO amququirz, Table 10.2 _ Extent of notified natural forests, classified by forest function. Units are in sq. km, followed by % total area. Full data, with sources, are given in Annex 10.2. Country Total FOREST FUNCTION SUBREGION area Production Protection Conservation Total Angola 1,246,700 18,560 (1.5) 0 0 18,560 (1.5) Botswana 581,730 3,918 (0.7) 0 638 (0.1) 4,556 (0.8) Burundi 27,830 0 430 (1.5) 0 430 (1.5) Madagascar' 587,040 15,700 (2.7) 0 46,273 (7.9) 61,973 (10.6) Malawi*? 118,480 0 6,180 (5.2) 0 6,180 (5.2) Mozambique' 799,380 0 0 19,400 (2.4) 19,400 (2.4) Namibia 824,290 0 0 0 0 (0.0) Rwanda’ 26,340 1,380 (5.2) 760 (2.9) 1,201 (4.6) 3,341 (12.7) Tanzania’? 945,090 118,000 (12.5) 0 16,000 (1.7) 134,000 (14.2) Zambia 752,610 72,553 (9.6) 0 0 72,553 (9.6) Zimbabwe 390,580 8,957 (2.3) 22(+) 49(+) 9,028 (2.3) TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA 6,300,070 239,068 (3.8) 7,392 (0.1) 1 83,561 (1.3) 330,021 (5.2) ————OOeSaBaBnB»BBRDaD9RB9DE>=2RExqyRB»=RyxhD»-LhBaEeOOEEESESOSHSSSaaanhnanDa@=E]Y]Q]Q]TYO=“™EPSSBSBE“E A more thorough breakdown of conservation forest into non-forest and plantation categories is not available (see Annex 10.2.2). The totals for natural forest under conservation, therefore, may be inflated. is) conservation and protection forest, is not available. w working circles is not included. 391 The breakdown of natural forest into protection function, and/or the distinction between Total for conservation/protection forest is underestimated because the extent of conservation Table 10.3 Extent of notified and proposed conservation areas, classified by sector and national designation. Management categories are assigned to designations based on national legislation (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses). Totals for proposed sites may be inflated because they may include areas of properties already protected but proposed for upgrading to higher conservation status. Details of individual properties are given in Annex 10.2. N is the total number of conservation areas. COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. National designation N Area(ha) N Area(ha) ANGOLA (1,246,700 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Integral Nature Reserve T 2 828,200 (0) (0) National Park T 6 5,423,000 (0) 0 Partial Reserve P 4 1,920,000 (0) (0) Regional Nature Park P 1 10,000 0 (0) Subtotals 13 8,181,200 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 6.5) ( 0.0) Totals 13 8,181,200 0 (0) (% total area) ( 6.5) ( 0.0) BOTSWANA (581,730 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P 2 63,750 0 (e) Subtotals 2 63,750 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 0.1) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Game Reserve P 7 6,410,100 0 (e) National Park T 3 3,807,000 (0) (0) Sanctuary P 4 9,910 * 0 (0) Wildlife Management Area P {e) (0) 12 10,702,700 * Subtotals 14 10,227,010 * 12 10,702,700 * (% total area) ( 17.5) ( 18.4) Totals 16 10,290,760 * 12 10,702,700 * (% total area) ( 17.6) ( 18.4) BURUNDI (27,830 sq. km) Forest Sector Protection forest P ? 43,000 fs 20,000 Subtotals (0) 43,000 (0) 20,000 (% total area) ( 1.5) ( 0.7) Wildlife Sector National Park P 3 88,865 (0) (0) Nature Reserve P 5 12,125 0 {e) Subtotals 8 100,990 (0) (0) (% total area) ( 3.6) ( 0.0) Additional Sector, or sector unknown Natural Monument P 2 35 (0) (0) Subtotals 2 35 (0) (0) (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 10 144,025 0 20,000 (% total area) ( 5.1) ( 0.7) 392 COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. National designation N Area (ha) N Area(ha) MADAGASCAR (587,040 sq. km) Forest Sector Classified forest P 158 2,671,051 Oo (0) Hunting Reserve P 4 15,000 * 0 10) Marine National Park P (0) (0) 1 Oo * National Park P 6 171,307 3 450,567 Reforestation Area P 77 823,798 0 0 Special Reserve P 23 376,580 {e) (0) Strict Nature Reserve T 11 569,542 10) (0) Subtotals 279 4,627,278 * 4 450,567 * (% total area) ( 7.9) ( 0.8) Totals 279 4,627,278 * 4 450,567 * (% total area) ( 7.9) ( 0.8) MALAWI (118,480 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P 70 617,984 * 88 1,267,079 * Subtotals 70 617,984 * 88 1,267,079 * (% total area) ( 5.2) ( 10.7) Wildlife Sector Game Reserve P 4 361,400 (0) {e) National Park T 5 696,200 (0) 0 Subtotals 9 1,057,600 (0) 0 (% total area) ( 9.0) ( 0.0) Totals 79 1,675,584 * 88 1,267,079 * (% total area) ( 14.2) ( 10.7) MOZAMBIQUE (799,380 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P 14 1,940,000 * (0) (0) Subtotals 14 1,940,000 * (e} 0 (% total area) ( 2.4) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Faunal Reserve P 1 2,000 0 {e) Game Reserve P 5 2,810,000 (0) (0) Marine National Park P 1 377,000 1 Oo * National Park P 4 1,590,000 4 1,500,000 * Wildlife Utilization Area P 2 2,200,000 (0) (0) Subtotals 13 6,979,000 5 1,500,000 * (% total area) ( 8.8) ( 1.9) Totals 27 8,919,000 * 5 1,500,000 * (% total area) ( 11.2) ( 1.9) NAMIBIA (824,290 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Game Park P 13 8,005,635 (0) (0) National Park T 3 2,360,400 (0) (0) Nature Reserve P 2 6,005 (0) (0) Recreation Area P 2 782,900 {e) {e) Subtotals 20 11,154,940 {e) (0) (% total area) ( 13.5) ( 0.0) 393 COUNTRY Man. Sector Cat. National designation Additional Sector, or sector unknown Natural Monument P Subtotals (% total area) Totals (% total area) RWANDA (26,340 sq. km) Forest Sector Integral Forest Reserve P Protected Forest P Subtotals (% total area) Wildlife Sector Hunting Reserve P National Park T Subtotals (% total area) Totals (% total area) TANZANIA (945,090 sq. km) Forest Sector Forest Reserve P Subtotals (% total area) Wildlife Sector Conservatian Area Game Controlled Area Game Reserve National Park Subtotals (% total area) HuvH Additional Sector, or sector unknown Marine Reserve P Subtotals (% total area) Totals (% total area) ZAMBIA (752,610 sq. km) Wildlife Sector Game Management Area P National Park 38 Subtotals (% total area) Additional Sector, or sector unknown Natural Monument P Subtotals (% total area) Totals (% total area) 21 Wy Ww WNer on 85 32 51 394 Notified Area (ha) 11,154,990 ( 13.5) 120,100 76,000 196,100 (| 7-5) 30,000 327,000 357,000 (13.5) 553,100 ( 21.0) 1,600,000 1,600,000 (| 1-7) 828,800 11,616,502 8,970,050 * 3,909,975 25,325,327 * ( 26.8) Oo * Oo * (| 0.0) 26,925,327 * ( 28.5) 16,048,800 6,359,000 22,407,800 ( 29.7) 1,900 1,900 0.0) 22,409,700 ( 29-7) N oo ooo ooo PeEWOO oo oo ooo Proposed Area(ha) fe) fo) ( 0.0) fe) ( 0.0) fe) fo) 0 (| 0.0) i) 0 ( 0.0) ) r) 500,000 * 120,000 620,000 * ( 0.6) fr) r) (| 0.0) 620,000 * ( 0.6) re) 0 0 ( 0.0) 0) r) ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) COUNTRY Man. Notified Proposed Sector Cat. ——————______—__ National designation N Area(ha) N Area(ha) ZIMBABWE (390,580 sq. km) Forest Sector State Forest P 5 7,017 (0) {e) Subtotals 5 7,017 0 {e) (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Wildlife Sector Botanical Reserve Ty 14 1,100 0 (0) National Park T 11 2,703,900 1 Oo * Recreation Park P 15 346,001 * (0) (0) Safari Area P 17 1,892,774 (0) Oo Sanctuary P 7 18,677 0 0 Subtotals 64 4,962,452 * 1 Oo * (% total area) ( 12.6) ( 0.0) Totals 69 4,969,469 * 1 Oo * (% total area) ( 12.6) ( 0.0) _——————————————— eens eee TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA (6,300,070 sq. km) - summary by sector Forestry Sector 373 9,095,129 * 92 1,737,646 * (% total area) ( 1.4) ( 0.3) Wildlife Sector 273 90,753,319 * 22 12,822,700 * (% total area) ( 14.4) ( 2.0) Additional Sector or sector unknown 11 1,985 * Oo 0 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) _— a EE eee TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA (6,300,070 sq. km) - summary by management category Total protection 88 27,814,117 2 120,000 * (% total area) ( 4.4) ( 0.0) Partial protection 569 72,036,316 * 112 14,440,346 * (% total area) ( 11.4) ( 2.3) Degree of protection unknown fe) fe) ie) 0 (% total area) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) Totals 657 99,850,433 * 114 14,560,346 * (% total area) ( 15.8) ( 2.3) ———— — —_—_————————————————0O55 * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data for either number of sites or area covered. 395, Table 10.4(a) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size a) Forestry Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BOTSWANA Notified sites P 2 31,875 0 (e} 2 (0) Total 2 31,875 0 0 2 (0) MADAGASCAR Notified sites uy 11 51,776 1 1 8 1 P 30 18,762 4 9 17 0 Total 41 27,620 5 10 25 1 Proposed sites P 3 150,189 0 to) 1 2 Total 3 150,189 {0} 0 1 2 MALAWI Notified sites P 65 9,507 21 28 16 (0) Total 65 9,507 21 28 16 0 Proposed sites P 63 20,112 29 22 11 Bl Total 63 20,112 29 22 11 1 MOZAMBIQUE Notified sites P 1 4,200 (0) al Oo {e) Total 1 4,200 (0) 1 (0) (0) RWANDA Notified sites P 3 40,033 (0) 1 2 (0) Total 3 40,033 (0) 1 2 (0) ZIMBABWE Notified sites P 5 1,403 2 3 (0) (0) Total 5 1,403 2 3 (0) 0 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA Notified sites T 11 51,776 a 1 8 1 P 106 12,980 27 42 37 0 Total 117 16,628 28 43 45 1 Proposed sites P 66 26,024 29 22 12 3 Total 66 26,024 29 22 12 3 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 10.3, because the areas of some individual properties may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 396 Table 10.4(b) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 ANGOLA Notified sites T 8 781,400 1 10) 1 6 P 5 386,000 0 1 1 3 Total 13 629,323 1 1 2 9 BOTSWANA Notified sites T 3 1,269,000 (@) 0 (0) 3 P 10 642,001 4 1 {0} 5 Total 13 786,693 4 1 (0) 8 Proposed sites P 7 1,528,957 0 {0} (¢} 7 Total 7 1,528,957 (0) 0 0 7 BURUNDI Notified sites P 8 12,623 2 4 2 {e) Total 8 12,623 2 4 2 Oo MALAWI Notified sites T 5 139,240 (0) 1 2 2 P 4 90,350 (0) fe) 3 1 Total 9 117,511 fe) 1 5 3 MOZAMBIQUE Notified sites P 13 536,846 0 2 2 9 Total 13 536,846 (0) 2 2 9 Proposed sites P 1 1,500,000 (0) (e) (0) 1 Total 1 1,500,000 fe) fo) {0} 1 NAMIBIA Notified sites T 3 786,800 (0) 0 1 2 P 17 517,325 4 4 3 6 Total 20 557,747 4 4 4 8 RWANDA Notified sites T 2 163,500 0 (0) 1 1 P 1 30,000 (e} 0 1 (0) Total 3 119,000 (0) 0 2 1 TANZANIA Notified sites T 12 394,897 (0) 1 4 7 P 65 316,716 3 10 18 34 Total 77 328,900 3 11 22 41 Proposed sites T 1 120,000 (0) (0) 0 1 P 2 250,000 fe) 0 {0} 2 Total 3 206,666 (0) (0) {0} 3 397 Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size b) Wildlife Sector (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- 10,000 100,000 >100,000 ee See eee ZAMBIA Notified sites T 19 334,684 (0) 2 6 11 P 32 501,525 (0) (0) 5 27 Total 5i 439,368 (0) 2 11 38 ZIMBABWE Notified sites - 25 108,200 14 1 5 5 P 38 59,406 8 10 12 8 Total 63 78,769 22 11 17 13 TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA Notified sites T. 77 353,825 15 5 20 37 P 193 329,060 21 32 47 93 Total 270 336,123 36 37 67 130 Proposed sites BY 1 120,000 (0) (0) 10} 1 P 10 1,270,270 (0) (0) {0} 10 Total 11 1,165,700 (0) (0) (0) 11 Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 10.3, because the areas of some individual properties may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 398 Table 10.4(c) Frequency distributions of notified and proposed conservation area sizes, with means, classified by management category (P = partial protection with local, sustainable extractive uses; T = total protection with no extractive uses), for (a) Forestry, (b) Wildlife and (c) Additional sectors. Mean Number in each size class (ha) N size c) Additional (ha) <1000 1001- 10001- Sector(s) 10,000 100,000 >100,000 BURUNDI Notified sites P 2 17 2 (0) (0) 0 Total 2 17 2 {e) (0) 0 NAMIBIA Notified sites P 1 50 1 (@) 0 (0) Total 1 50 1 0 (0) (0) ZAMBIA Notified sites P 1 1,900 0 1 {0} (0) Total 1 1,900 (0) 1 0 (0) TROPICAL SOUTHERN AFRICA Notified sites P 4 496 3 1 (0) Oo Total 4 496 3 1 0 (0) Note that N (the total number of conservation areas) does not necessarily equate to N in Table 10.3, because the areas of some individual properties may be unknown. Countries for which there are no relevant data are not included in the table. 399 Table 10.5 State parties to international (and regional) conventions or programmes concerning the conservation of natural areas, together with the number of properties (natural or mixed natural/cultural in the case of the World Heritage Convention) recognised under respective conventions in brackets. TS ie Eat [ Bowwana | [Burundi | 1982 @) ST BESO 1982_ © el ee vise | ART Ea a ee "Unesco MAB Project 8 R = ratified S = signatory ee Ee eles | | A number of countries in the subregion are members of the Subcommittee of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife of the South African Development Coordination Conference. so1ouasde ware SSIO} LWeULIeg pue s)SalOJ pUB[MOT UOI}BAISUOD UZEMIEG UOTZBIOd009 saoIduI] ‘ayhq_ yeaIH epnjout oj uolwyusseidar puedxq uorje[stZa] oyepde) omqEquirz SOIAIOg sysaroy Aroq[es SNIPE 2 SPVg [Buoneny oy} uoysuans pue pueymo] ‘ouBjUOU apnpouT 0} YomyeU puayxy UOT}BISIZO] MOLAOY BIquieZ Woy) UseMmjeq UOTBUTPIOOD sAcIduIT SyBIQuY IalOJ puw sorouede vale UOIJBAIOSUOD UDdYISUAIIS SAQIZUBU PUB SAIOJ Peso[d 0} YOomyeu puaxy uorje[siZay oyepde) BIUBZUB |, uonjoajo1d aaoidun ‘uorjeisi3ay soroyue ‘xneuoreny suud S9p Jo SWISLINO] np stepuBMyY 2d1JjO UsyIsUaIIS SJBGY SNOLIBA JO 9BBIZACD ASUOIOU] UOTYESISI__ MITADY Bpuemy UONBSIZI] VI[P[IM ooJoJUs ‘wWisuNO] 2 UOBAIOsUOD ody ‘Asp Jo Ansturpy Joy woddns [euontppe apraoig WUQUY Yous JO %O] JOAoo 0} Pomyou pusxy uone[si3a_ Anjsaroy oyepdr BIQIUTEN syuawpedep Ajsazoy pues aspliMm usy3uang syByQuy 2AtwUssaldar spnjout 0} YomyeU puayxy uorje[siZay oyepde anbiqurezoy] Axysaioj Jo yuouyedag pus ‘wstinoy 2 SOUIOIG JSAOJ USAIZIOAS puw pU[POOM OquIOTUI TIP ‘SHVq [BUCA] Jo yuouyEdeg usyuUaNg snonploap ‘jsaloj SuBIUOUL JO BBBIZAOD pud}xy uone[siZay oyepde) IMmBpByy saITUNUIWOS UOTBISIZI] VdIOJUS SUOIBIISTUTLIPS IJT[P[IM B dBA WalOJ [BUOTIPpw opnyour 0} YomyoU puayxy UOTBISIZa__ MOTAVY sentens | uonsindod uewny Zutpuedxe pus uonesiZa] so1oyua ‘sonsst jUOWOZeUBU A[OSOY aBIV] BO} ANP YomyoU 9y} pUus}X9 0} 9IQISBI} ION UOTBISIZI]_ MOTADY Syed [BUOEN Susty 2 NPI JO yuowpredeg oy} Joy yoddns spracig JouloZeuLU! SJI[P[IM SOpNfour 07 Yomjou pusxy UOlE]SIZa] MoU JORUY Tesoro] OWUIUTATOAUASEG OP OyyNSUy Woddns pus usy}suaI}g Womjou saruuasaidas ystjquisy uorje[sizay oyepde, ere ==) ee “Seare UOIBAIOSUOD 0} SuIefas UOTE JO} sorIOIId FeuoNeu Jo ArewUINg 9" OT AIQBL Annex 10.1. _List of conservation areas. Locations of most notified conservation areas are shown in the accompanying maps in Part III eee —_—_—_———_———________ EEE ANGOLA Integral Nature Reserves 1 Ilheu dos Passaros 200 1973 2 Luando 828,000 1955 Subtotal 2 sites 828,200 ha National Parks 3 Bikuar 790,000 1964 4 Iona 1,515,000 1964 5 Kameia 1,445,000 1938 6 Kangandala 63,000 1970 7 Kisama 950,000 1957 8 Mupa 660,000 1964 Subtotal 6 sites 5,423,000 ha Partial Reserves 9 Bufalo 40,000 1974 10 Luiana 840,000 1966 11 Mavinga 595,000 1966 12 Mocamedes 445,000 1960 Subtotal 4 sites 1,920,000 ha Regional Nature Park 13 Chimalavera 10,000 1974 Subtotal 1 site 10,000 ha Totals Existing conservation areas 13 sites 8,181,200 ha Proposed conservation areas O sites ha 402 BOTSWANA Forest Reserves 1 Kasane 2 Kasane Extension Subtotal 2 sites Game Reserves Central Kalahari Gaborone Khutse Mabuasehube Makgadikgadi Pans Mannyelanong Moremi Subtotal 7 sites WD IHU SW National Parks 10 Chobe 11 Gemsbok 12 Nxai Pan Subtotal 3 sites Sanctuaries 13 Bathaen 14 Maun 15 Mogabane 16 Nnwane Subtotal 4 sites Proposed (Wildlife Management Areas) Grootlaagte Kedia Kgalagadi Kweneng Linyanti Matlho-a-Phuduhudu Nata Statelands Ngamiland Statelands Nunga Okavango Delta Okwa Southern District Subtotal 12 sites Totals Existing conservation areas 16 sites Proposed conservation areas 12 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 403 16,250 47,500 63,750 ha 5,180,000 300 260,000 166,500 413,000 300 390,000 6,410,100 ha 1,057,000 2,600,000 150,000 3,807,000 ha 470 8,500 940 9,910 ha* 390,800 2,500,000 881,600 1,670,500 1,388,000 1,361,800 2,510,000 10,702,700 ha* 10,290,760 ha* 10,702,700 ha* 1968 1981 1961 1980 1971 1971 1970 1985 1965 1968 1971 1971 BURUNDI National Parks 1 Kibira 2 Rusizi 3 Ruvubu Subtotal Natural Monuments 4 Chutes de Karera 5 Nyakazu Gorge Subtotal Nature Reserves 6 Bururi Forest 7 Kigwena Forest 8 Lac Rwihinda 9 Monge Forest 10 Rumonge-Vyanda Forest Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas sites sites sites sites sites 101,025 ha ha ha ha ha 1933 1951 1951 1990 1986 MADAGASCAR Hunting Reserves 1 Lac Ihotry 2 Lac Kasanga 3 Lac Kinkony 4 Lac Masama et Bemamba Subtotal National Parks 5 Isalo 6 Mananara Marine 7 Mananara Terrestrial 8 Mantadia 9 Montagne d'Ambre 10 Ranomafana Subtotal Special Reserves 11 Ambatovaky 12 Ambohijanahary 13 Ambohitantely 14 Analamerana 15 Andranomena 16 Anjanaharibe-Sud 17 Ankarana 18 Bemarivo 19 Beza-Mahafaly 20 Bora 21 Cap Sainte Marie 22 Foret d'Ambre 23 Kalambatritra 24 Kasijy 25 Mangerivola 26 Maningozo 27 Manombo 28 Manongarivo 29 Marotandrano 30 Nosy Mangabe 31 Perinet-Analamazaotra 32 Pic d'Ivohibe 33 Tampoketsa d'Analamaitso Subtotal Strict Nature Reserves 34 Andohahela 35 Andringitra 36 Ankarafantsika 37 Betampona 38 Lokobe 39 Marojejy 40 Tsaratanana 41 Tsimanampetsotsa 42 Tsingy de Bemaraha 43 Tsingy de Namoroka 44 Zahamena Subtotal Proposed (Marine National Park) Grand Recif Subtotal Proposed (National Parks) Presqu'ile Masoala Ramomatan Soalala Subtotal 4 sites 6 sites 23 sites 11 site 1 site 3 sites 405 15,000 15,000 ha* 81,540 1,000 23,000 10,000 18,200 37,567 171,307 ha 17,150 376,580 ha 76,020 31,160 60,520 2,228 740 60,150 48,622 43,200 152,000 21,742 73,160 569,542 ha ha* 300,000 37,567 113,000 450,567 ha 1972 1972 1972 1962 1989 1990 1989 1958 1991 1958 1958 1982 1956 1958 1958 1956 1956 1978 1956 1962 1958 1959 1956 1958 1956 1962 1956 1956 1965 1970 1964 1958 1939 1927 1927 1927 1927 1952 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 Totals Existing conservation areas 44 sites 1,132,429 ha* Proposed conservation areas 4 sites 450,567 ha* * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. MALAWI Forest Reserves Amalika Bangwe Bunganya Chigumula Chilolowe Chimaliro Chiradzulu Chisasira Chongoni Dedza Mountain Dedza/Salima Dowa Hills Dzalanyama Dzenza Dzonzi Mvai Escarpment Kalulu Hills Kalwe Kangwe Kaning'ina Kanjedza Kawilwe Litchenya Liwonde Mafinga Hills# Malabvi Maleri Islands Malosa Mangochi Mangochi Palm Masambanjati Masenjere Matandwe Matipa# Mchinji Michiru Mirale 1 Mndilansadzu Msitolengwe Mtangatanga Mua-Livulezi Mua-Tsanya Mughese Mulanje Musisi Mvai Nalikule Namizimu Ndirande Ngara Nkhwazi Ntchisi Nyika Juniper Perekezi Phirilongwe Ruvuo Sambani Senga Soche South Viphya Thambani Thuchila Thuma Thyolo 407 1974 1930 1973 1925 1926 1924 1935 1924 1926 1974 1974 1922 1948 1924 1958 1956 1926 1935 1922 1935 1948 1924 1976 1927 1971 1924 1924 1980 1974 1930 1931 1948 1924 1970 1949 1958 1974 1935 1924 1932 1948 1927 1948 1924 1948 1924 1922 1927 1924 1935 1924 1935 1948 1958 1922 1948 1927 1925 1926 1924 65 Thyolo Mwani 66 Tsamba 67 Uzumara 68 Vinthukutu 69 Wilindi 70 Zomba Subtotal Game Reserves 71 Majete 72 Mwabvi 73 Nkhota-Kota 74 Vwaza Marsh Subtotal National Parks 75 Kasungu 76 Lake Malawi 77 Lengwe 78 Liwonde 79 Nyika Subtotal Proposed (Forest Reserves) Bangwe Chambe Champira Chantasha Chanthurwa Chapananga Chikwawa Eastern escarpment Chilenje Chilolowe Chimvuo Chingale Chingoli Chinthi Chinundwe Chinungu/Kapelula Chipala Chipande Chiperoni Chipokosa Chisasira Extension Chitipa (Urban) Choma/Mpeza Dwambazi Dzonzi Mvai Extension Henga Hills Ighembe Jembya Kakhome Kalembo Hills Kambuto Kaning'ina Extension Kanobli Kaombe Karonga Escarpment Kasimba Kasungu/Chipala Katili Kavuzi Kawinga/Nyambi Hills Kawiya Kholonje Macheleni 1 Macheleni 11 70 sites 4 sites 5 sites 408 5,957 617,984 69,100 13,500 180,200 98,600 361,400 231,600 8,700 88,700 53,800 313,400 696,200 1930 1928 1948 1948 1948 1913 ha* 1955 1953 1954 1977 ha 1970 1980 1970 1973 1965 ha Machemba Mahowa 7,500 Malinda 85 Maoko 2 Mbula 1,600 Mchezi/Chiuta 32 Mfumbati 8,048 Mirale 11 14 Mpemba 503 Msusi Extension 7,588 Muwanga 1,268 Mzuma/Ngazi 9,293 Nagogoda 34 Namatunu Namilongo 109 Namisu 33 Nankhunda 1,250 Nansengwe 476 Neno Eastern escarpment 63,100 Ngani 2 Ngara (Karonga) 471 Ngongonda 700 Njakwa Nkhoma Nkhwazi 3 Nkopola Nkuluti 10 North Viphya 6,816 Ntiya. 1.111.111 Ntonya Phirilongwe Extension 66,208 Pirimiti Sani 260 Sanjo 987 Simulemba 56 Songwe South Viphya Extension 38,047 Tedzani/Nkula 9,300 Thambani Extension 5,700 Thawiro 1,292 Therere Tsambe Extension 4,400 Ulumba Zigoma Zobue Subtotal 88 sites 1,267,079 ha* Totals Existing conservation areas 79 sites 1,675,584 ha* Proposed conservation areas 88 sites 1,267,079 ha* * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 409 MOZAMBIQUE Faunal Reserve 1 Ilhas da Inhaca e dos Portugueses 2,000 1965 Subtotal 1 site 2,000 ha Forest Reserves! 2 Baixo Pinda 3 Bobole 4 Derre 5 Inhamitanga 6 Licuati 7 Maribano 8 Maronga 9 Matibane 4,200 1950 10 Mecuburi 11 Mucheve 12 Nepalue 13 Nhapacue 14 Ribaue 15 Zomba Subtotal 14 sites 4,200 ha* Game Reserves 16 Gile 210,000 1960 17 Maputo 90,000 1969 18 Marromeu 1,000,000 1969 19 Niassa 1,500,000 1960 20 Pomene 10,000 1972 Subtotal 5 sites 2,810,000 ha Marine National Park 21 Paradise Island 377,000 1972 Subtotal 1 site 377,000 ha National Parks 22 Banhine 700,000 1972 23 Bazaruto Marine 15,000 1971 24 Gorongosa 375,000 1960 25 Zinave 500,000 1972 Subtotal 4 sites 1,590,000 ha Wildlife Utilization Areas 26 Limpopo Valley 1,200,000 1979 27 Zambezi 1,000,000 1981 Subtotal 2 sites 2,200,000 ha Proposed (Marine National Park) Nacala-Mossuril Subtotal 1 site ha* Proposed (National Parks) Primeira and Segunda Islands Quirimba Islands Rovuma 1,500,000 San Sebastian Peninsula Subtotal 4 sites 1,500,000 ha* Totals Existing conservation areas 27 sites 6,983,200 ha* Proposed conservation areas 5 sites 1,500,000 ha* * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 'The areas of individual forest reserves ranges from 1,600ha to 190,000ha (Tello, 1986). 410 NAMIBIA Game Parks Ai-Ais Hot Springs & Fish River Canyon Daan Viljoen Gross Barmen Hot Springs Hardap Kaudom Mahango Namib/Naukluft Naute Dam Popa Falls Rest Camp 10 Skeleton Coast 11 Von Bach 12 Waterberg Plateau 13 Western Caprivi Subtotal WODIDMN WNP National Parks 14 Etosha 15 Mamili 16 Mudumu Subtotal Natural Monument 17 Duwiseb Castle Subtotal Nature Reserves 18 Cape Cross Seal 19 South West African (WHK) Subtotal Recreation Areas 20 National Diamond Coast 21 National West Coast Tourist Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 411 13 sites sites site sites sites site sites 346,117 3,953 100 25,177 384,162 24,462 4,976,800 5 25 1,600,000 4,285 40,549 600,000 8,005,635 2,227,000 32,000 101,400 2,360,400 50 50 6,000 5 6,005 2,900 780,000 782,900 11,154,990 ha ha ha ha ha ha ha 1979 1967 1970 1977 1974 RWANDA Hunting Reserve 1 Mutara Subtotal Integral Forest Reserves 2 Gishwati 3 Mukura 4 Nyungwe Subtotal National Parks 5 Akagera 6 Volcans Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 412 site sites sites sites sites 30,000 30,000 21,000 2,100 97,000 120,100 312,000 15,000 327,000 477,100 ha ha ha ha ha 1934 1929 TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Conservation Area 1 Ngorongoro 828,800 1959 Subtotal 1 site 828,800 ha Game Controlled Areas 2 Burunge 40,000 1974 3 Chabula Marsh 10,000 1974 4 Endulen 60,000 1974 5 Gombe 300,000 1974 6 Grumeti 200,000 1974 7 Handeni 350,000 1974 8 Igombe Dam 10,000 1974 9 Ikorongo 300,000 1974 10 Kalimawe 30,000 1974 11 Kigosi 700,000 1974 12 Kihirumira Pool 10,000 1974 13 Kilombero 650,000 1974 14 Kitwai 350,000 1974 15 Kongwa 150,000 1974 16 Lake Daramatai 2 1974 17 Lake Kwila 7,000 1974 18 Lake Manka 2,000 1974 19 Lake Natron 300,000 1974 20 Lihogosa 3,000 1974 21 Loliondo 400,000 1974 22 Lolkisale 150,000 1974 23 Longido 150,000 1974 24 Luganzo 250,000 1974 25 Lukwati 200,000 1974 26 Masasi River 18,000 1974 27 Meserani Dam 7,500 1974 28 Mic-wa-Mbu 150,000 1974 29 Mkungunero 70,000 1974 30 Mlele 300,000 1974 31 Msima 200,000 1974 32 Muhuwesi 150,000 1974 33 Mwadui Diamond Mine 1,000 1974 34 Mwambesi 100,000 1974 35 Nchwa-Nkima 5,000 1974 36 Ngeju-Njiro Dam 3,000 1974 37 Ngorongoro 1,500,000 1974 38 Nyonga 3,500,000 1974 39 Rau Forest 10,000 1974 40 Rukwa 40,000 1974 41 Rungwa River 150,000 1974 42 Ruvu Masai 150,000 1974 43 Ruvu Same 100,000 1974 44 Sanya-Lelatema 80,000 1974 45 Simanjiro 200,000 1974 46 Speke Gulf 30,000 1974 47 Ugunda 150,000 1974 48 Umba River 30,000 1974 49 Utengule Swamps 50,000 1974 Subtotal 48 sites 11,616,502 ha Game Reserves 50 Biharamulo 130,000 1959 51 Burigi 220,000 1980 52 Ibanda 20,000 1974 53 Kigosi 54 Kilimanjaro 90,000 1974 55 Kizigo 400,000 1974 56 Maswa 220,000 1969 57 Mkomazi 100,000 1951 58 Mount Meru 30,000 1974 413 Moyowosi Rumanyika Rungwa Saadani Saanane Island Selous Ugalla River Umba Uwanda Subtotal Marine Reserves 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Bongoyo & Pangavini Islands Chole Bay Fungu Yasini Maziwi Island Mbudya Tanga Coral Gardens Tutia Island Subtotal National Parks Arusha Gombe Katavi Kilimanjaro Lake Manyara Mahale Mountain Mikumi Ruaha Rubondo Serengeti Tarangire Subtotal Proposed (Game Reserves) Grumeti Ikorongo Kijereshi Subtotal Proposed (National Park) Udzungwa ‘Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 18 sites 7 sites 11 site 3 sites 1 site 85 sites 4 sites * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 414 600,000 5,000,000 500,000 150,000 500,000 8,970,050 13,700 5,200 225,300 75,575 32,500 157,700 323,000 1,295,000 45,700 1,476,300 260,000 3,909,975 200,000 300,000 500,000 120,000 120,000 25,325,327 620,000 ha* ha* ha ha* ha ha* ha* 1982 1951 1968 1974 1922 1964 1974 1971 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1967 1968 1974 1973 1960 1985 1964 1964 1977 1951 1970 ZAMBIA Game Management Areas 1 Bangweulu 657,000 1971 2 Bilili Springs 308,000 1971 3 Chambeshi 62,000 1971 4 Chibwika-Ntambu 155,000 1971 5 Chisomo 339,000 1971 6 Chizera 228,000 1971 7 Kafinda 386,000 1971 8 Kafue Flats 517,500 1971 9 Kalaso Mukoso 67,500 1971 10 Kansonso-Busanga 778,000 1971 11 Kaputa 360,000 1971 12 Luano 893,000 1971 13 Lukwakwa 254,000 1971 14 Lumimba 450,000 1971 15 Lunga-Luswishi 1,334,000 1971 16 Lupande 484,000 1971 17 Luwingu 109,000 1971 18 Machiya-Fungulwe 153,000 1971 19 Mansa 207,000 1971 20 Mazabuka 25,400 1971 21 Mulobezi 342,000 1971 22 Mumbwa 337,000 1971 23 Munyamadzi 330,000 1971 24 Musalangu 1,735,000 1971 25 Musele-Matebo 370,000 1971 26 Namwala 360,000 1971 27 Nkala 19,400 1971 28 Sandwe 153,000 1971 29 Sichifula 360,000 1971 30 Tondwa 54,000 1971 31 West Petauke 414,000 1971 32 West Zambezi 3,807,000 1971 Subtotal 32 sites 16,048,800 ha National Parks 33 Blue Lagoon 45,000 1973 34 Isangano 84,000 1972 35 Kafue 2,240,000 1951 36 Kasanka 39,000 1972 37 Lavushi Manda 150,000 1972 38 Liuwa Plain 366,000 1972 39 Lochinvar 41,000 1972 40 Lower Zambezi 414,000 1983 41 Luambe 25,400 1972 42 Lukusuzi 272,000 1972 43 Lusenga Plain 88,000 1972 44 Mosi-Oa-Tunya 6,600 1972 45 Mweru-Wantipa 313,400 1972 46 North Luangwa 463,600 1972 47 Nsumbu 202,000 1972 48 Nyika (Zambia) 8,000 1972 49 Sioma Ngwezi 527,600 1972 50 South Luangwa 905,000 1972 51 West Lunga 168,400 1972 Subtotal 19 sites 6,359,000 ha Natural Monument 52 Victoria Falls 1,900 1948 Subtotal 1 site 1,900 ha Totals Existing conservation areas 52 sites 22,409,700 ha Proposed conservation areas O sites ha 415 ZIMBABWE Botanical Reserves 1 Bunga Forest 2 Chisekera Hot Spings 3 Haroni Forest 4 Mazowe 5 Mwari Raphia Palm 6 Pioneer 7 Rusitu Forest 8 Sebakwe Acacia Karoo 9 Sebakwe Great Dyke 10 Sebakwe Mountain Acacia 11 South Camp 12 Tingwa Raphin Palm 13 Tolo River 14 Vumba Subtotal National Parks 15 Chimanimani 16 Chizarira 17 Gonarezhou 18 Hwange (Wankie) 19 Kazuma Pan 20 Mana Pools 21 Matobo (Matopos) 22 Matusadona 23 Nyanga 24 Victoria Falls 25 Zambezi Subtotal Recreation Parks 26 Bangala 27 Chibwatata Hot Springs 28 Chinhoyi Caves 29 Kariba 30 Kavira Hot Springs 31 Kyle 32 Lake Robertson (Darwendale) 33 Manjirenji 34 Mayfair and Palawan 35 McIlwaine 36 Mufuli 37 Muzingwane 38 Ngezi 39 Sebakwe 40 Umfuli (Hartley A) Subtotal Safari Areas 41 Charara 42 Chegutu (Hartley A) 43 Chete 44 Chewore 45 Chipinge 46 Chirisa 47 Dande 48 Deka 49 Doma 50 Hurungwe 51 Island 52 52 Malipati 53 Matetsi 54 Mfurundzi 55 Sapi 14 sites 1,100 11 site 2,703,900 15 sites 346,001 169,400 44,500 108,100 339,000 26,100 171,300 52,300 51,000 94,500 287,800 4 15,400 295,500 76,000 118,000 416 1975 1950 1975 1975 1949 1975 1975 1926 1975 1950 1952 1979 ha 1975 1975 1979 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 ha* 1975 1975 1975 1964 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1976 1975 56 Sibilobilo Islands 57 Tuli Subtotal Sanctuaries 58 Boulton Atlantica 59 Chimanimani Eland 60 Manjinji Pan 61 Mbaze Pan 62 Mushandike 63 Nyamaneche 64 Tshabalala Subtotal State Forests 65 Banti 66 Chirinda 67 Gungunyana 68 Martin (i) 69 York Subtotal Proposed (National Park) Greater Nyanga Subtotal Totals Existing conservation areas Proposed conservation areas 2,270 41,600 17 sites 1,892,774 7 sites 18,677 5 sites 7,017 1 site 69 sites 4,969,469 1 site * Subtotal is incomplete because of missing data. 417 ha ha* ha* ha* 1979 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 \nnex 10.2 Extent of notified forests by forest origin and forest function. Non—forest includes both degraded forest and lands not forested at the time of their reservation. Region: Africa Sub-—region: Tropical Southern Africa Name of country/state: Angola Fotal area (sq.km): 1246700 Land area (sq.km): 1246700 Vionth/year of reference: 1981 FOREST FUNCTION =OREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests JIRIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 1856000 Non—forest ?lantation TOTAL 1856000 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: Data provided by FAO, 1981. In 1981, there were 18 forest reserves covering 1,856,000 ha, but these have received little attention (FAO, 1981). Conservation areas are the responsibility of the Wildlife Department within the Forestry Development Institute and are not included in the above table. 418 Annex 10.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa Name of couniry/state: Botswana Total area (sq.km): 581730 Land area (sq.km): 566730 Month/year of reference: March, 1991 FO RE 7S: 7 FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 391750 63750 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 391750 0 0 0 63750 0 Notes: Data provided by the Forestry Division, 1991. Of the six forest reserves (455,500 ha) in the country, four are still being logged and are therefore considered to be production forests as per FAO definitions. 419 Annex 10.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa Name of country/state: Burundi Total area (sq.km): 27830 Land area (sq.km): 25650 Month/year of reference: 1989 FOREST FUNCTION =OREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 0 0 43000 20000 0 0 Non—forest 2500 3000 56000 76000 0 0 Plantation 50020 10135 29540 3000 0 0 TOTAL 52520 13135 128540 99000 0 0 Notes: Data provided by the Institut National pour |’Environnement | et la Conservation de la Nature Département des Foréts (Rapport 1989). All conservation forests in the country are listed as national parks and nature reserves, and as they do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Department des Foréts, are therefore not included in the above table. 420 Annex 10.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Insular Africa Name of country/state: Madagascar Total area (sq.km): 587040 Land area (sq.km): 581540 Month/year of reference: 1991 FOREST FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 1570044 4627278 Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 1570044 0 0 0 4627278 0 Notes: Data provided by WCMC database, 1991; Direction des Eaux et Foréts, 1969. All protected areas fall under the jurisdiction of the Direction des eaux et foréts. Production forests include forest reserves (124) and forest stations (1). Conservation forests include national parks (6), strict nature reserves (11), special reserves (23), hunting reserves (4), reforestation and restauration areas (77), and classified forests (158). 421 Annex 10.2 (continued) | | | Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa [Name of country/state: Malawi ‘Total area (sq.km): 118480 Land area (sq.km): 94080 Month/year of reference: September 1991. FiO RIES 7 FUNCTION |FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests (ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed Existing Proposed | (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 617984 1267079 ‘Non —forest \Plantation 98924 TOTAL 98924 0 617984 1267079 0 0 Notes: Data provided by the Department of Forestry, 1991. The forest reserve network is comprised of 49 production reserves, 70 protection reserves, and 88 proposed | protection reserves. All production forests (plantations) have conservation working circles within them which are either selectively felled or left undisturbed. No datais currently available on the area of working circles left unexploited. Protection forests serve protection and conservation functions. A breakdown of this by area has not however been provided. | 422 Annex 10.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa Name of country/state: Mozambique Total area (sq.km): 799380 Land area (sq.km): 781880 Month/year of reference: 1981 FIORE S 7 FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 1940000 Non-—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 0 1940000 0 Notes: Data provided by the African Forestry Commission: Progress Report on Forestry 1983/85. According to legislation, the 14 forest reserves in the country serve mainly a conservation function. An earlier estimate (FAO, 1981) stated that there were 11 forest reserves covering a total area of 410,300 ha. 423 Annex 10.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa Name of couniry/state: Namibia Total area (sq.km): 824290 Land area (sq.km): 823290 Month/year of reference: 1990 POREST FUNCTION =OREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 0 0 0 Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 0 0 0 Notes: Data provided by Hilbert, 1990; Erkkila & Siiskonen, 1992; Finne, 1992. The recently approved National Forest Policy states that 10% of the country’s land area will be managed as state forests. Some areas have already been demarcated and are treated as forest reserves (Finne, 1992). Further information on these areas is, however, not available. ] 424 Annex 10.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa Name of country/state: Rwanda Total area (sq.km): 26340 Land area (sq.km): 24950 Month/year of reference: 1990 RiOURve out FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed _ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 138000 76000 120100 Non—forest Plantation TOTAL 138000 0 76000 0 120100 0 Notes: Data provided by Le Ministre de |’Agriculture, de I’Elevage et des Foréts, 1990. 425 Annex 10.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub-—region: Tropical Southern Africa Name of country/state: Tanzania Total area (sq.km): 945090 Land area (sq.km): 886040 Month/year of reference: 1991 FOREST FUNCTION =OREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests DRIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) ae ee ee ee ee ed Natural 11800000 1600000 Non-—forest >lantation TOTAL 11800000 0) 0) 0 1600000 0 Notes: Data provided by Mlowe (pers. comm.), Forest Division, 3 September 1991. IUCN (1992) has stated that about 45% of forest reserves are closed to timber production. This is not reflected in the above table. The 1,600,000 ha of conservation forest are primarily water catchments. A number of forest reserves are located in game reserves. The total area for conservation areas in the country may, therefore, be inflated (Table 10.3). 426 Annex 10.2 (continued) Region: Africa Sub-—region: Tropical Southern Africa Name of counitry/state: Zambia Total area (sq.km): 752610 Land area (sq.km): 743390 Month/year of reference: January 1991 FO RES 1 FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 7255341 Non-—forest Plantation 804 TOTAL 7256145 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: Data provided by Chakanga (Forest Department), pers. comm., 11 July 1991. Protected’ and ‘commercial’ forests may be either national or local forests. ‘Protected’ forests (5,884,516 ha natural, 512 ha plantation) are mostly productive forests protecting sources of streams or rivers, or located on hilly terrain to guard against soil erosion (Chakanga, pers. comm., 1991). In the above table, therefore, these forest are considered to be production forests. 427 | | Annex 10.2 (continued) | Region: Africa Sub—region: Tropical Southern Africa Name of country/state: Zimbabwe Total area (sq.km): 390580 Land area (sq.km): 386670 Month/year of reference: 1990 | FOUR ES Ti FUNCTION FOREST Production forests Protection forests Conservation forests ORIGIN Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed __ Existing Proposed (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Natural 895698 2155 4862 Non-—forest | >lantation 96317 TOTAL 992015 0 2155 0 4862 0 Notes: Data provided by Gondo (Forestry Commission), pers. comm., | 13 July 1990. Most forest reserves are managed on a multiple use basis for the production of exploitable timber, for the management and utilisation of wildlife, and for the protection of soils and water catchment areas. They have therefore been placed under the production forest category. The total for natural production forest includes 60,855 ha which are communal forests. Eastern District forest reserves have been entered as protection or conservation reserves in the above table. 428 Krewe 16,8 [x +orwsnl)