HX00018279 RECAP Columbia SBntoersitp \ntt)t£\tydMm$oxk College of ipfjpsicians anb Hmrgeons lUbrarp Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Columbia University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/atlasofhumananat12told AN ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS BY CARL TOLDT, M.D. ASSISTED BY PROFESSOR ALOIS DALLA ROSA, M.D. aoapteo to finolteb ano American ano international ttcrminologi? BY M. EDEN PAUL, M.D. Brux., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. FIRST SECTION A. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY B. OSTEOLOGY (FIGURES I TO 377 AND INDEX) REVISED EDITION CI) NEW YORK RE B MAN COMPANY 141, 143 and 145 WEST 36th STREET •\0 Copyright, 1010, by REBMAN COMPANY QMU ^ -2_ TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE The science of human anatomy is purely descriptive in its methods, the field it covers is not very extensive, and its boundaries are sharply limited : it is, therefore, one of the few sciences in which something closely verging on finality and completeness has been attained. Even, however, if no new anatomical data are likely to be forthcoming, there is yet scope for originality in the method of presentation of those data of which the science now consists ; and originality of this kind Professor Toldt's "Atlas of Human Anatomy" exhibits in a high degree. In the many admirable manuals of human anatomy now extant in English, the illustrations, even when numerous, as they are often, and when good, as they are occasionally, form a mere supplement — usually a very imperfect supplement — to the text. Atlases of anatomy, and useful atlases, also exist in English, but all are quite fragmentary. Some, like the well-known and valuable, but somewhat antiquated, "Illustrations of Dissections," consist of a series of pictures of. selected regions carefully prepared on the cadaver : these are models for the imitation of the student in his own dissecting work, but are not of much value for private study. Others, like Bellamy's English edition of Braune's atlas of frozen sections of the human body, present a small number of anatomical facts from a striking and unfamiliar point of view. But among English works, an accurate pictorial representation of all the data of human anatomy, carefully drawn to scale from actual specimens, and arranged suitably for systematic study, has hitherto been lacking. Whilst a true knowledge of anatomy, a knowledge that will through life supply the needs of the physician and the surgeon in their practical work, can be obtained only in the dissecting-room, the student's labours with scalpel and forceps must De preceded and supplemented by systematic private study. Now, for this purpose, the textual descriptive treatise i.-, net alone sufficient ; or, if sufficient, it is so at an excessive expenditure of time and labour. Both in his work preparatory to dissection and in his revision of his anatomical knowledge subsequent to dissection, the energy of the student will be enormously economized if he has at hand a graphic representation of every structure named and described in his systematic treatise. An increased use of the visual or graphic method, both in the acquirement and in the revivification of knowledge, is a feature of the age in all educational departments ; but this English translator of Professor Toldt's work is, as far as the English-speaking races are concerned, the first adequate application of the method to the study of human anatomy. In speaking of the finality and completeness of anatomical science, one exception must be made, and this exception relates to anatomical terminology, which, though nearly completed, has not yet attained finality. Had there been a universal anatomical nomenclature — a nomenclature, that is, adopted by, or even fully intelligible to, anatomists of all nationalities — an English edition of this work would have been superfluous. Anatomy, however, like all other sciences, has suffered from the dispersion of tongues that ensued on the Renascence, when the good and the evil of medievalism became inextricably confounded, and were cast away together, and the inestimable gift of a language common to the learned of all lands was lost for ever. The German-speaking peoples have a fairly complete and fairly pure Latin anatomical nomenclature, needing, however, to be eked out here and there by the vernacular ; whilst in England, as in France, a strange and bastard dialect, half Latin and half vernacular, has come into use. Uncouth jargon as it is, being current and familiar, it is not likely in England and America ever to be replaced by the more consistent terminology in use in the anatomical schools of Germany and Austria ; I have, however, in this English edition of the "Atlas of Anatomy " retained the terminology of the original side by side with the English translation, distinguishing between the two by a difference of type. In some cases, in the nomenclature used by the author, terms are met with which have no counterpart in English anatomical terminology : either because the author regards as normal a structure which English anatomists regard as a variety ; or, and far more commonly, because the structure in question, though normal, is unimportant, and English anatomists have therefore neglected to name it. Sometimes, in such cases, I have given a literal English translation of the Latin name used by the author ; sometimes, however, a periphrasis has been required to explain what the structure is, or to account for the absence of an English name, and this periphrasis, when lengthy, has been printed as a foot-note. In all such cases, an asterisk is prefixed both to the Latin name and to its English equivalent, to indicate to the reader that there is something unusual in the terms employed. I must further point out that in a few instances the author's nomenclature actually conflicts with that commonly used in England, so that the literal translation of the author's name for a certain structure is applied in England to a structure totally different. For instance, what the author calls canalis pterygopalatine is in England called the posterior palatine or palatomaxillary canal, while the pterygopalatine canal of English anatomists is called by the author canalis pnaryngeus. But for this warning, beginners might imagine such divergencies to be due to carelessness on the part of the translator or to errors of the press. A further difficulty has arisen from the fact that English anatomical nomenclature is itself not yet finally settled, nor even wholly consistent. Not merely is the same structure often known by several names ; but, which is worse, the same TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE nami ometimes applied to two different structures Reform is therefore needed, but it is not the part of a translator to undertake it, and I have perforce been content to follow the authorities. My leading autnonty lias been the tenth edition o i Quain's "Elements of Anatomy," but I have also had Macalister's "Text-booK 01 Human Anatomy" in .(instant requisition. From these works I have, when more than one name is used to denote any structure, taken all those in comn use, the ordei in which the alternative names have been printed showing most often the relative frequencj ol employment; in a few cases, however, where a name less commonly used has appeared to me distinctly preferable for any reason to an alternative name more commonly used, I li ive given the less usual but preferable name the precedence. To this small extent only have I been influenced by my own views in the matter of anatomical terminologj ; and, with tin- cm eption of those names which for the reason already furnished arc preceded by an asterisk, all the terms in the English nomenclature are in use by one or more of the leading English authorities. As regards the terminology employed in the United States of America, the contributions of the scientific investigators of that country to anatomy have, owing to tne early perfection of this branch of study, been far less extensive than in the case of the other sciences ancillary to medicine ; and the science of anatomy was for the most part taken bodily over, text-books, terminology, and all complete. A few differences, however, exist, and I have therefore collated my manuscript with that useful little work, Young's "Synopsis of Human Anatomy," and any divergent terms in use in America only have been inserted in my translation, and distinguished by the addition of the letters "U.S." A considerable number of the references to the figures will be found to be in the English nomenclature only. These are either cases in which the English and the International descriptive terms were identical, and the printing of both was therefore superfluous ; or else cases in which in the original the reference was wholly in German. Measurements given in the original in centimetres have in all cases been reduced to inches. In illustrations of foetal parts the age of the foetus is given in months from the date of fertilization of the ovum. On the Continent, however, the period of utero-gestation is usually reckoned as ten "months" of four weeks each; not, as with us, as nine calendar months. To avoid mistake, I have in all such cases after the word "month" or "months" added in parentheses the word ; "months of four weeks each." I cannot dismiss mention of the works of reference I have employed without alluding to the German-English " Dictionary of Medical Terms," by Treves and Lang— a book invaluable to all those engaged in the translation of i ierman medical works. Since this Atlas is intended for the use of beginners, as well as for that of advanced students of human anatomy and of practitioners of medicine, I may fitly conclude this preface with a few words on the general principles of anatomical nomenclature. For descriptive purposes the body is regarded as being in the upright posture, with the arms extended by the sides, and the hands fully supinated, so that the palms look forward. With this attitude kept in mind, the meaning ot the lerms superior and ////'trier, anterior and posterior, extern,// and internal, is obvious. Sometimes, however, descriptive terms of another kind are used, to remove the confusion liable to arise from the adoption by man of an attitude different from that of all the other vertebrata, and to homolog ze the nomenclature of human with that of comparative anatomy. Thus, cephalic and caudal in comparative anatomy correspond respectively with superior and inferior m human anatomy; ventral and dorsal, with anterior and posterior. Dividing the body into right and left halves by a vertical median plane, which cuts the surface of the body at the media// line, medial or mesial and lateral correspond respectively with internal and external in denoting position respectively nearer to, or more remote from, the median pla e. Other lerms in frequent use are superficial and deep, central and peripheral, proximal and distal ; these are self-explanatory. In some cases descriptive terms applied to portions of certain structures denote the relation of these portions to other structures, as when we speak of the vertebral and the sternal extremities of the ribs, or the acromial and the sternal extremities of the clavicle. Terms of similar import are radial and ulnar applied to structures of the forearm ; tibial and fibular (or peroneal) of the leg ; palmar and dorsal of the hand ; plantar and dorsal of the foot ; flexor and extensor of any of the extremities. It is to be noted that internal and external are sometimes used in a sense different from that previously explained, being employed to denote the interior and exterior positions respectively, either in relation to the general axis ilf the body or to the axis of one of its cavities. In this sense, for instance, we may speak of the internal and the external tables of the cranial vault, or of the internal and the external oblique muscles of the abdomen ; but it is, as a rule, better to use the words inner and outer to denote this relation, and to reserve internal and external for position in r spect to the median plane. Finally we have to explain the terms used to denote certain directions, more e-pecially the direction of certain sections : these are horizontal and vertical, requiring no definition ; sagittal, denoting a dorso-ventral direction either in or parallel to the median plane ; and frontal or coronal, which are synonymous termi, denoting direction in a transverse vertical plane. The definition of many of the terms used in descriptive anatomy, such as condyle and tuberosity, process and tubercle, sinus and cavity, ligament, tendon, and aponeurosis, would be superfluous, since the student will best gain an accurate notion of their meaning by an examination of the structures to which they are respectively applied. M. EDEN PAUL. Alukrney, August, 1903. REGIONES CORPORIS HUMANI THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY Palmar regions . of the fingers THE REGIONS OF '111/: 1 1 1 U AN BODY Temporal region Orbital region Oral region Internal region of the elbow Posterior region of the elbow /' Region of the olecranon Anterior region of the neck External region of the neck Deltoideo-pectoral triangle Infraclavicular region Deltoid region Sternal region External brachial region 'Si ,- \i>\ Anterior region of the elbow External region of the elbow Dorsal region of the forearm Dorsal region of the hand Ungual regions Internal malleolar region - Dorsal digital regions of the foot^ Ungual regions — -,.. ,.. Jgfc Fig. i. — Anterior Surface of the Body. Regions of the Human Body. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 2a *?0nty.$ j - R temporalis R. orbitalis R. colli anterior R. colli lateralis ,\ ^V .Trig, deltoideo pectorale l\ R. infraclavicularis ~l'ir ^' ^eltoidea (g Ji ->~~\ — if -R- sternalis || A o \ \l iii ^t tin R. brachii lateralis R. cubiti anterior — R. cubiti lateralis — R. antibrachii dorsalis xt. dorsalis manus Regiones unguiculares R. malleolaris medialis Regiones dorsales digitonim pedis Regiones unguiculares Fig. la. — Anterior Surface of the Body. Regiones Corporis Humani. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY Temporal region Auricular region Mastoid region Nuchal furrow Ungual regions^ ., Dorsal regions of the fingers -•*, Acromial region External brachial region Internal brachial region ■—) External region of the elbow-/ Region of the olecranon/ Posterior region of the elbow i 4> /* c -C \03¥ Palmar region of the hand Palmar regions of the -. fingers Posterior region of the elbow External region of the elbow Region of the olecranon Calcaneal region . Fig. 2. — Posterior Surface of the Body. Regions of the Human Body. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 3d Regiones unguiculan s^~ Regg. dorsales digitorum' R. acromial is - — - R. cubiti posterior N R. cubit: lateralis R. olecrani R brachii lateral R. brachii medialis R. cubiti lateralis R. olecrani R. cubiti posterior Regio volaris manus Regiones volares digitorum Fig. 2a. — Posterior Surface of the Body. Regiones Corporis Humani. THE REGIONS OE THE HUMAN BODY Supraorbital region Upper palpebral region tower palpebral region Zygomatic region ... Infraorbital region Upper labial region Lower labial region- Submental region Auricular region Mastoid region Suprasternal region Suprasternal notch. Lesser supraclavicular foisa Greater supraclavicular fossa Deltoideo -pectoral triangle ' Omoclavicular triangle 1 Known also ai the infraclavicular triangle or infraclavicular fossa, and .-.ometimes called Moi'renheimcr's space. Fig. 3. — Head and Neck. Regions of the Head and Neck. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 4c K. supraorbitals R. paloebralis superior^ \ R. palpebralis inferior R. zygomatics R. infraorbitals R. labialis superior R. labialis) inferior- R. submentalis — R. auricularis R. mastoidea R. hyoidea- R. subhyoidea- R. laryngea R. suprasternalis Fossa jugularis Fossa supraclavicularis minor Trigonum omoclaviculaJe Fossa supraclavicularis major Trigonum deltoideo-pectorale Fig. 3a. — Head and Neck. Regiones Capitis et Colli. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY .---" } Perineal region pIG- 4._Male Perineal Region. ) Perineal region Fig. s. — Female Perineal Region. Perineal Region. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 5a . perinealis Fig. 4«. — Male Perineal Region. perinealis Fig. 5: 'if I 1 Outer fundamental lamel'S" Lacunae ("Osseous corpuscles"^ Interstitial lamellae « Interstitial lamellae -Haversian canal - Haversian system of lamellae iff pIG_ 7.— Portion of a Longitudinal Section through the Compact Tissue of a Long Bone. Microscopical Structure ot Bone. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES Cancellous bone tissue Substantia spongiosa Surface of the cross-section Compact bone tissue Substantia compacta Medullary spaces of the cancellous tissue Haversian systems of lamellae Surface of the longitudinal section Volkmann's canals Outer fundamental lamellse Fig. 8. — Diagram of the Structure of Bone. Thickening of the periosteum $tfl]4 at the site of origin of a muscle Periosteum Compact bone tissue Substantia compacta Bone -marrow Medulla ossis Exposed surface of the bone Periosteum Fig. 9.— Part of the Middle Segment of the Femur from which the Periosteum has been partially removed. The medullui y 1 anal 1 avum medullare) has been opened, and the bone-marrow I medulla ossis) is seen. Periosteum and Bone-Marrow (Medulla Ossium). THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES Great tuberosity - Tuberculum majus Head of the humerus Caput humeri Trochlea of the humerus - Trochlea humeri Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani Fig. io. — Proximal Portion in Frontal Section. Fig. ii.— Distal Portion in Sagittal Section. Humerus — Arm-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium — Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa longa — Long bones. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES 13 Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulna; V Fig. 12. — Proximal Portion in Sagittal Section. Ulna. Head Capitulum Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii Nutrient canal - Canalis nutricius Styloid process Processus styloideus Fig. 13. — Distal Portion in Frontal Section. Styloid process Processus styloideus Fig. 15. — Distal Portion. Fig. 14. — Proximal Portion. Radius. Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium-Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa longa— Long bones. 14 THE STRUCTURE OF III!: BONES Great trochanter Trochanter major Head of the femur I iput femoris Internal condyle Condylus medialis External condyle Condylus lateralis Fig. 17. — Distal Portion in Frontal Section. Femur-Thigh-bone : Substantia compacts et substantia spongiosa ossium-Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa longa— Long bones. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES 15 External tubercle of the spine of the tibia Tuberculum intercondyloideum laterale I Internal tubercle of the spine of the tibia I Tuberculum intercondyloideum mediale ,-|A - Internal tuberosity Condylus medialis Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis Fig. iS. — Proximal Portion in Frontal Sfxtion. Fig. ig. — Distal Portion in Frontal Section. Tibia— Shin-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium— Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa longa — Long bones. 16 THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES Fig. 20.— Third Lumbar Vertebra in Horizontal Section. Fig. 22.— Body of the Second Lumbar Vertebra in Frontal Section. Vertebrae : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium— Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa brevia— Short bones. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES 17 Anterior surface Facies anterior Frontal Section. Sagittal Section. Pig. 23. — Os Cuneiforme III., the External Cuneiform Bone. Head of the astragalus Caput tali Superior articular surface of the astragalus Trochlea tali The posterior of the two facets articulating with the calcaneum Facies articularis calcanea posterior Fig. 24. — Talus, the Astragalus, in Sagittal Section. Posterior articular facet for the astragalus Facies articularis posterior Articular facet for the cuboid Facies articularis cuboidea " Tuberosity of the os calcis Tuber calcanei Fig. 25. — Calcaneum, the Os Calcis, in Sagittal Section. Ossa tarsi — Tarsal bones : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium — Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones. Ossa brevia — Short bones. 18 THE STRUCTURE OE THE BONES Articular surface for the fibula Facies articularis fibulae Nutrient canal Canalis nutricius Medullary canal Cavura medullare Fig. 26. — Nutrient Foramen and Nutrient Canal of the Right Tibia. Seen from Behind. By sawing away a portion of the snaft the whole length of the nutrient canal has been opened up. Nutrient Foramen and Nutrient Canal of a Long Bone. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES 19 Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Nutrient canals Canales nutricii _ Inner cortical substance )Wk Substantia corticalis in- Nutrient canals Canales nutricii Cancellous tissue Substantia spongiosa Outer cortical substance Substantia corticalis externa Fig. 27. — Outer Surface of Left Ilium. By the removal of the outer compact layer and the cancellous tissue of a portion of the bone, the nutrient canals have been displayed. The bristles projecting towards the right above and below show that the nutrient canals into which they have been inserted open on the inner surface' of the bone— that turned away from the observer. i**jlVVMM, Inner table Lamina interna Canal of the diploe « Canalis diploicus *** Outer table Lamina externa Diploe Diploe Diploe Diploe Outer table Lamina externa ssis sacri Fig. 56. — Male Sacrum (Facies Pelvina — Pelvic Surface). Seen from Before. Superior articular process Processus articularis superior Lateral mass Pars lateralis Sacral portion of the brim of the pelvis Pars sacralis lineae ter- tninalis Transverse ridges ' Lineae transversa? Anterior sacral foramina Foramina sacralia anteriora Apex of the sacrum Apex ossis sacri Fig. 57. — Female Sacrum (Facies Pelvina — Pelvic Surface). Seen from Before. Os sacrum — The sacrum. THE AXIAL SKELETON 31 Superior articular process Processus articularis superior •External sacral crest 'Crista sacralis laterali "Median sacral crest 'Crista sacralis media 'Articular sacral crest "Crista sacralis articularis Sacral cornu Cornu sacrale Tuberosity of the sacrum Tuberositas sacralis Auricular surface Facies auricularis _ Posterior sacral foramina Foramina sacralia posteriora Hiatus of the sacrum Hiatus sacralis Apex of the sacrum Apex ossis sacri Fig. 58. — Male Sacrum (Facies Dorsalis — Dorsal Surface). Seen from Behind. Sacral canal Canalis sacralis Intervertebral foramen Foramen intervertebral "Median sacral crest 'Crista sacralis media 'Articular sacral crest ,• 'Crista sacralis articularis Posterior sacral foramen Foramen sacrale posteriut Anterior sacral foramen Foramen sacrale anterius 'External sacral crest "Crista sacralis lateralis Lateral mass Pars lateralis Fig. 59. — Transverse Section through the Sacrum at the Level of the First Set of Sacral Foramina. Os sacrum — fne sacrum. 32 THE AXIAL SKELETON Auricular surface Facies auricularis Extremity of the coccyx Apex ossis coccygis Fig. 60.— Sacrum and Coccyx. Seen from the Left Side. Superiur articular process Processus articularis superior First sacral vertebra Vertebra sacralis I. Sacral canal °».-\ y Canalis sacralis Fifth sacral vertebra Vertebra sacralis V. Sacral cornu Cornu sacrale Coccygeal cornu Cornu coccygeum First coccygeal vertebra Vertebra coccygea I. Fig. 6i. — Sacrum and Coccyx in Sagittal Section through the median llne. Coccygeal cornu Cornu coccygeum First coccygeal vertebra Vertebra coccygea I. Fifth coccygeal vertebra Vertebra coccygea V. Fig. 62. — Coccyx seen from Before. Fig. 63. — Coccyx seen from Behind. Os sacrum et os coccygis — Sacrum and coccyx. THE AXIAL SKELETON 33 Epiphyses of the vertebral bodies Costal process Processus costarius"" Fifth lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis V. Anterior sacral foramina^: Foramina sacralia anterior Sutures, not yet fully closed, between the sacral vertebrae Costal process Processus costarius Intervertebral disc Lig. intervertebral . First sacral vertebra Vertebra sacralis I. Secondary epiphyseal plates of the lateral mass Fifth sacral vertebra Vertebra sacralis V. Fig. 64. — Unilateral Assimilation and Commencing Ankylosis of the Fifth Lumbar Vertebra with the Sacrum. Seen from Before. From a boy seventeen years of age. Epiphyses on the bodies of the sacral vertebra, and along the lateral margins of the sacrum. — Hiatus of the sacrum Hiatus sacralis Body of the fifth sacral vertebra Corpus vertebrae sacralis V. Place of ankylosis of the lateral mass of the sacrum with the first coccygeal vertebra Fourth sacral foramen Foramen sacrale IV. Ankylosis of the sacral cornu with the coccygeal cornu Body of the first coccygeal vertebra Corpus vertebras coccygeal I. Fig. 65. — Ankylosis of the Sacrum with the Coccyx. Seen from Behind. From a man forty years of age. Anomalous Ankyloses of the Sacrum. 34 THE AXIAL SKELETON Protovertebral (intercostal) artery Artena protovertebralis (intercostalis) First vertebra Vertebra I. Second vertebra Vertebra II Third vertebra Vertebra III. Fourth vertebra Vertebra IV. First protovertebra Protovertebra i Second protovertebra Proti ivi iiebra 2. Third protovertebra Protovertebra 3. Fourth protovertebra Protovertebra 4. Fifth protovertebra Protovertebra 5. Intervertebral disc Ligamentum interver- tebrale Primitive cartilages of the vertebral bodies Notochord Chorda dorsalis Fig. 67.— Primitive Cartilages of the Vertebral Bodies. From a sagittal section through the verte- bral column of a human foetus in the tenth week. (Length of foetus, 25 inches.) Intervertebral ganglion Ganglion intervertebrale p1G# 66.— Diagram showing the Relations of the Proto- vertebk.e to the Vertebrae. (From von Ebner.) Centre of ossification of the body of the ver- tebra Vascular canal of the cartilage Centre of ossifica- tion of the arch of the vertebra Primitive cartilage of the second lumbar vertebra ■•Primitive cartilage of the arch of the first lumbar vertebra Fig. 69.— The Three Centres of Ossification of a Vertebra. Horizontal section through the second and a portion of the first lumbar vertebra: of a human fretus in the beginning of the fifth month (months of four weeks each). (Length of foetus, 5 J inches.) Intervertebral disc - Ligamentum intervertebrale Centre of ossification of the body of the vertebra Notochord Chorda dorsalis Fig. 68.— Centres of Ossification of the Bodies of the Vertebrae. From a sagittal section through the vertebral column of a human foetus in the fourth month (months of four weeks each). (Length of foetus, 4I- inches.) Development of the Vertebrae. Bony portion of the body Fig. 70— First Lumbar Vertebra of a New-born Child. Rudiment of a cervical rib THE AXIAL SKELETON ,Bony portion of the arch 35 Epiphysis of the articular process Epiphysis of the costal process yl Epiphysis of the spinal process Fig. 72. — The Seventh Cervical Vertebra o>f a New-born Child. Centre of ossification of the anterior arch Fig. 71.— First Lumbar Vertebra in the Eighteenth Year. Cartilaginous epiphysis of the odontoid process Upper centre of ossifica- tion of the body Lower centre of ossifica- l/i tion of the body FlG- 73-— The Atlas at the End Fig. 74.— The Axis at the End of the First Year. of the First Year. Centre of ossification of the epiphysis of the odontoid process Fig. 75.— The Atlas in the Fourth Year. Fig. 76.— The Axis in the Fourth Year. First sacral vertebra , Vertebra sacralis I. Centres of ossification of the lateral mass Primitive cartilage First coccygeal vertebra Vertebra coccygea I. Centres of ossi- fication of the vertebral arches » Centres of ossi fication of the vertebral bodies Fig. 77.-SEEN from Before. Fig. 78.-Seen from Behind. Development of the Vertebrae : The centres of ossification in the sacrum and coccyx of a child at the age of two months. S— 2 36 THE AXIAL SKELETON FiTBt dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis I. Upper opening of the thorax Apertura thoracis superior Intercostal spaces »; Spatia intercostalia Arch of the ribs Arcus costarum Anterior surface of the sternum Subcostal angle Angulus infrasternalis Lower opening of the thorax (i — 7j Costae vers, sternal or true ribs ; 8 — 12, Costas spuria, asternal or false ribs ; u and 12, Costs fluctuantes, floating ribs.) Fig. 79. — The Thorax seen from Before. The Thorax. HIE AXIAL SKELETON 37 Transverse processes Processus transversi Angles of the ribs^.. Anguli costarum vO First dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis I. TubercleB of the ribs Tubercula costarum Fig. 80. — The Thorax seen from Behind. The Thorax. 38 1HE AXIAL SKELETON Fig. 8i.— The Twelve Pairs of Ribs. Ossa costalia — The ribs. THE AXIAL SKELETON as Ribs Ossa costalia'" Costal cartilages Cartilagines costarum Fig. 82. — The Twelve Ribs of the Right Side in their Natural Position Seen from the Right. Costae — The ribs. 40 THE AXIAL SKELETON Groove for subclavian . artery Sulcus subclavian Articular facets of the head Facies articularis capituli Articular facet cf the tubercle Facies articularis tuberculi Costal cartilage Cartilago costaiis Scalene tubercle Tuberculum scaleni (Lisfranci) Costal cartilage Cartilago costaiis Fig. 83. — First (Right) Rib. Seek from Above. Tubercle of the rib Tuberculum costae Fig. 85. -Fourth (Right) Rib. Seen from Behind. Eminence for the attachment of the serratus magnus Tuberositas costae II Tubercle of the rib Tuberculum costae / Neck of the rib / Collum costae ' Head of the rib Capitulum costae Body or shaft of the rib Corpus costae Fig. 84.— Second (Right) Rib. Seen from Above. Ridge of the neck of uie rib Crista colli costae Body or shaft of the rib Corpus costae Ridge for the interar- ticular ligament Crista capituli Articular facets of the head Facies articularis capituli Fig. 86. — Seventh (Right) Rib. Seen from Within. Fig. 87. — Twelfth (Right) Rib. Seen from Within. Costae— The ribs. THE AXIAL SKELETON 41 Clavicular notch Incisura clavicularis Interclavicular notch Incisura jugularis Gladiolo-enaiform articulation The manubrium (presternum) Sternal synchondrosis (manu- " brio-gladiolal articulation) Synchondrosis sternalis Articular facet for a rib Incisura costalis ,, The body of the sternum or gladiolus (mesosternum) Articular facet for a rib Incisura costalis Ensiform or xiphoid process (metasternum, xiphisternum) Processus xiphoideus -•Clavicular notch Incisura clavicularis Manubrium Manubrium sterni -Angle of the sternum1 Angulus sterni Body of the sternum or gladiolus Corpus sterni Articular facets for the ribs Incisure costales ..Ensiform or xiphoid process Processus xiphoideus V. bec^esleltb^^ and the body of the sternum angle.— Tr. prominent, it is then known as angulus Ludovui, or Ludwig's Fig. 88.— The Sternum seen from Before. Fig. 89. — The Sternum seen from the Left Side. /Suprasternal bones ■' Ossa suprasternalia Clavicular notch Incisura clavicularis The manubrium Manubrium sterni The body of the sternum Corpus stern: Fig. 90.— The Upper Portion of the Sternum with the Suprasternal Bones (a Rare Variety). Seen from Before. Sternum — The breast-bone. 12 THE AM A I. SKELETON Epiphysis of the tuberole Epiphysis tubercnli Epiphysis of the n ■ t. iti.. v..j articular facet of Epiphysis of the head , , Epiphysis capiluli / Tubercle of the rib y Tuberculum costa: Epiphysis of the head Epiphysis i apituli Fig. 91. — Posterior Portion of the Sixth Fig. 92. — Posterior Portion of the Sixth Rib, in the Fifteenth Year. Rib, in the Eighteenth Year. <>c> Fig. 93. — Divided Primi- tive Cartilage of the Sternum. From a human fcetus of two months (months of four weeks each). Fig. 94. — Primitive Cartilage of the Sternum. From a human fetus of four months (months of four weeks each) Fig. 95. — Primitive Cartilage of the Sternum with the First Centre of Ossifica- tion in the Manubrium. From a human fetus in the second half of the sixth month (months of four weeks each). Fig. 96. — Centres of Ossification in the Steknum of a New-born Child. Fig. 97. — Sternum of a Boy at the Age of Eleven Years. Development of the Ribs and the Sternum. THE AXIAL SKELETON 43 Articular apophysis Apophysis articularis1 Muscular apophyses Apophyses musculares Neural arch Arcus vertebrae Vertebral body or centrum — Corpus vertebrae Spinal canal Canalis vertebralis -Rib Costa Fig. 98. — Skeleton of a Thoracic Segmei Spinal canal Canalis vertebralis-. Neural arch Arcus vertebras Articular apophysis Apophysis articularis Costal apophysis Apophysis costalis Articular apophysis Apophysis articularis / Muscular apophyses \ Apophyses musculares Vertebral body or centrum \xij Corpus vertebrae Muscular apophysis Apophyses musculares Neural arch Arcus vertebrae Costal apophysis Apophysis costalis Spinal canal Canalis vertebralis Vertebral body or centrum Corpus vertebrae Fig. 99. — Skeleton of a Cervical Segment. Fig. 100. — Skeleton of a Lumbar Segment. Spinal canal Canalis vertebralis _ Muscular apophyses "7 Apophyses musculares Articular apophysis Apophysis articulari Neural arch Arcus vertebrae Vertebral body or centrum Corpus vertebrae Costal epiphysis Epiphysis costalis Fig. igi. — Skeleton of a Sacral Segment The Homologous Skeletal Part"! of the Segments of the Body. 6—2 CRANIUM ET OSSA CRANII THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 16 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Frontomaxillary suture. Sutura frontomaxillaris \ Frontal eminence Tuber Irontale Glabella Glabella Coronal or frontoparietal suture { Sutura coronalis Squamous suture Sutura squamosa Sphenoparietal suture I Sutura sphenoparietalis y 1 Sphenosquamous suture Sutura sphenosquamosa Frontomalar suture Sutura zygomaticofrontali Zygomatic arch Arcus zygomaticu Temporomalar suture Sutura zygomaticotemporal Malomaxillary suture Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris The maxilla, or upper jaw-bone (Superior maxillary bone) Intermaxillary suture Sutura intermaxillaris Superciliary ridge i Arcus superciliaris 'Temporal crest Linea temporalis Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrontalis Internasal suture Sutura internasalis Nasomaxillary suture Sutura nasomaxillaris Anterior nasal aperture Apertura pyriformis Bony septum of the nose Septum nasi osseum Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anterior The mandible, or lower jaw-bone (Inferior maxillary bone) Fig. 102. — The Skull seen from Before: Norma Frontalis. Cranium — The skull. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Coronai or frontoparietal suture Sutura coronalis Sphenoparietal suture Sutura sphenoparietalis Sphenosquamous suture Sutura sphenosquamosa Sphenofrontal suture C ^ Sutura sphenofrontal! , vv _^^ Frontomalar suture V . Sutura zygomaticofrontalis \4 '*? ' The sinciput The vertex Squamous suture Sutura squamosa Superior temporal line Linea temporalis superior Inferior temporal line Linea temporalis inferior The forehead Nasomaxillary suture, Sutura nasomaxillaris Sphenomalar suture Sutura spheno- zygomatica Lachrymal fossa Fossa sacci lachrymalis Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anterior Malomaxillary suture Sutura zygomatico- maxillaris The maxilla, or upper jaw-bone (Superior maxillary bone) Lambdoid or occipito- parietal suture Sutura lambdoidea Temporal surface If Temporal fossa /* * The occiput Parietomastoid 6uture i Sutura parietomastoidea Occipitomastoid suture Sutura occipitomastoidea \ External auditory meatus Meatus acusticus externus ', External auditory aperture Porus acusticus externus \ Zygomatic arch Arcus zygomaticus \ Temporomalar suture ' Sutura zygomaticotemporal The mandible, or lower jaw-bone (Inferior maxillary bone) Fig. 103. — The Skull seen from the Left Side : Norma Lateralis. Cranium — The skull- 48 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF HIE SKULL Anterior nasal aperture Apri mum pyriformis Superciliary ridge Arcus superciliaris Entrance to the orbit x Aditus orbitac Hard palate Palatum durum Posterior nares Choanae Premaxillary suture Sutura incisiva Supra-orbital margin Margo supra orbitalis Row of teeth I.imbus dentalis Infratemporal crest Crista infratemporal! Zygomatic fossa Fossa infratemporal! Sphenosquamous suture Sutura sphenosquamosa" Groove for Eustachian tube Sulcus tuba? auditivas Styloid process Processus styloideus External auditory aperture Porus acusticus externus Mastoid process Processus mastoideus Occipitomastoid suture Sutura occipitomastoide. Foramen magnum , Foramen occipitale magnum Pterygoid process ^Processus pterygoideus Pterygopalatine or pterygo- pharyngeal canal Canalis pharyngeus ' Basipharyngeal canal 'Canalis basipharyngeus1 --Foramen lacerum medium Foramen lacerum — Petrosphenoidal fissure Fissura sphenopetrosa .__ Petrobasilar fissure Fissura petro-occipitalis Jugular foramen (foramen lacerum posterius) Foramen jugulare Occipital condyle Condylus occipitalis Inferior curved line Linea nuchae inferior External occipital protuberance ; Protuberantia occipitalis externa Nuchal plane ^Planum nuchale X External occipital crest Crista occipitalis externa 1 Canalis basipharyngeus,* basipharyngeal canal : This term is not often used by English anatomists, nor even is the canal itself mentioned by Quain. Macalister, however, in his description of the vomer, writes (p. 233) : " In the region of its sphenoidal articulation there are three canals transmitting small vessels in the young skull, which usually become obliterated with advancing age ; these are — one median vomerine canal between the vomer and the root of the rostrum, and a lateral on each side between the extremity of the a!a vomeris and the vaginal process. These run parallel to, and may communicate with, the pterygopharyngeal [pterygo- palatine] canal in the vaginal process." The two lateral canals here mentioned are those called by Toldt 'canalcs basipharyngei. — Tr. Fig. 104. — External Aspect of the Base of the Skull : Basis Cranii Externa. Cranium — The skull. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 49 Crista gall Sphenoethmoidal suture Sutura spheno-ethmoidalis ( Impressiones digi- I tatac1 Frontal crest Crista frontalis Crista galli v Foramen caecum Foramen caecum ljuga cerebralia Anterior cranial fossa Fossa cranii anterior Middle cranial fossa Fossa cranii media Foramen lacerum medium Foramen, lacerum Clivus, or basilar groove Clivus Superior border of petrous bone Angulus superior pyramidis Jugular foramen . Foramen jugulare Fronto-ethmoidal suture Sutura fronto-ethmoidali: Sigmoid sulcus Sulcus sigmoideu Posterior cranial Fossa cranii posterior Sphenoidal plane, or jugum sphenoidale Planum sphenoidale Spheno-orbital suture Sutura spheno-orbitalis Sphenoidal limbus Limbus sphenoidalis Coronal or frontoparietal suture \ Sutura coronalis Sphenosquamous suture Sutura sphenosquamosa Petrosphenoidal suture Fissura sphenopetrosa Occipitosphenoidal synchon- drosis Synchondrosis spheno- occipitalis Petrobasilar fissure Fissura petro-occipitalis Parietomastoid suture Sutura parietomastoidea Internal occipital crest / Crista occipitalis interna Internal occipital protuberance Protuberantia occipitalis interna Occipitomastoid suture Sutura occipitomastoidea Lateral sulcus Sulcus transversus lobe^nhece^ebrum. ^ COrresPondi»S w'th the sulci and convolutions of the inferior surface of the frontal FlG'crt^lNI^NAL AS?,CT °F ™E BASE °F ™E Skull-Basis Cranii Interna: Foss.e cZl tNTERI°R' MEDIA" et Posterior-The Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Cranial Foss/e. Seen from Above. Cranium— The skull. 50 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Longitudinal sulcus Suit us venosus (sagittalis) Pacchionian depressions Foveolae granulares (Pacchioni) //-i'/BSS Frontal crest Crista frontalis Sagittal or inter- parietal suture Sutura sagittalis Coronal or frontoparietal suture Sutura coronalis .Meningeal grooves 'Sulci arteriosi Inner table Lamina interna Outer table Lamina externa Longitudinal sulcus Sulcus venosus (sagittalis gz-w \ Diploe Diploe v Lambdoid or occipitoparietal suture Sutura lambdoidea Fig. 106. — Calvaria — The Skullcap, or Roof of the Skull. Inner Aspect. Cranium — The skull. THE SKULL A:\u THE nUIsiES OF THE SKULL 51 Coronal or frontoparietal suture Sutura coronalis Vascular canals of the diploe of the frontal bone Canales diploid ossis frontalis Vascular canals of the diploe of the parietal bone k Canales diploid ossis parietalis Diploe 1 Diploe Outer table Lamina, externa Fig. 107. — Vascular Canals of the Diploe of the Roof of the Skull, shown by Removal of the Outer Table of Compact Bole from the Frontal Bone and the Parietal Bone : Canales Diploici (Brescheti). Seen from the Left Side. Oranium — Tlie sxufi. 7—z 52 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Frontal bone Os frontale Ethmoid bone -'' /.\$. Os ethmoidale ^Occipital bone Os occipitale Sphenoid bone Os sDhenoidah Fig. 108. — The Separate Bones of which the Cranium Cerebrale or Cranium Proper consists. Ossa cranii cerebralis — Bones of the cranium proper. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 53 Lachrymal bone Os lacrimale Inferior turbinate bone Concha nasalis inferior Superior maxillary bone, or maxilla Maxilla ,^-Malar bone Us zygomaticum -Palate bone ( )s palatinum Inferior maxillary bone, or mandible Mandibula Fig. 109, — The Separate Bones of which the Cranium Viscerale (Facies Ossea), or Facial Portion of the Skull, consists, Ossa faciei — Bones of the face. 54 THE SKULL AND TH1 BONES OF THE SKULL Longitudinal sulcus Sulcus sagittalis Lambdoid border Margo lambdoideus Tabular portion, or supra-occipital Lateral sulcus Sulcus transversus "Internal cruciform ■ ridges Mastoid border Margo mastoideus Jugular eminence Tuberculum jugulare' Jugular process Processus jugularis jffc • Superior occipital fossa % - Internal occipital pro- tuberance I'rotuberantia occipi- talis interna •MEL, ___ .uJfo-V- Inferior occipital fossa Occipital condyle Condylus occipitalis Internal occipital crest Crista occipitalis interna Posterior condylar foramen Canalis condyloideus Condylar portion, or exoccipital Pars lateralis Anterior condylar foramen Canalis hypoglossi Foramen magnum Foramen occipitale magnum Basilar portion or process, or basi-occipital Pars basilaris Fig. ho.— Anterior (Internal) Aspect of the Occipital Bone. Os occipitale— The occioital bone. THE SKULL AND THE BOXES OF THE SKULL 55 Occipital plane s^M Highest curved line Linea nuchas suprema\ m Nuchal plane ClKJ§i 1 Superior curved line *§•!*•■' .' Linea nuchie superior y^,;-.-- Tabular portion, or supra-occipital Squama occipitalis Lambdoid border Margo lambdoideus 'Sutura raendosa Orbital surface of the great wing *^~— Facies orbital is ala? magna? Temporal surface of the great wing Facies temporalis ala? magna? Pterygoid process Processus pterygoideus Body of the sphenoid bone (postsphenoid portion, or/ basisphenoid) — Corpus ossis sphenoidalis (pars posterior) Fig. 124. — The Sphenoid Bone of a Boy Body-length Superior wall of the sphenoidal sinus Temporal surface of the great wing Facies temporalis ala? magna? Il (see note on p. 59) \ External pterygoid plate Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei ' Internal pterygoid plate Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei born at Full Term, seen from Below. Sphenoidal sinus— Sinus sphenoidalis C Inferior wall of the sphenoidal sinus 7, External wall of the sphenoidal sinus In the Second Year of Life. In the Si: Fig. 125. — Concha Sphenoidales — The Sphenoidal Turbinate Bones. Seen from Above. Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus sphenoidalis n the Eighth Year of Life. Body of the sphenoid bone Corpus ossis sphenoidalis Sphenoidal turbinate bone (inferior surface) Concha sphenoidalis Pterygoid process Processus pterygoideus Great wing Ala magna Small wing Ala parva Primitive sphenoidal rostrum Rostrum sphenoidale primitivum Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Sphenoidal rostrum— Rostrum sphenoidale Fig. 126. — The Relation of the Sphenoidal Turbinate Bones to the Inferior Surface of the Sphenoid Bone in the Sixth Year of Life. Development of the Sphenoid Bone. 6Z THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Groove of the middle temporal artery Sulcus arterise temporalis media Parietal bord er Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis Temporal surface Zygoma "j3 Processus zygomaticus — £ Articular eminence _ Tuberculum articulare Glenoid fossa Fovea articularis Margo parietlalis Notch of Rivinus Incisura tympanica (Rivini) Suprameatal spine (var.) Spina suprameatum i ar | Supramastoid crest, or postauricular ridge 'jiiki ti mporalis inferior Tarietal notch— Incisura parietalis External auditory aperture / Poms acusticus externus Mastoid portion Pars mastoidea Jjra Occipital border :3» Margo occipitalis ap Squamosomastoid suture (var.) Sutura squamosomastoidea (var.) ■ . Mastoid foramen Foramen mastoideum -Tympanomastoid fissure Fissura tympanomastoidea Digastric fossa— Incisura mastoidea Mastoid process — Processus mastoideus Glaserian fissure Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri) i. Tympanic plate " Pars tympanica Styloid process — Processus styloideus 1 What is called the mandibular fossa by Toldt is the posteror non-articular portion of the glenoid fossa (separated from the articular portion by the Glaserian fissure). Its floor is formed by the tympanic plate, and it lodges a portion of the parotid gland. — Tr. Fig. 127. — -The Left Temporal Bone seen from the Outer Side (Temporal Surface). Petrous portion Pars petrosa (pyramis) Squamous portion of the temporal Squama temporalis Sphenoidal border Margo sphenoidalis Caroticotympanic canaliculi Canaliculi caroticotympanic! Carotid canal Canalis caroticus!* bone Inferior petrosal sulcus Sulcus petrosus inferior Depression for the petrosal ganglion of the glossopnat yngeal nerve- Fossula petrosa Inferior orifice of tympanic canaliculus, canal for tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal (JaC0D8On'snerve>— Ap'rtum inf. canaliculi tympanic! External orifice of the aqueduct of the cochlea Apertura externa canaliculi cochlea: Groove for the auricular branch of the pneumo- gastric (Arnold's nerve)— Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei Canaliculus for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve) Canaliculus mastoideus Jugular fossa Fossa jugularis Occipital border Margo occipitalis Zygoma Processus zygomaticus .Articular eminence Tuberculum articulare Glenoid fossa— Facies articularis Glaserian fissure Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri) Tympanic plate— Pars tympanica Styloid process— Processus styloideus External auditory aperture Porus acusticus externus Stylomastoid foramen Foramen stylomastoideum Mastoid process Processus mastoideus Digastric fossa Incisura mastoidea — Occipital groove Sulcus arteriae occipitalis Mastoid portion Pars mastoidea jrIG. 128. The Left Temporal Bone seen from Below (External Basal Surface). Os temporale— The temporal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 63 Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis Cerebral surface Parietal notch Incisura parietalis Mastoid portion Pars mastoidea Sigmoid sulcus Sulcus sigmoideus Mastoid foramen Foramen mastoideum Occipital border Margo occipitalis ,- External orifice of the aqueduct of the vestibule Apertura externa aquasductus vestibuli Jugular notch Incisura jugularis Intrajugular process Processus intrajugularis Zygoma Processus zygomaticus Eminence of superior semicircular canal Eminentia arcuata Superior petrosal sulcus Sulcus petrosus superior Flcccular fossa, or hiatus subarcuatus Frssa subarcuata Internal auditory aperture Porus acusticus interims Apex of the petrous portion Apex pyramidis Vi -Inferior petrosal sulcus \ Sulcus petrosus inferior External orifice of the aqueduct of the cochlea Apertura externa canaliculi cochlear Petrous portion Pars petrosa (Pyramis) Fig. 129. — The Left Temporal Bone seen from Within (Cerebral Surface). Parietal notch Incisura parietalis Petrosquamous fissure Fissura petrosquamosa Eminence of the superior semicircular canal Eminentia arcuata Superior petrosal sulcus Sulcus petrosus superior Hiatus Fallopii — Hiatus canalis facialis Groove of the great superficial petrosal nerve Groove of the small superficial petrosal nerve Sulcus nervi petrosi superficialis minoris Fossa of the Gtasserian ganglion—- Impressio trigemini Apex of the petrous portion.. ._ Apex pyramidis Carotid canal ' Canalis caroticus Eustachian canal and canal for the tensor tympani muscle Canalis musculotubarius Temporal surface of the squamous portion of the temporal bone Facies temporalis squama? temporalis . Zygoma Processus zygomaticus Fig. 130. — The Left Temporal Bone seen from Above (Internal Basal Surface). Os temporale — The temporal bone. 64 THE SKULL AND THE HONES OF THE SKULL Petrosquamous fissure Fissura petrosquamosa Mastoid portion Pars mastoidea \ Tegmen tympani Tegmen tympani Petrous portion Pars petrosa (Pyramis)""--- Hiatus Fallopii Hiatus canalis facialis- - Groove of great superficial petrosal nerve Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis majoris Groove of small superficial petrosal nerve Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis minoris Apex of the petrous portion Apex pyramidis Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Mastoid process Processus mastoide Fig. 131. — The Left Temporal Epitympanic recess, or aditus ad antrum Recessus epitympanicus *Fossa of the incus *Fossa incudis Petrosquamous sulcus (var.) Sulcus petrosquamosus (var Mastoid antrum Antrum tympanicum Sigmoid sulcus Sulcus sigmoideus Mastoid cells Cellular mastoideae Aqueduct of Fallopius — Canalis facialis (Fallopii)/ Inferior orifice of the canal for the chorda tympani nerve/ (iter chordae posterius) Canaliculus chordae tympani (Apertura inferior) Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis Cerebral surface Sphenoidal border Margo sphenoidalis Zygoma Processus zygomaticus Canal for the tensor tympani muscle Semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani Bony septum (cochleariform process) "Septum canalis musculotubarii Eustachian canal Semicanalis tuba? auditivae Tympanic plate Pars tympanica V Styloid process Processus styloideus Bone seen from Before. Cupular portion of the epitympanic recess Pars cupularis recessus epitympanici Tegmen tympani Tegmen tympani Petrosquamous fissure Fissura petrosquamosa Notch of Rivinus "Tncisura tympanica (Rivini) Anterior tympanic spine Spina tympanica major Posterior tympanic spine Spina tympanica minor Tympanic sinus Sinus posterior Tympanic sulcus — Sulcus tympanicus ^Tympanic orifice of canal for chorda tympani nerve \ Canaliculus chorda; tympani (Apertura tympanica) Vaginal process — Vagina processus styloidei i Styloid prominence — Prominentia styloidea ! Stylomastoid foramen — Foramen stylomastoideum Canaliculus for auricular branch of pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve) Canaliculus mastoideus ' "Fossa of the incus.—' The shorter process (crus breve) of the incus projects backwards. Its extremity is tipped with cartilage at d is . . . articulated by ligamentous fibres [ligament of the incus] with the posterior and partly with the outer wall of the tympanum near the entrance to the mastoid cells. The place where the ligamentous fibre* are attached to the wall of the tympanum is somewhat depressed, and has a covering of cartilage.' — Quain's ' Anatomy,* tenth edition, vol.* iii., part iii., p. 00. Fossa 0/ the incus is a most suitable name for this depressed cartilage-covered area, and may well be adopted by English anatomists. — Tr. Fig. 132.— The External Wall of the Tympanum and the Mastoid Cells displayed by a Section through the Left Temporal Bone in a Plane parallel with the Squamous Portion of that Bone. The petrosquamous sulcus (along which a sound has been passed) is in this specimen partly bridged over by bone ; anteriorly it communicates with the outer surface of the bone by means of a spurious jugular foramen — foramen jugulare spurium (Variety). Os temporale — The temporal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 65 Geniculum of the aqueduct of Fallopius (the canal for the facial nerve) Geniculum canalis facialis Transverse crest, or crista falcifonnis Crista transversa Superior border of the petrous portion Angulus superior pyramidis Fundus of the internal auditory meatus, or reniform fossa Fundus meatus acustici interni Posterior surface of the petrous portion rfci. Facies posterior pyramidis -j Posterior border of the petrous portion Angulus posterior pyramidis Cochlea Cochlea Inferior surface of the petrous portion ' Facies inferior pyramidis , Anterior surface of the petrous portion — Facies anterior pyramidis Tegmen tympani Tegmen tympani Petrosquamous fissure Fissura petrosquamosa Roof of the tympanum Paries tegmentalis cavi tympani Cochleariform process l'K icessus cochleariformis Fissure of Glaser, or petrotympanic fissure Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri) Inner wall of the tympanum Paries labyrinthicus cavi tympani Tympanum, or tympanic cavity Cavum tympani '"-- Tympanic plate Pars tympanica Anterior border of the petrous portion Angulus anterior pyramidis Carotid wall of the tympanum— Paries caroticus cavi tympani Fig. 133. — Vertical Section through the Petrous Portion of the Left Temporal Bone and through the anterior part of the squamous portion. (nomenclature of the Surface and Borders of the Petrous Portion.) Carotid canal Canalis caroticui Hiatus Fallopii Hiatus canalis facialis Cochlea Cochlea Aqueduct of Fallopius Canalis facialis Internal auditory aperture Porus acusticus internus — Internal auditory meatus Meatus acusticus internus Fundus of internal auditory meatus, or reniform fossa Fundus meatus acustici interni Vestibule of the labyrinth Vestibulum labyrinth] Tympanum Cavum tympani Tympanic canaliculus (for Jacobson's nerve) Canaliculus tympanicus / Depression for the petrosal ganglion of the glosso- pharyngeal Derve — Fossula petrosa / Groove for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve) Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei - Canaliculus for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve) Canaliculus mastoideus Jugular fossa Fossa jugularis "Canaliculus mastoideus1 Orifice of canal for chorda tympani nerve (iter chords posterius) Canaliculus chordae tympani ' Aqueduct of Fallopius— Canalis facialis Fig. 134. — Aqueductus Fallopii, or Canal for the Facial Nerve, shown from Beneath by the Removal of a Wedge-shaped Piece from the Petrous Portion of the Left Temporal Bone. The canaliculus tympanicus, for the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (Jacobson's nerve), is also opened up throughout its whole length. A sound has been passed through the canaliculus for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric nerve (nerve of Arnold). In the Continental nomenclature this canaliculus is known as the canaliculus mastoideus. Os temporale — Temporal bone. 66 THE SKULL AMD THE BONES OE THE SKULL Mastoid antrum Antrum tympanic uni Prominence of the external semicircular canal '• Prominentia i analis semicircularis lateral) . Prominence of the aqueduct of Fallopius 1 'rominentia i analis facialis Fossula of the fenestra ovalis , or fossula ovalis Fossula fenestras vestibuli Cochleariform process I 'ii i ■ ■ -.- u -■ ( i i lilcii ildinii', Canal for the tensor tympani muscle ,—95 Pyramid, or eminentia papillaris Eminentia pyramidal!: Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani Septum of the musculotubal canal (cochleariform process) Septum canalis musculotubarii Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube Semicanalis tuba? auditivae Air cells of the Eustachian tube Cellulae pneumatics tubariae Tympanic orifice of the Eustachian tube Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae ' Promontory, or tuber cochleae Promontorium Upper opening of the tympanic canaliculus (for Jacobson's nerve) Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici Sinus posterior Sinus posterior External auditory meatus Meatus acusticus extcrnus Tympanomastoid fissure Fissura tympanomastoidea External orifice of the canal for Arnold's nerve \ Apertura externa canaliculi mastoidei Tympanic sinus — Sinus tympani Tympanic sulcus— Sulcus tympanicus Fossula of the fenestra rotunda, or fossula rotunda Fossula fenestrae cochleae Fig. 135. — Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone in a Plane parallel with the Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, and passing through the Middle of the External Auditory Meatus, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum Tympani, and the Adjoining Parts. Entrance to mastoid antrum Aditus ad antrum tympanicum Cochleariform process Processus cochleariformis . Hiatus Fallopii Hiatus canalis facialis"- Canal for the tensor tympani muscle Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani Septum of the musculotubal canal (cochleariform process) > Septum canalis musculotubarii Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube Semicanalis tubae auditivae Tympanic orifice of the Eustachian tube Ostium tympanicum tubae Carotid wall of tympanum Paries caroticus Mastoid antrum Antrum tympanicum Mastoid wall of tympanum Paries mastoideus cavi tympani External auditory meatus Meatus acusticus externus Tympanic sulcus \ « Sulcus tympanicus \ Jugular wall of tympanum \ Paries jugularis cavi tympani Inner wall of tympanum Paries labyrinthicus Fig. 136. Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone in a Plane parallel with the Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, the Section passing along the Posterior Wall of the External Auditory Meatus, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum Tympani, and the Adjoining Parts. Os temporale — Temporal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OE THE SKULL 67 Deficiency in the tympanic wall of the aqueduct of Fallopius (variety) Fenestra ovalis — Fenestra vestibuli Fenestra rotunda — Fenestra cochleae Promontory — Promontorium Hiatus Fallopii — Hiatus canalis facialis Canal for the tensor tympani muscle Semicanalis m, tens, tympani "■ Septum of the musculotubal canal (cochleariform process) Septum canalis musculotubal Groove for the Gasserian ganglion . Impressio trigemini Carotid canal — Canalis caroticus Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube Semicanalis tuba; auditivas Caroticotympanic canaliculi Canaliculi caroticotympanici Tympanic cells Cellulas tympanicas Canaliculus for the chorda tympani nerve (iter chordae posterius) Canaliculus chordae tympani Prominence of the external semicircular canal Prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis Entrance to mastoid antrum- Adiius ad antrum tympanicum Ponticulus promontorii— Ponticulus promontorii Mastoid antrum — Antrum tympanicum Tympanic sinus— Sinus tympani Sinus posterior Sinus posterior Mastoid cells ' Cellula; mastoideae Mastoid process Processus mastoideus Aqueduct of Fallopius Canalis facialis Stylomastoid foramen Foramen stylomastoideum Fig. 137.— Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone, crossing obliquely the Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, and passing through the Anterior Portion of the Mastoid Process, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum Tympani, and the Adjoining Parts (especially the Mastoid Antrum and the Mastoid Cells). Geniculum of tho aqueduct of Fallopius Geniculum canalis facialis ' Hiatus Fallopii Hiatus canalis facialis' Apex of the petrous portion Apex pyramidis Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Caroticotympanic canaliculi Canaliculi caroticotympanici Grooves of the promontory (for the nerves of the tympanic plexus) Sulcus promontorii Ponticulus promontorii Ponticulus promontorii External semicircular canal Canalis semicircularis lateralis ..--' Pyramid, or eminentia papillaris Eminentia pyramidalis Tympanic sinus Sinus tympani — Mastoid cells Cellulae mastoideae Aqueduct of Fallopius— Canalis facialis Subiculum promontorii — Subiculum promontorii Fenestra rotunda— Fenestra cochleae Upper aperture of the tympanic canaliculus (for the passage of Jacobson's nerve) Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici Fig. 138. — Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone, crossing obliquely the Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, and passing through the Posterior Por- tion of the Mastoid Process, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum Tympani, and the Adjoining Parts. A bristle has been passed through the canaliculus tympanicus (the canal for Jacobson's nerve — the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal, nerve) into the tympanum, and, after traversing this cavity, leaves it by the canaliculus that opens into the groove for the small superficial petrosal nerve. Os temporale Temporal bone. 68 THE SKULL AND THE BONKS OF THE SKULL Superior semicircular canal — Canalis semicircularis superior Anterior surface of petrous portion -Facies anterior pyramidis Vestibule of the labyrinth Vestibulum labyrinthi Geniculum of the aqueduct of Fallopius Geniculum canalis facialis Oochleariform process Processus cochleariformis Cochlea Cochlea Carotid canal Canalis caroticus External semicircular canal Canalis semicircularis lateralis Superior border of the petrous bone 'Angulus supers ir pj I Posterior semicircular canal Canalis semicircularis posterior Posterior surface of the petrous bone Facies posterior pyramidis Promontory Promontorium Aqueduct of Fallopius Canalis facialis s. Fossula of the fenestra rotunda, or fossula rotunda Fossula fenestra; cochlea; Fenestra ovalis Fenestra vestibuli Fig. 139. — The Bony Labyrinth, Labyrinthus Osseus, shown in the Left Petrous Portion. Seen obliquely from in Front and Below. The Osseous Semicircular Canals and also the Canal of the Cochlea have been partly opened. The Relations between the Aqueduct of Fallopius and the Osseous Labyrinth are clearly shown. Area cribrosa superior (transmits the filaments of the superior division of the auditory nerve) Area vestibularis superior \/v/ ^ Area cribrosa media (transmits the nerve to the saccule) Area vestibularis inferior "Area of the cochlea1 . •Area cochlea:1 External orifice of the aqueduct of the vestibule Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli Foramen singulare (for the nerve to the posterior semicircular canal) Foramen singulare Aqueduct of Fallopius /Canalis facialis *Area of the facial nerve1 *Area n. faciali Transverse crest, or crista falciformis Crista transversa Tractus spiralis foraminulentus (the foramina of which transmit the fila- ments of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve)1 Tractus spiralis foraminosus ' Internal auditory meatus Meatus acusticus internus Internal auditory aperature Porus acusticus internus 1 The helicoid depression of the tractus spiralis foraminulentus corresponds with the base of the cochlea, and at the centre of the helix is the foramen centrale cochleae, the orifice of the central canal of the modiolus. On the significance of this term Area of the Cochlea, see also note M1, p. 956V, in the Appendix to Part VI. ; and on the significance of the term Area of the Facial Nerve, see note 6:l8 on the same page. Fig. 140.— The Internal Auditory Meatus, Meatus Acusticus Internus, exposed from Above by the Removal of a Right-angled Wedge from the Petrous Portion of the Left Temporal Bone, displaying the Fundus of the Internal Auditory Meatus, or Reniform Fossa, divided by the Transverse Crest, or Crista Falci- formis, into Superior and inferior j^oss^. seen from Behind and Above. Os temporale — Temporal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 69 Ampulla of the superior semicircular canai Ampulla ossea superior Superior semicircular canal Canaiis semicircularis superior Elliptical recess Recessus ellipticus Superior semicircular canal Canaiis semicircularis superior (*Crus simplex1) *Crus commune1 Aqueduct of the vestibule Aqiurductus vestibuli External semicircular canal Canaiis semicircularis lateralis ^•Crus simplex1) Ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal ' Ampulla ossea posterior / Fenestra rotunda Fenestra cochleae Ampulla of the external semicircular canal Ampulla ossea lateralis Petrosquamous fissure Fissura petrosquamosa _Tegmen tympani Tegmen tympani Epitympanic recess, or aditus ad antrum Recessus epitympanicus Aqueduct of Fallopius Canaiis facialis Fenestra ovalis Fenestra vestibuli External auditory meatus Meatus acusticus externus Tympanic sulcus Sulcus tympanicus 1 Regarding the signification of the terms cuts simplex and cms commune, see Appendix to Part VI., p. 956V, note ■". Fig. 141. — Portions of the Osseous Labyrinth and the Tympanum, shown in the Left Temporal Bone by a Vertical Section through the Petrous Portion in the Plane of the Superior Semicircular Canal. Seen obliquely from in Front and Within. The fenestra ovalis is divided vertii ally. Posterior semicircular canal Canaiis semicircularis posterior Superior semicircular canal— Canaiis semicircularis superior Crest of the vestibule — Crista vestibuli > Internal auditory meatus - Meatus acusticus internu: Cochlea Cochlea Carotid canal Canaiis caroticus Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube Semicanalis tuba? auditiva> Internal orifice of the aqueduct of the cochlea Apertura interna canaliculi cochleae Tympanum Cavum tympani External semicircular canal Canaiis semicircularis lateralis Vestibule Vestibulum labyrinthi Pyramid, or eminentia papillaris Eminentia pyramidalis .Fenestra rotunda Fenestra cochlear External auditory meatus Meatus acusticus externus Fig. 142. — Portions of the Osseous Labyrinth and thk Tympanum, shown in the Left Temporal Bone by a Horizontal Section through the Petrous Portion along the Internal and the External Auditory Meatus. Seen from Above. Os temporale -Temporal bone 70 THE SKULL AND JUL BONES OF THE SKULL Zygoma Processus zygomaticus---- Articular portion of glenoid fossa Facies articularis Zygoma Processus zygomaticus ^Epitympanic recess Kecessus epitympanicus Squamous Portion of Temporal Bone— Squama Temporalis. 'Posterior tympanic process •Processus tympanicus posterior •Anterior tympanic process •Processus tympanicus anterior Tympanic Ring— Annulus Tympanicus. Tegmen tympani Mastoid antrum Tegmen tympani Antrum tympanicum Apex of the petrous portion Apex pyramidis Canal for tensor tympani muscle __(^ Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani Tympanum Cavum tympan 'Posterior tympanic process *Processus tympanicus posterior 'Anterior tympanic process 'Processus tympanicus anterior Sulcus mallei Sulcus mallei Tegmen tympanl-Tegmen tympani Eminence of the superior semi- circular canal- Eminenlia arcuata Hiatus subarcuatus (correspond- ing with the floccular fossa of lower Vertebrata— Fossa subarcuata Apex Of petrous portion— Apex pyr; Internal auditory aperture J'urus acusticus interims External orifice of the aqueduct of the vestibule Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone— Pars Petrosa (Pyramis). Fig. 143. — Seen from Without. Fig. 144. — Seen from Within. The Three Parts of the Left Temporal Bone from an Eight-Months Fcetus (Months of Four Weeks Each). Body-length, 15J inches. v^Th,^ Notch of Eivinus Incisura tym- panica Post, tympanic spine Spina tympanica m. 'Posterior tympanic process •Processus tympani- cus posterior Tympanic sulcus Sulcus tympanicus Squamous portion of temporal bone Squama temporalis Epitympanic recess ' Recessus epitympani- cus Anterior tympanic process •Processus tympanicus anterior Sulcus mallei Sulcus mallei Tympanic ring Annulus tympanicus Articular portion of glenoid fossa — Facies articularis Zygoma Processus zygo-\^ maticus Fissure of Glaser, or petrotym- panic fissure Fissura petro- tympanica (Glaseri) Tympanum Cavum tympani Tympanic ring Annulus \^ tympanicus Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Inferior surface of petrous portion Facies inferior pyramidis i^-^~~..y Squamous portion of temporal bone Squama temporalis Notch of Rivinus 'Incisura tympanica . (Rivini) I. Squamosomastoid , ,\ suture Sutura squamoso- mastoidea Mastoid portion Par= mastoidea Stylomastoid foramen Foramen stylo- mastoideum Vaginal process Vagina processus styloidei Fig. 145. — The Squamous Portion of the Temporal Bone and the Tympanic Ring united. Seen from Within. From a fcetus at term (body-length, 19 inches). Fig. 146.— The Three Portions of the Left Temporal Bone united. Seen from Without and Below. From a new-born male infant (body-length, 21 inches). Development of the Temporal Bones. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 71 Notch of Rivinus Incisura tympanica (Rivini) Zygoma Processus zygomaticus Articular portion of glenoid fossa Facies articularis Free margin of tegmen tympani Fissure of Glaser, or petrotympanic fissure Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri) Squamous portion of temporal bone ] Squama temporalis \ sT^ — p. Squamosomastoid suture Sutura squamosomastoidea Mastoid portion Pars mastoidea ..Tympanomastoid fissure F'issura tympanomastoidea Jugular Mastoid process Processus mastoideus Tympanic plate Pars tympanica Carotid canal— Canalis caroticus fossa Stylomastoid foramen— Foramen stylomastoideum Petrous portion Fossa Vaginal process Pars petrosa jugularis Vagina processus styloidei Fig. 147. — The Left Temporal Bone of a Boy at the Age of Eight Months: Formation of the Tympanic Plate and of the External Auditory Meatus. Seen obliquely from Without and Below. Anterior tympanic process Processus tympanicus anterior __. Fissure of Glaser, or petrotympanic fissure Fissura petrotympanica Margin of tegmen tympani Squamous portion of temporal bone Squama temporalis Petrous portion Pars petrosa Anterior tympanic spine Spina tympanica major Notch of Rivinus Incisura tympanica (Rivini) Posterior tympanic spine —Spina tympanica Tympanic plate Pars tympanica Mastoid portion Pars mastoidea Squamosomastoid suture "Sutura squamosomastoidea Tympanomastoid fissure * Fissura tympanomastoidea — Mastoid process— Processus mastoideus - Digastric fossa— Incisura mastoidea Occipital groove— Sulcus arteriae occipitalis Stylomastoid foramen — Foramen stylomastoideum Vaginal process Vagina processus styloidei Fig. 148. — Th£ Left Temporal Bone of a Girl at the Age of Three Years : Formation of the Tympanic Plate and of the External Auditory Meatus. Seen obliquely from Without and Below. Development of the Temporal Bones. 72 THE SKULL AND THE BOXES OF THE SKULL Parietal eminence Frontal angle Angulus frontalis X ■r " 0 ~- 25* O *& O O J) g. £. ff o 5§ p. < »< ■P Superior or sagittal border Margo sagittalis T u b ( p a r i e f Parietal foramen ,,Foramen parietale | . Occipital angle *V" Angulus occipitalis Temporal surface 0$m '"' : -Superior temporal line Linea temporalis superior Inferior temporal line Linea temporalis inferior J Mastoid angle Antrulus mastoideus Fig. 149. — The Left Parietal Bone seen- from Without. External Surface: Facies Parietalis. Os parietale — Parietal bone. I HE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 73 Frontal angle Angulus frontalisi Pacchionian depressions Foveolae granulares (Pacchioni) Superior or sagittai border Margo sagittalis Longitudinal sulcus Sulcus sagittalis ^^S-ft^t^^^; Parietal foramen Foramen parietale Meningeal grooves Sulci arteriosi Occipital angle Angulus occipitalis Lateral sulcus Sulcus transversus Sphenoidal angle I Aneulus snhenoiJalis Mastoid angle Angulus raastoideus Fig. 150. — The Right Parietal £>one seen from Without. Internal Surface : Facies Cerebralis. Os parietale — Parietal bone. THE SKULL AND I III BONES OF THE SKULL Anterior or frontal surface Fades frontalis 'T 1 Frontal eminence Tuber frontale Temporal surface- , Facies temporalis \< '■■% Temporal crest H^fp| Linea temporalis nH| Parietal border Margo parietalis Supra-orbital foramen / Foramen supra-orbitale Supra-orbital notch Incisura frontalis Nasal portion Pars nasalis Frontal squama Orbital arch, or supra-orbital margin Margo snpra-orbhali? Superciliary ridge Arcus superciliaris Nasal spine Spina frontalis FIG. 151.— The Frontal Bone seen from Before. External Surface: Facies Frontalis. Os frontale — Frontal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BUSES OE THE SKULL 75 Longitudinal sulcus Sulcus sagittalis Internal table Lamina interna N Parietal border Margo parietalis External angular process Processus zygomaticus Frontal squama Poateriororcerebral surface Frontal crest Crista frontalis Sphenoidal border Margo sphenoidale Orbital plate Pars nil, nalis Foramen cseeum' Foramen caecum Impressiones digitatae1 Juga cerebralia1 Nasal spine External orifice of the frontal sinus Spina frontalis Apertura sinus frontalis 1 Ridges (juga cerebralia) and sulci (impressiones digitatae) corresponding respectively to the sulci and convolutions of the superjacent portion of the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. — T«. Pig. I53> — The Frontal bonk seen from Behind. Internal Surface: Facies Cerebralis. Os frontale — Frontal bone. 76 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Nasal spine Spina frontalis Trochlear spine (var.) spma troi bli .it is i\ ar ) Supra-orbital notch Incisura frontalis Supra-orbital foramen Foramen supra-orbitale Lachrymal fossa Fossa glandulae lacrimal] External angular process Processus zygomaticus " Sphenoidal border Margo sphenoidalis Nasal border Margo nasalis External orifice of the frontal sinus Apcrtura sinus frontalis Trochlear fossa Fovea trochlearis Supra-orbital foramen ; : -**ifc . Foramen fron tale Orbital arch, or supra-orbital margin Margo supra orbital is Frontal squama ™ Squama frontalis Parietal border Margo parietalis' Anterior internal orbital canal' Foramen ethmoidale anterius / Posterior internal orbital canal- Foramen ethmoidale postenus 1 U.S. : Anterior ethmoidal canal Orbital surface Facies orbitalis Ethmoidal cells Foveolae ethmoidales Ethmoidal notch Incisura ethmoidalis - U.S : Posterior ethmoidal canal. Fig. 153. — The Frontal Bone seen from Below. Supra-orbital foramen Foramen supra-orbitale Frontal sinus Sinus frontalis*, Internal table Lamina (compacta) interna External table Lamina (compacta) externa Frontal squama Squama frontalis Orbital arch, or supra-orbital margin' ;> Margo supra-orbitalis 'Ji External angular pro". Processus zygomaticu Orbital plate Pars orbitalis Septum between the frontal sinuses Septum sinuum frontalium Anterior internal orbital canal Foramen ethmoidale anterius Nasal spine frontalis ^Frontal sinus — Sinus frontalis \Ethmoidal cell — Foveola ethmoidalis 'J External orifices of the frontal sinuses Apertura sinuum frontalium 1 U.S. : Anterior ethmoidal canal. Fig. 154. — The Frontal Sinuses, Sinus Frontales, shown by the Removal of the External Table and the Diploe, and partly opened up. Seen from Before and Below. Os frontaie — Frontal bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 11 Frontal eminence Tuber frontale Lachrymal fossa Fossa glandulre lacrimalis External angular process Processus zygomaticus Ethmoidal notch Incisura ethmoidalis Frontal squama Squama frontalis - Orbital arch, or supra-orbital ridge Margo supra-orbitalis Orbital plate Pars orbitalis Nasal portion Pars nasalis Fig. 155. — The Two Halves of the Frontal Bone from a Hi' man Fcetus in the Eighth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from Before. Body-length of foetus 15 inches. Frontal eminence Tuber frontale Temporal crest Linea temporalis Temporal surface' Facies temporalis Orbital arch, or supra-orbital ridge Margo supra-orbitalis Frontal or metopic suture (var.) Sutura frontalis (var.) Internal table Lamina interna DipJoe Diploe Frontal sinus , Sinus frontalis' v Nasal border x Margo nasalis Nasal spine Spina frontalis Fig. 156. — The Frontal Bone of a Girl aged Seven Years in which the Frontal Sinuses have been exposed. Seen obliquely from Before and from the Right Side. Development of the Frontal Bones. 78 ////•, SKULL AND THE BONES OF Jill: SKFI.I. Crista galli Crista galli Alar process I '■' cessus alaris Sv Ethmoidal cells ',3 I Cellulse cih idales /.MtSV'i. '•■ Vertical plate Lamina perpendiculari-. Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Vertical plate Lamina perpendii ulari Crista galli Orbital plate, os planum, Crista galli \ or lamina papyracea Lamina papyrai - a *U Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea Lamina papyracea Ethmoidal cells ' Cellula; ethmoidales Middle turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis media Alar process Processus alaris Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Fig. 157. — The Ethmoid Bone seen from the Left Side Lateral mass or labyrinth of the ethmoid bone Labyrinthitis ethmoidalis Middle 1 urbinate bone of the nose ( i mi ha nasalis media Fig. 158. — The Ethmoid Bone seen from above. Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Concha suprema of the nose ( var. ) Concha nasalis suprema (var.) posterior fyga,*, .1 cells ^f@> Orifice of ethmoidal Superior turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis superior Middle turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis media Concha suprema of the nose (var.) Concha nasalis suprema (var Superior turbine bone of the nose ^i. Concha nasalis superior Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Agger nasi (rudiment of the nasoturbinal of most other mammals) . Agger nasi Ethmoidal bulla Bulla ethmoidalis Hiatus semilunaris Hiatus semilunaris Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Fig. 159. — The Left Half of the Ethmoid Bone seen from Within. Superior and Middle Turbinate Bones. Middle turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis media Fig. 160. — The Left Half of the Ethmoid Bone seen from Within. The .-interin.- portion of the middle turbinate bo The free border of the removed portion is :he nose has been removed, ated by a doited line. Concha suprema of the nose (var.) Concha nasalis suprema (var. ) Superior turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis superior Orifices of the ethmoidal cells«=^ Ethmoidal bulla— Hnlla ethmoidalis Infundtbulum (leading to frontal sinus) Infundibulum ethmoidal Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Middle turbinate bone of the nose-' Concha nasalis media Vertical plate Lamina per- pendicularis Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Alar process \Si Processus alaris ^*^i Ethmoidal ce'l ula ethmoidalis Vertical plate Laminaperpendicularis Ethmoidal cell Cellula ethmoidalis Superior turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis superior Middle turbinate bone of the nose Concha nasalis media Common meatus of nos« Meatus nasi communis Fig. 161. — The Ethmoid Bone seen from Behind and Below. Vertical Plate of the Ethmoid as Upper Part of the Bony Septum of the Nose. Fig. 162. — An Ethmoid Bone the Left Lateral Mass of which has been removed. The entire surface of the vertical plate is exposed. Os ethmoidale — Ethmoid bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 79 Lachrymal process Processus lacrimalis Ethmoidal process Processus ethmoidalis f> Ethmoidal process Processus ethmoidalis Maxillary process Processus maxillaris Fig. 163.— Inner Surface. Fig. 164.— Outer Surface. Concha Nasalis Inferior— The Inferior Turbinate Bone of the Left Side. Nasal foramen gi Foramen nasale Lachrymal crest Crista lacrimalis posterior Lachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimalis Hamular process Hamulus lacrimalis Fig. 165. — External Surface. Fig. 166. — Internal Surface. Os Lacrimale: Lachrymal Bone of the Left Side. Groove of nasal nerve Sulcus ethmoidalis Fig. 167.— Anterior Fig. 168. — Posterior Surface. Surface. Os Nasale : Nasal Bone of the Left Side. Ala? of the vome" Alae vomeris Alae of the vomer Ala3 vomeris Fig. 169.— Seen from the Left Side. Fig. 170.— Seen from Above. Vomer — The Vomer. Bones of the Nasal Region. 80 THE SKULL AND THE HONES OF THE SKULL Lachrymal border Margo lacrimalis Infra-orbital border Margo infra-orbitalis Orbital ridge -Crista lacrimalis anterior Nasal process Processus frontalis. Infra-orbital suture Sutura intra-orbitalis Infra-orbital foramen Foramen infraorbitale- Nasal notch Incisura nasalis Canine fossa -Fossa canina Anterior or facial surface— Fades anterior Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anterior •Juga alveolaria1- Lachrymal notch Incisura lacrimalis Orbital surface i i ies orbitali ■ Infra-orbital canal Canalis infra-orbitalis Infra-orbital groove Sulcus inlra-orbitalis Alveolar process Processus alveolaris' Aiveolar margin Limbus alveolaris <* Posterior dental canals Foramina alveolaria (posteriora' Tuberosity Tuber maxillare Malar process Processus zygomaticus Zygomatic surface Facies infratemporalis Body Corpus maxillae 1 Eminences corresponding in position to the fangs of the teeth tic. 171. — Left Superior Maxillary Bone: External Surface. Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Body Corpus maxillae Hiatus maxillaris Hiatus maxillaris Posterior palatine or palato- maxillary groove Sulcus pterygopalatinus Alveolar process Processus alveolaris - Alveolar margin Limbus alveolaris Frontal process Processus frontalis Agger nasi, or ethmoidal crest Crista ethmoidalis Lachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimalis Inferior turbinate crest " Crista conchalis Nasal surface — Facies nasalis Anterior nasal spine ---—"Spina nasalis anterior Palatine process Processus palatums Anterior palatine groove Canalis incisivus Fig. 172. — Left Superior Maxillary Bone : Internal Surface. View into the Maxillary Sinus, or Antrum of Highmore. Maxilla — Superior maxilla. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Si Infra-orbital canal iCanalis infra-orbitalis Anterior and middle dental foramina /foramina alveolaria (anteriora) Nasal process Processus frontalis Infra-orbital foramen Foramen infra-orbitale Dental canals Canales alveolares r Posterior dental foramina '' Foramina alveolaria (posteriora) -Dental canals Canales alveolares Alveolar margin Limbus alveolaris Body Corpus maxilla; Fig. 173. — The Left Superior Maxillary Bone. External Surface. The dental canals are exposed by partial removal of the superficial plate of bone, and their course is shown by means of bristles passed through them. Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Tuberosity Tuber maxillare Dental canals j^ Canales alveolares Agger nasi, or ethmoidal crest Crista ethmoidalis Nasal process Processus frontalis ,, Inferior turbinate crest Crista conchalis Dental canals Canales alveolares Palatine process Processus palatinus Alveolar margin Limbus alveolaris Fig. 174. — The Left Superior Maxillary Bone. Internal Surface. The foremost and the hindmost of the dental canals have been exposed by the removal of the superficial plate of bone. By means of bristles passed through the canals the situation of the respective dental foramina is indicated. Most of the inner wall of the antrum of Highmore has been cut away. Maxilla — Superior maxillary bone. 82 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF JUL SKULL Premaxilla — Os incisivum . Anterior palatine fossa (into which open the incisor foramina, or foramina of Stenson) — Foramen incisivum Incisor fissure, also known as the anterior pala- " tine or premaxillary suture— Sutura incisiva Palatine process Processus palatinus "Palatine spines "Spinas palatini' 'Palatine grooves ....-_-_'- *SuIci palatini Alveoli, or sockets of the teeth "^ Alveoli dentales Alveoli, or socketB of the teeth Alveoli denials. Interalveolar septa (juga alveolaria) Septa interalveolaria Alveolar margin Limbus alveolaris . Interalveolar septa (Juga alveolaria) Septa interalveolaria Malar process Processus zygomaticus Tuberosity Tuber maxillare Fig. 175.— The Left Superior Maxillary Bone. Seen from Below. Lachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimals , Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Sinus maxillaris Palatine process Processus palatinus' /Premaxillary suture Sutura incisiva \ Os incisivum Premaxilla Os incisivum Palatine process Processus palatinus Premaxillary suture /Sutura incisiva Fig. 176. — Seen from the Inner Side. Fig. 177. — Seen from Below. The Left Superior Maxillary Bone of a Fcetus at the End of the Sixth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Body-length, 12 inches. Lachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimalis Mamillary sinus, or . antrum of Highmci e X Sinus maxillaris Nasal surface Facies nasalis Premaxillary suture Sutura incisiva Premaxilla Os incisivum. Palatine process Processus palatinus Premaxilla Os incisivum Palatine process Processus palatinus Premaxillary suture Sutura incisiva "----■Alveolar border Limbus alveolaris Fig. 178.— -Seen from the Inner Side. Fig. 179. Seen from Below. The Left Superior Maxillary Bone of a Boy born at Full Term. Body-length, 21 inches. Maxilla — Superior maxillary bone. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 83 Sphenopalatine notch Incisure sphenopalatine ] Sphenoidal process Processus sphenoidalis \ lunoidai, or superior turbinate, crebt ■ rtical plate (internal }.njr or nasal surface) \^f ^ars perpendicularis (facies nasalis) Inferior turb nate crest amidal process, or tuberosity 'osterior accessory palatine canal Sphenopalatine notch lncisura sphenopalatine Orbital process /i irbitalis Orbital process Sphenopalatine notch IncL-ura sphenopalatina Horizontal or palate plat* Pars horizontalis Horizontal or palate plate Pars horizontalis Horizontal or palate plate Pars horizontalis Sphenoidal process Processus sphenoidalis Veitical plate (external surface) perpendicularis maxillaris) Posterior palatine or palatomaxillary groove '*- -Pyramidal pro- cess, or tuberosity pyramidalis Fig. 180. — Inner Surface. Fig. 181. — Seen from Behind. Fig. 182. — Outer Surface. Os Palatini um. — The Palate-Bone (of the Left Side). Sphenopalatine notch lncisura sphenopalatina \ Sphenoidal process Processus sphenoic" "' rtical plate (internal or nasal surface) nrs perpendicularis (facies nasalis) ramidal process, or tuberosity cessus pyramidalis lorizontal plate (inferior surface) 'ars horizontals (facies palatina) Sphenoidal process phcnoidalis Horizontal or palate plate Pars horizontalis Vertical plate Pars perpendicula A Vertical plate (external surface) Pars prrp.ndi, ul.iris (fades maxillaris) , " h V Posterior palatine or palatomaxillary groove Suli M-. pterygopalatine K — Pyramidal process, or tuberosity pyramidalis Fig. 183. — Inner Surface. Fig. 184. — Seen from Behind. Fig. 185.— Outer Surface. The Left Palate-Bone of a Boy born at Full Term. Body-length, 21 inches. Orbital orifice of the temporal canal Foramen zygomaticoorbital Orbital process (orbital surface) Lamina orbitalis (facies orbitalis) rbital border largo infra-orbiial Malar orifice of th? malar canal Foramen zygomaticofacial Marginal process (var.) Temporal orifice of the temporal canal Foramen zygomaticotemporal Body of the malar bone (malar surface) Lamina malaris (facies malaris) Body of the malar bone (temporal surface) Lamina malaris (facies temporalis) Temporal process Processus temporalis Frontal process Processus frontosphe Orbital process (temporal surface) Lamina orbitalis Wr. (facies temporalis) Accessory temporal orifice of the malar canal :n zygomaticotemporal Fig. 186. — Seen from Before. Fig. 187. — Seen from Behind. Os Zygomaticum — Malar Bone (of the Left Side). Supplementary Bones of the Upper Jaw. 84 /'//• SKI-LI, AND I III BONES OF THE SKULL External oblique line l inea obliqua \ Sigmoid notch Head of the condyle Coronoid process Incisura mandibu'se/ t apitulum mandibube i $J(- Condyle i u . condyioided Alveolar border Limbus alveolaris Alveolar process- Body of the mandible - Mental protuberance - Protuberantia mentalis Ramus of the mandible .Masseteric tuberosity Tuberositas masseterica Angle of the jaw Angulus mandibulae Mental tubercle '' Tuberculum mentale Fig. 188.— The Inferior Maxillary Bone seen from the Left Side. Mental protuberance Protuberantia mentalis >, Interalveolar septa Septa interalveolaria \;C- Mental tubercle /Tuberculum mentale / ,-r Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anterior Inferior meatus of the nose Meatus nasi inferior Transverse or posterior suture of the palate Sutura palatina transversa 2 See note to p. aS. Fig. 203.— The External Wall of the Nasal Cavity with the Turbinate Bones and the Nasal Meatus: Median Sagittal Section. Left Side. Line of detachment of the middle turbinate bone of the nose Superior turbinate bone Concha 1 tsalis superior Spheno-ethmoidal recess — Recessus spheno-ethmoidalis Sphenopalatine foramen j Foramen sphenopalatinum ' Vaginal process of sphenoid Processus vaginalis Pterygopalatine canal Canalis pharyngeus Basipharyngeal canal1 \_^s Canalis basipharyn^ us ) A Sphenoidal process Processus sphenoidalis Orbital process Processus orbitalis Vertical plate of the palate bone Pars perpendicularis ossis palatini Orifice of the maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Apertura sinus maxillaris Horizontal plate of the palate bone Pars horizontalis ossis palatini Orifice of the ethmoidal cells Frontal sinus Sinus frontalis Sulcus olfaetorius Sulcus olfaetorius Agger nasi, or ethmoidal crest Agger nasi Orifice of the frontal sinus Apertura sinus frontalis Hiatus semilunaris ~ Hiatus semilunaris infundibi h Ethmoidal bulla ' Bulla ethmoidalis Lachrymal bone — Os lacrimale Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Lachrymoturbinal suture Sutura lacrimoconchalis Lachrymal process of the inferior tur- binate bone Processus lacrimalis conebse inferioris Inferior turbinate bone Concha nasalis inferior Inferior meatus of the nose Meatus nasi inferior Palatine process of superior maxillary bone Processus palatinus maxilla? Ethmoidal process of the inferior turbinate bone Processus ethmoidalis conchas inferioris 1 See note to p. 48. Fig. 204. — The External Wall of the Nasal Cavity: Median Sagittal Section. Left Side. The middle turbinate bone of the nose has been cut away. Cavum nasi — Nasal cavity. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 91 Anterior internal orbital canal5 Foramen ethmoidale anterius Cribriform plate of the ethmoid Lamina cribrosa Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea of the ethmoid bone —Lamina papyracea Posterior internal orbital canal1 Foramen ethmoidale posterius Orbital process of the palate bone — Processus orbitalis Orifice of the sphenoidal sinus Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Sphenopalatine foramen- Foramen sphenopalatinum Sphenoidal process of the palate bone Processus sphenoidalis Sphenoidal sinus Sinus sphenoidalis Pterygopalatine canal Canalis pharyngeus Vaginal process of sphenoid Processus vaginalis Pterygospinous foramen (var.) Foramen pterygospmosum (var Pterygospinous process, or process of Civinini (var. i Pro essus pterygospinosus (Civimni) (var.) Vertical plate of the palate bone Pars perpendicularis ossis palatini I External pterygoid plate Pterygoid process ' Lamina lateralis Processus pterygoidi | Internal pterygoid plate Hamular process — Hamulus pterygoideus Posterior nasal spine — Spina nasalis posterior Horizontal plate of the palate bone — Pars horizontalis ossis palatin 1 U.S.: Posterior ethmoidal canal. Lachrymo-ethmoidal suture Sutura lacrimo-ethmoidalis Frontolachrymal suture Sutura frontolacrimalis Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrontal . Nasal spine of frontal bone Spina frontalis Groove of the nasal nerve sulcus ethmoidalis Nasal bone Os nasale Lachrymal bone— Os lacrimale Nasal process of superior maxillary bone— Processus frontalis maxilla Lachrymomaxillary suture Sutura lacrimomaxillaris Lachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimalis Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anterior Nasal surface of the superior maxillary bone Facies nasalis maxilla? Anterior palatine groove Canalis incisivus Palate process of the superior maxillary bone Processes palatinus maxilla; Orifice of the maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Hiatus maxillaris '- U.S. : Anterior ethmoidal canal. Fig. 205. — The External Wall of the Nasal Cavity after Removal of the Three Tur- binate Hones and the Lateral Mass of the Ethmoid: Median Sagittal Section. Left Side. Frontal sinus Sinus frontalis Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrontal] Foramen caecum — Foramen caecum Crista galli — Crista galli Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Nasal spine of the frontal bone Spina frontalis Bony septum of the nose — Vertical plate of the ethmoid bone Lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis ,-Rostrum of the sphenoid bone trum sphenoidale -Sphenoidal sinus V Sinus sphenoidalis Anterior nasal aperture, or apertura pyriformis Apertura piriformis Inferior turbinate bone Concha nasalis inferior Anterior nasal spine Spina nasalis anterior Anterior palatine groove and Stenson's canal Canalis incisivus Body of the sphenoid bone Corpus ossis sphenoidalis Ala of the vomer Ala vomeris The vomer Vomer Posterior nasal spine— Spina nasalis posterio Horizontal or palate plate of the palate bone 1 Pars horizontalis ossis palatini Transverse or posterior suture of the palate Nasal crest of the superior maxillary bone— Crista nasalis Palate process of the superior maxillary bone Processus palatinus maxilla; Fig. 206. — The Bony Septum of the Nose seen from the Left Side: Sagittal Section of the Facial Part of the Skull, a Little to the Left of the Median Plane. Cavum nasi — Nasal cavity. 92 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Internasal suture Sutura internasalis Superciliary ridge Arcus superciliaris Lachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimals Lachrymal bone Us lacrimale Lachrymal fossa Fossa glandulae lacrimali Superior wall, of roof, of the orbit Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea, of the ethmoid bone Lamina papyracea Orbital process of the palate bone Processus orbitalis ossis palatini Sphenomaxillary fossa Fossa pterygopalatina Foramen rotundum Foramen rotundum Pterygopalatine canal Canalis pharyngeus Pterygoid process Processus pterygoideus Vidian or pterygoid canal Canalis pteryguideus (Vidii) Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrontalis Bony septum of the nose Septum nasi osseum Frontomaxillary suture «*3?>>s. Sutura frontomaxillaris Orbital arch Margo supra-orbitalis Sphenoidal sinuses Sinus sphenoidales *Sphenoidal canaliculus1 ♦Canaliculus sphenoit Ala of the vomer Ala vomeris Ethmoidal cells Labyrinthus ethmoidalis Frontomalar suture Sutura zygomatico frontalis Sphenoidal fissure or foramen lacerum anteriu3 Fissura. orbitalis superior Superior turbinate bone Concha nasalis superior Spheno-ethmoidal recess Recessus spheno- ethmoidalis Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Fig , , -or T„ut f„r tht. following account of the *Sbhenanlal canaliculus, which is i I am indebted to Pro fessor Todt for the Jf™.^^ ins in th{ scaphoid fossa and divides accurately described neither by Quam nor by ^acalister ■ = canal while the outer opens as it ascends into two btancta, he^ mne r oT winch opens in ^ ^ & rf ^ sphenoid on the cerebral surface of the ^.J'^ °' ,e tPermed by English anatomists the foramen 0 Vesalius, bone and the foramen ovale. The outer branch is ^term y g sphenoldal branch of the otic and transmits an emissary vein: the inner orancn gives ud >« nerve —Tr ganglion, by means of which this ganglion communicates with the Vidian ner%e. 1R. -07 -By Means of a nearly Horizontal Section passing through the Centre 'of the Entrance to the Orbit, the Upper Parts of the Nasal Foss.e and of the Orbits are displayed. Seen from Below. Posteriorly the section passes thro, g ^»JS& S 2£offttSS. 1>X^J^t^1S^%SSSi1SE?S2 S.^^ffi^^t^E^? The lateral masses of the ethmoid bone (ethmo.dal labyrinths.) are divided in the horizontal plane. Cavum nasi et orbita— The nasal fossae and the orbits. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 93 Incisor foramen or foramen of Stenson Foramen incisivum Canal of the nasal duct Canalis nasolacrimalis Anterior nasai spine Spina nasalis anterior Anterior nasal aperture, or apertura pyriformis Apertura piriformis Inferior turbinate bone Concha nasalis inferior Inferior wall of the orbit Paries inferior orbita: Infra-orbital groove Sulcus infra-orbitalis J Sphenomaxillary /'■/ fissure Fissura orbitalis inferior Posterior nares Choana; Foramen rotundum Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen ovale Bony septum of the nose Septum nasi osseum Lateral crest of the septum (var.) a A Crista lateralis septi ^>;\, (var.) _ZsJ3 Maxillary sinus, or antrum of High- more Sinus maxillaris Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus sphenoidal!, Septum of the sphenoidal sinuses Septum sinuum sphenoid- alium Foramen spinosum Foramen spinosum Spinous process of the sphenoid bone Spina annularis Canaliculus inr.ominatus (var.) (transmitting * 'Sphenoidal canaliculi* th. small superficial petrosal nerve) Sphenoidal sinuses v... Lanahcuh sphenotdales ^S^^SSST b0ne SlnUSS^"°'daIeS Cana^pTigoideus (Vidii) 1 See note to p. gz. Fig. 208.— By Means of a nearly Horizontal Section in a Plane a Little above that of the Inferior Walls of the Orbits, the Lower Portions of the Nasal Foss.e and of the Orbits have been exposed. Seen from Above. Posteriorly the section passes through the sphenoidal sinuses, in this specimen exceptionally capacious. The upper orifices of the *sphenoidal canaliculus {see note to p. 92) are indicated by bristles. Cavum nasi et orbita— Nasal cavity and orbits. 94 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL Cribriform plate Lamina cribrosa Frontal sinus Sinus frontalis CTJ5V3 galll Septum of the frontal sinuses Septum sun i frontalium Foramen caecum Foramen caecum Orbital plate of the frontal bone i '» Pars orbitalis ossis \ \ frontalis \ Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea, of the ethmoid bone Lamina papyracea Vertical plate of the - ethmoid bone Lamina perpendicularis Infra-orbital groove Sulcus infra-orbitalis Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Malar bone Os zygomaticum Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Sinus maxillaris The vomer Vomer Alar process of the ethmoidbone Processus alaris ossis ethmoidal Lateral mass, or labyrinth, of the ethmoid bones Labyrinthus ethmoidalis Orbit Orbita Superior turbinate bone Concha nasalis superior Superior meatus of the nose Meatus nasi superior » Middle turbinate oone Concha nasalis media Middle meatus of the nose Meatus nasi media Inferior turbinate bone Concha nasalis inferior Inferior meatus of the nose Meatus nasi inferior Fig. 209.— By Means of a Section passing through the most Anterior Portions of Both Zygomatic Arches, the Nasal Cavity and the Orbits are divided towards their Posterior Extremities in the Frontal Plane. The anterior portion of the skull thus divided is figured from behind. The three turbinate bones of the nose and the three nasal meatus, as well as the bony septum of the nose, are seen in frontal section. The maxillary sinuses are also opened up, and the communication of these sinuses with the general cavity of the nose is to be seen above the uncinate process. Cavum nasi et orbita— Nasal cavity and orbits. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 95 Frontal sinuses Sinus frontales Anterior cranial fossa Middle turbinate bone Concha nasalis media Uncinate process Processus uncinatus Crista galli Crista galli Infra-orbital canal Canalis infra-orbitali; Orifice of the canal ^i'^iV' ' of the nasal duct Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Sinus maxillaris The vomer Vomer ^Frontal sinus Sinus frontalis Orifice of the frontal sinus Apertura sinus frontalis . Lachrymal bone Os lacrimale Vertical plate of the ethmoid bono Lamina perpendicularis Canal of the nasal duct Canalis nasolacrimalis - ,Lachrymoturbinal suture Sutura lacrimoconchalis . Inferior turbinate bone Concha nasalis inferior Fig. 210. — By Means of a Section passing vertically through the Posterior Portions of Both Lachrymal Bones, the Anterior Portion of the Nasal Cavity and of the Orbits is displayed in Frontal Section. Seen from Behind. From the right side of the anterior portion of the skull thus divided, a layer of bone a quarter of an inch in thickness has been removed by a section in a plane parallel with the first section, so as to open up the canal of the nasal duct, canalis nasolacrimalis, in its entire length. The sounds passed into the two frontal sinuses indicate the orifices of these sinuses in the nasal fossae. A third sound has been passed through the left canal of the nasal duct from the orbit into the nasal cavity. Cavum nasi et orbita — Nasal cavity and orbits. 96 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OE THE SKULL Internal auditory meatus Meatus acusticus int< Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Foramen ovale Foramen oval "Sphenoidal canaliculus1 •Canaliculus sphenoidalis Sphenomaxillary fissure Fissura orbitalis inferior Common meatus of the nose Meatus nasi communis Posterior nares Choana Bony septum of the nose Septum nasi osseum Inferior orifice of the palato- maxillary or posterior palatine canal Foramen pilatinum majus Transverse or posterior palatine suture Sutura palatina transversa Middle or median palatine suture Sutura palatina mediana Superior border of the petrous bone A 11'-:: i lus superior pyi amidis \ Cochlea Tegmen tympani Teamen tympani Tympanum [,'Cavum tympani External auditory meatus /'Meatus acusticus externus Condyle of the inferior maxillary bone Capitulum mandibular Zygomatic or infratemporal fossa Fossa intratemporalis Zygomatic arch Arcus zygomaticus Pterygoid fossa Fossa pterygoidea Hamular process Hamulus pterygoideus ♦Palatine protuberance (var.) ♦Torus palatinus (var.) Hard palate Palatum durum Anterior palatine fossa Foramen incisivum Mental tubercle Tuberculum mentale i See note to p. 92. Fig. 211.— Anterior Portion of the Skull, separated from the Posterior Portion by a Frontal Section passing through the Two External Auditory Meatus. The view from behind shows the posterior nares with the posterior border of the bony septum of the nose, the bony framework of the oral cavity, and the zygomatic fossae ; further, in frontal section, the tympanic cavities, with portions of the bony labyrinths and the internal auditory meatus. Cranium viscerale— Facial portion of the skull. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL m Anterior palatine or premaxillary suture Sutura incisiva Palate process of the superior maxillary bone Processus palatinus maxi Middle or median palatine suture Sutura palatina mediana Posterior or transverse palatine suture- Sutura palatina transversa Horizontal or palate plate of the palate bone Pars horizontalis ossis palatini Pyramidal process, or tuberosity,. of the palate bone Processus psramidalis External pterygoid plate Lamina lateralis proces- sus pterygoidei Anterior palatine fossa 1 ( >r, unen incisivum Premaxillary bone Us incisivum Alveolar border Limbus alveolaris 'Palatine spine1 *Spina palatina "Palatine grooves- *Sulci palatini Internal pterygoid plate Inferior orifice of the posterior palatine canal Foramen palatinum majus - Posterior and external accessory palatine anals Foramina palatina minora Hamular process - Hamulus pterygoideus Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei 1 In the English nomenclature palatine spine is an alternative name for the posterior nasal spine. — Tr. '- The English nomenclature recognises one palatine groove only, that running forwards on the under surface of the hard palate from the inferior orifice of the posterior palatine canal, lodging the large palatine nerve and vessels. — Tr. Fig. 212. — The Hard Palate, Palatum Durum, with the Alveolar Process of the Superior Maxillary Pone, removed by a Section passing horizontally through both Superior Maxillary Bones above the Floor of the Nasal Foss.e. Seen from Below. Incisor foramina, or foramina of StensenN Foramen incisivum Anterior nasal spine •Spina nasalis anterior Prenasal forsa (var.) Fossa pramasalis (var.) Palate process of the superior maxillary bone Processus palatinus maxilla; Vertical plate of the palate bone Pars perpendicularis ossis palatini Pyramidal process, or tuberosity, of the palate bone Processus pyramidalis External pterygoid plate -' Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei Hamular process— Hamulus pterygoide Nasal crest of the superior maxillary bone Crista nasalis Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Sinus maxillaris Malar process Processus zygomaticus Posterior or transverse palatine suture Sutura palatina transversa Posterior palatine or palato- maxillary canal Canalis pterygopalatinus Accessory palatine canal Canalis palatinus Internal pterygoid plate Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei Pterygoid fossa Fossa pterygoidea Fig. 213.— The Floor (Inferior Wall) of the Nasal Fossae with the Maxillary Sinuses lying on Either Side, shown by Means of a Horizontal Section through the Superior Maxillary Bones. Seen from Above. Cranium viscerale — Facial portion of the skull. 98 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THl SKULL Superior wall of the orbit Orbital arch Trochlear spine (var, Spina i"" bl< ai Frontomaxillary suture Sutura frontomaxillaris Nasofrontal suture Sutura nasofrt mtalis Lachrymo-ethmoidal suture Sutura. lacrimo-ethmoidalis Lachrymal crest of the lachrymal bone ( 'rista lacrimalis postei ior Orbital ridge of the superior mixillary bone Crista lacrimals anterior / Internal wall of the orbit k Lachrymal groove Fossa sacci lacrimalis Hamular process of the lachrymal bone Hamulus lacrimalis Inferior wall of the orbit Lachrymomaxillary suture ' Sutura lacrimomaxillans Frontolachrymal suture Sutura frontolacrimalis Anterior internal orbital canal1 iteriu . Fronto-ethmoidal suture — Sutura fronto ethmoidalis Posterior Internal orbital canal terius Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea of the ethmoid bone- Lamina papyracea t Optic foramen Foramen opticum Spheno-ethmoidal suture Sutura spbeno-etbmoidalis Orbital process of the palate bone orbitalis ossis palatini Palatomaxillary suture Sutura palatomaxillaris - Sphenomaxillary fossa terygopalatina Infra-orbital groove Sulcus infra-orbitalis < y Infra-orbital margin / Margo infra-orbitalis Infra-orbital foramen Foramen infra-orbitale 1 U.S.: Anterior ethmoidal canal. Ethmoidomaxillary suture Sutura ethmoideomaxillaris 1 Malar bone Os zygomaticum U.S.: Posterior ethmoidal canal. Fig. 214. — Internal Portion of the Left Orbit, shown by the Removal of the External Wall. Seen from the Left Side. Orbital plate of Pars orbitalis 1 frontal frontali: Sphenoidal fissure Fissura orbitalis superior Sphenoidal foramen Apertura sinus sphenoidalis, Sphenoidal sinus Sinus sphenoidalis % Sphenopalatine foramen Foramen sphenopalatinum Orifice of the maxillary sinus Hiatus maxillaris Superior wall of the orbit Orbital arch— Margo supra-orbitalis Lachrymal fossa ' Fossa glandular lacrimalis Spheno-orbital suture -Sutura spheno-orbitalis . Orbital surface of the great wing Facies orbitalis alas magnae External wall of the orbit Entrance to the orbit— Aditus orbita; Sphenomalar suture Sutura sphenozygomatica Orbital surface of the malar bone Lamina orbitalis ossis zygomalici Sphenomaxillary fissure Fissura orbitalis inferior ""--.Infra-orbital margin Margo infra-orbitalis Infra-orbital foramen Foramen infra-orbitale Inferior wall of the orbit ' Paries inferior orbitse Lachrymal groove Sulcus lacrimalis Fig. 215. — External Portion of the Left Orbit, shown by the Removal of the Internal Wall of the Orbit and of a Portion of the Superior Maxillary Bone in a longitudinally hemisected Skull. Orbita— The orbits. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 99 Uncinate process of the ethmoid bone Processus uncinatus ossis ethmoidals j Inferior wall of the orbit Paries inferior orbita? Infra-orbital foramen Foramen infra-orbitale Maxillary process of the inferior turbinate bone Processus maxillaris concha; nasalis Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore Body of the superior maxillary bone Corpus maxillae Alveolar process Orifice of the maxillary sinus 1 liatus maxillaris Orbital process of the palate bone I i isus orbitalis ossis palatini Sphenomaxillary fossa Fossa pterygopalatina Maxillary process of the palate bone Processus nasalis ossis palatini Tuberosity of the superior maxillary bone Tuber maxillare Fig. 216. — The Left Maxillary Sinus, or Antrum of Highmore, shown by the Removal of the External Wall of the Body of the Superior Maxillary Bone and the Malar Bone. Seen from the Left Side. Lesser wing— Ala parva Orbital plate of the frontal bone J Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea, of the ethmoid bone Lamina papyracea Palato-ethmoidal suture Sutura palato. ethmoidals Orbital process of the palate bone Processus orbitalis ossis palatini Orbital surface of the superior maxillary bone — Facies orbitalis maxilla' Sphenopalatine foramen Foramen sphennpalatinuni Infra orbital groove _. Sulcus infra-orbitalis Sphenomaxillary fossa" Fossa pterygopalatina Vertical plate of the palate bone Pars perpendicularis ossis palatini Posterior palatine or palatomaxillary canal — Canalis pterygopalatine Posterior dental canal Foramen alveolare (posterius Zygomatic surface of the superior maxillary bone Facies infratemporalis maxillae Optic foramen Foramen opticum Sphenoethmoidal suture / Sutura spheno-ethmoidalis . Foramen rotundum ' Foramen rotundum "Sphenoidal canaliculus1 •Canaliculus sphenoidalis Lingula of the sphenoid tone ''Lingula sphenoidalis Vidian or pterygoid canal Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii) Sphenomaxillary surface Facies sphenomaxillaris - Pterygomaxillary fissure Fiss'jra pterygomaxillaris External pterygoid plate Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei Pyramidal process, or tuberosity, of th.6 palate bone Processus pyramidalis Hamular process Hamulus pterygoideus See note to p. 92. Fig. 217. — The Left Sphenomaxillary Fossa, shown by Removal of the Malar Bone, the Temporal Bone, and the Great Wing of the Sphenoid Bone. Seen from the Left Side. A sound has been passed through the Vidian canal, and another through the *sphenoidal canaliculus1 (exceptionally large in this specimen). Sinus maxillaris — Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore. — Fossa pterygopalatina — Spheno- maxillary fossa. 13—2 100 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OK THE SKULL Coronal or frontoparietal suture Sutura coronali i Parietal eminence Tuber parietale Interparietal bone (var.)1 Os interparietale (Os incae) [var.] Sagittal or interparietal suture Sutura sagittalis Parietal foramen Foramen parietale Lambdoid or occipitoparietal suture Sutura lambdoidea Interparietal plane 1'lanum occipitale Fig. 218.— A Large Wormian Bone in the Uppermost Part of the Lambdoid Suture. Sagittal or interparietal suture Sutura sagittalis -Parietal foramen Foramen parietale Wormian bones Ossa suturarum (var ) Lambdoid or occipitoparietal suture Sutura lambdoidea Transverse suture of the occipital bone (var.)1 Sutura occipitalis transversa (var.) Parietomastoid suture - Sutura parietomastoidea Occipitomastoid suture _ Sutura occipitomastoidea -Upper portion of squama occipitalis1 Torus occipitalis transversus (var.) Torus occipitalis (var.) Nuchal plane I'lanum nuchab Fig. 219. — Transverse Subdivision of the Squama Occipitalis. Several Wormian Bones in the Lambdoid Suture. 1 See note to p. 57. Ossa suturarum — Wormian bores. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 101 (Full) Height of i,he cranium (Ganze) Hohe des Hirnschadels " Profile l'rofillinie " Ear-height " Ohrhbhe "Face-height' Gesichtshohe Horizontal length of the cranium Gerade Lange des Hirnschadels „ Greatest length of the cranium Grosste Lange des Hirnschadels German horizontal Deutsche Horizontale Fig. 220. — Side- View of the Skull: Norma Lateralis. Narrowest transverse measure- ment of forehead Kleinste Stirnbreite Zygomatic width. Jochbreite \ /nf Greatest width of the cranium Grosste Breite des Hirnschadels Vertical height of the orbital orifice Senkrechte Hohe des Augenhohlen einganges \ Horizontal width of the orbital orifice , Horizontale Breite des Augenhohleneinganges Face-width according to Virchow Gesichtsbreite nach Virchow Narrowest transverse measurement of forehead Kleinste Stirnbreite Greatest height of the orbital orifice Grbsste Hohe des Augen- hohleneinganges Greatest width of the orbital orifice Grosste Breite des Augen- hohleneinganges . Zygomatic width Jochbreite Greatest width of the anterior nasal aperture Grosste Breite der Nasen bffnung Fig. 221. — Skull seen from Above Norma Verticalis. Fig. 222. -Front View of the Skull: Norma Frontalis. Translator's Note. — The above measurements do not fully correspond with those used by English craniologists. For this reason a purely literal translation of the German terms has been given. The Principal Measurements of the Skull. 102 THE SKULL AND THL BONES OF THE SKULL Second visceral cleft Third or thyrohyoid visceral arch iSsrrlcal sinus Sinus cervicalis Upper extremity Extremitas supei i n Second or hyoid visceral arch Auditory pit First visceral cleft Mandibular process -, Qf ^ ^ ^ mamUbu]ar ^^ ^ch Maxillary process I Primary optic vesicle Olfactory pit Rudiment of tl> 3 heart Lower extremity Extremitas inferior Umbilical duct Ductus omphalo-entericus j Umbilical vesicle Vesicula umbilicalis Fig. 223. — Human Embryo, Four Weeks old. The umbilical vesicle has been opened. Parietal bone Os parietale Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis Membranous portion of the primordial cranium Pars membranacea cranii primordialis intermembranous part of the supra-occipital portion of the occipital bone1 Pars intermembranacea squamae occipitalis 1 erlor semicircular canal— Canals -.emicircularis superior Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis Intercartilaginous part of the supra-occipital portion of the occipital bone1 Pars intercartilaginea squama? occipitalis Primitive cartilage of the petrous portion of the temporal bone Centre of ossification for the lateral portion of the occipital bone (exoccipital)1 Centre of ossification for the basilar portion of the occipital bone (basi-occipital)1 1 See note to p. 57. Fig. 224. — The Left Half of the Skull of a Human Fcetus at the End of the Fourth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from Within. The Cartilaginous Portion of the Primordial Cranium (Chondrocranium) is coloured Blue. Body-length, 4^ inches. Membranous portion of the primordial cranium Pars membranacea cranii primordialis /Greater wing \ / Ala magna Squamous portion of the frontal bone Squama frontalis Centre of ossification for the lesser wing Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium Pars cartdaginea cranii primordialis (Planum sphenoidale) Nasal bone Os nasale , Septum of the nose Septum nasi Hard palate— Palatum durum The vomer Vomer Development of the Skull. THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 103 Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis Cartilaginous bar of the hyoid or second visceral arch (primitive cartilage of the styloid process) Cartilaginous bar of the mandibular or first visceral arch (Meckel's cartilage) The malleus Malleus Tympanic ring Annulus tympanicus Fig. 225.— The Squamous Portion of the Temporal Bone, the Tympanic Membrane with the Malleus, the Incus, and Meckel's Cartilage, from a Human Foetus in the First Haif of the Fifth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from Within. Body-length, 5^ inches. Squamous portion of the temporal bone Squama temporalis Membranous portion of the primordial cranium Pars membranacea cranii primordialis Greater wing Ala magna Squamous portion of the frontal bone Squama frontalis Cartilaginous bar of the mandibular or first visceral arch (Meckel's cartilage) Cartilaginous bar of the hyoid or second visceral arch (styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, and small cornu of the hyoid bone) Maxilla Maxilla Mandible Mandibula Primitive cartilage of the hyoid bone Knorpelanlage des Os hyoicleum _ .:. . ' Primitive cartilage of the petrous portion Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium of the temporal bone Pars cartilaginea cranii primordiali Knorpelanlage der Pars petrosa 1 See note to p. 57. Fig. 226.— The Skull of a Human Fcetus in the Middle of the Fifth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from the Left Side and Below. Body length, 6^ inches. The cartilaginous bars of the viscerai arches are displayed, and these, together with the cartilaginous portion oi the primordial cranium, are coloured blue. Part of the cartilage of the left side ol the inferior maxilla has been removed in order to la, bare a 1 onion of Meckel's cartilage which lies beneath it. Tympanic ring Annulus tympanicus Intermembranous part of the supra-occipital portion ot ohe occipital bone1 Pars intermembranacea squama; occipitalis Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium Pais cartilaginea cranii primordialis Intracartilaginous part of the supra-occipital portion of the occipital bone1 Pars intracartilaginea squamae occipitalis __ Foramen magnum Foramen occipitale magnum 7, "^Lateral portion of the occipital bone (exoccipital }' Pars lateralis ossis occipitalis Basilar portion of the occipital bone (basi-occipital)1 Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis Fig. 227. — The Dried Skull of a Human Fcetus in the Middle of the Fourth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Body-length, 3$ inches. Fig. 228. — The Dried Skull of a Human Fcetus at the End of the Sixth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Body-length, nj inrhes. Development ol the Skull. 104 111/: SKULL AND THE BONUS OF THE SKULL Anterolateral fontanelle Fonticulus sphenoidal is Tympanic ring Annulus tympanicus Occipital plane, or interparietal portion of the occipital bone Planum occipitale Transverse suture of the occipital bone1 Sutura mendosa Posterolateral fontanelle iculus mastoideus Base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone Pyramis (basis) Lateral portion of the occipital bone (exoccipital)1 Pars lateralis ossis occipitalis Fig. 229.— The Dried Skull of an Infant born at Full Term. Seen from the Left Side. Body-length, 2oh inches. In the anterolateral fontanelle there remains part of the membranous portion of the primordial cranium (membrane of the fontanelle) ; in the posterolateral fontanelle there remains part of the rami Lginous portion of the primordial cranium. Anterior fontanelle Fonticulus frontalis (major) Posterior fontanelle Fonticulus occipitalis (minor) Frontal eminence Tuber frontale Parietal eminence Tu her parietale Supra-occipital portion of the occipital bone1 Squama occipitalis Fig. 230.— The Dried Skull of an Infant born at Full Term. Seen from Above. Body-length, 20J inches. In the anterior and in the posterior fontanelle there remain parts of the membranous portion of the primordial cranium. 1 See note to p. 57. Develonment of the Skull, SKELETON EXTREMITATUM, SUPERIORIS ET INFERIORIS THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES (THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON) 106 THE AVl'ENDlCULAk SKELETON The clavicle, or collar-bone Clavicula The humerus, or arm bone Humerus The ulna- Ulna The radius_ Radius The interosseous space of the forearrr- Spatium interosseum antibrachii The first metacarpal bone (the metacarpal - bone of the thumb) Os metacarpale primum (pollicis) The phalanges of the thumb _^- Phalanges pollicis ..The shoulder girdle Cingulum extremitatis superioris The scapula, or shoulder blade "Scapula The bones of the forearm Ossa antibrachii The carpus Carpus The metacarpuB -Metacarpus The phalanges of the fingers Phalanges digitorum Fig 231. — The Skeleton of the Upper Extremity. Skeleton extremitatis superioris — The skeleton of the upper extremity. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 107 The innominate or hip bone Os coxse The femur, or thigh-bone Femur The tibia, or shin-bone Tibia The fibula, or peroneal bone Fibula The interosseous space of the leg_ Spatium interosseum cruris >. The pelvic girdle Cingulum extremitatis inferioris The patella, rotula, knee-cap, or knee-pan Patella The bones of the loj? Ossa cruris The tarsus Tarsus The metatarsus Metatarsus The phalanges of the toes Phalanges digitorum pedis* V. The first metatarsal bone (the metatarsal bone of the great toe) Os metatarsale primum (hallucis) The phalanges of the great toe Phalanges hallucis Fig. 232. — The Skeleton or the Lower Extremity. Skeleton extremitatis inferioris — The skeleton of the lower extremity. 14—2 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY The scapula Scapula The glenoid fossa Cavitas glenoidali The acromion Acromion The acromioclavicular joint Articulatio acromio- clavicularis The manubrium Manubrium sterni" The clavicle Clavicula The sternoclavicular joint Articulatio sternoclavicularis Fig. 233.— The Shoulder-Girdle and its Relation to the Thorax. Seen from Above. The clavicle Clav'cula The first rib Costa I. The scapula (pos- terior surface, or dorsum) Scapula (facies dorsalis) The acromion Acromion eighth intercostal space urn intercostale VIII. \The twelfth dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis XII Fig. 234. — The Shoulder-Girdle and its Relation to the Thorax. Seen from Behind. Cingulum extremitatis superioris — The shoulder-girdle. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 109 Acromial or scapular- extremity Extreraitas acromialis Sternal extremity Extremitas sternalis Fig. 235.— The Right Clavicle seen from Above. Acromial facet Facies articularis acromialis Nutrient foramen \ Foramen nutricium Trapezoid line (orridge) Tuberositas coracoidea Conoid tubercle Fig. 23 .—The Right Clavicle seen from Below. Costal tuberosity, or rhomboid impression Tuberositas costalis ■Sternal facet Facies articularis ster- nalis Costal tuberosity, or rhomboid impression Tuberositas costalis Sternal facet Facies articularis sternalis Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Epiphysis Epiphysis Fig. 237.— Sternat Kxtpemity of the Right Clavicle of a Female aged Twenty Years, with a Sternal Epiphysis. Seen from Before. Clavicula The clavicle. 110 THE SKELETON OF Till: UPPER EXTREMITY Clavicular facet /Facies articularis acromii Suprascapular notch lira scapula' , Superior border— Margo superior Superior angle " Angulus medialis Coracoid process Processus cora- coideus Glenoid fossa Cavitas glenoidalis 'Oblique lines for the attachment of the tendinous intersections of the sub3capularis muscle •Lineae musculares Subscapular fossa II Vertebral border, or base Axillary border Margo axillaris 0 S t a I i S Anterior surface, or venter / Acromion Acromion Superior angle Superior angle -*. Angulus medialis /■]! Acromial angle Infraspinous fossa- Fossa infraspinata SEEN FROM BEFORE. Acromion Acromion Acromial angle Neck of the scapula ("anatomical neck ") . Collum scapulas External angle Angulus lateralis Infraspinous fossa Fossa infraspinata Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process /Processus coracoideus Supraglenoid tubercle Tuberositas supra- glenoidalis — Glenoid fossa Cavitas glenoidalis Infraglenoid tubercle Tuberositas infra- glenoidalis Posterior surface or dorsum Vertebral border Margo vertebrali Axillary border Margo axillaris Fig. 240.— The Right Scapula seen from the Outer or Axillary Aspect. Inferior angle Angulus inferior Fig. 239. — The Right Scapula seen from Behind. Scapula— The shoulder-blade THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 111 Centre of ossification for the coracoid process Centre of ossification for the uppermost portion of the ... glenoid fossa (Subooracoitl bone) Cartilaginous acromion Primary osseous portion of the scapula Rudimentaryi cartilage Cart laginous acromion Fig. 241. — In the Fifth Fig. 242. — In the Second Fig. 243. — In the Fifteenth Month of Intra-uterine Life (Months of Four Weeks Each). Secondary epiphysis at the tip of the coracoid process \ Year of Life. Subcoracoid bone Os infracoracoideum Year of Life. . Acromial epiphysis Secondary epiphysis on the base of the coracoid process Cartilage at the inferior angle and along the vertebral border Fig, 244. — In the Seventeenth Year of Life. _J5^ Epiphysis at the 52S _ inferior angle Fig. 245. — In the Nineteenth Year of Life. Development of the Scapula. 112 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Great tuberosity Tuberculum majus --- Bicipital groove Sulcus intertubercularis — Outer margin of bicipital groove (pectoral ridge) Crista tuberculi majoris Outer or antero-external surface Facies anterior lateralis Deltoid eminence Tuberositas deltoidea Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Inner or antero-internal surface Facies anterior medialis Outer border Margo lateralis A Head of the humerus /Caput humeri Head of the humerus Caput humeri Anatomical neck Cull mn anatomicum - Small tuberosity Tuberculum minus Inner margin of the bicipital groove Crista tuberculi minoris Great tuberosity I Tuberculum majus Small tuberosity Tuberculum minus ig. 248.— Proximal (Upper) Extremity of the Right Humerus seen from Above. Trochlea Q Trochlea humeri J3 Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani Internal condyle Epicondylus mediali Fig. 249. — Distal (Lower) Extremity of the Right Humerus seen from Below. \ Inner border Margo medialis Radial fossa Fossa radialis External condyle , Epicondylus lateralis Capitellum Capitulum humeri ' Coronoid fossa - Fossa coronoidea Internal condyle '" Epicondylus medialis ,. Internal condyle I- Epicondylus -. Trochlea medialis Trochlea humeri Groove of the ulnar nerve Sulcus nervi ulnaris Fig. 246. — The Right Humerus seen from before. Anatomical neck ' Collum anatomicum Great tuberosity Tuberculum majus Surgical neck Collum chirurgicum Posterior surface Facies posterior Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Deltoid eminence Tuberositas deltoidea Spiral groove Sulcus nervi radialis Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani External condyle Epicondylus lateralis "■ Trochlea Trochlea humeri Fig. 247. — The Right Humerus seen from Behind. Humerus— The humerus. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 113 Centre of ossifica- tion in the head of the humerus Centre of ossification in the head of the humerus Small tuberosity /Tuberculum minus Great tuberosity Tuberculum maju.; Centre of ossification in the head of the humerus Centre of ossifi- cation in the great tuberosity Fig. 250. — From a Girl aged Four Months. Fig. 251. — From a Boy aged Two Years. Fig. 252. — From a Boy aged Three Years (Horizontal Section.) The Centres of Ossification of the Proximal Extremity of the Humerus Common epiphysis of the proximal extremity Epiphysis proximalis communis Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Common epiphysis of the proximal extremity Epiphysis proximalis communis Remnant of the epiphysial disc Fig. 253. — From a Boy aged Fig. 254. — From a Girl aged Thirteen Years. Nineteen Years. The Common Epiphysis of the Proximal Extremity of the Humerus. Centre of ossification in the capitellum of the humerus Fig. 255. — From a Boy aged Two and a Half Years. Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani Centre of ossification of the internal condyle Centre of ossification of the trochlea C:ntre of ossification of the capitellum Fig. 256. — From a Boy aged Thirteen Years. Common epiphysis of the distal extremity Epiphysis distalis 3/4 communis Fig. 257. — From a Boy aged Seventeen Years. The Epiphyses of the Distal Extremity of the Humerus. Development of the Humerus. 15 114 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Great sigmoid cavity 1 in i iura semilunaris Olecranon i ili i ram ■" Coronoid process Processus coronoideus Small sigmoid cavity In., isura i. nil, ih i Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulnae Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium External or interosseous border Crista interossea Anterior surface Fades volaris Articular circumference Circumferentiaarticularis Styloid process Processus styloideus Fig. 258. — Anterior Aspect Great sigmoid cavity In 1 iui il semilunaris Coronoid process . 1 . 1 - . 1 1 1 1 1 1 l.ir Small sigmoid cavity In. isura null, ills Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulnae Supinator ridge Crista m. supinatoris External or inter- osseous border Crista interossea Posterior surface Facies dorsalis Fig. 259. — Posterior Aspect. The Ulna of the Right Side. Fig. Head of the ulna Capitulum ulnae Articular circumference Circumferentia articularis Styloid process Processus styloideus -External Aspect. Anterior border Margo volaris Internal surface Facies medialis ' Posterior border Margo dorsalis Posterior surface Facies dorsalis Interosseous borders Crista interossea Anterior surface Facies volaris Ulna Anterior surface Facies volaris Anterior border Margo volaris External surface Facies lateralis Posterior border Margo dorsalis Posterior surface Facies dorsalis Radius Fig 261.— Transverse (Horizontal) Section through the Middle of the Ulna and the Radius, with the Interosseous Membrane, in Supination. Ossa antibrachii— The bones of the forearm. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 115 Head of the radius . Capitulum radii Neck of the radius Collum radii Articular circumference Circumferentia articulari Anterior border Margo volaris Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Internal or interos- seous border Crista interossea Anterior surface Fades volaris Styloid process 1'rocessus styloideus . Fig. 262. — Anterior Aspect. Fig. 263. — Posterior Aspect. Fig. 2G4. The Radius of the Right Side. Articular circumference Circumferentiaarticularis Neck of the radius Collum radii Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii Anterior surface Facies volaris Posterior surface Facies dorsalis Internal or interosseous border Crista interossea Sigmoid cavity, or ulnar articular surface Incisura ulnaris Carpal articular surface /„ Facies articularis carpea -Internal Aspect. Olecranon Olecranon Great sigmoid cavity Incisura semilunaris ulnas Articular surface for the capitellum of the humerus Fovea capituli radii Articular circumference Circumferentia articularis Styloid process of the radius Processus styloideus radii Fig. 265. — The Proximal Extremities of the Bones of the Right Fore- arm seen from Above. Carpal articular surface Facies articularis carpea Styloid process of the ulna Processus styloideus ulnae Fig. 266. — The Distal Extremities of the Bones of the Right Forearm seen from Below. Ossa antibrachii — The bones of the forearm. 15—2 116 ///; SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii Nutrient foramina Foramina nutricia " Radius (anterior surface) Radius (fades volaris) Interosseous space of tb.3 forearm Spatium interosseum antibrachii Ulna (anterior surface) Ulna (fades volaris) Ulna (anterior surface) Ulna (fades volaris) Radius (external surface) Radius (fades lateralis) Fig. 267. — The Bones of the Righ'j Forearm, in Supination. Radius (posterior surface) Radius (fades dorsalis) Fig. 268. — The Bones of the Right Forearm, in Pronation. The Bones of the Forearm in Supination and Pronation. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 117 Centres of ossification in the olecranon Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulnae Double epiphysis of the olecranon in the act of uniting with the shaft Fig. 269. — From a Boy aged Thirteen Years. The Development of the Epiphysis of the Proximal Extremity of the Ulna Fig. 270.— From a Boy aged Seventeen Years. Centre of ossification in the head of the ulna Fig. 271. — From a Girl aged Six Years. Epiphysis of the head of the ulna in the act of uniting with the shaft Fig. 272. — From a Young Man aged Nineteen Years. The Development of the Epiphysis of the Distal Extremity of the Ulna. Centre of ossification in the head of the radius LiSH Epiphysis of the head of the radius in the act of uniting with the shaft Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii Fig. 273. — From a Boy aged Five Years. Fig. 274.— From a Boy aged Seventeen Years. The Development of the Epiphysis of the Proximal Extremity of the Radius. Centre of ossification in the distal extremity of the radius Distal epiphysis of the radius in the act of uniting with the shaft Fig. 275. — From a Girl aged Fig. 276. — From a Young Man aged Two Years. Nineteen Years. The Development of the Epiphysis of the Distal Extremity of the Radius. Development of the Bones of the Forearm. 118 THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Concavity of the carpus Sulcus carpi Tuberosity of the scaphoid bone Tuberculum ossis navicularis •Radial ridge of the carpus v ' I'.minintia carpi radialis Ridge or tuberosity of the trapezium Tuberculum ossis multanguli may The carpus Carpus Pisiform bone Os pisiforme *Ulnar ridge of the carpus "' *Eminentia carpi ulnaris Unciform process of the unciform bone Hamulus ossis hamati Sesamoid bones Ossa sesamoidea The metacarpus Metacarpus Sesamoid bone Os sesamoideum Phalanges of the thumb (" first Phalanges pollicis (digiti I Phalanges of the index (second) finger (or forefinger) Phalanges indicis (digiti II.) Phalanges of the middle (third) finger Phalanges digiti medii (III.) Phalanges of the little (fifth) finger Phalanges digiti minimi (V.) ,\j7 j Phalanges of the ring (fourth) finger Phalanges digiti annularis (IV. } Fig. 277.— Palmar Aspect of the Skeleton of the Right Hand (Facies Volaris). Skeleton manus— The skeleton of the hand. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 119 Lunar (or semilunar) bone Os lunatum i Pyramidal or cuneiform bone Os triquetrum Pisiform bone Os pisiforme Scaphoid bone Os naviculare Unciform bone Us hamatum Metacarpal bones (second tc fifth) Ossa metacarpaha II — V Proximal or first phalanges of the fingers (second to fifth) Phalanx prima digitorum II.— V. Medial or second phalanges of the fingers (second to fifth) Phalanx secunda digi- torum II — V Os magnum, or capitate bone Os capitatum Trapezoid bone ..- " Os multangulum minus Trapezium Os multangulum majus Metacarpal bone of the thumb ("first finger") Os metacarpale pollicis (digiti I.) Proximal or first phalanx of the thumb Phalanx prima pollicis Distal or second phalanx of the thumb Phalanx secunda pollicis Ungual, terminal, or third phalanges of the fingers (second to fifth) Phalanx tertia digitorum II. — V. Fig. 278. — Dorsal Aspect of the Bones of the Right Hand sern from the Dorsal Side (Facies Dorsalis). Skeleton manus — The skeleton of the hand. 120 Dorsal transverse ridge Articular facet for the os magnum Articular facet for the lunar bone THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY „ Articular facet for the radius . Dorsal transverse ridge for ligaments Tuberosity of the scaphoid Tuberositas Articular facet for the trapezoid bone Articular facet for the trapezium Fig. 279.— Distal Aspect. Fig. 280.— Posterior Aspect. Os Naviculare Manus — The Right Scaphoid Bone. Posterior surface-. Articular facet for the scaphoid bone Articular facet for the os magnum Articular facet for the radius Articular facet for the os magnum Articular facet for the ., unciform bone Articular facet for jjg't'jo,,,; , the pyramidal or cuneiform bone Palmar surface Fig. 282. — Ulnar Aspect. Fig. 281. — Radial Aspect. Os Lunatum — The Right Lunar (or Semilunar) Bone. Posterior surface Articular facet for the unciform bone Articular facet for the lunar bone Articular facet for the pisiform bone Fig. 283.— Radial Aspect. Fig. 284.— Palmar Aspect. Os Triquetrum — The Right Pyramidal or Cuneiform Bone. V. Articular facet for the pyramidal or cuneiform bona Fig. 285. — Palmar Aspect. Fig. 286.— Posterior Aspect. Os Pisiforme — The Right Pisiform Bone. Lunar (or semilunar) bone Os lunatum Pyramidal or cuneiform bone Os triquetrum Pisiform bone Os pisiforme Unciform bone Os hamatum Os magnum, or capitate bone Os capitatum Scaphoid bone -Os naviculare Central bone of the carpus (var. ) - Os centrale carpi (var.) Trapezoid bone Os multangulum minus Trapezium Os multangulum majus Fig. 287. The Posterior Aspect of the Right Carpus, containing an Os Centrale. Ossa carpi— The bones of the carpus : first, superior, or proximal row. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 121 Articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Groove for the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle Posterior surface Saddle-shaped articular facet for the metacar- pal bone of the thumb Tuberosity or rid Tuberculum Articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Articular facet for the trapezoid bone Articular facet for the scaphoid bone Fig. 288.— Distal Aspect. Fig. 289.— Ulnar Aspect. Os Mtjltangulum Majus — The Right Trapezium. Articular facet for the os . magnum or capitate bone Articular facet for the scaphoid bone Radial articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Ulnar articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Posterior surface Articular facet for the scaphoid bone Articular facet for trapezium Fig. 290. — Ulnar Aspect. Fig. 291. — Radial Aspect. Os Multangulum Minus — The Right Trapezoid Bone. Head Caput Posterior surface Articular facet for the trapezoid bone Anterior surface Articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Articular facet for the third metacarpal bone Articular facet for the unciform bone Articular facet for the third metacarpal bone Fig. 292. — Radial Aspect. Fig. 293. — Ulnar Aspect. Os Capitatum — The Right Os Magnum or Capitate Bone. Posterior surface -— Articular facet for the fourth metacarpal bone Articular facet for the fifth- - metacarpal bone Articular facet for the os magnum „ or capitate bone Unciform process Articular facet for the lunar (or semilunar I bone Articular facet for the pyra- midal or cuneiform bone Unciform process Fig. 294.— Distal Aspect. Fig. 295.— Proximal Aspect. Os Hamatum— The Right Unciform Bone. Ossa carpi — The bones of the carpus : second, inferior, or distal row. [6 122 77/A- SKELETON OE THE Ul'I'EK I XTREMITY Articular facets for the third metacarpal bone Articular facet for the fourth metacarpal bone Fifth metacarpal bone Os metacarpale V. Depressions for the attach- ment of the lateral ligaments Articular facet for the second metacarpal bone Articular facet for the trapezium Base, or carpal extremity fBa is Saddle-shaped articular facet for the trapezium Metacarpal bone of the thumb Os metacarpale pollicis ^Head, or phalangeal extremity Capitulum III II Fig. 296. — Radial Aspect of the Five Metacarpal Bones of the Right Hand Articular facets for the fourth metacarpal bone Styloid process of the third metacarpal bone Processus styloideus Articular facet for the os magnum or capitate bone Articular facet for the third metacarpal bone Saddle-shaped articular facet for the trapezium Metacarpal bone of the thumb Os metacarpale pollicis Articular facet for the fifth metacarpal bone '' Base, or carpal extremity Basis Tuberosity of the fifth metacarpal bone Tuberositas ossis metacarpalis V. Shaft, or body Corpus Depressions for the attach- ment of the lateral ligaments Head, or phalangeal extremity Capitulum Fig. 297. — Ulnar Aspect of the Five Metacarpal Bones of the Right Hand. Proximal extremity Basis Ungual process Tuberositas unguicularis •Trochlea Proximal 'Trochlea •Trochlea ^f™117 "Trochlea Posterior surface extremity Head, or phalangeal Shaft, or body | . Fades dorsalis ,Basis extremity, of the Corpus. J ___-=^—^- 7 ~ — "^^sa, y^9 — ^l»te-™ metacarPal bone Ws*A ff '^ 'jif^ Capitulum ossis f WbA I £ »sP metacarpalis 11 ^^^^ 1 NSjI Fig. 298. — Radial Aspect of the Bones of the Right Index Finger (Margo Radialis Digiti Secundi). The Metacarpal Bones of the Hand and the Phalanges of the Fingers. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 123 Unciform bone Os hamatum Os magnum, or capitate bone Os capitatum Lunar (or semilunar) bone Os lunatum Unciform bone, Os hamatum Os magnum, or capitate bone . Os capitatum Scaphoid bone Os naviculare Trapezium Os multangulum majus Fig. 299. — In the Second Year of Life. Centres of Ossification of the Carpus (Sections parallel to the Posterior Surface). Fig. 300. — In the Seventh Year of Life. Centre of ossification in the head of the meta- carpal bone Centres of ossification in the proximal extremities of the phalanges Epiphysis of the head of the metacarpal bone Epiphyses of the 1 proximal extremities of the phalanges Fig. 301. — Middle Finger in the Second Year of Life. Fig. 302. — Middle Finger in the Seventh Year of Life. Centre of ossification in the base of the meta- carpal bone of the thumb Centres of ossification in the proximal extremities of the phalanges Epiphysis of the proximal extremity in the act of uniting with the shaft Epiphysis of the h3ad of the metacarpal bone Epiphysis of the proxi mal extremity of the metacarpal phalanx Epiphysis of the proxi- mal extremity of the medial phalanx _ Epiphysis of the proximal extremity of the ungual phalanx Fig. 304. — Bones of the Thumb in the Fourth Year of Life. Fig. 305. — Metacarpal Bone of the Thumb in the Eighteenth Year of Life. Vi Fig. 303. — Epiphyses of the Bones of the Middle Finger in the Act of uniting with the Shafts: Seventeenth Year of Life. Development of the Bones of the Hand. 16 — 2 124 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Sacral promontory Promontorium v Fifth lumbar vertBfcra IVertebra lumbalis V. Upper or false pelvis Pelvis major [it Brim or inlet Linea terminalis - Lower or true pelvis Pelvis minor Sacro-iliac joint Articulatiu sacro-iliaca Anterior superior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca anterior superior Great trochanter Trochanter major |< '" Pubic symphysis Symphysis ossium pubis Fig. 306.— Pelvis Muliebris — The Female Pelvis. Anterior Aspect. The formation of the pelvis out of the sacrum and coccyx and the two innominate bones. The iliac portions of the innominate bones with the base of the sacrum constitute the upper or false pelvis ; the pubic and ischiatic portions of the innominate bones with the sacrum and the coccyx con- stitute the lower or true pelvis ; the boundary between the false and the true pelvis corresponds with the upper aperture or entrance of the true pelvis, the line separating the two being known as the brim or inlet of the true pelvis. Regarded as the means of attachment of the lower limb to the trunk, the pelvis is the cingulum extremitatis inferioris, or pelvic girdle. Cingulum extremitatis inferioris— Pelvic girdle. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 125 Sacrum (pelvic surface) Os sacrum (facies pelvina) Fifth lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis V. Ilium Os ilium The pelvic inlet Apertura pelvis ; (minoris) superioi Sacral portion of the brim or inlet of the pelvis Pars sacralis Hneae terminalis —Iliac portion of the brim or inlet of the pelvis Pars iliaca lineae terminalis Pubic portion of the brim or inlet of the pelvis Pars pubica linear terminalis Fig. 307. — Pelvis Virilis — The Male Pelvis. Anterior Aspect. The upper or false and the lower or true pelvis, pelvis major and pelvis minor. The brim of the true pelvis is divided into a sacral, an iliac, and a pubic portion. Cingulum extremitatis inferioris — Pelvic girdle. l2(S THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Spinous process of the fifth lumbar vertebra In n < .us spinosus vertebra: lumbalis V. \ Rough surface behind the posterior gluteal line for the attachment of the gluteus maximu 'Tuberositas iliaca Posterior superior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca pos- terior superior Posterior inferior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca pos- terior inferior Spine of the ischium Spina ischiadica Great trochanter Trochanter major Ilium Os ilium Sacrum (posterior surface) Os sacrum (facies dorsalisl Coccyx Os coccygis Ischium Os ischii Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Fig. 308. — Pelvis Virilis — The Male Pelvis. Posterior Aspect. The pelvic outlet, apertura pelvis (minoris) inferior, in the bony pelvis appears to be bounded on either side by the lower borders of the pubis and the ischium and the greater and lesser sciatic notches, ini isurae ischiadica? major et minor, and behind by the projecting part of the sacrum and by the coccyx. But inasmuch as on either side there are two strong ligaments arising from the sacrum and coccyx, the great and the small sacrosciatic ligaments, ligamenta sacrotuberosum et sacrospinosum, which stretch across the two sciatic notches, and thus enlarge the posterior and lateral walls of the true pelvis, by this means the sciatic notches are filled in, and the outlet of the pelvis is notably diminished in size. Cinguium extremltatis inferloris — Pelvic girdle. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 127 Diagonal conjugate < 'onjugata diagonali True conjugate (conjugata vera), median sagittal or antero-posterior diameter of pelvic brim Inclination of the pelvis'' Inclinatio pelvis — Median-sagittal or antero-postenor diameter of the pelvic cavity Axis of the pelvic canal Axis pelvis Median-sagittal or antero-posterior diameter of the pelvic outlet Horizontal plane Fig. 309.— The Median-Sagittal or Anteroposterior Diameters of the True Pelvis. Transverse diameter Diameter transversa Oblique diameter Diameter obliqua'"~"\. Antero-posterior diameter, or (T true conjugate - J Conjugata (vera) Fig. 310. — The Diameters of the Pelvic Inlet (Apertura Pelvis Superior). The Principal Diameters of the True Pelvis. 128 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Intermediate ridge Finea intermedia Inner lip Labium internum Anterior superior iliac spine Spina iliaca anterior superior Iliac portion of the iliopectineal line Linea arcuata Anterior inferior iliac spine Spina iliaca anterior inferior Iliopectineal eminence Eminentia iliopectinea Pubic portion of the iliopectineal line Pecten ossis pubis Obturator groove Sulcus obturatorius *Anterior obturator tubercle •Tuberculum obturatorium anterius Superior or ascending ramus of the pubis Ramus superior ossis pubis "Posterior obturator tubercle (var ) — "Tuberculum obturatorium posterius (var.) Surface of the symphysis-- Facies symphyseos Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis Ramus inferior ossis pubis Thyroid or obturator foramen Foramen obturatum * Pre-auricular groove 'Sulcus paraglenoidalis (prsr-auricularis) "Tuberosity of the ilium1 •Tuberositas iliaca Auricular surface Facies auricularis Posterior superior iliac spine Spina iliaca posterior superior Posterior inferior iliac spine Spina iliaca posterior inferior Great sciatic, or ilioaciatic notch Incisura ischiadica major Body of the ischium Corpus ossis ischii Spine of the ischium Spina ischiadica Superior ramus of the iscnium Ramus superior ossis ischii Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Inferior ramus of the ischium Ramus inferior ossis ischii 1 This term, which is seldom used by English anatomists, denotes the posterior fifth of the crest ot tne ilium and the rough surface of bone immediately below the crest on either side.— Tr. Fig. 311.— The Right Hip-Bone. Inner Aspect. The ilium forms the upper part of the os innominatum. The slightly concave inner surface of the upper and anterior part of the ilium, known as the iliac fossa, is directed towards the observer ; behind he fossa is the auricular surface for articulation with the sacrum ;and beh.nd the auricular surface is the internal rough surface of the tuberosity of the ilium1. TV '.pper border of the ilium is the iliac crest the anterior extremity of which forms the anterior superior iliac spine, the posterior extremity, the posterior superior iliac spine. From the anterior border of the ilium projects the anterior inferior iliac spine, from the posterior border, the posterior interior iliac spine. The superior or ascending and the inferior or descending ramus of the pubis and the superior and inferior ramus of the ischium, surrounding the obturator foramen, are all seen from the internal or pelvic aspect. The surface of the pubic symphysis, by means of which the two pubic bones articulate, forms the internal limiting surface of the os pubis. Os coxae— Hip-bone or innominate cone. THE SKELETON OT THE LOWER EXTREMI1Y 129 Crest of the ilium Crista iliaca Outer lip Labium externum / Middle gluteal line \ U.S. : Middle curved line I.inea glutaea anterior f Posterior gluteal line \V.S. : Superior curved line , Linea glutaea posterior 'Tuberosity of the ilium "Tuberositas iliaca Posterior superior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca posterior superior Posterior inferior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca posterior inferior Iliosciatic or great sciatic Incisura ischiadica major Spine of the ischium Spina ischiadica Small sciatic notch Incisura ischiadica minor Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Anterior superior spine 01 the ilium Spina iliaca anterior superior | Inferior gluteal line — I U.S. : Inferior curved line Linea glutaea inferior Anterior inferior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca anterior inferior Acetabulum, or cotyloid cavity Acetabulum Thyroid or obturator foramen Foramen obturatum Fig. 312.— The Right Hip-Bone, Outer Side. Posterior Aspect. The outer surface of the ilium is seen, divided by the three gluteal lines into areas from which the three gluteal muscles respectively arise. The spine of the ischium projects backwards from the posterior border of the hip-bone ; above this spine is the iliosciatic or great sciatic notch, below it is the small scst-c notch. The lowest portion of the bone is formed by the backwaidly projecting tuberosity of tne jscmum. The acetabulum is viewed obliquely from behind Os coxae — Hip-bone 130 THE SKELETON OE THE LOWER EXTREMITY Crest of the ilium Crista iliaca \ Outer lip ''Labium e: ti mum Intermediate ridge Lima ink i 1 1 1 • : Middle gluteal line f Linea gluta?3. anterior Ala of the ilium r Ala ossis ilium Body of the ilium _ Corpus ossis ilium Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum - Facies lunata Fossa of the acetabulum Fossa acetabuli Cotyloid noicii Incisura acetabuli'" Body of the ischium Corpus ossis ischn Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum M Anterior superior spine of the ilium / Spina iliaca anterior superior Iliopectineal eminence Emmentia iliopectinea •Body of the pubis' "Corpus ossis puDr? M Spine of the publ£ Tuberculum pubicum Obturator groove Sulcus obturatorius Obturator crest Crista obturatoria Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis Ramus inferior ossis pubis . 'Posterior obturator tubercle (var.) t/, *Tuberculum obturatorium posterius (var. Thyroid or obturator foramen/ Foramen obturatum j Inferior ramus of the ischium Ramus inferior ossis ischii 1 Bodv of the iubis The use of this term by English anatomists is a variable one. Macahster, whose terminology here as usual, is in conformity with that of Continental anatomists, writes : "The pubis consists of a bodv which forms a little less than one-fifth of the acetabulum . . . "; Quam, on the other hand writes' "The flat portion between the rami [of the pubis] is the body"; and Young, in his ' Synopsis ot Human Anatomy " (U.S.), follows Quain's usage. The Continental application of the term has .however the advantage in the point of consistency, the body being then, in the case of each of the three e ements o the hip-bone, the thickened portion taking part in the formation of the acetabulum, ot which the torfy 0) the tubh constitutes about one-fifth, the body of the ilium nearly two-fifths, and the body of the ischium tb- remainder. — Tr. Fig. 313.— The Right Hip-Bone, Outer Side. Seen from the RigkI'. For this illustration the hip-bone has been so placed that a direct view of the interior of the acetabulum i obtained ; this consists of two portions, the rough, nearly circular fossa of the acetabulum, and the horse-shoe shaped articular surface (facies lunata-covered in the recent state with cartilage;, opposite the fossa of the acetabulum, the rim bounding the depression ,s mterrupted by *e cotyloid notch (incisura acetabuli). The three bones which, separate at first, subsequently unite to form the hipbone, all take part in the formation of the acetabulum (see note above). Us coxee — Hip-Done. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 131 Cartilage of the crest /f of the ilium Centre of ossification of the ilium Primitive cartilage Cartilage of the crest of the ilium Centre of ossification of the ischium Fig. 314. — In the Fifth Month of Fcetal Life (Months of Four Weeks Each). Centre of ossification of the pubis Y-shaped cartilage Fig. 315. — In the Sixth Month of Fcetal Life (Months of Four Weeks Each). Cartilage of the crest cf the ilium Fig. 316. — In the Fourth Year of Life. Ossification of the Y-shaped_' cartilage Os acetabul Epiphysis of the tuberosity of the ischium Anterior inferior spine of the ilium \ iliaca anterior inferior , Ossification of tie Y-shaped cartilage Epiphysis of the crest of the ilium Line of union of the ischiopubic rami Epiphysis of the tuberosity of the ischium Fig. 317.— In the Fourteenth Year of Life. Fig. 318. — In the Seventeenth Year of Life. Development of the Hip-Bone. 17--2 132 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Neck of the femur Collum femoris v Great trochanter Trochanter major ' Anterior inter- trochanteric lulu Linea inter- trochanterica Head of the femur , Caput femoris Fossa of the interarticular ligament Fovea capitis Head of the femur Caput femoris Fossa of the interarticular ligament Fovea capitis Small trochanter Trochanter minor Shaft or body of the femur (anterior surface) Corpus femoris (facies anterior) External tuberosity (or epicondyle) Epicondylus lateralis Patellar surface Facies patellaris- External condyle Condylus lateralis Small trochanter Trochanter minor Inner lip of the linea aspera Labium mediale lineas aspera; Neck of the femur Collum femoris Great trochanter Trochanter major Digital or trochan- teric fossa w Fossa trochanterica Posterior inter- trochanteric ridge or line Crista intertrochanterica Gluteal ridge Tuberositas glutaea Pectineal line Linea pectinea Nutrient foramen — Foramen nutricium Internal surface Facies medialis External surface Facies lateralis __ Linea aspera Linea aspera Outer lip of the linea aspera ' iterale Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium Internal tuberosity (or epicondyle) Epicondylus medialis Internal condyle Condylus medialis Popliteal surface Planum popliteum Intercondylar line Linea intercondyloidea Intercondylar fossa Fossa intercondyloidea External condyle Condylus lateralis Fig. 319. — The Right Femur, Anterior Aspect. Fig. 320. — The Right Femur, Posterior Aspect. Femur — The femur, or thigh-bone. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 133 Fossa of the inter articular ligament^ Fovea capitis Neck of the femur Collum femoris , «>. Anterior intertrochanteric V line itv Linea intertrochanterica WiiJ, M Inner lip of the linea aspera Labium mediale linea; asperse , Head of the femur Caput femoris Great trochanter 'Trochanter major Digital or trochanteric fossa Fossa trochanterica . Small trochanter Trochanter minor Shaft or body of the femur - Corpus femoris Anterior surface. Facies anterior Internal surface _ Facies medialis Small trochanter Trochanter minor' Pectineal line Linea pectinea Inner lip of the linea aspera Labium mediale lineae aspera? Great trochanter Trochanter major Posterior intertro- chanteric ridge or line Crista intertro- chanteric? Third trochanter (var.) Trochanter tertius (var.) Gluteal ridge Tuberositas glutaea Outer lip of the linea aspera Labium laterale lineae asperas Fig. 322. — The Upper Portion of the Right Femur: Third Trochanter (Var.). Seen from Behind. Patellar surface _ Facies patellaris Internal tuberosity, orepicondyle' Epicondylus medialis Internal condyle Condylus medialis Fig. 321. — The Right Femur, Internal Aspect. Internal surface Facies medialis Inner lip , Labium mediale Anterior surrace / Facies anterior External surface Facies lateralis '/■■ Outer lip Labium laterale , Linea aspera Linea aspera Fig. 323. — Transverse Section through the Middle of the Shaft of the Right Femur. remur — The femui , 134 THE SKELETON OF Till: LOWER EXTREMITY Strut of compact tissue Neck of the femur_ c '. ilium fi Head of the femur Caput femoris Calcar femorale, or Merkel's spur Great trochanter I inter major Posterior intertrochanteric ridge or line ..-^ Crista intertrochantei ii a Cancellous tissue ~Mil)stanti.i .puni;iosa Fig. 324. — Horizontal Section through the Proximal Extremity of the Right Femur, above the Small Trochanter, to show the Calcar Femorale. External tuberosity, or epicondylex Epicondylus lateralis Groove of the tendon of the popliteus muscle External condyle Condylus lateralis Fig. 325. — Distal Extremity of the Right Femur. Seen from the Outer Side. Intercondylar fossa Fossa intercondyloidea External condyle Condylus lateralis Patellar surface Facies patellaris .Internal condyle Condylus medialis Fig. 326. — Distal Articular Extremity of the Right Femur. Seen from Below. Femur — The femur. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 135 Cartilage of the proximal - epiphysis Diaphysis Centre of ossification Cartilage of the distal epiphysis Centre of ossification for the epiphysis of the head of the femur Diaphysis Diaphysis Centre of ossification for the distal epiphysis Fig. 328. — From a Boy aged Nine and a Half Months. Fig. 327. — From a Boy still-born at Full Term. Body-length, 21 inches. The Centres of Ossification of the Proximal and Distal Epiphyses Epiphysis of the head of the femur Epiphysial cartilage of the small trochanter Diaphysis Centre of ossifica- tion for the great trochanter Epiphysis of the head of the femur Epiphysis of the great trochanter Calcar femorale Epiphysis of the small trochanter Diaphysis . Gluteal ridge Tuberositas glutaea Fig. 329.— From a Girl aged Seven Years. Fig. 330.— From a Gikl aged Fifteen Years. The Epiphyses of the Proximal Extremity. Diaphysis Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos— £3j Distal epiphysis Epiphysis distalis .$*#'' Diaphysis Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Distal epiphysis Epiphysis distalis Fig. 331.— In Frontal Section. Fig. 332.— In Sagittal Section. The Epiphysis of the Distal Extremity from a Girl aged Fifteen Years. Development of the Femur. 136 THE SKELETON OF -HIE LOWER EXTREMITY •Anterior border of proximal articular surface •Margo infraglei lali External tuberosity Condylus lateralis Tubercle of the tibia Tuberositas tibia; Spine of the tibia Eminentia intercondyloidea External border, or inter osseous ridge Crista interossea Shaft or body of the tibia- (external surface) Corpus tibiae (facies lateralis) Anterior border Crista anterior Internal surface Facies medialis Internal surface Facies medialis ' Groove for tibialis posticus $jtf' ■'■ Sulcus malleolaris External tuberosity • Condylus lateralis - Articular surface for the head of the fibula Facies articulans fibularis Popliteal or oblique line Linea poplitea Nutrient foramen oramen nutricium Shaft or body of the tibia (posterior surface) Corpus tibia? (facies posterior) External border, or inter- osseous ridge Crista interossea Fiouiar groove Incisura fibularis Internal malleolus Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis -'' Malleolus medialis FlG. 333.— anterior Aspect. Fig. 334.-P0STERIOR Aspect. The Right Tibia. Ease of the patella -.. Basis patellae Apex of the patella Apex patellae Base of the patella Basis patellae . Articular surface Facies articularis Apex of the patella Apex patellae Fig. 335.— Anterior Surface. Fig. 336.— Posterior Surface. The Right Patella Ossa cruris— The bones of the leg: the patella, rotula, or knee-pan. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 137 Tubercle of the tibia — Tuberositas tibiae" •Anterior border of the proximal articular surface •Margo infraglenoidalis Internal tuberosity Condylus medialis Inner tubercle of the spine of the tibia Tuberculum intercondyloideum mediale •Posterior intercondylar fossa Fossa intercondyloidea posterior Popliteal notch •Anterior intercondylar fossa /•Fossa intercondyloidea anterior External tuberosity Condylus lateralis Outer tubercle of the spine of the tibia Tuberculum intercondyloideum laterale Spine of the tibia Eminentia intercondyloidea Fig. 338.-FACIES Articularis Superior Tibiae— The Proximal Articular Surface of the Right Tibia. Articular surface for the head of the fibula Fades articularis fibularis Note to Fig 33S —'Interior and Posterior Intercondylar Fossa.— These terms are used neither by Quain nor by Macalister. The latter speaks of the hollows in question as depressions for the crucial ligaments. — Tr. Popliteal or oblique line Linea poplitea Nutrient foramen Foramen nutricium " Posterior surface Facies posterior External border, or interosseous ridge Crista interossea Shaft or body of the tibia (external surface) Corpus tibiae (facies lateralis) External malleolus Malleolus lateralis Arttcular surface of the ..-• external malleolus Facies articularis malleoli (lateralis) Fossa of the external lateral ligament of the ankle Inferior (distal) articular surface of the tibia Facies articularis inferior tibiae Articular surface of the internal malleolus Facies articularis malleolaris Internal malleolus — Malleolus medialis Fig. 339-— The Distal Articular Surfaces of the Bones of the Right Leg. Fibular groove Incisura fibularis" f' Fig. 337. — Right Tibia seen from the Outer Side. Ossa cruris— Bones of the leg. iS -\ 138 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Styloid process of the fibula " Apex capi'tuli fibulae Head of the fibula Capitulum fibulas Articular surface of the head Facies articularis capituli External border Crista lateralis Shaft or body of the fibula (external surface) Corpus fibula? (facies lateralis) - Anterior border Crista anterior Interosseous ridge Crista interossea Anterior border Crista anterior Internal surface Facies medialis Nutrient foramen Foramen nutriciura Internal border Crista medialis Shaft or body of the fibula Corpus fibular Posterior surface Facies posterior Groove for the tendons of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis - muscles External malleolus " Malleolus lateralis Articular surface of the external malleolus Facies articularis malleoli (lateralis) Fossa of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint Fig. 340.— External Aspect. Fig. 341.— Internal Aspect. The Right Fibula or Peroneal Bone. -Anterior border Crista anterior External surface Facies lateralis External border, or interosseous ridge Crista interossea Interosseous ridge ,. Crista interossea . Anterior border ('rista anterior External surface ' Facies lateralis Internal surface Facies medialis Internal border Mareo medialis Posterior surface Facies posterior The Tibia Internal border' Crista medialis The Fibula External border Crista lateralis ' Posterior surface Facies posterior Fig. 342. — Transverse Section through the Middle of the Bones of the Right Leg. with the Interosseous Membrane, Ussa cruris— Bones of the leg. J HE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXT REM 11 Y 139 Centre of ossification • for the proximal epiphysis of the tibia Centre of ossifica- tion for the distal epiphysis of the tibia Centre of ossification for the proximal epiphysis of the tibia Diaphysis Diaphysis Interosseous space of the leg Spatium interosseum cruris Centres of ossifica- tion for the distal epiphyses of the tibia and fibula Fig. 343.— From a Boy still- Fig. 344. — From a Boy aged Fig. 345. — From a Boy aged born at Full Term. Nine and a Half Months. One and a Half Years. Body length, 21 inches. Centre of ossification. for the proximal epiphysis of the fibula Distal epiphysis of tL fibula Proximal epiphysis of the tibia Distal epiphyses of -• the tibia and fibula Fig. 346. — Proximal and Fig. 347. — Proximal Portion Fig. 348. — The Distal Portions Distal Portions of the of the Tibia of a Girl of the Bones of the Leg Fibula of a Girl aged aged Fifteen Years. of a Girl aged Fifteen Four and a Half Years. Sagittal Section. Years. Frontal Section. Development of the Bones oi the JL.eg. 140 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Superior articular surface of the astragalus Trochlea tali The tarsus Tarsus The metatarsus Metatarsus The phalanges of the toes Phalanges digiturum pedis Tuberosity of the ; calcaneum Sinus of the tarsus Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone Tuber calcanei Sinus tarsi „ >, . . Tuberositas ossis metatarsals V. Groove of the peroneus longus tendon Sulcus m. peronsi longi Fig. 349. — Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Outer Side : Faciei Dorsalis Pedis et Margo Lateralis Pedis. The tarsus Tarsus , The phalanges of the toes Phalanges digitorum pedis The metatarsus Metatarsus Sesamoid bone Os sesamoideum Tuberosity of the navicular bone Tuberositas ossis navicularis Sustentaculum tali '/a Sustentaculum tali Fig. 350. — The Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Inner Side Margo Medialis Pedis. Skeleton pedis— Bones of the foot. THE SKELETON OE THE LOWER EXTREMITY 14! Inner tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus medialis tuberis calcanei Posterior process of the astragalus — (internal tubercle) I'rocessus posterior tali Groove of tendon of flexor longus hallucis Sulcus ra. flexoris hallucis longi Sustentaculum tali_ Sustentaculum tali Tuberosity of the navicular bone Tuberositas ossis navicularis Internal cuneiform bon Os cuneiforme I. Tuberosity of the first metatarsal bone . Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis I. Sesamoid bones Ossa sesamoidea ~~ Ungual processes Tuberositas unguicularis _ - "" Tuberosity of the calcaneum Tuber calcanei Outer tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus lateralis tuberis calcanei 'Body of the calcaneum 'Corpus calcanei Tuberosity of the cuboid bone Tuberositas ossis cuboidei Groove of the peronseus longus tendon Sulcus m. peronaei longi ..Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V Heads of the metatarsal bones Capitula ossium metatarsalium Phalanges of the toes ej ""■'■'' Phalanges digitorum pedis P"IG- 351- — The Bones of the P.'qht Foot seen f-xom the Plantar Side: Facies Plantaris Pedis. Skeleton pedis— Bones of the loot. 142 THE SKELETON 01 THE LOWER EXTREMITY Second to fifth metatarsal bones Proximal phalanx .C'MJs— ■ ^ _^ Medial phalanx Ungual phalanx Phalanx (ertia Astragalus, or taluti I alus Navicular or scaphoid bone of foot Us naviculare pedis External, or third, cuneiform bone Us cuneiiorme III Middle, or second, cuneiform bone Us cuneiforme II. Internal, or first, cuneiform bone Us cuneiforme I. First metatarsal bone, or meta- tarsal bone of the great toe Os metatarsale I. (hallucis) Fig. 352. — The Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Dorsal Side (arranged in Two Longitudinal Rows). Skeleton pedis — Bones of the foot. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY U3 Posterior articular facet Facies articularis posted Anterior articular facet Facies articularis anterior Interosseous groove Sulcus calcanei Internal articular facet ■ Facies articularis media /Sustentaculum tali— Sustentaculum tali Tuberosity of the calcaneum Tuber calcanei Articular facet for the cuboid bone Facies articularis cuboide Groove of the tendon ot the / flexor longus hallucis ' Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi External tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus lateralis tuberi *Body of the calcaneum "Corpus calcanei Groove of the peroneus longus tendon - Sulcus m. peronai longi Trochlear process, or peroneal spine (var.) Processus trochlearis (var.) Internal tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus medialis tuberis External tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus lateralis tuberis Fig. 353. — Seen obliquely from Within and Before. Fig. 354- — Seen obliquely from Without and Behind. The Right Calcaneum ok Os Calcis. Head of the astragalus (articular facet for the navicular bone) Neck of the astragalus - Interosseous groove Sulcus tali Body of the astragalus Corpus tali Articular facet for the external malleolus Anterior articular facet for the calcaneum Internal articular facet for the calcaneum Posterior articular facet for the calcaneum posterior Groove of the tendon of tha flexor longus hallucis Sul, us „,. Ilexotis hallucis lonsri Articular facet for the internal malleolus Internal tubercle Tuberculum mediale Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis Superior articular surface of the astragalus ichlea tali (facies superior) Articular facet for the external malleolus Facies malleolaris lateralis /External process of the as'ragalus Posterior process of the astragalus ssus posterior tali External tubercle Tuber, ulum laterale Su ! longi Fig. 355. — Seen from Below. Fig. 356. — Seen from Behind. The Right Astragalus. Articular facet for the calcaneum . Facies articularis calcanea ! lnternal media posterior ' posterior Interosseous groove Sulcus tali Internal tubercle Tuberculum mediale Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi ' Os trigonum (var. ) (external tubercle) Cs trigonum (var.) (tuberculum laterale) Fig. 357._The Right Astragalus with .an Os Trigonum (Var.). Seen from Below. Ossa tarsi — Bones of the tarsus. 144 THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Articular facet for the middle cuneiform bone ', Articular facet for the external cuneiform bone Lower surface . Articular facet for the internal cuneiform bone Tuberosity of the navicular bone Till"!' sitas ossis na\ icularis Upper surface Articular facet for the head of the astragalus Tuberosity of the navicular bone I uberositas ossis navicularis Fig. 358. — Anterior Aspect. Fig. 359. — Posterior Aspect. Os Naviculare Pedis — The Right Navicular or Scaphoid Bone of the Foot. Articular facet for the second metatarsal bone ■ Upper sharp border Articular facet for the middle cuneiform bone Articular facet for the navicular bone Articular facet for the first metatarsal bone Inner surface Fig. 360. — External Aspect. Fig. 361. — Anterior Aspect. Os Cuneiforme I. — The Right Internal Cuneiform Bone. Articular facet for the internal cuneiform bone Upper surface Articular facet for the second metatarsal bone Articular facet for the . navicular bone Articular facet for the external : cuneiform bone Inner Aspect. Outer Aspect. Fig. 362. — Os Cuneiforme II. — The Right Middle Cuneiform Bone. Articular facet for the second metatarsal bone Articular facet for the , middle cuneiform bone ! Articular facet for .the navicular bone Inner Aspect. Odter Aspect. Articular facet for the cuboid bone Fig. 363.— Os Cuneiforme III.— The Right External Cuneiform Bone. Articular facet for the external cuneiform bone / Upper surface ; Articular facet for the fourth metatarsal bone Articular facet for the ; calcaneum Fig. 364. — Inner Aspect. Articular facet for the :' calcaneum Groove of the tendon of the peroneus longus Upper surface Articular facet for . the fourth metatarsal bone .. Articular facet for the fifth metatarsal bone Groove of the tendon of the peroneus longus Sulcus m. peronad longi Fig. 365. — Seen obliquely from Without and Behind. Fig. 366. — Outer Aspect. Os Cuboideum — The Right Cuboid Bone. Ossa tarsi — Bores of the tarsus. THE SKELETON OE THE LOWER EXTREMITY 145 Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V. Articular facet for the cuboid bone Articular facet for the fourth metatarsal Done Shaft . Corpus Depressions for the attachment of the lateral ligaments Articular facet for the third metacarpal bone / Articular lace^ for tfce cuboid bone Articular facet for the external cuneiform bone Articular facets for the second metatarsal bone Articular facet for the middle cuneiform bone Articular facet for the internal cuneiform bone Base ■ Basis Shaft "Corpus Head "Capitulum Fig. 367. — The Metatarsal Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Inner Side. Articular facet for the fifth metatarsal bone Articular facet for the fourth metatarsal bone Articular facet for the external cuneiform bone '• Articular facets for the third metatarsal bone Tuberosity of the first metatarsal bone Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis I. Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V. Depressions for the attachment of the lateral ligaments -. . Head Capitulum Fig. 368. — The Metatarsal Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Outer Side. Grooves for the sesamoid bones Ungual process Tuberositas unguicularis Head of the meta- Base tarsal bone Trochlea Shaft Basis Capitulum ossis Trochlea <-orPus . metatarsalis Fig. 369. — Plantar Aspect of thk Head of the Metatarsal Bone of the Great Toe (Capitulum Ossis Metatarsalis Hallucis). Fig. 370. — Th3 Phalanges of the Second Toe seen from the Inner Side (Margo Medialis Digiti Secundi Pedis). Metatarsal Bones and Phalanges of the Toes. "J 14b THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Centre of ossification of the calcaneum Centre of ossification 3 / of the astragalus Centre of ossification of the cuboid bone Formation of the shafts of the medial phalanges Fig. 371. — From a Human Fcetus in the Middle of the Ninth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Body-length, 17I inches. Centre of ossification of the calcaneum Centre of ossification of the astragalus Fig. 372.— From a Boy still-born at Full Term. Body-length, 22 inches. Centre of ossification of the cuboid bone Centre of ossification of the cuboid bone Centre of ossification of the external cuneiform bone Centre of ossification of the external cuneiform bone Centre of ossification of the internal cuneiform bone Centre of ossification of the base of the first metatarsal bone Centres of ossirication in the proximal extremities of the phalanges Fig. 373. — From a Boy Twelve Weeks. Fig. 374. — From a Boy aged Three Years. Development of the Bones of the Foot. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 147 Cuboid oonc Os cuboideum Centre of ossification of the jxternal cuneiform bone Centres of ossification of the heads of the metatarsal bones Centres of ossification of the proximal extremities of the phalanges The astragalus Talus Centre of ossification of the navicular bone Centre of ossification of the middle cuneiform bone Centre of ossification of the internal cuneiform bone Centre of ossification of the base of the metatarsal bone of the great toe Swf Centres of ossification in the proximal extremities of the phalanges of the great toe Fig. 375. — Ossification of the Bones of the Foot in a Girl aged Six Years. Epiphysis beginning to unite Centre of ossification of the epiphysis of the tuberosity 01 the calcaneum Outer tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus lateralis tuberis 3lt Inner tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum Processus medialis tuberi Fig. 376.— From a Girl aged Fig. 377.— From a Young Man aged Eighteen Eight Years. Years (Epiphysis beginning to unite). Epiphysis of the Tuberosity of the Calcaneum. Development of the Bones of the Foot. 19 — 2 NDEX REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY AND TO THE OSTEOLOGY INDEX TO THE REGN >NS < >F THE HUMAN BODY. A. Abdomkn, external region of the, 2, 3 regions of, 2, 3 Abdominal regions, 2, 3 Acromial region, 3, 4 Anal region, 5 Auricular region, 3, 4 Axillarj' region, 2 B. Back, medial region of the, 3 regions of the, 3 Brachial region, anterior, 2, 3 externa], 2, 3 internal, 2, 3 posterior, 3 Buccal region, 4 c. Calcaneal region, 2, 3 Calf, region of the, 3 Clavicular region, 4 Crural region, anterior, 2 external, 2, 3 internal, 2 posterior, 3 D. Deltoid region, 2, 3 Digital regions of the foot, dorsal, 2 E. Elbow, anterior region of the, 2 external region of the, 2, 3 internal region of the, 2 posterior region of the, 2, 3 Epigastric region, 2 Face, regions of the, 2, 4 Femoral region, anterior, 2 external, 2, 3 internal, 2, 3 posterior, 2 Fingers, palmar regions of the, 2, 3 dorsal regions of the, 3 Foot, dorsal region of the, 2 plantar region of the, 3 Forearm, dorsal region of the, 2 palmar region of the, 2, 3 radial region of the, 2 ulnar region of the, 2, 3 Fossa axillaris, ia carolica, \a jugularis, 43 poplitea, 3a retromandibularis, 4a supraclavicularis major, 4a minor, 4a Fossa, axillary, 2 infraclavicular, 2, note, 4, note retromandibular, 4 supraclavicular, greater, 4 lesser, 4 Fovea nucha;, 3a Frontal region, 2, 4 Furrow, carotid, 4 nuchal, 3 Gluteal region, 3, 5 G H. 1 lam, the, 3 Hand, dorsal region of the, 2, 3 palmar region of the, 2, 3 Head, regions of the, 4 Hip, region of the, 2, 3 Hyoid region, 4 Hypochondriac region, 2, 3 Hypogastric region, 2 I. Infraclavicular region, 2, 4 Inframauimary region, 2 Infra-orbital region, 4 Infrascapular region, 3 Inguinal region, 2 Interscapular region, 3 K. Knee, anterior region of the, 2 posterior region of the, 3 Labial region, lower, 4 upper, 4 Laryngeal region, 4 Lisfranc, tubercle of. 40 Lower extremity, regions of the, 2, 3 Lumbar region, 3 M. Malleolar region, external, 3 internal, 2 Mammary region, 2 Mastoid region, 3, 4 Mental region, 4 Mesogastric region, 2 Mohrenheimer's space, 2, note, 4, note N. Nasal region, 2, 4 Neck, anterior region of the, 2 external region of the, 2 regions of the, 4 Nuchal region, 3, 4 Occipital region, 3, 4 Olecranon, region of the, 2, 3 Oral region, 2, 4 Orbital region, 2, 4 F Palpebral region, lower, 4 upper, 4 Parietal region, 2-4 Parotideomasseteric region, 4 Patellar region, 2 Pectoral regions, 2, 3 region, external, 2, 3 Perineal region, 3, 5 Pubic region, 2 Pudendal region, 2, 5 INDEX 151 Regions of the human body, 1-5 Regio vcl region es : abdominis, 23, 33 lateralis, 28, 3a acromialis, 33, 43 analis, 53 antibrachii dorsalis, 2a radialis, 28 ulnaris, 2a, 7,a volaris, 2a, 3a auricularis, 3a, 4a axillaris, 2a brachii anterior, 2a, 3a lateralis, 2a, 3a niedialis, 2a, 3a posterior, 3a buccalis, 4a calcanea, 2a. 38 capitis, 43 clavicularis, 4a colli, 4a anterior, 23 lateralis, 2a, 4a corporis humaui, 13-53 coxa;, 2d, 33 cruris anterior, 23 lateralis, 23, 3a niedialis, 28 posterior. 30 cubiti anterior, 2a lateralis, 2a, 33 niedialis, 23 posterior, 23, 33 deltoidea, 23, 33 digitorum (maims), 23, 3a pedis, 23 dorsales digitorum (manus), 3a pedis, 23 dorsalis manus, 23, 3a pedis, 23 dorsi, 3a epigastrica, 23 extreniitatis inferioris, 23, 33 superioris, 23, 38 faciei, 23, 43 femoris anterior, 23 lateralis, 23, 3a niedialis, 23, 3a posterior, 3a frontalis, 2a, 411 genu anterior, 23 posterior, 33 glutrea, 33, 53 hyoidea, 43 hypochondriaca, 23, 33 hypogastrica, 23 infraclavicularis, 2a, 43 luframammalis, 23 iufra-orbitalis, 4,1 infrascapularis, yi inguinalis, 23 interscapularis, 33 labialis inferior, 43 superior, 43 laryngea, 43 lumbalis, 33 malleolaris lateralis, 3a niedialis, 23 uianimalis, 23 mastoidea, 33, 43 mediana dorsi, 33 nientalis, 43 mesogastrica, 23 Regio vel regiones : nasalis, 23, 43 nuclne, 3a, 43 occipitalis, 33, 43 olecrani, 23, 3a oralis, 28, 43 orbitalis, 23, 43 palpebralis inferior, 43 superior, 43 parietalis, 28, T,a, 43 parotideomasseterica, 43 patellaris, 23 pectoris, 23, 3a lateralis, 23, 3 perinealis, 33, 53 plautaris pedis, 3a pubica, 28 pudendalis, 23, 53 retromalleolaris lateralis, 3a medialis, 23 sacralis, 33, 53 scapularis, 33 sternalis, 23 sternocleidomastoidea, 43 subhyoidea, 43 subinguinalis, 23 submaxillaris, 43 subtnentalis, 43 supra-orbitalis, 43 suprascapularis, 33 suprasternalis, 43 suralis, 33 temporalis, 23, 3a, 43 thyreoidea, 43 trochanterica, 23, 3.7 umbilicalis, 23 uuguiculares, 23, 33 urogenitalis, 53 volares digitorum, 23, yi volaris manus, 23, 3a zygomatica, 43 Retronialleolar region, external, 3 internal, 2 Sacral region, 3, 5 Scapular region, 3 Space, Mohrenheiiner's, 2, note, 4, note popliteal, 3 Sternal region, 2 Sternocleidomastoid region, 4 Subhyoid region, 4 Subinguinal region, 2 Submaxillary region, 4 Submental region, 4 Supra-orbital region, 4 Suprascapular region, 3 Suprasternal region, 4 T. Temporal region, 2-4 Thyroid region, 4 Triangle, deltoideopectoral, 2, 4 infraclavicular, 2, note, 4, note omoclavicular, 4 Trigonum deltoideopectorale, 23, 43 omoclaviculare, 43 Trochanteric region, 2, 3 Tubercle of Lisfranc, 40 u. 1 \nuilical region, 2 Ungual regions, 2, 3 Upper extremity, regions of the, 2, 3 Urogenital region, 5 Z. Zygomatic region, 4 INDEX TO THE OSTEOLOGY I n names in this Index have an asterisk (') prefixed ; these, as more fully explained in the Translator's Preface, beinr/ terms that form part of the English nomenclature used in this work, hul which are ommonly employed by English anatomists. To other names ., daggeei:) is prefixed : these are Latin names used by the auth.i hi the original work, but not included in the official nomenclature of the " Anatomische Gesellschait." Acetabulum, 129 Acromion, 108, no, 1 1 1 tAditus ad antrum tympanicum, 66, 67 orbita\ 48, 98 Agger nasi, 78, 90 Air-cells of the Eustachian tul)e, 66 Ala magna, 58-61 ossis ilii, 130 parva, 58-61 Alse vomeris, 79, 91, 92 Alisphenoid, 61 Alveolae dentales mandibulae (lower jaw-bone), 84 maxilla: (upper jaw-bone), S2 Ampulla ossea lateralis, 69 posterior, 69 superior, 69 Ampulla, osseous, of the external semicircular canal, 69 of the posterior semicircular canal, 69 of the superior semicircular canal, 69 Angle, acromial, no of the jaw, 84, 85 of Ludwig, 41 of the parietal bone, frontal, 72, 73 mastoid, 72, 73 occipital, 72, 73 sphenoidal, 72, 73 of the pubis, 125 of the ribs, 37, 40 of the scapula, inferior, 1 10 internal, 1 10 superior, 1 10 of the sphenoid bone, parietal, 5S-60 of the sternum, 41 subcostal, 36 Angulus anterior pyramidis, 65 costse, 37, 40 frontalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73 inferior (scapulae), 1 10 infrasternalis, 36 lateralis (scapula:), no Ludovici, 41 mandibular, 84, S5 mastoideus (ossis parietalis), 72, 73 medialis (scapulae), 110 occipitalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73 parietalis (ossis sphenoidalis), 5S-60 posterior pyramidis, 65 pubis, 125 sphenoidalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73 sterni, 41 superior pyramidis, 49, 65 Annulus tympanicus, 70, 103, 104 Antrum of Highmore, 80-82, 93-95, 97, 99 orifice of the, 90 mastoid, 64, 66, 67, 70 entrance to, 66, 67 tympanicum, 64, 66, 67, 70 Apertura vel aperturae : externa aquaeductus vestibult, 63, 6S, 70 canaliculi cochleae, 62, 63 f mastoidei, 66 Apertura vcl aperturae: t inferior canaliculi tympanici, 62 t interna canaliculi cochlea;, 69 pelvis [minoris] inferior, 126, 127 superior, 124, 125, 127 piriformis, 46, 48, 90, 91, 93 t sinus maxillaris, 90 sphenoidalis, 58-61, 90-93 siuuum frontalium, 75, 76, 90, 95 superior canaliculi tympanici, 66, 67 thoracis inferior, 36 superior, 36 tympanica canaliculi chordae, 64 Apex capituli fibulae, 138 t ossis coccygis, 32 sacri, 30, 31 patellae, 136 pyramidis, 63, 64, 67, 70 Apophysis articularis (articular apophysis), 43 costalis (costal apophysis), 43 muscularis (muscular apophysis), 43 Aquseductus vestibuli, 69 Aqueduct of the cochlea, external orifice, 62, 63 internal orifice, 69 of Kallopius, 64-69 deficiency in its tympanic wall, £| of the vestibule, 69 external orifice 63, 68, 70 Arch of the atlas, anterior, 29 posterior, 29 neural, or vertebral, 25, 26 orbital, 4S, 74, 76, 77, 92, 9S pubic, 124 of the ribs, 36 zygomatic, 46-48, 96 Arcus anterior atlautis, 29 cos.tarum, 36 posterior atlautis, 29 pubis, 124 superciliaris, 46, 48, 74 vertebrae, 25, 26 zygomatieus, 46-48, 96 *Area cochlea*, 68 cribrosa media, 68 superior, 6S * of the facial nerve, 6S nervi facialis, 68 vestibularis inferior, 68 superior, 68 Arnold's nerve, canal for, 62, 64, 65 Arteria nutricia, 20 protovertebralis, 34 Artery, intercostal, primitive, 34 nutrient, 20 protovertebral, 34 Articulation, manubrio-gladiolal, 41 Astragalus, 17, 142, 143 Atlas, 29 development of, 35 Atrium meatus medii (atrium of the middle meatus). 90 Auditory aperture, external, 47, 48, 62 internal, 63, 65, 68, 70 INDEX 153 Axis of the pelvis, 127 Axis, the, 29 development of, 35 B. Base of the mandible, 85, S7 of the patella, 136 of the sacrum, 32 of the skull, external aspect, 48 internal aspect, 49 Bases of the metacarpal bones, 122 of the metatarsal bones, 145 of the phalanges of the fingers, 122 of the toes, 145 Basilar portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, 60 Basi-occipital portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, 60, and note, p. 57 Basis cranii externa, 4S interna, 49 mandibular, S5, 87 ossis sacri, 32 ossium metacarpalium, 122 metatarsaliuni, 145 patellae, 136 phalangis manus, 122 pedis, 143 Basisphenoid, 58-61 Bertin, bones of, 58, 59, 61 Bodies of the metacarpal bones, 122 of the metatarsal bones, 145 of the phalanges of the fingers, 122 of the toes, 145 of the ribs, 40 of the vertebrae, 25-27 Body of the astragalus, 143 of the calcaneum, 141, 143 of the femur, 132, 133 of the fibula, 138 of the humerus, 112 of the hyoid bone, 87 of the ilium, 130 of the inferior maxillary bone, S4-87 of the ischium, 12S, 130 of the malar bone, 83 of the mandible, 84-N7 of the maxilla, 80, 81, 87, 89 of the os calcis, 141, 143 of the pubis, 130 of the radius, 115 of the sphenoid bone, 58-61 of the sternum, 41 of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 81, 87, 89 of the tibia, 136, 137 of the ulna, 1 14 Bone, capitate, 119-121 central, of the carpus, 120 cuboid, 142, 144 cuneiform, of foot, external, 17, 142, 144 first, 141, 142, 144 internal, 141, 142, 144 middle, 142, 144 second, 142, 144 third, 17, 142, 144 of hand, 119, 120 ethmoid, 52, 73 frontal, 52, 74-76 development of, 77 hip-, 107, 128-130 development of, 131 hyoid. 87 innominate, 107, 128-130 development of, 131 interparietal, 100, note to p. 57 lachrymal, 53, 79, 90-92, 95 lunar, 119, 120 malar, 53, S3 -marrow, 1 1 maxillary, inferior, 46, 47, 53, 84-86 development of, S6 Bone, maxillary, superior, 46, 47, 53, 80, 81 development of, Si metacarpal, first, 106, 119 nasal, 53, 79, 90, 91 navicular, 142, 144 occipital, 52, 54-56 development of, 57, and note palate, 53, S3 parietal, 19, 52, 72, 73 development of, 21 pisiform, 11 8- 120 premaxillary, 82, 97 pyramidal, 119, 120 scaphoid, 119, 120 sphenoid, 52, 5S-60 development of, 61 sphenoidal spongy, 58, 59, 61 turbinate, 58, 59, 61 subcoracoid, 1 1 1 temporal, 52, 62-69 development of, 70, 71 trapezoid, 1 19-12 1 turbinate of the nose, highest, 78 inferior, 53, 70, 90, 91, 93-95 middle, 78, 90, 94, 95 superior, 78, 90, 92, 94 unciform, 119-121 Bones, general considerations, 9-21 development of, 20, 21 flat, 19 long, 12-15 minute structure, 10 short, 16, 17, 21 of Bertin, 5S, 59, 61 of the carpus, 120, 121 development of, 123 of the cranium proper, 52 of the face, 53 of the forearm, 106, 114-116 development of, 117 of the leg, 107, 136-138 development of, 139 metacarpal, 119, 122 development of, 123 metatarsal, 142, 145 development of, 146, 147 sesamoid, of foot, 140, 141 of hand, 11S of the skull, 52-104 suprasternal, 41 of the tarsus, 17, 143, 144 ■ development of, 146, 147 Wormian, 100 Border of the fibula, anterior, 138 external, 13S internal, 13S interosseous, 138 of the frontal bone, nasal, 76, 77 parietal, 74-76 sphenoidal, 75, 76 of the humerus, inner, 112 outer, 112 of the occipital bone, lambdoid, 54-26 mastoid, 54-56 of the parietal bone, anterior, 72, 73 frontal, 72, 73 inferior, 72, 73 occipital, 72, 73 posterior, 72, 73 sagittal, 72, 73 squamous, 72, 73 superior, 72, 73 of the petrous portion of temporal bone, anterior, 65 of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, pos- terior, 65 of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, superior, 49.65 <>{ the radius, anterior, 114. 115 internal, 1 14. 1 [5 posterior, 1 14, 1 15 154 INDEX Bcrdei of the scapula, axillary, no superior, 1 io vertebral, i ro .■I the sphenoid, external, 5S-60 frontal, 58, 59 malar, 58-60 orbital, 59 petrous, 59 posterior, 59 squamous, 58-60 of the superior maxillary bone, infra-orbital, 80, 83, 98 lachrymal, 80 of the temporal bone, occipital, 62, 63 parietal, 62, 63 sphenoidal, 62-64 of the tibia, anterior, 136, 138 external, 136-138 internal, 136, 138 of the ulna, anterior, 114 external, 114 posterior, 114 Breschet's canals, 19, 51, 88 Brim of the pelvis, 124, 125 iliac portion, 125 pubic portion, 125 sacral portion, 30, 125 Bulla, ethmoidal, 78, 90 Calcaneum, or os calcis (called by Toldt "Calcaneus"), 17, 142, 143 development of, 146, 147 Calcar femorale, 134, 135 Calvaria, 50 Canal or canals (see also " Canaliculus") : for Arnold's nerve, 62, 64, 65 external orifice of, 66 for the auricular branch of the pneuniogastric nerve, 62, 64, 65 basiphar3'ngeal (see note to p. 48), 4S, 58-60 of Breschet, 19, 51, 88 carotid, 62-65, 67, 70, 71, 76 for the chorda tympani nerve, 64, 65, 67 dental, 81 anterior and middle, 81 inferior, S6 posterior, So, 81, 99 diploic, 19, 51, 88 ethmoidal, anterior, 76, 90, 91, 98 posterior, 76, 91, 98 of the Eustachian tube, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69 of the facial nerve, 64, 69 Haversian, 10 infra-orbital, 80, Si, 95 internal orbital, anterior, 76, 90, 91, 98 posterior, 76, 91, 98 for Jacobson's nerve, 65-67 inferior orifice, 62 superior orifice, 66, 67 malar, 83 mandibular, S6 medullary, 11, 18-20 nutrient, 13, 18, 19 palatine, accessory, 83, 90, 91, 97 posterior, 97, 99 inferior orifice of, 90, 96, 97 palato-maxillary, 97, 99 inferior orifice of, 90, 96, 97 pterygoid (or Vidian), 58, 59, 61, 92, 93, 96, 99 pterygopalatine, 48, 5S-60, 90-92 sacral, 31, 32 semicircular, external, 67-69 posterior, 68, 69 superior, 68, 69 spinal, 43 temporal, 83 of the tensor tympani muscle, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69 Vidian (or pterygoid), 5S, 59, 61, 92, 93, 96, 99 Volkmann's, 10, 11 Canaliculus vel canaliculi (see also " Canal ") : caroticotympanic!, 62, 67 chorda- tympani, 64, 65, 67 cochlea- (apertura external, 62, 63 (apertura Interna), 69 t innominatns. 93 mastoideus, 62, 64, 65 t sphenoidalis, 92, 93, 96, 99 tympanicus, 65 Canalis vel cauales : alveolares, Si basipharyngeus, 48, 58, 59, 90 caroticus, 62-65, °7, 7°, 7J> 9° condyloideus, 54-57, 88, 89 diploid [Brescheti], 19, 51, 88 facialis [Fallopii], 64, 65, 67-69 hypoglossi, 54-57, 88 incisivus, 80, 91 infra-orbitalis, 80, 81, 95 mandibulae, 86 musculotubarius, 63, 64 nasolacrimalis, 93, 95 nutricius, 13, 18, 19 palatini, 90, 97 pharyngeus, 48, 58, 59, 90-92 pterygoideus [Vidii], 58, 59, 61, 92, 93, 96, 99 pter}'gopalatinus, 97, 99 sacrahs, 31, 32 semicircularis lateralis, 67-69 posterior, 68, 69 superior, 68, 69 vertebralis, 43 Capitellum of the humerus, 112 Capitulum eostae, 40 fibula;, 138 humeri, 112 mandibular, S4-86, 96 ossium metacarpalium, 122 metatarsalium, 141, 145 radii, 115 ulnae, 1 14 Caput femoris, 132-134 humeri, 112 t ossis capitati, 121 tali, 143 Carpus, 106, 1 iS Cartilage, Meckel's, 103 Cartilages, costal, 39, 40 Cartilago costalis, 39, 40 Cavitas glenoidalis, no, in Cavity, cranial, 88, S9 medullary, 11, 18-20 nasal, 90-95 sigmoid (of the radius), 115 (of the ulna), great, 114, irg small, 114 thoracic, 43 tympanic, 67 tCavum cranii cerebralis, SS, S9 mednllare, 11, 18-20 nasi, 90-95 thoracis, 43 tympani, 65-70, 96 Cells, ethmoidal, 76, 78, 90 of the Eustachian tube, 66 mastoid, 64, 67 tympanic, 67 Celluht ethmoidales, 78, 90 mastoideae, 64, 67 pneumaticae tubariae, 66 tympanicae, 67 Centra of the vertebra;, 25-27 Choanae, 48, 93, 96 Chorda dorsalis, 34 tympani nerve, canal for, 64, 65, 67 orifice of the canal for, 64 Cingulum extremitatis inferioris, 107, 124-126 superioris, 106, 10S Circumference, articular, of the radius, 115 of the ulna, 114 INDEX 155 Circumferentia articularis radii, 115 ulnae, 114 Clavicula (the clavicle), 106, 10S, 109 Clivus, 49, 56, 88 Coccyx, the, 24, 32, 33, 125, 126 development of, 35 extremity of the, 32 Cochlea, 65, 68, 69 Collum anatomicum, 112 chirurgicum, 112 costa;, 40 femoris, 132-134 mandibular, 84, S5 radii, 115 scapukc, i in tali, 143 Column, spinal, 24 development of, 34, 35 vertebral, 24 development of, 34, 35 Concavity of the carpus, 1 [8 Concha nasalis inferior, 53, 79, 90, 91, 93-95 media, 78, 90, 94, 95 superior, 78, 90, 92, 94 suprema [Santorini], 7S Concha? sphenoidales. 58, 59, 61 Condylar portion of the occipital bone, 54, 56, 57, and note, P- 57 Condyle of the femur, external, 132, 134 internal, 132-134 of the humerus, external, 112 internal, 112 of the inferior maxillary bone, S4-86, 96 of the mandible, 84-86, 96 Condyles of the occipital bone, 48, 54-56 Condylus lateralis femoris, 132, 134 tibiae, 136, 137 medialis femoris, 132-134 tibiae, 136, 137 occipitalis, 48, 54-56 ■fConjugata diagonalis, 127 vera, 127 Conjugate diameter, diagonal, 127 true, 127 Cornu, coccygeal, 32 of the hyoid bone, great, 87 small, 87 sacral, 31, 32 Cornua sphenoidalia, 58, 59, 61 Corpus calcauei, 141, 143 costae, 40 femoris, 132, 133 fibulae, 138 humeri, 112 mandibular, S4-87 maxilla-. 80, 81, 87, 99 ossis hyoidei, 87 ilium, 130 ischii, 128, 130 pubis, 130 sphenoidalis, 58-61 ossium metacarpalium, 122 metatarsal! um, 145 phalangis manus, 122 pedis, 145 radii, 1 15 sterni, 41 tali, 143 tibia?, 136, 137 ulnae, 114 vertebrae, 25-27 Costae, 38 40 development of, 42 spuria-, 36 verae, 36 Craniometry, 101 Cranium, 45-104 cavity of, 88, 89 development of, 102-104 facial portion (cranium viscerale), 53, 96, 97 Cranium, primordial (cranium primordiale), 102, 103 proper (cranium cerebrale), 52, 88, 89 •Crest, buccinator, 84, 85 ethmoidal, of the palate-bone, S3 of the superior maxillary bone, So, 81 frontal, 49, 50, 75, 88 of the fundus of the internal auditory meatus, trans- verse, 65, 68 of the ilium, 12S-130 inferior turbinate, of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 81 infratemporal, 4S, 58-60, and note, p. 59 lachrymal, 79, 98 anterior, see " Ridge, orbital " posterior, see "Crest, lachrymal" nasal, of the superior maxillary bone, 91, 95, 97 obturator, 130 occipital, external, 48, 55, 56 internal, 49, 54, 56 of the occipital bone for the rectus capitis posticus major muscle, 56 of the occipital bone for the rectus capitis posticus minor muscle, 56 * orbital, 59 of the septum of the nose, lateral, 93 sacral, articular, 31 * external, 31 * median, 31 sphenoidal, 58, 59 supramastoid, 62 temporal, 46, 74, 77 transverse, see "Crista falciformis" turbinate, inferior, of the palate-bone, S3 of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 81 superior, of the palate-bone, 83 of the vestibule, 69 Crista anterior (fibula-), 138 (tibiae), 136, 13S buccinatoria, 84, 85 capituli costae, 40 colli costae, 40 conchalis (maxillae), So, 81 (ossis palatini), S3 ethmoidalis (maxillae), 80, 81 (ossis palatini), 83 falciformis, 65, 68 frontalis, 49, 50, 75, 88 galli, 49, 78, 88, 94, 95 lliaca, 1 28- 1 30 infratemporalis, 48, 5S-60 interossea (fibulae), 13S (radii), 114, 115 (tibiae), 136-138 (ulna-), 114 intertrochanterica, 132-134 lacrimalis anterior, So, 98 posterior, 79, 98 lateralis (fibula;), 138 septi (nasi), 93 medialis (fibulae), 138 musculi recti capitis majoris, 56 minoris, 56 supinatoris, 1 14 nasalis, 91, 95, 97 obturatoria, 130 occipitalis externa, 48, 55, 56 interna, 49, 54, 56 orbitalis (alae magna), 59 sacralis articularis, 31 lateralis, 31 medialis, 31 sphenoidalis, 58, 59 transversa, 65, 68 tuberculi majoris, 112 minoris, 112 vestibuli, 69 Cms commune and crus simplex of the semicircular canals, 69, and note, p. 69 Cupular portion of the epitvmpanic recess, 64 156 INDEX Dens epistrophc i, 19 1 lepn ssion, digital, 85 Deprei lionsfoi th< lateral metatarsophalangeal ligaments 1 1 Pacchionian, 50, 73 I lianieter, conjugate, of the pelvis, diagonal, [27 true, 127 Diameters, obliqui 1 I the pelvis, 127 transverse, of the pelvis, 127 Diaphysis, io Digiti (manus), 1 [8 pedis, 1 i". 141 I liploe, 19, 50, 51 of the frontal bone, 76, 77 Disc, epiphysial, ■■ > Dorsum ol the foot, [40 of the scapula, 1 10 sellae, 58-61, 96 E. Eminence, articular, 62 deltoid. 1 12 frontal, 46, 74. 77, 104 iliopectineal, 128, 130 jugular, 54, 56 olivary, 59-61 parietal, 72. 104 papillary, 66, 67, 69 of the second rib for the serratus magnus, 40 of the superior semicircular canal, 63, 70 Eminentia arcuata, 63, 70 carpi radialis. 1 iS ulnaris, 118 cruciata, 54, 89 iliopectinea, 12S, 130 intercondyloidea, 136, 137 papillaris, 66, 67, 69 pyramidal is, 66, 67, 69 Entrance to the mastoid antrum, 66, 67 to the orbit, 48, 98 Epicondvlc of the femur, external, 132, 134 internal, 132, 133 Epicondylus lateralis (femoris), 132. [34 (humeri), 1 12 medialis (femoris), 132, 135 (humeri), 1 12 Epiphysis, 20 Epistropheus, 29 development of, 35 Epitympanic recess. 63, 69, 70 Eustachian canal, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69 Extremitas acromialis (claviculae), 109 sternalis (claviculse), 109 Extremity of the clavicle, acromial, 109 sternal, 109 Exoccipital, 54, 56, 57. and note, p. 57 F. Facet or facets, articular: of the acromion, clavicular, 1 to of the atlas, superior, 29 of the astragalus— for the calcaneuni, anterior, 143 middle, 143 posterior. [43 for the external malleolus, 143 for the internal malleolus, 143 for the navicular bone, 143 of the clavicle, acromial, 109 sternal, 109 of the heads of the ribs, 40 of the odontoid process, anterior, 29 of the os calcis, anterior, 143 cuboid, 143 internal, 143 posterior, 143 for the ribs (sternal), 41 of the tubercles of the ribs, 40 Facet or facets, articular : of the vertebrae, inferior, 25-27 superior, 25-27 Facial portion of the skull, 53 tFacies, anterior femoris, 1 32, .;; lateralis humeri, 1 12 maxilhe, 80 medialis humeri, 1 12 pyramidis, 65 articulans acromialis (claviculae), 109 acromii, 1 10 anterior calcanei, 143 epistrophei, 29 Calcanea (tali) anterior, 143 media, 143 posterior, 14; capituli costse, 40 fibulae, 13S carpea, 1 15 cuboidea (calcanei), 143 liliularis, 136, 137 inferior tibiae, 137 vertebrarum, 25-27 malleolaris (tibia;), 137 malleoli (lateralis), 137, 138 media (calcanei), 143 navicularis (tali), 143 ossis temporalis, 62, 70, 71 patellae, 136 posterior (calcanei), 143 sternalis (claviculae), 109 superior tibiae, 137 vertebrarum, 25-27 tuberculi COStae, 40 auricularis ossis ilium, 128 sacri. 31, 32 cerebralis alae magnae, 58, 61 ossis frontalis, 75 parietalis, 73 squamae temporalis, 63, 64 costalis scapulae, no t dorsalis manus, 1 19 ossis sacri, 31, 32, 126 f pedis, 140 radii, 114-116 scapulae, no ulnae, 114 frontalis (ossis frontalis), 74 inferior pyramidis, 65 infratemporalis (maxilla;), So, 99 1" lateralis femoris, 132, 133 fibulae, 138 radii, 114- 116 tibiae, 136 [38 lunata (acetabuli), 130 malaris (ossis zygomatici), 83 malleolaris lateralis (tali), [43 medialis (tali), 143 maxillaris ossis palatini, 83 t medialis femoris, 132, 133 fibulae, i;-s tibiae, 136. 13S ulnae, 1 14 nasalis maxilhe. 80 ossis palatini, S3 orbitalis alae magna;, 58-61, 9S maxilhe, 80 ossis frontalis, 76 zygomatici, S3 ossea, 53 parietalis (ossis parietalis), 72 patellaris, 132-134 pelvina (ossis sacri), 30, 32, 125 t plantaris pedis, 141 posterior fibulae, 13S humeri, 112 pyramidis, 65 tibiae, 136-138 sphenomaxillaris (alae magnae), 5S, 99 superior (tali), 143 INDEX- IS? Facies symph yseos. 1 28 temporalis alae magme, 5S-61 ossis frontalis, 74, 77 zygomatici, S3 squamie temporalis, 62, 63 t volaris manus, 11S radii, 114-116 ulna.', 114, 1 16 Femur, the, 14, 107, 132-134 development of, 135 Fenestra cochlea;, 67, 69 ovalis, 67-69 rotunda, 67, 69 vestibuli, 67-69 Fibres, Sharpey's, 10 Fibula, the, 107, 138 development of, 139 Fingers, skeleton of, 118 Fissura orbitalis inferior, 93, 96, 98 superior, 58, 59, 88, 92, 9S petro-occipitalis, 48, 49, 88 petrosquamosa, 63, 64, 69 petrotvmpanica [Glaseri], 62, 65, 70, 71 pterygnidea. 58, 54 . pterygomaxillans, 99 spheno-occipi talis, 60 sphenopetrosa, 48, 49 tympanomastoidea, 62, 66, 71 Fissure, Glaserian, 62, 65, 70, 71 incisor, 48, 82, 97 occipitosphenoidal, 60 orbital, 58, 59, 88, 92, 98 petrobasilar, 48, 49, 98 petrosquamous, 63, 64, 69 ptervgomaxillary, 99 sphenomaxillary, 93, 96, 98 tympanomastoid, 62, 66, 71 Foutanelle, anterior, 104 anterolateral, 104 posterior, 104 posterolateral, 104 Fonticulus frontalis [major J, 104 mastoideus, 104 occipitalis [minor], 104 sphenoidalis, 104 Foramen or foramina: alveolar, anterior and middle, 8« posterior, 80, 8r, 99 caecum, 49, 75, 88, 91. 94 condylar, anterior, 54-57, 88 posterior, 54-57, 88, 89 costotransverse, 26, 29 t emissarii occipitalis, 89 emissary, mastoid, 62, 63, 89 occipital, 89 of Vesalius, see " Canaliculu noidalis," and note, p. 92 ethmoidale anterius, 76, 90, 91, 98 posterius, 76, 91, 98 frontale, 76 incisivum, 82, 93, 96, 97 inferior dental, 85 infra-orbital, So, Sr, 98, 99 intervertebral, 24 of the sacrum, 31 jugular, 48, 49, 88 bipartite, 88 divided by an intrajugular process, 88 lacerate, anterior, 5S, 59, 88, 92, 98 middle, 4S, 49 posterior, 4S, 49, 88 mandibular, 85 magnum, 48, 54-56, 89 mastoid, 62, 63, 89 mental, S5, 86 nasal, 79 nutricium, iS, 19 claviculae, 109 femoris, 132 fibulas, 138 SpllE- Foramen or foramina : nutricium humeri, 1 12 ossis ilii, 19 radii. 1 15, 1 16 tibiae, is, 136, 137 ulnae, 1/4, 116 nutrient, 18, 19 of the clavicle, 109 of the femur, 132 of the fibula, 138 of the humerus, 112 of the ilium, 19 of the radius, 115, ri6 of the tibia, 18, 136, 137 of the ulna, 114, 116 obturator, 128-130 optic, 59-61, 88, 9S, 99 ovale (of the hip-bone), 12S-130 (of the skull), 59, 61, 96 palatiua minora, S3, 90, 97 palatinum majus, 90, 96, 97 palatine, great, 90, 96, 97 parietal, 72, 73, 100 pterygospinous, 91 rotundum, 5S-61, 8S, 92, 93, 99 sacral, anterior, 30 posterior, 31 singulare, 68 sphenoidal, 58-61, 90-93 sphenopalatine, 90, 91, 98, 99 spinal, 25-27 spinosum, 59 of Stenson, 82 stylomastoid, 62, 64, 67, 70, 71 supra-orbital, 74, 76 thyroid, 128-130 transversarium, 26, 29 vertebrale, 25-27 for vertebral arterv, 26, 29 of Vesalius, note to p. 92 (see also "Canaliculus, sphenoidal ") zygomaticofacial, S3 zygomatico-orbitale, 83 zygomaticotemporale, 130 Fossa acetabuli, 130 canine, 80 condylar, posterior, 55 coronoid, 112 cranial, anterior, 49, 88, 95 middle, 49, 88 posterior, 49, 88 digastric (of the inferior maxillary bone), 85 (of the temporal bone), 6?. 11 digital, 132, 133 of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint, 137, 138 floccular, 63, 70 glandulae lachrymalis, 76, 77, 92, 98 of the Gasserian ganglion, 6} glenoid, of the scapula, no, "111 of the temporal bone, 62, 70, 71 hypophyseos, 59-61, and note to p. 60 ' iliac, 12S * of the incus, 64 infraspinous, no infratemporal, 48, 96 intercondylar, of the femur, 132, 134 of the tibia, anterior, 137 intercondyloidea (femoris), 132, 134 anterior (tibiae), 137 posterior (tibiae), 137 jugular, of the temporal bone, 62, 65 lachrymal, 76, 77, 92, 98 * mandibularis, 62 occipital, inferior, 54, 56 palatine, anterior, 82, 96, 97 pituitary, 59-51 prenasal, 97 158 INDEX Fossa, pterygoid, 58, 95 ptei j gopalal ina, 9 '., 98, 9° radial, 112 reniform, 65 sacci lacriinalis, ys scaphoid, 5s sphenomaxillary, 92, 9S, 99 subarcuata, 63, 70 subscapular, i" supraspiui >us, no temporal, 47 trochanterics, 132, 133 trochlea: ,76 * vermian, 89 zygomatic, 48, 96 Fossula fenestra cochleae, 66, 68 vestibuli, 66 of the fenestra ovalis, 66 rotunda, 66, 68 ovalis, 66 of the petrous ganglion, 62, 65 petrosa, 62, 65 rotunda, 66, 6S Fovea articularis ossis temporalis, 62 superior atlantis, 29 capitis femoris, 132, 133 capituli radii, 115 costalis, inferior, 25 superior, 25 transversalis, 25 dentis, 29 ptervgoidea (processus coudyloidei), 84, 85 sublingualis, 85 submaxillaris, 85 trochlearis, 76 tFoveolae ethmoidales, 76 granulares [Pacchioni], 50, 73 Frons, 46, 47 Fundus meatus acustici interni, 65 of the internal auditory meatus, 65 G. Geniculum of the aqueduct of Fallopius, 65, 67, 68 canalis facialis, 65, 67, 68 " German horizontal," 101 Girdle, pelvic, 107, 124-126 shoulder, 106, 108 Glabella, 46, 74 Gladiolus, 41 Great wing of the sphenoid, 5S-61 Groove or grooves : for Arnold's nerve, 62, 65 for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric nerve, 62, 65 basilar, 49, 56, 58 bicipital, 112 carotid, 58, 59 fibular, 136, 137 of the hamular process, 58 infra-orbital, 80, 93, 94, 98, 99 interosseous, of the astragalus, 143 of the calcaneum, 143 of the tarsus, 143 lachrymal, 98 of the lachrymal bone, 79, 92 of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 82, 91, 98 meningeal, 50, 73 of the middle temporal artery, 62 mylohyoid, 85 of the nasal nerve, 79, 91 obturator, 128 occipital, 62, 71 optic, 59 palatine, S2, 97 anterior, So, 91 posterior, So of the palate-bone, 83 of the sphenoid bone, 58, and note to same Groove or grooves : palatomaxillary, 80 oi Hh palate bone, 83 of tin- sphenoid bone, 58, and note to same preauricular, 128 of the promontory, for the nerves of the tympanic plexus, 67 * pterygopalatine, note to p. 58 spiral, 112 for spinal nerve, 26 of the subclavian artery, 40 subcostal, 40 of the superficial petrosal nerve, great, 63, 64 small, 63, 64 of the tendon of — the flexor carpi radialis muscle, 121 the flexor longus hallucis muscle, 141, 143 the peroneus longus muscle, 140, 141, 1 | ,;. 144 the popliteus muscle, 134 tin- tibialis posticus muscle, 136 of the tendons of the peroneal muscles, 138 of the ulnar nerve, 112 vertebral (for vertebral artery), 29 Hamulus lacriinalis, 79, 98 ossis liamati, 118, 121 pterygoideus, 58, 60, 95 Haversian canals, 10 system of lamella;, 10, II Head of the astragalus, 143 of the capitate bone, 121 of the femur, 132-134 of the fibula, 138 of the humerus, 112 of the inferior maxillary bone, S4-86, 96 of the mandible, S4-S6, 96 of the os magnum, 121 of the radius, 115 of the scapula, 1 10 of the ulna, 1 14 Heads of the metacarpal bones, 112 of the metatarsal bones, 141, 145 of the ribs, 40 Heart, rudimentary, 102 Hiatus canalis facialis, 63-67 Fallopii, 63-67 maxillaris, So, 91, 99 of the sacrum, 31 semilunaris, 78, 90 subarcuatus, 63, 70 Hip-bone, the, 107, 12S-130 development of, 131 Hook of the unciform bone, 118, 121 Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum, 130 Humerus, the, 12, 106, 112 development of, 1 13 I. Iliac portion of the iliopectineal line, 128 Ilium, the, 19, 124-126 •Impressiones digitatae, 49, 75, and notes, pp. 49 and 75 Impression, rhomboid, 109 Impressio trigemini, 63 Incisura vel incisure : acetabuli, 130 clavicularis, 41 costales, 41 ethmoidalis, 76, 77 fibularis, 136, 137 frontalis, 74, 76 ischiadica major, 128, 129 minor, 129 jugularis ossis occipitalis, 56, 89 temporalis, 63 sterni, 41 lacrimalis, 80 INDEX 159 Incisura vcl incisurae : mandibular, 84 mastoidea, 62, 71 nasal is. So parietalis, 62, 63 radialis (ulnae), 114 scapulae, 110 semilunaris, 114, 115 sphenopalatina, 83 supra-orbitalis, 74, 76 tympanica [Rivini], 62, 64, 70, 71 ulnaris (radii), 115 vertebralis inferior, 25, 27 superior, 27 Inclination of the pelvis, 127 Infundiliulum. 78 Interparietal bone, note, p. 57 Ischium, the, 124-126 Iter chords posterius, 64, 65, 67 J. Jacobson's nerve, canal for, 65-67 Jaw-bone, lower, 46, 47, 53, 84-86 development of, S6 upper, 46, 47, 53, 80, 81 development of, 82 Jaws, senile atrophy of, 87 Juga alveolaria, 80, 85 cerebralia, 49, 75 L. Labium externum (crista? iliacae), 129, 130 internum (crista? iliacae), 128 laterale (linea? asperse), 132, 133 mediale (lineae aspera?), 132, 133 Labyrinth, bony, 68, 69, 96 of the ethmoid bone, 78, 92, 94 osseous, 68, 69, 96 Labyrinthus ethmoidalis, 78, 92, 94 osseous, 68, 69, 96 Lachrymal canal, 93, 95 Lacunae of bone, 10 Lamina cribrosa, 78, 90, 91, 94 externa of the cranial bones, 19, 50 interna of the cranial bones, 19, 50 lateralis processus pterygoidei, 5S, 60, 61, 99 t malaris (ossis zygomatics), 83 medialis processus pterygoidei, =;S 6' t orbitalis (ossis zygomatici), 83, 98 papyracea, 78, 91. 9?, 94 perpendicularis, 78, 91, 94, 95 of the vertebrae, 25, 26 Limbus alveolaris mandibulse, 84, 86 maxillae, 80-82, 97 t dentalis, 48 Linea vel lineae : arcuata (ossis ilii), 12S aspera (femoris), 132, 133 glutaea anterior, 129, 130 inferior, 129 posterior, 129 intercondyloidea (femoris), 132 intermedia (crista? iliacae), 128, 130 intertrochanterica, 132, 133 musculares (scapulae), 110 mylohyoidea, 85 nuchas inferior, 48, 55, 56 superior, 55, 56 suprema, 55 obliqua (mandibular), 84, 85 pectmea (femoris), 132, 133 poplitea, 136, 137 temporalis inferior, 47, 62, 72 • is-,1^ frontalis), 46, 74, 77 superior, 47, 72 terminalis (pelvis), 124, 125 pars iliaca, 125 pubica, 125 sacralis, 30, 125 transversa? (ossis sacri), 30 Line or lines : curved, of the ilium, inferior, 129 middle, ley, 1 ;< > superior, 129 of the occipital bone, highest, 55 inferior, 48, 55, 56 superior, 55, 56 gluteal, inferior, 129 middle, 129, 130 posterior, 129 iliopectineal, iliac portion. 12.S pubic portion, 128 intercondylar, 132 intertrochanteric, anterior, 132, 133 posterior, [32 [33 oblique, external (of the inferior maxillary bone), 84, 85 internal (of the inferior maxillary bone), 85 of the scapula, no of the tibia, 136, 137 pectineal, 132, T33 temporal, inferior, 47, 72 superior, 47, 72 trapezoid, 109 Lingula mandibular, S4-86 sphenoidalis, 59, 99 Lip of the crest of the ilium, inner, 12S outer, 129, 130 of the linea aspera, inner, 132, 133 outer, 132, 133 M. Malleolus, external, 137, 138 internal, 136, 137 lateralis, 137, 138 medialis, 136, 137 Mandibula, 46, 47, 53, 84-86 development, 86 Manubrium sterui, 41 Margin, alveolar, of the inferior maxillary bone, 84, 86 of the superior maxillary Lone, 80-82, 97 of bicipital groove, inner, 112 outer, 112 supra-orbital, 48, 74, 76, 77, 92, 98 Margo axillaris (scapula?), no dorsalis radii, 114, 115 ulnae, 114 frontalis ossis parietalis, 72, 73 sphenoidalis, 58, 59 infragleuoidalis (tibiae), 136, 137 infra-orbitalis, 80, 83, 98 lacrimalis (maxilla?), 80 lambdoideus, 54-56 lateralis humeri, 112 pedis, 140 mastoideus, 54-56 medialis humeri, 112 pedis, 140 tibiae, 136, 138 uasalis (ossis frontalis), 76, 77 occipitalis ossis parietalis, 72, 73 temporalis, 62, 63 t orbitalis (ossis sphenoidalis), 59 parietalis ossis frontalis, 74-76 temporalis, 62, 63 t petrosus (ossis sphenoidalis), 59 sagittalis (ossis parietalis), 72. 73 t sphenoidalis ossis frontalis, 75, 76 temporalis, 62-64 squamosus ossis parietalis, 72, 73 sphenoidalis, 58-60 superior (scapulae), 110 supra-orbitalis, 48, 74, 76, 77, 92, 98 vertebralis (scapula?), 1 10 volaris radii, 114, 115 ulnae, 114 zygomatieus (ossis sphenoidalis), 58-60 Massa lateralia (atlantis), 29 Masses, lateral (of the atlas), 29 160 INDEX Mass, lateral, of the ethmoid lione, 78, 92, 94 of the sacrum, 30, 31 Mastoid antrum, 64, 66, 67, 70 entrance to, 66, 67 portion of the temporal bone, 62-64, 70, 71 Maxilla, the, 46, 47, 53, .So, Si development of, 82 Meatus acusticus externus, 47, 66, 69, 71, 96 interims, 65, 6S, 69, 96 auditory, external, 47, 66, 69, 71, 96 internal, 65, 68, 69, 96 nasal, common, 78, 96 inferior, 00, 94 middle, 90, 94 superior, 90, 94 nasi communis, 7s, 96 inferior, 90, 94 medius, 90, 94 superior, 90, 94 nasopharyngeal, 90 uasopharyngeus, 90 Medulla ossium, 11 Membrane of the anterior fontanelle, rofi Mesosternum, 41 Metacarpus, 106, 118 Metatarsus, 107, 140 Metasternum, 41 N. Nares, posterior, 48, 93, 96 Nasal aperture, anterior, 46, 4S, 90, 91, 93 posterior, 48, 93, 96 Neck, anatomical, of the humerus, 112 of the astragalus, 143 of the femur, 132-134 of the inferior maxillary bone, 84, 85 of the mandible, S4, 85 of the radius, 115 of the scapula, no surgical, of the humerus, 112 Necks of the ribs, 40 tNorma frontalis, 46, 101 t lateralis, 47, 101 t verticalis, 101 Notch, cotyloid, 130 clavicular, 41 ethmoidal, 76, 77 great sciatic, 128, 129 iliosciatic, 128, 129 interclavicular, 40 jugular, of the occipital bone, 56, 89 of the temporal bone, 63 lachrymal, 80 nasal, So parietal, 62, 63 popliteal. 137 pterygoid, 5S, 89 of Rivinus, 62, 64, 70, 71 sciatic, 129 sigmoid, 84 small sciatic, 129 sphenopalatine, 83 supra-orbital, 74, 76 suprascapular, no vertebral, inferior, 25, 27 superior, 27 Notochord, 34 "Nutcracker face," 87 Nutrient artery, 20 Occiput, 47 Odontoid process, 29 Olecranon, 114, 115 Optic vesicle, primary, 102 Orbit, entrance to the, 48, 98 Orbital orifice, height, 101 width, 101 Orbitosphenoid, 61 Orbits, the, 92-95, 9S Orifice of the Eustachian tube, tympanic, 66 Os vti ossa t acetabuli, 131 t antibrachii, [06, 114-nb .1 1 . lopment of, 1:7 brevia, 16, 17 development of, 21 capitatum, 1 19-121 calcis, 17, 142, 143 development of, 146, 147 carpi, 120, [21 development of, 123 cenlrale carpi, 1 21 1 coccygis, 24, 32, 33, 125, 120 development of, 35 costale, 38, 39 coxse, 107, 128-130 development of, 13; cranii, 52-104 cerebralis, 52 t cruris, 107, 136-138 development of, 1 ',9 cuboideum, 142, 144 cuneiforme primum, 141, 142, 14-: secundum, 142, 144 tertium, 17, 142, 144 ethmoidale, 52, 78 faciei, 53 frontale, 52, 74-76 development of, 77 hamatum, 119-121 hyoideum, 87 ilium, 19, 124-126 + incae, 100 incisivum, 82, 97 t infracoracoideum, ill innominatum, 107, 128-130 development of, 131 interparietale, 100 ischii, t 24- 1 26 lacrimale, 53, 79, 90-92, 95 longa, 12-15 lunatum, 119, 120 magnum, 119-121 metacarpale I., 106, 119 metacarpalia, 119, 122 development of, 123 metatarsale I., 107, 142 metatarsalia, 142, 145 development of, 146, J47 multangulum majus, 119-121 minus, 119-121 nasale, 53, 79, 90, 91 naviculare manus, 119, 120 pedis, 142, 144 occipitale, 52, 54-56 development of, 57 palatinum, 53, 83 parietale. 19, 52, 72, 73 development of, 21 pisiforme, 1 18-120 planum, 7S, 91, 92, 94 plana, 19 pubis, 124-126 sacrum, 24, 30-33, 125, 126 development of, 35 sesamoidea manus, 118 pedis, 140, 141 sphenoidale, 52, 58-60 development of, 0; suprasternalia, 41 suturarum, 100 tarsi, 17, 143, 144 temporale, 52, 62-69 development of, 70, 7i trigonum, 143 triquetrum, 119, 120 zygomaticum, 53, 83 " Osseous corpuscles," 10 Ossification, intracartilaginous, 20 intramembranous, 21 INDEX 160a Ossification of the Y-shaped cartilage of the acetabulum, 131 Osteology, 7 et seq. Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivee, 66 P. Palate, hard, 48, 94, 96, 97 Palatum durum, 4.S, 94, 96, 97 Paries carotica cavi tympani, 65, 66 inferior orbitas, 93, 98, 99 jugularis cavi tympani, 66 labyriuthica cavi tympani, 65, 66 lateralis orbitae, 98 mastoidea cavi tympani, 66 medialis orbitae, 98 superior orbitae, 92, 98 tegmentalis cavi tympani, 65 Pars alveolaris mandibular, 84-86 basilaris ossis occipitalis, 54-57 cupularis recessus epityinpanici, 64 horizontalis ossis palatini, 83, 90, 91, 97 lateralis ossis occipitalis, 54, 56, 57 sacn, 30, 31 mastoidea ossis temporalis, 62-64, 70, 71 nasalis ossis frontalis, 74, 77 orbitalis ossis frontalis, 75-77, 94, 98 perpendicularis ossis palatini, S3, 90, 91, 97, 99 petrosa ossis temporalis, 62-64, 70, 71 tvmpanica ossis temporalis, 62, 64, 65, 71 Patella, 107, 136 Pecten ossis pubis, 12S Pedicle of the neural arch, 25, 26 Pelvic brim or inlet, 124, 125, 127 girdle, 107. 124-126 outlet, 126, 127 Pelvis, 124, 127 axis of, 127 diameters of, 127 false, 124, 125 female, 124 major, 124, 125 male, 125, 126 measurements of, 127 minor, 124, 125, 127 t muliebris, 124 true, 124, 125, 127 t virilis, 125, 126 Perichondrium, 20 Periosteum. 11, 20 Petrosal ganglion, depression for, 62, 65 Petrous portion of the temporal bone, 62-64, 67, 70, 71 Phalanges digitorum manus, 106, 118, 119, 122 development of, 123 pedis, 107, 140-142, 145 development of, 146, 147 hallucis, 107 pollicis, 106 Phalanges of the fingers, 106, 118, 119, 122 development of, 123 of the great toe, 107 of the thumb, 106 of the toes, 107, 140-142, 145 development of, 146, 147 Pit, olfactory, 102 Plane, nuchal, 48, 55, 100 occipital, 55, 100 Planum nuchale, 48, 55, 100 occipitale, 55, 100 popliteum, 132 t sternale, 36 temporale, 47, 72 Plate, cribriform, 78, 90, 91, 94 of the ethmoid bone, orbital, 78, 91, 92, 94 vertical, 78, 91, 94, 95 of the frontal bone, orbital, 75-77, 94, 98 of the palate bone, horizontal, 83, 90, 91, 97 palate, S3, 90, 91, 97 vertical, 83, 90, 91, 97, 99 pterygoid, external, 5S, 60, 61, 99 internal, 58, 61 tympanic, 62, 64, 65, 71 Ponticulus promontorii, 67 Portion, nasal, of the frontal bone, 74, 77 Porus acusticus externus, 47, 48, 62 interims, 63, 65, 68, 70 Postsphenoid, 61 Premaxilla, 82, 97 Presphenoid, 61 Presternum, 41 Process or processes : accessory, 27 alar, 78, 94 articular, of the sacrum, superior, 30-32 of the vertebrae, inferior, 25-27, 29 superior, 25-27, 29 * of the astragalus, external, 143 posterior, 141, 143 trochlear, 143 basilar, of the occipital bone, 54-57, 60 clinoid, anterior, 5S-60 middle, 59, 60 posterior, 58, 59 cochleariform, 64-68 coracoid, no, m coronoid (of the mandible), 84, S6 (of the ulna), 114 costal, 27 ensiform, 41 ethmoidal, 79, 90 of frontal bone, external angular, 75-77 humular, of the lachrymal bone, 79, 9S of the sphenoid bone, 58, 60, 95 intrajugtilar, of the occipital bone, 63 of the temporal bone, 56 jugular, 54, 56, 89 lachrymal, 79, 90 of the malar bone, frontal, 83 marginal, S3 orbital, 83, 98 temporal, S3 mamillary, 27 mastoid, 48, 62, 64, 67, 71, 88 maxillary, of the inferior turbinate bone, 79 99 nasal, of the palate bone, 83, 99 of the maxillary bone (inferior), alveolar, 84-86 coronoid, 84-86 (superior), alveolar, So, 82, 99 malar, 80, 82 nasal. So, Si, 91 palatine, S0-S2, 90, 91. 97 odontoid, 29 of the palate bone, orbital, 83, 90-92, 98, 99 pyramidal, 83, 97, 99 sphenoidal, S3, 90, 91 paratnastoid, 88 paroccipital, 88 pterygoid, 48, 58-61, 91, 92 pterygospinous, 60, 91 spinous, of the sphenoid bone, 5S-61, 93 (of vertebra;), 25-27 styloid, of the fibula, 138 of the radius, 1 15 of the temporal bone, 48, 62, 64 of the third metacarpal bone, 122 of the ulna. 114, 115 transverse, 25, 26, 28 tympanic, anterior, 70, 71 posterior, 70 unciform, of the unciform bone, 11S. 121 uncinate, 78, 90, 94, 95, 99 ungual, of the phalanges of the fingers, 122 of the toes, 141, 145 vaginal, of the sphenoid bone, 58, 59, 61, 90, 91 of the temporal bone, 64, 70, 71 xiphoid. 41 Processus accessorius, 27 alaris, 78. 94 alveolaris (maxillae), 80, 82, 99 articularis inferior vertebrarum, 25-27, 29 superior ossis sacri, 30-32 vertebrarum, 25-27, 29 cliuoideus, anterior, 58-60 20a 160/; INDEX Processus clinoideus, medius, 59, 60 posterior, 58, 59 cochleariformis, 65, 66, 68 condyloideus, 84, 8s coracoideus, 1 10, 1 1 1 coronoideus mandibulae, 84-86 ulnse, 114 costanus, 27 ethmoidalis, 79, 90 frontalis, 80, 81, 9] frontosphenoidalis, 83 intrajugularis ossis occipitalis, 56 temporalis, 63 iugularis, 54, 56, 89 lacrimalis, 79, 90 lateralis tali, 143 tuberis calcanei, 141, 143 mamillaris, 27 marginalis, S3 mastoideus, 48, 62, 64, 67, 71, 88 maxillaris, 79, 99 medialis tuberis calcanei. 141, 143 nasalis ossis palati, 83, 99 orbitalis, 83, 90-92, 98, 99 palatums, 80-82, 90, 91, 97 parf"»2astoideus, 88 pospeisor tali, 141, 143 pterygoideus, 48, 58-61, 91, 92 pterygospinosus [Civinini], 60, 91 pyramidalis, 83, 97, 99 sphenoidalis, 83, 90, 91 spinosus, 25-27 styloideus ossis metacarpalis III., '-- temporalis, 48, 62,64 radii, T 15 ulna;, 114, 115 temporalis, 83 transversus, 25, 26, 28 troclilearis, 143 t tympauicus, anterior, 70, 71 posterior, 70 t uncinatus, 78, 90, 94, 95, 99 vaginalis, 58, 59, 61, 90, 91 xipboideus, 41 zygomaticus maxilla;, 80, 82 ossis frontalis, 75-77 temporalis, 62-64, 7°V 71 Prominence of the aqueduct of Fallopius, 66 of the external semicircular canal, 66, 67 styloid, 64 Prominentia canalis facialis, 66 semicircularis lateralis, 66, 67 styloidea, 64 Promontorium (cavi tympani), 66-68 (columnar vertebralis), 24, 124 Promontory of the tympanum, 66-68 sacral, 24, 124 Protovertebra;, 34 Protuberance, mental, 84-86 occipital, external, 48, 55, 56 internal, 49, 54, 57, 89 rrotuberantia mentalis, 84-86 occipitalis externa, 48, 55, 56 interna, 49, 54, 57, 89 Pterygoid plate, external, 58, 60, 61, 99 internal, 58, 61 Pubis, the, 124-126 Pyramid of the tympanum, 66, 67, 69 Pyramis [pars petrosa] ossis temporalis, 62-64, 7°. 71 Radius, 13, 106, 115, 116 development of, 117 Radix arcus vertebra;, 25, 26 Ramus, inferior ossis ischii, 128, 130 pubis, 12S, 130 of the ischium, inferior, 128, 130 superior, 128 mandibulae, S4-87 Ramus of the pubis, ascending, 128 descending, 128, 13° inferior, 128, 130 superior, 128 superior ossis ischii, 1 28 pubis, [28 Recess, elliptical, 69 epitympanic, 64, 69, 70 sphenoethmoidal, 90, 92 Recessus ellipticus, 69 epitympauicus, 64, 69, 70 spheno-ethmoidalis, 90, 92 Ribs, the, 36-40 asternal, 36, development of, 42 false, 36 floating, 36 sternal, 36 true, 36 Ridge or ridges : of the carpus, radial, 118 ulnar, 118 cruciform, internal, 54 gluteal, 132 for the interarticular costocentral ligament, 40 intermediate, of the crest of the ilium, 128, 130 interosseous, of the fibula, 138 of the tibia, 136-1:18 intertrochanteric, 132, 133 mylohyoid. 85 of the neck of the rib, 40 orbital, 80, 98 pectoral, 112 postauricular, 62 superciliary, 46, 48, 74 supinator (of the ulna), 114 transverse, of the sacrum, 30 of the trapezium, 118, 121 trapezoid, 109 Ring, tympanic, 70, 103, 104 Roof of the skull, 50 of the tympanum, 65 Rostrum, sphenoidal, 58-61, 91 primitive, 61 Row of teeth, 48 S. Sacrum, the, 24, 30-33, 125, 126 development of, 35 apex of the, 30, 31 Scapula, the, 106, 108, no development of, in Sella turcica, 60, and footnote Semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani, 64, 66, 67, "O tubaa auditiva;, 64, 66, 67, 69 Septa, interalveolar, 82, 84 Septum between the canal for the tensor tympani muscle and the Eustachian canal, 64-68 canalis musculotubarii, 64, 66, 67 of the frontal sinuses, 76, 94 nasi osseum, 46, 91-93, 96 of the nose, bony, 46. 91-93, 96 sinuum frontalium, 76, 94 sphenoidalium, 60, 93 sphenoidal. 60, 93 Shaft of the femur, 132, 133 of the fibula, 138 of the humerus, 112 of the radius, 115 of the tibia, 136, 137 of the ulna, 114 Shafts of the metacarpal bones, 122 of the metatarsal bones, 145 of the phalanges of the fingers, 122 of the toes, 145 of the ribs, 40 Shoulder-girdle, 106, 108 Sinciput, 47 t Sinus cervicalis, 102 frontalis, 76, 77, 90, 91, 94, 95 maxillaris, 80-82, 93-95, 97, 99 posterior (cavi tympani), 64, 66, 67 INDEX 160,; Sinus sphenoidalis, 60, 61, 90-93 tarsi, 140 tyinpani. 66, 67 Skeleton, appendicular, 105-147 axial, 23-104 extremitatis inferioris, 105, 107, 124-147 superioris, 105, 106, 108-123 of the foot, 140-142 development of, 146, 147 of the hand. 1 iS, 119 development of, 123 human, 22 of the lower limb, 105, 107, 124-127 t manus, 1 18, 119 development of, 123 t pedis, 140-142 development of, 146, 147 trunci, 23-43 of the trunk, 23-43 of the upper limb, 105, 106, 108-123 Skull (see also " Cranium ") : cap, 50 measurements of, 101 views of: base, external, 48 internal, 49 front, 46, 101 roof, inner, 50 side, 47, 101 top, 101 Small wing of the sphenoid, 5S-61 Space, interosseous, of the forearm, 106, 1 16 of the leg, 107 Spaces, intercostal, 36 Spatia intercostalia, 36 tSpatium interosseum antibrachii, 106, 116 t cruris, 107 Sphenoid bone, 58-60 development of, 61 Spina vel spinas: angularis, 5S-61, 93 t ethmoidalis, 59 frontalis, 74-77, 90, 91 iliaca anterior inferior, 128, 129 superior, 128-130 posterior inferior, 128, 129 superior, 128, 129 ischiadica, 128, 129 mentalis. 84, 85, 96 t musculi recti lateralis, 58 nasalis anterior, 46, 47, So, 90, 91, 93, 97 posterior, 90, 91, 97 palatinae, 82, 97 scapula;, no suprameaturn, 62 trochlearis, 76, 98 tympanica major, 64, 71 minor, 64, 70, 71 Spine, ethmoidal, of the sphenoid bone, 59 iliac, antirior inferior, 128, 129 superior, 128-130 posterior inferior, 128, 129 superior, 128, 129 of the ischium, 128, 129 for the lower head of the external rectus muscle of the eyeball, 58 mental, 84, 85, 96 nasal, anterior, of the superior maxillary bone, 46, 47. 90, 91, 93, 97 of the frontal bone, 74-77, 90, 91 posterior, 90, 91, 97 palatine, 90, 91, 97 peroneal, of the astragalus, 143 pharyngeal, 56 pubic, 130 of the scapula. 1 10 of the sphenoid bone, 58-61, 93 suprameatal, 62 of the tibia, 136, 137 trochlear, 76, 98 Spine, tympanic, anterior, 64, 71 posterior, 64, 70, 71 •Spines, palatine, 82, 97 Spongy bone, sphenoidal, 5S, 59, 61 Squama frontalis, 74-77 occipitalis, 54-57 temporalis, 62-64, 70, 71 Squamous portion of the frontal bone, 74-77 of the occipital bone, 54-57 of the temporal bone, 62-64, 7°. 71 Sternum, 41 development of, 42 Subiculum promontorii, 67 Substance of bone, cortical, 19, 20 Substantia compacta, 11-17, '9 corticalis, 19, 20 arteriae occipitalis, 62, 71 temporalis media;, 62 vertebralis, 29 arteriosi, 50, 73 calcanei, 143 canaliculi tnastoidei, 62, 65 caroticus, 58, 59 carpi, 118 chiasmatis, 59 costae, 40 ethmoidalis, 79, 91 hamuli pterygoidei, 58 infra-orbitalis, So, 93, 94, 98, 99 intertubercularis, 112 lacrimalis maxillae, 80, 82, 91, 98 ossis lacrimalis, 79, 92 lateral, 49, 54, 56, 63, 64, 73, 88, 89 longitudinal, 54, 73, 75, 88, 89 mallei, 70 malleolaris (tibia;), 136 musculi flexoris hallucis longi (calcanei), 141, 143 (tali), 141, 143 peronaei longi (calcanei), 143 (ossis cuboidei), 140, 141, 144 mylohyoideus, 85 nervi petrosi superficialis majoris, 63, 64 minoris, 63, 64 radialis, 112 spinalis, 26 ulnaris, 112 obturatorius, 128 olfactorius, 90 palatini, 82, 97 paraglenoidalis, 128 petrosal, inferior, 56, 62, 63, SS superior, 63 t petrosquamosus, 64 petrosus inferior, 88 ossis occfpitahs, 56 temporalis, 62, 63 superior, 63 I" praeauricularis, 128 promontorii, 67 t pterygopalatine maxillae, 80 ossis palatini, 83 sphenoidalis, 58 sagittalis (ossis frontalis), 75, 88 (ossis occipitalis), 54, 89 (ossis parietalis), 73 sigmoideus, 49, 56, 63, 64, 88, 89 subclavian 40 tali, 143 transversus ossis occipitalis, 49, 54, 56, 89 parietalis, 73 tubae auditivae, 48 tympanicus. 64, 66, 69, 70 venosus, 50 Supra-occipital bone, note to p. 57 portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, and note, p. 57 Surface, articular, of the astragalus, superior, 143 of the external malleolus, 137, 13S \60d INDEX Surface, articular, of the head of the fibula, 13S of the internal malleolus, 137 of the patella 1 ■ of the radius, for the ulna, 1 [5 of the tibia, for the head of the fibula, 136- 137 inferior or distal, 137 superior or proximal, 137 auricular, of the ilium, 128 of the sacrum, 31, 32 of the femur, anterior, 132, 133 patellar, 132-134 popliteal, 132 postero-external, 132, 133 postero-internal, 132, 133 of the fibula, anterior, external, 138 internal, [38 posterior, 138 of the foot, dorsal, 140 plantar, 141 of the frontal bone, anterior, 74 cerebral, 75 frontal, 74 orbital, 76 posterior, 75 temporal, 74, 77 of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, cerebral, 58, 61 of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, orbital, 58-61, 98 of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, spheno- maxillary, 58, 99 of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, temporal, 58-61, and note, p. 59 of the hand, dorsal, 119 palmar, 118 of the humerus, antero-external, 112 antero-internal, 112 posterior, 112 of the malar bone, malar, 83 orbital, 83 outer, 83 temporozygomatic, 83 patellar (of the femur), 132-134 of the parietal bone, cerebral, 73 external, 72 internal, 73 parietal, 72 temporal, 47, 72 of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, anterior, 65 of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, inferior, 65 of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, posterior, 65 pophteaJ, 132 of the pubic symphysis, 128 of the radius, anterior, 114- 116 external, 114-116 posterior, 114-116 of the sacrum, dorsal, 31, 32 pelvic, 30, 32, 125 posterior, 126 of the scapular, anterior, no posterior, 1 10 of the squamous portion of the temporal bone, cerebral, 63, 64 of the squamous portion of the temporal bone, temporal, 62, 63 of the sternum, anterior, 36 of the superior maxillary bone, anterior, 80 facial, 80 nasal, 80 orbital, 80 zygomatic, 80, 99 temporozygomatic, 58-61, and note, p. 59 of the tibia, external, 136-138 internal, 136, 138 posterior, 136-138 Surface, of the ulna, anterior, 114, ti6 internal, 1 14 posterior, 1 1.) of the vertical plate of the palate-bone; external, 8^ internal, 83 nasal, 83 zygomatic, 58-61, and note, p. 59 Sustentaculum tali, [40, 141, 1 | ; Sutura coronalis, 46, 47, 49, 50, 88, 100 ethmoideoniaxillaris, 98 frontalis, 77 fronto-ethmoidalis, 49, 98 frontolacrinialis, 91, 98 frontomaxillaris, 46, 98 incisiva, 48, 82, 07 infra-orbitalis, 80 intermaxillaris, 46 internasalis, 46. 92 lacrimoconchalis, 90, 95 t lacrimo-ethmoidalis, 91, 98 lacrimomaxillaris, 91, 98 lambdoidea, 47, 50, 89, 100 t mendosa, 55, 57, 104 nasofrontalis, 46, 90-92, 98 nasomaxillaris, 46, 47 t occipitalis transversa, 100 occipitomastoidea, 47-49, 88, 89, 100 palatina mediana, 96, 97 transversa, 90, 91, 96, 97 palato-ethmoidalis, 99 palatomaxillaris. 98 parietomastoidea, 47, 49, 89, 100 sagittal is, 50, SS, 100 spheno-ethmoidalis, 49, 98, 99 sphenofrontalis, 47 spheno-orbitalis, 49, 98 sphenoparietalis, 46, 47, S8 sphenosquamosa, 46-49, 88 sphneozygomatica, 47, 98 squamosa, 46, 47, 88 squamosomastoidea, 62, 70, 71 zygomaticofrontalis, 46, 47, 92 zygomaticomaxillaris, 46, 47 zygomaticotemporalis, 46, 47 Suture, coronal, 46, 47, 49, 50, 88, 100 etlimoidomaxillary, 98 frontal, 77 frouto-ethmoidal, 49, 9S frontolachrymal, 91, 98 frontomalar,.46, 47, 92 frontomaxillary, 46, 98 frontoparietal, 46, 47, 49, 50, S8, joo infra-orbital, 80 intermaxillary. 46 interparietal, 50, S8,- 100 interuasal, 46, 92 lachrymo-ethmoidal, 91, 9S lachrymomaxillary, 91, 98 lachrymoturbinal, 90, 95 lambdoid, 47, 50, .89, 100 malomaxillary, 46, 47 mendosa, 55, 57, 104, and note to p. 57 metopic, 77 nasofrontal, 46, 90-92, 98 nasomaxillary, 46, 67 occipital, transverse, 55, 57, 100, 104, and note to P-57 occipitomastoid, 47-49, 88, 89, 100 occipitoparietal, 47, 50, 89, too palatine, anterior, 48, S2, 97 median, 96, 97 middle, 96, 97 posterior, 90, 91, 96, 97 transverse, 90, 91, 96, 97 palato-ethmoidal, 99 palatomaxillary, 98 parietomastoid, 47, 49, 89, 100 petrosphenoidal, 48, 49 premaxillary, 48, 82, 97 sagittal, 50, SS, 100 INDEX 160 Suture, sphenoethmoidal, 49. 98, 99 sphenofrontal, 47 sphenomalar, 47, 98 spheno-orbital, 49, 98 sphenoparietal, 4(1, 47, •s<'"' sphenosquamous, 46-49. 88 squamosomastoid, 62, 70, 71 squamous, 46- [8 temporomalar, 46, 47 Symphysis ossium pubis, 125 pubic, 125 Synchondrosis epiphyseos, 20 interspheuoidalis, 61 intra-occipitalis, anterior, 57 posterior, 57 occipitosphenoidal, 49 spheno-occipitalis, 49 sterualis, 41 Table, inner, of the bones of the skull, 19, 50 of the frontal bone, 75-77 outer, of the bones of the skull, 19, 50 of the frontal bone, 75, 76 Tabular portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, and note, P- 57 Talus, 17, 142, 143 Tarsus, 107, 140 Tegmen tympani, 64, 65, 69-71, 96 Thorax, 36, 37 Tibia, 15, 18, 107, 136, 137 development of, 139 Tissue of bone, cancellous, n-17, 19 compact, 11-17, 19 Toes, skeleton of, 140, 141 Tooth-sockets of the lower jaw, 84 of the upper jaw, S2 *Torus occipitalis, 100 palatinus, 96 Tractus spiralis foraminuleutus, 68 Trapezium, the, 119-121 Trochanter, great, 132-134 major, 132-134 minor, 132, 133 small, 132, 133 tertius, 133 third, 133 Trochlea humeri, 112 phalangis maims, las- pedis, 145 tali, 140, 143 Tuber calcanei, 140, 141, 143, 147 cochlea;, 66-68 frontale, 46, 74, 77, 104 ischiadicum, 12S-130 maxillare, 80-82, 99 parietale, 72, 104 Tubercle of the atlas, anterior, 29 posterior, 29 carotid, 24 of the cervical vertebrae, anterior, 26 posterior, 26, 29 conoid, 109 infragleuoid, 1 10 of the ischium, 128-130 of Lisfranc, 40 mental, 84, 85, 96 obturator, anterior, 128 posterior, 128, 130 pharyngeal, 56 of the posterior process of the astragalus, external, 143 of the posterior process of the astragalus, internal, 143 of the ribs, 37, 40 scalene, 40 of the spine of the tibia, inner, 137 outer, 137 supraglenoid, 1 to Tubercle of the tibia, 136, 137 of the tuberosity of the calcaueum, inner, 141, 143 outer, 141, 143 Tuberculum anterius atlantis, 29 vertebrarum cervicalium, ->6 articulare, 62 caroticum, 24 costse, 37, 40 intercondyloideum laterale, 137 mediale, 137 jugulare, 54, 56 t laterale tali, 143 majus, 112 f mediale tali, 143 mentale, 84, 85, 96 minus, 112 obturatorium anterius, 128 posterius, 128, 130 ossis multanguli majoris, 118, 121 navicularis manus, 118, 120 pharyngeum, 56 posterius atlantis, 29 vertebrarum cervicalium, 26, 29 pubicum, 130 scaleni [Lisfranci], 40 sellae, 59-61 Tuberositas coracoidea, 109 costse II.. 40 costalis, 109 deltoidea, 112 glutsea, 132 iliaca, 128, 129 infraglenoidalis, no masseterica, S4, 86 ossis cuboidei, 141, 144 metacarpalis V„ 122 metatarsalis I., 141, 145 V., 140, 141, 145 navicularis pedis, 140, 141, 144 pterygoidea, S5 radii, 115, 116 sacralis, 31 . supraglenoidalis, no tibiae, 136, 137 ulnae, 114 unguicularis phalangum digitorum (manus), 122 unguicularis phalangum digitorum pedis, 141, 145 Tuberosity, costal, 109 of the cuboid bone, 141, 144 of the femur, external, 132, 134 internal, 132, 133 of the fifth metacarpal bone, 122 of the first metatarsal bone, 141, 145 of the fifth metatarsal bone, 140, 141, 145 of the humerus, great, 112 small, 112 of the ilium, 128, 129 masseteric, 84, 86 of the navicular bone, 140, 141, 144 of the os calcis, 140. 141, 143, 147 of the palate-bone. 83, 97, 99 pterygoid, internal, 85- of the radius, 115, 116 of the sacrum, 31 of the scaphoid bone, 11S, 120 of the superior maxillary bone, 80-S4, 99 of the tibia, external, 136, 137 internal, 136, 137 of the trapezium, 11S, 121 of the ulna, 114 Turbinate bone, sphenoidal, 5S, 59, 61 orbital border of the, 59 Tympanic plate, 62, 64, 65, 71 ring, 70, 103, 104 sinus, 66, 67 spine, anterior, 64, 71 posterior, 64, 70, 71 sulcus, 64, 66, 69, 70 1 60/ Ulna, the, T3, 106, 114, 116 development of, 1 17 INDEX U. Vagina! process of the temporal bone, 64, 70, 71 of tin- sphenoid bone, 58, 59, 61, 90, 91 Vagina processus styloidei, 64, 70, 71 Venter of the scapula, 1 [o Vertebra or vertebrae: cervical, 24, 26, 29 seventh, 29 development of, 34, 55 dorsal, 24, 25, 28 first, 28 eleventh, 28 twelfth, 28 lumbar, 24, 27, 28 fifth, 28, 33 prominens, 24 sacral, 24, 30-32 structure, 16 thoracales, 24, 25, 2S thoracalis I., 28 XL, 28 XII., 28 Vertex, 46, 47 Vesicle, optic, primary, 102 umbilical, 102 Vestibulum labyri thi, 65, 68, 69 Vomer, 53, 79, 91, 94, 95 W. Wall of the orbit, external, 98 inferior, 93, 98 internal, 98 superior, 92, 98 of the tympanum, carotid, 65, 66 inner, 65, 66 jugular, 66 labyrinthine, 65, 66 mastoid, 66 superior (roof), 65 Wing of the ilium, 130 of the sphenoid, great, 58-61 small, 58-61 Xiphisternum, 41 Zygoma, 46 48, 62-64, 7°, 7r> ' Zygomatic width,' 101 AN ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS BY CARL TOLDT, M.D. ASSISTED BY PROFESSOR ALOIS DALLA ROSA, M.D. goapteo to Enolisb ano American an& Jnternattonal Zetminology BY M. EDEN PAUL, M.D. Brux., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. SECOND SECTION C. ARTHROLOGY (FIGURES 378 TO 489 AND INDEX) REVISED EDITION •>> CD & 9i/oo' NEW YORK REBMAN COMPANY 141, 143 and 145 WEST 36th STREET Copyright, 1919, by REBMAN COMPANY SYNDESMOLOGIA ARTHROLOGY THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL 164 THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL Sutural Bubstance Sagittal or interparietal suture Sutura sagittalis Parietal bone *Os parietale Anterior or frontal border 'Margo frontalis pIG< 378.— Sutura Serrata — Serrated or Dentated Suture. Squamous or temporo-- parietal suture Sutura squamosa Parietomastoid suture - Sutura parietomastoidea External auditory aperture Porus acusticus externus -Sutural substance Parietal bone (inferior or squamous border) Os parietale (margo squamosus) Squamous portion of the temporal bona Squama temporalis Zygoma Processus zygomaticus 7, Fig. 379. — Sutura Squamosa — Squamous or Scaly Suture. Frontonasal suture _ \ „ Sutura nasofrontalis YI/S Frontomaxillary suture / r Sutura frontomaxillaris ' I • Nasal process of the superior maxillary bone / I Processus frontalis maxillae J Harmonia (Lachrymomaxillary suture)...../ / Harmonia (Sutura lacrimomaxillaris) k* ' ) | Nasal bone " S / . ....■'; Os nasale w _ Orbital plate of the frontal bone Os frontale (pars orbitalis) Frontolachrymal suture 1 '"Sutura frontolacrimalis [ Harmonic sutures Lachrymo-ethmoidal suture r Harmonise ~ Sutura lacrimo-ethmoidalis J —Lachrymal bone Os lacrimale 'A Fig. 380.— Harmonia— Harmonic Suture. Synarthrosis, or Continuous Articulation. THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL 165 Cranial dura mater Dura mater encephal Dorsum sellse Dorsum sella? Spheno-occipital synchondrosis Synchondrosis spheno-occipital is Basilar portion of the occipital bone Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis Ala of the vomer Ala vomeris — Vertical plate of the ethmoid bone •Cartilage of the septum of the nose Septum nasi cartilagineum ..The vomer Vomer — Nasal crest of superior maxillary bone Crista nasalis Fig. 381.— Synchondrosis. (The Spheno-occipital Synchondrosis of a Girl at the Age of Two Years; Median Sagittal Section.) Periosteum - Periosteum Superior pubic ligament Lig. pubicum superius "Bie os pubis Interpubic disc •Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica The inferior pubic or subpubic ligament Lig. arcuatum pubis Fig. 382. — Symphysis. (The Pubic Symphysis; Frontal Section, Posterior Portion.) iUveolus or socket of the tooth Alveolus dentis Interalveolar septum Septum interalveolare Root of the tooth Radix dentis — Dental periosteum Periosteum alveolare Interalveolar septum Septum interalveolare Fig. 383. — Gomphosis. Synarthrosis, or Continuous Articulation. 166 THE Ah'TICULAJJONS IN GEM:EAE Second metacarpal bone- ( is metacarpale II. Point of intersection of the axes^ of adduction and abduction Axis of flexion of the metacarpo- phalangeal articulation Lateral ligament Lig collaterale Proximal articular surface of - the first phalanx Axis of flexion of the proximal interphalangeal articulation Lateral ligament' Lig. collaterale Second phalanx Phalanx II. Axis of flexion of the distal inter- phalangeal articulation Centre of the head of the metacarpal bone (axis of flexion of the metacarpophalangeal articulation) Third phalanx Phalanx III. Distal interphalangeal articulation Articulatio digiti distalis Third phalanx. Phalanx III. Axes of flexion of the inter- phalangeal articulations Fig. 384. — Extension. Posterior Aspect. Fig. 385. — Flexion. Lateral Aspect. dlarthrosls (metacarpo-phalangeal articulation'). — glnglymus, or hlnge joint (Articulations of the Fingers). External malleolar surface Facies malleolaris lateralis Superior articular surface of the astragalus Facies superior trochlese tali Internal malleolar surface / Facies malleolaris medialis Line completing the edge of- the screw Axis of the superior articular surface of the astragalus ( axis of the screw = axis of rotation of the ankle-joint) Fig. 386. — Articulatio Cochlearis, Cochleoid or Scre Ginglymus. (Superior Articular Surface of the Left Astragalus, seen from Behind, showing the Screw Form of the Ankle-Joint. Diarthrosis, or Discontinuous Articulation — Articulatio simplex, simple joint. THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL 167 Lateral ligament Lig. collaterals i Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis \ Axis of adduction and abduction Centre of the head (axis of flexion of the metacarpo- phalangeal articulation i ... Second metacarpal bone Os metacar ale II. flg. 387. — condylarthrosis, or condyloid joint. (tlie metacarpophalangeal articulation of the Index-Finger; Lateral View.) Point of intersection of the frontal axes of the occipital condyles (the axis of flexion and extension, or nodding movement, of the head) s Sagittal axis of the occipito-atlantal articulation (axis of lateral flexion of the head) Basilar portion of the occipital bone Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis Occipital condyle Condylus occipitalis ...Superior articular surface of the atlas Fovea articularis superior atlantis Lateral mass of the atlas Massa lateralis atlantis FlG. 388. — CONDYLARTHROSIS, OR CONDYLOID JOINT. (RlGHT OCCIPITO-ATLANTAL ARTICULATION J SEEN FROM THE OUTER SlDE.) The outer half of the lateral mass of the atlas has been removed by a sagittal section passing through the joint. Anteroposterior axis (axis of adduction and abduction Radio-ulnar axis (axis of flexion and extension) Trapezium Os multangulum majus First metacarpal bone^ Os metacarpale I. Fig. 389. — Articulatio Sellaris — Saddle Joint. (Articulatio Carpometacarpea Pollicis- Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb.) Diarthrosis, or Discontinuous Articulation — Articulatio simplex, simple joint. 168 THE i A'/ rCC/i i Z7CWS /.V GENER U. Capsule of the joint Capsula arti< ulai Frontal articular axis (axis of flexion) Sagittal articular axis (axis of adduction and abduction) Axis of the neck of the humerus— The humerus. Humerus Axis of rotation , Glenoid ligament Axis of the neck of the humerus Articular cartilage of the glenoid fossa Fig. 390. — Enarthrosis,1 or Arthrodia ; Ball-and-socket Joint. (The Right Shoulder-Joint seen from before, the anterior half of the glenoid fossa and of the capsule of the Joint having been removed.) Great trochanter Trochanter major Cotyloid ligament l&'L ^a Labrum gleno.date J&m^lttP?M Capsule of the joint ' t^^SpS^^jM^^-:' Capsula articularis \ /-' \AwM}*^t$MM\ Frontal articular axi (axis of flexion Axis of the neck of the femur Articular cartilage of the horseshoe-shaped articular portion of the acetabulum Sagittal articular axis (axis of adduction and abduction) Interarticular or round ligament Lig. teres femoris Fossa of the acetabulum Fossa acetabuli Transverse ligament Lig. transversum acetabuli (Labrum glenoidale) Fibrous portion"> Pars fibrosa | of the capsule of the joint Synovial portion I capsula: articularis Lars synovialis J Axis of rotation Fig. 391. — Enarthrosis,1 or Arthrodia; Ball-and-Socket Joint. (The Right Hip-Joint seen from Before, the Anterior Half of the Acetabulum and of the Capsule of the Joint having been removed.) 1 I have departed a little and the shoulder joint are cl shoulder-joint, in which the Gelenk— lit., "free joint "; \ extent, is called Enakthros of the hip and the shoulder jo: than in the other has not bee the terms Enarthrosis and this page from the author's terminology, which differs slightly from that in use in England. Both the hip rd by him as examples of Articulatio sphjeroidea, K-ugelgelenk — lit., " ball joint "; one of these, the : articular surface is considerably less than a hemisphere in extent, is called by him Arthrodia, freies e other, the hip-joint, in which the concave articular surface is considerably more than a hemisphere in sgelenk— lit., "nut joint." English anatomists do not, as a rule, draw this distinction. The movements dentical in character, and the greater extent of the rigid portion of the enveloping surface in the one case dered a difference sufficiently important to warrant a separation into two classes. Hence, in England applied indifferently to all ball-and-socket jo I 1 Diarthrosis, or Discontinuous Articulation— Articulatio simplex, simple joint ; articulatio sphaeroidea,1 ball-and-socket joint. THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL The radius Radius The ulna Ulna 169 The bones of the carpus (proximal row) Axis of the transverse carpal articulation The bones of the carpus (distal rowi Saddle joint (carpometacarpal • joint of the thumb) // Articulatio sellaris (carpo- metacarpea pollicis) Intercarpal gliding joints Amphiarthroses intercarpeae Axis of flexion of the Band Axis of the wrist-joint ,a Gliding joints Amphiarthroses Fig. 392. — Articulatio Composita, Compound Joints (Articulations of the Hand). — Amphiarthrosis = Arthrodia or Gliding Joint, as seen in the Intercarpal, Carpo- metacarpal, and Intermetacarpal Joint. Ihe arrows show the dorsal emergence of the axes of the wrist joint and of the transverse carpal articulation respectively. The humerus Humerus Axis of the trochoid articulation or pivot-joint (radio-ulnar) Internal condyle Epicondyius mediali Internal lateral ligament / of the elbow-joint ' Lig. collaterale ulnare The ulna Ulna Centre of the capitellum of the humerus Axis of the trochlea of the humerus (axis of flexion of the elbow joint) Humeroradial articulation Articulatio humeroradialis Annular or orbicular ligament Lig. annulare radii Fig. 393. — Articulatio Trochoidea, Trochoid or Pivot Joint. — Ginglymus, Hinge Joint. (Palmar Aspect of the Elbow-Joint.) The radial half of the capitellum of the humerus has been removed by a sagittal section passing through its centre of curvature. Diarthrosis, or Discontinuous Articulation. Amphiarthrosis, arthrodia or gliding joint — Articulatio composita, compound joint. 170 THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERA1 Interarticular fibrocartilage (interettTug«unent .^ES^lST"1^ I lisi us .11 tii ill. 11 i ■ S\ ndesmosis (lig. mil n laviculare) The clavicle Clavicula ■ Syndesmosis (costo- clavicular or rhomboid ligament) Syndesmosis (lig. i o toclaviculare) First rib - Costa I. Capsule of the joint ' Capsula articularis The two synovial cavities of the sternoclavicular joint Sternal articular facet of the clavicle Fades articularis sternalis claviculas Clavicular notch of the sternum Incisura clavicularis sterni The manubrium Manubrium sterni Fig. 394. — Syndesmosis. — Interarticular Fibrocartilage. (The Sternoclavicular Articulation, Anterior Aspect.) The right articulation is divided through the middle by a frontal secti n ; in the left, .ne front portion of the capsule has been removed, and the clavicle has been drawn backwards. Syndesmosis (coraco-acromial ligament) Syndesmosis (lig. coraco-acromiale) The acromion Acromion Coracoid process Processus coracoideus- Syndesmosis (suprascapular ligament) Syndesmosis (lig. transversum scapulae superius) Neck of the scapula Collum scapulae Supraspinous fossa Fossa supraspinata Fig. 395. — Syndesmoses Scapulae, Proper Ligaments of the Scapula ; seen from Above, Syndesmosis, fibrous or gamentous union — Discus articularis, interarticular fibrocartilage. JUNCTUR/E OSSIUM TRUNCI THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 172 THE \RTICULATIONS Ul< THE TRUNK Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilago intervertebralis Body of the fourth lumbar vertebra Corpus vertebrae lumbalis IV. Fig. 396. — Fibrocartilagines Intervertebrales, Intervertebral Discs. (Second, Third, and Fourth Lumbar Vertebra; seen from Before.) Ligamenta columnse vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 173 £jiterior common ligament £jg. longitudinale anterius Nucleus pulposus, or central pulpy portion of the intervertebral disc Posterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale posterius Superior articular process of the third lumbar vertebra Capsule of the joint of the articular -'' processes Capsula articulationis intervertebralis Inferior articular process of the second lumbar vertebra Inferior articular process of the third lumbar vertebra Annulus fibrosiis, or external fibrolaminar portion of the intervertebral disc Joint of the articular pro- cesses Articulatio intervertebralis Ligamentum subflavum Lig. flavum Spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra Interspinous ligament Lig interspinale Supraspinous ligament Lig. supraspinal Fig. 397. — Intervertebral Disc between the Second Lumbar Vertebra and the Third. (Lower Half of a Horizontal Section.) columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column. 174 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK Ligamenta sruonaviK Ligg. flava , Body of the twelfth dorsal vertebra | Corpu . vertebrae thoracalis XII. Interspinous ligamen' Lig. interspinale Spinous process of the. twelfth dorsal vertebra Supraspinous ligament : Lig. supraspinale Epiphysis of the spinous pro- cess of the first lumbar vertebra Joint of the articular processes / Articulatio intervertebralis Intervertebral foramen Foramen intervertebrals Layer of hyaline cartilage Stratum cartilagineum "Epiphysis of the vertebral body Anterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius Nucleus , pulposus Annulus fibrosus of the inter- vertebral disc Posterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale posterius Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilago inter- vertebralis Fig. 398. — Fibrocartilagines Intervertebrales, Intervertebral Discs. Ligamenta Flava, or Subflava. Ligamenta Interspinalia, Interspinous Ligaments. Ligamentum Supra- spinale, Supraspinous Ligament. (Median Section through the Twelfth Dorsal and the First Lumbar Vertebrae, Left Half,) Ligamenta columnar vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 175 Capsule of the joint of the articular processes Capsula articulationis intervertebrahs Arch of the first dorsal vertebra Arcus vertebrae thoracalis I. Surface of the section through the pedicle Superior articular process Processus articularis superior Costotransverse facet Fovea costalis transversalis Ligamenta subflava Ligg. flava Capsule of the joint 01 the articular processes Capsula articulationis intervertebrahs Fig. 399. — Ligamenta Flava, Ligamenta Subflava. Articulationes Intervertebrales, Intervertebral Articulations. Of these Latter the Right are unopened, the Left opened. (The Arches of the First Four Dorsal Vertebr.e, separated from the Bodies by a Frontal Section. Seen from Before.) Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column. !7S THE ARTIi Ul ITIONS OF THE TRUNK Pharyngeal tubercle' Tuberculum pharyngeum Anterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto -occipitalis anterior First cervical vertebra Vertebra cervicalis I. First dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis I. Tendon of origin of the longus colli muscle Divided anterior costocentral ) or stellate ligaments I Eleventh rib Costa XI. Posterior or internal intercostal aponeurosis Lig. intercostale internum Costal portion of the diaphragm Pars costalis diaphragmatis Crura or pillars of the diaphragm Lumbar fascia Fascia lumbodorsalis Lumbar fascia Fascia lumbalis Transversalis muscle Musculus uansversus abdominis Iliolumbar ligament,' L.\°. iliolumbale Anterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius Anterior superior costotransverse ligament Lig. costotransversariurn anterius First lumbar vertebr? Vertebra lumbalis I. --^Lumbar fascia •""Lig. lumbocostal '-.Iliolumbar ligament Lig. iliolumbale Surface of the section through the innominate bone Great sacrosciatic foramen--' Foramen ischiadicum majus Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament. Lig. sacrospinosum Small sacrosciatic foramen ' Foramen ischiadicum minus Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament Lig. sacrotuberosum 1 U.S.: Pharyngeal spine. Fig. 400.— Ligamentum Longitudinale Anterius, the Anterior Common Ligament. Liga- MENTUM LUMBOCOSTALE, LUMBOCOSTAL LIGAMENT. (THE VENTRAL ASPECT OF THE Vertebral Column, the Anterior Half of the Base of the Skull and the anterior Half of the Pelvis having been removed.) Ligamenta columnar vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column. THE ARTICULATIONS OF I HE 1RUNK 177 Basi-occipital and basi- sphenoid Corpus ossis basilaris Anterior arch of the atlas Arcus anterior atlantis Odontoid process--" Dens epistrophei Spinal canal Canalis vertebralis- First dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis I." First lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis I. External occipital protuberance Protuberantia occipitalis externa Liganientum nuchas Spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra Processus spinosus vertebras prominentis \ Supraspinous ligament ILig. supraspinale u WMfi InterverteDral foramina 1\3tNl \ Foramina intervertebral Interspinous ligaments Ligg. interspinalia _ Occipital bone Us occipitale Posterior or long occipito-axial ligament' Membrana tectoria — First cervical vertebra Vertebra cervicalis I. First dorsal vertebra "Vertebra thoracalis I. Posterior common ligament "Lig. longitudinale posterius -First lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis I. Sacral promontory Promontorium ^-^jh'4.' First sacral vertebra Vertebra sacralis I. " First coccygeal verteb a Vertebra coccygea I. — Vertical axis of the vertebral colu im Sacral canal Canalis sacralis i _Sacral canal Canalis sacralis Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament cyg lU Interarticular sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrocuccygellm articulare "Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius Fig. 401. — Intervertebral Discs, Interspin- ous Ligaments, Supraspinous Ligament, Ligamentum Nuch.e. Spinal Canal; Inter- vertebral Foramina. Vertical Axis of the Vertebral Column. (Median Section through the vertebral column.) Fig. 402. — Posterior Common Ligament and its Relation with the Posterior Occipito- axial and the Deep Posterior Sacro- coccygeal Ligaments. (The Vertebral Column with the Spinal Canal opened by the Removal of the Neural Arches; seen from Behind.) 1 Macalister calls this ligament ligamentum latum axiale, the broad axial ligament.— Tr. Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column. 23 17S THE ARTICULATIONS OF I HE TRUNK Anterior costocentral or stellate ligaments Ligg i tpitulorum radiata "nterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius ""' Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilago intervertebral Fourth dorsal vertebra Vertebra tlioracalis IV. Costotransverse facets Foveae costales transversales Anterior costocentral or stellate ligaments Ligg. capitulorum radiata Tenth dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis X. Fig. 403. — Ligamentum Longitudinale Anterius, the Anterior Common Ligament of the Vertebral Column. (The Fourth to the Tenth Dorsal Vertebrae ; seen from Before.) Ligamenta columnae vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 179 Fifth lumbar vertebra — Vertebra lumbalis V. a First sacral nerve wSS Nervus sacralis I j ■ A'/wKa Spinal dura mater Dura mater spinalis Fifth sacral nerve ___ Nervus sacralis V. ,. Wm „ Coccygeal nerve _"* \' (\\ Nervus coccygeus HrlrSv filiform radiations connecting the _ fjLtjL spinal dura mater with the lateral ~" wall of the sacral canal Fourth posterior sacral foramen Foramen sacrale posterius IV. Filum terminale of the spinal dura mater or central ligament of the spinal cord Filum durjL- matris spinalis Coccygeal cornu Cornu coccygeum _ Posterior common ligament " Lig. longitudinale posterius ;,-- Divided connexions of the posterior common ligament with the 3pinal dura mater Broken sagittal fibrous membranes connecting the posterior common ligament with the spinal dura mater Filiform connexions of the spinal dura mater with the posterior common ligament . Fibrous radiations connecting the " spinal dura mater with the lateral wall of the sacral canal Lowermost filiform connexions of the spinal dura mater with the posterior common ligament Interarticular sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum articulare --. Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale Lateral coccygeal ligament Lig, coccygeum laterale . Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius profundum Fig. 404.-LUMBAR and Sacral Portions of the Posterior Common Ligament and the Connexions of this Ligament with the Spinal Dura Mater and with the deep Posterior Sacrococcygeal Ligament. (The Sacrum and the Lumbar Portion of the Vertebral Column with the Spinal Canal laid open from Behind.) The sacral portion of the dura mater has been drawn to the left side. Ligamenta columns vertebralis-The ligaments of the vertebral column. 23—2 180 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK Fourth sacral vertebra . Vei tel " a sai ralis IV Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament 1 i | 3 Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius . Fourth anterior sacral foramen Foramen sacrale anterius IV. Sacrococcygeal symphysis Symphysis sacrococcygea Lateral coccygeal ligament " Lig. coccygeum laterale Apertures in the posterior aponeurosis of the levatores ani muscle for the passage of the middle sacral vessels V Prolongations of the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament into the tendons of the pubococcygeal portions of the levatores ani muscles Fig. 405. — The Ligaments connecting the Anterior Surfaces of the Sacrum and Coccyx the Anterior and the Lateral Sacrococcygeal Ligaments. "Articular sacral crests 1 "Cristae sacrales artii ulares "Median sacral crest *Crista sacralis media , Fourth posterior sacral foramen Foramen sacrale posterius IV. Sacral cornu Cornu sacrale Coccygeal cornu Cornu coccygeum First coccygeal vertebra Vertebra coccygea I. Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale Interarticular sacrococcygeal ligament — Lig. sacrococcygeum articulare Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius superficiale Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius profundum Fig. 406. — The Ligaments connecting the Posterior Surfaces of the Sacrum and Coccyx : the Superficial and Deep Posterior Sacrococcygeal Ligaments, and the Interarticular and Lateral Sacrococcygeal Ligaments. The Coccyx with the Two Last Sacral Vertebrae. Ligamenta columnse vertebralis- — The ligaments of the vertebral column. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TIC'S K 181 Parietal bone Capsule of the occipito-atlantal articulation \ Capsula articulatioms atlanto-occipitalts Squamous or interparietal portion of the occipital bone External occipital protuberance Protuberantia occipitalis externa Posterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior Foramen for the passage of the verte bral artery and the suboccipital nerve Posterior arch of the atlas Arcus posterior atlantis , jU p o r ii'l^o— J-Temporal bone Anterior occipito atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis anterior Capsule of the atlanto-axial articulation Capsula articulationis atlanto- epistrophica; Capsules of the joints of the articular processes Capsulae articulationum intervertebralium Anterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius Spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra Vertebra prominens Supraspinous ligament Li;_; supraspinal Interspinous ligament Lig. interspinal Fig. 407. — I.igamentum NucH.ii. (The Cervical Portion of the Vertebral Column and hie Posterior Portion of the Cranium ; seen from the Right Side.) Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column. 182 THE ARTICULATIONS OR THE TRUNK Anterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius Anterior costocentral or stellate ligament Lig. capituli costae radiatum Costocentral articulation Articulatio capituli costae Costotransverse articulation Articulatio costotransversaria Posterior costotransverse ligament li Lig. tuberculi costae y Middle costotransverse ligament Lig. colli costse Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilago intervertebralis Anterior costocentral or Btellate ligament Lig. capituli costae radiatum Interarticular costocentral ligament •''Lig. capituli costae interarticulare Articular surface of the head of the seventh rib Facies articularis capituli costae VII. Ridge of the neck of the rib -Crista colli costae Superior articular process Processus articularis superior Posterior costotransverse ligament Lig. tuberculi costae Transverse process Processus transversus Middle costotransverse ligament Lig. colli costae Fig. 408. — Articulationes Capitulorum et Costotransversaria, the Costocentral and Costotransverse Articulations: Ligamentum Capituli Costa Interarticulare, the Interarticular Costocentral Ligament; Ligamentum Colli Costa et Ligamentum Tuberculi Cost.e, the Middle and Posterior Costotransverse Ligaments. (The Seventh Dorsal Vertebra with the Vertebral Extremities of the Seventh Pair of Ribs; seen from Above.) On the left side the costocentral and costotransverse articulations have been opened by a horizontal section through the rib and the vertebral body ; on the right side the section passes through the intervertebral disc on a plane just above the attachment of the interarticular costocentral liga- ment to the ridge between the two articular facets on the vertebral extremity of the rib. Articulationes costovertebrales— Costovertebral articulations. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 183 Posterior or internal intercostal aponeurosis Lig. intercostale internum Anterior superior costotransverse ligament i Lig. costotransversarium anterius Third dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis Hi. Costotransverse foramen' - Foramen costotrans versarium Anterior costocentral or stellate ligament Lig. capituli costae radiatum -Anterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale anterius Interarticular costocentral ligament Lig. capituli costae interarticulare Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilago intervertebralis Upper costal facet2 Fovea costalis superior Lower costal facet- Fovea costalis inferior Seventh dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis VII. Head of the seventh nu Capitulum costae VII. 1 This term, costotransverse foramen, is also used by English anatomists to denote the foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae for the transmission of the vertebral artery. — Tr. 2 These are upper and lower costal facets respectively in relation to the articular surface of the head of the rib : but. strictly speaking, what is here called " upper costal facet " is the lower costal facet of the sixth dorsal vertebra; while what is here called "lower costal facet " is the upper costal facet of the seventh dorsal vertebra. —Tr. Fig. 409. — Costocentral and Costotransverse Articulations : Anterior Costocentral or Stellate Ligament; Interarticular Costocentral Ligament; Anterior Superior Costotransverse Ligament; and Costotransverse Foramina. Posterior or Internal Intercostal Aponeuroses. (The Third to the Seventh Dorsal Vertebr.e with the Vertebral Extremities of the Third to the Seventh Right Ribs; seen from the Right and from Before.) The third, fourth, and fifth costocentral articulations are unopened ; the sixth and the seventh have been opened from before. In the sixth articulation, by the partial removal of the bodies of the fifth and sixth dorsal vertebrae, the upper and lower surfaces of the intervertebral disc have been exposed, and the attachment of the disc to the ridge between the two articular facets on the head of the rib has been demonstrated. Articulationes costovertebrales — Costovertebral articulations. IS J THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK Posterior or internal intercostal aponeurosis I .!;■ intercostale internum Sixth rib f " Posterior costotrans- verse ligament : Lig. tuberculi costa: ] Superior articular processes of the sixth dorsal vertebra Intertransverse ligament Lig. intertrans- versarium Posterior superior costotransverse ligament Lig. costotransver- sarium posterius Supraspinous ligament Lig. supraspinale Capsule of the joint of the articular processes Capsula articulationis intervertebralis Tenth rib C ° Posterior or internal intercostal aponeurosis Lig. intercostale internum Intertransverse ligament 5* Lig. intertrans- versarium Transverse process Processus transversus Spinous process of the tenth dorsal vertebra Inferior articular processes Processus articulares inferiores Fig. 410. — Tm: Ligaments connecting the Dorsal Vertebrae with the Ribs posteriorly: Posterior and Posterior Superior Costotransverse Ligaments; Intertransverse Ligaments; Posterior or Internal Intercostal Aponeuroses; Supraspinous Liga- ment. (Sixth to Tenth Dorsal Vertebra with the Vertebral Extremities of the Sixth to Tenth Ribs.) Articulationes costovertebrales — Costovertebral articulations. J HE ARTJCULA1WNS Ob THE TRUNK 185 Third cervical vertebra Vertebra cervicalis III. Third dorsal vertebra Vertebra thoracalis III. Costotransverse facet Fovea costalis transversal Capsule of the joint of the articular processes Capsula articulationis intervertebralis Posterior costotransverse ligament Lig. tuberculi costal Capsule of the joint of the articular pro:r3ses Capsula articulationis iLtervertebralis Fig. 411. — Third, Fourth, and Fifth Cervical Vertebra SEEN FROM THE RlGHT 'ClVi . Anterior superior costotransverse ligament Lig. coslotransversarium antertus Ir Particular costocentral ligament / •' Capsule of the costocentral articulation Capsula anii ulationis capituli Capsule of the costotransverse articulation Fig. 412. — Third, Fourth, and Fifth Dorsal Vertebr.e SEEN FROM THE RlGHT SlDE. Superior articular facet Facies articularis superior"- Mamillary process Processus mamillari Accessory process Processus accessorius Second lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis II. Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilago intervertebralis Capsule of the joint of the articular processes Capsula articulationis intervertebralis Fig. 413. — Second, Third, and Fourth Lumbar Vertebrae seen from the Right and 1 R< im Behind, tlif dlrf.ction of the articular surfaces and the connexions of the capsules of the Joints of the Articular Processes in the Cervical, Dorsal, and Lumbar Yertebr.e respectively. The Synovial Articulations of the Vertebral Column. 24 186 THE ARTICULAI IONS OF Till-: TRUNK 'Membrane of the sternum (U.S. : Anterior intersternal ligament) * Ml Till .1. Ill I Costoclavicular or rhomboid ligament Lig. costoclavicular^ Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Lig. sternoclaviculare ^J" anterior chondrosternal ligaments External intercostal muscle M. intercostalis externus Internal intercostal muscle M. intercostalis interims Radiating fibres of the Ligg. sternocostalia i.uliata Anterior or external intercostal aponeuroses Ligg. intercostalia externa Seventh rib Anterior or external intercostal aponeuroses Ligg. intercostalia externa Interchondral articulations Articulationes interchondrales Fig. 414. — *Membrane of the Sternum. Anterior Chondrosternal Ligaments, Costo- xiphoid Ligaments, and Anterior or External Intercostal Aponeuroses. The Relation of these Latter to the External Intercostal Muscles and to the Pectoralis Minor Muscle. (Anterior Wall of the Thorax seen from Before.) Articulationes sternocostales— Chondrosternal articulations. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK 187 "Membrane of the sternum (U.S. : Posterior intersternal ligament) *Membrana sterni Interclavicular ligament Lig. interclaviculare Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Lisr. sternoclavicular Triangularis | sterni muscle J M. transversusj thoracis v Ensiform or xiphoid process Processus xiphoideus Internal intercostal muscles Mm. intercostales interni 1 Posterior or inter- nal intercostal J aponeuroses Ligg. intercostalia interna Transversalis abdominis muscle M. transversus abdominis Fig. 415. — Posterior or Internal Intercostal Aponeuroses, and their Relation to the Triangularis Sterni and Transversalis Abdominis Muscles. Sternoclavicular Articulation. (Anterior Wall of the Thorax seen from Behind.) Articulationes sternocostales— Chondrosternal articulations. 24—2 188 THE ARTICULATIONS OB THE TRUNK Costoclavicular or rhomboid ligament Lig. costoclaviculare First rib Costa I. Interarticular ligament of the second chondrosternal articulation Lig. sternocostale inter- articulare Cartilage of the seventh rib Cartilago costalis VII. Interarticular fibrocartilage of the sternoclavicular joint Superior sternal synchondrosis (manubrio-gladiolal joint) Synchondrosis sternalis superior Chondrosternal articulations Articulationes sternocostales Fig. 416. — Chondrosternal Articulations. Interchondral Articulations. Interst; rnal Synchondroses. Sternoclavicular Articulation. (Posterior Half of a Frontal Section through the Sternum, the Cartilages of the Ribs, and the Sternal Extremities of the Clavicles.) Articulationes sternocostales — Chondrosternal articulations. ARTICULATIONES ET LIGAMENTA CAPITIS THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD 190 THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS UF THE HEAD Basilar groove IClivus Cranial dura mater Dura mater encephali """ Anterior condylar foramen Ii ddeus Posterior or lcng occipito-axi ligament1 Membrana tectoria Posterior comr,on ligament Lig. longitudinals posterius Capsule of the occipito-atlantal synovial joint Capsula articulationis atlanto- occipitalis __ Capsule of the atlanto-axial synovial joint Capsula articulationis atlanto- epistrophicae Third cervical vertebra Vertebra cervicalis III. 1 See note to p. jyy. Fir,. 417. — Posterior Occipito-axial Ligament. Occipito-atlantal and Atlanto-axial Synovial Joints. (The Three Uppermost Cervical Vertebrae and the Occipital Bone seen from Behind.) By a frontal section behind the 01 1 ipital 1 ondyles, the squamous portion of the occipital bone and the neural arches have been removed. The dura mater has been cut transversely in the basilar groove, and turned upwards Anterior tubercle T u berc u 1 u m an terius Articular facet for the odontoid process Fovea dentis Surjerior articular facet Fovea articularis super:' Transverse ligament of the atlas I Lig. transversum atlantis Fig. 418.— Transverse Ligament of the Atlas. (The Atl^.s seen from Above.) Articulationes atlanto-occipitaiis et atlanto-epistrophica— Occipito-atlantal and atlanto-axial articulations. THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD Basilar groove— CHvus I 191 Posterior condylar foramen Canalis hypogl Anterior condylar foramen Canalis condyl lideus Lateral or alir odontoid or check ligament Lig alare Transverse ligament of the atlas (Horizontal portion of the cruci- form ligament of the atlas) Lig. transversum atlantis Atlanto-axial synovial joint Articulatio atlanto- epistrophica Cranial dura mater /"Dura mater encephali Posterior or long occipito-axial ligament1 /'Membrana tectoria Upper vertical limb of the cruciform ligament of the atlas Capsule of the occipito-atlantal articulation Accessory occipito-axial ligament' Cruciform ligament of the atlas Lie. cruciatum atlantis Lower vertical limb of the cruci- form ligament of the atlas Fig. 419. — Cruciform Ligament of the Atlas ; Lateral or Alar Odontoid or Check Ligaments Occipito-atlantal and Atlanto-axial Synovial Joints, the Right closed, the Left open. The cranial dura mater and the posterior or long occipito-axial ligament1 have been cut transversely in the basilar groove and turned upwards. 1 bee note to p 1 2 Ac,: :■■■/;.'. Tin . li-aiuent L not ligament is a bundle of fibi in the capsule of tit inwards lioni the back of tbj occipital condyle to the body oft d by the author, though it is well shown ir ipito-atlantal joint .it its postero-intemal angle 11 (oid process. — Tk. Basilar groove— Clivus I Posterior condylar foramen Canalis hypoglossi Occipito-atlantal synovial joint Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis Transverse ligament of the atlas Lig. transversum atlantis Atlantoaxial synovial joint Articulatio atlanto- epistrophica Jugular eminence Tuberculum jugulare Middle odontoid ligament or suspensory ligament of the axis ^ Lig. apicis dentis Lateral or alar odontoid or check ligament Lie. alare — 3ut surface of the neural arch of the axis Posterior articular facet of the odontoid process groove for the ' transverse ligament) — Facies articularis posterior dentis Fig. 420. — Lateral or Alar Odontoid or Check Ligaments. Middle Odontoid Ligament or Suspensory Ligament of the Axis. The transverse ligament of the atlas has been divided in the middle and the parts have been turned outwards ; the dura mater and the posterior or long occipito-axial ligament have been entirely removed. The Atlas and the Axis with the Anterior Portion of the Occipital Bone seen from Behind, a Section having been made similar to that in the Preparation shown in Fig. 414. Articulationes atlanto-occipitalis et atlanto-epistrophica— Occipito-atlantal and atlanto-axial articulations. [92 THE ARTICULATION'S AND LIGAMENTS OF III!'. HEAD Jugular eminence I uberculum jugulan Posterior condylar foramen I i ; i I i I ! | II \ Occipito-atlantal synovial joint Articulatio atlanto 01 cipitalis Basilar portion of the occipital bone Synovial cavity between the odon toid process and the transverse ligament of the atlas Atlanto-axial synovial joint Articulatio atlanto-epistrophica ii i ipitali Middle odontoid ligament or .suspensory ligament of the axis I>m is dentis Lateral or alar odontoid or check ligament Lig. alare Lateral mass of the atlas Massa lateralis atlantis Transverse ligament of the atlas Lig transversum atlantis Odontoid process — De.,s ep.strophei Fig. 421. — Occipito-atlantal and atlantoaxial Articulations in Frontal Section. Lateral or Alar Odontoid or Check Ligaments and Middle Odontoid Ligament or Suspensory Ligament of the Axis. The section passes through the middle of the posterior condylar foramina, and divides the summit of the antero-posterior curve of the occipital condyles. Occipitosphenoidal synchondrosis— Synchondrosis spheno-occipitalis Cranial iura mater mater encephali Transverse or basilar sinus, or basilar plexus vus basila Superficial expansion of the lateral or alar odontoid or check ligaments ,'Bursa at the summit of the odontoid process —Bursa apicis dentis j Upper vertebral limb of the cruciform ligament of the axis , ; Posterior or long occipito-axial ligament1 — Membrana tectoria \ ' : .Vertebral artery Middle odontoid ligament or sus pensory ligament of the axis Lig. apicis dentis Anterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis anterior Odonto-atlantal synovial joint Articulatio atlanto-epistrophica Anterior arch of the atlas Arcus anterior atlantis Anterior articular facet of odontoid pro ,-' cess — Facies articularis anterior dentis Posterior articular facet of the odontoid y' process (groove for the transverse ' ligament) Facies articularis posterior dentis / Lower vertical limb of the cruciform ' ligament of the atlas Insertion of the posterior or long occipito- axial ligament into the body of the axis Posterior common ligament Lig. longitudinale posterius Fig. 422. — Articulations and Ligaments of the Odontoid Process. Stratiform Arrange- ment of the Cruciform Ligament of the Atlas, the Posterior or Long Occipito- axial Ligament, and the Dura Mater. Spheno-occipital Synchondrosis. (Median Section through the Posterior Portion of the Base of the Cranium and the Three Uppermost Cervical Vertebr.e.) Articulationes atlanto-occipitalis et atlanto-epistrophica — Occipito-atlantal and atlanto-axial articulations. Squamous portion of the occipital bone uama occipitalis Cranial dura mater Dura mater encephali Posterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior Posterior arch of the atlas An us posterior atlantis Posterio- atlanto-axial ligament Membrane atlanto-epistrophica Transverse ligament of the atlas Lig. transversum atlantis Spinous process of the axis Processus spinosus epistrophei Lig. subfiavum -Lig rlavum Spinal dura mater Dura mater spinalis "HE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OE THE HEAD 193 Petrous portion of the temporal bone Pars petrosa ossis temporalis Dorsum sellae Dorsum sellas Pharyngeal tubercle , Tuberculum pharyngeum Jugular foramen yg Foramen jugulare Mastoid process Processus mastoideus Posterior condylar foramen Canalis hvpoglossi Capsule of the occipito atlantal synovial joint Capsula articulationis atlanto- occipitalis Spinous process of the sphenoid bone Spina angularis Tympanic plate 1'ars tympanica Styloid process Processus styloideus \ Anterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis anterior Fig. 423. — Antep or Occipito-atlantal Ligament and Petrobasilar Synchondrosis. (The Atlas with the Posterior Portion of the Base of the Skull, seen from Before.) External occipital protuberance Piotuberantia occipitalis externa Posterior arch of the atlas Arcus posterior atlantis Mi nvW Squamous portion of [Jar *ne occipital bone External occipital crest Crista occipitalis externa Capsule of the occipito-atlantal synovial joint Capsula articulationis atlanto- occipitalis Foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve V Posterior occipito-atlantal ligament Membrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior Fig. 424. — Posterior Occipito-atlantal Ligament. (The Atlas with the Occipital Bone, seen from Behind.) Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis Occipito-atlantal articulation. *5 UM THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD Zygoma Processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis ( External lateral ligament Lig. temporomandibular! ;\ Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis External auditory aperture Porus acusticus externus \ Mastoid process < Proc. mastoideus '•. • i Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis Coronoid process Proc. coronoideus Ramus of the jaw Ramus mandibulae Tympanic plate 1 'ars tympanica / Styloid process Proc. styloideus Stylohyoid ligament Lig stylohyoideum Stylomandibular or stylomaxillary ligament Lig. stylomandibulare Angle of the jaw Angulus mandibular Fig. 425. — Articulatio Mandibularis, Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulation: llgamenta temporomandibulare et stylomandibulare, external lateral and stylo- MANDIBULAR or Stylomaxillary Ligaments. Ligamentum Stylohyoideum, Stylohyoid Ligament. (Right Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulation, seen from the Outer Side.) Articulatio mandibularis — Temooromandibular or temporomaxillarv articulation. THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD 195 Pterygospinous foramen Foramen pterygospinosum Sphenoidal sinus Sinus sphenoidalis r External Pterygoid pterygoid plate process J Lamina lateralis " Processus J Internal pterygoideus pterygoid plate VLaminamedialis Lingula of the inferior maxillary bone Lingula mandibular Internal pterygoid muscle M. pterygoideus internus " Styloglossus muscle M. styloglossus Internal oblique line, or mylohyoid ridge Linea mylohyoidea Body of the inferior maxillary bone Corpus mandibulas Middle lacerate foramen Foramen lacerum Pterygospinous ligament /Lig. pterygospinosum / Spinous process of the sphenoid bone / I Spina angularis Carotid canal — Canalis caroticus Internal auditory aperture Porus acusticus internus 'Styloid process — Proc. styloideus Sphenomandibular or internal lateral ligament Lig. sphenomandibulare Stylomandibular or stylomaxillary liga ment— Lig stylomandibulare Radiations of the stylomandibular or stylomaxillary ligament in the deep cervical fascia on the surface of the internal pterygoid muscle Angle of the jaw " Angulus mandibular Stylohyoid ligament Lig. stylohyoideum Great cornu Cornu majus Body of the hyoid bone Corpus ossis hyoidei Synchondrosis of the great cornu with the body of the hyoid bone Small cornu Cornu minus Synovial articulation between the small cornu and the body of the hyoid bone Fig. 426. — Articulatio Mandibulars, Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulation: llgamenta sphenomandibulare et s'fylom andibulare, sphenomandibular or internal Lateral and Stylomandibular or Stylomaxillary Ligament. Relations of the Stylo- mandibular or Stylomaxillary Ligament to Styloglossus and Internal Pterygoid Muscles. Ligamentum Pterygospinosum, Pterygospinous Ligament. (The Posterior Part of the Facial Portion of the Skull with the Adjoining Portion of the Base of the Skull, divided sagitally somewhat to the Left of the Median Plane.) The basilar and condylar portions of the occipital bone have been removed. Articu-.atio mandibularis — Temporomandibular or temporomaxillary articulation. 25—2 196 THE IR1 ICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS <>/ THE HEAD Infratemporal crest I rista infratemporalis Capsule of the joint Capsula artii ularis ; Articular eminence— Till ii 'iv nl ii 1 11 articulare Articular portion of the glenoid fossa Interartlcular disc or meniscus . .u lii ul.iri:. External auditory meatus - Mi ternus Mastoid cells Cellular mastoidear ^U* Superior head l of the external !• pterygoid Inferior head J muscle Coronoid process :. coronoideus Sigmoid notch Incisura mandibular Tympanic plate Pars tympanica Capsule of the joint Capsula articularis Condyle of the inferior maxillary bone Capitulum mandibula Neck of the inferior maxillary bone/ Collum mandibular Styloid process Processus styloideus Stylomandibular or stylomaxillary ligament/ Lig. stylomandibulare Ramus of the inferior maxillary bone Ramus mandibular Angle of the jaw Angulus mandibular Body of the inferior maxillary bone Corpus mandibular Fig. 427. — Articulatio Mandibulars, Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulation: I users Articularis, Interarticular Disc or Meniscus, and Ligamentum Stylomandibulare, Stylomandibular or Stylomaxillary Ligament. Relations of the Superior Head of the External Pterygoid Muscle to the Anterior Wall of the Capsular Ligament and to the Interarticular Disc or Meniscus. (Right Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulation, divided in a Plane nearly approaching the Sagittal; the Internal Portion- being figured.) The section runs somewhat obliquely forwards and inwards. External pterygoid plate 1, .1111111. 1 lateralis processus pterygoid Pterygospinous ligament Lig. ptcrygospinosnm Fibrocartilage of the foramen lacerum medium Fibroi artilago basalis Petrosphenoidal synchondrosis Synchondrosis sphen Spinous process of the sphenoid bone Spina annularis Petrous portion of the temporal bone Pyramis Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Jugular or posterior - lacerate foramen Foramen jugulare Jugular process Processus jugularis Middle lacerate foramen Foramen lacerum Petrosphenoidal fissure ' Fissura sphenopetrosa Petrous portion of the temporal bone Pyramis Petrobasilar fissure .-'' Fissura petro-occipitalis Occipitosphenoidal synchondrosis --.-^ Petrobasilar synchondrosis Synchondrosis petro-occipitalis Fig. 428. — Fibrocartilago Basalis ; Fibrocartilage of the Foramen Lacerum Medium : Synchondroses Sphenopetrosa, Petro-occipitalis. et Spheno-occipitalis; Petrosphenoidal, Petrobasilar, and Occipitosphenoidal Synchondroses : Ligamentum Pterygospinosum ; Pterygospinous Ligament. (The Middle Portion of the Base of the Skull, seen from Below.) Articulatio mandibuiaris, temporomandibular or temporomaxillary articulation — Synchondroses et ligamenta baseos cranii, synchondroses and ligaments of the base of the skull. JUNCTURE OSSIUM EXTREMITATUM. SUPERIORIS ET INFERIORS THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR EXTREMITIES 198 THE ARTICULATIONS OB THE UPPER LIMB Anterior sternoclavicular ligament, Lig. sternoi la\ ii ulare Sternal articular facet of the clavicle ,i ncularis sternalis claviculae Costoclavicular or rhomboid ligament, Lig. costoclaviculare Capsule of the joint / Capsula articularis v Interarticular fibrocartilage Discus articularis Fig. 429. First costal cartilage Cartilago costalis I. Manubrium, or presternum -Articulatio Sternoclaviculakis Clavicular notch of the sternum Incisura clavicularis sterni Sternoclavicular Articulation: Capsula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint; Discus Articularis, Interarticular Fibro- cartilage ; Ligamenta Interclaviculare et Costoclaviculare, Interclavicular and Costoclavicular or Rhomboid Ligaments. The left sternoclavicular articulation has been opened by the removal of the anterior wall of the capsular ligament. Interarticular fibrocartilage Discus articularis Interarticular fibrocartilage Discus articularis The clavicle . Clavicula Costoclavicular or rhomboid ligament Lig. costoclaviculare First rib- Costa I. Capsule of the joint - Capsula articularis Sternal articular facet of the clavicle Faciee articularis sternalis clavicular Clavicular notch of the sternum Incisura clavicularis sterni Synovial cavities' ' Cavum articulare Manubrium, or presternum Manubrium sterni 1 The interarticular fibrocartilage is occasionally defective in the centre, and in rare cases even entirely wanting ; there is then only one synovial cavity. — Tr. Fig. 430. — Articulatio Sternoclaviculars, Sternoclavicular Articulation: Discus et Capsula Articularis, Interarticular Fibrocartilage and Capsular Ligament; Cavum Articulare, Synovial Cavity or Cavities; Ligamenta Interclaviculare et Costoclaviculare, Interclavicular and Costoclavicular or Rhomboid Ligaments. The right sternoclavicular articulation has been divided by a frontal section ; in the left, the capsule has been removed and the clavicle has been drawn backwards. Sternoclavicular Articulation, seen from Before. Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis superioris— Articulations and ligaments of the shoulder-girdle, THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LfMB 199 Coracohumeral ligament Lig. coracohumerale Coracoia process Coraco-acromial ligament Lig. coraco-aeromiale 5>^ Great tuberosity Tuberculum majus Capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint SB Capsula articulationis humeri Superior acromio- clavicular ligament Lig. acromio- claviculare Capsular ligament of the shoulder joint Capsula articulationis humeri Surgical neck of the scapula Collum scapulas Acromial extremity of the clavicle Conoid ligament (Posterointernal portion of the coracoclavicular ligament) Lig. conoideum Coracoscapular or suprascapular ligament Lig. transversum scapulas superius Suprascapular notch Incisura scapula; Superior angle of the scapula Angulus medialis scapulae Supraspinous fossa f— Spine of the scapula Infraspinous fossa Fossa infraspinata ^t *&Zr&SW /i Inferior angle of the scapula Angulus inferior scapulae flg. 43l llgamenta acromioclaviculare et coracoclaviculare, superior acromioclavicular Ligament and Coracoclavicular Ligament (Conoid Portion); Ligamenta Coraco-acromiale et Transversum Scapul.e Superius, Coraco-acromial and Suprascapular Ligaments. (The Right Scapula with the Acromial Half of the Clavicle and the Shoulder-Joint, seen from Above.) Artlculationes et ligamenta c;nguli extremitatis superioris— Articulations and ligaments of the shoulder-girdle. 200 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB Suprascapular notch Incisura scapula; Supraspinous fossa Spine of the scapula Infraspinous fossa Coracoscapularor supra scapular ligament Lig. transversum il i superius Coracoid process Processus i orai oideu Coraco-acromial ligament !Lig. coraco-acromiale Coracohumeral ligamejrt (Lig. coracohumerale Great tuberosity Tuberculum majus Shaft of the humerus 'Pliz. 432. — Articulatio Humeri, Shoulder-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament; llgamentum coracohumerale, coracohumeral ligament ; llgamentum transversum Scapul.e Superius et Ligamentum Transversum Scapul.e Inferius, Coracoscapular or suprascapular llgament and spinoglenoid llgament. (the rlght shoulder-joint, seen from Behind.) The acromion has been sawn off, and the coracoid extremity of the coraco-acromial ligament has been turned upwards. Articulatio humeri — Shoulder-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 201 Glenoid ligament Labrum glenoidalc Clavicular facet of the acromion Fades articularis acromii Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle Head of the humerus Epiphysial disc j[ Synchondrosis epiphyseos Great tuberosity Tuberculum majus Synovial sheath of the bicipital groove Vagina mucosa intertubercularis Long head of the biceps muscle - — Spine of the scapula Glenoid fossa of the scapula Cavitas glenoidalis scapula? Glenoid ligament Labrum glenoidale Fibrous portion i - Pars fibrosa t of the capsule of the joint Synovial portion j Capsular articularis Pars synovial J Shaft of the humerus Corpus humeri Fig. 433. — Articulatio Humeri, Shoulder-Joint : Labrum Glenoidale, Glenoid Ligament ; Relations of the Tendon of the Long Head of the Biceps Muscle and of the Epiphysial Disc to the Synovial Cavity of the Articulation. (The Right Shoulder- Joint in Frontal Section ; Posterior Half.) Superior acromioclavicular ligament Lig. acromioclaviculare Acromial facet of the clavicle Facies articularis acromialis - Acromial extremity of the clavicle Extremitas acromialis claviculae Acromion^ Acromion Cut surface of the acromion Interarticular fibrocartilage Discus articularis Capsule of the acromioclavicular joint Capsula articularis Fig. 434.— Articulatio Acromioclavicular^, Acromioclavicular Joint: Discus Articularis, Interarticular Fibrocartilage; Ligamentum Acromioclaviculare, Superior Acromio- clavicular Ligament. (The Right Acromioclavicular Articulation in Frontal Section ; Posterior Portion.) Articulatio humeri — Shoulder-joint. Articulatio acromioclavicularis — Acromioclavicular articulation. 26 202 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB Coracoclavicular ligament Lig. coraoi laviculi Lig. traj Coraco-acromial ligament- Lig coraco-aa Acromioclavicular articulation Articulatio acromiuclavicul.ins Acromion Acromion Subdeltoid or subacromial bursa Bursa subdeltoidea The clavicle ( l.tvicula r Conoid ligament (postero-internal portion) i I Trapezoid ligament (antero external portion Synovial sheath of the bicipital groove Vagina mucosa intertubercularis Long head of the biceps muscle _ Coracoscapular or suprascapular ligament Lig. transversum scapulae superius _ Coracoid process Proc. coracoideus ■— Bursa of the subscapularis muscle Bursa m. subscapularis Subscapularis muscle M. subscapularis Capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint Capsula articularis Shaft of the humerus Corpus humeri Fig. 435. — Articulationes Humeri et Acromioclavicularis, the Shoulder-Joint and the Sternoclavicular Articulation : Bursa Musculi Subscapularis et Bursa Sub- deltoidea, Bursa of the Subscapularis* Muscle and Subdeltoid or Subacromial Bursa ; Vagina Muscosa Intertubercularis, Synovial Sheath of the Bicipital Groove ; Ligamenta Coracoclaviculare, Coraco-acromiale, et Transversum Scapula Superius ; the Coracoclavicular (Conoid and Trapezoid), Coraco-acromial, and Coracoscapular or Suprascapular Ligament. (Right Shoulder-Joint, injected with Tallow; the Acromial Extremity of the Clavicle has been drawn upwards. Seen from Before.) Articulatio humeri — Shoulder-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 203 Shaft of the humerus Subdeltoid or subacromial bursa Bursa subdeltoidea Tendon of the supraspinatus muscle Tendon of the infraspinatus muscle Synovial membrane Pars synovialis capsular articularis Glenoid ligament Labrum glenoidale Infraglenoid tubercle Tuberositas infraglenoidalis Long head of the triceps muscle Teres minor muscle Head of the humerus Tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle Coracoid process Proc. coracoideus Aperture by which the bursa of the subscapularis muscle communicates with the shoulder joint Glenoid fossa of the scapula Cavitas glenoidalis scapulae Glenoid ligament "'"Labrum glenoidale Superior angle of the scapula Angulus medialis scapulae Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Subscapularis muscle Fig. 436. — Articulatio Humeri, Shoulder-Joint: Intracapsular Portion of the Tendon ok the Long Head of the Biceps Muscle; Labrum Glenoidale, Glenoid Ligament; Aperture of Communication of the Bursa of the Subscapularis Muscle with the Shoulder-Joint; Relations of the Tendons of the Scapular Muscles with the Capsule of the Shoulder-Joint. (Right Shoulder-Joint from the Outer Side) After tallow had been injected into the joint and allowed to harden, the capsular ligament and the surrounding scapular muscles were divided by a circular incision midway between their attach- ments to the scapula and the humerus, a strip of the capsule, however, being left undivided, where the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle passes through the joint. The humerus with the distal half of the capsule has been turned upwards. Articulatio humeri — Shoulder-joint. 26 — 2 204 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB The humerus Humerus Capsule of the elbow-joint (anterior ligament) Capsula articularis External condyle Epicondylus lateralis - Prominence of the capsule over the capitellum of the humerus External lateral ligament Lig. collaterale radiale Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius Lig. annulare radii *Recessus sacciformis1 " Neck of the radius Collum radii Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii |g\ Internal condyle "Epicondylus medians -Region of the trochlea Internal lateral ligament Lig collaterale ulnare Coronoid process Proc. coronoideus Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulna; 1 Projection of the synovial membrane of the elbow-joint, which membrane, after passing downwards between the vertical articular surface of the head of the radius and the inner surface of the orbicular ligament, forms a circular pouch or sac below this ligament around the neck cf the radius. — Tr. Fig. 437. — Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint; llgamenta collateralia, lateral ligaments ; llgamentum annulare radii, annular or Orbicular Ligament of the Radius ; *Recessus Sacciformis {see note above). (Right Elbow-Joint, unopened; Anterior or Palmar Aspect.) The *recessus sacciformis has been injected with tallow. Articulatio cubiti — Elbow-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 205 Humerus Humerus Capsule of the elbow-joint (anterior ligament, divided) Capsula articularis Radial fossa Fossa radialis External condyle Epicondylus lateralis Capitellum of the humerus Capitulum humeri i External lateral ligament V Lig. collaterale radiale Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius Lig. annulare radii Neck of the radius Collum radii Coronoid fossa " Fossa coronoidea Internal condyle Epicondylus medialis Trochlea " Trochlea Internal lateral ligament Lig. collaterale ulnare Coronoid process Proc. coronoideus Capsule of the joint (anterior ligament, divided) Capsula articularis Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas UfjWf Tuberosity of the radius / Tuberositas radii -_■. 3 Fig. 438. — Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint ; Attachment of the Capsule to the Anterior Surfaces of the Humerus and the Ulna (Anterior Ligament); Ligamenta Collateralia, Lateral Ligaments; Ligamentum Annulare Radii, Annular or Orbicular Ligament of the Radius. (Right Elbow-Joint ; Anterior or Palmar Aspect.) The capsule has been divided above and below, close to its attachment to the bones, and between the lateral ligaments (i.e., the greater portion of the anterior ligament has been removed) ; the cut ends of the anterior ligament have been folded back against the bones. The *recessus sacciformis ■ — see note on previous page has be in removed. Articulatio cubiti — Elbow-ioint. 206 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB The humerus Humerus The internal condyle I Epicondylus medialis t Capsule of the elbow-joint Capsula articularis Internal lateral ligament _t.;;'] Lig. collaterale ulnare The radius Radius Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani Capsule of the elbow-joinj (posterior ligament) Capsula articularis External condyle Epicondylus lateralis Olecranon Olecranon Posterior border of the ulaa Margo dorsalis ulnae Fig. 439. — Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint; llgamentum collaterale ulnare, internal lateral ligament. (r'ght elbow- joint ; postero-internal aspect.") Articulatio cubiti — Elbow-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 207 The humerus Humerus Olecranon fossa Fossa olecrani Capsule of the elbow joint (posterior ligament) Capsula articularis Internal condyle Epicondylus medialis Olecranon Olecranon Capsule of the elbow-joint (posterior ligament) Capsula articularis External condyle Epicondylus lateralis Capsule of the elbow-joint Capsula articularis External lateral ligament Lig. collaterale radiale Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius Lig. annulare radii "Recessus sacciformis1 Neck of the radius Collum radii Tuberosity of the radius Tuberositas radii 1 See note to p 204. Fig. 440. — Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint; llgamentum collaterale radiale, external lateral llgament j llgamentum Annulare Radii, Annular or Orbicular Ligament of the Radius ; *Recessus Sacciformis. (Right Elbow-Joint; Postero-External Aspect.) The *recessus sacciformis has been injected with tallow. Articulatio cubiti — Elbow-joinT. 208 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB Shaft of the humerus Corpus humeri Small pad of fat between the anterior ligament and the synovial membrane, projecting into the coronoid fossa [ Fibrous portion Capsule of the < pars fibrosa elbow joint . Synovial portion Capsula articulans (,/ars synovlalls Trochlea Trochlea Coronoid process Proc. coronoideus Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius Lag. annulare radii Neck of the radius Collum radii Large pad of fat between the posterior ligament and the synovial membrane, projecting into the olecranon fossa Fibrous portion Pars fibrosa Synovial portion Pars synovialis Olecranon Olecranon of the capsule of the elbow-joint Capsulae articularis Great sigmoid cavity of the ulna Incisura semilunaris ulnae Fig. 441. — Articulatio Humero-ulnaris, Humero-ulnar Articulation. (Sagittal Section of the Right Elbow-Joint ; the Radial Half is figured.) The section passes through the trochlea and the great sigmoid cavity of the ulna, in a plane vertical to the axis of the trochlea. Articulatio cubiti— Elbow-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 209 Coronoid process Proc. coronoideus Head of the radius Capitulum radii Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius Lig. annulare radii Tuberosity of the radius . Tuberositas radii Interosseous membrane or ligament of the forearm Membrana interossea antibrachii Styloid process of the radius Proc. styloideus radii Great sigmoid cavity Incisura semilunaris Tuberosity of the ulna Tuberositas ulnas Oblique ligament Chorda obliqua Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation ""Capsula articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis Styloid process of the ulna Proc. stvloideus ulnae Fig. 442. — Articulationes Radio-ulnares, Proximalis et Distalis; Radio-ulnar Articulations, Superior and Inferior: Ligamentum Annulare Radii, Annular or Orbicular Ligament of the Radius; Membrana Interossea Antibrachii, Interosseous Membrane or Ligament of the Forearm. (The Bones of the Right Forearm with the Radioulnar Ligaments; Anterior or Palmar Aspect.) Articulations of the Bones of the Forearm. n 210 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB Interosseous membrane or ligament of the forearm M> inlu.in.i interossea antibrachii The ulna Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation < ' i]) 11 l,i an irul.it urn is radio ulnaris distal Styloid process of the ulna Proc. styloideus ulna? Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint Pyramidal or cuneiform bone — Os triquetrum _ Posterior or dorsal ligament of the transverse carpal articulation— Lig. intercarpeum dorsale- Unciform bone .. Os hamatum Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal ligament - Lig carpometacarpeum dorsale Posterior or dorsal proximal intermetacarpal ligaments Ligg. basium dursalia Capsule of the metacarpophalangeal articulation of the little finger Capsula articulationis metacarpo- phalangeal digiti V. Lateral ligaments of the metacarpo- phalangeal articulation of the middle finger Ligamenta collateralia articulationis metararpo-phalangeae digiti III. Sapsule of the proximal interphalan- geal articulation of the little finger Capsula articulationis proximalis digiti V. Capsule of the distal interphalangeal articulation of the little finger Capsula articulationis distalis digiti V. Lateral ligaments of the interphalangeal articulations of the middle finger Ligg. collateralia articulationum digiti III. Posterior or dorsal ligament of the wrist joint Lig, radiocarpeum dorsale Styloid process of the radius ■Proc. styloideus radii Scaphoid bone — Os naviculare External lateral ligament of the wrist-joint "aterale carpi radiale Trapezoid bone Os multangulum minus Capsule of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb C.i[r.ul.i :nti< ul.ilit ins i nrpunietacarpea: pollicis Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal ligament Lig carpometacarpeum dorsale Lateral ligament — Lig. collaterale Arli, ul.i ,,,,.., ,1k Sesamoid bone Os sesamoideum .Capsule of metacarpophalangeal articulation of the index finger Capsula articulationis metacarpo- phalangeal digiti II. Interphalangeal articulation of the thumb Articulatio pollicis Capsule of the proximal \ interphalangeal articulation Capsula articulationi proximalis Capsule of the distal interphalangeal articulation Capsula articulationis distalis of the index finger digiti II. Fig. 443.— The Posterior or Dorsal Ligaments of the Wrist and Hand: Ligamenta Collateralia Carpi, Lateral Ligaments of the Wrist and the Carpus; Superficial Posterior or Dorsal Ligaments of Carpus and Metacarpus. The Capsules and the Lateral Ligaments of the Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Articu- lations. In the articulations of the index finger the posterior wall of the capsule has been divided transversely across the middle of the joint, and the ends have been turned upwards and downwards ; in the articulations of the thumb and the middle finger the capsule has been divided only between the lateral ligaments, leaving these intact ; in the articulations of the ring and little fingers the capsule has not been opened. Articulationes manus et digitorum— Articulations of the hand and fingers. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMP 211 Anterior or palmar ligament of the wrist-joint Lig. radibcarpeum volare Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle Anterior annular ligament of the wrist Lig. carpi transversutn Ridge or tuberosity of the trapezium Capsuleof the carpometacarpal jointof the thumb , raea: pollicis ./' Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle Anterior or palmar proximal intermetacarpal ligament Lis; basium volare Sesamoid bones J "f Ossa sesamoidea\ ;-.-_ M Interphalangeal articulation of the thumb Articulatio pollicis Anterior or palmar metacarpo- phalangeal ligaments1 Proximal interphalangeal articulation of the index finger Articulatio proximalis digiti II. Lateral ligaments ) Ligg collateralia / Interosseous membrane or ligament of the forearm Membrana interossea antibrachii The ulna Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation— Capsula articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint laterale carpi ulnare Pisiform bone Os pisiforme Pisi-uncinate ligament— Lig. pis Pisimetacarpal ligament Unciform bone Os hamatum Anterior or palmar carpometacarpal ligament-bit;, carpnmetacarpeum volare Anterior or palmar proximal intermeta- carpal ligament Lig. basium volare Capsuleof themetacarpo-phalanger.l articulation of the little finger Capsula articulationis metacarpo-phalangeae digiti V. Sesamoid bone Os sesamoideum Transverse metacarpal ligament (Anterior or palmar distal intermetacarpal ligaments) Ligg. capitulorum transversa Internal lateral ligaments of the interphalangeal articulations of the little finger Ligg. collateralia ulnaria ai ticulationum digiti V. Distal interphalangeal articulation of the index finger Articulatio distalis digiti II. Capsule of the distal interphalangeal • articulation of the middle finger Capsula articulationis distalis digiti III i These are fibrous plates rather than ligaments properly so called, and, being thickened into fibroi arlilageal . a. I id.- .done 1 1, r it attach- the lateral metacarpo-phalangeal lig rooved on th. palmat urfao for thi flexor tendon. ■ ligaments. It is in the lateral fibrocartilaginous portions of these plates that the thumb, and occasionally of some of the nther fingers, arc developed.— Tr. amoid bones ..l th.- tnetacarp i-pbalangeal joint of Fig. 444.— The Anterior or Palmar Ligaments of the Wrist and Hand: the Superficial Lh;aments OF THE CARPI'S AND THE METACARPUS; THE CAPSULES AND LIGAMENTS OF THE Ml I \< Ml'" PHALANGEAL and the Interphalangeal Articulations. Ligamentum Carpi Transversum, Anterior Annular LIGAMENT OF THE WRIST ; CANALIS CARPI, CANAL OF THE CARPUS BENEATH Till ANTERIOR ANNULAR Ligament ("for the Transmission of the Flexor Tendons). Relations of the Tendons of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle to the Anterior or Palmar Carpal and Metacarpai Ligaments. Ligamf.nta Accessoria Volaria, Anterior or I'm map Metacarpo- phalangeal Ligaments; Ligamenta Capitulorum Transversa, Transverse Metacarpal Ligament (Anterior op Palmar Distal Intermetacarpal Ligaments). Ossa Sesamoidea, sesamoid Hones. In the interphalangeal articulations of the index fineer the anterior portions of the capsules between the lateral ligaments have been entirely cut away ; in those of the middle finger the capsules have been divided transversely across the middle of the joint and the divided'halves of the anterior ligament turned upwards and downwards ; in the interphalangeal articu- lation of the thum'. the anterior portiOT of the capsule has been divided along its attachment to the distal phalanx and the lateral ligaments, and. together with the sesamoid bones embedded in it on each side, has been turned upwards ; .n the remaining joints the capsule has been left intact. Articulationes manus et digitorum — Articulations of the hand and fingers. 27 — 2 212 THE AUTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB Anterior or palmar ligament of the wrist joint Lig radiocarpeum volare Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle- Radial attachment of the anterior annular ligament of the wrist Ridge or tuberosity of the trapezium Capsule of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Capsula articulationis carp melacarpea; pollicis Palmar or radiate ligament;. of the carpus Lig. carpi radiatum Capsule of the inferior radio- ulnar articulation Capsula articulationis radio ulnaris distalis Lunar (or semilunar) bone Os lunatum Internal lateral ligament of the wrlst- joint Lig. collateral carpi ulnare .-. Pisiform bone- Ospisifo Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Pisi-uncinate ligament Lig. pisohamatum Pisimetacarpal ligament Lig. pisometacarpeum Hook of the unciform bone Hamulus ossis hamati Os magnum or capitate bone Os capitatum Radiations of the tendons of the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscles to the base of the third metacarpal bone Fig. 445. — The Anterior or Palmar Ligaments of the Right Carpus, shown by the Removal oi im. Anterior Annular Ligament of the Wrist: Ligamentum Radiocarpeum Volare, Anterior or Palmar Ligament of the Wrist-Joint ; Ligamentum Carpi Radiatum, Anterior or Radiate Ligament of the Carpus. The radius. Sigmoid cavity of the radius Incisura ulnaris liunar (or semilunar) bone Os lunatum Anterior ligament of the wrist joint Lig. radiocarpeum volare Scaphoid bone — Os naviculare Tuberosity of the scaphoid bone Tuberculum ossis navicularis External lateral ligament of the transverse carpal articulation (1) Groove of the trapezium ,.- Capsule of carpometacarpal joint of thumb ( ) Os magnum, or capitate bone (3) Palmar or radiat3 ligament of carpus (4) Carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb Articulatio carpometacarpea pollicis Anterior or palmar carpometacarpal ligaments Ligg. carpometacarpea volaria • Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation A Capsula articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis Head of the ulna ..- Capitulum ulnae The ulna Triangular fibrocartilage Dis,cus articularis Styloid process of the ulna Proc. styloideus ulnae Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint (5) Communication between the radiocarpal and the pisipyramidal articulation Pyramidal or cuneiform bone 1 Is triquetrum Capsule of the pisipyramidal articulation (6) Pisiform bone-Os pisiforme Pisi-uncinate ligament— Lig. pisohamatum Pisimetacarpal ligament— Lig. pisometacarpeum HOOk Of the unciform bone- Hamulus ossis hamati Anterior or palmar carpometacarpal ligament Lig. carpometacarpeum volare Second intermetacarpal articulation Articulatio intermetacarpea II. (r) Lig. intercarpeu (2) Capsula articulationis carpo- metacarpea; pollicis \ i / interior or palmar proximal intermetacarpal ligaments I ,igg basium volaria volare. [Connecting the tuberosities of ihe scaphoid bone and the trapezium. — Tr.] (3) Os capitatum (4) Lig. carpi radiatum (6) Capsula articulationis ossis (5) Lig. collateral carpi ulnare pisiformis Pig. 446.— The Anterior or Palmar Ligaments of the Intercarpal (Transverse Carpal) and Carpo- metacarpal Articulations, after the Anterior Annular Ligament of the Wrist and the Tendons of the Flexor Carpi Radialis and Flexor Carpi L'lnaris have been entirely removed. The radiocarpal and distal radioulnar articulations have been opened, the triangular fibrocartilage and the internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint being left intact ; the bones of the forearm have been separated from one another and from the carpus ; the pisipyramidal articulation, the carpometacarpal articulations of the thumb and the ring finger, and the second intermetacarpal articulation, have been partially opened. Articulatio manus— Articulations of the hand. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 213 The ulna Head of the ulna Capitulum ulna' ' Triangular fibrocartilage 1 >is< us articularis Styloid process of the ulna Proc. styloideus ulnae Lunar, or semilunar, bone Os lunatum Posterior or dorsal intercarpal ligaments Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia Pyramidal or cuneiform bone IK triquetrum Os magnum or capitate bone Posterior or dorsal intercarpal ligaments — L.gg. inte.curpca dorsalia Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal . ligaments Ligg. carpometacarpea dorsalia Fifth metacarpal bone Os metacarpale V. Carpal articular surface Facies articularis carpea Scaphoid bone Os naviculare External lateral ligament of the wrist-joint Lig. collaterale carpi radiale Trapezoid bone Os multangulum minus Trapezium-Os multangulum majus Posterior or dorsal intercarpal ligaments •- I igg. int. narpea dorsalia Capsule of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Capsula articulationis carpo- metacarpal pollicis First metacarpal bone Os metacarpale I. j Posterior or dorsal proximal intermetacarpal ligaments Ligg. basium dorsalia Fig. 447. — The Short Posterior or Dorsal Ligaments of the Transverse Carpal Articulation, and of the Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Articulations. (The Right Carpus with the Distal Extremities of the Bones of the Forearm and the Proximal Extremities of the Metacarpal Bones.) The distal radioulnar articulation and the radiocarpal and transverse carpal articulations have been opened by the removal of the posterior ligaments, and the bones of the forearm have been drawn a little upwards and away from the carpus. Pyramidal or cuneiform bone Lunar, o:- semilunar, bone— Os 1 Interosseous intercarpal ligament Scaphoid bone— o-. na, Capsule of the radiocarpal articulation (anterior or palmar ligament of the wrist-joint) Capsula articulationis ra Canal of the carpus— C Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle Capsule of the carpometa carpal joint of the thumb Capsula articulationis carpometacarpea: pollicis First metacarpal bone Fold of the synovial membrane — Plica synoviahs Triangular fibrocartilage— Discus" articnlaris CapsuJe of the radiocarpal articulation post. / or dorsal ligament of the wrist-joint) Carpal articular surface Communication between the radiocarpal and the pisipyramidal articulation The ulna Pisiform bone Os pisi forme Fifth metacarpal bone Ridge or tuberosity of the trapezium ' Blberculum ossis multanguli majoris Anterior annular ligament of the wrist Tig. 44S. — The Articular Surfaces and the Attachments of the Capsule of the Radiocarpal Articulation or Wrist-Joint; Canalis Carpi, the Canal of the Carpus. (The Right Carpus with the Metacarpal Bones ; Antero-superior Aspect.) The distal extremities of the bones of the forearm have been turned to the ulnar side, after division of the capsule of the wrist-joint with the exception of the internal lateral ligament. Articulatio manus — Articulations of the hand. 214 THE ARTICULATIONS OB THE UPPER LIMB The ulna Ulna Vertical pouch of the synovial membrane of the distal radio ulnar articulation • Ki . , isus sai • iforrais articulatii mis radio-ulnaris distalis Triangular fibrocartilage _ Discus articularis Lunar, or semilunar, bone ( >s lunatum _ Interosseous intercarpal ligament Lig. imercarpeum interosseum Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint - I ,■■ , . .1 l.il. I .il ■ . ,r|,i 11I11.1I1: Pyramidal or cuneiform bone ( Is triquetrum Capsule of the transverse carpal articulation Unciform bone -Os hamatum — Os magnum or capitate bone -Os capitatum — Carpometacarpal articulations of the ring and little fingers (1} " Interosseous carpometacarpal ligament (-•) Intermetacarpal articulations Interosseous intermetacarpal ligaments Ligg. basium interi issea Metacarpo-phalangeal articulation of the little finger Articulatio metacarpo-phalangea digiti V. MM Lateral ligaments Ligg. collateralia Proximal interphalangeal articula- tion of the little finger Articulatio proximalis digiti V. Lateral ligaments ^S_ Ligg. collateralia Distal interphalangeal articulation of the little finger Articulatio distalis digiti V, Lateral ligaments Ligg. collateralia (1) Articulatio carpometacarpea dij (2) Lig. carpomelacarpeum interosseum The radius Radiu i The radiocarpal articulation or wrist-joint Articulatio radii » arpea .Interosseous intercarpal ligament ( 0 Scaphoid bone-O* naviculare External lateral ligament of the wrist-joint (4) .. Transverse carpal articulation Trapezium- ()s multangulum majus Carpometacaipal articulation of thumb (5) Interosseous intercarpal ligament 11) Carpometacarpal articulations of the index and middle fingers (7) ' ~e&: Trapezoid bone Os multangulum minus Interosseous intermetacarpal ligament Lig. basium interosseum Intermetacarpal articulation Articulatio intermetacarpea Metacarpo-phalangeal ■ articulation of the thumb Articulatio metacarpo- phalangea pollicis v Sesamoid bone Os sesamoideum Interpialangeal articulation of the thumb Articulatio pollicis (3) Lig. intercarpeun (4) Lig. coilaterale carpi radiale (5) Articulatio carpometacarpea pollicis (t>) Lig. intercarpeum interosseurn (7) Articulatio carpometacarpea digiti II. ( Fig. 449.— Articulatio Radio-ulnaris Distalis, Distal Radioulnar Articulation. Articu- latio Manus, Articulations of the Hand: Articulationes Radiocarpea et Intercarpea, Radiocarpal Articulation or Wrist-Joint and Transverse Carpal Articulation. Articu- lationes Carpometacarpea, Carpometacarpal Articulations; Articulationes Inter- metacarpea, Intermetacarpal Articulations. Articulationes Metacarpo-phalangea, Metacarpo-phalangeal Articulations ; Articulationes Digitorum Manus, Interphalan- geal Articulations of the Fingers. (The Skeleton of the Right Hand with the Distal Extremities of the Bones of the Forearm ; Posterior or Dorsal Aspect.) The articulations are all opened by a section in the frontal plane : and whereas in the fingers this plane passes through the joints from side to side, dividing the lateral ligaments ; in the thumb, owing to the op losition of this member, the plane of section passes through the joints in a dorsopalmar direction, and divides the dorsal and palmar ligaments. Articulationes manus et digitorum — Articulations of the hand and fingers. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB 215 Shaft of the radius Diaphysis radii Radiocarpal articulation Articulatio radiocarpea Lunar, or semilunar, bone Os lunatum Transverse carpal articulation Articulatio intercarpea Carpometacarpal articulation^ Articulatio carpometacarpea Anterior or palmar metacarpophalangeal ligament1 Lig. accessorium volare Metacarpophalangeal articulation Articulatio metacarpo-phalangea Ungual phalanx' 1'halanx III. Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Distal epiphysis of the radius Epiphysis distalis radii Os magnum, or capitate boas Os capitatum Third metacarpal bone Os metacarpale III. | Epiphysial discr, / Synchondrosis epiphyseal". Proximal phalanx Phalanx I. ' Interphalangeal articulation!, Articulationes digiti See note on p. 211. Fig. 450. — The Articulations of the Hand, seen in Sagittal ok Dorsopai mar Section, showing their relations to the epiphysial dlscs. (the radial portion of the Divided Right Hand of a Youth aged Seventeen Years.) Tin section traverses the distal extremity of the radius, the carpus, and the metacarpal bone an phalanges of the middle finger. Articulationes manus et digitorum- Articulations of the hand and fingers. 216 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Anterior common ligament. ill' mgitudinale anteriu • V- Middle layer of the lumbar fascia or . aponeurosis (lowermost fibres) Iliolumbar ligament Lig. iliolumbale Fourth lumbar vertebra Vi rtebra lumbalis IV. Iliolumbar ligament /Lig. iliolumbale 'Preauricular groove *Sul( us paraglenoidalis (praauricularis) Anterior sacro-iliac ligament Ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora Great sacrosciatic foramen Foramen ischiadicum majus Small sacrosciatic foramen Foramen ischiadicum minus Sacral promontory Promontorium Sacro-iliac articulation Articulatio sacro-iliaca Anterior or small sacro- sciatic ligament Lig. sacrospinosum Spine of the ischium Spina ischiadica Posterior or great sacro sciatic ligament Lig. sacrotuberosum Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Sacrococcygeal symphysis1 / Symphysis sacrococcygea ' Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius 1 Intervertebral disc of the sacrococcygeal articulation. — Tr. Fig. 451. — Articulatio Sacro-iliaca, Sacro-iliac Articulation : Ligamenta Sacro-iliaca Anteriora, Anterior Sacro-iliac Ligament; Ligamentum Iliolumbale, ■ Iliolumbar Ligament. Ligamenta Sacrospinosum et Sacrotuberosum, Small or Anterior and Great or Posterior Sacrosciatic Ligaments. Foramina Ischiadica Majus et Minus, Great and Small Sacrosciatic Foramina. (The Pelvis with the Fourth and Fifth Lumbar Vertebrae, in Frontal Section ; Posterior Half, seen from Before.) The ligaments of the rrght sacroiliac articulation are intact ; those of the left articulation have been removed. Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis interioris — Articulations and ligaments of the pe vie girdle. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 217 Fourth lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis IV, Sacral promontory Promontonum Anterior sacro-iliac ligament Ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora Brim of the pelvis Linea terminalis Obturator canal Canalis obturatorius Spine of the pubis Tuberculum pubicum Interpubic disc ( Lamina fibrocaxtilaginea interpubica' Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament /' Lig. arcuatum pubis Obturator membrane, or ligamen, Membrana obturatoria Intervertebral foramen Foramen intervertebrale Sacral canal ,--' Canalis sacralis Great sacrosciatic foramen Foramen ischiadicum majus Anterior or small sacro- __ sciatic ligament Lig. sacrospinosum Sacrococcygeal symphysis' — Symphysis sacrococcygea Small sacrosciatic ligament Foramen ischiadicum > Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament '«■ Lig. sacrotuberosum Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Falciform process of the great sacrosciatic ligament Proc. falciformis ligamenti sacrotuberosi See note on p. 216. Fig. 452. — Ligamenta Sacrotuberosum et Sacrospinosum, Posterior or Great and Anterior or Small Sacrosciatic Ligaments ; Foramina Ischiadic*, Sacrosciatic Foramina. Membrana Obturatoria, Obturator Membrane or Ligament ; Canalis Obturatorius, Obturator (anal. Articulatio Sacro-iliaca, Sacro-iliac Articulation. (The Right Half of a Pelvis divided in the Median Plane; seen from the Inner Side.) Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis inferioris — Articulations and ligaments of the pelvic girdle. 28 218 THE AR1 ICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Costal process of the fifth lumbar vertebra Iliolumbar ligament JxW: Lig iliolumbale ■, \<$F§R "" Posterior or great sacro sciatic ligament Lig. sacrotuberosum Supraspinous ligament 1 ':-'■ supraspinal Middle layer of the lumbar fascia (lowermost fibres} Long or oblique (po3 terior) sacro-iliac ligament Lig. sacro-iliacum posterius longum Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament Lig. sacrotuberosum Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Posterior sacro- iliac ligament' Ligg.sacro-iliacainti rossea Icsteiior layer of the lumbar tascia or aponeurosis Great sacrosciatic foramen Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament / Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius superficiale ' / Pubic symphysis Symphysis ossium pubis Macalister and >me other Engli-h anatomists agree with TuMt applied, s nee the fibres of the ligament do I lly found connecting < '■ Obturator membrane, or Membrana obturatoria Anterior or small sacrosciatic Lig. sacrospinosum Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament Lig. arcuatum pubis naming this lignm-nt lite /»//,-'"v.v s.ur..-ili t two closely adjacent parallel articular su Small sacrosciatic foramen Foramen ischiadicum minus ligament ligament sponding parts of the auricular surfaces >>l the Fig. 453. — Posterior Ligaments of the Pelvic Girdle : Ligamentum Sacrotuberosum, Posterior or Great Sacrosciatic Ligament, and its Relation to the Posterior Layer of • the Lumbar Aponeurosis. Foramina Ischiadica, Sacrosciatic Foramina. Ligamentum Sacro-iliacum Posterius Longum, Long or Oblique (Posterior) Sacro- iliac Ligament; Ligamenta Sacro-iliac Interossea, Posterior Sacro-iliac Ligament (see note above); Ligamentum Iliolumbale, Iliolumbar Ligament. (The Pelvis with the Fourth and Fifth Lumbar Vertebr.e ; seen from Behind.) On the right side, the posterior layer of the lumbar aponeurosis has been divided close to its continuation into the posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament, and turned outwards ; on the left side, this superficial portion of the posterior or great sacrosciatic li ament has been cut across, and the divided ends have been turned upwards and downwards. The lowermost fibres of the middle layer of the lumbar aponeurosis have on the right side been left intact, but on the left side entirely removed. Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis inferioris — Articulations and ligaments of the pelvic girdle. ■HE ARTICLE. ITIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 219 Fourth lumbar vertebra Vertebra lumbalis IV. Sacral promontory Promontorium Fosterior (short) sacro-iliac ligament1^ Lig. sacro-iliacum posterius breve |^^ Posterior sacro-iliac ligament (superficial layer)- Ligg. sacro-iliaca interossea Long or oblique (posterior) sacro iliac ligament Lig sacro-iliacum posterius longum Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament Lig. sacrospinosum Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament Lig. sacrotuberosum Fig. 454. — Deep Posterior Ligaments of the Sacro-iliac Articulation : Ligamenta Sacro- iliaca Interossea, Posterior Sacro-iliac Ligaments ; Ligamentum Sacro-iliacum Posterius Breve, Posterior (Short) Sacro-iliac Ligament. (The Right Half of a Pelvis divided in the Median Plane ; Posterointernal Aspect.) The upper portion of the posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament has been removed ; the long or oblique- (posterior) sacroiliac ligament has been divided transversely in the middle, and the ends have been turned upwards and downwards. 'External sacral crest Sacral canal "Crista sacralis lateralis •Median sacral crest 'Crista sacralis media 1 Tuberosity of the ilium Tuberositas iliaca Auricular surface Facies auricularis" Anterior sacro-iliac ligament ■ Ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora First sacral vertebra— Vertebra sacralis I Sacro-iliac articulation Articulatio sacro-iliaca Deep layer \ of the posterior sacro-iliac Superficial layer I ligament- Fig. 455.— Horizontal Section through the Sacro-iliac Articulation; Upper Surface of Lower Segment: Superficial and Deep Layers of the Posterior Sacro-iliac Ligament. The section was made in a plane at right angles to the long axis of the pelvis, and passes through the middle of the body of the first sacral vertebra. 1 This forms part of the posterior sacro-iliac ligament of English anatomists. See note on p. 218.— Tr. '- See note on p. 21S. Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis inferioris— Articulations and ligaments of the pelvic girdle. 220 THE IRTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Superior pubic ligament — Lig. pubii um u Rectus abdominis muscle _-M rectus abdominis Spine of the pubis Tuberculum pubicum Interlacing of the fibres of the tendons of origin of the rectus abdominis muscles' Tendon of origin of the rectus abdomi- muscle attached to the inferior or descending ramus of the pubis Ligament of Henle Falx inguinalis Superior or ascending ramus of the pubis Ramus superior ossis pubis Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament Lig. arcuatum pubis Foramen for the passage of the dorsal artery and nerve of the penis Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis Ramus inferior ossis pubis foramen for the passage of the dorsal vein of the penis Transverse ligament of the pelvis'2— Lig. transversum pelvis Fig. 456.— Symphysis Ossium Pubis, Pubic Symphysis: Ligamentum Pubicus Superius, Superior Pubic Ligament; Ligamentum Arcuatum Pubis, Inferior Pubic or Subpubic Ligament; Ligamentum Transversum Pelvis, Transverse Ligament of the Pelvis. The Origin of the Tendons of the Rectus Abdominis Muscles from the Pubis, and the Relation of these Tendons to the Pubic Symphysis. (The Anterior Aspect of the Pubic Symphysis.) The lower extremities of the rectus abdominis muscles have been pulled a little apart. Fissure of the interpubic disc Interpubic disc ' Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica Pubis Os pubis' Interlacing tendons1 1 The anterioi pubii ligament is n<>t mentioned by the author. It consists of two parts, a superficial and a deep. The deep part, which is not shown in any of the figures, is made up of fibres passing transversely from bone to bone in front of the interpubic disc; the fibres of the superficial pari are oblique, interlace freely, and are mainly derived from the tendons of the external oblique and rectus muscles of the abdomen, as well as from those of the superficial adductors of the thigh. These interlacing tendinous fibres of the superficial part of the anterior pubic ligament are shown in both the figures on this page. -Tr. • This ligament is a portion of the deep perineal fascia or triangular ligament of the urethra. The name of transverse ligament of the petvis, which is rarely used in England, was given to it by Henle.— Tr. Fig. 457. — Horizontal Section through the Pubic Symphysis of a Nulliparous Woman aged Twenty-One Years; Upper Surface of Lower Segment: Lamina Fibrocartilaginea Interpubica, Interpubic Disc ; Fissure in the Interpubic Disc. Re-inforcement of the Interpubic Articulation by the Interlacing on its Anterior Surface of the Fibres of the Tendons of Origin of the Rectus Abdominis Muscles and the Tendons of Insertion of the External Oblique Muscles. The plane of section lies in the upper half of the symphysis. Symphysis ossium pubis — Pubic symphysis. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Superior pubic ligament— Lig. pubicum superiusl ** osterior prominence o" the interpubic disc1 "Torus pubicus Foramen for the passage of the _ dorsal vein of the penis Inferior or descending __ ramus of the pubis Ramus inferior ossis pubis The slight po! See note - on | 221 Pubic ligament of Astley Cooper, or Cooper's ligament Superior or ascending ramus of the pubis Ramus superior ossis pubis Obturator fascia Fascia obturatoria l of the interpubic disc has i name from English anatomists. A feu n, forming the posterior pubic ligament, which is not mentioned hy Toldt. — Tr. Fig. 458. — Symphysis Ossium Pubis, Pubic Symphysis : Torus Pubicus, Posterior Prominence of the Interpubic Disc; Ligamentum Transversum Pelvis, Transverse Ligament of the Pelvis {see note2 above), with the Venous Foramina; Connexions of the Transverse Ligament of the Pelvis with the Obturator Fascia. (The Pubic Symphysis seen from Behind.) Superior pubic ligament — Lig. pubicum superius The pubis Interpubic disc Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica i Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament— Lig. arcuatum pubis Fig. 459.— Symphysis Ossium Pubis, Pubic Symphysis: Lamina Fibrocartilaginea Interpubica, Interpubic Disc; Ligamentum Pubicum Superius, Superior Pubic Ligament; Ligamentum Arcuatum Pubis, Inferior Pubic ok Subpubic Ligament. (Tiih Pubic Symphysis in Frontal Section-. Anterior Si ri \< 1 01 Posterior Segment.) Symphysis ossium pubis— Pubic symphysis 222 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOW!,:-: LIMB Crest of the ilium Crista iliaca Anterior superior iliac spine Spina iliaca anterior superior . Anterior inferior iliac spine Spina iliaca anterior inferior Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Iliofemoral ligament, or Y ligament of Bigelow Lie. iliofem. Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Great trochanter Trochanter maj Anterior intertrochan teric line Linea intertrochan- t-rica Pubofemoral ligament Lig pubocapsulare Spine of the pubis Tuberculum pubicum Obturator canal Canalis obturatorius Obturator membrane, or ligament Membrana obturatoria Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Ischiocapsular ligament Lig. ischiocapsulare Shaft of the femur Corpus femoris r'iG. 4bo. — Articulatio Cox.e, the Hip-Joint: Ligamentum Iliofemorale, Iliofemoral Ligament, or Y Ligament of Bigelow; Ligamentum Pubocapsulare, Pubofemoral Ligament, and its Relations to the Obturator Membrane. (The Right Hip-Joint, seen from Before.) Articulatio cox:e — The hip-jomi THE ARTICULATIONS O^ THE LOWER LIMB 223 Cotyloid ligament — Labrum glenoidale Head of the femur Epiphysial disc — Synchondrosis epiphyseos Zona orbicularis — Zona orbicularis — Digital fossa Fossa trochanterica Epiphysis of the great trochanter Neck of the femur Hip-bone Fossa of the interarticular ligament ---Fovea capitis femoris Pad of fat in the fossa of Via ac stabulum — Interarticular or round ligament Lig, teres femoris Cotyloid notch Incisura acetabuli Transverse ligament of the acetabulum Lig. transversum acetabuli Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber isclnadicum Epiphysis of the small trochanter Shaft of the femur Corpus femoris Fig. 461.— Articulatio Coxje, hii Hip-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament; Zona Orbicularis, the Circularly Disposed Fibres of the Capsular Ligament, forming a Band round the Neck of the Femur, which is most distinct Behind and Below. Relation of the Epiphysial Disc of the Head of the Femur to the Hip- joint. (The Right Hip-Joint in Frontal Section; Anterior Surface of Posterior Segment.) The section passes through the middle of the cotyloid notch and of the fossa of the interarticular ligament. Articulatio coxae — The hip-joint. THE ART/COLA IJDNH UP n-ih LOWER LIMB Iliolumbar ligament l i iliolumbale Fifth lumbar vertebra Vertebra iumbalis V. Anterior sacroiliac ligament „ .LAgg. sacro-iliaca anteriora Anterior inferior iliac spine Spina iliaca anterior inferior Facies lunata f Fibrous portion Capsular ligament J Pars fibrosa Capsula articularis I Synovial portion I Pars synovialis Zona orbicularis — Zona orbicularis , Breat trochanter . __-£ .trochanter major Cotyloid ligament Labrum glenoidale Fossa of the acetabulum— Fossa aLStabuli Interarticular or round ligament - Lig. teres femoris Cotyloid notch — Incisura acetabuli Obturator canal — Canalis obturatorius Pubic ligament of Astley Cooper, or Cooper's ligament Spine of the pubis Tuberculum pubicum Pubofemoral ligament Iliofemoral ligament, b ffi*$M K~ "US aSfcf^" Lig. pubocapsulare °rof/Bifelo1wnt / MP *4* \/^^^^^^^ Obturator membrane, or ligament T ;r i „ i / ''■\W///!M- -i'"w' \ ^^nSnv81^ Membrana obturatoria Lig. lliotemorale Zona orbicularis— Zona orbicularis ' Synovial membrane covering the neck of the femur Small trochanter Trochanter minor Fig. 462. — Articulatio Cox^e, the Hip-Joint; Ligamentum Teres Femoris, Interarticular or Round Ligament of the Hip-Joint1; Labrum Glenoidale, Cotyloid Ligament; Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament of the Hip-Joint; Reflection of the Synovial Membrane of the Hip-Toint from the Inner Surface of the Capsular Ligament on to the Neck of the Femur; zona Orbicularis, Circular Band of the Capsular Ligament round the Neck of the Femur.2 (The Right Hip-Joint seen from Before.) The anterior wall of the capsular ligament has been removed, except for a narrow band at its distal attachment, which lias been turned outwards. The head of the femur has been slightly withdrawn from its socket in a downward and outward direction. 1 Perhaps most frequently known in England by its Latin name, ligamentum teres, - Also frequently known in England by its Latin name, zona orbicularis, •tt-rticuiatio coxae — The hip-join*. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 225 The ilium Cotyloid ligament Labrum glenoidale Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum V \- ft E Anterior superior spine of the ilium Spina iliaca anterior superior Iliopectineal eminence Eminentia iliopectinea u b is- The pubis Fossa acetabuli ... Transverse ligament of the acetabulum Lig. transversum acetabuli Cotyloid notch Incisura acetabuli Interarticular or round ligament * ig. teres femoris Fig. 463. — Akticl-latio Cox.e, the Hip-Joint: the Acetabulum; Labrum Glenoidale et llgamentum transversum acetabuli, the cotyloid ligament and the transverse Ligament of the Acetabulum. Ligamentum Teres Femoris, the Interarticular or Round Ligament. (View of the Interior of the Socket of the Right Hip-Joint.) The interarticular or round ligament has been divided close to its attachment to the head of the femur. Articulatio coxae — The hip-joint. 226 THE AKllCULATIuy.S Of THE LOWER LIMU Inferior ramus of the ischium Ramus inferior ossis ischii Obturator membrane, or ligament, Membrana obturatoria Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis i Ramus inferii >r ossis pubis Obturator canal Canalis obturatorius Thin portion of the capsule between the pubofemoral / and the ischiocapsular ligament Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Spine of the pubis \ Tuberculum pubicum '^ifiu^ Pubofemoral ligament Lig. pubocapsulare Iliopectineal eminence Eminentia iliopectinea Thin portion of the capsule between the pubo femoral and the iliofemoral ligament Zona orbicularis Zona orbicularis Distal attachment of the iliofemoral ligament Ischiocap?ula'- ligament Lig. ischiocapsulare Thin portion of the capsule between the ischiocapsular and the iliofemoral ligament Zona orbicularis Zona orbicularis Great trochanter Trochanter major S^PF. Posterior intertrochan- teric ridge or line Crista intertrochanterica \Neck of the femur Collum femoris \ Thin portion of the capsule external to the zona orbicularis '•Jmall trochanter Tro< banter minor Fig. 464. — articulatio Cox.e. the Hip-Joint: Capsula Articularis, the Capsular Liga- ment; Zona Orbicularis {see p. 223), and its Relations to the Pubofemoral and Ischiocapsular Ligaments. Membrana Obturatoria et Canalis Obturatorius, Obturator Membrane or Ligament and Obturator Canal. (The Postero-internal Side of the Right Hip-Joint seen from Below.) The articular cavity has been injected with tallow. Articulatio coxae — The hip-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 227 Thin portion of the capsule between the pubo femoral and the ischiocapsular ligament Transverse ligament of the acetabulum , Lig. transversum acetabuli \ Fossa acetabuli — Fossa acetabuli \ Interartlcular or round ligament-l.ig. teres femoris\ Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum -F.nics lunata Spine of the ischium / --. __^«5S*fc35! Spina ischiadica Sciatic, or small sciatic, ($ notch q Jncisura ischiadica " minor Tuberosity of the ischium Tuber ischiadicum Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum , Facies lunata , Pubofemoral ligament— Lig. pubocapsulare Thin portion of the capsule Communication between the synovial cavity t> and the bursa beneath the tendon of the iliopsoas muscle Hiofemoral ligament -Lig. ilio- Cotyloid ligament Labrum glenoidale Cotyloid ligament ' Labrum glenoidale Capsular ligament Capsular articularis Ischiocapsular ligament/ Lig. ischiocapsulare ( Digital fossa Fossa trochanterica Thin portion of the capsule between the iliofemoral and the ischiocapsular ligament Zona orbicularis Zona orbicularis Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Great trochanter Trochanter major Great trochanter Trochanter major Cut surface of the neck of the femur '. ■' Femoral attachment of the iliofemoral ligament Thin portion of the capsule external to the zona orbicularis Fig. 465.— Articulatio Cox.e, the Hip-Joint: Zona Orbicularis {see p. 223), and its Relations to the Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, and Ischiocapsular Ligaments; the Thin Portions of the Capsule, and the Communication between the Synovial Canity and the Bursa beneath the Tendon of the Iliopsoas Muscle; the Acetabulum, with the Transverse Ligament of the Acetabulum, and the Inter- articular or Round Ligament. After the capsule of the right hip-joint had been prepared from without, the joint was fully flexed; the capsule was then divided by a section in the direction of a line passing from the middle of the upper border of the great troi hanter to the inner border of the iliopei tineal eminence; the ilium was cut away except for that portion of the bone which contributes to the formation of the acetabulum, and the neck of the femur was sawn across just internal to the distal attachment of the capsule ; the interartlcular ligament was divided close to the head of the femur, and this latter, together with the intracapsular portion of the neck, was removed ; the acetabulum and the remaining proximal portion of the femur were divided in two by a continuation of the section already made through the upper wall of the capsule ; the two halves of the acetabulum and the head and neck of the femur were then opened out till the cut surfaces met at a very obtuse angle • so that the capsule and the cotyloid ligament were fully exposed from within. The synovial membrane was dissected oft, and the inner surface of the capsule cleaned from fat and cellular Articulatio coxae — The hip-joint. 29 — 2 228 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Subcrureus muscle M articularis ^enu Bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon 1-iursa suprapatellaris Vastus externu3 muscle M. vastus lateralis External lateral patellar ligament— Ketinaculum patellae laterale Capsular ligament — Capsula articularis External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collateral nbulare Anterior superior tibiofibular ligament ~- Ligg. capituli fibula- The fibula Fibula Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg . Membrana interossea cruris Tendon of the rectus femoris muscle Sehne des M. rectus femoris Vastus internus muscle M. vastus medialis The patella Patella Internal lateral patellar ligamen i Retinaculum patellae mediale Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale tibiale Patellar ligament, or infrapatellar tendon Lig. patella? Tubercle of the tibia Tuberositas tibiae Fig. 466.— Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Ligamentum Patell or Infrapatellar Tendon ; Retinacula Patellje, Lateral Ligamenta Collateralia, Lateral Ligaments of the Knee patellaris, the bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon ; UNUSUALLY LARGE SUBCRUREUS MUSCLE TO THE CAPSULE OF THE Kn TlBIOFIBULARIS, SUPERIOR TIBIOFIBULAR ARTICULATION: LlGAME Anterior Superior Tibiofibular Ligament. (The Right Knee The synovial cavity has been injected with tallow m., Patellar Ligament, Patellar Ligaments ; -Joint. Bursa Supra- the Relation of the ee-Joint. Articulatio nta Capituli Fibulae, -Joint from Before.) Articulatio genu— The knee-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 229 External condyle Condylus lateralis External semilunar fibrocartilage Meniscus lateralis External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale fibulare Anterior superior tibiofibular ligament Ligg. capituli fibulae The fibula Fibula Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris The tibia Tibia The femur Patellar surface 'Fades patellaris Posterior or internal crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum posterius Anterior or external crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum anterius Internal semilunar fibrocartilage Meniscus medialis Transverse ligament of the seniilunai fibrocartilages Lig. transversum genu Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale tibiale Patellar ligament, or infra- patellar tendon Lig. patellae Articular surface of the patella Facies articulans patellae Suprapatellar tendon, or common tendon of the quadriceps extensor cruris muscle Fig. 467. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint : Ligamenta Collaterals, Lateral Liga- ments of the Knee-Joint; Ligamenta Cruciata, Crucial Ligaments; Ligamentum Patell.e, Patellar Ligament, or Infrapatellar Tendon. Articulatio Tibiofibulakis. Superior Tibiofibular Articulation: Ligamenta Capituli Fibul.e, Anterior Superior Tibiofibular Ligament. (The Right Knee-Joint seen from Before and Without.) The capsular ligament has been removed from the front of the joint between the two lateral ligaments, and the patellar ligament has been turned downwards. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. 230 THE Ah I lCCL.lt 'TONS OF THE COWER LIMB Subcrureus muscle M. articul i Vastus interims muscle M- vastus medialis The patella Patella Capsular ligament Capsula arhcularis' Patellar ligament, or infra patellar tendon Lig. patella- _The femur Femur Bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon Bursa suprapatellaris Distal epiphysial disc of the femur Synchondrosis epiphyseos Internal condyle Epicondylus medialis Inner head of the gastroc nemius muscle Caput mediale musculi trocnemii Internal lateral patellar ligament Retinaculum patella; mediale Tendon of the semimem- branosus muscle Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lie. collaterale tibiale Proximal epiphysial disc of the tibia Synchondrosis epiphyseos Tubercle of the tibia Tuberositas tibiae Fig. 468. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament, and the Relations of the Subcrureus Muscle to this Ligament; Bursa Supra- patellaris, the Bursa beneath the Suprapatellar Tendon. Ligamentum Collaterale Tibiae, Internal Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint ; Ligamentum Patellae et Retinaculum Patella Mediale, Patellar Ligament, or Infrapatellar Tendon, and Internal Lateral Patellar Ligament. Relations of the Epiphysial Discs to the Articulation. The same preparation as that of Fig. 466, seen from within. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 231 o ■ . p P $ Quadriceps extensor f " U a d r i ' cruris muscle Subcrureus muscle M articularis genu Plantaris muscle M plantaris Outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle Caput laterale musculi gastrocnemius External condyle of \ the femur Condylus lateralis femoris External lateral ligament of the knee joint ■ .11.1 Short external lateral (Quain). or direct portion of posterior external lateral ligament (Macalister) (i) Popliteus muscle (?) Tendon of the biceps flexor cruris muscle Anterior superior tibiofibular liga ment — Ligg. capituli fibulae Proximal epiphysial discs of the tibia and the fibula Synchondrosis epiphyseos The fibula Fibula Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg — Membrana interossea cruris Bursa beneath the supra- patellar tendon Bursa suprapatellaris Capsular ligament | External latera. patellar ligament Retinaculum patellar laterale The patella Patella Patellar ligament, or infrapatellar tendon Lig. patellae -Bursa beneath the patellar ligament Bursa infrapatellaris profunda (il Retinaculum ligamenii arcuati (?) M. popliteus Fig. 469. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Capsola Articularis, Capsular Ligament; Bursa Suprapatellaris, and the Relations of the Quadriceps Extensor Cruris Muscle to the Same. Ligamentum Collaterale Fibulare, External Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint. Ligamentum Patellae et Retinaculum Patellae Laterale, Patellar Liga- ment, or Infrapatellar Tendon, and External Lateral Patellar Ligament; the Relations of the Latter to the Plantaris Muscle and to the Outer Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle. Bursa Infrapatellaris Profunda, Bursa beneath the Patellar Ligament. Articulatio Tibiofibularis, Superior Tibiofibular Articulation. Ligamenta Capituli Fibul.e. Anterior Superior Tibiofibular Ligament. Relations of the Epiphysial Discs to Both the Joints. The same preparation as that of Figs. 466 and 468, seen from the outer side. The synovial cavity of the knee-joint has been opened behind the external lateral ligament of the knee-joint, and the bursa beneath the patellar ligament has also been opened. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint 232 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Capsular ligament Capsula articulans Semimemoranosus muscls M semimembranosus Bursa between the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle and the tendon of the inner head of the gastrocnemius muscle Bui dialis Tendon of the inner head of the gastrocnemius muscle Posterior ligament of the knee-joint Lig. popliteum obliquum Internal lateral ligament of — the knee-joint Lig. collaterale tibiale Divided edge of the aponeurosis covering the popliteus muscle The tendon of the outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle Sesamoid bone (var.) ' Os sesamoideum (var. Arcuate portion of the pos- terior external 'a'.eral --^r ligament (Macalister) Lig. popliteum arcuatum External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale fibulare Short external lateral ligament (Quain), or direct portion of the posterior external lateral ligament (Macalister) (0 Synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muscle Bursa m poplitei Head of the fibula Capitulum fibulae Oblique line of the tibia Linea poplitea (tibia?) Popliteus muscle M. popliteus Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea (i) Retinaculum ligamenti arcuati Fig. 470.— Articul.vtio Genu, the Knee-Joint : Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament; Ligamentum Popli- teum Obliquum, Posterior Ligament of the Knee-Joint ; Relations of this Ligament to the Tendon of the Semimembranosus Muscle and to the Outer Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle; Ligamentum Popliteum Arcuatum et Retinaculum Ligamenti Arcuati, Arcuate Portion of the Posterior External Lateral Ligament (Macalister), and Short External Lateral Ligament (Ouain), or Direct Portion of the Posterior External Lateral Ligament (Macalister). Bursa Musculi Gastrocnemii Medialis, Bursa between the Tendon of the Semimembranosus Muscle and the Tendon of the Inner Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle, communicating with the Knee-Joint and having a Common Cavity with the Bursa between the Tendon of the Semimembranosus Muscle and the Knee-Joint. Bursa Musculi Poplitei, Synovial Sheath of the Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle. (The Right Knee-Joint, seen from Behind.) Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 233 Popliteal surface of tne femur Planum popliteum femoris Capsular ligament „, Capsula articularis Internal condyle of the femur Condylus medialis femoris --^ Posterior or ascending band of the external semilunar fibrocartilage (Ellis I, or ligament of Wrisberg (Macalister) Lig. menisci lateralis (Roberti) Internal lateral ligament of the knee joint Lig. collaterale tibiale Internal semilunar fibrocartilage Meniscus medialis Posterior border of the superior articular surface of the tibia Margo infraglenoidalis tibiae Capsular ligament Capsula articulari; Posterior or internal crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum posterms Capsular ligament / Capsula articularis Anterior or external crucial ligament Lig cruciatum anterius External lateral ligament of the knee-joint ._ Lig. collaterale fibulare External semilunar fibrocartilage Meniscus lateralis Synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus musclo Bursa m. poplitei Popliteus muscle M. popliteus Communication between the synovial cavity of the superior tibiofibular articulation and the synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muscle Oblique line of the tibia Linea poplitea (tibiae) Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris The fibula Fibula Fig. 471.— Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Ligamenta Cruciata, Crucial Ligaments, and Ligamentum Menisci Lateralis, Posterior or Ascending Band of the External Semilunar Fibrocartilage (Ellis) or Ligament of Wriseerg (Macalister), (Variety1). Communication of the Synovial Sheath of the Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle with the Synovial Cavities of the Knee-Joint and of the Superior Tibiofibular Articulation. (The Right Knee-Joint, seen from Behind.) The posterior portion of the capsular ligament, between the external and internal lateral ligaments, has been removed, except for a strip left above close to the femoral attachment, which has been turned upwards; the synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muscle has been opened at its inner side, and its posterior wall has been turned out- wards with the tendon and the proximal portion of the popliieus muscle. 1 Though this band is called a variety by Toldt. it is. in fad, usually present, but its situation varies ; inasmuch as it pasties, some- times behind (as he,"), and sometimes before, and sometimes as a double band behind and before, the posterior or internal crucial ligament. Its strength and thickness varies much, but it is seldom entirely wanting. — Tr. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. 30 2M THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon 1 lursa suprapat Synovial membrane i ■ ■ : . i I I ■ capsula articularis Tendon of the popliteus muscle External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collateral fibulare Anterior superior tibio fibular ligament Ligg. capituli fibulae Synovial membrane Pars synovialis capsula: articularis Patellar surface Facies patellaris The tibia Tibia The interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris Internal condyle of the femur Condylus medialis femoris Mucous ligament Plica synovialis patellaris ( Alar ligaments ( Plicae alares Articular surface of the patella Facies articularis patella- Bursa beneath the supra- patellar tendon Bursa suprapatellaris Quadriceps extensor cruris muscle Fig. 472. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Pars Synovialis Capsul/E Articularis, Synovial Membrane of the Knee-Joint; Plica Synovialis Patellaris, Mucous Ligament; Plicb Alares, Alar Ligaments; Bursa Suprapatellaris, Bursa beneath the Suprapatellar Tendon. (The Right Knee-Joint, seen from Before and Without.) The joint was first injected, and the injected material allowed to solidify ; the capsule of the joint was then prepared from without, the quadriceps extensor cruris muscle being left intact, subsequently the joint was opened by a section passing through the quadriceps muscle and the upper part of the front of the capsule from one lateral ligament to the other close to the attachment of the capsule to the femur, and the anterior wall of the joint together with the distal portion of the quadriceps extensor muscle was turned down. The quadriceps was divided at a somewhat higher level than the capsule, and the bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon divided is the frontal plane, to show the communication of this bursa with the joint. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Quadriceps extensor cruris muscle Mu v &e£" a ,7 ■ B^te^ '* « r 1 f? n r, . f o m o 235 — — i Subcrureus mupcle ' M articularis genu Bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon Bursa suprapatellaris Synovial membrane' Alar ligament Plica alaris Anterior or external crucial liga- ment— Lig. cruciatum anterius Posterior or internal crucial ligament (■) Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint la) Internal semilunar nbrocartilage (3) -- Synovial membrane — Ligament of Wrisberg ( arising in this specimen from the internal semilunar fibrocartilaga) Tendon of the semimem- branosus muscle Posterior ligament of the knee-joint Lig popliteum obliquum Popliteus muscle Fig. 473. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Thi Semilunar Fibrocartilages, the Alar Ligaments, and the Mucous Ligament; thi [nsej i ion in ro the Synovial Membrane of the Subcrureus Muscle; thi; Exti nsion of the Synovial Mi mbrai he Knee-Joint to form the Synovial Sheath of the Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle and tiii ! Si i \ between that Muscle and the Posterior Surface of the Outer Tuberosity of the Tibia, and tiii Ri I moN of the Synovial Sheath of the Tendon to the External Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint. (The Proximal Extremities of the Bones of the Leg with the Anterior Wai l or im. Capsule of the Knee-Joint si i n i rom Bi hind.) After the joint had been injected, and the injected material allowed to solidify, the capsule of the joint was prepared from without, the quadrici-ps < muscle being left intact ; the lateial ligaments and the tendon of the popliteus muscle were (hen divided, and th pened behind and on either side at a higher level than the semilunar cartilages, and was divided in front along the line of its reflection on to the anterior surlace of the femur ; after division of the crnci .i li^am nls, the femui was removed. Synovial membrane Articular surface of the patella i ai ie articularis patellae Alar ligament Plica alaris Mucous ligament "Piica synovialis patellaris _.Tendon of the popliteus muscle External lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale fibulare , Synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muscle Bursa m. poplitei External semilunar fibrocartilage ^Meniscus lateralis Downward prolongation of the synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muse" e —between that muscle and the back of the outer tuberosity of the tibia Bursa m. poplitei - Head of the fibula Capitulum fibula? Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. 30- 236 //// Ihl ICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Posterior or ascending band of the external semilunar fibro cartilage (Ellis), or ligament of Wrisberg (Macalister) Lig. menisci lateralis (Roberti) External condyle of the femur Condylus lateralis femoris Anterior or external crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum anterius Anterior attachment of the external semilunar fibrocartilage Capsular ligament, Capsula articularis Patellar ligament, or infrapatellar tendon Lig. patellae 5£2ss£ ^Internal condyle of the femur Condylus medialis femoris Posterior or internal crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum posterius Internal semilunar fibrocartilage ""Meniscus medialis """Bursa beneath the internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint Bursa ligament! collaterals tibialis Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint Lig. collaterale tibiale Tendon of the quadriceps extensor cruris muscle The fibula Fibula The tibia Tibia Fig. 474. Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint : Crucial Ligaments and Ligament of Wrisberg ; Bursa beneath the Internal Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint. (The Right Knee- Joint SEEN FROM THE INNER SlDE.) The capsule was removed, the patellar ligament and the internal lateral ligament were turned down wards : the femur was divided sagittally through the middle of the intercondylar fossa, and the external condyle placed in the position it occupies during extension of the knee-joint, while the internal condyle was turned backwards and rotated on its median axis to the extent of 1800. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 237 Transverse ligament of the semilunar fibrocartilages Lig. transversum genu Anterior attachment of the internal semilunar fibrocartilage External tubercle of the spine of ihe tibia Tuberculum intercondyloideum laterale Capsular ligamert, Capsula articulans External semilunar fibrocartilage '" Meniscus lateralis Synovial sheath of the tendon of the popliteus muscle Bursa in poplitei Anterior superior tibiofibular - ligament Ligg. capituli fibula; Styloid process of the fibula " Apex capituli fibula; Communication between the synovial cavity of the super tibiofibular articulation and the synovial sheath oi I tendon of the popliteus muscle. Anterior or external crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum anterius Internal semilunar - fibrocartilage Meniscus medialis Posterior or internal crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum postenus Ligament of Wrisberg' Lig. menisci lateralis ^ioberti) 1 See note to p. 233. Fig. 475. — The Distal Articular Surfaces of the Knee-Joint: The Interarticular Semi- lunar Fibrocartilages, and the Extension of the' Anterior Extremities of these in the Transverse Ligament of the Semilunar Fibrocartilages. The Communication between the Superior Tibiofibular Articulation and the Synovial Sheath of the Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle. (The Proximal Extremity of the Left Tibia with the Semi- lunar Fibrocartilages and the Head of the Fibula, seen from Above.) The capsule was divided above (proximal to) the semilunar fibrocartilages, the crucial ligaments were cut across, and the femur was remove I. Posterior or internal crucial ligament Lig. cruciatum posterius / Anterior or external crucial ligament ' Lig. cruciatum anterius External condyle Condylus lateralis " Intercondylar fossa Fossa intercondyloidea External tuberosity Epicondylus lateralis "Internal condyle Condylus medialis - Internal tuberosity Epicondylus medialis Patellar surface — Fades patellaris Fig. 476. — The Proximal Articular Surfaces of the Knee-Joint, and the Femoral Attachments of the Crucial Ligaments. The distal extremity of the femur removed from the preparation shown in Fig. 475, seen from below. Articulatio genu — The knee-joint. 238 THE ARTIt ! / ITIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Anterior superior tibiofibular ligament _. I r , apituli fibulae External surface. Fai ies lateralis Tubercle of the tibia Tuberositas tibia? Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg- Merubrana interossea cruris Anterior border - Crista anterior Interosseous ridge Crista interossea Internal surface Facies medialis Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament - Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis Fig. 477. — Articulatio Tibiofibularis et Syndesmosis Tibiofibularis, the Tibiofibular Articu- lations. The Interosseous Membrane, or Ligament, of the Right Leg ; the Anterior Superior and Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligaments. (Seen from Before.) The Tibiofibular Articulations. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 239 Shaft (diaphysis) of the tibia Diaphysis tibia? Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos' The ankle-joint Articulatio talocrurali Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis Body of the astragalus Trochlea tali Calcaneotibial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. calcaneotibiale Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum Sustentaculum tal Sustentaculum tali Astragalocalcaneal articulation Articulatio talocalcanea Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris Shaft (diaphysis) of the fibula Diaphysis fibulae The inferior tibiofibular articulation, showing the interosseous ligament in frontal section Syndesmosis tibiofibularis Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos External malleolus Malleolus lateralis ■Si\ Posterior band, or posterior astragalofibular ' portion, of the external lateral ligament ot the ankle-joint Lig. talofibulare posterius Middle band, or calcaneoflbular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint LiK. i.alc.i.n.-.ilibularj Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Calcaneum, or os calcis Fig. 478. — Articulationes Talocruralis et Talocalcanea, the Ankle-Joint and the Astragalocalcaneal Articulation; Syndesmosis Tibiofibularis, Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation, showing the Interosseous Ligament. The Relations of the Distal Epiphysial Discs of the Tibia and the Fibula to the Ankle-Joint. (The Ankle- Joint and the Astragalocalcaneal Articulation of the Right Leg, divided in a Vertical Plane closely approximating the Frontal Plane; Posterior Surfaci: of the Anterior Segment.) The plane of section passes through the lowermost parts of the lateral portions of the superior articular surface of the astragalus. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. ^40 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Shaft or body of the tibia Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Distal epiphysis of the tibia Epiphysis distalis tibia? Groove of the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle (i) Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis Capsular ligament (posterior ligament of the ankle-joint) Posterior astragalotibial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint (-■) Calcaneotibial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint (3) Inner tubercle of the posterior process of - the astragalus (4) Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus ..--"" hallucis muscle (5) Sustentaculum tali Sustentaculum tali Capsular ligament of the astragalocalcanealx articulation Capsula articulationis talocalcaneae (1) Sulcus malleolaris (2) Lig. talotibial posterius (3) Lig. calcaneotibiale (4) Tuberculum mediale processus posterioris tal (O Sulcus m. rlexoris hallucis longi (6) Lig. calcaneofibulare 1 v Shaft or body of the fibula Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament -'Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius Epiphysial disc .-''Synchondrosis epiphyseos Distal epiphysis of the fibula ..- Epiphysis distalis fibulae Groove of the tendons of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles External malleolus — Malleolus lateralis Outer tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus Tuberculum latera'e processus posterioris tali .-Middle band, or calcaneofibular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint (6) —Posterior astragalocalcaneal ligament Lig. talocalcaneum posterius Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Epiphysis of the posterior extremity of the os calcis Epiphysis tuberis calcanei 4/s Fig. 479. — The Capsular Ligaments and the Superficial Posterior Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint and of the Astragalocalcaneal Articulation. The Relations of the Distal Epiphysial Discs of the Tibia and Fibula to the Ankle-Joint. The Posterior Portions of the Lateral Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint : Ligamentum Talotibiale Posterius, the Posterior Astragalotibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament of the Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Calcaneotibiale, the Calcaneo- tibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament of the Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Calcaneofibulare, the Middle Band, or Calcaneofibular Portion, of the External Lateral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint. Ligamentum Talocalcaneum Posterius, the Posterior Astragalocalcaneal Ligament. — Syndesmosis Tibiofibularis: Ligamentum Malleoli Lateralis Posterius, the Posterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament. (The Ankle-Joint and the Astragalocalcaneal Articulation of the Right Leg, seen from Behind.) Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 241 Groove for the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle Sulcus malleolaris Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis ~~~- Superior articular surface of the astragalus Facies superior trochlea? tali Posterior astragalotibial portion of the interna] lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint { i ) Calcaneotibial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint (2) Inner tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus (3) Groove cf the tendon of the flexor 1S. longus hallucis muscle Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi Sustentaculum tali-- Sustentaculum tali Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius Posterior band, or astragalofibular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle joint Lig. talofibulare posterius Groove for the tendons of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles .- — External malleolus — Malleolus lateralis Middle band, or calcaneofibular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. calcaneonbulare ^Astragalocalcaneal articulation Articulatio talocalcanea "" Capsular ligament Capsula articularis Tuberosity of the os calci Tuber calcanei (1) Lig. talotibial posterius (2) Lig. calcaneotibial (3) Tuberculum mediale processus posteri Fig. 480. — Articulationes Talocruralis et Talocalcanea, the Ankle-Joint and the Astraga- localcaneal articulation; syndesmosis tlbiofibularis, the inferior tibiofibular Articulation: Ligamentum Malleoli Lateralis Posterius, the Posterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament. The Posterior Portions of the Lateral Ligaments: Ligamentum Talotibiale Posterius. the Posterior Astragalotibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament of the Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Calcaneo- tibiale, the Calcaneotibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament of the Ankle-Joint ; Ligamentum Talofibulare Posterius, the Posterior Band, or Astragalofibular Portion, of the External Lateral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Calcaneofibulare, the Middle Band, or Calcaneofibular Portion, of the External Lateral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint. (The Ankle-Joint and the Astragalo- calcaneai. articulation of the rlght leg, seen from behind.) The thin posterior portion of the capsule of the ankle-joint has been removed The posterior portion of the capsule of the astragalocalcaneal articulation has been separated from its attachment to the astragalus external to its attachment to the posterior process of that bone, and turned back- wards on to the os calcis. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. 3i 242 THE ARTICULATIONS Oi 111, LOWER LIMB , The shaft of the tibia iiiiili Capsular ligament of the ankle-joint (anterior ligament) \ Capsula articulationis talocruralis '; Tibionavicular portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint Lis,', tibionaviculare Neck of the astragalus — Collum tali Capsule of the astragalonavicular articulation Capsula articulationis talonavicularis Astragalonavicular ligament — Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale) Superior portion of the internal calcaneonavicular /'A ligament— Lie Dorsal naviculocuneiforn^x ligaments Ligg. navicularicunei formia dorsalia Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligament Lig. tarsometa tarseum 01 -I sale Internal or first cuneiform / bone -— Os cuneiforme I. / Tuberosity of the navicular bone (i) / Tuberosity of the cuboid bone (2 Superficial portion of the inferior calcaneo- cuboid ligament (long plantar ligament) (3) Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Internal malleolus ^.Malleolus medialis Deltoid ligament, or internal lateral ligament of ankle-joint Calcaneotibial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, liga- ' ment of the ankle-joint (4) Outer tubercle of the posterior . process of the astragalus (5) ' Inner tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus (6) Groove of the tendon of the — flexor longus hallucis (7) Sv 1 Posterior astragalo- v\*§t ' calcaneal ligament (3) Calcaneum, 01 os calcis ' Sustentaculum tali -Sustentaculum tal Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis muscle (9) Fibrocartilaginous middle portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament' — Fibrocartilagd navicularis Inferior portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament (10) (1) Tuberositas ossis navicularis ( ) Tul"-r..Mlas ussi^ . nK>iiU'i (3) Li 1 alcaneocuboideum plantare (li Lig. calcaneotibial^ (5) Tuberculum la poM (6) Tub. lum mediate proce ioris tali See note ' to p. 248. (7) Sulcus m. fl-xor s hallucis longi (3) Lig. ta'ocalcane 1111 posterius (9) Suit us in. flexor s hallucis long! (10) Lig. calcaneona iculare plantare Fig. 481. — The Superficial Internal Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint and of the Astrag- alocalcaneal articulation, and the relation of the dlstal epiphysial dlsc of the Tibia to the Ankle-Joint. (The Right Tarsus, with the Adjoining Portions of the Tibia and Fibula and of the First Metatarsal Bone; seen from the Inner Side.) Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 243 (Internal malleolar surface Superior articular surface | Facies malleolaris medialis ofjthe astragalus Middle or tibial surface ^ Facies Trochlea tali Dorsal naviculocunei form ligaments Ligg. navicularicunei formia dorsalia Neck of the astragalus Collum tali Astragalonavicular ligament Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale)X, Head of the astragalus Caput tali Internal or first cuneiform bone (i) Tuberosity of the cuboid bone Tuberositas ossis cuboidei Tuberosity of the navicular bone Tuberositas ossis navicularis Superficial portion of the inferior calcaneo cuboid ligament (long plantar ligament) Lig- calcaneocuboideum plantare The fibula Fibula Internal malleolus /Malleolus medialis Deltoid ligament, or internal lateral / ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. deltoideum Anterior astragalotibial portion of / the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. talotibiale anterius Superior articular surface of the astragalus -Trochlea tali Posterior astragalotibial portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint (?) Outer tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus (3) -Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis muscle (4) Inner tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus (5) Astragalocalcaneal articulation Irticulatio talocalcanea - Calcaneum, or os calcis Sinus tarsi, or canal for the interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament Sinus tarsi Internal astragalocal- caneal ligament Lig. talocalcaneum mediale Sustentaculum tali Sustentaculum tali Fibrocartilaginous middle portion of the internal cal- caneonavicular ligament1 — Fibrocartilago navicularis Deltoid ligament, or internal lateral ligament of the ankle joint Lig. deltoideum Inferior portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament Lii; calcaneonaviculare plantare (2) Lig. talotibiale posterius (i) Tuberculum laterale (4) Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi (5) Tuberculum mediale 1 See note ' to p. 248. Fig. 482. — The Deep Internal Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint and of the Astragalo- calcaneal Articulation. (The Right Tarsus, with the Adjoining Portions of the Tibia and Fibula and of the First Metatarsal Bone ; seen from the Inner Side.) The deltoid ligament (internal lateral ligament of the ankle-joint) has been cut across the middle, and the divided ends have been turned up and down. The capsular ligaments of the ankle-joint and of the astragalocalcaneal articulation have been removed, except for the deeper special bands. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. 3i- 244 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Shaft of the fibu.a Shaft of the tibia Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Mcmbrana inlerossea cruris Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius Epiphysial disc— Synchondrosis epiphyseos External malleolus -Malleolus lateralis^ Calcaneum, or os calcis Anterior band, or anterior astragalofibu- lar portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint (i) Middle band, or calcaneofibular portion, of external late.al ligament of ankle-joint u)~ "Anterior astragalocalcaneal ligament * Lig. talocalcaneum anterius Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid ligament Lig. calcaneocuboideum dorsale — Dorsal cubocuneifonn ligament Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale --*^ External or third cuneiform bone (3) Cuboid bone — Os cuboideum Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligament Lig. tarsometatarsea dorsalia Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments Ligg. basium dorsalia (1) Lig ta'ofibulare anterius (2) Lig. calcaneofibulare Epiphysial disc "Synchondrosis epiphyseos Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis .__- Capsular ligament (Anterior ligament) Tibionavicular portion of the internal "lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint -l-i» tibionaviculare Neck of the astragalus — Collum tali Interosseous astragalocalcaneal liga- ment Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum Astragalonavicular ligament (4) .Dorsal naviculocuboid ligament (5) Dorsal naviculocuneiform ligaments :-?-:= Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dorsalia ... Dorsal intercuneiform ligament (0) Middle or second cuneiform bone (7) Internal or first cuneiform bone (8) Dorsal tarsometatarsal liga- ments— Ligg. tarsometa- | j| pi m tarsea dorsalia ''WiiSSWl Epiphysial disc ^!Hb Synchondrosis epiphyseos m (3) Oscuneiforme III. (4) Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale) Fig. 483. — Articulatio Talocruralis, the Ankle-Joint ; Syndesmosis Tibiofibularis, the Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation. The Relations of the Distal Epiphysial Discs of the Tibia and Fibula to the Ankle-Joint. Articulationes Intertarse.e et Tarso- metatarse.e, the Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal Articulations; Articulationes Intermetatarse^e, the Intermetatarsal Articulations. Ligamenta Tarsi Dorsalia et Tarsometatarsea Dorsalia et Ligamenta Basium Dorsalia; the Dorsal Ligaments of the Tarsus, the Dorsal Tarsometatarsal Ligaments, and the Dorsal Proximal Intermetatarsal Ligaments. (The Right Tarsus with the Adjoining Portions of the Tibia and Fibula and of the Metatarsus ; Dorso-external Aspect.) The joints are unopened except for the astra^alocah aneal, astrasjalonavicular, and naviculocuneiform articulations, which have been partly opened. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 245 The fibula Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg Membrana interossea cruris Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius Anterior band, or anterior astragalofibular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint ( External malleolus Malleolus lateralis External astragalooalcaneal ligament (2) Middle band, or calcaneofibular portion, of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint ( j) Tuberosity of the os calcis f3S Tibionavicular portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint — Lig tibionaviculare Neck of the astragalus — Collum tali Interosseous astragalocalcarieal ligament (4) / External or superior calcaneonavicular ligament . Pars calcaneonavicular Lig. hifurcati /' / Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid ligament- / / Pars calcaneocuboidea Lig. bifurcati /' /' Astragalonavicular ligament (5) / /' ,-• Dorsal naviculocuboid ligament (<">) Dorsal naviculocuneiform ligaments Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dnrsalia External or third cuneiform bone (7) , '"' . Middle or second cuneiform bone (8) Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments '^"fli^v Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia • < V- 'Anterior astragalooalcaneal ligament ' *Lig. talocalcaneum anterius Superficial portion of the inferior calcaneocuboid ligament (long plantar ligament) Lig. planta.re Ionium Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid ligament1 Lig. calcaneocuboideum dorsale Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments Ligg. basium dorsalia Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments— Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia Dorsal cubocuneiform ligament — Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale Cuboid bone Os cuboideum (1) Lig. talo6bulare (2) Lig. talocalcanel (3) Lig. calcaneofibulare (4) Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum (5) Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale) (6) Lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale (7) Os cuneiforme III. (S) Os cuneiforme II. 1 The strongest part of this ligament is situate external, ; re appropriately named the external cakaneocuftoid ligamenl - In the English nomenclature these are regarded as two dis 1 laterale nd not superior, to the calcaneocuboid articulation ; it would therefore be -Ik. :inct ligaments, not, as by Toldt, as two parts of a single ligament.— Tr. Fig. 484. — Articulationes Talocruralis et Talocalcanea, the Ankle-Joint and the Astrag- alooalcaneal Articulation ; Ligamentum Malleoli Lateralis Anterius, Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament. The Anterior and Middle Bands of the External Lateral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint (Ligamentum Talofibulare Anterius et Liga- mentum Calcaneofibulare) : Ligamenta Talocalcanea, Laterale. "Anterius, et Inter- osseum: the External, -Anterior, and Interosseous Astragalocalcaneal Ligaments. — Articulationes Intertarse.e et Tarsometatarsea, the Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal Articulations; Articulationes Intermetatarse.e, the Intermetatarsal Articulations: Ligamenta Tarsi Dorsalia, Ligamenta Tarsometatarsea Dorsalia, et Ligamenta Basium Dorsalia, the Deeper Dorsal Tarsal and Tarsometatarsal Ligaments, and the Dorsal Proximal Intermetatarsal Ligaments. (The Right Tarsus, with the Adjoining Portions of the Tibia and Fibula and of the Metatarsal Bones ; Dorso-external Aspect.) The anterior ligament of the ankle-joint and the lateral portion of the capsule of the astragalocalcaneal articulation have been removed. Articulationes pedis The articulations of the foot. 24 K THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Inner tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus Tuben alum mediale -., □ issus posterioris tali Sustentaculum tali Sustentaculum tali Tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis muscle Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus digitorum pedis muscle Sulcus m. flexoris digitorum longi Inferior portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament ( i ) Deep portion of the interior calcaneocu- boid ligament (short plantar ligament) (.) Plantar naviculocuboid ligament ( 1 1 Tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle Plantar cubocuneiform ligament (4)" External or third cuneiform bone (5) Tendon of the tibialis anticus muscle ■ Plantar cubocuneiform ligament (6)- Internal or first cuneiform bone (71" Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments I . Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria I Digital processes of the plantar fascia Inferior metatarsophalangeal ligaments1 Ligg. accessoria plantaria -V Inner sesamoid bone Os sesamoideum mediale v-.i Internal lateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal articula- tion of the great toe Lig. collaterale mediale Transverse metatarsal ligament (Plantar distal intermetatarsal ... ligaments) Ligg. capitulorum transversa Vaginal ligament^-.--- Lig. vaginale Capsule of the interphalangeal articulation of the great toe - Capsula articulationis hallucis Vaginal ligament :.----- Lig. vaginale (1) Lig. calcaneonavicular plantare (2) Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare (3) Lig. cuboideonaviculare plantare Tuberosity of the ob calcis Tuber calcanci Superficial portion of the inferior calcaneocuboid ligament (long plantar ligament) 1 ),. plantare longum Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria .--Tendon of the peroneus longus muscle Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone 181 Distal radiations of the long plantar ligament, divided and turned forwards Plantar proximal intermetatarsal ligaments Ligg. basium plantaria —Digital processes of the plantar fascia Transverse metatarsal ligament (Plantar distal intermetatarsal : ligaments) Ligg. capitulorum transversa Inferior metatarsophalangeal : ligaments' Ligg. accessoria plantaria Capsules of the interphalangeal articulations of the little toe ' Capsula articulationum digiti V. (4) Lig. cuneocuboideum plantai (5) Os cuneiforme III. (6) Lig. cuneocuboideum plantai (7) Os cuneiforme I. (8) Tuberositas ossis metatarsal!: id plate (Quain), or glenoid plate (Macalister).— Tr. Fig. 485. — The Superficial Ligaments of the Plantar Surface of the Right Foot and the Relations of the Tendons of the Tibialis Anticus and Posticus and of the Peroneus Longus Muscles to these Ligaments. Ligamenta Tarsi et Tarsometatarsea, the Tarsal and the Tarsometa- tarsal Ligaments: Ligamenta Basium Plantaria, Ligamenta Capitulorum Transversa, et Ligamenta Accessoria Plantaria ; the Plantar Proximal Intermetatarsal Ligaments, the Transverse Meta- tarsal Ligament, and the Inferior Metatarsophalangeal Ligaments (see note above); the Relations of these Ligaments to the Digital Processes of the Plantar Fascia. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 247 Inner tubercle of the posterior process of the astragalus Tuberculum mediale processus posterioris tali Sustentaculum tali Sustentaculum tali Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis Sulcus m tlexoris hallucis longi — Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus digitorum pedis — Sulcus m. rlexons digitorum longi Middle fibrocartilaginous portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament (Groove of the tendoi. of the tibialis posticus muscle) Inferior portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare Tuberosity of the navicular bone Tuberositas ussis navicularis Plantar naviculocuboid ligament Ligg. cuboideonavicularia plantaria Plantar naviculocuneiform ligaments Ligg. navicularicuneiforrni.i plantaria Plantar cubocuneiform ligament--'' Lig. cuneocuboideum plantare External or third cuneiform bone--"" Oscuneiforme III. ...-• Internal or first cuneiform bone Os cuneiformc 1. Capsule of the first tarsometatarsal""" articulation (2) >,-- Plantar tarsometatarsal [ ligaments Ligg. tarsometatarsea | plantaria Inferior metatarsophalangeal ^ .. ligaments1 Ligg. accessoria plantaria Sesamoid bones ,. Ossa sesamoidea Capsule of the metatarsophalangeal articulation of the great toe »: Capsula articulationis metatarsophalangeal I. Capsule of the interphalangeal articulation of the great toe - Capsula articulationis hallucis (1) Fibrocartilago navicularis (see note • t< p. 1-1 (Sulcus musculi tibialis pcsterioris) (2) Capsula articulationis tarsometatarsea: I Calcaneum, or os calcis Superficial portion of the inferioi . calcaneocuboid ligament (long plantar ligament) Lig. plantare longum Deep portion of the inferior calcaneocuboid ligament (short plantar ligament) - Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare .Tuberosity of the cuboid bone Tuberositas ossis cuboidei 1 Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria Plantar proximal intermetatarsal ligament Lig. basium plantare .Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria Plantar proximal intermetatarsal ligament Lig. basium plantare Lateral ligaments of the meta- tarsophalangeal articulation of the little toe Ligg. collateralia articulationis metatarsophalangeal I. Lateral ligaments of the inter- phalangeal articulations " of the little toe Ligg. collateralia articulationum digiti V. Capsules of the interphalangeal .- articulations of the middle toe Capsular articulationum digiti III. See note to p. 246. Fig. 486. — The Deep Ligaments of the Sole of the Foot and the Sesamoid Bones of the Metatarsophalangeal Articulation of the Great Toe. In the preparation shown in Fig. 485 the tendons of the muscles were removed, also the long plantar ligament except for its posterior extremity, and the transverse metatarsal ligament and the digital processes of the plantar fascia were cut away. Some of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal articulations have been opened ; others have been left intac t. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. 248 THE IRTICULATIONS OF llll LOWER LIMB (j) Lig. calcan (2) Head of the astragalus (3) Body of the astragalus Capsules of the interphalangeal articulations of the second toe ( 'apsul.r articulationurn digiti II. Capsule of the interphalangeal - articulation of the great toe ( '.qiMil.i articulationis hallucis Capsule of the metatarsophalangeal articulation of the great toe Capsula articulationis metatarsophalangeal' I •Dorsal distal intermetatarsal ligament *Lig. capitulorum dorsale Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments Ligg. tarsometatarsal dorsalia Dorsal Intercuneiform ligament Lig. intercuneiforme dorsale Middle or second cuneiform bone Oscuneiforme II. Internal or first cuneiform hone 1 Is 1 mi.iforme I. Dorsal naviculocuneiform ligaments Posterior articular surface of the navicular bone Fades at Edge of the divided tibionavicular portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint Internal or inferior calcaneonavicular ligament (1 J Middle fibrocartilaginous portion of the internal. -_\._ \ calcaneonavicular ligament' — Fihrnrarrilaom Facet of the astragalus for articulation with the fibrocartilaginous portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament ' Facets of the astragalus for articulation with the os calcis Facies articularis calcanea Internal astragalocalcaneal ligament ' Lig. talocalcaneum mediale Lateral ligaments of the interphalangeal articulations of the fourth toe Ligg, collateral 1.1 articulationurn digiti IV Capsule of the third metatarso phalangeal articulation Capsula articulationis metatarsophalangeal III. Lateral ligaments of the fourth metatarsophalangeal articulation Ligg. collateralia articulationis metatarsophalangeal IV. Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments Ligg. basium dorsalia Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligament ""Lig. tarsometatarseum dorsale External or third cuneiform bone Os cuneiforme III. Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia Dorsal naviculocuboid ligament Lig cuboideonaviculare dorsale Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament Li*, clcaneocuboideum dorsale Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid ligament? Pars calcaneocuboidea Lig. bifurcaii External or superior calcaneo- navicular ligament2 Pars calcaneonavicularis Lig. bifurcati Anterior articular facet Facies articularis anterior Middle articular facet Facies articularis media Posterior articular facet Facies articularis posterior Calcaneum, or os calcis applied by the 1 Fibrocartilago navicularis : This term, though a most suitable one. is not employed by English anatomists. It is author to the middle fibrocartilaginous portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament, the superior surface of which : a special facet on the head of the astragalus, between the internal of the three facets for the os calcis (posteriorly) and the facet for the navicular bone (anteriorly). The internal articular 'acet of the os calcis, the facet on the superior surface of l\\^Jtbrocartila^n navicularis, and the posterior articular facet of the navicular hone, thus form a continuous articular surface for the head of the astragalus. 1 he inferior surface of the cartilage naviculars, likewise cartilaginous in texture, forms, as shown in Fig. 487, the groove for the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle. — Tk. 2 See note ' to p. 245. Fig. 487.— The Articular Surfaces of the Astragalocalcaneonavicular Articulation, the Deep Ligaments of the Dorsum of the Foot, the Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Articulations of the Toes. (The Right Foot seen from the Dorsal Side.) The capsule of the astragalocalcaneal articulation was removed, with the exception of the internal astragalocalcaneal ligament ; the capsule of the astragalonavicular articulation was also removed with the exception of its internal and plantar walls ; and, after removing the interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament, the astragalus was rotated inwards (on the internal astragalocalcaneal ligament as a hinge), until its inferior surface looked directly upwards. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB 249 Calcaneum. or os calcis Astragalocalcaneal articulation Articulatio talocalcanea Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligaments Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum | External or superior calcaneo- Lig. navicular ligament1 (i) bifurcatum j Dorsal or superior calcaneo- V. cuboid ligament1 (2) The navicular bone The cuboid bone— Os cuboideum The three cuneiform bones Interosseous cubocuneiform ligament Lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum Interosseous intercuneiform ligament Lig. intercuneiforme interosseum Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments Lig. basium dorsalia Metatarsophalangeal articulation . Articulatio metatarsophalangea Interphalangeal synchondrosis (var.) Synchondrosis interphalangea (var.) Interphalangeal articulations of the fourth toe Articulationes digiti IV. Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum Sustentaculum tali Sustentaculum tali Deltoid ligament or internal lateral ligament of the ankle-joint Lig. deltoideum The astragalus Astragalonavicular"\ Transverse tarsal articulation (3) I articulation- Calcaneocuboid j Articulatio tarsi trans- articulation (4) J versa ;Choparti) Naviculocuneiform articulation Articulatio cuneonavicularis Tarsometatarsal articulation" Articulatio tarsometatarsea (Lisfranci) Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epipnyseos Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos (}) Articulatio talonavicularis (4) A<-iiculatio calcaneocuboidea m also a, the w ,s) that the foot through the tar vfio*arsal 01 is divided in ometatarsa] mid-tarsal joint. It is tr Chopart's amputation. irtkulations that the foot i ugh this joint (the t livided in Lisfranc'-- 1 parts of which i nputation. , entirely separate Fig. 488.— Articulationes Intertarse/e et Tarsometatarsea, the Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal articulation's, showing chopart's ( m ediotarsal) line, and llsfranc's or hey's tarsometatarsal Line: Ligamenta Tarsi Interossea et Ligamenta Cuneometatarsea Interossea, the Interosseous Ligaments of the Tarsus, and the Interosseous Metatarsocuneiform Ligaments. Articulationes Intermetatarse^e, the Intermetatarsal Articulations. Articulationes Metatarsophalange/E, the Metatarsophalangeal Articulations. Articulationes Digitorum Pedis, the Interphalangeal Articulations of the Toes. The Relations of the Epiphysial Discs of the Metatarsal Bones and of the Phalanges of the Toes to the Respective Articulations. (Horizontal Section through the Articulations of the Right Foot of a Youth aged Seventeen Years. Superior Surface of the Lower Segment.) Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. 32 250 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB Pad of fat Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseos Anterior ligament of the ankle-joint / Pars fibrosa capsula: articulationis talocruralis Pad of fat / Astragalocalcaneonavicular articulation Articulatio talocalcaneonaviculars Navicular bone ;Os naviculare Middle or second cuneiform bone . Os cuneiforme II. , Tarsometatarsal articulation ' Articulatio tarsometatarsea Second metatarsal bone Us metatarsal II. Epiphysial disc Synchondrosis epiphyseo3 Astragalocalcaneal articulation Articulatio talocalcanea 'Anterior astragalocalcaneal ligament Lig. talocalcaneum anterius Interosseous astragalocalcaneal liga- ment— Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum Deep portion of the inferior calcaneocuboid ligament (short plantar ligament) Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare Cuboid bone — Os cuboideum Interosseous cubocuneiform ligament Lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum Second metatarso- phalangeal articulation ( i ) Interphalangeal articulations of ! External sesamoid bone (3) the second toe U) First metatarsal bone— Os metatarsale I. (1) Articulatio metatarsophalangea II. (2) Lig. i Insertion of the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle Insertion of the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle External or third cuneiform bone--Os cuneiforme III. plantare (3) Os sesamoideum la See note to p. 246. Fig. 489. — The Articulations of the Right Foot of a Youth aged Seventeen Years, seen in Sagittal Section, and showing the Relations of these Articulations to the Epiphysial Discs. The section passes through the distal extremity of the tibia, the astragalus, the os calcis, the middle cuneiform bone, the second metatarsal bone, and the phalanges of the second toe. Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot. 251 INDEX TO THE ARTHROLOGY Certain names in this Index English nomenclature used in ti Latin names used by the author i lave an asterisk (*) prefixed ; these, as more fully explained in the Translator's Preface, being terms that form part of the s work, but which are not commonly employed by English anatomists. To other names a dagger (t) is prefixed ; these are l the original work, but not included m the official nomenclature of the " Anatomische Gesellsi haft." A. Acetabulum, the, 225, 227 transverse ligament of the, 16S, 223, 225, 227 tAmphiarthroses mtercarpeae, 169 Amphiarthrosis, [69 Ankle-joint, the, 239, 241, 243, 245 Annulus fibrosus (fibrocartilaginis intervertebralis), 173, 174 Aponeurosis (see also " Fascia ") : intercostal, anterior or external, 186 posterior or internal, 176, 1S3, 1S4, 1S7 lumbar, see "Fascia, lumbar" plantar, 246 plantaris, 246 Arthrodia, 168 Articular facet of the clavicle, sternal, 198 surface of the carpus, radial, 213 Articulatio vel articulationes : acromioclavicularis, 201, 202 atlanto-epistrophica, 190- 192 atlauto-occipitalis, 167, 190-193 calcaueocuboidea, 249 capitulorum (costarum), 1S2-184, 185 carpometacarpea, 167, 212-215 pollicis, 167, 212-214 cochlearis, 166 composita, 169 costotransversarias, 182 costovertebrales, 1S2-184 coxae, 168, 222-227 cubiti, 169, 204-20S cuneonavicularis, 244, 249 digitorum (mauus), Ib6, 210, 21 1, 214, 215 pedis, 249, 250 ellipsoidea, 167 et hgamenta capitis, 190-196 cinguli extremitatis inferioris, 216- '219 cinguli extremitatis supenons, 198, 199 genu, 22S-237 hallucis, 246-248 humeri, 168, 200-203 numeroradialis, 169 humero-ulnaris, 208 intercarpea, 169, 212-215 interchondrales, 186, 188 intermetacarpeae, 169, 212-214 intennetatarseas, 244, 245, 249 intertarseae, 244, 245, 249 intervertebrales, 173-175, 185 mandibularis, 194-196 manus, 169, 210-214 metacarpophalangeal, 166, 167, 210, 211, 214, 215 metacarpophalangea pollicis, 210, 214 metatarsophalangeae, 249, 250 ossis pisiformis, 212 pedis, 239, 250 pollicis, 210, 2ii, 214 radiocarpea, 169, 212-215 radio-ulnaris distalis, 209-214 proximalis, 169, 209 Articulatio vel articulationes : sacro-iliaca, 216, 217, 219 sellaris, 167, 169 simplex, 166-168 sphaeroidea, 168 sternoclavicularis, 170, 185-187, 19S sternocostales, 186-188 talocalcanea, 239, 241, 244, 245, 249, 250 ' talocalcaneonavicularis, 250 ; articular surfaces of, 248 talocruralis, 239, 241, 243-245 talonavicularis. 244, 249 tarsi transversa (Choparti), 249 tarsometatarseas, 244, 245, 249, 250 tibiofibularis, 228, 229, 231, 233, 23S trochoidea, 169 Articulation or articulations (see also "Joint "): acromio-clavicular, 201, 202 and ligaments of the head, 190-196 of the pelvic girdle, 216-219 of the shoulder-girdle, 195-199 astragalocalcaneal, 239, 241, 244, 245, 249, 250 astragalocalcaneonavicular, 250 ; articular sur- faces of, 248 astragalonavicular, 244, 249 atlanto-axial, 190-192 calcaneocuboid, 249 carpal, transverse, 169, 212-215 carpometacarpal, 167, 212-215 of the thumb, 116, 212-214 chondrosternal, 1S6-188 continuous, 164, 165 costoceutral, 182-185 costotransverse, 182 discontinuous, 166-169 of the fingers, 166, 210, 211, 214, 215 of the foot, 239, 250 of the great toe, 246- 24S of the hand, 169, 210-214 of the hip, 16S, 222-227 humeroradial, 169 humero-ulnar, 208 intercarpal, 169, 212-215 interchondral, 186, [88 intermetacarpal, 169, 212-114 intermetatarsal, 244, 245, 249 interphalangeal, of the fingers, 166, 210, 211, 214. 215 of the thumb, 210, 211, 214 of the toes, 249, 250 intertarsal, 244, 245, 249 intervertebral, 173-175, 185 of the knee, 228-237 of the lower extremity, 216-250 mediotarsal (Chopart's), 249 metacarpophalangeal, 166, 167, 210, 211, 214, 215 of the thumb, 210, 214 metatarsophalangeal, 249, 250 naviculocuneiform. 244, 249 occipito-atlantal, 167, 190-193 pisipyramidal, 212 32—2 252 INDEX Articulation oi arl iculal ions : radiocarpal, 169, 212-215 radio-ulnar, distal, << «i-.'i | proximal, 169, 209 sacrococcygeal, 1S0, 216, 217 sacro-iliac, 216, 217, 219 of the shoulder, [68, 200-203 sternoclavicular, 170, 185-187, 198 tarsometatarsal, 244, 245, 249, 250 temporomandibular, 194-196 lemporomaxillary, 194-19.S of the thumb, 210, 21 1, 214 tibiofibular, interior, 238-241, 244, 245 superior, 228, 229, 231, 233, 238 of the trunk, 171-187 of the upper extremity, 19S-215 B. Bicipital groove, synovial sheath of the, 201, 202 Bigelow, Y ligament of, 222, 224, 226, 227 Bones, sesamoid, of the foot, 246, 247, 250 of the hand, 210, 211, 214 of the knee, 232, and note, p. 211 Bursa beneath the internal lateral ligament of the knee- joint, 236 beneath the patellar ligament, 231 beneath the suprapatellar tendon, 228, 230, 231, 234, 235 between the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle and the knee-joint, 232 between the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle and the tendon of the inner head of the gastroc- nemius muscle, 232 iliopectineal, 227 of the odontoid process, 192 of the subscapularis muscle, 202, 203 subacromial, 202, 203 subdeltoid, 202, 203 of the tendon of the popliteus muscle, 232, 233, 235, 237 tBursa apicis dentis (epistrophei), 192 iliopectinea, 227 infrapatellaris profunda, 231 t ligamenti collateralis tibialis, 236 musculi gastrocnemii medialis, 232 poplitci, 232, 233, 235, 237 semimembranosi, 232 subscapularis, 202, 203 subdeltoidea, 202, 203 suprapatellaris, 22S, 230, 231, 234, 235 Canal of the carpus, 211, 213 neural, 177 obturator, 217, 222, 224, 226 Canalis carpi, 211, 213 obturatorius, 217, 222, 224, 226 vertebralis, 177 Capsula vd capsular : articularis, 166-168, 170 pars fibrosa, 16S synovialis, 16S articulationis acromioclavicularis, 201 atlauto-epistrophicae, 1S1, 190 atlanto-occipitalis, 167, 181, 190, 193 capituli, 1 85 carpometacarpece pollicis, 210-213 costotransversariae, 185 coxa;, 168, 222, 223, 226, 227 pars fibrosa, 224 synovialis, 224 cubiti, 204-207 pars fibrosa, 208 synovialis, 208 genu, 228, 236-233, 236, 237 pars synovialis, 234, 235 hallucis, 246-248 Capsula vel capsula- : articulationis humeri, 199, 200, 203 pars fibrosa, 201 synovialis, 201, 203 mandibularis, 194, [96 inamis, 214 ossis pisiformis, 212 radiocarpese, 213 radio-ulnaris distalis, 209 212 sternoclavicularis, [98 talocalcaneae, 239.241 talocruralis, 240 242 pars fibrosa, 250 talonavicularis, 242 articulationum digitorum (manus), 166, 210, 211 pedis, 246-248 iutervertebralium, 17^, 175, 181, 184, 185 metacarpophalangearutn, 166, 167, 210, 21 1 metatarsophalangearum, 247, 248 tarsometatarsearuin. 247 Capsule or capsules (see also " Ligament, capsular"): of the acromioclavicular joint, 201 of the articulations of the great toe, 246-248 of the astragalonavicular articulation, 242 atlauto-axial, 181, 190 of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, 210-213 of the costocentral articulations, 1S5 of the costotransverse articulations, 185 of the hip joint, fibrous portion, 16S synovial portion, 168 of the interphalangeal articulations of the fingers, 166, 210, 211 of the interphalangeal articulations of the toes, 246-248 of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation, 209-212 of the joints of the articular processes of the verte- brae, 173, 175, 181, 184, 185 of the metacarpophalangeal articulations, 166, 167, 210/211 of the metatarsophalangeal articulations, 247, 248 occipito-atlantal, 167, i8r, 190, 193 of the pisipyramidal articulation, 212 of the radiocarpal articulation, 213 of the sternoclavicular joint, 19S of the tarsometatarsal articulations, 247 of the transverse carpal articulation, 214 of the wrist-joint, 213 Cartilage, articular, 168 hyaline, of the vertebral bodies, 174 Cartilago articularis, 168 Cavitas glenoidalis scapulae, 201, 203 Cavity, sigmoid, of the radius, 212 great, of the ulna, 208, 209 synovial, 170 Cavum articulare, 170 Chorda obliqua, 209 Communication between the radiocarpal and che pisipyra- midal articulation, 212, 213 Communication between the wrist-joint and the pisipyra- midal articulation, 212, 213 Condylarthrosis, 167 Condyles of the femur, 237 Condyli femoris, 237 Continuous articulation, 164, 165 Cooper's ligament, 221, 224 Cotyloid notch, 223-225 Diarthrosis, 166-169 Discontinuous articulation, 166-169 Disc or discs, epiphysial : of the femur, distal, 230 proximal, 223 of the fibula, distal, 239, 240, 244 proximal, 231 of the humerus, proximal, 201 of the metatarsal bones, 249, 250 of the os calcis, 240 INDEX 253 Disc or discs, epiphysial : of the phalanges of the fingers, 215 of the middle finger, 215 of the Loes, 249 of the radius, distal, 215 of the third metacarpal bone (distal extremity), 215 of the tibia, distal, 239, 240, 242, 244. 250 proximal, 230, 231 Disc, interpubic, 217, 220, 221 Discs, intervertebral, 172-174. 177. '7s. [82, [83, 1.S5 of the sacrococcygeal articulation, 216, 217, 1S0 Discus articularis, 170 articulationis acromioclavicularis, 201 mandibularis, 196 radio-ulnaris distalis, 212-214 sternoclavicularis, 160, 188, 198 Dura mater encephali, 165, 190, 192 spinalis, 179 Elbow-joint, 169, 204-208 Enarthrosis, 168 E. F. Facies articularis acromii, 201 calcanea (tali) anterior, 248 media, 248 posterior, 24S (calcanei) anterior, 248 media, 248 posterior, 24S capituli costae, 1S2 carpea (radii), 213 (dentis epistrophei) anterior, 192 posterior, 192 fossae mandibularis, 196 patellae, 229, 234, 235 posterior (ossis navicularis pedis), 248 sternalis (clavicuke), 198 auricularis (ossis ilium), 219 lunata (acetabuli), 168, 224, 225, 227 patellaris (femoris), 229, 234, 237 Falciform process of the great sacrosciatic ligament, 217 Falx inguinalis, 220 tFascia lumbalis, 176 lumbar, 176, 216, 21S lumbodorsalis, 176, 218 obturator, 221 perineal, deep, 220, 221, and note, p. 221 plantar, 246 triangular, 220 Fibrocartilage, interarticular, 170 of the acromioclavicular joint, 201 of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation, 212-214 of the sternoclavicular joint, 170, 188, 198 of the temporomandibular articulation, 196 triangular, 212-214 Fibrocartilages, semilunar, 229, 233, 235-237 posterior or ascending band of the external, 233, 235-237 transverse ligament of the, 229, 237 Fibrocartilaginous middle portion of the internal calcaneo- navicular ligament, 242, 243, 247, 248, and note, p. 248 Fibrocartilago basalis, 196 Fibrocartilagines intervertebrales, 172-174, 177, 178, 182, (83, (85 Fibrocartilago navicularis, 242, 243, 247, 248, and note, p. 248 Filum terminale, 179 Fissure of the interpubic disc, 220 Fold of the synovial membrane of the wrist -joint, 213 Foramen ischiadicum majus, 176, 216-218 minus, 176, 216-21S Foramen, sacrosciatic, great, 176, 216-218 small, 176, 2i6-2iS Fossa, glenoid, of the scapula, 201, 203 of the interarticular ligament, 223 Fovea articularis superior (atlanlis), 167^ 190 capitis femoris, 223 dentis, 190 Fovea? costales (corporum vertebrarum), 183 transversales, 175, 178, 1S5 G. Ginglymus, cochleoid, 166 screw, 166 Gliding joints, 169 intercarpal, 169 Gomphosis, 165 •Groove, preauricular, 216 Harmonia, 164 Hip-joint, 16S, 222-227 H. Incisura clavicularis (sterni), 198 scapulas, 199, 200 semilunaris (ulnae), 208, 209 ulnaris (radii), 212 Interlacing tendons in front of the pubic symphysis, see "Ligament, pubic, anterior " Interpubic disc, 217, 220, 221 Intervertebral discs, see " Discs, intervertebral" Joint or joints, see also " Articulation " : ball-and-socket, 16S compound, 169 condyloid, 167 elbow, 169, 204-208 hinge, 166, 169 knee, 228-237 mediotarsal, 249 pivot, 169 saddle, 167, 169 simple, 166-16S trochoid, 169 Juncturas ossium extremitatis inferioris, 216-250 superioris, 19S-215 truuci, 171-187 Knee-joint, 22S-237 K. L. Labrum glenoidale, 168 articulationis coxae, 223-225, 227 humeri, 201, 203 Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica, 217, 220, 221 Ligament or ligaments: acromioclavicular, superior, 199, 201 alar, 234, 235 of the ankle-joint : anterior, 242, 244, 250 astragalofibular, anterior, 244, 245 posterior, 239, 24r astragalouavicular, 242-245 astragalotibial, anterior, 243 posterior, 240, 241, 2 calcaneofibular, 239-241, 244, 245 calcaneotibial, 239-242 capsular, 240, 242, 250 deltoid, 239-245, 248, 249 lateral, external, 239-241, 244, 245 internal, 239-245, 248, 249 posterior, 240 tibionavicular, 242, 244, 245, 248 annular, of radius, 169, 204, 205, 207-209 254 INDEX Ligament or ligaments : astragalocalcaneal, "anterior, 244, 245, 250 capsular, 239-241 external, 245 internal, 243, 248 interosseous, 239, 244, 245, 249, 250 posterior, 240, 242 of the atlas, cruciform, 191, 192 transverse, 190-192 of the base of the skull, 196 of Bigelow, 222, 224, 226, 227 calcaneocuboid, dorsal. 244, 245, 24S inferior, 242, 243, 245-247, 250 plantar, 242, 243, 245-247, 250 superior, 244, 245, 248 calcaneonavicular, internal : inferior portion, 242, 243, 246, 248 middle portion, 242, 243, 247, 24S, and note ]>. 248 superior portion, 242 capsular, 166-168, 170 (see also "Capsule or cap- sules") of the elbow-joint, 204-208 of the hip-joint, fibrous portion, 224 synovial portion, 224 of the shoulder-joint, 199, 200, 203 of the temporomandibular articulation, 194, 196 of the temporomaxillary articulation, 194, 196 of the carpus, annular, anterior, 211-213 palmar, 212 radiate, 212 carpometacarpal, 210-214 anterior, 211, 212 dorsal, 210, 213 interosseous, 214 palmar, 211, 212 posterior, 210, 213 central, of the spinal cord, 179 coccygeal, lateral, 179, 180 conoid, 199, 202 Cooper's, 221, 224 coraco-acromial, 170, 199, 200, 202 coracoclavicular, 199, 202 coracohumeral, 199, 200 coracoscapular, 170, 199, 200, 202 costoclavicular, 186, 188, 19S costocentral, anterior, 176, 178, 1S2, 1S3 interarticular, 182, 183, 1S5 stellate, 176, 178, 182, 183 costotransverse, anterior superior, 176, 183 middle, 1S2 posterior, 1S2, 184, 185 posterior superior, 184 cotyloid, 223-225, 227 crucial, 229, 233, 235-237 of the knee, 229, 233, 235-237 cruciform, of the atlas, 191, 192 cubocuneiform, dorsal, 244, 245, 248 interosseous, 249, 250 plantar, 246, 247 of the elbow-joint, anterior, 204, 205 capsular, 204-20S external lateral, 204, 205, 207 internal lateral, 204-206 posterior, 206, 207 glenoid, 168 of the shoulder-joint, 201, 203 of the hip-joint : capsular, 168, 222, 223, 226, 227 cotyloid, 223-225, 227 iliofemoral, 222, 224, 226, 227 interarticular, 169, 223-225, 227 ischiocapsular, 222, 226, 227 pubofemoral, 222, 224, 226, 227 round, 169, 223-225, 227 teres, 169, 223-225, 227 transverse, of acetabulum, 168, 223, 225, 227 Ligament or ligaments : of the hip-joint : Y, of Bigelow, 222, 224, 226, 227 zona orbicularis, 223, 224, 226, 227 iliofemoral, 222, 224, 226, 227 iliolumbar, 176, 216, 218, 224 interarticular, of the hip-joint, 169, 223-225, 227 interclavicular, 157, 158, 198 intercuneiform, dorsal, 244, 248 interosseous, 249 intermetacarpal, distal, anterior, 211 palmar, 211 proximal, anterior, 211, 212 dorsal, 210, 213 interosseous, 214 palmar, 211, 212 posterior, 210, 213 intermetatarsal, distal, dorsal, 248 olantar, 246 proximal, dorsal, 244, 245, 248, 249 plantar, 246, 247 interosseous, of the forearm, 209 of the leg, 228, 229, 231-235, 238-241 interspinous, 163, 174, 177, 181 intertransverse, 184 ischiocapsular, 222, 226, 227 of the knee-joint, 228-237 alar, 234, 235 capsular, 228, 230-233, 236, 237 crucial, anterior or external 229, 233, 235-237 internal or posterior, 229, 233, 235-237 lateral, external, 228, 229, 231-235 posterior, 231, 232 arcuate portion of the, 232 direct portion of the, 231, 232 short, 231, 232 internal, 22S-230, 232, 233, 235, 236 mucous, 234, 235 patellar, 22S-231, 236 lateral, external, 2?.?, 231 internal, 228, 230 posterior, 232, 235 semilunar fibrocartilages : external, 229, 233, 235-237 posterior or ascending band of the, 233, 235-237 internal, 229, 233, 235-237 transverse ligament of the, 229, 237 Wrisberg's, 233, 235-237 lateral, of the finger-joints, 166, 210, 211, 214 of the metacarpophalangeal articulation of the thumb, 210 of the metacarpophalangeal articulations, 166, 167, 210, 214 of the metatarsophalangeal articulations, 266-268 of the toe-joints, 247, 248 metacarpal, transverse, 211 metacarpophalangeal, anterior, 211, 215 glenoid, 211, 215 palmar, 211, 215 metatarsal, transverse, 246 metatarsocuneiform, interosseous, 249 metatarsophalangeal, 246. 247 inferior, 250, and note, p. 246 mucous, 234, 235 naviculocuboid, dorsal, 244, 245, 248 plantar, 246, 247 naviculocuneiform, dorsal, 242-245, 24S plantar, 247 oblique radio-ulnar, 209 obturator, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226 INDEX 255 Ligament or ligaments : occipito-atlantal, anterior, 176, 181, 192, 193 posterior, 181, 192, 193 occipito-axial. posterior or long, 177, 190-192 odontoid, alar, 191, 192 check, 191, 102 lateral, 191, 192 middle, 191, 192 suspensory, 191, 192 orbicular, of the radius, 169, 204, 205, 207-209 patellar, 228-231, 236 lateral, external, 228, 231 internal, 228, 231 of the pelvis, transverse, 220, 221, and note, p. 221 pisimetacarpal, 211, 212 pisi-uncinate, 211, 212 plantar, long, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247 short, 247, 250 pterygospinous, 195, [96 pubic, anterior, note, p. 220 of Astley Cooper, 221, 224 inferior, 217, 218, 220, 221 posterior, note, p. 221 subpubic, 217, 218, 220, 221 superior, 220, 221 puoofemoral, 222, 224, 226, 227 rhomboid, 1S6, [88, 19S round, of the hip- joint, 169, 223-225, 227 sacrococcygeal, anterior, 1S0, 216 interarticular, 177, 179, 180 lateral, 177, 179, 180 posterior, deep, 177, 179, 180 superficial, 180, 218 SRcro-iliac, anterior, 216, 217, 219, 244 interosseous, note, p. 218 long, 218 oblique, 21S posterior, 218, 219 sacrosciatic, anterior, 176, 180, 216-219 great, 176, 216-219 posterior, 176, 216, 219 small, 176, 1S0, 216-219 sphenomandibidar, 195 sphenomaxillary, 195 of the spine, 1 7 j- 1 S[ tpinoglenoid, 200 sternoclavicular, 1S6, 1S7, 198 stylohyoid, 194, 195 stylomandibular, 195 submaxillar}-, 195 subflava, 173-175, 192 suprascapular, 170, 199, 200, 202 supraspinous, 173, 174. 177, 1S1, 1S4, 218 tarsometatarsal, dorsal, 242, 244, 245, 248 interosseous, 249 plantar, 246, 247 of the tarsus, dorsal, 244, 245 interosseous, 249 plantar, 246 temporomandibular, 194 temporomaxillary, 194 tibiofibular, anterior inferior, 238, 244, 245 superior, 228, 229, 231, 234, . . 237- 238 posterior inferior, 240, 241 transverse, of the acetabulum, [68, 223, 225, 227 of the atlas, 190-192 of the transverse carpal articulation, 210-214 anterior, 212 dorsal, 210, 213 interosseous, 213, 214 palmar. 2T2 posterior, 210, 213 trapezoid, 202 iriangular, of the urethra, 220, 221, and note, p. 221 vaginal, of the toes, 246 of the vertebral column, 172-181 Ligament or ligaments : of the vertebral column, anterior common, 173, 174, 176, 178, 181-183, 216 posterior common, 173, 174, 177, 179, 190, 192 of the wrist joint, anterior, 211, 212 annular, 211-213 dorsal, 210 lateral, external, 210, 213, 214 internal, 210-212, 214 palmar, 211, 212 posterior, 210 Ligamentum vel ligamenta : accessoria plantaria, 246, 247, 250 volaria, 211, 215 acromioclaviculare, 199, 201 alaria, 191, 192 annulare radii, 169, 204, 205, 207-209 apicis dentis, 191, 192 arcuatum pubis, 217, 218, 220, 221 basium (ossium metacarpalium) dorsalia, 210, 213 (ossium metacarpalium) interossea, 214 volaria, 121, 212 (ossium metatarsaliuni) dorsalia, 244, 245, 248, 249 (ossium metatarsaliuni) plantaria, 246, 247 bifurcatum, 245, 24S, 249 ealcaneocuboideum dorsale, 244, 245, 248 plantare, 242, 243, 246, 247, 250 calcaneofibulare, 239-241, 244, 245 calcaneonaviculare dorsale, 242 plantare, 242, 243, 246-24S calcaneotibial, 239-242 capituii costse interarticulare, 182, 183, 185 radiatum, 176, 178, 182, 183 fibute, 228, 229, 231, 234, 237, 238 capitulorum (ossium metacarpalium) trans- versa, 21 1 (ossium metatarsaliuni) dorsale, 248 trail s- versa, 246 carpi radiatum, 212 Iransversum, 211-213 carpometacarpea dorsalia, 210, 213 interossea, 214 volaria, 21 1, 212 coccygeum laterale, 179, 180 collaterale carpi radiale, 210, 213, 214 ulnare, 210-212, 214 fibulare, 228, 229, 231-235 radiale, 204, 205, 207 tibiale, 228-230, 232, 233, 235, 236 ulnare, 204-206 collateraliaarticulationum digitorum(manus), 166, 210, 211, 214 articulationum digitorum pedis, 247, 248 articulation is metacarpo- phalangeal- pollicis, 210 articulationum metacarpophalan gearum, 166. 167, 210, 214 articulationum metatarsophal; 11 gearum, 246-248 colli costae, 1S2 columnas vertebralis, 172-181 couoideum, 199, 202 coraco-acromiale, 170, 199, 200, 202 coracoclaviculare, 202 coracohumerale, 199, 200 costoclaviculare, 186, 1S8, 198 costotransversarium anterius, 176, 1S3 posterius, 18^ costoxiphoidea, 186 cruciatum anterius, 229, 233, 235-237 atlantis, 191, 192 INDEX Ligamentum vel ligamenta: , up iatum posterius, 229, 233, 235-237 cruciata (genu), 229, 233 cuboideonaviculare dorsale, 244, 245, 248 plantare, 246, 247 cuneocuboideum dorsale, 244,24s 148 interosseuni, 249, 250 plautare, 246, 247 cuneometatarsea mterossea, 249 deltoideum, 242, 243, 249 flava, 173-175, l92 iliofeinorale, 222, 224, 226, 227 iliolumbale, 176, 216, 218, 224 intercarpea dorsalia, 210, 213 interossea, 213, 214 volaria, 212 interclaviculare, 1.S7, [88, 198 intercostalia externa, 186 interna, 176, 183, 184, 187 f intercuneiformia dorsalia, 244, 248 interossea, 249 interspinal, 163, 174, 177, 181 intertransversaria, 184 ischiocapsulare, 222, 226, 227 longitudinale anterius, 173, 174, 176, 178, 181-1S3, 216 posterius, 173, 174, 177, 179; '9°. 192 lumbocostale, 176, 216, 218 malleoli lateralis anterius, 238, 244, 245 posterius, 240, 241 r menisci lateralis (Roberti), 253, 235-237 navicularicuneiformia dorsalia, 242-245, 24S plantaria, 247 nuchae, 177, 181 patellae, 228-231, 236 pisohamatuin, 211, 212 pisometacarpeum, 211, 212 plautare longum, 245-247 popliteum areuatum, 232 obliquum, 232, 235 pterygospinosum, 195, 196 pubieum superius, 220, 221 pubocapsulare, 222, 224, 226, 227 radiocarpeum dorsale, 210 volare, 21 1, 212 saeroeoccygeum anterius, 1S0. 216 articvdare, 177, 179, 180 laterale, 177, 179, 1S0 posterius profundum, 177, 179, 180 superficial e, 180, 1S1 sacro-iliaca anteriora, 216, 217, 219, 224 interossea, 218, 219 sacro-iliacum posterius breve, 219 longum, 218, 219 sacrospinosum, 176, 1S0, 216-219 sacrotuberosum, 176, 216-219 sphenomandibulare, 195 sternoclaviculare, 186, 187, 198 sternocostal interarticulare, [88 sternocostalia radiata, 186 stylohyoideum, 194, 195 stylomandibulare, 194-196 supraspinale, 173, 174, 177, 181, 1S4, 21S talocalcaneum anterius, 244, 245, 250 interosseum, 239, 244, 245, 249, 250 laterale, 245 mediale, 243, 248 posterius, 240, 242 talofibulare anterius, 244, 245 posterius, 239, 241 talonavicular (dorsale), 242-245 tarsi dorsalia. 244, 245 interossea, 249 plantaria, 246 tarsometatarsea dorsalia, 242, 244, 245, 248 interossea, 249 Ligamentum vel ligamenta : tarsometatarsea plantaria, 246, 247 temporomandibular, 194 teres femoris, 169, 223-225, 227 tibionaviculare, 242, 244, 245, 248 transversum acetabuli, [68, 223, 225, 22'' atlantis, 190-192 genu, 229, 237 pelvis, 220, 221 scapula inferius, 200 superius, 170, 199, 200, 202 trapezoideum, 202 tuberculi costx-, 182, 184, 185 vaginalia (digitorum pedis), 246 Line, Chopart's, 249 Hey's, 249 Lisfranc's, 249 mediotarsal, 249 M. tMembrana atlauto-epistrophica, 192 atlanto-occipitalis anterior, 176, 181, 192, 193 posterior, 181, 192, 193 interossea antibrachii, 209 cruris, 238 obturatoria, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226 sterni, 186, 187 tectoria, 177, 190-192 Membrane, intercostal, see " Aponeurosis" interosseous, of tbe forearm, 209 of tbe leg, 228, 229, 231-235, 238- 241 obturator, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226 synovial, of tbe hip-joint, 223-225, 227; its reflec- tion on the neck of tne femur, 224 of the knee-joint, 234, 235 Meniscus lateralis, 229, 233, 235-237 medialis, 229, 233, 235-237 Musculus articularis genu, 228, 230, 231, 235 N. Notch, clavicular, of the sternum, 19S cotyloid, 223-225 suprascapular, 199, 200 Nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs, 173, 174 Obturator canal, 217, 222, 224, 226 fascia, 221 ligament, 117, 21S, 222, 224, 226 membrane, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226 Ossa sesamoidea manus, 210, 211, 214 pedis, 246, 247, 250 Os sesamoideum articulatiouis genu (var.), 232 Pad of fat of the fossa acetabuli, 223 Periosteum, dental, 165 Plate, fibrous, 246, 247. 250, and notes, pp. 211 and 246 glenoid, 246. 247, 250, and notes, pp. 211 and 246 sesamoid, 246, 247, 250, and notes, pp. 211 and 246 Plicae alares, 234. 235 Plica syuovialis (articulatiouis radiocarpea;), 213 patellaris, 234, 235 Pouch ofsvnovial membrane, circular, oftheproximal radio- ulnar articulation, 204, 207, and note, p. 204 vertical, of the distal radio- ulnar articulation, 214 Process, falciform, of the great sacrosciatic ligament, 217 Processus falciformis, 217 Prominence of the pubic symphysis, posterior, 221 Promontorium, 177, 216, 217, 219 Promontory of the sacrum, 177, 216, 217, 219 Pubic symphysis, 21S, 220, 221 INDEX 256a saccif tiii. of the distal radio-ulnar articulation, 214 of the proximal radio-ulnar articulation, 204, 207. and note, p. 204 -us sacciformis (articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis), 214 (articulationis radio-ulnaris proxi- malis), 204, 207 Retinaculum Iiganienti arcuati, 231, 232 patella laterale, 228, 231 mediale, 228, Sai ral promontory, 117. 216, 217, 219 Ses imoid bones, sic " Bones, sesamoid " of the foot, 246, 247. 251 ■ of the hand, 210, 21 1. 21 |. and note, p. 211 r-j ciint, 168, 200-203 Subsiance, sutural, [64 Sulcus paraglenoidalis (prseauricularis), 216 irticular, ol the acetabulum, 16S, 224, 225, 227 of the acromion. 201 oftheastragalusfortheoscalcis, anterior, 248 ol the astragalus for the os calcis, middle, 248 of the astragalus for the os calcis, pos- terior, 248 of the atlas, superior, 167 ol tli«.- centra for the ribs, [83 of the heads of the ribs, [82 of the navicular bone, posterior, 24S of the odontoid process, anterior, 192 posterior, [92 of the OS calcis. anterior, 248 middle, 24b posterior, 24: oi tHe patella, 229, 234, 235 of the transverse processes for the ribs 175. 178, i*5 ol the astragalus, superior articular : external malleolar portion, t66 internal malleolar portion. 166, ; tibial portion. 166, 241, 243 auricular, of the- ilium, 219 patellar, of the femur, 229, 234, 237 Sutura, 164 serrata, 1(14 squamosa. 164 Sutural substance. 164 Suture, -, arieties of, 164 Symplix -is. 105 1 issium pubis, 218, 2?<<. 221 sacroci iccygea, [81 > 216, 217 Synarthrosis. [6 Synchondrosis, 165 of the base of the skull, 196 S3 nchondrosis vel synchondroses: epiphysial, see "Iiisc. epiphysial" epiphyseos capitis femoris, 223 humeri, 201 capituli ossis metacarpalis III.. 215 distalis femoris, 230 fibula'. 2 19, ' ]' 1. 24 1 radii. 213 111 I.e. 239, 240, 242, 244, proximalis fibulae, ! a tibiae, 230, 231 tuberis calcanei, 240 epiphysium ossium metatarsalium, 249, 250 phalangum digiti II. (mantis), 215 digitorum pedis, 2 )m et ligamenla baseos cranii, 196 + interphalangea pedis (var.), 249 petro-occipitalis, 193. [96 spheno-oecipitalis, 165, 192, 196 splienopetrosa, 196 Sternalis, inferior. iSS f superior, 188 Syndesmosis, 170 tibiofibularis, 238-241, 244, 245 S\ novial membrane of the shoulder-joint, 202, 203 sheath of the bicipital groove, 21 of the tendon of the popliteus muscle. 232. 233, 235, 237 : its communication with the knee-joint and the superior tibio- fibular articulation, 233 T. T< ndon of the long heal of the biceps muscle, 20 203 tTorus pubicus, 221 Triangular fibrocartilage, 212-214 ligament of the urethra, 220, 221. and note, p. 221 Trochlea tali, 166, 239, 241 facies malleolaris lateralis. r66 medialis, [66 superior. [66, 241, 243 Trochlear surface of the astragalus, [66, 2V1, 24] V. Yaeina mucosa intertubercularis, 201, 202 Wrist-joint, 169, 212-215 W. Zona orbicularis, 223. 224, 226. 227 UjlL COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the library rules or by special arrangement with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWED DATE DUE DATE BORROWED DATE DUE OCT 2 0 1953 m j C28(B46)M25 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 1010231200 CT3 *« 1 6 1938 *MSExvws 1 . DEC 16 38 ' QWfcS v. 1-2.