Kel-d

JOHN BROOKS HENDERSON

HEbLEY

(E94 ie (tectlialeace Vlacide cine,

Ee Ae a

4

a
:

EX LIBRIS i

William Healey Dall

Division of Mollusks
Sectional Library jae

With C. Hedley’s

Compliments,

[XVIT.]
THE MOLLUSCA.

Part I.— Gasteropoda.

By CHaries HEDLEY.

Many of the introductory remarks which prefaced collections
previously dealt with, apply with equal force to the Mollusca.
Little was known of the Mollusca of the Ellice Group prior to our
Expedition. With one exception, none of the naturalists—Dana,
Whitmee, Woodford, Finsch—who have been to the archipelago,
gathered any shells. The exception being Dr. Ed. Graefte, who
visited most of the atolls in the interest of the Godeffroy Museum.
The land shells he procured are described by Mousson.* <A few
other animals described by German authors from this group were
probably also collected by him.

The poverty of the fauna of the atoll, compared with that of
any continental area lying under corresponding latitudes, such as
Queensland, New Guinea, or the Melanesian Plateau, again asserts
itself. Whole groups, the Brachiopoda and the Polyplacophora,
are missing, giving to the fauna an unsymmetrical aspect.
Especially significant is the absence of Mollusca with large eggs
such as Nautilus, Melo, or Voluta from this drifted fauna, In
many cases the Funafuti shells are smaller than the usual stature
of their respective species. Harper Pease has remarked that the
marine Gasteropoda of the Paumotus are in general dwarfed in
comparison with those of Tahiti.j Shipley mentions that speci-
mens of Gephyrean worms from Funafuti were considerably
smaller than representatives of the same species from Rotuma. {

Poor though this fauna be, I have to apologise for the following
inadequate account of it. Thorough search would probably result
in multiplying the known total three or four times. My com-
mission embraced the study of the Atoll as a whole. Although °
the Mollusca alone would have afforded occupation for the entire
time of an investigator, yet Ethnology, and Botany, and other
branches of Zoology equally claimed my attention. On my return
the mass of material, molluscan and otherwise, together with the

* Mousson--—Journ. de Conch. xxi. 1873, pp. 102 - 109.
+ Pease—Am. Journ. Conch. iv. 1868, p. 109.
ft Shipley—Proc. Zool. Soc, 1898, p. 468.

398 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

pressure of current Museum duties has operated unfavourably on
my report. Various inquiries on anatomy and other related
matters have been perforce omitted. With the exception of a
sketch of the geographical distribution I have unwillingly restricted
myself to the mere systematic treatment of the species.

A superficial reader might seize on the fact that many new
species are described as new in the following pages, and with a
show of reason deduce that so great a proportion of novelties
indicate'a very peculiar and endemic fauna. This would however
be a mistaken impression. Few realise how exceeding rich the
fauna of the tropical Pacific is, or how poor our knowledge thereof.
Probably, except in New Caledonia, a capable collector would
obtain at least one shell new to science in a day’s work on any
beach in the South Pacific. Fischer's estimate that the Indo-
Pacific Province contains five or six thousand marine mollusca,*
is certainly below the mark.

For the purpose of comparison the Funafuti fauna must be
divided into large conspicuous, and small inconspicuous shells.
The distribution already ascertained for conspicuous genera like
Cypraea will be paralleled, as knowledge increases, for inconspicu-
ous genera like Caecum. Thus I anticipate the discovery in the
western continental islands of every minute species I have
described as new from Funafuti. The range of all the species
mentioned is given for the South Pacific as completely as oppor-
tunity permitted. A discussion of the data collected is postponed
‘to the concluding pages of this Memoir.

The study of the mollusca of the Pacific is attended with
peculiar difficulty. Asa result of the superior energy of the
British in exploration, commerce and missionary enterprise in the
Pacific, the vast majority of the mollusca of this region have, from
the time of Captain Cook to the present day, been first examined
in London. The writers who have dealt with them, Adams Bros.,
Hinds, Reeve, the Sowerbys, Smith, Melvill, and others, have
treated them uniformly on the model and method of Lamarck ; it
will be convenient to call this group of authors the ‘ London
School.” A brilliant exception to the work of British writers is
the superb Memoir by Boog Watson on the Gasteropoda collected
‘by the Challenger Expedition.

As a consequence of the devotion of the London School to the
study of the Pacific fauna, we have a great mass of involved
synonomy, inadequate descriptions, poor figures or none, crude
classification and total neglect of soft anatomy, The smaller
portion of this fauna which has gone to Paris has generally been
well figured, and a fraction which has fallen into the hands of

* Fischer—Man. de Conch. 1887, p. 157.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLBEY. 399

American students has received scientific treatment. A higher
grade of work was reached by a poor, solitary, invalid exile like
Montrouzier than by men who had within their reach the unrivalled
resources of the collections, the libraries and artists of London.

To descend from generalities to details, it may be pointed out
that whilst the foremost British and Amerigan writers in all other
branches of zoology now use English ; whilst the scientific writers
of other countries, like Sars and Collett in Norway, Schepman in
Holland and various Japanese authors, are adopting English as an
international language, on the grounds of its wide currency,
wealth and flexibility ; yet this conservative London school of
Conchologists reject the advantages of their mother tongue and
satisfy their humble wants with the poor and awkward medium
of Latin.

By some strange unwritten law these Conchologists have in-
variably maintained a proportion between the size of a shell and
its illustration. Thus a large shell, however simple in structure,
demanded a large figure ; and a small shell, however complex its
details, a small drawing. Had this school encountered Pachyderms
or Foraminifera, one or both would surely have fallen beyond the
focus of their vision.

Though great wealth of anatomical material was profterred them,
these writers have ever cast the ‘nasty things” aside. The fas-
cinating studies of structure, affinities, higher classification, or
geographical distribution had no charm for them. Their measure
of excellence in Conchological research being apparently the highest
score of new species.

But the chief defect of this school is that it has added to the
superstructure without strengthening the foundation, and has thus
weakened instead of improved the fabric of our knowledge. Upon
the distinction of old species depends not only generic and sub-
generic classification, but even the reality of new species, which
are necessarily contrasted with them. ‘The task of rehabilitating
old species, for which these writers have unique facilities, is by
them neglected in favour of the easier and more showy work of
describing novelties, which could be done at least as well by
others.

In illustration, I will cite the following case, one instance of a
multitude. Hinds, in 1843,* thus described a new species, 7’riforis
collaris:—‘ Testa ovata, acuminata ; anfractibus duodecim bisera-
tim granulosis, serie inferiorie paululum maxima, margaritacea,
superiore pallide fusca; anfractu ultimo quadriseratim subaequali-
ter concatenato. Axis 4 lin.”

* Hinds—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 23.

400 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

No one will to-day affirm that so brief an account suflices for
the recognition of this species. Consequently there is every pro-
bability that it has been, or will be, again named and described to
the confusion of science. In so numerous and difficult a group, a
description a page long and several detailed figures are barely
enough to determine a species in the absence of authentic specimens.
It would be supposed that this view only required to be stated for
every worker to endorse it, but for sixty-five years British writers
have passed over this inadequate account and neglected to repair
the fault. So recently as last year, Melvill and Standen in treat-
ing of the shells of Lifu, examined and catalogued this species,
yet it never occurred to them that a figure and description was
more urgently needed for J. collaris than for any of the hundred
novelties they figured and described.

Great numbers of the species of Adams, Hinds, Smith and
others are inadequately represented in literature, and cannot be
recognised without an inspection of the type in London. Either
therefore no Conchological work should be published except by
residents of London, which is an absurd proposition, or these
species must be ignored by naturalists.

The local conditions under which the Funafuti mollusca occur
may be briefly sketched. The distinction between the marine and
terrestrial mollusca, so sharply drawn in temperate zones, fades
away in the tropics. Ata distance from the sea, in close associa-
tion with such forms as Stenogyra and Endodonta, occur Littorina,
Nerita, Truncatella and Melampus, The outer windward beach,
where the surf sweeps the narrow reef platform, is only accessible
at intervals when a low tide coincides with calm weather. Here
the molluscan assemblage bears the mark of incessant buffeting of
waves, all are characterised by powerful muscular feet which
adhere to the rock like the sucker foot of the limpet, all have
thick shells mostly strengthened by knobs or ridges. In the little
rock pools at the foot of the shingle beach, swarm the gaily painted
shells of Engina mendicaria, Mitra literata, Conus hebraeus and
C. ceylonensis. Beyond, where the surf breaks more heavily, are
several species of Sistrwm, usually nestled in a rock crevice and
more or less concealed by extraneous growth upon their shells.
Here also are Purpura armigera and P. hippocastaneum, and on
the brink of deep water is Z’wrbo setosus.

It comes as a surprise to a naturalist to find the pelagic fauna
scarce in this latitude. Dr. Kriimer tells me that he was greatly
struck by the poverty of the tropical Pacific in this respect. One
Pteropod, one Heteropod, and a fragment of Janthina were all of
this class that came under my notice. ;

The quiet waters of the lagoon prove a richer field for a collector
than the storm swept ledges of the ocean beach. Just at the

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 401

south end of the main islet of Funafuti, where the lagoon com-
municates with the ocean, are some clumps of Millepora rising to
the surface from about ten or twelve feet. On these is a colony
of the giant Vermetus, and built in by coral growth are Magilus
and Galeropsis. Near the Millepora were bushes of Plexaura,
among whose branches perched Avicula. A sandy flat sheltered
behind a long shingle bank yielded at low water Mitra episcopalis,
Murex ramosus and Trochus obeliscus.

A mile to the north, where the quiet waters allowed mud to
settle, the gregarious Planaxis sulcatus occurred in quantities.
Cypraea moneta and C. caput serpentis were here abundant, and
to the rocks in the neighbourhood adhered Chama. Nearer the
village, at the spot sketched on p. 71, I found as dead shells most
of the small species described as new.

A few small reefs in the lagoon opposite the village were
excellent collecting grounds. The sandy patches among the coral
were inhabited by Strombus luhwanus and S. floridus, and by
numerous Cerithide#, among which the large C. nodulosum was
conspicuous. What seemed a brilliantly coloured worm disap-
peared at a touch with a snap and proved to be the animal of
Tridacna elongata seen through the opening of the valves sunk in
coral. Loose coral blocks rolled over and split up yielded a
harvest; under the block might be Conus rattus, C. lividus or
Mitra limbifera, and within it Lithodomus and Arca.

In a few hours spent on the leeward islets of the Atoll, I
gathered on the beach several large but dead species of Cypraea,
Oliva and Conus, which I had not elsewhere encountered. ‘A
glimpse of a rich and distinct deep water fauna was afforded
by a few hauls of the tangles in 80 — 40 fathoms on the western
outer slope of the Atoll. Almost everything here collected appears
to be new to science.

The sole representative of a fluviatile fauna was a species
of Melania which occurred in some abundance in the native
wells.

Mr. George Sweet has kindly allowed me to inspect a collec-
tion of shells he made on Funafuti in 1897. I have been able
in several cases to increase my list by species which he took, but
which [ had not seen.

CEPHALOPODA.

I was unable to secure any specimens of Cephalopoda at Funa-
futi, though I observed traces of them, as beaks thrown up on the
beach and ink in the hands of the natives (p 64). Pictures of an
Octopus were recognized by the natives as “‘feki,” and of a Loligo
as “mofeki.” I was told that on rare occasions empty Vautilus

Bs

402 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

shells drifted to the Atoll, but the natives positively asserted that
they never occurred there alive. No shells of Spirula were seen on
the beaches.

Dr. Georg Pfeffer has described* Loligo brevipinnis from the
Ellice Group.

No members of the BrRAcHIOPODA or POLYPLACOPHERA were
seen in the Ellice Islands.

SCAPHOPODA.
DENTALIUM LESSONI, Deshayes.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, xvii., 1898, p. 8, pl. vi. figs. 36 — 90.

Two imperfect shells found on the sandy beach of the lagoon
correspond more nearly to this than to any other described form.

GASTEROPODA.
HALIOTIS STOMATIAEFORMIS, Heeve.

Pilsbry, Man. Conch. xii., 1890, p. 89, pl. iii., fig. 4; pl. xlix.,
figs. 30 — 35.
I found a single dead shell on the windward side of Nukulailai.
Mr. Sweet has sent me specimens from Funafuti.

Pilsbry records this from New Caledonia and Fiji.

EMARGINULA CLATHRATA, Pease.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 266, pl. Ixiii., fig. 12; Pease, Am. Journ.
Conch. iv., 1868, p. 99, pl. ii, fig. 24.
Once found-alive under a stone in the lagoon. Hitherto only
known from Hawaii.

EMARGINULA MARIEI, Crosse.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 271, pl. xxii, figs. 34, 35, 36.
A few bleached shells were gathered on the Jagoon beach.

Hitherto only known from New Caledonia.

ACMAEA SACCHARINA, Linne.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch. xiii., 1891, p. 49, pl. xxxvi., figs. 60, 61, 62,
(og) pl sxvin., figs. 3) 3259p). xxiv. figs. 12, 13:
A few small and dead shells inclining towards the var. perpleaa,

Pilsbry, were found on the outer beach. Schmeltz mentions it
from Queensland, Samoa, and Fiji.

* Pfeffer, Die Cephalopoden des Hamburger Naturhistorischen Museums.
—Abh. Geb. der Naturw. viii., 1884, p. 5, pl. i., fig. 4; pl. ii, fig. 4a.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 403

PHENACOLEPAS SENTA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 1).

iBiiee, Ie

Shell cap shaped, with a protuberant and overhanging posterior
apex, the earlier portion thin and translucent, the older solid
and opaque; adult shell asymmetrical by reason of a slight
spiral twist. Colour white. The nepionic shell is very smooth
and glossy sharply contrasting with the dull surface of the
remainder, depressedly turbinate, apparently two whorled but
swallowed past the nucleus by the older shell. Sculpture :—on
the part next the nepionic shell there are circular growth lines, as
these diverge wider their interstices are crossed by longitudinal
lines which develop later into low small rounded ribs parted by
slight furrows, these are reticulated by two series of fine raised
threads crossing at right angles. Upon these ribs arise in quin-
cunx order a series of V-shaped thorns, the limbs of which are
directed anteriorly. A portion of the dorsal surface immediately
above the posterior base is selected in the accompanying figure
for illustrating this feature. Finally the limbs increase till they .
meet those of their neighbours and enclose a rhomboidal space,
thus the marginal part of the shell becomes cancellated by a raised
network, oblique both to the line of growth, the axis of the shell
and the earlier sculpture. The minute transverse thread lines
persist to the aperture.

Aperture subcircular, the edge when adult is broadened and
finely crenulated. Interior glossy, the exterior sculpture visible
through the shell. Muscular impressions are a right and left
adductor scar and a narrow horse shoe marking the head line a
little within the lip. Length 6, breadth 44, height 3 mm.

Eight empty shells from sand on the beach of Funafuti
lagoon.

404 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

This species has its nearest kin in 1’. «/..,camomea, Gould, but
differs so widely from that by contour, sculpture and exposed
nepionic shell that a new genus seems necessary to express the
distinction. Yet P.cinnamomea itself stands perhaps as far again
from the type of the genus P. crenulata, Broderip, and being
unable to offer any information on the animal of the new species,
I am unwilling to further divide a group of which our knowledge
is so brief.

Scutellina of Gray (1847) being preoccupied by Scatellina of
Agassiz (1841), Pilsbry has substituted Phenacolepas.*

TROCHUS OBELISCUS, Gmelin.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch. xi. 1889, p. 19, pl. ii, figs. 13, 14.
Several specimens were taken alive in shallow water in the
lagoon associated with J/itra episcopalis.
Fischer quotes this from New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa and Tonga.

TROCHUS TUBIFERUS, Kiener.
Pilsbry, op. ctt., p. ol, pl. vi. figs. 62, 63.

Two living specimens were found at low water on the western
side of the Funafuti lagoon.

Fischert gives as the range of this species New Caledonia,
Loyalty Islands, Upolu, Samoa, and Pilsbry adds Fiji.

TROCHUS ATROPURPUREUS, Gould.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 77, pl. xi., figs. 28-32; pl. xiii., figs. 86, 87; pl.
xv., figs. 50, 51.

Not uncommon as dead shells on the lagoon beach.

Pilsbry notes this from San Christoval, Solomons, Tutuila,
Samoa and Fiji. In this Museum are specimens from New Cale-
donia and Tupuselei, Hood Lagoon and Milne Bay, British New
Guinea.

TrocHUS FASTIGIATUS, A. Adams.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., 1861, Trochus, pl. xv., fig. 87.

Several dead specimens from the beach of the Funafuti lagoon.
Though described nearly half a century ago, the locality of this
species has not hitherto been announced. I have also collected it
at Panie, New Caledonia.

GIBBULA CONCINNA, Dunker.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 230, pl. xl., figs. 8, 9.

A shell plentiful at Funafuti and which I also saw at Nukulailai,
seems, though not agreeing exactly, to be nearest this. The

* Pilsbry—The Nautilus, v., Dec. 1891, p. 88.
+ Fischer—Coquilles Vivantes, Trochus, 1880, p. 117.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 405

sculpture and, except for a white apex, the colour, is like that of
G. danieli, Crosse, from which it differs by a crenulate umbilical
margin. The largest is 74 mm in diameter and has an umbilicus
14 mm. broad.

G. concinna is known only from Upolu, Samoa,

GIBBULA PHASIANELLA, Deshayes.
Pilsbry, op. cié., p. 235, pl. xxxi., figs. 31, 32, 33.
Dead shells frequently occurred on the lagoon beach of Funafuti,

Specimens from the Manchester Museum enable me to state that
this is the species which Melvill and Standen record* from Lifu
as “Margarita striatula, Phil.,” a name which I have been unable
to trace in literature. It has already been recorded from Lifu,
and also from Ile Art by Fischer.+ I found it alive in abund-
ance under stones between tide marks, at Noumea, New Caledonia.
It is represented in this Museum from Lord Howe Island.

The species hardly seems suitably placed in this genus.

MoNILEA LIFUANA, ischer.
Pilsbry, op. .cvt., p. 252, pl. xli., figs. 6, 7; pl. lix., figs. 64, 65.
Commonly seen in a dead state on the sandy beach of the
Funafuti lagoon.

As the name implies this species was first found at the Loyalty
Islands. Smith} has recorded it from Torres Straits. It is also
in this Museum trom Aneiteum, New Hebrides.

MoniILeEA TRAGEMA, Melvill & Standen.

Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii, 1896, p. 313, pl. xi.,
fig. 78.

A shell fairly plentiful in a dead state on the lagoon beach of
Funafuti is referred here. The fifty examples before me show
much variation. The colour ranges from pale pink articulated
with white, through white irregularly splashed or microscopically
dotted with pink, to entire chalky white. The elevation and
angulation of the whorls vary, and the size of the largest (length
43 mm.) is almost double that of the type from Lifu.

EUCHELUS INSTRICTUS, Gould.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 441, pl. lxvii., figs. 62, 63.

A single dead specimen from the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.

#Moelvill & Standen—dourn. Conch. viii, 1896, p. 126.
+ Fischer, op. cit., p. 364.
ft Smith—Zool. Coll. “Alert,” 1884, p. 73.

406 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Schmeltz quotes this from Fiji and Samoa. There are specimens
in this Museum from New Caledonia.

TEINOSTOMA QUALUM, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 2).

Fig. 2.

Shell with spire scarcely elevated, rather widely umbilicated.
Colour white. Whorls three, flattened below the suture, rounded
at the periphery and concave at the base. Sculpture :—the last
whorl] is ornamented by about twenty, broad, squarely projecting,
transverse ribs, which arise at a distance from the suture, enlarge
to the periphery and continue to the basal angle, these ribs vanish
on the penultimate whorl; close, regular and fine, raised, spiral
lines cover the whole shell, crossing the ribs and interstices alike;
these are in their turn overridden by transverse microscopic
threads. Base excavate in the centre.. Umbilicus one-fifth of
the shell’s diameter, exhibiting the previous whorls. Aperture
round, lip thickened, above spreading on the previous whorl and
at the base projecting a callus tongue into the umbilicus. Major
diameter 1:8; minor 1:4; height *75.

Three specimens from sand on the lagoon shore, all of which
are unfortunately broken at the aperture.

This closely resembles Cyclostrema archeri, Tryon* from Singa-
pore, which is rather larger and more closely ribbed, but the basal
callus on the lip of the present form has decided me in considering
it generically and therefore specifically distinct from that.

TEINOSTOMA TRICARINATA, Melvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii, 1896, p. 311, pl. xi,
figs. 75 a. b.

Three specimens occurred on the sandy beach of the Funafuti
lagoon. The only other example known came from Lifu.

* Man. Conch. x., 1888, p. 89, pl. xxxiii., figs. 84, 85.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 407

CIRSONELLA OVATA, Sp. NOV.
(Fig. 3).

Shell globose-ovate, thin, and semi-
transparent, white, narrowly umbilicate.
Whorls five, rounded, smooth, save for
delicate growth-striations, margined and
contracted below the suture. Aperture
oblique, elliptical. Lip sharp, columella
reflected. Length, 24, breadth 2 mm.

Three specimens from the lagoon beach.

LIOTIA CRENATA, Kiener.
Tryon, Man. Conch. x., 1888, p. 111, pl. xxxvi., figs. 12, 13.

One shell from the lagoon beach, This is represented in the
Australian Museum from Aneiteum, New Hebrides. Smith quotes
it from San Christoval, Solomons, and Melvill and Standen from
Lifu.

PHASIANELLA WISEMANNI, Baird.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch. x., 1888, p. 181, Biexaexix., 1198. 19,402.

Several specimens from the lagoon beach. Schmeltz unites
with this P. graffei, Dunker.* Already recorded from the Ellice,
Samoa, and Tonga, by Schmeltz. Reported by Pilsbry from Fiji
and New Hebrides.

PHASIANELLA MINIMA, Jelvill.
Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soe. ii., 1896, p. 115, pl. viii., fig. Ly

Three shells from the lagoon beach seem to be referable to this
Bombay species.

STOMATELLA SANGUINEA, A, Adams.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch. xii., 1890, p. 18, pl. liii., figs. 85, 86.

Common as dead shells on the lagoon beach. Pilsbry notes
this species from Fiji, Upolu, Samoa, and the Paumotus; Schmeltz
adds Tahiti.

Sromatia pHymotis, Helbling.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 31, pl. liv., figs. 16, 17, 21, 22.
Dead shells were not rare on the lagoon beach. Pilsbry records

this species from Fiji, and Schmeltz from Upolu. In this Museum
it is shown from New Caledonia and the Louisiades.

GENA ROSACEA, Pease.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 41, pl. lv., fig. 12.

* Schmeltz—Museum Godeffroy, Cat. v., 1874, p- 145.

408 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Several empty shells from the lagoon beach. Hitherto only
recorded from the Paumotus.

Turbo pernouatus, Z., var. CALEDONICUS, Fischer.
Pilsbry, Mau. Conch, x., 1888, p. 194, pl. xlv., fig. 99.

A few dead shells were collected on the beaches.

This variety, of a peculiar colour pattern, and angled more or
less at the shoulder, is recorded by Fischer from New Caledonia,
and Anaa, Paumotus. A specimen in this Museum from the
Gilbert Islands shares this form and colour. Perhaps the typical
form is replaced in the Central Pacific by this variety.

TuRBO sETosuS, Gmelin.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 195, pl. lxiii., fig. 32.
Abundant on the east coast of the atoll at low water on the
outer reef.
Fischer cites this species from New Caledonia, Tahiti, Paumotus,

Marquesas, and Gilberts; Schmeltz adds Samoa. It is also shown
in this Museum from the Solomons.

The opercula of the Funafuti examples agree with Fischer’s
description,* but not with Pilsbry’s, being white and smooth, ex-
cept on the distal margin, where they are brown and obliquely
wrinkled.

TuRBO ARGYROSTOMUS, Linne.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 197, pl. xl., fig. 18; pl. xlii, fig. 41; pl. xlvi.,
fig. 8.

This species was less abundant ; it replaced the preceding on
the western side of the atoll. Fischer indicates it from Tonga,
and from Anaa, Paumotus, and Schmeltz from Upolu. It is
represented in this Museum from the Solomons, New Caledonia,
Fanning Island, and Hawaii.

ASTRALIUM PETROSUM, JJartyn.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 234, pl. Ixiv., figs. 65, 66.
I found this alive in the lagoon.

Pilsbry records this from New Caledonia, Fiji, and Hawaii.
An example from Woodlark Island, British New Guinea, is in

this Museum.
LeprorHyra LAETA, Montrouzxier.

Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 258, pl. lxiii., figs. 29, 30.
Common on the lagoon beach at Funafuti.

Pilsbry records this from Australia, Solomons, Fiji, and New
Caledonia.

* Fischer—Coquilles Vivantes, 1873, Turbo, p. 57.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 409

DELPHINULA LACINIATA, Lamarck.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 266, pl. Ixvii., figs. 1, 2, 4.

I collected a single worn shell on the sandbank in the centre
of the Funafuti lagoon.

It is recorded by Kiener* from New Ireland, by Melvill and
Standen} from the Loyalty, and there is a specimen in this
Museum collected by Pére Montrouzier at Woodlark Island,
British New Guinea.

NERITOPSIS RADULA, Linne.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 82, pl. xxix., fig. 68.
One dead shell was found on the beach.

Melvill and Standen record this from Lifu. Specimens from
New Caledonia are described by Fischer. {

NERITA ALBICILLA, Linne.
Martens, Conch. Cab. ii., 11, 1889, p. 25, pl. wiii., figs. 1, 2.

One living example, found in the lagoon.

This species ranges south along the Australian coast to Sydney.
Von Martens cites Port Carteret, New Ireland, Solomons, New
Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and Tahiti. A specimen from
Erromanga, New Hebrides, is in this Museum.

NeERITA MAXIMA, Chemnitz.
Martens, op. cit., p. 29, pl. vi., figs. 1 —5.
Two living shells from under stones between tides in the lagoon
of Funafuti.
Von Martens quotes for this Jaluit, Marshalls, Fiji, Samoa,
and Tahiti.
Specimens are in this Museum from Aneiteum, New Hebrides.

NERITA PLICATA, Linne.
Martens, op. cit., p. 63, pl. x., figs. 6 — 10.

This species occured at Funafuti in great profusion. The wave-
worn breccia of the outer beach, just above high tide, is its
favourite haunt. Here a hundred may be gathered from a few
square feet. Into any crevice they crawl and huddle together
like a cluster of Helix aspersa when hibernating. Their tenacity
is wonderful. Often when picking them out of a crevice in the
coral, I have pulled away the shell and found the foot and
operculum adhering to the rock, torn from the viscera left in the

* Kiener—Cogquilles Vivantes, 1873, Delphinula, p. 4.
+ Melvill & Standen— Op. cit., p. 126.
{ Fischer—Journ. de Conch. xxiii., 1875, p. 197.

410 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

shell. This mollusc sometimes ascends the trunks of trees in the
vicinity of the beach, and behaves more like a terrestrial than a
marine organism.

Martens quotes the following habitats from the Pacific :—New
Guinea, Tucopia, New Caledonia, Fiji, Upolu, Samoa, Uvea,
Futuna, Tongatabu, Tahiti, Borabora, Gambier, Paumotus, Mar-
quesas, Jaluit, Marshalls, Ponape, Guam, Oarolines, and the
Mariannes. Material in this Museum enables me to add Erro-
manga, New Hebrides, and the Solomons.

At Port Moresby, British New Guinea, I was told that this
mollusc is locally called “ mimi,” meaning “to itch,” because it
made the tongue of the eater sore.

NeriTa Pouita, Linne.

Martens, op. cit., p. 72, pl. iii., figs. 5, 10-26; pl. xiv., figs. 1-18,
22 — 26.

One specimen of the typical form found alive in the lagoon of
Funafuti.

Martens cites this from Queensland, New Ireland, Solomons,
Fiji, Upolu, Samoa, Vavao, Tonga, Mangarewa, Society Islands,
and Hawaii. I can add Eromanga, New Hebrides.

NERITA INSCULPTA, Recluz.
Martens, op. cit., p. 88, pl. xi, figs. 1 — 4.
Two living specimens were found in the Funafuti lagoon.

Martens notices this from Upolu, Samoa, and Bowen, Queens-
land.

NERITINA RETICULATA, Sowerby.
Martens, Conch. Cab. ii., 10, 1879, p. 132, pl. xv., figs. 1-3.

Several dead shells were found on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.

Martens cites this from Nukuhiva, Marquesas, Tahiti, Bora-
bora, and Morutea. In this Museum it is reported from Strong
Island, New Caledonia, and the Solomons. -

HELICINA MUSIVA, var. ROTUNDATA, Mousson.
Mousson, Journ. de Conch., xxi., 1873, p. 107.
Common at Funafuti. Graeffe collected this at Vaitupu.

EULIMA PYRAMIDALIS, A. Adams.
Tryon, Man. Conch., viii., 1886, p. 270, pl. Ixviii., fig. 14.
Three examples from the lagoon beach.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 411

I cannot, from published data, separate the later described Z.
solida, Sowb., and H. inflewa, Pease. Granted this synonomy,
the species extends to Fiji, Paumotus, and Hawaii.

EULIMA DECIPIENS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 4).

Shell small, straight, rather broad, translucent,
glossy. Colour porcelainous white. Apex mucro-
nate. Whorls eleven, scarcely rounded, sculpture
none. Suture scarcely perceptible; what first
appears to be the suture, proves with further
magnification to be the internal septa seen
through the shell substance. Aperture pyriform,
oblique, with a callous arched columella. Length
5, breadth 14 mm.

One living specimen from the lagoon.

This species somewhat resembles Z. piriformis,
Brugnone, than which it is rather narrower.

STYLIFER VARICIFERUS, Sp. Nov.
(Fig. 5).
Shell ovate conical, thin, translucent and shining. Apex broken
but apparently acicular. Remaining whorls nine, of which the

latter are markedly tumid and narrow, giving the shell a squeezed
or telescoped aspect. The upper whorls are smooth and polished,
the lower gradually. acquire an oblique, longitudinal sculpture
which becomes coarser as the shell proceeds and finally on the

412 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

last half whorl rise into sharp varices; on the latter three whorls
several weak spiral threads reticulate the transverse growth lines
and create angles below the suture and the periphery. Aperture
very oblique, lip sharp, sinuous, reflected, effuse anteriorly,
columella broad, arched, and reflected over a minute perforation.
Length 11, breadth 65 mm.

This species in size and general shape approaches S. eburneus,
Deshayes. But in the produced and effuse aperture it recedes from
that towards S. crotaphis, Watson. A single specimen was pro-
cured at Funafuti.

ODOSTOMIA BULIMOIDES, Sowverbie.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 362, pl. lxxix., fig. 69.
Several specimens which appear to be the young of this species
from the lagoon beach.

Described by Souverbie from New Caledonia and reported by
Melvill and Standen from Lifu.

ODOSTOMIA RUBRA, Pease.
Tryon, op. cvt., p. 363, pl. Ixxix., fig. 75.

One living example from the lagoon. Pease procured the type
from the Paumotus.

PYRAMIDELLA DOLABRATA, Var. TEREBELLOIDES, A. Adams.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 300, pl. Ixxii., fig. 74.
Two dead shells from the lagoon. There are specimens of this

in the Museum from Hawaii, under the name of Obeliscus sul-
catus, Nuttall.

PYRAMIDELLA TURRITA, A. Adams.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 301, pl. Ixxii., figs. 84, 85.
A few dead shell from the Jagoon beach. Tryon records this
from New Caledonia.

In these two latter species, aged or adult individuals develop
plicee within the lip, a fact omitted in monographs.

PYRAMIDELLA MITRALIS, A. Adams,
Tryon, op. cit., p. 305, pl. Ixxiii., figs. 2, 3, 94, 97.
Two dead shells from the lagoon beach. Tryon quotes this

from Tahiti; Melvill and Standen from Lifu. In this Museum it
it represented from Guam, New Caledonia, and Lord Howe Island.

OBTORTIO, gen. nov.

A shell of the Turbonillid, small, conical. Apex of two minute
discoidal whorls, half buried in a larger and longitudinally ribbed
whorl, to which succeeds a ribbed and tabulate whorl; these

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 413

together constituting a mus onite tip. On the next whorl], which
is also tabulate, she longitudinal sculpture almost disappears and
spiral lyrx arise. Subsequencly these latter are cancellated by a
reappearance of the longitudinal ribs. Aperture oval with a
broad and reflected columella, no varix.

Type Rissoa pyrrhacme, Melvill & Standen.

OBTORTIO PYRRHACME, Melvill & Standen.
Fig. 6.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 310, pl. xi.,
fig. 70.

These authors describe from Lifu, Loyalty Islands: ‘A pure
white ochre tipped shell, whorls eight or nine, much swollen,
longitudinally ribbed, spirally closely sulcate, aperture round, lip
simple, a little effuse.” This account is illustrated by a figure too
small to give details of sculpture, aperture or apex. To identify
a species from such data is a little hazardous, but the brown point
to the white shell is a peculiar feature which leads me to see in
“ Rissoa pyrrhacme” a common New Caledonian shell, long known
to the local collectors under the, doubtless erroneous, name of
“Fenella pupoides, Adams.’* I have collected this at Panie,
New Caledonia, a day’s sail from Lifu, whence Melvill and Standen
derived Lissoa pyrrhacme.

Among shell sand on the lagoon
beach of Funafuti I gathered a
dozen specimens specifically in-
separable from the Panie shells
which I thus identified. They are
smaller than Melvill and Standen’s
specimens, being barely four milli-
metres in length, whereas theirs
are six, the tips, unlike my Panie
examples, are faintly and barely
touched with colour, as if singed by
fire. In contour they exhibit much
variety ; two examples are drawn
to the same scale to illustrate diversity of proportion, perhaps a
sexual feature. The apex, which I hold to exhibit characters of
generic importance, consists first of two very minute whorls which
are almost buried in the succeeding whorl. These are very difli-
cult to observe, being seen in two instances only in the series
examined. A globose whorl, Jongitudinally ribbed, sometimes
only obliquely wrinkled, commences the real spire. This, the
subsequent whorl and the tip, together form an acicular point to
the shell when viewed through a hand-lens. The second, third,
and fourth whorls are tabulate, lending a pagoda aspect to the

(ON i Schmeltz—Cat. Godeffroy Museum, v., 1874, p. 104,

414 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

upper spire. These are the whorls stained chestnut, so dark as
to be almost black, in the New Caledonian specimens. The larger
whorls are closely corded by spiral lyre, having smaller lyre in
their interstices. Weak, longitudinal ribs undulate the central
whorls and appear on the last whorl, but vanish there before
reaching the periphery. The columella lip is broad and reflected,
obliquely ridged within and sharply bent above. The aperture
is perpendicular, ovate and grooved within.

Rissoa joviana of Melvill and Standen* appears to me to be an
absolute synonym of Alaba fulva, Watson.t These and Alaba
striata, Watson{ should enter the same genus as pyrrhacme.
Indeed I am not satisfied that all four names do not apply to
aspects of one polymorphic species.

SCALA REVOLUTA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 7).

Shell minute, white, with smooth coiled apex
and variced, solute, subsequent whorls. Whorls
six, of which the apical three are smooth and in
contact, the fourth commences to uncoil and the
remainder are widely separate. Varices eight
on the last whorl, with an anterior corner,
slightly elevated ; between the varices the shell
is smooth and glossy. Aperture broken in the
type example, but apparently circular. Length
3, breadth 1-5 mm.

One specimen from the lagoon beach.

The only shell for which the novelty might
be mistaken is S. hyalina, Sowerby. Judging
from Sowerby’s drawing§ that differs by being
much larger, broader, uncoiled to the tip, though less apart
latterly, and by more numerous and serrate varices.

Fig. 7.

SCALA PAUMOTENSIS, Pease.
Tryon, Man. Conch. ix., 1887, p. 65, pl. xiii., fig. 16.

Four specimens from the lagoon beach. Cited by Tryon from
Fiji, Gilberts, and Paumotus.

SCALA SUBAURICULATA, Sowverbie.
Tryon, op. ci., p. 67, pl. xiv., figs. 21, 22.

Four specimens from the lagoon beach correspond fairly well
with New Caledonian examples.

e

* Op. cit., p. 309, pl. xi., fig. 69.

+ Chall. Report, xv., 1886, p. 571, pl. xlii., figs. 5 a. b.
{ Op. cit., 569, pl. xlii., figs. 6 a. b.

§ Thesaurus Conch. I., 1847, pl. xxxii., figs. 21, 22.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 415

ScaLa OvALIS, Sowerby.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 69, pl. xiv., fig. 40.
With doubt I refer here a species obtained on the lagoon shore.

SCALIOLA LAPILLIFERA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 8).

Shell ovate conical, broad for the genus,
white, thin and translucent. Whorls seven,
rounded, the earlier closely coiled, the later
looser, surface obscurely marked by growth
strie. Apical whorls smooth and bare ; the
rest beset with adherent sand grains more
closely disposed about and below the peri-
phery. Aperture round, free from the preced-
ing whorl, with expanded and reflected lip.
Length 2, breadth 1 mm,

Three examples from the sandy beach of
the lagoon,

This is smaller and proportionately broader
than other Scaliola and especially differs by
the almost solute whorls. It is less coated
with adherent matter than S. caledonica.

TANTHINA, sp.
Specimens of an Janthina too young to determine specifically
occurred on the outer beach.

NaTICA VIOLACEA, Sowerby.
Tryon, Man. Conch. viii., 1886, p. 18, pl. iii., fig. 41.
One dead and broken example from the beach of the lagoon.
Tryon quotes this from Fiji; Melvill and Standen from Lifu. In
this Museum it is represented from the Bampton Reef, Coral Sea
and New Caledonia.

NATICA MAROCHIENSIS, Gmelin.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 22, pl. v., figs. 74-96 ; pl. vii., fig. 36; pl. viii.,
fig. 49.

Several dead shells occurred on the lagoon beach.

Melvill and Standen quote this from Lifu. In this Museum its
Australian range is shown to be from Torres Straits to Sydney,
and it is also represented from the New Hebrides, New Caledonia
and Hawaii.

NatviIcA MAMILLA, Linne.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 49, pl. xv., fig. 43; pl. xvi., figs. 46, 48; pl xvii,
figs. 65, 69.

One specimen was obtained attached to a native ornament as

described ante p. 247.

416 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

This Museum contains representatives from Queensland, British
New Guinea, New Caledonia and Hawaii.

NATICA MELANOSTOMA, Gmelin.
Tryon, op. ctt., p. 50, pl. xxi. figs. 13-18; pl. xxii., fig. 21.
A few empty shells were picked up on the beach of the lagoon.
Examples from Eagle Island, Queensland, British New Guinea
and New Caledonia are shown in this Museum.
NATICA UMBILICATA, Quoy & Gaimard.
Tryon, op. czt., p. 52, pl. xxii., fig. 26.

Several dead shells, not specifically distinguishable from this
Australian species, were collected on the beach of the lagoon,

The Museum series show it to range from Adelaide to Sydney.

VANIKORO GUERINIANA, Recluz.
Tryon, op. cié., p. 68, pl. xxix., fig. 62.

Several specimens were found alive in a crevice on the outer
reef at low tide.

CapuLus INTOoRTUS, Lamarck.

Tryon, Man. Conch. viii., 1886, p. 131, pl. xxxix., figs. 75, 76.
Several dead shelis were collected on the beach of the lagoon.
Tyron quotes this from the Paumotus, and Melvill and Standen

from Lifu. It is preserved in this Museum from Norfolk Island

and Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
CAPULUS VIOLACEUS, Angas.

Tryon, op. cit., p. 132, pl. xxxix., fig. 81.

Several specimens were gathered dead on the lagoon beach.

Examples of this species are before me from Sydney Harbour
and the New Hebrides.

HIPPONYX AUSTRALIS, Quwoy.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 136, pl. xli., figs. 9 — 15.

Only found alive as a commensal on the opercula of the large
Pteroceras.

Tryon cites this from Fiji and New Guinea, and Melvill and

’ Standen from Lifu. It is in this Museum from Torres Straits.
MITRULARIA EQUESTRIS, var. TORTILIS, Reeve.

Tryon, op. cvt., p. 138, pl. xliii., figs: 53 — 59, 61 —167.

Common dead in the high tide driftage on the shore of the
lagoon, Once found alive in a crevice of a coral block.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 417

TRUNCATELLA VALIDA, Pfeiffer.
Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak., 1846, p. 182; Conch. Cab., i., ‘“‘Truncatella,”
fougy p. L), pl. il, figs. 7, &, 19, 20; 21, 23.
Truncatella vitiana, Gould, Moll., U.S, Explor. Exped., 1852, p.
109, pl. viii., figs. 126, 126a, 126d.

Abundant at Funafuti where it has already been found by
Graeffe.* This belongs to a semi-marine, semi-terrestrial assem-
blage of which lT have already written that—‘The smallest islands
which possess any life at all are usually stocked by these forms,
which appear to range from Ceylon in the west, to the Sandwich
Islands in the east, and to be limited north and south by the
tropics.” +

Gould remarked that 7’. vitiana, admitted to be variable in
size, “is not very different from 7’. valida.” The differences in
sculpture, sinall perforation, basal keel and posterior fusion of the
ribs, on which he relied to separate the two, are shown by a series
before me to be quite inconstant features. Smith says,{ ‘“ When
the genus is re-monographed, it is probable that some older name
will be discovered to replace that of valida.” A sentence which
admirably expresses the assistance tendered by London writers
to students of the Pacific Mollusca.

OMPHALOTROPIS ZEBRIOLATA, J/ousson.
Mousson, Journ. de Conch., xiil., 1865, p. 181, pl. xiv., fig. 11; xxi,
1873, p. 108; Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, p. 308.
Omphalotropis rotumana, Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6). xx.,
1897, p. 552.

Abundant under sticks and stones on the main islet of Funafuti.
It had already been found here by Graeffe, who also observed it
at Nukufetau, Vaitupu, and Niutao in the Ellice, Nukuiona,
Uvea, Kanathia, Fiji, and Wallis Island. Authentic specimens
of the unfigured O. rotomana enable me to confidently unite
this with Mousson’s species. Some such conclusion seems indeed
to have been anticipated by Smith, who alludes to this and others
as likely to ‘“‘eventually prove to be slight variations of already
known species.”

ASSIMINEA NITIDA, Pease.
Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, p. 314.

Abundant on Funafuti, where it had already been collected by
Graetie.

Garrett, who gives a complete bibliography says: ‘This small
species is generally distributed throughout all the groups from the
Paumotus to the Viti Islands and New Caledonia.”

* Mousson—Journ. de Conch. xxi., 1878, p. 109.
+ Hedley—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) vi., 1891, p. 101.
{ Smith—Journ. Malak, v., 1896, p. 21.

Cc

418 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Rissoa INVISIBILIS, Sp. NOV.
(Fig. 9).

Shell small,sturdy, ~
conic ovate. Colour
white. Whorls four.
Sculpture — distant,
longitudinal, sharp
costze are crossed by
three similar spiral
ribs, which together
divide the surface
into nearly square
compartments ; at
the intersections are
small projections.
One spiral ridge
alone appears on the

Fig. 9. penultimate whorl,
both it and the longitudinals vanish on the whorl above. The
base is flattened, umbilicus narrow and deep. Aperture round,
columella slightly sinuate, recurved over the umbilicus, lip with
a heavy varix. Length 1:15, breadth -63 mm.

One specimen from the sand of the lagoon shore.

Shape and sculpture ally this to the group including R. trajectus,
Watson. The heavy lip, open pattern of ornament, and com-
parative breadth of the shell clearly distinguish the novelty, one
of the smallest of the genus, from any known form.

RIssOINA EXASPERATA, Sowverbie.
(Fig. 10).
Souverbie, Journ. de Conch., xiv., 1866, p. 259, pl.
ix., fig. 110.

To this species is referred with doubt a series from
Funafuti. The published account is insufficient for
accurate determination, and my principal reason for
considering the Ellice shell to be 2. exasperata is its
identity with a common New Caledonian shell
which I have myself collected at Panie, N.C., and
have received from Noumea, from Mr. R. C.
Rossiter. That Conchologist regards it as A. ex-
asperata, and it answers fairly to Souverbie’s
description as far as that goes, but it is less easy to reconcile it
with his figure.

This figure, perhaps drawn from a worn specimen, was so badly
copied by Weinkauff* as to almost eliminate the name character
and represents a smooth ewasperata. Tryon unfortunately appears

* Conchylien Cabinet, i., 22, 1885, p. 54, pl. xiv., fig. 10.

‘ THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 419

to have accepted the copy, bad beyond recognition, as original, and
copied it* in preference to Souverbie’s. To the habitat he adds Fiji.

As a synonym I would add the name of Rissoina quasillus,
Melvill and Standen} from Lifu. Neither figure nor description
of this are sufficient for decision, we are not told how many ribs
there are, whether continuous or discontinuous, etc., yet there
seems nothing incompatible between #. quasillusand the shell under
discussion. That these authors should have failed to institute a
comparison between their supposed novelty and a shell so similar
from the same locality, suggests that they overlooked Souverbie’s
description.

Since so much confusion has enveloped A. exasperata, it is not
superfluous to present a drawing (Fig. 10) and remarks upon the
Funafuti specimens.

Shell elongated, when well preserved slightly turriculated,
varies slightly in being more slender or more stout. Dead shells
are white. A fresh specimen has within the aperture four narrow,
spiral lines of golden brown; outside, another such line colours
the anterior spiral lyra of the antipenultimate whorl, two such
‘the second and third of the penultimate, and three such the
second, third, and fifth lyre respectively of the ultimate whorl.
Other worn specimens show traces of this colour pattern. On the
last whorl there are nineteen or twenty stout, narrow, erect, longi-
tudinal ribs, half the breadth of their interstices ; these arise at
the suture, and maintain an even size to the base, on attaining
which they suddenly cease. These ribs are repeated on the pre-
ceding whorls ; they are not continuous from whorl to whorl, but
each arises and ends between the projections of predecessors and
successors. They are fewer and relatively stronger on the earlier
whorls, being indicated on the second and fully developed on the
fourth.

On the last whorl there are five spiral cords, which are half
the height of the longitudinal ribs. At the point of intersection
a bead arises on the ribs. The hollows in the lattice work thus
formed are square and are minutely spirally striated. The base
is encircled by two or three small and finely beaded lyre. Three
spiral cords ascend for three whorls, growing weaker as they
proceed. The first whorl is dome-shaped, and the second keeled.

These specimens are 24 to 34 mm. long, and have seven to eight
whorls.

Occurred in the lagoon in shallow water.

The Chevert Expedition reported this species from Palm and
Darnley Islands, Queensland. The Museum also possesses a series
presented by Mrs. J. G. Waterhouse, whocollected them at Lord Howe

* Tryon—Man. Conch., ix., 1887, p. 384, pl. lvii., fig. 96.
+ Melvill & Standen—Journ, Conch., yiii., 1897, p. 308, pl. xi., fig. 65,

420 . FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Island. These measure 5 mm. in length, and have an additional
spiral cord.

Though certainly distinct, R. transenna, Watson, has much
resemblance to this species. &. clathrata, Adams, appears to
differ slightly by coarser sculpture.

RissoOINA GEMMEA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 11).

Shell narrow, conical, white. Whorls eight (including two em-
bryonic), rounded, suture lightly impressed. Embryonic whorls
smooth, shining, apparently two, but a study of several species of
the genus suggests that the topmost apparent
whorl may contain several whorls wound in the
same plane and concealed within the outermost.
Sculpture—the last whorl is evenly and closely
latticed by the intersection of eleven slender
spiral cords, and about forty-two delicate longi-
tudinal ribs ; a smooth shining bead marks each
crossing of the sculpture. The longitudinal ribs
are slightly stronger than the spiral cords, a -
quarter of the breadth of their interstices,
slightly oblique and curved; they cross regularly
from base to suture and continue without stop-
page at the suture, from whorl to whorl of the
spire. Ascending the upper whorls, the spiral
cords become fewer and gradually vanish leaving
as vestiges a fewdenticles.on the ribs. The spaces
enclosed by the majorsculpture are square shallow

Fig. 11. pits, spirally striated. Round the base are wound
three or four irregularly beaded cords.

Aperture oblique, produced in front, contracted anteriorly to a
short spout; columella sharply recurved at the base, extending
across the body-whorl as a thick layer of callus ; posteriorly the
lip is sharply folded at its junction with the body whorl. The
outer lip is much thickened, grooved upon the inner face, denticu-
late on the profile and with a heavy callus behind. Length 4,
breadth 14 mm.

One specimen in shallow water in the lagoon.

In this species the grains seem to be smaller and more numerous
than in any other beaded Rissoina described.

RIsSOINA POLYTROPA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 12).

Shell ovate, fusiform, narrow, white. Suture impressed, Whorls
seven, including two embryonic. The last whorl descends from
the spiral plane of its predecessors until reaching the aperture,
when it ascends suddenly and rapidly, the varix mounting up the
preceding whorl for three tiers of spiral lyre. The shell is thus

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 431

thrown out of symmetry with most Rissoina.
Sculpture—as usual with the genus, the longi-
tudinal sculpture predominates to begin with ;
the third, or first sculptured, whorl show-
ing a few stout plications. On the following
whorl fine spiral threads are visible in the
interstices ; on the whorl beneath these are
magnified to substantial lyre ; and on the next
or penultimate they have doubled in number,
and rival the longitudinal in stature, at their
intersection beads appear. On the last whorl
the longitudinal, as such, have faded away, their
influence showing in fine beads perceptible on
the sutural and less distinct on a few of the
nearer lyrze; the spiral lyre have now increased
to nearly thirty, the anterior smooth, the pos-
terior with evanescent beading. These are sharply raised threads,
half the width of their interstices, evenly arranged, extending
from the suture to the anterior point of the shell where they are
smaller and more crowded. Aperture almost perpendicular, oval,
anteriorly with a short perpendicular spout which falls short of
the anterior margin; columella broad, obliquely and sharply
truncated. From this truncation a wide and thick callus extends
across the body whorl to the posterior angle of the aperture. Here
the lip is sharply bent. The outer bevelled lip projects broadly as
a heavy varix crossed by fifteen of the spiral lyre, the central
couple of which are smaller and nearer together. Length 44,
breadth 2 mm.

Five specimens in shallow water in the lagoon.

The extinction of longitudinal and the supremacy of spiral
sculpture is unfrequent in the genus. Such species have been
separated by Nevill as the Section Morchiella. From all there
included the novelty differs by smaller size, more numerous lyre,
and truncated columella.

Rissorina PLICATA, Adams.
(Fig. 13).
Adams, Proce, Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 264; Mohrenstern,
Denk. Akad. Wiss., xix., 1860, p. 125, pl. iii.,
fig. 21; Weinkauff, Conch. Cab., i., 22, 1885,
p. 23, pl. viii., figs. 5, 6.
Rissoina turricula, Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860,
p. 438,

Two specimens from Funafuti are thus deter-
mined. The species appears to vary greatly in size.
Whereas the type is described as being 54 mm,
long, the Ellice examples are but 2} mm. The

422 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

development of the basal rib, and the number of longitudinal
plications vary also. The transverse markings are not grooves,
as Adams’ description would mislead one to suppose, but elevated
threads. The difticulty I found in naming this species induces me
to offer a drawing for the assistance of others.

Authentic specimens of A. turricula, Pease, from Hawaii, en-
able me to unite it with the above, a conclusion which Weinkauft’s
bad figures would not have suggested.

A specimen from British New Guinea is contained in this
Museum. Tryon quotes #. turricula from Fiji.

RissoInA AMBIGUA, Gould.

Gould, Moll., U.S. Explor. Exped., p. 217, pl. xv., figs. 26la—c;
Tryon, Man. Conch., ix., 1887, p. 371, pl. lv., figs. 27, 29, 31,
35 ; pl. liv., fig. 7.
A few worn specimens were collected on the lagoon beach.
They belong to a variety with smaller and more numerous ribs
on the last whorl than the type.

This is one of the most abundant and widespread species in the
Pacific. It was first found in the Paumotus Group. I have
seen specimens from Tahiti. Pease found it in the Hawaiian and
Garrett in the Fijian Islands. I have collected it in Port Moresby,
New Guinea, and again at Panie, New Caledonia.

RISSOINA AFFINIS, Garrett.

Garrett, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1873, p. 212, pl. i.,
fig. 10.

One specimen from the lagoon beach resembles Garrett’s figure
and description, but differs in being microscopically striated above
and below the periphery, and also in being eight instead of 5 mm.
long.

RIsSOINA SPIRATA, var. SUPRACOSTATA, Garrett.
Garrett, loc. cit., p. 209, pl. ii., fig. 1; Tryon, foc. cit., p. 388.

A small specimen, even more drawn out than Garrett’s figure,
from the lagoon beach.

DIALA VIRGATA, Sp. Nov.
(Fig. 14).

Shell imperforate, narrow, regularly conical, obtusely angled at
the periphery, blunt at the tip, surface dull. Colour most variable,
typically about half-a-dozen broad, irregular, opaque, white stripes
extend longitudinally upon a translucent white ground from the
suture to beyond the periphery of the last whorl, and cross the
full breadth of the earlier ones. The translucent ground, but not
the opaque patches, are crossed by an indefinite number, commonly

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 423

from eight to sixteen, spiral brown threads.
These lines sometimes coalesce and produce a
colour pattern of opaque white blotches on
a dark chestnut ground. The opaque white
spaces vary in number and extent; when re-
stricted they appear as a series of rhombs
on the periphery and triangles on the suture ;
by confluence these form longitudinal ragged
stripes and separate the barred or brown
tracts into rough ovals. This colouration is
visible within the aperture. Sculpture—
longitudinal growth lines are perceptible ;
the whole body whorl is evenly spaced by
about a dozen, wide, very shallow grooves, upon the narrow in-
tervening ridges of which are apt to occur the chestnut bars ; the
peripheral groove is the most distinct. Whorls seven, gradually
increasing, slightly rounded ; embryonic whorl one, minute, tur-
binate. Suture deeply impressed. Aperture slightly oblique,
ovate, pointed posteriorly, rounded and effuse anteriorly ; colum-
ella reflected, stained medially with chestnut ; callus on body
whorl slight, outer lip straight, simple. Operculum thin, corneous,
ovate, paucispiral. Length 27, breadth 14 mm.

Very abundant ; alive on stones and shells in shallow water in
the lagoon.

This species differs from D. albugo, Watson, and D. ludens,
Melvill and Standen, by a dull instead of a glossy surface, and
by the opaque tracts occurring in larger continuous sheets instead
of being scattered in small and numerous dots.

Fig. 14.

From the description of Rissoa flammea, Pease,* I suppose that
it is either the same or very like the shell before me.

DiAta HARDYI, Melvill & Standen.

Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1895, p. 118, pl. ii,
fig. 10.
This species is common in the lagoon. I have identified it with

a species I took at Panie, New Caledonia, which answers to the
account of the Lifu shell.

SoLARIUM HYBRIDUM, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch. ix., 1887, p. 14, pl. v., figs. 59 - 62.
A dead example from the lagoon beach.
Recognised by Melvill and Standen from Lifu, by Schmeltz
from Samoa, Tonga, and Cook’s Islands, and represented in this
Museum from Teste Island, Louisiades.

* Pease—Am. Journ. Conch., iii., 1867, p. 297, pl. xxiv., fig. 33.

494 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

HELIACUS DIscorpDEus, Pease.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 21, pl. vi., fig. 6.
One dead shell from the shore of the lagoon. Previously known
only from the Paumotus.
LITTORINA OBESA, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 247, pl. xliii., fig. 53.
In great profusion at and above high water-mark, on stones

and even tree stems, on the windward beach of the atoll, in com-
pany with Nerita, Truncatella, and Melampus.

Recorded by Melvill and Standen from Lifu, by Smith* from
Rotuma, and shown in this Museum from Eddystone Island
(Solomons), Vate (New Hebrides), the Gilberts, and Fanning
Island.

Mopu.vus tectum, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cit, p. 260, pl. xlviii., figs. 87 — 89.
One dead shell was found on the beach of the Funafuti lagoon.
Tryon quotes this from Fiji and Hawaii; Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. It is in this Museum from New Caledonia.
RISELLA CONOIDALIS, Pease.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 263, pl. 1., fig. 38.
Dead shells were not uncommon on the sandy beach of the lagoon.

The species was originally described from the Paumotus. I
have collected it at Panie, New Caledonia. Schmeltz mentions
it from Tahiti. There can, I think, be little doubt that the shell
described twelve years later from Lifu by Montrouziert as Hchi-
nella gaidei is identical.

PLESIOTROCHUS SOUVERBIANUS, /scher.
Tryon, Joc. cié., p. 264, pl. 1, figs. 44 — 46.

Not rare as dead shells on the sandy shore of the lagoon.
Originally described from Lifu.

FossaARUS LAMELLOSUS, Montrouzxter.
Tryon, loc. ct., p. 271, pl. li., fig. 7.

Three dead shells were found on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon. The type from New Caledonia is described as imperforate,
but these have a deep and narrow umbilicus.

PLANAXIS suLCcATUS, Lorn.
Tryon, lo.c cit., p. 276, pl. lit, figs. 22 — 27, 31, 32.

+ Smith—Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) xx., 1897, p. 528.
+ Montrouzier—Journ. de Conch., xxvii., 1879, p. 62, pl. iii., figs, 3, 3a.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 425

I found this gregarious species in great numbers under stones
between tide marks on the lagoon shore of Funafuti. Tenison
Woods has described this as occurring in similar positions and
abundance in tropical Queensland.*

In this Museum it is represented from Torres Straits and Port
Molle, Queensland, and the Solomons.

PLANAXIS LINEATUS, Da Costa.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 278, pl. liii., figs. 49 - 57, 59, 63 — 66; pl. lii., figs.
38 — 48.

This species is also markedly gregarious. Little colonies
occurred under stones between tide marks on the outer reef of
Funafuti.

Tryon mentions this from the Solomons, Tahiti and Paumotus.
Melvill and Standen record it under the synonym of P. virgatus,
Smith, from Lifu. Smith gives it from Fiji.t I have collected it at
Oubatche, New Caledonia, and this Museum has it from Hawaii and
the New Hebrides.

MELANIA MAGENI, G'assves.
Gassies, Faune Conchyliologique de la Nouvelle Caledonie, 1863,
part i, p. 95, pl. vi., fig, 10.
Abundant in the native wells at Funafuti.

First described from New Caledonia, and lately recognised by
Smith from Rotuma. Contrary to the priority given by Brot
and Crosse this species has page precedence over M. montrouxert,
Gassies.

CAECUM VERTEBRALE, Sp. Nov.
(Fig. 15).

Caecum sp., De Folin, Challenger Reports, Zoology,
xv., 1886, p. 684, pl. il., fig. 12.

Shell of moderate size for the genus, white
(? bleached), rather curved, slightly tapering,
ornamented with twenty-five strong, pretty regular
rounded, transverse rings, which are separated by
interstices of corresponding breadth and depth.
Septum a low rounded dome. Length 2:15,
breadth °56 mm.

A single perfect specimen, gathered on the sandy
shore of the lagoon, is with some confidence identi-
fied with a nameless fragment dredged by the
“ Challenger ” off Honolulu.

___ = ana ee o ae i sae:
* Tenison Woods—Proe. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., v., 1881, p. 108.
+ Smith—Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xii., 1876, p. 552.

6.

426 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

CarEcuUM EXILE, De Folin.

De Folin, Joc. czt., p. 687, pl. ili,, figs, 20 — 22.
Four specimens of this were collected with the preceding. That
two are a pale umber colour suggests that the unique shell dredged

by the “ Challenger” off Tongatabu and described as crystalline,
was faded. I have also taken this at Panie, New Caledonia.

CAECUM GULOSUM, sp. nov.
(Fig. 16).

Shell white, slender, rather curved, suddenly
expanded behind the aperture, concentrically sculp-
tured by fine close threads which grow coarser
anteriorly. Septum much exserted, flattened distally
and with two rough ring ridges. Length 1-8, breadth
‘4 mm.

One specimen from the lagoon beach.

Nearest to C. attenwatum which is narrower and
more curved, also allied to C. amputatum, Hedley,*
from which it differs by being smaller and of a more
slender build.

VERMETUS MAXIMUS, Sowerby.
(Fig. 17).
Tryon, Man. Conch. viii., 1886, p. 184, pl. lv., figs. 89, 90;
Morch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 166.

The Funafuti people consider this species good food, and call it
“gea.” It occurs in abundance in large clumps of Millepora
growing on the lagoon side of the southern horn of the main islet.
Here the earlier and irregularly coiled whorls were imbedded in
the coral mass, but the last half foot of the tube stood up erect
and free. What I consider the same species also grew, though
rarely, on the outer reef-flat at low water, where it was altogether
prostrate and had a more pronounced keel.

One fine specimen is thirty-five mm. across the aperture. Within
the shell is white, smooth and porcellanous, at the slightly everted
lip it has a faint purple tinge which soon fades. Externally it
has a longitudinal, dorsal keel or crest, and is concentrically
furrowed by growth lines. The distal part of the tube is, perhaps
as a repair after injury, sometimes plugged with a shelly wad.

The animal is bold and active, if touched it shrinks two or three
inches down the tube, but soon recovers confidence and rises to
the aperture. The mantle margin is sometimes entire, sometimes
notched dorsally. The long thick retractor or columella muscle
is ventral. ,

* Hedley—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., (2) viii., 18938, p. 504, fig.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 427

Beneath the head is a flap terminating anteriorly in two pro-
cesses and arising from a deep cleft between the mouth and the
operculum. Treating of the same or an allied species from Guam,
Quoy and Gaimard* describe this as an anti-buccal appendage and
figure it from above. I regard it as the relic of a degenerated
propodium. The accompanying sketch (Fig. 17) in profile, of an
animal half drawn out of the shell and stript of the operculum, will
better convey an idea of this organ than figures taken from above.

Fig. 17.

Whena gasteropod retreats into the shell it doubles the foot either
lengthwise, as in some inoperculate forms, or across, as in most oper-
culates. In the latter case when completely retracted, the foot is so
folded head to tail that the anterior half of the sole is applied to the
posterior; the operculum then closes the aperture. In a sedentary
form this position of retraction might become permanent. Where
the foot never serves for progression, but continues to maintain a
useful operculum, it is easy to imagine that the fore part of the
folded foot would become atrophied and that as it diminished the
hind part would enlarge. This is the history suggested for the
shrunken propodium of Vermetus, which lies tucked away between
the mouth and the operculum. The process of evolution perhaps
continued in the direction of utilising the appendices of the pro-
podium as tentacles.

This species was collected by Hugh Cuming at Marutea, Pau-
motus, and opercula of it were received from Lifu by Melvill and
Standen. In a preceding article (p. 243) I have quoted a descrip-
tion of a mollusc from Mangaiia, called “ ungakoa,” which is
probably this. In Java it is known as “karang,” which Morch
translates as “coral tube.” The only Pacific shell with which
this can be confused is the pipe-like Kwphus arenarius, L.

VERMETUS, Sp.
A second species of this genus, somewhat resembling V. grandis,
Gray,} or V. imbricatus, Dunker, also occurred.

TURRITELLA CONCAVA, Martens.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 206, pl. Ixiv., fig. 6.

*Quoy & Gaimard—Voy. “Astrolabe,” Zoologie, iii., 1835, p. 295, pl.
Ixvii., figs. 13 - 15.
+ Tryon—Man. Conch., viii., 1886, p. 182, pl. liv., fig. 79.

428 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Two imperfect shells from the lagoon correspond to examples
of this Mauritian species.

STROMBUS LENTIGINOSUS, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch. vii., 1885, p. 110, pl. iii., tigs. 23, 24.
One dead shell I picked up on the Funafuti beach.

Tryon gives the localities of New Caledonia and Fiji; in this
Museunn it is from British New Guinea and the Solomons.

Srrompus FLoRIDuS, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 119, pl. vii., figs. 73 - 76, 80, 83.
Abundant alive in shallow water in the lagoon, associated with
S. luhuanus.

Cuming saw this in the Society Islands, Tryon quotes it from
Fiji, and Von Martens from Samoa.* It ranges along the Aus-
tralian coast south to Sydney. In this Museum it is represented
from Teste Island, Louwisiades, Erromanga, New Hebrides, and
Hawaii.

STROMBUS DENTATUS, var. RUGOSUS, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc: cit. p. 119; pl. vir, fig: 72:
Abundant alive in the Funafuti lagoon.
Schmeltz records this from Samoa and Tonga.+

. STROMBUS H#MASTOMA, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 120, pl. vii., fig. 78.
Recorded from the Ellice Group by Schmeltz. {

STROMBUS TEREBELLATUS, Sowerby.
Tryon, oc. cit., p. 121, pl. viii., fig. 87.
Alive, with the preceding, but uncommon.

Tryon notes this from Fiji, and it has already been recorded
from the Ellice Group by Schmeltz. It is shown in this Museum
from New Guinea.

STROMBUS GIBBERULUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 121, pl. vill., fig. 85,

Only seen in a dead state on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.

Cuming found this at the Society Islands. Tryon gives it from
New Guinea, Fiji, and the Paumotus ; and Melvill and Standen

from Lifu. It is in this Museum from Torres Straits, Louisiades,
and New Hebrides.

* Martens—Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxi., 1889, p. 189.
+ Schmeltz—Mus. Godeffroy, Cat. v., 1874, p. 142.
ft Schmeltz—Loc. cit., p. 142.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 4929

Strompus sAMaR, Dillwyn.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 121, pl. viii., fig. 88.
Mr. G. Sweet procured one specimen.

STROMBUS LUHUANUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 122, pl. viii., figs. 91, 92.

Abundant alive on sandy patches between rocks in the lagoon
of Funafuti. The natives call it ‘‘paneia” and esteem it as
food.

Tryon quotes it from New Guinea and Fiji, and Melvill and
Standen from Lifu. It extends along the Australian coast south
to Sydney.*

PTEROCERA AURANTIA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 124, pl. ix., fig. 5.
One imperfect but recognisable specimen from Funafuti.

Schmeltz quotes this from Samoa and the Carolines.j It is in
this Museum from Fiji.

PTEROCERA BYRONIA, Gmelin.
(Fig. 18).
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 124.

A native guided me to the haunt of this
mollusc, a gravel flat on the western side of
the lagoon, on which the water was waist-
deep at low tide. Here I collected numerous
living examples. All the older specimens, though
alive, had lost the fingers of the shell, which dis-
figured them almost beyond specific recognition.
(Fig. 18). Mr. Whitelegge has pointed out to me
that the callous lining of the aperture is every-
where perforated by some vegetable organisms,
probably alge. He suggests that their action
has resulted in these mutilations.

On the opercula of most specimens were seated
a couple of Hipponyx australis, Quoy.

The natives, who termed it “karea,” valued it for food both
raw and roasted, and in ancient times used it as an edge for
various implements. By mistake, I have referred to this species
in preceding pages (pp. 67 and 263) as P. lambis.

Cuming collected this species in the Society islands, the Chevert
Expedition in Torres Straits, and specimens have been received
by this Museum from Erromanga, New Hebrides.

* Hedley—Proc. Linn. Soc N.S.W., xxi., 1896, p. 88.
+ Schmeltz—Mus. Godeffroy Cat. v., 1874, p. 141.

430 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

PTEROCERA RUGOSA, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cté., p. 126, pl. x., fig. 12.
I saw a living specimen in the hands of another member of our
party, and picked up a dead shell on the beach.

Cuming found this at the Society Islands. New Caledonian
examples are contained in this Museum.

TEREBELLUM SUBULATUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, Joc. cit, p. 131, pl. xi., figs. 27 — 30.

Only twice seen, and that in a dead state, on the shore of the
Funafuti lagoon.

Schmeltz records this from Samoa, Fiji, and the Pelews. The
Chevert Expedition took itin Torres Straits. Melvill and Standen
cite it from Lifu. In this Museum it is from the Bampton Reef
and Aneiteum, New Hebrides. I have also taken it at Port
Moresby, British New Guinea, and Noumea, New Caledonia.

CERITHIUM NODULOSUM, Brugwiere.
Tryon, loc .cit., ix., 1887, p. 122, pl. xix., figs. 13, 14; pl. xx.,
fig. 15.
A small form, only 70 mm. or so in length, was not uncommon

alive at low water mark on the reefs in the lagoon. ‘This species
was observed in Torres Straits by the ‘‘ Chevert” Expedition.

CERITHIUM COLUMNA, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 123, pl. xx., figs. 17 — 20.

Frequent on the lagoon beach. It is represented in this
Museum from Moreton Bay, Queensland, New Caledonia, Fann-
ing Island and Hawaii. Smith reports it from San Christoval,
Solomons, Schmeltz from Samoa and the Paumotus, and Melvill
and Standen from the Loyalties; it was taken in Fiji by the
“Challenger,” and in Torres Straits by the ‘ Chevert” Expeditions.

CERITHIUM CITRINUM, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 123, pl. xx., figs. 21 - 23.

Three specimens of a dwarf form, only 7 mm. long, from the
lagoon beach are referred to this species. Already recorded from
the Ellice by Schmeltz.

CERITHIUM ECHINATUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 123, pl. xx., figs. 25 - 27.

One example. Hugh Cuming collected this at Anaa, Pau-
motus, ;

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 43]

CreriTtHium mMAcuLOsUM, Mighels.

Kobelt, Conch. Cab., “Cerithium,” 1895, p. 499, pl. xxxv., figs.

Ley Lg,
One dead shell from the lagoon beach. Also occurs at Hawaii.

CERITHIUM ROSTRATUM, Sowerby.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 130, pl. xxiii, figs. 90, 91.

Three specimens from the lagoon beach. There are examples
in this Museum from the New Hebrides; Pease observed it in
Hawaii; Hugh Cuming at Marutea, Paumotus ; Brazier at San
Christoval, Solomons; the ‘“Chevert” took it in Torres Straits, and
Tryon gives it from Fiji.

CERITHIUM OCEANICUM, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 19).

Shell rather elongate, almost truncate anteriorly. Colour
uniform chocolate. Whorls eight, the upper biangulate, the last
equal in length to the remainder. Sculpture: there are on the
penultimate whorl (including varices) twenty low, rounded, longi-
tudinal ribs, which crenulate the suture. These cross regularly
from whorl to whorl, becoming fewer but proportionately stronger
as they ascend the spire ; on the last whorl they
become evanescent. Two spiral lines of granules
descend the spire, appearing on the crest of each
rib as a smooth boss. On the body whorl there
are besides, beneath these, three spiral lines in
which the beads have nearly fused into a smooth
continuous ridge, the uppermost of these is some-
times apparent in the spire as a super sutural
fasciole. The whole surface of the shell except
the beads, is covered by close, microscopic, raised
spiral hair lines. Three, obliquely ascending, con-
tinuous lines of varices mount the spire a third of
a whorl apart. Aperture slightly oblique, semi-
lunate ; anterior canal hardly more than a notch, Fig. 19.
directed sideways; columella anteriorly truncated,
externally wrinkled and curved downwards and outwards, inter-
nally with a low ridge-tubercle, callus on body whorl medium ;
outer lip strongly variced behind, edge sharp, notched by the
major spiral sculpture, finely grooved within. Length 8, breadth
4 mm.

A single, perhaps not quite adult specimen from the lagoon beach.

This shell seems to be a dwarf of the species which Sowerby
has figured* as “Cerithium granosus, Kiener.” The shell which
Kiener himself figurest so differs in contour, sculpture, size,

* Sowerby—Thesaurus Conch. ii., 1855, pl. clxxxi., fig. 128, 124.
+ Kiener—Coquilles Vivantes, Canaliferes i. (n.d.), pl. iv., fig. 5, p. 57.

432 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

colour and details of the aperture, that Sowerby’s determination
can only be considered as one of the blunders which so plentifully
occur in his works.

CERITHIUM BREVE, var. ELLICENSIS, var. nov.
(Fig. 20).

Shell conical, blunt in front and tapering somewhat rapidly
behind. Colour cream. Apex of the only example broken,
remaining whorls seven, of which the upper are much eroded.
Sculptured by low rounded longitudinal ribs which crenulate the
suture and project at the periphery, on the antipenultimate there
are thirteen of these, on the penultimate fifteen, and on the last
whorl where they tend to disappear, there are counting varices,
eleven. The last whorl is girdled by six, the earlier by two zones
of raised and polished callus, which swell into greater prominence
on the crest of each rib. The space between these zones is scored
by sharp, narrow, revolving grooves, widest apart in the centre.
Behind the aperture is a broad outstanding varix
which ascends the penultimate whorl to the lower
callus zone. Half a whorl further back is another
but much weaker varix. No varices can certainly
be distinguished on the spire, though some slightly
more prominent ribs there suggest them. Aperture
perpendicular, oval, anterior canal short, oblique
and deeply cut; inner lip with a heavy layer of
callus terminating above and below in a ridge
tubercle. Anteriorly and externally the columella
is reflected, not appressed to the shell, Outer lip
within much thickened, armed with seven enter-
ing ridges of callus. Length 10, breadth 5 mm,

One specimen from the lagoon beach, differs from
type by smaller size and less prominent sculpture.

Of the figures accessible to me, this form most resembles those
of OC. hanleyi, Sowerby, and C. rubrolineatum, Sowerby,* from
which it seems to differ by smaller size, absence of coloured bands,
and apparently different arrangement of the teeth of the aperture.
Tryon unites these two, and comments severely on this author’s
nomenclature. Sowerby himself, by a negligence truly remarkable,
omits both from his later Monograph in the Conchologia Iconica.
The original figure of C. brevet seems to be badly drawn. As
Kiener had access to the original specimens of Quoy and Gaimard,
I would rather base an identification on his different but well
drawn figure.t Smith has suggested§ that ‘‘C. breve may be

* Sowerby—Thesaurus Conch. ii., 1855, pl. clxxxiii., figs. 193 and 199.
+ Voy. “Astrolable,” Zool., 1835, pl. liv., fig. 9.

t Kiener—Loc. cit., pl. xiv., fig. 2.

§ Smith—Mollusca, Zool. Coll. “‘Alert,” 1884, p. 65.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 433

only a form of C. morus, Lamk.” Tryon, ever ready to reduce
synonymy, agreed in this view. Whatever may be deemed the value
of C. breve, it cannot be adjudged an absolute synonym of C. morus.

The type of C. breve came from Tongatabu. The shell does
not seem to have been again observed,

CERITHIUM SPICULUM, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 21).

Shell narrow, subulate, with a sharply-pointed
spire and a rounded base. Colour dull white, dis-
tantly, faintly, irregularly, and minutely spotted
with chestnut. Whorls eleven, slowly increasing,
somewhat turreted, flattened. Sculpture—on the
uppermost whorls the spiral ridges are tuber-
culated by longitudinal plications which rapidly
diminish as the growth proceeds. On the last
whorl their influence is barely perceptible in faint,
shallow, longitudinal undulations. A stout varix
occurs a third of a whorl behind the aperture ;
from four to ten, raised, spiral cords encircle each
whorl, in the interstices of which are fine spiral
threads. Aperture perpendicular, oval; outer lip
straight and sharp; canal very -short, turned
abruptly outwards. Length 11, breadth 4 mm,

Two specimens were obtained in the outer beach of Nukulailai.

This form appears allied to C. lactewm, Kiener,* from which it
differs by smaller size, narrower outline, and absence of granula-
tions.

CERITHIUM STRICTUM, sp. nov.
(Fig. 22).

Shell narrow, elongate, tapering in a slender spire
and blunt anteriorly. Colour white, irregularly
longitudinally splashed with chestnut. Whorls seven,
the upper angled, the last straight. Sculpture—
round the angle of the upper whorls runs a line of
tubercles, of which eleven occur on the penultimate.
Very slight longitudinal undulations, hardly to be
called ribs, extend from these tubercles across the
whorl ; both vanish before attaining the last whorl.
This latter is girt with about twenty, sharp, revolv-
ing ridges, of which the central is largest and
corresponds to the tuberculated angle of the earlier
whorls ; the rest vary in size and spacing, the basal
ridges being least and closest; the upper seven ascend »W~
the spire. A large varix is behind the aperture, and a Fig. 22.

* Kiener—Coquilles Vivantes, Canaliferes i., (n.d.), p. 58, pl. vii., figs.
3, 3a.

Dp

434 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

weaker one half a whorl back, none else appear. Aperture per-
pendicular, oval. Outer lip smooth within, sharp edged, crenulate
outside, inner lip excavate, thickly lined with callus, with a
posterior nodule at the margin of the channelled angle. Length
7, breadth 3 mm.

A single specimen from the lagoon beach,

This species seems related to C. maculosum, Mighels ; it is far
more slender, and differs in that the revolving line of tubercles
fails to attain the last whorl.

CERITHIUM VARIEGATUM, Quoy & Gaimard,
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 134, pl. xxiv., figs. 41, 43, 45, 65, 66.

Some imperfect examples collected by Mr. Sweet are with
hesitation so determined.

, CERITHIUM ZEBRUM, Kiener.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 187, pl. xxv., figs. 71, 72.

I refer to this species a small shell abundant on the lagoon beach,
7 mm. long, variously coloured—brown, cream, mauve and salmon,
unbanded and banded. No really satisfactory figure or description
of it exists, the earliest is much the best. Melvill and Standen, who
recognise it from the Loyalties, erroneously state that it was origin-
ally described from the Galapagos, whence Sowerby reported it.
The locality given by Kiener himself* is Mauritius, Tryon adds
Samoa, I found it in Port Moresby, British New Guinea and at
Oubatche, New Caledonia. It is represented in this Museum
from the New Hebrides. So widespread and variabie a species
probably possesses a synonomy to match. I agree with Langkavel’s+
remark that C. zanthinwm of Gould, should be here included,
which would extend the geographical range of the species to
Tahiti and the Paumotus. It is likely that C. wnilineatum, Pease
and C. dichroum, Melvill and Standen should be reduced to C.
zebrum. Pease adds C. asperswm, Deshayes as a synonym. }

CERITHIUM IMPENDENS, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 23).

Shell strong, stout, regularly conical, each of the upper whorls
overhanging the next, biangled above the suture, heavily
variced on the back of the last whorl. Colour—upon a
white ground is painted ochre-yellow, in one instance chocolate,
which chiefly prevails on the base and between the ribs, thus
accentuating the projections to the eye. Whorls eight, suture
deeply impressed. Sculpture—peculiar buttress ribs ornament the

* Kiener—Coquilles Vivantes, Canaliferes i., (n.d.), p, 72.
+ Langkavel—Donum Bismarckianum, 1871, p. 25.
ft Pease—Am. Journ. Conch. vii., 1872, p. 75.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 435

spire, the penultimate whorl has ten and those
above a proportionate decrease ; they are weak at
the suture, which they barely sinuate, and gain
in breadth and height as they cross the whorl,
projecting over the suture beneath them. They
do not cross continuously from whorl to whorl, nor
do they regularly alternate; they grow evanescent
on the last whorl and cease with a stout and heavy
varix one-third of the whorl behind the aperture.
In this latter space, reminiscences of them occur
as tubercles on the angle and at the suture. On
the last whorl about twenty fine spiral threads are
evenly distributed between the suture and the
anterior point of the shell; the uppermost of these ascend the
spire and are alike prominent on ribs and interspaces. Aperture
perpendicular, subtriangular ; columella sharply sinuate, anterior
notch not produced into a canal; callus on body whorl slight ;
outer lip thickened slightly and reflected, angled sharply at the
posterior insertion. Length 44, breadth 2 mm.

Seven examples from the lagoon beach. Perhaps this is a
member of the subgenus Colina.

CERITHIUM PIPERITUM, Sowerby.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 144, pl. xxvii., figs. 31, 32.

Mr. G. Sweet procured a few dead shells of this species at Funa-
futi. It had previously been recorded from the Ellice by Schmeltz,
and also from Upolu and Rarotonga. There are examples from
Tahiti in this Museum.

CERITHIUM OBELISCUS, Bruguwicre.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 146, pl. xxvii., fig. 39.
One specimen from the lagoon beach. Melvill and Standen
report this from the Loyalties; Schmeltz from Fiji and Cook’s
Islands; and Smith from Tonga.* In this Museum it is represented

from Cooktown and Port Curtis, Queensland, also New Caledonia,
Lord Howe Island and Hawaii.

CERITHIUM OBELISCUS, var. CEDO-NULLI, Sowerby.

Tryon is here followed in reducing this to varietal rank. In
Funafuti it is represented by an extremely small and stout
individual, 22 mm. long. First found at Anaa, Paumotus.

CERITHIUM ASPERUM, Linne.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 148, pl. xxviii., figs. 62, 63.
One of the commonest shells on the lagoon beach ; the lineated
form dominant. It was taken by the ‘“Chevert” in Torres Straits,

* Smith—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 416,

436 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

by the “Challenger” at Fijiand Tonga, and under the synonym of
C. lineatum, Lk., is reported by Melvill and Standen from the
Loyalties ; and by Schmeltz from Cook’s Islands.

CrERITHIUM PHAROS, Hinds.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 149, pl. xxix., fig. 68.
Mr. G. Sweet brought one specimen from Funafuti. Tryon re-
ports this from Fiji and the Paumotus. In this Museum it is
represented from New Caledonia, New Hebrides, and Hawaii.

CERITHIUM ELEGANTISSIMUM, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 24).

Shell tall, narrow, ovate fusiform, with a prominent
varix behind the last whorl, flattish beaded whorls
and a deeply excavated suture. Colour, russet
brown, shading on the base into burnt umber,
irregularly picked out on longitudinal ribs with
white. Whorls eleven, rather flattened, separated
by deep and sharply incised sutures, last whorl
almost equalling in length the remainder, and no
broader than the penultimate. Sculpture—weak
longitudinal ribs continuously and perpendicularly
) cross the lower three whorls, fading away on the
/ periphery of the last. These form gemmules on
the spiral cords; on the earlier whorls these can
be also traced. A particularly stout varix occurs

Fig. 24. lon the last whorl opposite the aperture, a corner
of which is shown in the illustration. Immediately
beneath the suture winds a slender cord; four spiral rows of
gemmules encircle the space between it and the periphery, the
uppermost of which tends to split into two; the remaining space
between the periphery and the anterior extremity is occupied by
seven simple cords which become more slender and close anteriorly ;
the upper whorls have but two beaded cords. ‘The aperture is
perpendicular and oval, strongly variced without and consequently
shelved within; columella arched, with a thick brown callus ;
canal very short and wide, slightly recurved. Length 5, breadth
2 mm.

Abundant on stones in shallow water in the lagoon at Funafuti.

A specimen before me from Thursday Island, Queensland,
differs slightly from the above in the greater prominence of the
longitudinal ribbing.

CONTU MAX, gen. nov.

A genus of the Cerithiide, nearest allied to Cerithiopsis. It
shares with that the excavated base, the produced canal, and the
unfinished aperture ; but differs by greater size, broader shell,

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 437

more rapidly increasing whorls, different plan of sculpture, and
especially by a habit of plugging and breaking off the upper
whorls from time to time. Animal unknown.

Type.—C. decollatus, Hedley.

The genus is founded on a species from Funafuti. I have also
a cogeneric but apparently distinct species from Oubatche, New
Caledonia, which is 15 mm. long; white, with a few scattered
brown dots ; without the longitudinal plications of the Funafuti
species, but rather more distinctly cancellated by longitudinal
sculpture. Iam also disposed to include under Contwmaa the
species which Melvill and Standen describe* as Mathilda eurytima,
whose “canali producto” so ill agrees with Mathilda, Perhaps
this M. ewrytima may be the young of the Oubatche shell just
mentioned. The genus is also represented from Torres Straits.

CoNTUMAX DECOLLATUS, Sp. Nov.
(Fig. 25).

Shell narrow, conical, above rounded,
below turreted, solid, invariably decollated.
Colour, dull white. Whorls of an uncer-
tain number, the specimen figured has
seven, and I estimate that five more have
been lost. Sculpture—the shell has three
stages, which merge into each other, but
which apart might seem to belong to
different species. None of a fairly large
series before me show the apical whorls,
the summit being in every instance and in
successive stages broken off. The youngest
whorl before me is rounded and crossed by
several fine raised spiral lines. Later the
median line enlarges and originates an
angle, and a faint longitudinal sculpture
appears. Further on, the whorl is sharply
angled by a strong keel, below which are
two minor keels, and on the shelf above
are five delicate spiral lines, all of which
are more or less beaded by transverse
sculpture. On the antepenultimate whorl Fig. 25.
commence longitudinal plications which
rapidly develop to their maximum on the last whorl. Here they
are six in number, oblique, commencing at the suture, most
prominent on the shoulder and vanishing at the basal keel.

The base is hollow, overhung by a thick basal ridge, within
which is a second lesser one, the remainder of the base being
faintly concentrically striated. Aperture scarcely oblique, squarish,

* Melvill & Standen—Journ. Conch. viii., 1896, p. 310, pl. xi, fig. 73.

438 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

lip simple, sharp, columella arched, canal produced and recurved.
Length 18, breadth 8 mm.

Several dead specimens collected on the lagoon beach of Funa-
futi.

CERITHOPSIS EUTRAPELA, MJelvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., vii., 1896, p. 301, pl. x,

fig. 52.
Three specimens, one mauve, the others white, from the lagoon
beach of Funafuti.

CERITHOPSIS ELECTRINA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 26).

\ Shell tall, slender,
; thin and translucent.
Colour uniform pale
amber, except a glassy
white topmost whorl.
Whorls nine in my
example, whose tip is
broken. Sculpture—
on the earlier whorls
proportionately fewer,
on the last, six spiral
alternately larger and
smaller rows of crowd-
ed gemmules, which
also regularly succeed ~
Fig. 26. one another in longi-
tudinal order, being
continued across the suture from whorl to whorl and” ascending
the spire obliquely. The individual gemmules, as seen in profile
are much elevated, seen in full face are oval; those of the upper
four rows of the last whorl are impressed and bisected by a shallow
transverse groove, invisible in profile, but apparently doubling
the transverse rows of gemmules when seen in full face. Above
the first and below the fifth row, the longitudinal axis of each
continues as a pillar, giving a fluted aspect to the broad and
deep sutural excavation. The lowest row is swallowed by the
suture of the subsequent whorl. Beneath the sixth row the shell
is much undercut and then tapers to the columella, The aperture
is nearly square with sharp outer lip, arched columella, and very

short perpendicular canal. Length 44, breadth 14 mm.

One specimen from the lagoon beach of Funafuti.

This appears to be distinguished from other Pacific Cerithiopsis
by the more numerous rows of closely packed granules.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 439

TriFORIS DOLICHA, Watson,
Watson, Chall. Report, Zool., xv., 1886, p. 565, pl. xlii., fig. 1.

One specimen from the Funafuti lagoon agrees exactly with
another now before me from Prince of Wales Island, Torres
Straits. Young specimens were collected off Cape Sidmouth,
Queensland, by Mr. A. U. Henn, and presented to this Museum.
The “Challenger ” collected it a little west of Cape York.

The two adult specimens I have seen are pure white, punctuated
between the gemmules with orange; in neither is the lip more
developed than in the ‘‘Challenger” example. It may be that this
species does not attain the spurred lip of its congeners.

TRIFORIS HGLE, Jowsseaume.
(Fig. 27)
Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Mal. France, 1884, p. 256, pl. iv., fig. 12 ;
Tryon, Man. Conch., ix., 1887, p. 185, pl. xxxix., fig. 40. _

o~

Fig. 27.

Jousseaume’s account, as reflected in Tryon’s Manual is too
scanty to allow of a proper determination, and with much doubt
I assign here a Funafuti species. A single specimen of 7’. egle,
from Noumea, presented by Mr. R. C. Rossiter, now before .
me, is too immature to show the aperture. It is a larger and
lighter coloured shell than those from Funafuti, and the gemmules
seem rather closer together. As, however, it fairly corresponds
to the Ellice shells in apex and sculpture, I prefer, instead of
adding another name to the long list of 7’riforis, to assume that
the one figured and described below is a variety of Jousseaume’s
species. The still more scanty information published relative to
T. collaris, Hinds, suggests that it should also be compared.

* Hinds—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 28; and Journ. Conch., vili., 1897,
p. 409.

440 FUNAFUTI ATOLL,

Shell rather narrow, tapering to a fine and slender point.
Whorls fifteen. Colour ochraceous with white gemmules. Proto-
conch six whorled, first two together semiglobose and shagreened ;
remainder keeled by a single, strong, central, projecting carina,
which is beaded by the passage of numerous close set delicate
bars crossing the whorls obliquely. All adult whorls except the
last have two rows of gemmules, about sixteen in a row, alternat-
ing vertically. On the last whorl there are two additional anterior
rows of smaller gemmules, an incipient row on the periphery and
two minor scarcely beaded ridges on the base. The gemmules are
large and very prominent, polished and reflecting a nacreous
lustre, rounded anteriorly, flattened with corner angles peripher-
ally and shelved atop; each is linked to its neighbours in the
row by a coloured ridge; in the centre of the whorl a sharp
groove runs between the two rows. The surface in general is
decussated by faint growth lines crossing spiral engraved lines.
Aperture nearly perpendicular, ovate, inner lip with a thick
callus layer, outer lip thickened and reflected, the right margin
crossing the canal in a spur; anal notch cordate, the orifice
taking the place of the last sutural gemmule, canal oblique,
moderately produced. Length 5, breadth 14+ mm.

Shallow water in the lagoon. The commonest Z'riforis at
Funafuti.

Prominent characters which distinguish this species are the
large, white, facetted, gemmules contrasted against the dark
background, the one-keeled apex, and the peculiar anal notch.

TRIFORIS TORQUATUS, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 28).

Shell moderately broad. Whorls fifteen, suture sharply im-
pressed. Colour orange buff; on the ninth and tenth whorls
the lower rows of gemmules are chocolate, and on the last row two
narrow bands of chocolate cover two anterior rows of gemmules,
stain the lip and wind down the throat ; on the eleventh, twelfth,
thirteenth and fourteenth whorls, the lower lines of gemmules are
white ; the seventh and eighth whorls are entirely white. Proto-
conch six whorled, first two together semiglobose, remainder
keeled by a single, strong, central, projecting carina, which is
beaded by coarse, slightly oblique bars. All adult whorls, except
the last, have two rows of gemmules, about seventeen to a row,
alternating vertically. On the last whorl there is in addition a
peripheral and two basal ridges, all scarcely beaded. On the
penultimate whorl a thread appears in the space between the
gemmules, and follows the sinuations of the upper tier as far as
the aperture without gaining equal rank. The gemmules are
polished hemispherical bosses, shelved above, distant about half

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 44]

Fig. 28.

their own diameter from their neighbours in a row, and linked
to them by an inconspicuous raised coloured ridge. Between the
gemmules the surface is microscopically shagreened and finely
spirally grooved. The aperture is perpendicular, and nearly
square ; outer lip thickened and reflected, the right margin
crossing the canal in a spur; anal notch deep ; semicircular canal
short, blunt, oblique. Length 5, breadth 2 mm.

Several specimens alive in the Funafuti lagoon.

The peculiar colouration of this species facilitates recognition.
Even the unaided eye can detect the two chocolate lines on the
base and spire, and the white spiral band ascending the inter-
mediate whorls. This colour scheme I have endeavoured to
convey in Fig. 28.

In colour 7’. cinguliferus, Pease, appears to resemble torquatus,
but the figure given by Langkavel, copied and coloured by Tryon,
represents a stouter shell with a different aperture.

The group (Mastonia, according to Tryon) to which this belongs,
might be conveniently divided into two sections, having a one-
keeled and a two-keeled protoconch, respectively. The present
species with 7’. dolicha and 7. egle would belong to the former.

I have collected 7. torquatus also at Port Moresby, British
New Guinea.
TRIFORIS RUBER, Hinds.
(Fig. 29).
Hinds, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi., 1843, p. 18.

The species before me is the most abundant, conspicuous and
widespread of the genus in the tropical Pacific. If I have

442 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

correctly identified it, the shell was first taken by Belcher during
the voyage of the Sulphur.” He noticed it at Port Carteret,
New Ireland, as ‘numerous among fine gravel at low water.”
There are two colour varieties of this shell—one pale, the other
dark. Conchological tradition appears universally, but I think
erroneously, to regard the dark form as 7’. ruber and the pale as
T. violaceus of Quoy and Gaimard. For the purpose of specific
determination the descriptions of all older writers, and most
modern ones, of species of 7’riforis are worthless. The identity
of 7’. violaceus must be decided by the illustrations of that species
in the ‘Atlas of the Voyage of the Astrolabe.” This shows a
slender and produced anterior canal, and an anal notch projecting
as a complete tube, remote from the aperture. Specimens answer-
ing to these details, which I collected in Milne Bay, British New

Fig. 29.

Guinea, are before me. Though Quoy and Gaimard may them-
selves have confounded distinct species, and though Kiener’s
figure from ‘“‘ Astrolabe” material appears to disagree with the
former illustration, yet the only safe point of departure in un-
ravelling the nomenclature of this group must be Figs, 22 and 23
of Pl. lv. of the Atlas aforesaid. In the particulars of the anal
and anterior orifices, the shell before me, presumed to be 7’. ruber,
differs altogether, as the accompanying drawings show.

In the unsatisfactory state of literature, the following remarks
may not be deemed superfluous.

This species varies in size, stoutness, and colour; from the
adult an immature shell so differs in outline, that a collector does
not at first recognise it as the same kind, for it much resembles
Triforis gemmulatus, Adams and Reeve.* Asa whole the contour
of the adult shell resembles that of a carrot, the upper whorls

* Adams & Reeve—Zool. Samarang, 1850, Mollusca, pl. xi., fig. 34, b.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 443

tapering to a slender point, the lower swollen to bulbous. Colour,
which alters in drying, reddish purple to lilac, the apex and the
lower row of gemmules usually cream. Whorls about eighteen.
Gemmules subcircular, polished bosses, shelved above, separated
by about half their own diameter, in two rows of about twenty-
two ina whorl, alternating vertically ; the interspaces between
the gemmules are spirally wrinkled. On the antipenultimate
whorl a spiral thread arises between the two rows of gemmules,
but following the sinuations of the upper, this gradually in-
creases, becomes segmented, and on the last whorl forms an
additional row of gemmules. Just behind the aperture extra
rows are also intercalated. The protoconch is acicular, four or
five whorled, the whorls bicarinate, crossed obliquely by numerous
fine bars, which bead the carinz. The aperture is perpendicular,
almost square, lip reflected, the right margin crossing the canal
in a spur, the canal being closed by its anterior wall folded over,
but not touching the pillar. Anal notch deep, a subcircular,
subtubular, orifice in the place of the last sutural gemmule ;
onwards from the last actual gemmule the lip is free from the
body whorl. Length 74 mm.

Common in shallow water in the lagoon of Funafuti. As the
rare 7’. violacews has been generally confounded with the com-
mon 7’. ruber, whose aperture is quite different, most literary
records are untrustworthy, and I forbear to quote them. I have
myself collected the species at Port Moresby and Milne Bay, British
New Guinea, and at Oubatche and Noumea, New Caledonia.
Specimens of 7’. ducosensis, Jousseaume, received from Noumea,
from Mr. R. C. Rossiter, belong to the pale form of 7’. ruber.

TRIFORIS CLIO, sp. nov.
(Fig. 30).

Shell rather small and slender. Oolour cinnamon-brown, lowest
row of gemmules and extremity of canal white, other gemmules
pale brown. Whorls fifteen. Protoconch five whorled ; first two
together swollen and subglobose, shagreened, remainder bicarinate
by a median furrow and crossed by numerous fine bars which
bead the carine. The adult whorls are beset by first two, then
three, and finally four spiral rows of gemmules, eighteen to a
whorl, set vertically, gemmule above gemmule, up the spire. Broad
furrows ascend vertically from whorl to whorl, deeper than the
spiral interspaces which part row from row. The gemmules are
lozenge shaped, polished, standing half their length apart and
linked to their neighbours in a row by a coloured band smoother
and shallower than the remainder of the vertical furrow, of which
it forms a part. Between the gemmules the surface is roughened
by close fine spiral hair lines. Two unbeaded cords run round
the base. Aperture nearly vertical, outer lip bending round a

444 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Fig. 30.

shallow rounded anal notch, then deeply emarginate and finally
much produced, crossing the pillar in a spur. Canal short and
rather sharply recurved. Length 5}, breadth 13 mm.

Three examples were found in shallow water in the Funafuti
lagoon. The most mature, depicted here, is possibly not quite
adult and the anal notch may attain a further development.

The lozenge shaped gemmules and the exceptional feature of the
longitudinal furrows being deeper than the transverse assist in
distinguishing the species.

TRIFORIS OBESULA, Jousseaume.
(Fig. 31).

Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Mal. France, 1884, p. 255, pl. iv. fig. 17 ;
Tryon, Man. OConch., ix., 1887, p. 185, pl. xxxviil., fig. 27.

Jousseaume’s account of this species is not accessible to me and
I have to assume that Tryon gives a faithful transcript of it.
That however only allows me to identify the shell I now figure
and describe as 7’. obesula, with probability rather than certainty.
My perplexity is increased by the fact that the Funafuti shell is
identical with specimens received from New Caledonia labelled
“7. limosa, Jousseaume,” with the description of which they
disagree in shape and size.

The species is distinguished by its small size, corpulent shape
and dark brown (burnt umber) hue. The type of sculpture
differs from that of the other species of Triforis from Funafuti.
The gemmules are so closely packed within the row and are so

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 445

feebly divided from one another, that they seem rather to be a
continuous keel, like that of 7’. corrwgatus, in process of breaking
down into beads. The earlier adult whorls are ornamented by
two bead-rows. Between them there arises in the antipenultimate
a thread, which gradually increasing becomes a full grown row in
the last whorl ; the addition of a median and two basal rows brings
the number of rows on the last whorl to six. Tryon states that
the “three anterior ones are unarmed,” but all are beaded in the
example before me.

Fig. 31.

The anal notch is simple and comparatively shallow. The
protoconch has five whorls, the first hemispherical and smooth.
the others bicarinate and obliquely crossed by rather coarse bars
which do not bead the carinae. The adult sculpture suddenly
commences in the sixth whorl with a row of small beads above
and a large gemmed ridge below. The latter is remarkable in
several specimens before me for its white colour, giving the shell to
the unaided vision a distinct white collar beneath the acicular
apex. Tryon gives the length as 8mm. Of the examples before
me the New Caledonian measure 45, the Papuan 4, and the
decollated shells from Funafuti 34mm.

Two decollated specimens occurred to me in the Funafuti
lagoon. I have also taken the species between tide marks in Port
Moresby, British New Guinea. A Papuan specimen supplied
the material for the above account of the apex, missing in Funafuti
and New Caledonian examples.

TRIFORIS THETIS, Sp. NOV.
(Fig. 32).
Shell small and slender. Colour uniform cinnamon-brown

except a patch of dark chocolate on the columella. Whorls
fifteen. Protoconch five whorled, the later three bicarinate,

446 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

crossed obliquely by numerous fine bars which bead the carine.
‘The adult whorls are beset with two bead-ridges, carrying each
about sixteen gemmules of equal size to a whorl, vertically the
gemmules run slightly oblique, between each ridge is a deep and
narrow groove. In the antipenultimate whorl a thread appears
in this groove and ultimately grows on the last whorl to a gem-
mule row. A raised thread beneath the suture ascends for a few
whorls. The last whorl is ornamented by this thread followed by
a row of large gemmules, two rows of smaller ones, an incipient
peripheral row and two minor, basal, subnodulose ridges. The
gemmules are coloured, polished, hemispherical, truncated and
shelved above, and stand nearly their diameter apart on the ridge.

The suture is deep and well defined. Between the gemmules the
surface is roughened by minute spiral threads cut by oblique
growth lines, Aperture vertical, nearly square. Outer lip cross-
ing the pillar in a spur. Anal notch a simple open fold. Canal
short and briefly recurved. Length 4, breadth 1 mm.

Shallow water in the Funafuti lagoon, several specimens.

Seeing that Tryon, whose standard of description was not severe,
concludes his monograph of the genus with a list of eighty un-
recognizable Z7'riforis, I have no confidence that the species above
described has not previously appeared in literature, though I am
sure that it has never been properly characterised. It is probably
near, and possibly identical with, 7. dimosa, Jousseaume. That
writer (as repeated by Tyron) neglects the important details of
apex, anal notch, etc., and the fact that the Funafuti shells are but

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 447

half its size, has decided me, in the absence of other information to
regard it as distinct. A shell from Port Moresby closely resembles
the Ellice one, differing by larger size and more swollen contour.

TRIFORIS INCISUS, Pease.
(Fig. 33).
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 190, pl. xxxix., fig. 65.

The inadequate description and poor figure quoted, suggest, but
fail to demonstrate, that a shell figured herewith should be so
named. The species is represented by a single, perforated and
decollated example from the Funafuti lagoon. It is 5} mm. in
length, has thirteen whorls remaining, and in colour is ochraceous
splashed with white. The last whorl has six spiral ridges, two of
which are basal; the three preceding whorls have each three, and
those above each two such ridges. The ridges are smooth, elevate
and keeled, the anterior of each series the larger; on the upper

Fig. 33.

whorls the posterior ridge tends to divide into beads. The inter-
stices are broad, deep and finely spirally grooved. The spur of
the outer lip crosses the pillar. Anal notch deep and cordate.
Canal short and perpendicular.

Pease described 7’. incisus from Hawaii.* I have collected at
Port Moresby, British New Guinea, what seems a form of that
described above. It differs in colour being variegated with blatk,
chocolate and white. The uppermost ridge has not the same
disposition to become beaded but longitudinal plications are
developed in the interstices. The protoconch in these Papuan
shells is six whorled, bicarinate and crossed by coarse bars, like
the apex I figure for 7’. obesula.

* Pease—Proc. Zool, Soc., 1860, p. 434.

448 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

TRIFORIS CORRUGATUS, Hinds.

Hinds, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi., 1843, p. 18; Hinds, Voy. “Sulphur,”
Zool., pl. viii., fig. 12 ; Chenu., Man. Conch., 1859, p. 284, figs.
1915, 1916; Langkavel, Donum Bismarckianum, 1871, p. 26,
pl. iL, fig. 65, Tryon, Man” Conchimix., 1887, op; 189) "pl:
OKIK., fe) Oo: ;

T. connatum, Montrouzier, Journ. Conch., x., 1862, p. 236, pl.
ix., fig. 4.

A considerable series of specimens from various localities and a
careful examination of the literature quoted, enable me to con-
fidently unite Montrouzier’s species with that of Hinds. It should
be obvious to any student who compares the excellent figure in
the Journal de Conchyliologie with the other illustrations that
the immaturity of the New Caledonian example is the only point
of difference. That this synonomy of so common and distinct a
species should have so long escaped attention is another sad proof
of the negligence of the authors who have dealt with this much
abused genus. Reviewing the shells of Lifu, Melvill and Standen
actually record the species first under one name and then under
the other.* Tryon has suggested 7. bayani, Jousseaume, as a
probable synonym, an idea which his figures seem to contradict.
One of the specimens before me shows the protoconch to have a
double keel, with a very narrow interstice.

The shallow water of the Funafuti lagoon yielded me several
broken specimens. A wide range over the Pacific is indicated
by the following records :—New Guinea (Belcher) ; Queensland,
Torres Straits, (Brazier)} and Cape Sidmouth, (Henn); Gilbert
Islands (Garrett); New Caledonia, Ile Art (Montrouzier) ;
Oubatche and Noumea (Hedley); and Lifu (Hadfield).

TRIFORIS, spp.
Several other species of Z'riforis, too worn for identification or
determination are included in the collection.

OVULA HERVIERI, Sp. nov.
(Fig 34).

Shell small, broadly ovate. Colour pale
yellow with four spiral bands of rose, visible
alike within the aperture, across the callus
and on the dorsal surface, these bands are in
breadth equal to their interstices. Sculpture—
about thirty-five flat-topped spiral lyre, sepa-
rated by narrow, sharply incised grooves,
surround the shell. The outer lip is much
thickened and reflected without, and bears
within about ten slight and widely parted

Fig. 34.

* Melvill & Standen, loc. cit., vili., pp. 114 and 409.
+ Brazier—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.., 1., 1876}p. 319.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 449

denticules. The callus on the inner lip is very heavy, its surface
shagreened, posteriorly it rises into an abrupt boss and anteriorly
is heaped in a longitudinal-ridge. Length 4, breadth 3 min.

Taken alive from the deep water Gorgonide raised from the
western slope of Funafuti in eighty to forty fathoms.

This very distinct little species, the smallest of its genus known,
appears to find its nearest relation in Ovula caledonica, Crosse ;*
from which it is easily separated by smaller size, greater propor-
tional breadth, coarser sculpture and fewer labial denticules.

It is named in compliment to the Rev. J. Hervier, the author
of many clear descriptions and admirable drawings of Pacific shells.

Cypma Arcus, Linne.

Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., 1885, p. 164, pl. i, figs. 1, 2; Garrett,
Journ. Conch., ii., 1879, pp. 106, 109.

Dead shells were found on the beach of one of the western islets
of Funafuti, and the species was again encountered at Nukulailai.

According to Garrett, this deep water species inhabits the
Carolines, Gilberts, Tonga, Fiji and Samoa. Rossiter records it
from New Caledonia, the Isle of Pines and the Loyalties.; From
material in this Museum I add the Solomons, Erromanga and -
Aneiteum, New Hebrides.

CyPRHA scuRRA, Chemnitz.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 165, pl. ii., figs. 19, 20, 21; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 107, 118.

One dead shell was taken on Funafuti.

Tryon quotes it from Anaa, Paumotus. Garrett found this in
Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines, Cook’s, Society, Paumotus,
Marquesas, and Hawaii. A series in this Museum include
instances from the Gilberts, the Louisiades, Woodlark Island,
New Caledonia and Broken Bay, N.S. Wales.

CYPRHA TESTUDINARIA, Linne.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 165, pl. i. figs. 9,10; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
LOT, LES:

Mr. G. Sweet procured an example of this on Funafuti.

Garrett, enumerates this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts,
Carolines, Cook’s and Society. Tryon mentions it from New
Caledonia. In this Museum it is shown from Niue, the Solomons
and Erromanga, New Hebrides.

* Crosse—Journ. de Conch., xx., 1872, p. 62, pl. ii., fig. 1.
+ Rossiter—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vi., 1882, p. 817.

EE

450 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

CYPRHEA ISABELLA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 165, pl. i., figs. 6, 7; Garrett, oc. cit., pp. 106, 114.

Dead shells were plentiful on the Funafuti beach.

The range through Polynesia as given by Garrett, is the same
as that of C. scwrra. The collection of this Museum shows the
species to occur along the Australian coast south to the Bellenger
River, N.S. Wales, and in the Central Pacific from Niue, Wood-
lark Island, British New Guinea, Erromanga, and Aneiteum, New
Hebrides, New Caledonia and the Gilberts to Hawaii.

CYyPRHA CARNEOLA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 166, pl. iii., figs. 26 — 30 ; Garrett, Joc. cat., pp.
106, 110:

Though I saw none alive, dead specimens were plentiful on the
beach of the Funafuti lagoon.

Found by Garrett to accompany the foregoing through the ten
archipelagoes enumerated ; and seen by Rossiter from New
Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, and Isle of Pines.

This species ranges along the Australian coast south to Sydney.
Specimens in this Museum show it from the Solomons.

C. CARNEOLA, var. PROPINQUA, Garrett.
Garrett, Journ. Conch., ii., 1879, p. 116.

Two specimens are referable to this variety, which is also
represented in the Australian Museum from Niue, the Society
and Gilbert Groups. Garrett records it from the Paumotus.

Cypr@A TALPA, Linne.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 167, pl. iii., figs. 31-33; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
LOTT 9:
One empty shell was found at Funafuti with C. argus.

Garrett collected this deep-water species at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Gilberts, Carolines, Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. It
is shown in this Museum to occur in British New Guinea, the
Solomons, Erromanga, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and Niue.

CyPREHEA GOODALLI, Gray.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 168, pl. iv., figs. 43, 44 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 106.

Mr. G. Sweet found one well preserved example at Funafuti.
Garrett only knew this from Cook’s, Society, and Paumotus.
There are specimens in this Museum from the Gilberts.

CyPpRHA FIMBRIATA, Gmelin.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 168, pl. v., figs. 76 - 78; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
106, 112.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 451

Dead shells were noticed at Funafuti and at Nukulailai.

Garrett observed this from the same Groups as C. talpa. This
species ranges along the Australian coast south to Sydney.
Museum specimens include it from Milne Bay, British New
Guinea, New Caledonia, Niue, the Gilberts, and Hawaii. Tryon
quotes it from the Paumotus.

CypR®A MACULA, Adams.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 169, pl. iv., figs. 71, 72.
Mr. G. Sweet obtained one specimen.

CYPRHA MAURITIANA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 173, pl. vii., figs. 8-11.
Specimens of this were purchased from the natives of Funafuti.

Collected by Garrett at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas, and Hawaii, and by Rossiter
in New Caledonia and the Loyalties. Weinkauff mentions it from
the Pelew Islands. I have seen it from the British and German
Boundary, N.E. New Guinea. In this Museum it is also repre-
sented from Aneiteum and Erromanga, New Hebrides, and Niue.

CYPREA CAPUT-SERPENTIS, Linne.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 173, pl. vi., figs. 98 — 100, xxiii., fig. 59; Garrett,
loc. cit., pp. 106, 111.

Commonly found alive under stones in shallow water in the
Funafuti lagoon.

Seen by Garrett in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cooks, Society, Paumotus and Marquesas. This extends along
the Australian coast south to Sydney, and is also represented in
this Museum from Erromanga, New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island,
Niue, and the Gilberts. The natives of Funafuti call this
“ pourei.”

CyPREA MAPPA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. ctt., p. 174, pl. yii., figs. 12-14; pl. viii, fig. 17 ;
Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 106, 115.

Mr. G. Sweet procured one dead specimen of this. .

According to Garrett the range embraces Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Gilberts, Carolines, Cook’s, Society, and Paumotus. It is in this
Museum from the Louisiades. Tryon quotes New Caledonia.

CYPRHA ARABICA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 174, pl. viii., figs. 18, 19, 23, 24; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 106, 108.
Occasionally found alive under coral blocks in the Funafuti
lagoon.

459 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Garrett noticed this in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Society and Paumotus. Brazier* has remarked it from Torres
Straits southwards to Botany Bay, from Fiji, New Britain, New
Ireland, New Caledonia and the Solomons. It is further repre-
sented in this Museum from Woodlark Island (British New
Guinea), Erromanga and Aneiteum (New Hebrides), and Niue.

CypREA RETICULATA, Martyn.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 174, pl. viii., figs. 20-22; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 107, Uh.

A small variety occurs alive in the Funafuti lagoon.

Garrett saw this in the Gilberts, Cooks, Society, Paumotus,
Marquesas and Hawaii.

CYPRHA MONETA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 177, pl. x., fig. 46; pl. xi, figs. 51 — 54; pl. xxiii,
figs. 60—69; Garrett, Joc. cit., pp. 106, 115.
Abundant alive under stones round the margin of the Funafuti
lagoon.

Garrett records it from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas, and Hawaii. This species
ranges along the Australian coast from Torres Straits south to
Sydney.+ Ihave seen it at Milne Bay and Port Moresby, British
NewGuinea. In this Museum are examplesfrom Niue, Teste Island,
Louisiades, the Solomons, Erromanga, New Hebrides, New Cale-
donia, and Lord Howe Island. ‘At Eramanga,” writes Brenchley, t
“a shell called ‘Vunpuri,’ the Cyprea moneta, passes as money,
as also in New Caledonia.”

CyPRHA MONETA, var. ANNULUS, Linne.

Occurred as usual in company with the species in chief, with
which, like C. obvelata, and contrary to the opinion of monographers,
it intergrades by easy stages.

CyPRmHA TIGRIS, Linne.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 180, pl. xi., figs. 49, 50; pl. xv., fig. 8; Garrett,
loc. cit., pp. 107, 120.
I picked up one broken shell on the beach of Funafuti, and
purchased a specimen from a native on Nukulailai.
Seen by Garrett from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas, and Hawaii. This occurs

* Brazier—Journ. Conch. ii., 1879, p. 194.
+ Henn—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), x., 1895, p. 520.
{ Brenchley—The Cruise of the “‘ Curacoa,” 1873, p. 299.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 453

along the Australian coast as far south as Moreton Bay.* Melvill
and Standen name it from Lifu. In this Museum it is shown
from Woodlark Island, Solomons, and Erromanga, New Hebrides.
I have seen it at Port Moresby, British New Guinea, where the
natives call it ‘‘ nononono.”

CYPRHA VITELLUS, Linne.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 182, pl. xiii, figs. 72, 73; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 106, 121.

One specimen was obtained at Funafuti by Mr. Sweet.

Garrett took this species at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts,
Carolines, Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas, and Hawaii.
It ranges along the Australian coast south to Sydney. Further
instances from Niue, the Louisiades, New Caledonia, and Erro-
manga, are supplied by this Museum.

CyPpRmA LYNX, Linne.

Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 183, pl. xiv., figs. 86, 87, 98 ; Garrett, luc. cit.,
pp. 106, 114.

Found alive under stones in the Funafuti lagoon.
Except the Marquesas, this species, says Garrett, ranges all
through Polynesia. It inhabits the Australian coast south to

Moreton Bay. The collection of this Museum exhibits it from
Erromanga, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji, and the Gilberts.

CyPRHA CLANDESTINA, Var. ARTUFFELI, Jousseaume.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 112, pl. iii, figs.
28, 29.

Alive in the lagoon of Funafuti. Previously reported from

Lifu.
CYPRHA CRIBRARIA, Linne.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 190, pl. xvii., figs. 71, 72.

I did not find this species, which has been recorded from the
Ellice by Schmeltz.

CyprmA EROSA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 192, pl. xviii., figs. 1, 90, 100; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp: LOG; ITT.
Mr.G. Sweet broughta specimen from Funafuti. Garrett observed
that, except at the Marquesas, it was not uncommon at all the
groups he visited. It ranges along the Australian coast south to

Broken Bay. A specimen from Erromanga, New Hebrides, is
now before me.

* Brazier—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., v., 1881, p. 501.

454 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

CYPR#HA PORARIA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 193, pl. xviii., figs. 2,3; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
107, 1G;

A few dead shells were obtained from the beaches of
Funafuti.

Garrett obtained this at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. Rossiter records it from
New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands.

CYPREHA HELVOLA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 194, pl. xix., figs. 8, 9; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
LOG; T13:

I found one alive under a coral boulder on the western side of
the Funafuti lagoon.

Garrett collected this at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas, and Hawaii. Rossiter
gives it from New Caledonia, Loyalty, and Isle of Pines. This
extends south along the Australian coast as far as Sydney.

Cyprma CICERCULA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 197, pl. xx., figs. 55 - 58, 61, 62; Garrett, loc.
cit., pp. 107, 122.
Several empty shells from the beach drift of Funafuti.

Noted by Garrett from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii; and by Rossiter from New
Caledonia and the Loyalty. In this Museum it is also shown from
Niue, Torres Straits, and Aneiteum, New Hebrides.

CypPRHA NUCLEUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 197, pl. xx., figs. 48, 49 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
107, 125.

Frequently seen dead on the Funafuti beach.

Observed by Garrett at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. Rossiter reports it from
the Loyalty. There are specimens in this Museum from the
Solomons and New Hebrides.

CYPRHA CHILDRENI, Gray.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 198, pl. xx., figs. 53, 54; Garrett, loc, cit., pp.
107, 122.
Mr. G. Sweet found one of this at Funafuti.

Garrett reports it from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Cook’s,
Society, and Paumotus. Specimens from New Caledonia, Niue, and
Hawaii are in this Museum.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 455

TrIVIA ORYZA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 200, pl. xxi., figs. 79, 82, 83 ; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 107, 126.
Several dead specimens of a small form of this species were
collected on the beach of the Funafuti lagoon.

This ranges along the Australian coast as far south as Sydney.
Garrett remarks that this has the same range and station in
Polynesia as the preceding species. Rossiter notes it from
Noumea, New Caledonia, and the Loyalty. It is shown in
this Museum from the New Hebrides.

DoLium PERDIX, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 264, pl. iii., fig. 15; pl. iv., figs. 23 — 25.
I was unable to obtain an example of this circumequatorial
species on Funafuti, but I identified one purchased from a native
by another member of our party.

Melvill and Standen note this from Lifu. This Museum has
representatives from British New Guinea, the Solomons, Erro-
manga, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, the Gilberts, and Niue.

Dotium pomum, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 265, pl. v., fig. 26.

One specimen from the lagoon beach.

Tryon quotes this from the Society Islands. Material in this
Museum indicates it from British New Guinea, New Caledonia,
and the Gilberts.

Cassis CorNUTA, Linne.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 270, pl. i., figs. 45, 46 ; pl. iL, fig. 49.

I collected no examples of this personally, but at Funafuti L
remarked it in use as shell trumpets, and at Nukulailai [ purchased
specimens. There the natives called it “pou,” and told me it
was not rare. New Caledonian examples are contained in this
Museum.

CASSIS VIBEX, var. ERINACEA, Linne.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 277, pl. vii., fig. 90.
Two dead shells from the lagoon beach.

TRITONIUM TRITONIS, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch., iii., 1881, p. 9, pl. i., fig. 1 ; pl. iii, fig. 16 ;
pl. iv., fig. 25.
I did not myself collect this species. Mr. J. O’Brien told me
that it was sometimes found on the leeward reefs alive. The
natives recognised an engraving of it as “ bofala.”

456 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

TRITONIUM PILEARE, Linne.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 12, pl. vi., figs. 31 - 36; pl. vii., figs. 38, 39.

A few were found alive in the lagoon. Tryon indicates the
range of this species as circumzequatorial. Its occurrence in
every archipelago in the Pacific is therefore to be expected.

TRITONIUM CHLOROSTOMUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 13, pl. vii, figs. 47, 48.

One empty shell from the lagoon beach of Funafuti. This
species appears to share the geographical range of its predecessor.

TRITONIUM GEMMATUM, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 13, pl. vii, figs. 41 — 44.
A single specimen was taken on Funafuti.

Tryon cites this from the Paumotus, and Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. Representatives from New Caledonia and Fanning
Island are in this Museum.

TRITONIUM DIGITALE, Feeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 29, pl. xv., figs. 142, 143.
Common alive in the Funafuti lagoon.

Tryon gives Fiji, and Smith* Strong Island, as localities. In
this Museum it is exhibited from San Christoval, Solomons,
Aneiteum, New Hebrides, Marquesas, and Hawaii.

TRITONIUM TUBEROSUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 23, pl. xiii., figs. 111 — 113.
One specimen, alive, from the Funafuti lagoon.

From Lifu, Melvill and Standen note this species; and examples
from Woodlark Island and Port Moresby, British New Guinea,
repose in this Museum.

TRITONIUM MACULOSUM, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 25, pl. xiv., fig. 121.
One dead shell was found on a western islet of Funafuti. This
Museum has the species from the Gilberts.

DIsToRTRIX ANUS, Zinne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 35, pl. xv., fig. 153 ; pl. xvii, figs. 173, 174.

I did not find this species on Funafuti, but have seen specimens
collected there by Mr. G. Sweet.

* Smith—Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xii., 1876, p. 551.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 457

Tryon mentions it from the Society Islands. Examples from
the Solomons are contained in this Museum.

GyRINEUM BUFONIUM, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 39, pl. xxi., figs. 21 - 23, 28, 29) Geis pl. xix:,
fig. Ls pl xx., figs. ES, 14.
Several were found alive under stones in shallow water in the
Funafuti lagoon.

Inhabits the Paumotus, according to Tryon, and is shown in
this Museum from Torres Straits, Solomons, and New Caledonia.

GYRINEUM AFFINF, Broderip.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 42, pl. xxii., figs. 38 - 41 ; pl. xxiii, fig. 55.
An empty shell was found on the lagoon beach of Funafuti.

Tryon notes it from New Caledonia, Samoa, and Paumotus.
G. graniferum, Lamarck, has been recorded from the Ellice by
Schmeltz.

PERISTERNIA NASSATULA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 80, pl. Ixiv., figs. 44 — 47, 51, 52, 58.
Abundant in the rock-pools of the outer reef of Funafuti.

Tryon quotes this from New Guinea, New Caledonia, and the
‘Paumotus ; and Schmeltz from Upolu and Rarotonga.

LATIRUS POLYGONUS, var. BARCLAYI, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 88, pl. Ixvii., fig. 110.
A few dead shells from the beach of the Funafuti lagoon.
Schmeltz records this from Fiji.

LATIRUS CRATICULATUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 93, pl. lxix., fig. 159.

Not common ; a few dead shells seen on the lagoon beach of
Funafuti.

Schmeltz mentions it from Upolu and Rarotonga. Specimens
from New Caledonia are in this Museum.

PISANIA FASCICULATA, Reeve.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 146, pl. Ixxi., figs. 195, 197.
Recorded by Schmeltz from the Ellice.

CANTHARUS UNDOsUS, Zinne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 162, pl. Ixxiv., figs. 280 - 282.
Living specimens were taken in the lagoon of Funafuti.

458 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Represented in this Museum from Port Curtis, Queensland,
and New Caledonia.

Murex apustus, Lamarck.

Tryon, Man. Conch., ii, 1880, p. 90, pl. xv., figs. 148, 149 ; pl.
xxiv., figs. 210-212; pl. xxv., fig. 217

Common in shallow water in the lagoon of Funafuti.

Noted from Lifu by Melvill and Standen, and represented in
this Museum from New Caledonia.

MouREX FUNAFUTIENSIS, Sp. nov.

(Fig. 35).

Shell small, biconical. Colour ochra-
ceous buff, banded with chocolate,
interior of aperture pale lilac. Whorls
seven, sculptured each with seven pro-
minent varices, which mount the spire
continuously and obliquely. On the
spire each varix presents a hollow spine
above a blunt tubercle. Between and
parallel to the varices are a series of
imbricating lamelle. Five spiral ridges
run round the shoulder of the shell,
and undulate both the blades and the
interstices of the varices. The lamellie
are likewise microscopically beaded by
minute spiral threads. The aperture is
oblique, ovate, choked by an inner
tuberculate ridge, and by the great
development of the columella; the
latter is arched, deeply obliquely enter-
ing, anteriorly with two incipient tubercles, and truncate below.
Canal short, open, and recurved ; above it are two series of
disused canals, corresponding to the ultimate and penultimate
varices. Length 9, breadth 5 mm.

Fig. 35.

One specimen, taken by tangles, at a depth of forty to eighty
fathoms, on the western slope of Funafuti.

This species approaches nearest to Murex nuclea, Reeve,*
which it resembles both in colour and form. Judging from his
account of that species, it differs by being just half the size, by
having seven whorls instead of five, with seven varices apiece
instead of six, and especially by being longer in proportion to
breadth than the Philippine shell is. Whether these differences
are constant or not I cannot say.

* Reeve—Conch. Icon. iii., 1845, Murex, pl. xxix., sp. 131.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 459

MUuREX RADULA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 36).

Shell small, fusiform. Colour cream,
spines orange, columella pale lilac.
Whorls seven. Sculpture—eight feeble
varices alternating on each whorl. On
the third and fourth whorls they are
proportionately much stronger and are
angled at the periphery. The body
whorl has eleven spiral cords, narrower
than their interstices; both are over-
ridden by fine lamelle in the line of
growth. At frequent intervals these
cords produce small, short, tubular,
orange spines, which lend a conspicuous
and recognizable aspect to the shell.
Apex of three whorls conical, smooth,
and glossy. Aperture simple, lip sharp,
canal broad and open. Length 9,
breadth 4 mm. Fig. 36,

A single specimen, taken at a depth of forty to eighty fathoms
with the preceding. This specimen is perhaps immature, but differs
so much from any with which I am acquainted as to be considered
worthy of description.

PURPURA HIPPOCASTANEUM, Lamarck.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 162, pl. xlv., figs. 36 — 43 ; pl. xlvi., fig. 45.

Abundant on the outer reef of Funafuti. Tryon quotes this
from the Paumotus, and Melvill and Standen from the Loyalty.
In this Museum are instances from Queensland, Fiji, and the
Solomons. Both Cooke* and Smith} condemn the treatment of
the species in the reference quoted above, but, unfortunately for
puzzled students, both think it “needless to discuss the matter at
length.”

The species seems to me to stand nearer Sistrwm than Purpura.
The natives called this “ matapoto.”

PURPURA ARMIGERA, Chemnitz.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 163, pl. xlvi., figs, 50, 51.
Abundant on the outer reef of Funafuti, where its massive
shell enables it to withstand the heaviest surf. In aged speci-
mens the projecting points are worn down to the stump.

* Cooke—Journ. Conch., v., 1888, >. 323.
+ Smith—Proc. Zool. Soce., 1891, p. 408.

460 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Tryon quotes this from the Paumotus, and Schmeltz from Bowen
(Queensland), It is in this Museum from New Caledonia and
British New Guinea. —

JOPAS SERTUM, Bruguicre.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 180, pl. lv., figs. 181, 188-190; Pease, Am.
Journ. Conch., iv., 1868, p, 117

A few dead shells were collected on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.

Tryon quotes this from the Paumotus; Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. In this Museum it is represented from Woodlark
Island, British New Guinea, the Solomons, Santa Cruz, New
Caledonia, and Hawaii.

SISTRUM HYSTRIX, ZLinne.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 183, pl. lvi., fig. 195.
Common in the rock pools of the outer reef of Funafuti.

Tryon notes this from Hawaii, Fiji, and Paumotus, and Schmeltz
from Upolu and Rarotonga. It is in this Museum from New
Caledonia.

SistRuM HORRIDUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 184, pl. lvi., figs. 201, 202.
Abundant in the rock pools of the outer reef of Funafuti.

Tryon mentions this from Hawaii, and Melvill and Standen
from the Loyalty. It is in this Museum from Samoa.

SIsTRUM RICINUS, Linne. :
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 184, pl. lvi., fig. 200; pl. lvii., figs. 204, 206,
2.
Abundant in the rock pools of the outer reef of Funafuti.

Melvill and Standen record this from Lifu. Specimens from
Woodlark Island, British New Guinea, and Hawaii, are included
in this Museum.

Sistrum moros, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 185, pl. Ivii., figs. 213, 214.
One specimen from the Funafuti lagoon.

In this Museum from the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Lord
Howe Island, Niue, and Tahiti.

SIstRUM DIGITATUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 185, pl. lvi., fig. 191; pl. lvii., fig. 203.
Occurred with the preceding, but uncommon,

Melvill and Standen enumerate this from Lifu. It is repre-
sented in this Museum from Woodlark Island and New Caledonia.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 461

SistRUM TUBERCULATUM, Blainville.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 186, pl. lvii., figs. 218, 220.
‘Abundant in rock pools on the outer reef of Funafuti.
According to Tryon this inhabits Hawaii. Schmeltz mentions
Rockhampton (Queensland), Samoa and Fiji. In this Museum it
is shown from New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island.

SistRUM CANCELLATUM, Qwoy.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 188, pl. Iviii., figs. 242, 250.
Common in the rock pools of Funafuti.
Tryon mentions this from Hawaii ; Schmeltz gives Fiji, Raro-
tonga, and Tahiti. A specimen from Fanning Island is contained
in this Museum.

SIsTRUM FISCELLUM, Chemnitz.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 188, pl. lviii., figs. 251 — 257.
Not uncommon on the Funafuti beaches.
Examples from Teste Island, Louisiades, New Caledonia, and
Hawaii are preserved in this Museum.

CoRALLIOPHILA CoroNATA, Barclay.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 210, pl. Ixvi., figs. 372, 373.
One worn specimen was gathered on the beach of Funafuti.
Melvill and Standen, who reccived this from Lifu, were the
first to record it from the Pacific.

GALEROPSIS MADREPORARUM, Sowerby.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 212, pl. Ixvii., figs. 389 — 391, 398; Pease, Am.
Journ. Conch. iv., 1868, p. 112. .
Purpura porphyroleuca, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. xix., 1871, p.
322, pl. xiii., fig. 7- .

This species was found alive at Funafuti in crevices of living
coral, particularly Willepora.

Quoy and Gaimard report this from Tonga, Marie from Tahiti,
Gould from Wake Island and Samoa, and Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. It is also shown in this Museum from New Caledonia,
Hawaii, and Vate, New Hebrides.

The description above quoted by Crosse corresponds so
well to Sowerby’s, that his name may safely be reduced to
synonomy.

Maaitus antiquus, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 216, pl. Ixviii., figs. 400-411.

Two young shells were obtained alive in company with the
Galeropsis just mentioned. Tryon’s remark “ that all the species
that have been differentiated from M. antiqguus must be regarded
with suspicion,” has guided my determination. Nothing seems to
be recorded of the distribution of this species in the Central Pacific.
A specimen from the Solomon Islands is in this Museum.

462 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

NASSA SEMITEXTA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 37).

‘ Shell broadly ovate, small, strong, opaque,
white. Whorls five, of which two are apical
and smooth. Remainder sculptured by
small, regularly spaced, longitudinal ribs;
on the last whorl these number twenty-
three and vanish below the periphery.
Similar spiral ribs, crossing the longitudi-
nals, lattice the upper whorls and the
upper third of the last whorl; on the
\\ penultimate there are six of these, and on
the last whorl about twenty-five, which
y are strong and widely spaced on the peri-
phery, weak and crowded anteriorly. <A
deep and narrow groove follows the suture.
Aperture oblique, oval, fortified without
by a thick and prominent varix, which is
crossed by the spiral sculpture ; columella
arched, spreading a heavy sheet of callus, anteriorly incurved and
terminating in a rounded knob; canal open, short, in section
C-shaped. Length 6, breadth 44 mm.

A rather worn specimen was found on the lagoon beach by
myself, and another was taken by Mr. G. Sweet.

This species is referred to Vassa for the unsatisfactory reason
that I do not know where else to locate it, and yet the material
before me is hardly sufficient foundation for the erection of a new
genus. <A tubercle near the posterior angle of the aperture is
characteristic of Massa, but absent here; while the channelled
suture and heavy varix developed here may not be matched in
Nassa. Indeed, though the contour and anterior notch repel the
idea, some aspects of this shell suggest Rissoina. ‘Till further
data, and the soft parts arrive, the true systematic position of
this shell must, I think, remain in suspense.

NASSA GRANIFERA, Kvener.
Tryon, Man. Conch., iv., 1882, p. 26, pl. viii., figs. 39 — 41.

Mr. G.Sweet collected one specimen. Melvill and Standen report
this from the Loyalty, and the Museum contains it from the New
Hebrides.

CoLUMBELLA VARIANS, Sowerby.
Tryon,.Man. Conch., v., 1883, p..110, pl. xlv., figs. 1, 2, 97 — 100;
pl. xlvi., figs. 3-6.

Common alive in the lagoon of Funafuti.

Tryon mentions it from New Guinea, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gala-
pagos. In this Museum it is shown from Niue, Baker’s Island and
New Caledonia.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 463

COLUMBELLA GALAXIAS, Reeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., xi., 1859, Columbella, pl. xxxv., sp.
229.

A variable species, plentiful at Funafuti, as also throughout
Polynesia, is provisionally so named. This name, though in
current use, is probably invalid. Tryon states that the prior
name of C. sagitta, Gaskoin, belongs here, although Reeve’s figure
and the original locality are both at variance with the shell in
question. ‘This statement has neither been accepted nor denied
by London writers ; the latest reference to the species by Melvill
and Standen ignores it. We owe the confusion in which this
species is involved to the past generation of London
Conchologists, and we expect reparation from the
present. <A perusal of literature suggests that an
extensive synonomy will result from a revision of
the nomenclature of this species. Columbella mind-
orensis, Reeve, and C. articulata, Souverbie, are
suggested as probable additions to the names reduced
by Tryon.

COoLUMBELLA MELVILLI, sp. nov.
(Fig. 38).

Shell small, smooth, ovate. Colour white, irre-
gularly longitudinally striped by narrow, brown,
broken lines, which are interrupted at the periphery.
Whorls seven, slightly rounded, glossy, traversed by
a few, scarcely perceptible spiral grooves. Aper-
ture narrow, outer lip straight, simple, not
grooved within. Columbella arcuate above,
denticulate below. Length 4}, breadth 1mm.

Rare, alive under stones in the Funafuti
lagoon. . Named in honour of the senior author
of a catalogue of the shells of Lifu, so often
quoted in these pages.

CoLUMBELLA ALOFA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 39.)

Shell narrow, tall, spire acuminate. Colour
cream, with widely spaced, narrow, orange
longitudinal lines, and a series of large coral-
red blots on the periphery. Whorls eight, the
upper three longitudinally finely ribbed and
crossed by revolving grooves, the remainder
smooth, base sculptured by a few spiral cords.
Aperture narrow, outer lip straight, simple,
plicate within. Columella dentate, canal
slightly recurved. Length 12, breadth 4 mm.

464 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

One specimen was brought alive from forty to eighty fathoms,
on the western slope of Funafuti.
CoLUMBELLA OBTUSA, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 181, pl. lix., figs. 59, 60.
Two specimens alive in the Funafuti lagoon.

Tryon quotes this from Fiji, Reeve from Huaheine, and Kobelt
from Hawaii. It is in this Museum from the Solomons and the
New Hebrides.

CoLUMBELLA TRINGA, Lamarck.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 181, pl. lix., figs. 65,66.
One specimen alive in the lagoon.
Tryon mentions this from New Caledonia and Fiji. It is in
this Museum from Milne Bay, British New Guinea.
CoLUMBELLA RUBICUNDA, Quoy & Gaim.

Quoy & Gaim., Voy. “ Astrolabe,” ii., 1832, p. 588, pl. xl., figs.
25, 26.
Schmeltz* records this from the Ellice, and also Pyrene aurea,
Lamk.
ENGINA PARVA, Pease.

Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 195, pl. lxiii., fig. 55.

One dead shell on the lagoon beach. Found by Pease in the
Paumotus.
ENGINA NODICOSTATA, Pease

Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 195, pl. lxiii., figs. 56, 57.
One living but immature shell from the lagoon of Funafuti.
Tryon records this species from the Paumotus and Fiji.

ENGINA MENDICARIA, Linne.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 196, pl. Ixiii., figs. 62, 73.
Abundant in the rock pools of the outer beach of Funafuti.

Schmeltz names this from Samoa and Fiji, Melvill and Standen
from the Loyalty Islands, Kobelt from New Ireland, and Brazier
from Torres Straits. Specimens from Port Moresby, British New
Guinea, are in this Museum.

Mirra EPISCOPALIS, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch., iv., 1882, p. 111, pl. xxxii., fig. 1; Garrett,
Journ. Conch., iii, 1880, pp. 3, 14.
I collected several specimens of this mollusk alive, on sandy
gravel flats, in the Funafuti lagoon at low water-mark. The shell

* Schmeltz—Cat. Godeffroy Museum, v., 1874, p. 125.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 465

was formerly employed in the manufacture of native implements
by the Funafuti people (see ante pp. 249, 259) who called it
‘“‘mouri ounga.”

Garrett records this species from the Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Gilbert, Caroline, Cook, Society, Paumotu, and Hawaiian Groups.
Melvill and Standen notice it from the Loyalty.* In this Museum
it is also represented from Torres Straits, New Guinea, Solomon
Islands, and New Caledonia.

Mirra PONTIFICALIS, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 111, pl. xxxii., fig. 3; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 4, 23.

Two examples occurred to me in company with the preceding
species, and I secured a third at Nukulailai.

Garrett notes for this a range similar to that of M. episcopalis,
with the addition of the Marquesas. Melvill and Standen publish
it from the Loyalty Islands. Examples are in this Museum from
Erromanga, New Hebrides, San Christoval, Solomons, and New
Caledonia.

Mirra FLAMMEA, QY. & G., var. HYSTRIX, Montrouzier.
Montrouzier, Journ. de Conch., x., 1862, p. 241, pl. ix., fig. 8;
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 140.

One example from Funafuti is longer and more slender than
that described by Montrouzier. Tryon is responsible for the
subordination of this form to MZ. flammea.

Mirra cucUMERINA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 143, pl. xlii., figs. 227 — 229; Garrett, loc. cat., pp.
3, 14 :
Several examples from the rock pools of the ocean beach of
Funafuti.

The habitats enumerated by Garrett are: Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Gilberts, Carolines, Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, and Hawai.
Pease records it from the Ralick Islands.¢ I have taken it at
Panie, New Caledonia.

MITRA CHRYSALIS, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 144, pl. xlii., fig. 233; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
apis
Abundant on the outer reef of Funafuti.

Garrett observed this in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and the Gilberts.
New Caledonian specimens are also before me.

* Melvill & Standen—Loc. cit., vili., p. 99.
+ Pease—Am. Journ. Conch., iv., 1868, p. 121.

Fr

466 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

MITRA TABANULA, Lk., var. CALEDONICA, Recluz.
Recluz, Journ. Oonch., iv., 1853, p. 248, pl. vii. fig. 7; Tryon,
loc. cit., p. 146, pl. xlii., fig. 247.

A form represented by four specimens from the outer reef of
Funafuti is thus doubtfully determined, It is smaller, smoother,
and narrower than the shell figured by Recluz, but approaches
nearer to it than to any other illustration.

MITRA FERRUGINEA, Zamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 150, pl. xliv., figs. 279, 280, 290; Garrett, loc.
cit., pp. 3, 17.
Two specimens from the Funafuti lagoon.

Garrett cites this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, and Paumotus Islands.

MITRA ACUMINATA, Swainson.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 153, pl. xlv., fig. 312 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 5, 32.
Three examples from the Funafuti lagoon.

Garrett has recorded this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts,
Carolines, Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaiian Archi-

pelagoes.
MITRA BRUNNEA, Pease.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 153, pl. xlv., fig. 301; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 5, 33.
A single specimen from Funafuti.

_ Garrett enumerates the known localities for this rather rare
species : Fiji, Samoa, Carolines, Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, and
Hawaii. There is a specimen in this Museum from Howland’s
Island, North-Central Pacific ; and Langkavel reports it from the
neighbouring Baker’s Island. P. P. Carpenter asserts,* and
Pease denies,} that M7. brunnea is a synonym of Strigatella fusce-
scens, Pease, from Hawaii.

Mirra asrricta, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 154, pl. Ixv., figs. 315, 318.
A single live specimen from the Funafuti lagoon.

Tryon quotes this from Hawaii,

MITRA LIMBIFERA, Lamarck.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 154, pl. xlv., figs. 322 — 326; Garrett, loc, cit.,
pp. 5, 33.
Three specimens from Funafuti lagoon.

* Carpenter—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 517.
+ Pease—Am. Journ. Conch., iii., 1867, p. 238.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 467

Garrett records this as S. columbelleformis, Kiener, from the
Gilberts, Cook’s, Society, and Paumotus.
MitrRA LITTERATA, Lamarck.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 155, pl. xlvi., figs. 338, 339; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 5, 33.
In profusion in the rock pools on the ocean beach of Funafuti.

Garrett has traced this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts,
Carolines, Cook’s, Society, and Paumotus, to Hawaii. Melvill
and Standen note it from the Loyalties.* From Lord Howe
Island, New Caledonia, and Fanning Island, there are instances
in the Museum collection.

MITRA PAUPERCULA, Linne.

Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 156, pl. xlvi., fig. 340; Garrett, Joc. cit., pp. 5, 34.
Two specimens in company with the following species.
According to Garrett this form is confined to the West Pacific,

ranging through Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, and Carolines.

Melvill and Standen} recognise it from the Loyalty Islands.

MirTRA VIRGATA, Meeve.

Tryon, oe. cit., p. 156, pl. xlvi., fig. 341; Garrett, Joc. cit, pp. 5, 34.

Several specimens from the outer reef of Funafuti.
Garrett gives the range of this as identical with that of JZ.
paupercula, It is in this Museum from New Caledonia.
TURRICULA GRUNERI, Reeve.
Tryon, ee cit., p. 168, pl. xlix,, figs. 416, 418, 419; Garrett, loc. cit.,
p. 47.

Two specimens were found on the lagoon beach at Funafuti.

Garrett reports this from Upolu, Samoa, and the Pelew Islands.
It is represented in this Museum from New Caledonia, and the
Gilberts.

TURRICULA ANGULOSA, Kuster.

Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 169, pl. 1., figs. 431, 432 ; Garrett, loc. cat., pp.
aor

’
One specimen from Funafuti.

Found by Garrett in Fiji.
TURRICULA VARIATA, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 193, pl. lvi., fig. 635 ; Garrett, Joc. cit., pp. 7, 61.
One specimen from Funafuti.

* Melvill & Standen—Loc. cit., viii., p. 101.
+ Melvill & Standen—Loc. cit., viii.,jp. 101.

468 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Taken by Garrett at Fiji, Samoa, Cook’s, Society, and Paumotu
Groups.

TURRICULA NODOSA, Swainson.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 193, pl. lvi., figs. 638-641 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
6, 53.

One dead specimen from Funafuti.

Garrett records this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. Melvill and Standen
observe it from the Loyalties.* There is an example in this Museum
from Niue.

TURRICULA PILSBRYI, sp. nov.
(Fig. 40).

Shell fusiform. Colour orange-buff, with a rosy apex. Whorls
five, plus the protoconch. Sculpture—on the last whorl are six
roundly swelling arcuate ribs, which arise at the suture and
terminate at the basal constriction, but dis-
appear on the final half whorl; the anti-
penultimate has thirteen ribs. On ascending
the spire, the ribs become comparatively more
prominent, and on the earliest whorl are
sharply constricted and angled at their upper
third. On each whorl they alternate with
those above and below. Between the ribs
appear delicate and evenly-spaced, spiral
grooves, Seven or eight broad, close, flat-
topped lyrze are obliquely wound around the
base. Protoconch two-whorled, globose, pro-
jecting on the right side, smooth ; anteriorly
a spiral groove forecasts the constriction of a
later whorl. In the unique specimen the lip
is broken. The columella bears a tubercle at
the posterior angle, it is then excavated ; the

Fig. 40. moderately straight pillar carries four, con-

spicuous, projecting plaits; a callus is spread

over the preceding whorl. The throat is on its outer wall

corrugated by a dozen raised spiral lines. Length 6, breadth 23
mm.

Taken by the tangles hauled up on the outer western slope of
the atoll, in eighty to forty fathoms, associated with Gorgonide,
Thetidos, ete.

This species is a member of the subgenus Pusia, and seems
well defined by the uniform colour, smooth, wave-like ribs, and
basal constriction.

* Melvill & Standen—Loc. cit., viii., p. 103.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 469

Named in honour of the brilliant American Conchologist, who
has so successfully laboured to place the systematic study of the
Mollusca on a more scientific basis.

CYLINDRA DACTYLUS, Linne.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 197, pl. lvii., figs. 658, 664 ; Garrett, Joc. cit.,
pp. 7, 65.

Three specimens from the Funafuti lagoon.

Garrett found this at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. Melvill and Standen quote it
from the Loyalties.* Examples from Woodlark Island (British
New Guinea), and New Oaledonia, are contained in this Museum.

ERATO SCHMELTZIANA, Crosse.
Tryon, Man. Conch. v., 1883, p. 11, pl. iv., figs. 54, 55.
A few specimens were collected on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.
Previously reported only from Fiji.

MARGINELLA SANDWICENSIS, Pease.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 45, pl. xii., fig. 69.

Several dead shells were picked up on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.

Tryon reports it from Hawaii and Fiji.

MARGINELLA I0TA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 41).

Shell ovate, truncate anteriorly, white,
smooth. Spire slightly exserted. Aperture
comparatively wide. Outer lip thick, sin-
uate, smooth within. Inner lip with three
principal anterior plications and several
remote subsidiary ones, deep within.
Length 1:5, breadth ‘95 mm.

Three specimens from the sand of the
lagoon beach.

The only Marginella comparable in
size, known from the tropical Pacific, is
M. mariei, Crosse, whose broad shell and
immersed spire easily distinguish it.

_ MARGINELLA PEASII, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 53, pl. xiii., fig. 27.
Abundant in a dead state on the sandy beach of the lagoon.

* Melvill & Standen—Loc. cit., viii., p. 103.

470 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Hitherto only known from the Gilberts. Volutella elongata
(Marginella elliptica, Redtield),* from Fanning Island, seems
suspiciously close to this.

OLIVELLA SIMPLEX, Pease.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 72, pl. xvii., figs. 47, 48.
A single dead shell was found with the foregoing species.

Reported by its author from Upolu, Samoa, and Tongatabu,
Tonga.
: Otiva GuTtTatTa, Lamarck.

Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 74, pl. xix., figs. 64-74.
A dead specimen was found on the beach of the lagoon.

In this Museum it is represented from Trinity Bay, North
Queensland, New Caledonia, and New Hebrides.

OLIVA IRISANS, var. ERYTHROSTOMA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 80, pl.i., fig. 3; pl. xxvi., figs. 538, 54; pl. xxvii,
figs. 55-58; pl. xxxiv., fig. 53.
A few empty shells were found upon the beach.

Melvill and Standen mention this from Lifu. Specimens are
included in the series of this Museum from Niue, Tonga, and
Erromanga (New Hebrides).

Harpa MINoR, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 99, pl. xli., figs. 69 — 72, 78.
Several dead shells were noticed on the lagoon beach.

Schmeltz records this from Fiji and the Gilberts, and Melvill
and Standen from Lifu. It is in this Museum from the Solomons.

Harpa GRACILIs, Broderip & Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 99, pl. xli., fig. 73.

A single dead shell of this rare species was taken on the lagoon
beach.

H. Cuming discovered this at Anaa,.Paumotus. Schmeltz gives
it from the Gilberts and Rarotonga.

DRILLIA UNIZONALIS, Lamarck.
Tryon, Man. Conch., vi, 1884, p. 185, pl. ix., figs. 30, 33, 34,
38; pl. xxxii., fig. 48.
One specimen from Funafuti lagoon.

* Pease—Am. Journ. Conch., iii., 1867, p. 281, pl. xxiii., fig, 23.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 471

Under the synonym of D. vidua, Reeve, this is quoted by
Garrett* from Fiji and Wallis Island; by Melvill and Standen}
from Lifu; and by Weinkauff{ from Upolu, Samoa, I have
collected it at Port Moresby, British New Guinea.

GLYPHOSTOMA PURPURASCENS, Dunker. -
Dunker, Malak. Blatt., xviil., 1871, p. 160.

Clathurella pulchella, Garrett, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1873, p.
219, pl. iii., fig. 32.
Glyphostoma goubini, Hervier, Journ. de Conch., xliii., 1895(1896),
p. 149; xliv., 1896 (1897), p. 75, pl. ii, fig. 17.
Seven specimens from the lagoon at Funafuti.

Tryon writes that G. purpurascens “is admitted by Mr.
Garrett to be identical with his C. pulchella, over which it has
two years’ priority of publication.”§ The figure and description
of Father Hervier so exactly correspond to the others quoted,
that I fear no contradiction in reducing his name to synonomy.
Possibly the unfigured C. rubicunda, Gould, || is the same species.

Dunker described it from Upolu (Samoa), Garrett from Fiji,
and Hervier from Lifu (Loyalties). If the prior Clathurella
rubicunda, Gould, is identical, the range includes the Loo Choo
Islands.

GLYPHOSTOMA ALICEM, Melvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii, 1895, p. 95, pl. ii, fig.
15 (bad).

Three specimens from Funafuti agree generally with an authentic
example from Lifu, The photographic illustration quoted is too
indistinct to show details.

GLYPHOSTOMA ALICEH, W/. & S., var. TENERA, var. nov.

This variety differs in sculpture from the preceding, having on
the last whorl fifteen delicate coste, where the typical form bears
eight, thick and prominent ribs. At the anterior termination of
these ribs, the variety has a more decided angle, followed by a
more hollow base, than the species in chief.

Five specimens from the lagoon beach.

GLYPHOSTOMA MALLETI, Recluz.

* Recluz, Journ. de Conch., iii., 1852, pl. x., fig. 2; Tryon, Joc. cit,
p: 297; pl xx fies), 96; 100;

* Garrett— Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1873, p. 218.

+ Melvill & Standen—Loe., cit., viil., p. 94.

t{ Weinkauff—Conch. Cab. (ii.), iv., 1, 1887, p. 60.

§ Tryon—Loe. cit., p. 298.

|| Gould—Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vii., 1861, p. 338.

472 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

A single specimen was taken in company with the Gorgonide
described ante p. 308 — 320, by tangles hauled from eighty to
forty fathoms on the outer and western slope of Funafuti. It
differs considerably from a specimen (apparently typical) received
from New Caledonia, being of a chrome-orange colour, with a
pale peripheral band, 5 mm. long by 2 broad. Whereas the New
Caledonian example is of a peach-blossom pink colour, 6} mm.
long, 3 mm. broad, and of a stouter build. Both show the granu-
lations noted in the original description which Dall points out as
characteristic of the genus.* ;

Garrett found this in Samoa and Fiji, and Melvill and Standen
received it in abundance from Lifu, Loyalties.+

THETIDOS, gen. nov.

A member of the Mangiliine, distinguished by three stout
tubercles seated on the lip within the aperture, and by a globose,
tilted, two-whorled protoconch, which is closely spirally grooved
throughout.

The new species, which typifies this proposed new genus, stands
apart from almost all Pleurotomide, with regard to the few
large denticules which defend the aperture. The thickened lip and
anal notch throw it into Tryon’s subfamily Mangiliinze, and among
the members of that, Glyphostoma makes the nearest approach.
Glyphostoma has smaller and more numerous denticules, and an
apex which in G. gabbw is thus described by Dall :—“ nucleus
acute, three-whorled, the first whorl smooth, rounded, tilted,
minute ; the others smooth, polished, keeled on the periphery.” {
This description fits others I have examined such as G’. mallets.
In various instances the protoconch of Mangelia is shown by
Watson to have delicate, longitudinal ribbing. The genus Clathur-
ella has a peculiar raised mesh-work over all the whorls of the
protoconch, as here illustrated in the case of C. irretita, and which
has been beautifully figured in several instances by Watson in
the ‘‘ Challenger” Report. The apex which Cossman gives as
characteristic of Clathurella is, however, quite different.§

Opinions on the systematic importance of the Pleurotomoid
protoconch are conflicting. Watson remarks that :—‘“ sculpture
and form of apex may probably serve as the safest basis of classi-
fication in the whole group.”|| On the contrary Dall has expressed
his opinion that:—‘‘so far as our knowledge goes, nuclear

* Dall—Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xviii., 1889, p. 108.

+ Melvill & Standen—Loe. cit., p. 402.

t{ Dall—Loc. cit., p. 109.

§ Cossman—Essais de Paléoconchologie comparée, 1i., 1896, p. 122.
|| Watson—Chall. Rep. Zool., xv., 1886, p. 361.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 473

characters have little absolute systematic value in this group,
and their relative value remains to be determined.”*

Even should little weight attach to the nuclear distinction of
Thetidos, the aperture, so curiously imitating Sistrum or Pupa,
may separate it from its kindred, only excepting Clathurella idio-
morpha, Hervier,}+ and Clathurella rugosa, Mighels.{ As those
authors paid no special attention to the protoconch, I am unable
to decide whether they should also enter my genus.

I have no information relative to the presence or absence of
the operculum, since to obtain such would entail the destruction
of the only shell. It may be that in this family the thickening
of the lip, followed by the development of the labial teeth, and
consequent narrowing of the aperture has accompanied the de-
generation of the operculum. The safety of the animal being thus
secured by the exchange of one defence for another.

THETIDOS MORSURA, Sp. Nov.
(Fig. 42).

Shell stout and strongly
built, briefly conical, a little
turreted, anteriorly narrowed
suddenly with a short straight
and truncate canal. Whorls
five, exclusive of the proto-
conch. Colour dead white,
except the two uppermost
whorls and the protoconch,
which are pale fawn. Sculp-
ture—the last whorl has ten
thick and prominent ribs,
round at their base and
summit, their own width
apart, shouldered posteriorly

Fig. 42. and abruptly terminating

anteriorly at the basal con-

striction. On each succeeding whorl the ribs alternate with those
beneath. ‘The revolving sculpture consists, on the last whorl, of
eight, strong, elevated, equidistant, narrow spiral cords which
over-ride the ribs, and five such which encircle the base, where
vestigial ribs tend to dissect them into nodules ; on the penulti-
mate whorl there are four to five cords visible. Protoconch tilted,
two-whorled, and spirally grooved. Aperture narrow ; columella

* Dall—Loc. cit., p. 75.

+ Hervier—Journ. de Conch., xliv., 1896 (1897), p. 147; xlv., 1897, p.
110, pl. iii., fig. 3.

t Langkavel—Donum Bismarckianum, 1871, p. 2, pl. i., fig. 5.

474 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

excavate above, anteriorly ridged by the entrance of three of the
basal cords which ascend obliquely ; canal open, broad, short,
truncated ; outer lip much thickened externally by a heavy varix
which is crossed and denticulated by the spiral sculpture; within
the varix, and at right angles to it, the aperture proper has a
second raised lip, and within that again are three large, equidistant
tubercles, the largest and most prominent of which is that next
the sinus; the anal sinus is moderately deep, scarcely mounts on
the preceding whorl, and spreads a callus across two ribs. Length
3, breadth 2} mm.

One example, procured in eighty to forty fathoms by the tangles,
with the preceding species.

MANGILIA HIMERTA, Melvill & Standen.

Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 281, pl. ix.,
feeli,.

One example from the lagoon beach. Only before recorded
from Lifu.

CLATHURELLA LACTEA, Leeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. i., 1843, Pleurotoma, pl. xv., sp. 123.

One specimen from the lagoon beach answers well to Reeve’s
illustration.

CLATHURELLA CLANDESTINA, Deshayes.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 298, pl. xix., fig. 67; pl. xx., fig. 81.
One specimen from the Funafuti lagoon, slighter and paler

than the typical form. It is only 4 mm. long, and has a buff
tip and two obscure buff bands on the back of the last whorl.

Pease found this in the Paumotus, Garrett in Fiji, and Hadfield
at Lifu.* I collected a large form, 7 mm. in length, at Milne
Bay, British New Guinea. According to the descriptions, C.
pumila, Mighels, seems scarcely separable.

CLATHURELLA APICALIS, Montrouzier.
Montrouzier, Journ. de Conch., ix., 1861, p. 277, pl. x1, fig. 1.
Two worn specimens from the beach of the Funafuti lagoon.

Tryon} relegates this to the synonomy of C. felina, Hinds, As
Reeve’s miserable figure of this permits no comparison, I accept
without criticism Hervier’s assurance} that it is distinct.

* Melvill & Standen—Loc. cit., vili., p, 402.
+ Tryon—Loc. cit., p. 293.
t Hervier—Loc. cit., xlv., 1897, p. 101.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 475

OLATHURELLA IRRETITA, Sp. NOV.
(Fig. 43).

Shell ovate-fusiform, narrow, tur-
retted and sharply angled below a
sloping shoulder, Colour white, from
the suture to the angle opaque, below
the angle hyaline with opaque beads ;
protoconch buff yellow, a splash of
the same on the anterior dorsal por-
tion of the last whorl; a pale yellow
thread, confined to one spiral cord,
ascends each whorl below the angle,
and another surrounds the last whorl
below the periphery. Adult whorls
four andahalf. Sculpture—the last
whorl bears fifteen longitudinal costee

: which cross the flattened part of the
Fig. 43. whorl obliquely, here they are separ-
ated by twice their breadth ; above
the angle they bend and enlarge suddenly, towards the base they
curve in and vanish at the basal constriction. On the penultimate
whorl these cost alternate with those below the suture. These
longitudinal coste are over-ridden by a series of fine sharp spiral
cords knotted at each costa ; the last whorl carrying four larger
and more undulating ones above the angle and ten below it; on
the base are six simple cords. Protoconch horny, maunillate,
three and a half whorled, the larger sculptured with a raised net-
work, contrasting sharply by colour and texture with the adult
shell, which suddenly commences with a thick raised white tongue
at the suture. Aperture narrow and elliptical, columella arched,
overlaid by a callus which ends abruptly where the mouth narrows.
Canal short and wide. Outer lip massive, ridged externally by a
dozen transverse cords which denticulate the edges ; within are
seven weak entering ridges. The aperture mounts the preceding
whorl to the height of two spiral cords, and encloses a deep wide
anal notch with a prominent callus. Length 5, breadth 2 mm.

One specimen from the lagoon beach of Funafuti.

Closely allied to Clathurella ewzonata, Hervier,* from which it
differs by being narrower, sharper angled, and sculptured by finer
and more numerous cords. With his species Hervier associates
C. bilineata, Angas, and C. bifascratum, Pease.

DAPHNELLA DELICATA, Reeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., i., 1846, “ Pleurotoma,” pl. xxxiv., sp. 310;
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 301, pl. xxvi., fig. 80.

* Hervier—Journ. de Conch., xliv., 1896 (1897), p. 143; #bid., xlv.,
1897, p. 102, pl. ii., fig. 6.

476 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

One specimen from the Funafuti lagoon beach.

It has been taken by Cuming at Marutea, Paumotus, and by
Garrett at Tahiti.

DAPHNELLA LYMNEIFORMIS, Kiener.
Kiener, Coquilles Vivantes, Canaliferes, i., (n.d.), Pleurotome, p.
62, pl. xxii, fig. 3.
Two specimens from Funafuti appear to be the first recorded
from the Central Pacific of this widely distributed form.

DAPHNELLA PUPOIDEA, H. Adams.

H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 14, pl. iii., fig. 27; Tryon,
loc. cit., p. 314, pl. xxxiv., fig. 92.

Mangilia victor, Sowerby, Proc. Malac. Soc., i., 1894, p. 45, pl.
iv., ug. 19.

The single specimen from Funafuti is smaller and slighter than
Adams’ type specimen, from the New Hebrides, now in the
Australian Museum. Melvill and Standen report it* from Lifu,
Loyalties, and I have obtained it at Port Moresby, British New
Guinea, and at Panie, New Caledonia. Drillia pygmcea, Dunker,
seems to be suspiciously like this species.

DAPHNELLA THIASOTES, Melvill & Standen.

Mangilia thiasotes, Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viil., 1896,
p. 284, pl. ix., fig. 21.

A more complete account than is usually given by these authors
enables me to satisfactorily identify a single specimen from Funa-
futi with their species from Lifu. They confess, ‘‘ We know of
no pleurotomoid shell which presents the same characteristics.”
If specific characters were thus alluded to in a shell described as
new, the remark would be superfluous, and I therefore presume
that generic characters are intended. It is obvious that this
species is a close ally of such a shell as Angas described as Pur-
pura anomala, Prof. R. Tate first pointed out that this latter was
one of the Pleurotomide, allied to M. vincenti, Crosse.+ In con-
sonance with Tryon’s classification, it is therefore here termed
Daphnella thiasotes.

Conus LITERATUS, Linne.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 10, pl. ii., figs. 17 - 19; Garrett, Journ. Conch.,
i, 1878, pp. 354, 360.

I purchased a specimen of this from a native at Nukulailai.

* Melvill & Standen—Loc. cit., viii., p. 94.
+ Tate—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., v., 1881, p. 131.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 477

H. Cuming collected a form of this at Tahiti and Anaa, Pau-
motus.* Garrett found it in Fiji, the Gilberts, the Carolines, and
Society Islands. In an excellent “ Catalogue of the Cones of New
Caledonia,” by Crosse and Marie, } this isrecorded from the mainland,
Tle Art, and the Loyalty Group. Inthis Museumit is alsorepresented
from British New Guinea, Erromanga (New Hebrides), and the
Bampton Reef (Coral Sea). Throughout the Pacific, this shell is
greatly esteemed as material for native ornaments.

Conus TESSELLATUS, Born.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 11, pl. ii., figs. 26,27; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
395, 300.
A couple of specimens were procured at Funafuti.

Garrett reports this from Fiji, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, and Hawaii. Crosse and Marie mention this
from Balade and Ile Art, New Caledonia. In this Museum are
specimens from the New Hebrides and Torres Straits.

Conus puLicaRius, Hwass.

Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 19, pl. iv., fig. 68 ; pl. v., fig. 69; Garrett, loc.
cit., pp. 355, 362.

Two examples were obtained at Funafuti.

Garrett records this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, and Marquesas Islands. Cuming
observed this at Tahiti{ ; Crosse and Marie at Ile Art and New
Caledonia ; and Melvill and Standen at Lifu. Tryon mentions
it from New Guinea, and specimens are in this Museum from
Queensland, the Solomons, and the Gilberts.

Conus HEBRAEUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 20, pl. v., figs. 75, 77; pl. xxvii., fig. 13; Garrett,
loc, cit., pp. 354, 360.
Abundant on the outer reef in rock pools at Funafuti, and I
noted it also at Nukulailai.

Garrett cites this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. Crosse and Marie quote
it from New Caledonia. In this Museum it is shown from the
Louisiades, Erromanga, New Hebrides, and Lord Howe Island.

The native name on Funafuti is “miri.” At Port Moresby
the natives call it “ ahukura.”

* Reeve—Conch. Icon., i., Ghana, 1843, pl. xxxii., sp. 178.
+ Crosse & Marie—Journ. de Conch., 1874, p. 344.
ft Reeve—Loc. cit., pl. xvii., sp. 94.

478 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

ConUS HEBRAEUS, Var. VERMICULATUS, Hvwass.

A few of this colour variety occurred as usual with the typical
form, —
CoNUS CEYLONENSIS, Hwass.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 23, pl. vi., figs. 94 — 100.
Abundant in the rock pools of the outer reef of Funafuti, in

association with the preceding species. Numerous colour varieties
are represented, among which is the var. sponsalis, Chemnitz.

Cuming collected this at Marutea, Paumotus* ; Crosse and
Marie report it from Ile Art, New Caledonia; and Melvill and
Standen from Lifu. In a catalogue of the shells of Fitzroy
Island,+ Brazier notes it from there and from San Christoval,
Solomons. :

CoNUS VEXILLUM, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 39, pl. xi, figs. 12a, 13, 14; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 356, 365.

One imperfect shell was purchased from a native at Funafuti.

Garrett found this in the Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Cook’s,
Paumotus, and Hawaii Groups. Crosse and Marie mention this
from New Caledonia, Ile Art, and Lifu ; Tryon from Samoa ; and
there is a specimen in this Museum from Torres Straits. I have
also collected it at Ballina, N.S. Wales.

Conus RaATTUS, Hwass.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 41, pl. xil., figs. 25, 27.

A single living specimen was taken under a stone in the Funa-
futi lagoon.

Cuming saw this at Tahiti, and Anaa, Paumotust; Crosse and
Marie record it from Lifu and New Caledonia, and Weinkauff
from Tonga.§ A specimen from the Bampton Reef, Coral Sea, is
in this Museum.

CoNnuUS CAPITANEUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 40, pl. xii., figs. 21-24; pl. xi, figs. 17, 18.
Garrett, Joc. cit., pp. 354, 358.

One dead and immature shell from Funafuti,

Garrett found this in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts and Carolines.
Crosse and Marie mention this from Ile Art, New Caledonia,

and Brazier from Fitzroy Island, Queensland ; Torres Straits ;
Hall Sound, British New Guinea ; Fiji, New Ireland, New Britain

* Reeve—Loc. cit., pl. xx., sp. 109.

+ Brazier—Journ. Conch., ii., 1879, p. 190.

t Reeve—Loc. cit., pl. xv., sp. 78.

§ Weinkauff—Conch. Cab., 1873, Conus, p. 134.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 479

and the Solomons. A specimen from the Bampton Reef is in
this Museum,
Conus Livipus, Hwass.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 45, pl. xiii., figs. 54-57 ; Garrett, loc. ctt., pp.
354, 360.

One specimen was found alive under a stone in the Funafuti
lagoon.

Garrett saw this in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas and Hawaii. By Cuming
it was taken in the Society Islands ; Melvill and Standen have it
from the Loyalty. Specimens in this Museum extend the range
to Woodlark Island, British New Guinea and the Solomons.

Conus LIviDus, var. FLAvIDUS, Lamarck.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 44, pl. xiii. figs. 48 - 50.

Abundant alive under stones in the Funafuti lagoon.

Cuming collected this at Tahiti, Crosse and Marie cite it from
Ile Art, New Caledonia ; Smith from the Solomons, Fiji, and
Tonga* ; and Brazier from Torres Straits and Hall Sound, British
New Guinea.t An Hawaiian specimen is contained in this
Museum.

Conus vituLinus, Hwass.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 51, pl. xiv., figs. 86, 87 ; pl. xv., fig. 88.

One dead specimen from Funafuti.

Crosse and Marie cite this from the Loyalty Islands, Ie
Art and Balade, New Caledonia. Brazier found it at Fitzroy
Island, Queensland, Torres Straits, New Britain and New Ireland.

Conus catus, Hwass.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 63, pl. xx., figs. 6-10; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
354, 358.

A single worn specimen from Funafuti.

Cuming collected this at Tahiti ; Orosse and Marie record it
from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Group. This Museum has
a specimen from Hawaii. Garrett found it in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Gilberts, Carolines, Cook’s, Society, Paumotus and Hawaii.

Conus NUSSATELLA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 80, pl. xxv., fig. 35; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 355, 362,
Mr. G. Sweet obtained one specimen. .

Garrett notes this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, Paumotus and Hawaii.

* Smith—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 400.
+ Brazier—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., i., 1877, p. 288.

480 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Conus sTRIATUS, Linne.

Tryon, loc. cit., p. 85, pl. xxvi., fig. 67; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
355, 364.

A single empty shell from Funafuti.

Garrett collected this at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook’s, Society, and Hawaii. Crosse and Marie record this from
the east coast of New Caledonia, and the Islands of Art and Lifu.
Brazier has noted it from Fitzroy Island, Queensland, Torres
Straits, New Ireland and New Britain; and Smith from the
Solomons. In this Museum are specimens from Erromanga,
New Hebrides, and the Bampton Reef, Coral Sea.

Conus GEOGRAPHUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 88, pl. xxviii, fig. 84; pl. xxix., fig. 85;
Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 354, 360. .

A native of Funafuti presented me with a fine specimen, 120
mm. in length.

Garrett saw this at Fiji, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines, Society and
Paumotus. Crosse and Marie mention this from the Islands of
Loyalty, Art and Pines, New Caledonia. This Museum possesses
representatives from Fiji, the Solomon Islands and Erromanga,
New Hebrides.

Conus TuLIPA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 87, pl. xxvili., figs. 80, 81; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 355, 365.
I picked up a single specimen on the western beach of Funafuti.

Garrett obtained this at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Cook’s,
Society, Paumotus, Marquesas and Hawaii. Crosse and Marie
note it from the Islands of Lifu, Art and Pines, New Caledonia.
Examples from Torres Straits and Erromanga, New Hebrides,
exist in this Museum.

Conus AURATUS, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit, p. 93, pl. xxxi., fig. 30; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
354, 357.
One dead shell from the lagoon beach of Funafuti.

Found by Cuming at Anaa, Paumotus, and noted by Crosse
and Fischer from the Loyalty. In this Museum are instances
from the Gilberts and Erromanga, New Hebrides. Garrett
collected this at Fiji, Gilberts and Paumotus.

TEREBRA CRENULATA, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., 1885, p. 8, pl. i., figs. 1, 2, 6.

Several imperfect specimens were observed on the lagoon beach
of Funafuti.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 48]

Hinds remarks this from the Society and Marquesas, and
Melvill and Standen from Lifu; this Museum contains it from
Pipon Island and New Caledonia.

TEREBRA DIMIDIATA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 9, pl. i, figs. 4, 13.
Fragments only of this were collected at Funafuti by myself,
but Mr. G. Sweet showed me a whole one.
* Hinds reports this from Tahiti ; Melvill and Standen from
Lifu. It is in this Museum from British New Guinea, and
Erromanga and Aneiteum, New Hebrides.

TEREBRA MACULATA, Linne.
' Tryon, loc. cit., p. 9, pl. i., figs. 9, 10.

This shell is a rarity on Funafuti, and I was unable to personally
obtain a specimen, though I identified the species from one pur-
chased from the natives by another member of our party. A
specimen was also obtained by Mr. G. Sweet. It was formerly of
great value to the inhabitants of this and other Pacific Islands,
who employed it as a cutting or boring edge for certain tools.*
Dr. Hinds, who found a dwarf form at Hao Atoll, Paumotus,
remarks :—‘‘ In the Pacific, the animal is eaten as food, and the
shell, ground at an angle, was much in use as a chisel in the con-
struction of the canoes.”

The “Chevert” Expedition obtained this in TorresStraits. Melvill
and Standen note it from Lifu. I collected it at Port Moresby,
British New Guinea, where the natives knew it as “ bodoa.”

TEREBRA SUBULATA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 10, pl. i., fig. 3; pl. iii, fig. 35.
One specimen was found by Mr. G. Sweet.

Hinds found it at Hao and Tahiti. It is represented from the
Solomons, New Caledonia, and Hawaii in this Museum.

TEREBRA TIGRINA, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 10, pl. i, fig. 11.

Mr. G. Sweet obtained two examples. Reported by Tryon from
Hawaii, and represented in this Museum from the New Hebrides.

TEREBRA AFFINIS, Gray.
Tryon, Joc. cit., p. 14 pl. ii., figs. 18, 22.
Two worn shells were taken on the Funafuti beach.

* See ante pp. 249, 259.
+R. B. Hinds—Thes, Conch., i., 1847, p. 150,

Ge

482 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Tryon quotes this from Fiji, and Melvill and Standen from Lifu.
Schmeltz mentions it from Tahiti and Upolu, Samoa.* Specimens
from the New Hebrides are in the possession of this Museum.

SoLIDULA SULCATA, Gmelin.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xv., 1893, p. 143, pl. xxa, figs. 39, 46, 47, 48.

Several specimens from the lagoon beach.

This abundant, variable and widespread species has been
reported from Queensland and New Caledonia by Brazier, and
from Tahiti by Pilsbry. It is represented in the Museum Collection
from Guam in the Ladrones and from Aneiteum in the New
Hebrides.

ToRNATINA VOLUTA, Quoy & Gaimard.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xv., 1893, p. 195, pl. xxii., figs. 29, 30, 31.

Abundant on the lagoon beach.

Taken originally at Guam in the Ladrones by the “ Astrolabe,”
it was afterwards found in Torres Straits by the ‘‘ Chevert” and
in Fiji by the “Challenger.” Melvill and Standen note it from
the Loyalty Islands, and I have myself collected it at Noumea,
New Caledonia.

TORNATINA HADFIELDI, Melvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 314; pl. xi.,
fig. 80.
Some broken specimens from the lagoon beach appear to belong
to this species, which Melvill and Standen describe from Lifu,
and which I have also taken at Panie, New Caledonia.

RETUSA WAUGHIANA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 44).

Shell subcylindrical, swollen below, sharply
truncated above, produced and rounded an-
teriorly. Colour porcelain white, glossy.
Sculpture—longitudinal, irregularly spaced
ribs traverse the whole shell, anteriorly they
are weak threads, posteriorly they wax stouter
and form tubercles as they obliquely mount
the vertex. Between these the shell is closely
girt by about forty spiral grooves and their
complementary ridges. Whorls four, the
earlier ascending, the last descending. Suture
deeply channelled. Apex mamillate, rising
above the crown. Aperture very oblique,
racquet shaped. Outer lip springing from the
wall considerably below the vertex, rounded
posteriorly, parallel with the body whorl as far

* Schmeltz—Mus. Godeffroy Cat. v., 1874, p. 134.

THE MOLLUSCA— HEDLEY. 483

as the waist of the shell, then curving outwards. Columella
broad, sinuate, folded over a slight umbilical chink. Callus on
body whorl distinct, forming a decided angle posteriorly. Length
1}, breadth 1 mm.

Three specimens from the lagoon beach.

This species perhaps stands nearest to &. amphizosta, Watson,*
from which it is easily distinguished by the even more puffed
anterior half, the descent of the last whorl, and by the coarser,
more prominent sculpture. The young shells differ altogether in
contour from the adult, but may be recognised by their peculiar
sculpture.

This novelty is named in honour of my accomplished friend,
Lieutenant A. Waugh, R.N., of H.M.S. “ Penguin,” who, during
the Expedition to Funafuti, as on many previous occasions, afforded
his hearty aid and sympathy to every scientific undertaking.

Arys cytinprica, Helbling.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xv., 1893, p. 265, pl. xxxiii., figs. 60 — 64.
Abundant on the lagoon beach,

This common Pacific shell ranges in Australia from Torres
Straits southwards to Port Stephens, N.S.W.; the “ Challenger ”
met it in Fiji; I took it at Noumea, New Caledonia, and the
Museum has received from Mr. N. Hardy a specimen he collected
at Aneiteum, New Hebrides.

ATYS HYALINA, Watson.
Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 271, pl. xxxii., fig. 36.

A single broken specimen from the Funafuti lagoon agrees with
specimens in the Museum from a type locality, Torres Straits.
The ‘ Challenger” procured this from Fiji, and doubtfully from
Honolulu.

ATYS DENTIFERA, 4. Adams.
Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 276, pl. xxvii., fig. 81.

The occurrence of several specimens on the lagoon beach of
Funafuti points to a range across the whole Pacific, since this
habitat is intermediate between Marutea, Paumotus, in the
extreme east, where it was first discovered by Hugh Cuming, and
Torres Straits in the extreme west, where it was taken by the
“Challenger,” as also at Fiji. Mr. H. Smithurst has presented
to the Museum a specimen he collected at Milne Bay, British
New Guinea.

* Watson—Chall. Rep., Zool., xv., 1886, p. 652, pl. xlviii., fig. 11.

484 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

ATYS DACTYLUS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 45).

Shell date shaped, truncated above and below,
minutely perforate above, deeply and narrowly
umbilicate below. Colour white, glossy. Sculp-
ture—from sixty to seventy, irregularly waved,
narrow, shallow grooves girdle the shell, between
which are smooth, flat topped lyre, two or three
times their breadth; these are crossed at
irregular intervals by fine and coarse growth
lines. The aperture is vertical, longer than the
shell, narrowly arched, dilated above and below,
rather effuse anteriorly. Above, the lip rises
from the centre of the apical crater and folding
back almost covers the perforation ; the outer

Fig. 45. lip is straight and simple; the columella broadly

reflexed,emarginate without, tuberculate within,

a short tongue of callus extends a little distance upwards along
the body whorl. Length 43, breadth 24 mm.

One specimen from the lagoon beach.

This species appears to approach nearest to A. jeffreyst, Wein-
kauff, from the Mediterranean, which served Monterosato as type
for his genus Rowaniella.

CYLICHNA ERECTA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 46).

Shell cylindrical, truncated above, bevelled out-
wardly round the vertex, rounded below and
compressed around the basal axis. Colour white.
Sculpture—the only specimen is too worn for exact
description ; it seems to have been girt by numerous
broad and shallow spiral grooves. Aperture nearly
perpendicular ; lip produced medially ; columella
broadly reflected, apparently minutely plicated.
Spire umbilicate, a shallow crater into which each
whorl descends by steps. Length 4, breadth 12 mm.

A single rather worn example from the lagoon
beach.
This species appears to be quite distinct from
Fig. 46. others of the genus. Those that share the cylindrical
shape being C. discus, Watson, more truncated
anteriorly ; C. protracta, Gould, three times larger; C. involuta,
Adams, C. cylindracea, Pennant, and C. alba, Brown, which
appear to have the spire covered. No comparison can be
instituted with a mass of unfigured species with which authors
(Adams being chief sinner) have oppressed descriptive conchology.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 485

HAMINEA VITREA, A. Adams.
Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 370, pl. xl., fig. 83.
Two specimens from the lagoon beach.

The “ Chevert” Expedition took this species in Torres Straits.
It occurred to me at Panie, New Caledonia; and under the
synonym of H. tenera, A. Adams, Melvill and Standen record
it from the Loyalties.

CYLINDROBULLA scuLpTa, WVevill.
Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 381, pl. xlii., figs. 36 - 38.

Two living specimens from shallow water in the lagoon, corres-
pond fairly to the above quotation. This Cingalese species has
not been noticed before in the Pacific.

AKERA APERTA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 47).

Shell small, fragile, transparent, oval.
Whorls two and a half, last sloping on the
shoulder, then subangled and rounded
below; sculptured by close, regular growth
lines. Apex truncate. Spire minute,
visible through a flat, glossy plate, which
continues into a rib bordering the sutural
notch. Aperture as long as the shell,
much dilated and effuse below, narrowed
above to the broad and deep sinus ; outer
lip arched forward above the middle ;
columella very concave with a narrow
sharply reflexed edge. Length 5, breadth
4 mm.

Three specimens from sand on the
lagoon beach.

This curious shell agrees with Akera in
having the spire at the vertex and in the
open aperture, but it approaches Cylin-
drobulla in the more involute spire. Jam
not satisfied that this may not be the
young of the preceding species, but as no
information is published on the immature
stages of these genera, it seemed well to
describe my material, even at the risk of
increasing synonomy.

HyYDATINA AMPLUSTRE, Linve.
Pilsbry, Joc. cit., p. 390, pl. xliv., figs. 1 — 6.
An immature specimen from the lagoon beach.

486 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

So conspicuous a shell is readily observed; Pilsbry quotes
Pacific records embracing most archipelagoes between Queensland
and Hawaii.

HyYDATINA PHYsIS, Linne.

Pilsbry, foc. cit., p. 387, pl. xlv., figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.
Mr. G. Sweet found a young shell of this world wide species.

RINGICULA PARVULA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 48).

Shell very small, broad, solid, milk-white
and glossy. Whorls rounded, chanelled
at the suture ; incised by half a dozen sharp
narrow grooves at and below the periphery.
The mouth armature consists of a large
blunt tooth in the middle of the outer lip,
an elevated and much compressed one on
the body whorl and two others, distant,
rounded and oblique on the columella.
Length 1:6, breadth 1 mm.

Differs in dentition and contour from
R. mariei, Morelet, and R. acuta v. minuta,
H. Adams, and in its minute size from all
others of the genus.

tee One specimen from the lagoon beach.
ELYSIA NIGROPUNCTATA, Pease, var. SANGUINBA, var. nov.
(Fig. 49).
= This variety differs from the type figured
Lae eircrek ore by Pease or Bergh* by being smaller by
Fig. 49. one third, and having the tentacles and
mantle border coloured a vivid crimson.

One specimen was collected at low water on the extreme outer
edge of the windward reef.

Perhaps #. marginatus, Pease, is but another colour variety of
the same species.

PLECOTREMA BELLUM, H. & A. Adams.
Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc., i., 1895, p. 242.

In reference to this species, Souverbie pathetically remarks
that the wretched work of the Adams permits of no precise
identification. Their baneful seed has here produced the usual
crop of synonomy. My determination of a shell, once collected on

* Pease—Am. Journ. Conch., vi., 1871, p. 304, pl. xxii., fig. 2 a,b,c, d.;
Bergh—Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, i., 1873, p. 80, pl. ix., fig. 7.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 487

the lagoon beach of Funafuti, rests on a statement by Sykes that
P. bellum equals P, sowverbier, Montrouzier, and upon the illustra-
tions of that, which he omitted to quote.”

The range recorded in the Central Pacitic is New Caledonia,
Loyalty, Taviuni, Fiji, Paumotus, and Gambier.

PLECOTREMA MORDAX, Dohrn.
Langkavel, Donum Bismarckianum, 1871, p. 30, pl. iii., figs. 8 a. b.

‘'wo specimens from the lagoon beach.

This species, known only from Tahiti and the Paumotus, is
perhaps equivalent to the earlier but unfigured P. striatum,
Philippi.

Metampus Fasciatus, Deshayes.
Kuster, Conch. Cab., 2nd ed., i, Auriculacea, 1844, p. 33, pl. v.,
figs. 9-11.

Of this species, Mr. G. Sweet obtained several shells.

The following records from the Central Pacific are quoted by
Tapparone Canefrit : New Guinea, New Ireland, New Hebrides,
New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Society, and Ellice. Further
instances from the Solomons, Queensland, Carolines, Marquesas,
and Hawaii, are furnished by this Museum.

MELAMPUS LUTEUS, Quoy & Gaimard.
Kuster, loc. cit., p. 29, pl. vi., figs. 1 — 3.

Extremely abundant at and above high water-mark, among
stones and vegetation.

Tapparone Canefri traces this through the following archipela-
goes: New Guinea, New Ireland, New Hebrides, New Caledonia,
Samoa, Ellice, Gilberts, Society, and Carolines. Crosse} reports
it from Woodlark [sland on the authority of Montrouzier ; and
Museum material enables me to add the Solomons.

TORNATELLINA OBLONGA, Pease.
Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, p. 187.

Several living specimens were collected at Funafuti under sticks
and stones. Mousson did not record this from the Ellice. ‘ In-
habits,” says Garrett, ‘all the groups from the Marquesas and
Paumotus to the Viti Islands.”

TORNATELLINA CONICA, Mousson.
Garrett, loc. cit., p. 187.

* Montrouzier—Journ. de Conch., x., 1862, pl. ix., fig. 12; Gassies—
Faune Conch. de la Nouvelle Calédonie, 1863, pl. vi., fig. 23.

+ Tapparone Canefri—Ann. Mus. Gen., xix., 1883, p. 288.

t{ Crosse—Journ. de Conch., xlii., 1894, p. 323.

488 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Though Greeffe found this at Funafuti it escaped my observation.
It has the same range as the preceding species, and inhabits the
same station.

VERTIGO PEDICULUS, Shuttleworth.
Garrett, loc. cit., p. 188.

This widespread species occurred to me at Funafuti as it also
did to Greeffe.

To the extensive synonymy compiled by Garrett I would suggest
the addition of P. palmyra, Stol.* and P. selebensis, Tapp. Can, +

STENOGYRA GRACILIS, Hutton.
Hutton, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, iii., 1834, p. 93.

Under the synonym of S. juncea, Gould, this widespread species
has already been recorded from Funafuti. Like Greeffe I found
it in abundance. A recently described Australian species, S.
interioris, Tate, t seems to me to be synonymous.

ENDODONTA MODICELLA, Ferussac.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ix., 1894, p. 35.

This widely distributed species is common at Funafuti, where
under the name of £. vicaria, it has already been recorded by
Mousson. To the synonymy arranged by Pilsbry I would add,
as the result of study of authentic specimens, Charopa rotumana,
Smith.$

ENDODONTA DECEMPLICATA, Mousson.

Mousson, Journ. de Conch., xxi., 1873, p. 105.

This species was found by Greeffe at Nukufetau and Vaitupu,
but was not observed by me at Funafuti.

TROCHONANINA SAMOENSIS, Mouwsson.
Garrett, loc. cit., p. 171; Mousson, Joe. cit., p. 104.

I found this common on Funafuti. Greffe took it on Niutao,
Vaitupu, Nui, and Nukufetau. Garrett reports it as ‘‘ common
in the Tonga, Cook’s, and Samoa Islands, and rare in the
Marquesas.”

* Stoliczka—Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xlii., p. 32, pl. iii., fig. 3a, b.

+ Tapperone Canefri—Ann. Mus. Gen. xx., 1883-4, p. 171, pl.i., figs. 12,13.
t~ Tate—Horn Explor. Exped., Zool., p. 203, pl. xviii., fig. 14.

§ Smith—Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (vi.), xx., 1897, p. 520.

Compliments.

THE MOLLUSCA OF FUNAFUTI.

Part II.—Pelecypoda and Brachiopoda.

By CHARLES HEDLEY,

Conchologist, Australian Museum.

TOF: iG PO a

; j 2 es by tal 425

maT no (fo the it ‘ies Tv Ma hy
Cay et ee a , hy any i ee
- ' : ; ; > Var o as ny 4” {'

© ERTS RS ADY > TD Sa eee

% Pe & ) oe 7 »
¥

;
a ;
» , tb’ sf

wirsanls aye Say Wee i GN Te dh : a las : 7
i ee a) : =<! sa f 4

a

‘dT Bee tp

. Pen SO. 4 15) ie
aWg.. d& Ger, ia
PP vee. i aes

(XVIIL.]

THE MOLLUSCA.

Part II.—Pelecypoda and Brachiopoda.

By Cuaries HEDLEY,

Conchologist, Australian Museum.

ANOMIA, Sp.
A few disassociated upper valves, not specifically recognisable,
were gathered on the lagoon beach of Funafuti.
ARCA ZEBRA, Swainson,
Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii., 1844, Arca, pl. xi., sp. 69.

Abundant under stones at low water in the lagoon. In this
Museum there are specimens from Trinity Bay, Queensland.

It is doubtful whether A. occidentalis, Philippi, is distinct. If
not, the species has a circumequatorial range.
ARCA MACULATA Sowerby.
Reeve, Joc. cit., pl. xi., sp. 71.
One living specimen obtained in the lagoon.
First found by Cuming at Marutea, in the Paumotus. Speci-
mens are in this Museum from Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
ARCA RETICULATA, G'melin.
Reeve, loc. cit., pl. xvi., spp. 108, 112 (as A. divaricata, Sowerby).

Several disassociated valves of this world-wide species were
observed on the lagoon beach.

The synonymy and range of this species have been examined at
length by Lischke.*
ARCA VELATA, Sowerby.
Reeve, loc. cit., pl. xii., sp. 79.
Common in blocks of coral in shallow water in the lagoon.
First obtained at Marutea, Paumotus, by Cuming.

* Lischke—Japan Meeres conchylien, ii., 1871, p. 142, iii., 1874, p. 107.
Smith adds A. dubia, Baird, to the list—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 431.
Further notes will be found in the Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. (2), ix., 1894,
p. 180; Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., xix., 1895, p. 261; and Trans. Wagner Free
Inst. Sci., iii., 1898, p. 628,

499 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

ARCA TENELLA, Reeve.
Reeve, loc. cit., pl. xiv., sp. 91.
One living and one dead specimen were taken in the lagoon.

SEPTIFER EXcIsus, Wiegmann.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., x., 1857, Mytilus, pl. iv., sp. 13.
Separate valves were common on the lagoon beach. I once

found it alive in a block of perforated dead coral. This species
does not seem to have been reported from the Pacific.

MODIOLA AUSTRALIS, Gray.
Reeve, loc, cit., Modiola, pl. v., sp. 21.
Attached to coral blocks in the lagoon.
The species I thus identify has a wide range. It occurs along

the Australian coast south to Sydney. Museum examples show
it from the Gilberts, Lifu, and New Caledonia.

LITHOPHAGA TERES, Philippi.
Reeve, /oc. cit., Lithodomus, pl. ii1., sp. 13.
Abundant ; boring coral with the following species, -

Schmeltz records it from Rarotonga, and Smith from Bowen,
Queensland. It is in this Museum from Port Molle and Port
Curtis, Queensland ; and New Caledonia.

LITHOPHAGA LEVIGATA, Quoy & Gaimard.

Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. “Astrolabe,” Zool. iii., 1835, p. 464, pl.
Ixxvitic; figs. ie 0S:

Abundant at low water level, boring in coral blocks in the
lagoon.

This species has been omitted from the Monographs of Reeve and
Dunker, and indeed from subsequent literature generally. From
the account quoted above, I have little doubt that it is the species
commonly known as Lithodomus malaccanus, Reeve. It is a
usual companion of the previous species. Under Reeve’s name,
Schmeltz quotes it from Tahiti, and Smith from Torres Straits.
It is in this Museum from New Caledonia, and Tupuselei, British
New Guinea.

. PLICATULA IMBRICATA, Menke.
Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., i., 1847, p. 437, pl. xe., fig. 6, pl.
xel., figs. 15-18.
A few small specimens found alive in shallow water in the
lagoon, adhering to dead shells, are with doubt so identified.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 493

SPONDYLUS OCELLATUS, Aeeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix., Spondylus, 1856, pl. xii, sp. 43.
An odd and worn valve from the lagoon beach is referred to
this species.
Melvill and Standen report it from Lifu.

Lima BULLATA, Sowerby.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., i., 1847, p. 84, pl. xx., figs. 32, 33.

A single valve of a young individual is ascribed to this species,
which ranges along the east Australian coast to Tasmania.

LIMA TENERA, Chemnitz.
Sowerby, loc. cit., p. 84, pl. xxi., figs. 2, 3, 10, 11, 13.
One valve, apparently the young of this species, was obtained
by tangles at forty to eighty fathoms.

Pacific localities for this species, noted in the “ Challenger”
Report, are Fiji, and Sir C. Hardy Island, off North Queensland.
Melvill and Standen mention it from Lifu.

Lima squamosa, Lamarck.
Sowerby, Joc. cit., p. 84, pl. xxi., figs. 1, 18.
This world-wide species occurred alive in the lagoon.

Lima AncuLatTa, Sowerby.

Sowerby, Joc. cit., p. 86, pl. xxii, figs. 39, 40.

Several small specimens were found alive under stones in the
lagoon.

Smith unites* with this Z. basilanica and Z. orientalis, both
of Adams and Reeve, and Z. fasciata, Sowerby (not Linne).

LIMA FRAGILIS, Gmelin.

Sowerby, Joc. cit., p. 86, pl. xxil., figs. 34 — 37.

Small specimens were of frequent occurrence under stones in
the lagoon.

Sowerby records this from Tahiti; Von Martens} from New
Guinea and the Gilberts ; and Smith{ from Port Essington, Port
Molle, Torres Straits, and Fiji. It is in this Museum from New
Caledonia and Queensland.

PECTEN SQUAMATUS, Gmelin.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., viii., 1853, pl. xxi., fig. 82.
A few broken valves were collected on the beach of the lagoon.

* Smith—Chal. Rep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. 289.
+ Von Martens—Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxi., 1889, p. 202.
t Smith—Zool. Coll. “ Alert,” 1884, p. 116.

494 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

PECTEN PALLIUM, Line.
Reeve, loc. cit., pl. xvii., fig. 63.
One valve from the lagoon beach.

This species appears to be widespread through the tropical
Pacific. Cuming found it at Marutea, Paumotus. It is repre-
sented in this Museum from San Christoval, Solomons; Erromanga,
New Hebrides; New Caledonia; Tonga; and the Gilberts.

P.nove-guinee, T. Woods, a Pleistocene fossil from Hall Sound,
British New Guinea, is reduced to a synonym of P. palliwm by Prof.
R. Tate.

PECTEN DISTANS, Reeve.

Kobelt, Conch. Cab., Pecten, 1885, p. 228, pl. xli., fig. 2.
One valve from the lagoon beach.
New Caledonian specimens occur in the Museum series.

PECTEN MADREPORARUM, Sowerby
Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., i., 1847, p. 68, pl. xiv., fig. 68.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.

Also represented in the Museum from Hood Lagoon and
Tupuselei, British New Guinea; Cape York, Queensland ; and
New Caledonia. This species appears to be universally but
erroneously ascribed to Petit. It is a perverse fate which credits
an author, who was the first to energetically protest against manu-
script names, + with indulging in the practice himself. Sowerby’s
locality, the Red Sea, as well as his authority, requires confirma-
tion.

HINNITES, sp.

Attached to sheets of dead coral, and associated with the
Brachiopod Thecidea maxilla, were several adherent valves of a
species of Hinnites, too imperfect for specific determination.

PrERIA PEASEI, Dunker.
Dunker, Conch. Cab., Avicula, 1872, p. 24, pl. viii., fig. 1.
Attached (as mentioned ante p. 308) in great numbers to the
branches of Plexawra antipathes.

The species was described by Pease} under the thrice pre-occupied
name of Avicula radiata, from the Gilberts. Schmeltz, who considers
A. cypsellus, Dunker, a synonym, § reports it from Samoa.

Preria cumMiIncu, Reeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., 1857, Avicula, pl. iv., sp. 6.

* 'l'ate—-Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), ix., 1894, p. 214.

+ Petit—Revue Zool., ii., 1839, p. 316, and iii., 1840, p. 154.
t Pease—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1862, p. 244.

§ Schmeltz—Mus. Godeffroy Cat., v., 1874, p. 176.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 495

This species is employed on Funafuti in the manufacture of
fish-hooks (ante p, 268). I purchased a valve from a native on
Nukulailai.

Cuming procured the type at Marutea, Paumotus.

MELINA SAMOENSIS, Daird.
Baird, in Brenchley, Cruise of the “ Curacoa,” 1873, p. 454, pl.
sli) fe8.

Common ; attached to the under surfaces of coral blocks on the
ocean beach of Funafuti, at low water. My specimens exceed
the type in size, being upwards of 50 mm. in length.

T suspect that the prior P. linguweformis, Reeve, from the
Society Islands, is but a depauperated form of this. The
“Challenger” collected M. samoensis on the reefs at Honolulu
and Hawaii; the type came from Tutuila, Samoa.

Both Meek and Dall have pointed out* that the name of Perna
must be superseded by that of Melina.

PINNA, sp.
Some fragments of a Pinna, perhaps LP. trigonalis, Pease, were
seen on the lagoon beach of Funafuti.

OsTREA HANLEYANA, Sowerby.
Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xviii. 1871, Ostrea, Pl. xxviii, sp. 72.
An oyster which occurred under stones beside J. samvoensis is
with much doubt so identified.

OsTREA CRISTAGALLI, Linne.
Sowerby, loc. cit., pl. xi., sp. 22.
Obtained in eighteen fathoms, three miles south-west of the
village (ante p. 328).
I collected this at Port Moresby, British New Guinea. It is

represented in this Museum from Florida, Solomons ; Havannah
Harbour, New Hebrides ; and Ouvea, Loyalties.

CARDITA SWEETI, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 50).

Shell solid, oblong, slightly oblique, inequilateral, little inflated.
Colour dull white, upon the beak pale yellow. Sculptured by
about forty-five close, raised, radiating ribs, separated by deep
interstices a quarter of their width. In the median area the
rays are smaller and closer together than at the sides, while
at the extremities they rapidly enlarge and rather recurve. Upon

* Meek—Report U.S. Geol. Survey Territories, ix., 1876, p. 28, note;
Dall—Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., iii., 1898, p. 6665.

496 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

the rays are crowded small transverse lunate gemmules. Lunule
sharply impressed, narrow, lanceolate. Ligament large, external.

Fig. 50.
Hinge line short, straight, remainder of the margin evenly rounded.
Internal margin sharply, finely crenulated. Length 14, breadth 12,
diameter of conjoined valves 8 mm.

One entire shell, described
above, was taken by Mr. G.
Sweet; and a single, worn,
slightly larger valve, by my-
self at Funafuti.

This species seems nearest
to C. dilecta, Smith, but is
distinguished from that and
other members of the genus by
more numerous ribs bearing

Fig. 50. closer packed grains.
The specific name is in compliment to Mr. G. Sweet, the finder,

who was a member of the second expedition to Funafuti.
The side view is drawn toa smaller scale than the other sketches.

LucINA EXASPERATA, Reeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi., 1850, Lucina, pl. i., sp. 4.

A few specimens from the lagoon.
Melvill and Standen notice this from Lifu. It is in this
Museum from New Caledonia.

Lucina PunctTata, Linne.
Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab., Veneracea, 1869, p. 262, pl. xix., figs. 8, 9.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.

THE MOLLUSCA-——HEDLEY. 497

Reported by Schmeltz from Samoa, Fiji, and Rarotonga ; by
Melvill and Standen from Lifu ; and represented in this Museum
from New Caledonia,

LUCINA DIVERGENS, Philippi.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi., 1850, Lucina, pl. vii., spp. 33, 37, 38.

Common on the lagoon beach.

Prof. von Martens has pointed out* that Philippi’s name enjoys
two month’s priority over the better known JZ. fibula, of Reeve.
He refers to it from Samoa and Fiji, and Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. Material in this Museum show it to extend south
along the Australian coast to Newcastle, New South Wales, and
also to the Ladrones, New Hebrides, and New Caledonia.

LUCINA OBLONGA, sp. nov.
(Fig, 51).
Shell small, but thick and strong, ovate, very inequilateral, in-
flated. Colour, one specimen is white, the other pink. Sculpture
—the umbones are smooth, the remainder closely and rather

irregularly covered with numerous, raised, strong, concentric, ribs,
narrower than their interstices ; faint radiating sculpture is barely
visible in these interstices. Beaks prominent and much incurved.
Lunule large, sharply impressed, sculptured by a faint continua-
tion of the concentric ribs. Dorsal surface wanting the depression
which characterises LZ. seminula and its allies. Interiorly the
margin is most minutely crenulated. Length 3; height 3°75 mm.

Two valves from the lagoon beach.

Allied to Z. congenita, Smith,+ from which it differs by being
narrower in proportion to height, more densely ribbed, and more
inequilateral.

CorBIS FIMBRIATA, Linne.
Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xviii., 1872, Corbis, pl. i., sp. 1.
A living specimen occurred under blocks of coral in the lagoon.

Schmeltz quotes this from Fiji and the Pelews; Melvill and
Standen from Lifu. It is in this Museum from Port Curtis,
Queensland ; New Caledonia ; and Tonga.

* Von Martens—Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxi., 1889, p. 209.
+ Smith—Chall. Rep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. 182, pl. xiii., figs. 7, 7a.

498 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Crypropon GLoBosuM, Jorskal,
Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi., 1850, pl. v., sp. 21 (as Z. ovum).
Common as dead shells on the lagoon beach.

Ranges along the east Australian coast south to St. Vincent’s
Gulf. Is represented in this Museum from Tonga.

TELLINA RUGOSA, Born.
Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xvii., Tellina, 1866, pl. ix., sp. 36.
A few dead, subfossil valves were picked up around the raised
Helropora reef.

Reported by H. Cuming from Rapa, Austral Islands; by
Melvill and Standen from Lifu; and by Schmeltz from Samoa,
Fiji, Rarotonga, and Tahiti. In this Museum it is represented
from Moreton Bay, Queensland ; Pipon Islands, New Caledonia ;
Tonga ; and Hawaii.

TELLINA SCOBINATA, Linne.
Sowerby, /oc. cit., pl. xiv., sp. 64.
Common on the lagoon beach,
Sowerby notes this from the Society Islands; Schmeltz from
Samoa, Fiji, and Rarotonga; Melvill and Standen from Lifu.
This Museum contains it from the Solomons, Gilberts, and

Tonga.
TELLINA FLAMMULA, Deshayes.

Sowerby, loc cit., pl. lii, sp. 310.
A few valves from the lagoon beach.
Included in the Museum collection from Woodlark Island and

New Caledonia,
TELLINA DISPAR, Conrad.

Sowerby, Joc. cit., pl. iii., sp. 10.

A few separate valves were noticed on the lagoon beach.

First described from Hawaii; noted by Schmeltz from Upolu
and Tahiti; and by Melvill and Standen from Lifu. Represented

in this Museum from Port Curtis and Moreton Bay, Queensland ;
and New Caledonia.

TELLIVA OBLIQUARIA, Deshayes.
Sowerby, loc. cit., pl. liv., sp. 321.
Several specimens from the beach of the lagoon, some rose,
others lemon, others again lemon with rose stripes from the umbo,

Deshayes, in his original description,* records this species
from the Pacific Ocean. Sowerby, in the reference quoted above,

* Deshayes— Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 356.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 499

though actually mentioning the page of his predecessor’s work,
states that the habitat of the species is unknown. Such evidence
of carelessness supports me in concluding that Sowerby again
described this species as 7’, obliquistriata,* from ‘ Kingsmill
Island,” by which the Kingsmill or Gilbert Group are doubtless
intended, It is in this Museum from Aneiteum, New Hebrides.

TELLINA RHOMBOIDES, Quoy & Gaimard.
Smith, Chall. Rep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. i038.
Abundant in the lagoon.

Reported by Smith, under various names, from Guam in the
Ladrones ; Cape York, Queensland ; and Levuka, Fiji; and by
Melvill and Standen from Lifu. It is in this Museum from
Aneiteum, New Hebrides.

TELLINA ROBUSTA, Hanley.
Sowerby, Joc. cit., pl. xvi., sp. 77.
. The yellow variety occurred in profusion in the lagoon.
Hanley reports this from Anaa, Paumotus; Schmeltz from
Tahiti, Rarotonga, and Upolu. I have taken it at Hyenghien,
New Caledonia. ‘There are examples in the Museum from the
Isle of Pines.

TELLINA OPALINA, Sowerby.
(Fig. 52).
Sowerby, Joc. cit., pl. xliv., sp. 258.

The paucity of information given by Sowerby permits no
accurate determination, but suggests this name for a species of
which I took a dozen odd valves on the beach of the lagoon. The
species in question is in length 5:5, and in height 3-7 mm. ; very
glessy, radiately marked with translucent and opaque lines or
dashes, the concentric sculpture almost effaced.

The original description gave no locality. Melvill and Standen
supply; Madras and the Moluccas.

7 * Sowerby —Conch. Icon., xvii., 1866, pl. xliv., sp. 256.
+ Melvill and Standen—Journ. Conch., ix., 1898, p. 85.

500 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

TELLINA FIJIENSIS, Sowerby.

Smith, loc. cat., p. 107.

A few separate valves from the lagoon beach.

Previously reported from Marutea, Paumotus ; and Ngau and
Levuka, Fiji.

TELLINA CREBRIMACULATA, Sowerby.

Sowerby, Joc. cit., pl. li., sp. 301.

A few separate valves from the lagoon beach.

Hitherto only recorded from Fiji.

TELLINA ELLICENSIS, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 53).
Shell small, very solid, opaque, very inequilateral, rather inflated
anteriorly, height two-thirds of the length, truncate posteriorly.

Colour white, irregularly painted with small rose spots and streaks.
Sculptured over the entire surface by fine, close, concentric threads.

Umbo prominent. Fold almost obselete. Dorsal margin straight,
then curved anteriorly. Anterior margin curved the third of a
circle. Ventral margin nearly straight, scarcely sinuated by the
fold. Hinge composed of two cardinal teeth, a strong anterior
lateral and a weaker posterior lateral tooth. Length 6, height
4 mm.

This species is allied by sculpture and contour to 7’. tenuzlirata,
Sowerby, from which a much shorter, broader outline clearly
separates it.

One right valve was found on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.
LipiTInA GUINAICA, Lamarck.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., i., Cypricardia, 1843, pl. ii., species 13.

Plentiful dead on the beaches ; once found alive in a crevice
in a block of coral in the lagoon.

The only other Pacific record seems to be the finding of it by
Hugh Cuming at Marutea, Paumotus.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. . 501

CIRCE PECTINATA, Linne.
Romer, Mon. Veneride, i., 1869, p. 174, pl. xlvii, figs. la—d.

Common in the Funafuti lagoon ; collected alive among loose
rocks.

Romer quotes this from Marutea, Paumotus; Fischer from
New Caledonia ; Schmeltz from Bowen, and Smith from Thursday
Island, Queensland. It isin this Museum from Fiji; Port Moresby,
British New Guinea ; and Port Curtis, Queensland.

Circe picta, Lamarck.
Romer, Joc. cat., p. 164, pl. xlv., fig. 3.
Two valves from the lagoon beach.

Smith states* that the distinction between this and several
admitted species is obscure. Schmeltz quotes it from Upolu,
Samoa ; and Melvill and Standen from Lifu.

CIRCE CASTRENSIS, Linne.
Romer, loc. cit., p. 159, pl. xliv.
A few valves were found on the lagoon beach,

Smith has recorded this from Bowen, Queensland. In this
Museum it is represented from New Caledonia ; the Loyalties ;
Aneiteum, New Hebrides ; Guadalcanar, Solomons ; and Tonga-
tabu, Tonga.

CyYTHEREA OBLIQUATA, Hanley, var. PRORA, Conrad.
Romer, loc. cit., p. 107, pl. xxix., fig. 1, pl. xxxiii., figs. 4, 5.

Very common on the lagoon beach.

Schmeltz quotes this from Fiji, Tahiti, and Rarotonga. The
Museum series show it from Port Curtis, Queensland ; and New
Caledonia.

CYTHEREA SUBPELLUCIDA, Sowerby.
Romer, loc. cit., p. 112, pl. xxx., fig. 4.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.

VENUS TOREUMA, Gould.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., xiv., 1863, Venus, pl. xvi., sp. 64.
Several valves from the lagoon beach.

Smith records this from Port Molle and Port Curtis, Queens-
land. Other Queensland localities shown by the Museum collection
are Torres Straits, Bowen, and Moreton Bay.

* Smith—Loc. cit., p. 146.

502 , FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

VENUS PUERPERA, L., var. LISTERI, Gray.
Reeve, loc. cit., pl. v., sp. 14.

Several adult valves were taken on the lagoon beach; and what
seems a very young shell was caught by the tangles in forty to
eighty fathoms on the western slope of the atoll.

VENERUPIS MACROPHYLLA, Deshayes.

Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., 1855, p. 763, pl. clxv., fig. 20.
One small specimen taken boring dead coral in the lagoon.

: NARANIO LAPICIDA, Chemnitz.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., 1855, p. 776, pl. elxvi., fig. 26.

Found boring loose coral blocks in the lagoon.

Schmeltz quotes this from Yap, Pelews. Sowerby mentions it
from Australia ; though no doubt it occurs on the Great Barrier
Reef, I am not acquainted with Australian examples of the typical
form with posterior radiating ribs. A thinner, smoother form,
(var. divaricata) has been noticed in South Australia. A useful
index to the genus is given by Tryon.*

KELLIA PACIFICA, Sp. nov,
(Fig. 54).

Fig. 54.

Shell oblong, inflated, most glossy, iridescent by reflected light.
Equivalve, margins closed. Inequilateral to the extent of the
posterior being twice the length of the anterior. Colour milky on
the umbones, cream on the ventral margins, with concentric
opaque and translucent zones. Sculptured by delicate unequal
growth lines which grow coarser with age. Beaks small, almost
touching, forwardly directed. Ventral margin straight, anteriorly
truncated, posterior rounded and dorsal gently curved.

* Tryon—Am. Journ. Conch., vii., 1872, p. 258.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. . 503

Length 11, height 8, breadth of conjoined valves 5:5 mm.

Alive in the lagoon under loose blocks of dead coral. There is
a specimen of this species in this Museum from New Caledonia,
labelled by Mr. E, A. Smith, “ Seintilla ovulina, Desh.,” with the
description and figure of which it does not agree,

ScINTILLA SEMICLAUSA, Sowerby.
Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xix., Scintilla, 1874, pl. ii., sp. 9.
One specimen alive in shallow water in the lagoon.

Recorded by Melvill and Standen from Lifu.

ATACTODEA STRIATA, Gmelin.
(Fig. 55).
Reeve, Conch. Icon., viii., Mesodesma, 1854, pl. ii., sp. 10.

Abundant alive in sand at
low water along the margin of
the lagoon. It was eaten by
the children who called it
“assouri.” An enlarged draw-
ing taken from life on the spot
is here reproduced. The animal
is extremely bold and active, it
is cream colour with a vivid
scarlet border to the anterior edge of the mantle.

Unless slight difference of sculpture be regarded as of specific
distinction, this species is shown by Museum material, under
various names from Port Curtis, Eclipse Island, Queensland ; Guam,
Ladrones; Teste Island, Louisiade Archipelago; the Solomons ;
New Hebrides; Fiji; and Samoa.

ASAPHIS DEFLORATA, Lianne.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., x., Capsa, 1856, pl. 1.
This species is abundant on the Funafuti lagoon.

Reeve reports it from Tahiti, and Melvill and Standen from
Lifu. It is represented in this Museum from Torres Straits and
Port Curtis, Queensland; Woodlark Island, British New Guinea ;
Vate, New Hebrides ; New Caledonia ; and the Gilberts.

PsamMMoBIA sQuaMosa, Lamarck.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., x., 1857, Psammobia, pl. vii,, sp. 50.

One young and separate valve from the lagoon beach.

CarpDIUM ANGULATUM, Lamarck.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii., 1845, Cardium, pl. xiv., sp. 70.

Single valves are not uncommon on the lagoon beaches,

504 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Specimens of this species are contained in this Museum from
New Caledonia and Uea or Wallis Island. It is represented by
the above quoted illustration, and is also identical with specimens
returned from the British Museum under the name of “ Cardiwm
philippinense, Deshayes”; this name I have been unable to trace
in literature.

CarDIUM MACULOsUM, Wood.
Reeve, loc. cit., pl. xvi., sp. 76.

A few separate valves were found on the lagoon beach.

CARDIUM CARDISSA, var. DIONEHUM, Sowerby.
Reeve, Joc. cit., pl. xxi., sp. 122.
Common on the lagoon beach.
This was first collected by Cuming on Anaa, Paumotus,

CARDIUM FRAGRUM, Zinne.
Reeve, loc. cit., pl. iv., sp. 23.
Common in the lagoon.

It is represented in this Museum from Port Curtis, Queensland,
and New Caledonia.

C. FRAGRUM, var. SUEZIENSE, Jssel.
Smith, Chall. Rep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. 158, pl. viii., figs. 2, 2a, 20.

Separate valves were abundant on the lagoon beach, and one
was obtained outside the atoll at a depth of eighty to forty
fathoms.

The four dozen odd valves before me exhibit much variation in
contour, and they appear to pass by gradual transition into typical
C. fragrum. Smith, who redescribes and refigures the species,
rests his definition chiefly on form. The figure of Issel,* which
he condemns, can in outline be exactly matched by Funafuti
material. Possibly the species tends in deeper water to assume
this form. The “Challenger” dredged it off Fiji, and this Museum
possesses examples from Torres Straits.

TRIDACNA GIGAS, Z., var, SQUAMOSA, Lamarck.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., xiv., Tridacna, 1862, pl. iii.
Not uncommon among the reefs of the lagoon.

Known to the natives of Funafuti as ‘‘ Fasua tuka,” (ante p. 67)
and by them, as by other South Sea Islanders, esteemed for food. t
[t had a further economic value as material for ornaments and

* Issel—Malacologia del Mar Rosso, 1869, pl. iii., fig. 4.
+ Hedley in Thomson—British New Guinea, 1892, p. 283.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 505

axe heads.* The natives of the Solomon Islands prefer fossil to
recent shells for this purpose. {

What information we have, suggests that the range of this
species is almost co-extensive with that of the reef-building
corals.

Weights and measures of sundry large individuals have lately
been published by Smith, t his maximum record being five hundred
and seven pounds weight, and fifty-four inches in length. This is
almost reached by an unquoted record from the Isle of Pines, New
Caledonia. Dr. T. Mialaret writes$:—“ In the middle of the
peninsula which encloses the Bay of Oupion the east, there occurs,
sunk in the coral, the edges of its valves level with the surface of
the rock, a gigantic Z’ridacna measuring at least 1 metre 20 in
length. At the request of Admiral Courbet, we attempted in
1882 to extract it, but all our efforts were in vain.”

The genus Z'ridacna appears to suffer from a superfluity of
specific names. No characters of permanent value separate ils
squamosa from 7’, gigas. These forms are usually if not invariably
free.|| On the contrary, the habit of 7. elongata is to bury itself
in rock, a habit always causing variability in shape.

Hanley states that it was upon what Lamarck called ‘ 7’.
squamosa” that Linne himself founded his Chama gigas.{|

TRIDACNA ELONGATA, Lamarck.

Reeve, Joc. cit., pl. ii.; Valliant, Ann. Sci. Nat., iv., 1865, pp.
65 — 172, pls. viii. — xii.

This species is abundant, perforating dead coral in the Funafuti
lagoon. So firmly does the foot adhere, that when wrenching the
shell out of its burrow, I have sometimes torn the animal asunder,
leaving the foot attached to the rock. The position of the shells
embedded in dead coral is well displayed in one of W. 8. Kent’s
photographs.**

The natives, who distinguish it from the preceding as ‘“ Fasua
noa,” also use it as food.

The range of 7’. elongata appears to exceed that of 7’. gigas,
the furthest southern point reached by it in the Pacific being
Lord Howe Island.

* Valliant— Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., xxv., 1868, pp. 681 - 687.
+ Willey—Nature, Oct. 1896, p. 523.
t Smith—Proc. Malace. Soc., iii., 1898, p. 112.

§ Mialaret—L’ Ile des Pins, son Passé, son Present, son Avenir, 1897,
p. 63.
Kent—Great Barrier Reef, 1898, pp. 44-45, pl. xxix.
« Hanley—Ipsa Linnzi Conchylia, 1855, p. 85.
** Kent—Loc. cit., foreground of No. 1, pl. iv.

It

506 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

CHAMA IMBRICATA, Lroderip.
Broderip, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1835, p. 304, pl. xxxix., fig. 2; Lischke,
Jap. Meeres Conch., ii., 1871, p. 126, pl. ix., fig. 4.
Chama foliacea, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. “Astrolabe,” Zool., iii.,
1835, p. 478, pl. Ixxviii., fig. 19.

Abundant at low water in the Funafuti lagoon, a mile south
of the village.

The foliations on the opercular valve are in my specimens all
worn away, and for identification I have relied on the contour,
the dark purple stain on the upper interior margin, and the
absence of marginal crenulations. The C. foliacea, Q. & G., from
Vanikoro, appears to me to be identical. As Broderip’s preliminary
description* did not appear till April 3rd, 1835,¢ Ido not know
whether it was in London or in Paris that the species was first
published.

Hugh Cuming brought the type from Marutea, Paumotus ;
Melvill and Standen note it from Lifu. An example from Anei-
teum, New Hebrides, is in this Museum.

CHAMA sPINosa, Droderip.
Broderip, loc. cit., p. 306, pl. xxxviii., figs. 8, 9.
Two specimens from the lagoon.
_ I£I have correctly identified this species, the upper valve must
have always been wrongly drawn. In a specimen before me, the

umbo is at a third of the diameter of the valve from the hinge,
and around it the valve has performed three spiral volutions.

Found by Cuming at Marutea, Paumotus.

CHAMA UNICORNIS, Drugweere.
Clessin, Conch. Cab., Chama, 1888, p. 15, pl. ii, figs. 3, 4.

With doubt I so identify, from insufficient figures and des-
cription, a specimen with two revolutions, 15 mm. long from
Funafuti.

CorRBULA TAHEITENSIS, Lamarck.
Reeve, Conch, Icon., ii., Corbula, 1843, pl. ii., sp. 15.

One of the most abundant shells on the lagoon beach, but I did
not meet with it alive.

To the original locality of Tahiti, Smith adds that of New
Guinea. {

GASTROCHHNA LAMELLOSA, Deshayes.
Smith, Chall. Rep., Zool., xiii, 1885, p. 28, pl. vii., figs. 2, 20.

Found alive, boring in coral blocks, in the lagoon.

# Broderip—Proe. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 149.
+ See Sclater—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1894, p. 436.
{ Smith—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 430.

-
‘

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 50

Smith reports this from Torres Straits. In this Museum it is
represented from Fiji; New Oaledonia ; Moreton Bay, Queensland;
and St, Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia.

NAUSITORIA AURITA, Sp. Nov.
(Fig. 56).

Shell distinguished by an auricle which is much recurved out-
wards and above; within, it is raised above the surface of the
valve. This character is illustrated by Fig. 56, showing exterior
and interior of the right valve. Ventral or median area rather
broad. Apophyses short and broad. Hinge tubercle bifid. Length
9, breadth 9 mm. Palettes unknown.

K = 4 \\ \

AWS
A
WS 4

Fig 56.

A log, recognised by a bushman of our party as kauri (ante p.
40) which came ashore at Funafuti, had been bored by this
mollusc, On breaking the wood up with an axe, I found the
only vestiges left of the animal to be a pair of valves broken at
the ventral tips, which I found in a burrow.

Mr. R. C. Rossiter afterwards generously presented me with a
couple of perfect valves, specifically identical with these Funafuti
shells, which he collected at Noumea, New Caledonia.

An ally of this seems to be a species of unknown origin named
by Sowerby Teredo campanulata, that is however apparently
narrower in the ventral portion, and even more produced and
recurved in the auricle.

I recently examined* certain Australian shipworms, and re-
marked that they differed from Teredo generically. For their
reception I selected the genus Calobates, Gould (1862), revised
the characters of that genus, and subordinated to it Vausitoria,
Wright (1864), and Zyrodus, Gould (1870). It unfortunately
escaped my attention that Tapparone Canefri had already pointed
outt that Calobates, as a generic term, had been twice preoccupied

* Hedley—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxiii., 1898, p. 91.
+ Tapparone Canefri—Ann. Mus. Ciy. Genoa, ix., 1877, p. 290,

508 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

for birds, and was therefore inadmissible. He proposed to sub-
stitute Bactronophorus, Tapparone Canefri (1877). As, however,
the prior name of Nausitoria is available, that must come into
use when Calobates is abandoned.

The Teredinidze have been unfortunate in their monographers.
The account in the last volume of the Conchologia Iconia, by
Sowerby, is a slovenly production and full of errors. Even worse
is an alleged Monograph by Clessin in the Conchylien Cabinet,
of which the text and illustrations disgrace that serial. The
latter memoir is absolutely the worst zoological monograph I have
read,

PoroMYA GRANULATA, Vyst & Westendrop.
Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca, i, 1853, p. 204, pl. ix.,
figs. 4-6.

A single valve was collected on the Funafuti beach, which I
refer with doubt to this species. It is more oblong than the
figure quoted, but as I have no authentic specimen for comparison,
and as Dall credits this species with great variation*® in form and
sculpture, I refrain from assigning specific value to the apparent
difference. According to this writer, P. australis, Smith,; from
Cape York, Queensland, is but a variety. The difference between
this and such a figure as that of Sars} is great enough to include

the form before me.
BRACHIOPODA.
THECIDEA MAXILLA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 57).

Shell small, of variable contour, somewhat boat shaped, attached
to stones, shells, or the like, by the beak of the pedicle valve.
Colour, dull pale yellow. Sculpture—both valves marked by
delicate concentric growth lines and microscopically shagreened.
Length of a large specimen, 6 mm. ; breadth 35 mm,

Pedicle valve deep, hinge line straight,
cardinal area triangular, apex rather re-
curved, Marginfinely granulate, frequently
emarginate in front. Protruding from be-
neath the hinge are two slender prongs
arisingfromadeepseatedseptum. External
to these, and just beneath the hinge line, are
two heavy, projecting, wedge-shaped car-

Fig. 57. dinal teeth. The interior of the valve is

irregularly studded with sharp points and

tubercles arranged longitudinally, and varying in different in-
dividuals.

* Dall—Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xii., 1886, p. 282.
+ Smith—Chall. Rep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. 54, pl. xi., figs. 2, 2a, 2b.
t Sars—Mollusca regionis Artic Norvegiw, 1878, pl. v., figs. 6a, 6b.

THE MOLLUSCA—HEDLEY. 509

The brachial valve is externally horse-shoe shaped, and has a
slight median boss. Internally it has a straight hinge line, from
beneath which and in the plane of the valve, projects a stout
cardinal process, whose transverse vertical section would form an
omega, hollow downwards. On either side of the cardinal process,
and corresponding to the teeth of the lower valve, are two deep
triangular impressions, the sockets. All the free edge of the
upper valve is granulated. The frontal emargination gradually
passes into a funnel directed backwards; here originates the
median septum which tapers distally to an acicular point before
the hinge. The ventral face of the septum is hollow, on the right
and left of it are produced curled flanges with serrate edges.
These edges vary much; in some, presumably old, individuals
they project irregular jagged lobes into the cavity.

Fig. 57.

If this median septum be compared to the tongue, then the
teeth of the human jaw would answer in position to the lateral
lobes of the brachial lamelle. Their development varies much ;
what I take to be a young stage is shown in my drawing. In
other, presumedly aged examples, the ‘‘canines” and “ molars ”
project as tusks sideways and downwards, while the “incisors ”
coalesce and advance towards the hinge. The cavity of the
valve, exclusive of the septum and lamelle, has the surface
densely perforated.

This species was attached in considerable numbers, horizontally,
perpendicularly, or obliquely (Fig. 57) to loose sheets of dead coral
which I pulled up by tangles in forty to eighty fathoms on the
western slope of Funafuti. At first inspection I mistook them

510 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

for the young of a Spondylus, hence the erroneous statement on
p. 402, that the Brachiopoda were absent from the Archipelago.

The genus 7’hecidea dates back from the opening of the Mesozoic,
and is manifested in numerous species through a long range of
formations. Like Nautilus and T’rigonia, it now only survives in
a few rare and restricted species. It is an interesting coincidence
that a genus so intimately associated with fossil coral reefs in
Europe, should recur alive on a Pacific Atoll. So far but two recent
species, 7’. mediterranea, Risso, and 7’. barretti, Woodward, have
been detected. The former, for which the subgenus Lacazella has
been proposed by Munier Chalmas, is unlike the Pacific species ;
whereas the latter and the West Indian 7. barrett: are quite
close. These conform neither to Thecidea, as restricted by Hall
and Clarke,* nor to the various subgenera admitted by them.
That generic term has been here used in the wider application of
Davidson.

On comparing examples of 7. maxilla with the published
accounts of 7’. barretti, | conclude that the characters are so
variable that a large series of each will be necessary to discriminate
properly between them. At present I would point to the flanges
of the median septum and to the greater development of the
brachial lamelle, as features possessed by Z. maaxifla but not
by Z. barretti.t The former, indeed, reminds one of a split
walnut.

IT am in doubt whether a pseudo-deltidium exists in 7’. barretta,
for Davidson writest that ‘in external shape it cannot be
distinguished from the Mediterranean species,” which has the
pseudo-deltidium ; and in a small drawing§ he indicates the
pseudo-deltidium. But, on the other hand, in the enlarged draw-
ing, || on which I place more reliance, it is not depicted. Again,
it is not shown in his first illustration,{] nor is it mentioned in
either description. Should a pseudo-deltidium be absent in 7’.
barretti, as it certainly is in 7. maxilla, that would isolate these
two from the remainder of the genus.

Another feature in common is the fork which projects in two
slender prongs between the cardinal teeth in both species, and
strikingly differs from the spoon-shaped processes of 7’. medi-
terranea and from the three prongs of 7’. radiata, the type of the
genus.

* Hall and Clarke—47th Ann. Report New York State Mus., 1894,
pp. 1091 - 1093.

+ Dall—Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xii., 1886, pl. vi., fig. 2.

t Davidson—Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. (2), iv., 1889, p. 162.

§ Davidson—Loc. cit., pl. xxili., fig. 9a.

|| Davidson—Loce. cit., pl. xxiii., fig. 10.

{ Davidson—Geol. Mag., i., 1864, pl. ii., fig. la.

SUMMARY OF THE FAUNA OF FUNAFUTL

XIX,

SUMMARY OF THE FAUNA OF FUNAFUTI.

Tue fauna of the Atoll of Funafuti, as presented by different
writers in the preceding pages, will now be briefly enumerated
in systematic order. With that information will also be in-
corporated various records, either overlooked in the preparation
of the articles referred to, or produced since their publication,
and embracing the Archipelago as a whole.

Prior to the advent of the Expedition, not more than eight
species of animals were recorded in literature from Funafuti ; the
following lists embrace about eight hundred and fifty entries.

Though the student of Zoogeography will herein find a more
complete account of the life of a Central Pacific Atoll than has
previously appeared, he is cautioned not to use it as an exhaustive
catalogue. The results of brief sojourn by a few poorly equipped
visitors, may indeed present a picture in which the salient features
loom obscurely, as in a partly-developed photograph, but nothing
more.

Class MAMMALIA.

Mus exulans, Peale. Delphinus, sp.
Class AVEs.

The account of the Avifauna of the atoll by Mr, A. J. North
(pp. 79—88) can be supplemented by a few additions. Dr. EE
Gadow has briefly enumerated the birds shot on Funafuti by Mr.
J. S. Gardiner.* To these he adds Carpophaga pistrinaria, a
species identified on the wing by his informant. As Mr. Gardiner
was not previously acquainted with this species, such an identifi-
cation cannot be considered of value, and I accordingly exclude
it. In 1897 Mr. W. G. Woolnough, B.Sc., succeeded in shooting
an example of the much debated Ellice Island Pigeon, which was
subsequently determined by Mr. A. J. North as Globicera pacifica. t

The avifauna of the Archipelago will doubtless be found on
examination to contain most, if not all, of the twenty-six birds
observed in the neighbouring Phenix Group.} At present the
revised list drawn up by Mr. A. J. North, consists of the following
fifteen species :—

* Gadow— Ibis (7), iv., Jan. 1898, p. 45.
+ North—Rec. Aust. Mus., iii., June, 1898, p. 86.
t Lister—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 300.

514 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Urodynamis taitensis, Sparrmann.
Fregata aquila, Linne.
Demiegretta sacra, Gmelin.
Globicera pacifica, Gmelin.
Charadrius fulvus, Gmelin.
Totanus incanus, Gmelin.
Numenius taheiteneis, Gmelin.
Strepsilas interpres, inne.
Limosa noveezealandie, Gray.
Anous stolidus, Zinne.
Micranous leucocapillus, Gowld.
Procelsterna caerulea, Bennett.
Sterna anaestheta, Scopulinus.

ee melanauchen, Zemminck.
Gygis candida, Gmelin.

Class ReEpriyia.

Chelone mydas, Linne.
Gymnodactylus pelagicus, Girard.
Gehyra oceanica, Lesson.
Lygosoma cyanurum, Lesson.
adspersum, Stecndachner.

Je

Class PIscEs.

The following list includes the fishes of Funafuti as reported
by Mr. E. R. Waite (ante pp. 181-201, and Supplement, vide
Appendix). About a fifth of them appears in a list of fishes
obtained at Rotuma by Mr. J. S. Gardiner.*

Epinephelus urodelus, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

af leopardus, Lacépede.
ry tauvina, Forskal.
“ merra, Bloch.

fuscoguttatus, Forskal.
Grammistes sexlineatus, Zhunberg.
Lutianus bengalensis, Bloch.

i. gibbus, Forskal.

3 fulviflamma, Forskal.
Zanclus cornutus, Linne.
Cheetodon auriga, Forskal.
Mulloides flavolineatus, Lacépede.

es samoensis, Giinther.

Upeneus trifasciatus, Lacépede.

Lethrinus rostratus, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
ke ramak, Forskal.

Spherodon grandoculis, Morskal.

Cirrhites maculatus, Zacépcde.

* Boulenger—Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. (6), xx., 1897, pp. 371-4.

SUMMARY.

Holocentrum erythreum, Giiuther.
- diploxiphus, Giinther.
Teuthis rostrata, Cuvier and I ‘alenciennes.
Histiophorus sp.
Acanthurus triostegus, Linne.
4; guttatus, Forskal.
blochii, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
ae achilles, Shao.
Naseus lituratus, Yorskal.
Caranx sancte helene, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
,, erumenopthalmus, Bloch.
Chorinemus sancti-petri, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Trachynotus baillonii, Lacépede.
Thynnus pelamys, Linne.
Ruvettus pretiosus, Cocco.
Echeneis naucrates, Linne.
Gobius biocellatus, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Salarias marmoratus, Bennett.
35 periopthalmus, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
+f quadricornis, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Sphyrzena sp.
Myxus leuciscus, Giinther.
Tetradrachmum aruanum, Bloch.
Glyphidodon brownriggii, Bennett.
sordidus, Forshal.

”?

”)

septum-fasciatus, Cuvier and Valeciennesn.

Chilinus trilobatus, Laccpede.

aa fasciatus, Bloch.
Epibulus insidiator, Pallas.
Julis lunaris, Linne.
Pseudoscarus pulchellus, Riippell.

ap bataviensis, Bleeker.
9 singapurensis, Bleeker.
mh troschelli, Bleeker.

Fierasfer homii, Richardson.
Platophrys pantherinus, Riippell.
Belone platura, Bennett.
Hemirhamphus balinensis, Bleeker.
Exocetus sp.
Ophichthys colubrinus, Boddaert.
Mureena formosa, Bleeker.

5s buroénsis, Bleeker.
Balistes fuscus, Bloch.
. ,, flavomarginatus, Riippell.

i aculeatus, Lianne.
Tetrodon nigropunctatus, Bloch.

s margaritatus, Riippell.

.; immaculatus, Bloch.
Dicotylichthys}gpunctulatus, Kaup.

515

516 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Carcharias lamia, Risso.

Galeocerdo rayneri, I’ Donald and Barron.
Alopias vulpes, Gmelin.

Urogymuus asperrimus, Bloch.

Trygon sp.

Ceratoptera sp.

Class HerMIcHoRDA.

Ptychodera flava, Eschscholtz.
5 hedleyi, All.

Class CRUSTACEA.

Since the issue of the foregoing part of this Memoir dealing
with the Crustacea, there has appeared a valuable series of
articles by Mr. L. A. Borradaile* on Crustacea from the South
Pacific, including those taken on Funafuti by Mr. J. 8S. Gardiner.

Mr. Borradaile conjectures that as Pagurus setifer is so closely
allied to P. guttatus, the record of the latter from Funafuti may
be a case of mistaken identity. Mr. Whitelegge, on re-examination
of the example in question, maintains that it cannot be P. setifer,
inasmuch as, among other characters, the left leg of the third
pair in the Funafuti crab is setiferous all round and without
sculpture ; whereas both the description of Milne Edwards and
the figure of Hilgendorf, confine the bristles to the margin of the
leg of P. setifer. The identification was arrived at after com-
parison with examples of P. setifer from Mauritius and Fiji.

A Lambrus allied to L. intermedius, Miers, and possibly new,
was dredged by Mr. G. Halligan at a depth of two hundred
fathoms off Tutaga Islet, Funafuti.

A Cirriped, noted by Schmeltz from the Ellice,; Lathothyra
rhodiopus, has also been included.

Lambrus sp.
Atergatis floridus, Rumphius.
Acteea rugata, Adams and White.
Xanthodes lamarckii, Milne Edwards.
— nitidulus, Dana.
Zozymus eneus, Dana.
Daira perlata, Herbst.
Etisus laevimanus, Randall.
Etisodes caelatus, Dana.
Carpilodes margaritatus, Milne Edwards.
Pilumnus vestitus, Haswell.
aa prunosus, Whitelegge.

* Borradaile—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, pp. 82-388, 457 - 468, 1000 - 1015;
and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), ii., 1898, pp. 876-3891.
+ Schmeltz—Cat. Mus. Godeff., v., 1874, p. 83.

>)
_
“J

SUMMARY.

Actaeodes speciosa, Dana.

Phymodius monticulosus, Dana.
Pseudozius caystrus, Adams and White.
Leptodius exaratus, Milne Hdwards.

A sanguineus, Milne Edwards.
Ruppellia annulipes, Milne Edwards.
Eriphia scabricula, Dana

as laevimana, Latreille.
Trapezia cymodoce, Herbst.

if ferruginea, Latreille.
Thalamita integra, Dana.

admete, Herbst.
Cardisoma hirtipes, Dana.
Ocypoda ceratophthalma, Pallas.
Gelasimus tetragonon, Herbst.
Metopograpsus messor, ors/al.
Grapsus maculatus, Catesby.
Geograpsus crinipes, Dana.
Leiolophus planissimus, Herbst.
Calappa hepatica, Linne.
Cryptodromia japonica, Henderson.
Remipes pacificus, Vana.

Birgus latro, Linne.

Cenobita olivieri, Owen.

clypeata, Milne Edwards.
perlata, Milne Edwards.
rugosa, Milne Edwards.

~ 2 var. pulehra, Dana.
Diogenes pallescens, W hitelegge.
Pagurus fabimanus, Dana.

setifer, ILilne Edwards.
guttatus, Olivier.

f euopsis, Dana.

Clibanarius virescens, Dana.
- corallinus, Midne Edwards
Clibanarius sequabilis, Dana
9 zebra, Dana.
- cruentatus, ILdne Edwards.
Calcinus elegans, Milne Edwards.
gaimardi, Milne Hdwards.
a latens, Randall.
+ herbsti, de Man.
is », var. lividus, Milne Edwards.
Aniculus typicus, Pubriccus.
Galathea affinis, Ortmann.
Petrolisthes lamarckii, Leach.

3 Be var. asiaticus, Leach.

. <6 var. rufescens, Heller.

Pa * var. fiimbriatus, Borradaile.

”?

”

?

”

”?

518 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Porcellana sollasi, Whitelegge.

Ibacus antarcticus, Rumphius.
Palinurus guttatus, Latreille.
Palemonella tridentata, Borradaile.
Hippolyte gibberosus, Milne Edwards.
Saron marmoratus, Olivier.

Athanas sulcatipes, Borradaile.
Alphzeus edwardsii, Audouin.

ae laevis, Randall.

. strenuus, Dana.

5 parvirostris, Dana.

4 collumianus, Stimpson.
Fe frontalis, Say.

a prolificus, Bate.

funafutensis, Borradaile.
Betaeus minutus, Whitelegge.
Periclimenes danae, Stimpson.
Coralliocaris brevirostris, Borradaile.
Anchistus miersi, de Man.
Callianidea typa, Milne Edwards.
Gondactylus chiragra, Fabricius.
Pseudosquilla ciliata, Fabricius.
Cirolana latystylis, Dana.
Athelgue aniculi, Whitelegge.
Lithotrya nicobarica, Reinhardt.

. rhodiopus, Gray.

Class ARACHNIDA.

Since the publication of the preceding account (pp. 89 — 124) of
the Spiders and Insects of Funafuti, Mr. R. I. Pocock has dealt
with the series simultaneously collected by Messrs. Sollas and
Gardiner, which embraced forms not procured by Mr. Hedley.*
Mr. Pocock differs from Mr. Rainbow in sundry matters of species
and genera, In the determination of the Scorpion, the latter
accepts his correction, but he maintains the specific status of the
various Spiders disputed by Mr. R. I. Pocock. Though the two
names, Obisiwm antipodum, Simon, and Olpiwm longiventer, Key-
serling, probably refer to one species, both provisionally appear
in the following list. This under Mr, Rainbow’s guidance, has been
compiled from the two articles mentioned. It therefore represents
his latest opinion on the subject. Included are also the Lepidop-
tera previously recorded from the Archipelago by Butler; two
beetles, Cerestwm simplea and Sphenophorus obscwrus, taken by
Mr. A. E. Finckh on Funafuti, in 1898; and a series of ants, noted
from the Ellice by Mayr.; One of the new beetles discovered at

* R. I. Pocock—Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 1., 1898, pp. 321 - 326.
t+ Mayr—Journ. Mus. Godeff., xii., 1876, p, 56-115.

SUMMARY. 519

Funafuti, has lately been re-taken at Fife Bay, British New
Guinea.* The Ceresiwm occurs at Norfolk Island.

Hormurus australasize, Fabricius.
Garypus longidigitatus, Rainbow.
Obisium antipodum, Simon.
Olpium longiventer, Aeyserling.
Araneus theis, var. mangareva, Walekenaer.
plebeja, Z. Koch.
ventricosa, Rainbow.
5 longispina, Rainbow.
‘A etheridgei, Rainbow.
festiva, Rainbow.
obscura, Rainbow.
annulipes, Rainbow.
distincta, Rainbow.
- hoggi, Rainbow.
speciosa, Rainbow.
Tetragnatha laqueata, LZ. Koch.
®. panopea, L. Koch.
Uloborus geniculatus, Olivieri.
Dictis striatipes, Z. och.
Clubiona alveolata, Z. Hoch.
Heteropoda venatoria, Linne.
Sarotes debilis, Z. Hoch.
Acompse suavis, LZ. Koch.
Ascyltus pterygodes, LZ. Koch.
Hyllus ferox, Rainbow.
s audax, Rainbow.
Oribata lamellata, Rainbow.

Class MyRIopoDa.

Scolopendra morsicans, Linne.
Otostigmus astenon, Moh/rausch.
Mecistocephalus punctifrons, Newport.
Orphmaeus phosphoreus, Linne.
Trichocambala sollasi, Pocock.

Class INSECTA.

Monocrepidius ferrugineus, J/ontrouzier.
sy umbraculatus, Candéze.
Uloma cavicollis, Fairm.
,, imsularis, Guérin.
Sphenophorus sulcipes, Harsch.
bs obscurus, Boisduval.
Elytrurus squamatus, Rainbow.
Nacerdes transmarina, Rainbow.

* Rainbow—Proe, Linn, Soc. N.S.W., xxiii., 1898, p- . B65,

Or

FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Ceresium simplex, Gyllenhal.
Concephalus ensiger, Harold.
Panesthia aethops, Stol/.
Loboptera decipiens, Germain.
Arachnocephalus vestitus, Costa.
Calotermes marginipennis, Latrevlle.
Megachile hedleyi, Rainbow.
Camponotus noveehollandie, Mayr.
Prenolepis vividula, Vylander.
Plagiolepis gracilis, Smith.
Meranoplus oceanicus, Smith.
a pubescens, Smith.

Pheidole sexspinosa, Mayr.

a oveanica, Mayr.
Euphloea eleutho, Quoy and Gaimard.

ae distincta, Butler.
Junonia vellida, Fabricius.
Diadema nerina, /abricius.

a otaheitee, Felder.
Deiopea pulchella, Linne.
Achzea meiicerte, Drury.
Remigia translata, Walker.
Chloanges suralis, Zeller.
Amyna octo, Guenee.
Erilita modestalis, Lederer.
Rinecera mirabilis, Butler.
Harpagoneura complexa, Butler.
Halobates sp.
Culex hispiodosus, Skuse.
Megarrhina inornata, Walker.
Lispe vittata, Rainbow.
Degeeria dawsoni, Rainbow.
Kbenia nigricruris Rainbow.

» fieldi, Rainbow.

Class Mouuusca.
Loligo brevipinnis, Pfeffer.
Octopus tonganus, Hoyle.
Scissurella eequatoria, Hedley.
Schisomope plicata, Hedley.
Haliotis stomatizeformis, Reeve.

- ovina, Chemnitz.
Emarginula clathrata, Pease.
mariel, Crosse.

Acmeea saccharina, Zinne.
Phenacolepas senta, Hedley.
Trochus obeliscus, Gmelin.

- tubiferus, A7vener.

Pe atropurpureus, Gould.

SUMMARY. 521

Trochus fastigatus, A. Adams.
Gibbula concinna, Dunker.

+ phasianella, Deshayes.
Monilea lifuana, /ischer.

< tragema, Melvill and Standen.
Euchelus instrictus, Gouw/d.
Teinostoma qualum, Hedley.
parvulum, /edley.
rotatum, //edley.

a tricarinatum, Melvill and Standen.
Cirsonella ovata, Hedley.

Liotia crenata, Aiener.

ey

» . Sp.

5» parvissima, Hedley.

Mecoliotia halligani, Hedley.
Phasianella wisemanni, Baird.

3 minima, JZelvill.
Stomatella sanguinea, A, Adams.
Stomatia phymotis, e/bling.

Gena rosacea, Pease.
Turbo petholatus, var. caledonicus, Wischer.
setosus, Gmelin.

» argyrostomus, Linne.
Astralium petrosum, Murtyn.
Leptothyra laeta, Montrouzer.
Delphinula lacinata, Lamarck.
Neritopsis radula, Linne.

Nerita albicilla, Linne.
maxima, Chemnitz.
plicata, Linne.
polita, Linne.
5 insculpta, Recluz.
Neritina reticulata, Sowerby.
Helicina musiva, var. rotundata, Mowsson.
Eulima pyramidalis, A. Adams.
samoensis, Crosse.
5, diaphana, Hedley.
5, decipiens, Hedley.
Stylifer varicifer, Hedley.
Odontostomia bulimoides, Sowveriie.
rubra, Pease.
robusta, Hedley.
ue biplicata, Hedley.
Pyramidella dolabrata, var. terebelloides, A, Adams.
5 turrita, 4, Adams.
“ mitralis, A, Adams,

”

”

9

99
”

9

9

”

bb}

Js

Ly)

FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Obtortio pyrrhacme, Melvill and Standen.
Scala revoluta, Hedley.
5, paumotensis, Pease.
», subauriculata, Sowverbie.
5, ovalis, Sowerby.
Scaliola lapillifera, Hedley.
Tanthina sp.
Natica violacea, Sowerby.
» lmarochiensis, Gmelin.

» mamilla, Zinne.
,, melanostoma, Gmelin.
» umbilicata, Quoy and Gaimard.

Vanikoro gueriniana, Recluz.
Capulus intortus, Lamarck.

i violaceus, Angas.
Hipponyx australis, Quoy.
Mitrularia equestris, var. tortilis, Reeve.
Truncatella valida, Pfeiffer.
Omphalotropis zebriolata, Mouwsson.
Assiminea nitida, Pease.

Rissoa invisibilis, Hedley.

- finckhi, Hedley.

» poolei, Hedley.
Rissoina exasperata, Sowverbie,

es gemmea, //edley.

is polytropa, Hedley.

a plicata, Adams.

ps ambigua, Gould.

*) affinis, Garrett.

Diala virgata, Hedley.

» hardyi, Melvill and Standen.

»» profunda, Hedley.

Solarium hybridum, Linne.
Heliacus discoideus, Pease.
Littorina obesa, Sowerby.

Modulus tectum, Gmelin.

Risella conoidalis, Pease.
Plesiotrochus souverbianus, Fischer.
Fossarus lamellosus, Montrouzier.
Planaxis sulcatus, Born.

* lineatus, Da Costa.
Melania mageni, Gassies.

Caecum vertebrale, Hedley.

es exile, De Folin.
” gulosum, Hedley.
x amaltheanum, fedley.

e legumen, Hedley.

SUMMARY. 523

Vermetus maximus, Sowerby.
a sp.

Turritella concava, Martens.

Strombus lentiginosus, Linne.

ae floridus, Lamarck.
5 dentatus, var. rugosus, Sowerby.
- hemastoma, Sowerby.
3 terebellatus, Sowerby.
. gibberulus, Linne.
33 samar, Dillwyn.
‘5 luhuanus, Linne.
Pterocera aurantia, Lamarck.
ae byronia, Gmelin.

rugosa, Sowerby.
arcvellur subulatum, Lamarck.
Cerithium nodulosum, bruguicre.

3 columna, Sowerby.

citrinum, Sowerby.

‘3 echinatum, Lamarck.

ES maculosum, Mighels.

<5 rostratum, Sowerby.

Ns oceanicum, Hedley.

5 breve, var. ellicense, Hedley.

i‘ spiculum, Hedley.

- strictum, Eat

36 variegatum, Quoy and Gaimard.,
sg zebrum, Kvener.

e impendens, Hedley.

$5 piperitum, Sowerby.

9 obeliscus, Bruguicre.

a a var. cedo-nulli, Sowerby.
5 asperum, Linne.

* pharos, Hinds.
elegantissimum, Hedley.
Contumax decollatus, Hedley.
Cerithiopsis eutrapela, Melwill and Standen.

* electrina, Hedley.
Triforis dolicha, Watson.
- aegle, Jousseaume.
es torquatus, Hedley.
33 ruber, Hinds.
x clio, Hedley.
- obesula, Jowsseawme.
a thetis, Hedley.
_ incisus, Pease.
a. corrugatus, Hinds.
bs asperrimus, Hinds,

55 spp.

FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Ovula hervieri, Hedley.
Cypriea argus, Linne.
» scurra, Chemnitz.
, testudinaria, Linne.
», isabella, Lanne.
Re carneola, Linne.
- var. propinqua, Garrett.
,, talpa, Linne.
» goodalli, Gray.
, fimbriata, Gmelin.
5 macula, Adams.
mauritiana, Linne.
» caput-serpentis, Linne.
a mappa, Linne.
arabica, Linne.
» reticulata, Martyn.
,, moneta, Lanne.
Br ¥ var. annulus, Linne.
5 tigris, Linne.
vitellus, Lanne.
» , lynx, Donne.
», Clandestina, var. artuffeli, /owsseawme.
» cribraria, Linne.
becki, Gaskoin.
» erosa, Lanne.
» poraria, Lanne.
» helvola, Zinne.
i. cicercula, Linne.
» nucleus, Linne.
5 childreni, Gray.
Trivia oryza, Lamarck.
Dolium perdix, Linne.
a3 pomum, Linne.
Cassis cornuta, Linne.
nS vibex, var. erinacea, Linne.
Tritonium tritonis, Linne.

s pileare, Linne.

o chlorostomum, Lamarck.
gemmatum, Leeve.

Ks digitale, Reeve.

“A tuberosum, Lamarck.

" maculosum, Gmelin.
Distortrix anus, Linne.
Gyrineum bufonium, Gmelin.
s affine, Broderip.
Peristernia nassatula, Lamarck.
Latirus polygonus, var. barclayi, Reeve.
- craticulatus, Lianne.

SUMMARY.

Pisania fasciculata, Reeve.
Cantharus undosus, Linne.
Murex ramosus, Linne.
» adustus, Lamarck.
» tfunafutiensis, Hedley.
» radula, Hedley.
Purpura hippocastaneum, Lamarck.
3 armigera, Chemnitz.
Jopas sertum, Druyuicre.
Sistrum hystrix, Lanne.

. horridum, Lamarck.

™ ricinus, Lianne.

A morus, Lamarck.

“ digitatum, Lamarck.

* tuberculatum, Blainville.
a cancellatum, Qwoy.

fiscellum, Chemmate:
Coralliophila coronata, Barclay.
Galeropsis madreporarum, Sowerby.
Magilus antiquus, Lamarck.
Nassa semitexta. Hedley.
» granifera, Kiener.
Columbella varians, Sowerby.
ss galaxias, Reeve.
* melvilli, Hedley.
5 alofa, Hedley.
“s obtusa, Sowerby.
‘ tringa, Lamarck.

rubicunda, Quoy and Gaimard.

Engina parva, Pease.
5 nodicostata, Pease.
e mendicaria, Linne.
Mitra episcopalis, Line.
5 pontificalis, Lamarck.
» flammea var. hystrix, Montrouzier.
» cucumerina, Lamarck.
» Chrysalis, Reeve.
» tabanula var. caledonica, Recluz.
. ferruginea, Lamarck.
» acuminata. Sewarnson.
» brunnea, Pease.
» astricta, Reeve.
» lmbifera, Lamarck.
5, litterata, Lamarck.
» paupercula, Linne.
virgata, Reeve.
Turricula gruneri, Reeve.
5 exasperata, Chemnitz.

525

526

FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Turricula angulosa, Auster.
2 variata, Reeve.
, nodosa, Szvairnson.
pilsbryi, //edley.
Cylindra dactylus, Linne.
Erato schmeltziana, Crosse.
Marginella sandwicensis, /’¢ase.

. iota, Hedley.
id peasil, Reeve.
= isseli, var. ellicensis. //edley.

Olivella simplex, Pease.
Oliva guttata, Lamarck.

», irisans, var. erythrostcima, Lamarck.
Harpa minor, Lamarck.

» gracilis, Broderip and Sowerby.
Drillia unizonalis, Lamarck.
Glyphostoma purpurascens, Dunker.

3 aliceee, Melvill and Standen.
- » var. tenera, Hedley.
e malleti, Recluz.

Thetidos morsura, Hedley
Mangilia himerta, Melvill and Standen.
Clathurella lactea, Reeve.
. clandestina, Deshayes.
43 apicalis, Montrouxier.
irretita, Hedley.
Daphnella delicata, Heeve.

3 lymneiformis, Avzener.
os pupoidea, H, Adams.
- thiasotes, Melvill and Standen.

Conus literatus, Linne.
,, tessellatus, Born.
» pulicarius, Hass.
5 hebraeus, Zinne
93 is var. vermiculatus, Hwass.
» ceylonensis, Hass.
» vexillum, Gmelin.
» Yrattus, Hwass,
5 capitaneus, Linne.
» lividus, Hwass.
: by var. flavidus, Lamarck.
., vitulinus, Hwass.
catus, Hwass.
nussatella, Linne.
striatus, Linne.
» geographus, Line.
24 tulipa, Lanne.
» auratus, Line.

SUMMARY.

Terebra crenulata, Linne.

as dimidiata, Linne.
“ maculata, Linne.
iy subulata, Lanne.
= tigrina, Gmelin.

s aflinis, Gray.
Pterosoma plana, Lesson.
Atlanta gibbosa, Zydowx and Souleyet.
m turriculata, D'Orbigny.
% guidichaudi, Lydoux and Souleyet.
Solidula suleata, Gmelin.
Tornatina voluta, Quoy and Gaimard.
ns hadfieldi, Melvill and Standen.
3 leptekes, Watson.
Retusa waughiana, Hedley.
Atys cylindrica, Hebling.
» hyalina, Watson.
» dentifera, A. Adams.
,, dactylus, Hedley.
Cylichna erecta, Hedley.
Haminea vitrea, A. Adams.
Cylindrobulla sculpta, Nevill.
Akera aperta, Hedley.
Hydatina amplustre, Linne.
. physis, Lanne.
Ringicula parvula, Hedley.
incisa, Hedley.

. sp.
Limacina inflata D’Orbigny.
- bulimodes, D’Orbigny.
Clio virgula, Rang.
, acicula, Rang.
,, Striata, Rang.
», Ssubula, Quoy and Gaimard.
» pyramidata, Linne.
Cuvierina columella, Aang.
Cavolinia quadridentata, Lesuewr.
4 longirostris, Leswewr.
3 inflexa, ZLesueur.
Agadina stimpsoni, A. Adams.
Elysia nigropunctata, var. sanguinea, Hedley.
Phyllidia varicosa, Lamarck.
Plecotrema bellum, H. and A. Adams.

i. mordax, Dohrn.
Melampus fasciatus, Deshayes.
5 luteus, Quoy and Gaimard.

Tornatellina oblonga, Pease.
" conica, WMousson.

or
=~]

FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Vertigo pediculus, Shuttleworth.

Stenogyra gracilis, Hutton.

Endodonta modicella, Yerussac.
decemplicata, Jouwsson.

Trochonanina samoensis, Mowsson.

Dentalium lessoni, Deshayes.

Cadulus aratus, Hedley.

Anomia sp.

Arca zebra, Sewainson.

5, maculata, Sowerby.

» reticulata, Gmelin.
velata, Sowerby.

» tenella, Reeve.

» congenita, Smeth.

pteroessa, Smth.
Limopsis davidi, Hedley.
Septifer excisus, Wegman.
Modiola australis, Gray.
Lithophaga teres, Philippi.
oA levigata, Quoy and Gainard.
Plicatula imbricata, Menke.
Spondylus ocellatus, Heeve.
Lima bullata, Sowerby.

», tenera, Chemnitz.

5 Squamosa, Lamarck.
angulata, Sowerby.
fragilis, Gee
Timea pectinata, 7. Adams.
Pecten squamatus, Gmelin.
pallium, Zinne.
distans, Reeve.
madreporarum, Sowerby.

a speciosus, Leeve.
Hinnites sp.

Pteria peasei, Dunker.

» cumingil, Reeve.

Melina samoensis, Baird.
Pinna sp.
Ostrea hanleyana, Sowerby.

3 cristagalli, Zinne.
Cardita sweeti, Hedley.

Lucina exasperata, Reeve.
punctata, Zinne.
divergens, Philippi.

a oblonga, Hedley.

Corbis fimbriata, Zinne.
Cryptodon globosum, Forskal.
Tellina rugosa, Lorn.

”

oe)

oP)

or
bo
©

SUMMARY.

Tellina scobinata, Zine.

a flammula, Deshayes.

. dispar, Conrad.

7 obliquaria, Deshayes.

A rhomboides, Quoy and Gaimard.
As robusta, Hanley.

opalina, Sowerby.

a4 fijiensis, Soowerby.

‘ crebrimaculata, Sowerby.

- ellicensis, /edley.

Libitina guinaica, Lamarck.
Circe pectinata, Zinne.

5, picta, Lamarck.

5, castrensis, Zinne.

Cytherea obliquata, var. prora, Cowrad.
3 subpellucida, Sowerby.
Venus toreuma, Gould.

»» puerpera, var. listeri, Gray.
Venerupis macrophylla, Deshayes.
Naranio lapicida, Chemnitz.
Crassatella sp.

Kellya pacifica, Hedley.

Scintilla semiclausa, Sowerby.
Atactodea striata, Gmelin.
Asaphis deflorata, Linne.
Psammobia squammosa, Lamarck.
Cardium angulatum, Lamarck.

93 maculosum, Wood.
. cardissa, var. dionsum, Sowerby.
6 fragrum, Linne.

a i var. sueziense, Issel.
Tridacna gigas, var. squamosa, Lamarck.
“y elongata, Lamarck.
Chama imbricata, Broderip.
» Spinosa, Lroderip.
5 Uunicornis, Bruguicre.
Corbula taheitensis, Lamarck.
Gastrochena lamellosa, Deshayes.
Nausitoria aurita, Hedley.
Tonicia sp,

Class BRACHIOPODA.

Thecidea maxilla, /edley.

Class ECHINODERMATA.

To the Echinodermata enumerated in the body of this work
there are added in the following list the species collected by

530 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

J. S. Gardiner, and determined by F. P. Bedford and F. J. Bell.*
A sea-urchin, believed to be Metalia sternalis, Gray, was occas-
ionally found dead at high-water mark on the beaches of the
leeward islets of Funafuti, but as no specimens were preserved for
exact identification, it is not here included. <A starfish dredged
off the north-west corner of Funafuti, at a depth of one hundred
and thirty fathoms by H.M.S. ‘ Penguin,” which was, in life,
bordered by segments of brick-red and yellow-red, size R. 30 mm.,
has been presented to the Australian Museum by Lieutenant A.
Waugh, R.N. This has been determined by Mr. Whitelegge as
probably an immature example of Nardoa gomophia, Perrier,
originally described from New Caledonia. +

Echinothrix diadema, Zinne.

" turcarum, Schynvoet.
Heterocentrotus mamillatus, A’Jein.
Kchinometra lucunter, Leske.

5 oblonga, Blainville.
Kchinus angulosus, Leske.

Laganum depressum, Lesson.

Kchinoneus cyclostomus, Leske.

Maretia planulata, Lamarck.

Ophidiaster cylindricus, Lamarck.

Linckia pacifica, Gray.

Nardoa gomophia, Perrier.

Culcita acutispina, bell.

Ophiactis savignii, Muller and Troschel.

Ophiocoma scolopendrina, Agassi.
erinaceus, Juller and Troschel.

Ophiarthrum elegans, Peters.

Mulleria echinites, Jaeger.

“a parvula, Selenka.
Holothuria argus, Jaeger.
Ap atra, Jaeger.
- ,, var. amboinensis, Semper.
- vagabunda, Selenka.

oF maculata, Brandt.
imitans, Ludwig.

Chiridota intermedia, Bedford.
Synapta ooplax, Marenzeller.

Class ANNELIDA.

Eurythoe complanata, Pallas.
pacifica, var. levukeensis, UeLntosh.
Phyllodoce sp.
Pericheta grubei, Rosa. |
: sp.

* Bedford and Beli=Proc. Fool. Soe. , 1898, pp. 83-4 - 850.
¢ Perrier—Archiv. Zool. Exper., iv., 1875, p. 431.

SUMMARY. 531

Class GEPHYREA.

To the list of Gephyrean worms recorded by A. E. Shipley from
Funafuti,* has been added A. steenstrupiz, identified (ante p. 394)
by Mr. Whitelegge. The distribution of most of these has been
further elucidated by Shipley in a Report on the Willey Collection. +

Sipunculus vastatus, Selenka and Bulow.

“a funafuti, Shipley.
Physcosoma nigrescens, /veferstein.

” pacificum, /veferstei.

+5 scolops, Selenka.and de Man.

AA varians, Aeferstein.

a microdontodon, Sluiter.

dentigerum, Selena and de Man.
Aspidosiphon elegans, Chamisso and Eysenhardt.
5 steenstrupii, Diesing.
ar klunzingeri, Selenka and Bulow.
Cloeosiphon aspergillum, Quatrefages.

Class PoRIFERA.

Reniera australis, Lendenfeld.
s sp.
Halichondria solida var. rugosa, Ridley and Dendy.
Spinosella glomerata, W hitelegge.
Gellius aculeatus, Whitelegge.
Clathria pellicula, Whitelegge.
Agelas gracilis, Whitelegge.
Kchinodictyum asperum, Ridley and Dendy.
Acanthella stipitata, Carter.

3 pulcherrima, Ridley and Dendy.
Ciocalypta incrustans. Whitelegge.
Polymastia dendyi, Whitelegge.

Spirastrella papillosa, Avdley and Dendy.
Kuspongia irregularis var. silicata, Lendenfeld.
Hippospongia dura, Lendenfeld.

Spongelia fragilis var. irregularis, Lendenfeld.

Class Hyprozoa.

A dead specimen of Distichopora rosea was collected on the
beach but was overlooked in packing. Some notes on Millepera
from Funafuti have been published by Prof. 8. J. Hickson. {

Thuiaria divergens, Whitelegge.
Aglaophenia clavicula, Whitelegge.
Millepora squarrosa, Lamarck.

As platyphylla, Hhrenberg.

* Shipley— Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, pp. 468 — 4738.
+ Willey—Zoological Results, part 2, 1899, p. 151-158.
~ Hickson—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 828.

532 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Millepora nodosa, Esper.

ne tortuosa, Dana.
Distichopora rosea, “ent.
Physalia megalista, Lamarck.

Class SCYPHOZOA.

Aurelia clausa, Lesson.
Polyrhiza orithyia, Haeckel.
Class ACTINOZOA.

The following list of Actinozoa is compiled from different sources
under the supervision of Mr. Whitelegge, whose papers in this
volume (pp. 213 — 225, 307 - 320, 349 — 368, and 384 — 391) have
formed the basis. With these have been incorporated information —
from the articles of J. 8. Gardiner and I. L. Hiles.*

In some prefatory notes to the Mollusca, it was remarked that
the high proportion of novelties to the mass of previously known
forms should not be mistaken for an indication of endemic impor-
tance, but should be ascribed to the imperfection of our knowledge
of the continental faunas. This statement has received support
from the Gorgonidz in the brief time that has elapsed since it was
written. Keroeides gracilis has been retaken by Willey in New
Guinea, Villogorgia rubra by Willey in the Loyalty Islands,
Acamptogogia spinosa by Willey in New Britain, Lobophytwm
hedleyi and L. densum by Hedley in New Caledonia.

Some giant specimens of a white Sea Anemone, ten inches in

diameter, were observed on Funafuti, but defied any effort to
remove them and are hence unnoted in the following list.

The specific identification of Reef Corals is regarded by the
highest authorities as a matter of extreme uncertainty. H. M.
Bernard wrote :—‘ The only specimens which can be claimed with
absolute certainty as specifically identical are a few which have
ineach case been gathered at the same place and time, and resemble
one another as closely as if they were two fragments of one and
the same stock. Beyond these no certainty exists, and strict
regard to the variations of form and structure would compel us to
label all the remaining specimens as different varieties or species.” +
To maintain such a position means chaos. Either we must, as
Bernard proceeds to suggest, “break loose from the restraint of
the Linnean species,” or deal with the group on the broader lines
on which Hickson has lately dealt with the Heliopora and
Millepora.

* Gardiner—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, pp. 941 — 958; Idem 1898, pp. 257 -
276, 525 - 5389, and 994-1000; Hiles, in Willey, Zoological Results,
part 2, 1899, pp. 195 — 204.

+ Bernard—Cat. Madreporarian Corals Brit. Mus.. 1896, p. 20.

SUMMARY. 533

Finding ourselves unable to reconcile the species enumerated by
W hitelegse and Gardiner the results arrived at by each are given
in parallel columns.

Sarcophytum glaucum, Quoy and Gaimard.
trochoheliophorum var. amboinense, Marenzeller.
a latum, Dana.
Lobophytum pauciflorum var. validum, Marenzeller.
hedleyi, Whitelegge.
marenzelleri, Wright and, Studer.
tuberculosum, Quoy and Gaimard.
confertum, Dana.
densum, Whitelegge.
viride, Quoy and Gaimard.
Spongodes pallida, Whitelegge
curvicornis, Wright and Studer.
Siphonogorgia vodeffroyi, Kolliker.
pallida, Studer.
kollikeri, Wright and Studer.
as macrospina, Whitelegge.

Heliopora exrulea, Pallas.
Keroides gracilis, Whitelegge.
Acamptogorgia spinosa, Hiles.
Acanthogorgia breviflora, Whitelegge.
Acanthomuricea simplex, Whitelegge.
Villogorgia flagellata, Whitelegge.
intricata, Gray.

A ruber, files.
Bebryce studeri, hitelegge.
Muricella purpurea, Whitelegge.
Plexaura antipathes, Esper.
Nicella laxa, Whitelegge.
Verrucella flabellata, Whitelegge.
Antipathella brooku, Whitelegge.
Zoanthus funafutiensis, Hill and Whitelegge.
Gemmaria willeyi, Hill and Whitelegge.
Palythoa howesi, Haddon and Shackleton.

5 koehii, Haddon and Shackleton.

es coesia, Dana.

”

be)

9

)

> i |

Rerr Corats
Reported from Funafuti by,—

W hitelegge. Gardiner.
Caryophylla clavus Rhizotrochus, sp.
var. epitheata, Duncan. ,
Stylophora digitata, Pallas. Stylophora digitata, Pallas.
- flabellata, Quelch.
5 compressa, Gardiner.

-S rugosa, Gardiner.

534

Whitelegge.

Pocillopora grandis, Dana.
a caespitosa, Dana.
m ‘verrucosa, LF. § Sol.

Mussa costata, Dana.
Coeloria esperi, Hdw. and H.
Hydnophora microconia, Lam.
Astrzea versipora, Dana.
», dane, Hdw. and H.
», denticulata, #. and Sol.
Acanthastrea patula, Dana.
echinata, Dana.
Leptastriea solida, Hdw. and H.
transversa, A’ lunz.
Cyphastreea dane, Kdw. and H.
Pavonia repens, Bruggeman.
os explanata, Lamarck.
Psammocera contigua, Hsp.
oe fossata, Dana.

Oxypora sp.
Fungia tenuidens, Quelch.
Pe discus, Dana.

Madreporaria fruticosa, Brook.
3 syringodes, Brook.
rr spicifera, Dana.
4 botryodes, Brook

var. funafutiensis,
W hitelegge.

FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Gardiner.
Stylophora pistillata, Esper.
es palmata, Blainville.
o lobata, Gardiner.
Pocillopora, grandis, Dana.
P glomerata, Gardiner.
a rugosa, Gardiner.

os meeandrina, Dana.
Be squarrosa, Dana.
Fr aspera, Verrill.
var. dane, J”.
var. ligulata,
Dana.
‘3 favosa, Hhrenberg.
by clavaria, Khrenberg.
A brevicornis, Lam.
5 septata, Gardiner.
fA suffruticosa, Verrill.
wr paucistella, Quelch.
Seriatopora conferta, Quelch.
a spinosa, Kd. § Haime.

9 99

” ‘9

Pavonia repens, Bruggeman.

Psammocera contigua, Hsp.

Ri haimeana, Hd.§ 7.
* superficialis, Gard.
es savigniensis, Gard.

Halomitra irregularis, Gardiner.
Herpolitha crassa, Gardiner.
Madreporaria fruticosa, Brook.

an crateriformis,
Gardiner.

* secunda, Dana.

be scabrosa, Quelch.

A reticulata, Brook.

SUMMARY. a5,

W hitelegge.
Madreporaria patula, Brook.
BA efflorescens, Dana.
+ eurystoma,.K. lunz.
i spinulifera,
W hitelegge.

3 impressa, Whitelegge. Me

Astrzeopora incrustans, Bernard.

“ ocellata, Bernard.

* hirsuta, Bernard
Montipora verrucosa, Dana.

a foveolata, Dana.

‘3 tuberosa, A’ lunzinger’.

‘6 seabricula, Dana.

rf exserta, Quelch.

Porites lutea, Hdw. and H.
,, lichen, Dana.
,, lobata, Dana.
». erassa, Quelch.
,, mirabilis, Quelch.
» gaimardi, Hdw. and H.

Gardiner.
Madreporaria profunda, Gard.

in surculosa, Dana.

Pe latistella, Brook.

- sinensis, Brook.

* cuneata, Dana.
beeodactyla, Brook.

A loripes, Brook.

angulata, Quelch.
Astraeopora listeri, Bernard.
* tabulata, Gardiner.

5 ovalis, Bernard.
Montipora verrucosa, Lamarck.
‘a profunda, Bernard.
. ealiculata, Dana, var.
piriformis, Bernard.
‘ saxea, Bernard.
= incognita, Bernard.

granifera, Bernard.
Porites arenosa, Hspev’.
var. lutea, 2. 77.
var. parvicellata,
Gardiner.
5, purpurea, Gardiner.
-,, trimurata, Gardiner.
., umbellifera, Gardiner.
,. superfusa, Gardiner.
,, exilis, Gardiner.

99 ”?

:” >

Class FORAMINIFERA.

Pressure of Museum duties has unfortunately not allowed the
preparation of a Report on the Foraminifera collected at Funafuti.

With C. Hedley’s

Conin line:

THE MOLLUSCA OF FUNAFUTI.
(SUPPLEMENT,)

By CuHaries HeEpLey,

Conchologist, Australian Museum.

In the year 1897, a second, and in 1898, a third expedition visited
the Atoll of Funafuti in prosecution of the attempt to carry a
bore through the coral formation. The mollusca herein described
were obtained by these parties, chiefly by deep dredging, and were
remitted to the Australian Museum by the Local Funafuti
Committee of the Royal Society. This material reached the Writer
too late for incorporation in the body of this Memoir. The results
of a study of it are accordingly presented in this appendix.

This material is of importance since it illustrates a side of the
Funafuti zoology which I had little opportunity of investigating
personally, viz., that of the deeper water. Dredgings carried out
by Mr. G. H. Halligan in one hundred and fifty fathoms, and again
in two hundred fathoms, produced results of especial interest.
In the latter depth he discovered a bed of the typical “‘Pteropod
Ooze.” The sample of his dredgings submitted to me, might have
stood for the portrait of that deposit figured by Murray and
Renard.*

This ooze has been chiefly studied in the Atlantic, and though
its equal distribution in the Pacific is a matter of course, the
present record is an interesting extension of the known range.

But the chief claim that this deposit has on our attention is
that it appears in water of less depth than in any instance known
heretofore. The least depth in which the “Challenger” obtained
Pteropod Ooze was in 390 fathoms, the greatest 1,525 fathoms,
the average being 1,044 fathoms, +

The following species already noted as from surface waters again
occurred in greater depths:

‘Teinostoma tricarinatum—150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funa-
manu), and 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet.
Cisonella ovata—150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funamanu).

Stomatella sanguinea—36 fathoms N. 30° West of Pava, 45 — 52
fathoms off Tutaga Islet.

*Murray and Renard—Chall. Rep., Deep Sea Deposits, 1891, pl. xi. fig. 6,
+ Murray and Renard—loc. cit., p. 225.

550 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Caecum vertebrale—off Tutaga in 45-52, 50-60, and 200
fathoms; off Beacon Islet (Funamanu), at 150; and in 36 fathoms
north; and 36 fathoms N. 30° W. of Pava. This is evidently from
its abundance a native of the deeper water. Some of the examples
from 150 and 200 fathoms have a few brown blotches on the shell.

Cecum gulosum—dredged at every station with C, vertebrale.
Columbella varians—36 fathoms N. 30° W. of Pava.

Marginella iota—36 fathoms N. 30° W. of Pava, off Beacon Islet
(Funamanu) in 150, and off Tutaga in 45—52 and 200 fathoms.

Marginella sandwicensis—150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funa-
manu).

Olivella simplex—36 fathoms N. of Pava.

Those species which are either new to science or have not been
yet recorded from Funafuti are as under.

CEPHALOPODA.
Octopus tTonGaNnus, Hoyle.
Hoyle, Chall. Rep., Zool., xvi., 1886, p. 83, pl. viii., figs. 1, 2.

One male specimen was procured in the lagoon by Mr. A. E.
Finckh. The species has only been found before at Tonga.

POLY PLACOPHERA.

TONICIA sp.
(Fig. 59.)

A single mutilated
median valve of a Chiton
was obtained at a depth
of 150 fathoms off Beacon
Islet (Funamanu). Such
features as it has, point
to an affinity with 7’.
confossa, Gould. The
rarity of this group in
the Central Pacific renders the occurrence of this fragment note-
worthy. Only six species were known to Harper Pease from the
Central Pacific. In his last paper he stated that,—‘“ The absence
of Chitonide from Polynesia has been noticed by authors as a
remarkable fact, abounding as they do* in the surrounding pro-
vinces, especially on the west coast of America, at Australia and
New Zealand.”+

* The Chitons not the authors.
+ Pease—Am. Journ. Conch., vii., 1872, p. 194.

APPENDIX —MOLLUSCA. 551

SCAPHOPODA.

CADULUS ARATUS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 60.)

Shell short and stout, slightly swollen and gently
tapering to either end, on one side almost straight,
on the other arcuate, glossy and almost transparent.
In one case the translucent ground is mottled with
opaque white spots. Four longitudinal equally spaced
furrows impress the surface. Anal end bilabiate, the
lips usually widely parted, that on the straighter side
projecting beyond its fellow. In one case the lips
are of equal length almost touching distally and
divided by a narrow slit. Aperture very oblique
with a small thickened rim. Length 3:4; breadth
‘64 mm. Another specimen, length 2; breadth -48 mm.

Dredged 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet; 36
fathoms N. 30° W. of Pava Islet; 50-60 fathoms
off Tutaga Islet and 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet
(Funamanu).

The Fijian C. dichelus, Watson, a near relative, is twice as large,
more bent and unfurrowed.

GASTEROPODA.

SCISSURELLA EQUATORIA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 61.)
Shell large for the genus, thin, trochi-
form, with gradate spire ; frilled, pro-
jecting keels; compressed belt below
the fasciole, and tumid base. Colour
white. Whorls five. Sculpture—about
eighty five, curved, oblique, lamellate
ribs cross the whole shell Above, the
spiral sculpture can hardly be traced,
but on the base it is distinguishable as
delicate, widely spaced threads over-
riding the ribs and latticing the inter-
spaces. Fasciole enfolded by broad
margins, which are fimbriated by the
ribs. Umbilicus narrow, infundibuli- ©
form, deep. Aperture oblique, sub- ~
quadrate; lip slightly and _ gently
recurved ; columella margin explanate
and reaching over the umbilicus. Major
diameter 3, minor 2°5; height 2°68 m.m.
One specimen dredged off Tutaga
Islet in 200 fathoms.

552 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

This, the largest species of the genus, seems very close to S.
tiedonia, Watson, from which I separate it by the contracted zone
beneath the fasciole, larger size and less development of spiral
sculpture.

SCHISMOPE PLICATA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 62.)

Shell large for the genus, thin,
subglobose, flattened above. Colour
cream. Whorls three, rapidly in-
creasing. Earlier whorls wound in
the same plane, the last steeply
descending, sharply angled at the
fasciole, compressed and theninflated
beneath it. Umbilicus moderate in
width, deep, with smooth walls.
Sculpture—both above and below
the fasciole the shell is ornamented
by about twenty-two prominent
longitudinal ribs, which project

most beneath the fasciole half a whorl behind the mouth, from
thence on they diminish considerably. These are overridden by
close, sharp, raised, spiral lines, which cross the interstices and
denticulate the crests of the ribs, Slit pointed anteriorly, rounded
posteriorly, in length about a sixth of the circumference of the
shell. The fasciole, a broad gutter with raised margins, its trough
septate by continuations of the longitudinal ribs, ascends the
spire for a whorl and a half, as in other Pacific species. Aperture
ovate, columella slightly reflected. Major diameter 2:3, minor
1:7; height 2 mm.

Dredged off Beacon Islet (Funamanu), in 150 fathoms, and off
Tutaga in 150 and 50 —60 fathoms.

This species stands nearest to S. ferriezi, Crosse, from which it
is clearly distinguished by a more elevated spire, coarser sculpture
and larger size.

TEINOSTOMA QUALUM, var. PAUCICOSTAIUM, var. nov.
(Fig. 63.)

Underthis varietal name is distinguished
a specimen, which, though probably imma-
ture is larger than the type, measuring in
major diameter 2 and in minor 1°32 mm.
It has the same detail sculpture but carries
sixteen ribs on the last whorl instead of
twenty. The chief distinction however is
that the ribs are continued to the suture
instead of terminating at a distance there-
from as in the type.

Dredged at 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funamanu).

APPENDIX—MOLLUSCA. 553

HALIoTis ovina, Chemnitz.
Pilsbry, Man, Conch., xii., 1890, p. 125, pl. xix., figs. 7, 8.
A specimen was obtained at Funafuti by Mr, A. E. Finckh.

TEINOSTOMA PARVULUM, sp. NOV.
(Fig. 64.)

Shell minute, solid, depressed turbinate,
with slightly elevated spire. Colour cream.
Whorls four. Sculpture—about fourteen
elevated, spiral lyree which are weaker
and widest apart above and closer and
stronger towards the umbilicus. Above
and on the periphery, their interstices are
occupied by one or two fine spiral threads.
No transverse sculpture is apparent. Base
rounded. Umbilicus oblong, narrow, deep;
the basal sculpture winding obliquely into
it. Aperture oblique, circular, with a smooth, inner, raised
margin and a stout varix alternately and evenly grooved and
ridged by the spiral sculpture. The left lower margin of the
varix is produced in a tongue over the umbilicus. Major diameter
1:14, minor 1; height ‘8 mm.

One specimen dredged in 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet.

This species, the least of the genus to which I have assigned it,
has an equal claim to be placed in Ziotia. The subumbilical
tongue, a rather artificial feature, has governed the present generic
disposition.

TEINOSTOMA ROTATUM, Sp. nov.

Shell small, per-
forate, subdiscoidal.
Colour white.
Whorls three and
a half, rounded,
gradually increas-
ing, last descending

Lt

554 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

and contracting at the aperture. First two whorls smooth, the rest
sculptured by about forty, fine, close, even, flat-topped, spiral
lyre; parted by sharp, narrow interstices. On the base are
eight, raised, radiating bars of callus, unevenly set round the
umbilicus, like the spokes of a wheel. A fifth of a whorl behind
the aperture the scar of a former aperture has left a kind of
varix. Umbilicus small, its margin crenulate. Aperture oblique,
circular, entire; left margin barely recurved; lower right margin
advancing over the umbilicus in imbricating callous tongues; upper
right margin linked to the preceding whorl by a V-shaped callous
ridge. Major diameter 1:86, minor 1°76; height 1:16 mm.

One specimen dredged in 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.

By its small size and peculiarly sculptured base, this species is
sufliciently distinguished from the remainder of the genus.

LIoTia sp.
(Fig. 66.)

Shell globose, rather flattened on the
base. Colour cream. Whorls three. Sculp-
ture—eight equally spaced spiral lyre, can-
cellated by the intersection of about eigh-
teen longitudinal ribs of equal size. Um-
bilicus narrow. Aperture unfinished.
Major diameter 1:16, minor 1:6; height
1:16 mm.

One specimen in 200 fathoms off Tutaga
Islet.

This shell, though not adult, is evidently new. Its future
recognition should be ensured by the remarkable sculpture.
Probably it belongs near Liotia and possibly to the new genus
Mecoliotia. Until the important characters of the aperture are
known, no good end would be served by bestowing on it a specific
name.

LIoTIA PARVISSIMA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 67.)

Shell minute, solid, turbinate. Colour
cream. Whorls four. Sculpture—a
heavy, elevated keel on the shoulder,
two equally massive on the periphery,
and two smaller on the base. Across
keels and interstices run distant, longi-
tudinal, raised threads. |Umbilicus
small, oblique narrow and deep. Aper-
ture, circular, oblique, with a short but

APPENDIX—-MOLLUSCA. 555

heavy varix, crenulated by the spiral sculpture. Major diameter
‘84, minor ‘66; height *84 mm.

Dredged off Tutaga Islet at a depth of 200 fathoms, and off
Beacon Islet (Funamanu) at 150 fathoms.

This, the smallest known Liotia, is well distinguished by its
simple and massive sculpture.

MECOLIOTIA, gen. nov.

A genus of the Liotiide, distinguished from Liotia by an
elevated spire of six whorls, an obliquely truncate base and granose
sculpture.

The type species appears to me to be co-generic with Iphitus
tuberculatus, Watson.* The genus Jphitus was founded by
Jeffreys on a single immature specimen,} and is known from
Watson’s rather than from Jeffreys’ account. Jeffreys placed the
genus in the Littorinide and Fisher in the Fossaride. My species
cannot enter either of these families, nor, I should think, could JZ.
tuberculatus. We are however, relieved from the unsatisfactory
genus of Jeffreys by the fact that Jphitus is preocupied in
Mollusca by Ratinesque.{ In Hemiptera Stal introduced [phita
in 1870.§

Type, Mecoliotia halligant.

MECOLIOTIA HALLIGANI, sp. n0v.
(Fig. 68.)

Shell small, most massive, conical, =
with obliquely truncate base, narrowly
perforate. Colour white. Whorls six
of which two are apical, separated by
deeply impressed sutures. Sculpture—
the third has one, the fourth and fifth
each two, and the last whorl three,
prominent, heavy, spiral keels. These
are overridden and knotted by longi-
tudinal ribs, which on the last whorl
number seventeen, cross from umbilicus
to suture, and mount the upper whorls
perpendicularly and continuously. Deep Fie
square pits are enclosed by the inter-
section of this sculpture. The first whorl is rounded, the second
keeled. The base is hollow beneath the periphery, with a central

* Watson—Chall. Rep., Zool., xv., 1886, p. 583, pl. xlvi., fig. 5.
+ Jeffreys-—Proc. Zool. Soc., 1888, p. 118, pl. xx., fig. 12.

+ Rafinesque—Anal. Nat., 1815, p. 141.

§ Stal—Sv. Ak. Handl., 1870, p. 99.

556 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

nodose lyra, then a furrow, followed by the smooth raised margin
of the narrow oblique umbilicus. Aperture, oblique, circular
with a double lip, one within the other, and an expanded, trifid
wing-like varix. Length 1:6; breadth 1:4 mm.

One specimen dredged off Tutaga Islet in 50 — 60 fathoms.

Named in honour of Mr. G. H. Halligan, who procured most
of the deeper water species mentioned in this supplement.

EULIMA DIAPHANA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 69.)

Shell narrow, subulate, transparent. Whorls seven,
rapidly increasing, wound more obliquely as the growth
proceeds. Surface smooth, most glossy, through it is
seen every detail of the columella. Aperture some-
what claw-shaped, narrow and curved, acuminate
posteriorly, broadest and truncate anteriorly. Outer
lip sharp sinuous. Columella slightly curved, spread-
ing a callus on the preceding whorl. Length 1°'8;
breadth ‘44 mm.

One specimen dredged at 45 — 52 fathoms off Tutaga.

This species appears to be widely different from any
hitherto figured.

EULIMA SAMOENSIS, Crosse.
Tryon, Man. Conch., viii., 1886, pl. Ixx., fig. 78.

One specimen collected by Mr. W. Poole on the lagoon beach
was by him presented to the Australian Museum. The species
was previously only known from Samoa.

ODONTOSTOMIA ROBUSTA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 70.)

Shell small, strong, ovate. Colour white.
Whorls four ; exclusive of the smooth, prostrate,
heterostrophic two-whorled apex. Sculpture—
sixteen strong, smooth, outstanding, longitudinal
ribs sinuate the suture and reach to the extreme
point of the base. Similar ribs extend con-
tinuously across the upper whorls. Between
these ribs appear the broken lengths of about a
dozen, delicate, widely parted, raised, spiral
threads. Aperture ear-shaped, effuse anteriorly.
Columella massive, entering in a strong, spiral

twist. Lip formed by the last rib. Length 1:2;
Fig. 70. breadth -65 mm.

One specimen dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 — 52 fathoms.

APPENDIX—MOLLUSCA. 557

This species is most like O. oodes, Watson, from which it is
separated by more conical shape, fewer ribs and different apex.

ODONTOSTOMIA BIPLICATA, sp. nov.
(Fig 71.)

Shell oblong-ovate, imperforate, white.
Whorls three and an inrolled vertical and half
buried apex, slightly gradate, separated by a
channeled suture. Upper whorls angled and
contracted above the suture. Last whorl
slightly angled at the periphery. Sculpture—
last whorl with two small, but sharp revolving
ridges, one at the periphery and the other
below the suture, both ascending the earlier
whorls. Upper whorls otherwise smooth, final
whorl furrowed spirally by about twenty-five
fine close grooves beneath the periphery.
Aperture ovate, acuminate above and below.
Deep within the throat and confined to the
posterior moiety, are five strong revolving
ridges, the remainder of the throat is grooved
by small revolving striz, answering to the externals culpture. Lip
sharp, simple, produced anteriorly. Columella with a heavy,
median, transverse fold, posterior to which is another deeper
oblique fold. Length 1:46; breadth *7 mm.

One specimen dredged at 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet.

Fig. 71.

This is a well marked species. Not only is it smaller than any
enumerated in Tryon’s Monograph, but the second, deep seated
columella fold seems to be unmatched in the genus. The ridges
in the throat occur in some species from the Red Sea.

RissOA FINCKHI, sp. nov.
(Fig. 72.)

Shell narrow, subulate, turretted, massive,
small. Colour white with a yellow apex.
Whorls eight. Sculpture-round the periphery
of each whorl is wound a heavy tabulate keel.
The penultimate whorl carries a spiral thread
above and another below this keel. On the
last whorl is a raised subsutural thread and
three basal lyre. Aperture oblique, circular,
peristome entire, thickened and_ broadly
reflected. Length 192; breadth ‘92 mm.

One specimen dredged off Tutaga Islet in
200 fathoms.

Named in honour of Mr. A. E. Finckh,
who made zoological collections on Funafuti Fig. 72.

558 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

in 1898, when in charge of the Diamond Drill Boring
Expedition.
RIssOA POOLEI, sp. nov.

(Fig. 73.)

Shell broadly ovate. Whorls four.
Colour white with a few subsutural orange
dots, one of which occurs on the lip and
three on the remainder of the last whorl.
Sculpture—the last whorl is angled at a
weak spiral rib on the periphery. Pro-
portionately stronger are three on the
penultimate, and two on the antipenulti-
mate, similar spiral ribs. ° The whole shell
is closely covered by minute, close, wavy,
spiral threads which are overridden by
faint, close, longitudinal sculpture extend-
ing across the whole whorl. Umbilicus
small, covered by the columella. Aperture

round, rather oblique. Lip massive, expanded and _ broadly
reflected with a second lip or varix close behind. Columella
broad appressed. Length -95; breadth ‘66 mm.

Dredged off Tutaga Islet at depths of 45 — 52, 50 — 60, and 200
fathoms ; off Beacon Islet (Funamanu) at 150 fathoms ; and north
of Pava Islet at 36 fathoms.

The affinities of this shell are with the species previously
described from Funafuti as Aissoa invisibilis. It is named in
honour of Mr. William Poole, B.A., a volunteer’ assistant of the
second expedition to Funafuti.

DIALA PROFUNDA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 74.)

Shell subulate, thin. Colour, the figured example
has the first four whorls ochraceous, the next two
almost white, the last two ochraceous buff with the
columella and lip tawny ; another specimen is uni-
form dark brown. Whorls eight. The apex smooth
and blunt ; the third and fourth whorls with two
raised spiral cords each, the remaining whorls
angled above and below the suture. Surface
smooth and shining. Aperture perpendicular,
angled above, rounded below; outer lip straight
and sharp; columella reflected over a minute per-
foration. Length 1°9; breadth -66 mm.

Dredged off Tutaga Islet at depths of 45 — 50,
Fig. 74. 50 — 60 and 200 fathoms ; and in 36 fathoms north
and 36 fathoms N. 30° W. of Pava Islet.

APPENDIX—MOLLUSCA.

CmcUM AMALTHEANUM, sp. nov.
(Fig. 75.)

Shell small, a twisted cone, performing about
a third of a revolution, rapidly enlarging. White
very glossy, with about twenty, faint rib rings.
Aperture circular, slightly contracted behind
the everted lip. Septum gradate, with three
steps, arising deep within the collar, peaked on
the outer side. Length ‘76; breadth at aperture
‘34 mm.

Two examples dredged at 56 fathoms, north
of Pava Islet.

The contour of this species isolates it from
any co-generic type.

CmCUM LEGUMEN, sp. nov.
(Fig. 76.)

Shell pod-shaped, arched on one side, nearly
straight on the other; rounded in transverse
section on the arched side and flattened on the
straight. Colour white. Sculptured by fine
growth rings, surface glossy and shining. At the
aperture slightly contracted, mouth oval, flattened
on one side. Septum much exserted, peaked on
the curved side. As foreshortened to show the
aperture in my drawing, the shell has a quaint
resemblence to a tobacco pipe. Length 1:5;
breadth 64 mm. |

Dredged at 36 fathoms N. 30° W. of Pava Islet
and again at 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funamanu).

The only species at all resembling this, figured in
Tryon’s Manual, is C. nitidum, Stimpson, than which it
is less inflated.

TRIFORIS ASPERRIMUS, Hinds.
(Fig. 77.)
Hinds, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi., 1843, p. 18; Tryon,
Man, Conch., ix., 1887, p. 181, pl. xxxviii., fig. 6.

A single, probably immature, specimen of twelve
whorls, in length 2:92 and in breadth -56 mm., which
was dredged in 36 fathoms, north of Pava Islet is thus
doubtfully determined. The species appears not to have
been seen since Sir Edward Belcher dredged his unique
specimen in eight fathoms on the Papuan coast.

560 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

Murex raAmosus, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch., ii., 1880, p. 95, pl.i., figs. 1, 2.

A specimen was obtained by Mr. A. E. Finckh on one of the
leeward islets of Funafuti.

CyPR@HA BECKI, Gaskoin.
Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., 1885, p. 91, pl. xvii., figs. 86, 87.

One specimen collected by Mr. W. Poole on the lagoon beach
of Funafuti.

TURRICULA EXASPERATA, Gmelin.

Tryon, Man. Conch., iv., 1882, p. 180, pl. liii, figs. 541-544,
pl. liv., figs. 545 — 546.
One dead shell dredged in 36 fathoms N. 30° W. of Pava Islet.

MARGINELLA ISSELI, Vevill, var. ELLICENSIS, var. nov.
(Fig. 78.)

Shell small, ovate, white, smooth, with a
buried spire. Aperture narrow, crescentic.
Outer lip arching from and above the vertex,
thickened without and finely crenulate within,
channeled anteriorly. Inner lip with a heavy
layer of callus edged abruptly. Columella
with three oblique entering folds, the posterior
one small. Length 1:4; breadth -64 mm.

Dredged at 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet
at 36 fathoms N. 30° W. of Pava Islet, and at
150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funamanu)

After much perplexity I have concluded not to separate this
specifically from M. asseli, Nevill,* which agrees in size and shape
but apparently differs by an additional fold on the columella,
The example of that which Issel examined}; had not the crenulated
lip of the type. Savigny’s work, containing the original descrip-
tion, is unfortunately inaccessible to me. No distinction is
apparent to me ketween this species and J/. nympha, Brazier, t
from Sydney Harbour,

Examples from Cape Sidmouth, Queensland, of what appears
to be another variety of JM. isseli are before me. They agree in
shape but differ by being 2 mm. in length, and by having five
plications on the columella.

* Tryon—Man. Conch., v., 1883, p. 40, pl. xi., fig. 39.
+ Issel—Malac. del Mar Rosso, 1869, p. 117.
} Brazier—Proc. Linn. Soe, N.S. W., (2) ix., 1894, p. 168, pl. xiv., fig. 2.

APPENDIX—MOLLUSCA. 561

PreROSOMA PLANA, Lesson.
Hedley, Proc. Malac. Soc., i., 1895, p. 333; Crosse, Journ. de
Conch., xliv., 1896 (1897), pp. 207 - 212.

An imperfect shell from a depth of 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet,
is with doubt so identified. Since writing the article above quoted
Ihave found that Fischer’s reason for classing this as a Nemertine
was a mistaken identification by the Naturalists of the ‘“Chal-
lenger.”*

ATLANTA GIBBosa, Hydoux and Souleyet.

Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., ii., 1841, p. 386, pl). xxi,
figs. 1 — 8.

Dead shells were dredged off Tutaga, in 45—52 and 200
fathoms. This species does not seem to have been recorded from
the Pacific.

ATLANTA TURRICULATA, D’Orbigny.

Eydoux and Souleyet, Joc. cit., p. 391, pl. xxi., figs. 30 - 35.
Dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 —52 and 200 fathoms.

ATLANTA GUIDICHAUDU, Hydoux und Souleyet,

Eydoux and Souleyet, Joe. cit., p. 397, pl. xix., figs. 29 - 34.
Several dead shells dredged in 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.

TORNATINA LEPTEKES, Watson.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xv., 1893, p. 200, pl. xxiv., figs. 29, 30.

Dredged in 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet, and off Tutaga in
45 —52 and 200 fathoms.

Previously taken off Raine Island, Queensland, by the
“ Challenger,”

RINGICULA, sp.

A small Ringicula was dredged in 45 —52 fathoms off Tutaga
Islet. It corresponds exactly to specimens from Torres Straits,
which I have identified as P. pusilla, Watson, and differs very
little from my &. parvula. It may be here pointed out that the
illustration of FR. pusilla,t appears to represent a young and
broken shell, and that the description conveys a totally different
idea of the species.

* Moseley—Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) xvi., 1875, p. 382.
+ Watson—Chall. Rep., Zool., xv., 1886, pl. xlvii., fig. 9.
Mu

|
lor)
bo

FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

RINGICULA INCISA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 79.)

Shell ovate, glossy. Whorls five. Colour
white. Sculpture—girt around the last whorl
are eight nearly equidistant sharp furrows,
sloping above and cut square below so as to
carve the surface into descending steps. On
the upper whorls there are three furrows. A
distinct varix marks the penultimate whorl.
Aperture ear-shaped, effuse and truncate
anteriorly. Outer lip broadly reflected, rather
straight, without tubercles. Inner lip with
broad and strong plications below and a small
one above. Length 2:2; breadth 1:2 mm.

One specimen dredged in 36 fathoms N. 30°
W. of Pava Islet.
PHYLLIDIA vARICcosa, Lamarck.
Bergh, Reis. Archip. Philippinen, 1i., 1876, p. 380, pl. Ixxxvi., fig. 11.
Three specimens were collected by Mr. A. E. Finckh in the
Funafuti lagoon.

CRYPTOPTHALMUS SMARAGDINUS, Leuckart.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xvi., 1895, p. 37, pl. vi., figs. 29 — 36.

Two specimens were taken by myself alive in shallow water in
the lagoon. Mention of them was inadvertantly omitted from
preceding pages. With them were taken an undetermined Doris,
and an Lolis.

Limacina INFLATA, D’Orbigny.
H. and A. Adams, Genera Recent Mollusca, ii1., 1858, pl. cxxxvii.,
figs. 2, 2a, 26; Pelseneer, Chall. Rep., Zool., xxiii., 1888, p. 17.

Dead shells were dredged in abundance, off Tutaga Islet, in 45
— 52, 50-60, and 200 fathoms ; in 36 fathoms north and in 36
fathoms N. 30° W. of Pava; and in 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet
(Funamanu).

LIMACINA BULIMOIDES, D’Orbigny.

Rang and Souleyet, Hist. Nat. Pteropodes, 1852, p. 65, pl. xv.,
figs. 1-7; Pelseneer, loc. cit., p. 30.

Dead shells dredged plentifuily off Tutaga Islet in 36, 45 — 52
and 200 fathoms, and WN. 30° W. of Pava Islet in 36 fathoms.
Cxiio vireuLA, Rang.

Rang and Souleyet, loc. cit., p. 57, pl. vi., tig. 2, pl. xiii, figs. 20
— 24; Pelseneer, loc. cit., p. 48.

APPENDIX—MOLLUSCA. 563

A few shells dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 — 52 and 200 fathoms
and off Beacon Islet in 150 fathoms.

Cio acicuLa, Rang.
Rang and Souleyet, Joc. cit., p. 56, pl. vi., figs. 5, 7; Pelseneer,

loc. cit., p. O1.
A few dead shells dredged in 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.

Cuio srriata, Rang.
Rang and Souleyet, loc. cit., p. 55, pl. vi., fig. 3; Pelseneer, Joc. cit.,

p. 51.
One broken specimen from 45 - 52 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.

CLIO sUBULA, Quoy and Gaimard.
Rang and Souleyet, loc. cit., p. 55, pl. vi. fig. 1; Pelseneer, Joc.
cit. p. O10:
Numerous dead shells dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 — 52 and
200 fathoms.

CLio PyRAMIDATA, Linne.
Rang and Souleyet, Joc. cit., p. 50, pl. v., figs. 7-11; Pelseneer,
loc. cit., p. 63.
Dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 — 52 and 200 fathoms.

CUVIERINA COLUMNELLA, Rang.
Boas, Spolia Atlantica, 1885, pl. iii, fig. 39; Pelseneer, loc. czt.,
p. 67.
One specimen dredged in 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.

CAVOLINIA QUADRIDENTATA, Zesueur.
Boas, Joc. cit., p. 99, pl. i., fig. 4, pl. ii, fig. 15; Pelseneer, Joc.
Cb: Px, 10,
A few dead specimens dredged off Tutaga Islet, in 45 — 52 and
200 fathoms.
CAVOLINIA LONGIROSTRIS, Lesueur.
Boas, loc. cit., p. 102, pl. i., fig. 5, pl. ii., fig. 16; Pelseneer, loc.
cit. p. 19:
One dead specimen dredged in 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.

CAVOLINIA INFLEXA, Lesueur.
Boas, loc. cit., p. 123, pl. i., fig. 11, pl. ii, fig. 21; Pelseneer, loc.
cit., p. 85.
Dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 — 52 and 200 fathoms.

564 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.

AGADINA STIMPSONI, A. Adams.
Pelseneer, Joc. cit., p. 31, pl. i., figs. 11 — 14.

A few specimens dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 —52 and 200
fathoms and north of Pava in 36 fathoms.

PELECYPODA.
ARCA PTEROESSA, Smith.

Smith, Chall. Rep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. 262, pl. xvii., fig. 4.
Two small .separate valves were dredged at 200 fathoms off
Tutaga Islet.

ARCA CONGENITA, Smith.
Smith, Joc. cit., p. 264, pl. xvii., fig. 6.
One small valve from 50 - 60 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.

LIMOPSIS DAVIDIS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 80.)

Shell small, suborbicular, flattened,
scarcely inequilateral. Colour white,
with a few, small, scattered brown
dots. Posterior margin truncate ;
ventral and anterior margins rounded.
Umbo prominent. Epidermis de-
nuded. Sculpture—about twenty-
four, prominent, radiating ridges
sharply crenulate the margin and
fade away before reaching the umbo,
these are separated by flat interstices
of about twice their breadth. Theyare
more prominent and closer together
at the posterio-ventral side, but for a
space in the posterior slope one or
two seem missing. The whole valve
is covered with close concentric
wrinkles, which become coarser as
the ventral margin is approached.
Hinge area very broad and rather
curved, teeth three on each side.
Internal margin crenulate. Height
1:22, length 1:22 mm

One valve from 45—52 fathoms
off Tutaga Islet.

Named in honour of Prof. T. W. E. David, B.A., under whose
auspices it was secured.

APPENDIX—MOLLUSCA. 565

Tf adult this species is the smallest known member of the genus
Tn several respects it approaches L. antillensis, Dall,* which is
deeper, and has certain internal tubercles absent in L. davidi.

LimEA PectinaTA, H. Adams.

H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 7, pl.i., fig. 11.
One valve from 36 fathoms N. 30° W. of Pava.
This is the first appearance of either species or genus in the

Pacific.
PECTEN sPEcIOSUS, Reeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., viii., pl. xxvii., sp. 112.
One living example was taken in the lagoon by Mr. A. E. Finckh.
CRASSATELLA sp.

A fragment of a Crassatella which might belong to C. rhom-
Goides, Smith, was taken off Tutaga in 50 — 60 fathoms.

ADDENDA.—Since revising the preceding pages, I have found
among the shells which I collected at Funafuti, the following
additional species :—Engina lineata, Reeve; Sistrum dumosum,
Conrad; and Sistrwm wndatum, Chemnitz.

* Dall—Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xii., 1886, p. 237, pl. viii., fig. 7.

—

4
oe

e Aj y!

* IPT Y tthe THM d facta a] aaa

PY bt 3a a: Suyerua Oh, ew mij Abi Wat :

‘ ¢ P ‘?@) i
J Tha *h i ¢ a) ey oT Ly Fi ; 7 . 7 he
‘ om a +0 tt ay

val 1) a7 ai Ab, , rise e Via ihe a #4, J is

Lee “RNeET TL,
<>

sae & ore pin, b/ ea ad | rion
AT gaye «| fae ag kL. |

’ ve pei .
end ty TE SOR 7) Ga aft rol ey lae eu! I

4s wi. $3 ee Rae = a
rae i w ti) ae Wade ap eae ie

‘ - a . _ mre.

wD 2h ae | ni. » % oe
oo

Li] A = Z vf ae ers LL) ie

Sy

i ; j vote: Se Vrakes HyeD ne a ery 7 :
i u mh 3 Tk! an ie sy 1 @ jude ij id Ss he ;
aL AP 4 ae f ane Oc we in ben? (ke _ A -

Mie ON anes ty : ‘ite 5 Steet ae

ri . aie. a a

: . ‘aa

Sn

rae : : ; ‘Poe a 7

iT 4 s ¢
ye il 2 gS ii

=
. ° be Fee