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ATOLL RESEARCH
BULLETIN

165. CENTRAL WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN BIBLIOGRAPHY

By A. J. Peters and J. F. G. Lionnet

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Issued by
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN
No. 165

CENTRAL WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN BIBLIOGRAPHY

By A. J. Peters and J. F. G. Lionnet

Issued by
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
May 2, 1973

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Atoll Research Bulletin is issued by the Smithsonian
Institution as a part of its Tropical Biology Program. It is co-
sponsored by the Museum of Natural History, the Office of Environ-
mental Sciences, and the Smithsonian Press. The Press supports
and handles production and distribution. The editing is done by
the Tropical Biology staff, Botany Department, Museum of Natural
History. We are very grateful to the Government of the Seychelles
and to Mr. Christopher Cadbury for their assistance in financing
the final typing of the copy for this issue.

The Bulletin was founded and the first 117 numbers issued by the
Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, with financial
support from the Office of Naval Research. Its pages were largely
devoted to reports resulting from the Pacific Science Board's Coral
Atoll Program.

The sole responsibility for all statements made by authors of
papers in the Atoll Research Bulletin rests with them, and statements
made in the Bulletin do not necessarily represent the views of the
Smithsonian nor those of the editors of the Bulletin.

Editors

F. R. Fosberg

Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D. C. 20560

D. R. Stoddart

Department of Geography
University of Cambridge
Downing Place
Cambridge, England

CONTENTS

Maps
Introduction
Notes
Location code
Expedition ia conference reports
Bibliography
Indexes
1. Subjects

2. Regions

3. Taxa

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278

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Hydrographer of the Navy. (From ARB 149),

CENTRAL WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN BIBLIOGRAPHY

By A. J. Peters! and J. F. G. Lionnet?

INTRODUCTION

The Indian Ocean, though still the least known of the oceans,
has been studied greatly since the international expeditions of the
1960s. This bibliography is offered as a further contribution thereto.
It stems from an earlier and much smaller publication by one of us
(PETERS, A.J. 1957). It is the fruit of our own reading, and not the
result of a systematic search of, say, library catalogues, indexes of
journals or collections of abstracts. It provides a key to four and a
half centuries of Indian Ocean exploration and research, and is an
annotated and indexed list of published scientific work bearing on the
smaller British-held islands and included seas in the western Indian

Ocean.

The greatest problem in compiling it has been to decide what to
leave out. We'finally chose an area as the main criterion for
inclusion, namely a "rectangle" bounded by latitude 2 to 11° south and
longitude 45 to 75° east. Only work which refcrs specifically to
places within this band is in. Here lie all the British-held or
formerly British-held islands of the western part of the ocean except
Mauritius and Rodriguez. Included, therefore, are the Aldabra,

Amirantes, Chagos, Farquhar, Providence and Seychelles groups, the

‘school of Education, University of Liverpool

Sneraleul tural Department, Seychelles

2

Agalega Islands and Coetivy Island, and the Fortune, Saya de Malha,
Seychelles and Swift Banks. Excluded are the Cargados, Comores,
Glorieuses, Laccadive, Maldive and Mascarene groups, Tromelin Island,
the Nazareth Bank, the islands of the Mozambique Channel, and, of
course, Africa and Madagascar and their coastal islands. The word
"scientific" as used above has been interpreted broadly, to include
general, narrative and popular accounts, in the social as well as
natural sciences, but not narrative political history or contemporary
politics. The word "published" includes mimeographed material, but not
manuscript or typescript single copies, nor material in preparation.
Annotations have usually been omitted where the title was thought to

be sufficiently explanatory. The time span is 1519 to 1971.

No bibliography is perfect, and we would be far from claiming
that this one is. Omission of material that should have been included
is inevitable; and we are particularly conscious of this risk in
relation to Japanese and Russian work, and, of course, to publications
too recent to have come to our notice. The annotations are not wholly
consistent nor the indexes foolproof. Neither of us is a trained
bibliographer, librarian or linguist; we have had to do the work in
little bits of time over a long period; and we have had-almost no
assistance. However, at least we can say that nearly every item has
been seen and checked at first hand by one of us and marked with a
location code to indicate where. The mere 120 or so that have eluded

both of us are marked "ns", without a §.

Our thanks are due to the Government of Seychelles, the Trustees
of the Leyerhulme Foundation and the University of Liverpool for
financial aid; to librarians, particularly Anne Fishburn, Geoff Smith
and John Yaughan, who have patiently laboured to find the items; to
Barbara Evans, Susan Peters and Michael Peters for help with editorial

work; and to Inez M. Peters for translation from Russian.

July 1972

‘NOTES

The order of arrangement of authors' names and the plan of each
item are based on recommendations in the British Standards
1951). Thus the year placed immediately after the author's name is
the year of issue, or priority, not necessarily the year appearing on
the title page of the printed publication. By "year of issue or
priority" is meant the year in which the work was actually communicated
or appeared, or as near to that as is known. For example, it might be
the year in which a paper was read at a meeting, or received by the
editor of a journal, as distinct from the year on the title page of the
final published report; or the year in which a manuscript was actually
neben as distinct from the year in which a chronicler later published
atte Usually the issue and publication dates are the same; but, if

different, the latter is given later in the item.
The items are set out as in MILLIMAN 1965.

Abbreviations and contractions of titles of serials are as

(London, Butterworths, 1963-1965). If the title is not in the List,

the same rules are used.

Items are in the same language as that of the title given, unless
otherwise annotated. Where the title has been translated into English,

the source of the translation is indicated. Text was prepared by A.J.P.

[N.B. Taxonomists using this bibliography are warned that the system of
indicating dates of items, as explained above, is totally at variance
with the concept of priority of publication followed in biological
nomenclature. Therefore the so-called dates of issue or priority, placed
immediately after (really under) the authors'names, should not be relied
upon by those using the bibliography in working on problems of biological
nomenclature; nor should they be relied upon by other readers using
library catalogues or other reference works to locate items. Dates within
the entries should be watched for.-—-Eds. ]

LOCATION CODE

Items seen in or from a library in UK or Isle of Man (A.J.P.)

London

Be ee Oe Sr es eNOS 6a El

Liverpool

LUA
LUB
LUC
LUE
LUG
LUO
LUP
LUTI
LUTM
LUZ
iE

Boston Spa

NL

Rothamsted

R

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
British Museum

Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Ministry of Defence

Commonwealth Institute of Entomology
Royal Geographical Society

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Meteorological Office

British Museum (Natural History)
National Central Library

Ministry of Overseas Development
Public Record Office

Science Museum

Tropical Products Institute
Zoological Society of London

University of Liverpool, Arts Reading Room

i i Botany Department
Harold Cohen Library
o u School of Education
Geology Department
Oceanography Department
Physics Department
Hy Z Tidal Institute
School of Tropical Medicine
Zoology Department
Liverpool City Central Libraries

National Lending Library for Science and Technology

Rothamsted Experimental Station

Port Erin, Isle of Man

LUM

University of Liverpool, Marine Biological Station

Other libraries are named in full

Items not seen in or from a library in UK or Isle of Man (A.J.P.)

ns items not seen in or from such a library

se item traced in an authoritative source (usually given;

. see also below)

sce title of serial, but not individual item, traced in an
authoritative bibliographical source (see below)

nl no lending copy of item or serial found in UK or IOM

u item untraced in a library in UK or IOM

Bibliographical sources mentioned in abbreviated form

BUCOP British union-catalogue of periodicals

IBZ (Dietrich) Bibliographie der deutschen Zeitschriften-
‘Literatur, ser.A

Hinrichs Hinrichs' Katalog

Ulrich Ulrich's international periodicals directory,
twelfth edition

WLSP World list of scientific periodicals,

fourth edition
Items seen in Seychelles (J.F.G.L.)

§ seen, and a copy thought to be available

Note: an item marked “ns u §" has not been traced in a UK or IOM

library but there is thought to be a copy of it in Seychelles

EXPEDITION AND CONFERENCE REPORTS

Many items appeared as parts of symposial reports of expeditions,
conferences and so on. Where these reports were unique publications
they are usually listed in the Bibliography as separate items in their
own right, under the names of their main authors or editors. In the
items which appeared in them they are given in a short form for the sake
of brevity. Expedition reports are given by their commonly known short
title. They can be further identified, if needed, under the names of

their main authors or editors as follow:

Albatross Rep. ~ PETTERSSON and others

Alert Rep. GUNTHER and others

Dana Rep. SCHMIDT, E.J. and others

Deckens Reisen KERSTEN and others

Favorite Rep. LAPLACE and others

Galathea Rep. BRUUN, GREVE, SPARCK and others

IIOE Repr. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCEANIC RESEARCH

and INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC
COMMISSION (eds. )

Mabahiss Rep. SEWELL and others
Planet Rep. REICHS—MARINE-AMT
Valdivia Rep. CHUN and others

Conference reports, however, do not normally have short titles; so
they are given by the name(s) of their main author(s) or editor(s), from

which they can be further identified.

Items in reports that appeared not as unique publications but as
volumes, parts, etc. of regular serials give the full serial reference.
To indicate that they are part of a larger report they are annotated
"In . . ." followed by the name(s) of the main author(s) or editor(s) of

the whole report, which can then be further identified if desired.

‘BIBLIOGRAPHY

A COSTA. See ACOSTA.
Ab HORTO. See ORTA.

ABBOTT, R.T.
1959 The family Vasidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacif.
Mollusea, 1: 15-32. N §

1960 The genus Strombus in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacif.
Mollusca, 1: 33-146. N §

1961 The genus Lambis in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacif.
Mollusca, 1: 147-174. N §

1967 See JUNG.

1968 The helmet shells of the world (Cassidae): I. Indo-Pacif.
Mollusea, 2: 7-201. N §

ABBOTT, W.L.
1893a Notes on the natural history of Aldabra, Assumption and
Glorioso Islands, Indian Ocean. Proc.U.S.natn.Mus., 16:

759-764. LUZ
1893b See GRIFFITH.

ABRAHAM, P.S.
1877 Revision of the anthobranchiate nudibranchiate Mollusca, with
descriptions or notices of forty-one hitherto undescribed
species. Proc.zool.Soc.Lond., 196-267, 4 pl. LUZ

ACKROYD, J.H.

1876 Report of the Acting Police and Stipendiary Magistrate of the
Smaller Dependencies of Mauritius upon his visit to three of
these Dependencies (Coetivy, Eagle Island, Salomon Islands).
Port Louis. ns it: STODDART, D.R. 197ig

1877a Report of the Acting Police and Stipendiary Magistrate of
the Smaller Dependencies of Mauritius on the result of his
visit to Diego Garcia and Six or Egmont Islands. Port
Louis. ns it: STODDART, D.R. 1971e¢

1877b Report of the Acting Magistrate of the Smaller Dependencies
of Mauritius on the results of his visit to the islands of
Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos. Port Louis. MS) tas
STODDART, D.R. 197 1g

1878a Report of the Acting Police and Stipendiary Magistrate of the
Smaller Dependencies of Mauritius on the result of his visit
to certain of the said Smaller Dependenciés, viz. Egmont or
Six Islands and to the island of.Diego Garcia. Port Louis.
[Chagos.] ns it: STODDART, D.R. 1971¢

1878b Report of the Acting Police and Stipendiary Magistrate of
the Smaller Dependencies of Mauritius on the result of a
visit made by him to certain of the said Dependencies, viz.
Eagle Island and the Salomon group. Port Louis. ns it:
STODDART, D.R. 1971g

1880 Report on the Dependencies of Mauritius. Port Louis. ns
it: STODDART, D.R. 19712

1881 Report of the Police and Stipendiary Magistrate of the Lesser
Dependencies on Diego Garcia. Port Louis. ns it:
STODDART, D.R. 1971g

WEGSTA Ce (AWCOSTALNC =)

1578 Tractado de los drogas, y medicinas de las Indias orientales
con fus plantas debutadas al bino. | Burgos, Victoria.
[Recorded superstitions about coco-de-mer nuts, called "coco
de las Islas de Nalediua" (sic) on 100, 107-109.] N

Also as: Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India
nascentium historia, plurimum lucis adferens iis quae a
Doctore Garcia de Orta in hoc genere scripta sunt, auctore
Christophoro a Costa medico et cheirurgo. Translated and
modified by Carolus Clusius (Charles de 1'Ecluse). In;
Carolii Clusii atrebatis exoticorum libri decem, bk.9, 1605,
253-29h. ["Coccus de Nalediva" (coco-de-mer) on 270.] WN

See also De ORTA 1563; FAUVEL, A.A. 1915, 298.

ADAMS, H.
1868 Description of some new species of shells collected by
Geoffrey Nevill, Esq., at Mauritius, the Isle of Bourbon,
and the Seychelles. Proc.zool.Soc.Lond., 288-292, 1 pl. Z

ADOLPHE, H.
1956 See TOUSSAINT.

AHL, E.
1934 Ein neuer Schleichenlurch der Gattung Dermophis von den
Seychellen. Zool.Anz., 106: 284. WN

AHRENS, L.H.
1961 See WILLIS, J.P.

df ee W
1868-1870 See ROUSSIN.

ALEXANDER, Elizabeth C.
1961 <A contribution to the life history, biology and geographical
distribution of the bonefish, Albula vulpes (Linnaeus).
Dana Rep., 10: no.53, 1-51. Z

ALEXANDER, W.B.
1928 Birds of the ocean: a handbook for voyagers. London,
Putnam. [Indian Ocean in ch.19.] ns it
Revised edition, 1954. N §

ALLUAUD, C.
1893 Mission scientifique de Ch.Alluaud aux Iles Séchelles (mars,
avril, mai 1892): considérations générales. Bull.Soc,ent.

Mrs r) 97-99. Z
1894 Voyage aux Tles Séchelles. Tour Monde, 67: 65-80. G §

1897 Enumération des Dytiscidae et Gyrinidae des Tles Mascareignes
et Séchelles. Bull.Soc.ent.Fr., 210-214. WN

1898a Les malacodermes des iles Mascareignes et Séchelles. Bull.
Soc.ent.Fr., 99-104. WN

1898b Les lamellicornes coprophages des iles Mascareignes et
Séchelles. Bull.Soc.zool.Fr., 23: 63-67. [Seven species
described. ] LUZ

1916 Coléoptéres des Tles Mascareignes et Séchelles: missions
scientifiques de MM. Ch.Alluaud (1892, 1893 et 1897) et
P.Carié (1910-1913): Cicindelidae et Carabidae. Annis
Soc.ent.Fr., 85: 37-90. WN

ALSTON, A.H.G.
1925 Revision of the genus Cassipourea. Kew Bull., 241-276.
[Included one Aldabra and one Seychelles species.] N

ALVARINO, A. 7
1964 The Chaetognatha of the Monsoon Expedition in the Indian
Ocean.’ Pacif?Sci.,°18: no.3, 11-242" N
Also in IIOE Repr., 3: 1966, 318-348.

ANASTAS, C.
1897 Histoire et description des Tles Séchelles. Port Louis,
Roussel. NC (from Mauritius Institute) §

ANDERSON, James F.
1879 Lodoicea seychellarum: the sea cocoa=nut or double cocoanut.
Trans.R.Soc.Arts Sci.Maurit., ser.B, 13: 1883, 63-71. [An
appendix to ANDERSON, John.] Noes

10

ANDERSON, John.

1878 Notes ... . ona tour... in the Seychelles Archipelago,
but referring principally to... . the Praslin group.
Trans.R.Soc.Arts Sci.Maurit., ser.B, 12: 1883, 109-117.
[Observations on Cousine, Curieuse, La Digue, Mahé and
Praslin. See also ANDERSON, James F.] N

ANDRE, E.

1891 Le cocotier des Seychelles. Revue hort., 63: 293-295.
[Fig.71 showed a young coco-de-mer palm growing at
Peradeniya.] K §

ANDRE, E. and LINDEN, J.

1871 Verschaffeltia melanochaetes H.Wendland. Ilibey leregs 5 Nee

5h. [With a short note on its cultivation.] WN
ANDREWS, C.W.

1909 [Account of the habits of the robber crab.] Proc.zool.Soc.
Lond., 887-889, 1 pl. [Mentioned Diego Garcia. Included
a photograph of crabs climbing a sago palm.] N

ANGEL, F.

1950 Reptiles et amphibiens de Madagascar et des iles voisines,
faisant partie des collections due Musée Zoologique de
Strasbourg. Bull.Mus.natn.Hist.nat., Paris, ser.2, 22:
553-558. [Mentioned Phelsuma madagascariensis and Rana
mascareniensis.] LUZ

ANKARU, M.
1959 See YAMANAKA.
Anon.

1816 An account of the Seychelle Islands and Bank, and Admiralty
islands. Actatediea ls Si-=s20 0B

1828 Notice historique et géographique sur l'ile Galéga. Nouv.
Annis Voy., ser.2, 8: 88-92. B

1840 The Seychelles in 1840. J.Seychelles Soc., no.5, 1966,
54-6). [Reproduced from The Mauritius Watchman, 16 July -
27 August 1844, reported to have been translated principally
from an almanac printed in Seychelles in 1840.] kK _ §

1859 Whales in the Indian seas. ZOOlogisten its. Olt ourors
[Balaenoptera. ] iP

1861 Astrocaryum borsigianum C.Koch. Gartenflora, 10: 29.

[Described the palm otherwise known as Phoenicophorium
sechellarum. ] N

11

1865a De deux nouveaux genres de palmiers. Ililn hort., 12: 5-7.
[Phoenicophorium and Verschaffeltia.] WN

1865b The thief palm (Phoenicophorium sechellarum Herm.Wendl.).
J.Bot., Lond., 3: 353-354. [Described how the palm got
this name. ] N
Reported in Gdnrs' Chron., no.48, 1130. WN

1879 Geographischer Monatsbericht: [Aldabra]. Petermanns geogr.
Mibite gee5s) Slay OO.

1883 A lady's adventures in a tropical archipelago. Pall Mall
Gaz., 21 January and 18 February 188). [Notes from letters.
Is there a confusion with NORTH 18937] ns tt nl: in B
catalogue, Colindale

1888a The forbidden fruit. Gdnrs' Chron., 22 December, 732.
[Attacked myths attributed to General Gordon and others.]
N

1888b Vanilla. Kew Bull., 76-80. [Advice on its cultivation.]
N

1892 Une maladie de la vanille. Nature, Paris, no.1007, 254-
255e [Calospora vanillae.] N

1894 Les iles Séchelles. Port Louis, Merchants' and Planters’
Gazette Press. ns it nl: in B catalogue, Colindale

1897 Vanilla cultivation in the Seychelles. Kew Bull., 113.
[A letter from the Administrator of Seychelles to the
Secretary of State for the Colonies, and an extract from
GREAT BRITAIN: COLONIAL OFFICE Ann.Rep. for Seychelles for
1895, reporting a favourable crop.] WN .

1898a Supplement, 1898, relating to islands .. . Madagascar,
1891, corrected to August 1898. London, Admiralty:
Hydrographic Office. [Supplement to MORIARTY. Especially
ch. 6. See also GREAT BRITAIN: ADMIRALTY 1891.] B

1898b Ceara rubber. Kew Bull., 1-15. [Reported to be success-—
ful in Seychelles.] N

1898c Vanilla in Seychelles. Kew Bull., 93-95. [An extract
from GREAT BRITAIN: COLONIAL OFFICE Ann.Rep. for 1896, with

subsequent correspondence. ] N

1905a Agriculture in the Seychelles. Bult impeinste. bond.
2: 269-e74. Luc §

4906-38282 O-72-.92

1905b

1905c

1905a

1906a

1906b

1907

1908

1912

191ha

1914b

1916

rons

1918

The Indian Ocean expedition. .Geogrl J., 26: 561-562. [A
note referring to GARDINER, J.S, 1905a.] ;

The indian Ocean expedition. Geogrl J., 26: 677. [A
note referring to SEDGWICK 1905c.] Z

A new British marine expedition. . Nature, Lond., 71: 562-
563. [The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian
Ocean in HMS 'Sealark' in 1905.] Z

The Indian Ocean expedition. Geogrl J., 27: 202-203.
[A note referring to SEDGWICK 1905d.] Z

The Seychelles. Geogrl J., 27: 405-406. [A note reter-
ring to GARDINER, J.S. 1906b.] Z

Tanning materials from India, the Colonies and other
sources. Bull.imp.Inst., Lond., 5: 343-361. [Mangrove
barks from Seychelles on 349-351.] LUC §

The development of the resources of the Seychelles. Bull.
imp.Inst., Lond., 6: 109-126. [Essential oils, citrate
of lime, banana products, orchella weed, kapok, gutta
percha and rubber, mangrove barks, mother-of-pearl shells,
natural phosphate deposits, laterite.] LUC §$

Vetiver roots from Seychelles. Bula aimpsinsit., Lond, ailO-
33-34. [Report on a sample.] nue =~ §

Phoenicophorium borsigianum (Koch) Stuntz. Inventory
Seeds Pl. imported U.S., no.31, 88. [Imported April-June
1912.] P

Ylang-ylang oil.| Bull.imp.Inst., Lond., 12, 228-232.
[Reports on two samples from Seychelles. ] LUC §

Rainfall in the British Crown Colonies, 1913. Q.J1 R.met.
Soc., 42: 189-190. [Monthly and annual summaries of
precipitation; included Seychelles.] LUTI

A possible new source of thymol. Build samp. Inst. onder.
15:3) 1322-3257 [Reports of trials of Ocimum viride grown in
Seychelles.] HUG Ss

Aromatic oils from Seychelles. Bull.imp.Inst., Lond., 16:
32-35. [Reports on samples from Ocimum gratissimum and
O.basilicum. ] LUC §

13

1919a Notes on insects in Seychelles. -- MS. received from the
Colonial Office on 6th September 1919. Rev.appl.Ent.,
ser.A, 7: 483-48. [Dealt with attempts to control several
important pests of agriculture and forestry.] University
of Reading §

1919b Rainfall in the British Crown Colonies, 191. Q.J1 R.met.
Soc., 45: 253-254, 256. [Monthly and annual summaries of
precipitation; included Seychelles.] LUTI

1920a Citronella oil from Seychelles. Bull.imp.Inst., Lond.,
18: 339-30. [Report on a sample.] Luc =6§

1920b Lemon-grass oils from Seychelles. Bull. inp,dnst. , Lond). ,
18: 340-342. [Report on two samples.] LUC §

1920c A new source of thymol. Bull.imp.Inst., Lond., 18: 348-
350. [Report on a sample from Seychelles.] LUC §

19204 Forestry in the Seychelles. In: First British Empire
forestry conference report, 573. [London, HMSO. ] [A
short report on the trees found; no proper forest reported.
Presumably by DUPONT, P.R.] C

1921a Cinnamon: sources, production and trade. Bull.imp.Inst.,
Lond., 19: 319-348. [Seychelles on 334-337.] LUC §

1921b Agricultural industries in Seychelles during 1920. J.Soc.
chem.Ind., Lond. (Rev.), 40: 409R. [Vanilla, coconut and
rubber. ] LUC

1922a The essential-oil industry in Seychelles. J.Soc.chem.
Mndsaeiond: «(Reve ). 412. 34R=35R. ‘[A short general
report. ] LUC

19226" Seychelles in 1920. J.Soe.chem.Ind., Lond. (Rev.), 41:
320R. [A short report on production and trade.]) LUC

1923 Rapport sur une maladie des cocotiers que l'on suppose étre
1'Helminthosporium incurvatum. Pamph.Dep.Agric.Seychelles,
NOwe ns u

192ha L'ankylostomiase et le moyens de combattre cette maladie
aux Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.3,
epee Ca) §

1924b Patchouli oil from Seychelles. Bull.imp.Inst., Lond., 22:
271-273. [Report on four samples.] TIC) meet

1924e Cinnamon leaf oi1 from Seychelles. Budtteimp lnst., ond,
22: 273-27h. [Report on a sample.] UCL. 8

14

192ha

1926

1927a

1927b

1928

1929

1931

1932

1934

1935

1943

1959a

1959b

Leayes of Ocimum gratissimum from Seychelles. Bull.imp.
Inst., Lond., 22: 275-276. © [Report on two samples.] LUC
§

Ginger and ginger products. Bull.imp.Inst., Lond., 24: 649-
654. [Ginger oil from Seychelles on 654.] LUC §

Palmarosa oil from Seychelles. Bult amp. dmsit..ssonds), 25:
112-113. [Report on two samples.] LUC §

Gingergrass oil from Seychelles. Bull.imp.Inst., Lond.,
25: 113-114. [Report on a sample.] THUG S

Seaweeds from Seychelles. Bull.imp.Inst., Lond., 26: 297-
299. [Report on a sample of Gracilaria wrightii, var.
ceylanica.] LUC

Patchouli leaves from Seychelles. Bulllcamp. inst... lords,
27: 289-292. [Report on two samples.] GUC ons

Eucalyptus oil from Seychelles. Bull amp inst. 3 ond. 5129:
134-135. [Report on a sample.] HUC PS

Soils from the Seychelles. Bull.imp.Inst., Lond., 30: 18-
ply; [Report on four samples from Félicité, all being found
potentially: fertile.]/- LUC §

Essential oils from Seychelles. Bull.amp:imst., Lond. y 32:
Sie S9. [Review, and reports on. samples, of citronella,
lemongrass, palmarosa, gingergrass, eucalyptus, ocimum,
cinnamon and patchouli oils. List of earlier papers in
same journal.] LUC §

Palmarosa oil from Seychelles. Bulivamp inst... bond...) 35:
140-12. [Report on a sample.] LUC §

Deputation to the Colonial Office. Anti-Slavery Reporter
and Aborigines' Friend, ser.5, 33: no.3, 40-43. [Report of
a deputation on 30 June from the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines
Protection Society.] (

Tuna stocks in Indian Ocean studied. Comml Fish.Rev., 21:
Tt [Described work on the floating laboratory 'Manihine'
off the coast of East Africa.] N

International survey of Indian Ocean. New Scient., 6:
538. [Contained a map showing the cruises proposed by
USA, Australia, France and USSR during 1960 as part of the
forthcoming international expedition.] N

1961a.

1961b

1961¢c

19614

1962a

1962b

1962c

19624

1962e

1962f

1963,

196ha

1964

196hc

196ha

1966

15

Rocks under Arabian Sea. New Scient., 9: 625. [Dis-
covered in RY 'Vityaz'.] N

Soviet-Indian Ocean cruise completed this month. New
Sevente suds. 195. N

The Indian Ocean working group of SCOR. Okeanologia, 1:
178-179. [A short announcement. In Russian.] NL
Cinnamon for spice and perfume. Seychelles Annual, no.3,

21-33, 0. 1. Ss

Seychelles observations show value of ocean survey. New
Setentus Io dicie.. WN

Official start of the Indian Ocean expedition. New
Scient., 14: 507-508. WN

A preliminary Soviet map of the Indian Ocean. New Scient.,
15: 263. . [Reprinted from Priroda a map of the central

Indian Ocean by ZAMOTSKI, showing topography worked out in RV

‘'Vityaz' in 1959-1960 and 1960-1961. It was not possible,
however, to find this map in Priroda.] N

Next British steps in the Indian Ocean. “New Scient., 15:
468. [Announced plans for geophysical work, mainly seismic,
in HMS 'Owen' in 1963.] N

Watching the weather in the Indian Ocean. New Scient., 16:
2hh—2hs, [Announced the establishment of an International
Meteorological Centre at Bombay.] N

You can leave civilization behind you at Aldabra Atoll.
Seychelles Annual, no.4,.25-27. T §

1966 Grammaire francaise 4 1'usage des écoliers des
Seychelles. Victoria, Saint-Fidéle. 2 Wl nsu_ §

International Indian Ocean Expedition. Oceanus, 10, 2-3.
[A short summary of the plan.] LUO

International Indian Ocean Expedition: cruises completed and
planned 1959-1963. Oceanus, 10: 4-5. [A summary.] LUO

International Indian Ocean Expedition: miscellaneous notes.
Oceanus, 10: 28-29. LUO

The turtles and tortoises of the Seychelles. Seychelles
Anmuciiewmoc>, 23-27 nl as

USAF tracking station on Mahé. Seychelles Annual, 35-35.
© 8

16
1°97°> See; "NeN.Ss"

1968 Attempts to use coir dust in the preparation of. building
slabs or hardboard. Publs trop.Prod.Inst.Lond., no.G.35,
1-h. [Recorded unsuccessful attempts.] T §

1969 News. Atoll Res.Bull., no.126, 1-3. [A brief report, on
phases 1-3 of-the Royal Society Expedition to Aldabra, with a
list of participating scientists.] N

1970 Itinerary of the cruising expedition. In: Forgotten islands
of the Indian Ocean, 10-14. London, BOAC. [Article in an
advertising brochure for a. series of cruises; a good short
account despite its purpose.] ays akg)

1971 News. Atoll Res.Bull., no.148, 1-4. [Described phases
4-8 of the Royal Society Expedition to Aldabra, with a list
of participating scientists.] N

APSTEIN, C.
1905 Salpen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Valdivia Rep., 12:
1906, 245-289, 7 pl. Z

ARNELL, S.
1957 List of Hepaticae collected by A. Sdrlin in the Seychelles
1955. Svensk bot.Tidskr., 51: 163-165. [Eleven species
of liverwort from Mahé, including one new.] LUB

ARNOULT, J., BAUCHOT-BOUTIN, M.L. and ROUX-ESTEVE, R.
1958 Les poissons de 1'ile Aldabra: campagne océanographique de
la 'Calypso' (mai-juin 1954). Annis Inst.océanogr. Monaco,
34, 47-90. [A systematic account.] LUO §

ARROW, G.J.
1922 Coleoptera, Erotylidae and Endomychidae from the Seychelles,
Chagos and Amirantes Islands. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.9,
10-4 [3=03) si pl. [Collected by the Sladen Expedition.]
LUC

ATTEMS, C.G.
1900 Dr. Brauver's Myriopoden-Ausbeute auf den Seychellen im Jahre
1895. (ef Mue ory Sei SS— 1 (45S) obs [Described the
twenty-three species then known.] N

1910 Myriopoden von Madagaskar, den Comoren und den Inseln
Ostafrikas. Wiss.Ergebn.Reise Ostafr.1903-5, 3: pt.2, 73-
115, 3 pl. [In VOELTZKOW and others 1906-1923.] N

ATWOOD, Alice.
1942 See BLAKE.

17;

AUBER, J.
1955 Histoire de .1'Océan-indien. Tananariye, Société Lilloise
ad'Imprimerie. [Included geography and geology.] Minis-
tére de. 1'Education, Paris

AUCHINLECK, G.C.
1921a La composition et l'usage des éngrais ordinaires. Bull.
Dep.Agric.Seychelles, no.1, 1-7. nsu_ §

1921b L'élevage du bétail aux Seychelles. Bull.Dep.Agric.
Seychelles, no.2, 1-8. nsu_ §

1922a Notes sur la yanille 4 Praslin. Bull.Dep.Agric.Seychelles,

1922p Réglements du concours pour jardins potagers. Bull.Dep.
Agric.Seychelles, no.4. nsu

1922c Jardins 6coles et les jardins des @léves. Bull.Dep.
Agric.Seychelles, no.5. nsu

1922d §=6©L'agriculture aux Seychelles. Bull.Dep.Agric.Seychelles,
nos.6-12, 1-38. nsu sh
Reprinted from Le Réveil seychellois by Imprimerie
Réveil seychellois. nsu_ §

1922e Les pailles de chapeaux. Bull.Dep.Agric.Seychelles, no.
13. se

1922f Notes on nature study for use by teachers in the schools of
the Colony. Bull.Dep.Agric.Seychelles, no.14, 1-2h.. ns u

1922g¢ Petit catéchisme sur les. cocotiers a 1'usage des planteurs.
Bull.Dep.Agric.Seychelles, no.15, 1-86. nsu §

1922h Les cocotiers, la lumiére et le sol. Bull.Dep.Agric.
Seychelles, no.16. nsu

AURIVILLIUS, C.

1909 Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera und Heterocera von Madagaskar, der
Comoren und den Inseln Ostafrikas: I. Wiss.Ergebn.Reise
Ostafr.1903=5, 2: 309-348, 1 pl. [In VOELTZKOW and
others 1906-1923.) N §

1922 Coleoptera (Cerambycidae) from the Seychelles Islands,
Aldabra.and Rodriguez. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.9, 10:
424-h43, 2 pl. [Collected by the Sladen Expedition.]
LUC

18

AUSTEN, E.

1920

E.

The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition ......Diptera: Tabanidae.
Bull.ent.Res., 11: 43-45. [Four species described, one
new. ] LUTM

BACON, E.V.

1943

See FOSTER.

BADCOCK, J.R.

1970

See FORSTER.

BAGNALL, R.S.

1921

BAILEY, D.

194)

1962

BAILEY, L.
1930

19h2

BAILEY, R.

1963

1964

1965

On Thysanoptera from. the Seychelles Islands and Rodriguez.
Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.9, 7: 257-293, 4 pl. [Mainly
collected by the Sladen Expedition in 1908-1909.] LUC

List of flowering plants and ferns of Seychelles.
Victoria, Clarion. [Arranged alphabetically by local
name. ] ns) 1S
Second edition, 1961. Victoria, Saint-Fidéle. N §
Third edition, 1971, as: List .. . Seychelles with their
vernacular names. Victoria, Government Printer. ns §

The cowries of the Seychelles. Seychelles Annual, no.4,
20-2 ee 8

lal

Binomials of certain palms: the case of Stevensonia.

Gentes Herb., 2: 192-195, 438-441; 3: 115-116. [Discussed
nomenclature and recommended consideration of horticultural
records. ] N

Palmae sechellarum. With sections by VESEY-FITZGERALD ,
L.D.E.F. (5-8, 23-26, 32-34, 38-40, 40-42, 43-6, 48).
Gentes Herb., 6: 1-48. N §

Ss.
The birds of the western Indian Ocean. J.Seychelles Soc.,
no.3, 41-49. K. §

The International Indian Ocean Expedition. Ibis, 106:
140-141. fAn interim report on birds seen on the cruise of
RRS 'Discoyery', June-November 1963.] N

Also in IIOE Repr. 2: 1966, 672.

Cruise of RRS 'Discovery' in the Indian Ocean. Sea
Swallow, 17+ 52-56, 2 pl. [Reported counts of birds seen
on the cruise.] N §

Also in TIOE Repr., 3: 1966, 525-531.

19

1966a Migrant land-birds in the Mediterranean and Red Seas and the
Indian Ocean.. Ibis, 108: 421-22. [Observations from RRS
"Discovery' in 1963 and 1964.] P

1966b Migrant waders in the Indian Ocean. Ibis, 109: 1967, 437-
439. [Observations from RRS 'Discovery' in 1963 and 1964.]
P

AlsoyineLiOnH Repr., 7: 1971, 167-169.

1967 The pelagic distribution of sea birds in the western Indian
Ocean. Ibis, 110: 1968, 493-519.. [Work on RRS 'Discovery'
in 1963 and 1964... With a summary.] P
MisominwliOH Repr., 7: 1971, 787-813.

BAILEY, R.S., POCKLINGTON, R. and WILLIS, P.R.
1966 Storm-petrels Oceanodroma spp. in the Indian Ocean. Ibis,
110: 1968, 27-34. [With a summary.] P
Coll.Repr.Woods Hole oceanogr.Instn, no.1956. ns it
Also in IIOE Repr., 7: 1971, 779-786.

BAISSAC, J. de B.
1962 The scombroid fishes of Mascarene waters. Proc.Symp.
secombroid Fishes, mar.biol.Ass.India., Mandapam Camp, ser.1,

185-186. N

BAKER, B.H.
1963 Geology and mineral resources of the Seychelles Archipelago.
Mem.geol.Surv.Kenya, no.3, 1-140.. [With a bibliography and
four maps; few mineral resources found.] Be

BAKER, B.H. and MILLER, J.A.
1963 Geology and geochronology of the Seychelles Islands and the
structure of the floor of the Arabian Sea. Nature, Lond.,
199: 346-348. WN
Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 665-670.

BAKER, J.G.
1874 Report on the Seychelles fern flora. Trans. R.ir.Acad. 5,
25eUIMO( Se" 509=5184 epi: [A full list to date.] LUZ

1875 List of Seychelles Myrtaceae, with descriptions of two new
species! , Proc.R/ir Acad. sera, 22) 160), 2 pit
[Eugenia, three species, and Barringtonia, three species.]
LUC

1877. Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles .... With sections
on Palmae and Pandaneae by BALFOUR, I.B. and Orchideae by
MOORE, S. le M. London, Reeve. N_ §

Reviewed by McNAB, W.R. in Nature, Lond., 17: 77-78. LUC

1894 Flora of Aldabra Islands. Kew Bull., 146-151. N §

20

BAKUN, A.
1966 See RYTHER,

BALFOUR, I.B.
1877a Palmae. In BAKER, J.G. 1877.

1877b Pandaneae. In BAKER. daGe lO.

BALLARD, F. |
1966 Orchids of the Seychelles. Seychelles Annual, 36-38. 0
§
BALLE, S.

1964 Les loranthacées de Madagascar et des archipels voisins.
Andansonia, 4: 106-141. [Included Aldabra and Seychelles
species.] N

BALSS, H.
1911 Die Paguriden [of the German Deep-sea Expedition]. Valdivia
Non6 20a el ss Coan. 5 goo.) V4

1913. See DOFLEIN.

1914 Diagnosen never Macruren der 'Valdivia'-Expedition. Zool.
Anz., 44: 592-599. LUZ

1920 Macrura der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition: I. Palinura,
Astacura and Thalassinidea; II. Natantia, Teil A. Valdivia
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1933 Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der Gattung Pilumnus (Crustacea
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BAMFORD, Edith E.
1911 Pelagic actiniarian larvae [of the Sladen Expedition].
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BARCLAYS BANK.
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[1897]

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BARNACLE,
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BARNARD, J.L.

1961

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BARNARD, K.H.

1937 <Amphipoda [of the John Murray Expedition]. Mabahiss Rep.,
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1970

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BARROS. See De BARROS.

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BATES, J.D.
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BAX, A. (ed.).
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BEHNING, A. and WOLTERECK, R.
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1961 Quantitative distribution of bottom fauna in the northern
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BELLAMY, D.J.
1969 See BARNES, J.

1970 See BARNES, J.

BELLAMY, D.J., DREW, E.A., JONES, D.J. and LYTHGOE, J.N.
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25

- BELLING, L.N..

1971

BELOUSOV ,
1961

1964

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BELTZ, R.E.

1953

1954

1958

1960

Young specimens of Testudo gigantea daudinii in Southern
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Miscellaneous observations on captive Testudininae.
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1894

BENEDICT,
1963

1966

Description of nests and eggs of some new birds, collected
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26

1967

BENSON, C.
1960a

1960b

1962

1967

1968

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The white-eye Zosterops maderaspatana (Linn.) of Menai
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1970g.

=i

The Cambridge collection from the Malagasy region. Bull.
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BENSON, C.W. and PENNY, M.J.

1968

1969

A new species of warbler from the Aldabra Atoll. Bull.Br.
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BENSON, C.W. and .ROUX, F.

1967

Deux records méconnus des Seychelles. Oiseau, Paris, 37:
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BERGER, L.A.

1962

BERGROTH,

1892

BERINGER,

1892

BERIO, E.
1956

1959

1962

Hesperiidae récoltés aux Seychelles. Lambillionea, 62: 19-
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E.
Mission scientifique de M. Ch.Alluaud aux iles Séchelles:
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G.M.
Some commercial vanillas. Am.J.Pharm., 64: 289-29).
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Also as: Some vanillas of commerce. Pharm.d. 5 Se€".3>5
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Eteroceri raccolti dal Dr.Carlo Prola durante la spedizione
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Diagnosi di alcune Noctuidae delle isole Seicelle e Aldabra.
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28

BERKELEY, H. and CALDWELL, J.

1859 Report of the Commissioners appointed by HE the Governor to
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Von BERLEPSCH, H.G.

1898 Systematische Verzeichnis der von Dr. Alfred Voeltzkow in
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BERLIOZ, J.
1946 Oiseaux de la Réunion. Faune Emp.fr., 4: 1-83. [Contained
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1960 Une énigme historico-géographique: les perroquets des iles
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BERNARD, F. and LECAL, J.
1960 Plancton unicellulaire récolté dans 1'Océan indien par le
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BERNARD, H.M.

1896 The genus Turbinaria, the genus Astraeopora. In: Catalogue
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1897 The genus Montipora, the genus Anacropora. In: Catalogue
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1905 The family Poritidae: II. The genus Porites, pt.1. In:
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BERNARDI, G.
1959 Biogéographie et spéciation des Pieridae de Madagascar et de
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1968 Une nouvelle sous-espéce d'Eurema floricola Boisduval (Lep.
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BERNEAUD. See. De BERNEAUD.

BERNHAUER, M.
1920 Results of Dr.E.Mjoberg's Swedish scientific expeditions to
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BERNHAUER, M. and SCOTT, .H. .

1931 Entomological expedition to Abyssinia, 1926-27: Coleoptera
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1956 The Mirripinnati, a new order of teleost fishes. Dana Rep.
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BESCHERELLE, E.
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BETTS, F.N.
1940 See VESEY-FITZGERALD.

29

>

ws)
is)

ZRUKOV, P.L.
1961a Investigations of the Indian Ocean in the 33rd cruise of
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Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 823-831. [English title on
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1961b Investigation of bottom--sediments in-the northern Indian
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Also in-IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 522-536. [With an untitled
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1963a Investigations of the Indian Ocean in the 35th cruise of
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Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 832-81. [English title on
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1963b Studies conducted by the 'Vityaz' during the International
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1964b Sediments of the northern and central Indian Ocean. Trudy
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Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 728-749. [With an untitled
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BEZRUKOV, P.L., KRYLOV, A.Y. and CHERNYSHEVA, V.I.

1966 Petrography and the absolute age of the Indian Ocean floor
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Also in IIOE Repr., 4: 1967, 811-816. [With a titled
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BEZZI, M.
1923 Diptera: Bombyliidae and Myiodaria (Coenosiinae, Muscinae,
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the Seychelles and neighbouring islands. With an intro-

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Expedition in HMS 'Sealark',. 1905 and 1908-1909.] LUTM

BIEN, G.S., RAKESTRAW, N. and SUESS, H.E.

1965

BIGOT. “Ie
1962

Radiocarbon in.the Pacific and Indian Oceans and its-
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BILLARDIERE. See De LABILLARDIERE.

BIRCH, F.S. and HALUNEN, A.J.,. jr.

1965

Heat flow measurements in the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean,
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Also in IIOE Repr. 4: 1967, 827-830.

BLACKBURN, C.A.

1878

BLACKMAN ,

1965

1968

BLACKMAN ,

1966

BLACKMAN ,

1967

BLACKMAN ,

[1968]

Quelques courtes descriptions des oiseaux de Praslin.
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R.A.A.

Bristol University Seychelles Expedition: VII. Biological
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See GAYMER.

RAI (ela ))
Bristol Seychelles Expedition 1964-65. Bristol, Bristol
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R.A.A. and PINHEY, E.C.G.

Odonata of the Seychelles and other Indian Ocean island
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ioe

R.A.A. and others.

Bristol Seychelles Expedition 1964-65. World Wildlife
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BLACKWALL, J. and CAMBRIDGE, O.P.

1876

A list of spiders captured in the Seychelles by Professor
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1-22,,°2 pli: “DUC

BLAKE, S.F. and ATWOOD, Alice

1942 Geographical guide to.floras of the world: an annotated list
with special-reference to useful plants and common plant
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BLANC, C.P.

1971 Les reptiles de Madagascar et des iles voisines. Annis
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Amirantes, Coetivy, Farquhar and Seychelles, as well as with
Comoros, Europa, Glorieuses, Madagascar and Mascarenes.

With an abstract and a long bibliography.] N §
BLANFORD, H.F.

1874 On the age and correlations of the plant-bearing series of
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BLANFORD, W.T.

1890 Anniversary address of the President [of the Geological
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BLASIUS, R.
1887 See FINSCH.
BLATTER, E.

1910 History of the sea cocoa-nut (Lodoicea sechellarum,
Labill.). J.Bombay nat.Hist.Soc., 925-937. NL §

1926 The palms of British India and Ceylon. London, Oxford
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BLEEKER, P.
1868-1877 See POLLEN.
BOCKELER, O.
1879 Phanerogamae: I. Cyperaceae [of the Decken expeditions].

Deckens Reisen, 3: pt.3, Botanik, 73-74. Z

BOETTGER ,

1896

1913

33

0.

Neue Kriechtiere (Scelotes, Arthroleptis) von den Seychellen.
Zool.Anz., 19: 349-351. LUZ

Reptilien und Amphibien von Madagaskar,.den Inseln und dem
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BOGOROV, V.G., BORDOVSKY, O.K. and VINOGRADOV, M.E.

1966

Biogeochemistry of the oceanic plankton: the distribution of
some chemical components of the plankton in the Indian
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Also in IIOE Repr., 4, 1967, 474-85. [With a titled
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BOGOROV, V.G. and RASS, T.S.

1960

On productivity and the prospects of fishing in the waters
of the Indian Ocean. Okeanologia, 1: 1961, 107-109.
{in Russian; title as translated by I.M.P.] NL

BOGOROV, V.G. and VINOGRADOV, M.E.

1961

BOJER, W.
1835

1837

Some features of plankton biomass distribution in the surface
water of the Indian Ocean during the winter of 1959-60.
Okeanol.Issled., no.4, 66-71. . [In Russian.] NL

Also in IIOE Repr., 2: 1966, 190-195. [With an untitled
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[Letter from Agalega addressed to Mr. Blackburn.] Trans.R.
Soc.Arts Sei.Maurit., ser.B, 5: 1871, 132-140. {[Communica-—
ted with comments by BOUTON 1871. Contained a description
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Hortus mauritianus: 6énumération des plantes exotiques et
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méthode naturelle. Port Louis, Mamarot. [Included
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[Plusieurs espéces nouvelles de plantes recueillies dans ses
voyages 4 Madagascar et aux iles Comores.] Reproduced by
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[Calpidia macrophylla from Agalegas on 42-43; Boerhaavia
insularis from Agalegas, Diego Garcia and Seychelles on 3-
4hk.J University of Mauritius . §

Extracted as: Descriptions de diverses plantes nouvelles
de Madagascar, des Tles Comores et de l'ile Maurice. Annis
Sci.nat.Bot., ser.2, 18: 1842, 184-192. N

2)

S4

BOLIVAR, I.

1894

1912

192ha

1924b

Mission scientifique de M. Ch.Alluaud aux files Séchelles:
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Orthoptera: Acrydiidae, Phasgonuridae, Gryllidae [of the
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292, 2 pl. [In GARDINER, J.S._and others 1907-1936. In
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Orthoptera Dictyoptera (Blattidae and Mantidae) of the
Seychelles and adjacent islands. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.9,
13: 313-358. [Collected by the Sladen Expedition.] LUC

Supplement to Acrydiidae, Phasgonuridae and Gryllidae from
the Seychelles Islands. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.9, 13: 359.
[See BOLIVAR 1912.] LUC

BOLIVAR, I. and FERRIERE, C.

1912

BONAME, P.

1909

BONNET, P.

1945

BONNETARD ,

1921

BORDOVSKY ,

1961

1964

1966

Orthoptera, Phasmidae of the Seychelles. Trans.Linn.Soc.
Lond. (Zool.), 15: 293-300. [In GARDINER, J.S. and others
1907-1936.] N_ §

Notes sur la composition du cocotier. Bull.Stn agron.
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Bibliographia araneorum. . . jusqu'en 1939. Toulouse,
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N.G.
See SEYCHELLES: GOVERNMENT.

O.K.

On the chemistry of the bottom sediments of the Indian

Ocean. Okeanol.Issled., no.4, 91-99. [In Russian.] NL
Also in IIOE Repr. 1: 1965, 537-545. [With an untitled

abstract in English; English title on xv.]

On the characteristics of the organic matter in the sediments
of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. In: Environment and
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[In Russian.] ns u

Also in IIOE Repr. 3: 1966, 832-861. [English title on
Lee |

See BOGOROY.

BORGEN, C.
1879

BORMANS.

39

Dr.Albrecht Roscher's. magnetische Beobachtungen in der
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See De BORMANS.

BORRADAILE, L.A.

1907a

1907b

1909.

1910

1915

1916a

1916b

Land and freshwater Decapoda [of the bladen Expedition].
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Stomatopoda from the western Indian Ocean. Trans.Linn.
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Penaeidea, Stenopidea and Reptantia from the western Indian
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[In GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-1936.] N § .
On the land and amphibious Decapoda of Aldabra. Trans.Linn.
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Notes on carides. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.8, 15: 205-213.
[Prawns from the Indo-Pacific region.] LUC

On the Pontoniinae [of the Sladen Expedition]. Trans.Linn.
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On ecarides from the western Indian Ocean. Trans.Linn.Soc.
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BORY de SAINT VINCENT, J.B.G.M., Baron.

180).

Voyage dans les quatre principales iles des mers d'Afrique

Me eel OO da Gibu HOU 2.0 lerecotatviemeP Gd Go BUSSOrm qs uarOl..
[Seychelles in 1: 245-252.] G

Voyage to, and travels through the four principal islands
OfmihewMrrucan seas: < ....1l60l andiGO2.. van. [Translator
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BOSCHMA, H.

1948 ©

Notes on specimens of Millepora in the collection of the
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2 pl. [Included a specimen from African Island on 668, two
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36

1951 Some smaller whales. Endeavour, 10: 1si=1s5r [Mesoplodon
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1957 List of the described species of the order Stylasterina.
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1959 Revision of the Indo-Pacific species of the genus Disticho-
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Van BOSSE, A.W.

1913 Marine Algae, Rhoaopnyceae of the 'Sealark' expedition,
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Reprinted in Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.), 16: 1914, 269-
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§

BOUCHERAT, A.
1888 Report on Peros Banhos and Diego Garcia. Port Louis. ns
it: STODDART, D.R. 1971g

BOUFFE, G.
1913 Lettres aux propriétaires de 1'ile Agaléga. Port Louis,
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BOUGHTON, G.A.
1970 Tourism tomorrow in Seychelles. Victoria, Government
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BOUILLON, J.

1967 Revision de la famille des Ptilocodiidae avec la description
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N

1968 Une mission scientifique belge 4 l'archipel des Seychelles.
Africa-Tervuren, 14: 98-102. N §

BOUILLON, J. and HOUVENAEGHEL-CREVECOEUR, Nadine.
1970 Etude monographique du genre Heliopora De Blainville
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cent.Sér.8vo (Zool.), no.178, 1-83, 12 pl. NL §

BOULENGER ,

1908

1971

1915

BOULLE, V.
1902

es |

G.A.
A list of the freshwater fishes, batrachians and reptiles
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[In GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-1936.] N §

List of the batrachinas and reptiles obtained by Prof.Stanley
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GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-1936.) N §

A list of the snakes of Madagascar, Comoro, Mascarenes and
Seychelles. Proc.z00l.Soc.Lond., 369-382. LUZ

See SEYCHELLES: GOVERNMENT.

BOULTON, F.R.P.

1960

BOURGOGNE,

1963

BOURNE, G.
1886a

1886b

1888a

1888b

BOURNE, W.
SS)

1960

Bird notes of a visit to islands in the Seychelles and

adjacent groups north of Madagascar. Sea Swallow, 13: 48-
Ok [Notes on visits to Aldabra, Desroches, Farquhar and
Mahé. ] N

lee

Sur deux Psychidae exotiques ... . Bull.Soc.ent.Fr., 68:

260-263. [Two specimens collected in Aldabra and Cosmoledo
by H.Legrand in 1959.] N §

Cr
On the island of Diego Garcia of the Chagos group. Proc.
R.geogr.Soc.Lond., 8: 385-393. LUC

General observations on the fauna of Diego Garcia, Chagos
group. Proc.zool.Soc.Lond., 331-334. LUZ

The atoll of Diego Garcia and the coral formations of the
Indian Ocean. Nature, Lond., 37: 546-550. LUC

The atoll of Diego Garcia and the coral formations of the
Indian Ocean. Proc.R.Soc., 43: 400-461, 1 pl. Z

Rs.Ps

Notes on sea reports received in 1958-1959. Sea Swallow,
12: 6-17. [Included Indian Ocean reports.] Edward Grey
Institute, Oxford §

The petrels of the Indian Ocean. Sea Swallow, 13: 26-39.
N

38

1962

1963
1965

1966

1969

1970a

1970b

1971

BOUTON, L.
1857a

1857b

1871
1872

The whiterbellied petrel. In: Handbook of North American
birds, edited by R.S.Palmer, 4:3. 251-25h. New Haven and.
London, Yale University Press. [Thought to have been seen
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See MORRIS.

Long-distance .vagrancy in the petrels. Tpas, 0921967 ,
141-167. [Mentioned Oceanodroma leucorrhoa monorhis in the
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Obseryations on islands in the Indian Ocean. Sea Swallow,
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Agalegas, Aldabra, Assumption, Astove, Coetivy, Desnoefs,
Desroches, Diego Garcia and Farquhar, as well as Menai,
islands.] N

See LAPTHORN.

Observations of seabirds. Sea Swallow, 20, 47-55.
[Included some Indian Ocean reports.] Edward Grey Institute,
Oxford §

The birds of Aldabra. App.1 in BEAMISH 1970, 208-219.
Bebington Public Library §

The birds of the Chagos group, Indian Ocean. Atoll Res.
BHLILA ) aaYSG WO), WI S-—QO( 5 flika SULOOVNRW. Welk, eral BWASAnOIR
IeDs (aslo oi) 9 MGS

Plantes médicinales de Maurice. ns u
Second edition, 1864. Port Louis, Cernéen. N §

Plantes médicinales de Maurice indigénes ou cultivées dans
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WLSP

See BOJER 1835.

Observations sur la nature et les produits des iles
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regarding the prevalence of. tall and strong persons in
certain Seychelles families.] N Ԥ

BOUVIER, E.L.

1893

See MILNE-EDWARDS.

a0

1913. Les caridines des Seychelles. Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.),
ijsys 367-472, 3 pl. {In GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-
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BOWDLER-SHARPE. See SHARPE, R.B.

BOWIN, C.0.
1964a Geophysical studies in the Indian Ocean by RV 'Chain' of

the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. J.Seychelles Soc.,
NOt, 11965, 62—-65..,.. 0k. §

1964p A rocky puzzle. Oceanus, 10: 24-25. [Announced a
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1964e See BUNCE.

BOWIN, C.O. and VOGT, P.R.
1965 Magnetic lineation between Carlsberg Ridge and Seychelles
Bank, Indian Ocean. J.geophys.Res., 71: 1966, 2625-2630.
LUO
Also in IIOE Repr. 4: 1967, 831-836.

BRADLEY, J.T.

1928 L'ankylostomiase aux Seychelles. Victoria, Government
; Prinmterse ane’ u~ 5 2§

1930 Catéchisme élémentaire d'hygiéne domestique et personelle 4
l'usage des infirmiéres, des sages-femmes et des G6coles.
Victoria, Government Printer. ns upp §

1936 The history of Seychelles. Victoria, Clarion.° 2 vol.
C: in catalogue but missing §
Second edition, 1940. NC (from Mauritius Institute) §

BRADSHAW, L.A.
sek Know your own country: a primary school geography of
Seychelles. Tllustrated by Margaret Hincklieff. London ,
Macmillan. Cc §

BRAITHWAITE, C.d.R.
1968 Diagenesis of phosphatic carbonate rocks on Rémire,
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[With an abstract.] LUG §

1970 Seychelles reefs: structure and development. . Symp.zool.
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40

BRANDER, K.M.
1969 See FARROW.

BRANDER, K.M., McLEOD, A.A.Q.R. and HUMPHREYS, W.F.

1970 Comparison of species diversity and ecology of reef-living
invertebrates on Aldabra Atoll and at Watamu, Kenya. Symp.
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and YONGE (eds.). With a synopsis.] LUZ

BRANDIS, Sir D.

1894 An enumeration of the Dipterocarpaceae .... J.Linn.Soc.
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on 144.) N
BRAUER, A.

1896 Die Seychellen auf-Grund eigener Anschauung. Verh.Ges.Erdk.
Beri. secs: S00-309e) aaph. G

1897 See FOREL.

1898 Einer neuer Fall von Brutpflege bei Fréschen. Zool.Jb.,
Syst., 12: 1899, 89-9h. [Arthroleptis seychellensis
Bottger, one carrying nine tadpoles on its back, from Morne
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1902 Diagnosen von neuen Tiefseefischen, welche von der 'Valdivia'-
Expedition gesammelt sind. Zool.Anz., 25: 277-298.
[Several Indian Ocean species described.] LUZ

1906 Die Tiefsee-Fische [of the German Deep-sea Expedition].
Valdivia Rep., 15: pt.1, 1908, 1-432; pt.2, 1908, 1-266,
pile a

BRAZELL, J.H.
1956 Summary of rainfall in Seychelles for the year 1955. Bull.
E.Afr.met.Dep., 1-10. [See also EAST AFRICA HIGH COMMIS-—
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BUCOP §

BRENNECKE, W.
1909 Ozeanographie [of the 'Planet' expedition]. Planet Rep., 3:
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BRENT, C.R.
1958 See GREAT BRITAIN: ADMIRALTY 1891.

BRITISH NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR OCEANIC RESEARCH.
1965 International Indian Ocean Expedition: RRS 'Discovery':
Cruise 3 report: oceanographic work in the western Indian
Ocean, 15 February to 28 September 196). London, Royal
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44

BRITISH NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR OCEANIC RESEARCH (HILL, M.N. and
MATTHEWS, D.H.).
1964 International Indian Ocean Expedition: RRS 'Discoyery':
Cruise 2 report: geology and geophysics in n.w. Indian Ocean,
23 August to 4 December 1963. London, Royal Society. WN
Also in IIOE Repr. 1: 1965, 843-910.

BRITTEN, H.
1925 Coleoptera, Ptiliidae (Trichopterygidae).[of the Sladen
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[In GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-1936.] N §

BRITTEN, J. ,
1886 Gordon and the coco-de-mer. Universal Rev., 15 December.
ns! Wl
BROCK, J.
1888 Die Ophiuridenfauna des indischen Archipels. Z.Wiss. ZOOL.

Mw NOS=5SS)) atl

BROLEMANN, H.W.
1895 Mission scientifique de M. Ch.Alluaud aux tiles Séchelles:
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BRONGNIART, C.
1893 [Sur la Lémurie.] Buld..Soc.ent.Fr., 99. [Remarks on the
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BROOK, G.
1891-1892 Descriptions of new species of Madrepora in the collec-
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1891, 458-471; 10: 1892, 451-465. [Included one species
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1893 The genus Madrepora. In: Catalogue of the madreporarian
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BROOKS, (Cline.

1919 The secular variation of rainfall. Q.J1 R.met.Soc., 5S;
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BROOKS, C.E.P. and MIRRLEES, S.T.A.
1932 A study of the atmospheric circulation over tropical Africa.
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BROOKS, E.P.
1876 Report on the Lesser Dependencies of Mauritius, 1875. Port
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BROWN, E.G.
1955 Cinnamon and cassia: sourees, production and trade: I.
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cinnamon on 266-270 and tab.6-9.] LUC §

BROWN, E.S.
1953 Notes on Melittomma and its control. Victoria, Department
of Agriculture. E §

1954a The biology of the coconut pest Melittomma insulare (Col.,
Lymexylonidae), and its control in the Seychelles. Bull.
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paradichlorbenzene.] LUI §

1954b Xyleborus morstatti Hag. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), a shot-
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ent.Res., 45: 707-710, 1 pl. LUM §

1956 See MATTINGLY.

BROWN, N.
1967 The defence argument. New Scient., 36: 472-73. [About
the Anglo-US defence plan for Aldabra.] LUC

BROWN, S.G.
1957 Whales observed in the Indian Ocean: notes on their
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BROWNE, B.C.
1963 The British contribution to the International Indian Ocean
Expedition. d.Seychellies Soe., ne.3, 11-16. “K §

BROWNE, E.T.
1915 Medusae from the Indian Ocean. Trans. Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.),
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1925 Siphonophorae from the Indian Ocean. Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.
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BRUCE, A.J. Ae
1966 Notes on some Indo-Pacific Pontoniinae: XI. A re-examination
of Philarius lophos Bernard, with the designation of a new
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43

1967 Notes on some Indo-Pacific Pontoniinae: III-IX. Descriptions

; of some new genera and species from the western Indian Ocean
and the South China Sea. Zool. Verh., Leiden, no.87, 1-73.
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1968 Notes on some Indo-Pacific Pontoniinae: XII. The re-
examination of the types of Pontonia? brevirostris Miers,
1884, with the designation of a new genus Platypontonia
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[Seychelles shrimps. ] N

1969a Notes on some Indo-Pacific Pontoniinae: XIII. Propontonia
pellucida gen.nov., sp.nov., a new pontoniid shrimp from the
Amirante Islands. Crustaceana, 17: 141-150. [Living in
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§

1969b Preliminary descriptions of sixteen new species of the genus
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BRUCE, J.G.
1968 Comparison of near surface dynamic topography during the two
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665-677, 1 pl. [With an abstract.] LUO
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COLLETTE ,
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23

CONNOLLY, M.
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CORNER, E.J.R.

1966 The natural history of palms. London, Weidenfeld and
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A COSTA, COSTA. See ACOSTA.
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COUSTEAU, J.Y. and DIOLE, P.

§

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DANA, J.D.
1872 Corals and coral islands. New York, Dodd Mead. ns it
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Third edition, 1890. New York, Dodd Mead. 2Z

56

DANCE, P.
1966 Scallops of the Seychelles. Seychelles Annual, 39-1.
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DANCE, S.F.

1964 The strombs of the Seychelles. Seychelles Annual, no.5,
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DARLINGTON, P.J., jr.
1957 Zoogeography: the geographical distribution of animals. New
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DARUTY de GRANDPRE, C. See De GRANDPRE.
DARUTY de GRANDPRE, J.E., Marquis.

1895 La classification décimale et les bibliographies régionales.
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australien. Brussels, Institut International de Biblio-
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DARWIN, C.R

1839 Journal and remarks, 1832-1836. In: KING, P.P. and others:
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[Formation of coral reefs discussed, and Chagos mentioned,
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Another edition as: Journal of researches into the geology
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Second edition, 1845. London, Murray. ns it §

Numerous later editions by several publishers, with
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1842 The structure and distribution of coral reefs. ns it
Third edition, 1889. London, Smith Elder. Z
Another edition, with an introduction by WILLIAMS, J.W.,
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1872 See BOUTON.
1874 See HOOKER, Sir J.D.

DAUTZENBERG, P.

1893 Contribution 4-la faune malacologique des iles Séchelles,
récoltés de MM. Ch.Alluaud, A.Fauvel et Philibert. Bull.
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LUZ

oT

D'AVEZAC, M.A.P. and others.
1848 Islés d'Afrique. Paris, Firmin-Didot. ns it
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DAVIDSON, W.E.
1910 Land tortoises in the Seychelles. Proe.z001.Soc.Lond.,
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DAVIES, D.
1964a Geophysical discoveries in the NW Indian Ocean. New
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1964p See FRANCIS, 1T.J.G.
1964ce¢ See MATTHEWS, D.H.

1968 When did the Seychelles leave India? Nature, Lond., 220:
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DAVIES, D. and FRANCIS, T.J.G.

1964 The crustal structure of the Seychelles Bank. Deep Sea
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Also in IIOE Repr.,.4: 1967, 173-T79-

DAVIS, W.M.

1918 Coral reefs and submarine banks. J.Geol. 26: 198-223, 289-
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1928 The coral reef problem. Spec.Publs Am.geogrl Soc., no.9.
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DAWSON, P.G.
1965 Bristol Uniyersity Seychelles Expedition: VI. Frigate, home
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1966a A survey of the sea birds of the Seychelles Islands. ol.
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1966b The validity of Bubulcus ibis seychellarun. Ool.Rec., 40:
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58

1968 See GAYMER.

DAYER, L.

ane

De

De

De

De

De

1962 M. de Malayois: l'histoire des concessions. J.Seychelles
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[1967] Les iles Seychelles: esquisse historique. Fribourg,
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Nc §

Gur

1801 Mémoire sur le sagoutier des Moluques et le ecocotier des
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BARROS, J.

1552-1613 Deecadas da Asia... . lisbon, Regia Officina
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1778-1788. 14 addl vol. [Contained a map of the Indian
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BERNEAUD, T.

1836 Lodoicée. In: Dictionnaire pittoresque d'histoire naturelle
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BORMANS, A.
1894 Mission scientifique de M. Ch.Alluaud aux Tles Séchelles:
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CERE, J.N.

1788 Letter to MM. D'Entrecasteaux and De Narbonne. imp iy—TiO=
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PATAAS oe te
1965 See MEAD.

FROBERVILLE, E.
1845 Découverte et colonisation des iles Séchelles. Port Louis,
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Also in Annu.Voy.Géogr., 3: 1846, 56-78. ns tt nl:
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1848 Iles africaines de la mer des Indes. In D'AVEZAC and
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29

De GAYE, J.A.

1904

Geography of the Seychelles Islands. Port Louis, Central
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De GRANDPRE, C.D.

1886

1888a

1888b

1889

Plantes médicinales de 1'ile Maurice et-des pays inter-
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Contribution. a la matiére médicale de 1’ile Maurice: étude
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Contribution a la matiére médicale de 1'ile Maurice: étude
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Notes sur la thérapeutique coloniale de 1'tle Maurice, née de
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De GRANDPRE, J.E. Daruty, Marquis. See DARUTY de GRANDPRE.

De GRANDPRE, L.M.J.C., Comte. See DEGRANDPRE.

De JOANNIS, J.

1893a

1893b

1899

1915

Mission scientifique de M. Ch.Alluaud aux tiles Séchelles:
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Descriptions de trois macrolépidoptéres nouveaux des iles
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Lépidoptéres hétérocéres des Mascareignes et des Seychelles
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De JUSSIEU, A.L.

1789

Genera plantarum... . Paris, Académie des Sciences and
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on 39) sii on

Another edition, 1791. Zurich, Ziegler. fLontarus on

60

45.) LUB

De KERCHOVE, O.

1878 Les palmiers: histoire iconographique. Paris, Rothschild.
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De LABILLARDIERE, J.J.H.

1801 Sur le cocotier des Maldives: extrait d'un mémoire lu 4 1!
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nat.) Paris, 9: 1807 52140=145, 4 pil. [The first complete
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See also the earlier shorter report by "D.C."

De LAROCHE, T.R.P.M.
1874 Rapport d'un mission aux Seychelles. Paris. ns u

De LAVAL. See PYRARD.

De LORIOL, P.
1883-1893 Catalogue raisonné des échinodermes recueillis par
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De MALAVOIS, L.J.B.P.
1787a Notice ou apercu général sur les isles Seychelles pour
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17870 Mémoire sur la qualité du sol de 1'isle Seychelles. In
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1787c Etat général des terrains concédables aux isles Seychelles.
In FAUVEL, A.A. 1909, 257-268.

17874 Mémoire sur les bois de 1'archipel de Seychelles. In
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1787e Mémoire sur la tortue de terre, la tortue de mer et le
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De MARTIUS, C.F.P.
1837-1853 Historia naturalis palmarum. Leipzig, Weigel. 3
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De MEILLON, B.
1953 See FREEMAN.

61

De ORTA. See ORTA.

De

De

De

De

De

De

De

De

De

De

PEYERIMHOFF, P.
1914 See GROUVELLE.

QUINCY, Q.

1801 Description de l'arbre cocotier de mer des Seychelles.
Port Louis, Cernéen, 1893. [The memoir on which De
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FAUVEL, A.A. 1915, 212-213, 306

Reprinted, 1905. ns
Largely reprinted in FAUVEL, A.A. 1915, 235-20.
Extractéd in DELEUZE, which appeared as an annexe to
De LABILLARDIERE.
SAINT VINCENT, J.B.G.M. Bory, Baron. See BORY de SAINT VINCENT.

SAUSSURE, H.

1899 Orthoptera of Voeltzkow's first expedition . Abh.senckenb.
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SAUSSURE, H. and ZEHNTER, L.
1902 Myriapodes de Madagascar. In GRANDIDIER and others, 37:
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SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, E., Baron.
1869a Odonates des Tles Seychelles. Annis Soc.ent.Belg., 12:
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1869b List of species and descriptions of a new genus and five new
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Also in WRIGHT, E.P. 1870a.

SORNAY, P.
1922 Le guano phosphaté. Revue agric.Ile Maurice, 292-296. E

TCHIHATCHEFF, P.

1878 Considérations géologiques sur les iles océaniques. In:
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TOULGOET, H.

1965 Descriptions d'Arctiidae nouveaux de Madagascar (Lep.).
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1a VARDE, R.P.

1957 Contribution 4 la flore bryologique des Seychelles. Svensk
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LUB §

62

De WITTE,
1943

DEACON, G.
1935

1960

196),

1966

DECARY, R.
1939

1955,

G.F. and LAURENT, R.

Contribution 4 la systématique des formes dégradées de la
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LUC

Bek.
See CLOWES.

The Indian Ocean Expedition. Nature, Lond., 187: 561-562.
Z
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Hans Pettersson, 1888-1966. With a bibliography by SEARS,
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Archipel des Seychelles, ancienne terre francaise. Eneyel.
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Von der DECKEN, C.C., Baron.

1879

See ROSCHER.

DEGRANDPRE, L.M.J.C., Comte.

1801

DELACOUR ,
1929

194)

Voyage dans 1'Inde et au Bengale, fait dans les années 1789
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G

J.
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gna

A revision of the family Nectariniidae (sunbirds).
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DELEUZE, J.P.F.

1807

Extrait d'un mémoire envoyé au Muséum par M. Quéau-Quincy,
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DENDY, A.
1913
1915a
1915b

1922

DEQUAIRE,
1965

63

Report on the calcareous sponges collected by HMS 'Sealark'
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§

J.
La culture et la préparation de la vanille. J.Seychelles
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Des AVANCHERS, L.

1857

DEVEREUX, .
1869

DEYROLLE,
1876

DIAKONOFF ,
1961

1969

Notice géographique et historique sur les iles Séchelles.
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W.C.

A cruise in the 'Gorgon'; or, eighteen months on HMS 'Gorgon'
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E.
[Insectes observés aux Seychelles par MM. Filhol et De 1'
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ING

Records and descriptions of exotic Tortricoidea (Lep.).
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Tortricidae from the Seychelles and Aldabra (Lepidoptera).
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64

1970 A new tortricid from the Seychelles. Annis Soc.ent.Fr.,
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DIAMOND, A.W.
1969a See PENNY, M.J.

1969b The ecology of the sea birds of Aldabra. Pha tivans'R. Soc. ,
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1970a See BAYNE.
1970b See BAYNE.

DICKIE, G.
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DICKSON, G.O.
1967 See HEIRTZLER.

DLEES. | iis
1922 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Vegetation und Flora der
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DIOLE, P.
1971 See COUSTEAU.

DISTANT, W.L.
1908 "Sealark' Rhynchota. Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.), 13: 1909,
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1912a Homoptera: fam. Cicadidae: subfam. Cicadinae. Genera
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1912b See SCOTT, H.

1913 Rhynchota: I. Suborder Heteroptera [of the Sladen Expedi-
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1916 Rhynchota: II. Suborder Homoptera [of the Sladen Expedi-
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DIXON, C. :
1898 Lost and vanishing birds ... . London, Macqueen. [A
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65

DIXON, H.N.
1929 On a small collection of mosses from the Seychelles. Annis
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DODERLEIN, L.
1902 Die Korallengattung Fungia. Abh.senckenb.naturforsch.Ges.,
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1906 Die Echinoiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Valdivia
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1911 Die gestielten Crinoiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition.
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DOFLEIN, F.
1903 Brachyura [of the German Deep-sea Expedition]. Valdivia
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DOFLEIN, F. and BALSS, H.
1913 Die Galatheiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Valdivia
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DOLLFUS, A.
1893 Voyage de M. Ch.Alluaud aux Iles Séchelles: crustacés
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DOLUTOV, Y.S.
1968 On the evolution of atolls. Vest.Mosk.gos.univ., geogr.
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D'ORTA. See ORTA.

DREW, E.A.
1969a See BARNES, J.

1969b See BELLAMY.
1970 See BARNES, J.
Di LOLTEY AS.
1937 Our wandering continents: an hypothesis of continental
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DUCK See Le DUC, LEDUC.

ON
ON

DUFO, H.

1840 Observations sur les mollusques marins, terrestres et
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Extracted in Annls Sci.nat.Zool., ser.2, 1h: 45-80, 166-
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DUING, W.
1965 Mit 'Meteor' im indischen Ozean. Umschau, 65: 304-308. S

DUMONT-D'URVILLE, J.S.C.
1834 Voyage pittoresque autour du monde: résumé générale des
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Illustrated by De Sainson. Paris, Tenré. 2 vol.
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Revised edition, 1863, as: Voyage autour dumonde....
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D'UNIENVILLE, A.M., Baron
1818 Statistique de 1'ile Maurice et de ses dépendances. Port
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1829 Statistique de 1'ile Maurice. Raritc i korbar 3) vols
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1838 Statistique de l'ile Maurice et ses dépendances .
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DUNNAT, F.
1850 Notes statistiques sur Iles Seychelles. Port Louis,
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DUPON, J.F.
1971 L'agriculture des Seychelles. Revue Géogr.Univ. Bordeaux -
ns u
DUPONT, I.
1881 Report of Acting Magistrate for the Smaller Dependencies of
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STODDART, D.R. 1971g

1883 Report of the Acting Magistrate for the Lesser Dependencies
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Louis. Hs ibe HS TODDAR IM. Dikren sl Oiale

188ha
1884p

1885

67

Report on Peros Banhos and Diego Garcia. Port Louis. ns
ib?) STODDART. Disks. 19K le

Special report on the island of Diego Garcia. Port Louis.
Ns) Lice) SLODDART. WD. Ree lOfiie

Report of the Magistrate for the Lesser Dependencies on his
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STODDART, D.R. 1971g

DUPONT s Pak.

1903
1906

1907

1911
1912

1913a

IS si5
1914
1915
1918

1920

1922a

Seychelles: report on Pard rubber. Colon.Rep.misc.Ser.,
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Letter to HE W.E.Davidson, Governor of Seychelles. In
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Report on a visit of investigation to St.Pierre, Astove,
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Guano deposits of Assumption Island, Seychelles. Bull.imp.
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Report on a visit of investigation to a few parts of India
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Contribution a 1'étude du cocotier aux Seychelles: culture,
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Ghaudcemsi>—coben ekamis

Republished separately, 191}. Paris, Challamel. nove.
nl: in catalogue of Library of Congress, Washington DC

Varieties of plantains and bananas cultivated in Seychelles.
Kew Bull., 229-231. [Described fifteen varieties.] N §

La petite fourmi noire Technomyrmex albipes (Smith).
Victoria, Government Printer. ns u

The steps taken in Seychelles to combat the pest of black
ants. [A report to the Governor of Seychelles.] E §

La culture du caféier aux Seychelles. Bull.Soc.Chimts
Manas. Gen) no. 1.) 15>). Winshtity mle WESP! ) .§

See Anon. 1920d.
Hints on the establishment and management of school gardens.

Port Louis, Government Printer. [Referred specifically to
Mauritius but would apply to Seychelles.] CaaS

1922b

192ha

192hb

192he

192hd

192he

1925a

1925b

1925¢c

1926a

1926b

1926c

19264

1926e

1926f

Mesures curatives et préventives pour lutter contre le
Melittomma insulare. Pamph.Dep.Agric.Seychelles, no.1.
neu, S

Essai sur la structure et la flore de quelques iles
madréporiques de 1'Océan indien. Port Louis. ns it:
STODDART, D.R. 1967c

Le guano des Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles,
no.3, 2-h. Ci ey

Les maladies du cocotier aux Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.
Péche Seychelles, no.3, 12-13; no-4, 5-6. Cc §

De 1'utilité des engrais aux Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.
Péche Seychelles, no-#; 2-3. Cc §

La distillation des feuilles de cannelle aux Séchelles.
Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.4, 4-5. Cc §

La culture du cocotier dans les iles madréporiques du groupe
des Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.5, 1-3.
Cats

Coconut culture in the madreporic islands of the
Seychelles Archipelago. Buil.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles,
HOG, 1926. no res

Seychelles guano deposits. HeAEre caste moe s IS. C

Seychelles guano deposits. Hert steed sStutnc sea, lOmin
[Suggested a recent rather than a pleistocene formation.] A

L'invasion des pucerons jaunes dans les plantations de
cocotiers 4 Mahé. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.6,
4-6. [Pinnaspis, Aspidotus and Ischnaspis.] E §

L'huile essentielle de palmarosa. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche
Seychelles | ino jos OeunOn (ie) On | SE amns

Du développement eventuel des pécheries aux Seychelles.
Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.6, 7-8. E §

L'huile essentielle de vétivert. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche
Seychelles, no.6, 9. E §

Le kapok. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.6, 11-12.
sD MN

The culture of coconuts in Seychelles and various aspects
of agricultural methods adopted in that Colony. Bull.Dép.
Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.7, 2-3. E §

1926¢

1926h

19261

19263

1926k

19261

1927a

1927b

1927c

1927d

1927e

1927f

192g

1928a

69

A propos de l'utilisation des engrais chimiques dans la
culture du cocotier aux Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche
Seychelles, no.7, 3-5. E.°S

Des méthodes de terrassement en pays montagneux. Bull.
Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.7, 5-6. BQous

La culture des plantes intercalaires dans les cocoteries
aux Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.7,
OH Tiet an oe S

L'huile essentielle de gingembre. Bull .Dép.Agric.Péche
Seychelles, no.7, 9-10. Tb 48

L"huile de chalmoogra. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles,
MOOR dda aS

Seychelles guano deposits. [Suggested a recent rather
than a pleistocene origin for the guano on Assumption,
Astove, Denis and St.Pierre.] ns u_ § [a photocopy with
the following incorrect reference written on it by hand:
Int.geol.Congr., sess.14, 2: 1928, 609-610]

Results of an enquiry into the question of exporting salt
fish to Mauritius. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.8,
ee E §

Le patchouli aux Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche
Seychelles, no.8, 2-3. E §

De la fumure des plantes vivaces comme le cocotier. Bull.
Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.8, 4. E §

Le gingembre des Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche
Seychelles, no.8, 5-6. E §

De l'utilisation des cendres végétales dans la culture du
cocotier aux Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles,
NOs Oras Bas 6

Des ravages causés par les cochenilles sur les cocotiers aux
Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.8, 7-8.
[Pinnaspis and Ischnaspis.] E §

De la maladie du cocotier causée par le "petit moutouc" et
des moyens de la combattre. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche
Seychelles, no.8, 8-9. [Melittomma insulare.] PS

Des moyens de stimuler les recherches scientifiques pour
améliorer et étendre les productions agricoles des colonies
tropicales. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.9, 1-2. E
§

70

1928b

1929a

1929b

1929¢c

1930

1931

193ha

1934b

1934¢

19344

1934e

1934f

Possible new crops for Seychelles. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche
Seychelles, no.9, 12-13. Eee S

De 1'état actuel de la maladie des cocotiers causée par les
cochenilles et des moyens employés pour la combattre.
Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.10, 6-10. E §

The future of coconut plantations in Seychelles. 1sybuLIL
Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.10, 10-11. E §

See HONEY.

The common mynah (A.tristis) as a pest in Seychelles. Sie
Bombay nat.Hist.Soc., 34: 806-807. [A letter requesting
advice, with a reply from the editors.] LUIM §

Le développement agricole et industriel des iles Seychelles.
Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.11, 1-7. C §$§

Quelques notions sur la culture du riz. Bull.Dép.Agric.
Péche Seychelles, no.12,)2. ° Cc) 9 §

L'aréquier. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.12, 3.
Ctaias

Les Seychelles formaient-elles autrefois partie d'un
continent? Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche Seychelles, no.12, 5-6.
C2ye§

Examen comparatif des méthodes en usage 4 Ceylan, aux Etats
Malais et aux Seychelles concernant la culture du cocotier
et la préparation du copra. Bull.Dép.Agric.Péche
Seychelles, no.12, 7-13. C

Revue agric.Ile Maurice, 65-70, 93-98. C

Extracted as: La culture du cocotier et la préparation du
copra a Ceylan et aux Seychelles. Revue Bot.appl.Agric.
trop., 14: 972-976. K

La culture du vanillier. Revue agric.Ile Maurice, 136-10.
Cus. §
Extracted as: La culture du vaniller aux Seychelles.
Revue Bot.appl.Agric.trop., 14: 1038-1042. K

L'archipel des Seychelles, sa formation géologique, ses
ressources naturelles, sa flore, sa faune entomologique, et
son €volution économique. Trans.R.Soc.Arts Sci.Maurit.,
ser.C, no.3, 1935, 50-149. [A review by the Director of
Agriculture, Seychelles. Contained a list of species with
local names.] N §

Republished separately as: L'archipel des Seychelles: ses
ressources naturelles, sa faune entomologique et son
évolution économique. Port Louis, Gaud, 1938. N §

1935a

1935b

1935c

1936

71

Les Seychelles formaient-elles partie d'un continent?
Revue agric.Ile Maurice, 93-96. [Discussed results of the
Sladen Expedition.] E §

La question des pécheries 4 Maurice. Trans.R.Soc.Arts Sci.
Maurit., ser.C, no.4, 1-19. [Contained information on
Seychelles fisheries.] N §

Les récifs de corail. Revue agric.Ile Maurice, 1936, 48-
50. [Discussion of the implications of the Sladen Expedi-
tion findings.] E

Une plante fourragére intéressante. Revue agric.Ile
Maurice, 101-102. [Asystasia coromandeliana in Mauritius
and Seychelles.] LTRS

1936-1937 Quelques notes descriptives basées principalement sur

1937a

1937b

1939

les recherches du Professeur J.Stanley Gardiner et sur des
observations personelles, pouvant servir 4 faire mieux con-
naitre la distribution, la formation, la structure et les
ressources naturelles de quelques iles madréporiques de la
mer des Indes: I. L'archipel des Chagos; II. Les archipels
des Mascareignes; III. [La distribution des animaux].

Revue agric.Ile Maurice, 1936, 184-187, 208-211; 1937, 132-
1395 aylqueS

L'invasion de plus en plus menacante d'une fourmi nuisible.
Revue agric.Ile Maurice, 184-185. [Technomyrmex albipes.]

ey aS

Quelques notes au sujet de 1l'importance économique des
oiseaux de mer dans les iles océaniques. Trans.R.Soc.Arts
Sci.Maurit., ser.C, no.10, 1941, 2-11. [Described the
distribution of some sea birds and their eggs.] N §

La culture du vanillier. Revue agric.Ile Maurice, no.107,
157-161. [In Seychelles.] E

DUPONT, P.R. and others.

1928

DUROCHER ,

Report of the Fisheries Committee. Victoria, Government
Printer. [Report on proposals of HORNELL 1927a and 1927b.]
eS

DUROCHER-YVON. See YVON.

DUSSERCLE, R.

1934

Archipel de Chagos: en mission 10 novembre 1933 - 11 janvier
1934. Port Louis, General Printing and Stationery Co.
[In the bark 'Diégo'.] GC

T2

1935 Archipel de Chagos: en mission Diégo, Six Iles, Péros:
septembre-novembre 193}. Port Louis, General Printing and
Stationery Co. (ey

1936 L'ile d'Aigle: naufrage de la barque 'Diégo', 20 juin 1935.
Port Louis, General Printing and Stationery Co. C

1937 Dans les "Ziles 14-haut". Port Louis, General Printing and
Stationery Co. [Chagos.] NC (from Mauritius Institute)

1949 Agaléga petite ile. Port Louis, General Printing and
Stationery Co. Bis

EAST AFRICA HIGH COMMISSION: METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. :
Monthly, 1937-1951 Bulletin of monthly values of certain meteoro-
logical elements at selected stations. Nairobi.

[Included data from Mahé beginning January 1943.] Mas} Wass
WALLACE dA; gre

[n.d.] Meteorological observations in Kenya. Nairobi.
[Contained data for Seychelles for 1940-1949.] gS aa e
WALLACE, J.A., jr.

1942-1916 Summary of rainfall in Seychelles for the years 192-
1QHO. Westen, (OM wm SS

{n.d.] Monthly frequency tables 192-7. Nairobi. [Included
data from’ Mane. |i nsvat: WALEACHS o.As, jr.

1946 Upper wind frequencies. Nairobi. [Data for Mahé in 19}2-
1943, on 111=11600) 7 mst? WALEACH, “o. 825 yrs

1947 Mean and extreme values of certain meteorological elements
for selected stations in East Africa. Nairobi. [Entirely
tables. Included Seychelles. ] fas} pale WNIINGI., dele abe

1947-1948 Summary of rainfall in Seychelles for the years 1947-
1948. Narrobi. 1940.5 9 Moa Ss

[n.d.] Weekly weather notes and forecast, 12/1948- ep ae (OSD).
Nairobi. [Included Mahé.] TAS see ot SWAUMAC HY. idpaNe sere

Annual, 1949- Summary of rainfall in Seychelles for the year .
Nairobi. Mr aS

[1950] Collected climatological statistics for East African
stations. Nairobi. [Included Seychelles.] ns) iG
WALLACE, J.A., jr.

1951-1955 Summary of rainfall in the Seychelles for the years
1951-1955. Nairobi, 1952-1956. C: in catalogue but
missing

fe)

1952-1955 Summary of meteorological observations, Mahé, Seychelles
fists) VNaLrobi P9>S—-1955an¢ UT ptese Ck An ieatalogue but
missing

[1956] Summary of meteorological observations for 1955:
Seychelles. Nairobi. ns it: WALLACE, J.A., jr.

1961 Frequency of surface wind speeds and directions. Nairobi.
Bios [Seychelles in pt.1.] ns it: Ibid. List of publi-
cations

Reprinted, 1965. ns it: Ibid. List of publications

Monthly Daily rainfall in Kenya. Nairobi. [Included Seychelles
up to 1963.] ns it: Ibid. List of publications

EAST AFRICAN COMMON SERVICES ORGANIZATION.
1961 Summary of rainfall in Kenya and Seychelles, pt.1...
Nairobi, 1962. C: in catalogue but missing

EAST AFRICAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT.
1964 Collected climatological statistics for Bast African
stations. By Viole: Nairobi. [Seychelles in 1:.] LUA

Annual Ann.Rep. Nairobi. [Seychelles included. ] rgisy “aba Wy Motil,
List of publications

Annual The weather of East Africa during the year... .
Nairobi. [Entirely tables. Includes Mahé. ] C

Annual, 1955- Summary of rainfall in East Africa. Nairobi. 3
okt [Pt.3 included Seychelles up to 1962.] ns it: Ibid.
List of publications

EATON, A.E.
1913a Diptera, Psychodidae [of the Sladen Expedition]. Trans.
fanny Soe ulond((ZOOl 15) 423-432 an i pile [In GARDINER,

J.-S. and ‘others 1907-1936.) N §

1913b Ephemeridae [of the Sladen Expedition]. Trans.Linn.Soc.
Lond. (Zool.), 15: 433-434. [In GARDINER, J.S. and others

1907-19386.) "NS

EBDON, R.A.
1968 See WRIGHT, P.B.

EDINBURGH, Duke of. See PHILIP.

EDMONDSON, C.H.
1923 Crustacea from Palmyra and Fanning Islands. Bishop Mus.
Buble noe>. 11s. 2 pl. [Amirantes, Chagos, Coetivy,
Farquhar and Seychelles species mentioned. ] N

74

EDWARDS, Ada

1893

The Seychelles Archipelago. Port Louis, The Merchants' and
Planters' Gazette. [Contained a copy of the Treaty of
Capitulation of 161k.) Cc

EDWARDS, F.W.

1912

1913

1941

EGE, V.
1934

1938

1948

1953

1957

1958

EHLERS,
1897

1906

Diptera, Tipulidae [of the Sladen Expedition]. Trans.Linn.
Soe. Lond: (Zool) Mbe 195-2140 2) pau. [In GARDINER, J.S. and
others 1907-1936.] N §

Some mycetophilid synonymy. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.8, 12:
55-56. [Comments on ENDERLEIN 1910b.] LUC

Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian region: III. Culicine adults and
pupae. London, Trustees of the British Museum.

[Uranotaenia pandani and nepenthes, Aedes fryeri, aegypti and
albocephalus, Culex scotti and fatigans included, all from
Seychelles. ] LUZ

The genus Stomias Cuv., taxonomy and bio-geography (based on
adolescent and adult specimens). Dana Rep., 1: no.5, 1-50,
1p youbo Z

A revision of the genus Anguilla Shaw: a systematic, phylo-
genetic and geographical study. Dana Rep., 3: no.16, 1-
2560/6) pile

Chauliodus Schn., bathypelagic genus of fishes: a systematic,
phylogenetic and geographical study. Dana Rep., 5: no.31,
1-118, 2 pl. Z

Paralepididae: I. (Paralepis and Lestidium): taxonomy,
ontogeny, phylogeny and distribution. Dana Rep., 7: .no. 40;
1-184. Z

Paralepididae: II. (Macroparalepis): taxonomy, ontogeny,
phylogeny and distribution. Dana Rep., 8: no.43, 1-101. Z

Omosudis Gunther: bathypelagic genus of fish. Dana Rep.,
Be) mos, 19: Z,

Zur Kenntnis der ostafrikanischen Borstenwirmer. Nachr.
Ges.Wiss.G6ttingen, math.phys.Kl., 158-176. [Included
Eurythoe complanata and Iphione muricata from Aldabra.] N

Die bodensdssigen Anneliden aus dem Sammlungen der Deutschen
Tiefsee-Expedition. Valdivia Rep., 16: 1908, 1-167, 23 pl.
Z

15

ELGOOD, C.L.

1961 |

Medicine in the Seychelles. J.Seychelles Soc., no.1, 61-
72. University of London Institute of Commonwealth
Studies §

ELIOT, Sir C.N.E.

1909

Nudibranchs collected by Mr. Stanley Gardiner from the

Indian Ocean in HMS 'Sealark'. Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.),
13) NOWO et hS6 ol) opi. [In GARDINER, J.S. and others
1907-1936.] N §

ELIZABETH, J.

1970
1971

See PILLAY.

Ecological report on our chameleon, Chameleo tigris.

Young Scientist (magazine of the Young Scientists' Society
of Seychelles College), no.4, 11. [First-hand observations
by a secondary-school pupil about temperatures and humidi-
ties in which they were seen and the plants on which they
were living.] Cc §

ELKINGTON, J.5.C.

1929

1930

A bird diary: from Sydney to Antwerp. Emu, 29: 268-275.
[Passed Chagos and Seychelles.] NL §$§

A bird-diary from England to Australia: SS 'Miamo’. Emu,
30: 97-101. [Passed Chagos and Seychelles.] Ni ES

EMBODEN, W.A., jr.

1970

EMERY, C.
1894

The fabulous coco-de-mer. Terra, Los Angeles, 9: no.2, 6-
13 and front cover. [A popular account, beautifully
illustrated by J.Swann from J.Harrison's drawings of 1826.]

No 8

Mission scientifique de M. Ch.Alluaud aux iles Séchelles:
formicides. Annis Soc.ent.Fr., 63: 67-72. WN

ENDERLEIN, G.

1910a

1910b

1914

496-383 O - 73 -

Embiidina und Neuroptera (Coniopterygidae und Hemerobiidae)
[of the Sladen Expedition]. Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.),
14: 55-58. [In GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-1936.] N

Diptera, Mycetophilidae [of the Sladen Expedition].

Trans. Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.), 14: 59-81. [In GARDINER, J.S.
and others 1907-1936. See also EDWARDS, F.W. 1913.] N

§

Diptera: Scatopsidae, Simulidae [of the Sladen Expedition].
Trans. Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.), 16: 374-375. [In GARDINER,
J.S. and others 1907-1936.) N §

6

76

1929a Die Copeognathen-Fauna der Seychellen. Proc. Linn.Soc.Lond.
(2601. ), Sess. TA1e 21. [Abstract read by H.Scott.] LUZ

1929b Die Copeognathen-Fauna der Seychellen. Trans.Linn.Soc.
Honds(Z001))5 19: 193i)5207e, 2vOn Ss pile [In GARDINER, J.S.
and others 1907-1936.] Nie

ENDERLEIN, G. and KIEFFER, J.J.
1912 Diptera, Sciaridae [of the Sladen Expedition]. Trans.Linn.
Soc. Lond. (Zool), 15: 161-194, 1 pit [In GARDINER, J.S.
and others 1907-1936.] N §

ENDRODY-YOUNGA, S.
1963 Die Cybocephalus -- Arten von den Maskarenen und Seychellen

(Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae). Acta zool.hung., 10: 196),
Gn Oly. = fal

ENGEL, A.E SJ.
1963 See WASSERBURG.

1965 See ENGEL, Celeste G.

ENGEL, Celeste G.
1963 See WASSERBURG.

1967 See FISHER, R.L.

ENGEL, Celeste G., FISHER, R.L. and ENGEL, A.E.J.
1965 Igneous rocks from the Indian Ocean floor. Science, N.Y.,
150: 605-6110: LUC
Miso am MOR Repr.. 42 1967. CO5—6 10).

ENGLAND, Helen M.
1908 See HICKSON.

1925 Development of gonophores of the Stylasteridae. PEOG.ZOON.
Soc.Lond., 1926, 265-283. [Included Distichopora violacea
from Coetivy.] LUZ

ENGLER, H.G.A.
1882 Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt . :
Leipzig, Engelmann, 1879-1882. ee vioilee [Ch.12, 288-297,
dealt with Seychelles.] N

ESBEN-PETERSEN, P.

1927 Neuroptera: Chrysopidae of Seychelles and adjacent islands.
With an introduction by SCOTT, H. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.9,
19n WHS a55 5. 3ipili. [Collected by the Sladen Expedition.]
LUC

ESTRIDGE, H.W.
1885 Six years in Seychelles, with photographs from original
drawings. The author. Cras

17

EVANS, J.W.
1924 See WEGENER.
EVANS, J.W.
1952 The injurious insects of the British Commonwealth (except the
British Isles, India and Pakistan). London, Commonwealth

Institute of Entomology. [Seychelles insects on 19.] N

EWING, W.M.
1962 See HEEZEN.

EWING, W.M. and HEEZEN, B.C.
1960 Continuity of mid-ocean ridge and rift valley in the south-
western Indian Ocean confirmed. Science, N.Y., 131: 1677-
1679. [Topographic work on RV 'Vema' in 1959-1960 confirmed
earlier prediction from topographic and seismic data.] LUC

EYDOUX, M.
1639 ‘Cyclostoma ortax, Vall. Havorite Reps.g>: 16s pepl B

FABRICIUS, M. |
1902 Beitrage zur Lalbblatt-Anatomie einiger Pflanzen der
Seychellen, mit Berticksichtigung des Klimas und des
Standorbes. Berh.pot.Zbl...12:>304-342, 3p... Ny §
Reprinted: Jena, Fischer. WN

FAGE, L.
1941-1942 Mysidacea: Lophogastrida [of the 'Dana' expeditions] .
Danaukepes ts. 20.419. 1-52 no.23, 1-67... «Z

1956 Les pycnogonides du genre Nymphon {of the 'Galathea'
expedition]. Galathea Rep., 2: 159-165. WN

1960 Oxycephalidae, amphipodes pélagiques [of the 'Dana'
expeditions]. Dana Rep., 9: no.52, I=145. i

FATRBRIDGE, R.W.
1948 The juvenility of the Indian Ucean. Seope, 1: no.3, 29-35.
ns U [not Scope: Magazine for Industry]

1954 Oceanographical research in the Indian Ocean. Deep Sea
Res., 1: 185-186. [Announced the formation of a Panindian
Ocean Science Association. ] LUO

1965 The Indian Ocean and the status of Gondwanaland. Prog.
Oceanogr., 3: 83-136. [Reviewed results of the 'Albatross'
expedition; suggested that Suess's concept of a massive
Gondwanaland should be replaced by one of much smaller sialic
nuclei fusing, breaking apart and regenerating into a much
smaller continent. ] LUO

78

FAIRCHILD, D.G.
1898 See GALBRAITH.

FAIRMAIRE, L.
1868 Coléoptéres recueillis par M. Ch.Coquerel & Madagascar et sur
les cOtes d'Afrique. Annis Soc.ent.Fr., ser.4, 8: 753-819;
9: 1869, 179-260; ser.5, 1: 1871, 29-78. WN

1891a Description d'une nouvelle espéce de buprestide des iles
Seychelles. Bull.Soc.ent.Fr., 46. WN

1891b Sur deux coléoptéres nouveaux des iles Seychelles. Bull.
SOO SSG oIMgs 4 TVO=ila N

1891c Description d'un longicorne provenant des Tles Seychelles.
Bull.Soec.ent.Fr., 182. N

1892 Descriptions de trois coléoptéres nouveaux des iles
Seychelles. BULL SOGcEImGalMeg 4 |FIPVes N

1893 Sur quelques coléoptéres des Séchelles. Bull.Soc.ent.Fr.,
S22-325E0 oe

1895a Descriptions de coléoptéres de Madagascar et iles voisines.
Annls Soc.ent.Belg., 39: 443, 45h. [Included one Seychelles
species.] N

1895b Diagnoses de quelques coléoptéres de Madagascar et des iles
Séchelles et notes synonymiques. Bull.Soc.ent.Fr., 278-283.
N

1896 Note sur quelques coléoptéres de 1l'ile Aldabra. Bull.Soc.
ent.Fr., 222-223. Mi OS

FALCK, K.

1965 Norsk handel, sggfart og kolonisasjon pa Madagaskar 1865-
1880 (Norwegian trade, shipping and colonisation in
Madagascar 1865-1880). In: Sgéfartshistorisk arbok 1965
(Norwegian yearbook of maritime history 1965), 95-146.
Bergen, Bergens Sgffartsmuseum. [Contained an account of
the unsuccessful attempt by Norwegians to colonize Aldabra
in the 1870s. With a summary in English.] nsu_ §

FALLA. See De FALLA.
FARMER, H.V.

1955 Seychelles postage stamps and postal history. London,
Robson Lowe. cee §

79

FARQUHAR, S.St.dJ.
1900 On two nesting-places of gannets and terns in the south
Indian Ocean. This, ser. 7, 7: 63-67. [Goelet Island,
Farquhar, and Beacon Island, Seychelles; Diego Garcia was
mentioned also in an editorial comment.] NL §

FARQUHARSON, W.I.
1936 The John Murray Expedition 1933-34: scientific reports:
topography, with an appendix on magnetic observations.
Mabahiss Rep., 1: 43-61, 12 pl. WN

FARROW, G.E.
1969a See STODDART, D.R.

1969b The climate of Aldabra Atoll. Phil.Trans.R.Soec., ser.B,
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WO Craer.6

1970 Back-reef and lagoonal environments of Aldabra Atoll
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longs), m0. 26, 971, 455-500. [In STODDART, D.R. and YONGE
(eds. jc" With a isynopsis.) ) LUZ

FARROW, G.E. and BRANDER, K.M.
1969 ‘Tidal studies on Aldabra. Phil.Trans.R.Soc., ser.B, 260:
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UG. SS

FAULKNER, D.E.
1959 Report on the development of animal husbandry and balanced
farming in the Seychelles. Victoria, Government Printer.

GranS

FAUVEL, Albert.
1898 Mission scientifique de M. Ch.Alluaud aux iles Séchelles:
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FAUVEL, A.A.
1891 La flore des Seychelles. In: Compte rendu du Congrés
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1900a Textes inédits concernant les tortues de terre gigantesques
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1900b ~=La découverte des iles Seychelles d'aprés des documents
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1906 Note sur quelques points nouveaux de l'anatomie du cocotier
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1909 Unpublished documents on the history of the Seychelles
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1915 Le cocotier de mer des Iles Seychelles (Lodoicea
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given. Some bibliographical data differ from our findings,
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Nn §

FAUVEL, P.

1915 Notice sur A.A.FAUVEL. Annis Mus.colon.Marseille, ser.3,
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Nea aS

1920 Annélides polychétes de Madagascar, du Muséum R.d'Histoire
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FAYON, M.
1968 A bird count on Cousin Island. J.Seychelles Soc., no.6,
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1971 The plight of the paradise flycatcher. J.Seychelles Soc.,
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FELL, J.W.

1967 Distribution of yeasts in the Indian Ocean. Bull.mar.Sci.
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Contribution no.783 of the University of Miami Institute
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Also in IIOE Repr., 6: 1969, 312-328.

FERRIERE, C.
1912 See BOLIVAR.

81

PEDDICK. FE.
1968 This is Aldabra: colour it pink because it belongs to you.
Nova, Lond., January, 36-38. ns tt

FINDLAY, A.G.
1866 <A directory for the navigation of the Indian Ocean, with
descriptions of its coasts, islands, etc., from the Cape of
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including also the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; the winds,
monsoons and currents, and the passages from Europe to its

Varlous, Pastis... Nowt
Third edition, 1876. London, Laurie. [Pt.1 described
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descriptions of Agalegas, Aldabra, Alphonse, Amirantes,
Assumption, Astove, Chagos, Coetivy, Cosmoledo, Farquhar,
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Fourth edition, 1882. ns it: STODDART, D.R. and POORE
1970b

HENSCH. O'.
1887 Ein Besuch auf Diego Garcia im indischen Ozean. Dte
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FINSCH, O. and BLASIUS, R.
1887 Diego Garcia und seine Seeschwalben. Ornis, 361-393. Z

FISCHER, P,
1871 Révision des espéces du genre Vaginula, Férussac. Nouv.
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1891 Catalogue et distribution géographique des mollusques
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FISCHER, W.
1916a Gephyreen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Valdivia
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1916b Die Gephyreenausbeute der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition
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FISHER, J.M.M.
1970 See PHILIP.

FISHER, J.M.M., SIMON, N., VINCENT, J. and others.

1969 The red book: wild life in danger. London, Collins.
[Contained Chelonia mydas, Copsychus sechellarum, Dugong
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82

corvina.] N §

La vie sauvage en sursis. Translated by M.Cuisin.
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FISHER, R.L.
1965 See ENGEL, Celeste G.

FISHER, R.L., ENGEL, Celeste G. and HILDE, T.W.C.

1967

Basalts dredged from the Amirante Ridge, western Indian
Ocean. Deep Sea Res., 15: 1968, 521-534, 2 pill. [Work in
RV 'Argo', 1964; with a bathymetric map, map of magnetic
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Also in IIOE Repr., 7: 1971, 1207-1220.

FISHER, R.L., JOHNSON, G.L. and HEEZEN, B.C.

1967

Mascarene plateau, western Indian Ocean. Bull.geol.Soc.Am.,
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Also in IIOE Repr., 6: 1969, 1323-1356.

FLETCHER, T.B.

1909 Lepidoptera, exclusive of the Tortricidae and Tineidae, with
some remarks on the distribution and means of dispersal
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and others 1907-1936.] N §

1910 The Orneodidae and Pterophoridae of the Seychelles expedi-
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FLEUTIAUX, E.

1893 [Sur la Lémurie.] Bull.Soc.ent.Fr., 329. [Letter read at
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1903 Elaterides des tles Séchelles recueillis par M. Ch.Alluaud en
189222 S Bull Soe. ente rr toa lem eae ens

1922 Coleoptera: Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des iles
voisines. With notes by SCOTT, H. Trans.R.ent.Soc.Lond.,
1923, 398-436, 1 pl. [Fifteen species from the Sladen
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FLOCH. See Le FLOCH.

FOCK-HENG, P.A.

1965

Cinnamon of the Seychelles. Econ.Bot., 19: 257-261. LUB
§

FOMICEV, A.V.

1964

Study of the currents in the northern part of the Indian
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83

Results of RV 'Vityaz'.] NL
Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 371-378. [With an untitled
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FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION. See UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION:
FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION.

FOREL, A.

1897 Ameisen aus Nossi-Be, Majunga, Juan de Nova (Madagaskar), der
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1907 Fourmis des Seychelles, Amirantes, Farquhar et Chagos.
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1912 Fourmis des Seychelles et des Aldabras, recues de M. Hugh
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FORSTER, G.R., BADCOCK, J.R., LONGBOTTOM, M.R., MERRETT, N.R. and

THOMSON, K.S.

1970 Results of the Royal Society Indian Ocean deep slope fishing
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[With an abstract. Visited Aldabra, Farquhar and Providence
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at night at depths of between 100 and 1000 m. lLatimeria not
found. ] LUC

FOSBERG, F.R.
1955 See SACHET.

1967 Unique Aldabra. Atlant.Nat., 22: 160-165. [A plea for
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1969a See STODDART, D.R.

1969b Preliminary survey of Aldabra vegetation. Phil.Trans.R.
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1969¢ Geomorphic cycle on Aldabra: hypothesis. Proc.Symp.Corals
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1971 See SACHET.

FOSBERG, F.R. and BULLOCK, A.A.
1971 List of Diego Garcia vascular land plants. Atoll Res.Bull.,
no.149, 143-160. [In STODDART, D.R. and TAYLOR, J.D.
(Cedesieh | NiegeeS

8h

FOSBERG, F.R. and RENVOIZE, S.A.

1970a

1970b

1970c

1970d

1970e

1970f

1970g

FOSLIE, M.
1907

FOSTER, H.
1943

Plants of Farquhar Atoll. Atoll Res.Bull., nos 136, 233} 0
[In STODDART, D.R. (ed.) 1970. A list of species found.]
NL §

Plants of Cosmoledo Atoll. Atoll Res.Bull., no.136, 57-65.
[In STODDART, D.R. (ed.) 1970. A list of species found. ]
NL §

Plants of Astove Island. Atoll Res.Bull., no.136, 101-111.
[in STODDART. DER: (ed. ) 1970.9 9k last of species found. |
NL 8

Plants of Assumption Island. Atoll Res.Bull., no.136, 147-
153% [in STODDART, DER. (eds) 1970. A list or species
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Plants of Desroches Island, [Amirantes]. Atoll Res.Bull.,
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Plants of Remire (Eagle) Island, Amirantes. Atoll Res.
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Plants of African Banks (Iles africaines), [Amirantes].
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The Lithothamnia of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition in HMS
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W. and BACON, E.V.

Wealth. for welfare. London, Macmillan. [Economic
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FOXON, G.E.H.

1939

FRAGA, F.
1966

1968

Stomatopod larvae [of the John Murray Expedition]. Mabahiss
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Distribution of particulate and dissolved nitrogen in the
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Also in ITOE Repr., 4: 1967, 519-531.

Distribucién del nitrdédgeno orgdnico en el Ocedno Indico
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[With a summary in English.] LUM §

Aso in TlOn Repr.', (2 1971, veconesite

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FRANCE: MINISTERE DE LA MARINE ET DES COLONIES.
1874 Renseignements nautiques sur quelques tiles éparses de 1!
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FRANCIS, K.A.
1940 See IYER.

FRANCIS, T.J.G.
1964 See DAVIES.

FRANCIS, T.J.G., DAVIES, D. and HILL, M.N.

1964 Crustal structure between Kenya and the Seychelles. Pha.
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FRANCIS, T.J.G. and SHOR, G.G., jr.

1965 Seismic refraction measurements in the northwest Indian
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Also in IIOE Repr., 4: 1967, 781-803.

FRANKCOM, C.E.N.
1961. International Indian Ocean Expedition. Mar.Obsr, 31: 85-87.
Ss)

FRANKEL, J.J. and KENT, L.E.
1964 On rocks from the Seychelles Islands. Int.geol.Congr.,
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FRAPPA, C.

1937 Contribution 4 1'étude des Oryctes de Madagascar. Bull.
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1948 Un parasite du cocotier dans la région nord-ouest de
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insulare.] 1D hein®

FRAPPAZ, T.
1820 Extrait de la relation d'un voyage fait 4 Madagascar, a
Anjouan et aux Seychelles, pendant les années 1818 et 1819.
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86

1824a Souvenirs d'un jeune marin, ou récit de plusieurs voyages
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1824p Souvenirs d'un jeune marin. Bull.Acad.malgache, ser.1, 3:
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1824e Voyages 4 la cdte de Coromandel, au Bengale, aux iles de
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Re Tananarive, Decary, for Académie Malgache, 1939. In:
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FRASER-BRUNNER, A.
1933 A revision of the chaetodont fishes of the subfamily
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1940 Notes on the plectognath fishes: III. On Monacanthus setifer
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Stephanolepis and descriptions of four new species. Ann.
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1950 The fishes of the family Scombridae. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist.,
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FRAZIER, J.
1969 Observations on sea turtles at Aldabra Atoll. Phil.Trans.R.
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1970a See BAYNE.
1970b See BAYNE.

FREEMAN, P. and De MEILLON, B.
1953 Simulidae of the Ethiopian region. London, Trustees of the
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FRENETTE, J.A.
1963 Observations sur la faune des Seychelles. Washington DC.
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FRERE, H.B.
1874 See HOOKER, Sir J.D.

FRESSANGES, G.A.A.

1890 Antoine Bénézet: l'industrie des pailles de Lodoicea aux
Seychelles. Revue hist.litt.Ile Maurice, 3: no.31, 338-340.
[Contained information on hat-making material from Lodoicea.]
nett nl: BUCORY Ԥ

Largely reprinted in FAUVEL, A.A. 1915, 217-220.

FRIEDEL, E.
1896 Reisenschildkréten von Aldabra. ZOo1.Gart. , Frankiv, 37:
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FRIESE, H.
1900 Hymenoptera von Madagaskar: Apidae, Fossores und Chrysididae
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FROBERVILLE. See De FROBERVILLE.

FRYER, Sir J.C.F.
1908 See GARDINER, J.S.

1909a Aldabra and neighbouring islands. Proe.Camb. pha. soe, i>:
sto-siGgal pl.

1909b See COMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN.
1909e See GARDINER, J.S., SOMERVILLE and FRYER.
19094 See GARDINER, J.S. and FRYER.

1910a The south-west Indian Ocean (being an account of Aldabra and
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1910b The structure and formation of Aldabra and neighbouring
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1911 The Lepidoptera of Seychelles and Aldabra, exclusive of the
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FUNNELL, B.M. and RIEDEL, W.R. (eds.).

1967 The micropalaeontology of oceans; proceedings of the
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GADOW, H.F.

1892 On the remains of some gigantic land-tortoises, and of an
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1913 The wanderings of animals. Cambridge, Cambridge University
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GADOW, H.F. and GARDINER, J.S.
1907 Aves, with some notes on the distribution of the land-birds
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GAHAN, C.J.

1908 On the larvae of Trictenotoma childreni, Gray, Melittomma
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GALBRAITH, S.J.
1898 Vanilla culture as practiced in the Seychelles Islands.
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GALLAGHER, J.F.
1966 The variability of water masses in the Indian Ocean.
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GARCIA de ORTA. See ORTA.

GARDINER, J.S.
1901 See WILLIS, J.c.

1901-1903. The Maldive and Laccadive groups, with notes on other
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[Included all the groups in the area. With a map.]

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1903

1904

1905a

1905b
1905c
1905d

1906a

1906b
1906c

19064

1907a

1907b
1907¢c
1908a

1908b
1909
191ha

89

The origin of coral reefs as shown by the Maldives. Am.J.
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See SEDGWICK 1905b.
See SEDGWICK 1905c.
See SEDGWICK 1905d.

The Indian Ocean, being results largely based on the work of
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The Percy Sladen Expedition in HMS 'Sealark': the Chagos
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See COMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN.

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See COMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN.
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See COMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN.

See COMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN.

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90
1914b

1930a

1930b

1931a

193 1b

1936a

1936b

GARDINER ,
1907

GARDINER,
1908

1909

Submarine slopes. Geogrl J., 45: 1915, 202-219.
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See WILLIS, J.C.

The reefs of the western Indian Ocean: I. Chagos Archipelago;
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Nn §

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1883 On the continuity of protoplasm through the walls of
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GASKELL, T.F.
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GASKELL, T.F., HILL, M.N. and SWALLOW, J.C.
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1966a

1966b

1966c

1967Ta

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1967 Systematics and zoogeography of the stomiatoid fishes,
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GIBSON, H.O.S.
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GIBSON, H.S.
1938 <A report on the forests of the granitic islands of the
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1951 See YVON 197.

GOODMAN, M.F.
1964 A comparative study of Creole French dialects. The Hague,
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GOODWIN, D.

1967 Pigeons and doves of the world. Illustrated by R.Gillmor.
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GORBUNOVA, N.N.
1963 Larvae of scombroid fishes (Pisces, Scombriformes) from the
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GORBUNOVA, Z.N.

1966 Distribution of clay minerals in the sediments of the Indian
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Also in IIOE Repr., 4: 1967, 817-825. [With a titled
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GORDEEV, E.I.
1964 Quantitative distribution of suspended matter in the surface
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GORDON, A.H., Lord.
1894 See HORNE.

GORDON. ¢.G.

1881 Lodoicea seychellarum. In FAUVEL, A.A. 1915, 281-283.
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1967 Lestidium bigelowi, a new species of paralepidid fish with
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GRANDIDIER, A. and others.

1845-1902 Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar.
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GREAT BRITAIN: AIR MINISTRY: METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE.
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[1888] Charts showing the mean barometrical pressure over the
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GREAT BRITAIN: CENTRAL OFFICE OF INFORMATION.
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1926-1940 See GREAT BRITAIN: FOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH OFFICE.

1954 An economic survey of the colonial territories 1951. 2° vol.
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GREAT BRITAIN: COMMONWEALTH OFFICE.
1968 See GREAT BRITAIN: FOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH OFFICE.

GREAT BRITAIN: COMMONWEALTH RELATIONS OFFICE.
1951-1967 See GREAT BRITAIN: FOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH OFFICE.

GREAT BRITAIN: FOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH OFFICE.
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om a a ie ie len a

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GREAT BRITAIN: SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES.
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GREAT BRITAIN: SECRETARY OF STATE FOR DEFENCE.
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GREAT BRITAIN: SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

1966a Exchange of notes between the government of the UKGBNI and
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1966b Exchange of notes between the government of the UKGBNI and
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GREATHEAD, D.J.

1971 A review of biological control in the Ethiopian region.
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GREEN, E.E.
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1916 Notes on Coccidae occurring in the Seychelles Islands, with
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GREEN, E.E. and LAING, F.
1921 Coccidae from the Seychelles. Bull.ent.Res., 12: 125-128.
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GREEN, L.G.
1962 Islands time forgot: memories of Africa's busy islands and
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GREEN, M.L.
1933 See SPRAGUE.

GREENWAY, J.C.
1958 Extinct and vanishing birds of the world. New York,
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GRENEHe Se a eden ke
1956 See BRUUN.

GREY, Marion.
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GRICE, G.D. and HULSEMANN, K.
1967 Bathypelagic calanoid copepods of the western Indian Ocean.
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Also in IIOE Repr., 5: 1968, 491-557.

GRIFFITH, T.R. and ABBOTT, W.L.
1893 Aldabra Islands. Kew Bula... 1525155). [Letters to the
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102

GRIFFITHS, R.G.
1969 See LAPTHORN.

GRIVEAUD, P.
1960 Sur quelques sphingides nouveaux ou peu connus de la région
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N §

1970 Sur quelques sphingides de Madagascar. Bulli (soc ent). ir: ,
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GROSSIN, J.
1742-1744 [Extracts from unpublished reports of voyages to Indian
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GROTE, H.
1928 Neue Formen von Ostafrika, Aldabra und Madagaskar. Mber.
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GROUVELLE, A. )
1894 Descriptions de nouveaux clavicornes exotiques. Annis Soc.
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1913 Coleoptera: Nitidulidae, Heteroceridae lof the Sladen
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§

1917 Coleoptera: Ostomidae, Monotomidae, Colydiidae and
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GROUVELLE, A. and De PEYERIMHOFF, P.

1914 Coleoptera: Cucujidae, Cryptophagidae; avec une description
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[In GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-1936.]. N §

GRUBB, P.
19692 The growth, ecology and population structure of giant
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1969b

1970a
1970b

GRUVEL, A.
1908

GUDGER, E.
1929

1982

193

103

Ecology of terrestrial decapod crustaceans on Aldabra.
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Etude des cirrhipédes de 1'Océan indien. MTrans.Linn.Soc.
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W.
Nicolas Pike and his unpublished paintings of the fishes of
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The whale-shark, Rhineodon typus, among the Seychelles
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GUERARD, P.J.

1891 Sept années aux Seychelles. St.Valéry-sur-Somme, Kober.
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GUERIN, R.
1940 Faune ornithologique ancienne et actuelle des iles
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1952 See ROUNTREE.
GUIBOUT, P.
1957 See TCHERNIA.

GUICHENOT, M.

1865

GUILCHER ,
1969

Catalogue des scaridés de la collection du Musée de Paris.
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IN
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104

GUINOT, Daniéle.
1964 Crustacés décapodes brachyures (Xanthidae) des campagnes de
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GUNTHER, A.C.L.G.
1866 See PLAYFAIR.

1869 Notice of a gigantic species of Batrachus from the
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1874 See HOOKER, Sir J.D.

1877 The gigantic land-tortoises (living and extinct) in the
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Reviewed by "R.E." in Nature, Lond., 18: 1878, 483-48.
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1879 On the occurrence of a land-rail (Rallus) in the island of
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1884 Reptilia [of the voyage of the 'Alert']. Alert Rep., 486.
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GUNTHER, A.C.L.G. and others.
1884 Report of the zoological collections made in the Indo-Pacific
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GWYNNE, M.D. and WOOD, D.
1969 Plants collected on islands in the western Indian Ocean
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HADDON, A.C.
1879 On the extinct land-tortoises of Mauritius and Rodriguez.
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HAECKER, V.
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HALL ./\J.R.
1966 See RYTHER.

HALUNEN, A.J., jr.
1965 See BIRCH.

HAMPSON, Sir G.F., Bart.
1907 Descriptions of new genera and species of Syntomidae,
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1908 On the moths collected during the cruise of the 'Valhalla'
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HANCHETT, Diane E.
1969 Report on the teaching of English and French in the primary
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HANNING-LEE. See LEE.

HARDAKER, J.B.
1966 The economics of commercial plantation agriculture in
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HARDING, W.A.
1913 On a new land-leech from the Seychelles. Trans.Linn.Soc.
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HARDINGE, E.

1860 Report of Commander E.Hardinge of HM Sloop 'Persian'
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HARPER, J.O.
19h7 A mosquito survey of Mahé, Seychelles. E.Afr.med.J., 2h:
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HARRIS, L.
1964 Catching the Seychelles rock lobster or "langouste".
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1966 See "GATES, P."”

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HARRISON, G.
1837 The Seychelles: communicated . .. to the late Commander
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HARRISSON, T.
1969 See HOLLOWAY.

HARTLAUB, Carl J.G.
1860 Drei neuer africanische Végel der Pariser Sammlung. J.Orn.,
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1861 Ornithologischer Beitrag zur Fauna Madagascars, mit
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1877 Die Vogel Madagascars und der benachbarten Inselgruppen .
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HARTLAUB, Clemens.
1891 Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Comatulidenfauna des indischen
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HARTMAN, W.D.
1958 Report on some land birds of Farquhar, St.Pierre, Astove,
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HARTMANN, C.E.W.R.
1886 Madagaskar und die Inseln Seychellen. In: Das Wissen der
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HARTMEYER, R.
1912 Die Ascidien der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Valdivia
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HARTOG, M.M.
1879 Notes on Sapotaceae: II. J.Bot.,Lond., 8: 356-359. [Named
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HARVEY, E.J.W.
1925 See BURFIELD.

107

HASENBANK, V.

1932

Bryozoa der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition: I. Valdivia

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HAWTREY, S.H.C.

1928

HECK, L.
1957

HEDING,
1939

HEEZEN ,
1960

1967

HEEZEN ,
1962

HEEZEN ,
1963

Handbook of Seychelles, compiled from official and other
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S.
Die Holothurien der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition: II.
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See FISHER, R.L.

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B.C. and NAFE, J.E.

Deep Sea Res., 11: 1964,
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Vema Trench: western Indian Ocean.
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LUO

Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 681-686.

HEEZEN, B.C. and THARP, Marie.

196ha

1964b

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Tectonic fabric of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and
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Physiography of the Indian Ocean. Phil.Trans.R.Soc., ser.

AWMP5 9 19665 187-1492 [In HILL, M.N. and others. With
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Physiographic diagram of the Indian Ocean . New

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HEIRTZLER, J.R.

1967

See Le PICHON.

108

HEIRTZLER, J.R., DICKSON, G.O., HERRON, E.M., PITMAN, W.C., III, and
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1967 Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic field reversals and
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HEKINAN, R.
1967 Rocks from the mid-oceanic ridge in the Indian Ocean. Deep
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HELMCKE, J.G.
1939 Die Brachiopoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Valdivia
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HEMSLEY, W.B.

1884 Report on the botany of Juan Fernandez, the South Eastern
Moluceas, and the Admiralty Islands. Challenger Rep.Bot.,
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1885 Report on the present state of knowledge of insular floras
ee Maras Challenger, RepeBOGess lis aPheilisn lip. [Included
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1886 Report on the vegetation of Diego Garcia. J.Linn.Soc.
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1907a Two new Triuridaceae, with some remarks on the genus
Sciaphila, Blume. Mga WOR o 54 BIS TI > 2 illo [Included
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19076 Diagnoses africanae: XIX. Kew Bull., 360-365. [Psychotria
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1913 On the genera Radamaea, Bentham, and Nesogenes, A.de
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R.prostata from Agalegas as N.prostrata; described two
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LUB
1916a The double coconut or coco de mer. Gdnrs' Chron., no.152h,
hE] eae

1916b Flora of Seychelles and Aldabra: new Phanerogamia, chiefly
of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition, with some emendations
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109

HEMSLEY, W.B. and TURRILL, W.B.
1917 Plants of Seychelles and Aldabra. J.Bot. ,Lond., 55: 285-
288. [Mainly from the Sladen Expedition. Continuation of
HEMSLEY 1916b.] N

HEMSLEY, W.B. and others.

1919 Flora of Aldabra: with notes on. the flora of the neighbour-
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list of Aldabra plants, with notes on the floras of Agalegas,
Amirantes, Assumption, Astove, Chagos, Coetivy, Cosmoledo,
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HENSHAW, G.
1914 The pigeon hollandais. Avicult.Mag., ser.3, 6: 61-62, 1 pl.
N

HERBULOT, C.
1962a Nouveaux Geometridae des Seychelles. Lambillionea, 62:
31-33. [Four species described. ] N

1962b Nouveaux Geometridae d'Aldabra. Revue fr.Ent., 29: 235-
2K [Four species collected by Legrand and Gerber.] N

HERCHENRODER, M.

1944 Un perturbation cyclonique en septembre 1944. Revue agric.
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§
HERDMAN, H.F.P.
1963 The Royal Research Ship 'Discovery'. Mar.Obsr, 33: 142-14).

[RRS "Discovery III'.] Ss
Coll.Repr.natn.Inst.Oceanogr., 11: no.444. LUO

HERGESELL and others.
1909 Aerologie [of the 'Planet' expedition]. Planet Rep., 2:
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HERMITTE, L.C.D.
1931 Occurrence of Anopheles gambiae (costalis) in Aldabra
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Abstracted in Rev.appl.Ent., ser.B, 20: 1932, 61. WN

19146 Venomous marine molluscs of the genus Conus. Trans.R.Soc.
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HERRING, J.L.
1958 The marine water-striders of the 'Dana' expeditions. Dana
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110

HERRON, E.M.

1967

HERSCHER ,
1911

See HEIRTZLER.

G. and MILLOT, L.

Contribution 4 1'étude du cocotier: un nouvel ennemi, la
"maladie" du cocotier (Hylecoetus). Bull.econ.Madag., 11:
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HERTZ, Mathilde.

1927

Die Ophiuriden der Deutschen Teifsee-Expedition: I.
Chilophiurida Mats. (Ophiolepididae, Ophioleucidae,
Ophiodermatidae, Ophiocomidae). Valdivia Rep., 22: 57-122,
Meili so

Von HERZEN, R.P. and LANGSETH, M.G., jr.

1964

Heat flow through the Indian Ocean floor. Int.geol.Congr. ,
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Abstracted in ROY (ed.), Group discussions. [Found to be
not significantly different from that in other ocean floors.]

Yon HERZEN, R.P. and VACQUIER, V.

1964

HEYDRICH,
1902

HEYNEMANN ,

1906

Heat flow and magnetic profiles on the Mid-Indian Ocean
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[In HILL, M.N. and others. Results of third voyage of RV
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Quelques nouvelles mélobésiées du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle
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1D) 5105

Die geographische Verbreitung der Nacktschnecken. Abh.
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HICKSON, S.J.

1911

1910

On Polytrema and some allied genera: a study of some seden-
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The Gorgonacea, with notes on two species of Pennatulacea
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BAe I pis. N

HICKSON, S.J. and ENGLAND, Helen M.

1908

The Stylasterina of the Indian Ocean. Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.
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111

HIDAKA, K. and others (eds.).

1965 General report of the participation of Japan in the Inter-
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LUO

HEEDH. 0. Wace.
1967 See FISHER, R.L.

HILGENDORF, F.
1869 Crustaceen [of the Decken expeditions]. Deckens Reisen, 3:
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ALLE Soe Ee
1969 The bats of Aldabra Atoll, western Indian Ocean. Phil.
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HILL, M.N.
1958 See GASKELL.

1964a See BRITISH NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR OCEANIC RESEARCH.
1964b See FRANCIS, 1T.J.G.

HILL, M.N. and others.
1964 A discussion concerning the floor of the north west Indian
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HLGUABY, te
1967 High politics on tortoise island. New Scient., 34: 584-585.
[Proposals for the military use of Aldabra following GREAT
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HILLENIUS, D.

1959 The differentiation within the genus Chamaeleo Laurenti,
1768. . Beaufortia, 8: 1-92. [Studied the geographical
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Dutch. } LUM

HILLS, E.H
1904 See GREAT BRITAIN: ADMIRALTY 1891.

HINDS, R.B.
1844 Mollusea. In: The zoology of the voyage of HMS 'Sulphur'
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112
[Two Seychelles species of Terebra on 33-34.] N

HIRANO, O.
1957 See CHIBA.

HIRANO, O. and TAGAWA, S.
1956 On the body composition and morphological character of
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HIRST, S.
1911 The Araneae, Opiliones and Pseudoscorpiones [of the Sladen
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[In GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-1936.] N §

1913 Second report on the Arachnida -- the scorpions, pedipalpi,
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HIRTH, H.F.
1967 See UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION.

HIRTH, H.F. and CARR, A.
1970 The green turtle in the Gulf of Aden and the Seychelles
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§

HIYAMA, Y.
1958 See KUROGANE.

1959 See KUROGANE.

HOFFMANN, C.K.
1868-1877 See POLLEN.

Yon HOHENZOLLERN, F.J., HRH Prince.

[1928] Emden: my experiences in SMS 'Emden'. [Translator and .
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[An account by the second torpedo officer of the exploits of
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HOLDHAUS, K.
1929 Die geographische Verbreitung der Insekten. In: Handbuch
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113

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HOLDSWORTH-HAINES, W.

1934 Investigations into the-essential oil industry, 1933 [of

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Summarized in Bull.imp.Inst.,Lond., 32: 545-559. LUC
§

1935 Patchouli o1i1 of the Seychelles. Perfum.essent. Oil Rec.,

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HOLLAND, W.J.

1895 List of the Lepidoptera from Aldabra, Seychelles and other
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HOLLOWAY, C.W.H. and others.

1969 Marine turtles: proceedings of a working party of marine
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Reported by HARRISSON, T.: The turtle tragedy. Oryx, 10%
I2—AtSi LUZ §
HOLLYMAN, K.J.

1964 Le francais régional de 1'Indo-Pacifique: essais de phono-
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HOLMAN, J.

1834 A voyage round the world, including travels in Africa, Asia,
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London, Smith Elder, 1834-1835. 4 vol. [Seychelles in 3:
De lOpdk mrcien §
HOLMGREN, N.F.

1906 Isoptera [of the Sladen Expedition]. Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.
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HONEGGER, R.E.

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HOUVENAEGHEL-CREVECOEUR, Nadine.
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KLOSE, W.
1968

KNAUSS, J.
1961

1963

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KNAUSS, J.A. and TAFT, B.A.
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1958a On the stomach contents of tuna in the west Indian Ocean.
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KOHN, A.J.
1960 Cone shells of the Seychelles. Seychelles Annual, no.2,
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1961 Studies on spawning behavior, egg masses and larval develop-
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1968 Microhabitats, abundance and food of Conus on atoll reefs in
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KOHN, A.J. and ROBERTSON, R.
1968 The Conidae of the Maldive and Chagos Archipelagoes. J.
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KOLBE, R.W.
1957 Diatoms from equatorial Indian Ocean cores. Albatross
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KOZLOVA, O.G.
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KRAEPELIN, K.
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KRISHNAN, M.S.
1960a International oceanographic expedition to the Indian Ocean.
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KRY LOVeM are.
1966 See BEZRUKOV.

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KUMARAN, M.
1962 See JONES, S.

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1967 Seschellen. Afrika heute, 1 May, suppl. 9/67, 1-15, 2 pl.
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KUROGANE, K. and HIYAMA, Y.
1958 Morphometric comparison of the yellowfin tuna from six
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LACOMBE, H.
1951 See TCHERNIA.

1957 See TCHERNIA.

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LAING, F.
1921 See GREEN, E.E.

LALANNE. See LOUSTAU-LALANNE.

LAMB, C.G.
1912 Diptera: Lonchaeidae, Sapromyzidae, Ephydridae, Chloropidae,
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LAMBRECHT, F.L.
1969a Mosquitoes and filariasis in the Seychelles: the joys and
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1969b Entomological and epidemiological investigations on
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LAMEERE, A.
1893 Cerambycidae des iles Séchelles. Bull.Soc.ent.Fr., 105-
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LANGSETH, M.G., jr.
1964 See Von HERZEN.

LANIER, G.
1949-1950 See PETERS, A.J.

LAPLACE, C.P.T.
1841-1854 Campagne de circumnavigation de la frégate 'l'Artemise',
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LAPLACE, C.P.T. and others.

1833-1839 Voyage autour du monde par les mers de 1'Inde et de
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LAPTHORN, J., GRIFFITHS, R.G., and BOURNE, W.R.P.
1969 Leach's storm-petrel Oceanodroma 1.leucorrhoa from the Tuaiein
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LAROCHE. See De LAROCHE.
LASCH, E.E.

1963 Satellite tracking in Seychelles. J.Seychelles Soc., no.3,
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1851 The ethnology of the British colonies and dependencies.
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LAUGHTON, A.S. and MATTHEWS, D.H.
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1964b

1964e

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Geophysical studies of the seafloor around the Seychelles
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LAURENT, R.

1943

See De WITTE.

LAURENT, R.F.

1965

LAURIE, R.
1925

A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Pelusios
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LAWRENCE,
1967

1969

LAWSON, R.
1963

B.M.
A review of some of the commercial aspects of cinnamon.
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Determination of the botanical origin of the cinnamons of
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Le

Le

Le

Le

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1965a The anatomy of Hypogeophis rostratus Cuvier (Amphibia:
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1965b The teeth of Hypogeophis rostratus (Amphibia Apoda) and
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1916 Note sur deux piérides (Lep.Rhopal.) de 1'tle Maurice et de
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1841 De l'accroissement des tiges de cocotier et de 1'age de
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FLOCH, J.
1951 See TCHERNIA.

PICHON, X.
1967 See HEIRTZLER.

PICHON, X. and HEIRTZLER, J.R.

1967 Magnetic anomalies in the Indian Ocean and sea-floor
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LEAR, J.

1961a Seeking the origins of the monsoon. New Seient., 12:
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-1961b How oceanography may help the hungry. New Scient., 12:

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GCA, J.

1960 See BERNARD.

134

LECOMTE, H.
1901 Le vanillier, sa culture, préparation... . Paris, Naud.
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LEDUC, A. See Le DUC.

LEDUC, S.E.
1897-1906 Histoire d'Auguste Leduc dans 1'Tle de Galéga, mise en
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LEE, F.C.H. .
1946 See GREAT BRITAIN: ADMIRALTY 1891.

LEGENDRE, R. and CASSAGNE-MEJEAN, F.
1967 Le probléme de 1'existence du continent gondwanien vu par des

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LEGRAND, H.

1957 Une nouvelle pyrale des iles Séchelles. Bull.Soc.ent.Fr.,
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1958 Nouveaux 1épidoptéres des tiles Séchelles et Cosmoledo.
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1959 Note sur la sous-espéce nana Ch.Oberthtir de Papilio phorbanta
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1964a Le perroquet noir de 1'fle de Praslin (archipel des
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1964 Un curieux procédé de nidification de cardinal d'Aldabra
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1965 Lépidoptéres des Tles Seychelles et d'Aldabra. Mém.Mus.
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IBD

LEHNHOFER, K.
1925 Copepoda: II. Copilia Dana 1849 der Deutschen Tiefsee-
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1926 See SCHMAUS.

1929 Copepoda: V. Sapphirina J.V.Thompson 1829 der Deutschen
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1953 Caractéres anatomiques de certains callistochitons. Bull.
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LEMATRE, C. and VERSCHAFFELT, A.
1865 Verschaffeltia splendida, Phoenicophorium sechellarum.
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LEMON, P.C.
1971 Autecology of coco-de-mer (Lodoicea maldivica PERS.): a
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Von LENDENFELD, R.
1907 Die Tetraxonia [of the German Deep-sea Expedition].
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LENZ, H.
1898 See JATZOW.

1905 Ostafrikanische Dekapoden und Stomatopoden. Abh.senckenb.
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LEONT'YEV, O.K.

1968 Some features of the structure and dynamics of coral shores.
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136

LEVARDSEN, N.O.
1969 It's the biggest. Turtox News, 47: 206-207. [Lodoicea. ]
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LEVI, C. }
1961 Les spongiaires de 1l"ile Aldabra: campagne océanographique

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LEWIS, M.S.
1963 Geological investigations of the reefs of Mahé. J.
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1968a The morphology of the fringing coral reefs along the east
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1968b Sedimentary environments and unconsolidated carbonate
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1970 See TAYLOR, J.D.

LEWIS, M.S. and TAYLOR, J.D.
1964 Marine sediments and bottom communities of the Seychelles.
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LEYENDEKKERS, J.
1963 The Indian Ocean Expedition. Fish.Newsl., October, 21-26.

LUM §
LIENARD, E.
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LINDEN, J.
1871 See ANDRE.

LINDSAY, H.A.
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LINDSAY, H.A.F.
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LIONNET, J.F.G.
1952a Coral islands. Corona, 4: 260-262. [A short account
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1952b Rendzina soils of coastal flats of the Seychelles. Ji com:
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1958

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1958-1959 Seychelles vanilla: I. A valuable orchid crop; II.

1961a

1961b

1962a

1962b

1962c

1963

1964

1965a

1965b

1966a

1966b

1966c

1967

19684

Curing and marketing the crop. Wld Crops, 10: 441-hbh; 11:
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1970 See FORSTER.

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METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE. See GREAT BRITAIN: ATR MINISTRY: METEORO-
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METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MAURITIUS.
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1963 See BAKER, B.H.

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1932 See BROOKS, C.E.P.

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1960 Brachiopoda [of the Swedish Deep-sea Expedition]. Albatross
Rep., 2: 403-406. WN

OLAVSSON, E.
1960 Descriptions of sediment cores from the Indian Ocean.
Albatross Rep., 9: 53-88, 18 pl. WN

OLIVERs D.. (edu)
1894 Hooker's Icones plantarum: . .. , ser.4, 4: pt.1-2. London,
Dulau, 1895. [Imbricaria sechellarum (Sapotaceae)., pl.2315;
Euphorbia abbottii (Euphorbiaceae), pl.2347.] N

OLIVER, S.P.

1892 Barré and the discovery of the coco-de-mer. Gdnrs' Chron.,
21 May, 649-650. [Attributed the discovery of the true
source of the nuts, which had been thought to come from trees
submerged in the sea, or from even more mythical places, to
Captain Marion de Fresne's engineer officer, who made the
first detailed survey of Seychelles, and visited Praslin in
1769 where he saw the palms growing.] N §

OMMANNEY, F.D.
1949-1950. See PETERS, A.J.

1952 The shoals of Capricorn. London, Longman, Zi §
I bianchi del Capricorno. Milan, Martello. ns

1953a Note on meteorology. In WHEELER and OMMANNEY.
1953b See WHEELER.

1965 A draught of fishes. London, Longman. [Ch.4 dealt with
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ORIAN, A.JeE.
1959 Report on a visit to Diego Garcia. Revue agric.sucr. Ile
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164

ORLOV, V.M.
1964 See POPOV.

ORMOND, R.F.G. and CAMPBELL, A.C.

1970 Observations on Acanthaster planci and other coral reef
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no.28, 1971, 433-454, 554. [In STODDART, D.R. and YONGE
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De ORTA, G. (Ab HORTO, G.).
1563 Coloquios dos simples, e drogas, he cousas medicinais da
dbo brits Fae eee Goa, Ioannes. [Dialogues on a variety of
scientific subjects. Mentioned coco-de-mer nuts, which were
thought to have come from fossil trees on submerged land
connecting India with the Maldives. The alleged medicinal
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Another edition, 1872. Lisbon, Impresa Nacional. ns it:
YULE and BURNELL; FAUVEL, A.A. 1915
Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos
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FAUVEL, A.A. 1915
Also in: Carolii Clusii atrebatis exoticorum libri decem,
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See also ACOSTA.

ORTMANN, A.E.
1902 The geographical distribution of freshwater decapods and its
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400. Z
OUSTALET, E.
1877 Descriptions de quelques espéces nouvelles de la collection
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philomath.Paris, ser.7, 1: 98-107. [Included species from
De 1'Isle's collection not described in NEWTON, Sir E. 1867a.]
WN

Reviewed in Ibis, ser.4, 3: 1879, 97. N

1878 Etude sur la faune ornithologique des iles Seychelles.
Bull.Soc.philomath.Paris, ser.7, 2: 161-206. [Described
forty-four species in Lantz's collection.] N

1885 See MILNE-EDWARDS.

165

OVCINNIKOV, I.M.

1961 Circulation of waters in the northern part of the Indian
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Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 24-30. [With an untitled
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OWEN, Sir R.

1857 Description of a new species of Euplectella (Euplectella
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[Described a. single sponge specimen from Seychelles. ] LUB

1874 See HOOKER, Sir J.D.

OWEN, W.F.W.

1832 On the geography of the Maldive Islands. J.R.geogr.Soc.
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Indian Ocean. ] N

1833 Narrative of voyages to explore the shores of Africa, Arabia

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Edited by H.B.Robinson. London, Bentley. 2 vol.
[Seychelles in 2: ch.14-16.] 2Z

OXFORD AND ASQUITH, Earl of.

1965

The value of the expedition. Animals, 8: 75-76. [The
Bristol University Seychelles Expedition 1964-1965.] N §

OZANNE, J.A.F.

1936 Coconuts and creoles. London, Allan. [A one-sided
popularly written account.] C §
OZAWA, K.
1965 See UEDA.
OZAWA, K. and SENO, J.

1965 General report of the participation of Japan in the Inter-
national Indian Ocean Expedition: V.8. Eye observation.
Rec.oceanogr.Wks Japan, new ser., 8: 1966, 113-118. {in
HIDAKA and others (eds.). Mainly reported insects, flying
fish, skipjack schools and birds seen in 1962, 1963 and 1964
between Chagos and Western Australia.] LUO

PAJOT, Elie.

1876 Les Seychelles. ns it: FAUVEL, A.A. 1915, 304 [where the

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PALMER, D.
1933 The beautiful Seychelles Islands. Crown Colon., 3: 417-418.

[A short popular account. ] C

166

PALOMBELLI, F.
1954 Ltisola delle Tartarughe. Epoca, 14: 7 March, 42- .
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PANIKKAR, N.K.
1963 The Indian Ocean Expedition. Curr.Sci., 32: 49-53. N

1966 Fishery resources of the Indian Ocean. Curr.Sci., 35: 451-
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Also in IIOE Repr., 5: 1968, 374-378.
PARIS, E.
1835 Les Seychelles. Favorite Rep., 1: 133-158. B
PARKER, F.F.
1948 See PETERS, A.J. 1948-19h9.
PARKER, H.W.
1936 Revised list of reptiles (excluding chelonians) and
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Lond. (Zool.), 19: 4ub-bhe. [In GARDINER, J.S. and others
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1941 The caecilians of the Seychelles. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.
J16 (6 Wels [Revision of the taxonomy. ] LUZ

1947 See VESEY-FITZGERALD.

1958 Caecilians of the Seychelles Islands with a description of a
new subspecies. Copeia, no.2, 71-76. N §

PARKER, I.S.C.
1970 Some ornithological observations from the western Indian
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D-R. (ed.) 1970. With a summary.] NL §

PARKINSON, J.
1640 Theatrum botanicum. . . an herball of a large extent .
London. [In Latin. Repeated myths about "coccus de
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PARR, A.E.
1960 The fishes of the family Searsidae. Dana Rep., 9: no.51,
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PARSONS, H.A.
1950 The Colonial coinages of British Africa with the adjacent
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PARSONS, J.J.
1962 The green turtle and man. Gainesville, University of
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167

PARTHASARATHY, K.

1961

International Indian Ocean Expedition. Bull.Wld Hlth Org.,
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PASSMORE, W.M.

1971 See GREAT BRITAIN: ADMIRALTY 1891.
PATIN, S.A.
1964 See POPOV.
PATON, J.
1936 The John Murray Expedition 1933-34: scientific reports:
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PAULIAN, R.
1959 L'environnement insulaire de Madagascar et le peuplement des
iles océaniques. Colloques int.Cent.natn.Rech.scient., no.
94, 1961, 261-271. [Discussed the distribution of mainly
isopods, insects and birds in Agalegas, Aldabra group,
Chagos, Coetivy, Farquhar, Providence and Seychelles.] s
1961 La zoogéographie de Madagascar et des iles voisines. Faune
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1967 See VINSON.

PAVLOV, V.M.

1961 Optical properties of the main water masses in the northern
part of the Indian Ocean. © Okeanol.Issled., no.4, 44-9.
[In Russian. Results of RV 'Vityaz'. High transparency
found. ] NL
Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 50-55. [With an untitled
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PAK) Whye
1909 Die Aktinien der ostafrikanischen Inseln. Wiss.Ergebn.
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N
PEAKE, J.F.
1969 The evolution of terrestrial faunas in the western Indian
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WESTOLL and STODDART, D.R. (org.).] LUC §
1970 See STODDART, D.R.
1971 Non-marine Mollusca of Diego Garcia. Atoll Res.Bull., no.

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8)

168

PEARSON, J.O.
1965 The Garden of Eden. Africana, .2: no.4, 45-47. [Believed
by General C.G.Gordon to have been the Vallée de Mai,
Praslin, Seychelles, home of the coco-de-mer palm.] NC §

PEASE, A.K.
1966 See RYTHER.

PELLEGRIN, J.
1922 Les poissons des eaux douces de la région madécasse. C.r.
Ass.fr.Avanc.Scei., sess.46, 417-419. [A preliminary list;
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1932 Les poissons des eaux douces de la région madécasse. C.r.
Ass.fr.Avanc.Sci., sess.56, 475-477. [A revision of the
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1933 Les poissons des eaux douces de Madagascar et des iles
voisines (Comores, Seychelles, Mascareignes). Mém.Acad.
malgache, 14: 1-223, 3 pl. N §

PELLY, L.
1865 On the island of Mahi, Seychelles. J.geogr.Soc.Lond., 35:
ZENS 2S A Z §

PELTE, S.
1952 See ROUNTREE.

PENDAL, L.E.
1942 See GREAT BRITAIN: AIR MINISTRY: METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE 19}0-
1943.

PENNY, C. Mary.
1968 See GAYMER.

PENNY, M.J.
1965a Bristol University Seychelles Expedition: II. Studying the
rare birds of Cousin. Animals, 7: 58-59. N §

1965b Bristol University Seychelles Expedition: III. The black
parrots of Praslin. Animals, 7: 184-187. MN §

1965c Bristol University Seychelles Expedition: IV. The
Seychelles black paradise flycatcher. Animals, 7: 304-306.
[Endemic in La Digne.] N ¢ §

19654 Bristol University Seychelles Expedition: V. The birds of
Aldabra. Animals, 7: 409-411. N §

1965e See GAYMER.

1967

1968a
1968b
1968¢
19684

1969a
1969b

197 1a

197 1b

169

A new sanctuary in the Seychelles. Oryx, 9: 214-216, 1 pl.
[Announced a plan for ICBP to buy Cousin.] LUZ §

Endemic birds of the Seychelles. Oryx, 9: 267-275. [Ten
species described, with suggestions for conservation. ] LUZ

§

See BENSON.

Cousin Island. Times, Lond., 27 January. ns tt

See GAYMER.

See BENSON.

Migrant waders at Aldabra, September 1967-March 1968.
Phil.Trans.R.Soc., ser.B, 260: 1971, 549-559. [In WESTOLL
and STODDART, D.R. (org.). With an abstract.] LUC §

Cousin Island: the first year. Animals, 13: 880-885.
[Purchased by the British sections of ICBP and WWF in 1968;
see also LOUSTAU-LALANNE 1968.] NL §

Report on Cousin Island. Cousin Island Nature Reserve:

second report to subscribers. Oxford, Church Army Press.
[First report was by LOUSTAU-LALANNE 1968.] nsu_ §

PENNY, M.J. and DIAMOND, A.W.

1969

PERCY, R.
1958

1966

1970

PEREZ, J.
189)

The white-throated rail Dryolimnas cuvieri on Aldabra.
Phil.Trans.R.Soc., ser.B, 260: 529-548. [In WESTOLL and
STODDART, D-R. (org.). With an abstract.] LUC §

> Lord

See RIDLEY, M.W.
See RIDLEY, M.W.

Cousin Island Nature Reserve in the Seychelles, Indian Ocean.
Biol.Conserv., 2: 225-227. [Bought by ICBP in 1968; an
account of its possibilities, with recommendations. ] LUZ

§

Mission scientifique de M. Ch.Alluaud aux iles Séchelles:
hymenoptéres. Annis Soc.ent.Fr., 64: 1895, 205-212. WN

PERKINS, B.L.

1965

Angraecum brongniartianum Rchb.F.ex Linden. Orchid Rev.,

(32 5758... 1K

170

PERRIER, E.
1869 Recherches sur les pédicellaires et les ambulacres des
astéries et des oursins. Annls”Sei.nat Zool. )"ser.5, 12:
197-304, 2 pl. [Ophidiaster purpureus on 253-254,
Goniodiscus articulatus on 279-280, both from Seychelles.]
LUC

1875-1876 Revision de la collection de stellérides du Muséum a'
Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Archs Zool.exp.gén., 4: 1875,
265-450; 5: 1876, 1-104. [Anthenea articulata on 5: 89-90;
Ophidiaster purpureus on 4: 392; both from Seychelles. ] N

PESCHET, R.
1917 Coleoptéres des Iles Mascareignes et Séchelles: missions
scientifiques de MM. Ch.Alluaud (1892, 1893 et 1897) et
P.Carié (1910-1913): Dytiscidae et Gyrinidae. Annis Soc.
ent.Fr., 86: 1-56. WN

PETERS, A.J.
1950 Rural science in Seychelles primary schools: a guide for
teachers. Victoria, Department of Education. Mimeographed.
LUE §

1957 Bibliography of published work bearing on the natural history
of the Seychelles and neighbouring archipelagoes. J.Soc.
Biblphy nat.Hist., 3: 238-262. [Items were in chronological
order after classification first under subject and then under
taxonomic headings, with an index of authors’ names. Items
included in major expedition reports were not separately
listed.] ia

PETERS, A.J., LANIER, G., OMMANNEY, F.D. and WHEELER, J.F.G.
1949-1950 Mother earth. Victoria, Government Printer. [Six
broadcast talks printed separately as suppl. to Seychelles
Govt Bull.] nSielag §

PETERS, A.J., PARKER, F.F. and SAUVAGE, A.

1948-1949 Space and time. Victoria, Government Printer, 199.
[Eleven broadcast talks originally printed separately as
suppl. to Seychelles Govt Bull., collected and reprinted
together as a booklet.] CEP S

PETERS, W.
1868 Uber die zu den Glossophagae gehérigen Flederthiere und tiber
eine neve Art der Gattung Coléura. Mber.preuss.Akad.Wiss.,
1869, 361-368, 1 pl. [Described Coleura seychellensis.] WN

1876 Ubersicht der von Hrn.Prof.Dr.K.Mébius in Mauritius und bei
den Seychellen gesammelten Fische. Mber.Preuss.Akad.Wiss.,

1877, N35=447. ON

171

1877. Sammlung des Hrn.Prof.Dr.K.M6bius auf den Maskarenen und
Seychellen. Mber.preuss.Akad.Wiss., 1878, 455-57.
[Described three species of Amphibia and six of Reptilia from
Seychelles. ] N

1878 See MOBIUS.

PETERS, W.C.H.
1869 Saugethiere und Amphibien [of the Decken expeditions].
Deckens Reisen, 3: pt.1, 1-18, 6 pl. Z

PETERSON, R.T.
1968 A plea for a magic island. Audubon Mag., 70: no.1, 50-51.
[Aldabra. ] N

1970 Wildlife. In: Forgotten islands of the Indian Ocean, 8-9.
London, BOAC. [Article in an advertising brochure for a
series of cruises.] nsvaitea §

PETLEY, W.H.
1884 See GREAT BRITAIN: ADMIRALTY.

PETRUSHEVSKAYA, M.G.
1967 Radiolaria in the plankton and recent sediments from the
Indian Ocean and Antarctic. In FUNNELL and RIEDEL (eds.),
319-329. [With a summary.]

PETTERSSON, H.
1934a The "Johannes Schmidt" Ridge in the Indian Ocean. Nature,
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193hb The ridge in the Indian Ocean between the Chagos Is. and -
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19149 Exploring the bed of the ocean. Nature, Lond., 164: 468-
70. [Discussion of results of the 'Albatross' expedition. ]
LUC

1951 Die swedische Tiefsee-Expedition 1947/1948. Naturwissen-
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1953. The Swedish Deep-sea Expedition, 1947-48. Deep Sea Res., 1:
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1954 Westward ho with the ‘Albatross’. London, Macmillan. G

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172

1957 The voyage [of the Swedish Deep-sea Expedition]. Albatross
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PETTERSSON, H. and others.
1951-1967 Reports of the Swedish Deep-sea Expedition 1947-1948.
["Albatross Rep."] Gdéteborg, Kungliga Vetenskaps-och
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PEYERIMHOFF. See De PEYERIMHOFF.

PHILIP, HRH Prince, Duke of Edinburgh, and FISHER, J.M.M.
1970 Wildlife crisis. London, Hamilton; New York, Cowles.
[With colour plates of the Seychelles kestrel and magpie
robin. Indian Ocean islands on 176.] N §

PHILIPPI, E.
1908 See MURRAY, Sir J.

PETES. POA.
1964 See INMAN.

PICAULT, L. ,
1742-1744 [Extracts from unpublished reports of voyages to Indian
Ocean islands.] In FAUVEL, A.A. 1900a. [With commentary

by Fauvel.]

1743 [Carte des tiles Praslin, Curieuse et Ronde, ou vivent les
cocos de mer.] In FAUVEL, A.A. 1915.° [Reprint of original
maps by the second known visitor to Seychelles, to whom is
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an MLS Al

PICHI-SERMOLLI, R.E.G.
1954 See BECCARI.

PICHON, M.
1949 Revision des apocyanacées des Mascareignes et des Séchelles.

Mém. Inst .scient.Madagascar, ser.B, 2: pt.1, 33-4.
[Described five Seychelles species.] N

PICHON, X. See Le PICHON.

PICKERING, G.B.
1960 See MATTHEWS, W.S.

PICKFORD, Grace E.
1946 Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun: an archaic dibranchiate
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173

1949 Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun: an archaic dibranchiate
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132 6 aihe

1959 Vampyromorpha [of the Danish Deep-sea Expedition]. Galathea
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PIGAFETTA, A. :

1519-1522 [Primo viaggio intorno al mondo.]} Printed, translated
and edited by J.A.Robertson from the manuscript in the
Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, as: Magellan's voyage around the
world by Pigafetta. Cleveland, Clark, 1906. Sy voile
[Thought by FAUVEL, A.A. 1915, 171-174, to contain the first
known reference to the coco-de-mer palm, in semi-mythical
tales told to the travellers in 1522 whilst in Timor, Java,
probably originating from the finding of nuts washed ashore
in the Maldives or Sumatra. In 2: 170-171, enormous birds
called "garuda" were said to live in "a very huge tree"
called "cam panganghi" having a fruit called "bua panganghi",
"larger than a cucumber", and growing at a place called "Puza
thaer". "The Moros of Burne whom we had in our ship told us
that they had seen them, for their king had had two of them
sent to him from the kingdom of Siam".] LUC

Navigation et descouurement de la Inde superieure et isles
de Malucque ou naissent les cloux de Girofle ... . Printed
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circumnavigation. New Haven and London, Yale University
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Numerous earlier editions, of which the following are

examples:

Le voyage et nauigation faict par les Espaignolz es Isles
de Mollucques. [Translator not known.] Paris, Colines,
1526- . ns it: Skelton

Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo... . Edited
by C.Amoretti. Milan, 1800. ns it: Skelton

The first voyage round the world by Magellan... .

Translated by Lord Stanley of Alderley. London, Hakluyt
Society, 1874. [154-155.]- UC

PIGGOTT, C.J.
1961a Notes on some of the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean.
Moll Res, Bull. 5 no-63, 1-10. [Mainly about Alphonse,
Astove, Desnoeufs and St. Pierre.] N §

1961b The problems of coconut production on Seychelles "outer
islands". WH ATT agri C. HOR «d.6 ets ale lic lO N §

174

1961¢

1962

1968

PIKE, N.
1871

1873

PILLAY, P.
1970

PINHEY, E.
1967

PISO, W.
1650

PITMAN, W.
1967

PITOT, A.
1899

1905

A report on.a visit to the outer islands of Seychelles
between October and November 1960. Tolworth, Ministry of
Overseas Development: Directorate of Overseas Surveys: Land
Resources Division. NS ice, SLODDAR TN Daksa OmOctmmES

The outlying islands of Seychelles. J.Seychelles Soc., no.
2, 44-h8. es

A soil survey of Seychelles. Tolworth, Ministry of Overseas
Development: Directorate of Overseas Surveys: Land Resources
Division. ns lb: BAYNE et ale 1970b" —"S

A visit to the Seychelles Islands. Commercial gazette of
Port Louis. [Frigate, Mahé and Praslin.] ns it: FAUVEL,
ACN. 1915. 27 sero

Also in Trans.R.Soc.Arts Sci.Maurit., ser.B, 6: 1872, 83-
2. een

Sub-tropical rambles in the land of the Aphanapteryx.
London, Sampson Low. [Agalegas, Aldabra group, Amirantes,
Chagos, Coetivy and Seychelles in ch.25.] Cat §

, LOW NAM, A., ELIZABETH, J. and POOL, G.

Figures about the coco-de-mer palms. Young Scientist
(magazine of the Young Scientists' Society of Seychelles
College), no.3, 14-16. [First-hand observations by
secondary-school pupils.J] Cc §

C.G.
See BLACKMAN.

Mantissa aromatica sive de aromatum cardinalibus quatuor, et
plantis aliquot Indicis in medicinam receptis, relatio nova.
Amsterdam, Elzevier. [Related myths about the origin and
medicinal properties of the coco-de-mer nut, called "nux
medica Maldivensis", on 203-226.] N

Cu Arias
See HEIRTZLER.

L'tle de France: esquisses historiques (1715-1810). Port
Louis, Pezzani. [Seychelles in pt.1, chs.3 and 5-] C

T'eylandt Mauritius: esquisses historiques (1598-1710).
Port Louis, Coignet. ["Extrait d'un portulan, 1546", facing
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175

PITOU, L.A.

1805 Voyage a Cayenne, dans les deux Amériques et chez les
anthropophages . . . contenant . .. des notions particu-
1iéres sur Collot d'Herbois et Billand de Varennes, sur les
tiles Séchelles . .. , sur la religion, le commerce et les
moeurs des sauvages, des noirs, des créoles et des quakers.
Paris, the author. 2vol. ns it: in Bibliothéque

Nationale, Paris; listed in F.Engerand: Ange Pitou: Paris,
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Second edition, 1807. ns it

PIXELL, Helen L.M.
1913 Polychaeta of the Indian Ocean, together with some species
from the Cape Verde Islands. Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.),
16: 70-92, 2 pl. [In GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-1936.]
N §

PLANCHON, J.E.
1849 Le cocotier des Séchelles. Flore Serres, 5: 523-526, 1 pl.
[Based on HOOKER, Sir W.J.] N

PLATE, L.
1908 Die Solenenconchen der 'Valdivia'-Expedition. Valdivia
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PLAYFAIR, R.L.
1867 The fishes of Seychelles. Proc.zool.Soc.Lond., 846-872, 2
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PLAYFATR, R.L. and GUNTHER, A.C.L.G.
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POCOCK, R.I.

1893

Upon the identity of some of the types of Diplopoda contained
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1963

See SHOR.

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POMEROY, M. Cleveland.

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PONOMAREVA, L.A.

1964

POOL, G.
1970

See NAUMOV.

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POORE, M.E.D.

1970a
1970b

1970c

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177
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1970e See STODDART, D.R. and POORE 1970c.
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1962 See McCURRACH.

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1931 See SEYCHELLES: GOVERNMENT.

PURCHASE, H.S. and POUND, A.E.
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RAO, M.N.S. and RAO, M.Nagesa.
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1945 See RAO, M.N.S.

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1960 See BOGOROV.

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1964 See MATTHEWS, D.H.
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See also FAUVEL, A.A. 1915.

RODIGAS, E. |
1865 Le cocotier des Seychelles: une merveille végétale. Flore
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ees
ROFEN, R.R.

1957-1959 The whale-fishes: families Cetomimidae, Barbourisiidae and
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ROGERS, S.
1932 The Indian Ocean. London, Harrap. G

ROLANDO, A.
1892 See MAURITIUS: GOVERNMENT.

ROLFE, R.A.
1922 New orchids: decas XLIX. Kew Bull., 22-26. [Included three
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ROMANOV, J.A.
1961 Dynamic method as applied to the equatorial Indian Ocean.
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1966 See LUKJANOV.

496-383 O - 73 - 13

188

ROMANOV, J.A. and LUKJANOV, V.V.

1968

Certain peculiarities of the tropospheric circulation in the
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NL
Also in IIOE Repr., 7: 1971, 945-958. [With an untitled
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ROSCHER, A. and Von der DECKEN, C.C., Baron.

1879 Uebersicht der Literatur von Ost-Afrika und den ostafrikanisch-
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ROSEN, B.R.

1970a See BARNES, J.

1970b Principal features of reef coral ecology in shallow water
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1970c The distribution of reef coral genera in the Indian Ocean.
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1971 Annotated check list of the corals of the Chagos Archipelago

(including the recent collection from Diego Garcia), with
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ROSEN, B.R. and TAYLOR, J.D.

1969

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ROSENDORN, Ilse.

POAT,

Copepoda: I. Die Gattung Oithona. Valdivia Rept.’ 23: 1-56.
joo on

ROSEWATER, J.

1961

1965

The family Pinnidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacif.Mollusca,
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189

ROSKILL, S.W.
1954-1961 The war at sea 1939-1945. London, HMSO. 3 vol., 3: in
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ROST, Helen and SOOT-RYEN, T.
1955 Pelecypods from the Seychelles collected by Mr. W.V.Hasselberg.
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ROTHE, J.P.

1954 La zone séismique médiane Indo-Atlantique. Proc.R.Soc., ser.
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ROTHSCHILD, W., Baron.
1897 Further notes on gigantic land tortoises. Novit.zool., 4:
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1906 <A new species of giant tortoise. Novit.zool., 13: 753-754.
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1928 Notes on gigantic land tortoises. Proc.zool.Soc.Lond., 658-
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ROUNTREE, F.R.G., GUERIN, R., PELTE, S. and VINSON, J.
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ROUSSIN, A.
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ROUX, F.
1967 See BENSON.

ROUX-ESTEVE, R.
1958 See ARNOULT.

190

ROWE, J.W.F.
1959 The economy of the Seychelles and its future development.
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ROY; B.C. (ean).

1964 International Geological Congress: report of the twenty-second
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ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW.
1882 Official guide to the North Gallery, Royal Gardens, Kew.
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Sixth edition, 1914. [Biographical notes on Marianne North
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the panelled wainscot below the paintings, on 140-141.] N §

1951 The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: illustrated guide. London,
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ROZANOV, A.G.
1964 Distribution of phosphates and silicates in the water of the
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Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 422-43). [With an untitled
summary in English; English title on xiv.]

ROZANOY, A.G. and BYKOVA, V.S.
1964 Distribution of nitrates and nitrites in the anon of the
northern part of the Indian Ocean. Trudy Inst.Okeanol., 6}:
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Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 414-21. [With an untitled
summary in English; English title on xiv.]

RUDIGER, W., KLOSE, W., TURSCH, B., HOUVENAEGHEL-CREVECOEUR, Nadine and
BUDZIKIEWICZ, H.
1968 Zur Frage des Helioporobilins: Isolierung von Biliverdin-IX
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RUMPF, G.E. See RUMPHIUS.

RUMPHIUS (RUMPF, G.E.).

1741-1755 Herbarium amboinense ... . Amsterdam, Changuion. 7
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191

RUSSELL, E.S.
1909 See THOMSON.

RUSSELL, R.J. and McINTIRE, W.G.
1965 Southern hemisphere beach rock. Geogrl Rev., 55: 17-45.
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RUSSELL, T.C. ,
1958 See GREAT BRITAIN: ADMIRALTY 1891.

RYAN, V.W.
1864 Mauritius and Madagascar: journals of an eight years' residence
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RYTHER, J.H.
1963 International Indian Ocean Expedition. AIBS Bull., 13: no.5,
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RYTHER, J.H., HALL, J.R., PHASE, A.K., BAKUN, A. and JONES, M.M.
1966 Primary organic production in relation to the chemistry and
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SABININ, K.D.
1964 Layers of increased salinity in the northern part. of the
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Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 379-386. [With an untitled
summary in English; English title on xiv.]

SACHET, Marie-Héléne and FOSBERG, F.R.

1955 Island bibliographies: Micronesian botany; Land environment
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1971 Island bibliographies supplement. Washington DC, National
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1919 Ausrilistung der 'Valdivia'. Valdivia Rep., 10: 1925, 207-339,
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192

SACKOV, K.Z.
1964 See IVANENKOV.

SADLER, J.C.
1969 Average cloudiness in the tropics from satellite observations.
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SAINT JOHN, H.
1960 Revision of the genus Pandanus: V. Pandanus of the Maldive
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SAINT-HILATRE, J.H.J.
1805 Exposition des familles naturelles, de la germination des
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SAINT VINCENT, J.B.G.M. Bory de, Baron. See BORY De SAINT VINCENT.

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1942 The reproductive eapacity of plants: studies in quantitative
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LUB

SALOMONSEN, F.

1933 Notes on some Lemurian birds. Proc.z00l.Soc.Lond., 1934, 219-
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SAMPSON, W.
1914 Coleoptera: Platypodidae and Ipidae from the Seychelles
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SANDBERG, H.
1967 Het atoll Aldabra, een Museum van Naturlijke Historie: door
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SARASIN, F.
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SATOW, T.
1957 See CHIBA.

SAUER, J.D.
1963 Geographic sketch of coastal plants of the granitic Seychelles.
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193

1965 The Seychelles Archipelago and its palms. Bull.Mo.bot.Gdn,
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1967 Plants and man on the Seychelles coast: a study in historical

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1886 On the birds collected by Mr. G.C.Bourne on the island of Diego
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SAUSSURE. See De SAUSSURE.
SAUVAGE, A.

1948 See PETERS, A.J. 1948-199.
SAUVAGE, E.

1875 La tortue 6léphantine. Nature, Paris, no.129, 585-587.
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SAUZIER, T.

1892 Tortue de terre gigantesque. Nature, Paris, no.1016, 395-398.
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1893 Les tortues de terre gigantesques des Mascareignes et de
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1894a Contributions 4 l'histoire et 4 la géographie de l'archipel
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18945 Bibliographie des Tles Seychelles. Revue hist.litt.Ile
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1895 Sur une gigantesque tortue terrestre, d'aprés un spécimen
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1899 Note sur l'origine de la tortue terrestre géante T.hololissa
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SAVY, S.M.
1961 Coconut disease situation in Seychelles. In: Papers presented

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194

SCHACHT, P.
1902 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der auf den Seychellen lebenden
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SCHAFFER, J.C.
1969 See COGAN.

Van SCHAUBURG, R. Snouckaert, Baron. See SNOUCKAERT van SCHAUBURG.

SCHAUFUSS, C.
1897 Beitrag zur Kéferfauna Madagascars: III. Tijdschr.Ent., 0:
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SCHELLENBERG, A.
1926 Amphipoda: III. Die Gammariden der Deutschen Tiefsee-
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SCHENKLING, S.
1921 Coleoptera: Cleridae [of the Sladen Expedition]. MTrans.Linn.
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SCHILDER, F.A. and SCHILDER, M.

1938 Prodrome of a monograph on living Cypraeidae. Proc.malac.Soc.
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North Wales, Bangor

SCHILDER, M.
1938 See SCHILDER, F.A.

SCHILLING, C.
1935 Das Herz von Hypogeophis und seine Entwicklung. Morph.Jdb.,
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SCHINZ, H.
1897 Zur Kenntnis der Flora der Aldabra-Inseln. Abh.senckenb.
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SCHLECHTER, R.
1915 Kritische Aufzahlung der bisher von Madagaskar, den Maskarenen,

Komoren und Seychellen bekanntgewordenen Orchidaceen. Beih.
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N

SCHLEGEL, H.

1868-1877 See POLLEN.

$95

SCHMAUS, H. and LEHNOFER, K.
1926 Copepoda: IV. Rhincalanus Dana. 1852 der Deutschen Tiefsee-
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SCHMIDT, E.J. and others.
1932-1962 The Carlsberg Foundation's oceanographical expedition
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SCHMIDT, I. |
1893 Histeridae des tles Séchelles. Bull.Soc.ent.Fr., 99-103.
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SCHOENICHEN, W.
1908. Gnathia aldabrensis n.sp. ein neue Isopode aus dem indischen
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SCHOTT, G.
1902 Oceanographie und maritime Meteorologie im Auftrage des Reichs-
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1933a Die jarhrlichen Niederschlagsmengen auf dem Indischen und
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1933b Die BewOlkung tiber dem Indischen und Stillen Ozean. Annin
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1935 Geographie des Indischen und Stillen Ozeans. Hamburg, Boysen.
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SCHUCHERT, C.

1932 Gondwana land bridges. Bull.geol.Soc.Am., 3: 875-916, Up one
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LUG

SCHULZE, F.E.
1903. Hexactinellida [of the German Deep-sea Expedition]. Valdivia
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1905. Die Xenophyophoren, eine besondere Gruppe der Rhizopoden.
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196

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCEANIC RESEARCH and INTERGOVERNMENTAL
OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION.
1965 Selected bibliography of studies on the Indian Ocean prior to
the International Indian Ocean Expedition. IAGONH Tsyonea 4 1G els
915. [Mainly oceanographic.] N §

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCEANIC RESEARCH and INTERGOVERNMENTAL
OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (eds.).
1960-1969 International Indian Ocean Expedition: collected reprints.
["ILOH Repr."]/ Paris, UNESCO, 1965-1971. ~ 7 vol." N, LUO

SCLATER, P.L.
1871 Description of a new species of dove from the coral-reef of
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1899 See SCLATER, W.L.

SCLATER, W.L.
1912 See SHELLEY.

SCLATER, W.L. and SCLATER, P.L.
1899 The geography of the mammals. London, Paul. [Malagasy sub-
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SCOTT, H.
1910 Eight months' entomological collecting in the Seychelles
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1912 Coleoptera, Lamellicornia and Adephaga [of the Sladen Expedi-
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1913 Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae, Histeridae [of the Sladen Expedi-
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1914 Mallophaga, Aphaniptera and Diptera Pupipara [of the Sladen
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1917a Corylophidae (Coleoptera) from the Seychelles and Rangoon.
Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.8, 19: 1-32, .5 pl. [Indian Ocean
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1917b See GROUVELLE.

197

1921a A geographical summary based on Dr. Max Bernhauer's enumera-
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1921b Coleoptera: Scydmaenidae, Scaphidiidae, Phalacridae,
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[In GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-1936.] N §

1922 See FLEUTIAUX.
1923 See BEZZI.

1924 Coleoptera: Ptinidae and Anobiidae of the Seychelles. nn.
Mag.nat.Hist., ser.9, 14: 345-26. [Collected by the Sladen
Expedition. ] LUC

1925a Zoo-geographical and systematic notes on the Nycteribiidae

(Diptera Pupipara) of India, Ceylon and Burma. Rec.Indian
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N

1925b Coleoptera, Ciidae [of the Sladen Expedition]. Trans.Linn.
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and others 1907-1936.] N §

1926 Coleoptera from the Seychelles and adjacent islands: Carabidae
(supplement), Cryptophagidae (supplement), Dermestidae,
Lymexylonidae, Rhipiceridae, Sphindidae, Throscidae,
Brenthidae. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., ser.9, 18: 50-76. [Collected
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1927 See ESBEN-PETERSEN.

1931 See bHRNHAUER.

1932a Note on insects associated with ants and termites in the
Seychelles Islands. Entomologist's mon.Mag., 68: 169-172.
[Ten species collected in the Sladen Expedition.] N

1932b General conclusions regarding the insect fauna of the

Seychelles and adjacent islands. Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Zool.),
HSE MIGISIS 4 “SlOeSsio iy Aura joke [In GARDINER, J.S. and others 1907-
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SCOTT, H., DISTANT, W.L. and SHELFORD, R.
1912 A contribution to the knowledge of the fauna of Bromeliaceae.
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198

Seychelles. ] LUC

SCOTT, Sir R.

1961 Limuria: the lesser dependencies of Mauritius. London,
Oxford University Press. [Included Agalegas and the Chagos
group; mainly historical and descriptive. Contained a
bibliographical list of material, including much published in
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SEARS, Mary.
1966 See DEACON.
SEDGWICK, A.
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GARDINER, J.S. Nature, Lond., 72: 341-32. [The first
visit of the Sladen Expedition in 1905, to the Amirantes,
Chagos, Farquhar, Providence and Seychelles groups, Coetivy
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group. ] TR a
1905e The Perey Sladen Expedition in HMS 'Sealark'. With a letter
from GARDINER, J.S. Nature, Lond., 73: 43-4. [The first
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SEEMAN, B.
1856 Popular history of the palms and their allies .... London ,
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1870 © Palms: IV. Gdnrs' Chron... 23) Apriliee5oie [Included some

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SELYS-LONGCHAMPS. See De SELYS-LONGCHAMPS.

SENO, J.
1962

1965

SEWELL, R.
1932

Plankton collected by the 'Umitaka Maru' in the Indian Ocean.
Inf.Bull.Planktol.Japan, no.8, 12-14. [In Japanese.] LUM
Also in IIOE Repr., 2: 1966, 389-392. [With a titled

abstract in English.]

See OZAWA.
B.S.

The coral coasts of India. Geogrl J., 79: 449-65. [With
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199

1934 The John Murray Expedition to the Arabian Sea. Nature, Lond.,
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1935 The John Murray Expedition 1933-34; scientific reports: intro-
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N

1937 See WISEMAN.

1940 Copepoda: Harpacticoida [of the John Murray Expedition].
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1947 The free-swimming planktonic Copepoda: systematic account.
Mabahiss Rep., 8: 1-303. WN

1948 The free-swimming planktonic Copepoda: geographical distribu-
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1949 The littoral and semi-parasitic Cyclopoida, the Monstrilloida
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1956 An investigation of the possibilities of biological control of
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1969 See FISHER, J.M.M.
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1971 Earthworms of Diego Garcia. INeoulaly ister sispalaly 5 raveyh WMC) 5 14/4)

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1964

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SMITH, B.G.C.

1969 Variety trials with Amani cassava in the Seychelles. E.Afr.
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1956a

1956b

1956c

1956da

1956e

1956f

1957a

1957b

1957e

1957d

1957Te

1958a

1958b

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1958a

1959a

1959b
1959¢
19594
1959¢
1960

1961a
1961b

1962a

1962b

1962c

207

Fishes of the families Tetrarajidae, Caracanthidae and
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Fishes of the family Lethrinidae from the western Indian Ocean.
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Coral fishes of the family Pomacentridae from the western
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Fishes of the family Anthiidae from the western Indian Ocean
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Sand-dwelling eels of the western Indian Ocean and the Red
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§

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208

19624 The rare "furred-tongue" Uraspis uraspis (Gtinther) from South
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1963a Fishes of the family Syngnathidae from the Red Sea and the
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1963b Fishes of the families Draconettidae and Callionymidae from
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1964 The clingfishes of the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.
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1965 More than he could chew. Fld Tide, 6: no.12, 8-9. [An
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Reprinted in SMITH, J.L.B. 1968, 59-60.

1968 High tide. Capetown, Books of Africa. [Sharks at Seychelles
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SMITH, M.
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19638 See SMITH, d.E.B-

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SNELL, H.J. and TAMS, W.H.T.
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1961b The Indian Ocean expedition: an international venture.
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1962 Development of the International Indian Ocean Expedition.
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SNOPKOV, V.G. |
1964 Some results of meteorological and upper air observations in

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SNOUCKAERT van SCHAUBURG, R., Baron.
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1909 See GARDINER, J.S.

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1776 Voyage 4 la Nouvelle Guinée... . Paris, Ruault.
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SOOT-RYEN, T.
1955 See ROST.

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210

SPARCK, R.
1956-1964 - See BRUUN.

SPARCK, R. (ed.).
1956 See BRUUN.

SPITZ, A.J.W.
1960 Health and morbidity survey, Seychelles, 1956-57. Bull.Wid.
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SPRAGUE, T.A. and GREEN, M.L.
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TCHERNIA ,

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TOIT. See Du TOIT.

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TOLDERLUND, D.S.
1967 See BE.

22h

TOMLINSON, P.B.
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1912 See SEYCHELLES: GOVERNMENT.

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1967 See CRONAN.

1968 See CRONAN.

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1932 See REGAN.

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1865

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VESEY-FITZGERALD, L.D.E.F.

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1938

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1940b

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232

19h1¢

19h2a

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1947

1950

1953a

1953b

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VESEY-FITZGERALD, L.D.E.F. and BETTS, F.N.

1940

VIADER, R.
193i

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1951

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233

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1969 See FISHER, J.M.M.

VINOGRADOV, M.E.
1961a See BELJAEV.

1961b See BOGOROV.

1962 On the quantitative distribution of deep-water plankton in the
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Also in IIOE Repr., 2: 1966, 317-332. [English title on
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1966 See BOGOROV.

VINOGRADOV, M.E. and VORONINA, N.M.
1961 Distribution of some widespread species of copepods in the
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1962 The distribution of different groups of plankton in accordance
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234

VINOGRADOV, M.E., VORONINA, N.M. and SUHANOVA, I.N.

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VINOGRADOVA, M.G.
1961 See BELJAEV.

VINSON, J.L.d.

1934 Contribution 4 1'étude des coléoptéres des Tles Mascareignes.
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1949 L'ile Ronde et 1'ile aux Serpents. Proc.R.Soc.Arts Sci.
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1952 See ROUNTREE.

1956-1962 Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Mauritius and Rodriguez.
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30

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1967 Liste chorologique des coléoptéres des Mascareignes. With an
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My cud

VINTOVKIN, V.R.
1964 See IVANENKOV.

VOELTZKOW, A.
1896 See FRIEDEL.

1897 Einleitung: Madagascar, Juan de Nova, Aldabra. Abh.senckenb.
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1902a Uber Coccolithen und Rhabdolithen nebst Bemerkungen Uber den
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1903 Berichte tiber eine Reise nach Ost-Afrika zur Untersuchung der
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VOELTZKOW, A. and others.
1897-1905 Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Reisen in Madagaskar
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VOELTZKOW, A. and others.
1906-1923 Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahre 1903-1905 .. . wissen-
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236
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VOGT, P.R.
1965 See BOWIN.

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VORONINA, N.M.
1961a See VINOGRADOV.

1961b See VINOGRADOV.

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1962c See VINOGRADOV.

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1876

1880

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WALLACE, J.A., jr.

1963

WALLEN, I.
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WALSH, J.
1967a

1967b

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1927

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1966 See BOURNE, W.R.P.

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WASSERBURG, G.J., CRAIG, H., MENARD, H.W., ENGEL, A.E.J. and ENGEL,
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WATERHOUSE, C.O.

1875 Descriptions of some new genera and species of Coleoptera from
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WATSON, G.E., ZUSI, R.L. and STORER, R.E.

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WEBB, A.W.T.
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1960b Population census of the Seychelles Colony: report and tables
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1964 Story of Seychelles. Mimeographed. Victoria. nsu_ §

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WEBB, A.W.T. and LIONNET, J.F.G.
1962 Bibliographies of Seychelles. J.Seychelles Soc., no.2, 58-
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WEED, W.H. and HOWARTH, J.N.
1961 Range extensions of the ophichthid eels, Phyllophicthus
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WEGENER, A.
1915 Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane. Brunswick,
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2h0

WELLS, J.W.

1954

1965

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Evolutionary development in the scleractinian family Fungiidae.
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WESTOLL, T.S.

1969

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WESTOLL, T.S. and STODDART, D.R. (organizers).

1969

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WHARTON, W.J.L.

1878
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WHEELER, J.F.G.

wei

1945a

1945

19h6

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1950

1OD3

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1959 Sharks of the western Indian Ocean. E.Afr.agric.d., 25: 1960,
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WHEELER, J.F.G. and OMMANNEY, F.D.
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WHITE, C.M.N.

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WHITEHEAD, R.A.

1968 Collection of coconut germ plasm from the Indian-Malayan
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1969a See BARNES, J.

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WIEGMANN, F.
1898 See Von MARTENS.

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1966 Seychelles: problems of economic development. J.Durham Univ.
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2he

WILLIAMS,

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1954

WILLIAMS,

1958

WILLIAMS ,

1952

1953

WILLIAMS,

[n.d.]

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Revision of Cynnyris sovimanga: description of a new race.
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WILLIS, J.P. and AHRENS, L.H.

1961 Some investigations on the composition of manganese nodules,
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1966 See BATLEY, R.S.
WILSON, E.O.
1967 See MACARTHUR.
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WILSON, R.F.M.
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ahy

WOOD, E.J.F.
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WRIGHT, C.A.
1967a See STODDART, D.R.

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18684

1868

1868f

1869a

1869

1870a

1870b

1874

1876

1877

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1955 See NAKAMURA.

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LUC
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LUC
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ZAMOTSKI, P.
1962 See Anon. 1962c.

ZATONSKY, L.K.

1964 New data on the bottom relief of the Indian Ocean. ‘Trudy
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ZEHNTER, L.
1902 See De SAUSSURE.

ZELEZNOVA, A.A.
1964 See SISKINA.

ZELEZNOVA, A.A. and SISKINA, O.B.
1964 Oxidation reduction potential and active reaction of sediments
of the northern Indian Ocean. ‘Trudy Inst.Okeanol., 64: 236-
2h9. In Russian. NL
Also in IIOE Repr., 1: 1965, 786-799. [With a brief
untitled summary in English; English title on xvi.]

ZERNOVA, V.V.
1962 Quantitative distribution of the phytoplankton in the northern
Indian Ocean (based on net samples). Trudy Inst.Okeanol.,

58: 45-53. [In Russian.] NL
Also in IIOE Repr., 2: 1966, 437-445. [With a titled
summary in English.]

ZERNOVA, V.V. and IVANOV, J.A.
1964 On the distribution of phytoplanktor as depending from
hydrological conditions in the northern part of the Indian
Ocean. Trud¥ Inst.Okeanol., 64: 257-26). [In Russian.]
NL
Also in IIOE Repr., 2: 1966, 617-624. [With an untitled
summary in English; English title on ix.]

ZINN, D.d.

1967 Can Aldabra be protected? Science, N.Y., 157: 8. LUZ
ZUBER, C.

1969 Caméra au poing: du Kénya aux Seychelles. Paris, Presses de

iamGauer [Seychelles on 127-341, 26 pl. and 2 maps.] ns u
§

ii 1
nat i mas -
ue Bee « Wy Gs PMeee) On ah 9
_ 2 ie
TSON, G.E. adn id 92
7)
5
y
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; 43 i
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ay
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: : : ff OS ew
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INDEXES
SUBJECTS

Aerology, climatology, meteorology

Agriculture, forestry, horticulture

Bibliography

Biogeography, ecology: general, including conservation

Biography, autobiography

Botany

Coral islands, coral reefs

Demography

Economies, commerce, industry: general

Education

Ethnology, physical anthropology

Fisheries, turtle fisheries, whaling

Geographical, historical and general accounts; navigation

Geology, palaeontology, palaeogeography, geochemistry,
mineralogy, petrography, soil science

Geophysics, geodesy

Hydrology, hydrography

Industries: essential oils

Industries: other

The land-bridge and continental-drift problems

Linguistics

Medicine, pharmacy

Mythology

Oceanology and oceanography: general

Official reports : general

Satellite tracking

The sea bottom

Sociology

Voyages, explorations and expeditions: general narratives
and reports

Zoology

2. REGIONS
Agalega Islands
Aldabra group
Amirantes group, including Alphonse and Desroches Islands
Chagos group
Coetivy Island
Farquhar group
Providence group

Seychelles group, Platte Island, Seychelles and Swift Banks

Western Indian Ocean and islands: general, including
Fortune and Saya de Malha Banks

251
252
253
253
254
254
256
258
258
259
259
259
260

261
262
263
264
264
264
265
265
266
266
267
267
267
268

268
270

278
278
281
282
28h
28h
285
285

29h

250

Plants: general

Thallophyta, including
phytoplankton

Bryophyta

Pteridophyta

Palmae

Other Spermatophyta

Plankton and zooplankton:

general
Animals: general
Protozoa
Parazoa (Porifera)
Cnideria (Coelenterata)
Platyhelminthes
Nemertina
Nematoda
Polyzoa (Bryozoa)
Brachiopoda
Mollusca
Gephyrea
Annelida
Myriapoda
Insecta: general
Apterygota
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Isoptera
Orthoptera, including
Dictyoptera and
Phasmida
Dermaptera

303

303
304
304
304
305

306
307
307
307
308
308
309
309
309
309
309
310
310
310
Si
Sill
S11
Sin
Sil

SyilT
Bie

TAXA

Embioptera
Psocoptera (Copeognatha)
Phthiraptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Neuroptera
Coleoptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Diptera
Siphonaptera (Aphaniptera)
Hymenoptera
Crustacea: general
Copepoda
Cirripedia
Ostracoda
Peracarida
Hoplocarida (Stomatopoda)
Eucarida

Arachnida
Pycnogonida
Chaetognatha
Echinodermata
Urochordata
Cephalochordata
Vertebrata: general
Fishes

Amphibia

Reptilia

Aves

Mammalia

312
312
312
312
312
312
Sil
313
318
314
314
314
315
Suib)
315
Silo
Sil
316
316
316
316
Sui
317
Sil
Sil
317
318
aio
319
320
321

1.

Aerology, climatology, meteorology

Anon. 1916, 1919b, 1962e

Brazell 1956

Brooks, C.E.P.

--- et al. 1932

Bruevie et al. 1961

East Africa High Commission:
Meteorological Department
monthly 1937-1951, [n.d.l,
1942-1946, [n.d.], 1946,
1947, 1947-1948, [n.d.],
annual 1949-, {1950], 1951-
-1955, 1952-1955, [1956] ,
1961, monthly -1963, 1964

East African Common Services
Organization 1961

East African Meteorological
Department annual, annual,
annual 1955-

Ebdon 1968

Farrow 1969b

Findlay 1866

Francis, K.A. 1940

Great Britain: Air Ministry:
Meteorological Office 188,
[1888], 1906-1923, 1949,

~ 1927, 1932, [n.d.], 1942-

1943, 1960

Great Britain: Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs
1966b

Herchenroder 1944

Hergesell et al. 1909

India: Meteorological
Department 1945

Tyer et al. 190

Knoll 191

Kd6ppen 1931

Lear 1961a

Lucarev 1961

Lukjanov 1968

--- et al. 1966

McGaw et al. 1960

1919

SUBJECTS

Mackay, W. 1964

Marriott 1914

Mauritius: Observatory Department
1953-1958

Meldrum 1856

Meteorological Society of
Mauritius [1853], [1862 ]

Mirrlees 1932

Newnham 1949

Ommanney 1953a

Paton 1936

Pendal 1942-1943

Ramage 1962a, 1963b, 1963c,
1965, 1968

Raulin 1912

Romanov 1966

--- et al. 1968

Reed, W.W. [n.d.]

Sadler 1969

Schott 1902, 1933b

Seychelles: Government [n.d.]

Seychelles: Meteorological
Department [n.d.]

Snopkov 1964

Stoddart, D.R.
19711

Tanner 1971

Thom 1845

Thompson, B.W. 1957, 1960,
1965

United States: Department of
Commerce: Weather Bureau
[1942], 1962

United States: Navy:
Hydrographic Department 1943a,
1943b, 1952

Wallace, J.A., jrs 1963

Walter 1927

World Meteorological Organization
195s

Wright, P.B. et al. 1968

uO Tier 1971h,

251

252

Agriculture, forestry, horticulture

André 1891

-—- et al. 1871

Anon. 1886b, 1892, 1897,
1898b, 1898c, 1905a,
1914a, 1919a, 1921b,
1923, 1961d

Auchinleck 1921a, 1921b,
1922a, 1922b, 1922c,
1922d, 1922e, 1922g,
1922h

Barnes, H.F. 1939

Blackman 1965

Bojer 1837

Boname 1909

Bouffé 1913

Brown, E.G. 1955

Brown, E.S. 1953, 195ha,
1954b

Child 1965

Cooke 1958

Dayer 1962

De Céré 1788

De Malavois 17874

Déquaire 1965

Dupon, J.F. 1971

Dupont, P.R. 1903, 1912,
19138549 1S) t9 15
1918, 1920, 1922b,
192he, 192hd, 1925a,
1926a, 1926e, 1926f,
19262, 1926h, 19261,
2ifer eles Vea
1927g, 1928a, 1928b,

Gillot 1779

Greathead 1971

Green, E.E. 1910, 1913

Hardaker 1966

Herscher et al. 1911

Horne 1875a, 1875b, 1881

Inman et al. 196)

Koch 1859

Linden 1871

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1958, 1958-
1959, 1961a, 1961b, 1962a,
1962b, 1964, 1971b, 1971e

Ly-Tio-Fane 1968

--- ed. 1958

McNab 1876

Massee 1892

Millot, L. 1911

Nye 1959, 1960, 1961a, 1961b

Orian 1959

Phillips 1964

Piggott 1961b

Savy 1961

Seychelles: Department of
Agriculture annual

Simmonds 1956

Smith, B.G.C. 1909

Squibbs 1934

Stewart 1881

Stockdale 1931

Sturdy 1945

Swabey 1960

Tessier 1779

United States: Department of

Agriculture: Bureau of Plant
1931, 1934a, 1934b, Industry: Office of Foreign
1934d, 193h4e, 1936, Seed and Plant Introduction
1937a, 1939 1914

1929a, 1929b, 1930,

Evans 1952 Vesey-Fitzgerald 1936a, 1940b.
Fairchild 1898 1941a, 1941b, 1941c, 1953a
Faulkner 1959 Waby 1910

Watson, W. 1886
Webb 1960a
Whitehead 1968

Fock-Heng 1965
Frappa 1937, 1948
Galbraith 1898
Gibson, H.S. 1938

Bibliography

Adolphe 1956

Atwood 192

Blackman et al. [1968]

Blake et al. 192

Bonnet 1945

Daruty de Grandpré 1895

Deacon 1966

Von der Decken 1879

Fosberg 1955, 1971

Gay 1875

India: Central Marine
Fisheries Research
Institute 1968

Intergovernmental Oceano-
graphic Commission 1965

‘Lionnet, J.F.G. 1962c,
1963, 1965a, 1966b,
1968b, 19714

273

Milliman 1965
Peters, A.J. 1957
Roscher et al. 1879'
Sachet et al. 1955, 1971
Sauzier 1894b
Scientific Committee on
Oceanic Research
et al. 1965
Sears 1966
Stoddart, D.R. 1967c, 1971¢,
19714
Thomasset 1908, 1909
Toussaint 1951
=—— et al. 1956
Walzace, J.A., jr. 1963
Webb et al. 1962
Witherell 1965
Yentsch et al. 1962

Biogeography , ecology: general, including conservation
Anon. 1967 Loustau-Lalanne 1968

Bailey, R.S. 1967

Beamish 1967, 1968a,
1968b, 1969, 1970

Benson 1970d

Carlquist 1965

Chave 1967

Currie 1963a

Darlington 1957

Edinburgh et al. 1970

Fiddick 1968

Fisher, J.M.M. 1970

--- et al. 1969

Gadow 1913

Gardiner, J.S. 1936b

Gaymer 1966, 1967d

--- et al. 1965

Graf 1909

Guilcher 1969

Holdhaus 1929

Jacobi 1900

Jeannel 192

Jones, J-D. 1954

Keraudren 1966

Lewis 1970

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1966a, 1967

Ludwigson 1967

Macarthur et al. 1967

McKenzie 1969b

Millot, J. 1953

Nielsen 1962

Paulian 1959, 1961

Peake 1970

Penny, M.J. 1965e, 1971a, 1971b

Percy 1970

Peterson 1968

Philip et al. 1970

Procter 1971

Rand 1936

Sandberg 1967

Sauer 1967

Sclater, P.L. 1899

Sclater, W.L. et al. 1899

Seychelles: Government 1971

Simon, N. 1969

Stoddart, D.R. 1966, 1968a,
1968b, 1968c, 1968e, 1969b,
19694

--- ed. 1967

eae. at Oto

--- et al. eds. 1971

25h

Taylor, J.D. 1969b
soe Sele Sl

SoS Sn UL UE Ao)
Tornquist 1905
Viette 1962

Biography, autobiography

Anon. 1883

Britten, J. 1886
Deacon 1966

Eastridge 1885

Fauvel, P. 1915
Fressanges 1890

Von Hohenzollern [1928]
Jaubert 1854

Botany

"A.J." 1868-1870

Alston 1925

Anderson, James F. 1879

André 1891

Anon. 1861, 1865a, 1865b,
1888a, 1923

Arnell 1957

Auchinleck 1922a

Bailey, D. 1944

Bailey, L.H. 1930, 192

Baker, J G. 1874, 1875,
1877, 1894

Balfour 1877a, 1877b

Ballard 1966

Balle 1965

Barkly, Sir H. et al. 1864

Bauhin et al. 1619

Beccari et al. 195)

Bernard, F. et al. 1960

Bescherelle 1878, 1891

Blatter 1910

Bockeler 1879

Bogorov et al. 1961

Bojer 1835, 1837, 1841,
1871

Boname 1909

Vincent 1969

Vinson 193

Wallace, A.R. 1876, 1880
Wilson, E.0. 1967
Wright, C.A. 1967c

Jeannel 1952

Leduc, S.E. 1897-1906

Muller, Yvonne 1957

North 1892

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1882, 1951

Sharpe, Pat 194}

Thompson, J.A. 1950

Van Bosse 1913

Bouvon je>ra. ie>bes liom
Brandis 189)

Bullock 1971

Burret 1962

Cardot 190)

Charton 1854

Cherler 1619

Child 1965

Choisy 1849

Christensen 1912

Clark, G. 186}

Clarke, C.B. 1908

Clutius (Cluyt) 1634, 1650
Commerson et al. 1766-1769
Corner 1966

Crépin 1865-1867

Currie 1963a

UD Catt wtGOt

Dalechamps 1587

De Barros 1552-1613

De Grandpré 1886, 1888a, 1888b
De Jussieu 1789

De Kerchove 1878

De Labillardiére 1801

De Martius 1837-1853

De Quincy 1801

De la Varde 1957

Deleuze 1807

Dickie 1873

Diels 1922

Dupont, P.R. 1906, 1913a,
1920, 1934f, 1936

Elizabeth 1970

Emboden 1970

Engler 1882

Fabricius 1902

Fauvel, A.A. 1891, 1906,
1915

Fell 1967

Foslie 1907

Fosberg 1969b

--- et al. 1971

--- et al. 1970a, 1970b,
1970c, 1970d, 1970e,
1970f, 1970g

Gardiner, J.S. 1901, 1931b

Gardiner, W. 1883

Gepp, A. et al. 1908

Gepp, E.S. 1908

Gibson, H.S. 1938

Good 1951

Gordon, A.H., Lord 1894

Gordon, C.G. 1881

Green, M.L. 1933

Gwynne et al. 1969

Hartog 1879

Hemsley 1884, 1885, 1886,
1907a, 1907b, 1913,
1916a, 1916b,

—-- et al. 1917

--- et al. 1919

Herscher et al. 1911

Heydrich 1902

Hirth et al. 1970

Hoogland 1952

Hooker, Sir J.D. 1893

--- ed. 1884

Hooker, Sir W.J. 1827

Horne 1874, 1875b, 1881,
1894

Van Houtte 1865a, 1865»,
1867-1868

Hubbard et al. 190

Ivanov 196b

Jeffrey 1962a, 1962b, 1963,
1964, 1966

Joret 1891

255

Jossigny 1766-1769

Karsten 1907

Keraudren 1966

Knuth 1963

Koch 1859

Kolbe, R.W. 1957

Kozlova 1967

Kuhn 1879

Lawrence 1969

Le Duc, A. 181

Lecal 1960

Lecomte 1901

Lemaire et al. 1865

Lemon 1971

Levardsen 1969

Van Linschoten 159

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1964, 1965b, 1966c,
1968a, 1970a, 1970b, 1971¢

Low Nam 1970

McCurrach 1962

Macnae 1969

Martelli 1933

Van Meer 1965

Merrill 1917

MriNot, hs 1914

Milsum 1954

Moore, T. 1871

Moore, S.le M. 1877

Murray, G. 1893

Nash 1906

Naudin 1864

Nieremberg 1635

Oliver, D. ed. 1894

Paris 1835

Pearson 1965

Perkins 1965

Picault 1743

Pichi-Sermolli 1954

Pichon, M. 1949

Pigafetta 1519-1522

Pillay et al. 1970

Piso 1650

Planchon 189

Pool 1970

Potztal 1962

Prain 1890

--- ed. 1906

Pyrard 1611

Ray 1685

Read 1966

Redi 1671

Reinbold 1906

256

Renvoize 1969, 1970a,
1970b, 1970c, 19704,
1970e, 1970f, 1970g,
1971

Rhyne 1971

Rochon 1791

Rodigas 1865

Rolfe 1922

Roussin 1868-1870

Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew 1882, 1951

Rumphius (Rumpf) 1741-1755

Saint-Hilaire 1805

Saint John 1960

Salisbury 1942

Sauer 1963, 1965

Schinz 1897

Schlechter 1915

Seeman 1856, 1870

Seno 1962

Sheffield 1950

Smith, J.L.B. 19554

Sonnerat 1776

Sérlin 1956, 1957

Sprague et al. 1933

Stewart 1881

Stoddart, D.J. 1969

Stoddart, D.R. 19714

--- et al. 1969

Suhanova 1961, 1962a, 1962b

Summerhayes 1928, 1931, 1965

Swabey 1970

Tardieu-Blot 1960

Coral islands, coral reefs

Anon. 1879

Barnes, J. et al. 1969
——=— ef al. 1970

Bayne et al. 1970a, 1970b
Beamish 1970

Bellamy 1969, 1970

--- et al. 1969

Benson 1970d

Bouillon et al. 1970
Bourne, G.C. 1888a, 1888b
Braithwaite 1970

Brander 1969

-——— et al. 1970

Thiselton-Dyer 1878, 1910

--- ed. 1902-1905

Timonin 1971

Tomlinson 1960

Townsend, C.C. 1971

Turri i] 1947

Tyerman 1886

Vaughan 1940

Verschaffelt 1865

Vesey-Fitzgerald 1940c, 1942a,
1942b

Vinogradov 1961b, 1962, 1966

--- et al. 1961, 1962

--- et al. 1961

Voeltzkow 1902b

Voous 1966

Voronina 1961b, 1962a, 1962b,
1962c

Ward, S. 1863, 1864

Wharton 1883

Whitton 1969b

Wiehe 1942

Willis, J.C. et al. 1901,
1931

Wilson, R.F.M. 1888

Wolff 1956

Wood, D. 1969

Wright, E.P. 1868a, 1868c,
1868f, 1870a

Yvon 1947

Zernova 1962

--- et al. 1964

Brown, N. 1967
Budzikiewicz 1968
Burton 1961

Chave 1967

Cogan 1970a, 1970b
Cousteau et al. 1971
Daly 1915, 1934
Dana 1872

Darwin 1839, 182

Davis 1918, 1928
Diamond 1970a, 1970b
Diolé 1971

Dolutov 1968

Drew 1969a, 1969b, 1970

Dupont, P.R. 1924a, 1935c,
1936-1937

Farrow 1969a, 1970

--- et al. 1969

Fosberg 1967, 1969a, 1969c

Frazier 1970a, 1970b

Fryer 1910b

Gardiner, J.S. 1901-1903,
1902, 1903, 1914b,
1930a, 1930b, 1931a,
1936a

--- et al. 1901-1906

Gaymer 1966c

Great Britain: Secretary of
State for Defence 1967

Great Britain: Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs
1966a

Grubb 1970a, 1970b

Hillaby 1967

Houvenaeghel-Crévecoeur 1968,
1970

Humphreys, W.F. 1970

Hutson 1970a, 1970b

Jones, D.J. 1969a, 1969b,
1970

Kenyon 1970

lames Pees et all, 1639

Klose 1968

Kohn 1964

Le Duc, A. 1841

Leont'yev 1968

Lewis 1963, 1968a, 1968b

Lieutard 1868

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1952a, 1970d

Lythgoe 1969a, 1969b, 1970

McKenzie 1969b, 1970

McLeod 1970

Milliman 1965

Moine 1970

Murray, Sir J. 1880

Niejahr 1876

Peake 1970

Peterson 1968

Piggott 1961a, 1962

Pike 1871

Poore 1970a, 1970b, 1970c,

1970d, 1970e, 1970f

Price 1969

Prosperi 1955

Rosen 1970a, 1970b, 1970c,
1971

--- et al. 1969

Ridiger et al. 1968

Sewell 1932

Stoddart, D.J. 1969

Stoddart, D.R. 1966, 1967a,
1967b, 1968b, 19684, 1969a,
1969b, 1969c, 1969d, 1969e,
1969f, 1970a, 1970b, 1970c,
1970d, 1970e, 1971a, 1971b,
197 les 197tes! 19Tib, I9T Is

--- ed. 1967, 1970

--- org. 1969

em ele QlrelOO

aoe web dadl. 90

Treva 1O7Oa., 197 ObRN 197les
1970d

--- et al. 1969

--- et al. 1969

--- et al. 1967a,.1967b

=——— eG al. eds. 19/1

——— eb) ale edsa 19:70

Suess, E. 1885

Taylor, J.D. 1963, 1967, 1969a,
19698, 1969c, 1970a, 1970b,
1970c

= wed Ot

Thorpe 1967

Toussaint 1971

Tursch 1968

Veevers-Carter, Wendy 1970

Voeltzkow 1903

Walsh 1967a, 1967b

Westoll 1969

--- et al. org. 1969

Wharton 1883

Whitton 1969, 1970

Williams, J.W. [n.d.]

Wilson, R.F.M. 1888

Wright, C.A. 1967a, 1967b

Yonge 1970

par eGe OKO

Zinn 1967

aot

258

Demography

Ackroyd 1876, 1877a, 1877b,
1878a, 1878b, 1880, 1881

Berkeley et al. 1859

Bonnetard 1921

Boucherat 1888

Boullé 1902

Brooks, E.P. 1876

Caldwell, J. 1859

"Ch.G. "1876

Chittick 1968

D'Unienville 1829, 1838

Dunnat 1850

Dupont, I. 1881, 1883,
188ha, 1884, 1885

Falck 1965

Hardinge 1860

Inman et al. 1964

Jehenne 181

Kuezynski 1948-1953

Latham 1851

Mauritius: Government

(Rolando) 1892
Michel, E. 1948
Moreau, C. 1827
Phillips 1964
Pitot 1899
Purcell 1931
Rolando 1892
Seychelles: Government

(Bonnetard) 1921
--- (Boullé) 1902
--- (Michel) 198
--- (Purcell) 1931
--- (Tonnet) 1912
Sjogren 1971a
Spitz 1960
Stoddart, D.R. 1971f
Tonnet 1912
Toussaint 1968
Vanmeerbeck 1874
Webb 1960b, 1962

Economics, commefce, industry: general

Anon. 1908, 1922b, 1968

Bacon 1943

Barclays Bank 1970, 1971

Beringer 1892

Carvalho 1930-1932

Clough ed. annual 1929-
1933

Dupont, P.R. 1907, 1931,
1934f

Foster et al. 1943

Great Britain: Colonial
Office 1954

Pridham 1846, 1849

Rind 1909

Rowe 1959

Seychelles: Development
Programme Committee

1947, [19557]

Seychelles: Government
1956, 1959a, 1959b,
[1959¢e], 1963, 1965,
1969a

Seychelles: Natural
Resources Committee:
1963 [19632]

Seychelles: Natural
Resources and Economic
Development Committee:
1965 [n.d.]

Stoddart, D.R. 1969d, 1971f

Thorp 1958

Toussaint 1965

Tropical Products Institute,
London 1968

Walker, H.J. 1967

Wilkinson 1966

Education

Anon. 1963, 1966
Auchinleck 1922c, 1922f
Bradshaw 1954

Burgess et al. 1961

Burnell 1886

Carayol et al. 1971

Chaudenson 1971

Corne 1969

De Gaye 1904

Dupont, P.R. 1922a

Giles 1945

Goodman 196}

Great Britain: Central
Office of Information
1958

Hanchett 1969

Hollyman 1964

Jones, Stanley 1952

Lanier 1949-1950.

Ethnology, physical anthropology

Bauer 1911
Bouton 1872
Christianson 191

259

Madden 1961
Michael 1961
Ommanney 1949-1950
Parker, F.F. 1948
Peters, A.J. 1950
--- et al. 1948-1949
--- et al. 1949-1950
Pomeroy 1969
Sauvage, A. 1948
Seychelles: Department of
Education annual,
triennial
--- (Tingay) 1964
Smith, C.B. [1938]
Tingay 1964
Valkhoff 1966
Wheeler 1949-1950
Yule et al. 1886

Darwin 1872
Johnston 1877
Stannus 191

Fisheries, turtle fisheries, whaling

Ankaru 1959

Anon. 1959a

Badcock 1970

Bogorov et al. 1960

Bullen 1898

Chiba et al. 1957

Cole, R.S. 1968

Cushing 1969

Dupont, P.R. 1926c, 1927a,
1935b

--- et al. 1928

Forster et al. 1970

Harris 1964

Hirano 1957

Hirth 1967

Hiyama 1958, 1959

Hornell 1926, 1927a, 1927b

India: Central Marine Fisheries
Research Institute 1968

Jones, S. 1962

Kataoka 1957

Koga 1958b

Kurogane et al. 1958, 1959

Longbottom 1970 ;

Merrett 1970

Mimura 1955, 1958, 1962

Nakagome 1958

Nakamura et al. 1955

Ommanney 1953b, 1965

Ozawa 1965

Panikkar 1966

Parsons, J.J. 1962

260

Rass 1960

Satow 1957

Tagawa 1957

Thomson, K.S. 1970
Townsend, CiH. 1931, 1935
Travis 1959, 1961

Tsuruta 1957

Uda 1965b

Ueda et al. 1965

United Nations Organization:

Anastas 1897

Anon. 1816, 1828, 1840,
1879, 1894, 1898a,
1962f

Auber 1954

Banks 180

Bates 1951

Bax ed. 1938

Belling 1971

Bojer 1835, 1871

Bouton 1871

Bradley 1936

Bradshaw 1954

Brent 1958

Bryan 1953

Bulpin 1959

Byrne 1925

"Caret" 1934

Cherbonnier 1964

Codine 1868

Colles, AC nb 1923

Coutiére 1929

Cronan et al. 1968

D'Avézac et al. 1848

Dayer 1967

De Froberville 1845, 1848

De Gaye 1904

De Malavois 1787a, 1787c

De Sornay 1950

Decary 1953

Des Avanchers 1857

Diiing 1965

Dumont-d'Urville 1834

D'Unienville 1829, 1838

Dussercle 1937

Edwards, Ada 1893

Food and Agricultural
Organization 1967
Veevers-Carter, M. 1962
Ward, B. 1962
Wheeler 1945a, 1946, 1950
== Gig Gul 79)5)S}
Wright, E.P. 1870b
Yabuta 1955
Yamanaka et al. 1959

Geographical, historical and general accounts; navigation

Fauvel, A.A. 1909b

Findlay 1866

Finsch 1887

France: Ministére de la Marine
et des Colonies 1874

Gardiner, J.S. 191ha

Gaskill 1961

Grandidier et al. 1845-1902

Great Britain: Admiralty
1884 etc.

Great Britain: Central Office of
Information 1964

Great Britain: Colonial Office
1926-1940

Great Britain: Secretary of
State for the Colonies 1951

Green, L.G. 1962

Greffrath 1889

Guérard 1891

Hanning-Lee 1946

Harrison 1837

Hartmann 1886

Hawtrey 1928

Hills 1904

Horsburgh 1809

Jehenne 1841

Johnston 1877

Jouan 1870.

Keller 1898, 1901

Keynes 1959

King, L.C. 1957

Kiiper 1967

Lee 1946

Lieutard 1868

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1970b

Lionnet, J.G. 1924

Lucas 1888-1901
Lyne 1911
McIntire 1965
Mackay, H. 1944
Maclay [7]
Mancini 1971
Martin, W.R. 1884
Moine 1970
Moresby 1838
Moriarty 1891
Murat 1900

North 1893
Oliver, S.P. 1892
Ozanne 1936
Pajot 1876
Palmer 1933
Palombelli 1954
Passmore 1971
Penny, M.J. 1968c¢
Petley 188)
Pitot 1905
Rawlins 1956
Reclus 1889

Rho 1885

Geology, palaeontology, palaeogeography, geochemistry, mineralogy,

petrography, soil science

Ahrens 1961

Anon. 1932, 1961a

Auber 1955

Baker, B.H. 1963

---et al. 1963

Bauer 1897a, 1897b,
1898, 1911

Braithwaite 1968

British National Committee

for Oceanic Research
1964

Chernysheva 1965

Craig 1963

‘Cronan et al. 1967

‘De Malavois 1787b

De Sornay 1922

De Tchihatcheff 1878

Dickson 1967

Dupont, P.R. 1911, 192ha,
1925b, 1925c, 19261,

Rogers 1932

Roskill 1954-1961
Russell, R.J. et al. 1965
Russell, T.C. 1958
Sauzier 189ha

Schott 1935

Scott, R. 1961

Shearme 1934

Sjogren 1971b

Tessier 1779

Thomas, A. 1968

Thunberg 1796

Tooms 1968

Tornquist 1904

Toussaint 1961, 1967, 1971
Tyack 1965
Veevers-Carter, Wendy 1970
Villiers 1952

Walter ed. 1921

Webb 1964, 1966

Wilson, J.T. 1963

Wright, C.A. 1967b
Wright, E.B. 1930

Wright, E.P. 1868da

193hf
Engel, A.E.J. 1963

Engel, Celeste G, 1963, 1967

Farrow 1969a

Fisher, R.L. et al. 1967
Fosberg 1969a

Frankel et al. 1964
Gaskell 1959

Heirtzler et al. 1967
Hekinan 1967

Herron 1967

Hilde 1967

Hill, M.N. 196ha
Hutchinson 1950

Isaeva 1964

Kent 1964

King, L.C. 1957, 1962, 1966
Koenig 1940

Laughton et al. 1964b

Le Pichon et al. 1967

261

262

Lewis 1963, 1968b
Lionnet, J.F.G. 1952b
McKenzie 1970

Mathews, D.H, 1963, 1964b
Menard 1963

Michel. 1828
Miller,:JsA. 1963

—-- et al. 1961

Mudie 1961

Piggott 1968

Pitman 1967

Reed, F.R.C. 1921

Geophysics, géodesy

Anon. 1962da

Borgen 1879
Bowin 1964a, 1964b, 1964c
-—-- et al. 1965

British National Committee

for Oceanic Research 1964

Bunce et al. 1964

Caputo 1964

Chase 1964

Covylin 1964

Cronan et al. 1967

Davies 1964a, 1964b, 196hc
--- et al. 1964

Dickson 1967

Ewing 1962

Farquharson 1936

Farrow 1969a

Fosberg 1969a —

Francis, T.J3.G.. 1964

--- et al. 1964

—-- et al. 1965

Fryer 1909c

Gardiner, J.S. et al. 1909
Gaskell 1954, 1959, 1963
--- et al. 1958

-—=- et als 1953

Great Britain: Secretary of

State for Foreign Affairs

1966b
Heezen et al. 1962
Heirtzler 1967
—-- et al. 1967
Herron 1967
Von Herzen et al. 1964

Rosen et al. 1969

Roy ed. 1964

Stoddart, D.R. 1971b
--- et.al. 1969

Taylor, J.D. 1969a, 1969c
Tooms 1967

Udintzev 1965a

--- et al. 1965

Vélain 1879, 1880
Wasserburg et al. 1963
Willis. ders et) ale 19o
Wiseman 1936

—-- et al. 1964

Hill, M.N. 1958, 196ha, 1964b

--- et al. 1964

Kersten 1879a, 1879b

Langseth 196}

Laughton et al. 1964a, 1964c

Le Pichon 1967

--- et al. 1967

Lear 1961a

Lonearevic 196)

--- et al. 1962

Matthews, D.H. 1962, 1964a,
196h4e

--- et al. 1964

--- et al. 1964

Mikhno 1964

Neprochnov et al. 1964

Pitman 1967

Pollard 1963

Reilly 1964

Rothé 1954

Roy ed. 1964

Shor 1965

--- et al. 1963

Sommerville 1909

Stoddart, D.R. et al. 1969

Stover 1965

Swallow 1958

Talwani 1962

Taylor, J.D. 1969a

Tooms 1967

Vacquier 1964

Vogt 1965

Wilson, J.T. 1963

Hydrology, hydrography

Bakun 1966

Bien et al. 1965

Birch et al. 1965

Bogorov et al. 1966

Bordovsky 1966

Brander 1969

Brennecke 1909

Bruce, J.G. 1968

Bykova 1964

Clarke, G.L. et al.. 1964

Clowes et al. 1935

Currie 1965, 1966

Cushing 1969

Deacon 1935 :

Farrow et al. 1969

Findlay 1866

Fomitev 1964

Fraga 1966, 1968

Gallagher 1966

Gardiner, J.S. 1936b

Gordeev 1964, 1968a, 1968b

Great Britain: Air Ministry:
Meteorological Office 1936

Guibout 1957

Hall 1966

Halunen 1965

Ivanenkov 1964

--- et al. 1964

Ivanov 196ha

Ivanov-Frankevité 1961

Jerlov 1953

Jones, M.M. 1966

Kabanova 1961, 1964

Kelly 1964

Kiilerich 1956, 1964

Knauss 1963

--- et al. 1963, 1964

Lacombe 1951, 1957

Le Floch 1951

Lisicyn 1960

Lonearevic et al. 1962

Lukjanov et al. 1961

Matthews, D.H. 1962

263

Matthews, D.J. 1925
Meldrum 1856
Menzel 1964

Mébius et al. 1880
Moiseev 1961
Mokievskaja 1961

_ Moller 1929

Mullin 1965

Orlov 1964
Ov@innikov 1961
Owen, W.F.W. 1832
Ozawa 1965

Patin 1964

Pavlov 1961

Pease 1966

Popov et al. 1964
Rakestraw 1965

Rao, S.T.S. 1961
Rochford 1964, 1965
Romanov 1961
Rozanov 196

--- et al. 1964
Ryther et al. 1966
Sabinin 1964
Sackov 1964

Schott 1902, 1933a
SiSkina et al. 1964
Stoddart, D.R. 1971ic
Suess, H.E. 1965
Swallow 1964, 1965
Taft 1963, 1964
Tehernia et al. 1957
—-— et al. 1957
Thomsen 1937

Uda 1965a, 1965b
Ueda et al. 1965
USakova 1964
Vinogradov 1966
Vintovkin 1964
Wheeler 1945b
Wiseman 1965

Wust 1934
Yeleznova 1964

264

Industries: essential oils

Anon. 1912, 1914b, 1917, Lawrence 1967, 1969
1918, 1920a, 1920b, Lionnet, J.F.G. 1958-
1920c, 1921a, 1921b, 1959, 1961b, 1962a,
1922a, 192h4b, 192hc, 1962b
192ha, 1926, 1927a, Ly-Tio-Fane 1970
1927b, 1929, 1931, Matthews, W.S. 1950
1934, 1935, 19614 --- et al. 1960

Dupont, P.R. 192h4e, 1926b, Pickering 1960
1926d, 1926j, 1926k, Rao, M.N.S. et al. 1945
1927b, 19274 Rao, M. Nagesa 1945

Holdsworth-Haines 1934, Roberts, O.D. 1921
1935 Stockdale 1931

Islip et al. 1950 Tessier 1779

Industries: other

Anon. 1907, 1928 Paris 1835

Boughton 1970 Parsons, H.A. 1950
Chave 1967 Perey 1958, 1966
Child 1965 Ridley, M.W. 1966
Dupont, P.R. 1937b —-- et al. 1958
Farmer 1955 ‘Seychelles: Government
Fressanges 1890 [1969p]

Humphreys, H. et al. 1959 Silberrad 1969a, 1969b,
Lindsay, H.A.F. 1937 1969¢c, 1969d, 1970
Mancham 1960 Toussaint 1966, 1969
Mathews 1959 Yvon 1946, 1953

The land-bridge and continental-drift problems

Baron 1889 Heezen et al. 196ha
Blanford, H.F. 1874 Heirtzler et al. 1967
Blanford, W.T. 1890 Herron 1967

Brongniart 1893 Hilde 1967
Cassagne-Mejean 1967 Kangen iC: 119575, 1962," 1966
Dickson 1967 Krishnan 1960c

Du Toit 1937 Le Pichon et al. 1967
Dupont, P.R. 1934ce, 1935a Legendre et al. 1967
Engel, Celeste G. 1967 McKenzie 1970

Evans 192 Mildot, Jie 1952, 1953
Fairbridge 1965 ‘Milne-Edwards et al. 1885
Fisher, R.L. et al. 1967 Newton, R.B. 1889
Fleutiaux 1893 Neumayr 1885

Germain 1909, 1924 Ortmann 1902

Oustalet 1885
Pettersson 1934a, 1934b
Pitman 1967

Sarasin 1910

Schuchert 1932

Snider 1961

Van Steenis 1962

Saeed Venter Pan §

Anon. 1963, 1966
Burgess et al. 1961
Burnell 1886
Carayol et al. 1971
Chaudenson 1971
Corne 1969

Goodman 1964

Acosta 1578

Anon. 192ha

Bouton 1857a, 1857b

Bradley 1928, 1930

Brunet 189}

Christianson 1942

Clutius (Cluyt) 1634,
1650

Dalechamps 1587

De Barros 1552-1613

De Grandpré 1886, 1888a,
1888b, 1889

Elgood 1961

Hermitte 1931, 1946

Joseph 1937

Keisler 1906

265

Stow 1870
Suess, E. 1885
T8ning 1934
Tharp 1964a
Vinson 1934
Wegener 1915

Hanchett 1969
Hollyman 1964
Jones, Stanley 1952
Madden 1961

Pomeroy 1969
Valkhoff 1966

Yule et al. 1886

Lambrecht 1969a, 1969b,
1970a

Van Linschoten 1594

Matthew 1932

De Orta (Ab Horto) 1563

Piso 1650

Pound 1946

Purchase et al. 1946

Rainsford 19h}

Ray 1685

Rumphius (Rumpf) 1741-1755

Seychelles: Medical Department
annual

Shliclabe MP AIEy 4 aK )S 4/10)

Spitz 1960

266
Mythology

Acosta 1578

Anon. 1888a

Bauhin et al. 1619

Blatter 1910

Burnell 1886

Cherler 1619

Clutius (Cluyt) 1634,
1650

Dalechamps 1587

De Barros 1552-1613

De Orta 1563

Fauvel, A.A. 1915

Anon. 1959b, 1961c, 1962a,
1962b, 1964a, 1964c

Bezrukov 1961a, 1963a,
1963b

Bowin 1964c¢

Browne, B.C. 1963

Bunce et al. 1964

Chase 1964

Currie 1963b

Deacon 1960

Fairbridge 1948, 1954

Frankcom 1961

Herdman 1963

Humphrey 1961a, 1961b

India: Central Marine
Fisheries Research
Insitute 1968

Intergovernmental Oceano-
graphic Commission ed.
1960-1969

Knauss 1961

Krishnan 1960a

Van Linschoten 159)
Parkinson 1640
Pearson 1965
Pigafetta 1519-1522
Pison 1650

Pyrard 1611

Ray 1685

Redi 1671

Rumphius (Rumpf) 1741-1755
Thunberg 1796

Yule et al. 1886

Lear 1961b

Lindsay, H.A. 1955

Panikkar 1963

Parthasarathy 1961

Ryther 1963

Sachse 1919

Scientific Committee on
Oceanic Research et al.
eds. 1960-1969

Sewell 1935

Snider 1961a, 1961b, 1962

Stoddart, D.R. 1969c

Tehernia 1964

Travis 1960

Udintzev 1965a

United States: Navy:
Hydrographic Office
1960

Wooster 1962

World Data Center A 1967

Wiist 1960

Official reports: general

Clough ed. 1930

Great Britain; Colonial
Office annual 1886-
1888, 1889-1890
1891-, 1926-1940

Great Britain: Common-
wealth Office 1968

Satellite tracking

Anon. 1966
Great Britain: Secretary
of State for Foreign

The sea bottom

Anon. 1962c

Belousov 1964

Bezrukov 1961b,1964a,1964h
—-- et al. 1966
Bordovsky 1961, 1964
Chernysheva 1966

Engel, A.E.J. 1965
Engel, Celeste G. 1967
--- et al. 1965

Ewing 1962

--- et al. 1960
Farquharson 1936
Fisher, R.L. 1965

--- et al. 1967

--- et al. 1967

Funnell et al.eds. 1967
Gorbunova 1966

Greve 1938

Heezen 1960, 1967

--- et al. 1962

--- et al. 1963

--- et al. 1964a,1964b,1964e
Hilde 1967

Hill, M.N. et al. 1964
Tsaeva 1964

Johnson 1967

Kanaev 1965

--- et al. 1964

496-383 O - 73 - 18

267

Great Britain: Commonwealth
Relations Office
1951-1967

Great, Britain: Foreign and
Commonwealth Office
annual, biennial

Seychelles: Government [n.d. ]

Affairs 1966b
Lasch 1963 —

Kiilerich 1956

Krishnan 1960b

Krylov 1966

Lewis et al. 196)
Marova 1964

Matthews, D.J. 1925
Murray, Sir J. 1889, 1909,
--- et al. 1908

Nafe 1963

Nigrini 1967

Olavsson 1960

Pettersson 193h4a, 1934b, 1949
Phillippi 1908

Riedel 1951, 1960

--- ed. 1967

Roberts, D. 1968
Rochford 1964

Sewell 1937

SiSkina 1964

Stocks 1960

T&ning 1934

Taylor, J.D. 1964

Tharp 196h4a, 1964b,1964e
Wiseman et al. 1960

—-- et al. 1937
Zamotski 1962

Zatonsky 1964

Zeleznova et al. 1964

268

Sociology
Anon. 1943 annual, triennial
Benedict 1963, 1966, Seychelles: Social Services
1967 Committee 1963, 1965
Seychelles: Labour and Walker, H.J. 1967

Welfare Department

Voyages, explorations and expeditions: general narratives and reports

Abbott, W.L. 1893a, 1893b Committee on Investigations in
Ackroyd 1876, 1877a, the Indian Ocean ["Murray
187Tb, 1878a, 1878b, Committee"] 1906, 1907,

1880, 1881 1908, 1909
Alluaud 1893, 1894 Coppinger 1883, 1884
Anderson, John 1878 Cooper 1907
Anon. 1905b, 1905c, Cousteau 1959, 1963

1905d, 1906a, 1906b, --- et al. 1971

1961b, 1964b, 1969, Currie 1964, 1966

1970, 1971 Darwin 1839
Bailey, R.S. 1964 De Barros 1552-1613
Barkly, Fanny A. 1897 De Laroche 1874
Baty 1895 Deacon 1964
Beamish 1969, 1970 Degrandpré 1801
Belcher 1843 Devereux 1869
Bellamy et al. 1969 Diolé 1971
Belousov 1961 Drew 1969b
Berkeley et al. 1859 Diiing 1965
Blackman ed. 1966 Dumont-d'Urville 1834
Bory de Saint Vincent 1804 Dupont, I. 1881, 1883, 1884a,
Boucherat 1888 1884b, 1885
Bouillon 1968 Dupont, P.R. 1907, 1929c
Brauer 1896 Dussercle 1934, 1935, 1936,
British National Committee 1949

for Oceanic Research Estridge 1885

1965 Fauvel, A.A. 1900a
Brooks, E.P. 1876 Frappaz 1820, 182ha, 1824b,
Bruun et al. 1956-1964 182he
--- et al. eds. 1956 Fryer 1908, 1909a, 1909b,
Bullen 1898 1909c, 1909d, 1910a
Caldwell, Elsie N. 1945 Gardiner, J.S. 1905a, 1905b,
Caldwell, J. 1859 1905c, 1905d, 1906a, 1906b,
Chun 1900 1906c, 19064, 1907b, 1908b,

--- et al. 1902-1940 1909

--- et al. 1907

--- et al. 1908, 1909

—— emai. 1909

--- et al. 1901-1906

--- et al. 1907-1936

Gaskell 1963

Gorsky 1957

Great Britain: Colonial
Office 1889-1890

Greve 1956, 1956-1964

Griffith et al. 1893

Grossin 1742-1744

Hardinge 1860

Hidaka et al. eds. 1965

Von Hohenzollern [1928]

Holman 1834

Honey et al. 1929

Hoyt 1967

Humphrey 1963

Intergovernmental Oceano-
graphic Commission ed.
1960-1969

Jehenne 181

Jones, D.J. 1969b

Jourdain 1617

Keller 1887

Kersten et al. 1869-1879

Maing ssP Piet al. 1639

Laplace 1841-1852

—-- et al. 1833-1839

Leyendekkers 1963

Lincoln 1893a, 1893b

Van Linschoten 1594

Lyons 1860

Lythgoe 1969b

McConville 1967

Mielche 1956

Miller, A.R. 1964

Mobius et al. 1880

Moresby 182

Nicoll 1908

Niejahr 1876

Ommanney 1952

Owen, W.F.W. 1833

Oxford and Asquith 1965

Pelly 1865

Peterson 1970

Pettersson 1951, 1953,
1954, 1957

--- et al. 1951-1967

269

Picault 1742-1744, 1743

Pigafetta 1519-1522

Piggott 1961c

Pike 1871, 1873

Pitou 1805

Powell, L. 1908

Bria lie 1en9

Prosperi 1955

Pruter et al. 1966

Pyrard 1611

Ramage 1962b, 1963a

Reichs—Marine-Amt 1909

Revett 1609

Rochon 1791

Ryan 1864

Ryther 1963

Schmidt, E.J. et al.
1932-1962

Scientific Committee on
Oceanic Research et al.
eds; 1960-1969

Sedgwick 1905a, 1905b, 1905c,
1905d

Sewell 1934 ;

--- et al. 1935-1966

Shomura 1966

Somerville 1909

Sonnerat 1776

Sparck 1956, 1956-196):

Spurs 1890

Stirling 1843

Stoddart, D.R. ed. 1967,
1970

--- org. 1969

Sysoev 1963

Tchernia 1963

Thunberg 1788-1893

Tranter 1966

Travis 1959

Udintzev 1965b

Veevers-Carter, Wendy 1966

Voeltzkow 1897, 1903

--- et al. 1897-1905

--- et al. 1906-1923

Wallen 1964

Westoll 1969

--- et al. org. 1969

Wolf 1833

Wright, E.P. 1868c

Zuber 1969

270

Zoology

Abbott, R.T. 1959,
1961, 1967, 1968

Abraham 1877

Adams 1868

Ahl 1934

Alexander, Elizabeth C.
1961

Alexander, W.B. 1928

Alluaud. 1897, 1898a,
1898b, 1916

Alvarino 1964

Andrews 1909

Angel 1950

Anon. 1859, 1919a,
196ha

Apstein 1905

Arnoult et al. 1958

Arrow 1922

Attems 1900, 1910

Aurivillius 1909, 1922

Austen 1920

Badeock 1970

Bagnall 1921

Bailey, D. 1962

Bailey, R.S. 1963, 1965,
1966a, 1966b, 1967

--- et al. 1966

Baissac 1962

Balss,194 is. 193 wade
1920, 1926, 1933

Bamford 1911

Barnacle 1962, 1967

Barnard, J.L. 1961

Barnard, K.H. 1937, 1964

Barnes, H.F. 1939

Barnes, J. et al. 1970

Basilewsky 1970

Bauchot 1959

Bauchot-Boutin 1958

Bé et al. 1970

Beamish 1968c

Behning 1914

=== 66.81, 1912

Beier 1940

Beljaev et al. 1961

--- et al. 1961

Beljaeva 1964

Bell 1884, 1908

Bellamy 1970

Beltz 1953, 1954, 1958,

1960

Bendire 1894

Benson 1960a, 1960b, 1962, 1967,
1968, 1969, 1970a, 1970b,
1970c, 1970e, 1970f, 1970g

-—-- et al. 1968, 1969

--- et al. 1967

Berger. 1962

Bergroth 1892

Berio 1956, 1959, 1962

Von Berlepsch 1898

Berlioz 1946, 1960

Bernard, F. et al. 1960

Bernard, H.M. 1896, 1897, 1905

Bernardi 1959, 1968

Bernhauer 1920, 1921

=== E15 Elo S531

Bertelsen 1951

—-- et al. 1956

Bertin 1934, 1937, 1938

Betts 1940

Bezzi 1923

Bigot 1962

Blackburn 1878

Blackman 1968

——- et al. 1967

Blackwall et al. 1876

Blane 1971

Blasius 1887

Bleeker 1868-1877

Boettger 1896, 1913

Bogorov et al. 1961

Bolivar 1894, 1912, 192h4a, 1924b

=== 25 ello 1912

Borradaile 1907a, 1907b, 1909,
1910, 1915, 1916a, 1916b

Boschma 1948, 1951, 1957, 1959

Bouillon 1967

—— (ang fila eo)

Boulenger 1908, 1911, 1915

Boulton 1960

Bourgogne 1963

Bourne, G.C.: 1886b

Bourne, W.R.P. 1959, 1960, 1962,
1963, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970a,
1970b, 1971

Bouvier 1893, 1913

Bowdler-Sharpe 1884

Braithwaite 1970

Brander et al. 1970

Brauer 1897, 1898, 1902,
1906

Britten, H. 1925

Brock 1888

Broélemann: 1895

Brook 1891-1892, 1893

Brown, E.S. 195ha,
1954b, 1956

Brown, S.G. 1957

Browne, E.T. 1915, 1925

Bruce, A.J. 1966, 1967,
1968, 1969a, 1969b

Bruun 1943

Budde-Lund 1912

Budzikiewicz 1968

Burfield et al. 1925

Burger 1907

Burr 1910

Burton 1961, 1967

Butler 188)

Cabanis 1869

Calman 1938, 1939

Calvert 1898

Cambridge 1876

Cameron 1907

Campbell 1970

Campion 1913

Candéze 1895

Cannon 1940

Carcasson 1963

Carié 1925

Carlgren 1918a, 1918b

Carpenter 1907, 1916

Carr 1970

Cate 1964

Chabanaud 1955

Champion 1914, 1917,
1923

Chavan 1946

Cheke 1966

Chevreux 1901

Clancey 1958, 1968

Clark, A.H. 1937

Clark, A.M. et al. 1971

Clark, H.L. 1939

Cockerell 1911

Cogan et al. 1969

Collette et al. 1963

Collin 1911a, 1911b, 1922

Connolly 1925

Cooper 1908a, 1908b

Coutiére 1908, 1918

271

Crook 1960, 1961, 1964

Currie 1963a

Dall 1909

Dance, P. 1966

Dance, S.F. 1964

Darwin 1874

Dautzenberg 1893

Davidson 1910

Dawson 1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1968

De Berneaud 1836

De Bormans 189)

De Falla 1965

De Joannis 1893a, 1893b, 1899,
1915

De Loriol 1883-1893

De Malavois 1787e

De Meillon 1953

De Peyerimhoff 1914

De Saussure 1899

--- et al. 1902

De Sélys-Longchamps 1869a, 1869b

De Toulgoét 1965

De Witte et al. 1943

Delacour 1929, 1944

Dendy 1913, 1915a, 1915b, 1922

Deyrolle 1876

Diakonoff 1961, 1969, 1970

Diamond 1969a, 1969b

Distant 1908, 1912a, 1912b, 1913,
1916

Dixon, C. 1898

Déderlein 1902, 1906, 1911

Doflein 1903

--— et al. 1913

Dollfus 1893

Drew 1970

Dufo 1840

Dupont, P.R. 1914, 1930, 1934f

Eaton 1913a, 1913b

Edmondson 1923

Edwards, F.W. 1912, 1913, 1941

Ege 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953,
1957, 1958

Ehlers 1897, 1906

Eliot 1909

Elizabeth 1971

Elkington 1929, 1930

Emery 189)

Enderlein 1910a, 1910b, 1914,
1929a, 1929b

ao ere ul, e2

Endrody-Younga 1963

272

England 1908, 1925

Esben-Petersen 1927

Eydoux 1839 .

Fage 1941-1942, 1956, 1960

Fairmaire 1868, 1891a,
1891b, 1891c, 1892,
1893, 1895a, 1895b,
1896

Farquhar 1900

Farrow 1970

Fauvel, Albert 1898

Fauvel, A.A. 1900a

Fauvel, P. 1920

Fayon 1968, 1971

Ferriére 1912

Finsch et al. 1887

Fischer, P. 1871, 1891

Fischer, W. 1916a, 1916b

Fletcher 1909, 1910

Fleutiaux 1903, 1922.

Forel 1897, 1907, 1912

Forster et al. 1970

Foxon 1939

Frappa 1937

Fraser-Brunner 1933, 1940,
1950

Frazier 1971

Freeman et al. 1953

Frénette 1963

Frere 1874

Friedel 1896

Friese 1900

Fryer 1911

Gadow 1892

=== (1 fel, \SxOl7/

Gahan 1908

Gardiner, J.S. 1904,
1907c, 1908a

"Gates" 1966

Gaymer 1965, 1966a,
1966b, 1967a, 1967b,
1967c, 1967d, 1967e

--- et al. 1968

Gebien 1921

Germain 1920, 1924, 193)

Gerstaecker 1873

Gervais 1836-1847,
1848-1852

Gibbs 1963

--- et al. 1967

Gibson, H.O.S. 1909

Gibson-Hill 1948, 1950a,

1950b, 1952

Giglio-Tos 189)

Gill 1967

Goldschmidt 1905

Gomy 1969

Goodwin 1967

Gorbunova 1963

Grace 1967

Grant, C.H.B. et al. 1933

Grant, P.R. 1965

Gray 1870-1871

Green, E.E. 1907, 1910, 1913,
1916

--- et al. 1921

Greenway 1958

Grey. 1955

Grice et al. 1967

Griffiths 1969

Griveaud 1960, 1970

Grossin 1742-1744

Grote 1928

Grouvelle 1894, 1913, 1917

--- et al. 191

Grubb 1969a, 1969b

Gruvel 1908

Gudger 1929, 1932, 1934

Guérin 1940, 1952

Guichenot 1865

Guinot 1964

Gtinther 1866, 1869, 1874, 1877,
1879, 1884

--- et al. 1884

Haddon 1879

Haecker 1906

Hampson 1907, 1908

Harding 1913

Harper 1947

Harris 1966

Harrisson 1969 .

Hartlaub, Carl J.G. 1860, 1861,
1877

Hartlaub, Clemens 1891

Hartman 1958

Hartmeyer 1912

Harvey 1925

Hasenbank 1932

Heck 1957

Heding 1939

Heinemann 1906

Helmecke 1939

Henshaw 1914

Herbulot 1962a, 1962b

Hermitte 1931, 1946

Herring 1958 —

Herscher et al. 1911

Hertz 1927

Hickson 1911, 1940

——- et al. 1908.

Hilgendorf 1869

Hill,:-J.E. 1969

Hillenius 1959

Hinds 1844

Hirano et al. 1956

Hirst 1911, 1913

Hiyama 1958, 1959

Hoffmann 1868-1877

Holland 1895

Holloway et al. 1969

- Holmgren 1906

Honegger 1966a, 1966b,
1966c, 19664, 1968

Hooker, Sir J.D. et al. 1874

Van der Horst 1921, 1925

Houvenaeghel-Crévecoeur
1968, 1970

Howarth 1961

Hulsemann 1967

Humphreys, W.F. 1970

Hurwitz 1967

Hutchinson 1927

Hutson 1969

Tllig 1906, 1906-1913,
1908, 1926, 1930

Jaeckel 1930

Jarret 1970

Jarvis 1921

Jatzow et al. 1898

Jespersen 1935, 1942

Joicey et al. 1921

JOM 1s. lots

Jones, Ded. 1970

Jones, E.C. 1966a, 1966b

Jones, S. et al. 1962

--- et al. 1962

Jordan 1913, 1939

Jouanin 1957

Joyce 1948

Jung et al. 1967

Jurich 1904

Kemp 1913

Kenyon 1970

Kerremans 1893, 1914

Kertész 1911

273

Kieffer 1910, 1911a, 1911b, 1911c,
* 3912, 1917.

Kirk 1874

Klapélek 1913

Klose .1968

Koehler 1897, 1898

Koenig 1940

Koga 1958a, 1958b

Kohn 1960, 1961, 1967, 1968

—--.et al. 1968

Kolbe, H.J. 1902, 1910

Kozlova 1967

Kraepelin 1902

Kramp 1957-1959

Kiikenthal 1906, 1916

Kumaran 1962

Kurogane et al. 1958, 1959

Laidlaw 1902, 1907

Laing 1921

Lamb 1912, 1914,

Lambrecht °1969a, 13690, 1970a,
1970b

Lameere 1893

Lapthorn et al. 1969

Laurent, R. 1943

Laurent, R.F. 1965

Laurie 1925

Lawson 1963, 1965a, 1965b,
1965c, 1966

Le Cerf 1916

Lecal 1960. .

Legrand 1957, 1958, 1959, 196ha,
1964b, 1965; 1971

Lehnhofer 1925, 1926, 1929

Leloup 1941, 1953

Von Lendenfeld 1907

Lenz 1898, 1905, 1910

Lévi 1961

Liénard 1877

Lindsey 1913

Linell 1896

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1970c, 1971a

Lister 1888

Lohmann 1930

Loman 1902

Longbottom 1970

Von Lorenz-Liburnau 1898

Losse 1968

Loustau-Lalanne 1961a, 1961b,
1962a,1962b, 1963a, 1963b, 1968

Loveridge 192

274

--- et al. 1957 --- et al. 1880

Lowe 192) Mohr 1937

Lowery 1969 Moine 1963

Ludwig 1898 Munro 1937

Lunel 1881 Moreau, R.E. 1937, 1957, 1959,

Lythgoe 1970 1960, 1966

Maa 1970 Morelet 1860, 1882

McDowell 1965 Morley 1912

McKenzie 1969a Morris 1963

Mackinnon 1909 Morrow 1959, 1962

Mackworth-Praed 1933 Mortensen 1939

McLeod 1970 Miller, G.W. 1898, 1905

Madge 1946 Mullin 1966

Madsen 1951 Myers 1933

Mamet 1936, 1941, 1943, Nakagome 1958, 1962
1954a, 1954b, 1957 Naumov et al. 1964

Manning 1962 Needham 1913

Von Marenzeller 1903 Neumann, G. 1905, 1912

Marshall 1956 Neumann, L.G. 1907

Von Martens 1869a, Nevill, G. 1868, 1869, 1870,
1869b, 1870, 1880, 1878-1884
1896, 1901, 1902 --- et al. 1870

--- et al. 1903 Nevill, H. 1870

--- et al. 1898 Newman, K.B. 1965a, 1965b

Martin, R. 1894, 1896 Newman, T.H. 1908

Masi 1917 Newman, W.A. 1967

Mast 191C Newstead 1909

Matthai 1914, 1928 Newton, A. 1865, 1874, 1876, 1879

Mattingly et al. 1956 --- et al. 1876

Maulik 1913, 1917, Newton, Sir E. 1867a, 1867b, 1888
1929a, 1929b Nicoll 1906a, 1906b

Mayr et al. 1948 Nieden 1913

Mead et al. 1965 Nielsen 1939

Meade-Waldo 1907, 1908, Nilsson-Cantell 1929, 1938
1911 Noble 1926

Mees 1957, 1961 Norman 1939

Meisenheimer 1905 Nybelin 1957

Mell 1903 Nye 1961b

Melvill 1909 Oberthiir 1879

Merrett 1967, 1970 , Odhner 1960

Mertens 1934, 1966 Ormond et al. 1970

Meyrick 1910, 1911, 1923 Oustalet 1877, 1878

Michaelsen 1897, 1918, Owen, Sir R. 1857, 1874
1919a, 1919b, 1920 Ozawa et al; 1965

Miers 1884 Parker, H.W. 1936, 1941, 1947,

Millar 1957-1959 1958

Miller, G.S. 1902 Parker, I.S.C. 1970

Miller, N.C.E. 1956 Parr 1960

Millot, L. 1911 Parsons, J.J. 1962

Milne-Edwards et al. 1893 Paulian 1959, 1967

Mobius 1902 Pax 1907

-—- et al. 1878 ; Peake 1969, 1971

Pellegrin 1922, 1932, 1933

Pelte 1952
Penny, C. Mary 1968

Penny, M.J. 1965a, 1965b,

1965c, 1965d, 1967,
1968a, 1968b, 1968c,
1968da, 1969a, 1969b

--- et al. 1969

Pérez 189)

Perrier 1869, 1875-1876

Peschet 1917

Peters, W. 1868, 1876,
fois 1676

Peters, W.C.H. 1869

Petrushevskaya 1967

Picault 1742-1744

Pickford 1946, 1949,
1959

Pinhey 1967

Pixell 1913

Plate 1908

Playfair 1867

--- et al. 1866

Plomley 1968

Pocklington 1965, 1966,
1967

Pocock 1893, 1904

Poisson 1953

Pollen et al. 1868-1877

Ponomareva 196)

Potts, F.A. 1908, 1909

Potts, G.W. 1969, 1970

Poulsen 1962

Poulton 1923 ~

Powell, A.W.B. 1964

Pruvot-Fol 1942

Punnett 1907

--- et al. 1908

Raffray 1913

Ragonot 1893

Rand 1936

Rathbun 1894, 1911

AiNeIHa Ye telfs)

Rees 1950

Regan 1907, 1912

--- et al. 1932

Régimbart 1895, 1897,
1900

Reichenow 1900, 1904

Rendahl 1939

Renshaw 1939

275

Reyne 1938

Richters 1880

Ridgway 1893, 1894a, 1894b, 1895

Ridley, M.W. 1956, 1957, 1960,
1961, 1968

Ridley, S.0. 1884a, 1884b

Riedel 1951

Ripley 1968, 1971

Robertson 1968

Robson 1915

Rofen 1957-1959

Rosen 1970a, 1970b, 1970c, 1971

--- et al. 1969

Rosendorn 1917

Rosewater 1961, 1965

Rost et al. 1955

Rothschild 1897, 1906, 1907,
1915, 1928

Rountree et al. 1952

Roux 1967

Roux-Estéve 1958

Rtidiger et al. 1968

Russell, E.S. 1909

Salomonsen 1933

Sampson 1914

Saunders 1886

Sauvage, E. 1875

Sauzier 1892, 1893, 1895, 1899

Schacht 1902 .

Schaffer 1969

Van Schauburg 1935

Schaufuss 1897

Schellenberg 1926

Schenkling 1921

Schilder, F.A. et al. 1938

Schilder, M. 1938

Schilling 1935

Schlegel 1868-1877

Schmaus et al. 1926

Schmidt, I. 1893

Schoenichen 1908

Schulze 1903, 1905

Seclater, P.L. 1871, 1899

Sclater, W.L. 1912

--- et al. 1899

Seott, H. 1940, 1912; 19/36 1944.
1917a, 1917b, 1921a, 1921b,
1922, 1923, 1924, 1925a,
1925b, 1926, 1927, 1931,
1932a, 1932b

etalon oie

276

Seno 1962, 1965

Sewell 1940, 1947, 1948,
1949, 1951, 1953

Shacko 1880

Sharpe, R.B. 1884

Shelford 1912

Shelley 1896-1912

Shuntov 1967

Sicard 1912

Siebenrock 1902, 1903,
1906, 1909

Silas 1962a, 1962b

Simon, E. 1864, 1893,
1897, 1901a, 1901b

Simroth 1910, 1913

Sams. Roy 1971

Sims, R.W. 1960

Slimming et al. 1970

Smithy EA. Teer’.

Smith, J.L.B. 1955a
195>dibs) ODD es) 95> —
1958, 1956a, 1956b,
1956c, 1956d, 1956e,
1956f, 1957a, 1957b,
19diies. Word. \95ie.
1958a, 1958b, 1958c,
1958a, 1959a, 1959b,
1959e," 1959d, = 1959e,
1960, 1961a, 1961b,
1962a, 1962b, 1962c,
19624, 1963a, 1963b,
1964, 1965, 1968

—-— et al. 1963

Smith, M. 1935

Smith, Margaret M. 1963

Smith, W.A. 1971

Snell et al. 1920

Snouckaert van Schauburg 1935

Van Someren 197

Soot-Ryen 1955

Southward 1967

Stebbing 1909

Stechow 1922

Stein 1910

Stejneger 1893

Steuer 1904, 1905, 1926,
1932, 1933

Stiasny 1937, 1940

Stoddart, D.J. 1969

Stoddart, D.R. 1969a, 1969d,
1970e, 1971e

--- et al. 1970

--- et al. 1969

--- et al. eds. 1971

--- et al. eds. 1970

Stoner 1963

Strand 1907, 1915

Street 1960

Stubbings 1937, 1938

Suhanova 1961

Sykes 1909

Tagawa 1956

Talbot 1921

Tams 1920

Tattersall 1911, 1939

Taylor, E.H. 1968

Taylor, J.D. 1967, 1969c, 1970c,
1971a, 1971b, 1971c, 1971d

=s= ed Wey

Tesch 1910, 1948, 1949a, 1949b

Theobald 1901-1910, 1911

Théry 1897

Thiele 1900, 1902, 1903, 1918

—-—— eb al. 1930

Thomas, O. 1915

Thomson, J.A. et al. 1909

Thomson, K.S. 1970

Thore 199

Thornely 1911

Timonin 1971

Tirmizi 1959

Tixier-Durivault 1966

Tokioka 1962

Tolderlund 1967

Topsent 1893

Townsend, C.H. 1935

Trewavas 1932

Tristram 1880

True 1893, 1894

Turner, H.H. 1923

Turner, R.E. 1911

Tursch 1968

Tyler 1966a, 1966b, 1966c, 1967

Ueyanagi 1962

Ulmer 1909

Vaillant 1899, 1903

Vanhéffen 1901, 1902a, 1902b,
1907, 1910

Vaughan 1939

Vaurie 1948, 1949, 1963

Verhoeff 1902, 1939a, 1939b

Vesey-Fitzgerald 1936b, 1938,
1940a, 1940d, 1941a, 1947,

--- et al. 1940

Viader 1937, 1938, 1951

Viette 1958, 1962, 1963,
1970

Vinogradov 1961a, 1961b,
1962

--- et al. 1961, 1962

--- et al. 1961

Vinogradova 1961

Vinson 1934, 1936, 1938,
1946, 1949, 1952,
1956-1962, 1963a,
1963b, 1967, 1968

Voeltzkow 1896, 1902a,
1902b

Voronina 1961a, 1961b,
1962a, 1962b, 1962c

Wagler 1922

Walckenaer et al. 1836-
1847

Walker, A.O. 1908, 1909

Warburton 1912

Ward, M. 1942a, 1942b

Ward, S. 1869

Warham 1964, 1966

Wasmann 1897

Waterhouse 1875, 1880, 1884
Watson, G.E. et al. 1963
Weed et al. 1961

Wells 1954, 1965

Wharton 1878

Wheeler 1927, 1953, 1959, 1960,

1961

White 1950

Whitton 1970

Wiegmann 1898

Williams, E.E. 1952, 1954

Williams, F. 1958

Williams, J.G. 1952, 1953

Willis, P.R. 1966

Winckworth 190

Woltereck 1912

Wood, E.J.F. 1963

Wright, C.A. 1969

Wright, E.P. 1868b, 1869a,
1869b, 1870a, 1870b, 1874,
IG7Gs s lies ee

Yonge ed. 1970

Zehnter 1902

Zusi 1963

278

Agalega Islands

Adolphe 1956
Anon. 1828

Bojer 1635. 1637, Tolls 1071

Bouffé 1913

Bouton 41871

Choisy 1849
Dussercle 199
Fauvel, A.A. 1900a
Gibson-Hill 1952
Greathead 1971
Guérin 1952

Hemsley 1913

=——— et al. 1919
Laplace 1841-1854

Ee Due, A. 161
Leduc, S.E. 1897-1906
Lincoln 1893a, 1893b

Lionnet, J.G. 1922, 1924

Mamet 1936

Aldabra group

Abbott, W.L. 1893a,
1893b

Alston 1925

Anon. 1879, 1962f,
1967, 1969, 1970,
1971

Arnoult et als 1958

Atwood 192

Aurivillius 1922

Badcock 1970

Baker, J.G. 189)

Balle 1964

Barnacle 1962

Barnes, J. et al. 1969

~—— ef al. 1970

Basilewsky 1970

Baty 1895

Bauchot-Boutin 1958

Bauer 1911

Bayne et al. 1970a,
1970b

Beamish 1967, 1968a, 1970

2. REGIONS

Mauritius: Observatory
Department 1953-1958

Miller, N.C.E. 1956

Newnham 199

Pelte 1952

Picault 1742-1744

Pike 1873

Poisson 1953

Reyne 1938

Rountree et al. 1952

Seott. Ra 1961

Stoddart, D.R. 1970a

--- ed. 1970

Toussaint 1951

--- et al. 1956

Viader 1937

Vinson 1952, 1956-1962

World Meteorological
Organization 1953

Beier 190

Bellamy 1969, 1970

--- et al. 1969

Beltz 1953, 1954,
1958, 1960

Bendire 1894

Benson 1960a, 1962,
1967, 1968, 1970b,
19704, 1970d, 1970f

--- et al. 1968, 1969

Berio 1956, 1959, 1962

Von Berlepsch 1898

Berlioz 196

Bernardi 1959, 1968

Blackman ed. 1966

--- et al. 1967

--- et al. [1968]

Blake et al. 192

Blanc 1971

Boettger 1913

Bonnetard 1921

Borradaile 1910

Boulenger 1911
Boulton 1960
Bourgogne 1963.
Bourne, W.R.P. 1963, 1970b
Brander 1969

-——- et al. 1970
Brown, E.S. 1956
Brown, N. 1967
Bruce 1966
Burton 1967
Calvert 1898
Campbell 1970
Carlquist 1965
Carr 1970
Champion 1917
Chave 1967
Cherbonnier 1964
Chittick 1968
Christensen 1912
Clancey 1968
Cockerell 1911
Cogan 1970a, 1970b
--- et al. 1969

Committee on Investigations in

the Indian Ocean ["Murray
Committee"] 1909

Connolly 1925

Cousteau 1959

--- et al. 1971

Darwin 1874

Dawson 1966a

De Toulgoét 1965

Diakonoff 1969

Diamond 1969a, 1969b, 1970a,
1970b

Diolé 1971

Dixon, C. 1898

Déderlein 1902

Drew 1969a, 1969b, 1970

Dupont, P.R. 1907, 1911

Ehlers 1897

Fairmaire 1896

Falck 1965

Farrow 1969a, 1969b, 1970

-~--.et al. 1969

Fiddick 1968

Forel 1897, 1912

Forster et al. 1970

Fosberg 1967, 1969a, 1969b,
1969¢

--- et al. 1970b, 1970c,
1970d

Frappa 1937

Frazier 1970a, 1970b, 1971

Frere 1874
Friedel 1896
Friese 1900

Fryer 1908, 1909a, 1909b, 1909c,

19094, 1910a, 1910b, 1911
Gadow 1892
Gardiner, J.S. et al.
1908, 1909
=——— Web ial. 109
Gaymer 1966a, 1966b,
1966c, 1967a, 1967b,
1967c, 19674, 1967e,
---et al. 1965
Gibson-Hill 1950a, 1950b
Grandidier et al. 1845-1902
Grant, C.H.B. et al. 1933
Great Britain: Colonial
Office 1889-1890
Great Britain: Secretary
of State for Foreign
Affairs 1966a
Griffith et al. 1893

‘Grote 1928

Grouvelle 1917

Grubb 1969a, 1969b;
1970a, 1970b

Guérin 1952

Guilcher 1969

Guinot 1964

Gtinther 1877, 1879

Gwynne et al. 1969

Hampson 1908

Hartman 1958

Heck 1957

Hemsley 1913, 1916b.

=——- et al. 1917

--- et al. 1919

Herbulot 1962b

Hermitte 1931

Hill, J.E. 1969

Hillaby 1967

Hirth et al. 1970

Holland 1895

Honegger 1966a, 1966a, 1968

Hooker, Sir J.D. et al. 1874 |

Hughes 1971

Humphreys, W.F. 1970

Hutchinson 1927

Hutson 1969, 1970a, 1970b

Jatzow et al. 1898

Jeffrey 1966

Jones, D.J. 1969a,
1969b, 1970

Keller 1898, 1901

280

Kenyon 1970
Keraudren 1966
Kirk 1874
Klapdlek 1913
Kohn 1967

Kolbe, H.J. 1902
Le Cerf 1916

Legrand 1958, 1964b, 1965, 1971

Lenz 1898, 1905, 1910

Lévi 1961

Linell 1896

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1952a, 1967,
1970c

Longbottom 1970

Von Lorenz-Liburnau 1898

Loveridge et al. 1957

Lowery 1969

Ludwig 1898

Ludwigson 1967

Lythgoe 1969a, 1969b, 1970

Maa 1970

McConville 1967

McKenzie 1969a, 1969b

Mackworth—Praed 1933

McLeod 1970

Macnae 1969

Maneini 1971

Mamet 1957

Matthew 1932

Mattingly et al. 1956

Maulik 1917

Mayr et al. 1948

Meade-Waldo 1908

Merrett 1970

Michel 1948

Miller, G.S. 1902

Moine 1970

Moreau, R.E. 1960, 1966

Morris 1963

Newman, W.A. 1967

Newton, A. 1874

Nicoll 1906a, 1908

Niejahr 1876

"N.M.S." 1967

Ormond et al. 1970

Owen, Sir R. 1874

Oxford and Asquith 1965

Pelombelli 1954

Paulian 1967

Peake 1970

Pelte 1952

Penny, M.J. 1965d, 1965e, 1968b,

1969a, 1969b

--- et al. 1969

Peterson 1968, 1970

Piggott 1961a

Pike 1873

Pinhey 1967

Poore 1970b, 1970c

Potts, G.W. 1969, 1970

Price 1969

Prosperi 1955

Pureell 1931

Rathbun 189}

VR Ee ore

Regan 1912

Régimbart 1900

Renvoize 1969, 1970b,
1970c, 1970d, 1971

Reyne 1938

Ridgway 1893, 1894a, 189kb

Rosen 1970a

--- et al. 1969

Rothschild 1915

Rountree et al. 1952

Roux-Estéve 1958

Saint John 1960

Salomonsen 1933

Sandberg 1967

Sauzier 1893

Schaffer 1969

Van Schauburg 1935

Schinz 1897

Schoeniechen 1908

Sclater, P.L. 1871

Selater, W.L. 1912

Seott, H. 1917b, 192ia, p1925a

Seychelles: Department
of Agriculture annual

Seychelles: Government
(Bonnetard) 1921

--- (Michel) 1948

--- (Purcell) 1931

Seychelles: Labour and
Welfare Department annual

Seychelles: Medical
Department annual

Shelley 1896-1912

Siebenrock 1903

Sjogren 1971a

Smith, J.L.B. 1955b, 1955-1958
1956b, 1956f, 1957a, 1958a

Somerville 1909.
Spurs .1890
Stejneger 1893.
Stoddart, Did, 1969

Stoddart, DsRs 1966, 1967a,
1967, 1967c, 19682, 1968b,

1968c, 1968d, 1969b,

19694, 1969e, 1970a, 1970b,

1970¢e, 19719
--- ed. 1967, 1970
--- org. 1969
-—- et al. 1970
—-- et al. 1969
--- et al. 1969
--- et al. 1967a, 1967b
Strand 1907

‘Taylor, J.D. 1969a, 1969b,

1969c, 1970a, 1970b
Thiele 1900
Thomson, K.S. 1970
Thorpe 1967
Tornquist 1904
Travis 1959

Anon. 1970

Arrow 1922

Barnacle 1962

Benson 1970e

Blane 1971

Bonnetard 1921

Boschma 1948

Boulton 1960

Braithwaite 1968

Brown, E.S. 1956

Bruce, A.J, 1969a

Cooper 1907

Davis 1918

Dawson 1966a

De Froberville 188

Dufo 1840

Edmondson 1923

Engel, Celeste G. 1967

Fisher R.L, et al. 1967

Forel 1907

Fosberg et al. 1970e,
1970f, 1970¢

Gardiner, JoS. 1905b

281

True 1893

rb Go giro i Os [0 i

Yaurie 1948, 1949

Vesey-Fitzgerald 1940a, 1942a

Viette 1958, 1962, 1963, 1970

Vinson 1936, 1952, 1967

Voeltzkow 1896, 1897, 1902a,
1902b, 1903

———- et al. 1897-1905

—— et al. 1906-1923

Walsh 1967a, 1967b

Wasmann 1897

Webb 1960b

Westoll 1969

— et al. org. 1969

Wharton 1878, 1883

White 1950

Whitton 1969a, 1969b, 1970

Williams, E.E. 1952, 1954

Williams, J;G. 1952

Wood, D. 1969

Wein | CZk. wets. 1967b, 1967¢c

Zinn 1967

-—— et al. 1907

Gaymer 1966b

Great Britain: Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs 1966a

Guérin 190

Gwynne et al. 1969

Hampson 1907 -

Hemsley et al. 1919

Hilde 1967

Holdhaus 1929

Jouanin 1957

Leont'yev 1968

Ludwig 1898

Mancint 1971

Mattingly 1956

Michel 1948

Moine 1970

Peterson 1970

Piggott 1961a

Pike 1873

Pocklington 1967

Poore 1970d, 1970e, 1970f

Purcell 1931

282

Renvoize 1970e, 1970f,
1970g, 1971

Ridley, M.W. 1956

Sedgwick 1905b

Seychelles: Department of
Agriculture annual

Seychelles: Government
(Bonnetard) 1921

--- (Michel) 1948

--- (Purcell) 1931

Seychelles: Labour and Welfare

Department annual,

triennial
Seychelles: Medical

Department annual

Chagos group

Ackroyd 1876, 1877Ta,
187Tb, 1878a, 1878b

Adolphe 1956

Andrews 1909

Arrow 1922

Aurivillius 1922

Atwood 192

Barnard, K.H. 1964

Beier 1940

Benson 1969

Berkeley et al. 1859

Bernard, H.M. 1896,
1897, 1905

Bezrukov 1963a

Blackman et al. 1967

Blake et al. 192

Blasius 1887

Bojer 1837, 1841

Bolivar 192ha

Boschma 1948, 1957,
1959

Boucherat 1888

Bourne, G.C. 1886a,
1886b, 1888a, 1888b

Bourne W.R.P. 1962, 1971

Brook 1893

Brooks, E.P. 1876

Brown, E.S. 1956

Bullock 1971

Caldwell, J. 1859

Clark, A.M. et al. 1971

Cooper 1907

Simroth 1910

Snell et.al. 1920

Stoddart, DsR. 1970a

—— ed. 1970

--- et al. 1970b, 1970c, 1970a
Tams 1920

Travis 1959

Tyler 1966b

Veevers-Carter, Wendy 1966, 1970
Vesey-Fitzgerald 192
Voeltzkow 1902b

—— et al. 1897-1905
Webb 1960b
Winckworth 190
Wood, D. 1969

Coutiére 1929

Daly 1934

Darwin 1893

Davis 1918

De Froberville 1848

Déderlein 1906

Dupont WeriG0l),) 00s.
1884a, 1884b, 1885

Dussercle 1934, 1935,
1936, 1937

Edmondson 1923

Elkington 1929, 1930

Farquhar 1900

Finsch 1887

‘—— et al. 1887

Fischer, P. 1891

Forel 1907

Fosberg et al. 1971

Gardiner, J.S. 1901, 1903,
1905a, 1905b, 1906c, 1914b,
1931b, 1936a

=--- et al. 1907

Gibson-Hill 1950b

Gorsky 1957

Great Britain: Air Ministry:
Meteorological Office 1927,
1940-1943

Great Britain: Secretary of
State for Defence 1967

Great Britain: Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs
1966a

Greathead 1971

Hampson 1907

Hardinge 1860

Hemsley 1884, 1886

--- et al. 1919

Herchenroder 194

Von Hohenzollern [1928]

Holdhaus 1929

Hoyt 1967

India: Meteorological
Department 1945

Jaeckel 1930

Jarvis 1921

Joyce 1948

Keisler 1906

King, P.P. et al. 1839

Knoll 1941

Kohn 1964, 1967, 1968

--- et al. 1968

Kraepelin 1902

Laidlaw 1902

Lambrecht 1970b

Leloup 1941, 1953

Liénard 1877

Leont'yev 1968

Loustau-Lalanne 1961a

Madge 1946

Mamet 1941, 1954b

Mattingly 1956

Mauritius: Observatory
Department 1953-1958

Meyrick 1910

Moresby 1838

Orian 1959

Ozawa 1965

--- et al. 1965

Pax 1909

Peake 1971

Pike 1873

Pinhey 1967

Plomley 1968

Pocklington 1967

Poisson 1953

Poulton 1923

Powell, L. 1908.

Prain 1890

Reichs—Marine-Amt 909

Reyne 1938

Rhyne 1971

Ripley 1968, 1971

496-383 O - 73 - 19

283

Robertson 1968

Rochford 1964

Rosen 1971

Roskill 1954-1961

Ryan 1864

Salomonsen 1933

Saunders 1886

Sauzier 1895

DCObu. He willgeua

Seott, R. 1961

Sedgwick 1905b

Seno 1965

Silberrad 1969b

SUMS, Ree OTe

Smith, W.A. 1971

Snell et.al. 1920

Stoddart, D.R. 1971a,
197 Nb 197 1e5) 1971s
ISOles aWSiae5 Slee
197 1h

= Vebralvedsem9ia

Tams 1920

Taylor, J.D. 1971a,
1971b, 1971c, 19714

=== ed. 1974

Thiele et al. 1930

Thompson, J.A. 1950

Toussaint 1951, 1968,
1971

--- et al. 1956

Townsend, C.C. 1971

Turner 1923

Uda 1965b

Ueda et al. 1965

United States: Department
of Commerce: Weather
Bureau [192]

United States: Navy:
Hydrographic Department
1943a, 1952

Vaughan 1939

Viader 1937, 1938, 1951

Vinson 1956-1962

Ward, M 19h2a, 19h2b

Wheeler 1959

White 1950

Wiehe 192

Widdsis. eGo ec alk. 19015 “1951

Wilson, R.F.M. 1888

Winckworth 1904

284

Coetivy Island

Ackroyd 1876
Barnacle 1962
Blane 1971
Bonnetard 1921
Boschma 1957
Brown, E.S. 1956
Cooper 1907
Edmondson 1923
England 1925
Gardiner, J.S. 1905b
--- et al. 1907
Gwynne et al. 1969
Hampson 1907
Joseph 1937
Jouanin 1957
Mattingly 1956
Michel 1948

Farguhar group

Anon. 1970

Badcock 1970

Barnacle 1962

Benson 1970a

Blane 1971

Boname 1909

Boschma 1957

Boulton 1960

Bruce, A.J. 1966

Cooper 1907

Dawson 1966a

Edmondson 1923

Farquhar 1900

Fauvel, A.A. 1900a

Forel 1907

Forster et al. 1970

Fosberg et al. 1970a

Gardiner, J.S. 1905b,
1914b

——— et al. 1907

Great Britain: Secretary

Pike 1873

Purcell 1931

Ryan 1864

Sedgwick .1905b

Seychelles: Department
of Agriculture annual

Seychelles: Government
(Bonnetard) 1921

--- (Michel) 1948

—-- (Purcell) 1931

Seychelles: Labour and
Welfare Department
annual, triennial

Seychelles: Medical
Department annual

Webb 1960b

Wood, D. 1969

Lieutard 1868

Longbottom 1970

Merrett 1970

Michel 1948

Moine 1970

Neumann, L.G. 1907

Picault 1742-1744

Pocklington 1967

Poore 1970a, 1971

Purcell 1931

Renvoize 1970a, 1971

Sedgwick 1905b

Seychelles: Department
of Agriculture annual

Seychelles: Government
(Bonnetard) 1921

--- (Michel) 1948

--- (Purcell) 1931

Seychelles: Labour and
Welfare Department
annual, triennial

of State for Foreign Seychelles: Medical Department

Affairs 1966a annual
Grossin 1742-1744 Stoddart, D.R. 1967b, 1970a
Gwynne et al. 1969 --- ed. 1970
Hartman 1958 --- et al. 1970

Hemsley et al. 1919 --- et al. 1970a

“Thomson, K.S. 1970
Travis 1959
Vesey-Fitzgerald 192a

Badcock 1970
Benson 1970a
Bonnetard 1921
Boschma 1957, 1959
Butler 1884

Cooper 1907

Dawson 1966a

Dupont, P.R. 1907, 19261

Forster et al. 1970
Gardiner, J.S. 1905b
--- et al. 1907
Hemsley et al. 1919
Linell 1896
Longbottom 1970
Merrett 1970

Michel 198
Neumann, L.G. 1907
Piggott 1961a
Purcell 1931

Acosta 1578

Adams 1868

Ah1l 1934

"A.J." 1868-1870

Alluaud 1893, 1894,
1897, 1898a, 1898b,
1916

Alston 1925

Anastas 1897

Anderson, James Fa 1879

Anderson, John 1878

André 1891

--- et al. 1871

Anon. 1816, 1840, 1861,
1865a, 1865b, 1883,
1888a, 1888b, 1892,
1894, 1897, 1898b,
1898e, 1905a, 1906p,

Voeltzkow . 1897
Webb 1960b
Wood, D. 1969

Sedgwick 1905b

Seychelles: Department
of Agruculture annual

Seychelles: Government
(Bonnetard) 1921

‘——= (Michel) 1948

--- (Purcell) 1931
Seychelles: Labour and
Welfare Department
annual, triennial
Seychelles: Medical
Department annual
Stoddart, D.R. 1967b
--- et al. 1970
Thomson, K.S. 1970
Vesey-Fitzgerald 1942a
Vinson 1936
Webb 1960b
Wiseman 1936

Seychelles group, Platte Island, Seychelles and Swift Banks

1907. 1908, 1912,
1914a, 1914b, 1916,
191755 19185 -19N Say
1919b, 1920a, 1920b,
1920c, 192 lasml92 1b,
1922a, 1922b, 1923,
192ha, 1924b, 192hc,
192ha, 1926, 1927a,
1927b, 1928, 1929,
1931, 1932, 1934,
1935, 1943, 19614,
1962a, 1963, 1966,
1964d, 1966, 1968,
1970

Arnell 1957

Arrow 1922

Attems 1900

Atwood 192

285

286

Auchinleck 1921a,
1921b, 1922a, 1922b,
1922c. 1922d, 1922e,
1922f, 1922g¢, 1922h

Aurivillius 1922

Bacon 1943

Bagnall 1921

Bailey, D. 1944, 1962

Bailey, L.H. 1930, 192

Baker, B.H. et al. 1963

Baker, J.G. 1874, 1875,
1877

Balfour 1877a, 1877b

Ballard 1966

Balle 1964

Balss 1933

Banks 180

Barclays Bank 1971

Barkly, Fanny A. [1897]

Barkly, Sir H. et al. 1864

Barnacle 1962, 1967

Barnard, K.H. 1964

Barnes, H.F. 1939

Bates 1951

Bauer 1897a, 1897b, 1898

Bauhin et al. 1619

Beamish 1968b, 1968c, 1969,
1970

Beier 190

Belcher 1843

Belling 1971

Benedict 1963, 1966, 1967

Benson 1970f

--- et al. 1967

Berger 1962

Bergroth 1892

Beringer 1892

Berio 1962

Berlioz 1946, 1960

Betts 1940

Bigot 1962

Blackburn 1878

Blackman 1965, 1968

--- ed. 1966

--- et al. 1967

--- et al. [1968]

Blackwall et al. 1876

Blake et al. 1942

Blane 1971

Blatter 1910, 1926

Bleeker 1868-1877

Boettger 1896

Bojer 1841

Bolivar 1894, 192ha, 192hb

--- et al. 1912

Boname 1909

Bonnetard 1921

Bory de St. Vincent 1804

Boschma 1948, 1957, 1959

Boughton 1970

Bouillon 1967, 1968

Boulenger 1911, 1915

Boullé 1902

Boulton 1960

Bouton 1857b, 1872

Bouvier 1893, 1913

Bowin 196b

--- et al. 1965

Bradley 1928, 1930, 1936

Bradshaw 1954

Braithwaite 1970

Brandis 189)

Brauer 1896, 1897, 1898

Brazell 1956

Britten, J. 1886

Brélemann 1895

Brooks, C.E.P. 1919.

--- et al. 1932

Brown, E.G. 1955

Brown, E.S. 1953, 195ha,
1954b, 1956

Bruce, A.J. 1966, 1967, 1968

Brunet 1894

Burgess et al. 1961

Burnell 1886

Byrne 1925

Caldwell, Elsie N. 1945

Calvert 1898

Cambridge 1876

Campbell 1970

Candéze 1895

Carcasson 1963

Cardot 1904

"Caret"™ 1934

Carlquist 1965

Carpenter 1916

Carvalho 1930-1932

Chabanaud 1955

Champion 1917, 1923

Charton 1854

Chavan 1946

Cherler 1619

Chevreux 1901

"Ch.G." 1876

Child 1965

Christianson 1912, 1942

Christensen 1912

Clark, G. 1864

Clarke, C.B. 1908

Clough ed. 1929-1933, 1930

Clutius (Cluyt) 1634

Cole, R.S. 1968

Collin 1911a, 1911b, 1922

Commerson et al. 1766-1769

Committee on Investigations
in the Indian Ocean
["Murray Committee"]
1908, 1909

Connolly 1925

Cooke 1958

Corne 1969

Corner 1966

Coutiére 1908

Craig 1963

Crépin 1865-1867

Crook 1960, 1961, 1964

Dalechamps 1587

Daly 1934

Dance, P. 1966

Dance, S.F. 1964

Darwin 1839, 1872

Dautzenberg 1893

D'Avézac et al. 188

Davidson 1910

Davies 196hc

--- et al. 196)

Davis 1918

Dawson 1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1968

Dayer 1962, 1967

UDG 1804

De Berneaud 1836

De Bormans 189)

De Céré 1788

De Froberville 1845, 1848

De Gaye 1904

De Grandpré 1886, 1888a, 1888b,
1889

De Joannis 1893a, 1893b, 1899,
1915

De Jussieu 1789

De Labillardiére 1801

De Laroche 187)

De Malavois 1787a, 1787b,
1787c, 1787d, 1787e

De Martius 1840

De Meillon 1953

287

De Orta (Ab Horto) 1563

De Quincy 1801

De Saussure et al. 1902

De Sélys-Longchamps 1869a, 1869b

De Sornay 1950

De Tchihatcheff 1878

De la Varde 1957

De Witte et al. 1943

Decary 1953

Degrandpré 1801

Delacour 1929, 1944

Deleuze 1807

Des Avanchers 1857

Devereux 1869

Deyrolle 1876

Diakonoff 1961, 1969, 1970

Diels 1922

Distant 1912a, 1912b

Dixon, H.N. 1929

Dollfus 1893

Dufo 1840

Dumont-d'Urville 1834

Dunnat 1850

Dupon 1971

Dupont, P.R. 1903, 1906, 1913a,
1913b, 1914, 1915, 1918, 1920,
1922a, 1922b, 1924b, 192hc,
192ha, 1924e, 1925b, 1925c,
1926a, 1926b, 1926c, 19264,
1926e, 1926g, 1926h, 19261,
1926}, 1926k, 19261, 1927a,
1927b, 1927d, 1927e, 1927f,
19272, 1928b, 1929b, 1930,
1931, 1934a, 1934d, 193k,
193h4e, 1934f, 1935a, 1935b,
1936, 1937a, 1939

East Africa High Commission:
Meteorological Department
monthly 1937-1951, [n.d.],
1942-1946, [n.d.], 1946,
1947, 1947-1948, [n.d.],
annual 1949-, [1950], 1951-
1955, 1952-1955, [1956],
1961, monthly -1963, 1964

East African Common Services
Organization 1961

East African Meteorological
Department annual, annual,
annual 1955

Edbon 1968

Edmondson 1923

Edwards, Ada 1893

288

Edwards, F.W. 1941

Elgood 1961

Elizabeth 1970, 1971

Elkington 1929, 1930

Emboden 1970

Emery 1894

Enderlein 1929a, 1929b

Endrody-Younga 1963

Engel, A.E.J. 1963

Engel, Celeste G. 1963

Engler 1882

Esben-Petersen 1927

Estridge 1885

Evans 1924

Evans 1952

Fabricius 1902

Fairchild 1898

Fairmaire 1891a, 1891b,
1891¢e, 1892, 1893, 1895a,
1895b

Farmer 1955

Farquhar 1900

Faulkner 1959

Fauval, Albert 1898

Fauval, A.A. 1891, 1900a,
1900b, 1906, 1909, 1915

Fauvel, P. 1915

Fayon 1968, 1971

Ferriére 1912

Fletcher 1910

Fleutiaux 1903

Fock-Heng 1965

Forel 1897, 1907, 1912

Foster et al. 1943

Francis, K.A. 190

Francis, T.J.G. 1964

Frankel et al. 1964

Frappa 1948

Frappaz 1820, 1824a, 182hb,
182he

Frazer-Brunner 1933, 1950

Frénette 1963

Fressanges 1890

Fryer 1908, 1909d, 1911

Gadow et al. 1907

Gahan 1908

Galbraith 1898

Gardiner, J.S. 1901, 1903,

1905b, 1906b, 1907a, 1907c, °

1908b, 1909
--- et al. 1908, 1909
--- et al. 1909

Gardiner, W. 1883

Gaskell 1954

Gaskill 1961

"Gates" 1966

Gay 1875

Gaymer 1965, 1966a, 1966b,
1967c

--- et al. 1968

--- et al. 1965

Germain 1920, 1924, 1934

Gervais 1836-1847

Gibson, H.S. 1938

Gibson-Hill 1950b

Giglio-Tos 1894

Giles 1945

Gillot 1779

Gomy 1969

Good 1951

Goodman 196)

Gordon, A.H., Lord 189}

Gordon, C.G. 1881

Grandidier et al. 1845-1902

Great Britain; Air Ministry:
Meteorological Office
1932, In.d.], 1940-1943

Great Britain: Central Office
of Information 1958,
1964

Great Britain: Colonial
Office annual 1886-1888, 1889-
1890, 1891 ete., 1954

Great Britain: Foreign and
Commonwealth Office annual 1969-,
biennial

Great Britain: Secretary of
State for the Colonies 1951

Great Britain: Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs
1966b

Greathead 1971

Green, E.E. 1907, 1910, 1913, 1916

--- et al. 1921

Green, M.L. 1933

Greenway 1958

Greffrath 1889

Griveaud 1960, 1970

Grossin 1742-1744

Grouvelle 1894, 1917

Gudger 1929, 1932

Guérard 1891

Guérin 1940, 1952

Guichenot 1865

Giinther 1866, 1869,
1874

Hampson 1907, 1908

Hanchett 1969

Hardaker 1966

Harding 1913

Harper 1947

Harris 1964, 1966

Harrison. 1837 |

Hartlaub, Carl J.G. 1861,
LNT

Hartmann 1886

Hartog 1879

Hawtrey 1928

Hemsley 1884, 1885,
190Ta, 1907b, 1916a,
1916b

--- et al. 1917

Henshaw 1914

Herbulot 1962a

Hermitte 1946

Herscher et al. 1911

Hillenius 1959

Hinds 1844

Hirth 1967

Hoffmann 1868-1877

Holdhaus 1929

Holdsworth-Haines 1934, 1935

Holland 1896
Hollyman 1964
Holman 1834

Honegger 1966b, 1966c, 1966d

Hoogland 1952

Hooker, Sir J.D. 1893

--- ed. 1884

Hooker, Sir W.J. 1827

Horne 1874, 1875a, 1875b,
1881, 1894

Hornell 1927a, 1927b

Ab Horto (De Orta) . 1563

Van Houtte 1865a, 1865b,
1867-1868

Hubbard et al. 1940

Humphreys, H. et al. 1959

Inman et al. 196}

Islip et al. 1950

Iyer et al. 1940

Jarret 1970

Jarvis 1921

Jaubert 1854

Jeannel 1952

Jeffrey 1962a, 1962b, 1963,
1964, 1966

Jehenne 1841

Joly 1871, 1874

Jones, Stanley 1952

Joret 1891

Jossigny 1766-1769

Jouan 1870

Jouanin 1957

Jourdain 1617

Keller 1887, 1898, 1901

Kent 1964

Keraudren 1966

Kerremans 1893

Keynes 1959

Kieffer 1911a, 1911b, 1917

Karen BaGe aloo

King, P.P. et al. 1839

Knoll 191

Knuth 1963

Koch 1859

Kohn 1960, 1967

Kolbe, H.J. 1910

Kdoppen 1931

Kraepelin 1902

Kuezynski 1948-1953

Kiiper 1967

Laing 1921 3

Lambrecht 1969a, 1969b,
1970a, 1970b

Lameere 1893

Laplace 1841-1854

--- et al. 1833-1839

Lasch 1963

Latham 1851

Laurent, R. 1943

Laurent, R.F. 1965

Lawrence 1967, 1969

Lawson 1963, 1965a,
1965b, 1965c, 1966

Lecomte 1901

Legrand 1957, 1958,
1959, 1964a, 1965,
1971

Lemaire et al. 1865

Lemon 1971

Lenz 1910

Leont'yev 1968

Levardsen 1969

Lewis 1963, 1968a, 1968b

--- et al. 1964

290

Liénard 1877

Linden. 187.1

Lindsay, H.A.F. 1937

Linell 1896

Van Linschoten 1594

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1952b,
1958, -1958-1959,
1961a, 1961b, 1962a,
1962b, 1965b, 1966a,
1966c, 1968a, 1969,
1970a, 1970b, 1971a,
1971b, 1971c, 1971e

Loman 1902

Lonearevie et al. 1962

Loustau-Lalanne 1961b,
1962a, 1962b, 1963a,
1963b, 1968

Loveridge et al. 1957

Low Nam 1970

Ludwig 1898

Lunel 1881

Lyons 1860

Ly-Tio-Fane 1968

--- ed. 1958

Macarthur et al. 1967

McGaw et al. 1960

McIntire 1965

Mackay, H. 1941

Mackay, W. 1964

Maclay

McNab 1876

Madden 1961

Mamet 195h4a

Mancham 1960

Mancini 1971

Marriott 1914 |

Von Martens et al. 1898

Martin, R. 1894, 1896

Masi 1917

Massee 1892

Mathews 1959

Matthews, D.H. 1963

--- et al. 1964

--- et al. 196)

Matthews, W.S. 1950

--- et al. 1960

Mattingly 1956

Maulik 1913, 1917

Mauritius: Government
(Rolando) 1892

Van Meer 1965

Mees 1957, 1961

Mell 1903.

Menard 1963

Merrill 1917

Mertens 1966

Meyrick 1923

Michael 1961

Michel 1828

Michel, E. 198

Miller, J.A. 1963

--- et.al. 19613

Millot, L. 1911

Milne-Edwards et al. 1893

Milsum 195

Mirrlees 1932

MUbius et al. 1878

--- et al.’ 1880

Moine 1970

Moore, S le M. 1877

Moore, T:; 1871

Moreau, C. 1827

Moreau, R.E. 1959, 1960, 1966

Morelet 1860, 1882

Moresby 182

Mudie 1961

Murat 1900

Myers 1933

Nash 1906.

Naudin 1864

Nevill, G. 1868, 1869,
1870 :

-—-- et.al. 1870

Nevill, H. 1870

Newman, K.B. 1965a, 1965b

Newman, T.H. 1908

Newman, W.A, 1967

Newstead 1909

Newton, A. 1865, 1876

Newton, Sir E. 1867a,
1867b, 1888

Nicoll 1906a, 1908

Nieden 1913

Nieremberg 1635

North 1892, 1893

Nye 1959, 1960, 1961a,
1961b-

Oberthiur 1879

Oliver, D. ed. 1894

Oliver,-S.P. 1692

Ormond et al. 1970

De Orta (Ab Horto) 1563

Oustalet 1878

Owen, Sir R. 1857

Owen, W.F.W. 1833
Oxford and Asquith 1965
Ozanne 1936

Pajot 1876

Palmer 1933

Paris 1835

Parker, H.W, 1936, 1941,.—

1947, 1958
Parkinson 1640 _
Parsons, H.A, 1950
Paulian 1967
Pax 1909
Pearson 1965
Pellegrin 1933
Pelly 1865
Pelte 1952 .
Penny, C. Mary 1968
Penny, M.J, 1965a,

1965b, 1965c, 1965e,

1967, 1968a, 1968c,
19684, 1971a, 1971b
Perey, R., Lord 1970
Pérez 189)
Perkins 1965
Perrier 1869
Peschet 1917
Peters, A.J. 1950
Peters, W. 1868, 1876,
» dens, Seine)
Peterson 1970
Phillips 196)

Picault 1742-1744, 1743

Pichon, M. 1949
Pickering 1960
Pigafetta 1519-1522
Piggott 1968

Pike 1871,. 1873
Pillay et al. 1970
Pinhey 1967

Piso 1650

Pitot 1899

Pitou 1805.
Planchon 1849.
Playfair 1867
--- et al. 1866
Pocklington 1967
Pocock 1893, 1904.
Pollard 1963

Pollen et al. 1868-1877
Pomeroy 1969

Pool 1970

Poulton 1923.

\

496-383 O - 73 - 20

Pound 1946

Prain ed, 1906
Procter 1971

Prior 1812, 1819
Punnett 1907

Pureell .1931
Purchase et al. 196
Pyrard 1611

Raffray 1913

Ragonot 1893

Rao, M.N,S, .et al, 1945
Rao, M. Nagesa 1945
Rathbun 1894

Raulin 1912

Rawlins 1956

Ray 1685

Read 1966

Redi 1671
Reed, W.W. [n.d.]
Rees 1950 |
Régimbart 1895, 1897
Reichs—Marine-Amt 1909
Reilly 1964

Rendahl 1939

Renshaw 1939
Renvoize 1971

Revett 1609

Reyne 1938

Rho 1885

Ridley, M.W. 1957, 1961, 1968

Rind 1909

Roberts, 0O.D. 192]

Rochford 1964

Rochon 1791

Rodigas 1865

Rolando 1892

Rolfe 1922

Roscher et al. 1879

Rosen 197Qb.

Roskill 1954-1961

Rost 1955

Rothschild 1906, 1915

Rountree et al. 1952

Roussin 1868-1870

Roux 1967

Rowe 1959

Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew 1882, 1951

Rumphius (Rumpf) 17413-1755
Russell, R.J. et al. 1965

Ryan 1864
Saint-Hilaire 1805

291

292

Saint John 1960

Salisbury 192

Salomonsen 1933

Sampson 1914

Sauer 1963, 1965, 1967

Sauzier 1893, Re
1894d

Savy 1961

Schacht 1902

Schilling 1935

Schlegel 1868-1877

Schmidt, I. 1893

Selater, W.L. 1912

SeOnt., He 1910S 19a
1917p, 192da, 192s
1926, 1927, 1932,
1932b

=—— et al. 1912

Sedgwick 1905b

Seeman 1856, 1870

Seychelles: Department of
Agriculture annual

Seychelles: Department of
Education annual,
triennial

--- (Tingay) 1964

Seychelles: Development
Programme Committee
1947, [19557]

Seychelles: Government [n.d.],

1956, 1959a, 1959b, [1959c],
1963, 1965, 1969a, [1969b],

4971
--- (Bonnetard) 1921
--- (Boullé) 1902
--- (Michel) 1948
--- (Purcell) 1931
--- (Tonnet) 1912
Seychelles: Labour and Welfare

Department annual, triennial

Seychelles: Medical Department
annual

Seychelles: Meteorological
Department [n.d.]

Seychelles: Natural Resources
Committee: 1963 [19637]

Seychelles: Natural Resources
and Economic Development
Committee: 1965 [19657]

Seychelles: Social Services
Committee 1963, 1965

Sharpe, Pat 1944

Sheffield 1950

Shelford 1912.

Shelley 1896-1912

Shor et al. 1963

Siebenrock 1902, 1906, 1909

Silberrad 1969a, 1969c, 1969a,
1970

Simmonds. 1956

Simon, E. 1864, 1893, 1897,
1901a, 1901b.

Simroth 1910, 19123

Sims, R.W. 1960

Sjogren 1971b

Slimming et al. 1970

Smith, B.G.C. 1969

Smisch Case wloSel

Swietrlay dali eg wi O SSL I S55i0 ,,
1955d, 1956f, 1957a, 1965,
1968

--- et al. 1963

Smith, Margaret M. 1963

Snell et al. 1920

Snouckaert van Schauburg 1935

Van Someren 19147

Somerville 1909

Sonnerat 1776

Soot-Ryen 1955

Sorlan 19565 1957

Spitz 1960

Sprague et al. 1933

Squibbs 1934

Stannus 1941

Stejneger 1893

Stewart 1881

Stockdale 1931

Sturdy 1945

Summerhayes 1928, 1931, 1965

Swabey 1960, 1970

Sykes 1909

Tams 1920

Tanner 1971

Tardieu-Blot 1960

Taylor, E.H. 1968

Taylor, isD. 19688, 1904,
1967

Tessier 1779

Theobald 1901-1910

Théry 1897

Thiselton—Dyer 1878, 1910

——— ed. 1901-1905

Thomas, A. 1968

Thomas, O. 1915

Thomasset 1908, 1909

Thompson, B.W. 1957, 1960;
1965

Thompson, J.A. 1950

Thorp 1958

Thunberg 1788-1793

Tingay 1964

Tomlinson 1960

Tonnet 1912

Topsent 1893

Toussaint 1965, 1966, 1968

Travis 1959, 1961

Tristram 1880

Tropical Products Institute,
London 1968

Turner, H.H. 1923

Turner, R.E. 1911

Murrsd A947

Tyack 1965

Tyerman 1886

Tyler 1966a, 1966c, 1967

United Nations Organization:
Food and Agricultural
Organization 1967

United States: Department of

Viader 1951
Viette 1962, 1963
Vinson 1936, 1938, 1946, 1949,

1952, 1956-1962, 1963a, 1963b,

1967
Voeltzkow 1902

—-- et al. 1897-1905

—-- et al. 1906-1923

Vogt 1965

Waby 1910

Walckenaer et al. 1836-1847
Walker, H.J. 1967
Warburton 1912

Ward, B. 1962

Ward, S. 1863, 1864, 1869
Wasserburg et al. 1963
Waterhouse 1875, 1880
Watson, W. 1886

Webb 1960a, 1960b, 1962, 196)
Wegener 1915

Wheeler 1946

White 1950

Whitehead 1968 '

Wiegmann 1898

Wilkinson 1966

Williams, E.E. 1952, 1954
Williams, J.G. 1953 _
Wilts. dG. ety alles OON

Agriculture: Bureau of Plant
Industry: Office of Foreign
Seed and Plant Introduction

1914
United States: Department of
Commerce: Weather Bureau

[1942], 1962

United States: Navy: Hydrographic

Office 1943a, 1943b, 1952
Valkhoff 1966
Vaughan 1940
Vaurie 1963
Veevers-Carter, M. 1962
Vélain 1879, 1880
Verhoeff 1902, 1939a, 1939b
Verschaffelt 1865
Vesey-Fitzgerald 1936a, 1938,
1940a, 1940b, 1940c, 19414,
1941b, 1941c, 1942b, 1947,
1950, 1953a, 1953b

Wilson, E.0. 1967

Winckworth 190

Witherell 1965

Wolff 1956

World Meteorological
Organization 1953

Wright, E.B. 1930

Wright, E.P. 1868a,
1868b, 1868c, 18684,
1868e, 1868f, 1869a,
18708, 1876. 187 ts
1879

Wright, P.B. et al. 1968

Yule et al. 1886

Yvon 1946, 1947, 1953

Zehnter 1902

Zuber 1969

294

Saya de Malha Banks

Abbot, R.T. 1959, 1960,
1961, 1967, 1968

Abraham 1877

Ackroyd 1880, 1881

Ahrens 1961

Alexander, Elizabeth C.
1961

Alexander, W.B. 1928

Alvarifio 1964

Angel 1950

Ankaru 1959

Anon. 1859, 1898a, 1905b,
1905c, 1905d, 1906a,
1959a, 1959b, 1961a,
1961b, 1961c, 1962b,
1962c, 1962d, 1962e,
196ha, 1964b, 1964e

Apstein 1905

Attems 1910

Auber 1954

Aurivillius 1909

Austen 1920

Bailey, R.S. 1963, 1964, 1965,
1966a, 1966b, 1967

--- et al. 1966

Baissac 1962

Baker, B.H. 1963

Bakun 1966

Balss 19145 1913, 1904,
1920, 1926

Bamford 1911

Barclays Bank 1970

Barnard, J.L. -1961

Barnard, K.H. 1937

Baron 1889

Bauchot 1959

Bax ed. 1938

Bé et al. 1967

Beccari et al. 1954

Behning 1914

wee Gig Bula oie

Belcher 1843

Beljaevy, et al. 1961

--- et al. 1961

Beljaeva 1964

Bell 1884, 1908

Belousoy 1961

Benson 1960b, 1970g

Bernard, F. et al. 1960

Bernhauer 1920, 1921

== ey ello 1981

Bertelsen 1951

--- et al. 1956

Bertin 1934, 1937, 1938

Bescherelle 1878, 1891

Bezrukov 1961a, 1961b, 1963a,
1963b, 1964a, 196h4b

--- et al. 1966

Bezzi 1923

Bien et al. 1965

Birch et al. 1965

Blanford, H.F. 1874

Blamford, W.T. 1890

Bockeler 1879

Bogorov et al. 1966

--- et al. 1960

--- et al. 1961

Bolivar 1912

Bordovsky 1961, 1964, 1966

Bonnet 195

Borgen 1879

Borradaile 1907a, 1907b, 1909,
1915, 1916a, 1916b _

Bory de Saint Vincent 1804

Boschma 1951

Van Bosse 1913

Bouillon et al. 1970

Boulenger 1908

Bourne, G.C. 1888b

Bourne, W.R.P. 1959, 1960, 1965,
1966, 1969, 1970a

Bouton 1857a

Bowdler-Sharpe 1884

Bowin 1964a, 1964e

Brauer 1902, 1906

Brennecke 1909

Brent 1958

British National Committee for
Oceanic Research 1964, 1965

Britten, H. 1925

Brock 1888

Brongniart 1893

Brook 1891-1892

Brown, S.G. 1957

Browne, B.C. 1963

Browne, E.T. 1915, 1925

Bruce, A.J. 1969a

Bruevité et al. 1961

Bruun 1943

--- et al. eds. 1956

—-- et al. 1956-1964

Bryan 1953

Budde-Lund 1912

Budzikiewicz 1968

Bullen 1898

Bulpin 1959

Bunce et al. 1964

Burfield et al. 1925

Burger 1907

Burr 1910

Burret 1962

Burton 1961

Butler 1884

Bykova 1964

Cabanis 1869

Calman 1938, 1939

Cameron 1907

Campion 1913

Cannon 1940

Carayol et al. 1971

Carié 1925

Carlgren 1918a, 1918b

Carpenter 1907

Cassagne-Mejean 1967

Cate 196)

Chabanaud 1955

Champion 1914

Chase 1964

Chaudenson 1971

Cheke 1966

Chernysheva 1965, 1966

Chiba et al. 1957

Chun 1900, 1908

--- et al. 1902-1910

Clancey 1958

Cllark, Ash. 198i

Clark, G.L. et al. 1964

Clark, H.L. 1939

Clowes et al. 1935

Codine 1868

Colle, A.C. 1923

Collette et als 1963

Committee on
Investigations in the
Indian Ocean ["Murray
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Cooper 1908a, 1908b

Coppinger 1883, 1884

Cousteau 1963

--- et al. 1971

295

Coutiére 1918

Cronan et al. 1968

Currie 1963a, 1963b,
1964, 1965, 1966

Cushing 1969

Dall 1909

Daly 1915

Dana 1872

Darlington 1957

Daruty de Grandpré 1895

Darwin 1839, 1842

Davies 1964a, 1964b

Davis 1918, 1928

De Barros 1552-1613

De Falla 1965

De Kerchove 1878

De Loriol 1883-1893

De Peyerimhoff 1914

De Saussure 1899

De Sornay 1922

Deacon 1935, 1960, 1964, 1966

Von der Decken 1879

Degrandpré 1801

Dendy 1913, 1915a, 1915b, 1922

Devereaux 1869

Dickie 1873

Dickson 1967

Diolé 1971

Distant 1908, 1013, 1916

Déderlein 1911

Doflein 1903

--- et al. 1913

Dolutov 1968

Du Toit 1937

Diiing 1965

Dumont-d'Urville 1934

D'Unienville 1829, 1838

Dupont, P.R. 1912, 1924a, 1925a,
1926f, 19261, 1927c, 1928a,
1929a, 1929c, 1934c, 1935c,
1936-1937, 1937b

--- et al. 1928

Eaton 1913a, 1913b

Edinburgh et al. 1970

Edwards, F.W. 1912, 1913

Ege 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953,
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Ehlers 1906

Eliot 1909

Enderlein 1910a, 1910b, 1914

--- et al. 1912

Engel, A.E.J. 1965

296

Engel, Celeste G. et al. 1965

England 1908

Evans 1924

Ewing 1962

--- et al. 1960

Eydoux 1839

Fage 1941-1942, 1956,
1960

Fairbridge 1948, 1954,
1965

Fairmaire 1868

Farquharson 1936

Fauvel, P. 1920

Fell 1967

Findlay 1866

Fischer, P. 1871

Fischer, W. 1916a, 1916b

Fisher, J.M.M. 1970

--- et al. 1969

Fisher, R.L. 1965

--- et al. 1967

Fletcher 1909

Fleutiaux 1893, 1922

Fomicev 1964

Fosberg 1955, 1971

Foslie 1907

Foxon 1939

Fraga 1966, 1968

France: Ministére de la
Marine et des Colonies
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Francis, T.J.G. et al.
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Frankcom 1961

Frappaz 1820, 182ha,
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Fraser-Brunner 190

Freeman et al. 1953

Funnell et al. eds. 1967

Gadow 1913

Gallagher 1966

Gardiner, J.S. 1901-1903
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905c,
1905d, 1906a, 1906d,
1907b, 1908a, 191ha,
1914b, 1930a, 1930b,
1931a, 1936b

--- et al. 1901-1906

--- et al. 1907-1936

Gaskell 1959, 1963

--- et al. 1958

-—— ef al. 1953

Gebien 1921

Gepp, A. et al. 1908

Gepp, E.S. 1908

Germain 1909

Gerstaecker 1873

Gervais 1848-1852

Gibbs 1963

—-- et al. 1967

Gibson, H.O.S. 1909

Gibson-Hill 1948, 1950b

Gill 1967

Goldschmidt 1905

Goodwin 1967

Gorbunova, N.N. 1963

Gorbunova, ZN. 1966

Gordeev 1964, 1968a, 1969b

Graf 1909

Grage 1967

Grant, P.R. 1965

Gray 1870-1871

Great Britain: Admiralty 1884,
1891

Great Britain: Air Ministry:
Meteorological Office 1884,
[1888], 1906-1923, 1949,
1936, 1940-1943, 1942-1943,
1960

Great Britain: Colonial Office
1926-190

Great Britain: Commonwealth
Office 1968

Great Britain: Commonwealth
Relations Office 1951-1967

Great Britain: Foreign and
Commonwealth Office annual

Great Britain: Secretary of
State for the Colonies 1951

Green, E.E. 1907

Green, L.G. 1962

Greve 1938, 1956, 1956-1964

Grey 1955

Grice et al. 1967

Griffiths 1969

Grouvelle 1913

--- et al. 1914

Gruvel 1908

Gudger 1934

Guibout 1957

Ginther 1884

--- et al. 1884

Haddon 1879

Haecker 1906

Hall 1966

Halunen 1965

Hanning-Lee 1946

Harrisson 1969

Hartlaub, Carl J.G. 1860, 1887

Hartlaub, Clemens 1891

Hartmeyer 1912

Harvey 1925

Hasenbank 1932

Heding 1939

Heezen 1960, 1967

--- et al. 1962

--- et al. 1963

--- et al. 1964a, 1964b,
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Heirtzler 1967

——- et al. 1967

Helmcke 1939

Herdman 1963

Hergesell et al. 1909

Herring 1958

Herron 1967

Hertz 1927

Von Herzen et al. 1964

Heydrich 1902

Heynemann 1906

Hickson 1911, 1940

--- et al. 1908

Hidaka et al. eds. 1965

Hilgendorf 1869

Hill, M.N. 1958, 196ha,
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--- et al. 196}

Hills 1904

Hirano 1957

--- et al. 1956

Hirst 1911, 1913.

Hiyama 1958, 1959

Holloway et al. 1969

Holman 1834

Holmgren 1906.

Honey et al. 1929

Hornell 1926

Horsburgh 1809

Van der Horst 1921, .1925

Houvenaeghel=Crévecoeur 1968,
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Howarth 1961

Hulsemann 1967

Humphrey 1961a, 1961b, 1963

Hurwitz 1967

Hutchinson 1950

207

Tllig 1906, 1906-1913,
1908, 1926, 1930

India: Central Marine
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Intergovernmental Oceano-
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=-- ed. 1960-1969

Isaeva 196)

Ivanenkov 1964

--- et al. 1964
Ivanov 1964a, 1964b
Ivanov-Frankevie 1961
Jacobi 1900

Jarvis 1921

Jeannel 192

Jerlov 1953

Jespersen 1935, 192
Johnson 1967

Johnston 1877

Joicey et al. 1921
Jones, E.C. 1966a, 1966b
Jones, J.D. 195%
Jones, M.M. 1966
Jones, S. 1962

--- et al. 1962

--- et al. 1962
Jordan 1913, 1939
Jourdain 1617

Jung et al. 1967
Jurich 1904

Kabanova 1961, 1964
Kanaev 1965

--- et al. 1964
Karsten 1907

Kataoka 1957

Kelly 1964

Kemp 1913

Kerremans 191)
Kersten 1879a, 1879b
--- et al. 1869-1879
Kertész 1911

Kieffer 1910, 1911c, 1912
Kiilerich 1956, 1964
Kine. BC, 1966

Kings maCeml95%. qane
King, P.P. et al. 1839
Klose 1968

Knauss 1961, 1962

--- et al. 1963, 1964
Koehler 1897, 1898
Koenig 190

298

Koga 1958a, 1958b
Kohn 1961

Kolbe, R.W. 1957
Kozlova 1967

Kramp 1957-1959
Krishnan 1960a, 1960b, 1960c
Krylov 1966

Kuhn 1879

Kiikenthal 1906, 1916
Kumaran 1962
Kurogane et al. 1958, 1959
Lacombe 1951, 1957
Laidlaw 1907

Lamb 1912, 1914, 1921
Lanier 1949-1950
Laplace 1841-1854
--- et al. 1833-1839
Lapthorn et al. 1969
Laurie 1925

Le Floch 1951

Le Pichon 1967

--- et al. 1967
Lear 1961a, 1961b
Lecal 1960

Lee 1946

Legendre et al. 1967

Lehnhofer 1925, 1926
1929

Von Lendenfelt 1907

Lewis 1970

Leyendakkers 1963

Lindsay, H.A. 1955

Lindsey, 1913

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1952a,
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1965a, 1966b, 1968b,
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Lisicyn 1960

Lister 1888, 1889

Lohmann 1930

Lonearevic et al. 1962:

Losse 1968

Loveridge 192

Lowe 1924

Lucarey 1961

Lucas 1888-1901

Lukjanov 1968

--- et al. 1961
--- et al. 1966
Lyne 1911

Ly-Tio-Fane 1970
McCurrach 1962

McDowell 1965

McKenzie 1970

Mackinnon 1909

Madsen 1951

Mamet 1943, 1957

Manning 1962

Von Marenzeller 1903

Marova 1964

Merrett 1967

Marshall 1956

Martelli 1933

Von Martens 1869a, 1869b, 1870,
1880, 1896, 1901, 1902

=—— eu ‘als “1903

Martin, W.R. 1884

Mast 1910

Matthai 1914, 1928

Hatthews, D.H. 1962

Matthews, D.J. 1925

Maulik 1929a, 1929b,

Mead et al. 1965

Meade-Waldo 1907, 1911

Mees 1957, 1961

Meisenheimer 1905

Meldrum 1856

Melvill 1909

Menzel 1964

Martens 1934

Meyrick 1911

Michaelsen 1897, 1918, 1919a,
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Mielche 1956

Miers 188)

Millar 1957-1959

Miller, A.R. 1964

Milliman 1965

Millot, J. 1952, 1953

Milne-Edwards et al. 1885

Mimura 1955, 1958, 1962

Mébius 1902

--- et al. 1880

Mohr 1937

Moine 1963

Moiseev 1961

Mokievskaja 1961

M6ller 1929

Monro 1937

Moreau, R.E. 1937, 1957

Moriarty 1891

Morley 1912

Morrow 1959, 1962

Mortensen 1939

Muller, G.W. 1898, 1905

Miller, Yvonne 1957

Mullin 1965, 1966

Murray, G. 1893

Murray, Sir J. 1880, 1889, 1909

--- et al. 1908

Nafe 1963

Nakagome 1958, 1962

Nakamura et al. 1955

Naumov et al. 1964

Needham 1913

Neumann, G. 1905, 1912

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Nevill, G. 1878-188

Newton, A. 1879

--- et al. 1876

Newton, R.B. 1889

Nicoll 1906a, 1906b

Nielsen 1939, 1962

Nigrini 1967

Nilsson-Cantell 1929, 1938

Noble 1926

Norman 1939

Nybelin 1957

Odhner 1960

Olavsson 1960

Ommanney 1949-1950, 1952,
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Orlov 1964

Ortmann 1902

Oustalet 1877, 1885

Ovéinnikov 1961

Owen, W.F.W. 1832, 1833

Panikkar 1963, 1966

Parker, F.F. 1948

Parker, 1.5.C. 1970

Parr 1960

Parsons, Jiesdie 1962

Parthasarathy 1961

Passmore 1971

Patin 196

Paton 1963

Paulian 1959, 1961

Pavlov 1961

Peake 1969

Pease 1966

Pellegrin 1922, 1932

Pendal 1942

Perey 1958, 1966

Perrier 1875-1876

Peters, A.J. 1957

--- et al. 1948-1919

299

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Peters, W.C.H. 1869

Petley 1884

Pettersson 1934a, 1934b,
1949, 1951, 1953,
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--- et al. 1951-1964

Petrushevskaya 1967

Philip et al. 1970

Philippi 1908

Pichi-Sermolli 1954

Pickford 1946, 1949, 1959

Piggott 1961b, 1961c, 1962

Pitman 1967

Pitot 1905

Pitou 1805

Pixel 10138

Plate 1908

Plomley 1968

Pocklington 1965, 1966

Ponomareva 196)

Popov et al. 1964

Potts, F.A. 1908, 1909

Potztal 1962

Poulsen 1962

Powell, A.W.B. 1964

Pridham 1846, 1849

Prior Tei2. dodo

Pruter et al. 1966

Pruvot-Fol 192

Punnett et al. 1908

Rainsford 19h)

Rakestraw 1965

Ramage 1962a, 1962b, 1963a,

Rand 1936

R40, Sehase 1960

Rass 1960

Rathbun 1911

Reclus 1889

Reed, F.R.C. 1921

Regan 1907

--- et al. 1932

Reichenow 1900, 1904

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Richters 1880

Ridgway 1895

Ridley, M.W. 1960

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Ridley, S.0. 188h4a, 1884b

Riedel 1951, 1960

--- ed: 1967

300

Roberts, D. 1968

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Rochford 1965

Rochon 1791

Rofen 1957-1959

Rogers 1932

Romanov 1961,
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--- et al. 1968

Rosen 1970c

Rosendorn 1917

Rosewater 1961, 1965

Rothé 1954

Rothschild 1897, 1907, 1928

Rozanov 1964

--- et al. 1964

Rudiger et al. 1968

Russell, E.S. 1909

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Ryther 1963

--- et al. 1966

Sabinin 1964

Sachet et al.

Sachse 1919

Sackov 196)

Sadler 1969

Sarasin 1910

Satow 1957

Sauvage, A. 198

Sauvage, E. 1875

Sauzier 1892, 1899

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Schellenberg 1926

Schenkling 1921

Schilder, F.A. et al. 1938

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Schlechter 1915

Schmaus et al. 1926

Schmidt, E.J. et al. 1932-1962

Schott 1902, 1933a, 1933b, 1935

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Schulze 1903, 1905

Scientific Committee on
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Sclater, P.L. 1899

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Scott, H. 1912, 1913, 1914,
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--- et al. 1935-1966

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Smiths, dJisliaB. NO5bex = 956a5
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Snider 1961a, 1961b, 1962

Snopkov 1964

Snouckaert van Selaswvistaas 1935

Sonnerat 1776

Southward 1967

Sparck 1956, 1956-196)

Stebbing 1909

Stechow .1922

Van Steenis 1962

Stein 1910

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Stiasny 1937, 1940

Stirling 183

Stocks 1960

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--- et al. eds, 1970

Storer 1963

Stow 1870

Stover 1965

Strand 1915

Street 1960

Stubbings 1937, 1938

Suess, E. 1885

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Talwani 1962

Taning 1934

Tattersall 1911, 1939

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=———- et al. 1970

Tehernia 1963, 1964

--- et al. 1957

=~—=—=5e@b. al. 1951

Tesch 1910, 1948, 1949a,
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Thom 1845 °

Thomsen 1937

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Thore 1949

Thornely 1911

Timonin 1971

Tirmizi 1959
Tixier-Durivault 1966
Tokioka 1962
Tolderlund 1967

Tooms 1968

Toussaint 1961, 1967
Townsend, C.H. 1931, 1935
Tranter 1964

Travis 1960

Trewavas 1932

True 189)

Tsuruta 1957

Turner 1911

Tursch 1968

Uda 1965a

Udintzev 1965a, 1965b
--- et al. 1965
Ueyanagi 1962

Ulmer 1909

United States: Navy: Hydro-

graphic Office 1960
USakova 1964
Vacquier 196)
Vaillant 1899, 1903.
Vanhoffen 1901, 1902a,

301

1902b, 1907, 1910
Vanmeerbreck 1874
Vesey-Fitzgerald 1936b, 1940da
--- et al. 1940
Villiers 1952
Vincent 1969
Vinogradov 1961a, 1961b,

1962, 1966
--- et al. 1961, 1962
--- et al. 1961
Vinogradova 1961
Vinson 1934, 1968
Vintovkin 1964
Voeltzkow et al. 1897-1905,

1906-1923
Voous 1966
Voronina 1961a, 1961b, 1962a,

1962b, 1962c
Wagler 1922
Walker, A.O. 1908, 1909
Wallace, A.R. 1876, 1880
Wallace, J.A., jr. 1963
Wallen 196)

Walter 1927

—— (als §|2")

Warham 1964, 1966
Waterhouse 1884

Watson, G.E. et al. 1963
Webb 1966

--- et al. 1962

Weed et al. 1961

Wegener 1915

Wells 1954, 1965

Wheeler 1927, 1945a, 1945b,

1949-1950, 1950, 1953,

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Wright, E.P. 1869b, 1870b, 1874

302

Wiist 1934, 1960
Yabuta 1955
Yamanaka et al. 1958
Yentsch et al. 1962
Yonge 1970

See cla USHA)
Zamotski 1962

Zatonsky 1964

Yeleznova 196)

--- et al. 196)
Zernova 1962
--- et al. 1964
Zusi 1963

3.

- Plants: general

Atwood 192
Baker, J.G. 1877, 1894
Blake et al. 1942
Bojer 1635.5 losis 1871
Bouton opt.) 1O>(bi, 10 1
Bullock 1971
De Grandpré 1886
Diels 1922
DUPONT sy ets 1920),
192ha, 1928b, 1934f
Engler 1882
Fabricius 1902
Fauvel, A.A. 1891
Fosberg et al. 1971
--- et al. 1969b,
1970a, 1970b, 1970c,
1970d, 1970e, 1970f,
1970g
Gardiner, J.S. 1901, 1931b
Gibson, H.S. 1938
Gordon, A.H., Lord 189}
Gwynne et al. 1969
Hemsley 1884, 1885, 1886, 1916b
--— et al. 1917
=—— @€b abe, 1919
Horne 1874, 1875b, 1894
Jeffrey 1962a, 1962b, 1966

Thallophyta, including phytoplankton

Anon. 1892, 1923,

1928
Bernard, F. et al. 1960
Van Bosse 1913
Dickie 1873
Fell 1967
Foslie 1907
Funnell et al. eds. 1967
Gepp, A. et al. 1908
Gepp, E.S. 1908
Heydrich 1902
Ivanov 196b
Karsten 1907
Kolbe, R.W. 1957

303

TAXA

Keraudren 1966
Lewis 1970
Lionnet, J.F.G. 1968a, 1971b

Milsum 1954

Prain 1890

Renvoize 1969, 1970a,
1970b 9 1970c 9 1970d,
1970e, 1970f, 1970g

Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew 1882, 1951

Sauer 1963

Schinz 1897

Sérlin 1956, 1957

Van Steenis 1962

Stoddart, D.J. 1969

Stoddart, D.R. 1971d

--- et al. 1969

Summerhayes 1928

Swabey 1960, 1970

Taylor, JeDe. et.al,

Turri dd 1907

Vesey-Fitzgerald 1940, 1942a

Voeltzkow 1902b

Willis, J.c. et al. 1901,
1931

Wood, D. 1969

Wright, E.P. 1868f

1970

Kozlova 1967

Lecal 1960

Massee 1892

Murray, G. 1893
Nielsen 1939
Reinbold 1906

Rhyne 1971

Riedel ed. 1967
Suhanova 1962a, 1962b
Whitton 1969b
Wilson, R.F.M. 1888
Yentsch et al. 1962
Zernova 1962

--- et al. 1964

304
Bryo a

Arnell 1957
Bescherelle 1878, 1891
Cardot 1904

De la Varde 1957

Pteridophyta

Bailey, D. 1944
Baker, J.G. 1874
Christensen 1912

Palmae

Acosta 1578

"A.J." 1868-1870

Anderson, James F. 1879

André 1891

--- et al. 1871

Anon. 1861, 1865a, 1865b,
1888a, 1914a, 1921b,
1923, 1968

Auchinleck 1922g, 1922h

Bailey, D. 1942

Bailey, L.H. 1930, 1942

Balfour 1877a

Barigy,, (Sir W.et) ale 106}

Bauhin et al. 1619

Beccari et al. 1954

Blatter 1910, 1926

Boname 1909

Burret 1962

Charton 1854

Cherler 1619

Clark, G. 1864

Clutius (Cluyt) 1634, 1650

Commerson et al. 1766-1769

Cooke 1958

Corner 1966

Crépin 1865-1867

Delechamps 1587

i.C;5° 1801

De Barros 1552-1613

De Berneaud 1836

De Jussieu 1789

Dixon, H.N. 1929
Nye 1961
Townsend, C.C. 1971

Kuhn 1879
Nye 1961
Tardieu-Blot 1960

De Kerchove 1878

De Labillardiére 1801

De Martius 180

De Quincy 1801

Deleuze 1807

Dupont, P.R. 1906, 1913a,
192he, 1925a, 1926a,
1926f, 1926g, 1927c,
IS2(EAUSAIGS IS2BE
1929a, 1929b, 19344

Elizabeth 1970

Emboden 1970

Fuavel, A.A. 1906, 1915

Fressanges 1890

Gardiner, W. 1883

Good 1951

Gordon, C.G. 1881

Hemsley 1916a

Herscher et al. 1911

Hooker, Sir J.D. 1893

Hooker, Sir W.J. 1827

Ab Horto (De Orta) 1563

Van Houtte 1865a, 1865b,
1867-1868

Jeffrey 1964

Joret 1891

Jossigny 1766-1769

Knuth 1963

Koch 1859

Le Duc, A. 1841

Lemaire et al. 1865

Lemon 1971

Levardsen 1969

Linden 1871

Van Linschoten 1594

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1964, 1965b,
1970a, 1971¢

Low Nam 1970

McCurrach 1962

Merrill 1917

MullLott, tr. 1911

Moore, T. 1871

Nash 1906

Naudin 1864

Nieremberg 1635

Nye 1961b

Oliver, S.P. 1892

Orian 1959

De Orta (Ab Horto) 1563 —

Paris 1835

Parkinson 1640

Pearson 1965

Picault 1743

Pichi-Sermolli 1954

Pigafetta 1519-1522

Piggott 1961

Pillay et al. 1970

Planchon 189

Pool 1970

Piso 1650

Potztal 1962

Pyrard 1611

Ray 1685

Read 1966

Redi 1671

Rochon 1791

Other Spermatophyta

Alston 1925

Anon. 1888b, 1892, 1897
1898b, 1898c, 1907
19125 1974b. 19M'7',
1918, 1920a, 1920b,
1920c, 1921a, 1921b,
192h4b, 192h4e, 192hd,
1926, 1927a, 1927b,
1929, 1931, 1934,
1935, 19614

305

Rodigas 1865

Roussin 1868-1870
Rumphius (Rumpf) 1741-1755
Saint-Hilaire 1805
Salisbury 192

. Sauer 1965

Savy 1961

Seeman 1856, 1870

Smith, J.L.B. 19554

Sonnerat 1776

Stockdale 1931

Summerhayes 1931

Thiselton-Dyer 1910

Thunberg 1788-1793

Tomlinson 1960

Tropical Products
Institute, London 1968

Tyerman 1886

United States: Department
of Agriculture: Bureau
of Plant Industry:
Office of Foreign Seed
and Plant Introduction
191 ren,

Verschaffelt 1865

Vesey-Fitzgerald 1940,
1942b, 1953

Waby 1910

Ward, S. 1863, 1864

Watson, W. 1886

Whitehead 1968

Wiehe 1942

Wolff 1956

Wright, E.P. 1868a, 1868c

Yvon 1947, 1953

Auchinleck 1922a
Bailey, D. 1944
Baker, J.G. 1875
Balfour 1877b
Ballard 1966
Balle 1964
Beringer 1892
Bockeler 1879
Bojer 1841
Brandis 189

306

Brown, E.G. 1955

Child 1965

Choisy 1849

Clarke, C.B. 1908

De Céré 1788

De Grandpré 1888a, 1888b

De Malavois 17874

Déquaire 1965

Distant 1912b

Déderlein 1902

Dupont, P.R. 1903, 1913b,
1918, 1926e, 19261,
1927b, 1927d, 193ha,
1934b, 1934e, 1936,
1939

Fairchild 1898

Fock-Heng 1965

Galbraith 1898

Gepp, A. et al. 1908

Gepp, E.S. 1908

Gillot 1779

Green, M.L. 1933

Hartog 1879

Hemsley 1907a, 1907b, 1913

Hoogland 1952

Hooker, Sir J.D. ed. 1884

Horne 1875a

Hubbard et al. 1940

Islip et al. 1950

Jeffrey 1963

Lawrence 1967, 1969

Plankton and zooplankton: general

Bé et al. 1967

Bernard, F. et al. 1960
Bogorov et al. 1966

--- et al. 1960

--- et al. 1961
Bordoyvsky 1966

Chiba et al. 1957
Funnell et al. eds. 1967
Hirano 1957

Jespersen 1935

Kozlova 1967

Lecal 1960

Naumoy et al. 1964
Petrusheyskaya 1967

Lecomte 1901

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1958-1959,
1961b, 1962a, 1962b,
1966c

Ly-Tio-Fane 1970

--- ed. 1958

Macnae 1969

Martelli 1933

Massee 1892

Van Meer 1965

Moore, S. le M. 1877

Oliver, D. ed. 189)

Perkins 1965°

Pichon, M. 199

Prain ed. 1906

Renvoize 1971

Rolfe 1922

Saint John 1960

Schlechter .1915

Seott, H. etoal. 19n2

Sheffield 1950

Shelford 1912

Smith, B.G.C. 1969

Sprague et al. 1933

Squibbs 1934

Summerhayes 1931, 1965

Tessier 1779

Thiselton-Dyer 1878

--- ed. 1902-1905

Vaughan 190

Wharton 1883

Ponomareva 196

Riedel ed. 1967

Satow 1957

Seno 1962

Suhanova 1961

Tagawa 1957

Timonin 1971

Tolderlund 1967

Tsuruta 1957

Vinogradov 1961b, 1962, 1966

--- et al. 1962

--- et al. 1961

Voronina 1961b, 1962a,
1962b, 1962c

496-383 O-73-21

‘Animals: general —

Beljaev et al. 1961

--- et al. 1961

Brander et al. 1970
Bourne, G.C. 1886b
Darlington 1957

Fisher, J.M.M. et al. 1969
Frénette..1963

Gardiner, J.S. 1904, 1936b
Ginther et al. 1884
Humphreys, W.F. 1970
Jeannel 192

Lewis 1970

McLeod. 1970

Millot, J. 1952

Paulian 1961

Protozoa

Bé et al. 1967
Beljaeva 1964 )
Bernard, F. et al. 1960
Funnell et al. eds. 1967
Haecker 1906

Hickson 1911

Kozlova 1967

Lecal 1960

Lindsey 1913

Lowery 1969

McDowell 1965

Mast 1910

‘Parazoa (Porifera)

Dendy 1913, 1915a, 1915b, 1922
Von Lendenfeld 1907

Lévi 1961

Owen, Sir R. 1857

307

Peake 1969

Sarasin 1910

Simon, N. 1969
Stoddart, D.J. 1969
Stoddart, D.R. 1971e

--- et al. 1969

Taylor. Je Die Noi ie
aa er, Mla a )710)
Tornquist 1904
Vincent 1969
Vinogradov 1961a
Vinogradova 1961
Voeltzkow 1902b
Wallace, A.R. 1876
Yentsch et al. 1962

Mobius et al. 1880
Nielsen 1939
Nigrini 1967
Petrushevskaya 1967
Riedel ed. 1967
Schulze 1905
Timonin 1971
Tolderlund 1967
Voeltzkow 1902a
Wood, E.J.F. 1963
Wright, E.P. 1876,
1877

Ridley, S.0. 1884b
Schulze 1903
Topsent 1893
Wright. Hee. co

308

Cnidaria (Coelenterata)

Bamford 1911

Barnes, J. et al. 1970

Bellamy 1970

Bernard, H.M. 1896, 1897,
1905

Boschma 1948, 1957, 1959

Bouillon 1967

=== 5 Gils “Pio

Bourne, G.C. 1888a, 1888b

Braithwaite 1970

Brook 1891-1892, 1893

Browne, E.T. 1915, 1925

Budzikiewicz 1968

Burton 1961

Carlgren 1918a, 1918b

Cooper 1908a

Cousteau et al. 1971

Daly 1934

Dana 1872

Darwin 1842

Davis 1918, 1928

Diolé 1971

Dolutov 1968

Drew 1970

Dupont, P.R. 1935c

England 1908, 1925

Gardiner, J.S. 1901-1903,
1902, 1903, 1908a,
1930a, 1930b, 1931a,
1936a

-—-- et al. 1901-1906

Hickson 190

--- et al. 1908

Van der Horst 1921, 1925

Houvenaeghel-Crévecoeur 1968,
1970

Jarvis 1921

Platyhelminthes

Mell 1903

Jones, D.J. 1970

Kenyon 1970

Klose 1968

Kramp 1957-1959

Kikenthal 1906, 1916

Leont'yev 1968

Lister 1888

Lythgoe 1970

Mackinnon 1909

Von Marenzeller 1903

Matthai 1914, 1928

Milliman 1965

Murray, Sir J. 1880

Pax 1909

Radidley- sO. doolta

Rosen 1970a, 1970b,
1970c, 1971

--- et al. 1969

Rudiger et al. 1968

Russell, E.S. 1909

Stechow 1922

Stiasny 1937, 1940

Stoddart, D.R. 1969a, 1970d,
1970e, 1971a

--- et al. eds. 1970

Taylor, J.D. 1969c¢

Thomson, J.A. et al. 1909

Tixier-Durivault 1961

Tursch 1968

Vanhoffen 1902a, 1902b,
1907, 1910

Wells 1954, 1965

Whitton 1970

Williams, J.W. [n.d.]

Wright, E.P. 1869b

Yonge 1970

=== Bolo “I'ST/0)

Nemertina

Burger 1907
Cooper 1908b
Punnett 1907

Nematoda

Anon. 192ha
Bradley 1928

Hasenbank 1932

Brachiopoda

Dall 1909
Helmcke 1939

Mollusca

Mpbotins) Row 1959. 1960,
1961, 1967, 1968

Abraham 1877

Adams 1868

Bailey, D. 1962

Barnacle 1962, 1967

Bruun 1943

Cate 196)

Chavan 196

Chun 1908

Connolly 1925

Dance, P. 1966

Dance, S.F. 1964

Dautzenberg 1893

Dufo 1840

Eliot 1909

Eydoux 1839

309

--- et al. 1908
Wheeler 1927

Lambrecht 1969a, 1969b
Lowery 1969

Thornely 1911

Odhner 1960

Fischer, P. ils let.

"Gates" 1966

Germain 1909, 1920,
1924, 1934

Harris 1966

Hermitte 1946

Heynemann 1906

Hinds 1844

Hughes 1971

Jaeckel 1930

Jarret 1970

June et al) 1967

Kohn 1960, 1961, 1967,
1968

--- et al. 1968

Leloup 1941, 1953

Liénard 1877

310

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1971e Rost et al. 1955
Madge 1946 Schilder, F.A. et al. 1938
Von Martens 1869b, 1880, Schilder- M. 1938

1896, 1901, 1902 Shacko 1880
--- et al. 1903 Simroth 1910, 1913
--- et al. 1898 Slimming et al. 1970
Meisenheimer 1905 _ Smith, E.A. 188)
Melvill 1909 Soot-Ryen 1955
Morelet 1860, 1882 Stubbings 1937, 1938
Nevill, G. 1868, 1869, Sykes 1909

1870, 1878-188) Taylor, JD. 1967, 1970c.,
--- et al. 1870 197 1d
Nevill, H. 1870 Tesch 1910, 1948,
Peake 1971 1949a, 1949b
Pickford 1946, 1949, 1959 Thiele 1900, 1902, 1903, 1918
Plate 1908 --- et al. 1930
Poisson 1953 Thore 19h9
Powell, A.W.B. 1964 Travis 1959
Pruvot-Fol 192 Vaughan 1939
Rees 1950 Viader 1937, 1938, 1951
Robertson 1968 Wiegmann 1898
Robson 1915 Winckworth 190
Rosewater 1961, 1965 Wright, C.A. 1969

Gephyrea

Fischer, W. 1916a, 1916b

Annelida
Ehlers 1897, 1906 Monro 1937
Fauyel, P. 1920 Pixell 1913
Harding 1913 Potts, F.A. 1908, 1909
Michaelsen 1897 Saimsian RewiOiral
Myriapoda
Attems 1900, 1910 Pocock 1893
Broélemann 1895 Verhoeff 1902, 1939a,
De Saussure et al. 1902 1939b
Gerstaecker 1873 Vinson 1946
Gervais 1836-187 Waleckenaer et al. 1836-1847

Kraepelin 1902 Zehnter 1902

Insecta: general

Anon. 1919a

Cogan et al. 1969
Deyrolle 1876
Dupont, P.R. 1934f
Evans 1952
Gerstaecker 1873
Holdhaus 1929
Hutson 1969

Linell 1896

Apterygota

‘Carpenter 1916

Odonata

Blackman et al. 1967

Calvert 1898

Campion 1913

De Sélys-Longchamps 1869a, 1869b

Isoptera

Holmgren 1906
Seott, H. 1932a
Snell et al. 1920

SAA

Lionnet, J.F.G. 1958, 1971le

Nye 1960

Ozawa et al. 1965

Paulian 1959

Schaffer 1969

Scott, H. 1910, 1932a,
1932b

Seno 1965

Vesey-Fitzgerald 1941b

Ephemeroptera

Eaton 1913b

Laidlaw 1907

Martin, R. 1894, 1896
Pinhey 1967

Wright, E.P. 1869a

Tams 1920
Wasmann 1897

Orthoptera, including Dictyoptera and Phasmida

Bolivar 1894, 1912;
192ha, 192h4b

==> eg el. 22

Brongniart 1893

De Saussure 1899
Ferriére 1912
Joly 1871, 1874
Vinson 1968

312

Dermaptera

Burr 1910
De Bormans 189

Embioptera

Enderlein 1910a

Phthiraptera

Scott, H. 1914

Hemiptera

Bergroth 1892

Distant 1908, 1912a,

1913, 1916

Dupont, P.R. 1926a,

1927f, 1929a

Green, E.E. 1907;
1910, 1913, 1916

===> ~ig Bul, S21
Herring 1958
Hutchinson 1927

Neuroptera

Enderlein 1910a

Esben-Petersen 1927

Vinson 1968

Psocoptera (Copeognatha)

Enderlein 1929a, 1929b

Thysanoptera
Bagnall 1921

Laing 1921

Lambrecht 1970a

Maa 1970

Mamet 1936, 1941,
1943, 1954b, 1957

Newstead 1909

Miller, N.C.E. 1956

Stockdale 1931

Vesey-Fitzgerald 1940,
1941¢e, 1953

Klapdlek 1913
Needham 1913

Coleoptera

Alluaud 1897, 1898a,
1898b, 1916

Arrow 1922

Aurivillius 1922

Basilewsky 1970

Bernhauer 1920, 1921

=—— et alagl931

Britten, H. 1925

Brown, E.S. 1953,
1954a, 1954b

Candéze 1895

Champion 1914, 1917, 1923

De Peyerimhoff 1914

Dupont, P.R. -1922b,
1927Tg

- Endrody-Younga 1963

Fairmaire 1868, 1891a,
1891b, 1891c, 1892,
1893, 1895a, 1895b,
1896

Fauvel, Albert 1898

Fleutiaux 1903, 1922

Frappa 1937, 1948

Gahan 1908

Gebien 1921

Gomy 1969

Greathead 1971

Grouvelle 1894,
19s, A9ay

--- et al. 1914

Herscher et al. 1911

Trichoptera

Ulmer 1909

Lepidoptera

Aurivillius 1909
Berger 1962

Berio 1956, 1959, 1962
Bernardi 1959, 1968
Bigot 1962

Bourgogne 1963

Jordan 1913

Kerremans 1893, 1910
Kolbe, H.J. 1902, 1910
Lemeere 1893

-Linell 1896

Lionnet,; J-F.G. 19714

Maulik 1913, 1917,
1929a, 1929b

MUaot, Le add

Nye 1959, 1961a, 1961b

Orian 1959

Paulian 1967

Peschet 1917

Raffray 1913

Régimbart 1895, 1897, 1900

Sampson 1914

Schaufuss 1897

Schenkling 1921

Schmidt, I. 1893

Scott... Hi W912. 1913. 19d:
1917b, 192 1a, #1921b.5, 1922),
1924, 1925b, 1926, 1931

Sicard 1912

Simmonds 1956

Théry 1897

Vesey-Fitzgerald 1938, 190,
1941a, 1953

Vinson 1934, 1936, 1949,
1956-1962, 1963a, 1963b,
1967

Waterhouse 1875, 1880, 1884

Butler 1884

Careasson 1963

De Joannis 1893a, 1893b,
1899, 1915

De Toulgoét 1965

Diakonoff 1961, 1969, 1970

318

314

Fletcher 1909, 1910
Fryer 1911

Griveaud 1960, 1970
Hampson 1907, 1908
Herbulot 1962a, 1962b
Holland 1895

Joicey et al. 1921
Jordan 1939

Le Cerf 1916

Diptera

Austen 1920
Barnes, H.F. 1939
Bezzi 1923
Brown, E.S. 1956
Collin 1911a, 1911b,
1922
De Meillon 1953
Eaton 1913a
Edwards, F.W. 1912, 1913,

191
Enderlein 1910b, 1914
--- et al. 1912

Freeman et al. 1953
Giglio-Tos 189)

Siphonaptera (Aphaniptera)

Scott, H. 191)

Hymenoptera

Brauer 1897

Cameron 1907

Cockerell 1911

Dupont, P.R. 1914, 1915,
19374

Emery 1894

Forel 1897, 1907, 1912

Frappa 1937

Friese 1900

Legrand 1957, 1958,

1959, 1965, isi
Lionnet, J.F.G. 1970c
Meyrick 1910, 1911, 1923
Oberthtir 1879
Poulton 1923
Ragonot 1893
Talbot 1921
Viette 1968, 1962, 1963, 1970
Vinson 1938

Harper 1947

Hermitte 1931

Joyce 1948

Kertész 1911

Kieffer 1911a, 1911b, 1912

Lamb 1912, 1914, 1921

Lambrecht 1969a, 1969b,
1970a, 1970b

Matthew 1932

Mattingly et al. 1956

Scott, H. 1914, 1923, 1925a

Van Someren 1947

Stein 1910

Theobald 1901-1910, 1911

Kieffer 1910, 1911c, 1917
Mamet 1954a

Masi 1917

Meade-Waldo 1911

Morley 1912

Pérez 1894

Scott, H. 1914, 1932a
Silberrad 1969a, 1969b,

1969c, 19694, 1970

Snell et al. 1920 Turner, R.E. 1911
Tams 1920 Vesey-Fitzgerald 1950

Crustacea: general

Edmondson 1923 Miers 188)
Farrow 1970 Pollen et al.
Hilgendorf 1869 1868-1877
Hoffmann 1868-1877 Ward, M. 1942b

Copepoda
Grice et al. 1967 Sewell 1940, 1947, 1948,
Hulsemann 1967 1949, 1951
Jones, E.C. 1966a, 1966b Steuer 1904, 1905, 1926,
Lehnhofer 1925, 1926, 1929 1932, 1933
Mullin 1966 Vinogradov et al. 1961
Rosendorn 1917 Voronina 1961a
Schmaus et al. 1926 Wright, E.P. 1874

Cirripedia

Gruvel 1908 Smith, WA. 1971
Newman, W.A. 1967 Southward 1967
Nilsson-Cantell 1929, 1938

Ostracoda
Cannon 1940 Miller, G.W. 1898, 1905
McKenzie 1969a Poulsen 1962
Peracarida
Bernard, J.-L. 1961 Paulian 1959
Barnard, K.H. 1937, 1964 Schellenberg 1926
Behning 1914 Schoenichen 1908
--- et al. 1912 Stebbing 1909
Budde-Lund 1912 Tattersall 1911, 1939
Chevreux 1901 Vinson 196
Dollfus 1893 Wagler 1922
Fage 1941-1942, 1960 Walker, A.O. 1908, 1909
Gerstaecker 1873 Woltereck 1912

Tllig 1906, 1906-1913, 1930

316
Hoplocarida (Stomatopoda)

Borradaile 1907b
Foxon 1939
Jurich 1904

Eucarida

Andrews 1909

Balss 1911, 1913, 1914,

1920, 1926, 1933
Borradaile 1907a,
1909, 1910, 1915,
1916a, 1916b
Bouvier 1893, 1913
Bruce, A.J. 1966,
1967, 1968, 1969a,
1969b |
Calman 1939
Couti@re 1908, 1918
Doflein 1903
=—— et al. 1913
Grubb 1969b
Guinot 1964
Harris 1964

Arachnida

Beier 1940

Blackwell et al. 1876
Bonnet 1945

Cambridge 1876
Gerstaecker 1873
Hirst 1911, 1913
Loman 1902

Pycnogonida

Calman 1938
Carpenter 1907

Lenz 1905, 1910
Manning 1962

Tllig 1906, 1906-1913,
1908, 1926, 1930
Kemp 1913
King Pabs etal os9
Laurie 1925
Lenz 1905, 1910
Milne-Edwards
et al.” 1693
Ortmann 1902
Rathbun 1894, 1911
Reyne 1938
Richters 1880

Smith, J.L.B. 1965, 1968

Tattersall 1911, 1939
Taylor) dias NOT Ne
Tirmizi 1959

Ward, M. 1942a

Neumann, L.G. 1907

Pocock 1904

Simon, E. 1864, 1893,
1897, 1901a, 1901b

Strand 1907, 1915

Vinson 1946, 1949

Warburton 1912

Fage 1956
Mobius 1902

Chaetognatha

Alvarino 1964
Burfield et al. 1925

Echinodermata

Bell 1884, 1908

Brock 1888

Campbell 1970

Clark, A.H: 193i
Clark, A.M. et al. 1971
Clark, H.L. 1939

De Loriol 1883-1893
Déderlein 1906, 1911
Hartlaub, Clemens 1891
Heding 1939

Hertz 1927

Urochordata

Apstein 1905

Hartmeyer 1912

Lohmann 1930
Michaelsen 1918, 1919a,

Cephalochordata

Gibson, H.O.S. 1909

Vertébrata: general

Lowery 1969

S17

Harvey 1925
Tokioka 1962

Hoffmann 1868-1877
Koehler 1897, 1898
Ludwig 1898
Madsen 1951
Von Martens 1870
Mortensen 1939
Ormond et al. 1970
Perrier 1869, 1875-1876
Pollen et al.
1868-1877
Taylor, J.D. 1971b

1919b, 1920
Millar 1957-1959
Neumann, G. 1905, 1912
Sewell 1953

Goldschmidt 1905

318
Fishes

Alexander, E.C. 1961

Ankaru 1959

Anon. 1959a

Arnoult et al. 1958

Badcock 1970

Baissac 1962

Bauchot-Boutin 1958

Bauchot 1959

Bertelsen 1951

--- et al. 1956

Bertin 1934, 1937, 1938

Bleeker 1868-1877

Bogorov et al. 1960

Boulenger 1908

Brauer 1902, 1906

Chabanaud 1955

Cole, R.S. 1968

Collette et al. 1971

Cushing 1969

De Falla 1965

Diolé 1971

Dupont, P.R. 1926c, 1935b,

--- et al. 1928

Ege 1934, 1938, 1948,
1953, 1957, 1958

Forster et al. 1970

Fraser-Brunner 1933, 1940,
1950

Gibbs 1963

--- et al. 1967

Gorbunova 1963

Grage 1967

Grey 1955

Gudger 1929, 1932, 1934

Guichenot 1865

Ginther 1866, 1869

Hirano et al. 1956

Hiyama 1958, 1959

Hornell 1927a

Howarth 1961

Hurwitz 1967

India: Central Marine
Fisheries Research
Institute 1968

Jatzow et al. 1898

Jespersen 1942

Jones, S. 1962

--- et al. 1962

--- et al. 1962

Kataoka 1957

Koga 1958a, 1958b
Kumaran 1962

Kurogane et al. 1958, 1959
Lenz 1898

Longbottom 1970

Losse 1968

Lunel 1881

Marshall 1956

Von Martens 1869a

Mead et al. 1965
Merrett 1967, 1970
Mimura 1955, 1958, 1962
Mobius et al. 1878
Mohr 1937

Morrow 1959, 1962
Myers 1933

Nakagome 1958, 1962
Nakamura et al. 1955
Norman 1939

Nybelin 1957

Ommanney 1953b, 1965
Ozawa 1965

--- et al. 1965
Panikkar 1966

Parr 1960

Pellegrin 1922, 1932, 1933
Peters, W. 1876, 1878
Playfair 1867

--- et al. 1866
Plomley 1968

Pollen et al. 1868-1877
ones Golils 1969, 1970

Rass 1960
Regan 1907, 1912
=—— et al. 1932

Rofen 1957-1959

Roux-Estéve 1958

Seno 1965

Silas 1962a, 1962b

Gmicthiss dele be G5 oar liGo >is
1955¢e, 1955-1958, 1956a,
1956b, 1956c, 1956d, 1956e,
1956f, 1957a, 1957b, 1957c,
1957d, 195Te, 1958a, 1958b,
1958c, 1958d, 1959a, 1959b,
1959c, 1959d, 1959e, 1960,
1961a, 1961b, 1962a, 1962b,
1962c, 1962d, 1963a, 1963b,
1964, 1965, 1968

--- et al. 1963

Smith, Margaret M. 1963
Tagawa 1956

Thomson, K.S. 1970
Travis 1961

Trewavas 1932

Tyler 1966a, 1966b, 1966c, 1967

Uda 1965b,
Ueda et al. 1965
Ueyanagi 1962

Amphibia

Ahi 1934

Boettger 1896

Boulenger 1908, 1911

Brauer 1898

Gaymer 1967c

Honegger 1966c

Lawson 1963, 1965a,
1965b, 1965c, 1966

Macarthur et al. 1967

Nieden 1913

Reptilia

Angel 1950

Anon. 196hd

Beltz 1953, 1954, 1958, 1960
Blane 1971

Boettger 1896, 1913
Boulenger 1908, 1911, 1915
Burton 1967

Carié 1925

Carr 1970

Cherbonnier 196)

Davidson 1910

De Malavois 1787e

De Witte et al. 193
Elizabeth 1971

Fauvel, A.A. 1900a

Frazier 1971

Frere 1874

Friedel 1896

Gadow 1892

Gaymer 1966a, 1966b, 1967a,

Ward, B. 1962

Ward, S. 1869

Weed et al. 1961

Wheeler 1946, 1950, 1959,
1960, 1961

==—"et al. 1958

Williams, F. 1958

Wright, E.P. 1870b

Yabuta 1955

Yamanaka et al. 1959

Noble 1926

Parker, H.W. 1936, 1941,
1947, 1958

Peters, W. 1877

Peters, W.C.H. 1869

Schilling 1935

Stejneger 1893 -

Taylor, E.H. 1968

Vesey-Fitzgerald 197

Wilson, E.0. 1967

1967c, 1967e
Grossin 1742-1744
Grubb 1969a
Gtinther 1874, 1877, 1884
Haddon 1879
Harrison 1969
Heck 1957
Hillenius 1959
Hirth 1967
--- et al. 1970
Holloway et al. 1969
Honegger 1966a, 1966c, 1966d,
1968
Hooker, Sir J.D. et al. 1874
Hornell 1927b
Kirk 1874
Laidlaw 1902
Laurent, R. 1943
Laurent, R.F. 1965
Loveridge 1942

319

320

SS eG) at. 195 t
Mertens 1934, 1966 '
Moine 1963

Newman, K.B. 1965b
Newton, A. 1874
Owen, Sir R. 1874
Palombelli 1954
Parker, H.W. 1936
Parsons, J.J. 1962
Peters, W. 1877
Picault 1742-1744
"Ro. 1Oro
Rendahl 1939

Rothschild 1897, 1906, 1915, 1928

Sauvage, E. 1875
Sauzier 1892, 1893, 1895, 1899

Aves

Alexander, W.B. 1928

Bailey, R.S. 1963, 1964, 1965,
1966a, 1966b, 1967

--- et al. 1966

Beamish 1968c

Bendire 189

Benson 1960a, 1960b, 1962,
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970a,
IQ( Obs MoOes ST Oe. 19 OL.

1970g
--- et al. 1968, 1960
--- et al. 1967

Von Berlepsch 1898

Berlioz 1946, 1960

Betts 190

Blackburn 1878

Blackman 1968

Blasius 1887

Boulton 1960

Bourne, W.R.P. 1959, 1960,
1962, 1963, 1965, 1966,
1969, 1970a, 1970b, 1971

Bowdler-Sharpe 188)

Cabanis 1869

Cheke 1966

Clancey 1958, 1968

Crook 1960, 1961, 1964

Dawson 1965, 1966a, 1966b,
1968

Delacour 1929, 1964

Schacht 1902

Siebenrock 1902, 1903, 1906,
1909

Smith, M. 1935

Stejneger 1893

Street 1960

Travis 1959

United Nations Organization:
Food and Agricultural
Organization 1967

Vaillant 1899, 1903

Veevers-Carter, M. 1962

Vesey-Fitzgerald 1947

Voeltzkow 1896

Wheeler 1953

Williams, E.E. 1952, 195)

Diamond 1969a, 1969b

Dixon, C. 1898

Dupont. P.Rend907. 19261.
1930, 1937b

Edinburgh et al. 1970

Elkington 1929, 1930

Farquhar 1900

Fayon 1968, 1971

Finsch 1887

--- et al. 1887

Fisher, J.M.M. 1970

Gadow et al. 1907

Gardiner, J.S. 1907e

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--- et al. 1968

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Grant, €-H?B." etxal = 1933

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1ST

321

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U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1973 O - 496-383

_ INOS.

100-170 —

(166.

167.

168.

November 23, 1973

ATOLL RESEARCH

BULLETIN

Crown of thorns (Acanthaster
planci) plagues: The natural
causes theory

by Peter J. Vine

A study of some aspects of the
crown-of-thorns star fish
(Acanthaster planci) infesta-
tions of reefs of AS $

_ Great Barrier Reef

by R. Endean and W. Stablum

The apparent extent of recov-
ery of reefs of Australia’s
Great Barrier Reef devastated

169.

170.

by the crown-of-thorns star fish
by R. Endean and W. Stablum

Investigations of Acanthaster
planci in Southeastern Poly-

nesia during 1970-1971

‘by Dennis M. Devaney and

John E. Randall

Population levels of Acanthas-
ter planci in the Mariana and
Caroline Islands 1969-1972
by James A. Marsh, Jr. and

Roy T. Tsuda

Issued by _
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

ATOLL
RESEARCH
BULLETIN

166. Crown of thorns (Acanthaster
planci) plagues: The natural

causes theory
by Peter J. Vine

167. A study of some aspects of the
crown-of-thorns starfish
(Acanthaster planci) infesta-
tions of reefs of Australia’s

Great Barrier Reef
by R. Endean and W. Stablum

168. The apparent extent of recov-
ery of reefs of Australia’s
Great Barrier Reef devastated

by the crown-of-thorns starfish
by R. Endean and W. Stablum

169. Investigations of Acanthaster
planci in Southeastern Poly-
nesia during 1970-1971
by Dennis M. Devaney and

John E. Randall

170. Population levels of Acanthas-
ter planci in the Mariana and
Caroline Islands 1969-1972
by James A. Marsh, Jr. and
Roy T. Tsuda

Issued by
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

November 23, 1973

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Atoll Research Bulletin is issued by the Smithsonian
Institution as a part of its Tropical Biology Program, It is co-
sponsored by the Museum of Natural History, the Office of Environ-
mental Sciences, and the Smithsonian Press. The Press supports
and handles production and distribution. The editing is done by
the Tropical Biology staff, Botany Department, Museum of Natural
History and by D. R. Stoddart. The camera copy for this issue was
prepared in the Department of Geography, Cambridge, using funds
contributed by ARB readers.

The Bulletin was founded and the first 117 numbers issued by the
Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, with financial
support from the Office of Naval Research. Its pages were largely
devoted to reports resulting from the Pacific Science Board's Coral
Atoll Program.

The sole responsibility for all statements made by authors of
papers in the Atoll Research Bulletin rests with them, and statements
made in the Bulletin do not necessarily represent the views of the
Smithsonian nor those of the editors of the Bulletin.

Editors

FoR. ehosberg:
M,-H. Sachet

Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D. C. 20560

D. R. Stoddart

Department of Geography
University of Cambridge
Downing Place

Cambridge, England

ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN
NO. 166

CROWN OF THORNS (ACANTHASTER PLANCI) PLAGUES: THE NATURAL
CAUSES THEORY

by Peter J. Vine

Issued by
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Contents

Page
Abstract
Introduction
Observations
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

COnwINIW tH) - =

Figures (following p. 10)

1 Acanthaster planci removed from hiding and placed
in light during daytime soon moves back into shaded
conditions. The long light-sensitive terminal podia
can be seen.

2 Peter Goreau (son of the late Tom Goreau) ‘studies
an Acropora table in the Red Sea. The white region
has been predated upon by A. planci and the peripheral
darker region is still alive. Twelve A. planci were
found under the table, mostly attached to the basal
stem.

3 <A. planci moving over sand.

4 Two A. planci revealed by removing an overlying slab
of coral.

CROWN OF THORNS (ACANTHASTER PLANCI) PLAGUES: THE NATURAL
CAUSES THEORY

Wi

Dye ret. J. Vine

ABSTRACT

The history of research on Acanthaster planci prior to
1960 is briefly reviewed and the results of some more recent
mesearch are discussed. There is evidence that many. "plagues"
of A] plane have occurned prior to 1960. Predation by
Chanonia yuriiconts on Ane plancay is unlikely to, have been a
SHeonitiCcant actor controlling its population in any area.
The suggestion that artificial damage to coral reefs, by
blasting or dredging, has created conditions for population
exploslonsy Ob An pilaniciy ss Wconsidened an relation, tO. the
known habits of larval and juvenile stages. It is suggested
that many "plagues" have been aggregations which are a natural
and necessary facet of the life of this species. There is
some evidence that feeding starfish release a chemical
attractant thus producing mini-aggregations. The likely
mesults of destruction of, corals by A. planci are bricehly
discussed and a possible measure to reduce populations is
suggested.

INTRODUCTION

The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, was
known to science long before the recent focus of public
attention on destruction of coral reefs which it is causing
in the Indo-Pacific. Rumphius mentioned it in 1705 and it
was described by Plancus and Gualtieri in 1743. The name
Acanthaster planci was created by Linnaeus in 1758. Early
knowledge of its widespread distribution can be gathered from
the literature; Goa (Portuguese liad). i 7S ae ia LO
Philippines, 1781; and Mauritius, 1885. It was recorded
from Australia's Great Barrier Reef in 1913 (Clark, 1921) and
at Low Isles, where the Great Barrier Reef Expedition was
centred in 1928-29 bye ape LIBBy ve Other records such
as those of Madsen 1955) indicate a widespread distribution
throughout the Indo-Pacific. It has not been recorded from
the Caribbean.

L i i Galway, Eire.

— Department of Zoology, University College,

(Manuscript received June, 197 \e=nd)

Nm

OBSERVATIONS

Early records of large aggregations of A. planci are
understandably scarce. The animal prefers a sublittoral
habitat and is frequently hidden during the day. Many reef
areas were seldom visited and very rarely dived upon.
Indigenous people on atolls throughout the Indo-Pacific
recognise the starfish, have remedies for stings caused by
penetration of its spines, and in some cases are able to
report large numbers which have appeared on their reefs in
the past. Mortensen, who studied A. planci in the Java Sea

in 1929, wrote in 1931: "This species was found rather commonly
on the coral reefs at the little island of Haarlem off Batavia,
alse Olmcsiega Gg Got ti. “$$ was also reported as, 'common”, tm Lore

Galera Bay and Sabang Cove in the Philippines in 1938
(Domantay and Roxas, 1938), as "very common" in the Palaus
Hayashi, 1938) and "abundant" around Christmas Island
Edmonson, 1946). As Dana (1970) has po titied! Ol hes eels
quite probable that these records might have been applied to
the modest densities which are now said to constitute plagues
(Endean, 1969; Pearson, 1970). I have spoken to fishermen
in the Solomon Islands who recall large concentrations of them
many years ago. It was said of Maringe lagoon, Santa Ysabel,
that night-time fishing on the reef was especially hazardous
about 40 years ago, because fishermen were afraid of treading
on starfish which were present in large numbers. It has been
widely held that Green Island experienced the first "plague"
on the Great Barrier Reef in 1959 (Endean, 1969) but an
experienced professional diver from Townsville, D. Tarca
(personal communication and Sunday Mail, September 7, 1969)
recalled that there were large numbers on the south-east side
of Lodestone reef in 1954.

Attention was drawn to the feeding habits of A. planci
by Goreau (1963) who discovered an aggregation in the southern
Red Sea. He foresaw the likelihood that: "this species may,
under certain conditions, be an amportant tacvor imitans) wae
growth and development of coral reefs". At that time large
numbers of A. pllancaiwene beins reported fiom eet cee ad
Cairns, on Australia's Great Barrier Reef, and destruction of
corals had been noticed at the tourist resort of Green Island.

Pearson, the scientist employed by the Queensland Govern-—-
ment to investigate the biology of Acanthaster and the damage
which it was causing on the reef, reported further recent and
massive destruction of corals in the Innisfail area, which had
gone quite unnoticed by the press and public. This suggests
that intense destruction of coral by A. planci may have
occurred undetected throughout the range of the species many
times in the past.

Recent research by Pearson and Endean in Australia,
Chesher and a team of scientists -at Guam and elsewhere in the

3

Pacific, Weber and Woodhead in the Pacific, the Cambridge Coral
Starfish Expedition in the Red Sea and a large number of
individual scientists, who have reported on its distribution,
have added greatly to our knowledge of this species (see papers
by Barnes, 1966; Branham et al, 1971; Chesher, 1969 and 1970;
Dana, 1970; Dana and Wolfson, 1970; Elderedge, 1970; Roads
and Ormond, 1971; Vine, 1970; Weber and Woodhead, 1970).

Endean (1969) suggested that removal by shell collectors
of the giant traiton,, Charonia tritonis, which preys upon A.
planci, may have removed the predator pressure controlling
populations of this starfish. He believed that the larvae had
a short planktonic life: "a matter of a few days", and that
Significant pressure could be exerted on the population by C.
tritonis. Mortensen (G9 3du)y, however, had shown that the larval
development of A. planci takes two to three weeks. He succeeded
in fertilising eggs and reared the larvae for sixteen days, by
which time they had reached the brachiolaria stage. Recently
Henderson and Lucas (1971) have shown larval life is 4-5 weeks,
depending on temperature. Such animals normally produce great
numbers of eggs and Pearson has estimated the egg production
of a female Acanthaster of average size (30 cms.) to be 12-24
million. Thorson (1950) has shown how such invertebrates
undergo great fluctuations in population size, depending on
their breeding success and particularly the conditions met by
their larvae in the plankton. Charonia tritonis is a somewhat
scarce and sluggish predator. One was recorded as eating on
average O.7 Acanthaster per week when given an unlimited
supply (Pearson and Endean, 1969). Experiments have indicated,
moreover, that C. tritonis usually prefers to eat Linckia
laevigata, a blue starfish which appears to be more abundant
than A planes, jon many conrad; neefs which have wiisited inthe
Pacific caer 1970).

Chesher (1969) suggested that A. planci larvae are heavily
preyed upon by live coral polyps and that areas for safe
settlement of larvae are severely restricted on a normal coral
reef. He points out that mechanical damage to reefs, such as
is caused by blasting or dredging, may have reduced predatory
pressure on the larvae and increased the area suitable for

settlement. Increased survival of larvae would produce
localised dense populations of A. planci. These would increase

the area of dead coral by their feeding activities and might
thus further reduce predation on the larvae, simultaneously
increasing the area suitable for subsequent settlement.

DISCUSSION

This suggestion, that recent mechanical damage may have
been important, meets with the difficulty that coral reefs
have long been subject to cyclone damage. Disturbance of coral
by such a natural cause would presumably result in conditions

similar to those postulated as favouring the development of A.
planci plagues. Pearson (Pearson and Endean, 1969) has shown
that larvae can in fact settle in areas of rich coral growth,
especially among the basal stems of closely packed branching
colonies of Acropora echinata. The larvae may indeed swim for
a long time among the coral stems for it seems well established
that echinoderm larvae can delay metamorphosis until they
discover an area suitable for settlement (Mortensen, 1938).

The older photonegative larvae (Thorsen, 1950) may thus be
expected to visit the bottom repeatedly, while being carried
by water currents for several days, but it is not clear that
they would be vulnerable to predation by coral. If they are
photonegative, it is probable that most of their searching is
carried out during daylight, when the majority of coral polyps
are not feeding. Shaded crevices of coral reefs offer many
Suitable surfaces, which are free from filter feeders and
would provide for the attachment of brachiolaria larvae and the
protection of young metamorphosed starfish. In most situations
the coral cover of a flourishing reef is only 30-50 per cent
(Talbot and Talbot, 1971) and the remainder is veneered with
hard encrusting red coralline algae forming sheets or patches
of cement-like pink calcium carbonate. Larvae reared in the
laboratory settled in the presence of encrusting algae, algal
detritus, serpulid tubes, fine siliceous sand, lithothamnion,
live Pocillopora damicornis, spines -and tube feet of A. planci
and recently predated P. damicornis (Henderson and Lucas, HOA)
Mechanical destruction of coral would seem to be unnecessary
for survival and metamorphosis of A. planci, and might be
unfavourable through reducing the available food. Moreover it
does not necessarily follow that a "seed" population would
reproduce locally and thus build up in the manner envisaged by
Chesher, since the larvae have a planktotrophic life of
considerable duration, during which they must be widely
dispersed and are probably preyed upon heavily.

Several workers have recently suggested that the present
situation regardins populavwons OMA. planer sow abu carl (Weber
and Woodhead, IQD7OsS Warne, iIO97Os . Waae, 1970) and it appears
mkety that themrecent omvb real tore neo US) Olan lA picitert |
reflects an increase in the number of divers aware of the
starfish. There seems to be no need to postulate a real
inerease in the numbers) of) (AS jplatc i tne tire sinCo Pale ir se ee es
Pearson (1969) has pointed out, prior to 1964, starfish
aggregations on the Great Barrier Reef had been overlooked by
fishermen and skindivers. In the Red Sea I asked several
fishermen, shell collectors and skindivers where we could find
large numbers of Acanthaster. Nobody could direct us to a
"plague", although we eventually discovered two reefs on which
large numbers were found, both within several miles of Port
Sudan (Roads and Ormond, 1971).

The fact that "plagues" have now been reported throughout
the range of distribution of A. planci suggests that these are

in fact natural facets of the life-history of Acanthaster.

Work carried out by the Cambridge Coral Starfish Expedition in
the Red Sea tends to support this view. Within the aggregations
of A. planci which were discovered we identified "mini-aggrega-—
tions"--many starfish huddled together, often with arms inter-
locked or discs partly overlapping, emerging at night time from
their shaded situations under Acropora tables to feed together
on the same tables. Although the majority were inactive and
hidden in daytime, occasional individuals were observed moving
over sandy areas between the hidden mini-aggregations. The
Presence of ovher* A. plancsi, did inot appear’ to attract these
moving starfish, but at night A. planci which had commenced
feeding appeared to attract others. Thus the number feeding

on a particular table increased, and it seems possible that
some form of chemo-attraction may be exerted by feeding starfish.
Research by Brauer, Jordan and Barnes (1970) suggests that A.
planci may be attracted by particles of semi-digested coral
tissue. They demonstrated reflex stomach eversion by injection
of coral extract into the water. The degree of responsiveness
of starfish to this stimulus was greater at night than during
daytime. Chemo—attraction between individuals has not been
conclusively demonstrated but seems likely to occur. Experi-
ments carried out with” Y tubes on A. planci an’ the’ Red Sea
indicate that individuals are attracted to feeding starfish
(Ra Ge Ormond, personal communication, October AOA)" ima!
Red Sea area where Acanthaster was sparse, observed directions
of movement of isolated individuals, in relation to the spacing
of previous feeding scars, suggested the possibility that chemo-
attraction from aggregations may attract starfish from one or
two miles away. Thus massive aggregations may perhaps form by
mechanisms similar to those which create mini aggregations.

The fact that feeding aggregations develop naturally
suggests a mechanism by which massive sudden population
imnereases (may occur.-"-A ‘Ssilisht fluctuation’ in larval’ survival
may result in an increased population density of starfish.
Beyond a certain level a significant increase may occur in the

number and size of feeding aggregations which develop. Greatly
increased fertilisation within these aggregations could lead to
a sudden increase in metamorphosed starfish. Thus the initial

change in conditions may be quite small (giving rise to a slight
increase in population). Dhais trigcscersore a natural @chainv*eL
events which may lead to sudden localised population explosions.

An advantage of aggregations is that they increase the
chances of successful fertilisation of eggs. It is doubtful
whether isolated individuals contribute at all to the planktonic
population of larval A. planci (see Thorson, 1950). Epidemic
spawning has been recorded in a number of asteroids: Asterias
rubens (Gemmill, 1914; Bull, 1934); Asterias forbesi (Galstoff
and Loosanoff, 1939); Solaster papposus (Gemmill, 1920); and
Astropeeten’ irresularis (Thorson, 1946). Pearson (Pearson and
Endean, 1969) observed synchronous male spawning in A. planci

6

and this seems to have triggered off spawning in at least one
female a metre away from the nearest spawning male. Probably
fertilisation is ensured through some ecto-hormone, as in
Asterias (Chaet, 1961; Kantani et al, 1963; Stebbing, 1967),
and the successful reproduction of. A. planci may well rely upon
the formation of aggregations.

A fortunate result of the aggregated feeding habits of A.
pianci is that the damage is localised and many large coral
structures are left completely untouched. Where aggregations
appear to have been abnormally large (such as at Guam and on
a section of the Great Barrier Reef), there is less likelihood
of any large coral structures remaining undamaged, except of
those species not usually attacked by A. planci (see Pearson
and Endean, 1969), but the majority of reported "plagues" have
been of more moderate proportions. It is a characteristic
feature of such areas that some coral structures survive
undamaged. JI have seen examples of this at Northeast Bay on
Great Palm Island, where isolated outcrops of delicate staghorn
Acropora remained untouched whereas at least 50% of the Acropora
was killed (see also Endean, 1969; Pearson and Endean, Geen”
Off Fiji and in the Red Sea I have observed similar examples.
The corals which escape attack are likely to provide planulae
for settlement and recolonisation of devastated areas. This
is a slow process but it has been observed to occur (Pearson
and Endean, 1969).

Suggestions that fishermen will lose their livelihoods,
reefs will erode and atolls sink gradually beneath the waves
must be treated with more than a little scepticism. Apart from
destruction of corals, few faunistic changes in the ecology of
reefs devastated by A. planci have been observed by Pearson
and Endean. Pacific islanders appear to rely a great deal on
bottom fishing from deep water off the edges of reefs, and
from fishing for pelagic fish. Neither of these fish popula-
tions are likely to be affected by A. planci destruction.
There has been little evidence of serious reef erosion
following devastation by A. planci and indeed this seems
unlikely to occur.

Cover by live corals on richly flourishing reefs is
remarkably low (Talbot and Talbot, 1971) and many reefs
consist mainly of dead coral material covered by calcareous
algae. Indeed, this is a feature of areas most exposed to
wave action, such as in shallow water on exposed sides of
reefs. Rates of recolonisation and regrowth of coral appear
more than enough to compensate for gradual sinking of some
reefs. In view of the massive thickness of dead coral on most
coral reefs, beneath the thin veneer which is alive, it is
worth considering the possibility that, far from having a
deleterious effect on the development of coral reefs, dense
predation by A. planci may actually promote their development
by killing protuberant colonies and thus encouraging firmer

regrowth and cementation basally. As growth studies on
scleractiniam corals have shown (Manton, 1932; Motoda, 1940;
Abe, 1940) initial rapid growth rate of a colony, or individual
in the case of Fungia, is followed by a slowing down, leading
to almost complete cessation. Thus, by providing new surfaces
for settlement of planulae and development and more rapid
growth of young colonies, predation by’ A. planci may lead to

an acceleration of reef growth.

CONCLUSIONS

Although predation on coral by A. planci may be a normal
facet of the development of coral reefs, in the short view
massive destruction of scleractinian corals is undesirable on

reefs visited by tourists. The only practical solution so far
sugsesticd as vo kill or remove Acanthaster from inhested reefs
(Endean, 1969). In view of the restricted breeding season of

A. planci in several regions affected by plagues (Pearson and
Endean, 1969) and the probability that recruitment takes place
from aggregated stocks, where fertilisation is more likely to
occur, it is suggested that efforts by skindivers to remove

A. planci from reefs should be concentrated on aggregations in
the period immediately prior to the breeding season. It is
thus important to establish whether a regional population
exhibits a restricted breeding season such as that reported by
Pearson (1970) hor, A plane: ‘on thes Great Barr er Reet), and? to
discover the time of the main breeding period (December to
January in Queensland waters). Given competent divers it
would be considerably more efficient to collect starfish at
night time when more are exposed on corals. Removal of
aggregated starfish following the breeding season is unlikely
to have a significant effect on the population in an area,
whilst searching out and removing isolated individuals is
probably never worth the effort.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

IT am grateful to Rotary International for a travelling
fellowship to visit many areas of the Pacific and to the
Cambridge Coral Starfish Research Expedition for the opportunity
to study in the Red Sea. I was resident for one year at the
James Cook University of North Queensland and I wish to thank
Professor C. Burdon-Jones and Dr R. Kenny for supervision and
advice. Present research is supported by a grant from the
University of Wales. For advice in the preparation of this
paper I wish to thank Professor E.W. Knight-—Jones.

(9/8)

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Galtsoff, P.S. and Loosanoff, V.L. 1939. Natural history and
method of controlling the starfish (Asterias forbesi,
Desor). Bull. Bur. Pish., Wash., 49: 75=132:

Gemmill, J.F. 1914. The development and certain points in the
adult structure of the starfish Asterias rubens L. Phil.
Megan (Us), 2ORS 21 Gaee.

Gemmill, J.F. 1920. The development of the starfish Crossaster
papposus, Mtiller and Troschel. Quart. J. micr. Sci. 64:
155-189.

Goreau, T.F. 1963. On the predation of coral by the spiny
starfish Acanthaster planci (L.) in the southern Red Sea.
Sea Dich Rests tarlehaishar su lal | baie 2 3— Zor

Hayashi, R. 1938. Sea stars of the Caroline Islands. Palao
Trop DalodheaSisn sao ucla ile? =n

Henderson, J.A. and Lucas, J.S. 1971. Larval development and
metamorphosis of Acanthaster planci (Asteroidea). Nature

2375303) 2 O55=6578

Kanatani, H. and Oghuri, M. 1966. Mechanism of starfish
Siena, Il, soil, WueulIly WSS WORST

Livingstone, A.A. 1932. Asteroidea. Sci. Rep. Gr. Barrier Reef
Exped. 1928=295 4: 241=265.

Madsen, F.J. 1955. A note on the sea star genus Acanthaster.
Vidensk. Meddr. dansk naturh. Foren. 117: 179-192.

Manton, S.M. 1932. On the growth of the adult colony of
Roca vopora bpulibosa. Seca. Rep. Gir Barrier Reet Exped:
1928-29, 3: 157-166.

Mortensen, Th. 1931. Contributions to the study of the
development and larval forms of Echinoderms 1-11. K.
danisike. Vacdlenslcs Sellclc.. Slem, Naturvaldes Mating Asda 9) 2b:

1-39.

Mortensen, Th. 1938. Contributions to the study of the
development and larval forms of echinoderms. IV. K. danske
Wicemele, Sellsik, Sike., WSs 1a59.

Motoda, S. 1940. A study of growth rate in the massive reef
coral.) Goniasirea aspera, Veuriiii Palao trop. balol. stud:
Bo (36),

10

Pearson, R.G. 1970. Studies on the Crown of Thorns Starfish
on the Great Barrier Reef. Qld. Litt. Soc. Newsletter 36:
1-10.

Pearson, R.G. and Endean, R. 1969. A preliminary study of the
coral predator Acanthaster planci (L.) (Asteroidea) on
the Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Notes, Dept. Harb. &
Mar. 3(1): 27=55.

Roads, C.H. and Ormond, R.F.G. 1971. New studies on the coral
predating Crown of Thorns starfish. Cambridge Coral
Starfish Research Group.

Stebbing, A.R.D. 1967. A possible mechanism for synchronous
liberation of gametes in asteroids. Bios: 1: 56-57.
Univ. Coll. Swansea.

Talbot, F.H. and Talbot, M.S. 1971. The Crown-of-thorns
Sibel totes by (Acanthaster) and the Great Barrier Reef.
Endeavour 30(109): 38-42.

Thorson, G. 1946. Reproduction and larval development of the
Danish marine bottom invertebrates, with special
reference to the planktonic larvae of the Sound.
(Gresund). Medd. Komm. Havundersog., Kbh., Ser. Plankt.,
Lt 523)s

Thorson, G. 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine
bottom invertebrates. Biol. Rev. 25: 1-45.

Vine, P.J. 1970. Densities of Acanthaster planci in the
-—3 Pac

Pacific Ocean. Nature 228(5269): 341

Weber, J.N. and Woodhead, P.J.M. 1970. Ecological studies of
the coral predator Acanthaster planci in the South
Pacific. Marine Biology 6: 12-17.

FIGURES

Acanthaster planci removed from hiding and placed

in light during daytime soon moves back into shaded
conditions. The long light-sensitive terminal podia
can be seen.

Peter Goreau (son of the late Tom Goreau) studies an
Acropora, table! an the Redwsea., | ther what em nes ronusdas
been predated upon by A. planci and the peripheral
darker region as) stash ailiive. — iwelivie VAly planers were
found under the table, mostly attached to the basal stem.

A. planci moving over sand.

Two A. planci revealed by removing an overlying slab
One c Oncailas

ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN
NO. 167

A STUDY OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE CROWN-OF-THORNS STARFISH
(ACANTHASTER PLANCI) INFESTATIONS OF REEFS OF AUSTRALIA’S
GREAT BARRIER REEF

by R. Endean and W. Stablum

Issued by
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Contents

Page
Abstract . 1
Introduction Za
Materials and Methods 3
Results 6
Discussion 2
Acknowledgements 19
References 19

10

Figures (following p. 20)

Map of Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef. The
shaded area represents the region of the Great
Barrier Reem agiected joy the e&. jplane: plagues:

Map of portion of the Great Barrier Reef showing
the positions of some of the reefs visited during
the present investigation. The positions of 8
reefs referred to in this paper but not visited
during this investigation are also shown.

Map of portion of the Great Barrier Reef showing
the positions of the remainder of the reefs visited
during the present investigation.

Portion of back reef area west of sand cay at
Beaver Reef illustrating sparse hard coral cover
(December, 1970).

Portion of seaward slope on south-east side of
Glow Reef illustrating moderate hard coral cover
(January, 1971).

Portion of seaward slope on north-east side of
Potter Reef illustrating dense hard coral cover
(May, 1971).

Portion of seaward slope on east side of Coil Reef
illustrating low damage to hard corals caused by

Ae pilanca) (ouily) 1 970).

Portion of seaward slope on west side of Trout
Reef illustrating marked damage to hard corals
caused) by A. planca. A specesinen (of 2) pllanicispas
visible near the centre of the photograph
(December, 1969).

Portion of seaward slope on east side of John
Brewer Reef illustrating heavy damage to hard
corals caused by A. planci (January, AO Fite)

Living tabular acropores on reef crest on north
side of Broadhurst Reef (October, 1I7On

ii

11

13

14

15

16

ry

18

19

20

Skeletons of tabular acropores Killed by A. pillanci on

seaward slopes on north side of Broadhurst Reef
(February, 1970).

Photograph of quadrat in position on seaward slope
at northern tip of Lodestone Reef (aelaLay 1970).

Analysis of reef cover in quadrat yields 26.3% LHC,
37.3% DHC, 0% SC and 36.4% ADS.

Massed specimens of A. pilanci underlying part of a
quadrat on the reef fiat atvsolasherns, Noal) Rees
(August, 1970).

Soft coral cover on reef flat near sand cay at
Taylor Reef (May, WO),

Soft coral cover on reef flat near sand cay at
Taylor Reef (May, OF es

Large numbers#of A. pillancs onVhard (corals jom reer
flat at Slashers) No. i Reet | Auieusit.) 19770).

A colony of staghorn coral almost completely
enveloped by a mass (of “feedings Aviiplanc2 Vair
Slashers No.1 Reef (August, 1970).

Graphs showing size frequencies of populations

of A. planci.

A. Population sample from reef crest at
Silasihess: Nowe Reet otlaeyaenealee

B. Population sample from reef crest and seaward
slope south east side of Glow Reef on 28.1.71.
Specimens in the size range 70-120 mm were
GOLULSceeCl Win wWhse weESCi Geese, whe wemwesimcer
from the reef slope.

C. Population sample from a coral pinnacle in
the back reef area at Nathan Reef on 26.9.69.

D. Population sample from a coral pinnacle in
the back reef area at Nathan Reef on 27.1.70.

Graphs showing size frequencies of populations

of A. planci.

A. Population sample from back reef area at Big
Sand (Cayzeneet one Zor >is

B. Population sample from the reef flat at
Slashers No.1 Reef on 17.8.70.

C. Population sample from west side of lagoon
at Bramble “Reef on 13% 120697

D. Population sample from seaward slope, northern
tip of Broadhurst Reef on 1.2.70.

Graphs showing size frequencies of populations

of A. planei,

A. Population sample from seaward slope, northern
tip of Lodestone Reef on 29.5.70.

B. Population sample from reef crest and seaward

slope, south west corner of Trunk Reef on 14.12.69.

|

Paps

FE

The stant triton, Charonia tritonis, approaching
a Specimen Of Ay plane! which 18 feeding on a
tabular acropore at Lodestone Reef (May, 1970).

Charonia tritonis captured while eating a specimen

of A. planci at Nathan Reef (January, 1970).

A STUDY OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE CROWN-OF-THORNS STARFISH
(ACANTHASTER PLANCI) INFESTATIONS OF REEFS OF AUSTRALIA’S
GREAT BARRIER REEF

by R. Endean and W. Sesion

ABSTRACT

The region of Australia's Great Barrier Reef lying between
approximately Lat. 15° and 19° S. is known to have been affected
by population explosions of Acanthaster planci during the 1960's.
About 150 patch reefs, each several square kilometres in extent,
ite sbemmecn late iOw 4S. wand 19° 20" S.. and 62 of these reefs
including most of the larger ones were visited between August,
1969 and May, 1971. Although 46 of the 82 reefs carried few or
no A. planci when visited, it is known that 18 of the 46 had
carried large numbers of starfish at some stage during the 1960's,
and it is possible that two other reefs also carried large numbers
of starfish during this decade. On these 20 reefs a massive
destruction of hard corals had occurred. The picture of coral
destruction on these reefs contrasts markedly with that found on
the 26 reefs visited which have not been infested with starfish
during the 1960's. On these reefs the percentage of freshly
killed coral in the total coral cover is very low.

Thirty-six of the 82 reefs visited were carrying large
numbers of starfish and destruction of hard corals was in pro-_
gress on these reefs. The amount and location on each reef of
freshly killed hard coral was related to the stage of starfish
infestation reached. Initially, damage was confined to deep
water around the perimeter of the reef where starfish first
appeared in large numbers. Subsequently, the coral destruction
spread to other areas of the reef as starfish ascended reef
slopes and invaded reef flats. Population densities as high as
15 adult starfish per square metre over thousands of square
metres of reef were observed.

Juvenile starfish were confined to shallow water areas,
principally on reef crests, and in most cases appeared to be
the progeny of invading starfish. Invasion of reefs appears
to result from adult starfish migrating between reefs rather
than being due to larval carriage from reef to reef by currents.
LU Tape of Zoology, University of Queensland, Brisbane,

Australia.

(Manuscript received September 19°74 ==) .*)

It is suggested that population explosions of A. planci first
occurred during the early 1960's on accessible inner patch
reefs near the major centres of human population in North
Queensland and that subsequently there was a spread of starfish
to adjacent reefs. This spread is continuing.

INTRODUCTION

Population explosions of the coral-eating starfish Acan-
thaster planci were observed on ceehs oh hme i Gigea) Ga bakieioe ie @cies
in the Cairns region during 1962. By early 1963 it was apparent
that Green Island Reef, near Cairns, was infested with starfish
which were causing obvious damage to the hard coral cover of the
reef (Barnes and Endean, 1964). Subsequently, a survey of the
apparent extent of infestation by A. planci of the reefs of the
Great Barrier Reef was carried out during the period March, 1966
to August, 1968. It was found (Endean, 1969; Pearson and Endean,
1969) that the region of infestation (Fig. 1) embraced reefs in
the region lying between approximately Lat. 15° 18' S. (Lark
Reef) and approximately Lat. 18° 58! S. (Broadhurst Reef).
Although only a third, approximately, of the reefs in this
region were visited the picture which emerged was clear. Most
inner patch reefs and some of the outer reefs visited carried
unusually large populations of A. planci which were causing
extensive damage to hard corals on these reefs. Towards the
end of 1967 an apparent decline in starfish numbers, probably
owing to scarcity of food, on some inner patch reefs in the
Cairns-Innisfail area was noted. At the same time some evidence
was obtained that other reefs immediately to the south of this
area were coming under attack. °

Although there can be no doubt that a catastrophic mortality
of hard corals has occurred in the area (Endean, 1969; Talbot and
Talbot, 1971) available estimates (Endean, 1969; Pearson and
Endean, 1969) of the extent of destruction of hard corals on
particular coral reefs caused by the feeding activitres of A.
planci lack precision. In most cases they are visual estimates
relating solely to the percentage of dead coral in the total
coral cover present in a sampled area of reef after the reef
had been devastated by the starfish or while the devastation
was in progress. Apart from a lack of precision such estimates
could be somewhat misleading since they do not take into account >
the overall extent of the coral cover or the amount of dead
coral normally found on the reef when A. planci is present at
low population density.

There is a dearth of information about the manner in which
reefs of the Great Barrier Reef become infested with A. planci
and the respective roles played by juvenile and adult starfish
in initiating these infestations. Also, lattle information is
available concerning starfish predators and other factors which
might have some bearing on the genesis of the starfish infes-—
tations of reefs in Queensland waters.

3

In: view of the foregoing, it was decided in 1969 to visit
as many as possible of the larger reefs in the region of the
Great Barrier Reef lying between approximately Lat. 16° 30' S.
and 19° 20' S. with a view to ascertaining whether starfish had
departed from inner patch reefs in the Cairns-Innisfail region
and whether inner patch reefs south of this area were coming
under attack. It was also decided to ascertain whether outer
reefs in the region between Lat. 16° 30' S. and 19° 20' S. had
been attacked by the starfish. At each reef visited visual
estimates were to be made of the density and distribution of
AVY planessjand? of \ihe,aajon typesiof reef cover,;,partreutlar
attention being given to the respective amounts of living coral
and recently killed coral present. At selected reefs these
estimates were to be supplemented by and checked against quan-
titative data obtained by a sampling technique. It was also
decided to analyse the structure of A. planci populations on
some reefs with a view to obtaining information on the respec-—
tive parts played by juvenile and adult starfish in the infes-
tations of reefs. In addition, a search for starfish predators
was to be made on all reefs visited.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

During the period between August, 1969 and May, 1971 82
reefs (Figs. 2 & 3) of the Great Barrier Reef lying between
Lat. 16° 34! S. and 19° 20' S. were visited, some on more than
one occasion. The reefs in this region are generally regarded
as patch reefs. Those lying nearer the 100 fathom line are
termed outer patch reefs and those nearer the 20 fathom line

are termed inner patch reefs. The mean distance between
adjacent reefs in the region approximates 10 km. Some reefs
visited are not named on official charts of the region. These

reefs are referred to in Figs. 2 & 3 by names conferred on them
by local fishermen.

At some localities a general survey of a sector of reef
was made by swimming over the area while wearing face mask and
snorkel or scuba gear. At other localities reef areas were
examined through a glass-—bottomed box while traversing the
areas by boat or were viewed by a diver who was towed ona
manta—-board behind a boat. Usually, sectors of the perimeter
of a reef including the seaward slopes from reef crest to sea
floor were examined. Sectors on the normal weather side and
on the normal lee side of each reef were usually chosen (south-
east trade winds prevail for approximately nine months of each
year in the region of the Great Barrier Reef Vib ted): SB &
numerous coral pinnacles ("bombies") were present in lagoons
or in extensive back reef areas on reefs visited some of these
pinnacles were also examined. Occasionally, reef flat areas
were examined. In each case an estimate of the area examined
was made.

LL

Visual estimates (Table 1) were made of the apparent
abundance of A. planci (wherever possible the number seen in
a twenty minute period for ready comparison with the results
obtained in the earlier study made by Pearson and Endean (1969)

was noted) in the reef sector examined. Also, the apparent
pattern’ of distribution: of Aw pilanes ‘on! each reef vilsa vediwas
ascertained wherever possible. Searches were made in the

Vicinaty of ‘any Preshily, kitted tard icoralks! enc ounttveme di tals) GAs
planci is cryptic when present at low population densities.

At each sector of reef visited the proportion of the total area
of the reef surface examined which was covered by live hard
corals plus the skeletons of recently killed hard corals still
in situ (i.e. the total hard coral cover) was estimated and
referred to one of the following categories for inclusion in
Table 41:) sparse (Pie) jo imoderatem(Mis. 5) ,aidensiein( Halen Gr
Likewise, the proportion of recently killed hard corals (skele-
tons: ‘sitadats ain situ) in the total hard coral cover was estimated
and referred to one of the following categories for inclusion
in Dabiertr: low (Gale. 7), Mniareked! KGrare.0.8)) i whales (ales o ye
Normally, no difficulty was encountered in assigning the total
coral cover or the proportion of dead hard coral in the total
coral cover of a reef sector examined (Figs. 10 and 1) uC ome
of these categories but if some doubt existed this is indicated
in) Tabile 1). ite) extent sot theusoimt ieoraien( aleyomaraiarm)) Meoxjed:
present in each reef sector examined was also assessed.

At certain localities sampling stations were selected and
attempts were made using a sampling technique developed by J.
Laxton and W. Stablum to obtain quantitative data on the per-
centage of the area of the reef sampled which was covered by
live hard corals (LHC), by the skeletons of recently killed
hard corals remaining in situ (DHC) , by, Soi tcorails (SC) and by
algal-dominated substratum (ADS). MMSE 1bOWhe CelwESorstes Ole seSeit
cover accounted for the bulk of the cover observed. Living
sedentary animals other than hard and soft corals (Sogs sponges,
gorgonians, anemones, colonial anemones, tunicates) were found
attached to the substratum in the areas sampled but they
comprised usually less than 1% of the total cover observed.

No difficulty was experienced in the field in distinguishing
between living and dead corals. Recently killed corals were
recognized by their stark white skeletons. It was noted that
within two to three weeks these skeletons acquired a fine greyish
or greenish coating of filamentous algae. Subsequently the
algal covering thickened and darkened and coral skeletons became
covered with dark tufts of filamentous algae. In some cases at
least, coralline algae ultimately covered parts of the skeletons
which can remain in situ for extended periods. For example,
Pearson and Endean (1969) refer to the skeletons of two dead
coral colonies which had remained in situ at Green Island Reef
for almost three years when last observed. On the reef crests
of some reefs a few hemispherical nodules were observed which,
upon examination, were found to be comprised of coral skeletons

3

heavily encrusted with coralline algae. These were included
in the category of algal-dominated substratum but otherwise
corals skeletons, retiaining, ani situ, arrespective of whether) they
were covered with algae or not, were placed in the category of
dead hard corals. The category termed algal-—dominated sub-—
stratum included occasional patches of loose coral sand and
apparently bare areas but, in the main, was comprised of con-
solidated and semi-consolidated reef debris covered with algae.
Coralline algae predominated but other types of algae, part-—
icularly short filamentous forms, were represented and were
especially common in some areas (e.g. reef crests). However,
no attempt was made to differentiate among the algal species
encountered.

The sampling technique used to obtain quantitative data
involved the running out of a 100 metre transect line, marked
off in one metre lengths, across the region to be sampled. As
far as was possible under the conditions prevailing at the time
of the visit a station or stations were chosen on the normal
weather side and on the normal lee side of each reef visited.
One end of the transect line was normally anchored in water 5 -
20 metres deep, seawards from the reef edge, the line run out
towards the nearest point on the reef crest and secured on the
reef crest or reef flat at some distance (10 - 30 metres) from
the reef edge. Usually this procedure resulted in the line
being oriented at right angles to the reef edge in the region
sampled. Also, particularly on windward sides of reefs, it
usually resulted in the transect line traversing the seaward
slopes of the reef sampled from sea floor to reef crest.

Estimates of the percentage cover of LHC, DHC, SC and ADS
respectively were made as follows: a metre square grid was
placed at the start of the transect line and photographed from _
a point perpendicular to the plane of the grid and at a distance
of approximately 2 metres from it. When the slope of the reef
surface below the transect line was less than 70° from the hori-
zontal the grid was photographed in a similar way at intervals
of ten metres along the transect line. When the slope was
greater than Ow the grid was photographed at shorter intervals.
Sometimes conditions (heavy wave action, strong currents, poor
visibility etc.) were unfavourable for transect work and fewer
quadrat photographs than usual were taken.

Two identical prints (Fig. 12) were made of each negative
obtained. One was kept as a record. From the duplicate the
images of living hard corals, recently killed hard coral
skeletons in situ and soft corals respectively were carefully
excised. The remainder of each print was regarded as repre-
senting algal dominated substratum. The pieces belonging to
each category were weighed to the nearest 0.0001 gram. Each
weight thereby obtained was then expressed as a percentage of
the total weight of the print. This procedure yielded the
percentage area of each print occupied by each category of reef

6

cover investigated and it was assumed that the figure obtained
in each case corresponded with the actual percentage area
occupied by the particular category of reef cover in the area
of reef surface depicted in the print. It was intended that
the area of each print should correspond with the area of the
quadrat (1 metre squared) used. However, this was frequently
not the case and the area of each print merely gpproximated

1 metre squared (mean for 551 prints was 1.12 m and the range
was 0.82 - 1.88 m~. Mean figures for the percentage area
occupied by each category of reef cover on each transect were
then calculated and are listed in Table 2.

Attempts were made to assess the density and distribution
of A. planci at each transect made. The number of specimens
visible in each quadrat was determined (Fig. 13). Information
on the size frequency distribution within starfish populations
on some reefs was also obtained. To obtain this information
without disturbing the population the maximum radius of each
starfish was measured in situ in some cases.

RESULTS

The reefs visited, estimates of the area of each reef
sector sampled, estimates of the percentage of each reef area
sampled which was covered by live hard corals and the skeletons
of recentlys killed) hard iicorailis is fa ligans sashes esitamalesmot, ine
percentage of recently killed hard corals in the total hard
coral cover and a description of the general condition of the
reef cover are given in Table 1. Also included in Table 1 is
information on the apparent abundance and distribution of A.
planci in the areas of each reef examined. Data obtained from
quadrat sampling along transects made on 24 reefs are presented
in Table 2. These data include figures for the percentage of
the total reef cover occupied by each of the 4 categories of
reef cover selected for detailed investigation, the percentage
of the total hard coral which had recently been killed and the
mean number of coral colonies per print. The number of colonies
per print approximates the number per quadrat (Goer per m*).

It should be noted that the figures presented reflect the actual
Situation only for the areas specified at the dates specified.
Because of camera malfunctions, incorrect exposures etc., a few
quadrat photographs were unsuitable for analysis and were dis-
carded. The number of quadrat photographs included in the
analysis of each transect is given.

It can be seen from Tables 1 and 2 that the percentage of
the surface of a reef which is covered by living hard corals
and the skeletons of recently killed hard corals remaining in
situ (aoe; thes total: *hairds coral: cover) varies markedly from
reef to reef and from one region to another of the same reef.
Water depth and degree of exposure to wave action were two
factors which obviously affected the density of hard corals

growing in any particular area of a reef but no attempt was

made to assess the relative importance of these or other factors.
It might be mentioned however, that although hard corals were
usually well developed on the seaward slopes of the reefs visited
they usually became sparser in water deeper than about 15 m.

Even so, they were usually well represented on seaward slopes
until the consolidated and semi-consolidated material comprising
the reef proper merged with unconsolidated coral sand and reef
debris around the perimeter of the reef. The depth at which
this occurred varied somewhat from reef to reef but in general
was about 25 m for the inner platform reefs and about 35 m for
the outer platform reefs visited. The extent of the surface
Ora KectECovercd by (sohtvcorals varied Prom reef to ‘reef and
from one part to another of the same reef. A variable but
frequently high percentage of the surface of each reef sector
was devoid of living hard or soft corals or the skeletons of
recently killed corals. Usually these reef areas were dominated
by algae, particularly calcareous algae.

Despite intensive searching of areas visited by trained
observers familiar with the behaviour of A. planci, specimens
of the starfish were not observed on 36 of the 82 reefs visited.
Less than 4 starfish were seen on each of another 10 of the 82
reefs visited. It is known that 13 of these 46 reefs which
appeared ;to bey devoid) or vartually devoid of A. planci an 1969,
1970 or 1971 had carried large numbers of starfish at some
stage during the 1960's (Endean, 1969; Pearson and Endean, 1969)
and reports from reliable witnesses have been received that
another 5 reefs (Cayley, McCulloch, Hall-Thompson, Eddy and
Farquharson ) visited during the recent survey but not visited
when the earlier studies were made were also invaded by starfish
during the 1960's. It is noteworthy that destruction of hard
corals as evidenced by the ratio of recently killed hard coral
skeletons) anijsaitu to total hard jconad) cover on these 16) reefs
has been particularly heavy and the living hard coral cover of
these reefs is now remarkably sparse. The percentage of coral
skeletons in the total hard coral cover of these reefs (as well
as the total hard coral cover) would in many cases be even
higher if allowance had been made for the fact that soft corals
(Pigs. 14 and 15 ) have covered the skeletons of many of the
recently killed hard corals. Indeed, on many of these 18 reefs
soft corals cover extensive areas and have obviously proliferated
after hard corals were destroyed since they have grown over the
skeletons of recently killed corals.

Of interest was the finding that coral damage caused by
starfish was extensive on only the lee sides of another two
reefs apparently devoid of A. planci when visited in 1971.

One of these reefs, Horseshoe Reef, had not been visited during
the 1960's. The other, Potter Roche had been visited briefly
in 1969 but starfish which must have been present in the lagoon
at this time were missed. Some damaged corals were in fact
observed on this reef in 1969 but the damage was attributed to
storms.

(9/6)

As far as can be established the remaining 26 reefs which
were devoid of A. pllanci during the recent visits had now carnmed:
abnormal numbers of the starfish at any stage during the last
decade. Two starfish were observed during a 15 minute search at
Noggin Reef in 1966 (Pearson and Endean, 1969) but invasion of
this reef by large numbers of starfish does not appear to have
occurred since the hard coral cover in the areas visited in 1970
Showed no evidence of recent damage attributable to A. planci.
Some recent coral damage possibly caused by starfish was apparent
near the reef crest at Hedley Reef but the damage was not
extensive and no starfish were observed when this reef was
visited in 1970.

It is instructive to note that the skeletons of recently
killed hard corals remaining in situ formed only a minor per-
centage (usually less than 10%) of the cover of the 26 reefs
which had not carried large numbers lof “A; planes) dureinsstvhic
last decade. The dead hard coral which occurred was mainly
confined to the higher parts of the reef crest, to the tops of
coral pinnacles lying to windward of the reef crest or in back
reef areas and to reef flats. These are all regions which may
be bared to the atmoSphere periodically at times of low water
spring tides. They are also regions subjected periodically to
heavy wave action. There was also a slight increase in the
ratio of dead to live hard coral with increasing depth on some
of the reefs visited. A higher ratio of dead to living coral
was normally found in lagoons and on reef flats than on the
seaward slopes of reefs.

Alcyonarians were conspicuous among the surface cover of
the 26 reefs which had not carried large numbers of A. planci
during the last decade but they accounted for only a minor
percentage (usually much less than 10 per cent ) of the surface
cover of these reefs. They tended to occur more commonly in
lagoons and back reef areas than on seaward slopes.

Figures reflecting the amounts of dead coral cover on
reefs which were under attack by A. planci varied depending
on whether the starfish had been active in the area sampled.
Of the 82 reefs visited during the period August, 1969 to May,
1971, 36 reefs were found to be carrying numerous specimens of
A. planci and on these reefs the starfish were causing obvious
damage. Starfish densities in terms of the number seen per 20
minute swim (Table 1) ranged from O to 526 in the areas of these
reefs sampled. However, it became apparent that normally the
starfish were not uniformly distributed. Instead, they tended
to aggregate in particular reef areas. The location of each
group of starfish was related to the stage of infestation of
the reef reached and also to the mean size of the starfish.
During the earlier stages of infestation of a reef the starfish
tended to be cryptic and nocturnal. Subsequently, when they
moved onto the reef flat, they fed during daylight hours and
many were completely exposed at such times (Fie. AGN Sometimes

o

the arms of adjacent starfish overlapped and a coral colony
became completely enclosed by a mass of feeding starfish
(Fie. elie Because starfish were not uniformly distributed
on a reef and because they showed cryptic behaviour at some
stages of infestation of a reef but not at others, attempts
to estimate starfish numbers on transects were abandoned.

Initial infestation of a reef in the region investigated
appeared to occur at some point or points at the foot of the
seaward slopes around the perimeter of the reef. At this
stage starfish numbers were relatively small and coral damage
was patchy. However, it was possible to follow the trails of
dead coral left by the starfish, the earlier parts of the trails
being several weeks old. Indeed, location of the starfish often
depended upon observing the trail of dead coral as the starfish
were cryptic at this stage. It is significant that juvenile
starfish were not found among the early invaders in the deep
water around reefs. Yamato, Tabias, Mid, Dolphin, Centipede,
and Tiger Reefs appeared to be at this early stage of infest-
ation when visited in 1970.

Apparently the ranks of the early invaders are swollen
by later arrivals and the starfish begin to ascend the seaward
slopes of the reef. In July, 1970 starfish were observed in
deep water around the perimeters of Dip and Coil Reefs but were
not found in shallow water areas of these reefs. Only in the
areas where the starfish were observed was there evidence of
marked coral destruction. At Trout Reef in December, 1969
large numbers of adult starfish were congregated in water
about 33 metres deep near the foot of the seaward slopes on
one sector of the reef. Marked coral damage was confined to
this sector. When the reef was visited approximately 4 weeks
subsequently it was noted that many of the starfish had moved
through distances of several metres up the reef slope. Their
paths of ascent could be traced readily by the trails of recently
killed corals which they left behind. Coral damage on other
regions of Trout Reef examined at the time was slight and no
adult specimens of A. *planci were observed in these other areas.
Trails of freshly killed coral which marked the paths of ascent
of seaward slopes by starfish were observed on other reefs and
were especially prominent at Glenda and Seeker Reefs when these
were visited in May, 1971.

When John Brewer Reef and Lodestone Reef were examined in
January, 1970 the bulk of starfish and the bulk of coral damage
were confined to the deeper regions of the seaward slopes around
the perimeters of the reefs and to the lower parts of the ver-
tical or near-vertical faces of coral pinnacles. Coral on the
reef crests, upper parts of the seaward slopes and on the reef
flats was largely undamaged at this time. By July, 1970 star-
fish had invaded the upper parts of the seaward slopes at both
localities and were observed on vertical and near vertical
faces near the tops of coral pinnacles on the lee side of each

10

reef. At John Brewer Reef adult starfish were observed to be
eating the coral in the upper 3 m on some sectors on the wind-
ward side of the reef despite exposure to wave action.

in October, 1970 large numbersvofh A. planci}wenevobserved
attacking corals on the seaward slopes of Glow Reef. By
January, 1971 they had killed the bulk of the coral on the
Slopes and were congregated on the upper parts of the seaward
slopes mMear the reef edge 7) in October, 1970) Ae plancatawas
observed attacking corals on the vertical and near vertical
seaward slopes of Grub Reef. By January, 1971 destruction of
corals on the seaward slopes was well advanced and adult star-
fish were concentrated near the reef edge.

After killing the bulk of coral on the seaward slopes
around the perimeter of a reef the starfish may invade the
reef flat in very large numbers. In September, 1969 a large
herd of starfish was encountered on the reef flat near the
sand cay at Taylor Reef. The herd appeared to be completing
the destruction of thick beds of branching acropores. Twelve
months later it was found that most of the dead branching
corals in the shallow water near the cay had been broken to
form piles of rubble. In July, 1970 very large numbers of
starfish were observed to be massed on the reef flat at Slashers
No.1 Reef. The main group occupied an area of several thousand
square metres. It was surrounded by smaller groups of starfish
and other groups of starfish were observed to be moving into
the area from the north and the west. <A second visit two weeks
later revealed that the centre of the main group was about
200 m to the south of its previous position. Starfish occurred
on the reef flat at densities as high as 15 per square metre
over thousands of square metres. Areas of coral which were
alive but in the path of the feeding starfish at the time of
the first visit were dead at the time of the second visit.
The trail of «dead corals Left bythe migrating isizartashy hends
could be followed readily. It extended northwards for at least
800 m. Freshly killed coral in the vicinity of the feeding
starfish was stark white while skeletons to the north showed
progressive fouling by algae.

When the bulk of hard corals on a reef flat have been
killed starfish move back into deeper water. In early 1970
large numbers of A. planci were observed moving across the
devastated reef flats to the reef edges of Bramble Reef and
Trunk Reef. However, adult starfish do not usually invade the
reef crest area or the tops of coral pinnacles and reef flats
subject to emersion at low tide. For example, although large
numbers of starfish caused almost total destruction of hard
corals on the seaward slopes of Lodestone Reef, adult starfish
departed from the reef in 1970 without invading the reef flat
to any great extent.

Infestation of some outer patch reefs may follow a

11

different course. Large numbers of juvenile starfish and a

few adults were found on some coral pinnacles in the lee of
Nathan Reef in 1969 and 1970 but invasion of the seaward slopes
or reef flat had not occurred. The juveniles were confined to
shallow water. A few juveniles but no adults were found in
shallow water at Birthday Reef in 1969. In this connection it
should be noted that small juvenile specimens of A. planci were
found only in shallow water near reef crests and on the tops of
coral pinnacles despite intensive searches for them in a variety
of habitats. Data on size frequencies of starfish in population
samples taken from nine reefs are incorporated in Table 4 and in
Biss) 3,7 19,-and 20.

Fig. 18 A shows the size structure of an A.o pLanici popu=
lation consisting entirely of juveniles found on the reef crest
of Slashers No.4 Reef in January, 1971. Their mean size would
indicate that they were approximately 12 months old (Pearson
and Endean, 1969). Fig. 18 B shows the size structure of a
population sample of juvenile A. planci taken from the reef
erest at Glow Reef in January, 1971 and the structure of a
sample of A. planci taken from the seaward slopes of Glow Reef
at the same date. Obviously the small juveniles tend to keep
together during their first year.

Figs. 18 C and 18 D show the size frequency of two samples
of a population of A. planci associated with a large coral
pinnacle ina back reef area at Nathan Reef. The first sample
was taken in September, 1969 and the second in January, 1970.
It was noted that the larger starfish in each sample occurred
in deeper water around the perimeter of the pinnacle but unfor-
tunately records were not kept of the exact sites from where
representatives of each size group in the population sampled
were collected. It was of interest that other coral pinnacles
in the area which were examined carried few or no starfish and
the infestation observed appeared to be a localized one.

According to Pearson and Endean (1969) juvendie) A. mpilanc a.
grow at the rate of about 1 cm per month. However, it is not
known whether this growth rate is maintained after the end of
their second year when most probably mature. Strong domination
by certain size groups and apparent year groups characterizes
the populations sampled at Big Sand Cay, Bramble Reef and
Slashers No.1 Reef (Figs.19 ACHP However, different year
groups could be represented and are almost certainly represented
tna tages iO) Dew als). -2O0O0Av and bass 2ZON Bee Imndecds small) juvenvtes
are a Goa in the population sampled from Trunk Reef (Fie.

ZOn Bic

The fact that starfish were observed to be aggregated on
reefs during all seasons of the year rules out the possibility
that the starfish aggregations are breeding aggregations
(Pearson and Endean (1969) have shown that A. planci breeds
during the summer months).

During this survey 22 adult and two large juvenile
specimens of the giant triton (Charonia tritonis ) were found
(Migsiu 2A and 22»). All except two were lying fully exposed
among corals when found (Table Bi They occurred on windward
and lee sides of reefs and in lagoons. Five specimens of
C. tritonis were eating A. planci when encountered. Four of
the A. planci specimens were large juveniles about 20 em in
diameter, the other was adult. Two tritons were eating holo-
thurians when found. One large recently dead specimen of C.
tritonis was encountered. Its shell was intact but its flesh
was putrefying. The cause of death was not ascertained.

Pieces of discs and arms from adult specimens of A. planea
which had been recently killed and torn apart were observed at
Broadhurst Reef (two specimens), John Brewer Reef (one specimen)
and Slashers No.4 Reef (two specimens ). A large hump headed
wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) was observed mouthing a macerated
Specimen of A. planci at Slashers No.4 Reef but it is not known
whether the wrasse had seized and dismembered the starfish
aLiMal walLe@uL Ly

DISCUSSION

This study was hampered by the great extent of the region
of the Great) Barrier Recta whieh whas sibcenmainke civecis big cite tyor.
planci infestations and hence warranted detailed investigation.
It was hampered too by the small number of personnel involved
and by the limited period of time (a few hours) which could be
spent on each of the many reefs visited, most of which were
several square kilometres in extent. All of this restricted
the amount of quantitative data which could be obtained. More-
over, numerous difficulties attend attempts to carry out quan-
titative transect work on coral reefs. Some of these difficult-—
ies have been discussed recently by Stoddart (1969). In parti-
cular, because of the variation in growth form assumed by dif-
ferent coral colonies the accuracy of methods involving quadrats
in the sampling of the percentage area of reef surface covered
by each major category of reef cover may well be questioned.
Inevitably, the projection onto a flat surface (film) of the
images of corals which branch extensively in all planes from
the point of attachment gives rise to problems if the projection
is used to assess the extent of the reef surface covered by
corals. Furthermore, some corals such as the common plate coral
Acropora hyacinthus tend to grow out on a tubular "stalk" from
the region of attachment before expanding to form a "plate" in
a horizontal or near horizontal plane. When photographed from
a point at right angles to a reef face these corals usually
appear to occupy a much smaller area of the reef surface if they
grow out from a vertical or near vertical reef face than is the
case when they arise from a horizontal or near horizontal reef
Then too, the sampling frequency along the transect line when it
is placed on parts of those reefs where seaward slopes are steep
requires detailed study in order to select an optimal frequency
for subsequent statistical analysis.

3

Likewise, the optimal number of stations for transect
work that should be set up on a coral reef of mean size for
the region of the Great Barrier Reef visited if the surface
cover of the reef is to be satisfactorily sampled has still
to be determined. It will be appreciated that the limited
amount of time which could be spent on any reef during the
present investigation prevented the establishment of an adequate
number of sampling stations. In view of all this the transect
data obtained could not be used to provide accurate estimates
of the surface cover of any of the reefs visited. Indeed, if
reliance were placed solely on such transect data the estimates
obtained could be misleading. However, the transect data
obtained enabled checks to be made at particular reef sites on
visual estimates of the total coral cover and of relative amounts
of dead and living coral in the total coral cover. Much greater
areas of reef were viewed when visual estimates were being
obtained than were involved in the transect work undertaken
thereby enabling a better assessment of the overall picture at
each reef visited to be made.

Aithough the degree of accuracy which could be attained
when making visual estimates is limited, difficulty was rarely
experienced in referring visual estimates of total coral cover
and of the extent of recently killed coral in the:.total coral
cover of a reef to appropriate categories among those illust-

rated in Figs. 4-9. Particularly was this so with visual
estimates of the extent of recently killed coral in the total
coral cover. Indeed, it emerged from the present study that

on those reefs or areas of reefs investigated which are as yet
unaffected by the feeding activities of A. planci the number of
Skeletons of recently killed hard corals remaining in situ
normally constitutes a minor percentage (certainly less than
10%) of the total coral cover. In fact, dead coral skeletons
Snob uUPwicreynarely seen ony theysicaward: stopes of) those reeks
visited which have not been invaded by A. planci. The marked
increase in the percentage of coral skeletons sid Shey Only Needs
whch have Ween anwjaded ny) Ass pillancig as apparent from analysis
of the figures given in Table 2 and from the visual estimates
listed in Table 1. Although the proliferation of soft corals
which follows destruction of hard corals in some reef areas has
masked, to some extent, the actual magnitude of the destruction
which has occurred in many areas, particularly sheltered areas
of inner patch reefs devastated during the mid 1960's, the
results obtained are unequivocal. On the reefs visited which
had@alveady been anvaded by A] plane 2b as) apparent “that
massive destruction of hard corals has occurred and that living
hard corals now form a remarkably small percentage of the total
reef cover. Precise figures for the extent of the hard coral
coverwcll ied, byy A.) (planes jon theyreeks vane not) available put
the new data obtained support earlier estimates made by Pearson
and Pndean (1969) that thie! preatynagonity lot hard corals jon
uheser eens jhavye been et kaiived sbywAe panei. indeed, there (a's

no question that almost every coral colony in an extensive area

14

of reef under attack by large numbers ‘of /A™ pillanca’ can be
killed by the starfish ina short period of time. Such des-
truction has been witnessed and photographed at the reefs of
the Slashers complex for example. There is also no doubt that
a massive destruction of corals owing to the feeding activities
of A. planci can occur over a whole reef. Such destruction was
observed, for example, to occur within a few months at John
Brewer Reef after the reef had been invaded by large numbers

OF -Sitamiaish.

Available information would indicate that the bulk of the
hard corals on many reefs of the Great Barrier Reef investigated
was killed within 2-6 years after large numbers of starfish were
observed on the reefs. Many factors would influence the rate of
destruction of the corals at a particular reef. However, as a
reef of mean size in the area investigated normally carries many
square kilometres of coral and as each adult starfish kills about
6 sq m of coral per year (Pearson and Endean, 1969) it is appa-
rent that tens of thousands of adult starfish must be involved
in the destruction of coral at each reef.

On some reefs such large numbers of A. planci were undoubt-
edly present. Densities as high as 15 adult starfish per sq m
over an area of several thousand square metres have been observed
(and photographed). However, it has become apparent that the
location of feeding starfish and, to a large extent, the degree
of aggregation of starfish are dependent on the stage of infes-—
tation of a reef reached and on the distribution of corals,
particularly acropores, on the reef. Because of this the data
on starfish densities obtained at sectors of each reef examined
(particularly those obtained during transect work involving only
small areas of reef ) cannot be extrapolated to give figures for
the density of starfish over the reef as a whole. Also, it
would be easy for divers, even divers experienced with A. planci,
to visit briefly a portion of a reef which was devoid of starfish
and to miss completely large concentrations of starfish present
on other areas of the same reef. Then again, once they have
killed the bulk of corals on a coral reef (except those in very
Shallow water on reef crests and the tops of coral pinnacles)
adult starfish depart from the reef. It may have been the
operation of factors such as these which caused Weber and Wood-
head (1970) and Vine (1970) to underestimate seriously the extent
and severity of the starfish infestations of reefs in the central
region of the Great Barrier Reef.

Pearson and Endean (1969) have arbitrarily selected a
figure of 40 starfish seen per 20 minute swim as constituting
an infestation. This figure is arrived at by making certain
assumptions. The first assumption is that in one year a 25%
kill of hard corals in an area completely covered by corals is
Significant. The second assumption is that an adult starfish
kills about 6 sq m of coral per year. The third assumption is
that 1000 sq m of reef can be examined in 20 minutes by a diver.

15

It is possible that the figure of 40 starfish seen per 20 minute
Swim as an indicator of an infested reef may be set too high.
The hard coral cover of a reef would rarely exceed 50% of the
total reef, cover. Then again, .Chesher (1969) maintained that an
adult A. planci killed about 12 sq m of coral per year. More-
over, A. planci tends to be cryptic during the early stages of

invasion of a reef, normally hiding during the day. T. Brown
(personal communication) has counted 22 adult starfish hidden
beneath one large tabular acropore. ny Wie we Ot sald. thas. at t) 2s

of interest to note that Chesher (1969) has selected a figure
of 20 A. planci seen per 20 minute swim as indicating the, poss-—
ible existence of a starfish infestation. This raises the
question of the manner in which reefs become infested by
starfish.

The available evidence indicates that large numbers of A.
planci appeared suddenly on those reefs of the Great Barrier
Reef which have recently become infested by the starfish. Two
mechanisms can be invoked to account for the sudden appearance
of A. planci on. these reefs. One mechanism involves the carriage
of large numbers of pelagic starfish larvae to a reef by currents,
the other involves the migration of starfish across the sea floor
from one reef to another. It seems likely that juvenile starfish
settle principally in shallow water near reef crests and the tops
of coral pinnacles. Certainly these were the only regions where
juvenile starfish were found during the present investigation
despite an intensive search for them in a wide selection of the
major habitats provided by a coral reef. Only rarely were large
numbers of juvenile starfish found on a reef in the apparent
absence of substantial numbers of adult starfish on the same
reef. Indeed, of the reefs visited only Nathan Reef appeared
exceptional in this regard. At this locality large numbers of
juvenile starfish were present on the tops of a few coral pin- |
nacles in the lee of the main reef which appeared to be free of
A. planci. However, a few large adult starfish were found in
deeper water around the pinnacles carrying the juvenile starfish
and the juveniles could have been the progeny of these adults.

On the other hand, large numbers of adult starfish were
found on some reefs which appeared to be free of juvenile star-
fi Sheet eispsarna ticant thatjani taally the adult starhich,on
these reefs were found principally in the deeper water around
the peripheries of the reefs and that the bulk of the coral in
Shallow water on such reefs showed little damage which could be
attributed to A. planci. Indeed, the weight of evidence obtained
during the present investigation indicates that those reefs which
have recently become infested by starfish have been invaded by
adults which have migrated to the reefs across the sea floor.

The invasion pattern would appear to involve the following
sequence of events. Adult starfish arrive at one or more points
at the foot of the seaward slopes around the perimeter of a reef.
As numbers of invaders increase and the coral in the deeper water
around the perimeter of the reef is killed the starfish ascend

16

the seaward slopes of the reef. Initially, the adult starfish
tend to avoid shallow reef areas exposed to wave action and they -
move peripherally around the reef following the contours of its
seaward slopes. Amalgamation of groups of feeding starfish
becomes more pronounced as coral destruction increases. Even-—
tually coral on the reef edge is attacked and the starfish may
then move onto the reef flat and the tops of coral pinnacles,
hunger probably overcoming their erstwhile photonegative
behaviour. Very large herds of migrating starfish are
frequently seen during the day by the casual observer at this
stage. When the bulk of the available coral has been exhausted
the migrating starfish then move into deeper water and depart
from the reef.

Normally, large numbers of juvenile starfish appear ona
reef subsequent to the arrival of large numbers of adults on
the reef and it is probable that the juveniles are the progeny
of the invading adults. A. pillaneci breeds only during the summer
months and it would seem that the extent of the participation of
juvenile starfish in destruction of coral at a particular reef
would depend upon the season when adults invade the reef as well
as on the rapidity with which the adults kill the reef's coral.
This, in turn, depends on the number of adults present and the
amount of coral present (assuming that the adults feed ata
constant rate throughout the year). It is significant that
juvenile starfish are found in shallow water on the reef crest
and on the tops of coral pinnacles, regions normally avoided
by adult starfish.

Recent charts of the region of the Barrier Reef lying
between Lat. 16° 34" S. and 19° 20' S. (the region embraced by
the present survey ) show the positions of approximately 150
recognizable reefs (fringing reefs of mainland islands are
excluded). Of these 150 reefs 82 were visited between August,
1969 and May, 1971. Another 8 reefs in the region (Oyster, an
unnamed reef at Lat. 16° 39' S., Elford, Briggs, Maori, Scott,
Stevens, and Rib Reefs) were visited during 1966-1968 by Pearson
(Pearson and Endean, 1969). These 90 reefs visited include all
the larger reefs in the region. Most of the remaining 60 are
very small. A study of the results of Pearson and Endean (1969)
will reveal that by December, 1966 most, if not all, the inner
platform reefs between Michaelmas Reef (Wats 16° 34! S 1) and
Beaver Reef (Lat. 17° 51! Shy) were already heavily infested with
starfish. By 1970-71 starfish were absent from these reefs and
the bulk of the hard corals present on these reefs appeared to
have been killed by the starfish. As evidenced by the paucity
of living hard corals and the abundance of skeletons of recently
killed corals still an situ destruction ‘of ‘conalis® had been
extremely heavy and in many cases was almost total. Further to
the south, Otter Reef and Rib Reef were at least partially
infested by the end of 1966 (as was the fringing reef at the
Paim Islands) but, as far as can be ascertained, other patch
reefs south of Beaver Reef carried few or no starfish at the

17

end of 1966. None was seen at Britomart Reef and John Brewer
Reef and only 2 specimens at the reef complex known as The
Slashers and 2 specimens at Trunk Reef when these were examined
at the end of 1966 (Pearson and Endean, 1969). John Brewer Reef
and Lodestone Reef were both free of starfish in 1968 (T. Brown,
personal communication). Britomart, John Brewer, Lodestone,
Trunk and the reefs of the Slashers complex all carried starfish
in plague proportions during 1969 and 1970. Other reefs still
further to the south were observed to be invaded by starfish
during 1969, 1970 or 1971 as were some of the outer patch reefs
(Trout, Josephine, Big Sand Cay) east of Otter Reef during

this period.

In general there appears to have been a southward spread
of the starfish plague to inner patch reefs between Lat. 18° S.
and 199 S. and to many outer patch reefs between Lat. 17° S.
and 192 S: during the latter half of the 1960's. On some reefs
lying in these regions such as Yamacutta, Taylor, Beaver, John
Brewer, the reefs of The Slashers, Lodestone, Britomart and
Bramble, the bulk of the hard coral cover had been killed by
early 1971 and it can be expected that these reefs will be
free or vitually free of adult starfish in the near future.
Indeed, starfish numbers have already declined markedly on some
of these reefs (e.g. Taylor, John Brewer, Lodestone, reefs of
The Slashers). Othemyne aks psucin jasmGdlow),\yGrsub .eDap,, Cos Ivand
Keeper have only recently come under attack by large numbers of
A. planci and areas of rich growths of living coral still
remained when these reefs were last visited.

It would appear that starfish invasions of Centipede,
Dolphin, Yamato, Tabias, Tiger, Pollux, and Mid Reefs had just
begun in August, 1970 and it is possible that most of the reefs
between Lat. 19° S. and 20° S. will come under attack by star-
fish during the 1970's. Twenty-six of the 90 reefs visited in
the area surveyed were free of starfish and the condition of
their hard coral cover would indicate that they had not been
invaded by large numbers of A. planci in recent years. However,
some of these reefs are near reefs already infested and it is to
be expected that invasion of some of these reefs iS imminent.

Of interest was the finding that some of the outer patch
Feers Haine anecdonmbeuweenmLaitpa loom So uese anda i9SNS. sweme
still free of starfish in 1970 and 1971. In some cases the
lagoons or back reef areas of the outer patch reefs had been
invaded but the seaward slopes on the weather sides had escaped
infestation. Adult» A. planci appear to avoid areas exposed to
heavy wave action and this may provide an explanation for the
Virtual sapsencesoi Ae plancas nom sone om Thewourer, palich) teers).
It is also of interest that, with one apparent exception,
juvenile starfish are not present on these outer patch reefs
even though some of them are close to reefs which carry or
canned slhargeymumbers)) of) —Ar yollanca,

Some information was obtained about predators of A. planci.
Charonia tritonis, a formidable predator of the starfish
(Endean, 1969) was found among coral on seaward slopes and on
coral pinnacles in lagoons. Because of its large size, its
characteristic shape and colouration and because it usually lies
completely exposed among corals, the giant triton is readily
detected by experienced divers. In view of this, the fact that
only 24 specimens were encountered during visits made to 81
reefs would indicate that C. tritonis is a somewhat rare species,

at least on the reefs visited. Pive of the giant tritons seen
were feeding upon specimens of A. planci and two were feeding
upon holothurians when found. it) aewoftanteres pi ithati/eroaenae

specimens of A. planci being eaten were large juveniles about

20 cm in diameter. Possibly A. planes rof/ this (size are preferred
by the tritons. No juvenile Charonia tritonis less than 14 cm

in length were encountered.

Not a single specimen of the giant helmet, Casis cornuta,
a possible predator of A. planci (Endean, 1969) was encountered
during the trips to 82 reefs. It is known that shell collectors
have found giant helmets in the lagoons of two of the reefs
visited (Sudbury Reef and Taylor Reef ) in recent years.

While the hump headed wrasse was not observed to seize and
dismember A. planci one large specimen of this fish (the species
attains a length of approximately 2 metres ) was observed mouthing
fragments of a specimen of A. planci. It is possible that this
species is a predator of A. planci.

No information pinpointing the causes of the A. planci
plagues in Barrier Reef waters was obtained during the investi-
gation. Indeed, the initial causes of the population explosions
of A. planci may no longer be’ operative. However, a study ‘of
the results of the earlier investigation (Endean, 1969; Pearson
and Endean, 1969) in conjunction with a study of those of the
present investigation suggest that the starfish infestations can
be traced back to several foci--accessible inner platform reefs
near the major centres of human population on the coast of
Queensland between Cooktown and Townsville. If the Great Barrier
Reef starfish plagues did begin on these accessible reefs it is
possible that the plagues are man-induced. A release of predator
pressure on adult and large juvenile starfish as a result of
intensive collecting of Charonia tritonis by shell collectors
operating on accessible reefs could have triggered the plagues
as suggested by Endean (1969). Cy tritonism is al predator of
high trophic status and can be regarded as a keystone species
in the sense used by Paine (1969). It is possible that other
factors could have contributed to a decline in numbers of C.
tritonis. For example, toxic residues from pesticides or other
pollutants emanating from centres of human population on the
Queensland coast could have accumulated in the tissues of speci-
mens of C. tritonis until levels which were lethal or levels
which interfered with reproduction were attained. Also, it is
possible that factors other than a reduction in numbers of C.
tritonis on accessible reefs could have triggered the plagues.

1

Whatever the causes of the increases in starfish numbers
on accessible reefs near major centres of population on the
Queensland coast between Cooktown and Townsville, it would
appear that the increases occurred almost simultaneously on
those reefs during the early 1960's. Subsequently, as food
supplies on these reefs became exhausted, adult starfish
migrated from these initial centres of infestation to adjacent
reefs. This process has continued throughout the last decade.
It is apparent that massive damage to the corals of most reefs
in the region of the Great Barrier Reef investigated (the
region between Lat. loo G4 S-t and. 19° 20" Si) during the
present study has already occurred. Also, it would seem likely
that similar destruction has been caused to the coral cover of
most reefs in the region of the Great Barrier Reef lying between
Lat. 15° 18! S. and 16° 34! S. where starfish infestations were
reported earlier (Pearson and Endean, 1969). It is possible
that migrating starfish could encounter unfavourable conditions
on the reefs now being invaded and that the starfish plagues
will attenuate during the 1970's. However, no evidence for
the occurrence of such an attenuation has so far been obtained.
On the contrary, additional reefs of the Great Barrier Reef
are coming under attack and a recruitment of juveniles to the
We) Planes populations of at feast some of the reefs currently
under attack is occurring. Obviously, measures should be
adopted to control the starfish plagues while their causes
are investigated and their probable consequences assessed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are appreciative of the assistance in field
work provided by Mr. T. Brown, Mr. P. Straw, Mr. P. Alderslade,
Muss e MeNob ie, Mes J. Laxton, Mes OR) Marctan and) May J) DY Ursor.

REFERENCES

Barnes, J.H. and Endean, R. 1964. <A dangerous starfish--
Acanthaster planci (Linné). Medina. AWS Geo.) te DO

Chesher, R.H. 1969. Destruction of Pacific corals by the sea
star Acanthaster planci. Science, 165: 280-283.

Endean, R. 1969. Report on investigations made into aspects
of the current Acanthaster planci (Crown of Thorns)
infestations of certain reefs of the Great Barrier Reef.
Fisheries Branch, Queensland Department of Primary
Industries, Brisbane, 35pp. z

Paine, R.T. 1969. <A note on trophic complexity and community
stability. Amer. Naturalist, 103: 91-93.

20

Pearson, R.G.. and Endean,. R. 1969). A, preliminary, Study jot. aie
coral predator Acanthaster planci (Ll. ua (Asitjeroaddea))ion
the Great Barrier Reef. Queensland Fisheries Notes,
Department of Harbours and Marine, 3: 27.

Stoddart, D.R.. 1969. Ecology and morphology of recent coral
ReehSe BLO le Revs. whe eto Oo Sto.

Talbot, F.H. and Talbot, M.S.1971. The crown-of-thorns starfish
(Acanthaster) and the Great Barrier Reef. Hndeavour, 30:

38-42.

Vine, P.J. 1970. Densities of Acanthaster planci. in the
Pacatic Ocean.) Natune. 22crin ol=o-f2.

Weber, J.N. and Woodhead, P.M.J. 1970. Ecological studies of
the coral predator Acanthaster planci in the South Pacific.
Marine Biology, 6; 12=17.

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QUEENSLAND

1 Map of Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef. The shaded area
represents the region of the Great Barrier Reef affected by the
A. planci plagues.

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2 Map of portion of the Great Barrier Reef showing the positions of
some of the reefs visited during the present investigation. The
positions of 8 reefs referred to in this paper but not visited
during this investigation are also shown.

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3 Map of portion of the Great Barrier Reef showing the positions of
the remainder of the reefs visited during the present investigation

Ras &- .

a

Uf Portion of back reef area west of sand cay at Beaver Reef
illustrating sparse hard coral cover (December, 19°70):

5) Portion of seaward slope on south-east side of Glow Reef
illustrating moderate hard coral cover (January, 1971).

Portion of seaward slope on north-east side of Potter Reef
illustrating dense hard coral cover (May, 1971).

Portion of seaward slope on east side of Coil Reef
illustrating low damage to hard corals caused by A. planci.

Portion of seaward slope on west side of Trout Reef
illustrating marked damage to hard corals caused by

A planes “AY Specimen os A.) plancruriom aves lio lkomiderctrly
the centre of the photograph rpoeenb ote 1969).

Portion of seaward slope on east side of John Brewer Reef

illustrating heavy damage to hard corals caused by A. planci
(January, 1971).

10

al

Living tabular acropores on reef crest on north side of
Broadhurst Reef (October, 1970).

Skeletons of tabular acropores killed by A. planci on seaward
slopes on north side of Broadhurst Reef (February, 1970)":

12

We

Photograph of quadrat in position on seaward slope at northern
tip of Lodestone Reef (July, 1970). Analysis of reef cover in
quadrat yields 26.3% LHC, 37.3% DHC, 0% SC and 36.4% ADS.

Massed specimens of A. planci underlying part of a quadrat on
the reef flat at Slashers No.1 Reef (August, 1970).

14

i)

Soft coral cover on reef flat near sand cay,at Taylor, Reef
(May, 1971).
soft coral cover on reef flat near sand cay at Taylor Reef
(May, 1971).

16 Large numbers of A. planci on hard corals on reef flat at
Slashers No.1 Reef (August, 1970).

17 A colony of staghorn coral almost completely enveloped by a mass
of feeding Ay planci au otasivensh Nowe cis (August, 1970).

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The giant triton, Charonia tritonis, approaching a specimen of
A. planca whach as feeding onja tabular acropore av Wodesitonies Re

(May, 1970).

Charonia tritonis captured while eating a specimen

of Ay Spillane al
at Nathan Reef (January, 1970).

ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN
NO. 168

THE APPARENT EXTENT OF RECOVERY OF REEFS OF AUSTRALIA’S
GREAT BARRIER REEF DEVASTATED BY THE
CROWN-OF-THORNS STARFISH

by R. Endean and W. Stablum

Issued by
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

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The
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ae
r

Contents

Page
Abstract 1
Introduction ye
Materials and Methods 2
Results 4
Discussion : 10
Acknowledgements 19
References ; 14

Figures (following p. 14)

Map of portion of the Great Barrier Reef lying off

the east coast of Queensland, Australia. The names

and positions of reefs visited during the investigation
are shown.

The white exposed skeleton of an acropore colony which
had just been killed by Acanthaster planci (Slashers No.1
Reef; August, 1970). :

The white exposed skeleton of a colony of a species of
Platygyra which has just been killed by specimens of
Acanthaster planci visible to the left of the colony
(Slashers No.4 Reef; January, ou) le

The skeleton of a branching acropore believed to have
been) killed) some weeks earlier when Taree numbers of A:
Plane, via ed | this mer lonm Ot tlie eek atokae vat lay Lot Reet.
Dark filamentous algae cover much of the skeleton
(january, 1970) .

thevalesals covered skeleton lof a massive coral believed
to have been killed by A. planci some months previously
(lagoon, Yamacutta Reef; May, (9710)

Portion of the reef face on the seaward slope at the
eastern side of John Brewer Reef showing the algal
covered skeletons of tabular acropores and other corals
Sibi nn Se Ub (January, WOW Ae Large numbers of A.
planci w were active in the area in 70%

Smashed skeletons of acropore colonies on the seaward
slope, eastern side of Hall-Thompson Reef (May, TOI).

Large numbers of fish aggregated in the vicinity of one
of the few large acropore colonies which had survived
The A. Planet) hi VvastOns) Of) Tne Teak hai aed done fs
No.4 Reef (January, 1971).

Pargt jot cay damasedicollonyicom a species (of) Acropora, )) inivang
tissue has been stripped from the bulk of the skeleton
which is covered with dark algae. Surviving polyps are
present on the tips of two branches which are free of
eae algae (reef Pilate slaskhers Woe Reef; January ,
Ova ye

ii

10

ua

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14

itty

16

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18

19

20

Partially damaged colonies of staghorn acropores many of
which have collapsed owing to fracture of regions of the
skeleton from which living tissue had been removed some
months earlier apparently by A. planci (north side,
seaward slope, McCulloch Reef; July, A)

The white freshly exposed skeleton of jofelians (je ielalslis)
maSSive coral colony marks the passage of a feeding A.
planci (Slashers No.4 Reef; January, 1971).

Two partially damaged colonies of a species of massive
coral (probably Leptoria phrygia). Damaged portions
are covered with black fouling algae (Yamacutta Reef ;
May, 1971).

Portion (of a damaged .ecollony of jaysipe cites gol slavetar.
Living coral polyps are visible on the left side of the
colony. The living tissue had been removed from the
Hetlathder ois be) (Colonye Sever alle mi Om G ls sie cites SIke tenn lOyay ate
lanci which is known to have been active in the area
(Scat slope, Hall-—-Thompson Reef; May, OTe

A damaged colony of a species of Porites showing colonies
of alcyonarians growing on part of the exposed skeleton
of the colony (south-east side, seaward slope, Green
Island Reef; November, 1970).

sott corals srowine on vues ske Metons Jo times tie Sisytlorts
hard corals believed to have been killed by are: lanci
about 1966 (northern tip, Feather Reef; July, AOD

Colonies of soft corals forming a carpet over coral
skeletons lying on floor of west side of lagoon at
Taylor Reef (May, TOWAG) re Starfish are uoWal to have
been active in the area in 1969.

A patch of a green species of Turbinaria partially
enclosed by a quadrat frame photographed on the south-
eastern side, seaward slope of Green Island Reef
(November, OZONE

A recently settled colony of Acropora humilis on a
"clean" reef surface (back reef area, Ellison Reef; May,

1O 7d)

A colony of a species of Acropora estimated to have
settled in 1968 or 1969 on the seaward slope, north side
of McCulloch Reef. The colony is surrounded by algae
(July, 1971).

A tabular acropore skeleton carrying a recently settled
colony of Acropora hyacinthus is shown near the centre

of the photograph. Soft corals cover other hard coral
skeletons in the foreground. Starfish were active in the
area in 1966 (northern tip, seaward slope, Feather Reef;
November, 1970).

21

22

23

et:

Portion of a branch of an acropore colony being attacked
byea ispecincn of VAL plancs. The basal ‘portion of the
branch (to the left) was algal covered and was considered
to have been stripped of living coral tissue by starfish
some months earlier (reef flat, Slashers No.4 Reef;
January, 1971s

Peeopociiien Of 7k. Ep LanClwativackin=s part Of thie nedse (of) va
tabular acropore which had survived earlier devastation
of the rest of the colony and had continued to grow
(Taylor Reef; January, 1970).

The white, freshly exposed skeleton of portion of a
colony of a species of Platygyra which had survived the
earlier destruction of the remainder of the colony. The
remainder of the colony is covered with dark algae and
is estimated to have been killed some weeks earlier
probably by A. planci (reef alate Slashers No. teReet >
January, 17

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1 Map of portion of the Great Barrier Reef lying off the east
coast of Queensland, Australia. The names and positions of
reefs visited during the investigation are shown.

THE APPARENT EXTENT OF RECOVERY OF REEFS OF AUSTRALIA’S
GREAT BARRIER REEF DEVASTATED BY THE CROWN-OF-THORNS STAR-
FISH

by R. Endean and W. sania”

ABSTRACT

Visits were made to 21 reefs of the Great Barrier Reef
lying between Lat. 16° BOM So -ariae! 19° S. A massive destruction
of the hard coral cover of most of these reefs had occurred
during the 1960's as a result of the feeding activities of very
large numbers of the coral predator Acanthaster planci. The
extent, rate and manner of recovery of these reefs were studied.

Coral colonies growing in shallow water exposed to heavy
wave action had survived the starfish invasions but elsewhere
the amount of surviving hard coral was remarkably small.
Colonies of Millepora had survived and these and surviving
colonies of Pocillopora and Turbinaria had spread: over
surrounding areas and occurred in patches on some reefs. The
skeletons of corals killed by A. planci remained in situ but
rapidly acquired a coating of fouling algae. Portions of some
coral colonies survived and continued to grow but the living
coral tissue did not appear to spread over damaged parts of
the colonies, the exposed skeletons of which acquired a coating
of algae and other organisms. Subsequently exposed acropore
skeletons frequently fragmented. Fragmented skeletons and
skeletons stil tna situ were frequently covered by Soft ‘corals
which spread rapidly over large areas of the devastated reefs.

Although 4 - 8 years had elapsed since A. planci was
active in many of the reef areas studied, recolonization by
hard corals was generally slight and species diversity among
the recolonizers was low. The extent of recolonization by
hard corals in the reef sectors studied appeared to be
inversely related to the extent of coral destruction caused by
the starfish. Many of the recolonizing corals had settled on
acropore skeletons which will ultimately crumble and the
recolonizers will be lost. It is apparent that recovery of
devastated reefs will be a prolonged process and the presence
of residual starfish populations on some reefs raises the
possibility that many reefs may remain impoverished indefinitely.

i ae Set el of Zoology, University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Australia.

(Manuscript received October, 1971--Ed. )

INTRODUCTION

It has gradually become apparent that a massive destruction.
of the hard coral cover of reefs of the central region of the
Great Barrier Reef lying between approximately Lat. 15° 1S) and
19° S. has occurred during the 1960's because of the feeding
activities of very large numbers of the coral predator Acan-
thaster planci (Barnes and Endean, 1964; Barnes, 1966; Endean,
1969; Pearson and Endean, 1969; Talbot and Talbot, 1970;

Endean and Stablum, 1973) 3 Interest is now focused on the rate
at which devastated reefs in the region will recover from the
starfish invasions, on the manner in which recovery will
proceed and on the ultimate extent of this recovery.

It was known that by mid 1969 the bulk of invading starfish
had departed from most of the inner platform reefs lying between
baie Oe YOU eS ging! 18° °S, ame sim 1970 it was decided to visit
some of these reefs and examine their surface cover. Particular
attention was to be given to assessments of the extent, rate
and manner of recovery of the hard coral cover of affected reefs
and to factors which could hamper om assast that recovery. ain
order to provide data to assist in these assessments visits were
also made to areas of two outer patch reefs which had escaped
starfish infestation, to areas of reefs where large numbers of
starfish were killing coral and to areas of reefs from which
large numbers of starfish had just departed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The reefs visited in this survey are shown in Fig. 1.
Most are regarded as inner patch reefs but two (Hedley Reef
and Potter Reef) are near the 100 fathom line and are regarded
as outer patch reefs. General surveys of sectors of these
reefs were made as described in the preceding Bulletin. Visual
estimates (Table 1) were made of the extent and general condition
of the living hard coral cover and of the extent of recent
settlement of hard coral colonies in the reef sectors examined.
Information on the positions, depth and estimated areas of reef
sectors examined is given in Table 1. Special attention was
given to surveys at Green Island Reef and Feather Reef since
preliminary studies of recolonization at localities on these
reefs have been carried out by Pearson and Endean (1969). Also,
information on the approximate dates when the various sectors
of the reef at Green Island were invaded by starfish is available
(Barnes, 1966). The six areas examined during the present survey
of Green Island correspond with the sectors designated A, B, C,
D, E & K by Barnes (1966). Four areas were examined at Feather
Reef. The first was sitauted on the seaward slopes at the
northern tip of the weet. . The second, third and fourth yareds
were situated to the south on the seaward slopes along the
eastern edge of the reef. The four areas were separated one
from another by distances of approximately 800 metres.

3

The principal criterion used to determine whether a coral
colony was recently established was its very small size relative
to the mean size attained by the species in the Great Barrier
Reef region. In many cases the small corals were attached to
the skeletons of recently killed corals which were still in
situ. When such small colonies belonged to species different
from the species to whose skeleton they were attached they
could definitely be regarded as recolonizers. In those cases
where the small colony belonged to the same species as the
exposed skeleton with which it was associated it was possible
that the small colony had regenerated from surviving portions
of a damaged coral colony. However, in most cases no difficulty
was encountered in distinguishing recolonizing corals from
Sim iINve thn =secorats. Dhesextenmt on the soft coral (alcyonarian)
cover in each area investigated was also estimated.

Attempts were made to ascertain the dates when the reef
areas listed in Table 1 carried large numbers of starfish.
Unfortunately, the exact dates are not available. However,
information is available on the years when the various regions
of Green Island Reef became infested with starfish (Barnes,
1966). Information is also available on the year when the area
examined at Slashers No.1 Reef was infested and the years when
John Brewer Reef was infested by starfish (Endean and Stablum,
1973). Many of the other reefs listed were visited in 1966
and were found to be infested with starfish (Pearson and Endean,
1969). Information obtained from operators of charter boats,
shell collectors, divers, and from fishermen has assisted in
establishing the approximate dates when some reefs carried
large numbers of starfish.

At some localities sampling stations were set up and
attempts were made using a sampling technique described ina
previous paper (Endean and Stablum, 1973) to obtain information _
on the extent of the living hard coral cover, on the percentage
of recently established coral colonies in this cover and on the
percentage of the reef surface covered by soft corals. To
obtain this information a transect line was run out at the reef
sector to be examined. Usually the reef sector examined embraced
part of the seaward slopes on the windward side of the reef where
coral growths are well developed. However, a back reef area was
sampled at Ellison Reef, the transect at Yamacutta Reef was
across the shallow water of reef crest and reef flat and the
transect at Slashers No.1 Reef was made on the reef flat while
large numbers of starfish were eating the coral there. A metre
square quadrat was placed at intervals along the transect line
and photographed. Two identical prints were made of each nega-
tive obtained. One was kept as a record. From the duplicate
the images of recently settled hard corals, other living hard
coral colonies and soft coral colonies respectively were care-
fully excised. The remaining reef cover was regarded as algal
dominated substratum. The pieces belonging to each category
were weighed to the nearest 0.0001 gram and each weight thereby

obtained was expressed as a percentage of the total weight of
the print. This procedure yielded the percentage area of each
print occupied by each category of reef cover investigated and
it was assumed that the figure obtained in each case approximated
the actual percentage area occupied by the particular category
of reef cover in the area of reef surface shown in the print.
The area depicted in each print approximated 1 metre squared
(mean for 191 prints was 1.07 and the range was 0. 88=1)2.52))..
Mean figures for the percentage area occupied by each category
of reef cover on each transect were then calculated and are
listed in Table 2. The number of quadrat photographs included
in the analysis of each transect and the mean number of
recolonizing hard corals per photograph are also shown in
Table 2.

The diameters of the skeletons of recently killed coral
colonies were measured at some localities. Also, a collection
of recolonizing corals was made at some localities for subsequent
identification. Although the commonest of the recolonizing
corals were included in the collections no attempt was made to
ensure that all species represented among the recolonizers were
collected. Algae associated with dead coral skeletons were
collected at Slashers No.1 Reef for subsequent identification.

Cursory observations were made on the fish fauna of some
damaged reefs visited with a view to ascertaining whether the
species composition and abundance appeared markedly different
from those of the fish fauna of reefs which had not been
damaged by A. planci.

RESULTS

When feeding,, A. pllanicaydicsestgss heyielesi loin pips pscorad
prey. The skeleton of the prey is thereby exposed. In August,
1970 a study was made of the genera of hard coral colonies
attacked by A. planci on an area of the reef flat at Slashers
No.1 Reef. Almost every colony of Acropora, Pocillopora and
Stylophora present was attacked. Likewise very few massive

corals escaped attention from A. planci. Information relating
to the genera and sizes of massive coral colonies killed by
the starfish is given in Table 3. It was noted that every

polyp in a coral colony attacked by one or more starfish is
usually killed. Only occasionally, particularly when tall
branching acropores were attacked, did small portions of a
colony survive.

On some reefs, colonies of Pocillopora were frequently but
by no means always bypassed. Although very large massive corals
(particularly colonies of species of Porites: and Astreopora)
were bypassed on some reefs (eae. John Brewer Reef, Cayley Reef),
on other reefs (e.g. Hall-Thompson, Slashers No.1 Reef), large
colonies of Porites and Astreopora, some exceeding 2 metres in

5

diameter, were attacked and killed. The impression gained was
that A. planci exhibited a preference for tabular Acropora
species and small colonies of massive corals but when aggre-
gated in very large numbers (tens of thousands) on a reef would
attack almost every colony of coral on the reef. Among the
colonies which usually escaped attack were those growing on
reef crests and in shallow water on the tops of coral pinnacles
exposed to considerable wave action. Occasionally, coral
colonies growing in deeper water, particularly at the south-
eastern regions of reefs which are frequently exposed to heavy
wave surge, survived the starfish invasions. Stands of the

hydrozoans Millepora and Heliopora were bypassed and only

rarely (ene; at Taylor Reef) were soft corals attacked.

After attack by A. planci the skeletons of corals ,are

exposed (Figs. 2 and Boies These remain stark white and free of
adhering material for a few days but within 2-3 weeks the skele-
tons acquire a coating of filamentous algae. The principal alga

Subsequently the algal covering thickens and darkens and the
coral skeletons become covered with dark tufts of algae. From
a distance of a few metres large areas of the coral skeletons
appear very dark, almost black, at this stage (Fig. Ly) na In
August, 1970 such algal covered skeletons of Acropora spp. were
collected from a trail of dead corals left by a large group of
AS plane ,wha chy pwene jactaveliy feeding on, the gree, fiat .at
Slashers No.1 Reef. The following algal species were present:
Microcoleus lyngbyaceus (Kuetzing) Crouan, Ceramium gracillimum
var. byssoideum (Harv. ) Mazoyer, Griffithsia tenuis C. Ag., an
unidentified species of Polysiphonia and an unidentified species

of Bryopsis.

The dead coral skeletons may remain covered with filamentous
algae for several months or even years but frequently other types
of algae, including coralline algae, gradually replace or become
intermingled with the filamentous algae conferring on the dead
skeletons a greyish rather than a blackish appearance (Fig. 5))
The algal-covered coral skeletons often remain in situ for long
periods of time (Fig. 6). Pearson and Endean (1969) refer, for
example, to the skeletons of two tabular acropores (Acropora
hyacinthus) which had remained in situ on Green Island for
almost three years when last observed. Other skeletons are
eroded by boring and abrading organisms. It was noted that
after exposure for a few months the skeletons of some acropores
became very friable. Presumably they had been weakened in some
way but the cause was not determined. Sometimes, as was observed
at Adelaide Reef, many of the flat "plates" of Acropora hyacin-
thus (and other tabular corals) had broken away from their points
of attachment and they lay in stacks on ledges at the foot of
steep reef faces. Often, as happened at Taylor Reef, Green
Island Reef and Hall-Thompson Reef, the exposed skeletons of
branching acropores growing in Shallow water were smashed by
wave action and formed piles of rubble (Fig. 7). When visited

6

during 1970 the water over many of the reefs where damage had
been particularly heavy (etek Sudbury, Arlington, Green and
Howie Reefs ) was markedly turbid compared with the situation
on other reefs in the area (e.g. Thetford Reef) which had not
been anvaged by, Large nunbers vor vay pllancay

It was noted that coral haunting fish, such as chaetodons
(Chaetodontidae), pullers and humbugs (Chromidae), and damsel-
fish (Pomacentridae), remained in the vicinity of skeletons of
dead corals until these acquired a coating of algae. They were
certainly absent from the algal covered hard coral skeletons
but their fate was not determined. However, coral colonies
which had been bypassed by A. planci seemed to have more than
the usual quota of fishes (Fig. ne Fishes were well repre-
sented on reefs which had been devastated during the early or
mid 1960's but marked changes in the species composition of
the fish fauna appeared to have occurred. In particular, coral
trout and cod (Serranidae ) appeared to be very scarce on
devastated reefs while parrot fish (Scaridae), surgeon fish
(Acanthuridae), and wrasses (Labridae) occurred commonly.

Occasionally, some of the tips of the branches or segments
of the branches of staghorn acropores or edges of the "plates"
of tabular acropores were not killed by the starfish. These
undamaged areas continued to grow. Their surfaces remained
free of fouling algae in contrast with the adjoining portions
of the skeletons which, after initial exposure, had become
covered with fouling algae (Fie. 9). These algal covered
regions of the skeleton did not seem to acquire a new covering
of polyps as a result of regeneration from surviving portions
of the original colony. Indeed, other species of coral some-
times settled on the algal-covered parts of the skeletons.

The continued growth of only portions of the original colonies
of damaged acropores resulted in many assuming bizarre growth
forms. Some of these regenerating colonies will be lost
because the damaged portions become eroded and crumble. This
was observed to have happened at some localities (Fig. 7)O)) ie
Occasionally too, destruction of colonies of massive corals
was incomplete. In those cases where large massive corals were
involved the passage of a feeding starfish across the surface
of a coral colony was marked by a trail of exposed skeleton
(Fig. AAG) This exposed region soon acquired a coating of
algae and other fouling organisms (Fig. 12). Massive corals
damaged in this way were observed on areas of many reefs (e.g.
Green island Reef ) from which invading A. planci had departed
some years previously. It is not known whether colonies of any
or all species of massive corals so damaged will in due course
regenerate a covering of polyps in the damaged regions of the
colonies. Budding of new polyps from the edges of the living
coral tissue (Fig. 13) of such damaged colonies was not marked
and if regeneration occurs it must be a slow process. AIso,
apart from algae, soft corals (Fig. 14) and occasionally other
species of hard corals were observed to grow on the dead areas

7

of the colonies. These organisms must compete for space with
polyps from the original colony. Also, it might be expected
that portions of the skeleton lacking a protective cover of
polyps would be exposed to the attacks of boring organisms and
invasion by micro-organisms. The presence of partially killed
colonies of branching and massive corals confers a character-
istie facies jon a reef, devastated by A.) planci and itwould, be
possible for the trained observer to deduce the cause of the
devastation even after the lapse of some years.

Within a few months after reefs were devastated by A.
planci, an vobvious \ancerease ,in jthe soft, coral cover usually
occurred. The rapidly growing soft coral colonies spread over
dead coral skeletons (Fig. 15) and grew around surviving coral
colonies. In some areas of the reefs devastated by A. planci,
the reef surface became virtually carpeted with soft corals
(Fig. 1:6,)¥. In other areas (e.g. areas at Green Island Reef)
stalked algae such as a species of the alga Turbinaria formed
a cover on the skeletons of recently killed corals.

Information on the surface cover of the areas of reefs
visited is given in Table 1 and Table 2. It is apparent that
in 1970 and 1971 the living hard coral cover in areas visited
of those reefs which had been invaded in recent years by A.
planci was remarkably low when compared with the hard coral
cover of areas of reefs (ese. seaward slopes of Hedley Reef
and Potter Reef) which had not been invaded by large numbers
ORs lanes pinyise enh hy cass 4 JOny si hic) Ioqbhiers (hand) a tawais
apparent that algae and soft corals had proliferated on reefs
devastated by A. planci.

In the main, surviving coral colonies were confined to
very shallow water in situations exposed to wave action (eres
the region studied at Yamacutta Reef described in Table 2) but
some species growing in deeper water such as Millepora spp.
appeared to have been avoided by the starfish and had survived.
Pocillopora damicornis was frequently bypassed and it too had
survived in patches in deeper water. Species of Millepora and
Pocillopora appear to have rapid growth rates and large patches
of these corals were found on many reefs from which the bulk
of starfish had departed some years ago. An unidentified green
Turbinaria was also prominent in deeper water on such reefs and,
in some cases at least, colonies of this species had survived
the starfish invasions and had spread rapidly over surrounding
aneas-ja ihe presence jof patches, off Mal lepora, Pocsil Topora: and
Turbinaria should be taken into account when interpreting the
data presented in Table 2. Cccasionally during transect work
the quadrat fell on an area covered by colonies belonging to
one of these species and the mean figure for the live hard
coral cover on the transect involved rose markedly as a result.
Thus the figure of 15.6% live hard coral recorded in Table 2
for one transect at Green Island stems from the fact that one
quadrat sample of the 11 included in the transect included a

ios)

large patch of Millepora. Likewise, the figure of 18.3%
(Table 2) for the live hard coral cover of another transect

at Green Island (Fig. 17) and the figure of 10.3% for the live
hard coral cover of a transect made at Adelaide Reef (Table 2)
stem from the fact that one quadrat sample at each locality
included a large patch of green Turbinaria. The figure of
18.3% obtained for the mean coral cover of an area at the
scuthern tip of Green Island Reef is one of the highest
obtained for a reef area known to have been devastated by A.
planci. If the figure obtained for the hard coral cover of
the quadrat sample depicted in Fig. 17 were omitted from
calculations and the mean hard coral cover calculated from
figures obtained from analysis of the remaining 9 quadrat
samples the mean hard coral cover for the transect would be
10.1%. This illustrates the need for caution when interpreting
the data presented in Table 2.

Recolonization of devastated areas by hard corals was not
detected at the areas visited of Sudbury, McCulloch, Howie,
Flora, Eddy, Taylor, Beaver, Yamacutta, Slashers No.1, Slashers
No.4 and John Brewer Reefs and it was negligible at Arlington
Reef and some of the areas at Green Island Reef visited. Some
recolonization was detected at other areas of Green Island Reef,
and at the areas of other reefs visited (Gibson Reef, Feather
Reef, Cayley Reef, Hall-Thompson Reef, Adelaide Reef and
Ellison Reef), but recolonization was marked only at the region
of Gibson Reef visited. All this is reflected in the figures
for the Bey of hard coral colonies per print (equivalent to
approx. one m- of reef surface) given in Table 2. Only the
figure for the area of Gibson Reef examined is similar to those
for reef areas which have escaped starfish damage (the areas of
Hedley, Potter and Yamacutta Reef listed in Table By

Among the commonest of the recolonizers were Pocillopora
damicornis, Seriatopora hystrix, Stylophora pistillata,
Acropora hyacinthus, A. humilis, A. variabilis, A. formosa,
A. cuneata and A. echinata, species of Porites and an
unidentified green species of Turbinaria mentioned above.

Some (Fig. 18) of the recolonizers were found on sections
of "clean" reef face devoid of the skeletons of corals killed
by A. planci ‘and virtually free of soft’ corals or ‘other ‘macro—
scopic organisms. Some (Fig. 19) were found on areas of reef
face surrounded by algae or soft corals. Large numbers of
recolonizers settled on the skeletons which.were still in situ
in many reef areas of coral colonies which had been killed by
A. planes .! The skeletons ‘of tabular acropores,® in parkecolar,
provided sites for settlement by recolonizing planulae (Fig.

20). However, it was evident that many, ihenotMnosw, "ort he
recolonizers which had settled on such skeletons would be lost
because the skeletons would eventually collapse. This had

already occurred in some cases (e.g. at Hall-Thompson Reef
and Adelaide Reef).

9

The results of the surveys carried out at Green Island
Reef and Feather Reef supported the tentative findings of
Pearson and Fndean (1969) that recolonization by hard corals
of devastated areas of these reefs was in progress but was not
marked. The areas at the southwest and west regions of Green
Island Reef examined were invaded by large numbers of A. planci
in 1961 and 1962 (Barnes, 1966). It is significant that only
slight recolonization was observed in these areas when they
were visited in 1970. -Likewise, recolonization was only slight
at a region on the northwest side when it was visited in 1970.
Indeed, of the areas examined at Green Island recolonization
was considered to be marked only in shallow water at the
southern tip of the reef flat’ at Green’ Island Reef and at an
area of a reef platform which lay in deeper water at the
southeastern side of Green Island Reef. It is noteworthy that
the shallow water area at the southern tip of Green Island Reef
is a region exposed to considerable wave action and many of the
coral colonies growing there had obviously escaped attention
from A. planci. Also, a considerable number of colonies on
the submerged reef platform at the southeastern side of Green
island” Reef had apparently survived the A. planci’ invasion.
According to Barnes (1966) this area showed little evidence of
having been attacked by A. planci when it was examined in
August, 1966. At Feather Reef recolonization by hard corals

in the four areas studied was slight. Both at Feather Reef
and at Green Island a high proportion of the recolonizers had
settled on tabular acropore skeletons. Soft corals covered

extensive areas of Green Island Reef and Feather Reef.

After the bulk of starfish had departed from a reef
residual populations of starfish were observed occasionally
to continue the destruction of hard corals. ~For example, in
December, 1970 a residual population of starfish was observed
to be attacking the few colonies which had escaped destruction
on the reef flat at Taylor Reef when this region was invaded by
large numbers of A. planci in September, 1969 (Endean and
Stablum prec. paper). In January, 1971, starfish were observed
on the reef flat at Slashers No.4 Reef attacking corals in an
area which appeared to have been devastated by A. planci some
months earlier. The surviving portions of colonies apparently
damaged during the earlier invasion were being destroyed (Figs.
PN ane 23), Speciiens ofA “planer as’ small ras" ize rim:
daanee de were found among the attacking Starthvch. 9 iien coo,
after the departure of the bulk of invading starfish the
destruction of coral in shallow water on the crest of a reef
or on the tops of coral pinnacles may be continued in many
cases by small juvenile starfish which settle there from the
plankton. These juveniles appear to remain in these regions
for approximately 12 months before they move into other areas
(Endean and Stablum prec. paper). Possibly these young star-
fish augment the numbers of specimens present in the residual
populations of A. planci observed on some devastated reefs.
Of interest was the fact that juvenile starfish were found under
soft coral colonies near the sand cay at Taylor Reef on 25.5.71.

10

DISCUSSION

Information on the precise dates when the reefs studied
carried large numbers of A. planca and jthe precise dates when
the starfish departed from these reefs is not available.
However, it is known that infestation of Green Island Reef
occurred principally during the first half of the 1960's while
infestation of Taylor Reef, reefs of the Slasher Complex and
John Brewer Reef occurred towards the end of the decade. When
visited during 1970 Yamacutta Reef still carried large numbers
of starfish but the windward seaward slopes of Hedley Reef and
Potter Reef when visited during 1970 and 1971 respectively
showed no signs of having been invaded by large numbers of A.
planci in recent years. Although most of the other reefs
studied during the present investigation carried large numbers
of A. planci when visited during 1966 (Pearson and Endean,
1969) the condition of the coral cover on most indicated that
large numbers of starfish had been active for at least several
months prior to the visits. However, available information
indicates that the bulk of the invading starfish departed from
these reefs during 1967 and 1968 and all appeared to be free
of lange niunbers) Oi Aly splancas biveacine venc mos 1969. No information
was obtained during the present investigation or during an
earlier survey (Endean, 1969; Pearson and Endean, 1969) to
suggest that any reef in the area carried large numbers of
starfish or had been devastated by starfish prior to the 1960's.
On the contrary, information from many sources (shell collectors,
fishermen, charter boat operators, divers ) indacated that, A.
planci was rarely seen on these reefs and that hard corals
flourished on these reefs prior to the 1960's. Since the
approximate dates when reefs in the area were devastated by A.
planci are known and since some reefs were devastated at diff-
erent times from others an opportunity to study the sequence
of events during the recovery of devastated reefs presented
itself.

Lt should be noted thathvhardiconals jon) aligpairats lola aieews
except regions of the reef crest exposed to strong wave action
were usually attacked by invading A. planci. Also, massive as
well as branching corals were attacked. Thus the destruction
of hard corals oniyrhemreehs vaciitedgwhitchmwetes i nmacec aang caw
planci during the 1960's has been much more extensive and
severe than any coral destruction known to have been caused by
tropical storms in the area. Indeed, it would seem a reasonable
assumption that the bulk of adult A. planci departed from such
devastated reefs primarily because of a shortage of readily
accessible colonies of their hard coral prey. Apart from marked
changes in the extent of the live hard coral cover, in the algal
eover and in the soegt jconal) cover of mectis imvadeda byapa-ssplancs.
which were studied in this and a previous investigation (Endean
and Stablum prec. paper), marked changes in the fish populations
of these reefs appear to have occurred. Indeed, it is likely
that destruction of the bulk of the hard coral cover of a

ei)

particular reef will be reflected in marked changes in the
populations of all species present on the reef before the
starfish invasions.

Recovery of a devastated reef is dependent essentially on
the regrowth of a surface cover of hard corals. Such regrowth
can stem from an increase in the mean size of surviving undam-
aged colonies, regeneration and growth of damaged colonies and
settlement and growth of new coral colonies. However, full
recovery of the hard coral cover would require that this cover
be comprised of species and numbers of colonies of each species
which are typically found on the type of reef involved in the
geographical region where the reef is sited. Further, complete
recovery would involve the return of those organisms which are
characteristically associated with coral reefs in the region as
well as the re-establishment of the complex relationships
normally existing between the numerous species comprising the
biota of the reef.

The 21 reefs visited in ole survey occupy collectively
an area of approximately 300 km™ in flat projection and they
are scattered over about 10000 km* of sea. Because of the large
areas involved, because of the limited time which could be
devoted to the study and because of the small number of personnel
involved it was not possible to obtain adequate quantitative data
to permit a precise assessment of the extent and rate of the
HeCoOVeny. Of 19 ot ubese reefs trom devas tvatton by A. planes.
However, the quantitative data obtained are generally in accord
with visual estimates involving much greater areas of reefs.
As can be seen from a study of the data listed in Table 1 and
Table 2 the results of the survey are unequivocal. First, coral
colonies growing in Shallow water in habitats exposed to marked
wave action had frequently survived the starfish invasions but
elsewhere the amount of surviving hard coral was remarkably
small. Indeed, on some reefs (ene. Sudbury Reef, Howie Reef,
Ellison Reef) destruction of the hard coral cover by A. planci
was almost total. Secondly, some of the surviving coral
colonies (age Miillepora species, Pocillopora damicornis, a
green species of Turbinaria) found in deeper water of reefs
from which starfish departed some years ago, had proliferated
and spread over adjacent areas. Patches comprised principally
of colonies of these species are apparent on some areas of some
reefs. No doubt their spread over areas of dead coral skeletons
Sipe Sniul and ower aiceds) ot coral) rubble has) been facila tated
by the absence of competition for the available substratum by
other species of coral. Thirdly, even after the lapse of some
years, recolonization by hard corals was generally slight or
negligible in the reef areas visited. It is possible that very
small colonies were overlooked but it is believed that this is
unlikely since in most cases recolonizers attracted attention
because they appeared as splashes of colour amid the drab
colouration of a devastated reef. Fourthly, there has beena
phenomenal increase in the algal cover and in the soft coral
cover of vast areas of devastated reefs.

It was apparent that the extent of recovery of the
devastated reefs visited varied from reef to reef and from one
region to another of the same reef. AS might be expected, reefs
on which starfish were still active when visited or from which
starfish had departed a few months prior to a visit showed no
obvious signs of recovery. Although some reefs, such as Gibson
Reef, from which the bulk of starfish had departed some years
ago Showed signs of recovery, other reefs such as Sudbury, Howie
and Flora Reefs which had apparently been free of large numbers
of 4. plane: Tora, similar pemtoed ot ) times howe sie stele -iiaile
recovery, at least in the areas visited. On the other hand,
there appeared to be a relationship between the rate of recovery
of an area of reef and the extent of.coral destruction in that
area caused by the starfish initially, the more complete the
initial destruction the slower the recovery and vice versa.

This raises the possibility that recolonizers on a particular
reef are principally the progeny of coral colonies on the same
reef which have survaved the desuructi0m caused) oye a lame.
PM this 2s, the case, then it as.taikely thatwrecolona7avuLons wate
be fastest on the southeastern side of exposed reefs where
pronounced wave action appears to have deterred starfish from
attacking coral colonies growing in Shallow water habitats.

A reef whose hard coral cover had just been devastated by
A. planes exhibited a typical picture. |) ounvivine coral colontes
were restricted principally to the shallow water near the reef
crest and to the tops of coral pinnacles. The skeletons of
recentiyekr ied corals memaamec vin ys il but. we ne ucowe Gedy Diy seaiete
filamentous algae. Occasionally, | the tips pang) or spare sou Tele
branches of branching corals and parts of massive coral colonies
growing in deeper water had survived and these damaged colonies
Save a characteristic appearance to a ceet devastated by iA.
planci. Fish were sparsely represented among the algal covered
coral skeletons. After the lapse of one to two years coral
skeletons appeared greyish rather than blackish and some had been
fragmented or detached. The skeletons of some branching acropores
had formed piles of rubble and some tabular acropores had broken
away from their points of attachment to the substratum. The
growth of surviving portions of acropore colonies was particularly
marked at this stage and some of the growth forms assumed were
bizarre. Frequently a marked spread of alcyonarians was in
evidence by this stage and sometimes vast areas of a reef inc-
luding the coral skeletons still in situ were carpeted by these
Solr corals, nba

Within three to four years after starfish had devastated
some areas of reef recently settled hard corals were seen in
the areas. However, species diversity was low. The principal
species among the recolonizers were Pocillopora damicornis,
Seriatopora hystrix, Stylophora pistillata, species of Turbinaria,
Porites mayeri and other species of Porites, Acropora hyacinthus,
A. variabilis, A. humilis, A. cuneata and A. formosa. It is

known that Pocillopora Teicher Seriatopora hystrix, and

13

etc neeren istillata breed throughout the year (Atoda, 1 Oe Fa.
1947b, oath and possibly they are rapid recolonizers for this
reason. At the same time they and the other pioneer recolon-
izers noted must be particularly tolerant of the changed eco-
logical conditions that are found on reefs which have recently
been devastated by A. plane. It is possible that a definite
ecological succession will be observed, some of the colonies
of the pioneer species being replaced by other species as the
reefs recover so that the normal species composition of each
reef area is gradually restored.

On the other hand, many of the recolonizing corals had
settled on coral skeletons which will ultimately break away from
therr points of attachment and a high proportion of such recol-—
onizers will be lost. Indeed, the removal of coral skeletons
by storms (or by human agency ) could well facilitate recolon-
ization. Then too, because of the spread of algae, of alcyo-
narians and to some extent the spread of hydrozoans such as
Millepora spp. the amount of space available for settlement by
the planulae of hard corals is restricted in many cases.
Certainly no recolonizing corals had obviously settled on soft
corals or on living hydrozoans in the areas studied. If these
factors are taken into account, as well as others discussed by
Endean (in press), it is not surprising that, to date, the
recovery of reefs of the Great Barrier Reef dewantn eed Dy" ik:
planci has been slight. Indeed, it would ‘appear that® recovery
is likely to be a prolonged process. Moreover, the causes of
the A. planci population explosions have not been determined
and there would seem to be no reason why recovering reefs will
not be reinvaded by large numbers of A. planci particularly as
residual populatrtons of A. planet exist onvam east some reels.
This raises the possibility that reets devastated by the A.
planci outbreaks may remain impoverished indefinitely. Repeated
visits over a period of several years (possibly decades ) to
marked areas embracing different habitats on a number of reefs
which have been devastated by A. planci are required to provide
data for an assessment of the probable course of recovery of
devastated reefs and the mean length of time which will be
required’ for full recovery of such reefs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are indebted to Mr. P. Alderslade, Mr. T.
Browne Mare Ie. WWwaxten, Mins ims Martan. Mass) iM. -Nobite,) hire. - 2.
straw and Mr. J. D'Urso for assistance with field observations.
The authors wish to thank Dr. A.B. Cribb of the Botany Depart-
ment, University of Queensland for identifying the algae
collected at Slashers No.1 Reef and Mr. P. Alderslade of the
Zoology Department, University of Queensland for assistance
with the identification of hard coral collected during this
investigation.

REFERENCES

Atoda, K. 1947a. The larva and post larval development of
some reef building corals. JI Pocillopora damicornis

caespitosa (Dana). Sci. Rept. Téhoku Univ. (4), 18:
24-47.

aaa 1947b. The larva and post larval development of
some reef building corals. It Stylophora pistillata
(Esper). Sci. Rept. Dhokw Univ, VCh ie wise teem

--------- 1951. The larva and post larval development of some
reef building corals. V Seriatopora hystrix Dana. S¢Ci.
Rept.) DobholaUnas.. 5) il OF |e 50.

Barnes, J.H. and Endean, R. 1964. A dangerous starfish -
Acanthaster planci (Linné). Med. J. Aust., 1: 592.

Barnes, J.H. 1966. The crown-of-—thorns starfish as a destroyer
oi (oreciln INCI News EbLSigs 5 159 257-261 .

Endean, R. 1969. Report on investigations made into aspects
of the current Acanthaster planci (Crown of Thorns)
infestations of certain reefs of the Great Barrier Reef.
Fisheries Branch, Queensland Department of Primary
Industries, Brisbane, 35pp.

Endean, R. (in press). The recovery of coral reefs devastated
by catastrophic events with particular reference to
current Acanthaster planci plagues in the tropical Indo-
West Pacific region.

Pndean, R. and Stablum, W. 197 . A study of some aspects of
the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci)
infestations of reefs of Australia's Great Barrier Reef.
ATod jRes Bilas

Pearson, R.G. and Endean, R. 1969. A preliminary study of the
coral predator Acanthaster planci (Ga (Asteroidea) on
the Great Barrier Reef. Queensland Fisheries Notes,
Department of Harbours and Marine, 3: 27-55.

Talbot, F.H. and Talbot, M.S. 1971. The crown-of-—thorns star-—-
pis 2: (Acanthaster) and the Great Barrier Reef. Endeavour,

30: 38-42.

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2 The white exposed skeleton of an acropore colony which had

just been killed by Acanthaster planci (Slashers No. 1 Reef;
August, 1970).

3 The white exposed skeleton of a colony of a species of
Platygyra which has just been killed by specimens of
Acanthaster planci visible to the left of the colony (Slashers
No.4 Reef; January, 1971).

hy

The skeleton of a branching acropore believed to have been killed
some weeks earlier when large numbers of A. planci invaded this
region of the reef flat at Taylor Reef. Dark filamentous algae
cover much of the skeleton (January, 1970).

The algal covered skeleton of a massive coral believed to have
been killed by A. planci some months previously (lagoon,
Yamacutta Reef; May, 1971).

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Portion of the reef face on the seaward slope at the eastern side
of John Brewer Reef showing the algal covered skeletons of tabular
acropores and other corals still in situ (January, 1971). Large
numbers of A. planci were active in the area in 1970.

Smashed skeletons of acropore colonies on the seaward slope,
eastern side of Hall-Thompson Reef (May, 1971).

e
Wil,

"

Large numbers of fish aggregated in the vicinity of one of the few
large acropore colonies which had survived the A. planci invasions
of the reef flat at Slashers No.4 Reef (January, 1971).

Part of a damaged colony of a species of Acropora. Living tissue
has been stripped from the bulk of the skeleton which is covered
with dark algae. Surviving polyps are present on the tips of two
branches which are free of fouling algae (reef flat, Slashers No.4
Reef; January, 1971).

Partially damaged colonies
of staghorn acropores many
of which have collapsed
owing to fracture of
regions of the skeleton
from which living tissue
had been removed some
months earlier apparently
by Arr ‘lanes (north side,
seaward slope, McCulloch
Reefs) Sully 1971).

11 The white freshly exposed skeleton of part of this massive coral
colony marks the passage of a feeding A. planci (Slashers No.4

12

13

Two partially damaged colonies of a species of massive coral
(probably Leptoria phrygia). Damaged portions are covered with
black fouling algae (Yamacutta Reef; May, 1971).

Portion of a damaged colony of a species of Favia. Living coral
polyps are visible on the left side of the colony. The living
tissue had been removed from the remainder of the colony several
months earlier by A. planci which is known to have been active
in the area (seaward slope, Hall-Thompson Reef; May, 1971).

M. ae et iy ily se eee % PGs a t Bg

14

15

A damaged colony of a species of Porites showing colonies of
alcyonarians growing on part of the exposed skeleton of the.
colony (south-east side, seaward slope, Green Island Reef;
November, 1970).

Soft corals growing on the skeletons still in situ of hard corals
believed to have been killed by A. planci about 1966 (northern
tip, Feather Reef; July, 1971).

. phe oF

fe

16 Colonies of soft corals forming a carpet over coral skeletons
lying on floor of west side of lagoon at Taylor Reef (May, 1971).
Starfish are known to have been active in the area in 1969.

17 A patch of a green species of Turbinaria partially enclosed by a
quadrat frame photographed on the southeastern side, seaward
slope of Green Island Reef (November, 1970).

A recently settled colony of Acropora humilis on a "clean" reef
surface (back reef area, Ellison Reef; May, 1971).

A colony of a species of Acropora estimated to have settled in
1968 or 1969 on the seaward slope, north side of McCulloch Reef.
The colony is surrounded by algae (July, 1971).

20 A tabular acropore skeleton carrying a recently settled colony

PA

of Acropora hyacinthus is shown near the centre of the photograph.
Soft corals cover other hard coral skeletons in the foreground.
Starfish were active in the area in 1966 (northern tip, seaward
slope, Feather Reef; November, LTO

Portion of a branch of an acropore colony being attacked by a
specimen of A. planci. The basal portion of the branch (to the
left) was algal covered and was considered to have been stripped
of living coral tissue by starfish some months earlier (reef
flat, Slashers No.4 Reef; January, 1971).

22

25

A specimen of A. planci attacking part of the edge of a tabular
acropore which had survived earlier devastation of the rest of
the colony and had continued to grow (Taylor Reef; January, 1970).

The white, freshly exposed skeleton of portion of a colony of a
species of Platygyra which had survived the earlier destruction
of the remainder of the colony. The remainder of the colony is
covered with dark algae and is estimated to have been killed

some weeks earlier probably by A. planci (reef flat, Slashers No.4
Reef; January, 1971).

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ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN
NO. 169 —

INVESTIGATIONS OF ACANTHASTER PLANCI
IN SOUTHEASTERN POLYNESIA DURING
1970-1971

by Dennis M. Devaney and John E. Randall

Issued by
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

~ ih hexzeal

Wate ‘Onmorne mar

“Ve ebtamitin'e

Contents

Page
Introduction 1
Duke of Gloucester Group, Tuamotu Archipelago 2
Anuanuraro Atoll 2
Gambier or Mangareva Group, Tuamotu Archipelago 2
Pitcairn Group 4
Oeno Atoll h
Pitcairn Island 4
Henderson Island 5
Ducie Atoll L)
Rapa and Ilots de Bass Vi
The Austral Islands 7,
Southern Cook Islands 8
Manuae (Hervey) 8
Aitutaki 8
Rarotonga 10
Society Islands 14
Bora Bora 14
Huahine 14
Tahiti > ete
Northern Tuamotu Archipelago 16
Rangiroa 16
Manihi Atoll 18
Takaroa Atoll 18
Marquesas Islands 19
American Samoa 20
Tutuila 20
Resuiné 20

Figures (following p. 23 )

Route of the "Westward" in Southeastern Oceania
Anuanuraro Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago

Gambier Islands, French Polynesia

Mangareva Jsland

The islands of Oeno, Henderson, and Ducie
Pitcairn Island

The island of Rapa

Raivavae, Austral Islands

Aitutaki Island and Manuae (Hervey Islands) Cook Islands
Rarotonga, Cook Islands

Bora Bora, Society Islands

Huahine, Society Islands

Tahata,) Spocvely Lslands

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Plates

Acanthaster planci upon Acroporan
coral after feeding. Freshly eaten
area on left... Mangareva Island,
Station —Sedepthiiies ms esDecail Qe OOF
Photo by DoM. Devaney.

Acroporan coral showing fresh feeding
Sicaisy (upper ILE)’, previously eaten,
algal covered area (lower right), and
living part (center left). Mangareva
island, (Station, 3), Gepiihte2 an, ac ml.
1970. Photo by D. Ms Devaney:

Acanthaster planci on underside of
recently eaten Acroporan coral.
Mangareva Island, Station 9;depth 2 m,
Decs 125 19/0. Phovo by De Me aWewaniciye

Acanthaster planci among branches of

Acroporan coral. Older dead algal
covered portions (right) and live coral
(foreground, left). Mangareva Island,

Station 3 depth 3m, Dec. sl2 ss IESIOr
Photo by D.M. Devaney.

Fresh feeding scar on Porites coral
and surrounding dead branching corals.
Rarotonga, Cook Islands, depth 30 m,
Nee, Is IIo Linow® loxyr Doi, IDEITAIMEeT?

INVESTIGATIONS OF ACANTHASTER PLANCI IN SOUTHEASTERN POLY.
NESIA DURING 1970-1971

by Dennis M. ero, and John BE. Ponder”.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years considerable interest has been aroused
by the damage to reefs in the tropical Pacific caused by large
a coral predator. Survey teams have made starfish counts and
assessed the damage to reefs at a number of islands. Most of
this activity has taken place in the western Pacific, partic-—
ularly the Trust Territory and Great Barrier Reef. Very little
information has been obtained on the relative abundance of this
starfish and the condition of the coral reefs in southeast
Oceania.

The opportunity to visit a number of islands in this
remote part of the Pacific was provided by a marine biological
expedition carried out during the period December 1, 1970 to
May 20, 1971 on the 99-foot schooner "Westward" owned and
operated at that time by the Oceanic Foundation. During the
expedition, Bishop Museum marine biologists Dennis M. Devaney
and John E. Randall conducted a reconnaissance for the crown-

of-thorns starfish at the various iSlands visited. When the
starfish were present in numbers, an assessment was made of
their damage to the coral reefs. At several places, measure-

ments, gonad samples, and color notes were taken of A. planci
(Raoleowd yr

The expedition was financed by a grant to the Bishop
Museum from the National Geographic Society, augmented by
funds from the Oceanic Foundation for operation of the vessel.
Support for the surveys of A. planci was provided by the Sea
Grant Program of the University of Hawaii.

Surveys for the starfish were carried out at the following
groups of islands (number of islands visited within groups
shown in parentheses): Tuamotu Archipelago (Cine Gambier
Group (4), Pitcairn Group (4), Rapa (2), Austral, (3), southern
Cook .(3)),. Seciety.(3),,.and. the, Marquesas (6)4.)ineaddait don,
Devaney visited two islands in American Samoa. The itinerary
of the "Westward" is shown in Figure 1. Names of the islands
visited are underlined.

iy,

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 6037, Honolulu, Hawaii
96818.

(Manuscript received September, 19 72=— des)

Text figures in this report of the islands at which
surveys for Acanthaster planci were carried out are based on
maps in Pacific Islands Volume II, Eastern Pacific, 1943,
Geographical Handbook Series, Naval Intelligence Division,
Cambridge.

DUKE OF GLOUCESTER GROUP., TUAMOTU ARCHIPELAGO
Ae Anuanuraro Atoll

On December 6, 1970 the "Westward" anchored off the north-
west side of Anuanuraro (20° 25! S; 143° 33! W), a small unin-
habited atoll which lacks a pass (Fig. 2). A boat was carried
from the seaward side, across the reef flat to the lagoon. A
search for Acanthaster was carried out in the western lagoon
(Fig. 2, A) with SCUBA and by skin diving. Considerable live
coral was present along the sides and top of coral knolls as
well as in isolated patches on the sandy lagoon bottom (maximum
depth, 40 feet). At one knoll, extending from a depth of
approximately 30 feet to near the surface, a large Acanthaster
was collected in mid-afternoon along the side of the knoll at
a depth of 20 feet. Color notes taken at the time of capture
revealed the starfish to have the aboral side greyish to tan
with the spines reddish. No recent feeding Scars were seen,
and the animal was not feeding when taken. Further survey of
the knoll and adjacent knolls failed to reveal additional
Acanthaster. Measurement data concerning this specimen are
presented in Table 1.

Two SCUBA dives were made by Randall and the "Westward"
crew off the seaward side of the reef along the northwestern
side of the atoll: “The first dive’ (File! 2)" B)*revealed a
rather steep slope with live coral and coral rubble; no
Acanthaster was seen nor was there any sign of feeding by star-
fish. The second dive, (Fig. 2, C) which was made farther
south, revealed even richer coral growth and more varied
topography with caves, etc.; again, there was no sign of
Acanthaster nor evidence of,coral predation.

GAMBIER OR MANGAREVA GROUP, TUAMOTU ARCHIPELAGO

On December 9, "Westward" anchored at Port Rikitea on
Mangareva (Figs. 3 and Ne the principal settlement of the
Gambier Group. On December 11 our survey for Acanthaster
commenced. Observers included Devaney, Randall, Dean B. Cannoy,
and Jean-Pierre Bablet, fishery biologist with Centre
d'Expérimentations du Pacifique (C.E.P.). Prior to our arrival
we had been informed by personnel of Service de la Péche and
the Institut de Recherches Médicales in Papeete that numerous
A. planci had been found along the southwestern side of
Mangareva Island (apparently first noted in October, 1969).

3

QuimMifirstastations (dhofHrae: 3) was carried out in the
lagoon _a few hundred yards southeast of Ile Tenoko (29° 4. 30"
S5 185 2' Ww). Patch reefs were investigated with the use of
SCUBA and by skin diving. The majority of the coral was alive;
there was no evidence of Acanthaster.

On the afternoon of the same day the second station
(2 of Fig. 3) was run outside the barrier reef just southwest
ef Ile Tenoko at a depth of 20 to 60 feet. Some towing was
carried out in the vicinity. Coral growth was lush. No star-
fishes were seen.

On December 12 a series of seven tows were made (alter-
nating observers ) along the southwest shore of Mangareva
Island. These constituted Station 3. The first two began at
Atituiti and the last ended three miles beyond near the western
end of the island. No Acanthaster» were sightedvuntil: the end
of the fifth tow when several were seen. Two specimens were
collected, as were the corals (Acropora) on which they were
feeding. With the sixth tow the numbers of starfish increased,
and the coral damage as well. We had found the A. planci
concentration that had been reported to us (X of Figs. 3-and
re It is a relatively restricted area centered on 23° 7 2208
S; 135° O' 30" W between Pte. de Ganoa and Pte. Terimuroa at
an average depth of 20 feet. Twordivers collected 23 starfish
in 95 minutes. While towing in the area of greatest density,
about one starfish was seen per minute. This certainly does
not qualify as an infestation, but this number of starfish is
well above the normal occurrence. The coral growth in this
area is rich; it is dominated by table and branching Acropora.
Estimates of the percentage of live coral by the observers
ranged from 65 to 80% (most of the dead coral appeared to have
been klied recently, probably by A. planci). About half of
the starfish were actively feeding during this time (41 300=
1435 hours), Mainly on species of Acropora. Samples ofithe
coral being eaten were saved. The dominant table acroporan
was identified as A. reticulata (Brook) by Dr John W. Wells
at Cornell University. Measurements and determinations of
sex were made of the sample of A. planci (Table 1). The star-
fish were bluish-grey aborally, the tips of the spines orange-
red.

During the seventh tow the numbers of starfish diminished
(eight counted in 13 minutes). By ‘thentame iP te 1 TRerimuroadwas
reached, mo more A. planci or white feeding scars on the coral
were seen.

On the following day at 1500-1600 hours we returned to
the site of concentration mainly for underwater photography
(Plates ile =Fiw Tee A strong current (about 2 knots ) was flowing
in a SE direction, against the prevailing wind.

On December 14 Devaney and Cannoy investigated the lagoon

area by towing between Ile Taravai and Ile Agakauitai (4 of
Fig. BY. Live coral was found throughout the area but no
Acanthaster was noted.

In a conference with Dr Raymond Bagnis of the Institut de
Recherches Médicales on March 20, 1971 we learned that surveys
for starfish were made in 1969 along the lagoon off Ile
Totegegie where the airstrip has been completed and off Ile
Kamaka. No significant numbers of Acanthaster were seen.

PITCAIRN GROUP
dhs Oeno Atoll

On December 18-20, 1970 "Westward" anchored off the north
shore of the uninhabited atoll of Oeno (38 Spi aSeaulsols 45a W)
(Fie. Bi) Two days of intensive snorkeling, diving, and some
towing failed to reveal any Acanthaster or any sign of recent
coral damage that might be attributed to it. The lagoon is
shallow (nearly all less than 10 feet deep) and dominated by
sand and coral rubble. The occasional patches of coral rock
did not have a heavy cover of live coral. The only area out-—
side the reef which was explored was in the vicinity of the
small boat passage on the north shore (this passage, by the
way, is shallow and would not be safe with even a moderate
swell running from the north). Although there were more reef
areas outside the reef than in the lagoon, the bottom was still
dominated by sand--even to the outer edge of the shelf at 100
feet or more where the slope of the bottom steepened. Dives
on outer reef areas were made to depths of 120 feet. Coral
growth was richer than in the lagoon, but still sparse by
usual atoll standards.

Be» Pateairn Ts land
A total of 23 days were spent diving and towing around

Pitcairn Island (25° 04" S; 130° 06' W) during the period
December 21, 1970 to January 21, 1971. This rugged high island

is only about 2 miles long and 1 mile wide; consequently, it
was not difficult to explore its marine environment thoroughly
in the time available. Inshore, the bottom is dominated by
boulders, often of large size, heavily carpeted with brown
algae (particularly Sargassum). Very little live coral may be
found in this zone. In the deeper sectors (below about 40

feet), sand or low-profile rock, either covered with brown
algae or a thin veneer of sand, account for most of (the botvom-
With the help of Pitcairn fishermen the few well developed reef
areas were located. These were found mainly at depths greater
than 80 feet. The most luxuriant patch reef, known to the
islanders as "The Bear", occurs off Gannet Ridge on the north
side of the island. It is about 400 square meters in area and
rises from a sand bottom with a little rubble in 145 feet toa

5

height of about 30 feet above the base level. It is almost
completely live coral. A more extensive reef (about 100
meters in length and about 1/3 this in average width) may be
found off Adamstown on the north side in 70 to 100 feet of

water. In contrast, this reef is composed of dead coral rock
about half covered with colonies of live coral (usually no
more than 18" in diameter and mostly Porites). In six dives

om this! rect, '(X ‘in’ Pie! 6) “two adult Acanthaster were found
at 90 feet one of which was preserved and data taken (Table ‘ge
The bottom temperature when one starfish was collected was
24.89 C. Later the same area was subject to a thermocline
effect. The water at 90 to 100 feet was roily and at least

2 to 3 degrees C cooler (no thermometer was on hand at this
time and when one was brought the following day, the water no
longer felt as cool at the 100-foot depth). Very little coral
damage was apparent on the reef off Adamstown. One of the two
starfish had been feeding, and a sample of the coral on which
it fed was taken. No other Acanthaster was seen at Pitcairn.

Bh Henderson Island

On January 11 and January 17-18 a total of two days were
spent on the north and west side of Henderson Island (240 20!
S; 128° 20' w) (Pig. 5). The island is elevated coral lime-
stone, with cliffs along most shores 50 feet or more in height,
the central region of the island being at most 100 feet high
and relatively flat. Henderson is 5 miles long and nearly 3
miles wide. It is uninhabited except during rare visits by
Pitcairn islanders seeking miro wood (Thespesia populnea).
The shelf region offshore is relatively narrow, but the reefs
are more extensive than those of either Oeno or Pitcairn.
Dives were made to depths of 160 feet. No Acanthaster was
seen nor was any damage noted to the coral which might be
attributed to this asteroid.

ue Ducie Atoll

For a period of 2-1/2 days beginning January 13, 1971 a
marine biological survey was made of Ducie (24° 40' S; 124°
471 W), the easternmost atoll of Oceania. It is small (1.3
mites! ingereates ft diameter) and; uninhabited s) it aspeertainiy
one of the least visited islands of the globe. There is a
shallow channel on the SW side to the lagoon which can be
negotiated by a ship's boat, except during low tide, providing
one is alert for the numerous small coral heads. This small
channel is the main exchange for the lagoon, although some
water passes over at high tide between two islets on the east
side. The deeper part of the lagoon is about 50 feet in depth
(53 feet at deepest sounding). The lagoon is interlaced with
irregular coral heads, many interconnected at their bases, and
many reaching nearly to the surface. The coral on these coral
heads is nearly all completely dead. The water of the lagoon
had a dark greenish cast, and the visibility was only about

75 feet at the maximum, probably reflecting a low level of
flushing. Eight hours were spent in towing, snorkeling, and
diving in criss-cross pattern throughout the lagoon. Only one
adult Acanthaster was seen, on the SW side of the lagoon just
north of the small boat passage, in about 10 feet (Fie. 53, x)
This was preserved in formalin (Table {| atio@ag data). Temperature
in the lagoon at the bottom and surface was 26.5° € and’ the
salinity 38 o/oo.

In contrast to the lagoon, a moderate amount of live
coral was seen in the small boat passage--nearly all as small
colonies.

Outside the reef from the small boat passage to the NW
corner of the atoll, from the reef edge to at least 100 feet,
the bottom was predominantly dead coral encrusted with
coralline red algae. It was evident that all of this coral
had been killed at approximately the same time. Without a
knowledge of the succession of benthic life on dead coral, it
is difficult to guess how long the coral had been dead, but
it would seem to be at least a year. The nullipores had nearly
bridged the gap between adjacent terminal branches of some
heads of closely branched Acropora. No Acanthaster was seen
outside the reef (dives were made to 180 feet). Time did not
permit investigation of the northern or eastern sides of the
atoll, but the almost complete disolation of corals in the
areas examined did not suggest that the picture would be
different elsewhere. Concomitant with the paucity of corals
was the dearth of fishes, both in number and individuals;
this was all the more evident in view of the total lack of
fishing pressure.

In view of the level of devastation of coral by Acanthaster
in certain areas such as Guam and the Great Barrier Reef, it
would seem plausible that the starfish could be responsible for
Ducie's mass mortality of corals’. The Jack of Stariash coma
be explained by their mortality following decimation of the
food supply. Possibly there is some other reason, such as
mortality due to intrusion of cold water from more southern
latitudes. At almost 25° S, Ducie is near the southern limit
of distribution of reef corals. However, reconnaissance at
Rapa and Ilots de Bass (see below) even farther south, revealed
a proliferation of coral, including acroporans, without evident
thermal destruction.

The presence of Acanthaster planci at Ducie extends the
known eastern limit of this species and together with the
specimens found at Pitcairn represent new distributional
records.

RAPA AND ILOTS DE BASS

A period of 25 days between January 26 and February 21,
1971 was spent at the island of Rapa (2m? Be oe dis 200 WwW)
(Fie. 7) during which time a number of diving stations were
worked all around the island. Several sea surface temperatures
were taken; they ranged from 23.5 to 25P- EY On no occasion
was Acanthaster found nor was there any indication of coral
predation by the starfish. Although the local residents were
familiar with the crown-of-thorns (known throughout the French
Polynesian area as Taramea) via radio descriptions from Tahiti
and most recognized this starfish from our photographs, all
denied its existence in their waters.

Around most of Rapa coral growth is poor, at least in
depths less than about 50 feet. There are, however, well
developed fringing reefs in Haurei (Ahurei ) Bay and luxuriant
patch reefs off the entrance to the bay. Table and branched
acroporan as well as many other scleractinian corals were noted
and collected. For the most part, the corals are vigorously
growing and well developed in this area.

On February 20 a visit of one day was made to Ilots de
Bass (Marotiri) (27° 57! S; 143° 26! W), about 50 miles SE of
Rapa. Short survey dives were made between NE and SE Rocks in
depths from O to 150 feet. The deeper areas showed a bottom
covered with lush, vigorously growing acroporan and other
corals, interspersed with sandy areas. No Acanthaster was
noted.

THE AUSTRAL ISLANDS

Three of the Austral Islands were visited between February
25 andy Pebruarys 2840 1.971 .« 6 Ate Radvavae: (23° 1521)S;, 447° 402: w)
we heard from a school teacher that the crown-of-thorns had
been seen within the lagoon on the SW side but not in great

numbers. On February 25, together with this man, Devaney,
Randall, and two members of the "Westward" crew examined the
area where Acanthaster had been noted (Fig. 8, 1). Over an

hour's survey in the shallow part of the lagoon failed to
reveal any Acanthaster or evidence of coral damage which might
be attributed to this starfish. SCUBA diving outside the
lagoon beyond Motu Haa (Haha ) and off the southern boat passage
in depths from 20 to 175 feet revealed considerable live coral
but no Acanthaster.

Dives at selected sites around the islands of Tubuai and
Rurutu failed to demonstrate any Acanthaster or evidence of
coral depredation. At Tubuai, the dives were made within the
lagoon near the NW side and off Motu Moturoa by Devaney and
out beyond the barrier reef on the north side, west of the boat
passage by Randall during the afternoon of February 26. At

8

Rurutu, diving was conducted off Avera Bay and more extensively
off Moerai Bay on the NE side of the island during February 27
and 28. Local residents and officials of the French government
at both of these islands had not seen or heard of the crown-of—
thorns in their waters.

SOUTHERN COOK ISLANDS
ie Manuae (Herve

On March 6, 1971 between noon and 1800 hours, Devaney
examined the lagoon and one seaward site of Manuae (Hilfe. 9,
insert) for Acanthaster. A small boat was dragged through the
shallow channel along the NE side of Manuae Islet (19° 21' S;
158° 58! W). The lagoon was crossed between Manuae and Te Au
O Tu Islets. Very little coral appeared in the shallow parts
of the lagoon (depths 2-6 Merete) ie Many black sea cucumbers,
primarily Holothuria atra, were seen on the white sand bottom.
Later in the afternoon a dive was made in the deeper portion
of the lagoon near the south central part where the bottom
depth is 16 feet. Several coral knolls rise very near the
surface. The coral was alive and extensive, especially along
the upper margins of the knolls. Several underwater photographs
were taken of coral along such edges. No evidence of Acanthas-—
ter nor coral damage from the starfish was noted.

In the late afternoon, on the seaward side of Manuae Islet
just SE of the small boat channel (Turakina Passage) (Fig. 9,
Xela, Devaney and Rhett McNair made a SCUBA dive from 40 to 180
feet. The deeper zone from 120 to 180 feet is nearly vertical.
The bottom here was dominated by large sheetlike terraced
colonzes of live Porites. Very few other live iconalis were
present, but there was considerable dead coral covered with
coralline algae. Leading into this steep sector is a canyon
which appears to be an erosion channel. This was examined from
a depth of 40 to 100 feet. The bottom of the canyon, which
averages about 20 feet in width, is clean sand and boulders,
some cemented by nullipores. The walls are between 10 and 15
feet in height. Above the walls, on the south side, 80 to 90%
of the bottom was covered with dead coral. Most of this coral,
especially the branching forms of Acropora and Pocillopora, was
cemented in place by nullipores. In some areas a scum of blue-
green algae covered much of the surface. Although there was no
sign of Acanthaster in this area, the high percentage of dead
coral condition of the bottom was reminiscent of the reefs
killed by the starfish in Guam. Possibly the dead coral was
a result of an infestation of A. planci.

aps Aitutaki

Beginning at noon on March 7, 1971 the lagoon of Aitutaki
(18° 53! S; 159° 47! W) was surveyed by Devaney, Rich Costello,

and James Haywood. The path of the survey is shown by the
dotted line of Fig. 9 beginning just south of the main village
of Arutanga. Numerous coral knolls (most about 15 to 30 feet
in diameter) occur an the zone, between) A’ and B Fig. 9. Ten of
these knolls were examined completely by two or more divers.
Up to 90% or more of the branching corals (mostly Acropora and
Pocillopora) were dead. Much of the dead coral was covered
with brown, green, and coralline red algae. Soft corals and
the blue starfish Linckia laevigata were common (3 to 8 star-
fish per knoll). Approximately at point B the first coral
heads with live branching acroporan corals were noted. The
depth to the sand bottom here is 10 to 12 feet. Each of these
knolls had several adult Acanthaster on them. Most of the
starfish were concealed near the lower part of the knolls (one
of six starfish on a knoll was on the sand bottom beneath a
ledge). None of the starfish were feeding, but fresh feeding
scars were evident on the corals.

Moving toward Maina Islet from point B the knollis had a
higher percentage of live coral and fewer A. planci. On these
heads with more live coral Linckia laevigata was not common.

The direction of survey was then altered toward Tekuotu .Point,
and random knolls were investigated. The greatest Gonienieraa oid
of A. planci was noted on knolls near Tekoutu Point. Here
several of the starfish were seen actively feeding on coral
along the edges of knolls near the surface. Underwater photo-
graphs were taken in this area and starfish were collected

from three of the knolls.

Towing over the sandy bottom between knolls there are
small heads of Acropora (probably formosa) which were mainly
dead, with indication of not having died too recently. Only
a few had the usual commensal invertebrates and the pomacentrid
fish Dascyllus aruanus associated with them.

Proceeding SSE from Tekoutu point we entered an area so
Shallow with numerous coral heads (Fig. Or D) that it was
impossible to continue towing. The coral here was alive, and
there was no evidence of Acanthaster.

We conclude from this survey that there was an active
zone of predation by A. planci in the lagoon of Aitutaki
between the wreck of the Alexander and Tekoutu Point (approx-
imately B-C of Fig. 9). Wembelieves so halimuMer Ss vd tits nn have
advanced in a southerly direction from Arutanga and are
responsible for the dead coral. That they have crossed areas
of bare sand is suggested by the high percentage of dead stands
of Acropora between the” kvolls” “ive absence" of small or leven
medium-sized starfish is also indication that a single rela-
tively small population of A. planci has moved as a progressive
front in the Aitutaki lagoon.

Mr Val Hinds, the Fisheries Officer of the South Pacific

10

Commission, made a brief survey for Acanthaster in the lagoon
of Aitutaki in the summer of 1970. He failed to find any
starfish at that time. JTIopa Marsters, a Rarotongan fisherman
who accompanied Mr Hinds during his survey, was also with our
team at Aitutaki. He does not recall seeing the many knolls
of dead coral during the 1970 investigations. He stated,
however, that the survey group had little experience with
Acanthaster and its damage to corals.

On March 8 between the hours of 0830 and 1105 a survey was
made of the seaward side of Aitutaki from Arutanga Passage
south, to, Maina, Istet.(the: dotted: lame jot. bby sales OD) ea
distance of about 4 miles. An observer was towed behind a
small boat and spot checks were made by skin and SCUBA diving.
Devaney was assisted in this survey by Haywood and David Bryant
of the "Westward" crew.

The seaward shelf of this area, from a depth of 10 to 100
feet, consisted mainly of dead coral. <A few encrusting corals
were alive as were occasional small heads of Acropora and
Pocillopora, and there was live Millepora and soft alcyonarian
corals. Approximately 80 to 90% of the scleractinian corals,
including massive heads of Porites, were dead. No evidence of
Acanthaster was noted. Underwater photos were taken and samples
of dead coral taken. The samples revealed much encrustation by
coralline red algae (up to 1 mm in thickness). 15 SS) Wri
possible that Acanthaster is responsible for the extensive
coral mortality of this sector of Aitutaki.

Cook Island government officials informed us that there
has been heavy use of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides at
Aitutaki in recent years. They also mentioned that several
55-gallon drums of DDT had been dumped in or just outside
Arutanga Passage after World War II.

ie Rarotonga

When Devaney went on "Westward" to Manuae and Aitutaki,
Randall remained at Rarotonga (21° 13' S; 159° 46.5! W) with
Dean B. Cannoy for a survey of Acanthaster there. Devaney
returned for the investigations on Rarotonga on March 10.

On March 6, 1971 Randall was towed from Avaavaroa Pass on
the south side of Rarotonga for a distance of 300 meters to
the east over an average depth of 40 feet (Fig. 10, IN) Away
from the pass the water was clear enough to reveal a bottom
nearly completely covered with live coral with no trace of
Acanthaster. <A dive was then made in 50 feet with SCUBA in the
company of Walter Hambuechen, the Agriculture Officer of the
Cook Islands. Toward the end of the dive, the deeper portion
of the reef was investigated. At about 80 to 90 feet some dead
coral was observed. At 100 to 125 feet fresh feeding scars
from Acanthaster were seen; the coral here was 90% dead. Two

ib

adult Acanthaster were observed in this area, one of which was
brought to the boat (398 mm in diameter, 1315 gms; see Table
ale along with two kinds of coral on which it was feeding.
After a return to shore for fresh tanks, a second dive was

made (with Dean B. Cannoy ) in an attempt to find the same deep
area of heavy coral destruction. The exact area was not loc-
ated, for no fresh feeding scars and no Acanthaster were seen,
but the coral was at least 90% dead at 100 feet and below, with
some dead coral apparent at the 80- to 90-foot level.

The south shore of Rarotonga is subject to consistent
heavy swell. On only a few days of the year is it calm enough
to venture through the pass ina small boat for diving as we
did on March 6. We believe that the heavy surge may be respon-
sible for Acanthaster avoiding coral in the shallower sectors
of the southern Rarotongan reef.

On March 7 two dives were made off the oil tanker buoys
near the harbor entrance on the north shore of Rarotonga (Fig.
AMO B)su In one half hour, at a depth of 50 to 80 feet, Randall
counted 26 Acanthaster. Of these, 18 were feeding, mostly on
Porites. The bottom in this area is about 3/4 coral, as viewed
from above:. Of this; 60 to 70% was dead. Most of the surviving
coral is Porites, some of which stands in large heads 10 to 15
feet above the base level of the bottom. One cannot help but
feel that the starfish have avoided Porites initially, but now
are forced to feed on it in view of the paucity of more favored
kinds. Samples were taken of three species of coral on which
the starfish were feeding.

The second dive began at the easternmost of the two buoys
(depth 45 feet), and moved toward shore to a depth of 30 feet.
There was more live coral in this zone, but still about half
was dead. In ten minutes no Acanthaster were found and no very
recent coral damage was seen. However, we believe the older
damage was due to the starfish, particularly since it involved
mainly species other than Porites.

A third dive on March 7 was made off the laundry, 1 kilo-
meter west of the oil tanker buoys (Fig. OR ©). The depth was
1 tomsO , feet. In a dive of 30 minutes three adult Acanthaster
were counted, one of which was feeding on coral (sample taken).
This area had more sand bottom than the previous areas (about
half sand and rubble, and half coral). Half of the coral at
this locality was dead, seemingly from Acanthaster. Most of
the surviving coral was Porites. No towing was possible from
this area to the harbor because of turbidity of the water.

An attempt was made on the morning of March 8 to launch
the small green fiberglass skiff through an alleged boat passage
near Black Rock, NW Rarotonga. This proved impossible and the
morning was lost. In the afternoon towing was attempted
directly off the wreck of "Yankee" on the reef of Avarua (Fig.

12

10, D). It was not possible to see the bottom well enough
because of dirty water, so a dive was made in 45 to 55 feet.

In 30 minutes 38 adult Acanthaster were counted. Of these, 18
were feeding, seven on Porites. Samples were saved of four
coral species other than Porites on which the starfish were
feeding. In this area the bottom is about 85% coral, about half
of which is dead. Again, most of the surviving coral is Porites.

The starfish were detached from the bottom to determine
whether they were feeding or not. When detached, they fold
their arms ventrally, thus forming a nearly complete spinous
ball which tends to roll in sand channels with surge. One such
detached starfish rolled back with the surge to strike Randall's
wrist and one finger and inflict seven deep spine wounds.

A second dive was made on March 8 off Pue, 1.3 kilometers
east of the wreck of "Yankee" (Fig. OE 1) 0 The dive covered
a depth range of 30 to 100 feet in an area where the bottom was
about 50% coral. Coral damage was nearly as heavy as off
"Yankee" but only eight Acanthaster were sighted in 30 minutes;
all but one of these were in the depth range of 80 to 100 feet.
Because of disconcerting pain from the spine wounds, Randall
was probably not as alert in counting as he would otherwise
have been.

That evening the pain was still mainly confined to the
wrist and hand, although there was some radiation up the arm.
The next morning pain had subsided in the limb but an overall
illness prevailed which necessitated bed rest. Among the
symptoms were backache, headache, joint pain, malaise, and loss
of appetite.

The wounds were slow to heal, particularly three of them
around which necrotic tissue developed to a radius of about
3 mm. A week later there was still soreness around these three
wounds and severe itching of those more fully healed.

On March 10, 1971 Devaney was towed along the northwest
side of Rarotonga between Motu Toa and Black Rock for a period
of 10 minutes (Fiz. OF BD) \e During this period 57 Acanthaster
were sighted over a distance of approximately 500 yards. MIndiv-
idual starfish were scattered over the bottom in depths from 30
to 55 feet. It was noted that in several cases more animals
aggregated along edges of coral ridges next to shallow sand
grooves. A check dive in this area showed considerable dead
branching coral but with the large scattered heads of Porites
still mainly alive. A few fresh white feeding scars were
evident. At the end of the tow the water was becoming turbid,
but there was no sign that the number of Acanthaster had
decreased.

Later in the morning of March 10th, Devaney, Randall, and
Hambuechen made a SCUBA dive just south of Black Rock (Fig. 10,

13

G) at a depth of 90 to 100 feet. Our location was approximately
3/4 mile SW of the end of the earlier tow (Fig. 10, F). We
noted that most of the branching Acropora and Pocillopora coral
was dead, well covered with low algae and in some cases had a
covering of coralline algae. Live heads of Porites remained.

No Acanthaster was noted in the small area circumscribed during

this dive (approximately 100 yards in diameter).

In the afternoon of the same day a SCUBA dive was made
between the two oil line buoys about 200 meters west of Avatiu
Harbor at a depth of 40 to 50 feet (Fig. 10, B). Massive live
Porites heads with rubble and sand patches dominate the area
with smaller less abundant heads of branching corals present.
These branching corals, mostly Acropora spp. and Pocillopora
spp. were found to be dead and overgrown. No Acanthaster was
sighted; however, a dive to the same area two days later
resulted in the sighting of three adult starfish, one of which
was feeding on Porites.

On March 11, 1971 Devaney, accompanied by Mr Hambuechen,
surveyed the north side of Rarotonga, east of Avarua Harbor.
Towing commenced west of the wreck of the "Yankee" at a depth
of 50 feet and proceeded parallel to the coast for 100 yards;
no Acanthaster was evident although the bottom appeared to be
dead coral. We turned seaward into deeper water. At a depth
of 100 feet we noted the first Acanthaster traveling over sand
between coral ridges; immediately thereafter a large number of
starfish was observed in a concentrated band about 50 yards
wide extending eastward. A SCUBA dive at a depth between 100
and 120 feet was made. We counted 23 adult individuals. covering
an area about 50 yards in diameter next to a sand groove.
several starfish were feeding on Porites. Only a small percen-
tage of the branching corals were observed to be alive; the
rest were covered with low algae and nullipores, the latter
filling in the crevices between branches. Underwater photo-
graphs were taken with Nikonos and flash. Seven of the smaller
Acanthaster were collected for size and sex measurements (see
Table Ae and gonad samples taken. A portion of two individuals
collected was retained for later examination (one which was
yellowish colored with numerous pedicellaria). The color of
most of the specimens appeared greenish, greyish, or bluish at
100-foot depth but were red in the flash pictures and red upon
bringing the starfishes to the surface, the difference in color
being due to the extinction of red color with depth.

In the time available we were unable to survey the entire
coastal area of Rarotonga, but the numerous A. planci and
extensive coral damage observed at widely separated areas
suggests that the starfish might be expected in abundance all
around the island.

Rarotonga with about 13,000 people is the most populous
of the Cook Islands. Agriculture is important, and the use of

14

chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides--first DDT and now mainly
dieldrin and lindane--is excessive (Hambuechen, personal
communication).

SOC DY MISEANDS
de Bora Bora

On March 18, 1971 two teams of divers examined the coral
and bottom environment on both sides of Teavanui Pass on the
west side of Bora Bora (16° 30' S; 151° 45! W) (Pig. 11). One
team (Devaney, McNair and Bryant ) worked along the northern rim
of the pass and seaward as far as the northern end of Ile
Teveiroa. With the exception of a small area off the middle of
Tle Teveiroa which revealed dead coral, the pass and seaward
region appears to support considerable live coral. No Acanthaster
was observed. The one small area with dead coral shows a west-—
ward projection of the reef and appears to receive heavy surf.
The dead coral probably resulted from wave action. At a depth
of 40 feet, and deeper off this area, live coral was abundant.

The second team of divers (Randall and Cannoy ) was towed
along the south side of the Teavanui Pass and south as far as
the middle of Ile Tupua (Toopua ) about 1.2 miles from the pass
on the seaward side. No signs of coral damage due to the crown-
of-—thorns could be detected. The bottom was mostly live coral.
A few heads of Acropora with white areas were noted, but diving
failed to reveal any starfish.

A SCUBA dive including both Devaney and Randalt on the
seaward side outside the reef (Fig. 11, X) showed a moderately
steep drop from 60 to 155 feet. A considerable amount of live
coral was seen on this slope. The bottom was mainly sand
between 155 and 175 feet. There was no evidence of Acanthaster
AC CLVA Dire

According to an informant in Bora Bora, Erwin Christian,
who operates a glass-—bottom boat and has a SCUBA facility, there
has been no evidence of an increase in the number of Acanthaster
at this island. Only an occasional individual is sighted. He
mentioned having recently seen one or two in the southwestern
part of the lagoon south of Ile Tupuaiti. We towed an observer
in this sector of the lagoon during the afternoon of March 18
but failed to find any A. planci or coral damage.

Ze Huahine

On March 19, 1971 several hours were spent along the
northwest side of Huahine (16° 45' S; 151° W).

A tow was made from inside Avamoa Pass to Avapeihi Pass
along the seaward side (Fig. es iy) There were no signs of

3

Acanthaster; the mouth of the Avamoa Pass on the south side

is a scoured pavement bottom with isolated heads of live
Porites and Pocillopora coral. Along the seaward side between
the two passes, the bottom is also hard with a few shallow sand
grooves and pockets. It is mostly covered with live coral,

including Pocillopora eydouxi, P. meandrina and Acropora spp.

A second tow was made on the seaward side south of
Avapeihi Pass for a distance of 200 yards to a point just
opposite Mt. Tavahi (Fig. 12, B). Some dead coral and rubble
was noted and a SCUBA dive by Rhett McNair off a steep slope to
80 feet revealed a considerable amount of dead coral; however,
no Acanthaster was observed nor were there any fresh feeding
scars.

SCUBA dives were made north of Avamoa Pass (Fig. 12, C).
Live coral banks separated by shallow rubble and sand grooves
were noted in depths from 20 to 100 feet. There was no sign
of Acanthaster.

Several persons familiar with the waters of Huahine, both
at the island and in Tahiti, informed us that they knew of no
indication of an abundance of A. planci there.

3 Tata 3:

As early as May 1969, evidence of Acanthaster predation
on Tahitian coral reefs was known. By October 1969 the Service
de la Péche in Papeete with volunteer help began a control
program in the lagoon areas at Punaauia and Paea, 17 and 21
kilometers SW of Papeete, respectively. A resume of the control
program through October 1970 is available in a 9-page mimeo-
graphed report of the Service de la Péche, dated December 1970.

Through the kindness of Dr Raymond Bagnis of the Institut
de Recherches Médicales at Papeete and Dr S. Stein, Chef du
Service de la Péche, we were able to examine several of the
most affected areas, especially Punaauia and Faone.

On March 22, 1971 the lagoon of the district of Punaauia
was visited (Fig. Lior A). The devastating effect on the lagoon
corals, particularly near the barrier reef, was noted. Over
10,000 A.» planci had been removed) from this sector. We were
able to find only 12 adult specimens in a period of three
hours. <A special effort was made to find juvenile starfish,
but none were seen. A few small white feeding scars were
observed near basal portions of staghorn Acropora, but diligent
searching for young A. planci in the vicinity of these scars
failed to yield any specimens. Our smallest specimen from the
area was of medium size (1100 grams).

On March 23, 1971 Devaney joined Mr Francis Nanai from the
Institute de Recherches Médicales and Mr Phillip Tsu and three

16

other divers from the Service de la Péche for a starfish
control mission in the lagoon of Faone on the eastern side of
Tahiti (40 kilometres from Papeete). We were informed by Tsu
that as recently as March 9, 1971 several hundred Acanthaster
had been removed from this area. Four divers of our group
collected 40 specimens of A. planci in about two hours. The
starfish were thrown into a small boat, taken to shore, and
placed on land for 48 hours before being dumped. No chemical
injection or other methods of eradication have been employed
shale aitevalastap st 3

On the outside of the fringing reef an examination was
made of the bottom parallel to the reef edge along a transect
of 200 yards. Dives were made from the reef edge to depths of
50 feet at a distance of about 100 yards from the reef edge.
There is a heavy cementation of the coral and rubble with
coralline algae. This often obliterates the branches of the
corals, making it difficult to determine the amount of previous
lave coral cover.’ There das partial, coral, necolonsa zataionwomer
the cemented substratum at Faone. No small A. planci were
found, in spite of careful search.

On March 28 and 29 SCUBA dives were made by Randall and
Cannoy on the outer reef outside Papeete Harbor off the middle
of the concrete breakwater in the vicinity of a wreck of a
large iron-hulled sailing vessel. Depths ranged from 20 to
250 feet. The coral growth was good. A few whitish patches
on the coral suggestive of Acanthaster damage were seen in the
depth range of 60 to 100 feet, but no starfish could be found.
The water was too turbid for towing; also there was an oil
slick on the surface.

On March 29, the sea was moderately clear NE from the end
of the breakwater, and it was possible to see the bottom in 30
to 40 feet. A tow was made for 1.5 miles over this depth from
the NE end of the breakwater toward Tau-noa Pass. The bottom
was dominated by small heads of Pocillopora meandrina. No
Acanthaster were seen.

It is perhaps no coincidence that Tahiti and Rarotonga,
the only islands of heavy infestations of Acanthaster planci
of the 27 we visited in SE Oceania, are the ones of the greatest
human habitation and heaviest agriculture. One of us has
already suggested that there may be a connection between the
use of chemical pesticides and the outbreaks of the crown-of-
thorns starfish (Randall, Biotropica, 4, 1972, 132-144).

NORTHERN TUAMOTU ARCHIPELAGO
see Rangiroa

Rangiroa is the largest atoll in the Tuamotus. Its eastern

7

end, Wiessiated bos a7 Se 1du3i0 13' W. There are two passes, both
on the north side, about 5 miles apart. In 1957 there were
700 inhabitants, mostly in two villages, one at the eastern
side of each pass.

On April 6, a dive was made from 40 to 100 feet on the
outer reef 200 yards east of Tiputa Pass, the easternmost of
the two passes. The coral growth was extremely rich. No
Acanthaster were seen, nor was any damage to the coral suggest-
ive of the starfish noted.

On April 7 and 8, dives from 20 to 60 feet were made on
groups of coral heads in the lagoon of Rangiroa about 1 mile
east of Avatoru Pass. Less than 50% of the hard bottom
consisted of live coral. There was no sign of Acanthaster.

On April 8, a tow was made from the western side of the
pass 1/2 mile to the west, the tow commencing at the outer
half ote passte At». the edge, of! thet passiimd5 tor 40, heet
there was considerable dead and broken coral, but not suggest-—
ive of Acanthaster damage. On the outer reef in the region of
the tow (30 to oO feet) the bottom was monotonously flat coral
rock studded with small heads of Pocillopora, Porites, and
Millepora (coral about 1/3 of bottom area). The water was some-
what turbid by atoll standards (evidently the discharge from
the pass moves mainly westward). At the outer edge of the reef
the slope steepens and the coral growth is richer. No Acan-
thaster were seen.

A tow was then made from the outer part of the pass on the
eastern side for one mile in the easterly direction, at an
average depth of 50 feet. Because the water was very clear, it
was possible to see over a depth range of at least 20 to 80
feet. Pxcept at the outer part of the pass and the first 200
yards or so to the west, which was flat coral rock bottom with
scattered small heads of coral, the bottom was almost totally
covered with coral in the 20 to 80 foot depth range. A dive
was made to 150 feet at the end of the tow. The following day
sporadic brief tows were made from one mile to slightly more
than two miles to the east of the pass, with no change in
bottom type. Two dives were made from a range in depth of 15
to 140 feet. Theres is a steep drop-off of 60 to 70 degrees
with sand, coral rock, and some live coral beginning at about

10) TOmoOltneeits Only a very few small white dead areas on coral
were noted, and no Acanthaster were seen. The dominant coral
is Pocillopora. In several broad areas in the depth range of

about 30 to 70 feet in the vicinity of one to two miles east of
Avarua Pass, about one third of the Pocillopora is dead and
very heavily encrusted with coralline algae and other marine
growth. If such damage were caused by Acanthaster in abundance,
one can only wonder why no starfish could be found at this time
in the area of partially dead coral.

—
os)

In the afternoon interviews were made with local divers
with the help of Dr Pierre Fourmanoir, ichthyologist of O.R.
S.T.0O.M., New Caledonia, who was visiting Rangiroa at the time.
One man recalled finding seven Acanthaster about six months
ago on the east side of the pass between the concrete dock and
outer reef. A tow was made over this area the next day (day of

departure). As on the other side of the pass, there was con-
siderable dead coral but very little of recent origin. Most

was Pocillopora. Very little Acropora was seen, dead or alive,
and this an deeper sections. Moderate headswofhi Portes jane
common. A few small patches of white on the coral were visible.

One adult Acanthaster was seen.
oe Manihi Atoll

The atoll of Manihi (western extremity 142 Palen NGe Ge OSs
W) has a single passage, Tairapa Pass, to its lagoon on the SW
side. Atwilliage!) (200) inhabitants) ain) 1948) aialestions the: SP side
of the pass. The lagoon is shallow, the NW end of the pass
with soundings of as little as 1.2 to 2.2 meters across it.
The pass is only 246 feet wide and the dock has less than 10
feet of water. With no suitable anchorage, "Westward" stayed
at Manihi only during the daylight hours of April 11.

Tows were made in the outer half of the pass in either
direction for about 1/4 mile. The water was very clear, and
the coral growth was rich and diverse in both directions from
the pass (at the edges of the pass Pocillopora dominated). The
outer reef is narrow, so it was possible to see the bottom from
the shore to the drop-off in about 60 to 70 feet. No Acanthas-
ter were observed. Only a few white patches were observed on
the coral; these were mainly on Acropora and appeared to be
the result of feeding by fishes.

Dives were made to 100 feet 1/4 mile NW of the pass and to
180 feet SE of the pass for selective fish collecting. No
starfish were observed at this time.

Late in the day before departure an interview was held
with about 20 adults of the village on the incidence of Acan-
thaster. They reported that a moderate number could be found
at places in the lagoon. When asked how many one diver might
count in two hours of swimming, the reply (after some hesitation
and comparing of opinions ) was 10> to) 12.9 Unfortunately there
was then no opportunity to make any reconnaissance of the
lagoon.

She Takaroa Atoll

Takaroa is one of two atolls of the King George group (the
other, Takapoto lies 5 miles SW). The SW extremity is located
at 14° 31' S; 145° 4! W. The atoll is about 15 miles long and
5 miles wide. There is a single pass, Teavaroa, on the SW side.

be

The village of Teavaroa, with about 140 inhabitants today, is
on the north side of the pass. Takaroa is one of the more
valuable atolls with respect to its resource of blacklip pearl
oysters. The taking of pearl shell was forbidden during our
stay at the atoll. In fact, it was necessary to obtain
permission to dive in the lagoon.

Interviews were carried out with several natives who were
divers. All stated that the "taramea" (Acanthaster) is very
rare at Takaroa, both in the lagoon and outer reef (though they
would know the lagoon better, for toxic fishes are known to
occur outside the reef whereas the lagoon fishes are reportedly
safe; thus fishing, plus pearl diving, takes place principally
an the lagoon).

The pass and lagoon were very turbid while "Westward" was
at Takaroa. Towing for Acanthaster was carried out only on
outer reef areas.

On April 12 a tow was made over an average depth of 40
feet for a distance slightly greater than two miles south from
the pass. <A near-vertical discontinuity of perhaps 10 feet
was apparent along much of the outer reef a short distance
from the reef front where the surf was breaking. Seaward of
this there was often a depression of a few feet. Then a broad
outer coralliferous terrace to a drop-off in about 60 to 70
feet. Coral growth was rich and diverse on this terrace. No
starfish or starfish damage were noted.

On the following day a tow of about two miles was made in
the northern direction. The bottom was similar to that south
of the pass, but about a mile to the north it was noted that
an increasing amount of the bottom was covered with light pink
coralline algae. A dive was made from near shore to 220 feet.
From one third to one half of the bottom consisted of long-dead
coral overgrown with coralline algae, new coral, and Millepora
(but primarily coralline algae). The existing live coral is
mainly in small heads. On the outer part of the reef at this
area in 40 to 50 feet, the coral growth was better and by the
edge of the drop-off, the bottom was almost completely coral-
covered. Most of the coral in the 15 te, 40) foot zone. both
live and dead, is Pocillopora. No Acanthaster were seen.

On the morning of the 14th, the day of departure, a dive
was made on the north side of the pass from the dock to the
entrance. A few white patches were found on Pocillopora, but
no starfish could be found.

MARQUESAS ISLANDS

The period between April 18 and May 19, 1971 was spent
visiting the six principal Marquesas Islands. All six islands

20

were examined for the presence of Acanthas ter or eriectsror ats
predation on the coral fauna. There was no indication of the
starfish nor any damage to coral which could be attributed to
a.

Two persons in Tahiti had mentioned that the "taramea" was
known from the Marquesas, but we still have no verification of
the species there.

AMERICAN SAMOA
lee Tutuila

Devaney arrived at Tutuila (Gre AN Ss iGo ho? W) on
March 25, 1971 and spent three days on the island and the small
adjoining island of Aunuu. During this period a conference
with the Governor, John Haydon, was arranged. He expressed his
concern about the possibility of Acanthaster infestation but
stated that there was no evidence of a population increase at
that time.

Two areas along the southwest coast of Tutuila, Coconut
Point and Fagatogo, were examined for signs of Acanthaster.
A dive was also made along the west side of Aunuu Island. No
crown-of-—thorns were seen. At Coconut Point the cushion star-
Bash (Culcita) was observed feeding selectively on small heads
of Pocillopora damicornis.

Resumé
1. A small population of Acanthaster occurs off the south-
western side of Mangareva Island in the Gambier Group. Little

coral damage was noted and the population has apparently
remained relatively stationary for at least 2 years.

2. The distribution of Acanthaster planci is extended as far
east as Ducie Atoll (Long. 124° 47: 7) and new records for the
species are from Ducie, Pitcairn, and Anuanuraro Atoll.

3. Ducie Atoll appeared to have a considerable amount of dead
coral. A paucity of marine life is attributed to geographic

position and possibly isothermic conditions. The cause of the
dead coral was not determined.

, Acanthaster apparently has not reached Rapa and only one
island in the Austral group (Raivavae) was reported second-hand
to have had "taramea" (Acanthaster). Rapa and the Australs
support a fairly rich coral fauna including acroporan corals.

5. In the southern Cook Islands, coral depredation due to
Acanthaster was evident at Aitutaki in a portion of the lagoon.

21

The presence of up to 90% of dead scleractinian coral along a
4 mile seaward stretch of Aitutaki suggests Acanthaster
activity in the past. Little recruitment of new coral was
noted and coralline algae cementation was conspicuous. A
single dive on the seaward side of Manuae revealed a Similar
condition but further work there is required to verify the
cause(s). Rarotonga shows a considerable concentration of
Acanthaster, and coral predation is extensive, especially to
the east and west of Avatiu and Avarua Harbours. Additional
Acanthaster and dead coral was noted near Avaavaroa Passage
OMtetrhne south sade iam depths from 100 to 125 feet.

6. In the Society lslands, only Tahiti has large concentrations
mainly affecting the lagoon areas. Since 1969, and continuing
presently, a control program has been underway by the Service

de la Péche.

7- In the Northern Tuamotus only one atoll, Rangiroa, was
reported second-hand to have had a small concentration of the
"taramea". The survey found only a single specimen of the
starfish and no appreciable coral death which could be
attributed to A. planci.

8. In the Marquesas Islands, no Acanthaster was found and
only second-hand reports which could not be verified suggested
that this starfish occurs in these islands. There is a

definite reduction in the number of coral species, especially
acroporan types, in these islands.

9. In American Samoa, although Acantnaster is known around
the main Island of Tutuila, discussions with the Governor
indicate (thats theres hast not been extensive Acanthaster
predation nor have any large concentrations been noted.

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Plate I, figure A. Acanthaster planci upon Acroporan coral
after feeding. Freshly eaten area on left. Mangareva

lEsilebaGl, ‘Sibencion 33, Cleon Ie imo Dec, 12, 1970, Binato lew
D.M. Devaney.

Plate I, figure B. Acroporan coral showing fresh feeding
scar (upper iLeueXe )) , previously eaten, algal covered area
(lower right), and living part (center IL@IENE )) Mangareva
lstand., Station 3). deapbhy 2. im, Wece) liu ako Ons Ge Om Omi,
D.M. Devaney.

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Plate II, figure A. Acanthaster planci on underside of
recently eaten Acroporan coral. Mangareva Island,
Deacon 9, depen 2m, Dec. 12, 1970. Photo by DM.” Devaney.

Pilate 20) figure, B. «Acanthaster planc1 among, branches, of
Acroporan coral. Older dead algal covered portions (right )
and live coral (foreground, ilwertanis) ie Mangareva Island,

station 3, depth 3m, Dec. 12, 1970. Photo by D.M. Devaney.

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Plate IIIl, figure A. Fresh feeding scar on Porites coral
and surrounding dead branching corals. Rarotonga, Cook
Islands, depth 30 m, Mar. 11, 1971. Photo by D.M. Devaney.

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ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN
NO. 170°

POPULATION LEVELS OF ACANTHASTER PLANCI
IN THE MARIANA AND CAROLINE ISLANDS
1969-1972

by James A. Marsh, Jr. and Roy T. Tsuda

Issued by
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

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Contents

Page

Introduction

Methods

Results
Mariana Islands
Western Caroline Islands
Central Caroline Islands
Eastern Caroline Islands

Discussion

Conclusion

References

\0 10 ONINE DUTT DW =

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POPULATION LEVELS OF ACANTHASTER PLANCI IN THE MARIANA AND
CAROLINE ISLANDS 1969-1972 *

by James A. Marsh, mee and Roy T. Pasa =.

INTRODUCTION

The presence of large numbers of the crown-of-thorns star-
fish Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus) and its devastating effect
on live coral reefs around certain Micronesian islands was first
documented by a large-scale survey carried out by Westinghouse
Electric Corporation in July and August, 1969 (Chesher 1969a).
The survey indicated that there was, indeed, an abnormal
population explosion of this animal on several islands, that
the population explosion was of widespread occurrence, and that
large areas of reef were being destroyed in certain islands
beyond what could be considered a normal situation. There were,
however, a number of islands which apparently had completely
normal, healthy reefs. ;

Control efforts were subsequently organized in the Mariana,
Palau, Truk, Ponape, and Marshall Island Districts of the Trust
Tenratony ofwthenyPacifiuc;, istands* © The Yap Disitnaet) was) not
included at that time, because no abnormal Acanthaster popula-
tions were discovered in these islands by the Westinghouse
survey. Control efforts consisted of divers injecting formalin
into large numbers of individual starfish where the animals
were found in aggregations.

Questions naturally arose as to whether or not there was
a numerical increase or decrease in the starfish infestations
after the original survey, and whether or not the reefs of new
geographic areas were being invaded. There was also a desire
to assess the effectiveness of the Trust Territory control
program.

On May 3, 1970, a meeting of persons interested in the
Acanthaster problem in Micronesia was held at the University
of Guam. The primary objective of this meeting was to discuss
a continuous starfish-monitoring program for Guam and the Trust
Territory. A program was designed that would provide biologists
from the University of Guam Marine Laboratory to resurvey certain
islands for further information about the starfish.
£ Contribution No. 25 from the University of Guam Marine
Laboratory.
Elie Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, P. O. Box Ek,
Agana, Guam 96910

(Manuscript received December 12, 1oye——nde)

The monitoring program had a fourfold approach: 1) to
assess population levels and general movement of starfish in
newly infested areas, 2») to locate additional reef damage
incurred since the 1969 survey, =))) to assess the control teams'
efforts in each district, and 4) to observe any recolonization
of corals in previously killed areas. A continued surveillance
program was also expected to provide information on population
dynamics and spawning cycles of starfish as well as other
information of biological significance (eres potential fish-
eries, pollution, or such general abuse as overfishing,
dynamiting, or poisoning PHS) The Trust Territory Marine
Resources Division provided travel, per-diem, and logistic
support; the University of Guam Marine Laboratory provided
expertise. Travel and logistic support was also kindly provided
by the’ U. S.’ Coast Guard and! ‘the U.S. ‘Navy.

During the period from June, 1970, to May, 1972, personnel
from the University of Guam and the Trust Territory resurveyed
the island of Guam (Tsuda, 1970) ands 19 to Rittphie: 60 trust
Territory islands previously visited by the ten Westinghouse
teams. The islands included Rota (Tsude jap lil 1970c), Saipan
and Tantilan’ (Msuda et al., 1970b) in the eri Saess and Truk
(Jones Sip Gubs 6 19704) ne Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi (McDonald et
Alla, 97) seo (sude oh alls, 197/02), Palen (Msucda et all,.
1971a), Ponape and Ant (Tsuda Cig abs 4 19°71), and Lamotrek,
Woleai and Ifalik (Bryan and Struck, 1971) in the Carolines.
Also, Aguijan (Tsuda et al., 1970b), Kayangel (Tsuda et al.,
1971s) and eight atolls in the Carolines (Bryan and Struck,
1971) were surveyed for the first time. In addition, a second
resurvey was conducted a year later in Guam (Cheney, HOA),
Saipan and Tinian (Marsh et al. oe 1972)))6 iPakaw (Marsh and Bryan,
1972), Ponape (Wass, 1972a) and “ase Gass. 1972b). During
this latter period, Aguijan was resurveyed for the first time
(Marsh et al., 1972).

The purpose of this paper is to summarize our findings on
the population levels of Acanthaster planci and their resultant
damage to coral reefs on 27 islands and atolls in the Mariana
and Caroline Islands between 1969 and 1972. The information is
based on the surveys and resurveys conducted thus far in this
area, as well as on information reported at an Acanthaster
workshop (Tsuda, 1972) held at the University of Guam in March,
19725

METHODS

The basic field technique used in the original surveys
and the resurveys was to tow two observers behind or alongside
a boat at a speed of approximately two knots. The boat usually
followed a zigzag pathway so as to provide a broader swath of
coverage than would be the case if it travelled ina straight
line. This allowed observations in both the shallower and

3

deeper portions of an outer reef slope, and gave a more complete
coverage within a given area. Thus, large areas of reef could
be examined in a relatively short period of time.

Observers scanned the bottom on their side of the boat and
counted the Acanthaster and fresh feeding sites seen. Fresh
feeding sites were identifiable as distinct white spots standing
out in marked contrast to the darker surrounding bottom. These
white spots represented recent coral kills where the starfish
had eaten away the soft tissues and exposed the skeletal remains
of the coral. Early experience indicated that whenever white
spots were seen from the surface, starfish could usually be
found by divers in the immediate vicinity even if the animals
were not obvious from the surface. They were often found in
crevices or under tabulate growth forms of corals or in other
shaded areas.

It was at times difficult to distinguish white spots left
by Acanthaster from those left by other reef organisms (e. &.
the pillow star Culcita novaeguineae). However, Culcita feeding
sites usually have a more regular rounded appearance. - Purther-
more, Culcita are incapable of climbing onto the staghorn and
tabulate Acro Acropora which are the preferred food coral of Acan-
thaster.

The fresh surfaces are soon colonized by filamentous algae
and other organisms, and take on a drab appearance which merges
with the appearance of the surrounding substrate. According to
Chesher (1969a), white spots indicate a coral kill within the
past 48 hours.

An area was designated as "infested", or considered to
have abnormal numbers of Acanthaster, when more than 20 animals
and/or white spots were seen by two observers in 20 minutes
(the usual duration of a towing period). Hence, counts of
white spots and Acanthaster were lumped together in these
considerations, and an average count of more than one per
minute of towing was the threshold value. On some occasions,
only one person was towed by the boat; thus, an average count
of more than .5 starfish or white spots per minute would then
be the threshold value. This also allowed standardization of
tow periods of shorter or longer duration, as well as the swims
made in areas of extremely rugged terrain or shallow water.
Spot checks, usually lasting a minute, were made in "sharky"
areas. The techniques did, however, lead to difficulties in
converting counts into numbers per unit of reef surface or
numbers per linear unit of reef face. Hence, data were usually
recorded as counts per minute of towing or swimming time.

Reef conditions reported in Table 1 were assigned according
to the classification of Chesher (1969a). This provided a more
extensive evaluation than simply designating an area "infested"
or "not infested". A brief description of Chesher's classifi-
cation scheme follows.

Condition 1 is considered a normal situation, with few
A. planci and the reefs healthy and undamaged. This
condition was assigned when fewer than one starfish per
minute of towing (two observers) was found.

Condition 2 exists when concentrations of starfish and
feeding sites are found in localized areas, with only slight
damage to surrounding reef areas; there are no extensive
dead reef areas. Chesher (1969a) considered this a "seed"
population preliminary to a more extensive infestation.
However, here we designate some reefs as Condition 2 without
implying that we expect this to necessarily lead to larger
aggregations of starfish or widespread reef damage.

Condition 3 denotes large populations of A. planci found
with an extensive depth distribution; many of these are
aggregated into herds. Damage to the reef is fresh and
extensive, and patches of completely dead reef are inter-
spersed with live reefs. Chesher considered this to be an
intermediate stage of short duration.

Condition 4 represents a situation where large populations
of starfish are aggregated into one or more fronts, leaving
behind almost completely dead reefs. There may be thousands
of individuals in these fronts.

Condition 5 describes extensive reef areas of all or part
of an island composed primarily of dead coral, with the
damage attributable to A. planci. According to Chesher,
there may still be large numbers of starfish present, or
most of these may have dispersed. In this paper we have
been extremely careful in attributing dead reefs to A.
planci unless we have evidence from at least one resurvey
that damage can be definitely attributed to starfish
infestations previously observed. We believe that it is
assuming too much to attribute dead reef areas to starfish
activity unless there is some documentation of such activity.

Condition 6 is Chesher's designation for a postulated
condition in which there was a minor population explosion,
apparently to the level of Condition 2, followed by dispersal.
Chesher considered this condition as a hypothetical case which
required further documentation.

Like Chesher (1969a) and Goreau ity Metlee. (1969), we believe
that the towing technique is effective for locating and defining
the’ limits of major’ infestations of A. planci, for gaining “an
overview of general reef conditions, and for making a reasonable
qualitative judgement of- the effects of the predator on the
reef. Large areas of reef can be covered. However, the tech-
nique is not effective for a precise population census; and
our numbers of starfish and white spots recorded are approximate
indicators of the total population.

RESULTS

Results of all surveys and resurveys conducted in the
Mariana and Caroline Islands are elaborated below and also
summarized in Table 1.

MARTANA ISLANDS

Guam: Information on the distribution of populations and
migrations of A. planci on Guam from early 1967 to May, 1969,
was presented by Chesher (1969b). The infestation began in
1967 on the leeward (western) side and spread over most of the
leeward coast. One population rounded the northernmost point
and continued down the windward coast. Much of this population
has now been killed, but remnants of it still remain near
Catalina Point. Scattered individuals have appeared further
south on the windward coast. Some remnants of a second
population are still found along the southern part of the lee-
ward coast. Starfish and feeding sites can also be found
commonly in the southern lagoon. There appears to have been a
stabilizing trend in the last 18 months or so.

Saipan: Goreau et al. (1969) reported large numbers of
starfish in the summer of 1969, concentrated primarily on the
leeward (western) coast inside and outside the barrier reef.
By August, 1970, almost all these starfish had disappeared,
but the numbers reported in 1969 could not be accounted for in
the records of the control team. In 1970 there was a small
remnant population left on the western barrier. By October,
1971, the numbers of starfish and feeding sites were completely
within normal limits, although there were extensive areas of
mostly dead reef attributable to A: planci. Most coral areas
on the windward side remain live and luxuriant.

Tinian: This island was reported as primarily dead in
1969, with above-normal populations of Ate panei” 1 Severar
areas. Most dead areas were attributed to past starfish
activities. Starfish worked both sides of the island, mostly
on the outer reef slopes but with some coral kill on the reef
flat areas. In 1970 expanded dead coral areas were noted. in
the localities: of the 1969 infestations:* There was'a further
decline in starfish numbers between August, 1970, and October,
1971, with only one small population found on a reef top inside
the western fringing reef in 1971.

Rota: This island was reported as infested in 1969, with
large numbers of A. planci and extensive reef damage. Further
reef damage was found in 1970, but the starfish were declining
in numbers. Apparently the situation was near stabilization
in 1OYOR

Aguijan: This small island (less than 5 km long) was

ie)

surveyed for the first time in 1970 and found to have a major
infestation in progress. The number of starfish was conser-
vatively estimated at 4,000-5,000, and there was extensive
coral damage. By 1971 all A. planci had disappeared, and
almost all coral was dead. This island originally had only
scattered corals colonizing a rock platform; there was never
a true infrastructure formed by reef-—building organisms.

WESTERN CAROLINE ISLANDS

Palau: Four localized areas with infestations were pin-
pointed in 1969; all of these had extensive dead coral when
surveyed in 1970. There was a marked decline in A. planci
numbers between 1969 and 1971, and the situation in 1972 was
Similar to that seen a year previous. Starfish and white spots
can still be found commonly in the Seventy Islands, although
this area is mostly dead now. No starfish have ever been seen
outside the barrier reef, despite extensive surveys in 1971 and

US 26

Kayangel> Only nime fresh feeding sities and) no Acanthaster
were observed on this atoll near Palau. The reefs appeared
normal and healthy.

Yap:4 , Onilywa fhewssitartish and) feedans. sates wenesisicen eit
1969 and 1970. Reports by local residents of increasing numbers
of A. planci led to the establishment of a control team in 1971.
This team reportedly killed over 5,000 starfish, apparently from

widely scattered areas. There is no evidence of any major con-
centrations.
Woleai: A small population of A. planci and scattered

coral damage was reported on the inner side of the barrier in
both 1969 and 1971, but the animals were apparently well dis-
persed. The 1969 survey team felt that this was a situation
which would bear watching, but there was essentially no change
in the next 22 months after their survey.

Ifalik: Only three starfish were found in 1969. No star-
fish, but Ny feeding sites, were found in 1971. The reefs were
healthy, and the status did not change in 22 months.

Lamotrek: Only one starfish was reported in 1969. A
minor infestation appeared to be in progress in 1971, with four
Acanthaster and 96 feeding sites reported. The reefs generally
were reported as "lush, normal, and healthy" both times.

EFauripik, Elato, Faraulep, Olimarao and Satawal: These
islands were surveyed for the first time in 1971. There were
Signs of minor infestation at Faraulep; but, in general, all
reefs appeared normal and healthy.

CENTRAL CAROLINE ISLANDS

Truk: Areas of major infestation were found in 1969.
In 1970 these areas had more extensive dead reef. Apparently
a major infestation continues to this day, even though large
numbers of. Acanthaster have been killed. Starfish have been
found outside the barrier reef and on numerous patch reefs
inside the lagoon. They have been more .common on lagoon patch
reefs than outside the barrier in recent months. Truk has the
largest lagoon in Micronesia, and its barrier and patch reefs
have not been thoroughly surveyed since 1969.

Kuop: This small atoll near Truk had only one specimen
of A. planci in 1969, but all its reefs appeared to have been
substantially killed off at some time in the past. There is
no convincing evidence that the kill was due to Acanthaster.

Puluwat, Pulap, and Pulusuk: These islands were also
surveyed for the first time in 1971. Only 25 starfish were
seen on these three islands. A minor infestation was observed
on the outer western reef of Pulusuk, but all reefs examined
appeared normal and healthy.

EASTERN CAROLINE ISLANDS

Ponape: This island was rated Condition 4 by Chesher,
who believed that it had recently passed from Condition 3.
We rate it Condition 3 for 1971 and 1972 and believe that
Condition 3 may have been a better assessment of the 1969
situation. Large numbers of starfish have been reported killed
by the control team. There has been significant Acanthaster
activity both inside and outside the barrier reef.

Ant: This small atoll near Ponape was reported as
essentially dead by the 1969 survey team. However, the 1971
team found large areas of exceedingly luxuriant reef in
localities where the 1969 team had not surveyed. The 1971
team also corroborated the 1969 team's findings of large areas
of dead coral but did not feel that these could necessarily be
attributed to Acanthaster. Both teams saw small numbers of
starfish.

Mokil: This island was surveyed briefly in 1969. There
were scattered A. planci along the entire western coast but
not enough to prevent the reefs being classified as normal.

Pingelap: The entire barrier reef and lagoon were
surveyed in 1969. There was some question as to whether this
should be’ classified as Condition 2 or Condition 6. Along the
southern and western coasts there were relatively large numbers
of A. planci and numerous freshly killed corals, as well as
much algae-covered coral. Elsewhere the reefs appeared normal.

99)

Chesher believed that Pingelap had a seed population that had
not had enough recruitment to continue rapid expansion.
Pingelap has not been resurveyed.

Nukuoro: There was a fairly large A. planci population
in 1969 and some dead coral areas. The atoll was resurveyed
in 1970, and a team member who went on both surveys estimated
that there had been a population increase of 30-40% over the
1969 condition. He still considered the starfish population
to be within normal limits, however.

Kapingamarangi: Small numbers of A. planci were seen in
1969 and 1970, but the reefs were considered normal and healthy
both times.

DISCUSSION

The resurveys show that there has been a definite overall
decrease in Acanthaster planci populations since the original
survey in the summer of 1969. In no case has there been a
major new starfish outbreak since that time, with the probable
exception of Aguijan. There has not been a major advance of
an outbreak from Condition 2 to Condition 3 or from Condition
3° to -Conda talon et:

Of the islands reported as Condition 4 in 1969 (Guam,
Saipan, Rota, Truk, and Ponape), there has been a marked
decrease in starfish numbers on three islands (Guam, Saipan,
and Rota) and a slight decrease on two islands (Truk and Ponape).
Hence, Guam, Saipan, and Rota are now listed in Condition 5
because they have passed beyond Condition 4, even though these
islands still have extensive areas of healthy reef. Truk and
Ponape apparently still have large numbers of A. planci but
have much live reef remaining as well; hence, they are down-
graded to Condition 3.

Of the other islands surveyed and resurveyed from 1969 to
1972, two larger islands (Yap and Palau) and a number of smaller
islands have not experienced a major Acanthaster infestation.
Palau apparently passed from Condition 2 to Condition 6 without
having a large-scale outbreak, and there is no evidence that
Yap ever had higher than normal starfish counts.

We attribute. the marked, overall decline in, A.. planca
infestation on these islands at least in part to control efforts,
which have resulted in the killing of approximately 280,000 star-
fish (as of February, 19'72)—-63,000,4an,Guam,. 12,000) an, the
Mariana District, 16,000 in the Palau District, 5,000 in the
Yap District, 113,000, 2m the Truk, District, and: 69, 000) inthe
Ponape District. The case is most clearly documented for Guam,
where control efforts obviously broke up the large migrating
herds reported by Chesher (1969b). This situation probably

applies to Saipan as well. We also suspect that control
efforts. in Palau prevented the infestation there from advancing
beyond the level of Condition 2.

An exception to the suggestion of control activities as
the cause of population decline is the situation that occurred
on Aguijan, a small uninhabited high island in the Marianas.
Personnel on the August, 1970, survey counted 3753 Acanthaster
on the upper terrace and seaward slope around this island. In
contrast to our original observations, only a single starfish
and three feeding sites were seen during the resurvey in
October, 1971. No control efforts were ever carried out on
Aguijan. This is also the only case where the starfish simply
migrated elsewhere on their own after killing almost all of
the corals around the island.

CONCLUSION

Based on our three-year surveillance of the population
levels of Acanthaster planci in the Mariana and Caroline
Islands, we conclude that this organism is definitely on the
decline and currently poses no widespread threat to the
remaining reefs of Micronesia. This conclusion is based on
repetitive field observations of the Same areas, in contrast
to the speculation which has characterized much of the
discussion of the Acanthaster problem.

REFERENCES

Bryan, P.G. and M.R. Struck. 1971. Acanthaster planci, crown—-
of—thorns starfish. Survey of islands and atolls in the
Central Carolines, Yap and Truk Districts. Univ. Guam
Man. lab... Misc. Rept. 22pp:

Chesher, R.H. 1969a. Acanthaster planci, Impact on Pacific
coral reefs. Final Report to U. S. Department of Interior.
Westinghouse Res. Lab. No. 69-951-Ocean-R2. 152pp.

OR Roe 1969b. Destruction of Pacific corals by the sea-
Star Acanthaster planci. Science 165(3890): 280-283.

Cheney, D.P. 1971. Acanthaster planci, crown-of-thorns star-
fish. Resurvey of Guam. Univ. Guam Mar. Lab., Misc. Rept.

7PPp.

Comeau ob. oA. iGraham, J.C. lane, P.D. Goreau, and go, Peter.
1969. The Acanthaster survey of Saipan, Marianas Islands,
1969. Structure and ecology of the Saipan reefs in
relation to predation by Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus ).
Mimeogr. Rept. 35pp.

Jones, R.S., R.T. Tsuda, and M.R. Struck. 1970. Acanthaster
planci, crown-of-thorns starfish. Resurvey of Truk Lagoon,
Truk District. Univ. “Guam Mar. Labs), Misci@Repin sis ppr

Marsh, J.A. Jr., and P.G. Bryan. 1972. Acanthaster planci,
crown-of-thorns starfish. Resurvey of Palau. Palau District..
Univ. Guam Mar. Lab., Misc. Rept. 8pp.

Marsh, J.AS Jeo, Rel. LsudayeM Reis cnuck. Pond ih) Aye CUS nagar.
1971. Acanthaster planci, crown-of-thorns starfish.
Resurvey of Saipan, Tinian, and Aguijan. Mariana District.
Unay: Guam Mar. Lab.; Misc. Rept. Opp:

McDonald, Ma, Ka DaVico, i: Pauikiis, and) \P.) Bsyan.ed97OLpeAcan—
thaster planci, crown-of-thorns starfish. Resurvey of
Kapingamarangi and Nukuoro Atolls, Ponape District. Trust
Territory, Oteune: Pacttete sksatlandisy gu Mateng lhe si anvaemme OI

Tsuda, R.T. 1970. Acanthaster planci, crown-of-thorns starfish.
Resurvey of Guam. Univ. Guam Mar. Lab., Misc. Rept. 7pp.

ADS =” IRVAAD (Compiler). 1972. Proceedings of the University of

Guam — Trust Territory Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns
starfish) Workshop. Univ. Guam Mar. Lab., Tech. Rept. No.
3, 36pp.

Tsuda WRG Bryan. Rew, ewes ata vaiGderAc rd)... Osetia el or/micii.
Acanthaster planci, crown-of-thorns starfish. Resurvey of
Palau, Raliau Disterci.. | Unive, Guam Marre) Wale Mase mine pis.
11pp. /Includes Kayangel/

fsuday, RD, baG. beyane D)lpeuRosienbiers >) ms cariGiiN. H pw ic Sim Siar
Acanthaster planci, crown-of-thorns starfish. Resurvey of
Ponape and Ant, Ponape District. Univ. Guam Mar. Lab.,
Mise. Rept. Opp-

Tsudaye Re D.. Dab. Cheney): JA Maishy es Jace acai Meu. joipeuicks.
1970a. Acanthaster planci, crown-of-thorns starfish.
Resurvey of Yap, Yap District. Univ. Guam Mar. Lab.,
Misc. sRepit). “1 Sip.

Gsudaze Rate i. S .) JOMe Si Mevsld «mm Ram Glaslally eicataclig Miia S cUle ker meal OE OID).
Acanthaster planci, crown-of-thorns starfish. Resurvey of
Saipan and Mingany, Survey of Aswuaijan,. Mardanan Das t cue t.
Unive, Goam, Mar. Wal... Malsic 76 Revit; eater.

Tsuda, Hediesg bs. omcuiCka ny ihe. Jirmele tiny etary meatier eA poem POs ual tbe OC.
Acanthaster planci, crown-of-thorns starfish. Resurvey of
Rota, Mariana, Das tract... Univ, iGuamg@iarcky Mabry Malsic Re piir

10pp.

Wass, R.C. 1972a. 1972 Re-survey of Ponape for Acanthaster
planci. p.25-26. Lg RIAL Gy IDS uKole: (Compiler), Proceedings of

Wass,

the University of Guam - Trust Territory Acanthaster
planci (crown-of-—thorns starfish) Workshop. Univ. Guam
Mar. Lab? Tech? “Rept. No. 3. 34pp.

1972b. Crown-of-—thorns starfish resurvey of Truk

R.C.
O72. ebeush Lerritory.of “phe Pacific, Tstands,

Lagoon,
Mar. Res. Div. 4pp.

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