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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2009 with funding from 
University of Toronto 


htto://www.archive.org/details/audubonnati21 nati 


BHirv-Lore 


AN ILLUSTRATED BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO 
THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


EDITED BY 


FRANK M. CHAPMAN 


CONTRIBUTING EDITOR C lee 


MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT 


Oficial Organ of the Audubon Societies \. oe 


: Aupuson Department Epirep By 
ALICE HALL WALTER, ARTHUR A. ALLEN 


AND 


T. GILBERT PEARSON 


MAR 24 1969 
g, “A 
WVeigicy oF or ‘ 


VOLUME XXI—1910 


D. APPLETON & COMPANY 


HARRISBURG, PA., AND NEW YORK CITY 


— 


py 


oe | 


INDEX TO ARTICLES IN VOLUME XxXI 
BY AUTHORS 


Abbott, Clinton G., Secretary, Report of, 445. 

Aitkenhead, Paul, see Fisher, M. L. 

Alexander, Jane Barbara, Poem by, 138. 

Alexander, Robert, L. Y. Lancaster, and Gordon 
Wilson, Christmas Census, 44 

arn Frank, and Alec Ross, "Christina Census, 


HY cd Arthur A., When the North Wind Blows, 
1; The Warblers of Central New York, I, 81; 
Il, 149; Photograph by, 198; Editorial by, 
370; Annual Report, 433. 

Allen, Francis H., The Present Scarcity of 
Golden-crowned Kinglets, 361. 

re Glover M., Boston Region, 50, 112, 182, 


Allen, Mary Pierson, Christmas Census, 34. 

Anderson, N. M , Secretary, Report of, 438. 

Atwell, George ‘ot See ay Report of, 428. 

’ Avery, Carlos, and ‘J. M. Eheim, Christmas 
Census, 42. 

Axtell, Harold H., Christmas Census, 31. 

Ayres, Douglas, ji r., Christrnas Census, 31. 


Bade, Dr. E., How Birds Can Take Their Own 
Pictures, 342. 

Bagg, John L., and Aaron C., see Healey, Alden. 

Bailey, Mary Li, Sioux City Bird Club Notes, 128. 

Bailey, Mrs. H. "M. ., see Marshall, Mrs. F. W. 


Ballard, Foster, John Austin cas and Jenckes. 


Mason, Christmas Census, 43. 

Barnes, Emily, Isabel Clay, Saad S. Wooten, 
Christmas Census, 44. 

Barton, R. A., see Keep, O. D. 

Bates, Gardner, Christmas Census, 41. 

Battell, F. L., From Ames, Iowa, 303. 

Beck, Herbert,,Hummingbird Photography, 304. 

Beck, Herbert H., Abraham Beck Miller, and 
Charles S. Bricker, Christmas Census, 37. 

Beer H.H., and V. E. Dippell, Photsenpne by, 


Beckwith, Helen C., Annual Report, 438. 

Beebe, Ralph, Christmas Census, 4o. 

Beers, Mrs. H. P., Secretary, Report of, 443. 

Bellinger, H.'C., Photograph by, 334. 

Bergtold, W. H., Christmas Census, 46; Denver 
* Region, 54, 116, 187, 252, 360. 

Bicknell, E. P., Christmas Census, 32. 

Bicknell, Mrs. F. T., Letter from, 77; Photo- 
graphs by, 439, 440. 

Blake, Isabel, Eave Swallows Nesting on a 
Painted Building, 194. 

Blanchard, George G., Christmas Census, 26. 

Blodget, George L., Christmas Census, 26. 

Bomberger, Helen A., Secretary, Report of, 431. 

Botsford, Barton and Nelson, see Keep, C. D. 

Bourne, Thomas L., see Morey, George W. 

Bowdish, Beecher S., Secretary, Report of, 429. 

Bowers, Elizabeth, October in Chicago, 391. 

Bowes, Mabel L. C., A Robin’s Lament, 244. 

Brewster, W. L., and D. K. Strong, Christmas 
Census, 47. 

Bricker, Charles S., see Beck, Herbert H 

Bridge, Edmund, and Lidian E., Christmas 
Census, 27. 

Bridge, Lidian E., see Jump, Alice O. 


(ii) 


Brooks, Allan, Christmas Census from Belgium, 
103. 

Brown, Genevieve, Finding Birds’ Nests, 194. 

Brown, Roy M., Christmas ain 39. 

Bruen, Frank, see Smith, Elbert E 

Bryant, Harold C., Unusual Occurrence in the 
San Francisco Bay Region, 238. 

Burleigh, Thomas D., Christmas Census, 49. 

Burnham, Stewart H. Bird Notes from the Lake 
George Region, 3or1. 

Burroughs, Elizabeth, Secretary, Report of, 433. 

Burtch, Verdi, A Winter Feeding-place for Birds, 


351. 
Button, Lily Ruegg, Christmas Census. 46, 


Camara, Mary, A Rare Pet, 387. 

Campbell, A. L., and Mamie, see Patton, Frank. 

Cannon, Gabriel, and George S. Snowden, Jr., 
Christmas Census, 39. 

Carlson, A., Christmas Census, 42. 

Carter, Ellen C., see Linton, M. Albert. 

Case, Clifford M., Christmas Census, 29. 

Caskey, R. C., Christmas Census, 34. 

Chapman, Frank M., Notes from a Traveler in the 
Tropics: II, Cuba to Panama, 11; III, From 
Panama to Peru, 87; IV, Peru, 157; V, Chile, 
333; Notes on the Plumage of North American 
Birds, 24, 102, 172, 355; Nature and England, 
215; The Study of Bird-Life in the Schools of 
New Jersey, 257; Editorials by, 256, 378; Wil- 
liam Brewster, Obituary, 277; Reviews by 
aS me 374, 375, 376; Photographs by, 280, 
283, 2 

Chase, Richard M., Christmas Census, 31. 

Childs, Helen P., Secretary, Report of, 423. 

Clay, Isabel, see "Barnes, Emily. 

Clement, Myron, see Hallock, Bessie A. 

Coffin, Mrs. Francis Hopkin, President, Annual 
Report, 446. 

Coker, Robert E., Photographs by, 88, 373. 

Coleman, Delbert, Christmas Census, 40. 

Compton, Mrs. C. N., President, Annual Report, 


447- 
Crane, Bessie L., American Egret in Connecticut, 


360. 
Crane, Mrs. G. H., Annual Report, 430. 
Crawford, Elis, Francis Rawsum, Carl and 
Edward McAndrews, Mary Belle Johnston, and 
I. H. Johnston, Christmas Census, 38. 
Crecelius, Alice, Summer, Fall and Winter 
Observations in the West, 67. 
Crosby, Maunsell S., Christmas Census, 31- 
Curry, Haskell B., see Perine, Keble. 


Dadisman, A. J., Christmas Census, 39; Ruffed 
Grouse Scarce in West Virginia, 77; Prairie 
Horned Lark, 181. 

Daly, E., see Watson, C. G. 

Danforth, R. E., Christmas Census, 35. 

Danforth, Stuart T., Christmas Census, 35. 

Danner, May S., and Mary King, Christmas 
Census, 42. 

Davis, Edwin Russell, Christmas Census, 27. 

DeBoos, Esther, Robin’s Nest on a Wren-house, 
103. 


Index ili 


Deghuee, Marion, Secretary, Report of, 437. 

Denker, Wm. A., see Perine, Keble. 

Dent, Paul, see Jokerst, Dent. 

Dinsmore, Susan B., Robin Redbreast, 
Gardener, 192. 

Dippell, V. E., see Beck, H. H. 

Doll, Caroline L., Buffalo Audubon Society, 137. 

Doolittle, E. A., Food of Young Purple Martins, 
305; An Old Squaw Joker, 306. 

Downhour, Elizabeth, Secretary, Report of, 427. 

Dreier, Theodore, Christmas Census, 33. 

Dunbar, Lula, and Robert, Jr., Christmas Census, 


War 


41. 
Dwight, Jonathan, M.D., Review by, 180. 
Dyche, Grace L. S., The Nesting of Robins, 243. 


Eastman, Sarah Chandler, The 
Warbler in Southern Maine, 180. 

Eaton, E. H., see Grant, W. W. 

Eaton, Warren F., Christmas Census, 27. 

’ Edson, Wm. L. G., and R. E. Horsey, Christmas 
Census, 31. 

Eheim, J. M., 

Ehinger, C. E., Christmas Census, 37. 

Eifrig, C. W. ‘ei and Chreswell J. Hear. Christmas 
Census, 43. 

Ekblaw, Sergeant George E., and Alfred Nord- 
strom, Christmas Census, 35. 

Ekblaw, Sidney E., and W. Elmer, Christmas 
Census, 43. 

Elliot, Sarah J., Secretary, Report of, 448. 

Elwood, Russell, My Experience with Birds, 263. 

Emmons, E. T., see Grant, W. W. 

Eno, Henry Lane, Christmas Census, 35. 

Evans, William Bacon, see Linton, M. Albert. 


Cape May 


see Avery, Carlos. 


Fabens, M. E., Interlopers, 304. 

Farley, John A., Breeding of the Myrtle Wavler 
at Webster, Mass., 300. 

Farquhar, Arthur, see Weiser, Charles S. 

Farrar, C. D., and L. E., Christmas Census, 26. 

Fay, Frank S., President, Annual Report, 441. 

Fearing, Albert, The Black and White Warbler, 


193. 

Finley, Irene, Photograph by, 412. 

Finley, William L., = ield Agent, Report of, 412; 
Photograph by, 4 

Fisher, M. L., and aan Aitkenhead, 43. 

Fisher, Mr. and Mrs. G. Clyde, Ruth Anna, and 
Farida A. Wiley, Christmas Census, 32. 

Forbush, Edward Howe, Field Agent, Report of, 

8 


408. 

Ford, E. R., Robins Enjoy Flat Life, 103. 

Ford, Lee M., Christmas Census, 46. 

Ford, Louise P., and Marrion I. Pellew, Christmas 
Census, 43. 

Fordyce, Geo. L., C. A. Leedy, W. H. Warner, and 
H. W. Weisgerber, Christmas Census, 43. 

Foster, Charles I., Secretary, Report of, 450. 

Fuertes, Louis Agassiz, Colored plates by, facing, 
1, 81, 149, 333; Drawings by, 12, 14, 159, 163, 
164, 339. 


eh Geo. H., Mockingbird in Connecticut, 


243. 

pe a A. F., Christmas Census, 45. 

Gasser, Mrs. G. W., From Near the Arctic Circle, 
359. 

Geiniene, Fred, see Vincent, Ralph. 

Gooch, John H., Christmas Census, 43. 

Goodsell, William, Helping Barn and Cliff Swal- 
lows to Nest, 175. 

Gordon, Swale, see Monroe, Burt. 

Gormley, Liguori, see Macnamare, Charles. 


Grant, W. W., Otto McCreary, E. T. Emmons, 
Mrs. H. H. Henderson, and E. H. Eaton, 
Christmas Census, 31. 

Graves, Francis M., Christmas Census, 29. 

Graves, Maude A., and Bessie M., Christmas 
Census, 2 

Green, Margaret S., Secretary, Report of, 445. 

Grimminger, Chas. and Edgar, see McGraw, 
Harry A. 

Griscom, Ludlow, ae Census from France, 
49; review by, 2 

Griswold, Geo. T., Pistons Census, 29. 

Gutman, Joe, see Vincent, Ralph. 


Hallett, George H., Jr., see Linton, M. Albert. 

Hallinan, Frances Redfield, My First Experience 
with a Redstart, 386. 

Hallock, Bessie A., and Myron Clement, Christ- 
mas Census, 31. 

Hamson, Blanche, see Sadler, Nettie M. 

Handley, Charles O., and Harry E., Christmas 
Census, 38. 

Hannum, W. E., Christmas Census, 36. 

Hansen, Harold E., see Vincent, Ralph. 

Harper, Francis, and Remington Kellogg, 
Christmas Census, 49. 

Harris, Harry, Kansas ae i 54, 115, 186, 
252, 369; see Michaels, W 

Haskin, Leslie L., Christmas pon 47; Town- 
send’s Solitaire, 242. 

Hathaway, Harry S., Christmas Census, 28. 

Haven, Herbert M. W., Annual Report, 436. 

Haworth, George D., Christmas Census, 42. 

Hays, see McGraw, Harry A. - 

Heacock, Esther, Secretary, Report of, 452. 

Healey, Alden, John L. Bagg, and Aaron C. 
Bagg, Christmas Census, 27. 

Heiser, J. M., Bird-Nesting in Texas, 110. 

Hempel, Kathleen M., Notes on Nesting Blue- 
birds and House Wrens, 173. 

Henderson, Mrs. H. H., see Grant, W. W. 

Herschler, Irene M., Cardinals and Wrens, 246. 

Hix, George E., Clark L. Lewis, Edward G 
Nichols, and L. Nelson Nichols, Christmas 
Census, 32. 

Hodgson, F. H., Two Interesting Observations, 


200. 

Holden, Edith S., The A. B. C., 264. 

Holland, E. W., A List of Virginia Birds, 194. 

Homan, Dr. R. W., Photograph by, ro. 

Horsey, R. E., see Edson, Wm. L. G. 

Horsfall, R. Bruce, Colored plate by, facing 108. 

Houghton, Clarence, Christmas Census, 30. : 

Hoyt, Gertrude, Starlings Spreading in New York 
State, 240. 

Humphrey, Helen, Secretary, Report of, 453. 

Hunt, Chreswell J., see Eifrig, C. W. G. 

Hunt, Emily G., M. D., Annual Report, 444. 

Hurd, Frances A: School Agent, Report of, 418. 


Irwin, J. L., see Vincent, Ralph. 

Jack, C. W., Secretary, Report of, 435. 

Jenness, Perley M., The Birds of Coblenz, 290. 

Job, Herbert K., Annual Report, 414. 

Johnson, Charles E., Harris’s Sparrow at Law- 
rence, Kans., 360. 

oe Elizabeth H., Winter Feeding of Birds, 

Johnston, Mary Belle, and I. H., see Crawford, 

J ig Dent, and Paul Dent, Christmas Census, 


J peri Henrietta O., Secretary, Report of, 444. 


iv Index 


Jones, Lynds, Oberlin Region, 53, 114, 185. 

Judd, Therese, The Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 106. 

Jump, Alice O., and Lidian E. Bridge, Christmas 
Census, 27. 


Keep, C. D., R. A. Barton, and Nelson Botsford, 
Christmas Census, 34. 

Kellogg, Clinton E., Making Friends with the 
Golden-winged Warbler, 241, 

Kellogg, Remington, see Harper, Francis. 

Kelly, Berners B., Christmas Census, 46. 

Kerr, John Austin, see Ballard, Foster. 

Kimes, Edw. D., Christmas Census, 42. 

Kinch, Harry B., see McGraw, Harry A. 

King, Mary, see Danner, May S. 

Kryss, Rosa, Home Observations, 68. 


LaDue, Harry Jay, Christmas Census, 41; U- 
Boat Methods in Nature, 358. 

Lancaster, L. Y., see Alexander, Robert. 

Langdon, Roy M., Secretary, Report of, 424. 

Larrabee, Austin P., and Philo J., Christmas 
Census, 46. 

Larson, Adrian, Christmas Census, 46. 

Lastreto, C. B., Audubon Association of the 
Pacific, 136. 

Latham, Roy, Christmas Census, 33. 

Lawrence, Jos. S., Christmas Census, 30. 

Leedy, C. A., and Fordyce, Geo. L 

Leister, C. W., Photographs by, 91, 197, 233; The 
Spotted Sandpiper, 287. 

LePerrier, Gabrielle, A Pet Robin, 380. 

Lewis, Clark L., see Hix, George E. 

Lewis, Dora Worster, The Deserted Home, 104. 

Lewis, Harrison F., Christmas Census, 25. 

Lewis, J. H., Photograph by, 259. 

Lewis, Norman, Studying Birds in Maine and 
Nova Scotia, 258. 

Linton, M. Albert, Anna A. Mickle, Samuel N. 


Rhoads, Ellen C. Carter, William Bacon Evans, 


and George H. Hallett, Jr., Christmas Census, 
36. 

Lippincott, Joseph W., An Evening with Birds in 
Florida, 16. 

Lofstrom, Lawrence L., Pelagic Habits of Kitti- 
wake Gulls in Winter, 181. 

Lowerre, E. M., Red-headed Woodpecker Nest- 
ing on Long Island, 303. 

Lownes, Albert E., An Unusual Nesting-site, 363. 

Lundwall, Nelson, Christmas Census, 46. 

Macnamara, Charles, and Liguori Gormley, 
Christmas Census, 25. 

Madison, H. L., Secretary, Report of, 430. 

Magee, M. J., Notes from Sault Ste. Marie, 237. 

Mainster, R. W., Christmas Census, 38. 

Marckres, Geo. M., Nuthatch Acrobats, 360. 

Marshall, Mrs. F. W., Josephine Smith, and Mrs. 
H. H. Bailey, Christmas Census, 44. 

Mason, Jenckes, see Ballard, Foster. 

sa" megs Carl and Edward, see Crawford, 
elis. 

McAtee, W. L., Alexander Wetmore, and Edward 
A. Preble, Christmas Census, 30. 

McCamant, Tom, The Western Robin, 131. 

McConnell, Harry B., John Worley, and Ray- 
mond Timmons, Christmas Census, 142. 

McConnell, Thos. L., and L. F. Savage, Christmas 
Census, 37; Prothonotary Warbler at Erie, 
Pa., 242. 

McCreary, Otto, see Grant, W. W. 

McGraw, Harry A., Harry B. Kinch, Harry P. 
Hays, Ira J. Stouffer, Chas. Grimminger, and 
Edgar Grimminger, Christmas Census, 37. 


Mcllwraith Ornithological Club, Christmas 
Census, 26. 

McLeod, J. R., see Watson, C. G. 

Mengel, Mr. and Mrs. G. Henry, Christmas 
Census, 36. 

Metcalf, E.1., Is the House Wren a Bigamist? 303. 

Michaels, W. C. and Son, A. E. Shirling, and 
Harry Harris, Christmas Census, 45. 

Mickle, Anna, see Linton, M. Albert. 

Middleton, Mr. and Mrs. J. C., see Watson, C. G. 

Miller, Abraham Beck, see Beck, Herbert H. 

Miller, Ada, Successful School Observation Con- 
ditions, 130. 

Miller, W. DeW., Christmas Census, 34. 

Miner, Mr. and Mrs. Leo D., Hon. Edmund Platt, 

C. and Raymond W. Moore, Christmas 

Census, 38. 

Minor, O. B., A Bird-House Contest, és: 

Monroe, Burt, and Swale Gordon, Christmas 
Census, 44. 

Moore, Raymond W., see Miner, Leo D. 

Morey, George W., and Thomas L. Bourne, 
Christmas Census, 31. 

Morgan, Griscom, Note from a Young Contri- 
butor, 265. 

Morgan, May, Christmas Census, 41. 

Morgan, Olga Marie, A Brood of Young Robins, 


362. 
Mosk, Sanford, see Vincent, Ralph. 
Moyer; Albert, Another Wire Wren-nest, 181. 
Munger, Edwin T., Christmas Census, 20. 
Munroe, Mrs. Kirk, President, Annual Report, 


434- 
Myers, Harriet Williams, Secretary, Report of, 


421. 


Neff, Johnson, Christmas Census, 45. 

Nichols, Edward G., see Hix, George E. 

Nichols, John Treadwell, New York Region, 51, 
‘12, 183, 248, 308, 364; Editorials by, 57, 119, 
191; Reviews by, 55, 56, 117, 118, 188, 180, 
255, 371, 370; Bird-Lore’s Twentieth Christmas 
Census, 351. 

N pcg Nelson, see Hix, George E. 

Noble, G. K., Unusual ore a site of Killdeer 
Plover, £93. 

Norak, Frank, Christmas Census, 20. 

a cae Alfred, see Ekblaw, Sergeant George 


Norman, Harold, Christmas Census, 4o. 
Norton, Arthur H., Field Agent, Report of, 


417. 
Nott, Grace B., Secretary, Report of, 440. 


Oberholser, Harry C., The Migration of North 
American Birds, 23, 100, 170, 354; Washington 
Region, 52, 114, 184, 250, 310, 3066; Another 
Purple Martin Roost in the City of Washington, 
06; A Surprised Ruddy Duck, 350. 

Orr, George B., The Junior Song-bird Club, 265. 

Osgood, H. W., Photograph by, 223. 

Otto, M. C., To Hatch and to Raise, ‘179. 


Packard, Winthrop, Field Agent, Report of, 410; 
Secretary’s Report, 427. 

Palmer, Dr. T. S., Reviews by, 56, 11 

Patton, Frank, Mary Patton, A. L. Campbell, and 
Mamie Campbell, Christmas Census, 47. 

Pearson, T. Gilbert, Editorials by, 72, 134, 202, 
270, 323, 302; Least Bittern, 198; The Red- 
eyed Vireo 266; Turkey Vulture, 310; Photo- 
graphs by, 272, 403, 418; Annual Report, 306. 

Pease, Florence Mabel, Notes from Conway, 
Mass., 357. 


: Index Vv 


Peck, Grace H., Pied-billed Grebe Caring for its 
Young, 110. 
Pell, Walden, and S. Morris, Christmas Census, 


34. 

Pellew, Marion I., see Ford, Louise P. 

Perine, Keble, Haskell B. Curry and Wm. A. 
Denker, Christmas Census, 26. 

Perkins, Edward H., Christmas Census, 28. 

Perry, Mrs. Harvey C., Bird Neighbors, 234. 

Pershing, H. A., Secretary, Report of, 447. 

Phillips, Charles L, Christmas Census, 28. 

Pierce, Lillian W., Secretary, Report of, 440. 

Pike, Mrs. Granville Ross, Suggestions for Junior 
Audubon Clubs, 63. 

Pinkus, Albert, Photograph by, 71. 

Pittman, H. H., Photograph by, 133. 

Platt, Hon. Edmund, see Miner, Leo D. 

Potter, Julian K., Philadelphia Region, 51, 113, 
184, 240, 309, 365; see Roland, Conrad K 

Pratt, Margaret, Dixie: A Tame Robin, 176. 

Preble, Edward A., see McAtee, W. L. 

Pumyea, Mr. and Mrs. Nelson D. W., Christmas 
Census, 35. 


Raker, Mary E. Christmas Census, 47. 

Randle, Francis, A Pocket Sanctuary, 219. 
Rawsum, Francis, see Crawford, Elis. 

Raymond, Olney, Red Phalarope in Pennsylvania, 


230. 
Reader, Ray E., and Willis C., Christmas Census, 


4l. 
Reeves, C. G., An Albino Wood Thrush, 107. 
Reid, Russell, Christmas Census, 45. 

Rhoads, Samuel N., see Linton, Albert M. 

Rice, Helen K., Christmas Census, 42. 
Richardson, Hattie E., Secretary, Report of, 421. 
Roads, Letha A., Christmas Census, 42. 
Roberts, Anna Rogers, One Family of Flickers, 


347- 
Roberts, Mrs. Cora B., Secretary, Report of, 448. 
Roberts, Thomas S., M.D., Minneapolis Region, 
SO TIS, TOs, 25T, 310, 368. 
i Sergeant Charles H., Christmas Census, 


Roland, Conrad K., and Julian K. Potter, 
Christmas Census, 36. 

Ross, Alec, see Allatt, Frank. 

Ross, Dr. nae Mrs. Lucretius H., Christmas 
Census, 27. 

Rowland, De. W. H., Photograph by, 301. 


Sadler, Nettie M., and Blanche Hamson, Christ- 
mas Census, 30. 

Saunders, Aretas A., Christmas Census, 30. 

Saunders, Hattie, A Bird Time-Table, 60. 

Savage, L. F., see McConnell, Thos. L. 

Sawyer, Edmund J., Bluebird Feeding its Mate, 
244; Drawing by, 245. 

Saxony, Prince Michael of, Secretary, Report of, 


437- 
Schafer, John J., Christmas Census, 43. 
Schroder, Hugo H., Christmas Census, 40; 

Brewster’s Warbler in Iowa, 303. 
Scoville, G., and T. Spencer, Christmas Census, 

36. 

Shaw, J. E. Norton, Christmas Census, 28. 
Shirling, A. E., see Michaels, W. C. 

Shove, Ellen M., An Albino Robin, 300. 
Simpson, Assistant Secretary, Report of, 427. 
Smith, Elbert E., and Frank Bruen, Christmas 

Census, 209. 

Smith, Josephine, see Marshall, Mrs. F. W. 
Snowden, George S., Jr., see Cannon, Gabriel. 
Snyder, L. L., Tragedies of the Nest, 230, 


Spencer, Theo., An Eccentric Ovenbird, 180; see 
Scoville, G. 

St. Louis Bird Club, Christmas Census, 45. 

Steele, Jack, Birds That Have Come to Our 
House, 131. 

Steele, Paul H., Christmas Census, 46. 

Stone, Lucy B., Secretary, Report of, 434. 

Stouffer, Ira J., see McGraw, Harry A. 

Straw, Mrs. Herman F., Purple Finches, 165. 

Strong, D. K., see Brewster, W. L. 

Stuart, F. A., Purple Martins on Stuart Acres; 
Five Years on a Michigan Farm, 92; A Family 
of Screech Owls on Stuart Acres, 300. 

Sutherland, Jean, Notes on the Lark Bunting, 70. 

Sutton, George Miksch, Night Voices, 108. 

Swinton, A. A., ‘Crazy’ Grouse, 240. 

Swope, Eugene, Field Agent, Report of, 410. 

Synnestvedt, Raymond, An Unusually-placed 
Robin Nest, 104. 


Taper, Thomas A., Two Thrushes, 167. 
Taylor, Clara and Warner, Christmas Census, 


4l. 

Thompson, W., My Bird-House, 264. 

Timmons, Raymond, see McConnell, Harry B. 

Todd, Willie, Notes from the Northwest, 128. 

Townsend, Manley B., Christmas Census, 26. 

Treganza, Mrs. A. O., My Neighbor’s Back Yard, 
238; Annual Report, 430. 

Tucker, Miss A. C., Young Barn Swallows 
Returning to the Nest, ros. 

Turner, Mrs. George M., Christmas Census, 48. 

Tuttle, N. E., Photograph by, 228. 

Tyler, Mr. and Mrs. John G., Christmas Census, 


48. 
Tyler, Winsor M., Boston Region, 307, 364. 
Ushioda, S., A Red-eyed Vireo’s Nest, 302. 


Van Dyke, Tertius, Christmas Census, 35; A 
Parakeet in a City Park, 174. 

Van Tyne, Josselyn and Claude, 
Census, 41. 

Veazie, Mrs. Carl H., Annual Report, 448. 

Vibert, C. W., Christmas Census, 20. 

Vietor, Kate and E. W., Nip, The Young Sparrow 
Hawk, 225. 

Vincent, Ralph, Sanford Mosk, Alva Weiner, Joe 
Gutman, Fred Geiniene, J. L. Irwin, and 
Harold E. Hansen, Christmas Census, 49. 

Vorhies, Charles T., Christmas Census, 46. 


Christmas 


Walbridge, Caroline C., Secretary, Report of, 446. 
Walker, Edith F., Christmas Census, 28. 
Walter, Alice Hall, Editorials by, 58, 120, 192. 


Warfield, Benjamin and Robert, Christmas 
Census, 37. 
Warner, W. H., see Fordyce, Geo. L. 


Warren, F. R., Notes on Albino Robins, 246. 

Watson, C. G., J. R. McLeod, E. Daly, Mr. and 
Mrs. J. C. Middleton, Christmas Census, 26. 

Way, W. Scott, Secretary, Report of, 451. 

Weatherill, Charlotte, Secretary, Report of, 437. 

Weiner, Alva, see Vincent, Ralph. 

Weiser, Charles S., and Arthur Farquhar, Christ- 
mas Census, 37. 

Weisgerber, H. W., see Fordyce, Geo. L. 

Wellman, Helen H., and Gordon Boit Wellman, 
Christmas Census, 27. 

Wells, Caroline E., Secretary, Report of, 443. 

Welsh, F. R., Notes on Grackles and Other Birds, 


105. 
Welty, Emma J., Secretary, Report of, 430. 
Wetmore, Alexander, see McAtee, W. L. 


vi 


White, Grace L., A Good Word for the Blue Jays, 
181. 
Whitman, F. N., A Visit with Cedar Waxwings, 


203. 

Wicks, Gertrude P., Secretary, Report of, 442. 

Wiggins, Mabel R., Christmas Census, 32; 
Hooded Warbler on Long Island, 303. 

Wilcox, LeRoy, Christmas Census, 32. 

Wiley, Farida, see Fisher, G. Clyde. 

Williams, Laidlaw, Yellow-throated Warbler in 
Central Park, 182. 

Wilson, Etta S., Christmas Census, 40. 


INDEX TO 


Aconcagua Valley, Photograph of, 336. 

Advisory Council, Brrp-Lore’s, 21. 

Aigrette Violations, 75. 

Alabama, 204. 

Alaska, 72; Eagle Law of, 204. 

Albatross, Wandering, 336. 

Andrews, Roy C., Photograph of, 78. 

Arizona, 46. 

Arkansas, 73. 

Audubon Societies, Annual Report of the National 
Association of, 395; Reports of Field Agents, 
408; Reports of Junior, 404; Reports of State, 

Auk, The, reviewed, 180, 376. [420. 

Avery, Edward C., Photograph of, 432. 


Beebe’s ‘A oo of the Pheasants,’ 
viewed, 1 

Bent’s Life "Histories of North American Diving 
Birds,’ reviewed, 371. 

Bird-census, Brrp-LoreE’s Nineteenth, 25;Twenti- 
eth, 350. 

Bird Clubs, 63; Reports of, 420. 

Bird-houses, 65, 206, 212; figured, 66, 92, 93, 94. 

Bird-photography, 342. 

Bird-protection, 64, 65, 73, 74, 80, 92, 135, 210, 


re- 


307. 

Bird-study, 73, 134, 135, 257, 386. 

Birds’ Bath, figured, 224. 

Birds’ Songs, 108, 221, 201. 

Bittern, Least, figured, 198; 311. 

Blackbird, Red-winged, 54, 113, 115, 182, 185, 
186; Rusty, 113, 183, 185, 186; Yellow-headed, 


52. 

Bluebird, 54, 116, 173, 186, 187, 244, 369; figured, 
245; young figured, 231. 

Bluebird, ‘Gag noticed, 190. 

Booby, 8 

Brewer’ ‘William, Obituary, 277; photographs 
of, 277 280, 283, 285; Memorial Fund, 378. 

Buffalo, Audubon Society of, 137. 

Bufflehead, 54, 186. 

Bunting, Indigo, figured, 3, 60, 366, 368; Lazuli, 
253; Snow, figured, 352. 

Butcher-bird, Northern, 54, 116. 


California, 48, 238, 420, 439, 444. 

Canvasback, 53; figured, 2 

Cardinal, 246, 310; figured, 344. 

Cedarbird, 182.Chapman’s ‘Our Winter Birds. 
How to Know and How to Attract Them,’ 
reviewed, 376. 

Chat, bead manta 83, 109; figured, 86. 

Chewink, 185. 

ie ps 51, 53; Black-capped, 50, 112; Long- 
tailed, 360, 


Index 


4 


Wilson, Gordon, see Alexander, Robert. 

Wilson, Mrs. C. M., Secretary, Report of, 432. 

Witt, Ewald, A Home Sanctuary for Birds, 60. 

Woodward, Magnolia, Report of, 423. 

Wooten, S., see Barnes, Emily. 

Worden, Mona, Christmas Census, 28. 

Worley, John see McConnell, Harry B. 

Wright, Mabel Osgood, Our Responsibility: A 
Page from the Birds’ Book of Snow, 6; Annual 
Report, 422. 


Yates, Mary F., Home Observations, 68. 


CONTENTS 


Chile, Bird-Life in, 333. 

Coker’s ‘Habits and Economic Relations of the 
Guano Birds,’ reviewed, 372. 

Colorado, 46, 54, 116, 252, 360, 421. 

Condor, The, reviewed, 56, 116. 

Connecticut, 29, 30, 243, 360, 407, 438, 441, 444. 

Coot, American, 185, 186, 240. 

Cormorant, 89; Bougainville’s, 
Double-crested, 310 

Cowbird, 113, 179, 183, 184, 185. 

Crane, Sandhill, 54. 

Creeper, Brown, 112, 115, 184, 186; figured, 381. 

Crossbill, American, 251; Red, 112, 247, 312. 

Crow, 112, 183; American, 100, 102; Fish, 
figured, facing, 81, 102; Florida, 100; Hooded, 
102; Northwestern, figured, facing, 81, 100; 
Southern, 100; Western, roo. 

Crows, Destruction of, 202. 

Cuba, Bird-Life in, rr. 

Cuckoo, Black-billed, 52, 250, 365; Central 
American, figured, 14; Yellow-billed, 310, 360. 


figured, 373; 


District of Columbia, 38, 52, 114, 250, 310, 423. 

Dove, Mourning, figured, 10, 51, 54, 115, 184, 
185, 253. 

Dowitcher, 308, 365. 

Duck, Black, 184, 185; figured, 436; Lesser 
Scaup, 54, 185, 186, 249, 311; Ring-necked, 186, 
251; Ruddy, 185, 311, 359; Wood, 311. 


Eagle, American, 72; 
Golden, 253. 

Egret, American, 360, 365; young figured, 413. 

El Hornero, reviewed, 56. 

Evans, Frank C., Photograph of, 426. 


Slaughter of the, 204; 


Farwell’s, ‘Bird Conservations Near! Chicago,’ 
reviewed, 376. 
— Birds, 64 70, 380; figured, 380, 383, 384, 


Finck Diuca, figured, 335, 337, 338; Purple, 52, 
54, 112, 115, 116, 165, 184, 186, 248, 312. 

Flicker, 184, 186, 310, 347; Northern, 53, 185. 

Flamingoes, ae of, figured, 334, 335. 

Florida, 40, 434, 4 

Florida Audubon Bulletin, noticed, 206. 

Flycatcher, Acadian, 366; Olive-sided, 
Traill’s, 251, 360. 

Forbush’s ‘Monthly Bulletin of Information, 
noticed, 77. 


3It; 


Gallinule, Florida, 311. 
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 184, 365. 
Golden-eye, 84, 249. 

Goldfinch, 51, 365. 


Index vii 


Goose, Canada, 54, 249; figured, 133; Domestic, 


II4. 
Goura, Plumes of the, figured, 397. 
Grackle, Bronzed, 53, 182, 185, 248; Purple, ros, 


184, 310. 

Grebe, Holbcell’s, 250; Horned, 250; Pied-billed, 
53, I10, 186, 310, 311, 365; Short-winged, 164; 
figured, 163; wing figured, 164. 

Grinnell, Bryant and Storer’s, ‘Game Birds of 
California,’ reviewed, 188. 

Grosbeak, Blue, 369; Cardinal, 115; Evening, 50, 
II2, II5, 183, 240, 247, 307; Pine, 50, 51, 53, 
I12, 113, 357; Rose-breasted, 248. 

Grouse, Ruffed, 77; scarcity of, 77, 240; figured, 
259, 368. 


Harris’s ‘Birds of the Kansas City Region,’ 
reviewed, 180. 

Hawk, Accipiter, 364; Broad-winged,. 105, 114; 
Duck, 251, 358; Fish, 186; Marsh, 114, 116; 
Red-shouldered, 114; Redtailed, 51, 114; 
Rough-legged, 116; Sharp-shinned, 114; Spar- 
row, 114, 186, 225; figured, 226. 

Heron, Black-crowned Night, 113, 311; Great 
Blue, 185, 186; figured, 271, 272, 310, 367; 
Green, figured, 272; Little Blue, 365. 

Hummingbird, Giant, figured, 339; 341; Ruby- 
crowned, 339; Ruby-throated, 304. 


Idaho, 448. 

Illinois, 43, 424, 437- 

Indiana, 43, 426, 435, 447; Audubon Society of, 
212. 

Towa, 44, 135, 303; Conservation Association of, 

* 135: 


Jay, Alaska, 356; Black-headed, 171; Blue, 
figured, facie 149; 181, 310; Blue- fronted, 
171; Canada figured, facing 333; 354, 356; 
Coast, 171; Florida Blue, 170; Gray, 355; Green, 
figured, facing 149; 171, 172; Labrador, 354, 
356; Long-crested, 171, 370; Newfoundland, 
354; Northern Blue, 170, 172; Oregon, figured, 
facing 333; 354, 356; Pifion, figured, facing 
3333 355, 350; Queen Charlotte, 171; Rath- 
bun’s 355; Rocky Mountain, 354, 356; Steller’s, 
figured, facing 149; 170, 171, 172. 

Journal of the Museum of Comparative Odlogy, 
The, reviewed, 255. 

Junco, 51, 52, 54, 115, 182, 186, 247, 345, 366. 


Kansas, 360. 

Kentucky, 44, 427. 

Killdeer, 113, 173, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 
25%. 

Kingbird, 248, 252, 364, 366, 360. 

Kingfisher, 113, 116, 186; Belted, 185. 

Knot, 365. 


oe de San Pedro de Atacama, Photograph of, 


334. 

Laguna Fria, Photograph of, 340. 

Lark, Horned, 186, 252; figured, 352; Prairie 
Horned, 181, 182, 302; figured, 353. 

Legislation, 80, 204, 276. 

Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 370; Lapland, 115; 
figured, 351. 

Loon, 186. 


MacMillan’s ‘Four Years in the White North,’ 
reviewed, 55. 

Maine, 26, 180, 258, 417,. 436. 

Mallard, 54, 115, 185, 311, 360. 

Man-o’-War Bird, 11, 87. 


Martin, Purple, 92, 96-99, 184, 185, 186, 250, 
305, 310, 366; figured, 92. 

Maryland, 38. 

Massachusetts, 27, 28, 50, 112, 247, 306, 357, 408, 
410, 427, 453. 

Meadowlark, 54, 113, 116, 182, 183, 185, 186. 

Merganser, American, 185; Hooded, 311; Red- 
breasted, 184. 

Merlin, Richardson’s, 253. 

Michigan, 40, 41, 237. 

Migration, Bird, 307, 354. 

Miller, Olive Thorne, Obituary, 76. 

Miller’s ‘In the Wilds of South America,’ re- 
viewed, 55. 

Minnesota, 41, 42, 52, 115, 251, 310, 442. 

Missouri, 44, 45, 54, 115, 252, 368. 

Mockingbird, 108, 243, 310. 

Montana, 46, 443. 

Mosley’s, “Trees, Stars and Birds,’ 
117. 


Nebraska, 46. 

New England, Bird-life in, 408. 

New Hampshire, 26, 428. 

New Jersey, 34, 35, 249, 429, 437; Heron Colony 
in, 271. 

New York, 30, 31, 32, 33, 51, 112, 137, 240, 248, 
301, 303, 308, 364, 432, 433, 444, 445, 440. 

Nighthawk, 248, 250, 252, 201, 367, 3 

North Carolina, 39. 

North Dakota, 45, 46 

Norton, Arthur H., Photograph of, 418. 

Nova Scotia, 258. 

awe esas Clarke’s, figured, facing B38 355, 


reviewed, 


Note 360, figured, 361; Red-breasted, 50, 
r14, 115; Slender-billed, 369; White-breasted, 
I, 51, 186, 302. 


Ohio, 42, 43, 53, 114, 400, 420, 434. 

Ontario, 25, 26, 307, 438. 

Oregon, 47, 242, 430. 

Oriole, Baltimore, 307, 366, 368; Bullock’s, 370; 
Orchard, 252, 366. 

Osprey, 185. 

Ovenbird, 52, 180, 252, 312; figured, 228; nest 
figured, 228. 

Owl, Barn, 184, 249; Burrowing, 116; Great 
Horned, 18, 116; figured, 19; Long-eared, 51, 
114, 116, 187; Saw-whet, 51, 52; figured, 71; 
Screech, 116, 300, 310; figured, 233, 301; 
Snowy, 50, 53. 


Panama, Bird-life in, r1, 87. 

Paroquet, figured, 12, 174. 

Pearson, Elizabeth, Photograph of, 418. 

Pearson and Brimley’s, ‘Birds of North Carolina,’ 
reviewed, 375. 

Pelican, Brown, 87; Chilean Brown, 87; figured, 
88; White, figured, 412. 

Pennsylvania, 36, 37, 51, 114, 230, 240, 242, 300, 
365, 431, 446, 440, 452. 

Peru, Bird-life in, 87, 157. 

Pewee, Wood, 310. 

Phalarope, Red, 239; Wilson’s, 252, 310, 311. 

Phoebe, 184, 185, 186, 304, 365. 

Photography, Bird, 342. 

Pintail, 249, 311. 

Pipit, American, 114, 1 

Plover, Black-bellied, aes Black-breasted, 308; 
Piping, 309, 365; Ring-necked, 308; Semi- 
palmated, 250, 365; Upland, 185, 251, 366. 


Quebec, 25. 


viii 


Rail, Virginia, 311; King, 249. 

Raven, American, 23, 24; Clarion Island, 23; 
Northern 23; Southeastern, 24; White- necked, 
24; figured, facing 1. 

Redhead, 53, 54. 

Redpoll, 115, 186. 

Redstart, 52, 1409, 366, 386; figured, 155, 223. 

Rhode Island, 28, 430. 

Ridgway’s ‘Birds of North and Middle America,’ 
Part VIII, reviewed, 375. 

Roberts’ ‘Water Birds of Minnesota; Past and 
Present,’ reviewed, 374. 

Robin, 102, 103, 114, 116, 176, 182, 184, 185, 186, 
187, 243, 244, 248, 310, 362, 360, 380; nest fig- 
ured, 103, 104; albino, 246, 300, 303; figured, 
240. 

Roosevelt Memorial Fountain, 139; List of Con- 
tributors to the, 207. 


Sanctuaries, Bird, see Bird-Protection. 

Sanderling, 365. 

Sandpiper, Least, 250, 308, 365; Red-backed, 249, 
250; Semipalmated, 250, 308, 365; Solitary, 
308, 309; Spotted, 185, 287, 300; figured, 287, 
288; nest and eggs figured, 289; Stilt, 308; 
Western, 366; White-rumped, 250. 

aor Yellow-bellied, 113, 116, 185, 250, 
364, 3 

ay boat ‘Golden Dicky: The Story of a Canary 
and His Friends,’ reviewed, 373. 

Scoter, American, 249. 

Scoville’s ‘The Outdoor Club,’ reviewed, 254. 

Season, The, 50, 112, 182, 247, 307, 364. 

Selborne from the Hanger, Photograph of, fac- 

Shoveller, 54, 185, 360. fing 215. 

Shrike, Loggerhead, 365; Migrant, 185, 186, 310, 
366; Northern 50, 51, 112, 115, 183, 302. 

Siskin, Pine, 52, 182, 183, 187, 247, 312, 357: 

Skimmer, 3009. 

Skylark, 201. 

Snipe, Wilson’s, 115, 184, 185, 186, 368. 

Solitaire, Townsend’s, 242. 

Song Birds, Killing of, 136. 

Sora, 240, 251, 311. 

South Carolina, 39. 

Sparrow, Chipping, 113, 183, 184, 185, 253; Clay- 
colored, 370; Field, 185; Fox, 50, 51, 115, 182, 
184, 185, 365; Gambel’s 54, 187, 253; Grass- 
hopper, 308, 366; Harris’s, 54, 116, 186; 

Lincoln’s 249, 252; Savannah, 54, 184, 185; Song, 
53, 54, 114, 116, 182, 183, 185, 186, 248, 366, 
369; figured, 4, 5; South American, 158; Swamp, 
185, 186, 365; Tree, 51, 54, 112, 115, 116, 186, 
369; Vesper, 113, 183, 184, 185; White-crowned, 
51, 116, 365; figured, 197; White-throated, 51, 
52, 247, 312, 365; figured, 4; White-throated 
Song, 158; figured, 150. 

Squaw, Old, 306. 

Starling, European, 50, 240, 248, 310. 

Stilt, Black-necked, 308. 

Swallow, Bank, 250, 310; Barn, 51, 105, 175, 
183, 300, 364; Blue-backed, figured, 163; Cliff, 
174; Tree, 183, 184, 185, 248, 308. 

Swan, Whistling, 54, 186. 

Swift, Chimney, 250. 


Tanager, Scarlet, 250, 312; figured, 346. 
Teal, Blue-winged, 54, 311, 360; Green-winged, 
311, 240. 


Index 


Tennessee, 45, 423. 

Tern, Black, 249, 251, 367; Common, 309, 365; 
Forster’s, 311; Least, 365. 

Texas, 110. 

Thrasher, Brown, 113, 114, 184, 185. 

Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 251; Hermit, 168, 183, 
185, 186, 308; figured, 168, 169; Olive-backed, 
167, 249, 250, 365; figured, 167; Wilson’s 248; 
figured, 91; Wood, 107 (albino), 308, 310, 366. 

Titmouse, Tufted, 310. 

Towhee, 113, 185, 252; figured, 343. 

Turco, El, figured, 337. 

Turnstone, 365. 


Utah, 137, 230, 430; Audubon poclety of. 137: 


Vermont, 27. 

Vireo, Bell’ s, 60. Blue-headed, 366, 367; Phila- 
delphia, 366; Plumbeous, 253, 369; Red-eyed, 
302, 307, 367, figured, facing 266; Warbling, 
248, 307, 369; White-eyed, 369;Yellow-throated 
248, 250, 307, 308, 366. 

Virginia, 30. 


Warbler, Audubon’s, 370; Bay-breasted, 250, 251; 
Black and White, 52, 140, 186, 250, 296; figured, 
297; Blackburnian, 82, 150, 151, 248, 251, 312; 
figured, 83; Black-poll, 50, 52, 248, 250, 364; 
Black-throated Blue, 51, 85, 151, 153; Black- 
throated Green, 149, 151; Blue-winged, 251; 
Brewster’s, 303; Canadian, 150, 152, 302, 312; 
figured, 156; Cape May, 249, 180, 251; Ceru- 
lean, 150; figured, 82; Chestnut- sided, 140, 312; 
figured, 84; Golden-winged, 150, 241, 249, 251, 
303; figured, 241, 151; Hooded, 150, 250, 303; 
Kentucky, 249, 251; Magnolia, 52, 150, 151, 
248, 252; Mourning, 152, 252; figured, 81, 82; 
Myrtle, 50, 113, 114, 186, 248, 306, 364, 365, 
368; figured, 345; Nashville, 113, 151; North- 
western Palm, 51; Northern Parula, 150; 
Parula, 248, 250, 366; figured, 152; Pine, 150, 
184; Prairie, 52, 308; Prothonotary, 242, 240, 
252; Sycamore, 252; Tennessee, 248, 240, 251, 
252; Wilson’s, 249, 252; Yellow, 170; figured, 
149; Yellow Palm, 183, 184; Yellow-throated, 
182, 250. 

Water-Thrush, Grinnell’s, 251; Louisiana, 153, 
185, 301, 366; figured, 150; Northern 152, 250; 
figured, 154. 

Waxwing, Bohemian, 54, 115, 116, 186; Cedar, 
116, 252, 203, 370, 204, 205; figured, 203. 

West Virginia, 38, 77. 

Whip-poor-will, 250, 367. 

White, Gilbert, Photograph of home of, facing 


215. 

White-throat, Andean, 158." 

Willet, 365. 

Wilson Bulletin, The, reviewed, 254. 

Wisconsin, 41, 450. 

Witherby’s ‘A Practical Handbook of British 
Birds,’ reviewed, 254. 

Woodcock, 51, 185, 240. 

Woodpecker, Downy, 50, 51, 112; Hairy, 50, 51, 
112, 183, 248; Lewis’s, 370; Pileated, 114, 357, 
367; Red-headed, 186, 303, 310. 

Wren, Carolina, 310; House, 159, 173, 246, 240, 
250, 303; Winter, 52, 184. 


Yellow-legs, 365; Greater, 308; Lesser, 308. 


Copyricut, 1919 


By FRANK M. CHAPMAN 


1. WHITE-NECKED RAVEN 2. RAVEN 


(About one-sixth natural size) 


Sird- Lore 


A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 


Vol. XXI JANUARY—FEBRUARY, 1919 No. 1 


When the North Wind Blows* 


By A. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University 
With photographs by the Author 


HE winter Ducks offer another opportunity for the bird photographer. 

Every winter there are large flocks of Canvasbacks, Scaups, and Red- 

heads on Cayuga Lake. There are certain weed-beds upon which they 
feed, but none of them brings the birds close enough to the shore for successful 
photography. It is not difficult, however, when one locates the feeding-place 
of a flock, to bait them up to a blind by scattering a good supply of corn from 
the bed where they are feeding up to the shore. An amusing incident occurred 
last winter in such a blind that will illustrate how close the birds can be 
drawn in. 


There was a small flock of Black Ducks frequenting the spot where the 
Canvasbacks were being fed in about four feet of water. They were able to 


*Concluded from Brrp-LorE for December, ro18 


AT THE PERMANENT! FEEDING-STATIONS MUCH CAN BE LEARNED OF THE HABITS 
: OF THE DIFFERENT BIRDS 
This photograph shows the ‘intimidation display’ of the White-breasted Nuthatch 


2 Bird - Lore 


-_ ee ee 
cietiemtiinsiainetiin ye 


A FEEDING-STATION FOR DUCKS 
The Canvasbacks have been lured to the shore by scattering corn from the weed-beds where they were 
feeding up to the blind 


dive to the bottom for the grain, and, when alone, did not hesitate to do so, 
diving with a big splash and using their wings to get to the bottom. When the 
Canvasbacks were present, however, they seemed a little shy about their 
clumsiness and usually hunted along the shore. On this particular day a little 
grain had been spilled in front of theblind, which was merely a few old timbers 
put up like a billboard close to thé water. The Black Ducks, working along 
the shore, finally came to the grain spilled in front of the blind. We could hear 
them rattling the gravel and occasionally even see their bills when they reached 
beneath the lowest board for a grain that was inside the blind. Of course, we 
kept absolutely quiet. Finally one old bird discovered a trail of grain that led 
in behind the blind to the sack upon which we were sitting, and never suspecting 
the surprise in store for him, followed it up until we could feel his hard bill 
actually grubbing the corn from beneath us. The Black Duck is the wisest 
and wariest Duck that we have, and finally the strain of keeping absolutely 
quiet and knowing that Solomon himself was eating off our coat-tails got too 
much, and a muffled snicker brought the comedy to an end. With a frightened, 
we almost thought, sheepish, squawk, the blacky leaped over our heads and 
gave my unoffending ear a bang with his wing as he passed. 


When the North Wind Blows ‘ ‘: 


When birds are watched at close range and for long periods, as is usually 
the case at permanent photographic stations, one is continually learning 
new habits of each species or learning to interpret observations that he has 
made through his glasses. For instance, the little courtship performances of 
the Chickadees and Nuthatches had entirely escaped the author’s attention 
until he watched them at his feeding-stations. It seems that bright colors, 
song, display, and aggressiveness are not the only qualities which the females 
exact. The males must prove that they are good providers as well. One can 
often see the male Nuthatch or Chickadee swoop over to the feeding-station 
from an adjacent tree where he has left the female, gallantly hack open a 
sunflower seed or rip off a piece of suet, and, with another swoop, return to 
his prospective and present her with the titbit. Sometimes they will come 
to the feeding-station together, and yet the female makes no effort to eat 
until the male has presented her with food which he has selected. 

In the wings and tail of the Nuthatch are some conspicuous black and 
white marks © which 
would ordinarily be 
considered ‘flash colors,’ 
because they are dis- 
played only when the 
bird is in motion and 
concealed when the bird 
is at rest. On numerous 
occasions we have ob- 
served at close range at 
feeding - stations how 
these ‘flash colors’ are 
of direct service to the 
birds in another way, 
and on two occasions 
secured photographs of 
the bird in action. 

It seems the Nut- 
hatch is quite an aggres- 
sive bird and wants 
things all his own way. 
If other birds are feed- 
ing when he wants to 
eat, he promptly drives 
them away or, at least, 
attempts to do so, 


although with the na- AN IND!GO-BIRD COMING TO A FEEDING-STATION 
: ‘ ; : There are always surprises in store for those who will keep up 
tive birds that _ are their feeding throughout the spring 


4 ; Bird - Lore 


accustomed to his bravado, he sometimes has a hard time. His first procedure 
is to swoop down at the offending birds as though he were a Hawk. Failing to 
frighten them away, he alights nearby, with wings and tail spread and feathers 
shaken out. The aforementioned black and white marks now become very 
conspicuous and serve to make his increased size all the more impressive. 


SPRINGTIME SPARROWS, THE SONG AND WHITE- THROATED 
Birds and flowers are always closely associated, and the spring feeding-station offers the opportunity to 
show this photographically. When the White-throats pass through central Rew York, the saxifrage is in 
bloom and the hepaticas are past their prime. 


Pointing his long bill at the offenders, he sways from side to side, still further 
augmenting his size and the effect of the marks, and advances toward them. 
This usually produces the desired effect and the other birds leave, whereupon 
he proceeds to carry off the food and hide it in crevices in the bark where it will 
be most available to himself and least available to his competitors. Ordinarily, 
the other birds leave before the Nuthatch comes into the field of the camera, 
but the preceding photograph shows him in action when a Sparrow, either 
more brave or more stubborn than the rest, has clung to his post by the food. 

We might go on recounting the little incidents that occur at arm’s length 
and the observations that might be made at winter feeding-stations. When the 
winter is over, we have usually become so attached to our regular pensioners 
that we hate to see the snow melt for fear the birds will disappear. Some of 
them will go, but if we keep up the supply of food, others will take their places 
and present still greater opportunities for the camera. Each spring new birds 
discover one’s gallery, so that there is a perpetual round of surprises. All of the 
Sparrow tribe will find it sooner or later if only the winter ration of grains is 


When the North Wind Blows 5 


kept up, and, when one learns to use meal-worms, doughnut crumbs, and fruits, 
almost any bird can be expected. A year ago, four Indigo-birds made regular 
trips to the grain, and Catbirds and House Wrens were daily customers at 
the suet counter. 

The widest opportunity for one’s ingenuity, at these feeding-stations in 
the spring, however, is offered by transforming the setting in which the 
birds are to be photographed so as to make it appropriate to the season and 
the bird. Birds and flowers are always associated, and if one can show the 
plants that are in flower at the time the bird is passing through, it adds a 
great deal to the photograph. Compare, for example, the photograph of the 
pair of Song Sparrows with that of the Song and White-throated Sparrows. 

Two pairs of Chickadees that were with us last winter raised broods of 
seven each in nesting-boxes near the house this spring; the Downy Wood- 
pecker nested in a dead branch of the elm shading the porch, and the Nut- 
hatch built ina knot-hole a hundred yards up the ravine. Now, as I write, it 
is August, and summer birds are all about us, but somehow our associates 
that stayed by us when the north wind blew are still the favourites, and we look 
forward to the coming of winter with a little less reluctance when we know 
that we can count on their companionship amid the snow and ice to come. 


A PAIR OF SONG SPARROWS 
The permanent feeding-station has many advantages. Upon this log seventeen species of birds were 
photographed 


Our Responsibility 


A PAGE FROM THE BIRDS’ BOOK OF SNOW 
By MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT 


HERE are very few pleasures that do not carry with them a responsi- 

bility in proportion to their keenness, and I doubt if many of those who 

are bird lovers and protectionists in theory, really understand the 
responsibility entailed in living up to their creed. 

The Yearbook of Bird-life is written in many volumes, and its illustrations 
glow with all the colors of earth and sky and sea. Its stories are both brief 
tragedies and joyous serials of comedy and melodrama; then, after it all passes 
to the broken strains of the songs of the fall migration, comes a sequel as it 
were, the record of those few hardy clansmen that find it possible to stay with 
us through the shut-in months. A thin volume this, bound in white and black, 
threaded with random ribbons of sky-blue with red and gold of sunsets and 
sun-ups for markers—The Birds’ Book of Snow, which we must read carefully 
if we would intelligently lure these brave hearts to take shelter in our gardens 
or in the windbreaks of evergreens; and if they accept the invitation, treat 
them consistently. 

This page of The Birds’ Book of Snow that I am transcribing for those 
who may not understand the sign language of nature, was written in Bird- 
craft Sanctuary and the surrounding hill country during the bitter winter of 
1917-18. 

The protection of our winter birds, from our human standpoint, must 
view them from several angles—death by shooting and trapping, death from 
the presence of their natural enemies, and death from starvation, due to 
wastage of their natural food-supply. The first cause may be obliterated by 
wise laws faithfully enforced; the others offer a more complex problem. If 
we would have the birds of winter with us, we must be systematic in all our 
dealings with them, as we would be with domestic fowls or cattle. We should 
not overload the feeding-table one week—at a time when natural food is 
plenty—and then go away and leave it bare for perhaps the most icebound, 
stressful month of winter. We must not make brush tepees and branch shelters 
and then allow them to become the lairs of stray cats, rats, and weasels, for 
by so doing we offer a false hospitality and assume a responsibility only to 
shirk it; better make no effort, and let the birds pass by. 

Now I hear someone bringing up the well-worn quibble: “If winter birds 
are valuable because they eat the grubs hiding in the tree bark, is it not doing 
away with their usefulness to feed them, as well as making paupers of them.” 
People who argue thus have never even turned the first page of The Birds’ 
Book of Snow or they would know that all the human help is auxiliary work, 
at best a sort of first-aid to bird-life made necessary by a climate that is a 
professional juggler with his trick-box, a thing never to be wholly understood. 


(6) 


Our Responsibility 7 


(Some pages chosen at random.) Time, February; place, Birdcraft, and 
about the cottage on the hill. Recorders: Chickadees, Purple Finches, Juncos, 
Tree Sparrows, a pair of Winter Wrens, an Acadian Owl, a Brown Thrasher 
that did not migrate, a flock of Pine Grosbeaks, half a dozen Black-crowned 
Night Herons, and some Pheasants. 

Thermometer, four below; an hour after sunrise; trees ice-coated; a sound 
of chopping is heard, with a ring of metal on ice. Chickadees flitting about 
the feeding-shelf by the house porch find it empty; they move over to another 
inside the animal-proof fence. A great yellow dog, gaunt and hungry, standing 
as high as a wolf, comes nightly for the suet; this last time, however, the 
warden discovered him, and henceforth he will put all bones and fats, not only 
high up but behind a double screen. 

The warden comes up from the spillway of the little pond; though the 
steely cold has locked all other sounds, running water babbles; the birds 
leave their food and fly toward the sound as by a single impulse; follow them, 
walking slowly, for the frozen snow underfoot gives out shrill ei like the 
warning cry of small rodents. 

The water is gushing over the narrow spillway from under the iy ice 
that covers the pond, and runs clear, a tiny thread of a stream, but free and 
shallow between the heavily grassed banks of the overflow, screened by bushes 
from the north and west, a veritable trap to catch and hold the early morning 
sunbeams. 

Bird-calls and scraps of song come from the water, and there is much 
splashing and preening as the birds bathe and jostle each other, while some 
of the more timid await their turn. Mind you, it is below zero on the north 
side of the hill. It was the warden’s responsibility to see that the winter 
bathing-place was kept open in the one spot where the water from some warm 
springs in the pond fed it, and all that bitter winter the little stream was 
freed each morning by a few strokes from the axe and ran all day long. 

Thus, word was passed through the winter-braving tribes of the region 
that not only was food to be had in Birdcraft, but water, precious water. 

As the warden made his morning rounds, keen eyes searching ground, trees, 
and sky, he saw two sets of footprints going toward heavy brush; those of a 
Pheasant running parallel with those of a weasel that at this time wears his 
white winter coat and masquerades as royal ermine. 

Expecting a tragedy, he pushes through the brush to find, not a dead Pheas- 
ant, but a rabbit, whose life-blood the weasel has sucked and then abandoned 
the victim; a little beyond, a glistening heap of feathers that stirs as if 
moved in some way, gives the warden a start, for a gorgeous male Pheasant is 
held by the tail a fast prisoner, the moist snow of the previous evening having 
turned to ice, forging chains of the long feathers. Without the foresight which 
makes this daily patrol the warden’s self-imposed responsibility, this Pheasant 
would have died of hunger and cold. 


8 Bird - Lore 


Coming out by a different path, a small bunch in a young cedar held the 
warden’s eye; he went to it, thinking to find an undiscovered nest. No, it was a 


‘tiny Owl, the Acadian, the smallest of his tribe, almost dead from hunger, as 


an overlapped claw impeded his natural means of hunting, and the cold driv- 
ing wind was rapidly doing the rest. Hunger and cold a bird may endure, but 
these, plus wind, will overcome even a deeply feathered Owl. 

He was taken to the workshop, thawed out, his overlapping claw straight- 
ened, given a place in a “hospital cage,” and some Starling meat placed at his 
disposal. Before the month was out he was given the liberty of the cellar, 
and boarded himself and something over by mouse-catching. 

A sheaf of rye was set out in the open, and all the winter birds were peck- 
ing at it; even the Thrasher, who for some whim had not migrated but lived 
under the cottage porch, was interested. A shadow passed above, and with 
shrill cries of terror the birds disappeared in the nearest brush. All but one 
Purple Finch, who was too late. The Sharp-shinned Hawk fell on him and 
darted away. There is no more agonizing sound than that of a bird who sees 
the Hawk.about to grasp it; this is a tragedy against which the protector of 
winter bird-life must ever be on guard. In itself this is no small responsibility; 
can you accept it? : 

The Thrasher had many narrow escapes from Sharp-shinned and Cooper’s 
Hawks. A real summer, insect-eating bird like the Thrasher Mockingbird or 
Orchard Oriole that insisted on remaining during the winter of 1907, is really 
too great a responsibility as a winter guest; they are ill at ease in bare trees, 
and I would much prefer that such as these would not take the notion once in 
a time to keep me company. : 

Though this Thrasher survived last winter and broke into full song before 
any others of his tribe had arrived, he was always on our minds, and had 
to be treated as something not normal, an unpleasant condition unless to 
prove some theory. To my mind, half the real pleasure to be won from 
nature is from coming in contact with the normal and meeting everything 
according to its season. 

Where winter birds gather in unusual numbers, because of food and shelter, 
there will Hawk and Shrike follow. The deep woodlands are then birdless, 
and the colder the winter the greater the hunger, while the only remedy is 
eternal vigilance—the carefully watched trap with the humane, padded jaws, 
and the well-aimed gun. 

The Shrikes, to my mind, should not be protected during their winter 
migration, the Northern on its southward trip and the Loggerhead on its 
northern wanderings; their toll of small birds is too great. Let our Wise Men, 
who framed the generally wise A. O. U. Law, look into the matter; let them 
examine the blood-splashes on the pages of The Birds’ Book of Snow and see 
its records of headless songsters, either left on the ground or hooked on bushes 
and fence-barbs. Now the warden who has been reading in the Book for jfour 


Our Responsibility 9 


years, never places food either on shelf or ground without flanking it with a 
shelter, wherein the small birds may dive for safety; and from these shelters 
lead brush-covered passages, so that several ways of escape are offered. Too 
often have his tame Chickadees been plucked almost from his hands by these 
robbers. 

Next to the active birds of prey in The Birds’ Book of Snow come the 
Starlings to prey upon the food of the winter birds, and thus are indirect 
destroyers of them. Hereabouts are thickets of red cedars, bay and barberry 
bushes, masses of both the black and red choke-berry and several great pepper- 
idge trees, all heavily laden with fruit in October. What happens? Unless the 
warden is on the watch when fall sets in, all of a sudden, a flock of Starlings 
one thousand strong, will settle in these trees, and in a single hour the food 
store that would last our winter birds a month or more is gone! 

So, also, during last February, when the thaws released the ice-clad berries 
of the species above mentioned, and the hungry Robins and Bluebirds began 
to feed eagerly, flocks of Starlings tried the same method, and the native 
birds, some of which had braved the winter and others the pioneers of spring, 
were driven to come about the building and beg food from no fault of their own. 

Sentimentalists who take only the sweet spring whistle of the Starling 
into consideration, look for yourselves at the black marks against it, not only 
in the Snow Book but in the whole Yearbook of the birds. Beside the vor- 
acious, quarrelsome Starling, changed in its habits by expatriation, the English 
Sparrow is harmless as thistledown. 

A recent history of Connecticut birds does not list the Black-crowned 
Night Heron as a winter resident, yet they sign their names annually in the 
Sanctuary Snow Book, and, after feeding along the tide marshes at low water, 
they come back in a small flock to roost in the spruces across the road and 
take their daily drink in the overflow at Birdcraft. The February day of zero 
weather had no terrors for them, adding one more proof that it is lack of 
food and water and shelter, more than cold, that scatters the winter birds 
that might remain. 

Near the bungalow are tulip trees, and all winter the wind had chattered 
among their dry, cupped seed-pods. One February day flowers bloomed 
suddenly along those bare branches, and the Snow Book boasted a picture 
of summer colors—a great flock of Pine Grosbeaks, many of them adult 
males, perched in rows, posing as by a special arrangement, quite putting in 
the shade the male Purple Finches, heretofore the brightest bird of winter. 

In late February, notes of music broke the monotony of the Snow Book, 
just as the black and white of its binding was gently suffused by the reddening 
of swamp maple twigs and the yellowing of willows. 

The returning Song Sparrow whispered his song happily in the alders 
that supply him with food, for the Starling has not yet learned to adapt his 
clumsy beak to stripping the little seeds from the alder cones which supply 


10 Bird - Lore 


this Sparrow late winter and early spring food, a reason why we find the first 
Song Sparrows in the alders. This is the time that the tree-trunk birds are 
making their best records—the Downy and Hairy Woodpecker and the Nut- 
hatches—yet it is the time that the casual and theoretical bird-lover and pro- 
tectionist sees the least to record in the great outdoors. Why is it? Because so 
many things born of impulse and the fad-following spirit, instead of true interest, 
do not survive their first real winter test, and never a one of these reads even 
a single chapter in The Birds’ Book of Snow. They build some impossible 
bird-houses very late in the spring and place them as near together as flats 
in a tenement; they may throw out handfuls of crumbs and soon give up 
even this feeding because, with improper food, they do not at once attract 
tame Chickadees, and then they declare ‘there are no birds in our region 
to be protected,’ simply because they do not feel the responsibility that 
goes with success in attracting and loving anything animate. 


FEC 


YOUNG MOURNING DOVES, FULLY FEATHERED AND CAPABLE OF QUICK, STRONG 
FLIGHT, BUT STILL TOO INEXPERIENCED TO FEAR THE PHOTOGRAPHER 
Photographed by Dr. R. W. Homan, Webster City, Iowa 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 


II. CUBA TO PANAMA 


By FRANK M. CHAPMAN 
’ With illustrations by Louis Agassiz Fuertes 


f \RAVELERS nowadays soon learn to regard steamship announcements 
as mere ‘scraps of paper’ which are not to be taken seriously. I was not 
surprised, therefore, to learn that sailings on the line by which we had 

expected to reach Cristobal, from Cuba, were cancelled, and correspondingly 
pleased when a steamer bound for the desired port arrived from Spain, and 
on her we left Havana on the evening of October 26. With steam-coal at $28 
per ton, time is cheaper than fuel, so we jogged along at about three-fourths 
speed, over a sea so smooth that the entire voyage of four and a half days 
might have been made in a canoe. 

Our route ran around the western end of Cuba and thence down the Car- 
ibbean. It was, therefore, not far from the flight-line of birds which migrate 
down the eastern coast of Central America, or, perhaps, indeed, over the very 
waters through which we passed. A month earlier we should doubtless have 
been visited by numbers of the feathered voyagers, but a Nighthawk and two 
Barn Swallows, which were first seen on the evening of the 29th, when we were 
in about latitude 14°, longitude 81° 30’, were the only land-birds observed. 
The Nighthawk evidently found our nine miles an hour too slow a pace for 
him and decided to continue his voyage without convoy, but two Barn Swallows 
(presumably the birds of the night before) accompanied us all the following day, 
and many were the circles they flew about the ship to accommodate their 
rate of progress to ours. 

Of water-birds there were only a single Booby and one Petrel (Aestrelata ?). 
The latter, after the manner of his kind, was skimming the seas at high speed, 
as though in a desperate hurry to find something which he expected to dis- 
cover at the next wing-stroke, but which never seemed to materialize. It 
is to be assumed that these strong-winged, tireless hunters are sometimes 
successful, but they must capture their prey ‘in their stride,’ as it were, for 
they seem never to pause in their rapid flight. 

As we appreached Cristobal, on the morning of October 31, hydroplanes, 
those recent additions to our avifauna, flew out to meet us, and Man-o’-war- 
birds, with an utter disregard for the principles of gravitation, ‘floated lazily’ 
overhead. I use this hackneyed phrase without compunction, for, whatever 
it may have been applied to originally, it belongs, by reason of its especial 
fitness, to the Man-o’-war-bird. That he can float, no one who has watche#him 
for hours, sailing serenely through the sky without detecting a movement of 
the wings, will deny; while, if laziness is to be measured by the difference be- 
tween what one does and what one can do, the usual inaction of this bird of 
incalculably powerful flight more than justifies the application of the term. 


(11) 


12 . Bird - Lore 


On a few occasions I have seen Man-o’-war-birds give marvelous exhibitions 
of their mastery of the air, but to ‘float lazily’ seems to be their principal 
occupation, 

The first bird-note which the newly arrived traveler will probably hear 
in Cristobal will be not the chatter of Sparrows but the shrill twitter of Paro- 
quets (Brotogeris). If they be passing on the wing, he may have a glimpse 
of them, but if they are perched in one of the cocoanut palms which line the 
streets, he may search for them in vain. In Cristobal, Ancon, and Balboa, 
these little green birds never fail to 
give welcome emphasis to their tropical 
surroundings. 

The bird- student whose first view of 
a tropical forest is from a train crossing 
the Isthmus of Panama, will be dis- 
appointed in the number of birds he 
sees. But, aside from the fact that his 
journey may not be made during the 
small part of the early morning and 
smaller part of the late afternoon when 
birds in the tropics are active, the bird- 
life of a tropical forest cannot be studied 
from a railway train!, However, a sharp 
lookout is sure to be rewarded, and the 
possibilities are unlimited. Soon after 
leaving Cristobal, the train passes 
through a marsh where, invariably, a 
number of Herons may be seen. Little 
Blues, in both slaty (adult) and white 
(immature) plumage, are always the 
most common species of this family; 


“The first bird-note which the newly-arrived er ; 
traveler will probably hear in Cristobal will then follow Louisianas and Little Grays 


not be the chatter of Sparrows, but the shrill (allied to our Little Green), with rarely 


twitter of Paroquets (Brotogeris). 


White Egrets of both species. Boat- 
tailed Grackles are common at both sides of the railroad. I saw a single Jacana, 
daintily raising its wings in characteristic pose until they met above its back, 
and one Giant Kingfisher (Ceryle torquata), which resembles our Belted King- 
fisher but is about three times as large. A telegraph wire seemed a peculiarly 
inappropriate perch for this bird of jungle-bordered streams. The wires also 
served as lookouts for numerous Sparrow Hawks. In brushy places there 
were small companies of Anis, their complaining notes drowned by the noise 
of the passing train. 

After passing Gatun, the railroad runs for miles along the shores of Gatun 
Lake and crosses arms of it on causeways. The flooding of this area of necessity 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 13 


killed a great number of forest trees, and their grey skeletons, crowded with 
parasitic plants, still mar a large part of its shore-line. But I note a marked 
decrease in their number since my last visit to this region, two years ago, and 
ere long they will doubtless all have fallen, when this body of water, with its 
164 square miles of surface, its richly forested shores, picturesque islands, and 
distant mountain views will become one of the beautiful lakes of the tropics. 
Let us hope that birds will discover its charms; that Herons will nest upon its 
islets and Ducks winter upon its waters. At present few birds are seen, either 
from a steamer in crossing it or from a train on its shores. Two or three Brown 
Pelicans, a few Cormorants, and a flock of about fifty Ducks (Tree Ducks) 
completes the list of those observed. 

Just before crossing the Chagres River one passes through some really fine 
tropical forest, with towering walls of rich and varied vegetation rising from 
quiet pools of water which mirror the countless leaf-forms above. Here I saw 
two Yellow-breasted Toucans, flapping and sailing their slow way, a pair of 
large Parrots, and two maroon-colored Tanagers—just a suggestion of the life 
which these forests doubtless contain. 

Although the journey from the Atlantic to the Pacific side of the Isthmus 
is only 50 miles, this narrow neck of land has continental attributes. It 
has its continental divide, which, in spite of its low altitude of some 300 feet, 
serves to create a marked difference in the climate of the northern and southern 
slopes of the Isthmus, giving to the former a much heavier rainfall, and, 
consequently, more luxuriant vegetation than is found on the southern slope. 
Before reaching the summit of the divide we had entered the clouds and a 
downpour of rain shut out the view, but as we went down the southern slopes 
we left the clouds and rain behind to find a clear evening in Panama. 

Red Cross duties, connected with the extremely active Canal Zone Chapter 
and with the Panama Red Cross, left no time for bird-study of even the most 
casual kind, and the only birds seen in and about Ancon and Balboa were those 
which could not well be avoided. The surroundings of the Tivoli Hotel at 
Ancon are not such as to attract many birds. Swifts (Chetura), Martins, 
Bain Swallows, Turkey Buzzards, and Black Vultures were familiar aérial 
forms. At sunrise each morning a Banded Ant-bird (Formicarius) sounded his 
rolling call a few times and was not heard for the rest of the day. A Wren 
(Troglodytes), resembling our House Wren more nearly in appearance than in 
song, was common, and a Summer Tanager, whose identity was revealed by 
its characteristic chicky-tucky-tucky, was seen day after day in a tree near my 
window. This tree also yielded a Woodpecker (Centurus) and a Yellow Warbler, 
which may or may not have been our Dendroica estiva. 

Blue Tanagers, a Robin-like Thrush, the Yellow-breasted Kingbird (Tyran- 
nus melancholicus), a number of graceful Fork-tailed Flycatchers, and the 
previously mentioned Paroquets were the birds which more than met me half- 
way about Ancon. 


«SUOIZBIDOSSe PaIpunYy vB pasnole (Dawu Ds9gDT) OOYIND v Jo oI}SIYM [NJUIMOW sy z,, 
(vamu vsad0l) OONDND NVOIMANV IVULNAOD V 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics — 15 


It must be remembered that the rainy season was just drawing to a close and 
that birds, as a whole, were not in song. In March or April many additional 
species would doubtless have announced their presence, while one who was 
looking for birds would unquestionably find the gardens and tree-lined drives 
of Ancon and Balboa Heights profitable hunting-grounds. 

The abundance of vegetation about the attractive homes of these towns eens 
many tropical birds their first opportunity to establish friendly associations 
with North American bird-lovers. 

The bird student in the Canal Zone, is not, however, restricted to those 
parts of the country which have come completely under the dominion of man. 
From my window in the Tivoli I looked out over the green savannas to the 
forested foot-hills, accessible and promising grounds, where one may study 
tropical bird-life under particularly favorable conditions. A visit to the ruin 
of old Panama, distant about 9 miles, possesses not alone abundant historic 
interest, but the vegetation which has sprung up in the fallen walls of this 
ancient city, and which surrounds its site, is filled with birds. I passed an hour 
there on the afternoon of November tro with Capt. O’Connell, a former Museum 
associate, and now in the coast artillery at Ft. Amador. It was an exquisitely 
beautiful evening, with a richly hued sunset, followed by that marvelous after- 
glow which so often marks the close of a tropical day. On the broad mud- 
flats exposed by the low tide there were numerous shore-birds; Laughing 
Gulls gleaned at the water’s edge, and over the Bay of Panama were long lines 
of Pelicans, evidently headed for their roosting-places. 

As the sun fell, the birds in the vegetation about us became more active, 
and, in spite of the season, the air for a short time was vocal with calls and 
songs. I recognized the voices of many old friends. There was the chatter 
of Flycatchers (Tyrannus melancholicus and Myiozetetes), the loud, ringing 
whistle of a large Wren (Thryothorus), breaking with startling suddenness from 
a nearby thicket, and stopping as suddenly; there was the mournful whistle of 
a Cuckoo (Tapera nevia) which aroused a hundred associations, the thin 
twitter of dozens of Blue Tanagers, and the shrill cries of many Paroquets 
exploring the ruins as though house-hunting. There were scores of Seed-eaters 
and small flocks of Ground Doves (Chaemepelia rufipennis) along the road- 
side; Hawks, Caracaras, Black Vultures, Swallows, and a single Collared 
Swift (Sireptoprocne) in the air; Hummers buzzed actively about us, every- 
where there was movement and a sense of teeming life. 

As we returned to Ancon in the short twilight, the sky was filled with an 
amazing number of Nighthawks; they were present by thousands, feeding at 
first high in the air and coming nearer the ground as the light failed. In strong 
contrast to their darting, erratic flight was the steady progress of a flock of 
some fifty large Parrots which passed overhead, bound for their home in the 
forest. 


An Evening with Birds in Florida 


By J. W. LIPPINCOTT, Bethayres, Pa. 


~ VEN in Florida, winter is the time of unsettled weather. In the northern 
k part it may be 80 degrees in the shade one day and 20 the next. Never- 
theless there are quantities of birds always at hand. At dawn the 
Mocker awakens the world by that harsh cry which every other Mockingbird 
in Florida seems to repeat until the woods resound. Instantly Jays are heard, 
Red-winged Blackbirds begin to fly, Flickers, Sapsuckers and other Woodpeckers 
commence to feed; the Robins, flying in flocks, seek the edges of lakes where 
gall- berries are ripening, and from all kinds of impossible places, like bramble 
thickets, palmetto beds, and swamp tussocks comes a host of other birds. All 
are busy until the sun is well up, then one after another vanishes—where one 
rarely knows—until, just before night, the rush for roosting-places comes. 

Evening in Florida after a pleasant, sunny day is intensely interesting. 
Let us say that one is moored in a boat in some grass- or lily-studded lake that 
has a live-oak hummock on one side and on the other, grassy flats, and then 
the pine-covered sand-hills. The sun is very low, and the reflections in the 
quiet water clear-cut and many-colored. 

Tree Swallows have just been dipping their bills for the last hasty drink, 
but now there is a hush—no bird is in sight. Then on the horizon appear several 
dots; they come nearer steadily, but are high. Eight Little Blue Herons, two 
in the whitish plumage of the young bird, pass westward. To the flats now 
drops a noisy band of Red-wings, and then silently a flock of Meadowlarks, 
the latter spreading among the grass instead of in the sedge clumps. Robins 
that have been feeding on sumac berries on a little island hurry away as if 
making room for a dozen Doves that noisily alight in a clump of live oaks. 
From the hummock comes the insistent rasp of Brown Thrashers which are 
worried by some gray squirrels overhead. Here, too, Quail are whistling—not 
the bob-white of summer, but a more plaintive rallying call. Two Red-tailed 
Hawks are already roosting in the moss-festooned live oaks, but they make no 
sound. 

A mass like a cloud appears over the trees, cah, cah-hah, cah-cah. It is the 
Crow army returning to the great roost on Sorghum Hill, near where the 
Turkey Buzzards congregate for the night, on dead trees over the river—446 
Florida Crows—the evening before it was 449—flapping along in a straggling 
column at least a mile long. They look at everything they pass, some sportively 
swoop at a Sparrow Hawk, others circle and drop low to see what is going on 
among the Meadowlarks. Curiosity impels others to follow, but they see the 
main column flying steadily on, and so quickly rejoin it. Now and then a Crow 
drops back to talk to one far behind—cah-cah, cah-hah. The column fades 
away toward the setting sun, and the even swish of nearly a thousand wings is 
no longer heard, 


(16) 


An Evening with Birds in Florida 17 


Doves in twos and threes, or singly, are now hurrying to the island. The 
early ones hunted roosting-places in the live oaks, but those that come now 
simply drop into the short grass or squat on the mud by the water, their wings 
whistling as they hover for an instant. Killdeer Plover suddenly cry out from 
the direction of the flats. One comes to the island and settles there with con- 
tented little noises; another, hunting him, circles with plaintive calls and then 
returns to the flats. 

In the water beside the boat appears a little Grebe. He is startled and 
dives, leaving scarcely a ripple. Other Grebes are diving among the sedges 
where the bass are chasing minnows and the frogs are croaking. Nearer to the 
boat are several hylas, piping away as they do farther north in April. As if in 
answer to their call, there comes a harsh cry, and over the water flops a Great 
Blue Heron, followed some distance behind by its mate. The Herons alight in 
the shallow water near the island, stand awhile stiffly erect, watching for 
enemies, and then lower their heads for the evening hunt. 

Now is the time for the Ducks to come to roost in the partly submerged 
sedge clumps. The sun has gone, and only the red glow remains. Against this 
there soon appear black specks high over the trees. They grow rapidly larger. 
There is a whistle of wings, a roar of water as they alight, and there, near the 
sedge clumps, are a dozen Black Ducks, quacking to each other in truly barn- 
yard fashion. Others swing in from the same direction, and all swim into the 
shadow of the water-weeds. 

Now and then a pair of Wood Ducks comes from the west. If the drake sees 
the boat, he gives a warning cry which other drakes already in the sedge clumps 
repeat and the Killdeer Plover echo. The sounds die down. Is the fun over? 
No! With swishing wings and startled quacks seven Mallards stop themselves 
in the act of alighting beside the boat. Probably they had been disturbed in 
some other roosting-place and had come too late to see clearly. Now they skim 
away to some other lake, leaving behind them a feather or two floating on the 
water. 

Surely now it is time to leave. A Barred Owl is hooting in the woods, Screech 
Owls and night-loving flying squirrels have spotted the boat from the edge of 
the hummock and are noisy in their disapproval; but something more is wing- 
ing its way over the water. In the almost vanished glow it dips and circles 
until almost overhead—a bat. 


The Great Horned Owl 


By F. N. WHITMAN, Chicago, III. 
With photographs by the Author 


FEW pieces of down and some feathers on the side of a hill first drew 

my attention, and when a short search presently revealed more feathers 

caught in the ragged edges of an old broken-off oak tree, my expecta- 
tions quickly mounted. I immediately aimed a few handy sticks at the tree- 
top and, at the second throw, with startling suddenness, the huge form and 
spreading wings of a Great Horned Owl emerged. Poising a moment threat- 
eningly, it then swerved up and away, disappearing in the woods. 

Thrilling at the discovery of the old Owl’s nest, I accomplished the 25- 
foot climb in feverish haste, a final swing landing me in a crotch, looking down 
into the hollow top of the tree. From the 20-inch cavity below, two young 
Owls, fluffy white balls about twelve days old, gazed back in startled amaze- 
ment. They had plainly been well fed, for in a circle around them were strewn 
the remains of five birds, a ground squirrel and a rabbit, the birds including, 
a Robin, two Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers, and two Flickers. Surely here was 
food sufficient at one time even for hungry young Owls. On my numerous 
visits to the nest during the three following weeks, there was always a surprise 
in the variety of new prey these ravenous birds had brought home. Song-birds, 
Rails, Herons, rodents, and the like, were found, usually with the heads eaten 
off, as the Owls seemed generally to start with the front end. One Long-eared 
Owl was also found, testimony of cannibalistic habits. 

Covered with white down, with head, beak, and talons much out of pro- 
portion to the body, and their eyes closed, newly hatched Owls are grotesque 
objects. They are fed at short intervals with small bits from the prey at hand, 
including feathers, entrails and all, and on this diet grow rapidly, attaining 
at the age of four weeks almost adult size, although not yet fully feathered. 
They are soon encouraged to help themselves from the food available, and 
their legs, at first very weak, in a short time gain strength enough to support 
~ them. 

While one of the parents is attending to household duties the other is forag- 
ing for more food. In the dead of night, noiselessly, like a ghost, it sweeps along 
through the trees. It may be mentioned, that, because of their very soft 
feathers, Owls make not a sound in flight, and so can approach their prey with- 
out causing alarm; and when the present pair of birds later ferociously attacked 
me, I had not the slightest warning until they struck me like a discharge 
from a catapult. With a wing-spread of between four and five feet, large and 
powerful, dauntless in courage, they prove dangerous antagonists for the 
intruder who meddles in their home affairs, as will presently be seen. 

During the time that I spent up in the tree photographing the young, the 
old birds hooted their chagrin and anger from nearby. Growing bolder, they 

(18) 


The Great Horned Owl 19 


presently flew into trees closer at hand, to observe what was going on at their 
nest, sometimes perching low down, sometimes in the very top of the neighbor- 
ing pines. Their long-drawn doleful hooting, interspersed with subdued cries 
or an occasional grunt, was accompanied by the ruffling of their feathers and 
the snapping of their beaks. Thus do they show their anger. When hooting 
they looked straight ahead, apparently lending their entire attention to the 
operation, and their white chin-patches seemed to expand, giving them a 
very peculiar appearance. 

I was placing my subjects for a last picture, when, suddenly prompted to 
look up, I beheld one of the old birds only a few yards off, sailing directly to- 


YOUNG HORNED OWLS A MONTH OLD 
Their horns are quite distinct. Within a week or ten days they will leave the nest 


ward me. But instead of attacking me, as it probably at first intended, it lit 
on a limb within a distance of 6 feet. There it perched, almost within arm’s 
reach, long ears erect, the powerful talons of its stout, feathered legs gripping 
and contracting with readiness for action, the large, relentless eyes fixing me 
with deadly intentness. Unfortunately, the camera was tied in place for 
photographing the nest, and as it was thus out of commission for the occasion, 
I had to sit astride a limb content to observe and wait. A hostile move toward 
the young would have invited vengeance, but, no further provocation being 
offered, the bird presently glided away. 

This close introduction apparently having lessened the awe in which it 


20 Bird - Lore 


had held its visitor, it now perched still nearer by, where it was joined by its 
mate, the two sitting statue-like, side by side, but a few yards distant. Having 
obtained satisfactory photographs, I was now ready to descend. I was about 
half-way down when something struck me a terrific blow just back of the right 
ear, nearly breaking my grip. It was a moment before I could realize what had 
hit me, so dazed was I by the force of the blow. Hardly had I recovered my 
hold when another similar blow caught me on the left cheek, leaving a deep 
gash beneath the eye, and when I finally reached ferra firma I was cut and 
bleeding. 

A visit to the nest the following day found the Owls on hand, anticipating 
trouble, and perceptibly more ready for an encounter after the previous day’s 
experience. On the other hand, I was also on the alert, prepared to protect 
myself in an emergency. Climbing the tree to and from the nest proved most 
hazardous, as the Owls seemed to realize fully my awkward position, and to 
take this act, therefore, as the signal for an attack. During my short observa- 
tion of the nest the birds hooted and snapped loudly, and as I started down one 
of them launched out for me. In a long swift swoop, on horizontal pinions, it 
came on down, the great yellow eyes holding me with a sinister, ominous 
intensity. The next instant, hugging close to the trunk, I swung up an arm, as 
if to strike, simultaneously ducking. Checked by this feint, the Owl passed, 
missing its aim by a few inches, and before its mate could follow up the oppor- 
tunity, I slipped to the ground. Quick action was demanded, for as one bird 
came from one direction, the other would follow up the attack closely from 
the opposite side. 

The blow, in every case aimed at the head, caused a curious numbing 
sensation; the bird seemed to strike in full collision, yet at the same time to pass. 
While the main force of the stroke apparently came from the beak, the claws 
left their deep unmistakable furrows. Indeed, it was necessary to keep a care- 
ful watch, when in the proximity of the nest, as the least lapse of vigilance was 
sure to result unpleasantly. The eyesight of Owls, contrary to popular opinion, 
is sufficiently keen, even in bright daylight, and the sagacity with which the 
birds would time their attacks merits admiration. 

One other incident of the day was of particular interest. One of the Owls 
was perched in the top of a pine watching me jealously as I handled the 
young. Suddenly a body shot downward out of the sky, swerving past the 
Owl’s head with such terrific velocity as to produce a sound like a small clap 
of thunder. It was an uneasy glance that the wise old bird cast upward, as 
it apprehended the swoop of the Cooper’s Hawk just in time to prevent 
being struck. The Hawk evidently had perceived the Owl’s unwonted pre- 
occupation, and had been tempted to startle it, the result probably being a 
more or less unusual occurrence in the life of these birds. 


Bird-Lore’s Advisory Council 


of the ornithologists forming Brrp-Lore’s ‘Advisory Council,’ 
which were first published in Brrp-LoreE for February, 1900. 

To those of our readers who are not familiar with the objects of the Council, 
we may state that it was formed for the purpose of placing students in direct 
communication with an authority on the bird-life of the region in which they 
live, to whom they might appeal for information and advice in the many diffi- 
culties which beset the isolated worker. 

The success of the plan during the eighteen years that it has been in opera- 
tion fully equals our expectations. From both students and members of 
the Council we have had very gratifying assurances of the happy results 
attending our efforts to bring the specialist in touch with those who appreciate 
the opportunity to avail themselves of his wider experience. 

It is requested that all letters of inquiry to members of the Council be 
accompanied by a stamped and addressed envelope for use in replying. 


\ N 7 ITH some slight alterations, we reprint below the names and addresses 


NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL 


UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES 


ALAsKA.—Dr. C. Hart Merriam, 1919 16th St., N. W.., baton ox Dee: 
Arizona.—Harriet I. Thornber, Tucson, Ariz. 

CALIFORNIA.—Joseph Grinnell, University of California, Berkeley. Calif. 
CALIFORNIA.— Walter K. aber: Palo Alto, Calif. 

CoLorapo.—Dr. W. H. Beswtald, 1159 Rose St., Denver, Colo. 

ConneEcticutT.—J. H. Sage, Portland, Conn. 

DELAWARE.—S. N. Rhoads, Haddonfield, N. J. 

District oF CoLumBia.—Dr. C. W. Richmond, U. S. Nat’l. Mus., Washington, D. C. 
FLoripA.—Frank M. Chapman, Am. Mus. Nat. History, New York City. 
FLoripaA, Western.—R. W. Williams, Jr., Tallahassee, Fla. 

GrEorGIA.—Dr. Eugene Murphy, Augusta, Ga. 

ILit1no1s, Northern.—B. T. Gault, Glenellyn, Ill. 

ILirnois, Southern.—Robert Ridgway, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 
InDIANA.—A. W. Butler, State House, Indianapolis, Ind. 

Iowa.—C. R. Keyes, Mt. Vernon, Iowa. 

KaAnsAs.—University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. 

Kentucky.—A. C. Webb, Nashville, Tenn. 

Louis1ana.—Prof. George E. Beyer, Tulane University, New Orleans, La. 
Marine.—A. H. Norton, Society of Natural History, Portland, Maine. 
MASSACHUSETTS.— William Brewster, Cambridge, Mass. 

Micuican.—Prof. W. B. Barrows, Agricultural College, Mich. 

Minnesota.—Dr. T. S. Roberts, Millard Hall, University of Minn., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Missourr.—O. Widmann, 5105 Morgan St., St. Louis, Mo. 

Montana.—Prof. J. M. Elrod, University of Montana, Missoula, Mont. 
NEBRASKA.—Dr. R. H. Walcott, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. 
Nevapa.—Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C. 
New HaAmpsuHire.—Dr. G. M. Allen, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Boston. 


(ar) 


22 Bird - Lore 


New Jersey, Northern.—Frank M. Chapman, Am. Mus. Nat. History, New York City. 
New Jersey, Southern.—Witmer Stone, Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 
New Mexico.—Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C. 
New York, Eastern.—Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. 

New York, Western.—E. H. Eaton, Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y. 

Nortu Daxota.—Prof. O. G. Libby, University, N. D. 

Nortu CaArorina.—Prof. T. G. Pearson, 1974 Broadway, New York City. 
Out1o.—Prof. Lynds Jones, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio. 

OxLaHoMA.—Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C. 
OrEGON.—W. L. Finley, Milwaukee, Ore. 

PENNSYLVANIA, Eastern.—Witmer Stone, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PENNSYLVANIA, Western.—W. E. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
RuopE Istanp.—H. S. Hathaway, Box 1466, Providence, R. I. 

SoutH CAro.tina.—Dr. P. M. Rea, Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C. 
TENNESSEE.—Albert F. Ganier, Nashville, Tenn. 

Texas.—H. P. Attwater, Houston, Texas. 

Uran.—Prof. Marcus E. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah. 

Vermont.—Prof. G. H. Perkins, Burlington, Vt. 

VirciniA.—Dr. W. C. Rives, 1723 I Street, Washington, D. C. 
WASHINGTON.—Samuel F. Rathburn, Seattle, Wash. 

West VirRGINIA.—Dr. W. C. Rives, 1723 I Street, Washington, D. C. 
Wisconsin.—H. L. Ward, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. 


CANADA 


ALBERTA.—G, F. Dippie, Calgary, Alta. 
BritisH CoLtuMBIA.—Francis Kermode, Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C. 
MANITOBA.—Ernest Thompson Seton, Greenwich, Conn. 
Nova Scoria.—Harry Piers, Provincial Museum, Halifax, N. S. 
Onrario, Eastern—James H. Fleming, 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Ont. 
Onrario, Western.—W. E. Saunders, London, Ont. 

MEXICO 


E. W. Nelson, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C. 


WEST INDIES 
C. B. Cory, Field Museum, Chicago, II. 


GREAT BRITAIN 
Clinton G. Abbott, Rhinebeck, New York. 


The Migration of North American Birds 


SECOND SERIES 


VIII. RAVENS 
Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey 


AMERICAN RAVEN 


Some form of the common American Raven occupies nearly all of North 
America and Mexico. Asa species it is chiefly resident, though during autumn 
and winter it wanders about more or less, especially in the United States; 
yet it does not pass much to the south of its breeding range, and its movements 
are not sufficient to constitute a regular migration. From the extreme northern 
section of its range it withdraws in part during the coldest weather, yet even 
as far north as Banks Land, Canada, it sometimes remains all through the 
long Arctic winter night. It is apparently local while nesting, and there are 
large areas within the limits of its breeding range where it scarcely ever appears 
at this season; in fact, it is rare at any time throughout the eastern half of 
the United States. The following four subspecies of the Raven are now known 
from North America. To correlate these with the A. O. U. Check-List, com- 
bine the first two for the American Raven, and the last two for the Northern 
Raven. 

The American Raven (Corvus corax sinuatus) inhabits middle western 
North America and breeds north to southwestern Mackenzie; west to British 
Columbia, northeastern Washington, western Wyoming, southwestern New 
Mexico, southwestern Arizona, and Tepic, Mex.; south to northern Honduras; 
and east to Vera Cruz in Mexico, central Texas, eastern Kansas, and central 
northern North Dakota. 

At Forestburg, S. D., three years’ observation gives an average autumn 
arrival of September 26, with September 12, 1904, as the earliest date; and 
at the same place the latest spring record is April 23, 1904. At Aweme, Mani- 
toba, three years give an average fall arrival of October 17, with an earliest 
date of October 10, 1898. At Margaret, Manitoba, three years’ observation 
gives September 28 as the average autumn appearance, with September 14, 
1909, as the earliest date. At the same locality the latest spring record was 
March 21, 1912. 

The Clarion Island Raven (Corvus corax clarionensis) breeds in the 
southwestern United States, north to central northern Oregon; west to western 
California and western Lower California; south to the Revillagigedo Islands, 
Mexico; east to southeastern Arizona, central Idaho, and northeastern Nevada. 

The Northern Raven (Corvus corax principalis) breeds in northern 
North America, north to northern Greenland, Banks Land, and the northern 
coast of Alaska; west to the western coast of Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, 


(23) 


24 Bird - Lore 


and British Columbia; south to western Washington, northern Mackenzie, 
and northern Quebec; and east to Greenland. 

The Southeastern Raven (Corvus corax europhilus) breeds in the eastern 
United States and southeastern Canada; north to southern Labrador and 
central Ontario; west to Minnesota and Arkansas; south to Tennessee, north 
central Alabama, and northwestern South Carolina; and east to western 
North Carolina, New Jersey, Maine, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. 

It was noted at Clinton, Ark., on April 9, 1889; in Fulton County, Ky., 
October 3, 1887; Mendosia, Ill., October 23, 1892; Trout Lake, Mich.,November 
12, 1896; Grand Rapids, Mich., April 8, 1890; Unity, Wis., October 30, 1914, 
and Oberlin, Ohio, November 21 and 25, 1896. At Wauseon, Ohio, seven years’ 
record gives an average autumn arrival of November 1, with an earliest date 
of October 10, 1890, and an average of departure in the spring of March 21, 
with a latest record of April 11, 1891. 


WHITE-NECKED RAVEN 


The White-necked Raven (Corvus cryptoleucus) is even more sedentary 
than the American Raven. Its breeding range lies in the southwestern United 
States and Mexico, and extends north to southwestern Nebraska, central 
northern Colorado, and northwestern New Mexico; west to central Colorado, 
western New Mexico, southeastern Arizona, and Chihuahua; south to Michoa- 
can, Mex., and Guanajuato, Mex.; and east to Tamaulipas, central Texas, and 
western Kansas. It is apparently extinct in Kansas and Nebraska. All Cali- 
fornia and Wyoming records are now regarded as erroneous or very doubtful, 
and these states are, therefore, omitted from its range. 


Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds 
FIFTY-SECOND PAPER 


By FRANK M. CHAPMAN 


(See Frontispiece) 


American Raven (Corvus corax sinuatus, Fig. 2). The males, females, 
and young of the North American Ravens are essentially alike in color. When 
it leaves the nest, the young bird has the body plumage of a duller black than 
the adult, that of the underparts especially being dull and brownish. This body 
plumage changes at the post-juvenal molt, and birds in their first winter are 
indistinguishable from the adults. The juvenal American Raven has a slight 
greenish gloss on the throat and upper breast, the remainder of the underparts 
being dull, lusterless brownish black instead of glossy, slightly greenish black; 
the feathers of the chin are pointed and hair-like, as in the adult, but the lower 
throat lacks the characteristic elongated, narrow, glossy purple-black feathers. 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 


and middle Atlantic States is forty-six by Orient, Long Island; in 
the south, fifty-five by Fort Pierce, Fla.; in the Mississippi Valley, 
forty-four by St. Louis; and in the west, sixty-one by San Francisco, California 
(Santa Barbara, 110, too late for insertion, and Los Angeles not heard from). 

The present fall and early winter have been exceptionally mild and open. 
This condition is reflected in the various species which the Census reports in 
the east have caught north of their ordinary winter range. The Osprey, 
for instance, is recorded from Sandy Hook, and Morristown, N. J.; the Red- 
winged Blackbird from Connecticut, near the 43d parallel of latitude in 
New York, and a flock of twenty-two at Englewood, northern New Jersey; 
Pine Warbler from New Jersey; Maryland Yellow-throat on Long Island; 
Cape May Warbler in western New York; and Redstart in Pennsylvania! 

Of erratic northern wanderers, the Pine Grosbeak shows the most definite 
‘flight.’ In New England it occurs on the five Maine and New Hampshire 
reports (average twenty individuals), and is mentioned by four of the nineteen 
from Massachusetts and Connecticut (average five). It is also mentioned in 
Rhode Island. 4 

Several eastern observers have found the Hairy Woodpecker more numerous 
or more generally distributed than usual this season—let us see if the Census 
contributes anything on this point. In the 1917 Census it occurred in thirty- 
two per cent of the New England reports (average 1.9 individuals), and in 
forty per cent of those from New York to Pennsylvania (average 1.4); in 1918 
it is mentioned by sixty-three per cent of the New England reports (average 2.1) 
and by forty-five per cent of the latter (average 2.2). 

Lack of space has made it necessary to ‘cut down’ the printed Census wher- 
ever possible, and to omit certain reports for no other reason than that others 
from the same vicinity were more complete. We wish especially to thank those 
whose reports have not been published, for what they have contributed to 
the competition, and to wish them better luck next time. 

Quebec, P. Q. (Bergerville, Ste. Foye, Bridge, Sillery, Wolfe’s Cove).—Dec. 22; 
9 A.M. to 1 P.M. and 2 P.M. to 4 P.M. Cloudy; 1 ft. of snow; wind east, very light; temp. 
37° at start, 39° at return; light rain in afternoon. Blue Jay, 1; Pine Grosbeak, 10; 
Redpoll, 50; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 12; Acadian Chickadee, 3. Total, 
6 species, 77 individuals—Harrison F. Lewis. 

Arnprior, Ont.—Dec. 25; 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. Overcast all day, with light snow morning 
and evening; 6-in. snow; wind northeast to north, light; temp. min. 20°, max. 25°. 
Fifteen miles on foot. Observers separate. Ruffed Grouse, 1; Large Hawk or Eagle 
(unidentified), 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Arctic Three-toed 
Woodpecker, 1; Evening Grosbeak, 52; Pine Grosbeak, 9; Pine Siskin, heard; Snow 
Bunting, heard; Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Black-capped Chick- 
adee, 74. Total, 12 species, 154+ individuals. Seen recently: Dec. 15, American Golden- 
eye Duck, 4; Northern Shrike, 2; Dec. 22, Blue Jay, 3. 


(25) 


, | \HE highest number of species recorded in this census in the northern 


26 Bird - Lore 


The Pine Siskins mentioned above were heard while the observer was in a grove of 
evergreens and it was impossible to see the birds. The Snow Buntings were heard call- 
ing above the town all last night. A blinding snowstorm was raging at the time, and 
what induced the birds to fly at night is not easily conjectured. A similar occurrence 
with this species was observed on the night of Nov. 28. We have never heard of Snow 
Buntings flying at night before. 

Red-breasted Nuthatches are entirely absent here this winter, but Arctic Three-toed 
Woodpeckers have been unusually common. Between Oct. 25 and Nov. 24, many 
Hudsonian Chickadees passed here—CHARLES MACNAMARA and Licuort GORMLEY. 

London, Ont., and vicinity—Dec. 21; 2.30 to 5.30 P.M., temp. 54° at start, 48° at 
finish (weather exceptionally mild). Wind light southeast; light rain falling most of the 
time. Combined list of three parties working separately. 

Herring Gull, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 7; 
Blue Jay, 3; American Crow,’30; American Crossbill, 5 (flock flying overhead, identi- 
fication not positive); Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 3; Junco, 20; Song Sparrow, 1; 
Cardinal, 1; Northern Shrike, 1 (third year in succession that a Shrike has been found 
in the same spot on our census trip); Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 10; 
Black-capped Chickadee, 39; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2 (scarce this year); Robin, 
1. Total, 18 species, 134 individuals. 

The following have also been reported from this district this winter: Redpoll (flock 
of 5), Pine Grosbeak (flock of 8), Evening Grosbeak (flock of 6; also a few odd ones at 
other times), Snowy Owl, Bronzed Grackle (pair). No ducks this winter, weather too 
mild and too much open water. We also understand that in Toronto a number of Hawk 
Owls and Barred Owls have been brought in to the taxidermists—C. G. Watson, 
J. R. McLeop, E. Datry, Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Mippieton. (Mcllwraith Ornitho- 
logical Club.) 

Bucksport, Maine.—Dec. 27; 8 A.M. to 1 P.M. Clear; 4 in. of snow; wind northeast, 
very light; temp. 18° at start, 22° at return. Seven miles on foot. Herring Gull, 1 
Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Northern Downy Woodpecker, 1; Pine Grosbeak, 14; White- 
breasted Nuthatch, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 8; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3; Canada 
Ruffed Grouse is a resident, but was not seen on this trip. Total, 7 species, 31 individuals. 
—GEORGE L. BLODGET. 

Lewiston, Maine.—Dec. 20; 10 A.M. to 1.30 P.M. Clear; 1 in. of snow; wind south- 
west, very light; temp. 28° to 36°. American Crow, 2; Pine Grosbeak, 34; Evening 
Grosbeak, 1; Redpoll, 20; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 1. Total, 6 species, 
59 iadiciduide. —C. D. Farrar and L. E. FARRAR. 

Plaistow, N. H.—Dec. 27; all day. Fair, partly cloudy; wind northwest, light; temp. 
28°; trace of snow on ground. Ruffed Grouse, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 2; 
Raticen Crow, 3; Pine Grosbeak, 8; Tree Snareoa 6; Brown Creeper, 1; Black- 
capped Chickadee, 50. Total, 8 species, 73 individuals. Goldfinches (100) and Red- 
polls (50) were seen the previous day by Wm. A. Denker.—KrBLE PEeRINE, HASKELL 
B. Curry and Wm. A. DENKER. 

Wilton, N. H.—Dec. 25; 8.30 to 11.30, A.M.; 2.30 to 4 P.M. Cloudy; no snow; no 
wind, temp. 40° to 50°. Ruffed Grouse, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; 
Blue Jay, 3; Starling, 7; Pine Grosbeak, 39; Junco, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1 
Black-capped Chickadee, 6. Total, 9 species, 61 individuals. Three weeks ago I saw 3 
Evening Grosbeaks and a Shrike.—GrorGE G. BLANCHARD. 

Nashua, N. H. (into Merrimack and back).—Dec. 28; 8.15 A.M. to 3.45 P.M. Clear 
at start, becoming cloudy, with the sun shining through intermittently; “in. powdery 
snow; wind northwest, light; temp. 25° at start, 28° at return. Ten miles on foot. 
Herring Gull, 1; American Merganser, 24; Ruffed Grouse, 1; Blue Jay, 3; American 
Crow, 2; Starling, 116; Evening Grosbeak, 3; Pine Grosbeak, 4; Goldfinch, 2; Tree Spar- 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 27 


row, 2; Slate-colored Junco, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 21. Total, 12 species, 181 indi- 
viduals—MANLEY B. TOWNSEND. 

Bennington, Vt.—Dec. 27; 10.30 A.M. to noon. (Two-mile auto drive into mountains 
and a walk of % mile at end of drive and auto back.) Clear with low-lying clouds at 
horizon; ground bare in lowlands, “in. snow in mountains; no wind; temp. 30°; 
observers together. Hairy Woodpecker, 1; American Crow, 2; Blue Jay, 6; Starling, 3; 
Snow Bunting, 14; Northern Shrike, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; 
Chickadee, 5. Total, 9 species, 35 individuals—Dr. and Mrs. Lucretius H. Ross. 

Devereux to Marblehead Neck, Mass. (and return).—Dec. 26; 12 to 4 p.m. Light 
snowstorm; wind west, light; ground bare; temp. 34°. Holbcell’s Grebe, 1; Horned Grebe, 
9; Black-backed Gull, 5; Herring Gull, 50; Double-crested Cormorant, 4; American 
Merganser, 10; Red-breasted Merganser, 15; American Golden-eye, 12; Old-squaw, 23; 
Ruffed Grouse, 1; Ring-necked Pheasant, 1; American Crow, 7; Song Sparrow, 1; 
Chickadee, 2. Total, 14 species, 141 individuals—Atice O. Jump and Lipran E. 
BRIDGE. : 

Wyoming through Middlesex Fells to West Medford, Mass.—Dec. 22; 8 a.m. to 
1 P.M. Cloudy; ground bare; wind, snow light; temp. 34°. Herring Gulls, 75; Black 
Duck, 250; Ring-necked Pheasant, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 1; 
Blue Jay, 10; American Crow, 21; Starling, 30; Goldfinch, 7; Pine Siskin, 15; Song 
Sparrow, 1; Northern Shrike, 1 (with Junco in claws); White-bellied Nuthatch, 1; 
Black-capped Chickadee, 27. Total, 14 species, 443 individuals—EpmunNpD and LipIANn 
E. BRIDGE. 

Middlesex Fells, and Pine Banks, Malden, Mass.—Dec. 27; 9.10 A.M. to 12.45 P.M. 
Fair to cloudy; ground covered by flurry of snow; wind west, light; temp. 21° at start, 
27° at return. Movements made by automobile to cover the Fells. Observers together. 
Herring Gull, 2; Merganser, 15 (3 females); Black Duck, 75 (Red-legged); Hairy Wood- 
pecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 5; American Crow, 2; Pine Grosbeak, 17; 
Goldfinch, 20; Pine Siskin, 10; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Black- 
capped Chickadee, 20. Total, 13 species, 175 individuals—HrELEN H. WELLMAN and 
Gorpon Borr WELLMAN. 

Weston, Mass.—Dec. 22; 7.35 to 10.15 A.M; 1.45 to 3.45 P.M. Cloudy, followed by 
light rain; wind light, south and southwest. Ground bare; temp. 38° to 50°. Ruffed 
Grouse, 1; Ring-necked Pheasant, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 2; 
Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 2; American Crow, 17; Pine Grosbeak, 5 (have seen these several 
times); Goldfinch, 15; Pine Siskin, 4 (first seen Dec. 13); Tree Sparrow, 12; Junco, 25; 
Brown Creeper, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1 (positive identification); Black-capped 
Chickadee, 12. Total, 15 species, ror individuals—WARREN F. EATON. 

Leominster, Mass. (Leominster and vicinity).—Dec. 25; 8 A.M. to 4.45 p.m. Cloudy; 
no snow, no wind; temp. 35°; warm; ponds open. Herring Gull, 25; Sheldrake, 1; 
Pheasant, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 2; American Crow, 
5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 3;. Total, 9 species, 43 individuals. (Six 
Evening Grosbeaks (males) arrived here Dec. 10, and have been seen nearly every day 
since, but I was unable to locate them Dec. 25.)—Epwin RussELt Davis. 

Holyoke, Mass. (vicinity of Mt. Tom Range).—Dec. 25; 9 A.M. to 2 P.M. Sky 
overcast; intermittent mist and rain; ground bare of snow; little or no wind from the 
northwest; temp. 35° at start, 42° at return. Seven to eight miles on foot, observers 
together. Ring-necked Pheasant, 1; Ruffed Grouse, 4 (one flock); American Goshawk, 1; 
Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 4; American Crow, 15; Starl- 
ing, 85 (one flock); Pine Grosbeak, 5 (one flock); Goldfinch, 25 (one flock); Tree Sparrow, 
12 (one flock); Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 14; Robin, 1. 
Total, 15 species, 171 individuals. Observed recently a Herring Gull and Northern 
Shrike. The Pine Grosbeaks have been observed this fall half a dozen times in this 


28 Bird - Lore 


vicinity; they are apparently wintering here. Evening Grosbeaks were reported in 
November from Portland, Conn., and Greenfield, Mass.—ALDEN HEALEY, JOHN L. 
Bacoc, and AARon C. Bacce. 

Southampton, Mass.—Dec. 24; Four hours. Cloudy; ground bare; no wind; temp. 
48°. Ruffed Grouse, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, 1; 
Flicker, 1 heard; Blue Jay, 7; American Crow, 3; Pine Grosbeak, 12; Tree Sparrow, 9; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 9. Total, 10 species, 47 indi- 
viduals. Hairy Woodpeckers have been seen within a month. The Hairy and Arctic 
Three-toed Woodpeckers were both found in a strip of young pine killed by forest fire 
last spring. No possible doubt of Three-toed, as it has been seen several times and 
the glossy black back, with yellow spot on head, with white line, were seen each time 
with the naked eye—Mavupe A. and Bressir M. Graves. 

Dighton, Mass.— Dec. 25; 7.30 to 11.30 A.M. Cloudy; ground bare, wind northwest, 
very light; temp. 34°. Herring Gull, 30; Black Duck, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 
2; Blue Jay, 5; American Crow, 35; Starling, 13; Meadowlark, 4; Goldfinch, 350 (very 
musical; feeding in a weedy field); Tree Sparrow, 30; Song Sparrow, 6; Myrtle Warbler, 
15; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 8. Total, 15 species, 
502 individuals. —CHABERS L. PHILLIPS. 

New Bedford, Mass.—Dec. 28; 10.30 A.M. to 4 P.M. Clear during forenoon; cloudy 
with occasional clearing during afternoon; ground bare; wind northeast, light; temp. 32° 
to 40°. About six miles on foot. Hawk, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 8; Flicker, 8; Horned 
Lark, 53; Crow, 23; Blue Jay, 4; Starling, 6; Meadowlark, 11; Goldfinch, 22; Tree 
Sparrow, 50; Song Sparrow, 21; Brown Creeper, 7; Chickadee, 19; Robin, 8. Total, 
14 species, 232 individuals—EpirH F. WALKER. 

Mattapoisett, Mass.—Dec. 25; 8 A.M. to 12 M. Mist and fog; ground bare; temp. 42° 
to 44°; calm to light west wind. Four miles on foot. Holbeell’s Grebe, 1; Loon, 4; 
Black-backed Gull, 2; Herring Gull, 3; Merganser, 11; Wood Duck, 1; Golden-eye 
Duck, 10; Old-squaw, 17; Scoter, 2; White-winged Scoter, 8; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 5; 
American Crow, 3; Starling, 16; Meadowlark, 1; Goldfinch, 39; Tree Sparrow, 16; 
Junco, 19; Song Sparrow, 6; Myrtle Warbler, 55; Brown Creeper, 2; Chickadee. 36; 
Robin, 6. Total, 23 species, 265 individuals—J. E. Norton SHAw. 

Edgartown, Martha’s Vineyard, Mass.—Dec. 26; 8.30 to 11.30 a.M. A few birds seen 
in the afternoon. Cloudy; ground bare; no frost in ground; wind west, light; temp. 37°, 
falling a few degrees; about 11 A.M. it began to hail, turning to rain and later to 
snow. Three miles on foot. Loon, 1; Herring Gull, 7; Golden-eye Duck, 9; Kingfisher, 
1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 2; Horned Larks, 45; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 14; Gold- 
finch, 21; Tree Sparrow, 9; Junco, 9; Song Sparrow, 5; Myrtle Warbler, 11; Pine 
Warbler, 3; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 7. Total, 17 species, about 150 
individuals.. Three large flocks of Geese, were reported to me as flying over in the 
early morning and about 100 Mergansers in a pond. The Kingfisher was by a pond 
and flew off, sounding his rattle. There is a Mockingbird wintering here, apparently 
the same one that was here the last two years. Dec. 20, I saw a flock of 21 Snow 
Buntings—Mona WorDEN. 

Warwick, R. I.—Dec. 25; 9.30 A.M. to 2.30 P.M. Cloudy; ground bare; wind light, 
southwest; temp. 40° at start, 45° at return. Eight miles on foot. Herring Gull, 58; 
Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Flicker, 8; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 7; Crow, 13; 
Starling, 600; Meadowlark, 10; Goldfinch, 51; Tree Sparrow, 14; Junco, 46; Song Sparrow 
8 (one singing); White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 28; Robin, 11. Total, 1 
species, 857 individuals—Harry S. HATHAWAY. 

Kingston and coast from Narragansett Pier to Point Judith, R. I—Dec. 24; 7 A.M. 
to 4.30 P.M. Overcast in forenoon, rain in afternoon; ground bare; wind east, strong; 
temp. 36° at start, 47° at return. Holbeell’s Grebe, 1; Loon, 1; Herring Gull, 11; Ameri- 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 20 


can Merganser, 3; Red-breasted Merganser, 15; Black Duck, 200; Great Blue Heron, 
1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Northern Flicker, 4; Horned Lark, 60; Blue Jay, 12; Ameri- 
can Crow, 17; Starling, 3; Goldfinch, 42; White-throated Sparrow, 3; Tree Sparrow, 
32; Slate-colored Junco, 57; Song Sparrow, 6; Cedar Waxwing, 1; Myrtle Warbler, 52; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 28; Robin, 2. Total, 23 species, 544 individuals. 
The following additional species have been found during the last few days: Bob-white, 
Ruffed Grouse, Barred Owl, Screech Owl, Meadowlark, Purple Grackle, Pine Gros- 
beak, and Redpoll.—Epwarp H. PERKINS. 

South Windsor, Conn.—Dec. 27; 8 a.m. to 3 P.M. Partly cloudy; with occasional 
flurries of snow; wind west, light; temp. 30°. ro miles. Herring Gull, 4; Black Duck, 5; 
Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Ruffed Grouse, 1; Screech Owl, 1; Hairy 
Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Horned Lark, 45; Blue Jay, 8; Crow, 300; 
Starling, 25; Red-wing Blackbird, 1; Purple Finch, 15; Goldfinch, 20; White-throated 
Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 250; Junco, 15; Swamp Sparrow, 1; Song Sparrow, 12; 
Brown Creeper, 7; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 15. Total, 23 species, 
about 772 individuals ——C. W. VIBERT. 

Hartford, Conn.—Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 2 P.M. Cloudy; light mist; no wind; ground bare; 
temp. 45°. Sparrow Hawk, 8; Barred Owl, 1; Screech Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 7; 
Downy Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 26; American Crow, 40; Starling, 255; Goldfinch, 49; 
Tree Sparrow, 65; Slate-colored Junco, 103; Song Sparrow, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 
11; Chickadee, 42. Total, 14 species, 616 individuals——Ciirrorp M. Case. 

Hartford, Conn. (North from this city beside the Connecticut River several miles, 
and in the meadows and woodland adjacent to said river).—Dec. 25; 9 A.M. to 4 P.M. 
Cloudy all forenoon, to clear in afternoon; temp. 38° to 49°; wind light, and changeable 
throughout the day; ground bare and muddy. following a very heavy rain all night 
previous. About to miles. Herring Gull, 6; Black Duck, 6; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; 
Sparrow Hawk, 2; Screech Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 5; 
Horned Lark, (one flock) 50+; Blue Jay, 6; American Crow, 1000+; Starling, 200+; 
Purple Finch, 10; Goldfinch, 75+; White-throated Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 300+; 
Slate-colored Junco, (one flock) 50+; Song Sparrow, (unusually plentiful) 20+; 
Swamp Sparrow, 1; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Chickadee, 15+. 
Total, 21 species, 1760+ individuals. Redpolls,, Pine Grosbeak and Pileated Wood- 
peckers reported here recently, but not seen today.—Gero. T. GRISWOLD. 

West Hartford, Conn.—Dec. 22; 7 to 12 A.M. and 3 to 4.30 P.M. Cloudy forenoon, rain 
afternoon. Light wind; ground bare, temp. up to 55°. Nine mile tramp. Ruffed Grouse, 
2; Hairy Woodpecker, 1: Northern Pileated Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 3; American 
Crow, 300; Starling, 150; Goldfinch, 130; Tree Sparrow, 21; Junco, 25; Song Sparrow, 1; 
Chickadee, 6. Total, 11 species, 641 individuals.—Epwin H. MUNGER. 

Bristol, Conn. (Edgewood District and northwest quadrant of city).—Dec. 25; 
7.20 A.M. to 4.50 P.M. Cloudy with mist and fog on elevated territory; ground bare; 
trees and bushes dripping; a faint breath of air east; temp. 40° at start, 44° at return. 
Began to clear at noon; southwest breeze changing to brisk from northwest. and slightly 
cloudy at return. Hairy Woodpecker 2; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 19; Crow, 10; 
Starling, 45; Goldfinch. 182+; White-throated Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 2; Song 
Sparrow, 2; Winter Wren, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Chickadee 25. Total, 12 
species, 296 ind‘viduals ELBERT. E. Smita and FRANK BRUEN. 

New London, Conn.—Dec. 26; 9.20 A.M. to 4 P.M. Snowing, very little wind; temp. 
38° at start. Seven miles on foot. Holbcell’s Grebe, 1; Horned Grebe, 9; Herring Gull, 
182; Ring-billed Gull, 2; Scaup Duck, 10; Kingfisher, 1; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 23; 
Song Sparrow, 6; Chickadee, 11. Total, 10 species, 246 individuals——FRaNncEes M. 
GRAVES. 

Birdcraft Sanctuary to Fairfield Beach, Conn.—Dec. 25; sunrise to sunset. Fair, 


30 Bird - Lore 


temp. 42°, ground bare. Herring Gull, 300; Red-breasted Merganser, 1; Lesser Scaup, 
1; Old-squaw, 70; Surf Scoter, 5; White-winged Scoter, 200; English Pheasant, 2; Sharp- 
shinned Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Barred Owl, 2; Kingfisher, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 
3; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 7; Crow, 9; Starling, 250; Meadowlark, 2; Goldfinch, 
14; White-throated Sparrow. 11; Junco, 15; Song Sparrow. 7; Fox Sparrow, 3; Winter 
Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee 6; Golden-crowned 
Kinglet, 2; Robin, 3. Total, 28 species, 928 individuals—FRANK Norak, Warden. 

Norwalk, Conn.—Dec. 24; 7 to 11 A.M. Cloudy; ground bare; wind northeast, very 
light; temp. 38° to 44°. Horned Grebe, 4; Great Black-backed Gull, 2; Herring Gull, 47; 
Red-breasted Merganser, 2; Black Duck, 2; Scaup Duck, 34: Golden-eye Duck, 42; 
Bufflehead Duck, 5; Old-squaw, 36; Great Blue Heron, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2: 
Horned Lark, 9; Blue Jay, 4; Crow, 39; Starling, 13; Meadowlark, 4; Snow Bunting, 56; 
Tree Sparrow, 8; Field Sparrow, 2; Junco, 6; Song Sparrow, 3; Pipit, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 8. Total, 25 species, 329 individuals. The 
Pipit was in company with the Horned Larks. Its presence was first detected by its call- 
note. Later it was observed from about 100 feet.—ARETAS A. SAUNDERS. 

Albany, N. Y. (west side of city).—Dec. 25; 9.30 A.M. to 1.30 P.M., drizzling rain; 
wind west; temp. 36° at start, 38° at return; ground bare. Six miles on foot. Sparrow 
Hawk, 2; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 75; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 85; Northern Shrike, 1; 
Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 12. Total, 9 species, 184 
individuals.—Jos. S. LAWRENCE. 

Albany, N. Y. (north of city, near Hudson River).—Dec. 22; 10 A.M. to 2 P.M. Light 
rain; muddy; wind south; temp. 48° at start, 46° at return. About 6 miles on foot. 
Herring Gull, 8; Downy Woodpecker, 2; American Crow, 175; Tree Sparrow, 35; Song 
Sparrow, 15; Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Black-capped Chickadee, 
18. Total, 8 species, 263 individuals ——CLARENCE HoUuGHTON. 

Fort Plain, N. Y.— Dec. 28; 10 A.M. to 4.30 P.M. Clear, with frequent flurries of snow; 
ground almost bare; wind northwest, strong; temp. 26° at start, 18° at return. Route, 
Oak Creek valley, through woods, thence across open fields to Erie canal and Mohawk 
river, following Erie canal towpath home. About 1o miles on foot. Ruffed Grouse, 1; 
Downy Woodpecker, 2; American Crow, 1; Red-winged Blackbird, 2; Rusty Blackbird, 
1; Tree Sparrow, 20; Song Sparrow,.1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped 
Chickadee, 18; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, ro species, 50 individuals. The 
Red-winged Blackbirds are wintering in a nearby swamp. Crows for some reason are 
scarce. Pheasants are quite numerous, but keep well concealed ——Douc Las Ayres, JR. 

Syracuse, N. Y.—Dec. 26; 9.30 A.M. to 3.30 P.M. Cloudy, with light snow flurries; 
temp. 28°; light northwest wind; ground bare, slightly frozen. Route from Liverpool 
to Long Branch, returning to Liverpool by different route. Herring Gull, 22; Black 
Duck, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 3; American Crow, 4; Tree Sparrow, 29; Junco, 1; Song 
Sparrow, 9; Brown Creeper, 3, White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 25. Total, 
10 species, 100 individuals—NeETTIE M. SADLER and BLANCHE HAmMSON. 

Geneva, N. Y.(City, Lake Shore, Pine Plain, Pre-emption Road Swamp).—Dec. 28; 
8 A.M. to 5 P.M. Partly cloudy; trace of snow on ground; light northwest wind; temp. 
about 30°. Observers mostly working apart. Horned Grebe, 1; Herring Gull, 26; Ring- 
billed Gull, 1; Redheaded Duck, 2000+; Canvasback Duck, 3; Scaup Duck, 500+; 
Goldeneye Duck, 3; Bufflehead Duck, 6; Old-squaw, 5; Great Blue Heron, 1; Ring- 
necked Pheasant, 5; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Screech Owl, 1; 
Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 21; Red-headed Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 
1; Prairie Horned Lark, 6; American Crow, 1,100; Red-winged Blackbird, 1; Pine Gros- 
beak, 3; Purple Finch, 2; Redpoll, 1; Goldfinch, 6; Tree Sparrow, 85; Junco, 7; Song 
Sparrow, 7; Swamp Sparrow, 2; Cape May Warbler, 1; Brown Creeper, 7; White- 
breasted Nuthatch, 39; Chickadee, 117; Golden-crowned Kinglet. 11; Robin, 2. Total, 35 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 31 


species, 3,979 individuals. For this locality the most unusual results are the scarcity of 
Canvasback, the abundance of Chickadees, and the presence of Cape May Warbler, 
which has been living near Mrs. Henderson’s feeding shelves for two or three weeks.— 
W. W. Grant, Orro McCreary, E. T. Emmons, Mrs. H. H. HENDERSON, and E. 
H. EATon. 

Rochester, N. Y. (Cobb’s Hill, Highland Ave., Highland Park, Mt. Hope Cemetery, 
Port of Rochester and Durand-Eastman Park.)—Dec. 24; 8 A.M. to 3 P.M. Cloudy; 
ground bare; wind northwest, strong; temp. 32° at start and finish. Ten miles on foot. 
Herring Gull, 50+; Ring-billed Gull, 25-++; Ring-necked Pheasant, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, 
2; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 7; Tree Sparrow, 25+; Slate- 
colored Junco, 20+; Song Sparrow, 4; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; 
Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 60+; Robin, 2. Total, 15 species, 
214+ individuals—RicHARD M. CHASE. 

Rochester, N. Y. (Highland Park, Port of Rochester, Durand-Eastman Park and 
vicinities).—Dec. 23; 7.30 A.M. to 5 P.M.; ground bare; wind southwest light; temp. 
41° to 45°. Observers together after 10 A.M., inside of a diameter of 11 miles, mostly on 
foot. Iceland Gull, 1 (bird watched in flight and at rest at from 10 to 50 yards; identified 
by absence of black tips to the wings); Herring Gull, 2,000; Ring-billed Gull, 1,000; 
Sparrow Hawk, 1;.Downy Woodpecker, 4 (3 heard, 1 seen); American Crow, 6; Tree 
Sparrow, 8; Slate-colored Junco, 32; Song Sparrow, 8; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; 
Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 75; Robin, 2; Pheasant, 3. Total, 
14 species, about 3,095 individuals. On Dec. 22 Mr. Horsey reported 3 Pine Grosbeaks, 
and on Dec. 24, 7 were seen by Mr. Edson.—Wm. L. G. Epson and R. E. Horsey. 

Rush, N. Y. (cemetery, wood-lots, orchards, willow swamp and evergreen hedge).— 
Dec. 27; 10.30 A.M. to 2.30 P.M. Cloudy; ground bare and frozen; very light west wind; 
snow flurries; temp. at start 29°, at returning 30°. Downy Woodpecker, 1; American 
Crow, 6; Snowflake, 10; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 4; 
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1. Total, 6 species, 24 individuals—DoNALp Wait KEYEs. 

Rush, N. Y.—Dec. 26; 10.45 A.M. to 2.45 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare and frozen; stiff, 
sharp, west wind; light snow flurries; temp. 28° at start, 30° at return. Four miles on 
foot through four wood-lots, one small swamp and intervening fields. Observers to- 
gether about half the time. Ring-necked Pheasant, 4 (cocks); Hairy Woodpecker, 1; 
Sparrow (flew too quickly to be positively identified), 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; 
Black-capped Chickadee, 4. Total, 5 species, 14 individuals. Flock of Horned Larks 
seen next day in hilly pasture—Brsste A. HALLocK and Myron CLEMENT. 

Hamburg, N. Y.—Dec. 22; 10.30 A.M. to 6 P.M. Cloudy; ground bare, not frozen; 
wind southwest, light; temp. 50° at start, 53° at return. Twelve miles on foot, through 
upland woods and fields. Observers together until 5 p.m. Ruffed Grouse, 1; Goldfinch, 
3; Tree Sparrow, 16; Song Sparrow, 1; Northern Shrike, 1; Chickadee, 14. Total, 6 
species, 36 individuals. Dr. Morey noted an adult Red-headed Woodpecker on Dec. 23. 
Birds of all kinds have been unusually scarce here during the present season. The Red- 
breasted Nuthatch was fairly common during the fall migration, but has not been seen 
since Nov. 17.—GrorGcrE W. Morey and Tuomas L. Bourne. 

Rhinebeck, N. Y.—Dec. 25; 9 A.M. to 12 P.M. and 4 P.M. to 4.30 P.M. Cloudy in 
forenoon, clear in afternoon; ground bare for first time I can remember: wind south, 
light; temp. 39° at start. Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Wood- 
pecker, 6; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 10; American Crow, 20; Starling, 2; Purple Finch, 7; 
Goldfinch, 26; Junco, 3; Tree Sparrow, 21; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 
4; Chickadee, 15. Total, 14 species, 120 individuals. Dec. 26; 8.15 A.m., on Hudson 
River, Herring Gull, 4; American Merganser, 1; Blue-winged Teal, :.—MAUNSELL 
S. CrosBy. 

Cortland, N. Y. (To Gracy Swamp and back, via the Marl Ponds}.—Dec. 27; 9 


32 Bird - Lore 


A.M. to 4.30 P.M. Cloudy; 1 in. of snow; wind, northwest, light; temp. 16° at start, 30° 
at return. Twelve miles on foot. Herring Gull, 12; Ruffed Grouse, 1; Kingfisher, 1; 
Hairy Woodpecker, 6; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 1; Crow, 500; Starling, 300 
(one flock); White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Chickadee, 23. Total, ro species, about 862 
individuals—Harotp H. AXTELL. 

New York City (Jerome Reservoir, Van Cortlandt Park, Mosholu Parkway, Bronx 
Park Botanical Gardens).—Dec. 22: 8 A.M. to1.40P.M. Cloudy; light showers from 9 to 
It A.M., then steady rain; ground bare; wind, southeast, light; temp. 50°. About eight 
miles on foot. Observers in two parties in Van Cortlandt Park only. Herring Gull, 250; 
Greater Scaup Duck, 30; Black-crowned Night Heron, 70 (the Bronx Park Colony); 
Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 12; Blue Jay, 3; American Crow. 27; 
Starling, 140: Goldfinch, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 36; Tree Sparrow, 83; Field 
Sparrow, 37; Slate-colored Junco, 41; Song Sparrow, 40; Fox Sparrow, 1; Towhee, 1; 
Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 10; Black-capped Chickadee, 71; Hermit 
Thrush, 1; Robin, 1. Total, 21 species, 862 individuals—Grorce E. Hix, CLARK L. 
Lewis, Jr., Epwarp G. Nicuois and L. NELSON NICHOLS. 

Douglaston, Long Island, N. Y.—Dec. 22; 8.30 a.m. to 1.30 P.M. Cloudy; raining 
slowly but almost steadily after 9.45 A.M.; ground bare; wind none at start but a light 
southerly wind developed by noon; temp. 44° at start, 51° at return. Observers together. 
Herring Gull, 53; Golden-eye Duck, 50; Wild Duck, not identified, but surely not Golden- 
eye, 25; Black-crowned Night Heron, 1; Kingfisher, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 2; American 
Crow, 45; Fish Crow, 23; Starling 250 (one flock of 150 feeding with some Fish Crows 
upon a garbage dump); Rusty Blackbird, 24 (studied with 6X glasses at 30 ft.; the lighr 
yellow iris and the rusty tips of the feathers of upper and lower parts clearly seen); 
Grackle, 1 (either Purple or Bronzed); Goldfinch, 26; White-throated Sparrow, 16; 
Tree Sparrow, 38; Junco, 75; Song Sparrow, 11; Carolina Wren, 1; White-breasted 
Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 7. Total, 19 species, about 650 individuals.— Mr. and Mrs. G. 
CLYDE FISHER, RutTH ANNA FISHER, and FARIDA A. WILEY. 

Long Beach, Long Island, N. Y.—Dec. 26; 9.30 A.M. to 4.15 P.M. Driving snow most 
of the morning, melting at the ground; brief sunshine after midday; snow squalls in 
afternoon; wind fresh, approximately west; temp. 39° at daylight, 36° at sunset; sea 
rough and weather thick off shore until afternoon. Horned Grebe, 1; Kittiwake (?), 
a distant flock of 9 small Gulls were doubtless this species; Black-backed Gull, common; 
Herring Gull, large numbers; Black Duck, some hundreds in “‘rafts’”’ off shore all day; 
Golden-eye Duck, 2; Old-squaw. 9; Scoter, a distant line going east, species not made 
out; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Horned Lark, flock of 5; American Crow, common; Starling, 
something like 200; Ipswich Sparrow, 5 or 6, at one locality only; Savannah Sparrow, 
1 with the preceding; Tree Sparrow, small flock; Myrtle Warbler, 2. Total, 16 species, 
a low record for Long Beach.—E, P. BICKNELL. 

Speonk, Long Island, N. Y.—Dec. 23; 8 a.m. to 4.15 P.M. Foggy in early morning, 
rest of day clear; ground bare; wind north, moderate; temp. 44° at start, 47° at return. 
Herring Gull, 16; Greater Scaup, 6: Bufflehead, 1; Ruddy Duck, 200; Great Blue Heron, 
3; Virginia Rail, 2 (heard in marsh, one flushed Dec 24); Ring-neck Pheasant, 1: Mourn- 
ing Dove, 2; Marsh Hawk, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy 
Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 20; Starling, 6; American Goldfinch, 3; 
Tree Sparrow, 50; Field Sparrow, 6; Slate-colored Junco, 25; Song Sparrow, 30; Swamp 
Sparrow, 7; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Black-capped Chickadee, 18; Golden-crowned 
Kinglet, 2. Also 200 unidentified Ducks. Total, 24 species, 609 individuals. Long- 
billed Marsh Wren was seen on Dec. 24. The weather has been too mild lately to record 
the large numbers of water-fowl here recently —LERoy WILcox. 

East Marion, Long Island, N. Y.—Dec. 28; 9 a.m. to 4 P.M. Clear and sunny in 
forenoon, cloudy in afternoon; ground bare; wind north, almost none; temp. 29°. Chief 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 33 


territory covered, about a mile along shore of Peconic Bay, several small pieces of woods 
and fields. Horned Grebe, 9; Loon, 3; Black-backed Gull, 1; Herring Gull, 225+; 
Red-breasted Merganser, 20; Ducks too far out for positive identification but thought 
to be Scaup, 25; Old Squaw, 1; White-winged Scoter, 30; Flicker, 2; Crow, 60; 
Starling, 3; White-throated Sparrow, 2; Slate-colored Junco, 40; Song Sparrow, 23; 
Myrtle Warbler, 7; Brown Creeper, 2; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Black-capped 
Chickadee, 14; Robin, 7. Total, 19 species, about 475 individuals—Maset R. 
WIGGINS. 

Orient, Long Island, N. Y.—Dec. 22; daylight to 4 p.m. Light, cloudy in morning, 
rain in afternoon; light southeast to fresh south wind; temp. 33° to 44°; ground bare, 
free from frost, no ice on ponds. Holbeell’s Grebe, 3; Horned Grebe, 31; Loon, 15; 
Great Black-backed Gull, 2; Herring Gull, 500; Red-breasted Merganser, 30; Mallard, 3; 
Black Duck, 40; Greater Scaup Duck, 200; Golden-eye Duck, 85; Bufflehead Duck, 75; 
Old-squaw, 1,500; American Scoter, 4; White-winged Scoter, 200; Surf Scoter, 180; Bob- 
white, 8 (one covey); Sparrow Hawk, 1; Screech Owl, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Yellow- 
breasted Sapsucker, 1; Flicker, 2; Horned Lark, 370; Prairie Horned Lark (noted with 
the species); Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 50; Fish Crow, 3; Starling, 50; Meadowlark, 
11; Grackle, 1; Snow Bunting, 325; Ipswich Sparrow, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 5; 
Tree Sparrow, 50; Junco, 10; Song Sparrow, 185 (one in song. The frequency of this 
species was one of the chief interests of the day, one flock contained 35 birds inclusive 
of this sparrow); Swamp Sparrow, 31 (30 in one colony in a Phragmites swamp); Migrant 
Shrike, 1; Myrtle Warbler, 5; Maryland Yellow-throat, 1 (female. The only winter 
record known to the writer for Long Island. The bird was seen late in November, in 
the same locality, and was rediscovered for the Census only after a long search in a 
shelter of tall grasses. Its call note was heard repeatedly); Long-billed Marsh Wren, 1 
(in a cat-tail swamp, the bird in plain view at close range as long as the observer desired 
to study it. Although wintering locally in the north, the writer is not aware of another 
winter record for Long Island); Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 22; Golden- 
crowned Kinglet, 2; Hermit Thrush, 3; Robin, 2. Total, 46 species, 4,025 individuals.— 
Roy LATHAM. 

New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y. (cross country to Richmond).—Dec. 25; 8 a.m. 
to 6.15 P.M. Clear; wind moderately strong, west to northwest; temp. 44° at start, 41° 
at return. Observers together. Fourteen miles on foot. Herring Gull, 140 (flying across 
Island); Small Heron, 1(Little Green?); Sparrow Hawk, 1; Long-eared Owl, 1 (asleep 
in pine, we got close); Screech Owl, 3; Belted Kingfisher 1 (on account of mild season) ; 
Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 2; American Crow, 17; Starling, 12; Red-winged 
Blackbird, 1 (apparently passing winter in swamp); Savannah Sparrow, r (positive 
identification through glasses at close range); White-throated Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow,. 
2; Junco, 16; Song Sparrow, 35; Swamp Sparrow(?), 2; Cardinal (?) (heard in distance) ; 
Winter Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Red-breasted Nut- 
hatch, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 20; American Robin, 2. Total, 24 species, about 270 
individuals. On three successive Sundays before Christmas the Great Horned Owl was. 
seen.—F RANK ALLATT and ALEc. Ross. 

Staten Island, (West Brighton to within 3 miles of Tottenville, to New Dorp).— 
Dec. 28; 7.30 A.M. to 5 P.M. Wind very light, west; temp. about 32°; clear in morning,. 
but overcast in afternoon. Twenty-eight miles on foot. Herring Gull, 200; Buffleheadi 
Duck, 1; Old-squaw, 40; American Scoter, 3; White-winged Scoter, 1; Red-shouldered 
Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, 2;. 
Blue Jay, 2; American Crow, 60; Starling, 50; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 21; Slate- 
colored Junco (one flock of about 1oo feeding on the seeds of dead weeds; another flock 
of about 200 in woods, on the edge of a small pond); Song Sparrow, 2 (in bushes border- 
ing open fields, and 9 in tall grass in marshland near the open water); White-breasted 


34 Bird - Lore 


Nuthatch, 7; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 50; Robin, 1. Total, 
21 species, about 800 individuals THEODORE DREIER. 

* Hackettstown, N. J. (from Hackettstown to Waterloo and about home feeding 
station).—Dec. 26; 8.50 A.M. to 5.05 P.M. Snow storm during morning and part of 
afternoon; wind southwest, brisk; temp. 32°. Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Wood- 
pecker, 2; Blue Jay, 8; Crow, 5; Starling, 1; Rusty Blackbird, 4; Purple Finch, 40; 
Goldfinch, 2; Tree Sparrow, 54; Junco, 9; Song Sparrow, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; 
Chickadee, 8; Robin, 1. Total, 14 species, about 141 individuals. Bald Eagle shot and 
wounded near town a few weeks ago.— Mary PIERSON ALLEN. 

Englewood Region, N. J. (Leonia to Nordhoff, through Phelps Estate, then to Coytes- 
ville, Fort Lee, and Grantwood).—Dec. 27; 11 A.M. to 4.30 P.M. Clear; ground bare; 
wind, northwest, light; temp. 31°. Herring Gull, 30; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Red- 
tailed Hawk, 3; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 5; 
Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 4; American Crow, 8; Starling, 8; Red-winged Blackbird, 22 (one 
flock of males); Goldfinch, 24; White-throated Sparrow, 48; Tree Sparrow, 125; Field 
Sparrow, 1; Slate-colored Junco, 80; Song Sparrow, 65; Swamp Sparrow, 2; Fox Spar- 
row, 23; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Tufted Titmouse, 1; Black- 
capped Chickadee, 50. Total, 23 species, 511 individuals -Epwarp G. NICHOLS. 

Englewood Region, N. J. (Overpeck River, Phelps Estate, Palisades, and Leonia).— 
Dec. 26, 9.45 A.M. to 4 P.M. Snowing in morning, cloudy afterwards; ground bare; wind 
west; temp. 35°. Observers together. Herring Gull, 45; Marsh Hawk 1; Red-tailed 
Hawk, 2; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Rough-legged Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Short- 
eared Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 7; 
Starling, 95; Meadowlark, 1; Goldfinch, 130; White-throated Sparrow, 39; Tree Sparrow, 
60; Slate-colored Junco, 15; Song Sparrow, 8; Fox Sparrow, 11; Brown Creeper, 1; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 1; Chickadee, 40; Golden-crowned 
Kinglet, 1. Total, 24 species, about 475 individuals. Rough-legged Hawk rose from a 
wet meadow and was identified in good light at fairly close range as it flew by. Tufted 
Titmouse was observed for several minutes in company with Downy Woodpeckers, 
Nuthatches, and Chickadees—WALDEN PELL 2d. and S. Morris PELL. 

Rutherford, N. J. (From Rutherford to Morris and Essex Canal, and along canal 
by way of Allwood Road and return).—Dec. 28; 8.15 A.M. to 5 P.M. West wind, light; 
no snow; temp, 25° at start, 28° on return. About 15 miles on foot, with observers 
together. Sparrow Hawk, 1; Kingfisher, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 1; Blue 
Jay, 8; Crow, 39; Starling, 200+; Cowbird, 2 (observed with glasses at close range); 
American Goldfinch (?), 1; White-throated Sparrow, 55; Tree Sparrow, 75; Junco, 12; 
Song Sparrow, 8; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 32 (conservative estimate). 
Total, 15 species, 441 individuals.—O. D. Krrp, R. A. BARTON and NELSON BorsForD. 

Morristown, N. J.—Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 12M. Mostly overcast, with occasional brief 
intervals of sunshine; ground bare; wind, northwest; rising temp. 41°. Distance covered 
about 6 miles. Sparrow Hawk, 1; Osprey, 1 (identification positive, seen first at a con- 
siderable distance, soaring, and recognized almost at once; then watched for five minutes 
or more until almost directly overhead, and not at a great height; call heard. As we 
customarily see a few of these birds during spring and fall migrations, I feel certain of 
the identification); Kingfisher, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Red- 
headed Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 25; Crow, 36; Starling, 7; Purple Finch, 25; (one 
singing); Goldfinch, 9; Tree Sparrow, 44; Field Sparrow, 1; Junco, 83; Song Sparrow, ro 
(one singing); Cardinal, 2; Brown Creeper, 9; White-breasted Nuthatch,13; Chickadee, 
32; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1. Total, 20 species, 304 individuals. Dec. 22, I sawa 
small flock of American Crossbills, the first in several years.—R. C. CASKEY. 

Plainfield, N. J. (to Ash Swamp).—Dec. 29; 7.15 A.M. to 5.20 P.M. Fair; ground bare; 
wind moderate; temp. 26°. Mourning Dove, 8 (flock); Cooper’s (?) Hawk, 1; Red-tailed 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 35 


Hawk, 3; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Saw-whet Owl, 1; Screech Owl, 3; (one in a hole, two 
at dusk); Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 6; 
American Crow, 75; Starling, 30; Meadowlark, 35 (flock); Purple Finch, 8 (flock); 
Goldfinch, 5; White-throated Sparrow, 25; Tree Sparrow, 135; Field Sparrow, 8; Junco, 
95; Song Sparrow, 22; Swamp Sparrow, 2 (together); White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; 
Tufted Titmouse, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 18. Total, 24 species, 499 individuals. 
This is my latest record of the Mourning Dove. The Cardinal and Brown Creeper 
are rarely missed on this route—W. DEW. MILLER. 

New Brunswick, N. J.—Dec. 27; 8.15 A.M. to 1.30 P.M. Partly cloudy; ground bare; 
wind northwest, moderate; temp. 25° to 34°. Herring Gull, 4; Turkey Vulture, 1; Red- 
tailed Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker. 4; 
American Crow, 99; Fish Crow, 8; Starling, 11; Purple Finch, 41; Goldfinch, 2; White- 
throated Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 1; Junco, 43; Song Sparrow, 20; Fox Sparrow, 2; 
Brown Creeper, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Chickadee, 11; Carolina Chickadee, 16; Total, 
20 species, 278 individuals. Two close views of the Turkey Vulture, flying low, were 
obtained. Three Purple Finches occasionally sang their warbling song.—Stuart T. 
DANFORTH. 

Sandy Hook, N. J—Dec. 29; 12.30 P.M. to 3 P.M. Fair; sky, clear; wind, northwest, 
light; ground, bare; temp. 20°. Herring Gull, 500 (estimate); Double-crested Cormorant, 
3; Sora Rail, 1; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Fish Hawk, 2; Short-eared Owl, 1; American 
Crow, 300 (estimate); Fish Crow, 50 (estimate); Flicker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 1; 
Starling, 150 (estimate); Cardinal, 4; Goldfinch, 5; Junco, 300 (estimate); Song Sparrow, 
2; Vesper Sparrow, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 50 (estimate); White-crowned Sparrow, 
1; Myrtle Warbler, 300 (estimate); Catbird, 1; Hermit Thrush, 6; Robin, 300 (estimate). 
Total, 22 species; approximately 1,982 individuals—SERGEANT GEORGE E. EKBLAW 
and ALFRED NORDSTROM. 

Monmouth Junction, N. J.—Dec. 27; 9 A.M. to 4.30 P.M. Partly cloudy, ground bare; 
wind west, moderate; temp. 26° at start. Marsh Hawk, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Sparrow 
Hawk, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 1; Crow, 41; Star- 
ling, 170; Goldfinch, 7; Tree Sparrow, 45; Junco, 33; Song Sparrow, 9; White-breasted 
Nuthatch, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Chickadee, 10. Total, 15 species, 335 individuals.— 
R. E. DANFORTH. : 

Princeton, N. J. (the surrounding country within a radius of four miles, by motor 
and on foot).—Dec. 26; to A.M. to 4.p.M. Morning cloudy; light snow; wind west, 
afternoon clear; wind northwest; temp. 36° to 34°. Great Blue Heron (took flight 100 
feet away, shore of Carnegie Lake), 1; Marsh Hawk, 2; Pigeon Hawk (bluish back, and- 
rapid pigeon-like flight unmistakable), 1; Sparrow Hawk, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 2 
(pair); Blue Jay. 4; Crow, 1,000; Starling, 500; Goldfinch, 15 (one flock); White-throated 
Sparrow, 2 (pair); Tree Sparrow, 15 (one flock); Junco, 25; Song Sparrow, 6; Cardinal, 
2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 8; Caro- 
lina Chickadee, 1. Total, 18 species, 1,590 individuals—Hrnry LANE ENo. 

Princeton, N. J. (along Stony Brook above the Double Bridges 2 miles).—Dec. 26; 
10 A.M. to 1 P.M. Alternate snow flurries and sunlight; ground bare, grass green and 
dandelions in bloom; wind west to northwest, strong; temp, 33° to 35°. Hairy Wood- 
pecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Crow, about 50; Starling, about 200 (in one flock); 
Purple Finch, 1; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 1; Slate-colored Junco, about 75 (three 
flocks); Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, about 100 (three 
flocks); Bluebird, 2 (others heard singing). Total, 12 species, about 447 individuals.— 
TERTIUS VAN DYKE. 

Mount Holly, N. J.—Dec. 25; 7 A.M. to 11 A.M. Clear; wind southwest and light; 
temp. 42° at start, 48° at return. Covered about 5 miles. Turkey Vulture, 1; Hairy 
Woodpecker, *t; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 4; Crow, 5,000+; Starling, 10, 


36 Brid - Lore 


Goldfinch, 6; White-throated Sparrow, 21; Tree Sparrow, 30; Slate-colored Junco, 30; 
Song Sparrow, 14; Fox Sparrow, 1; Cardinal, 8; Myrtle Warbler, 1; Carolina Wren, 1; 
Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Carolina 
Chickadee, 7. Total, 19 species, 5,143 individuals. On walk Sunday Dec. 22, 10918, 
saw Field Sparrow, Tufted Titmouse, Golden-crowned Kinglet——Mr. and Mrs. NELSON 
D. W. PuMYEA. 

Moorestown, N. J. (Fifteen mile circle, including shore of Delaware River, Rancocas 
Creek, Swedes Run, Pompeston, Pensauken and Coopers Creeks).—Dec. 25; 6.50 A.M. 
to 5 p.M. Fair; ground bare; wind southwest, light, becoming northwest and blustery; 
temp. 42° at start, 42° at return. Three distinct units, two with automobiles, one afoot. 
One unit returned at noon; a second also returned but went out again; the third remained 
out all day. Herring Gull, 86; American Merganser, 50; Black-crowned Night Heron, 2; 
Killdeer, 1; Marsh Hawk, 1; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 3; Cooper’s Hawk, 1; Red-tailed 
Hawk, 7; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Broad-winged (?) Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 11; 
Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 15; Flicker, 5; Horned Lark, 1; Blue Jay, 12; 
Crow, 261; Starling, 55; Meadowlark, 25; Purple Finch, 15; American Crossbill, 7; 
Goldfinch, 33; White-throated Sparrow, 92; Tree Sparrow, 70; Field Sparrow, 4; Junco, 
143; Song Sparrow, 77; Fox Sparrow, 1; Towhee, 1; Cardinal, 27; Pine Warbler, 1; 
Myrtle Warbler, 1; Catbird, 1; Carolina Wren, 9; Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted 
Nuthatch, 14; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Black-capped Chickadee, 
19; Robin, 1; Bluebird, 1. Total, 41 species, 1,074 individuals. Three Purple Grackles 
were reported from Moorestown on the 25th, bya neighbor. The following records may be 
added: Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Dec. 4, and again about the 20th; Winter Wren con- 
spicuous by its absence.—M. ALBert Linton, ANNA A. MICKLE, SAMUEL N. Ruoaps, 
Eien C. Carter, WitLtiAM Bacon Evans and Grorce H. HALLETT, JR. 

Camden, N. J. ( and vicinity).—Dec. 22; 7.30 to 8.30 A.M. and 10.30 A.M. to 4 P.M. 
Heavy mist changing to rain shortly, and a driving southeast storm by late afternoon; 
wind east to southeast; temp 45° to 50°. Observers together. Herring Gull, 103; Mer- 
ganser, 8; Duck (Black?), 10; Killdeer, 1; Bob-white, 6; Cooper’s Hawk, 1; Red-tailed 
Hawk, 2; Sparrow, Hawk, 3; Barn Owl, 1; Long-eared Owl, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; 
Crow, 30; Starling, 200; Meadowlark, 1; Goldfinch, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 50; 
Tree Sparrow, 8; Field Sparrow, 1; Junco, 70; Song Sparrow, 10; Swamp Sparrow, 1; 
Cardinal, 5; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; 
Chickadee, 5; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 1; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3. Total, 28 species, 
529 individuals—Conrap K. ROLAND and JULIAN K. Potter. 

Haverford, Pa. (to Darby Creek and back).—Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 4 P.M. Snowing a 
little, then clearing; strong northwest wind; temp. 32°. Eight miles on foot. Observers 
together. Broad-winged Hawk, 1 (found dead); Sparrow Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 
5; Crow, 27; Starling, 2; Purple Grackle, 1; Purple Finch, 18; White-throated Sparrow, 
33; Tree Sparrow, 2; Junco, 107; Song Sparrow, 9; Cardinal, 2; Carolina Wren, 2; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Black-capped Chickadee, 19. Total, 15 species, 233 
individuals.—G. ScoviLLE and T. SPENCER. 

Reading, Pa.—Dec. 25; 7 A.M. to 3 P.M. Clear; ground bare; wind west, fairly 
strong; temp. 40°. Observers together. Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Kingfisher, 1; Downy 
Woodpecker, 5; Red-headed Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 36; Starling, 2; Gold- 
finch, 6; Tree Sparrow, 63; Junco, 110; Song Sparrow, 18; Winter Wren, 1; White- 
breasted Nuthatch, 8; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Chickadee, 53. Total, 15 species, 
316 individuals—Mr. and Mrs. G. HENRY MENGEL. 

Chester Heights, Pa. (to West Branch of Chester Creek and Green’s Creek and 
back).—Dec. 29; 7 to 9 A.M. Clear; ground practically bare; temp. 20° to 25°. Three 
miles on foot. Marsh Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Crow, 30; Goldfinch, 1; Tree 
Sparrow, 1; Field Sparrow, 1; Junco, 36+; Song Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 1; Carolina 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 37 


Wren, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 8. Total, 12 species, 
88 individuals —W. E. Hannum. 

West Chester, Pa.—Dec. 25. Brisk west wind; mostly clear, followed by cloudy; 
ground bare, wet; temp. 42° to 50°. Turkey Buzzard, 4; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Downy 
Woodpecker, 6; American Crow, 80; Blue Jay, 2; Purple Finch, 2; Goldfinch, 45; Tree 
Sparrow, 50; Slate-colored Junco, 116; Song Sparrow, 27; Cardinal, 5; White-breasted 
Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Chickadee, 15. Total, 14 species, 357 individuals.— 
C. E. EWINGER. 

Lititz, Pa. (northern Lancaster County, upper waters of the Hammer Creek).— 
Dec. 28; 8 A.M. to 5 p.m. Clear; ground bare; wind northwest, strong; temp. at start 
26°. Twenty-two miles on foot. Observers separate one half the time. Killdeer, 1; 
Bob-white, 67 (5 coveys); Ruffed Grouse, 2; Turkey Vulture, 15; Red-tailed Hawk, 2: 
Red-shouldered Hawk, 4; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 12; Hairy Woodpecker, 
2; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 2; American Crow, 65; Starling, 22; Purple Finch, 12; (two flocks) 
Goldfinch, 26; Tree Sparrow, 215; Junco, 415; Song Sparrow, 45; Towhee, 1; Cardinal, 
11; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 20; Tufted Titmouse, 3; Black-capped 
Chickadee, 105; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3; Bluebird, 2. Total, 26 species; about 1,075 
individuals. Juncos, the Winter Sparrows, and Chickadees, are more numerous than 
they have been in Lancaster County during winters of the past 20 years. Purple Finches 
were never observed in a previous Christmas Census. Crows were never so scarce as 
this season.—HERBERT H. Breck, ABRAHAM BECK MILLER and CHARLES S. BRICKER. 

York, Pa. (to Impounding Dam and return).—Dec. 28; 8 a.m. to 2 P.M. Cloudy; 
¥% in. of snow; wind west, light; temp. 25° at start, 31° at return. Eight miles on foot. 
Observers separate. Mallard, 14; Black Duck, 18; Turkey Vulture, 1; Sharp-shinned 
Hawk, 1; Cooper’s Hawk, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 1; Blue 
Jay, 4; American Crow, 3,200; Starling, 42; Goldfinch, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 1; 
Tree Sparrow, 12; Slate-colored Junco, 30; Song Sparrow, 9; Cardinal, 6; Cedar Wax- 
wing, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Black-capped Chickadee, 12; Golden-crowned 
Kinglet, 1. Total, 20 species, 3,365 individuals. Sparrow Hawk and Hairy Woodpecker 
seen yesterday.—CHARLES S. WEISER and ARTHUR FARQUHAR. 

Altoona, Pa.—Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 4.30 P.M. Cloudy; snowing lightly; wind north to 
west, strong; temp. 42° to 32°. Observers worked separately. Downy Woodpecker, 5; 
Red-headed Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 12; Crow, 75; Goldfinch, 6; Tree Sparrow, 167; 
Slate-colored Junco, 56; Song Sparrow, 1; Cardinal, 3; Redstart, 1; White-breasted 
Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 27. Total, 12 species, 356 individuals. Redstart was a young 
male and was studied through a glass at a distance of 30 feet. It was identified separately 
by McGraw and Hays.—Harry A. McGraw, Harry B. Kincu, Harry P. Hays, IRA 
J. StouFFER, CHAS. GRIMMINGER and EpGAR GRIMMINGER. 

Chambersburg, Pa.—Dec. 28; 9 A.M. to 1 P.M. and 4 to 5.30 P.M. Cloudy; a little 
snow in spots; light west wind; temp. 28° to 34°. Four miles on foot in farming country. 
Crow, 220; Starling, 9; Meadowlark, 6; Purple Grackle, 2; Goldfinch, 4; White-throated 
Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, Junco, (flock of 60+); Song Sparrow, 11; Cardinal, 4; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 2. Total, 12 species, 310+ individuals. Dec. 
29 Sparrow Hawk. Seen often recently—BENJAMIN and ROBERT WARFIELD. 

McKeesport, Pa.—Dec. 29; 8 A.M. to 4.30 P.M. Partly cloudy, with snow flurries; 
¥% in. of snow on frozen ground; temp. 22°; wind, light northwest. Sixteen miles on 
foot. Observers together. Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 
3; American Crow, 4; Tree Sparrow, 15; Junco, 41; Song Sparrow, 21; Cardinal, 17; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 11; Tufted Titmouse, 12; Black-capped Chickadee, 27; 
Bluebird, 2. Total, 12 species, 155 individuals. On Dec. 8, Catbird was seen and care- 
fully noted; ‘‘cat’” call-note heard and bird watched at 25 feet with 5X glasses.— 
Tuos. L. McConnett and L. F. SAvaGe. 


38 Bird - Lore 


Baltimore, Md. (western outskirts).—Dec. 23; 9 A.M. to 3 P.M. Clear; ground bare; 
wind northwest, light; temp. 47° at start, 53° at finish. About 7 miles on foot. Bob-white, 
6; Turkey Vulture, 6; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 3; Blue Jay, 4; American Crow, 
39; Goldfinch, 21; White-throated Sparrow, 11; Slate-colored Junco, 67; Cardinal, 7; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Black-capped Chickadee, 3. Total, 
13 species, 182 individuals—R. W. MAINsTER. 

Camp Meade, Anne Arundel Co., Md. (chiefly along Little Patuxent River).— 
Dec. 22; 8.40 A.M. to 5.30 P.M. Continuous rain; ground bare; wind southwest, light to 
brisk; temp. c.50°. Fourteen miles on foot. Bob-white, 15 (one covey); Red-shouldered 
Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3; 
Flicker, 3; Blue Jay, 1; American Crow, 12; Purple Finch, ro (one flock); Goldfinch, 11; 
White-throated Sparrow, 64; Tree Sparrow, 1; Field Sparrow, 3; (with the Tree) Slate- - 
colored Junco, 120; Song Sparrow, 15; Cardinal, 32; Myrtle Warbler. 2 (together); 
Carolina Wren, 2; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 
14; Carolina Chickadee, 12; Hermit Thrush, 2; Bluebird, 1. Total, 24 species, about 340 
individuals. The rain kept at least one species, Turkey Vulture, from the list. Some seen 
next day—CuaArtEs H. Rocers, Sergeant, Co. B, 31st M. G. Bn. 

Morgantown, W. Va. (Route from Morgantown to Cheat River).—Dec. 27; 7.45 
A.M. to 4.45 P.M. Cloudy; no wind; 1 in. of snow; temp. 30° at noon. Sixteen miles on 
foot. Mourning Dove, 3; Belted Kingfisher, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Slate-colored 
Junco, 55; Song Sparrow, 38; Cardinal, 15; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Tufted Tit- 
mouse, 13; Chickadee, 11. Total, 9 species, 148 individuals——A. J. DADISMAN. 

Charleston, W. Va. (Kanawha County).—Dec. 22; 1 to 5 p.m. Cloudy; ground very 
wet; wind north, light; temp. 57° at start, 54° at return. Six miles on foot. Observers 
together. Bob-white, (three coveys) 22; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; 
Red-headed Woodpecker, 1; Crow, 7; Goldfinch, 13; Field Sparrow, 108; Slate-colored 
Junco, 106; Song Sparrow, 27; Cardinal, 69 (most we’ve ever seen); Carolina Wren, 24; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 6; Black-capped Chickadee, 17. Total, 
I4 species, 406 individuals. Same territory covered as last 4 years, and have never 
before covered it without seeing at least a dozen Towhees (last year, 88).—E is CRAw- 
FORD, FrRANcIs RAwsumM, CARL and Epwarp McAnprews, (Miss) MAry BELLE 
Jounston, and I. H. JoHNsTon. 

Lewisburg, W. Va.— Dec. 23; 8.15 A.M. to 5 P.M. Partly cloudy; ground bare; no 
wind; temp. 33° at start, 40° at return. Ten miles on foot. Observers together. Ruffed 
Grouse, 3; Turkey Vulture, 13; Red-tailed Hawk, 4; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Wood- 
pecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Northern Pileated Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied Wood- 
pecker, 6; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 8; American Crow, 18; Goldfinch, 66; Tree Sparrow, 
286; Slate-colored Junco, 160; Song Sparrow, 12; Cardinal, 8; White-breasted Nuthatch 
15; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Bluebird, 10. Total, 19 species, 642 individuals —Cuar.Es O. 
and Harry E. HANDLEY. é 

Washington, D. C. (Wellington to New Alexandria, Va.; Four Mile Run, Va.; Arling- 
ton, Va. to Washington, D. C.).—Dec. 27; 7.30 A.M. to 4 P.M. Slightly cloudy; wind 
northwest, light; temp. 25° to 35°. Distance 15 miles. Horned Grebe, 2; Herring Gull, 
12; Ring-billed Gull, 2; American Merganser, 6; Hooded Merganser, 8; Black Duck, 3; 
Lesser Scaup Duck, 12; Golden-eye, 8; Great Blue Heron, 1; Turkey Vulture, 8; Sharp- 
shinned Hawk, 1; Cooper’s Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Broad-winged Hawk, 1; 
Bald Eagle, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Barred Owl, 2; Kingfisher, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; 
Downy Woodpecker, 18; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 4; Red-headed Woodpecker, 7; Red- 
bellied Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 15; Blue Jay 16; American Crow, 350; Fish Crow. 100; 
Red-winged Blackbird, 12; Purple Finch, 20; Goldfinch, 20; White-throated Sparrow, 
40; Tree Sparrow, 200; Field Sparrow, 11; Junco, 400; Song Sparrow, 20; Swamp 
Sparrow, 2; Fox Sparrow, 14; Cardinal, 25; Migrant Shrike, 2; Myrtle Warbler, 2; 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 39 


Mockingbird, 3; Carolina Wren, 4; Brown Creeper, 13; White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; 
Red-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Tufted Titmouse, 30; Carolina Chickadee, 25; Golden- 
crowned Kinglet, 3; Bluebird, 21. Total, 49 species, 1,467 individuals. Same territory 
a few days previous yielded 42 species, including Bonaparte Gull, 1; Marsh Hawk, 2; 
Killdeer, 25; Pipit, 15; Winter Wren, 1; Hermit Thrush, 5. Hydroplane mock attacks 
have driven the ducks from the Potomac in the vicinity of the city—Mr. and Mrs. 
Leo D. Miner, Hon. Epmunp Pratt, M. C., and RayMonp W. Moore. 

Mt. Vernon to Dyke, Va. (via Dogue Creek).—Dec. 23; 9 A.M. to 5 p.m. Clear; prac- 
tically no wind; temp. 8 A.M., 42°;12M., 56°; 4P.M., 52°. About 12 miles on foot. Observers 
together. Horned Grebe, 1; Herring Gull, 32; Ring-billed Gull, 29; Common Tern, 2; 
Hooded Merganser, 312 (estimated); Canvasback, 500 (estimated); Lesser Scaup, 200 
(estimated); Ruddy Duck, 7; Turkey Vulture, 32; Marsh Hawk, 1; Cooper’s Hawk, 1; 
Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Bald Eagle, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Long-eared Owl, 1 (recently 
killed); Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2: Red-headed Woodpecker, 1; Red- 
bellied Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 11; Blue Jay, 13; American Crow, 250; Fish Crow, 3; 
Starling, 15; Meadowlark, 2; Goldfinch, 6; Tree Sparrow, 5; Field Sparrow, 7; Junco, 141; 
Song Sparrow, 7; Cardinal, 5; Myrtle Warbler, 26; Mockingbird, 2; White-breasted Nut- 
hatch, 2; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 10; Tufted Titmouse, 17; Carolina Chickadee, 10; 
Bluebird, 10. Total, 38 species, 1,660 individuals—W. L. McATEE, ALEXANDER WET- 
MORE, and Epwarp A. PREBLE. 

Boone, N. C.—Dec. 27;8.304.M. to 4P.M. Clear; light west wind; ground partly covered 
withsnow. Temp. 20°. Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 1; Ameri- 
can Crow, 5; Red-winged Blackbird (female), 1; American Goldfinch, 6; White-throated 
Sparrow, 1; Junco, 175; Song Sparrow, 20; Fox Sparrow, 1; Cardinal, 5; Brown Creeper, 2; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 12; Tufted Titmouse, 11; Carolina Chickadee, 7; Golden- 
crowned Kinglet, 5; Bluebird, 4. Total, 17 species, 266 individuals—Roy M. Brown. 

Spartanburg, S. C.—Dec. 26; 9 A.M. to 2.15 P.M. Clear; ground bare, but very wet; 
wind, west, very light; temp. 34°. Observers together for the greater part of the time. 
Mourning Dove, 7; Turkey Vulture, 13; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1 (much 
larger than the following); Southern Downy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 4; Red-headed 
Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 12; Crow, 4; Meadowlark, 12; Purple Finch, 47; American 
Goldfinch, 13; White-throated Sparrow, 5; Savannah Sparrow, 4; Field Sparrow, 7; 
Junco, 70; Song Sparrow, 5; Towhee, 4; Cardinal, 2; Loggerhead Shrike, 1; Myrtle 
Warbler, 15; Pine Warbler, 2; Mockingbird, 2; Catbird, 1 (unusual for us; wing seemed 
to be broken); Carolina Wren, 3; Brown Creeper, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Brown- 
headed Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse 2; Carolina Chickadee, 7; Golden-crowned King- 
let. 5; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 4; Hermit Thrush, 9; Robin, 1; Bluebird, 14. Total, 
35 species, 272 individuals. A Phoebe seen Dec. 25 GABRIEL CANNON and GeorcE S. - 
SNOWDEN, JR. 

Aiken, S. C. (a mile and a half along a creek, and two adjoining home places).— 
Dec. 21; 11 A.M. to 3 P.M., and 4.30 P.M. to 5.30 P.M. Calm; temp. 72°. Bob-white. 30 
(2 coveys); Mourning Doves, 4; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Black (?) 
Vulture, about 50; Southern Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Southern Downy Woodpecker, 8; 
Red-headed Woodpecker, 7; Red-bellied Woodpecker. 2; Flicker. 14; Phoebe, 2; Blue Jay, 
20; Meadowlark, 25; Rusty Blackbird, 50; Goldfinch, 9; Vesper Sparrow, 41; Henslow’s 
Sparrow, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 225; Chipping Sparrow, 91; Field Sparrow, 118, 
Junco, 124; Song Sparrow, 92; Swamp Sparrow, 20; Towhee, (both Red-eyed and White- 
eyed), 26; Cardinal, 22; Loggerhead Shrike, 2; Myrtle Warbler, 20; Pine Warbler, 54; 
Mockingbird, 26; Catbird, 6; Brown Thrasher, 11; Carolina Wren, 17; Brown Creeper, 3; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Brown-headed Nuthatch, 20; Tufted Titmouse, 12; Caro- 
lina Chickadee, 23; Kinglets (both Ruby-crowned and Golden-crowned) 14; Hermit 
Thrush, 26; Robin, about 100; Bluebird, 30. Total, 43 species, 1,352 individuals. On 


40 Bird - Lore 


Dec. 28, 25 Fox Sparrows and 200 Bluebirds.—(Miss) Loutse P. Forp and MArion 
I. PELLEW. 

Sterling, Ga. (near Brunswick’s our woods and Pyles Marsh).—Dec. 23; 9 to 11.30 
A.M., 1 to 4 P.M. Cloudy; wind, east; temp. about 60° at start and 50° at return. Six 
miles on foot. Blue-winged Teal, 2; Little Blue Heron, 1; Killdeer, 7; Mourning Dove, 
3; Ground Dove, 3; Turkey Vulture, 8; Black Vulture, 86; Marsh Hawk, 1; Cooper’s 
Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Red-cockaded Woodpecker, 1; Yellow-bellied Sap- 
sucker, 2; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1; Wood Pewee, 1 [Phoebe?]; Blue Jay, 11; American 
Crow, 8; Fish Crow, 112; Meadowlark, 1; Purple Grackle, 14; Boat-tailed Grackle, 4; 
American Goldfinch, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 51; Chipping Sparrow, 5; Song Sparrow, 
26; Swamp Sparrow, 6; Fox Sparrow, 1; Chewink, 19; Cardinal, 5; Loggerhead Shrike, 1; 
Myrtle Warbler, 1; Palm Warbler, 7; Maryland Yellow-throat, 2; Mockingbird, 15; 
Brown Thrasher, 3; Carolina Wren, 3; House Wren, 1; Carolina Chickadee, 2; Ruby- 
crowned Kinglet, 9; Hermit Thrush, 4; American Robin, 10; Bluebird, 42. Total, 41 
species, 493 individuals DELBERT COLEMAN (15 years old). 

Fort Pierce, Fla.—Dec. 24; 7 to 11 A.M. South along Indian River to White City 
station, 12 to 4.30 P.M. Southwest of Ft. Pierce. Cloudy, several light showers during 
. morning; wind south, light; temp. 68° at start, 75° at return. Eleven miles on foot. 
Herring Gull, 12; Laughing Gull, 16; Bonaparte’s Gull, 5; Royal Tern, 53; Florida Cor- 
morant, 19; Brown Pelican, 250; Lesser Scaup Duck, 2,000; Ward’s Heron, 4; Louisiana 
Heron, 7; Little Blue Heron, 26; Wilson’s Snipe, 1; Spotted Sandpiper, 2; Killdeer, 42; 
Mourning Dove, 138; Ground Dove, 26; Turkey Vulture and Black Vulture, 262; Marsh 
Hawk, 1; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Cooper’s Hawk, 2; Red-shouldered Hawk, 5; Bald 
Eagle, 3; Florida Sparrow Hawk, 18; Osprey, 13; Owl (unidentified), 1; Kingfisher, 18; 
Red-cockaded Woodpecker, 4; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 15; Flicker, 16; Phoebe, 14; 
Florida Blue Jay, 4; Florida Crow, 3; Fish Crow, 85; Red-winged Blackbird, 2; Southern 
Meadowlark, 48; Boat-tailed Grackle, 167; Florida Grackle, 7; Goldfinch, 4; Savannah 
Sparrow, 10; Field Sparrow, 8; Swamp Sparrow, 1; White-eyed Towhee, 3; Florida 
Cardinal, 13; Tree Swallow, 95; Loggerhead Shrike, 17; Yellow-throated Warbler, 2; 
Palm and Yellow Palm Warblers, 132; Florida Yellow-throat, 5; Mockingbird, 25; House 
Wren, 31; Brown-headed Nuthatch, 12; Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 7; Robin, 1; Bluebird, 69; 
Total, 55 species, about 3,725 individuals. Saw 6 Snowy Egrets, Wood Ibis, Little 
Green Heron, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Dec. 22; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Dec. 23; 
Pied-billed Grebe, Dec. 26; Loon, Pileated Woodpecker, Pine Warbler, Prairie Warbler, 
Dec. 27; Black-crowned Night Heron, Catbird, Towhee, Dec. 28.—Total of 68 species 
observed during Christmas week. It seemed rather strange that I should see but one 
Robin on the 24th, but saw hundreds on the 27th. Have seen no Hairy and Downy 
Woodpeckers during December. Have seen them during every other month since I 
came here in August——Huco H. ScHRODER. 

Reed City, Mich. (Up the Hersey River about 4 miles). Dec. 29. Clear; very little 
snow; practically no wind; temp. 15° at start, 18° at return. About 15 miles on skis. 
Evening Grosbeak, 6; Chickadee, 7; Slate-colored Junco (two flocks), 150; White-breasted 
Nuthatch, 3; American Goldfinch (heard). Total, 5 species, 166 individuals—HARroLp 
NorMAN. 

Detroit, Mich.—Dec. 29; Belle Isle Park, 9.30 A.M. to 12 M.; Palmer Park and vici- 
nity, 1 to 4 P.M. Snowing; light snow on ground; wind, southwest, brisk; temp. 30°, 
Herring Gull, 2; Bob-white (tracks) 5; Ring-necked Pheasant, 7; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; 
Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 5; Slate-colored Junco, 20; Song Sparrow, 6; White- 
breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 3. Total, ro species, 58 individuals.—RALPH BEEBE. 

Detroit, Mich. (Belle Isle and river front). Dec. 27; 8 A.M. to 12 M. Cloudy; ground 
bare; no wind; temp. 20° to 25°. Herring Gull, 102; Ring-billed Gull, 20; American 
Merganser, 3; Red-breasted Merganser, 6; Golden-eye Duck, 75; Barrows Golden-eye, 10; 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census At 


» Greater Scaup Duck, 15; Lesser Scaup, 20; Barred Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy 
Woodpecker, 9; American Crow, 3; Pine Grosbeak, 12 (one rosy male); Goldfinch, 1; 
‘Cardinal, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 11; Black-capped Chickadee, 9. Total, 17 species, 
302 individuals.—Etra S. Witson. 

Ann Arbor, Mich.—Dec. 26; 8.30 A.M. to 3.30 P.M. Cloudy; 1 in. of snow; wind west, 
light; temp. 27° at start, 24° at return. Observers together. Hairy Woodpecker, 2; 
Downy Woodpecker, 7; Blue Jay, 6; American Crow, 3; Tree Sparrow, 160; Junco, 13; 
Song Sparrow, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 18. Total, 9 species, about 
214 individuals—JossELYN VAN TYNE and CLAUDE VAN TYNE. 

Camden, Mich.—Dec. 25; 10.30 A.M. to 1.30 P.M. Cloudy; %4in. snow; wind North- 
west, light; temp. 24° at start, 28° at return. Six miles on foot. Observers together. 
Marsh Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Horned Lark, 5; Blue 
Jay, 6; Tree Sparrow, 9; Cardinal, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Tufted Titmouse, 1; 
Black-capped Chickadee, 8. Total, ro species, 51 individuals——Ray E. READER and 
Wits C. READER. 

Bronson, Mich.—Dec. 26; 11.30 A.M. to 4 P.M. Clear at first, clouded up in the after- 
noon; fairly strong west wind; about 3 inches of snow on ground; brush covered with 
snow, making observation hard; no signs of thawing. About ro miles. Marsh Hawk, 1; 
Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 7; American Crow, 3; Blue Jay, 7; Gold- 
finch, 2; Song Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 100 (approximately, all one flock); Cardinal, 5; 
Chickadee, 7. Total, ro species, 135 individuals GARDNER BATEs. 

Waukesha, Wis.—Dec. 25; 9 A.M. to 12.30 P.M. and 4 to 5 p.m. Cloudy until middle 
of forenoon, remainder of the day remarkably fine; temp. 20° to 30°; wind westerly, 
light becoming fresh; ground in places bare, but for most part covered with dry, powdery 
snow that had fallen the preceding day, the first snow of the season; drifts 3 or 4 feet deep 
across the roads in places made walking difficult. Nine miles on foot along tree-bordered 
roads, and in the outskirts of the town. Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 1; 
Blue Jay, 10; American Crow, 12. Total, 4 species, 25 individuals. Winter mild so far, 
streams unfrozen. Note scarcity of seed-eating birds again this winter—May Morcan. 

Madison, Wis. (encircling Lake Monona).—Dec. 27; 12.30 to 4.30 P.M. Clear. 
4 to 6 ins. snow; wind southwest, very light; temp. 15° to 20°. Ten and one-half miles on 
foot. Observers together. Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Red-headed 
Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 5; American Crow, 14; Goldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow, 100; 
Junco (slate-colored), 25; Song Sparrow, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Red-breasted 
Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 2. Total, 12 species, about 160 individuals. I am only sorry 
that I cannot report as belonging to the above list one. White-winged Scoter, one Great- 
horned Owl, and three Pine Grosbeaks, seen on December 22.—CLARA and WARNER 
TAYLOR. 

Lauderdale Lake and vicinity, near Elkhorn, Wis.—Dec. 26; 10 to 11.10 A.M. and 
1.40 to 3.30 P.M. Partly cloudy; ground snow-covered; wind southwest, brisk; temp. 18° 
at 10 A.M., 23° at 3.30 p.m. About 4 miles on foot. Observers working together. Hairy 
Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Red-headed Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 6; 
American Crow, 16; RustyBlackbird, 3; Redpoll, 6; Tree Sparrow, 100; Brown Creeper, 1; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Black-capped Chickadee, 12; Robin, 1. Total, 12 species, 
161 individuals —LuLA DUNBAR and ROBERT DUNBAR, JR. 

St. Peter, Minn.—Dec. 25; 8.30 A.M. to 3.45 P.M. Clear; 1 in. snow; wind south, light; 
temp. 7° to 20°. Six mile tramp; woods, fields, river-bottom and lake. Mallard, 2; 
Mourning Dove, 5; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Pileated Wood- 
pecker, 1; Blue Jay, 4; American Crow, 6; Red-winged Blackbird, 36; Tree Sparrow, 26; 
Slate-colored Junco, 6; Fox Sparrow, 2; Northern Shrike, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; White- 
breasted Nuthatch, 9; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 10. Total, 
16 species, 119 individuals—Harry JAy LADUE. 


43 Bird - Lore 


Hutchinson, Minn.—Dec. 22; 10 A.M. to 2 P.M. Cloudy; 4 in. fresh snow; wind, ° 
brisk northwest; temp. 28° at start, 26° at return. Eight miles on foot. Observers 
together. Mallard, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Northern Downy Woodpecker, 5; Blue 
Jay, 1; Redpoll, 14; Tree Sparrow, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Black-capped 
Chickadee, 22. Total, 8 species, 57 individuals. It was unusual to see a Mallard at this 
time of the year—Carios Avery, State Game and Fish Commissioner, and J. M. 
ExeEImM, Game Warden. : 

Oberlin, Ohio (east, south and west of town).—Dec. 26; ro A.M. to 3 P.M. Cloudy; 
light fall of snow; strong northwest wind; temp. 30° at start, 26° on return. Ten miles 
on bicycle, 4 miles on foot. Scaup Duck (?) male (not near enough for identification), 1; 
Sparrow Hawk, 1; Barred Owl, 1; Screech Owl, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Wood- 
pecker, 5; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 3; Meadowlark, 8; Tree Sparrow, 25; Slate-colored 
Junco, 12; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 25; 
Robin, 2. Total, 16 species, 100 individuals. Bluebird seen two weeks ago.—HELEN 
M. Rice. 

Lakeside, Ohio.—Dec. 25; 1 to 6 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind northwest, 
light; temp. 28°. Four miles. Cardinal, 2; Slate-colored Junco, 8; Horned Lark, 7; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 6; Downy Woodpecker, 
1. Total, 7 species, 29 individuals—A. CaRLson. 

Canton, Ohio. —Dec. 26; 8.30 A.M. to 3.30 P.M. Cloudy; ground bare; sharp wind; 
temp. 25°. Ten miles on foot. Observers together. Cooper’s Hawk, 1; Screech Owl, 1; 
Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 2; Tree Sparrow, 75; Slate-colored Junco, 35; 
Song Sparrow, 5; Cardinal, 10; Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 10; 
Tufted Titmouse, 10; Chickadee, 12. Total, 12 species, 172 individuals.—May S. 
DANNER and Mary Kine. 

Canton, Ohio.—Dec. 25; 7 A.M. to 3 P.M. Cloudy and threatening; ground bare; 
strong southwest wind; temp. 30° at both start and return. Distance covered 7 miles. 
Bonaparte’s Gull, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Cowbird, 1; Tree Sparrow, 125; Slate- 
colored Junco, 4; Song Sparrow, 4; Cardinal, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Tufted 
Titmouse, 8; Black-capped Chickadee, 16. Total, 10 species, 170 individuals.—Epw. 
D. Kimes. 

Cadiz, Ohio.—Dec. 22; 9.45 A.M. to 1.45 P.M. Cloudy; light rain; wind southwest, 
light; temp. 52° to 53°; over 1 in. of rain the preceding night. A seven-mile walk in the 
woods and fields about Cadiz. Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Great Horned Owl, 1; Hairy 
Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Red-headed Woodpecker, 6; Red-bellied 
Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay 1; American Crow, 3; Tree Sparrow, 25; Song Sparrow, 3; 
White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 10; Chickadee, 4. Total, 13 species, 
68 individuals. There were fewer birds for each hour spent afield than any time during 
my twenty years of bird study. A Mongolian Pheasant is roosting with a neighbor’s 
chickens, the third case of the kind that has come under my observation near here in 
the past two years.—Harry B. McConneELL, John Wortey and RAyMonD TIMMONS. 

Wilmington, Ohio.—Dec. 22; 9 a.m. to 4 P.M. Clear; ground bare; wind west, strong; 
temp. 52° at start, 53° at return. Eight miles on foot. Mourning Dove, 14; Red-tailed 
Hawk, 5; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 6; 
Flicker, 3; American Crow, 123; Meadowlark, 19; Tree Sparrow, 43; Junco. 112; Song 
Sparrow, 12; Cardinal, 2; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 12; Tufted 
Titmouse, 11; Chickadee, 19. Total, 16 species, 389 individuals. Jays we have at our 
feeding table, but could find none on the walk. Birds well scattered on account of 
warm weather will answer for some of the small numbers. Meadowlarks singing like 
springtime. One snake and one butterfly out.—Gro. D. HAworrts. 

Hillsboro, Ohio.—Dec. 27; 7.30 A.M. to 3 P.M. Partly cloudy; light southwest wind; 
1 in. of snow; temp. 22° to 36°. Walked 7 miles. Bob-white 8; Mourning Dove, 2 ; 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 43 


Sparrow Hawk, 2; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Screech Owl, 1; Belted Kingfisher, 1; 
Hairy Woodpecker, 6; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 2; Red- 
bellied Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 25; Horned Lark, 20; Blue Jay, 8; Bronzed Grackle, 4; 
American Crow, 10; Tree Sparrow, 100+; White-throated Sparrow, 25; Fox Sparrow, 
10; Junco, 200; Song Sparrow, 100; Cardinal, 50; Mockingbird, 1; White-breasted 
Nuthatch, 10; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 12; Chickadee, 14; Robin, 
2. Total, 26 species, 620+ individuals——Letua E. Roaps. 

Youngstown, Ohio.— Dec. 25, 8 A.M. to 5 p.m. Cloudy; misty rain, with an oc- 
casional snowflake; brisk southwest wind; ground bare; temp. 33° forenoon, 31° after- 
noon. Distance walked about 12 miles. Bob-white, 15; Screech Owl, 1; Kingfisher, 1; 
Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1; Blue-Jay, 11; 
Goldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow, 2; Junco, 9; Song Sparrow, 7; Cardinal, 16; White-breasted 
Nuthatch, 10; Tufted Titmouse, 6; Chickadee, 63. Total, 15 species; 153 individuals.— 
Geo. L. Forpycr, C. A. LErpy, W. H. WARNER, H. W. WEISGERBER. 

Lafayette, Ind. (to Soldier’s Home by river road and return by Happy Hollow road). 
—Dec. 25; 8.45 A.M. to 12 M. Cloudy; snowing, ground slightly covered with snow; wind 
west, brisk; temp. 30°. Eight miles on foot. Observers together. Belted Kingfisher, 1; 
Downy Woodpecker 6; Horned Lark 8; Blue Jay, 4; American Crow, 5; American Gold- 
finch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 20; Slate-colored Junco, 130; Song Sparrow, 11; Cardinal, 5; White- 
breasted Nuthatch, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 15. Total, 12 species, 215 individuals. The King- 
fisheris unusual, but was identified with doubt.—M. L.FisHer and Paut AITKENHEAD. 

Millers, Ind. (Walk from Gary to Millers and among the Sand Dunes at Millers).— 
Dec. 27; 11 A.M. to 4 P.M. Ground covered with 4 in. of snow; sky overcast; wind south- 
west, light; temp. 26°. Downy Woodpecker, 1; Red-headed Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 
10; American Crow, 6; Evening Grosbeak, 4; Redpoll, 20; Tree Sparrow, 6; Cardinal, 1; 
Chickadee, 13. Total, 9 species, 63 individuals. On Dec. 21, 50 Evening Grosbeaks 
were seen at Millers—C. W. G. Errric and CHRESWELL J. HUNT. 

Millers, Ind.—Dec. 26; 7.30 A.M. to 4.30 P.M. Clear; 8 in. snow; wind southwest; 
temp. 14° at start, 24° at return. Twelve miles on foot. Observers together. Herring 
Gull, 15; Merganser, 3; Red-headed Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 10; American Crow, 4; 
Redpoll, 25; Goldfinch (?), 1; Pine Siskin, 10; Tree Sparrow, 100; Junco, 10; White- 
breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 1; Chickadee, 2. Total, 12 species, about 
200 individuals. The Pine Siskin was studied with glasses at 25 feet, yellow on wing noted. 
—FosteR BALLARD, JoHN AusTIN Kerr, and JeEnckes Mason, Chicago, Illinois. 

Zuma Township, Rock Island Co., Ill.—Dec. 22; 8 a.m. to 3.15 P.M. Cloudy and 
foggy; ground bare and very wet; wind west, light; temp. 38° at start, 40° at return. 
Twelve miles on foot. Bob-white, 25 (two covies); Rough-legged Hawk, 3; Screech 
Owl, 1; Great Horned Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 12; Red- 
headed Woodpecker, 40; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 4; Prairie Horned Lark, 12; Blue 
Jay, 30; American Crow, 17; Tree Sparrow, 160; Slate-colored Junco, 25; Cardinal, 7; 
Brown Creeper, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 11; Tufted Titmouse, 4; Chickadee, 22. 
Total, 18 species, about 385 individuals—JoHN J. SCHAFER. 

Rantoul, Ill.—Dec. 26; 10 A.M. to 12 M. Ground frozen; cloudy with snow flurries; 
northwest wind; temp. 20°. Prairie Hen, 27; Cooper’s Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 
1; Rough-legged Hawk, 3; Screech Owl, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 
3; Flicker, 7; Prairie Horned Lark, 50; Blue Jay, 2; American Crow, 42; Lapland Long- 
spur, 65; Tree Sparrow, 95; Junco, 30; Song Sparrow, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1. 
Total, 16 species, about 315 individuals —Smwnrey E. ExspLaw and W. ELMER EKBLAwW. 

Albion, Ill.—Dec. 25; 8.30 to 11.30 A.M. Cloudy; ground bare; wind west, light; 
temp. 26° to 28°. Six miles. Killdeer, 1; Bob-white, 1; Prairie Chicken 9; Mourning 
Dove 1; Cooper’s Hawk 1; Barred (?) Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Wood- 
pecker, 5; Red-headed Woodpecker, 5; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 12; Flicker, rr; Blue 


44 Bird - Lore 


Jay, 26; American Crow, 3; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 100; Junco, 700; Song Sparrow, 
3; Cardinal, 1 pair, 1 individual; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Chickadee, 5. Total, 20 species, 
881 individuals—Joun H. Goocu. 

Sioux City, Iowa (Car to Noith Riverside, north to ravines and return).—Dec. 26; 
10 A.M. to 4 P.M. Cloudy; light fall of snow, intermittent through the day; wind west 
and northwest, strong in the open; temp. 28° to 30°. Eight miles on foot, distance 
covered 18 miles. Observers together. Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; 
Flicker, 1; American Crow, 8; Blue Jay, 2; American Goldfinch, 5; Tree Sparrow, 60 
(estimate); Junco, 14; Cardinal, 8; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 50 (esti- 
mate). Total, rr species, about 153 individuals—Mrs. F. W. MARSHALL, Miss 
JOSEPHINE SmitH and Mrs. H. M. BAILEy. 

Lexington, Ky.—Dec. 27; 10 A.M. to 12.30 P.M. Alternate sunshine and cloudy, 
occasional flurries of snow, little snow on ground, not covering it; temp. 24° to 28°. 
Route through cemetery where are many shrubs, evergreens and deciduous trees. Downy 
Woodpecker, 1; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 2; Crow, 1; Junco, 50; Cardinal, 
(one pair); Brown Creeper, 3; Chickadee, 8; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 25. Total, 9 
species, 93 individuals—Emity BARNES, IsABEL CLAy, and S. WooTEN. 

Louisville, Ky.— Dec. 25, 8.30 A.M. to 3 P.M. Ground bare at start; snowing profusely 
at return: wind southwest, strong; temp. 28° at start, 29° at return. Nine miles on foot. 
Observers together. Mallard Duck 5; Red-shouldered Hawk (?), 2; Belted Kingfisher, 1; 
Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 1; 
Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 15; Red-winged Blackbird, 1; Meadowlark, 50; White- 
throated Sparrow, 27; Slate-colored Junco, 60; Song Sparrow, 19: Towhee, 3; Cardinal, 
75; Brown Creeper, 4; Mockingbird, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 
21; Black-capped Chickadee, 19. Total, 21 species, 318 individuals. Blue Jays, which 
usually abound in this vicinity, are exceedingly scarce now, the above being the first 
noted in 5 or 6 weeks.—Burt Monror and SWALE GORDON. 

Bowling Green, Ky.—Déc. 23; 8.30 A.M. to 3.30 P.M. Cloudy; wind north, light; 
temp. 33° to 48°. Four miles on foot. Observers together. Turkey Buzzard, 1; Black 
Vulture, 11; Belted Kingfisher, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Southern Downy Woodpecker, 
6; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 1: Flicker, 4; Prairie Horned Lark, 9; Blue Jay, 13; American 
Crow, 125; Purple Finch, 30; American Goldfinch, 30; White-crowned Sparrow, 40; 
White-throated Sparrow, 8; Tree Sparrow, 3; Chipping Sparrow, 5; Slate-colored Junco, 
150; Song Sparrow, 11; Towhee, 7: Cardinal, 75; Cedar Waxwing, 25 (one flock); 
Myrtle Warbler, 8; Mockingbird, 4; Carolina Wren, 3; Bewick Wren, 1; White-breasted 
Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 50; Carolina Chickadee, 50; Bluebird, 47. Total, 29 
species, 723 individuals. Other birds seen within the week preceding census: Killdeer, 
Mourning Dove, Red-bellied Woodpecker, Meadowlark, Field Sparrow, Brown Creeper, 
and Robin. Grand total, 36. Golden-crowned Kinglets, usually winter residents, are not 
in evidence this winter, being rare even in migrations. On account of the mild fall and 
winter there have been many more birds here this winter than were to be found last 
winter. Two flocks of Rusty Blackbirds seen as late as December 7.—ROBERT ALEXAN- 
DER, L. Y. LANCASTER, and GORDON WILSON. 

St. Louis, Mo. (Creve Coeur Lake).—Dec. 28; 9.45 A.M. to 3.45 P.M. Clear; slight 
covering of snow; wind northwest; temp. 25° to 28°. The party, 12 in number, covered 
an area of about two and a half square miles. Bob-white, 1; Marsh Hawk, 1; Sparrow 
Hawk, 6; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 3; Bald Eagle, 2; Hairy Wood- 
pecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 13; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 13; Red-headed Wood- 
pecker, 1; Flicker, 61; Blue Jay, 1; American Crow, 61; Cowbird, 1; Red-winged Black- 
bird, 68; Purple Finch, 6; American Goldfinch, 27; Tree Sparrow, 250; Junco, 67; 
Song Sparrow, 67; Cardinal, 54; Logger-head Shrike, 1; Brown Creeper, 2; White- 
breasted Nuthatch, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 47; Black-capped 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 45 


Chickadee, 20. Total, 27 species, 773 individuals——TueE St. Louris Brrp CLus, Dr. 
Rosert J. Terry, President, Mrs. Ketton E. WHITE, Secretary. 

St. Louis, Mo. (Creve Coeur Lake and vicinity).—Dec. 22; 7.30 A.M. to 2.30 P.M. 
Clear. and very damp; wind southwest, strong; temp. 40° at start, 48° at return. Twelve 
miles on foot. Observers together. Pied-billed Grebe, 1; Green-winged Teal, 6; Caro- 
lina Rail, 1; Bob-white, 6; Duck Hawk, 1; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Cooper’s Hawk, 1; 
Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 4; Bald Eagle, 1; Pigeon Hawk, 1: Kingfisher, 
1; Downy Woodpecker, 16; Hairy Woodpecker, 8; Red-headed Woodpecker, 2; Red- 
bellied Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 15; Blue Jay, 15; Crow, 70; Prairie Horned Lark, 13; 
Meadowlark, 2; Red-wing Blackbird, 1; Bronzed Grackle, 1; Purple Finch, 6; Goldfinch, 
9; Tree Sparrow, 187; White-throated Sparrow, 7; Song Sparrow, 14; Fox Sparrow, 2; 
Slate-colored Junco, 124; Towhee, 1; Cardinal, 44; Northern Shrike, 1; Myrtle Warbler, 
2; Mockingbird, 1; Carolina Wren, 3; Winter Wren, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 35; Carolina 
Chickadee, 27; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3; Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nut- 
hatch, 4; Robin, 2; Bluebird, 7. Total, 44 species, 656 individuals—DENT JOKERST and 
Paut DENT. 

Kansas City, Mo. (Country Club and Brush Creek Region, Swope Park, and Lower 
Blue Valley).—Dec. 25. Clear; 11 in. snow on ground; light northwest wind; temp. 7°. 
Bob-white, 8; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2: Screech Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 
8; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3; Northern Flicker, 1; Prairie 
Horned Lark, 6; Blue Jay, 10; American Crow, 45; Red-winged Blackbird, 15; Bronzed 
Grackle, 2; Crossbill, 3; Goldfinch, 35; Harris’s Sparrow, 40; White-crowned Sparrow, 2; 
Tree Sparrow, 50; Slate-colored Junco, 500; Song Sparrow, 250; Fox Sparrow, 8: Towhee, 
5; Cardinal, 25; Carolina Wren, 6; Brown Creeper, 12; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; 
Red-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 15; Black-capped Chickadee, 75; Blue- 
bird, rt. Total, 30 species, 1,141 individuals ——W. C. MicHAEts and Son, A. E. SHIRLING 
and HARRY Harris. 

Marionville, Mo.—Dec. 26; 10 A.M. to 6 P.M. Clear; wind, northwest; about 6 in. 
of snow; temp. o° to 35°. Area covered about 8 miles. Bob-white, 100; Marsh Hawk, 1; 
American Rough-legged Hawk, 1; Screech Owl, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 10; Red-bellied 
Woodpecker, 1; Flicker 1; Prairie Horned Lark, 150; Blue Jay, 18; Crow, 800; Meadow- 
lark, 2; Purple Finch, 14; American Goldfinch, 30; Harris Sparrow, 4; White-throated 
Sparrow, 4; Tree Sparrow, 200; Field Sparrow, 20; Slate-colored Junco, 600; Song Spar- 
row, 230; Fox Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 20; Loggerhead Shrike, 1; White-breasted Nut- 
hatch, 3; Chickadee, 20; Tufted Titmouse, 16. Total, 25 species, about 2,250 individ- 
uals.— JOHNSON NEFF. 

Nashville, Tenn.—Dec. 24; 1 to 5 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind north, stiff; 
temp. 38° to 32°. Four miles on foot. Killdeer, 2; Bob-white, 6; Black Vulture, 8; 
Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Screech Owl, 1; Great Horned Owl, 1; Hairy 
Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 2; Red-bellied Wood- 
pecker, 3; Flicker, 6; Prairie Horned Lark, 40; Crow, 18; Meadowlark, 6; Bronzed 
Grackle, 4,000 (at roost); Goldfinch, 8; Savannah Sparrow, 4; White-throated Sparrow 
15; Field Sparrow, 20; Slate-colored Junco, 110; Song Sparrow. 18; Fox Sparrow, 2; 
Towhee, 12; Cardinal, 25; Migrant Shrike, 1 (rare here); Mockingbird, 8; Bewick Wren, 
1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse 4; Carolina Chickadee 10; Bluebird, 
14; Robin, 8.000 (roosting in cemetery evergreens with the Grackles). Total, 33 species, 
12,360 individuals.—A. F. GANIER. 

Bismarck, N. D.—Dec. 26; 9 A.M. to 1 P.M. Medium light wind; temp. 20° to 30°; 
ground completely covered with snow, quite deep in places. About 15 miles covered. 
Pinnated Grouse, 2; Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse, 25; Screech Owl, 1; Prairie Horned 
Lark, 8; Magpie, 10; Redpoll, 35; Black-capped Chickadee, 4. Total, 7 species, 85 
individuals—RussELt REID. 


46 Bird - Lore 


Charlson, N. D.—Dec. 20; 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. Mostly clear; ground partly snow-covered: 
wind varying from southwest to southeast, light; temp. 20° at start, 30° at return. 
Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse, 19; Goshawk, 1; Magpie, 6; Redpoll, 15; Bohemian Wax- 
wing, 14. Total, 5 species, 55 individuals—ApDRIAN LARSON. 

Yankton, S. D.—Dec. 27; 1.15 to 5 P.M. Cloudy; traces of snow on the ground; wind 
northwest, medium; temp. 25°. Distance covered, 6 miles. Observers together. Hairy 
Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, 1; American Crow, 1; Redpoll, 45; 
Tree Sparrow, 60; Slate-colored Junco, 10; Montana Junco, 3; Bohemian Waxwing, 
115; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Long-tailed Chickadee, 25; 
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 14 species, 275 individuals. 
—AusTIN P. LARRABEE and PuHILo J. LARRABEE, 

Fremont, Neb. (Hormel’s Island, and country roads leading to town).—Dec. 26; 
8.45 A.M. to 1 P.M. Partly cloudy; ground covered lightly with snow; light wind; temp. 
30° to 35°. Distance covered, 8 miles. Screech Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 10; Downy 
Woodpecker, 12; Northern Flicker, 2; Prairie Horned Lark, 5; American Crow, 25; 
Goldfinch, 7; Lapland Longspur, 6; Tree Sparrow, 58; Slate-colored Junco, 7; Cardinal, 
8; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 43. Total, 14 species, 
188 individuals——Lity RuEece Burton. 

Bozeman, Mont.—Dec. 25; 10 A.M. to 2 P.M. Clear; ground thinly covered with snow; 
calm; temp 16° at start, 26° at return. Five miles on foot. Red-shafted Flicker, 1; 
Magpie, 16; Redpoll, 23; Pale Goldfinch, 5; Western Tree Sparrow, 8; Mountain Song 
Sparrow, 5; Bohemian Waxwing, 70; Dipper, 1; Long-tailed Chickadee, 21; Mountain 
Chickadee, 1. Total, to species, 151 individuals —NELSON LUNDWALL. 

Great Falls, Mont. (Observations at ranch 18 miles west).—Dec. 25; 2 to 5 P.M. 
Clear; light snow on ground; mild west wind; temp. 33°. Four miles of river bottom. 
‘Pin-tail’ Grouse, 8; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 3; Horned 
Lark, 7; Magpie, 27; Pine Siskin, 33; Lapland Longspur, 5; Redpoll, (estimate) 150; 
Tree Sparrow, 29; Northern Shrike, 2; Bohemian Waxwing, 49; Chickadee, 23. Total, 
13 species, 340 individuals. Birds observed with an 8X Bausch and Lomb glass. The 
Pine Siskins, Redpolls, Tree Sparrows, and Chickadees, were intermingled in a sun- 
flower field, and I am satisfied there were a great many more of each variety than I was 
able to count. The Horned Larks and Lapland Longspurs were also found together. 
The Waxwings were feeding on the berries of wild rose bushes.—LEE M. Forp. 

Great Falls, Mont. (City Limits)—Dec. 25; 1 to 3 p.m. Clear and bright sun; skim 
of snow; no wind; temp. 32°. Bufflehead Duck, 52; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Sparrow 
Hawk, 1; Hawk (unidentified), 1; Magpie, 3; Siskin, 30; Tree Sparrow, 12; Northern 
Shrike, 2; Chickadee, 3. Total, 8 species, 106 individuals——BERNERS B. KELLY. 

Denver, Colo.—Dec. 25; 8 to 9 A.M. and 5 to 5.30 p.M. Walking and by auto, 7% 
miles; 90 per cent cloudless; 10 in. of snow on ground; wind light, east; temp. 7° in 
forenoon and 20° in afternoon. Ring-necked Pheasant, 2; Long-eared Owl, 5; Orange- 
shafted Flicker, 4; Prairie Horned Lark, 11; Magpie 1; Meadowlark, 5; Red-winged 
Blackbird, 60; House Finch, 16; Tree Sparrow, 11; Mountain Junco, 3; Pink-sided 
Junco, 2; Song Sparrow, 1. Total, 12 species, 121 individuals—W. H. BERGTOLD. 

Golden, Colo. (Walk to Lookout Mountain and return).—Dec. 26; 8.30 A.M. to 3 
P.M. Clear; 6 in, of snow; chinook wind; temp. 15° at start, 36° at return. Ten miles on 
foot. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Red-shafted Flicker, 3; Magpie, 7; 
Long-crested Jay, 1; Gray-crowned Rosy Finch, flock of 35; Western Tree Sparrow, 
14; Pink-sided Junco, 12; Gray-headed Junco, 5; Northern Shrike, 1; Red-breasted 
Nuthatch, 2; Mountain Chickadee, 5. Total, 11 species, 86 individuals—Pavut H.STEELE. 

Tucson, Ariz., (University of Arizona campus, west and north in Santa Cruz and 
Rillito valleys).—Dec. 26; 11.15 to 11.45 A.M. and 2 to 5.30 P.M. Clear; light south wind; 
temp. 57°. Duck (unidentified), 1; American Coot, 3; Mourning Dove, 30: Inca Dove, 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 47 


2; Marsh Hawk, 2; Desert Sparrow Hawk, 1; Road-runner, 1; Gila Woodpecker, 3; 
Red-shafted Flicker 3; Gilded Flicker, 7; White-throated Swift, 15; Say Phoebe, 5; 
Black Phoebe, 1; Vermilion Flycatcher, 1; White-necked Raven, 110; Yellow-headed 
Blackbird, 75; Red-winged Blackbird (subsp.?), 400; Rio Grande Meadowlark, 11; 
Western Lark Sparrow, 5; Gambel’s Sparrow, 225; Montana (?) Junco, 6; Cafion Towhee, 
4; Arizona Pyrrhuloxia, 9; White-rumped Shrike, 4; Audubon’s Warbler, 3; Western 
Mockingbird, 1; Palmer’s Thrasher, 19; Cactus Wren, 4; Mountain Bluebird, 13. Total, 
29 species, 964 individuals. Numbers above 50 are estimates.—CHARLES T. VORHIES. 

Multnomah (near Portland), Ore., to Columbia Slough (near Vancouver), Wash.— 
Dec. 22; all day. Clear day; very little wind; temp. about 40°. Observation taken within 
to-mile radius. Glaucous-winged Gull, 89; Herring Gull, 47; California Gull, 11; Mallard 
Duck, 187; Hooded Merganser, 12; Green-winged Teal, 2; Eared Grebe, 19; unidentified 
Ducks on wing, about 1,000; Canvasback Duck, 14; Canada Goose, 29; Great Blue 
«Heron, 1; Belted Kingfisher, 1: Northwestern Flicker, 4; Steller Jay, 3; Crow, 137; 
Western Meadowlark, 5; California Purple Finch, 17; Willow Goldfinch, 9; Oregon 
Junco, 98; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 21; Rusty Song Sparrow, 6; Oregon Towhee, 7; 
Pipit, 96; Western Winter Wren, 1; Nuthatch, 5; Oregon Chickadee, 9; Chestnut- 
backed Chickadee, 7: Western Golden-crowned Kinglet, 21; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 1; 
Western Robin, 4. Total, 29 species, about 1,862 individuals. Observed together. 
A car passed over the trestle while we were observing the ducks and caused them to 
rise from the slough, we were all surprised at the large number. Two old duck-hunters 
told us that it had been years since they had seen so many at one time.—F RANK PATTON, 
Mary Patton, A. L. CAMPBELL, MAMIE CAMPBELL. 

Portland, Ore.—Dec. 23; 8.45 A.M. to 4.30 P.M. Clear; heavy frost in morning, not 
entirely melting all day; light easterly winds; average temp. 32°. Glaucous-winged 
Gull, 2; Herring Gull, 5; California Gull, 8; Wilson’s Snipe, 5; Mallard, 160; Cinnamon 
Teal, 6; Pintail Duck, 2; Scaup Duck, 15; Coot, 8; Bob-white, 1; California Quail, 12; 
Ring-necked Pheasant, 7; Desert Sparrow Hawk, 1; Belted Kingfisher, 1; Red-shafted 
Flicker, 6; Western Crow, 10; Western Evening Grosbeak, 1; Crossbill, 50; Willow 
Goldfinch, 4; Pine Siskin, 10; Oregon Junco, 20; Rusty Song Sparrow, 10; Yakutat Fox 
Sparrow, 1; Oregon Towhee, 3; Western Winter Wren, 1; California Creeper, 1; Red- 
breasted Nuthatch, 5; Oregon Chickadee, 18; Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 3; Western 
Robin, 1. Total, 31 species, 353 individuals—Mary E. RAKER. 

Portland, Ore. (Hills near Portland and Guild’s Lake).—Dec. 24; 8 A.M. to 3 P.M. 
Clear, sunny; ground bare and frozen hard; wind northwest, brisk; temp. 33° at start, 
36° at return. Seven miles on foot. Observers together in forenoon, separated in 
afternoon. Glaucous-winged Gull, 19; Western Gull, 12; Canvasback Duck, 43; Great 
Blue Heron, 2; Killdeer, 4; Wilson Snipe, 2; Lewis Woodpecker, 5; Red-shafted Flicker, 
2; Northwestern Crow, 27; Western Meadowlark, 17 (flock); Brewer Blackb‘rd, 63 
(flock); Willow Goldfinch, 30 (flock); Intermediate Junco, 37; Rusty Song Sparrow, 10; 
Oregon Towhee, 3; Vigors Wren, 5; Western Winter Wren, 3; Oregon Chickadee, 6; 
Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 4; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 11. Total, 20 species, about 
280 individuals. Lewis Woodpecker seen flying about oak trees on an island in Guild’s 
Lake, greenish back, white collar and reddish throat and breast noted.—W. L. BREWSTER, 
Jr., and D. K. Strone. 

Sodaville, Ore., (by way of Waterloo, and Berlin, to Scott Creek Ford, with team, 
twelve miles and return.)—Dec. 21; 8 A.M. to 8 P.M. Cloudy; no snow; wind, east, light; 
temp. average 36°. Cooper’s Hawk, 1; Western Red-tail, 1; Desert Sparrow Hawk, 8; 
Northwestern Kingfisher, 3; Harris Woodpecker, 1; Red-shafted Flicker, 29; Steller Jay, 
4; Crow, 200; Western Meadowlark, 25; Crossbill, 400; Oregon Junco, 1,000; Rusty Song 
Sparrow, 12; Oregon Towhee, 10; Dipper, 1; Seattle Wren, 9; Western Winter Wren, 
20; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Oregon Chickadee, 12; Western Golden-crowned King- 


48 Bird - Lore 


let, 36; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 4; (Dwarf) Hermit Thrush, 1; Western Robin, 1; Western 
Bluebird, 2. Total, 23 species, about, 1,783 individuals. Concerning the Hermit Thrush, 
there is a variety which spends the winter here, but the authorities are too indefinite 
concerning winter ranges, for a positive statement as to its correct name. Bird seen at 
twenty feet with an 8X glass ——Les ire L. HASKIN. 

Turlock, to Newman, Calif. Dec. 25; 11 A.M. to 3 P.M. Clear; warm; light northwest 
wind; temp. 53°. Twenty-two miles by auto. Pied-billed Grebe, 1; White Pelican, 8; 
Mallard, 2; Green-winged Teal, 1; Shoveller, 17; Geese, (sp.?) 300; Great Blue Heron, 1; 
Little Brown Crane, 5; Coot, 125; Greater Yellow-legs, 1; Killdeer, 98; Valley Quail, 6;, 
Western Mourning Dove, 23; Turkey Vulture, 3: Marsh Hawk, 3; Western Red-tail, 8;. 
Red-bellied Hawk, 2; Ferruginous Rough-leg, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 5; Burrowing Owl, 7;. 
Nuttall Woodpecker, 1; California Woodpecker, 6; Red-shafted Flicker, 10; Say Phoebe,. 
1; Black Phoebe, 6; Yellow-billed Magpie, 126; California Jay, 16; Western Crow, 11; 
Bicolored Red-wing, 50; Tricolored Red-wing, 300; Western Meadowlark, 175; Brewer 
Blackbird, 86; House Finch, 12; Willow Goldfinch, 8; Green-backed Goldfinch, 3; Western. 
Savannah Sparrow, 15; Western Lark Sparrow, 4; Gambel Sparrow, 110; Golden-crowned. 
Sparrow, 20; Thurber Junco, 60; San Diego Towhee, 1; California Towhee, 10; Cedar 
Waxwing, 2; California Shrike, 11; Audubon Warbler, 4; Pipit, 15; Western Mocking- 
bird, 4; Plain Titmouse, 3; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 5. Additional species seen in same. 
locality on Dec. 20: Willow Woodpecker, 2; White-tailed Kite, 2; Flycatcher, (Empi- 
donax sp.?) 1; Fox Sparrow, (Insularis ?) 5; Phainopepla, 1; Pacific Yellow-throat, 1; 
San Diego Wren, 2; California Bush-Tit, 12; Pallid Wren-Tit, 1; Western Robin, 1; 
Western Bluebird, 18. Total, 60species, 1,738 individuals —Mr and Mrs. JOHN G. TYLER. 

Riverside, Calif. (City Parks).—Dec. 25; 9.30to 11.30 A.M. Clear, strong northwind;. 
temp. 58°. American Coot, 81; Killdeer, 1; Western Red-tail Hawk, 1; Black-chinned. 
Hummingbird, 1; Cassin’s Kingbird, 1; Say Phoebe, 1; Black Phoebe, 4; California Jay, 
i; Western Meadowlark, 11; Brewer’s Blackbird, 36; Lawrence’s Goldfinch, 6; Western 
Vesper Sparrow, 1; Gambel’s Sparrow, 12; Golden-crowned Sparrow 1; Western 
Chipping Sparrow, 2; Black-chinned Sparrow, 2; San Diego Song Sparrow, 8; House: 
Finch, 11; California Towhee, 4; Bohemian Waxwing, 1; California Shrike, 6; Hutton’s 
Vireo, 1; Myrtle Warbler, 1; Audubon’s Warbler, 13; Pacific Yellow-throat, 2; Western 
Mockingbird, 10; Western House Wren, 3; California Bush-tit, 16; Ruby-crowned 
Kinglet, 5; Western Robin, 3; Western Bluebird, 16. Total, 31 species, 262 individuals.— 
Mrs. Georce M. Turner. 

San Francisco County (Golden Gate Park, Sutro Park, and Lake Merced).—Dec. 22; 
Clear; temp. 55°. Western Grebe, 2; Eared Grebe, 25; Pied-billed Grebe, 9; Western 
Gull, Herring Gull, California Gull, Ring-billed Gull, 6,000 in all; Glaucous-wingedGull,. 
2; Farrallone Cormorant, 1; California Brown Pelican, 2; Mallard, 84; Baldpate, 22; 
Green-winged Teal, 44; Shoveller, 188; Canvasback Duck, 3,500; Lesser Scaup Duck, 
20; Bufflehead Duck, 3; White-winged Scoter, 1; Ruddy Duck, 50; Great Blue Heron, 
9; Coot, 1,000; Killdeer, 1; Black Turnstone, (1 on Seal Rocks); California Quail, 50; 
Barn Owl, 1; Burrowing Owl, 1; Willow Woodpecker, 1; Red-shafted Flicker, 5; 
Belted Kingfisher, 2; Anna Hummingbird, 7; Black Phoebe, 4; California Jay, 1; 
Bi-colored Blackbird, 250; Western Meadowlark, 50; Brewer Blackbird, 2; California 
Purple Finch, 2; California Linnet, 35; Green-backed Goldfinch, 8; Gambel’s Sparrow 
and Nuttall Sparrow, 300; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 12; Sierra Junco, 30; Santa Cruz 
Song Sparrow, 200; Yakutat Fox Sparrow, 5; San Francisco Towhee, 2; California Shrike, 
2; Hutton Vireo, 2; Audubon Warbler, 1; Townsend Warbler, 1; Salt Marsh Yellow- 
throat, 2; Pipit, 25; Vigors Wren, 2; Western Winter Wren, 1; Tule Wren, 1; Santa 
Cruz Chickadee, 14; Coast Bush-Tit, 35; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 32; Ruby-crowned 
Kinglet, 8; Dwarf Hermit Thrush, 6; Varied Thrush, 1; Western Robin, 1. Total, 61 
species, 12,058 individuals.—(Troop 20, San Francisco, Boy Scouts of America.)— 


Bird-Lore’s Nineteenth Christmas Census 49 


“RALPH VINCENT, SANFORD Mosk, ALVA WEINER, JOE GUTMAN, FRED GEINIENE, J. L. 
IRWIN, and Harotp E. HANSEN. 

Is-sur-Tille, Dept. of Cote d’Or, France. Dec. 7; 8.15 A.M. to 4.25 P.M. A little sun- 
shine, but mostly cloudy, with fog during part of the morning; calm; ground bare; 
temp. about 50° to 60°. Kind of country visited: Plateau of Langres (mostly its eastern 
lopes), covered with thick growth (plantations) of pines, spruce, and larch; open cut- 
ver oak woods; thickets of cedar, juniper, Crategus, etc.; pasture land; ploughed 
fields; and rather open bottom-land of Tille River with bordering beds of bulrushes; 
sedge, and reed (Phragmites). Distance covered about eight miles. Mallard (Anas 
platyrhynchos), 3; Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus), 1; Kestrel (Tinnunculus tinnunculus), 1; 
Tawny Owl (Syrnium aluco), 1; European Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida), 1; Greater Spotted 
Woodpecker (Dendrocopus major), 4; Magpie (Pica pica), 7; European Jay (Garrulus 
glandarius), 7; Carrion Crow (Corvus corone), 16; House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), 75; 
Bullfinch (Pyrrhula europaea), 3; Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra), 4; Chaffinch (Fringilla 
celebs), 1; Yellow Bunting (Emberiza citrinella), 25; Gray Wagtail (Motacilla boarula), 2; 
European Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), 5; Continental Great Tit (Parus major), 2; 
Continental Coal Tit (Parus ater), 3; Continental Blue Tit (Parus ceruleus), 4; Crested 
Tit (Parus cristatus mitratus), 13; Marsh Tit (Parus palustris longirostris), 8; Golden- 
crested Wren (Regulus regulus), 33; Firecrest (Regulus ignicapillus), 1; European Black- 
bird (Turdus merula), 2; Missel Thrush (Turdus viscivorus), 5. Total, 25 species, 227 
individuals—FRANcISs HARPER and REMINGTON KELLOGG. 

Sore, Dept. of Landes, southwestern France.—Dec. 15; 8.30 to 11.30 A.M., 1.30 to 
4.30 P.M. Weather clear and sunny; temp. 50°; ground bare; no perceptible wind. Euro- 
pean Coot (Fulica atra), 1; Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus), 4; European Sparrow 
Hawk (Accipiter nisus), 1; Common Buzzard (Buteo vulgaris), 1; Green Woodpecker 
(Gecinus viridis), 8; Woodlark (Alauda arborea), 4; Magpie, 25; European Jay, 6; Car- 
rion Crow, 50; House Sparrow, 10; Chaffinch, 20; Common Bunting (Emberiza miliaria), 
1; Reed Bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus), 5; White Wagtail (Motacilla alba), 2; Gray- 
headed Wagtail (Motacilla flava), 4; Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis), 12; European Wren, 10; 
Tree Creeper (Certhia familiaris), 6; European Nuthatch (Sita caesia), 5; Long-tailed 
Tit (Acredula caudata), 35; Great Tit, 2; Blue Tit, 23; Crested Tit, 9; Dartford Warbler 
(Sylvia undata), 2; Firecrested Wren, 20; European Robin (Erithacus rubecula), 12; 
European Blackbird, 2. Total, 27 species, 280 individuals —Tuomas D. BurLEIGcH, A.E.F. 

Chaumont, Dept. of Haute Marne, France.—Dec. 16; dawn to 12.30 P.M. Overcast; 
frequent showers after 9 A.M.; strong west wind; temp. 40° to 50°. Country visited: Val- 
ley of the Marne River, uplands, ploughed fields and conifer woods on the hills. Dis- 
tance covered about 10 miles. Little Grebe (Podiceps fluviatilis), 1; Wood Pigeon, 2; 
European Buzzard, 2; Kestrel, 4; European Kingfisher, 2; Skylark, 25; Magpie, 10; 
European Jay, 2; Carrion Crow, 10; Rook (Corvus frugilegus), 2; Chaffinch, 8; House 
Sparrow, 4; European Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus), 14; Yellow Bunting, 20; Cirl 
Bunting (Emberiza cirlus), 1; European Wren, 5; Tree Creeper, 1; Long-tailed Tit, 16; 
Great Tit, 5; Coal Tit, 2; Marsh Tit, 5; Blue Tit, 2; Dipper (Cinclus aquaticus), 1; Gold- 
crest, 15; Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), 1; European Robin, 1; European Blackbird, 2; 
Missel Thrush, 2. Total, 28 species, 165 individuals. Very poor country for birds. This 
is a small list for this latitude in Europe. The Chiffchaff is quite exceptional at this sea- 
son so far north. Seen also since Dec. 1., European Sparrow Hawk, 1; White Wagtail, 1; 
Gray Wagtail, 1—Luptow Griscom, 2d Lieut. Inf. U. S. A. 


THE SEASON 
XI. October 15 to December 15, 1918 


Boston Recion.—The two months since 
mid-October have witnessed the transition 
from the close of fall migration to the con- 
ditions of early winter. October was re- 
markable for its succession of fine sunny 
days without extreme weather. Novem- 
ber, on the other hand, was less delightful, 
with many gray and rainy days. The first 
snowfall came December 3 and was fol- 
lowed by a second, with several inches of 
snow. Succeeding warmer weather, how- 
ever, with rain, had quite melted it away 
by the 15th, revealing once more the grass 
still green underneath. 

The latter half of October saw prac- 
tically the close of the autumnal migration. 
The passing hosts of Blackpoll and Myrtle 
Warblers quickly dwindled; the last one of 
the former was seen at Cambridge on 
October 31 and most of the latter had gone 
a little before. Fox Sparrows arrived in 
some numbers during the latter half of the 
month, but were not as abundant as in 
some years. The first Tree Sparrows were 
noticed on November 3, in Cambridge, 
but the flight seems to have been small. 
Hairy Woodpeckers have been unusually 
noticeable. A number appear to be win- 
tering in Cambridge, attracted, no doubt, 
by the many dying or partly decayed trees 
which, after the plague of gypsy, brown- 
tail and leopard moths, elm-leaf and other 
beetles, during the past decade, have 
gradually succumbed. About November 
11, a Hairy Woodpecker was seen on two 
or three successive days excavating a 
roosting-hole in a dead branch of an elm. 
Downy Woodpeckers have also been more 
conspicuous than usual, coming freely into 
the more settled parts of the city, attracted, 
like the Hairys, by the amount of food to 
be found in the decaying trees. A few 
Flickers still remain, and are doubtless 
the ones that will winter. More Black- 
capped Chickadees are to be seen than 
last year, apparently, yet there are no 
large bands, but small companies, seldom 


over five in number. These have settled 
down for the winter, each in some par- 
ticular neighborhood. Thus, one little 
company of five is usually to be seen work- 
ing through the shade trees, spruces, and 
willows, of the part of Cambridge near the 
Botanic Gardens. 

Much interest attaches to the arrival of 
the irregular winter visitors from the 
north. Already, in late September, a few 
Red-breasted Nuthatches had made their 
appearance, but the flight has been dis- 
appointingly small; only a comparatively 
few birds seem to have come from the 
north. Great Northern Shrikes appeared 
in November and have been rather com- 
moner than usual, even coming into the 
city. A few Snowy Owls have been re- 
ported from the coast, as at Ipswich and 
Essex. Pine Grosbeaks in small numbers 
also came in November, and, best of all, 
Evening Grosbeaks are with us again. A 
few were noticed in Belmont, November 
29, and other small flocks have been re- 
ported from several nearby localities. It 
has been suggested by Dr. Walter Faxon 
that the extensive planting of box-elders, 
or ash-leaved maples, has been responsible, 
in part at least, for the almost regular 
visits of this bird in the east of late years. 
The seeds of this tree form one of its 
favorite articles of diet, and it is interesting 
to see that there is an abundant crop on 
the trees this year. 

In Cambridge, the Starling is becoming 
a familiar bird and bids fair to make an 
attractive addition to the city avifauna if 
it keeps within bounds. Its habit of 
gathering in small companies in tree-tops, 
and there keeping up a musical soliloquy 
of sweet, whistled notes is at least a decided 
improvement over the House Sparrows’ 
jargon. An interesting effect of the deep 
snow of December 6 was to temporarily 
deprive the street Pigeons of their ground 
food, so that at Cambridge three or four 
were seen awkwardly balancing among the 


(50) 


The Season 51 


small twigs of a hackberry tree while they 
greedily gathered its still hanging fruits.— 
GLover M. ALLEN, Boston, Mass. 


New York Recion.—The late fall was 
unusually mild, the trees becoming bare, 
grass growing brown, and country assum- 
ing a wintery aspect without the usual cold 
snaps. There seems to have been no general 
tendency for birds to linger late, however, 
with the one exception of Fox Sparrows, 
but several isolated cases of individuals, 
noted far later than the accustomed dates 
for the departure of their respective spe- 
cies, are at hand: near Plainfield, N. J., a 
Woodcock, December 8, and a flock of 
fifteen Mourning Doves, December 15 
(W. DeW. Miller); two Barn Swallows 
migrating westward at Long Beach, No- 
vember 26 (J. R. P. Janvrin); a Black- 
throated Blue Warbler in Prospect Park, 
Brooklyn, November 2 (Theodore Dreier); 
three or four Northwestern Palm Warblers 
at Garden City, December 1, and a single 
one on December 8 and r5 (J. T. N.). There 
is one other December record for this bird 
on Long Island, an individual observed 
in 1914 in the same part of the island, by 
Messrs. R. C. Murphy and C. H. Rogers. 
Otherwise it has not been noted after the 
middle of October. 

During this period Goldfinches have 
been in larger flocks and more generally 
distributed than usual, these and the wan- 
dering flocks and waves of Juncos being 
often the most abundant species met with 
on country tramps. Tree Sparrows have 
been late in reaching their accustomed fall 
feeding-grounds, having been scarce on 
Long Island until about Thanksgiving 
Day, and not being numerous yet south- 
westward. 

Except for a small flight of Pine Siskins 
in late October and early November, word 
has not reached us of the presence of any 
of the erratic northern Finches, except for 
a single Pine Grosbeak reported at Sands 
Point, Long Island, November 23 (Laidlaw 
Williams). There have been two or three 
reports of the Saw-whet Owl and Northern 
Shrike. 

In late November there was a noticeable 


influx of Hairy Woodpeckers to localities 
where the Downy only is common. The 
Hairy was frequently observed in Central 
Park, and a dead one was seen there by 
Dr, Jonathan Dwight. Of possible bear- 
ing on this movement of the Hairy is an 
observation made by the writer in the 
wooded district of south-central Long 
Island (Mastic), somewhat earlier, of a 
straggling, restless, noisy flock of upward 
of half a dozen birds. The species is com- 
mon there but almost always occurs singly 
or at most two together.—J. T. NicHots, 
New York City. 


PHILADELPHIA ReEGION.—The mild, 
pleasant days of late October and early 
November passed with very few unusual 
occurrences in the bird world. The weather 
averaged several degrees warmer than 
common. White-throated Sparrows and 
Juncos reached the peak of their abundance 
about October 20 and remained very 
common until November 3, when they 
gradually decreased until they reached the 
ordinary winter level. During this period, 
also, hundreds of Robins and numbers of 
Cedar-birds were present. White-breasted 
Nuthatches were common, and several 
Red-breasted Nuthatches were observed 
(three October 20). The October flight of 
Woodcock was very light; most gunners 
I have interviewed simply say ‘‘saw none.” 
Horned Larks were: first observed No- 
vember to at Norristown, Pa. A flock of 
fifty Pipits were seen on November 5 at 
Camden, N. J. Chickadees and Tree Spar- 
rows are much more common than they 
were last fall. To date I have noticed but 
two Red-tailed Hawks, while other years 
I have seen large numbers of them. This 
may be a local condition and due to some 
extent to the extremely mild weather, 
there having been no snow up to the time 
of this writing (December 11). 

The rarer northern visitors are notice- 
ably absent, although I have a reliable 
report that a flock of Pine Grosbeaks were 
seen in central Pike County, Pa., so it is 
quite probable that this species may be 
seen at points farther south before the 
end of the winter. Long-eared Owls were 


52 . Bird - 


first observed in their winter quarters, a 
thick growth of pines, November 23. A 
dead Saw-whet Owl, which had been shot, 
was found December 8.—Jutian K. 
Potter, Camden, N. J. 


WASHINGTON REGION.—Ornithological 
conditions about Washington during Octo- 
ber and November have been, with little 
exception, about normal. In some respects, 
however, the autumn migration has been 
rather irregular. Owing, doubtless, to the 
fine and moderate weather generally pre- 
vailing, there has been a tendency among 
summer birds and transients to linger later 
than usual. This is evidenced most con- 
spicuously by the Redstart, which was 
seen October 6 at Camp Meade, Md., by 
Sergt. C. H. Rogers, the latest previous 
autumn record of which is September 30, 
1906; the Nashville Warbler, seen on 
October 13 by the same observer, the 
latest previous record of which is October 
5, 1916; the Ovenbird, noted on October 4, 
the average departure of which is Sep- 
tember 28; the Black and White Warbler, 
seen, October 2, average date of departure, 
September 15; Prairie Warbler, October 2, 
average date of departure, September 14, 
and latest, October 6, 1912; the Magnolia 
Warbler, seen, October 16, at Kensington, 
Md., by Mrs. Edgar W. Moore, average 
date of departure, September 29; the 
Blackpoll Warbler, seen, October 25, by 
Miss K. B. Baird, average date of depart- 
ure, October 11; Black-billed Cuckoo, seen, 
October 2, average date of departure, 
September 21, and latest, October 8, 1916. 

On the contrary, several winter birds 
appeared earlier than common. These are 
the Herring Gull, noted by B. H. Swales, 
November 7, on the Potomac River, the 
average earliest autumn appearance of 
which is November 22; the White-crowned 
Sparrow, seen, October 6 at Camp Meade, 
Md., by Sergt. C. H. Rogers, the earliest 
previous autumn date of which is October 
7, 1888; and two other species, observed 
by Mr. and Mrs. L. D. Miner, the records 
of which were received too late for inclus- 
ion in our previous report: the Junco, seen, 
September 14, the earliest previous autumn 


Lore 


appearance of which is September 22,1913; 
and the White-throated Sparrow, noted on 
the same day, the previous earliest date of 
which is September 15, 1880, if we except 
the unusual record of August 9, 1907. 

The Pine Siskin, which is by no means 
a common bird about Washington during 
autumn, was noted on November 16 by 
L. D. Miner. The delightful little Winter 
Wren is apparently more common than 
usual this fall, and, induced by the mild 
weather, was heard singing by W. L. 
McAtee on November 17. 

On November 8, while exploring the 
nearly dried-up marsh along Four-mile 
Run, in Virginia, a tributary of the Poto- 
mac River, we came across two Song Spar- 
rows which were singing almost contin- 
uously a song so strange and utterly unlike 
any that we have ever before heard from 
the throat of a Song Sparrow that we could 
scarcely credit the evidence of our eyes. 
It was long and rambling, in form much 
resembling the song of the Purple Finch, 
but totally different in quality, being very 
harsh and scarcely musical, more like the 
grating notes of the Yellow-headed Black- 
bird than anything else that now occurs 
to mind. It would be interesting to deter- 
mine whether it happened to be simply an 
individual peculiarity, or whether it is the 
more or less regular late autumn song of 
the species—HARRY C. OBERHOLSER, 
Biological Survey, Washington, D.C. 


MINNEAPOLIS REGION.—The weather 
conditions in southern Minnesota during 
the last two months have been unusually 
mild. The first killing frost did not occur 
in this vicinity until November 1. Thin 
ice formed on shallow ponds on that date, 
but there was no real freezing weather until 
three weeks later. Thanksgiving Day, 
November 28, there was a light snow on 
the ground, and for a few days it was 
rather wintry, but since then it has been 
mild for the time of the year, with con- 
siderable rain instead of snow. At this date 
the ground is bare and the larger lakes and 
rivers are only partially frozen over. These 
are exceptional December conditions in 
this part of Minnesota. 


Ma, bh na aie at Me ee 


The Season 53 


No winter visitants have thus far been 
observed in this locality, but it should be 
said that the writer has been too much 
occupied of late with other duties to keep 
in close touch with bird matters. Carlos 
Avery, Game and Fish Commissioner, re- 
ports that he saw two Pine Grosbeaks up 
near Lake Vermillion, close to the Inter- 
national Boundary, during the last week 
of November. This bird is of regular 
occurrence in the winter in the northern 
part of the state, but south of the Canadian 
Zone it appears so infrequently that it is 
but little known to bird students in the 
Transition Zone. A Snowy Owl was taken 
October 14, near Bruno, Pine County, and 
several others were seen about the same 
time in Cass County. These localities are 
in the Canadian Zone, far north of Minne- 
apolis. 

A feature of special interest this fall, 
already referred to in my last report, was 
a marked falling off in the numbers of 
migrating Ducks. While the flight was 
fairly good for a day now and then in some 
localities, and hunters were satisfied with 
their bags at such times, it became plainly 
evident, as the season advanced, that the 
general abundance of nearly all species 
was much below the normal. Mr. Avery, 
closely in touch with the situation, as 
Game and Fish Commissioner, agrees with 
the estimate at which I had arrived that 
the bulk representation this fall was prob- 
ably not over 25 per cent of the normal of 
recent years. Various conjectures as to 
the reasons for this most unexpected con- 
dition have been offered. The abnormally 
low stage of water the past summer in all 
of the sloughs, ponds, and lakes of the 
breeding-area has been advanced as a 
possible cause. But this does not seem a 
wholly adequate explanation, and there 
must be other reasons. Wild rice and wild 
celery were unusually abundant this year, 
but this was of little avail, as the failure in 
the number of birds must have occurred 
from conditions operating further north 
earlier in the summer, before these crops 
were ready. The subject is worthy of 
special investigation, as it is a really im- 
portant matter. The situation was wholly 


unlooked for, coming as it did just when 
the increased protection of the past few 
years led everyone to expect that exactly 
opposite conditions would prevail. It is 
sad to think that the good old times are 
past, when, each October, the Canvas- 
backs and Redheads rose from the shallow 
waters of Heron Lake in such numbers 
that the sound made by their wings re- 
sembled the noise of a rapidly moving rail- 
way train. While it is probably true that 
the increased and systematic hunting of 
late years has played its part, it is reason- 
able to believe that the chief factors in this 
destruction have been the extensive drain- 
age operations, the tilling of both uplands 
and lowlands, and the presence of many 
men and their habitations in that great 
Northland which was once in quiet and 
undisturbed possession of these birds as a 
safe and congenial sanctuary for rearing 
their young.—TuHomaAs S. Roserts, M:D., 
University of Minn., Minneapolis, Minn. 


THE OBERLIN Recion.—The most 
striking thing about the months under re- 
view has been the return of the bird-life to 
winter conditions in the third week of 
October, notwithstanding the lack of any- 
thing approaching wintry weather, even to 
the date of writing. Two large flocks of 
wild Geese, species not determined, but 
probably Blue Geese, were seen passing 
southwestward on November 23, and a 
smaller flock on the 25th. 

Ducks were reported as being excep- 
tionally scarce in the marshes in the 
vicinity of Sandusky. None visited the 
Oberlin waterworks reservoir, and only 
two Pied-billed Grebes were seen there 
during the autumn months. 

The first Snowy Owl which the writer 
has ever seen in this vicinity visited the 
western outskirts of Oberlin on the after- 
noon of November 30. One Bronzed 
Grackle and one Robin remain in the 
village, but there appear to be no Red- 
headed Woodpeckers anywhere in the re- 
gion. Northern Flickers are in their usual 
winter numbers. Chickadees have in- 
creased over the numbers of the two pre- 
ceding winters. Song Sparrows are also 


54 


more numerous than usual in winter. Six 
Mourning Doves have remained in a corn- 
field. They are pretty certain to remain 
all winter—Lynps Jones, Oberlin, Ohio. 


Kansas City Recron.—The first stormy 
period of the season, which occurred on 
October 25 and 26, had been preceded by 
the usual migratory drifting of the more 
common species, marked by somewhat un- 
usual numbers of Savannah Sparrows, 
Purple Finches, and Song Sparrows, and 
an altogether unprecedented scarcity of 
Harris’s and Tree Sparrows. An up-river 
correspondent states that on October 10 
a flock of Sandhill Cranes, numbering 
twenty-seven birds, was seen on an island 
in the Missouri River, and on October 14 
a freshly killed specimen of the Wood- 
cock was examined. This region lies prac- 
tically outside the range of this bird, as 
the available records and traditions of its 
occurrence here, covering a period of sev- 
eral decades, indicate that it is merely a 
straggler up the Missouri valley, though 
common enough in the eastern part of 
Missouri during migration, and fairly 
abundant in the sunken regions in winter. 

The first movement of water-fowl on 
the Missouri River occurred on October 
25, when great numbers of Coots, together 
with scattered small flocks of Blue- 
winged Teal, Shovellers, and Lesser Scaup, 
and a few Mallards, with one Redhead, 
were seen. Canada Geese in some num- 
bers were heard migrating during the 
nights of October 24 and 25, though none 
were seen on the river. These wise birds 
have long ago learned to avoid the centers 
of population in the Missouri valley, 
where their enemies are numerous and 
murderous. 

The next stormy period, during the 
third week in November, brought the 
Ducks in in greater numbers. During this 
flight a specimen of the Barrow’s Golden- 
eye was taken, this being the third recorded 
specimen from this region. R. P. Holland, 
who handled and photographed this Duck, 
saw a flock of three Whistling Swans on 
the Missouri River near the Iowa line on 
November 9. This observer states that 


Bird - 


Lore 


the Bufflehead has been seen in numbers 
this year. This little Duck, like the Ruddy, 
is very irregular in the Missouri Valley. 

On November 17 and 24 swarms of mi- 
grating Sparrows of several species were 
found in the weed patches and willow 
thickets of the bottom-lands. The mild- 
ness of the season probably accounts for 
the unusual numbers, as under normal 
weather conditions the bulk of these birds 
are south of here at this time. 

The expected hordes of wintering Red- 
winged Blackbirds seem to have chosen 
other fields this year, or have not yet ap- 
peared, as they are scarce and wild. 

On December 1 a lone Bluebird was 
seen, as well as a small troop of three 
Meadowlarks.—Harry Harris, Kansas 
City, Mo. 


DENVER ReEGION.—The one standing 
interest in bird-life is the constant possi- 
bility of surprises. On November 22, dur- 
ing a ‘cold snap,’ while on my way to 
breakfast at the U.S.A. General Hospital, 
I was delighted, yet amazed, to see a single 
Bohemian Waxwing. This is the first time 
I have known this species to visit Denver 
during two succeeding winters; since see- 
ing the first one, a small flock has lingered 
about the hospital grounds, having been 
noted on November 26, 29, and 30, and 
December 4. 

Gambel’s Sparrows stayed here until 
October 28, and the Tree Sparrow, too, 
has been unusually common all fall. One - 
might forecast an early and severe winter 
from the early arrival of the Tree Sparrow 
and the presence of the Waxwings, yet the 
season, so far, has been very mild, clear, 
and almost cloudless. Robins, Meadow- 
larks and Red-winged Blackbirds are still 
with us, and it isa treat to hear an occa- 
sional Meadowlark song. 

The Great Northern Butcher-bird has 
visited the hospital grounds this fall at 
least three times, to wit: on November 12 
and 17, and December 7. I imagine it 
takes pretty heavy toll from the Tree 
Sparrows and Juncos, the latter being here 
in their usual winter abundance and va- 
riety.—W. H. Bercrotp, Denver, Colo. 


Book WPews and Kievietws 


In THE WILDs oF SoutH AMERICA. By 
Leo E. MILter. Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 
New York, 1918. 8vo. 424 pp.; colored 
frontispiece; 48 full-page illustrations 
from photographs, and 2 maps. 


This is a narrative of travel and explora- 
tion in the less-accessible part of our sister 
continent, incident to a study of its avi- 
fauna by the American Museum of Natural 
History. The narrative follows the course 
of nearly six years’ almost continuous ex- 
ploration into the tropical Jungles of the 
Amazon, Paraguay, Orinoco, and others of 
South America’s master rivers, and to the 
frigid heights of the snow-crowned Andes. 
The value to science of Mr. Miller’s work 
is familiar to every student who has fol- 
lowed Dr. Chapman’s recent publication 
on South American birds. The present 
volume is an interesting record of achieve- 
ment which will prove useful in many ways. 
It gives a detailed, clean-cut picture of 
conditions, which will be of service to 
any future traveler. The author’s per- 
sonality, as revealed by various physical 
and human vicissitudes of an unnkown 
country, should be of interest to the in- 
experienced explorer. 

We have all of us mental pictures of the 
strange and beautiful birds of South Am- 
erican jungles. Comparatively few of us 
will be so favored as to know them in na- 
ture. Wesee them as on a Japanese screen, 
suspended against an intangible back- 

ground, and descriptions of conditions 
under which they are met with have much 
interest; for instance, the paragraphs 
relative to bird-life on the Rio Sucio in 
Chapter IX. The author here speaks of 
“an interesting provision of nature where- 
by three families of birds frequently found 
in the same locality are able to obtain 
their sustenance. They are the parrots, 
trogons, and toucans, all of which feed 
upon fruit, each seeming to secure its food 
in a different manner. The zygodacty] feet 
of the parrots enable them to climb out to 
the tip of fruit-laden branches and to 


Cling to them in any position while feed- 
Ing; toucans, endowed with an enormously 
elongated bill are able to reach a long dis- 
tance for a coveted morsel, which is grasped 
between the tip of the mandibles and 
tossed back with an upward jerk of the 
head, to be swallowed; a trogon has a very 
short beak and neck, and the delicate feet 
are not adapted to climbing, but the wings 
of the bird are so constructed as to enable 
it to hover, from which position the fruit 
it desires may be snapped off the stem, when 
the bird returns to its perch to devour it.”’ 
Although obviously intended for popu- 
lar reading and full of human interest, it 
is to be regretted that the book is without 
an index which would have enhanced its 
reference value. It is illustrated from 
photographs of the country and natives 
and with a colored frontispiece of the 
Cock-of-the-rock by Fuertes——J. T. N. 


Four YEARS IN THE WHITE NortH. By 
Donatp B. MacMitran. Harper Bros., 
413 pp., illustrated by photographs. 
This is a narrative of an Arctic Expe- 

dition in search of the supposed ‘Crocker 

Land.’ Its scene of operation was north- 

western Greenland and the land to the 

west thereof. An appendix of nine pages, 
which takes up 35 species of birds from 
this section of the Arctic, has much more 
ornithological interest than would be sup- 
posed from its brevity. We read with in- 
terest as regards the Fulmar that, “from 
a rest upon the water this bird spreads its 
wings and dives fully beneath the surface 
to grasp food.” This is a method of feed- 
ing rare among Petrels, and which is, we 
believe, sometimes paralleled by species of 
the Southern Hemisphere. There are 
frequent references to birds in the narra- 
tive, and photographs of a flock of Little 

Auks and of the nest of the Knot—one 

showing a set of three eggs, the other the 

brooding adult—deserve special mention. 

“Contrary to the general belief, this bird 

lays its eggs not near the shore, but 


56 


well back among the hills. The color of 
the back so closely resembles that of the 
soil that the bird on its nest can only be 
detected with difficulty.”—J. T. N. 


The Ornithological Magazines 


Et Hornero.—The first number of this 
magazine of South American ornithology 
was reviewed in Brrp-LoreE for May-June. 
The second number, May, 1918, of 80 
pages, has now come to hand. A leading 
article in it, by Roberto Dabbene, begins 
a review of Argentine Lariforms or Gulls, 
etc., illustrated with excellent line draw- 
ings of details of these birds, the present 
number dealing with the Gulls proper 
(Larus). There are several local or faunal 
lists, especially noteworthy being one of 
birds of northeastern Argentina. 

By way of variety are articles by Pedro 
Serié, listing common and technical names 
of about 150 Argentine birds, an article 
by Anibal Cardoso, in which are repro- 
duced figures published by early Spanish 
pioneers of the Rhea and other species, 
which they encountered, and a reprint of a 
poem about the ‘Hornero’ by Leopoldo 
Lugones. 

A number of pages are devoted to 
shorter notes, especially interesting ones 
having to do with nesting and other life- 
histories. Here we find a full-page plate 
of a pair of Hawks, their nest and young, 
mounted in the National Museum of 
Natural History at Buenos Aires, and the 
description of a new subspecies of Bush 
Shrike (Batara cinerea argentina), and 
Dabbene describes the remarkable habit 
of the Yellow-billed Teal which at times 
lays its eggs away from water in the nest 
of the communal Parakeet (M yiopsitta 
monachus).—J. T. N. 


THE Conpor.—Despite its small size, 
the December number of ‘The Condor’ 
has rather varied contents and includes 
two general articles, four brief notes, a 
discussion of the use of trinomials, and the 
index of the volume. The leading article, 
by W. C. Bradbury on the ‘Nesting of the 
Rocky Mountain Jay,’ illustrated by 


Bird - 


Lore 


eleven unusually clear cuts, is a distinct 
contribution to the life-history of this 
interesting bird and a fit companion- 
piece to the account of the White-throated 
Swift by the same ‘author in the May 
number. Little is really known about the 
breeding habits of this Jay, notwithstand- 
ing the fact that the first nests were 
collected nearly forty years ago. Like 
other members of its family, the bird 
breeds early, while snow is on the ground. 
The three nests here figured were found in 
Grande, Saguache, and Gunnison counties, 
on May 2, April 26, and April 21 re- 
spectively, at altitudes varying from 
8,600 to 10,600 feet. The Saguache 
county set contained three eggs and the 
others two each, all, of which are figured 
and accompanied by detailed measure- 
ments. 

The second article contains a ‘Descrip- 
tion of a New Lanius [Lanius 1. nelsoni] 
from Lower California,’ by H. C. Ober- 
holser, based on a specimen collected by 
E. W. Nelson and E. H. Goldman at Todos 
Santos, December 26, 1905. 

The brief notes include the record of a 
Kaeding Petrel taken just inside the 
southern boundary of California, thus 
restoring the species to the state list, 
records of the eggs of the Dwarf Cowbird 
found in June and July, 1918, in the San 
Bernardino Valley in ten nests of other 
species of birds, a remarkable observation 
of the first flight of a young Golden Eagle, 
and miscellaneous notes on several inter- 
esting Texas birds. 

Those who are interested in the sub- 
species question should read Taverner’s 
communication on ‘Trinomials’ in reply 
to a criticism in the July number and 
then turn to Dwight’s ‘Exaltation of the 
Subspecies’ in ‘The Auk’ for January, 
1904. 

Volume XX of ‘The Condor’ is larger 
than its predecessor but still 10 per cent 
smaller than the average size established 
for several years, and 20 of the 226 pages 
are necessarily devoted to the index and 
list of members. We hope that next year 
conditions will be favorable for the publica- 
tion of a volume of normal size—T. S. P. 


Editorial 57 


Hird-Lore 


A Bi-Monthly Magazine 
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds 
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 
Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN 
Contributing Editor, MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT 
Published by D. APPLETON & CO. 


Vol. XXI Published February 1,1919 No.1 


SUBSCRIPTION RATES 
Price in the United States, one dollar and fifty cents a year; 
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents, 
postage paid. 


COPYRIGHTED, 1919, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN 


Bird-Lore’s Motto: 


A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Hand . 


THE present winter doubtless finds an 
unprecedented number of Brrp-Lore’s 
friends among foreign surroundings, for- 
eign peoples, and foreign birds. __ 

The first aspect of the situation which 
we will mention is that as this January- 
February number goes to press, material 
for this page has not been received from 
the Editor (last heard from in Peru), doubt- 
less because of the uncertainty of trans- 
portation, and consequently of the mails. 
Our most recent word from him is there- 
fore the second of his South American 
travel articles which came to Brrp-LoRE’s 
office only a short time ago. 

Of late our faces have been so much 
turned toward France that the three 
Christmas Census reports from members 
of the American Expeditionary Forces 
there, have an especial interest. Aside 
from this especial interest, it will be worth 
while for Brrp-LoreE’s readers to compare 
them with those from our side of the water; 
in number of species observed they agree 
with those of the latitude of New York 
City. Like the American lists, they con- 
tain a Kingfisher, one or two Raptores, 
Woodpeckers, Crows, and Jays. The seed- 
eating Finches are a large element. There 
is the Wren (allied to-our Winter Wren), 
Creeper, Nuthatch, Kinglet, Blackbird, 
to correspond to our Robin, and one or 
two other Thrush-like birds. They men- 
tion more species of Titmice than the 
American reports; Wagtails, which are 
absent here; Magpie and Dipper—forms 


which strangely enough range across Asia 
and occur in census reports from the 
western states, but are not found in the 
east. On the whole these reports from 
France are very comparable with those 
from the United States, although the 
species are different. 

If it is true, as we believe, that a thor- 
ough knowledge of any phase of a subject 
is the best preparation for grasping the 
subject as a whole, and that no one phase 
can be thoroughly mastered without some 
knowledge of the others, we may proph- 
esy that an interest in foreign bird-life will 
be a valuable tendency for American bird- 
students to follow. 


Brrp-Lore is interested in birds rather 
than in their names, but it will do no harm 
to glance at certain problems in regard to 
names recently discussed by our contem- 
poraries, as these are bound to affect us 
sooner or later. 

There are many geographic races of the 
Horned Lark occurring in North America. 
An interesting fact about the Horned Lark 
is its differentiation into these races, but, 
as many of the races cannot be identified 
with certainty in life, it is essential that 
we have an English and a technical name 
for the species as a whole—‘Horned Lark 
(Otocoris alpestris).’ There are, however, 
persons who would confine this name to 
the race of the Horned Lark breeding in 
the Arctic, which leaves the species name- 
less. Again, allied birds occurring on more 
or less adjacent territory are customarily 
considered geographic races when inter- 
mediates between them occur. Ordinarily, 
intermediates occur only when the two 
birds differ from each other in ‘quantita- 
tive’ characters, one being larger than 
the other, lighter or darker, redder or 
grayer in plumage, etc. Where thoroughly 
unlike birds have intermediates, as 
they do in some cases, it is a question 
whether calling both by the same species’ 
name facilitates the discussion of them, 
or even expresses their true relationship 
most satisfactorily; perhaps respectively 
the two best reasons for naming them 
at all, 


Che Audubon Societies 


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 


Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER 


Address all communications relative to the work of this depart- 
ment to the Editor, 67 Oriole Avenue, Providence, 


A YEAR OF RECONSTRUCTION 


The year 1919 is destined to go down in history as a period of peaceful 
reconstruction. That, at least, is the hope of the world. Never before have 
like conditions confronted the world. Never before has the world been as 
ready to discuss disputed conditions so sanely and thoughtfully. It is a 
year opening with high aspirations, ideals of far-reaching influence, and, best 
of all, a year betokening a new era of sympathy and brotherhood. 

It would seem as if every living being must respond to the mighty move- 
ment of National life, now making itself felt literally throughout the earth. 
The only true response to such a stupendous stimulus must show in action. 
No longer will passive acceptance or a negative attitude of silence be welcome 
in a society throbbing with a universal heartbeat. To bring about the era 
of real peace and common prosperity to which each one of us would attain, 
but which can only be assured through the codperation of everyone, is a task 
at once individual and collective. 

Reconstruction is the keynote of the conception of world-security upon 
which to-day hangs the fate of nations, a reconstruction such as no person, 
however great in authority or position, has ever deemed possible of accomplish- 
ment until now. Even now, at the dawn of a New Year and a new era, this 
radiant goal may only be reached by the unified, harmonious effort of all. 
Statesmen may chart the way, governments may pave the course, but the 
goal will be won by individual runners, and only those will attain who fall 
into line on this blood-bought path, each step of which must be cleared of 
dangerous obstructions by the advancing hosts. 

Everywhere the effect of this great enterprise is felt. Homes, churches, 
business and educational institutions, as well as every form of artistic and 
industrial undertaking are reacting to this supreme influence of beneficent 
reconstruction. 

Again and again, we should say to ourselves: ‘‘Never let prejudice, ignor- 
ance, or indifference come between me and the truth.’’ Looking ahead, the 
Audubon Society sees, as ever, a long, long vista of betterment in its work, 
and it is becoming a broadening vista, with the end more plainly in sight. 
Here, as elsewhere, reconstruction is needed, ready hands and keen brains. 
When education shall have accomplished what is now only insecurely held by 


(58) 


The Audubon Societies 59 


legislation, the Audubon Society may feel that its work is prosperously in 
line with larger enterprises affecting national welfare. 

It is not necessary to seek new problems or to search for a new world in 
which to work. The task is set, the time is now, only the spirit and method of 
the undertaking needs the reconstructive influence. Let us review the whole 
work, carefully, alertly, not trying to gloss over the weak places, but getting 
straight to the real issues, namely: 


1. Are we upholding conservation measures wisely and thoroughly? 
2. Are we personally extending our own knowledge of actual conditions or helping 
anyone else to get at the truth in our study of nature? 


3. Are we raising bird- and nature-study to the highest and most beneficial standard 
in club, home, and school? 


4. Are we aware of the true value of our relations to nature? 


5. Have we ever yet allowed ourselves or helped others to gain the full benefit of the 
outdoor world? 


6. Are we seeking through all channels, scientific and esthetic, to know, feel, and 
enjoy nature and, through nature, life? 


In the words of Browning, ask yourself, 


“Do I seek how star, earth, beast, 
Bird, worm, fly, gain their dower 
For life’s use, most and least?’ 


Do not confess 


“Back from the search I cower,” 


but rather 


‘Seek and find some sense which no peer 
Yet from singer, sayer, 
Ever has extracted—listening to 

“«. . . the bird-like fluting 
Through the ash-tops yonder— 


Five-pearled notes that surely 
Gather, dewdrop fashion . . .” 


Then will Nature 


“Vield new men new learning.” 


Remember that through appreciation of the beautiful and the cultivation 
of that finer inner sense of kinship with Nature, born of a desire to know the 
truth, come man’s highest aspirations and the ardent glow of life which stirs 
to the noblest SERVICE.—A. H. W. 


60 Bird - Lore 


JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK 


For Teachers and Pupils 


Exercise XLIII: Correlated with History, Elementary Agriculture, 
and Animal Husbandry 


Ill. BUTTER, MILK, CHEESE, AND POULTRY 


As we begin work again after the holiday season, let us look far out toward 
the most distant horizon of our studies, instead of glueing our eyes to the pages 
of a book for a certain number of hours each day. The world in 1919 is rapidly 
changing, so far as its geography, political and economic development, and 
intellectual and spiritual forces are concerned. Of this fact we have become 
more and more aware through the vicissitudes of a world war. What we are 
less informed about and, consequently, are less sure of, are the manifold 
changes which from year to year through countless ages the world of 
Nature has undergone. 

The great war is teaching us much, perhaps nothing of more lasting value 
than the real worth of truth. We read that the George Washington in its recent, 
memorable voyage abroad carried safely to the Old World not only a company 
of peace-makers, but also several truck-loads of plain, carefully compiled facts, 
in other words, tons of truth stated as clearly as possible by eminent scholars of 
the New World. What these facts touch upon is of interest to every person, 
and, now that it is safe to refer to their content, we will do well to get a glimpse 
of what as stable a peace as can be devised will have for its foundation. History, 
geography, economics, education, map-making, irrigation, physiography, 
and international law are the bases of this gigantic assemblage of facts. Specu- 
lation or guess-work have no place in this attempt to base peace upon truth. 
The needs, resources, opportunities, and possible attainment of all affected 
nations are illuminated by as photographic a likeness of their actual conditions 
as can be made by telling the simple truth about them. When a durable peace 
is effected, it will signify a consideration of many matters about which every 
person should know something, namely, all material resources, such as food, 
minerals, water-power, fuel, crops, live-stock, with traffic routes and natural 
and political boundaries; the present state of irrigation and possibilities in 
its development; raw materials of all kinds, cable and coaling stations, rail- 
ways, free and open ports, etc; historic rights and laws and customs affecting 
the religious and political life of nations and all phases of history relating to 
treaties, frontiers, and territorial waters, as well as educational advantages 
and progress.” 

This same spirit of getting at the truth animates most of the students of 


*See Science, N. S. Vol. XLVIII, No. 1250, pp. 590-592. Inquiry of the American Geographical 
Society for the Information of the Peace Commissioners. 


The Audubon Societies 61 


Nature. If we are to make any real progress in knowledge and its practical 
application, that is, if we are going to use anything we learn, we must start 
from the truth of what is already known toward the truth of what may be 
known in the future. 

And so, I urge you, by these examples of the importance of an accurate 
knowledge of facts, to lay more and more stress upon getting at the truth of 
anything you may be studying. In the matter of food-conservation, upon which 
we have touched briefly in the two:foregoing exercises, those who have taken 
pains to become thoroughly and correctly informed about the natural and 
domestic distribution of food-supplies throughout the world are the ones who 
can conserve intelligently and with benefit to themselves as well as to those in 
less fortunate circumstances. 

In considering the topic of meat, the related topics of milk and cheese 
should be taken up, both of which may be termed by-products of meat. It is 
by means of our knowledge of the value of milk and cheese in human diet that 
we come to understand why cows should be increased rather than ‘‘prize” 
beef, i. e. highly fattened steers. In these days, not only should larger herds 
be kept in order to increase the supply of meat, but more people should learn 
how to make butter and cheese, and everyone should study the manifold uses 
of milk in human diet. It is a really fine accomplishment to know how good 
butter and cheese are made, and one in which our grandmothers took much 
pride. Just before the war, an acquaintance of the writer began to experiment 
making cottage cheese. She devoted much thought and time to studying 
the best method of making soft cheeses, with the result that in addition to 
plain cottage cheese, she learned the secret of making delicious pimento, 
sage, and pepper cheeses, which, if placed on the market, would command a 
high price. 

A millionaire became interested in cheese-making late in life, when he 
had practically retired from active business, and anyone who is fortunate 
enough to procure one of his Jersey cream or even skim-milk cheeses could 
easily imagine he was eating the most delicately flavored Edam. Considering 
the high nutritive value of milk, butter, and cheese, it becomes a matter of 
much importance, whether the boys and girls of the present day revive the 
interest of former generations in learning to make butter and cheese of a high 
grade, and to keep herds of cattle which will insure a proper milk-and meat- 
supply to the world. 

Since it is unlikely that a sufficiently large supply of meat will be raised 
unless added to by poultry products in the way of eggs and fowl, the poultry 
business should be more widely studied and carried on. Although not strictly 
equivalent to the meat furnished by cattle, poultry makes one of the most 
palatable meat substitutes, while eggs are relished by the majority of people. 

Poultry-raising can be made profitable only through a correct understanding 
of the best use to which different varieties of fowl can be put, that is, whether 


62 Bird - Lore 


to the production of eggs or of marketable food, together with a practical ex- 
perience of the difficulties of keeping poultry up toa given standard of health, 
production, and purity of strain. Success with poultry is not a matter of 
_luck, guesswork or anything else which denotes a careless, unintelligent method. 

Scientists of reputation have devoted years of painstaking study to the 
domesticated fowl, while in every state in the Union an agricultural college of 
standing is putting into practice the laws which govern the maintenance of the 
highest grade of poultry production. The history of a common hen has as much 
attraction as the story of many a world-traveler. If we turn back to look for 
the origin of the hen, we find that we must practically encircle the globe. In 
India, southern China, and the East Indies there still persists a wild fowl known 
as the Jungle Fowl, from which some of our domesticated poultry have des- 
cended. ‘“The oldest fowl in domestication, however, is the Aseel or Malay 
fowl, which has been bred for over 3,000 years,” the origin of which is still 
uncertain. ‘It is still possible that the ancestor of this bird or its bones may 
be found in the interior of New Guinea, Borneo or the Philippines.”’ 

There are notable differences between the Jungle and Aseel fowls, differences 
important for us to learn about. “The Jungle Fowl is a slender, agile bird with 
long wings, erect tail and a good flyer, while the Aseel is a very broad, heavy 
bird with short wings, drooping tail and unable to fly. The Jungle Fowl 
has a long, slender beak; that of the Aseel is short and thick. The comb of 
the former is single, high; that of the latter triple and low. The former has 
slender, olive-colored shanks; the latter thick and yellow shanks. The Jungle 
Fowl has a red eye; that of the Aseel is pearl-colored.”’ In coloration and pattern 
of plumage these two ancient stocks differ widely. The Aseel is a mottled 
bird while the Jungle Fowl is variegated red with a black breast. Internally, 
as well as externally, the two are unlike, as their descendants prove, for the 
“nervous, flighty, egg-laying races,’’ such as the Leghorn, Minorca, Spanish, 
Andalusian, trace back to the wild Jungle Fowl, while the large, stocky, poor 
egg-layers, like the Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Orpingtons come from the 
Aseel or Malay fowl. By studying the heredity of fowl we discover which kinds 
are better egg-producers and which are more suitable for the table. Historically, 
the story of the distribution of poultry is worthy your attention. It is prob- 
able that Alexander the Great brought back from his expeditions to Persia 
some, and perhaps most, of the races of fowl “‘that first spread over Europe.” 

Descendants from the Aseel fowl were brought to America, so that we can 
trace our Asiatic breeds and many of our large breeds to Eastern India and 
China. : 

Let me suggest that during the cold month of February you study the 
hen and write out its history. If possible, add to this study the wild turkey 
and compare the history of these two important types of birds. Before spring 
comes, be prepared to name from pictures, or by visiting poultry-farms or 
poultry-shows, at least six races of poultry. Learn the difference between these 


The Audubon Societies 63 


- races in pattern of plumage, comb, egg-production, size, and color. Do not 
be afraid to consult scientific magazines and poultry-books, for, although you 
may not be able to read them with complete understanding, you will find help- 
ful pictures and many bits of useful and enjoyable information. 

In connection with the increase of the meat-supply of the world, do your 
“bit”? by first learning as much as possible about the common domesticated 
animals, and then, wherever opportunity offers, keep a pig, calf, small flock 
of hens, or a sheep. 

Boys and girls who live in the country have the best chance, of course, 
to do this kind of nature-work, but there is no reason why pupils in the city 
should not know where the eggs, meat, milk, butter, and cheese they eat come 
from, and how they are produced. Any reports of pig or poultry clubs will be 
gladly received by the School Department; also, compositions on the hen and 
wild turkey. 

We must strive to get our food-supply up to a point where we can say, 
as the observant writer, Torkington, did in his “‘Diarie of English Travell”’: 


“In this yle ys... . .. Plente of lambes, Gotys, [Goats,] motons, 
[muttons], and also hennys [hens], and capons.”’ [A.D. 1517.] 
SUGGESTIONS 


1. Refer to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the Century Dictionary, Agricultural 
reports, and bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture; also communicate 
with your State Agricultural College. 

2. What fowl has white feathers and a dark blue skin? 

3. What fowls have feathered legs, if any? 

4. Did you ever hear of a fowl that had no tail? or of one that had no use of its wings? 
If so, where? 

5. What kind of a call or song does the Jungle Fowl have? 

6. Do chickens and turkeys like insects? 

7. What diseases affect domesticated fowls? 

8. Why are eggs so valuable to man as food? 

g. Can you give the meaning of heredity, dower, production, domestication, and 
nutrition as used n this issue of the School Department?—A. H. W. 


For and From Adult and Young Observers 
SUGGESTIONS FOR JUNIOR AUDUBON CLUBS 


By MRS. GRANVILLE ROSS PIKE, Yakima, Wash. 


1 Provide Water for the Birds. 

Make fountains in the school-grounds and home-lawns as soon as possible. Mean- 
time, keep fresh water supplied in shallow vessels, above the ground-level, located near 
trees or shrubs. Observe what kinds of birds drink and bathe there. Keep a notebook 
and list all birds recognized at watering-places and elsewhere. 


2 Provide Cover for the Birds. 

Plant a bird-garden, having trees, shrubs, vines and plants that furnish food, 
shelter, and nesting-sites for the birds. In this garden include honeysuckle, scarlet 
runner beans, salvia, columbine, and other plants attractive to Hummingbirds. 


64 Bird - Lore 


Build and keep, the year round, in a retired corner or nook, a neat brush-pile as 
shelter and playhouse for the birds. Mold clay birds as decoys for fountains. 

Learn to recognize birds by flight, movements, call, or song. Practise imitating bird- 
notes. Make whittled and sawed birds as bird-sticks, supports for vines and shrubs. 


3. Provide Food for the Birds. 

Collect in summer and fall an abundance of seeds, nuts, and berries. Notice what 
weed-seeds are especially liked by birds and harvest a large quantity of these. Grow a 
large quantity of sunflower and vegetable seeds. Dry, and grind seeds of melon, squash, 
and pumpkin. Save stale cornmeal or other cereals, also bread and cake crumbs. Collect 
wild berries, waste cherries, and other cultivated fruits, drying these for winter. 

Write a record of foods eaten by birds on your premises, noting especially anything 
you can find out concerning kinds and numbers of insects eaten. 

Make feeding-tables, cafeterias, shelters, food-cars, feeding-sticks, and other devices 
for serving food to the birds. Assist in maintaining, during winter, a chain of feeding- 
stations in the open for game- and other wild birds. 

Place suet-holders on poles, trees, or buildings, well out of reach of dogs and cats. 
Photograph birds at watering-places, feeding-tables, and -stations. 


4. Provide Houses, Roosting-places, and Nesting Materials. 
Bird-houses should be well made, attractive in appearance, and adapted to bird- 
needs. : 

Erect a variety of houses suitable distances apart in well-chosen locations. Be sure 
that the houses are of proper proportions, dull in color, and that the openings are correct 
in size. There should be ventilation without drafts. 

In the spring, nesting materials of grasses, leaves, string, horse-hair, wool, cotton, 
feathers, moss, or other soft materials should be furnished. This may be placed on 
bushes, trees, or brush-pile. It is interesting to observe which birds use these. Make a 
map showing location of nests in streets and nearby fields. 


5. Protect Birds from Dangers. 

' See that birds on your premises are kept safe from cats, English Sparrows, and 
other enemies. Encourage others to assist in befriending birds. Observe whether or not 
women are wearing real or imitation feathers as hat-trimmings. 

Care for wounded birds. Make a cemetery for those found dead. Write your game 
warden requesting a summary of State Game Laws. 

Qualify as a junior game warden if you are eligible, and your game warden will 
furnish you with an official badge. Report to the game warden or commissioners if bird- 
protection laws are disobeyed. 

Do not disturb birds during the nesting season. Most birds desert their nests if 
people visit them often or touch the eggs. Ground-nesting birds frequently come to 
grief because visitors make a trail which cats and other bird enemies follow and so 
find their nests. 

Never catch birds learning to fly. The parent birds seldom find and feed little ones 
that have been carried away from their nests. 


Hints for Bird-Study Club Programs and Activities. 

Include in the club all pupils in the schoolroom, if possible, and organize as suggested 
in Audubon Leaflet. 

Decide on a good special name for your club, and have pennant colors and club 
emblems. 

Present attractive monthly programs centering about birds studied in the regular 
course. Give place also to reports of service rendered to the birds and to statements con- 


The Audubon Societies 65 


cerning bird-needs, such as the proper time to plant bird-gardens, to put out nesting 
material, or to begin winter feeding, Bird-games are an important feature. 

Occasional special programs should be provided, when bird specialists may be heard, 
or at which plays, pageants, debates, or mock trials concerning birds may be presented. 

Furnish your local papers with accounts of club activities, timely information, and 
general bird-news. 

Continue bird-club work if possible during summer, in the form of bird-hikes, pic- 
nics, and porch parties. Clubs should codperate, also, making a notable event of the 
annual Bird and Arbor Day by erecting community bird-houses, feeding-shelves, and 
fountains. Members should participate also in story-writing and other contests. 

Constitute your club an insurance company which issues policies covering preventable 
injuries and death to all birds in your district. 

Collections may be made in autumn of vacated bird-nests. Arrange them in groups, 
accompanying with pictures of the former tenants. Bird-feathers, picked up here and 
- there during molting season, make an interesting collection. Dennison’s crepe-paper 
birds are much used for decoration. 

Classified clippings and stories about birds make a valuable scrap-book. 

Bird illustrations, photographs and colored pictures arranged in an album are 
enjoyed. 

Posters, indicating birds observed each year by the club, a list of bird-books avail- 
able in public or school library, a list of plants for bird-gardens, naming local bird 
enemies, or carrying legends along any line of bird interest should be prepared for 
school-room use. 

Gather a schoolroom loan-library on birds by bringing albums, scrap-books, and 
bird-books owned by club members. Suggest bird-books as gifts for birthdays and 
holidays, consulting the Audubon Leaflets, Brrp-Lore, and other published lists for 
titles. 

Write a courteous letter to the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C., 
requesting copies of Farmers’ Bulletins, Numbers 760, 609, 630, 493 sent to your 
address. 

Study real live birds, beginning with caged birds, Pigeons, or fowl in the school- 
room, next the common birds in your own dooryard, thus gradually extending your 
observation and service to the great world of birds in the wide, free, open air. 


[Mrs. Pike, the author, has recently passed away, but her work as “The Pioneer 
Bird-Woman of Washington State’ will live long, for-she organized hundreds of Junior 
Audubon Societies most successfully. The suggestive outline given above has been used 
and found of practical value in teaching bird-study, especially in the grades.—A. H. W.] 


A BIRD-HOUSE CONTEST 


The enclosed illustrations of bird-houses may be of interest to readers of 
Brrp-Lore in showing that interest in the welfare of our friends, the birds, is 
surely increasing. 

They were produced by the codperation of our very young but promising 
local Audubon Society and the pupils of the sixth and seventh grades of our 
public schools. 

Both boys and girls competed, and some of the very clever houses, although 
not awarded prizes, were built by girls. 

No suggestions were offered, and each house represents the individual 


66 Bird - Lore 


P 


ORIGINAL DESIGNS OF BIRD HOUSES 


idea of the builder. The prizes were awarded on the adaptability of each house 
for the needs of the birds it was built for. 

Sufficient interest has been displayed generally, so that the teacher of 
manual training in the public schools will now direct the building of houses for 
the birds along approved lines of construction. 

The present contest was held in March and preparations were immediately 
started for another on a larger scale in May, at which time more and larger 
prizes will be offered, all payable in Thrift Stamps. 

In the present illustrations, No. 1 shows all the houses built; Nos. 2 and 3, 


pee? eal RTE Ry Jk, i aAe 3 fy, 
THREE HOUSES OUT OF THE TOTAL TAKING A PRIZE 


The Audubon Societies 67 


the prize-winning houses and their builders—O. B. Minor, Secretary of the 
Tuscarawas County Fish, Game and Song Bird Protective Association, New 
Philadelphia, Ohio. 

[In this and the following notes from adult and young observers, it may be seen 
that the boys and girls in our public schools are not only quickly interested in bird- and 
nature-study, but that their interest is genuine and needs only the spur of friendly 
competition, a little timely aid, or sympathetic approval to develop into a lasting asset 
in the sum of benefits which education is supposed to give the individual. The idea of 
offering Thrift Stamps as prizes is a good one.—A. H. W.] 


ee Sed . N 
THREE PRIZE-WINNERS 


SUMMER, FALL AND WINTER OBSERVATIONS 
IN THE WEST 


At this date, October 25,.I am yet seeing many birds. Just now I see 
about roo English and Chipping Sparrows in our backyard. Although they 
(the English Sparrows) are not very useful birds, they are always birds. 

Just now a dark bird passed. It was flying in a waving manner. 

Day before yesterday, I saw a Chickadee. It is a common bird here. 
Cardinals are common around here also. They stay winter and summer. 

We have a very large lake near our house. In winter I see Teals, Mallards 
and many other birds. In summer I see Cormorants, Kingfishers, Water-hens, 
Hell-divers and Spotted Sandpipers in it. Cormorants are scarce in this part 


68 Bird - Lore 


of the country, but a doctor from St. Louis came out and killed one, so that is 
how I know it was a Cormorant. He had it mounted. It is a big black bird 
with a hooked bill for catching fish and a short, stiff tail to aid it in flying. 

I see Hummingbirds here often. Some of the birds I see are Cardinals, 
Red-headed Woodpeckers, Red-winged Blackbirds, Crows, Bluebirds, Rose- 
breasted Grosbeaks, Barn Swallows, Owls, English and Chipping Sparrows, 
Cowbirds, House Wrens, Quails, Bobolinks, Thrashers, Orchard Orioles, 
Flickers, Mourning Doves, Blue Jays, Catbirds, Mockingbirds, Vireos, Red- 
starts and Pewees. 

I wish that our teachers would join an Audubon Society. How fine that 
would be! Since we have no school on account of the influenza I have been 
studying birds. 

I am in the eighth grade and go to the Point School. I enjoy studying 
and watching birds more than studying my school lessons.—ALICE CRECELIUS 
(age 12 years), Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. 

[The Cormorant listed was probably either the Double-crested, or, possibly, a Mex- 
ican Cormorant which goes as far north as Kansas and southern Illinois. Brewer’s 
Blackbird is a casual visitor in states bordering the Mississippi River. The tooth meri- 
dian marks about the limit eastward of the range of the Arkansas Kingbird. “Canary” 
may mean Goldfinch or Summer Warbler, usually, one says ‘‘Wild Canary” for these 
species; ‘‘Hell-diver”’ is a common name for the Pied-billed and some of the other 


Grebes; ‘“‘Water- or Mud-hen”’ refers usually to the Coot. In studying birds it is a 
wise thing to learn the accepted as well as the common name of a species.—A. H. W.] 


HOME OBSERVATIONS 
I 


This summer and spring I found a great number of birds’ nests and saw the 
birds. We have an old stable which Sparrows and Swallows like to build nests 
in. Last summer a Sparrow built a nest in it and laid four eggs. Every egg 
hatched and all the young birds flew away. This year, a Sparrow built a nest 
right next to its last year’s nest, but there was one egg left in it which did not 
hatch. All the others did and the birds were flying around for a long time. 
This year there were two nests near our house. One of them was destroyed by 
the cat as soon as the birds were a few days old. The other one was safe and 
I tried to see that the cat did not get it. I have seen many others but these are 
the ones I took most care of.—Rosa Kryss. 

[It is a fine way to study the birds nesting about one’s home, and to help protect 
them.—A. H. W.] 

II 


Your magazine is always read with interest in our school, and the children 
are working with enthusiasm for the protection of bird-life since our Junior 
Audubon Class was formed. As I have not seen many letters from the Cana- 
dian West in Brrp-Loreg, I thought perhaps the following details might be of 


The Audubon Societies 69 


interest to yourself or your readers. The children (twelve in number, from 
five to twelve years old) kept a list of all the birds observed here (central 
Saskatchewan) during the month of September. They recorded in all forty- 
one species, which included such birds as the Cedar Waxwing, Loggerhead 
Shrike, Baltimore Oriole, Goldfinch, and several different Hawks, etc. Several 
of them I thought better to list as doubtful, since I had no other proof than 
the children’s statements, that they ranged so far west. These were: Summer 
Tanager, Scarlet Tanager, and Indigo Bunting. We are hoping to find next 
year that they really are residents of this district. 

I am enclosing two letters written by my scholars, when asked for a letter 
on things they had seen or done relating to the birds. 

With every wish for your success in the splendid work you are doing.— 
Mary F. Yates, (teacher), Beresford School District, Kelliher, Sask. 

[The Indigo Bunting finds its widest distribution in the eastern United States, 
though it ranges west to the plains, casually to Colorado, and breeds as far north as 
Nova Scotia and Manitoba. A verified record of it in Saskatchewan would be of value 
but itis quite doubtful whether it ever goes as far northwest, unless accidentally. The 
Summer Tanager would be even less likely to occur so far north of its normal range. 
The Scarlet Tanager, like the Indigo Bunting, reaches Manitoba, and might possibly 
be found in South Dakota, but hardly farther northwest. Your method of interesting 


the pupils is excellent, and still more worthy of mention is the interrogation mark after 
doubtful records —A. H. W.] 


A BIRD- TABLE 


This spring the scholars of Beresford school made a table for the birds. 
We all brought some wheat to school, and the crumbs left from our dinner we 
put on the table. Then we covered it over with leaves and some of the birds 
came and ate it. We put some wheat and crumbs on the table every day, 
and the birds like to eat off the table. There are quite a few birds in the 
woods opposite the schoolhouse. We hang some suet out for the Chickadees to 
eat.—HATTIE SAUNDERS. 

[The idea of ‘‘camouflaging” the birds’-table with leaves is very interesting. Sun- 


flower seeds, millet or various weed-seeds take the place of wheat and are probably pre- 
ferred by most species of birds.—A. H. W.] 


A HOME SANCTUARY FOR BIRDS 


I have been subscribing for Brrp-LorE ever since Jan. 1, 1918, and I think 
it is a very interesting magazine, especially for bird-lovers and friends of birds. 
I have read everything in it thoroughly and some numbers I have read twice. 
I belong to the Nebraska Ornithologist Union. 

January 15, 1918, two boy-neighbors and myself started a bird club for 
the protection and study of our song and insectivorus birds. We also set aside 
a patch of land of about six acres. We now have about thirty bird-houses and 


70 Bird - Lore 


six food shelters in our Sanctuary. We intend to feed the birds as soon as cold 
weather and snow set in. 

I intend to join the Audubon Society as soon as I have money enough to 
become a life member. 

The name of our Bird Club is Hillcrest Bird Club. I am the Secretary 
of the Club now. I would like to communicate with other readers of Birp- 
LorE.—EWALD Wirt, (Route 1), Scribner, Neb. 

(Will some of our readers correspond with this enthusiastic worker, and exhange 


helpful experiences? This is the first home-sanctuary for birds, started by young people, 
that has come to the notice of the School Department.—A. H. W.] 


NOTES ON THE LARK BUNTING 


For three or four years I have taken a great interest in birds, and have 
noted the peculiar things about each one as I have seen it. 

The most peculiar thing I have noticed is about the Lark Buntings. As 
far as I can remember, the Lark Buntings have just been seen in the fields north 
of Boulder every other year. Why this is, I have not been able to find out. 
Last year the Lark Buntings were plentiful in the fields, but this year not 
one was seen. 

They have a beautiful song which is often uttered on the wing. One will be 
sitting on some bush and then will suddenly rise up in the air singing, and then 
will gradually come down to earth again, much after the manner of the Bobo- 
link —JEAN SUTHERLAND (age 13 years), Boulder, Colo. 

[It would be wise to continue observations of the Lark Bunting until certain of its 
movements from season to season. Mrs. Florence Merriam Bailey gives a charming 


description of their habits in her ‘“‘Handbook of Birds of the Western United States.” 
She refers to their song, stating that they sing in-chorus.—A. H. W.] 


WINTER FEEDING OF BIRDS 


I had always loved birds and was very sorry when they left us in the migrat- 
ing season. On a Thanksgiving day, when the snow was silently falling, 
I heard a little Chickadee. Knowing that he was to be a winter resident, I 
decided to have him for my boarder. I went to work diligently for the re- 
mainder of the morning fixing a little feeding-station. 

It took but a short time for the Chickadee to find refreshments. This is 
what I prepared for him: suet with chopped nuts, and doughnuts. The dough- 
nuts I suspended from a branch, while I secured the suet by a wire to the tree. 

Evidently the Chickadee reported about my feeding-station, for it was but 
a short time before a Nuthatch and Woodpecker came around. When more 
feathered friends came to patronize me I was encouraged and must have given 
them more because the Red-breasted Nuthatch and the timid Brown Creeper 
came. From then on I made a regular daily visit to the feeding-station. 


The Audubon Societies "I 


I shall tell about the Chickadee first, as he is my favorite. He was the 
tiniest visitor and always sang his cheery chick-a-dee-dee. Even on the coldest 
and dreariest winter day he would cheer the disconsolate, piping his name. 
Often I tried to approach him, and after persevering I was one day rewarded 
by finding him perched on my hand. 

The habits of the other birds also interested me very much. The Nut- 
hatch family, instead of going up the tree for their meals, would proceed 
down the tree. None of the birds were able to hang on the suspended dough- 
nut like the Chickadee, and consequently unless the doughnut were fixed 
purposely for ‘them they would prefer the suet. 

I continued feeding my winter visitors, and could not have derived more 
pleasure from anything than helping to save the few birds which remained 
with the northerners during the winter months.—E.LizaABeTtH H. JOHNSON 
(age 15 years), Plattsburg, N. Y. 

[Comment is not necessary here. Evidently the writer has discovered the true way 


of making friends with the birds and coming into intimate contact with them. Home- 
work like this is of the greatest value, not only to the birds but to the bird-lover—A.H.W.! 


SAW-WHET OWL IN CENTRAL PARK, 
NEW YORK CITY 


Photographed by Albert Pinkus, (Boy Scout), 
ovember 11, 1918 


Che Audubon Societies 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 


Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary 


Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to 
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City. 


Telephone, Columbus 7327 


Witi1am DutcuHER, President 


Freperic A. Lucas, Acting President 


Tueopore §. PAtmeEr, First Vice-President 


T. GrtBert PEARSON, Secretary 
JONATHAN Dwicat, Jr., Treasurer 


SAMUEL T. CARTER, JR., Attorney 


Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become 


a member of it, and all are welcome. 


Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild 


Birds and Animals: 


$5 annually pays for a Sustaining ee ek : 
$xoo paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership 
$1,000 constitutes a person a Patron : 
$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder 

$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor 


Form or Bequest:—I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon 
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York. 


SLAUGHTER OF AMERICAN EAGLES 


The Territory of Alaska has entered 


upon a campaign to destroy all the Bald © 


Eagles within its boundaries. A law en- 
acted in 1917 by the legislature of the 
Territory reads in part as follows: 


“Section 1. That there be, and hereby 
is placed upon every eagle within the Ter- 
ritory of Alaska, a bounty of fifty cents 
($0.50), said sum to be paid in accordance 
with the provisions of this Act. 

“Section 2. To obtain said bounty, any 
person killing an eagle within the Territory 
of Alaska, after the passage of this Act, 
shall, as soon as possible, exhibit both feet 
of said eagle, to any United States Com- 
missioner within the Territory of Alaska, 
together with a certificate in substantially 
the following form, etc.” 


As a result of an investigation we have 
learned that from the date of the passage 
of this measure, April 30, 1917 to Decem- 
ber 6, 1918, a period of about nineteen 
months, bounties have been paid for 5,100 
dead Eagles—an average of 266 a month! 

In a letter recently received from a cor- 
respondent in Juneau, there occurs this 
statement: 


“So far as I have been able to ascertain 
no specific information or statistics were 
presented to the legislature as a basis for 


the passage of: the bill, the basis for its 
enactment being upon statements by ob- 
servers that in their belief the depreda- 
tions of this bird were seriously affecting 
the salmon supply by destroying the fish 
while engaged in spawning in the small 
streams, that they also killed a great many 
fawns of deer, and young forest and shore 
birds, as well as ducks, geese, etc.” 


Thus another instance has come to light 
where a wild bird has been tried and con- 
demned apparently without any previous 
scientific investigation as to the validity 
of the charges made against it. 

The legislature that passed this law is 
not controlled by wild Indians and ignor- 
ant Eskimos, but by men who have mi- 
grated from the States and men who should 
know better than to condemn any form of 
wild life merely on rumors and the loose 
statements of prejudiced observers. 

This is a sample of the kind of efforts 
the National Association of Audubon So- 
cieties has had to face in all parts of the 
North American continent for the past 
fourteen years. The fact that the battle 
is not yet won is indicated afresh by com- 
munications just received to the effect that 
some of the southern states will, during the 
present legislative year, seek to take from 


(72) 


The Audubon Societies 73 


certain birds the meager protection they 
now receive, on the grounds that the birds 
are more or less detrimental to the inter- 


ests of mankind. It takes a long time to 
educate a hundred million people and keep 
them educated! 


TWO REPORTS FROM TEACHERS OF JUNIOR 
AUDUBON CLASSES 


From Fayetteville, Arkansas 


I wish you could see my Boys’ Bird 
Class, they are so courteous, alert and 
responsive. The ripple from the wave of 
interest we excited in our school spread 
into the town schools and resulted in the 
organization of a large number of children 
in Junior Audubon Classes, and even tiny 
tots outside of school are building bird 
houses. ; 

Boys and young men in the neighbor- 
hood who have been suspected of killing 
Robins and other songbirds, have been 
approached, remonstrated with gently, and 
now understand fully the legal penalty for 
violating bird-protective laws. They were 
also invited to be present Bird Program 
Day. A movement of this kind was surely 
needed here for game and songbirds are 
rapidly disappearing. Robins are still shot 
for potpie the children say, but proofs are 
lacking. A young farmer came to me the 
other day to inquire if our Club (the name 
Audubon seems one to conjure with) could 
not get closed season for the Quail, which 
though once plentiful here are now scarce. 
I find this is one of the chief good of this 
class, to act as a centre of approach and 
information for bird preservation for the 
community. 

We meet once in two weeks in my big 
livingroom, or outdoors with field glasses, 
if weather is fine, and talk over a subject 
assigned at previous lesson. The teacher 
is often the one taught, for these bright 
young eyes have learned their bird-lore in 
the woods and fields. 

Our first lesson was on the ‘Value of 
Birds to Field, Orchard and Garden.’ The 
second on ‘Migration.’ One of the seed- 
stores here gave us some blank books and 
the boys used them for migration records. 
They have done some good work along this 


line, and they enjoy it, for they say it 
makes them see more birds. Our last lesson 
was about ‘Nests’ and I believe the boyish 
desire for hunting birds’ nests was grati- 
fied just as fully by the collection in the 
autumn of old nests for study. We found 
one rare one, a dove-shaped, beautifully 
made, softly lined one, with the tiny round 
aperture on one side: some kind of War- 
bler, probably the Blue-throated Warbler, 
we have decided. 

Young people will not destroy anything 
which has become an object of sympa- 
thetic study and interest, and they need 
only a word in the right direction to make 
them the champions instead of the hunters 
of their feathered brothers. That belief 
has been the keynote of my work with 
them and I have required no pledge. 

Boys so love to do things with their 
hands. At just a hint from me and show- 
ing pictures of the first lesson in regard to 
bird-boxes, in less than a week they each 


_made several and brought them to me. 


Being not unmindful that the way to a 
boy’s heart at least is through his stomach, 
I always have a little treat for them of 
doughnuts and cookies. We do have such 
good times together.—THERESA JENNINGS. 


° From West Point, New York 


Bird-study for children at the West Point 
School has been carried on for some time, 
the general methods employed being as 
follows: 

In the morning exercises, at the discre- 
tion of the teachers, reports are received 
and discussed concerning birds, known and 
unfamiliar to the one who makes his re- 
port. If the bird is known and has been 
previously discussed, its presence is made 
simply a matter of record. If the bird is 
unknown to most present, the various 


74 Bird - Lore 


ha dot 


vt Seat ie ad . 


BURYING A DEAD SPARROWHAWK, FOUND AND BROUGHT TO SCHOOL. MEMBERS 
OF JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASS AT HIGHLAND, NEW YORK 


means of identification are resorted to, viz., 
size, color and markings, bill, call or song, 
mode of flight, manner of alighting, food- 
plants,etc. A discussion of these important 
and interesting facts is of distinct value to 
the pupil, in that it provides a source of 
information, and develops the powers of 
observation to a remarkable degree of 
keenness. If the description proves incom- 
plete or unsatisfactory, the colored plate 
will often clarify the cloudy atmosphere 
which envelops the bird in the mind of the 
pupil. If good fortune prevails, the teacher 
may be able to identify the bird if it comes 
into view while both pupil and teacher 
are present. 

The blackboard affords an excellent 
means of illustrating the various features 
of physical structure in the bird, thus ren- 
dering its identification less difficult by 
calling attention to the presence of certain 
dominant characteristics. If these are not 
present, then the process of elimination 
will narrow the list to a certain point where 
identification results in a positive form. 
On the blackboard drawings are so arranged 
that the bird’s adaptability to its environ- 


ment is made clear. At this juncture it is 
also made a matter of relative importance 
to emphasize the economic value of the 
bird to agricultural conditions, in addition 
to its beauty of dress, and sweetness of 
song. 

- During the winter, when the absence of 
foliage reveals readily the presence of the 
bird, and the lack of food supply forces 
it to seek more intimately the society of 
man, the children are then encouraged to 
feed and study the birds, making them 
their friends. The winter birds under the 
prevailing conditions are easily studied and 
quickly identified. The placing of suet in 
the trees and the scattering of grain upon 
the snow or ground creates in the child such 
an interest in birds that, by the time the 
great migratory waves of spring occur, he 
has grasped with an awakened interest the 
influences of an unknown and an unlimited 
number of species. Each season he is en- 
abled to grasp and absorb a little more 
from the passing procession of northern 
migrants. The pupils are taught to reason 
that there must be a counter-migration 
in the fall. 


The Audubon Societies 75 


For the many migrants which do not 
stay with us but which are wayfarers in 
flight, observation methods alone are used. 
For those birds which return to surround- 
ings of former years, aid is extended in the 
building of houses for domestic purposes. 
Here the builder must be taught that pre- 
caution is necessary in guarding against 
the unlawful occupation of songsters’ 
quarters by the English Sparrow. The 
size of entrance must be made small 
enough to exclude this unwelcome visitor 
and destroyer of homes. Many pupils 
have this spring provided houses for the 
birds, one or two being especially attrac- 
tive and unique in design. 

The older pupils under the supervision 
of school officers have studied the educa- 
tional leaflets published by the National 
Association of Audubon Societies, and 
with water colors have made a copy of 
the finished plate on the sheet with the 
outlined drawing. By calling attention to 
essential details in structure and color 
much general, and some particular, knowl- 
edge is gained. The younger pupils who 
are not skilled in the use of water colors 


are provided with crayons to acquire the 
shaded relations—Epmunp Cocks. 


Aigrette Violations 


Although the Egret, from which the 
heron aigrettes are taken, cannot legally be 
killed in the United States, and although 
aigrettes can neither be imported into this 
country, nor sold in many states, one may 
still see many of these feathers worn. 

The Conservation Commission of New 
York State has been active in its enforce- 
ment of this Audubon Law ever since it 
went into effect on July 1, 1911. Scarcely 
a month passes but what the Commission 
successfully conducts prosecutions of mil- 
liners who insist on violating the law by 
selling these feathers. 

For example, during the month of 
December, 1918, there were five such prose- 
cutions in New York. The Government 
has also taken a hand in this important 
subject. Mr. E. V. Visart, at one time the 
Arkansas agent for this Association, and 
now a United States game warden, reports: 

“T know that you will be interested, to 


BUILDING BIRD HOUSES. MEMBERS OF JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASS AT 
HIGHLAND, NEW YORK 


76 Bird - Lore 


know that on December 3, 1918 I con- 
fiscated 122 dozen individual aigrettes and 
the back skins and aigrettes of six Herons. 
Total valuation was $1,379.50. These 
were taken from Phil Levy, Hot Springs, 
Arkansas.” 


Olive Thorne Miller 


Mrs. Harriet Mann Miller, better known 
as Olive Thorne Miller, died at her home 
in Los Angeles, California on Christmas 
Day, 1918. 

Mrs. Miller was one of the first women 
in America to attain distinction as a stu- 
dent of bird-life and as an author of bird 


twenty years in Chicago. Later her home 
for a long time was in Brooklyn, New York. 
Several years ago she moved to California, 
and there, in a little bungalow in a quiet 
part of Los Angeles, she passed her remain- 
ing years surrounded by trees and shrub- 
bery, which furnished homes for many of 
the birds she so much loved. 

I shall long remember her as I saw her 
in this home in 1912, a small, quiet woman 
with an alert mind, sitting in a rocking- 
chair on the veranda, and half playfully, 
half seriously seeking to frustrate my 
efforts to take a photograph of her. 

Mrs. MiJler was a writer of many maga- 
zine articles, and during her life delivered 


JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASS AT BRIGHTON, NEW JERSEY 


books. During 1896-1903 she was an 
active member and worker with Miss 
Emma Lockwood and others associated 
in the work of the New York State Audu- 
bon Society. Her interest in birds which 
began at an early date, continued until 
the time of her death in her eighty-eighth 
year. 

She was born at Auburn, New York, 
June 25, 1831. After her marriage to 
Watts Todd Miller, at Rock Island, IIl., 
August 15, 1854, she resided for the next 


numerous lectures. Her books, some of 
which are still sold extensively, are as fol- 
lows: ‘Nimpo’s Troubles,’ ‘Little Folks in 
Feathers and Fur,’ ‘Queer Pets at Marcy’s,’ 
‘Little People of Asia,’ ‘Bird Ways,’ ‘In 
Nesting Time,’ ‘Four-handed Folk,’ ‘Little 
Brothers of the Air,’ ‘Our Home Pets,’ 
‘Bird-lover in the West,’ “True Bird Stor- 
ies,’ ‘With The Birds in Maine,’ ‘Kristy’s 
Queer Christmas,’ “The Children’s Book of 
Birds,’ ‘First Book of Birds,’ and ‘Second 
Book of Birds.’ 


The Audubon Societies 77 


Forbush’s Monthly Bulletin of 
Information 


Among the many useful efforts to en- 
courage bird-study and bird protection 
that E. H. Forbush, State Ornithologist of 
Massachusetts, has set in motion is his 
monthly ‘‘Bulletin of Information.” 

The one for December, 1918 consists of 
six extra-large pages of mimeographed data 
regarding the more notable events in the 
distribution and migration in Massachu- 
setts. 

These bulletins are sent broadcast and 
much of the information they contain is 
copied by the public press. Mr. Forbush 
encourages people throughout the state to 
supply his office with data regarding the 
coming of migratory birds, their numbers 
and distribution. This, together with his 
own wide knowledge of the subject, forms 
a basis for these extensive notes. The Bul- 
letin just issued is the twelfth that has 
thus far been published. 


Letter from California 


Mrs. F. T. Bicknell, of Los Angeles, 
writes: 

“Tt is not from lack of interest that the 
Los Angeles Audubon Society is not taking 
part in the Christmas Census this year, 
but for the reason that so many of its 
members, upon whom we rely for correctly 
identifying the birds, have been, and still 
are ill, and not to be depended upon. 

“Then, too, one of our largest ‘birding’ 
localities for shore-birds was drained this 
last summer and it has cut down our pro- 
ductive territory considerably, and will 
necessitate new lines of work. We hope by 
another year to adjust ourselves and enter 
into the contest with renewed energy and 
enthusiasm. 

“On account of the Spanish influenza we 
have not been allowed to hold any indoor 
meetings this fall. We have had our regular 
field trips, however, with good attendance 
and are encouraged to feel there is no lack 
of interest. A little later we intend send- 
ng you the record of a new bird for our 
ocality upon which we are now making 


notes. I am working for Brrp-LorE sub- 
scriptions and hope to send names very 
soon,” 


A Christmas Card 


The following poem, under the title, 
‘Brother Bird to Brother Man,’ by Miss 
Gertrude Knevels, appeared on an attract- 
ive ‘Christmas Greeting’ sent out by the 
Forest Hills Gardens Audubon Society. 


How big your nest is, neighbor Man, 
How beautiful your fare, 

While small birds in the wind and snow 
Are starving everywhere. 


Some scattered crumbs, a little seed, 
A drop of water too, 

And we will sing our gratitude 
Big Brother Man, to you. 


Ruffed Grouse Scarce in West Virginia 


But a few years ago the Ruffed Grouse, 
was fairly common throughout the hill re- 
gion of West Virginia. Why it has become 
so very scarce in the last year or two is a 
mystery, but, nevertheless, it is true. 

A party of three, hunting squirrels for 
three days in the mountainous part of 
Tucker County in September, reports see- 
ing but two Grouse. Another party of 
three, hunting in the mountains of Webster 
and Randolph counties six days in No- 
vember, reports seeing thirty-one Grouse. 
In both places there is an abundance of 
wild grapes, gum berries, beech nuts and 
other food for the birds. A few years ago 
Grouse were plentiful in these same areas. 
Some hunters killed a few Grouse and it 
was noticed that all the birds killed were 
males. One hunter reported that he had 
killed his quota of Grouse this year. 
Among the twenty-five birds was but one 
female. He had hunted over several coun- 
ties and noticed that there were very few 
birds this year, whereas he had found them 
plentiful last year. It was also noticed 
that practically all the birds killed were 
old birds. 

There seems to be a possibility that a 
large number of Grouse froze to death last 


ROY C. ANDREWS 
President Bronxville (N. Y.) Bird Club 


The Audubon Societies 79 


winter. The female birds might have per- 
ished in this way, thus accounting for more 
males than females as well as the few 
young birds this year.—A. J. DADISMAN, 
Morgantown, W. Va. 


Blackbirds and Meadowlarks in 
California 


With unswerving regularity, worthy of 
a better cause, the question as to whether 
Meadowlarks and Blackbirds are a nuis- 
ance in California continues to be raised 
every year. At the coming session of the 
legislature, bills in ail human probability 
will be introduced looking to the destruc 
tion of these birds. Somebody will again 
claim that Blackbirds are eating the grain 
and Meadowlarks are destroying the 
grape crop. 

The California Audubon Society, ever 
watchful for the interests of the wild birds, 
has just issued a six-page pamphlet con- 
taining testimonies of some ranchers tend- 
ing to show that the Meadowlark and 
Blackbird are of real economic value. This 
circular deserves to be given wide publicity 
and it is difficult to see how any legislator 
would approve of taking protection from 
these two birds after reading such an inter- 
esting document. 

Success to the California Audubon So- 
ciety in its legislative efforts this year and 
more power to Harriet Williams Myers, its 
active and resourceful Secretary! 


New Sustaining Members Enrolled from 
October 19, 1918 to January 1, 1919 


Abbott, Miss Ella L. 
Adams, Silas B. 
Armstrong, Edward E. 
Beach, Miss Elizabeth T. E. 
Bennett, Ernest P. 
Benson, Mrs. Louis F. 
Biddle, Mrs. Thomas M. 
Billings, Mrs. C. K. G. 
Bishop, J. E. 
Blickensderfer, C. 
Botsford, E. F. 

Boyden, Harry H. 
Brandt, Frederic F. 
Breck, Frances S. 
Brodland, Mrs. Lucas 
Brooks, Mrs. Anson 


Brown, Miss Mary L. 
Buchanan, Genl. James A. 
Burk, Mrs. A. N. 
Campbell, Mrs. Stuart 
Caster, Benjamin 
Chanler, Mrs. Winthrop 
Chapman, Mrs. Eustace 
Cheever, J..S. 

Christian, Miss Susan 
Clark, Miss Mary T. 
Clarke, Miss Mary S. 
Congdon, Miss Frances 
Cowling, Sarah F. 
Curtis, Eva C. 
Danielson, Mrs. Richard 
Dillon, Fred N. 
Dinsmoor, John C. 
Easton, Mrs. N. Howard 
Eckstein, Miss Babette 
Edge, Mrs. C. N. 
Ehrmann, Dr. Fred J. E. 
Elliot, Sarah J. 

Finch, Mrs. Gertrude K. 
Fox, Miss A. M. 

Franke, Mrs. Albert 
Gardner, Mrs. Arthur F. 
Hamann, William A. 
Hayward, Miss Emma 
Herrmann, F. 

Hill, Mrs. J. A. 

Hill, William H. 

Hoover, Harris M. 
Houghton, L. 

Jennings, Philip B. 
Kelly, Mrs. S. 

La Boiteaux, Miss L. M. 
Langdon, Roy M. 

Legg, Mrs. J. Francis 
Lindsey, Edward 

Low, Mrs. Seth 

Lyman, Miss Clara 
McCarrell, Mrs. Robert L. 
Mabie, Clarence 
Madeira, Miss Elizabeth 
Manning, Mrs. C. B. 
Matheson, Mrs. W. I. 
Mennen, William G. 
Miller, Mrs. Ellen H. 
Minnesota State Library 
Minns, Master Frederick 
Montgomery, Henry B. 
Ostrander, Mrs. Charles L. 
Partridge, Mrs. H. G. 
Paul, Mrs. Gertrude, Sr. 
Pease, Frank A. 
Peterson, Charles S. 
Pirie, John T. 

Poole, Miss Grace H. 
Porter, Mrs. Samuel 
Potts, Master Harry 
Richmond, F. E. 
Riddell, Mr. and Mrs. B. H. 
Rodgers, Miss H. T. 
Rumford, Dr. Lewis 
Rumsey, Bronson 


80 Bird - Lore 


Scattergood, Mrs. J. Henry 
Schwartz, Mrs. Morton L. 
Shaver, Mrs. B. F. 

Smith, C. B. 

Smith, Miss Henrietta A. 
Sprague, Major A. A. 
Stetson, Miss Charlotte 
Stewart, Robert L. 

Storm, Raymond W. 
Thresher, Henry G. 
Tomlinson, Mrs. Antoinette F. 
Townsend, J. W. 
Truesdale, Mrs. H. C. 
Turner, Richard G. 

Tuttle, Mrs. Harry A. 
Upham, Miss Edith S. 
Walker, E. Robbins 
Warner, A. L. D. 
Washburn, Mrs. Edward A. 
Welch, Mrs. E. L. 
Whitehouse, J. Henry 
Williams, Mrs. Norman 
Wilson, Mrs. C. M. 
Woolverton, William H. 
Wotkyns, Dana B. 

Zapp, Louis 


Law for Migratory Birds Safe 


A news dispatch, recently sent out from 
Washington, D. C., stating that the Gov- 
ernment had dropped the case of appeal 
before the Supreme Court in reference to 
the constitutionality of the Migratory 
Bird Law, has led many people to under- 
stand that migratory birds are no longer 
protected by Federal statute. Such is not 
- the case, however. What really happened 
was this: 

The old Shauver case which had been 
pending for several years before the 
Supreme Court was finally disposed of 
merely for the purpose of clearing this 
dead issue off the docket. The treaty be- 
tween the United States and Great Britain 
affecting migratory birds in the United 
States and Canada is much more compre- 
hensive than the old Migratory Bird Law, 
and as the Enabling Act, making the 
treaty operative, was enacted by Congress 
July 3, 1918, those engaged in bird-pro- 
tection took no further interest in the for- 
tunes of the old Migratory Bird Law. The 
action of the Supreme Court, therefore, 
does not adversely affect in the slightest 
the Federal guardianship of migratory 
birds. 


Bird-House Contest 


The Pittsburgh Chronicle-Telegraph has 
opened its third annual bird-house contest. 
This closes on February 22, 1919. There 
are three first, second, third, and fourth 
prizes, allotted to different districts. The 
first prize in each case is a bicycle, the 
second, a chest of tools, third, a suit of 
clothes, fourth, a jig-saw; fifty additional 
prizes, consisting of gold Waldemar com- 
binations, twenty-five to the winners 
within the city limits and twenty-five to 
those living outside the city. Any boy 
under sixteen years of age is eligible to 
enter the contest. Another special prize 
is a gold watch given ‘for the most unique 
and serviceable bird-feeding station made 
according to dimensions as specified on the 
Telegraph dimension card. All requests 
for privileges to enter the contest should 
be addressed to T. Walter Weiseman, Bird- 
House Editor, Pittsburgh Chronicle-Tele- 
graph, Gazette Square, Pittsburgh, Pa. 


Notes from Washington, D. C. 


The bill intended to prohibit the sale of 
game in the District of Columbia is held 
up and probably will not pass at this ses- 
sion of Congress. The measure went 
through the House of Representatives all 
right, but struck a snag in the Senate, for 
here it was referred to the Committee on 
the District of Columbia, the chairman of 
which, Senator Smith of Maryland,appears 
to be dead opposed to the enactment of 
such a measure for bird-preservation. 
Game-protectors and bird-lovers of Mary- 
land have been bombarding him with 
letters to no avail. The efforts of the 
National Association to make Senator 
Smith see the light have alike proved un- 
successful. It takes a long time to get a 
Federal law when it comes to conservation. 

Owing to the absence of Henry Oldys in 
France the publication of Current Items of 
Interest, by the District of Columbia 
Audubon Society, will for the present be 
discontinued. The Society is planning to 
continue its bird-walks this spring, as in 
years past. 


1. CROW 2. NORTHWEST CROW 
3. FISH CROW 
(About one-sixth natural size ) 


Sird- Lore 


A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 


Vol. XXI MARCH—APRIL, 1919 No. 2 


The Warblers of Central New York 


By A. A. ALLEN, Ph D., Assistant Professor of Ornithology Cornell University 
With Photographs by the Author 


, \HE fascination of the Warblers is 
irresistible. Their arrival in the 
spring awakens even the most 

callous ornithologist and pulls him out 
of bed before his accustomed time. Their 
bright colors, their great variety, their 
active habits, almost madden the begin- 
ner, as, in a frenzy, he follows their 
darting forms through the tree-tops or 
strains his neck in an effort to locate 
some lisping song. Years go by before 
the maze of plumages is straightened out 
and the songs finally remembered from 
spring to spring. 

But he who follows the little fellows 
after they leave the gardens and shade 
trees and hide themselves in thicket, 
forest, and swamp, has a still greater 
enchantment before him. Decades may 
pass before he has traced them all to 
their abodes, learned all their breeding 
songs, and discovered the nest of every 
species. For bird-nesting is a_time- 
consuming business. Days may be spent 


ON GUARD : 2 
The male Mourning Warbler has fed the young in a fruitless search of the undergrowth 


and is now waiting until he hears his mate before the Mourning Warbler gives up 


coming before leaving. 3 
its secret, and one’s neck may feel 


broken a hundred times from scanning the tree-tops before one finds the 
nest of the Blackburnian or the Cerulean. But what a joy it is at last to 


82 Bird - Lore 


discover the nest! The more difficult the search, the greater seems the reward. 
What a thrill passes over the searcher when a little greenish bird flutters from 
beneath his feet and he feels his patience rewarded! What a feeling of expec- 
tancy when a_ bright 
colored male Warbler 
hesitates for a moment 
near a dark spot among 
the leaves overhead and 
one climbs the tree to 
make sure that the nest 
is there. 

If one is interested in 
photography, there is 
much. satisfaction in 
planning the method of 
approach, the placing of 
the blind, or the fasten- 
ing of the camera. It 
taxes one’s ingenuity to 
the utmost. The nest 
may be fifty or sixty feet 
from the ground and far 
out on a branch. Usu- 
ally it is in the deepest 
shade. The bird may be 
exceedingly timid, and 
High in the trees, concealed with bits of lichen and woody fungi, igealigen ne: always count 
the shallow nest is very difficult to find and still more difficult to on its being extremely 
phomeayr: active. Scores of prob- 
lems are presented for solution before one can secure satisfactory photo- 
graphs, or even watch at close range the nesting habits of many of the 
Warblers. 

The majority of Warblers, however, are less timid than most birds and 
this facilitates their study. Many species seem not to know fear about their 
nests. Indeed, in the case of one Blackburnian Warbler, shown me by G. A. 
Bailey, I had difficulty in keeping the bird off the nest long enough to photo- 
graph the eggs, even though I lifted her from the nest. The nest was about 25 
feet from the ground in a small hemlock that swayed with the weight of my 
body and shook with my labored breathing. Indeed, the motion of the tree 
was harder to combat than the movements of the bird, and many failures 
resulted until I held my breath during the exposure. So it is with many and, 
perhaps, the majority of Warblers: there are some individuals of each species 
that seem devoid of the fear instinct. One needs to work with them for only 


A CERULEAN HOME 


The Warblers of Central New York 83 


a few hours before they become accustomed to one’s presence and may even 
be coaxed to feed their young on one’s hand. 

There are some exceptions to this, however, chief among which is the 
Yellow-breasted Chat. Unlike the rest of its family in many ways, it carries its 
peculiarity in this respect to the extreme, so that it becomes practically an 
impossible subject for the photographer or the student of bird home-life. 
The slightest disturbance of the nest, or the leaves about it in discovering it, 
is apt to cause the birds to desert. Even with the maternal instinct at its 
height, when the young are fully fledged, they will leave them upon the slight- 
est provocation. 

In Central New York the Chats’ nests are the most easily discovered of 
any of the Warblers, though, of course, they are far less common than many. 
They ordinarily nest about four feet from the ground in clumps of cornus, 
spirea, or viburnum, or other shrubs which grow in patches and which present 
a dense exterior but are sparsely branched and free from leaves on the inside. 


af 7 ad : - * 
THIS BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER PERMITTED ITSELF TO BE LIFTED FROM THE NEST 


It is necessary merely to insert one’s head beneath the crown of the bushes and 
a glance tells whether or not the bulky nest is present. Since both birds are 
rather noisy about the nesting grounds, the nesting area is easily located and 
there are usually not a great many possible nesting sites. 
One spring we discovered twenty different nests of the Chat. They were 
built, however, by but seven pairs of birds, an average of nearly three nests per 
pair. Apparently something had happened time and again to disturb the birds 


84 Bird - Lore 


while they were incubating and they had each time deserted the nest and built 
a new one in the vicinity. Some of the deserted nests were empty, some con- 
tained one or two eggs, and some the full complement of four, our only way of 
knowing that the nests were deserted at the time of discovery being the finding 
of another nest in the vicinity containing warm eggs. Usually we were unable 
to discover the cause of desertion, but in two of the nests were the eggs of the 
Cowbird. The eggs of the two species are almost identical and yet the Chat 
seems to know the difference or to be able to count and remember the number 


A TAME CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER FEEDING ITS YOUNG 


which she has herself laid. I have known no instance of a Chat hotcuing ¢ out the 
Cowbird’s egg. 

A shy bird like this is very discouraging to the student of bird home-life 
for, when the mere discovery of the nest causes the bird to desert, it gives him 
not even a chance to test his skill. Upon two occasions, however, we were able 
to outwit the Chat by discovering the nests from a distance and not going near 
them until the proper time. One nest was located in an elm sprout close beside 
a cow-path and the bird had apparently become accustomed to the passing of 
the cattle. It was raining on the one day that we had a chance to photograph 
this nest and this, perhaps, caused the bird to stick closer. I set up my umbrella 
blind and my camera at a distance without disturbing her, and, getting inside, 


The Warblers of Central New York 85 


I lifted the whole thing and lumbered slowly down the path to within six 
feet of the nest. She would have let me come closer but the nest was on a side 
hill and this was as close as I could get and still view the nest. Apparently she 
was accustomed to having cows grazing about her, for she paid no attention to 
any of the sounds coming from the blind. After making several exposures, I 
decided to leave without disturbing her and come back again after the eggs had 
hatched and family life had become more interesting. Instead of moving back 
up the path the way I had come, I whistled for my companion, thinking that if 
the bird were frightened from the nest by someone else, she would not suspect 
the blind of being anything but an inoffensive cow. It was a fatal mistake. My 


A WOODLAND RESTAURANT 


While the Black-throated Blue Warbler fed its young on my knee, the deer-flies and mosquitoes fed on my 
hand. The one made up for the other 

companion had to approach very close to the bush before the bird would leave, 

in fact almost touch it. The bird left with considerable alarm and to the best of 

my knowledge never came back. We removed the blind but when we came 

again, a week later, the eggs were cold and the birds were calling about another 

thicket lower down the hill where we did not disturb them. 

The other nest we discovered when the young were about to leave, and, 
since the old bird never left the side of the nest, I assume she thought herself 
undiscovered. The next day, before we went near the nest, we carefully con- 
cealed the camera in a box close to the ground, focusing it upon a prepared 
perch. The old bird was not near when we approached the nest but all of the 


86 Bird - Lore 


young fluttered from it in alarm. Before we had captured them all, one of the 
old birds returned, but, after scolding for a while, disappeared. Without delay 
we fastened the young in the grass beneath the perch upon which the camera was 
focused and concealed ourselves. After a while one of the old birds came back. 
We could not tell which one, but it was probably the other one, because only 
one returned; it showed no alarm, and, when it heard the food-calls of the 
young, it flew directly to the perch we had prepared. To get the Chat feeding 
its young and determine the nature of the food it was bringing was not so easy, 
for while we were placing them upon another perch, the old bird came back and 
caught us in the act. She told us very plainly in Chat language what she thought 
of such a proceeding, and waited two hours before she finally fed them and we 
secured the accompanying photograph. 

Whether the Chats are as sensitive as this in all parts of their range I do 
not know, because there is a great deal of difference among individual birds. If 
we can judge from the particular branch of the tribe that lives about Ithaca, 
however, we would say that shyness is a speties characteristic more strongly 
developed than in the Herons, Gulls, Skimmers, Doves, or any of the species 
that have a reputation for extreme timidity. 

(To -be concluded) 


A CHAT BEFORE LUNCH 


The youngster has waited: two hours for this meal, and apparently registers disapproval. The Chat is 
the most difficult bird to photograph the writer has ever encountered 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 
III. FROM PANAMA TO PERU 


By FRANK M. CHAPMAN 


ARLY on the morning of November 14, the S.S. ‘Ucayali’ of the Peruvian 

Line, left her moorings at Balboa and steamed slowly through the small 

gateway in the submarine nets guarding the Pacific entrance to the 
canal, which is closed nightly from 6 P.M. to 6 A.M. The beauties of Panama 
Bay with its islands, bare and wooded, the foothills and mountains of the 
surrounding mainland, the white towers and red roofs of Panama remain to 
become common knowledge; while the history of this region, from Balboa to 
Goethals, makes as strong an appeal to the imagination as do its physical 
features to the eye. 

The waters abound with fish, and the air above them is correspondingly 
alive with birds. Nowhere else have I seen Man-o’-War Birds so numerous, 
while Brown Pelicans in stately files flew to their favorite fishing grounds. 
Some years ago a party of ichthyologists, whose desire for specimens was 
evidently stronger than their regard for the laws of angling, exploded charges 
of dynamite in these waters as the most direct means of making a census of 
their finny inhabitants, but when the shocked or killed victims came floating to 
the surface the Man-o’-War Birds and Pelicans proved so much more skillful 
as ‘collectors’ that the fish-men got a comparatively small share of the booty! 

South of the equator, at just what point I am unable to say, but doubtless 
near the boundary line of Ecuador and Peru, the Brown Pelican is replaced 
by the Chilean Pelican, a related but distinct species; but, singularly enough, 
in spite of the abundance of food and the astounding numbers of birds off the 
coast of Peru, the Man-o’-War Bird was not observed south of Panama Bay. 
The absence of the Brown Pelican from the east coast of South America presents 
a similar inexplicable problem in distribution. During the succeeding two days 
few birds were observed. An occasional Shearwater or Petrel (strelata?) 
was seen scaling over the waves in its unending and apparently fruitless search 
for food, but we were evidently not sailing over good feeding grounds. At 
9 A.M. on the 16th we passed about ten miles to the east of Malpelo Islet, a 
rocky pile which loomed to surprising height above the horizon. Doubtless it 
is the home of many sea-birds, but, so far as I know, no naturalist has ever 
landed upon it. 

At 7 o’clock on the morning of the 18th we were off Point Parina, the most 
western part of South America, and near enough to the shore to see the oil- 
derricks, which indicate the product of this barren coast. At 10 A.M. we reached 
Payta, our first port from Panama, and we were now fairly within the zone 
which distinguishes the Peruvian littoral as the home of countless hordes of sea- 
birds. There were Gulls, Cormorants, Boobies and Pelicans in amazing abun- 


(87) 


% 


wes. 


We ho} 
= - 
hee 


=#% 


RA ISLAND, NORTHERN COASTZOF PERU 


; this photograph was reproduced in The National Geographic Magazine for May, 1014 


CHILEAN BROWN PELICANS NESTING ON LOBOS AFUE 


Photographed by Robert E. Coker 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 89 


dance. There is doubtless no area of equal extent in the world with a larger 
sea-bird population than the waters off this coast. Throughout its entire 
length of some 1,200 miles, birds are always present in large numbers, and when 
some unknown cause induces the small fish on which they feed to appear ina 
comparatively restricted area in incalculable myriads, there is a corresponding 
concentration of the feathered forms which prey upon them. 

On November 20, when we were anchored off the port of Salaverry, it was 
obvious that we were in the center of such a gathering. Whether one looked 
north, east, south or west, birds could be seen in countless numbers passing 
in endless files, fishing in dense, excited flocks or massed in dark islands on 
the sea. If one looked toward the shore, where the bare, blazing sand-dunes 
smothered in smooth banks the base of coastal hills rising dark and desolate 
behind them, to be in turn overtopped by the distant Andes, long, waving, 
whip-like streamers and banners of birds passed in endless, undulating files 
sharply silhouetted against the atmospheric mountains. 

Seaward, like aérial serpents, sinuous lines crawled through the air in re- 
peated curves which lost themselves in the distance, or processions streaked the 
sky or water in rapidly-passing, endless files, flowing steadily by, hour after 
hour, during the entire day without ceasing, and with but slight breaks in the 
line. At times the flocks were composed of Cormorants, with, at intervals, 
an occasional white-bodied, brown-winged Booby. At others, they would be 
made up almost wholly of Boobies, accented here and there by a Cormorant, 
while for an hour or more Cormorants were passing northward some forty feet 
above the sea, and below them, low over the water, Boobies were flying south- 
ward, the head and tail of each procession being beyond the limit of vision. 
The Booby formation was less regular than that of the Cormorants, three or 
four birds often traveling abreast, and they passed at an average of three 
hundred per minute. It was not possible, however, to estimate from such 
observations the number of birds which passed a given point during the day, 
since the direction of flight was at times reversed as the birds sought new fish- 
ing-grounds. 

These were near the shore, and the focal points toward which sooner or 
later, the birds converged, resulted in a scene to which no description can do 
justice. There was not a passenger aboard the ship who did not express his 
lively interest in it, and throughout the day it commanded untiring and often 
excited attention. 

The Cormorants fished from the surface where they were evidently sur- 
rounded by a sea of the small fry, which, with much plunging and diving, 
they gobbled voraciously, until, their storage capacity reached, they rested in 
great black rafts on the water, waiting for the processes of digestion to give 
both excuse and space for further gorging. 

The Boobies fished from the air, plunging headlong and with great force 
from an average height of fifty feet into the water almost directly. Like 


go Bird - Lore 


a great flying spear-head they strike the water and disappear in the jet of 
foam which spurts upward as they hit the surface. It isa more thrilling, reckless 
performance than even the plunge of the Fish Hawk. The dive of asingle 
Booby, like that of the Hawk, is always a notable exhibition of skill, strength, 
and perfection of the winged fisherman’s art. Only a person rarely gifted in the 
use of words could adequately describe it. How, then, can one hope to paint 
a pen-picture of a thousand Boobies diving, of a skyful of Boobies which, in 
endless streams, poured downward into the sea? It was a curtain of darts, a 
barrage of birds. The water below became a mass of foam from which, if one 
watched closely, hundreds of dark forms took wing at a low angle to return to 
the animated throng above, and dive again; or, their hunger satisfied, they 
filed away with thousands of others to some distant resting-place. It is difficult 
to understand why the birds emerging from the water are not at times impaled 
by their plunging comrades, and how the Cormorants, always fishing on or near 
the surface, escape. But the most amazing phenomenon in all this amazing 
scene was the action of flocks of Boobies of five hundred to a thousand birds, 
which, in more or less compact formation, were hurrying to join one of the 
Booby squalls which darkened the air over the fishing-grounds. If, unexpect- 
edly, they chanced to fly over a school of fish, instantly, and as one individual, 
every Booby in the flock plunged downward and in a twinkling the air which 
had been filled with rapidly flying birds was left without a feather! This 
spectacle, the most surprising evolution I have ever seen in bird-life, was wit- 
nessed repeatedly during the day. 

We left Salaverry late in the afternoon, when the setting sun revealed an 
apparently endless succession of mountain ranges leading to the far-distant 
Andes, and seemed to light each with a different color—gray, pink, brown, or 
purple— and the birds were still waging active warfare against the inhabitants 
of the waters. But I could look at them no longer without experiencing a feeling 
of confusion and dizziness. For the first time in my life I had seen too many 
birds in one day! 

November 19, off Eten, the first Albatross, a bird of the Yellow-nosed 
group, was seen; the following day a Skua was observed, and thereafter a few 
individuals of these species were seen daily. Diving Petrels and Inca Terns were 
not noted until we entered Lima Harbor on November 21. 

It is, of course, well known that the combination of fish, fish-eating birds 
(transformers, they might almost be called), islands on which the birds may 
nest in security, and a rainless climate has resulted in the production of the 
guano deposits which have constituted one of the principal commercial assets 
of Peru. The Incas, who used guano to fertilize the areas they irrigated for 
agricultural purposes on the coast of Peru, are said to have imposed the penalty 
of death on anyone who killed a guano-producing bird; and the existing Peru- 
vian Government rigidly protects them. 

The original supply of guano has long since been removed and the industry 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 91 


now consists in collecting the annual deposit. I have no figures at hand which 
will show what this amounts to, but a prominent Peruvian official informed me 
that a three-year deposit on one island amounted to 30,009 tons. The size of 
the island was not stated, but from Captain Richmond, of Mollendo, I learned 
that a comparatively small roosting-island—a pyramidal rock— furnished a 
thousand tons of guano yearly. 

The remarkable photograph which is reproduced with this article, was made 
by Mr. R. E. Coker, of the United States Fish Commission, on the island of 
Lobos Afuera, off the northern coast of Peru some years ago. Mr. Coker at 
this time was making studies of the fish and of the guano-producing birds of 
Peru for the Peruvian Government. Much of the interesting data gathered by 
him have, I understand, not yet been published. If the information given me by 
Peruvian officials is correct, the remarkable Pelican photographs made by Mr. 
Coker could not now be duplicated. According to these gentlemen the Pelican 
is being replaced by the Booby—‘Patita,’ or little Duck, they call it. Boobies 
are said to be parasitic on Pelicans, robbing them of their food. I made no 
observations verifying this statement, but certain it is that thousands of 
Boobies were observed to one Pelican, and if both my memory and observa- 
tions are not at fault, Boobies are more abundant and Pelicans less numerous 
than they were on the Peruvian coast in June, 1916. 


WILSON’S THRUSH 
Photographed by C. W. Leister, Ithaca, N. Y. 


Purple Martins on Stuart Acres 


FIVE YEARS OF BIRD-PROTECTION ON A MICHIGAN FARM 


By F. A. STUART, Marshall, Mich. 
With Photographs by Dr. W. H. Rowland 


TUART ACRES is a tract of land in Eckford Township, Calhoun County, 
S Michigan, extending from the Kalamazoo River on the north to Upper 

and Lower Brace Lakes on the south, and comprising altogether a little 
more than two thousand acres of land devoted to general farming, fruit culture, 
and livestock. The topography of the tract is sufficiently diversified with wood- 
land, lowland, water courses and cultivated fields to make this section admirably 
suited for both land and water birds native to this climate. Bob-whites are 
plentiful except after severe winters, there are a few Ruffed Grouse and even 
a small flock of Pinnated Grouse (Prairie Chicken) now practically extinct in 
Michigan, besides a few breeding Mallards and Wood Ducks. 

Articles on birds appearing in the National Geographic Magazine in the 
winter of 1913-14 aroused the interest of the writer in the protection and con- 
servation of bird-life in general and of bird-house species in particular. Late 
in March, 1914 this early enthusiasm took tangible form in the erection of be- 


“AT REVEILLE.” JUNE 10, 1918 
(92) 


Purple Martins on Stuart Acres 93 


tween 300 and 400 bird-houses of every sort and description, from the small 
rustic Wren house to large logs of the Von Berlepsch type for Wood Ducks and 
Screech Owls and including ten Martin-houses. Previous to March 20, 1914, 
there were no bird-houses ~ 
of any description, neither 
were there any Purple Mar- 
tins, Tree Swallows, nor 
House Wrens. 

Many bird-boxes have 
been added each season 
since 1914, until, at this as : 
writing, there are more than 
1,400 on the whole estate; 
there were at one time 
(1916) over 1,600 houses, 
but about 200 have been 
removed because, for some 
reason or other, they were 
left unoccupied; it was a 
waste of time and labor to 
look after them, since it 
was very soon discovered 


| 


g, J 
Ey 24 
| | 


a 
a 


LF 
& 


that success with bird- x 3B | 
houses meant regular, sys- ¢  & ae c 
tematic attention for the ™ 7 y! 


removal of English Sparrow 
nests, this nuisance being 
the most serious obstacle 
to bringing back and re- [yee epee 
establishing our native birds STARTING OUT ON THE DAY’S WORK OF 

as far as bird-house occu- Removing House beer ae uae other undesirables 
pants is concerned. There- 

fore, every bird-box is examined every 21 days in the nesting season and an 
accurate report made of what is found, no account being taken of any nest 
unless it contains either eggs or young birds. Therefore, there is no guess- 
work either as to kind of bird or numbers, since no mention is made 
of incomplete or unoccupied nests; the reports of the four young men 
who make the regular inspections can be depended upon to be absolutely 
accurate. 

It might be of interest, but would require too much space, to relate in detail 
the experiences, successes, and disappointments of the five years past, but suffice 
it to say that results speak for themselves and briefly stated here they are. In 
the June inspection of 1914 there were 46 pairs of Martins in the 10 Martin- 


94 Bird - Lore 


houses, in the smaller houses 7 pairs of Bluebirds and 5 pairs of House Wrens 
made up the total of desirable bird-house occupants up to July 1, rgr4. 

In comparison, we found the following season, on May 3, 1915 inspection, 
22 pairs of Bluebirds, every one of which brought off the young of the first 
brood and many more nests were found either incomplete or abandoned, of 
which no record was made. June 16, 1915 inspection showed in the ro Martin- 
houses 117 pairs of breeding Martins, 16 pairs House Wrens, 12 pairs Tree 
Swallows, 8 pairs Flickers, 2 pairs Chickadees, 1 pair Crested Flycatchers. 


Se - £ Oe : 
TREE SWALLOWS FAVOR THIS TYPE OF HOUSE 
Seventy-seven pairs had either eggs or young on Stuart Acres, in houses of this kind or similar 
to it on June 19, 1918 

The next season, 1916, June 13 inspection showed 159 pairs Martins, 27 
pairs Bluebirds, 21 pairs Tree Swallows, 9 pairs Flickers, 2 pairs Chickadees, 
20 pairs House Wrens, 2 pairs Screech Owls, 1 pair Brown Creepers, 1 pair 
Tufted Titmice, 153 pairs English Sparrows. 

The season of 1917, inspection of June 19, showed 190 pairs Martins, 46 
pairs Bluebirds, 43 pairs Tree Swallows, 18 pairs House Wrens, 9 pairs Flickers, 
4 pairs Screech Owls, 64 pairs English Sparrows. 

For the present season the inspection made June 19, 1918, follows: 222 
pairs Martins, 38 pairs Bluebirds, 77 pairs Tree Swallows, 4 pairs Flickers, 4 
pairs Screech Owls, 1 pair Sparrow Hawks, 8 pairs House Wrens, 30 pairs 
English Sparrows. 

Bluebirds and House Wrens are much fewer than in previous years, prob- 
ably on account of the extraordinary severity of last winter, 1917-1918. In 
conjunction with the Game Warden’s Department of the State of Michigan an 


Purple Martins on Stuart Acres 95 


attempt is being made, during the present season (1918), to propagate the Ring- 
necked Pheasant, the result of which cannot be known until late this autumn. 

List of birds seen on Stuart Acres or vicinity either as permanent residents, 
summer residents, or in spring and fall migrations: 


Red-breasted Merganser 

Hooded Merganser 

Mallard 

Green-winged Teal 

Blue-winged Teal 

Pintail 

Wood Duck 

Redhead 

Bluebill 

Golden-eye 

Bufflehead 

Ruddy Duck 

Canada Goose 

American Bittern 

Least Bittern 

Great Blue Heron 

Little Green Heron 

Sandhill Crane 

Sora 

Coot 

Woodcock 

Jack Snipe 

Spotted Sandpiper 

Killdeer 

Bob-white 

Ruffed Grouse 

Pinnated Grouse (Prairie 
Chicken) 

Mourning Dove 

Marsh Hawk 

Sharp-shinned Hawk 

Cooper’s Hawk 

Red-tailed Hawk 

Red-shouldered Hawk 

Sparrow Hawk* 

Barn Owl 

Screech Owl* 

Yellow-billed Cuckoo 

Black-billed Cuckoo 


Kingfisher 

Hairy Woodpecker 
Downy Woodpecker* 
Red-headed Woodpecker* 
Northern Flicker 
Whip-poor-will 
Nighthawk 

Chimney Swift 
Ruby-throated Humming- 
Kingbird [bird 
Crested Flycatcher 
Phoebe 


~ Wood Pewee 


Least Flycatcher 
Prairie Horned Lark 
Blue Jay 

Crow 

Bobolink 

Cowbird 

Red-winged Blackbird. 
Meadowlark 

Orchard Oriole 
Baltimore Oriole 
Bronzed Grackle 
Purple Finch 
American Crossbill 
Redpoll 

Goldfinch 

Vesper Sparrow 

Lark Finch 
White-throated Sparrow 
White-crowned Sparrow 
Tree Sparrow 
Chipping Sparrow 
Field Sparrow 

Junco 

Song Sparrow 

Swamp Sparrow 

Fox Sparrow 


Chewink 

Cardinal 

Rose-breasted Grosbeak 

Scarlet Tanager 

Purple Martin* 

Barn Swallow 

Tree Swallow* 

Bank Swallow si 

Cedar Waxwing 

Red-eyed Vireo 

Warbling Vireo 

Yellow-throated Vireo 

Black and White Warbler 

Yellow Warbler 

Black - throated Blue 
Warbler 

Myrtle Warbler 

Chestnut-sided Warbler 

Blackburnian Warbler 

Black-throated Green 
Warbler 

Maryland Yellowthroat 

Yellow-breasted Chat 

Redstart 

Catbird 

Brown Thrasher 

House Wren* 

Short-billed Marsh Wren 

Long-billed Marsh Wren 

Brown Creeper* 

White-breasted Nuthatch* 

Red-breasted Nuthatch 

Tufted Titmouse* 

Chickadee* 

Golden-crowned Kinglet 

Ruby-crowned Kinglet 

Wood Thrush 

Robin 

Bluebird* 


Note.—There are doubtless many other species, especially water-birds in 
migration, which frequent the tract, but with which the writer is not sufficiently 
familiar to be sure of the identification. 

Species checked (*) in above list are those which have at one time or an- 
other occupied the bird-houses. The Tufted Titmouse and Brown Creeper but 


once, however. 


Another Purple Martin Roost in the City of Washington 


By HARRY C. OBERHOLSER 


UR experience during 1917 with the Purple Martin roost in the city 
() of Washington aroused a natural curiosity regarding the birds’ return 

in 1918. Nor was this expectation doomed to disappointment, for the 
birds appeared considerably earlier than in the previous year, and like the 
city’s war workers, in ever-increasing numbers. In many respects they were 
so different this season that some further notes seem worthy of permanent 
record. Comparison with their behavior in 1917 can readily be made by con- 
sulting the writer’s account in last year’s Brrp-LorE.* 

As is well known, great changes have taken place in the capital city of 
our country during the past year. War conditions have made necessary the 
occupation of park space by temporary buildings. Several such structures 
have been erected along 4th Street in the Mall, close,to the very trees in which 
the Purple Martins roosted in 1917. Either on account of this environmental 
change or for some more obscure reason best known to themselves, the Purple 
Martins, likewise the Purple Grackles and European Starlings, abandoned 
the former roost and chose a spot about a mile farther west, on 17th Street, 
N. W., at the western edge of that part of the Mall called the ‘White House 
Ellipse’. The other surroundings are very different from those of 1917. 
Just across 17th Street stands the Red Cross Building, the steps and portico 
of which afford an unobstructed and exceptional view of the tops of the trees 
used as the Purple Martin roost. Indeed, the opportunity for observation could 
hardly have been more favorable. This part of 17th Street has no electric car 
lines, but is a favorite thoroughfare for automobiles and pedestrians. South of 
the Red Cross Building, on the same side of the street, is the Pan-American 
Building; and north of the former, but on the opposite side of the street, is the 
State, War, and Navy Building, from which latter, to the Navy Annex, there 
stretch, high across 17th Street, the wires of the naval wireless telegraph station. 
Seventeenth Street is here lined on both sides with good-sized trees, principally 
elms and sycamores. The Purple Martin roost was situated in a small clump 
of thirteen trees, thirty or forty feet in height, all elms, except one box elder, 
and standing close to the broad sidewalk over which some of them spread. 
The birds commonly used only seven or eight of these trees, but, when an 
unusually large number of birds was present, occasionally as many as ten. 

This roost was occupied by the Martins for the first time on July tro, 
1918, and every day thereafter for more than a month. The daily arrival of the 
first few birds in the vicinity of the roost varied from twelve to thirty-three 
minutes before sunset—on August 1, this occurred at 6.50 P.M. (actual standard 
time), on August 24 at 6.32 p.M. and during the succeeding half hour the 
number rapidly increased up to the time of entering the roost. A part of the 

*Brrp-Lore, XIX, No. 6, Nov.—Dec., 1917, pp. 315-317. 


(96) 


Another Purple Martin: Roost in the City of Washington 97 


birds, from 100 to 2,000 or 3,000, as they arrived, sought the wireless telegraph 
apparatus, where they perched close together on the wires, and even lined the 
nearly vertical wire supports. This took place on nearly every evening, though 
occasionally all the birds remained in the air; at times they would all suddenly 
leave the wires as though by a common impulse, circle around in the air, and 
either return or enter the roost. On a few evenings they were observed resting 
in numbers also on the cornices of the various buildings in the vicinity. The 
birds that remained in the air would course leisurely about in all directions, 
covering a wide area, and, as the number increased, would form a more compact 
company, usually directly over the roosting place, sometimes high in the air, 
sometimes low, rarely ever moving very swiftly or as a unit until time for enter- 
ing the roost arrived. 

Up to about the middle of August there were commonly 3,000 to 5,000 Mar- 
tins in the air when, each day, the rush for rooms in the Martin hotel began. 
This took place from seven to twenty-one minutes after sunset, according to 
the state of the weather—at 7.20 P.M. on August 1, and at 7.10 P.M. on August 
20. The entry was usually made rapidly and continuously after once begun, but 
on one occasion, August 9, it was twice interrupted for several minutes after 
a few at each time had begun to roost. During the first half of August the 
birds entered rather gradually, slowly circling or flying aimlessly low over the 
roost, then suddenly dashing into the trees, often with great swiftness. After 
the first rush, which usually consisted of the birds lower down, those from 
higher up, sometimes many hundreds of feet in the air, would, with wings nearly 
closed and rigidly set, begin to drop, each like a miniature aéroplane in a tail- 
spin, nearly vertically into the roost, and check themselves when only a few 
feet above the tree-tops. During these proceedings streams of other Martins 
continued to arrive, coming almost entirely from the west and south, singly 
and in small flocks, for several minutes at-a rate of 2,000 or more a minute, 
then in gradually diminishing numbers for several minutes longer; flying leis- 
urely at first, but, as the daylight waned, at a rapidly accelerating speed, as 
though fearful of arriving too late for a lodging place. During the latter part 
of August, however, the character of the flight materially changed, for the 
birds more and more collected into a well-defined flock, which performed its 
aérial evolutions more as a unit, and rarely entered the roost until all the 
stragglers had arrived; when, swarming over the tops of the trees, sometimes 
low down, sometimes at a great height, in rapidly moving circular form or 
otherwise, on one occasion even in the form of a huge inverted cone, like the 
cloud of a tornado, the birds, in great numbers, sometimes many thousands 
together, would dash with great speed directly down into the trees. The time 
occupied by this performance was only from three to five minutes, whereas 
during the early part of August, when the birds entered as they arrived, this 
extended over a period of from twelve to thirty minutes. The last straggler 
was safely housed by twenty to thirty minutes after sunset—on August 1, 


98 Bird - Lore 


at 7.32 P.M.,and on August 24, at 7.13 P.M. Unlike all the other hostelries in 
war-crowded Washington, this. Martin lodging-house seemed |to have plenty 
of room for all comers. The birds appeared restless for some time after settling 
into the trees, and sometimes, particularly when roused by the firing of a gun, 
the clapping of hands, or other sudden noise, would rise in numbers and circle 
over the tree-tops, soon, however, dropping into their places again. There was, 
also, more or less moving about among the branches of the trees, as many of 
the birds exchanged their places for others apparently more to their liking. Dur- 
ing the early part of August, they were exceedingly noisy, and continued their 
chattering well into the night, usually later than 10 P.m.; but as the month 
waned they gradually became more silent and often scarcely uttered a note 
after all had entered the roost. At first a large proportion of the birds were 
adult males, but later on their places were taken almost entirely by females 
and young. 

Purple Grackles and European Starlings roosted in the trees adjacent to 
those occupied by the Martins, but the number of the former was never over 
150, of the latter not over 100, and both of these species gradually diminished 
in numbers and finally disappeared from the vicinity while the Martins were 
still there. The same is true of the Bank Swallows, of which on August 5, 
there were 250 roosting in the same trees with the Martins, though on no other 
occasion were there over 40, and usually a much smaller number. These 
Swallows always appeared just as the last few of the Martins were entering 
the roost, and immediately sought places among the trees. Often they came 
in after the last of the Martins, sometimes as much as ten minutes later. A 
small flock of about 100 Chimney Swifts resorted to a chimney near the Martin 
roost on the evening of August 20, though their presence doubtless had little 
or no connection with the Martins. 

The writer is indebted to Mr. R. M. Barr, night superintendent of the Red 
Cross Building, for interesting particulars concerning the actions of the Purple 
Martins at the roost after dark. On July 25, about 8 or 9 o’clock in the evening, 
the birds were evidently much disturbed by a heavy thunder-storm, for after 
every brilliant flash of lightning followed by heavy thunder they rushed from 
the trees in great clouds, flew wildly about for a short time, and then settled 
into the roost again. The same performance was repeated a number of times 
during the course of the storm. This observation is of considerable interest, 
for we have comparatively little accurate information regarding the behavior 
of birds of any kind during the hours of darkness. 

On August 21 the roost was visited early in the morning for the purpose of 
ascertaining when the birds departed. Before 4 a.m. (actual standard time) 
the Martins were entirely silent, and we heard their first note at 4.03 A.M. 
Subsequently no sound came from them until 4.35 A.M., when a chorus began 
which continued with scarcely a break thereafter. At 4.40 A.M. the birds became 
somewhat restless and commenced to move about from branch to branch 


Another Purple Martin Roost in the City of Washington — 99 


among the trees. The first took wing from the roost at 4.55 A.M.; five minutes 
later a flock of about 1,000 dashed out suddenly in a horizontal direction through 
the trees, then circled about in the air above the roost for a few minutes, when 
they disappeared. At 5.02 A.M. about 3,000 or 4,000 left in the same manner, 
not rising above the tree-tops, but sweeping through the branches as though 
aiming to escape observation. The birds continued to leave in greater or less 
numbers until 5.15 A.M., when the last individual departed. 

The number of Purple Martins that occupied this roost was considerably 
greater than in 1917. The birds first appeared in 1918 in comparatively 
small numbers, but rapidly increased during the latter part of July and early 
August until they reached the maximum of 35,000 on August 9; after which, 
with more or less fluctuation, they gradually diminished in numbers until 
August 20 when about 12,000 were present; and subsequently the number still 
more suddenly dropped to 150 on August 24, which was the last day of their 
occupation of the roost at the Red Cross Building. On that evening some 500 
to 600 were seen passing overhead, coming from the west and going in the 
direction of the Capitol grounds. 

Whether or not the birds were disturbed by the many people that visited 
the vicinity of the Red Cross Building to watch them, it is difficult to say, 
but certain it is that the Martins left this location after August 24 and took 
up their nightly abode in some elm trees over the street-car track near the 
corner of B Street and Delaware Avenue, S. W., on the edge of the Capitol 
grounds. About a thousand birds had, however, about the middle of August 
roosted, but only for a night or two, in some sycamore trees at the Pan-American 
Building, not far from the main gathering. 

At the Capitol grounds not more than 800 birds assembled: these usually 
came in a single flock, and without previous evolutions swept downward from 
a considerable height into the trees. This roosting place was very similar in 
character to the one of 1917 in the eastern part of the Mall. In this secon- 
dary roost the birds remained until the night of September 19, on which 
occasion their numbers had decreased to about 100. On September 20, a cold 
rainy day, the birds disappeared, and have been seen no more. This, how- 
ever, is a new record for the autumn stay of the Purple Martin about 
Washington, the previous latest date being September 14, 1880. 


The Migration of North American Birds 


SECOND SERIES 


IX. CROWS 
Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey 


AMERICAN CROW 


The common American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) is one of our best- 
known birds. In one or another of its forms, it occurs at some season over 
practically all of the United States and over all but the northernmost parts 
of Canada. It is, however, of more or less infrequent occurrence in the arid 
parts of the western United States. In the northern portion of its range it is 
only a summer resident; almost everywhere else it remains throughout the year. 
It is divided into five geographic races, the ranges of which are given below. 
In the A. O. U. check list the Southern Crow is included with the American 
Crow; and the Northwestern Crow appears there as a full species. 

The American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos) breeds in 
northeastern North America, north to Newfoundland, central Quebec, central 
Keewatin, and northwestern Mackenzie; west to northern Alberta, Minnesota, 
and northwestern Texas; south to north central Texas, Missouri, Iowa, and 
New Jersey. It winters from about the northern border of the United States 
south to a short distance beyond the southern limit of its summer range. 

The Southern Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus) is resident in the 
eastern United States, north to Maryland and southern Illinois, west to eastern 
Texas, and south to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and to northern Florida. 

The Florida Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos pascuus) is confined to the 
southern portion of Florida, where it is permanently resident. 

The Western Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis) is resident in the 
western United States and southwestern Canada, north to Montana and central 
British Columbia; west to central Washington and western California; south 
to Wisconsin and New Mexico; and east to New Mexico and North Dakota. 

The Northwestern Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos caurinus) is resident 
on the Pacific slope of northwestern North America from Kadiak Island and 
the Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, south to Neah Bay in northwestern Washington. 

In the following tables, records of the Western Crow are marked with an 
asterisk (*); all the others refer to the common American Crow. 


SPRING MIGRATION 


Number Average dat rli t 
LOCALITY si Kee spring pening ee arery 
Schuyler Lake, NeW ees | 5 February 15 January 31, 1889 
| TRIB WERO) IN Gs Xie iis 5 hones es eee 16 March 6 Rare in winter 
Chaslorte: Viticcck oes rs eae 12 March tr Rare in winter 
MUON Vie see cas oo ue ee en 10 January 24 Rare in winter 
Welle River: Vie ck a eee 8 February 26 February 16, 1912 


The Migration of North American Birds 


SPRING MIGRATION, continued 


Io! 


LOCALITY 


Sto POMMBDUEV Vike ic cees cs; ete 
Preoron, Maine: A022 5. es Cee ee 
Philips, Mammen 8 fo Pe es 
Cronos Maine 8 ys soa oO ee as 
PiUsworth. Mame so ea een cee 
Mantreal Ouebee in rr Sle ee 
Ouehee Quebecois 8. eo ase eee 
GOdDOUE QuebeG 353 ac kui oe tenes 
@hatham ON Bisco (eee ea 
SEOLCH GARE: Ne Be naa oun  euetn 
bansing, Mich. see ee 
AND ATHOL, Mich. oe aa ay 
Bay Citys Mich ee ee ses 
Newberry. Mick sr Eh ee 
Poushton Wich. Oi ae ee 
Tastowel Ontario ise a es: 
Ouceénsboro;-Ontario®. yoo. eee 
Ottawa Ontario: : enc acca be 
Lge: GEOssey Wisse ie ai ae eas 
AMMUTOLA, MINN (ooo Se ae ae 
Maipnedpous, Minnick ea 
Wiite Barth. Minty 3. in) es 
De. sMInCEnt. Ivette ore he ee 
eeulariey, Mane ates ec 
POWEING, MaAlechs ee ete feo a 
eau Mat ek eee 
Lacdu Brochet Post, Man:..>.: 25... 
SP APOC, DORK Ol ous eR wl 
mia, Altes ee es 
et. Chipewyan, Alta. 2 ose oss 
He. Providence: Mack. a.0 9s 
PEMPASLOMN  D)o. Oia ee oe as oe 
Pmeuente, Ne Dee os a hs a 
Peet MOMs < Coen te 
*Great Falls, Mont 


Number | Average date of i 
ye eet couiha arrival een a 
17 February 19 January 7, 1915 
9 February 5 ‘January 10, 19t0 
13 February 25 January 18, 1913 
9 February 24 January 2, 1896 
4 March 4 February 24, 1911 
17 March 3 January 1, 1889 
16 March to March 2, 1894 
4 March 11 March 9, 1885 
19 March 16 Rare in winter 
19 March 9 February 16, 1905 
6 February 23 Rare in winter 
28 February 21 Rare in winter 
II March 7 January 21, 1889 
8 March 7 January 31, 1916 
8 March 7 February 4, 1914 
17 February 25 February 8, 1894 
9 .February 22 January 2, 1908 
31 February 21 January I, 1894 
S February 28 February 15, 1907 
II February 18 January 24, 1889 
II March 6 February 3, 1906 
4 March 2 January 5, 1882 
2 March 11 February 24, 1896 
9 March 19 March 1, 1915 
20 March 23 February 25, 1911 
II March 27 March 15, 1895 
16 April 16 April 6, 1889 
16 March 25 February 24, 1905 
10 March 26 March 12, 1916 
4 April 11 March 25, 1886 
2 April 22 April 20, 1888 
7 March 20 March 13, 1914 
7 March 28 March 15, 1896 
6 April 14 April 1, 1905 
12 April 7 March 26, 1915 


FALL MIGRATION 


Number 
. ? Average date of atest date of 

LOCALITY — fast one observed beet one observed 
Benevier Lake. NO Vie ius ee cs 2 November 15 | November 21, 1885 
Rutland, ACUI aetna TU teat tee water 3 December 1 Rare in winter 
Hebron, Mane 20 oe eae: 9 November 23 | December 24, 1909 
Phillips, IMME a arte che nea 10 November 23 | December 28, 1912 
Sees MAINE i a ae 3 October 16 Rare in winter 
Bemis, Mamie. yi ek or el S. 2 November 6 Rare in winter 
Meamireal Onehecs 5 ee is ee: 10 November 8 Rare in winter 
Cusenec, Ouebec. 8 Re aig 2 October 16 Rare in winter 
Scotch MGGae eI Py hg ee eee 9 November 23 | Rare in winter 
BIOORG. oo rok eh ee 4 December 9 Rare in winter 
grower, Mich 6 eS 6 October 24 November 4, 1914 
Rent MICh iy oe ei os 5 October 5 October 21, 1910 
pmo, Ontand: 2.8. 8 * November 5 Rare in winter 
tte Wa CMEATION So 16 November 4 Rare in winter 
eumprote, Minn... .0 05685) yas 3 November 11 | November 25, 1890 
Weiite Barth: Minn: i350 64 5 os December 10, 1881 
wha VINCORT MIND <6. crits Sie ee 3 October to October 20, 1895 
MPMIOOY MBBS he 9 October 11 November 2, 1909 
Wee, Nae Re oa ee, Se 18 


October 19 


November 7, 1907... 


102 Bird - Lore 


FISH CROW 


The Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus) is permanently resident in the Atlantic 
Coast and Gulf regions of the eastern United States, ranging back from the 
coast at least to the Blue Ridge Mountains, and from Connecticut and the lower 
Hudson Valley, New York, the Delaware Valley in New Jersey, the Susque- 
hanna Valley in Pennsylvania, and the Potomac Valley in Maryland, south to 
the whole of Florida, and west along the Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas. 
It is also of casual occurrence north to Massachusetts. 


ROOK 


The familiar European Rook (Corvus frugilegus), as a species, breeds in most 
of Europe excepting the extreme southern part, and ranges east to China and 
Japan; in winter, also south to Formosa, northern India, and northern Africa. 
The typical subspecies is North American only by reason of its accidental 
occurrence at Kangarsik, near Cape Dan on the eastern coast of Greenland. 


HOODED CROW 


The. well-known hooded crow of Europe (Corvus cornix), in some one of its 
several forms, breeds over Europe except the southwestern portion, and south 
to Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Afghanistan, and east to Turkestan and 
western Siberia, wintering also south to northwestern India and to Spain. The 
typical race is included in our North American list on account of its having 
been taken at Angmagsalik on the eastern coast of Greenland. 


Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds 
FIFTY-THIRD PAPER 
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN 
(See Frontispiece) 


American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos, Fig. 1). The 
plumage of our Crows, like that of their large counterparts, the Ravens, does 
not vary significantly with either sex or age. The eastern American Crow will 
serve as an example for them all. Adult males and females are alike; when it 
leaves*the nest, the young bird has the body plumage, that of the under parts 
especially, duller and browner than the adult. This body plumage is changed at 
the post-nuptial molt, and thenceforth it resembles its parents. 


Potes from Field and Dtudy 


A Belated Census from Belgium 


I made a bird-census today (December 
24, 1918) as I have often done out here 
before to remind me of my old life—soon 
to be taken up again. Notice the pre- 
ponderance of the Corvide in this list; 
this is what keeps the bird-life down here. 

9 A.M. to 12 M.; temp. 30° to 40°; light 
south wind; fine. Distance covered 7 
miles, woods and open cultivated country. 
Gray Partridge, 46; Pheasant, 2; Wood 
Pigeon, 2; Green Woodpecker, 1; Sky- 
lark, 6; Magpie, 14; Jay, 1; Carrion Crow, 
12; Hooded Crow, 8; Rook, 215; Starling, 
12; House Sparrow, 55; Tree Sparrow, 2; 
Chaffinch, 18; Greenfinch, 1; Linnet, 1; 
Yellow Bunting, 2; Tree Creeper, 1; 
Greater Titmouse, 9; Blue Titmouse, 15; 
Marsh Titmouse, 2; Golden-crested King- 
let, 2; Blackbird, 2. Total, 23 species, 429 
individuals —ALLAN Brooks, Jauche (20 
miles southeast of Brussels), Belgium. 


Robins Enjoy Flat Life 


One by one the birds that formerly 
nested in our neighborhood disappear. 
They come at springtime,—Oriole, Wren, 
Cuckoo, Thrasher, ‘Yellowbird’ and a few 
others—but such changes affect the city, 
such tearing down of old buildings and 
erection of new ones, such elimination of 
door-yards and shade trees, that they 
do but regale us with a sad song or two and 
bid us farewell. But not so the Robin. 
That most adaptable of birds which, 
whether on the farm or in the suburbs 
is well content to join its architecture to 
that of man, now accepts the encroach- 
ing city in the same spirit. 

The pictures accompanying show a 
Robin’s nest in which a brood of four was 
successfully raised in spite of the interest 
of a dozen families and the apartment 
building janitor. No family of Robins 
was ever ‘offered a more unusual menu 
than was comprised by the dainties set 


out on the posts and railings of the court 
porch of which one picture gives a general 
view. 

The building, a new one, of three stories, 
completely encloses the court. There are 
no trees or green open spaces, except the 


4 
ROBIN NEST IN 


+ ee 
THE CIry 
parkway lawns, in the immediate vicinity. 
But Robin saw on the joist supporting 
the floor beams of the top-story porch an 
ideal nesting-site and the result justified 
the selection.—E. R. Forp, Chicago, Ill. 


Robin’s Nest on a Wren-House 


Our neighbor built for us an attractive 
little birch-covered bird-house, ‘bungalow 
style,’ with a porch and overhanging roof. 
We put it up under the eaves of the house, 
just about the time we thought the Wrens 
would appear. But before any of their 
kind had been seen, a Robin spied the 
structure. She was evidently a city Robin, 
for she was at once attracted to the modern 
little house we had put out for ‘Jenny’ 


(103) 


104 


Wren, and she immediately proceeded to 
tenant the ‘upper flat’—in other words, 
she began at once to build her nest on the 
roof of the bungalow. Here she lived 


ROBIN’S NEST ON WREN HOUSE 


happily and reared her family of four, which 
have now flown away. In the accompany- 
ing print you see her feeding the babies. 
Our Wren failed to appear. Maybe the 
family upstairs were too noisy to suit her 
tastes !—EstTHER DE Boos, Madison, Wis. 


An Unusually-placed Robin Nest 


I think that the readers of Brrp-LoreE 
would like to see a pho- 
tograph of a _Robin’s 
nest in what looks to me 
like an unusual place. 

The nest was begun 
on May 15, 1917, but 
when nearly completed, 
it slid over the edge of 
its support and remained 
hanging from the electric- 
light wires- as shown in 
the picture. The Robins 
soon went to work and 
built another one above 
the old one. On May 21 
both Robins disappeared 
and did not return till 


AN UNUSUALLY-PLACED ROBIN NEST 


Bird - Lore 


June 11. In their absence, upon looking 
into the nest, a single egg was found. This 
egg was not disturbed. When the birds re- 
turned on June 11, they put a few finishing 
touches to the nest and then went to work 
in earnest and raised a brood of three. It 
was interesting to watch the young birds 
being fed, as the window from which I 
took the photograph, was only about ten 
feet from the nest. 

Last spring and part of the-summer I 
kept a little record of the nesting birds 
on our place (about six acres). I find from 
this record that the following birds were 
reared: Four broods of Robins, 13 young; 
two broods of Wrens, 8 young; two broods 
of Wood Thrushes, 4 young; one brood 
of Red-eyed Vireos, 2 young; one brood of 
Brown Thrushes, 2 young. Two broods 
of Bluebirds were raised in a bird-house 
put up by one of our neighbors. 

During the year, my brother and I 
identified over forty species of birds in 
this vicinity. This winter we are feeding 
the birds and also trying to tame the grey 
squirrels in the hope that they will drive 
away the red squirrels. We have built and 
erected ten bird-houses, three of which 
have been occupied.—RAYMOND SYNNEST- 
veDT, Bryn Athyn, Penna. 


The Deserted Home 


Over the front of the low farm house, 
climbing with the aid of a trellis above 


Notes from Field and Study 


the eaves, ran a fine, old, trumpet honey- 
suckle. It had a stem as thick as its 
owner’s wrist and was the pride of her 
heart when covered with its load of 
golden-hearted, scarlet blossoms. One 
day in early spring, when she had taken 
the curtains down from the south window, 
under the honeysuckle, two Sparrows 
began to build their nest in the fork of two 
branches. 

All went well with them until the cur- 
tains were put back into the window, 
then trouble began. The shade was dark 
green and plainly reflected the two birds 
in the window. Mr. Sparrow, thinking 
that his reflection was an intruder in his 
peaceful home, flung himself against the 
glass and beat with all his might. Finally, 
when tired out he flew to a neighboring 
tree where Mrs. Sparrow was_ perched. 
“Jack,” she said, ‘let that Sparrow alone 
until he touches you and help me build 
the nest!’’ ‘No,’ he cried, ‘‘what is the 
good of building a nest and then being 
driven away. You remember last year we 
had just finished our nest, and you had 
laid the eggs, when our English cousin 
threw them out of the nest and made it 
into a home for himself. Then, of course, 
we had to make a new one,” and stirred 
up by the thoughts of his wrongs, he flew 
to attack the reflection in spite of the pro- 
tests of his wife. 

Needless to say he made no impression 
upon his antagonist. After beating against 
the glass until he was tired out, he again 
returned to Mrs. Sparrow, to rest. At 
intervals he kept up the unequal contest 
all day. He at length said to his wife ‘It 
isn’t any use, [ can’t drive him away, and 
T won’t work «na nest to be driven away 
after all that trouble. But down in the 
lower corner of the orchard there is a little 
apple tree where we could build a nest ia 
safety.” ‘Oh dear,” said Mrs. Sparrow, 
“T hate to leave this lovely honeysuckle, 
but I suppose I must.” 

So down in the orchard they built a 
new nest and sang their sweet songs un- 
disturbed, while the honeysuckle, whose 
branches would have sheltered them so 
lovingly, sighed as the wind whispered to 


105 


it, “Why can’t people let well enough 
alone?”—DoraA WorsTER Lewis, Bangor, 
Maine. 


Broad-winged Hawk in the Christmas 
Census—A Correction 


Unlike its relatives the Red-tailed and 
Red-shouldered Hawks, the Broad-winged 
Hawk is a highly migratory bird which 
winters south to Venezuela and Peru. Its 
status in the United States in winter is 
somewhat uncertain, owing to the ease 
with which small individuals of the larger 
species may be confused withit. We noted, 
therefore, not without a certain satisfac- 
tion, that a record for this species at 
Haverford, Pa., in the census just pub- 
lished, was based on a bird ‘found dead.’ 
However, a wing of this bird courteously 
forwarded to the writer, and received after 
the census had gone to press, proved that 
it had been wrongly identified——J. T. 
NicuHois, New York City. 


Young Barn Swallows Returning to 
the Nest 


During our stay at the shore this sum- 
mer, we were much interested in a family 
of Barn Swallows that were nesting under 
the eaves of the piazza. We were surprised 
to notice that, after the young left the 
nest, twey all returned to it at night. As 
many as could, would get into the nest, 
while the others would cuddle up as close 
to it as they could. They seemed to re- 
gard the nest as their permanent home. 
This they did for four nights. As we left 
then, I don’t know how much longer they 
kept it up.—(Miss) A. C. TucKErR, Matia- 
pan, Mass. 


Notes on Grackles and Other Birds 


A few days ago, in the western part of 
New Jersey not far from Camden, Grackles 
visited a garden, and tearing the pods open, 
ate the peas. Not having heard of their 
doing this before, I made some inquiries 
and found that they did the same thing in 
the eastern part of New Jersey last year 


106 


with some peas that were left on the vines 
for seed, and that another garden always 
had mosquito netting over the pea vines, 
as otherwise the peas were all eaten up by 
them. I have frequently known of their 
eating Robin’s eggs and once saw them 
attack a young Robin which was just out 
of the nest and could scarcely fly. On the 
other hand, Blackbirds undoubtedly eat 
great quantities of insects and some weed 
seeds. I have seen them following a plow 
about ten feet behind the driver and eat- 
ing all the worms, grubs and insects that 
were turned up. 

On quite a number of occasions I have 
seen Crows take young Robins from the 
nest and, as a rule, they killed all the young 
Robins in the nest before they flew off 
with one. When engaged in such work 
they are very furtive and silent and they 
will take the early hours of the morning, 
before people are about, to search for nests 
near houses. 

One Fourth of July some children were 
sitting on the front steps of a porch indus- 
triously throwing fire-crackers onto the 
walk in front of them and at times setting 
off whole packs. At one end of the steps 
within reach of one of the children was a 
Chipping Sparrow’s nest in a _ white 
hydrangea bush. During the whole per- 
formance the old Chipping Sparrows kept 
feeding their young quite as unconcernedly 
as if nothing were going on. Once when a 
pack of fire-crackers was exploding, one of 
the old Chipping Sparrows brought a small 
worm to the nest, flying about four feet 
over the pack. 

In shooting on places where there were 
many birds I have found that Robins, 
Wood Thrushes, Song and Chipping Spar- 
rows very soon learned that I was not 
after them and paid no particular atten- 
tion to the noise of the gun. As far as my 
observation goes, shooting around a place 
or the setting off of fire-works has no 
tendency to drive away the birds not shot 
at or pursued. 

In one case a man tried to break up a 
Grackle roost in the fall by firing a gun 
under the roost where hundreds of Black- 
birds had assembled. Not succeeding, he 


Bird - 


Lore 


took to shooting the birds themselves. 
This did not prevent their returning night 
after night as they had been in the habit 
of doing for years. I understand he shot 
thirty or forty birds. The next year, how- 
ever, the roost was abandoned. In walking 
under one of these roosts at night I have 
clapped my hands suddenly and startled 
the Blackbirds and Robins out of the trees. 
After doing this two or three times, the 
Robins would pay no attention to the 
noise but the Blackbirds would always fly 
off.—F. R. Wetsu, Philadelphia, Penna. 


The Ruby-crowned Kinglet 


He was long an unsolved puzzle. He had 
a large family and they seemed to prefer 
the garret rooms of the tree houses. One 
could not be sure how much of his want 
of size was due to his remoteness. 

It is a question whether the time and 
energy consumed in the miles of chase the 
acquaintance of most birds costs the ama- 
teur find their value received. In the mo- 
mentary delight that follows sure identi- 
fication? Sensation as a compensation has 
its value, and the keenest is sometimes the 
fleetest. There is a royal road to bird-lore. 
It is traveled alone, on foot and without a 
glass. It was along this highway the King- 
let met me several times and at intervals 
of miles and months, to be truthful, before 
that supreme moment of identification. 
From the tree-tops they looked like a 
company of goldfinches in their winter 
uniform. One day they marched to a new 
tree pasture without the hop-skip-and- 
jumpy flight of the Goldfinch. At that 
moment a new interest was born. 

Near the close of the fourth migration, 
which brings us to the springtime of the 
next year but one, a long tramp brought 
me to a gooseberry patch just at nightfall. 
The dainty green leaves were half grown 
and probably teeming with small life, for 
half a hundred pale olive birds, two-thirds 
the size of a corpulent Wren, were busy 
getting supper. Who were they? Ah! 
my friends of the tree-tops. Yes, but who? 
Wing-coverts alternate white and black, 
making a thread stripe herringbone at the 


Notes from Field and Study 


base of the tail. Big brilliant eyes, set in 
a circle of white, too big by far for the tiny 
head. Long legs, like the stems of maiden- 
hair, complete the gnome effect. . 

When he went from bush to bush, he 
flew straight up, hovered as though taking 
his bearings, then swooped to the mark 
like a Kingfisher to his prey. One confid- 
ing little chap lights within arm’s length. 
Now I’ll have him. His business is so en- 
grossing he forgets to be afraid, if he ever 
knew how. And why should such a little 
fellow be afraid—who would harm so small 
a thing as he? Come to think of it, barring 
the Hummer, he is the smallest grown-up 
bird I have ever seen. I wonder—? Oblig- 
ingly he dips his head, the wind raises a 
feather or two from its top, and lo, there 
is the trade-mark. Just a brushful of bril- 
liant red, safely hid from the commonplace 
crowd as my lady would carry her most 
valued jewel—a Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 
Kinglet! Why, did you think he was a 
bigger bird? You'll go to the foot in the 
word-analysis class shortly. 

After a couple of years of acquaintance, 
during which I considered myself lucky if 
after a couple of hours’ patient watching 
he showed his beauty spot, one day fortune 
smiled. A company of friends were watch- 
ing his antics in mating time. He and his 
pretty sweetheart were playing in some low 
shrubbery by the river’s edge, when, of a 
sudden, there grew from the top of his 
head the most beautiful filigree crown of 
blood-red frost. The delight and wonder 
of it! For minutes the slender sticks held 
aloft the brilliant crest. Then feather by 
feather it melted till every hint of the 
transfiguration was gone. He was again 
the commonplace gnome it must have 
puzzled his bride to distinguish from his 
brothers. 

He is a globe-trotter and visits Iowa 
twice a year, in April or May and again 
in September. He commonly stays a 
couple of weeks at each visit, but he is 
weather-wise and comes and goes when the 
climate prompts him. 

His feeding-call is noisy for his size, but 
his song, which he gave me the day we 
played Peeping Tom at his declaration of 


107 


love, is a real warble—a series of sweet 
notes and trills in a tone of voice that suits 
his size and daintiness. He has a double 
cousin who is a little grayer of olive and 
who takes his name from his crown of 
orange. This crown is framed in black and 
is always on exhibition. 

The Kinglets are clannish and the two 
families consort always, though the Orange- 
crowned is apparently the hardier as well 
as a trifle the larger, as he comes ahead of 
his more brilliantly decorated cousin.— 
THERESE Jupp, East San Diego, Calif. 


An Albino Wood Thrush 


During the several years that I have 
been interested in bird-life it has been my 
constant expectation and desire to discover 
an Albino, having never seen one except in 
photographs. Until July, 1916, my hopes 
had not materialized. On July 28 I started 
out to visit the bird-haunts and met some 
workmen soon after starting, who, know- 
ing of my interest in birds, called to me 
and inquired, ‘“‘What kind of a bird is it 
that is entirely white, has pink eyes, and 
is nearly as large as a Robin, but has a 
shorter tail?’’ Only those with a keen love 
for new things in bird-lore can know the 
real thrill of pleasure that went through 
me at that moment. The very thing that 
had been sought for so long a time was 
now, it seemed, within reach, as the loca- 
tion in which this strange white bird had 
been seen several times recently was only 
a short distance from my home. 

But, alas, I had heard of the freak too 
late, since several long waits and faithful 
searchings failed to reveal our white friend. 
It had been seen in a low woodland near a 
small stream in company with “‘other birds 
of the same size, of a brown color above 
with round brown spots on a light-colored 
breast.”’ This description, of course, gave 
a positive clue to the identity of our strange 
bird, as I knew it could be none other than 
the Wood Thrush; but my chief desire was 
as far from being satisfied as before, though 
I must confess that the pleasure I had in 
searching for the bird with the hope and 
expectation of discovering it at any time, 


108 


fully repaid me for the search. My hopes 
were yet to be realized. A neighbor re- 
ported on August 20 that a white bird had 
been seen in his garden in company with 
Robins. It had been several days since it 
had been seen; however, if it reappeared I 
would be called on the ’phone at once to 
see it. On September 1, just about sun- 
set, I received the ’phone call. with the 
assurance that I might view the ‘White 
Robin’ if I wished to do so. Of course I 
lost no time in reaching the spot, and, on 
arriving, found a perfectly white Wood 
Thrush retired for the night in the dense 
foliage of a small cherry tree. A positive 
identification could not be made from this 
view, as only the head and one-half of the 
body could be seen; so the tree was slightly 
jarred to make the bird move. He flew to 
a nearby tree and gave his whit-whit, end- 
ing in the familiar rolling call-note, thus 
giving a positive identification. Have 
there been previous reports of an Albino 
of this species? I do not recall having 
seen one.—G. G. REEvEs, Winston-Salem, 
NEG. 


Night Voices 


Mysterious night! Nor have I ever 
been alone in the opinion. I shall never 
forget the strange spell under which I 
fell when I first heard the geese passing 
over me in the cool, quiet night. I could 
not see them, yet I knew they were there, 
and there was a wonderful strangeness 
about it all that has never left me. 

Since then I have tried to forget, at 
least partly, the mystery of those voices, 
and tried to look at them in a matter- 
of-fact way. Of course, the geese were 
migrating, they were flying both day and 
night that they might arrive at their des- 
tination as soon as possible. There was 
not nearly so much mystery about it 
after all. 

And then I met other deep night voices, 
these too, mysterious. Screech Owls were 
common—lI knew their small size, and had 
seen them often, so there was not much 
mystery about them, but oh! when I heard 
my first Barred Owl and then my first 
Great-horned Owl, I was again under that 


Bird - Lore 


strange spell, this time not simply because 
it was vague, but because it was terrible! 
I knew that these birds were no toys, they 
were not far up, out of reach, and sailing 
away as fast as their wings could take 
them, but here they were on my earth, in 
my kingdom, and, worse still, I was in 
theirs. I felt rather small! Then, bravely, 
I thought how much larger I was than a 
field mouse or even a Bob-white, and 
knew there was nothing to fear, when all 
at once the hollow hoot would sound two or 
three blocks nearer and I would feel almost 
out of place. That is, I felt that there were 
places better suited to me. 

The feeling of fear has long left, but 
the wonder remains. I have never re- 
gretted a night spent in the woods. To my 
surprise I have found that there are hosts 
of night voices, not strange wild wood- 
tyrants, but ordinary day voices echoed 
at night. 

Thus there seem to be the three classes 
of night voices: the migrating ones, 
which call to one another as they journey 
along, the hunting ones, that make the 
woods shiver, and, finally the truly mys- 
terious ones—our own little day singers— 
about whom it would seem there should be 
the least mystery, and yet for me about 
whom hangs the greatest. 

The first of these that I heard was the 
famous Mocker. When I landed in Texas, 
I was soon told to listen for the night 
Mocker. I listened, of course, and 
strangely, perhaps, it did not seem very 
wonderful that he should be singing. 
He was a Mockingbird, and Mocking- 
birds sing that way, so why should I 
wonder? But after two weeks I found my- 
self seeking a reason. I determined to find 
why, if I could, he should spend his sleep- 
ing hours working like that. The first 
step I took in my study was to spend the 
night with the Mockers. 

He had sung all day, and I thought 
he would have been tired. I thought 
that he had done enough jumping up in 
the air and tumbling down on singing 
wings, to last for at least one day, so I 
was not surprised when I saw him start 
off “on a flight across the prairies to his 


Notes from Field and Study 


roosting place in a grape-vine thicket. I 
waited until it grew dark, yet did not 
want to frighten the fellow from his 
thicket. I supposed, truly, that he was not 
going to sing that night. And then the 
moon came up and found me waiting for 
the Mocker. I did not have to wait more 
than two hours longer surely, though I 
did not look at the clock, until back came 
the Mocker. Now here was some of the 
mystery: Why should he come back to 
this particular telephone pole, or this 
particular chimney to do his singing, when 
his roost was a quarter of a mile away? 
If it was to entertain his mate who was 
likely asleep on her nest, why should he 
not sing nearer to her, for she was at least 
three blocks away? And then, why should 
he sing at all? 

It was entertaining to hear and watch 
him at any rate, whether there was mys- 
tery or not. He was surely not asleep, as 
some have thought, for I could see his little 
form shoot up into the air and come back 
to the pole just as nimbly and unerringly 
as in the day, and his voice was just as 
clear, if not clearer, and his program just 
as wonderful and varied as it had been in 
the day. He sang here on the telephone 
pole for a long period and then flew to the 
chimney. Finally, I felt that I knew why 
he came here. If he should have been 
attacked by enemies, who could see better 
than he at night? He would not have had 
much chance for escape in the thicket, 
but from the chimney he had wide sweeps 
of prairie on all sides at his command, and 
this probably gave him a feeling of safety. 
Probably the desire for this feeling deter- 
mined the place where he was to sing, 
whether it was near his mate or not. 
Therefore I felt that I had solved my 
problem so far. 

But why should he sing at all? and 
then a new thing happened. I heard 
another song—not that of an Owl, a 
Night-hawk, or a Whip-poor-will—but of 
a common Lark Sparrow. Another singer 
for the night? I went to find him, and 
there he was on a telephone wire, about 
a block from where I had been. This was a 
genuine surprise, and made things fairly 


109 


hot with interest. He was not asleep 
either, for he stopped singing when I 
came too near, and finally flew away. 

So the Mockers were not alone. Later 
I found there were many other night 
singers. A pet Dickcissel I had in a large 
cage regularly sang on the bright nights, 
and he was answered from the fields. A 
Slate-colored Junco, in the same cage, 
sang too, but the Mockers and the Lark 
Sparrows were by far the most common. 

The most singing was done on the bright- 
est nights to be sure—and I would have 
thought that the birds mistook the moon 
for the sun had they never sung in the same 
way, at the same time and place, when 
there was absolutely no moon, or the light 
so dim that I could not see the birds there. 
I do not believe the moon fools the birds 
after all. 

Since then I have come to West Virginia, 
and have further studied the night singers, 
and have had good opportunity as I sleep 
out-of-doors. 

The Yellow-breasted Chat is the most 
common night voice. Like the Mocker his 
program is just as varied as by day, 
though strangely the Chat does not seem 
to select a particularly open place as the 
Mocker did. Then, too, I frequently hear 
the Yellow-billed Cuckoo, and Wood 
Pewee. Some of the individual birds which 
I have heard sing at night, I feel sure, 
were just temporarily startled by a sudden 
wind, a loud noise, or some other disturb- 
ance unknown to me. But just why should 
any of them sing, instead of spreading 
alarm, or some such thing? 

First, I believe that the nesting season 
—and this is the one during which they 
most frequently sing—is a nervous time. 
The fact that the cares of a family and not 
an individual only are upon them, may 
cause this partly, and possibly also the 
fact that their whole system at the breed- 
ing season is in higher tension. 

If this be so, and I think it is, much 
slighter noises than usual would awaken 
the sleeping bird. Thus a slight breeze in 
the grape-vine thicket may have wakened 
the Mocker, and a mouse in the raspberry 
vines may have aroused the Chat. Once 


IIo 


the bird is awake, and especially if it is 
light, the means of getting back to sleep 
are probably few, and the bird sings rather 
than do nothing at all. It may be that 
_ singing becomes a habit with a few indi- 
viduals, but I believe that it is rarely so. 
I can see no reason why a bird should 
waken himself to sing, or why he should 
waken his mate just to have her listen, 
when both of them are likely more in need 
of sleep than at any other season of the 
year. I feel quite sure of myself in saying 
this, for frequently on nights before storms 
when there was absolutely no wind blow- 
ing, the Mocker would not be at his singing 
post. Itis not the policy of a good, healthy 
normal bird to be idle if he is awake. If 
there ever was a busy creature it is 
certainly a bird. Night is no time for a 
day bird to find anything to eat—perhaps 
he would if he could; then there is no 
family to feed, no bath to take, so why 
should he not sing so long as he is awake? 
That is the way I like to look at it. 

Whether this explanation is satisfactory 
or not the Chats will go on making the 
nights lively with their strange noises, and 
the Mockers singing their accompani- 
ments to the Texas moon. It is mysterious 
still!—Grorcr Mixscu Sutton, Bethany, 
W. Va. 


Pied-billed Grebe Caring for Its Young 


The article in July-August, 1914 num- 
ber of Brrp-LoreE, ‘At Home with the Hell 
Diver,’ was of particular interest to me, 
recalling as it did the experience ofa friend, 
Mr. Ward Lounsbury, of 520 Axtell St., 
Kalamazoo, a man of observant habits 
and unquestioned probity. As told to me, 
the incident was as follows: 

Early in the summer, four or five years 
ago, Mr. Lounsbury was spending the day 
fishing at Atwater’s Pond, a few miles 
southwest of this city. Two Pied-billed 
Grebes, each accompanied by two young 
about the size of a week-old chick, were 
swimming about not far away. After 
watching them for some time from his boat 
he determined to try to catch at least 
one of the young, and moved up toward 


Bird - Lore 


them. However, he could not come close 
enough to reach them as the mothers 
would take the young upon their backs 
and so make better speed. Moreover, 
when too closely pursued or perhaps 
fatigued, they would push the young from 
their backs, and evidently giving them a 
signal which was understood, each baby 
took a portion of the mother’s tail in its 
bill, and all disappeared under the water, 
coming up some distance away with the 
babies still clinging to mother’s tail. This 
was done repeatedly by both groups of 
birds, until after spending about two 
hours in the pursuit Mr. Lounsbury gave 
up the chase, thinking they had earned 
their freedom. 

Mr. Burroughs tells of the Loon taking 
its young upon its back and swimming 
away with them, but I have nowhere read 
of an instance like the above.—Grace H. 
Peck, Kalamazoo, Mich. 


Bird-nesting in Texas 


Early Sunday morning, June 3, 1917, 
Norman Pecore and the writer started out 
on a bird-trip which we had been looking 
forward to for several months. With our 
field-glasses slung over our shoulders and 
sufficient provisions to carry us through a 
long strenuous day, we boarded the inter- 
urban for South Houston, a little settle- 
ment on the prairie a few miles southeast 
of this city. 

Arriving at the little station, we turned 
our faces in the direction of a small pear 
orchard out in the open prairie which was 
our destination and started off on a bee- 
line for it. Several times we flushed sput- 
tering Meadowlarks from almost under 
our feet, but a most careful search for nests 
availed us nothing. Every few feet the 
dry prairie grass was adorned with wild 
flowers of different kinds, which caused 
us to stop and comment on its beauty or 
perhaps remove their thorns from our cloth- 
ing and persons. Then we ran across a 
large colony of fat, sluggish-looking young 
bugs in different stages of development. 
These were black with orange-red trim- 
mings, and wingless. A few in the last 


Notes from Field and Study 


stage of development were colored with a 
mixture of yellow, green, and black, had 
wings and long, spiny legs, from which 
we came to the conclusion that they were 
a species of locust. 

When within a short distance of our 
destination, we disturbed a flock of 
Buzzards at their sickening feast, and one 
of them flew in the direction of the clump 
of trees. As he was passing, a Scissor- 
tailed Flycatcher darted out from the 
foliage and attacked him with a ven- 
geance. The melée ended with the Buzzard 
fleeing with precipitate haste, and the 
victorious Scissor-tail flew back to receive 
the plaudits of his mate. No wonder he 
was so vigilant and brave, for we found 
his nest out on a horizontal branch of a 
gum tree, about six feet from the ground. 
In the nest were four prettily tinted eggs, 
speckled with brown. 

In the next tree to this, and high in the 
topmost branches, we found a Kingbird’s 
nest, and the two anxious owners watched 
us while we looked in upon their four 
treasures. Before we could climb into the 
next tree, a Dove dropped from the lowest 
branch and trailed along the ground. Her 
going left uncovered one egg and one tiny, 
helpless nestling, which apparently had just 
hatched. We found several more Doves’ 
nests with eggs, and one unfinished nest 
of the Orchard Oriole, besides three empty 
Grackles’ nests. After Jooking into all 
the nests, we wiped the sweat from our 
faces and arms, and sat down under a shady 
tree to eat our lunch, leaving plenty of 
crumbs for any of our feathered friends 
that might care to eat them. 

We then moved on to a small clump of 
trees about half a mile beyond the first 
one. On the way we passed a small, dried- 
up pond and startled a pair of Killdeers, 
but couldn’t find their nest, although we 
did discover a few unoccupied Redwing 
nests. 

As we drew near our second stopping 


Ii! 


place, a crowd of chattering and scolding 
Grackles hovered over us and their noise 
was almost deafening. The first nest we 
investigated here was a huge structure 
almost too big for the small pear tree 
which held it, and while we were getting in 
position to look into it two half-grown 
Grackles flopped out. After much exer- 
tion, we finally captured them and put 
them back into the nest, while the flock 
over our heads raised Cain. In the next tree 
were two Grackles’ nests and two Doves’ 
nests; and in the next, two Doves’ nests 
and an Orchard Oriole’s nest with five 
eggs, four which rightfully belonged there 
and one deposited there by the shiftless 
Cowbird. Every tree in this grove con- 
tained at least two nests, and some con- 
tained as many as five. The nests were 
those of the Dove, Orchard Oriole, King- 
bird, Mockingbird, and Grackle. A 
china-berry tree, a little apart from the 
pear trees, held two Grackles’ nests and a 
nest full of young Orchard Orioles. Near- 
by we found a Dove’s nest upon the ground 
and it contained, as did nearly all the 
others, two glossy white eggs. 

The sun was beginning to sink in the 
west when we started upon our homeward 
journey. As we sat in the comfortable inter- 
urban car homeward bound, we examined 
our record for the day and found that 
we had discovered the following nests, 
and probably had overlooked some in our 
excitement: 2 Kingbird, 29 Grackle, 12 
Dove, 6 Orchard Oriole, 4 Mockingbird, 1 
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher, 3 Redwing Black- 
bird, unoccupied. 

I am unable to account for the large 
number of nests in these few trees, unless 
it was due to the fact that there are no 
other trees to be seen for several miles in 
any direction. Altogether, we considered 
the trip a wonderful success, and are look- 
ing forward to another one next summer. 
—J. M. HeE!sEr, Jr., Houston, Texas. 


Bird - Lore 


THE SEASON 
XII. December 15, 1918, to February 15, 1919 


Boston Recton.—Mid-February brings 
the low ebb of the year, with a brief 
period of dearth before the awakening of 
early spring. These first two months of 
winter have been of extraordinary mild- 
ness for eastern New England. December 
and January had many cloudy days but 
no great cold nor severe storms. The 
few storms that did pass, nearly all 
brought rain instead of snow and there 
were many successive days of sun and 
mild weather. Sap has dripped at intervals 
all winter from broken twigs of the sugar 
maples. Thus a season of most unusual 
mildness succeeds, in striking contrast, 
the very exceptional cold of the previous 
winter. 

The chief interest has centered in the 
winter visitors. A few reports of Evening 
Grosbeaks have come in from towns 
north and west of Boston, particularly from 
Essex County. Apparently most of the 
flocks have not been much in excess of 
twenty-five birds. A few Pine Grosbeaks 
have been about nearly all winter in the 
outlying towns, but apparently not in 
large numbers. Great Northern Shrikes 
came in the early winter and still remain. 
Two Red Crossbills appeared in the Har- 
vard Observatory grounds on January 
28, sampled the Norway spruce cones, and 
departed with characteristic notes. But 
few others have been reported this winter, 
so that there has not been a marked visita- 
tion. Other than these, there have been 
but few northern winter birds inland. 

Of the usual winter residents, there has 
been somewhat of a scarcity despite the 
open and apparently attractive winter. 
The New England landscape would seem 
strange indeed without Crows and numbers 
have wintered near the coast, yet seemingly 
not in the abundance of some winters. 
The unusual abundance of Hairy Wood- 
peckers was mentioned in the fall report. 
These and Downy Woodpeckers remained 
in force through January, but seem to 
have slowly filtered away, particularly 


the MHairies, during early February. 
They had been conspicuous in Cambridge 
during December and January, frequent- 
ing the old trees and announcing their 
presence by their vigorous actions and 
voices. No doubt many were visitors from 
somewhat farther north, for such winter 
birds are often larger than the resident 
form, approaching the northern Jeuco- 
melas. Tree Sparrows and even wintering 
Song Sparrows have seemed few, and 
Juncos apparently have been little in 
evidence about Boston. Purple Finches 
are reported wintering to the south of 
Boston, as at Sharon, where many make 
daily visits to a friend’s feeding-shelf. 

Most noticeable has been the almost 
total absence of Golden-crowned Kinglets 
and Brown Creepers. These hardy little 
birds commonly enter the towns, usually 
accompanying the little flocks of Black- 
capped Chickadees on their regular beats 
through the village trees. But this winter 
the Chickadees have come and gone on 
their rounds alone. A solitary Kinglet 
appeared in Cambridge on January 14, 
but no others were observed in the course 
of several walks. And this has been the 
experience of others. No doubt the pre- 
ceding bitter winter brought unusual mor- 
tality among them. 

A pleasing local feature has been the 
great congregations of Herring Gulls on 
the Back Bay Basin in Boston. Owing to 
the mildness of the season, this has been 
open most of the winter or at times partly 
frozen over. On bright forenoons upwards 
of 1,000 or more birds have gathered here 
to rest and bathe, sitting in close order 
on the water, or standing at the edge of 
the ice. Among them have been a few 
Black-backed Gulls in the proportion of 
about one to a hundred of the Herring 
Gulls —GtLover M. ALLEN, Boston, Mass. 


New York Recron.—This period was 
remarkably free from winter gales, extreme 
cold, or snow. The accompanying con- 


The Season 


ditions of bird-life during the first month 
(when insects, as aphides etc., were still in 
evidence) are more adequately portrayed 
by Christmas Census reports in Brrp- 
Lore’s last issue, than space permits here. 
The outstanding feature, correlated with 
weather, was the scattered reports of sum- 
mer or fall birds of abnormal occurrence in 
winter. Such are Vesper Sparrow at Van 
Cortlandt Park, December 29, Killdeer, 
Red-winged Blackbird, Cowbird, Tow- 
hee and Chipping Sparrow in the Bronx, 
January 3, (reported to the Linnean So- 
ciety by E. G. Nichols); a female Towhee 
at Hempstead, Long Island, December 28 
(Theodore Roehner); a Nashville Warbler 
in the northern outskirts of the city up 
to January 9 (S. H. Chubb and W. De- 
Witt Miller). Report reached us that a 
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker was wintering 
in the Bronx, and that a Brown Thrasher 
had been seen there in February, but 
the last month was in the main featureless. 
Stragglers from the flight of Pine Gros- 
’ beaks which earlier swept across New 
England, penetrated our region to the 
northwest. 

Throughout the winter there was a 
dearth of water-fowl at the shore. It 
can not be said that none of the northern 
species were present, as a Glaucous Gull 
was observed off the Battery, February 10 
(Ludlow Griscom). The Golden-crowned 
Kinglet was unusually scarce. Locally, at 
least, there was a scarcity of certain other 
land-birds which in most winters are 
present in moderate though reduced 
numbers. On west-central Long Island 
where the writer resides, the Meadow- 
lark is such a species. Ordinarily the 
Meadowlark is here a rather common 
winter bird, but this year they disappeared 
abruptly at the close of the fall migration. 
The same thing is true of the Myrtle 
Warbler further east at Mastic on the 
south shore. The most ready explanation 
is to be found in the very severe weather 
of the preceding winter during the close 
of which these two species had become 
rare and absent respectively in the locali- 
ties stated. The individual birds which 
perished (of course) or were driven out 


113 


last year did not attempt to winter this 
year. 

This year the last autumn and first 
spring song of the Song Sparrow both fall 
in this period. December 15, at Garden 
City, Long Island, a moist, unseasonably 
warm day, one was singing repeatedly 
full song, and Mr. W. DeW. Miller re- 
ports one in full song at Plainfield, N. J., 
February 2.—J. T. Nicnois, New York 
City. 


PHILADELPHIA REGION.—A sharp con- 
trast to last winter’s bitter cold and heavy 
snowfall is the present winter’s mild 
weather and warm rains. The temperature 
for December averaged five degrees above 
normal, and that of January, six degrees. 
As for snow, there has, up to the present,, 


‘February 10, practically been none; a few 


flurries and about two inches February 7, 
which quickly melted, gives a very good 
idea of the total amount fallen. Extracts 
from the writer’s notes taken January, 1, 
when the temperature reached sixty-two 
degrees, read as follows: ‘‘In more pro- 
tected swamps skunk cabbage shows per- 
ceptible growth, elder shows new sprouts. 
Faint notes of the little Hyla heard today.” 
These notes show to some extent the 
unusual mildness of the winter. The 
weather, of course, has had more or less 
effect on the winter bird-life and a number 
of species that are normally almost, if 
not quite, entirely absent, are present 
in variable numbers. A flock of eleven 
Killdeer, December 25, Black-crowned 
Night Heron, December 28, Kingfisher, 
January 1, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Jan- 
uary 5, all at Camden, N. J., anda Myrtle 
Warbler at Sewell, N. J., January 26, 
point to abnormal weather conditions 
and all of these birds at least could hardly 
be found during an average winter here- 
abouts. 

By late January some of the early spring 
migrants had already put in an appearance, 
two weeks to a month before the average 
date of arrival; Camden, N. J., January 26, 
Bluebirds, Red-winged Blackbirds, and 
Rusty Blackbirds; February 9, several 
flocks of Robins. 


114 


At Cape May, N. J., January 109, a: 


flock of about fifty Snow Buntings were 
observed, and on the same day a Brown 
Thrasher, a rather unusual mixture of 
the breezy North and the sunny South.— 
JuLian K. Potter, Camden, N. J. 


WASHINGTON ReEGIoN.—The bird-life of 
the region about Washington during 
December, 1918, and January, 1919, was 
decidedly less interesting than usual. The 
great numbers of Ducks that were such a 
conspicuous and attractive feature last 
winter were largely absent, at least from 
the immediate vicinity of the city, either 
disturbed by the continuous operations of 
numerous aéroplanes and _ hydroplanes 
along the river, or induced by the mild 
winter weather to remain at more northern 


or more coastwise localities. Farther down" 


the river, at Mt. Vernon and below, how- 
ever, the Ducks have been present in larger 
numbers. Nor have most of the regularly 
common winter residents been more than 
ordinarily in evidence, as either species or 
individuals, in spite of the open winter. 

Robins, however, have been seen more 
frequently than is usually the case during 
the winter, and a single Song Sparrow 
was heard singing in the city on January 
14. Six species of Hawks—Sparrow, 
Sharp-shinned, Marsh, Broad-winged, Red- 
shouldered, and Red-tailed—have been 
fairly common, particularly in the valley 
of the Potomac River. The Red-breasted 
Nuthatch, the practically total absence of 
which was so noticeable last winter, has 
returned in its normal numbers; but 
almost none of the rarer winter visitors 
from the North have been seen. An 
American Pipit was noted on December 
15, 1918, by Mr. L. D. Miner, which is 
of interest because it is the only definite 
local record between November 30 and 
February 16. The Myrtle Warbler, 
which is usually but a rare winter resident, 
has been tolerably common this season. 
The Pileated Woodpecker, one of our 
rarest birds, was seen by Dr. A. K. Fisher 
at Plummer’s Island, Maryland, on De- 
cember 8, 1918. 

Two of the most important ornitho- 


Bird - 


Lore 


logical occurrences of this winter have 
already been recorded by Messrs. W. L. 
McAtee, Alexander Wetmore, and Edward 
A. Preble, in their Christmas bird census 
in the last number of Brrp-Lore, but 
to which it may be worth while to call 
further attention. On December 23, they 
found a dead Long-eared Owl near Mt. 
Vernon, Va., a species not now often 
met with here. They also saw two Com- 
mon Terns along the river near Mt. 
Vernon, which observation represents the 
first winter record of this species for the 
vicinity of the District of Columbia.— 
Harry C. OserHorser, Biological Sur- 
vey, Washington, D.C. 


OBERLIN REGION.—Such an open winter 
has not been known here for sixteen years. 
At no time has the ground been covered 
with snow for longer than three days at a 
time, and even then at a depth of less 
than three inches. Under such conditions 
it would naturally be expected that bird- 
life would be so affected that more birds 
than usual would be found in the region. 
But quite the opposite has been the case. 
Not only have the regularly resident 
birds been less numerous than usual, but 
the regular winter visitant species have 
also been represented by fewer individuals 
than usual, and no unusual winter birds 
have been noted. : 

During the warm days of early February 
the three Robins which remained were 
singing, the Cardinals and Song Sparrows 
joined the chorus in the mornings, and 
beyond the borders of town the Meadow- 
larks sang during the mornings. Chick- 
adees, Tufted Titmice, and Downy Wood- 
peckers, began their courting, and even 
the Northern Flickers began to show 
symptoms. 

Flocks of Geese were reported as having 
been heard passing northward on February 
r1 and 12, but it is possible that the calls 
were those of a flock of domestic Geese 
southwest of town. At any rate the writer 
has neither seen nor heard migrating Geese 
since last November. 

From the standpoint of an ornithologist 
the winter has been the most disappointing 


The Season 


one in more than a decade. The disappoint- 
ment has probably been accentuated by 
the natural feeling that so warm a winter 
season ought to be appreciated by the 
birds as well as by man. It seems to me 
more than possible that the extreme cold 
of the previous winter may be the cause 
of the scarcity of the birds this winter.— 
Lynps Jones, Oberlin, Ohio. 


MINNEAPOLIS REGION.—Viewed as a 
whole, the present winter has been a 
phenomenally mild one in all this region. 
Thus far there have been only two short 
spells of cold weather, the first in early 
January and the second in early February, 
when for a few days really severe sub- 
zero weather (twenty-three degrees below 
at Minneapolis January 3), prevailed, and 
the gorge of the unfrozen Mississippi 
below this city was filled with rising vapor. 
The largest lakes hereabouts did not 
freeze over until Christmas time, and the 
ice has been thin all winter. January was 
the third mildest month in the history 
of the signal service here and the only 
time when the month has closed with no 
snow on the ground. There have been 
numerous days warm and pleasant like 
spring, interspersed with days of fog and 
rain instead of snow. In the northern part 
of the state there has been considerable 
snow since late fall, but the marshes are 
scarcely frozen and Lake Superior has 
been free from ice all winter, an almost 
unheard-of thing. 

After the great scarcity of birds last 
winter, it has been a special pleasure to 
bird-lovers to find a goodly number and 
variety present this season. Pine Gros- 
beaks, Evening Grosbeaks, and Bohemian 
Waxwings have been here since December, 
but not commonly. Flocks of Redpolls 
have been about all winter. The mild 
weather has induced many Tree Sparrows, 
Juncos, a few Purple Finches, Brown 
Creepers and Red-breasted Nuthatches to 
remain with us in sheltered places. One 
of my students, Mr. Burton Thayer, 
reports large flocks of Red-winged Black- 
birds wintering along the Minnesota 
River, a few miles south of the city, and 


II5 


since February 1, he has seen several 
Horned Larks and one Great Northern 
Shrike. A few Crows have been about all 
winter and someone reported flushing a 
Wilson’s Snipe from a spring-hole about 
February 1. Two Cardinal Grosbeaks 
have been reported to the writer this 
winter—one at the summer home of Mr. 
Russell M. Bennett, at Lake Minnetonka 
near this city, and the other at Faribault, 
Rice County, reported by Mrs. Guy C. 
Menefee as coming to her feeding station. 
The Christmas censuses in the last number 
of Brrp-LorE contain reports from St. 
Peter and Hutchinson by Mr. H. J. 
LaDue and Messrs. Avery and Eheim 
respectively, which contain the following 
southern birds in addition to the above 
wintering .in Minnesota this season: 
Mourning Dove, Fox Sparrow, and 
Mallard Duck. The Fox Sparrow is an 
addition to the list of Minnesota winter 
birds. 

Again the Snow Bunting and Lapland 
Longspur have been entirely absent here- 
abouts. What has become of these birds, 
formerly so abundant?—THos.S. RoBERTS, 
M.D., University of Minnesota,Minnea polis 
Minn. 


Kansas City REeGIon.—It is difficult to 
understand why birds will accept decidedly 
unfavorable winter conditions in a given 
region, remaining to starve and freeze 
throughout an unusually severe season, 
and will fail to take advantage of entirely 
favorable conditions in the same territory 
during other winters. Thus, during the 
record-breaking winter of 1917-1918 when 
the Missouri River was locked by ice 
from its mouth to its source, an extensive 
tract of bottomland in particular, newly 
formed by the river’s meandering, was 
the winter home of great numbers of 
Sparrows of several species, as well as 
untold thousands of Red-winged Black- 
birds, of three subspecies. Yet the present 
winter, mild and open in comparison, sees 
this same bottom region nearly deserted. 
The weed patches have greatly increased 
in number and extent; the thickets and 
tangles afford better shelter; the upland 


116 


feeding stations remain unchanged; but 
the flocks of birds left shortly after 
Christmas with the coming of the first 
real severe weather. 

This is the first winter in the writer’s 
memory that no Harris’ Sparrows have 
remained through January and early 
February, and in fact they seem not to 
have passed through in anything like 
their usual abundance. Tree Sparrows 
have been unaccountably scarce. The 
White-crowns seem to have all passed on 
farther south, and the usual throngs of 
Red-wings are entirely missing. Song 
Sparrows, however, are present in some 
numbers. 

The first restless Robins appeared on 
January 19, and on the 26th several 
small flocks, together with a few Blue- 
birds were seen. Of twenty-one species 
noted on this date, a Yellow-bellied Sap- 
sucker and a Kingfisher were the most 
unusual. 

Among the rarer wintering species may 
be mentioned a troop of Purple Finches 
and a flock of a few dozen Cedar Waxwings 
that have remained in the shelter of Forest 
Hill Cemetery, and a flock of about thirty 
Mergansers that have been using a quiet 
side-channel of the Missouri River some 
three miles above the mouth of Big Blue. 
The Waxwings have been feeding largely 
on an abundant crop of hackberries. The 
Ducks probably came down with the 
Christmas storm as they have been under 
observation since late in December. They 
are unquestionably in pairs. 

A few Mallards and Pintails began to 
feel the call of their northern homes 
during the unseasonably balmy days of 
late January and early February. The 
appearance of these early migrants coin- 
cident with false press notices relative to 
the unconstitutionality of the federal law 
called into being more than the usual 
spring activity among local shooters. 
Their organization is dying hard, and it 
is fervently hoped that their long-sought 


Bird - 


Lore 


court-test is at hand.—Harry Harris, 
Kansas City, Mo. 


DENVER ReEcion.—In so far as the 
writer’s experiences and opportunities go, 
the two months now in review have seemed 
ornithologically colorless. While there 
has been a welcome abundance of Meadow- 
larks, many unusually exuberant with 
song, and also of Red-wings, Bluebirds, 
various species of Juncos and of Tree 
Sparrows, many other species, frequently 
and even regularly seen here during January 
and February, have been nearly or quite 
absent. Thus the writer has seen no more 
Great Northern Butcher-birds, only one 
American Rough-legged Hawk and but 
four Marsh Hawks. The Robin was seen 
in Cheeseman Park on December 29 and 
30. The new year opened auspiciously 
in many ways, not least of which was the 
sight of a Richardson’s Merlin just out of 
the east edge of Denver. It is probable 
that a few Bohemian Waxwings have 
been lingering about the hospital region 
all winter, for several small flocks of birds 
have been seen resembling this species, 
but at too great a distance to be posi- 
tively identified; flight, size and flapping 
characters, however, all pointed to the 
correctness of this diagnosis. This question 
of diagnosis and of the occurrence of 
unusual species and of possibility of 
unique experiences are (and have been 
for years) a source of keen interest to the 
writer, making for an undying interest in 
bird-work. For example, it has been 
rather a unique experience to observe in 
the immediate neighborhood of the com- 
manding officer’s house at General Hos- 
pital No. 21, three species of Owls; twice 
the Great Horned Owl, twice the Screech 
Owl, and on several occasions a number 
(perhaps a family) of Long-eared Owls, 
while the reservation at the same time 
boasts, in the late fall and early spring, 
the presence of the Burrowing Owl.—W. 
H. Berctotp, Denver, Colo. 


Book Mews and Kebiews 


TREES, STARS, AND Birps. A Book of Out- 
door Science. By Epwin LINCOLN 
Mosetey, A.M. World Book Company. 
Yonkers-on-Hudson, N. Y., t919. 8vo. 
396 pp., 244 text-figures; in the back 16 
colored plates of 58 species of birds. 
We expect that this little volume will fill 

a distinct need as a.text-book of nature 
study in the schools, for which it has 
evidently been planned with care. Trees, 
Stars, and Birds are perhaps the three 
classes of natural objects about us most 
consistently through life, and some knowl- 
edge of them cannot fail to broaden the 
viewpoint and be a source of constant 
pleasure. The last third of the book, 
devoted to birds, we will speak of more in 
detail. 

The treatment begins with the higher 
kinds of birds—Bluebird, Robin, etc., and 
ends with the lower, as the water-birds, 
of which there is scant mention, thus 
reversing the conventional order. This 
is probably wise, as it brings the more 
familiar species to the attention first. It 
is to be regretted that nothing at all is 
said of some important lower orders; 
for instance, the diving birds: the Loon, a 
representative of that group is familiar to 
so large a proportion of outdoor people. 
The structure of birds, their place in 
nature, value to man, methods of attract- 
ing and encouraging them, the more not- 
able of their habits—as migration—are skil- 
fully introduced and clearly described. 
The subject matter is throughout well 
chosen and authoritative, in keeping with 
the colored plates by Louis Agassiz 
Fuertes, mostly from a publication of the 
United States Department of Agriculture. 
The text-figures have much merit; a 
number of these are excellent photographs 
of specimens in the American Museum of 
Natural History, and many photographs of 
living birds in the West by Finley and 
Bohlman are especially attractive and 
interesting. As the text has to do with 
eastern species, these do not always 
correlate with it, but they will very likely 


make the book more useful in the West 
than it otherwise would be. 

We have very nicely illustrated here how 
the current system of bird-names breeds 
confusion; turn to the paragraph on 
Shrikes. There are only two species of 
Shrikes in the country—the Northern 
Shrike and the Loggerhead Shrike. The 
Loggerhead Shrike is divided into several 
geographic races, and this, aside from the 
fact that they are such, which is not 
mentioned, can certainly have no inter- 
est for the students for whom the work is 
intended; yet we find the names, Northern 
Shrike, Migrant Shrike, [a race of the 
Loggerhead], and Loggerhead Shrike all 
with the same emphasis, illustrated with a 
photograph of the California Shrike [also 
a race of the Loggerhead!. Practically the 
photograph of the California Shrike is a 
good illustration of the Loggerhead Shrike, 
but the reader has no more means of know- 
ing this than that the illustration of Black 
Phoebes on an ensuing page is of an entirely 
different bird from the Phcebe mentioned 
in the accompanying text.—J. T. N. 


A MONOGRAPH OF THE PHEASANTS. By 
WiLtrAM BEEBE. In four volumes, Vol- 
ume I. Witherby & Co., London, 1918. 
R. 4 to. 198 pp.; 19 full-page colored 
plates of Pheasants and 15 photograv- 
ure plates of their environment, etc.; 
5 distributional maps. 

For several years the bird-students and 
bird-lovers of the world have known that 
this monograph was in preparation and 
have awaited its appearance with keen 
anticipation. They cannot be disappointed 
in Volume I, which takes up the pheasant- 
like Blood Partridges and Tragopans, the 
Impeyan Pheasants and Eared Pheasants, 
seventeen species in all, of which several 
vary into geographic races. 

This volume also contains an intro- 
ductory discussion of the group in general, 
the habits of Pheasants, their place in 
nature and relation to man. Here we find 
generalizations and suggestions of very 


(117) 


118 


great interest toevery naturalist, whetheror 
not he accept them in their entirety. The 
publication of this first volume follows 
something like nine years’ more or less 
continuous study of Pheasants, the initial 
seventeen months of which comprised 
extended exploration of their habitat in 
Asia and Malaysia, with the purpose of 
becoming familiar with each of the dif- 
ferent kinds in life. The author’s resultant 
thorough familiarity with the birds not 
only gives his statements the stamp of 
authority but has enabled him to write of 
Pheasants with unusual ease and clear- 
ness, whether presenting details of plumage 
or hypotheses of evolution. 

The Pheasants are not a large group and 
most of the species possess strikingly 
beautiful plumage. They rank high as 
game birds, are readily kept in captivity, 
and in general have long been well known, 
though the inaccessibility of their haunts 
has prevented earlier ornithologists from 
becoming familiar with many species in 
nature. They lend themselves to elaborate 
monographic treatment, in fact, have been 
monographed before by Daniel Giraud 
Elliot, 1872. The merit of such a mono- 
graph is, then, not in difficulties to be 
overcome in preparing it, but in its excel- 
lence. ; 

The best talent has been secured in 
preparation of the plates, those in. the 
present volume by G. E. Lodge are 
remarkable for poise and atmosphere; 
those by A. Thorburn are particularly life- 
like, the bird very skilfully placed in its 
environmental background; and one is by 
C. R. Knight, master of color—all these 
artists recognized for the ability and 
accuracy of their work. Plates by H. 
Grénvold, of plumage details of the young, 
one of wattles of cock Tragopans and 
one of eggs, are excellent. One feels that 
lavishness in the matter of illustrations 
and make-up is in keeping with the author’s 
having given unsparingly of his best in 
preparing the work and making the studies 
on which it is based. 

In our opinion, this volume is the most 
enjoyable, important and _ satisfactory 
book of birds recently published, and we 


Bird - 


Lore 


hope that the succeeding volumes will not 
be long delayed.—J. T. N. 


The Ornithological Magazines 


Tue Conpor.—The opening number of 
Volume XXI of The Condor, for January, 
I91Q, presents an unusually varied contents 
in six general articles and a number of 
short notes. Mrs. Bailey’s ‘Return to 
the Dakota Lake Region,’ continued from 
the last volume, is devoted largely to an 
account of the habits of various marsh 
birds. Dawson’s ‘Solitaires of Shasta,’ 
illustrated with five figures, is an interest- 
ing description of six nests of Town- 
send’s Solitaire, each containing from two 
to four eggs, discovered near the timber- 
line on Mount Shasta, Calif., in July, 1916. 
From observations extending over a 
period of two weeks, the author estimates 
the number of Solitaires on Mount 
Shasta as approximately 1,500. Kitchin 
contributes an illustrated account of the 
‘Nesting of the Short-eared Owl in Western 
Washington.’ The nests observed were 
located in rather open sites on the edges of 
sloughs in a tidal marsh near Tacoma. 

The question of whether birds mate 
for life is discussed in two articles by Law 
and Carpenter, and several instances are 
mentioned by the latter author which seem 
to support the theory in the case of certain 
species. 

Under the title, ‘Parasitism of Nestling 
Birds by Fly Larve,’ Plath presents the 
results of careful observations and experi- 
ments on 63 nests, representing six species 
of birds. ‘‘Of these, 39, or nearly two-thirds, 
were infested by blood-sucking fly larve.” 
Birds such as Goldfinches and Linnets, 
which build compact nests, showed a 
larger proportion of infection than those 
like the California Brown Towhee which 
have nests of looser construction. This 
important subject merits much more 
attention in the field. 

Among the brief notes, Grinnell gives 
a list of twenty-three ‘Recent Additions 
to the California State List of Birds,’ which 
brings the total number of species and sub- 
species up to 564.—T. S. P. 


Editorial 


Bird-Lore 


A Bi-Monthly Magazine 
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds 
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 
Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN 
Contributing Editor, MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT 
Published by D. APPLETON & CO, 


Vol. XXI 


Published April 1, 1919 No. 2 


SUBSCRIPTION RATES - 
Price in the United States, one dollar and fifty cents a year; 
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents, 
postage paid. 


COPYRIGHTED, 1919, BY FRANK M, CHAPMAN 


Bird-Lore’s Motto: 
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Hand 


Brrp-Lovers of America are privileged 
to have enjoyed (we should rather say to 
enjoy) the companionship of a great man, 
Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. To those of 
us who knew him personally, that com- 
panionship will certainly always be a very 
real and living thing. 

Whether we like it so or not, this world 
is one of change. The circumstances, the 
pleasures, the opportunities, and the friends 
of yesterday are not those of today. The 
present is an intangible point which scarcely 
exists, if at all. A moment does not register 
on our consciousness until it is already past 
and a mere memory. Looking back, we 
are sometimes tempted to wonder if it is 
really we who wake up in the mornings of 
1919, we who lived in the nineteen-hun- 
dreds, the nineties, or the more distant 
eighties, or whether our selves of other 
years have not migrated to our sons. 

An acquaintanceship with birds helps 
faith in the permanence of the things worth 
while, the things we love, in the face of an 
ever-changing kaleidoscope of time. As 
with each recurring spring we look forward 
to and welcome back the migrants from 
the South in regular succession, our own 
youth is renewed with that of the woods 
and fields. With waning winter we begin 
to hear the Song Sparrow’s refrain; mem- 
bers of the flocks of Juncos along the hedge- 
rows chase one another in exuberance and 
burst into simple tinkling trills. This year, 
as early as March 1, scattered Robins are 
back on Long Island, going quietly about 


119 


their accustomed haunts, or signaling as 
they take wing from the tree-tops for com- 
panions who have not yet arrived. The 
call of the Bluebird drifts down to us from 
now here, now there in the sky, as though 
he were a shuttlecock in the losing game 
Caurus plays against the sun; Grackles fly 
about the towns, clanging defiance of sur- 
prises winter may yet have in store, and 
restless flocks of male Rusty and Red- 
winged Blackbirds appear in the swamps, 
following close upon the heels of retreating 
winter. Before this Brrp-LoreE reaches its 
readers, the Robin chorus will be in full 
swing from the tree-tops at dawn, and we 
shall hear the notes of the Pheebe. The 
flock of Red-winged Blackbirds will be 
chattering in the swamp as it did thirty 
years ago, though its personnel has changed 
many times since then, as the feathers of 
each bird change each year. 

Once tap the springs of memory and not 
only time but space are annihilate. Over 
the broad wastes of the central Pacific 
Ocean, trade-wind-blown Tropic-birds are 
still courting the sun as on my first outward 
voyage. I may see the Red-wings if I wish 
tomorrow, but so far as I can now tell, these 
Tropic-birds will never again be within 
range of my field-glasses. Yet they are, if 
anything, the more real of the two. I 
scarcely need close my eyes to see their 
white forms circling over the blue water, 
smell the clean wind, hear the spray strike 
the vessel’s rigging, and feel the staggering 
decks underfoot and the warm sun stream- 
ing down between the fleecy clouds. 

Colonel Roosevelt, had he been spared, 
would now be enjoying the ever-wonderful 
return of spring, not only in the general 
way in which everyone enjoys it, but with 
recognition and appreciation of each species 
of bird as it arrived at Sagamore Hill. For 
he himself was a bird-student—the slayer 
of grizzlies and elephants took keen pleas- 
ure in observing migrant Warblers with 
an opera-glass. When but twenty years 
of age, he published a paper on Oyster 
Bay birds, and even during the strenuous 
days of his Presidency he took time to note 
those which visited the White House 
grounds, and to keep a list of them. 


Che Audubon Docieties 


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 


Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER 


Address all communications relative to the work of this depart- 
ment to the Editor, 67 Oriole Avenue, Providence, 


HIGHER STANDARDS 


More than once a plea has been made in these pages for higher standards 
in teaching and reaching people not only along the lines of nature-study but 
in educational work of all kinds. A very definite and sane criticism appeared 
in the December issue of the Nature-Study Review by W. G. Vinal, who strikes 
at the heart of this matter in an article entitled ‘First Grade Readers,’ wherein 
he exposes the flimsy sentimentality and actual lack of observation of common 
phenomena shown by the well-meaning but uninformed authors of certain 
school-books that are supposed to introduce our children to the great outer 
world. Without going into a discussion as to the place and value of fairy-tales, 
myths and folk-lore in the education. of boys and girls just entering the grades, 
it is wise to lay stress on the fact that no eyes are quicker to see and no minds 
to receive impressions, often lasting impressions be it said, than those of young 
pupils. For this reason, if for no other, care should be exercised as to how far 
the unreal, should take the place of the actual, or how far imagination should 
be pushed beyond observation. Certainly, all affected, sentimental, and 
unwholesomely infantine methods should be frowned upon. Children have a 
high regard for real things, for the reasons why those things are as they are, 
and although they may not understand the fragmentary explanations and 
hurried answers of their elders, often grudgingly vouchsafed them in reply to 
their eager questions, they at least perceive the difference between what rings 
true and what does not. 

It is possible that if we ourselves, in our very early stages of education, had 
had a better start in becoming familiar with common facts, we might now be 
in a far better position to enjoy life, nature, yes, and friends, and to share our 
attainments with others. 

In a word, let us see to it, now that a general reconstruction is going on 
along so many lines, that this and coming generations be taught more intelli- 
gently and with greater sincerity and clarity. It is painful to reflect upon 
the number of bright boys and girls who are given an irrational, inadequate, 
or partially misleading conception of Nature, and who arrive at maturity with 
minds focused on shams, unmeaning details, and useless methods. 

Mr. Roosevelt has been lauded justly for his splendid achievements, but 
no single contribution that he made to us as a nation surpasses his fine concep- 
tion of life based on a normal and truthful appreciation of nature. A delicate 


(120) 


The Audubon Societies 121 


child, he was scarcely the one to be selected for the strenuous pursuit of nature 
with which we are now familiar and which has added fame to his attainments. 
He reached out and won health and an abounding life by seeking the true 
approach to the world about him. Most of his admirers who are acquainted 
with him only through his books should not overlook the fact that among his 
earliest nature studies is an annotated list of the birds which he identified 
about his home at Oyster Bay, Long Island, a brief bulletin of a few pages, in 
which, however, the bird-lover traces his eager observation of what was actually 
to be discovered within the limits of his home-estate. High up on a north- 
shore bluff, overlooking the Sound and two of its main inlets, Oyster Bay and 
Cold Spring Harbor, with the bold promontory of Lloyd’s Neck directly to the 
east, and the lowland of Center Island curving irregularly to the north, Saga- 
more Hill has a commanding and unusually beautiful outlook upon nature, 
while to the south, through the winding paths of wooded areas so familiar to 
Mr. Roosevelt, afoot or on horseback, the charm of almost primeval forests 
still lingers, despite the sad inroads of the chestnut fungus disease which has 
killed so many noble trees, and wartime necessity that has caused the felling 
of gian‘ walnuts and stately white oaks. Here, if anywhere, one must love 
nature for what she has to show the truthful observer, and it is fine to recall 
that Mr. Roosevelt chose to keep his estate in its natural condition of wild 
loveliness rather than to convert it into a show place of artificial beauty. 

He had keen joy in the companionship of the common Sparrows in his 
fields and of the Screech Owl which at dusk commonly flitted near his porch, 
in the discovery of the Black-throated Green Warbler, of whose identity as a 
summer resident at this point on Long Island he felt certain, in the migratory 
movements of the Fish Crow and the late appearance of a straggling Black- 
crowned Night Heron, simple facts in themselves, based upon true observa- 
tions, but facts which were woven into his daily life, giving it true focus and 
constant enjoyment. 

It is such a grasp of nature that I plead may be made possible to our boys 
and girls, and especially to those who must depend largely upon books about 
nature, since the outdoor world is paved beneath their feet and walled from 
their eyes in our large cities —A. H. W. 


BIRD AND ARBOR DAY THOUGHTS 
THE TREES OF ENGLAND 


“The trees of England! While she hath her trees 
She hath great virtues still! While formal yews 
Guard her trim gardens, she can never lose 
Homes for her scholars, men of learned ease. 
And while her pines stand stark against blue seas 
Murmuring of yet bluer seas to cruise— 

Her sons, that hear them, as of old shall choose 


neem 


eee I! 


The Audubon Societies 123 


To quit her peace, and though it burn or freeze, 

To win for her in grim and perilous realms 

New and great glory. With her mighty-thewed 

Oaks shall abide her spirit bluff and strong; 

And while her winds are prayerful in great elms, 

Poets shall seek her haunts of solitude, 

And English leaves shall murmur through English song.”’ 
—GEOFFREY Howarp, in The New Witness. 


‘“Much can they praise the trees so straight and high, 
The sailing pine; the cedar proud and tall; 
The vine-prop elm; the poplar never dry; 
The builder oak, sole King of forests all; 
The aspen good for staves; the cypress funeral; 
The laurel, meed of mighty conquerors 
And poets sage; the fir that weepeth still; 
The willow, worn of forlorn paramours; 
The yew, obedient to the bender’s will; 
The birch for shafts; the sallow for the mill; 
The myrrh sweet-bleeding in the bitter wound; 
The warlike beech; the ash for nothing ill; 
The fruitful olive; and the platane round; 
The carver holme; the maple, seldom inward sound.” 
—SPENSER, ‘Faerie Queene.’ 


“Tis sweet, in the green Spring, 
To gaze upon the wakening fields around; 
Birds in the thicket sing, 
Winds whisper, waters prattle from the ground; 
A thousand odors rise, 
Breathed up from blossoms of a thousand dyes. 
Shadowy, and close, and cool, 
The pine and poplar keep their quiet nook; 
Forever fresh and full, 
Shines, at their feet, the thirst-inviting brook; 
And the soft herbage seems 
Spread for a place of banquets and of dreams.” 
—BRYANT. 
‘“‘Where roads are made I lose my way, 
In the wide water, in the blue sky there is no line of a track, 
The pathway is hidden by the birds’ wings, by the star-fires, by the 
flowers of the wayfaring seasons. 
And I ask my heart if its blood carries the wisdom of the unseen.way.”’ 
—RABINDRANATH TAGORE, ‘Fruit-Gathering.’ 


SUGGESTIONS 


1. Reread Longfellow’s ‘Hiawatha,’ noting the references to nature, especially 
trees and birds. 

2. Read ‘The Fountain’ and ‘The Prairies’ by Bryant. 

3. In the foregoing selections, note carefully the descriptive words used by the 
poet, and look up the meaning of any words with which you are not familiar. 


124 Bird - Lore 


4. Send to Enos A. Mills, Long’s Peak, Estes Park, Colo., for cards entitled, ‘A 
Little Tree,’ and ‘The Trail.’ 

5. Look up in School Education, October, 1917, an article on ‘Bird Migration,’ by 
Indianola Willcuts, which contains very helpful directions for schoolroom exhibits 
and bird-study. : 

6. If you wish a practical field notebook, try the ‘Bird Tablet,’ arranged by Josephine 
A. Clark, Northampton, Mass. 

7. Have you seen the poster stamp ‘Protect the Birds’ which is issued by the Cleve- _ 
land Bird Lovers’ Association? 

8. Consult ‘The Natural History of the Farm,’ A Guide to the Practical Study of 
the Sources of Our Living in Wild Nature, by James G. Needham, The Comstock Pub- 
lishing Company, Ithaca, N. Y. This book is full of material for the wide-awake teacher, 
and of interesting information for the enthusiastic student. 

g. Following the suggestion of Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, study a single tree throughout 
the year, noting its appearance from different sides, its changes, activities and uses. 

to. Learn to associate birds with trees, remembering what trees are the homes of 
certain nesting-birds. Are there any kinds of trees in which birds seldom or never nest? 

11. Make Bird and Arbor Day a time for personal observation. 

12. Have the English Sparrow and Starling increased near you in the last year? 

—A. H. W. 


JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK 


For Teachers and Pupils 
Exercise XLIV: Correlated with Botany, Reading and Food-Supply 


POULTRY, continued, AND SUGAR 


“Tt is now high time to plan for crops to fill the crops of fowls and chickens next fall 
and winter. It may not be convenient for many who keep poultry to raise wheat, oats, 
barley or buckwheat, although these make excellent feeds which may be fed right in 
the shock or bundle, letting the hens work out the grain, and can therefore be easily 
handled. Indian corn, sweet corn, pop-corn, and sunflower seed may all be raised to 
advantage in the same yard as growing chickens. As soon as the plants get well up, if 
chicks ate small they will do no harm until the corn is ready for picking and even then 
the damage willbe slight, compared with the benefits received. The cultivation of the 
ground makes it more beneficial to both plants and chickens, and the growing corn pro- 
vides shade for the poultry in exchange for the fertilizer produced and the insect life 
destroyed. Sunflower seed is an excellent food for both chicks and fowls, but on account 
of the large amount of oil they contain, they must be fed sparingly. Sugar-beets and 
mangel-wurzels are without doubt the best root crop to raise for poultry. There are 
several varieties, but the ‘Mammoth Long Red’ is one of the largest and best. 

“The land must be well broken up, deeply plowed and well fertilized. Lime should 
be used in addition to other fertilizer if soil is acid. Salt at the rate of 300 pounds per 
acre may be added to take the place in part of potash. Plant seed by hand or with a 
planter, in rows 2% to 3 feet apart, and thin to 12 or 14 inches apart in rows, at last hoe- 
ing. The extra plants pulled or cut out make excellent greens for the fowls in yards 
during the summer. Harvest just before the ground freezes and store in a dry cellar 
for future use.”’—Extension News Service of Rhode Island State College. 

Now that we have learned how to make successful ‘war gardens’ and how to keep 


_ ~ ~ 


WASTE GREENS FROM AN ADJOINING WAR GARDEN ADDS TO THE FARE 
OF THE POULTRY 


(125) 


126 Bird - Lore 


poultry in small quarters let us not give up such practical projects, since we may not 
only gain from them more real knowledge and serviceable methods than by studying 
books alone, but may also add much healthful food-material to our family store. The 
young woman whose experiments in raising chickens in a patent house which accom- 
modates twelve or fourteen hens, has found a mulium in parvo (much in little) method 
of keeping her home table supplied with fresh eggs and poultry, as well as having a sur- 
plus to dispose of in various ways. 

A neighboring artist reports similar success, and would not care to give up so pleas- 
ant and profitable a form of home economics as he has discovered in a small flock of 
poultry. Besides the food value of the project, the chickens are pets for the children 
and are also used to teach principles ‘of thrift. 

Days of peace, we trust, are coming, but if we wish to make certain of them, we 
must do all in our power to cultivate habits of thrift and to practice helpful codperation. 
Sugar is a very good article upon which to base simple experiments in thrift, for the 
reason that we have so long been accustomed to use it lavishly. If a few lessons might 
be devoted to this topic in connection with nature-study work, the result would be a 
better balanced conception of the whole matter than if only a chance reading or remarks 
were made with reference to the nature and value of sugar. 

The following outline may suggest a workable method of presenting this important 
subject in the classroom or in community exercises where parents and home-makers 
may also be reached. > 


SUGAR, ITS NATURE, PREPARATION, USES, AND VALUE 


VEGETABLE— 
Sugar-cane, sugar-maple, sugar-beet, maize, sorghum, birch, parsnip, 
LESSON I. sugar-pine, Indian honey-bearing reed. 
ANIMAL— 
Milk-sugar (made from whey), bees’ honey. 


Look at pictures of all the sugar-producing plants and trees commonly used for 
making sugar, and learn to name the most important ones. Learn also to how great an 
extent sugar in some form is found in vegetables, fruits, and grains. 

Study the sugar-maple, the sugar-cane and sugar-beet more thoroughly, and write 
notes on the particular qualities of each with reference to the production of sugar. 

Compare the sugar-maple with other species of maple. 

Compare the sugar-cane with sorghum and with other species of grasses. 

Compare the sugar-beet with the mangel-wurzel and other varieties of beets, and 

also with other root-vegetables. 

Look up the sugar-pine and note where it is found. Make a classroom picture-book 

of all sugar-producing forms of vegetable life and learn where they grow. How 
is bees’ honey related to vegetable products? Would you classify it as animal or 
vegetable product, or both? 


LESSON II. 

What part of the tree, plant, grass or vegetable produces sugar? What is the name 
or names of manufactured sugar? 

Does the amount of sugar-material, such as sap or juice vary at different seasons of 
the year? 

When is maple-sugar made? 

When are cane-sugar and beet-sugar made? 

Study the different processes of manufacturing sugar from vegetable products. 


The Audubon Societies 127 


(See Encyclopedia Britannica, Century Dictionary, cut under ‘sugar-mill’); send to 
the United States Department of Agriculture for bulletins on the manufacture of cane- 
sugar, sorghum, beet-sugar and maple-sugar, also, bees’ honey. 


LESSON III. 


What is the principal use of sugar? 

As a food for man, learn the meaning of the term carbohydrate. 

How many different forms of manufactured sugar can you name, telling from what 
source each is derived? e.g. Brown sugar, confectioner’s sugar, granulated 
sugar, pulverized sugar, cut sugar, crushed sugar, Malado sugar, liquid sugar, 
syrup, honey, loaf-sugar, malt-sugar. 

How many products can you name which are manufactured from sugar by chemical 
processes? 

How is starch converted into sugar? (Correlate with physiology.) 

What is glucose? dextrose? cellulose? maltose? lactose? saccharose? quercite? 

Name as many commercial uses of sugar and sugar-products as possible. Are there 
any uses which should not be allowed? e.g. Sugar used to weight silk? 

Study the history of the use of sugar among different nations. 

How early was the first use of sugar and among what people or peoples? 


LESSON IV. 


Study the value of sugar, as an article of food and as a commercial product. 

How does sugar act upon the human body as a food? 

What is its fuel-value per pound (number of calories)? 

Compare it with other foods. ; 

Is it easily digested? is it nourishing, stimulating, heat-producing, or a clog to the 
system? 

In what quantity should it be eaten for health? 

What is the food-value of the sugar contained in fruit and other vegetables and 
products not used for making sugar? 

Does one need to eat a large amount of artificially manufactured sugar in order to 
supply a proper amount of carbohydrates to his diet? 

In what form is sugar most healthful, pure or manufactured into mixtures such as 
confections, pastries, candy and jellies? 

Study the commercial value of sugar, with reference to its production in different 
countries. 

What countries manufacture cane-sugar? beet-sugar? maple-sugar? sorghum? other 
sugar-products of commercial value? 


GENERAL QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 


What animals other than man like sugar? 

Do any birds like sugar? Can you name a species? 

Look up Sugar-bird, Honey-eater, Sap-sucker. 

Do animal-tamers ever use sugar in coaxing animals to do tricks? 

How is sugar connected with disease? 

Is sugar of value in medicine? 

What birds nest in the sugar-maple? in or about sugar-cane grown in the United 

States? 

Two practical ways in which boys and girls can study sugar, are, first, to make some 
sugar from sap or sweet juices, and second, to learn how to use sugar in combination 
with other articles. Try jelly-making and learn how to make jelly with varying amounts 


128 Bird - Lore 


of sugar. The well-known recipe of ‘pound for pound,’ that is, one pound of sugar 
boiled with one pound of fruit-juice is extravagant in these days of thrift and conserva- 
tion. 

Very delicious jelly can be made by using one-half, one-third and, with certain fruit- 
juices, one-fourth part of sugar to one part of juice. 

Experiments: Study solubility, crystallization, extraction, evaporation, purification 
by putting sugar in water, boiling a piece of sugar-cane, or maple-sap, or sliced beet- 
root, and noting the varying appearance of the boiling juice, and at what stages scum 
occurs and crystallization. ? 

Write compositions upon the different processes of making sugar. Keep account of 
how much sugar you use a week, month, or year, and compare these records with a 
view to determining the proper use of sugar.—A. H. W. 


For and From Adult and Young Observers 
NOTES FROM THE NORTHWEST 


We are so much interested in birds here at Newlands school that the Bird 
Club asked me to write a letter to you. 

There are a great many birds here, such as the Kingbird, Flycatcher, 
Loggerhead Shrike, Cowbird, Towhee, Meadowlark, Chestnut-collared Long- 
spur, McCown Longspur, many different kinds of Sparrows and a great many 
Prairie Horned Larks. The Prairie Horned Lark is a bird that stays with us 
both winter and summer. 

On March 1 we began to record birds and now we have about fifty dif- 
ferent kinds. 

At our Bird Club meeting we have each member report what they have 
seen of bird-life in the field. We would like to know how we could attract more 
birds around the school where there are no trees.—WILLIE Topp, Secretary, 
Nobleford Bird Club, Nobleford, Alberta. 

[For those of our readers who are unacquainted with the physiography of Alberta, a 
description of its climate, topography, and fauna and flora is worth looking up, since 
it is so varied a region. The writer of these notes from Nobleford, evidently lives in the 
prairie section, where there are no trees. The species of birds enumerated, it will be 
noticed, are mostly ground-feeders and dwellers. Attracting birds in such a locality 
presents, of course, some difficulties, but it seems as though a lunch-counter properly 
made, and, if necessary camouflaged with grasses, might, if covered with seeds that 
these birds relish, attract many. 

Can anyone who is familiar with prairie conditions suggest a practical way to arrange 
a lunch-counter? A birds’ drinking fountain or a pool for bathing might attract more 
birds than a lunch-counter, unless their food-supply becomes much reduced. As the 
snowfall is not heavy usually in Alberta, seed-eating birds doubtless find winter forag- 
ing less difficult than in localities where snow and ice prevail during winter.—A. H. W.] 


SIOUX CITY BIRD CLUB NOTES 


In the September-October number of Brrp-LoreE, I notice a paragraph 
speaking of a column in the Pittsburgh Chronicle-Telegraph devoted to birds, 


The Audubon Societies 129 


As we have entered on our third year of work of this kind in the press, you 
might be interested to know of it. The column devoted to “Our Bird Neigh- 
bors” is published every other.Saturday and we are led to believe it is of interest 
outside of our city, for we receive many letters of commendation, one university 
writing that the articles therein are kept on file, while a principal of a school 
in a smaller town reports that they are put up on the school bulletin board as 
soon as received. 

Our next issue will contain a list of forty-five birds seen by the writer dur- 
ing the month of October, 1918. We have a Bird Club here of about sixty 
members, which is not so large as before war activities took so much time. A 
Junior Club of over one hundred members has been held in suspension during 
the period of the war since leaders of the groups were not available —(Mrs.) 
Mary L. BAILeEy, Sioux City, Towa. 


[The column of bird notes, referred to under the title: “Our Bird Neighbors,’’ is 
made up of observations in the vicinity of Sioux City, and constitutes a local bird- 
calendar of much interest, as well as preserving in permanent form many incidents of 
timely value. In addition to seasonal notes, this column is made additionally attract. 
ive by various bird happenings and experiences, such as this, for example: “A new 
bird-bath in a North Side yard was eagerly watched by members of the family to see 
what birds would help to dedicate it. Imagine the surprise and pleasure of the watchers 
when a Pheasant stepped in daintily to taste of the water! Where did it come from? 
Is there someone near who owns one for a pet, or did it only stop in passing? The Ring- 
necked Pheasant is not unknown here, but it is by no means common.”’ 

Those who are familiar with the tricks and activities of the Crow will enjoy the 
account given below of a pet Blue Jay. 

The following story was written for the Bird Notes by Mrs. John M. McDonald, of 
our city. It is of especial interest because it is true in every detail and also because it 
belongs to an early period of our development as a city: 

On the 4th of July, 1890, while taking a family drive in the woods at Riverside 
(then unknown to park fame) a young Blue Jay was discovered at the roadside, evi- . 
dently having fallen from the nest and unable to help itself. It was rescued by the 
“good man of the house,’ and brought home in a handkerchief. 

Hunger forced it to adapt itself readily to its new surroundings and in a short time 
it would eagerly swallow food such as flies, worms and other insects dropped into its 
wide-open beak by its new-found friends. 

The little fellow matured sturdily, and, never being eat but having the entire 
freedom of the house and yard, going and coming at will, he developed many cunning 
and remarkable habits, and was a constant source of delight throughout the summer, 
on into the late autumn, when after several flights and returns he departed. 

To the one member of the family that gave him the most care, he became greatly 
attached, flying after her to the street as she was about to take the car, and sometimes 
following her inside. 

The motorman, in those days of common interest with the North Side dwellers, and 
not being overly busy with passengers, would carefully hide the little fellow until upper 
Jackson street was again reached, when he would stop and take him toward the house. 

On one of these attempts to see more of the world, Jay succeeded too well. As usual, 
this motorman had placed the protecting hat over him on the seat, but a passenger, a 
man at that, with great curiosity, hearing the scratching lifted the hat and away flew 


130 Bird - Lore 


Mr. Blue Jay. It being a strange part of the town it was several days before he 
found his familiar landmarks, but one day our maid ran in excitedly to announce 
his return. 

As it was impossible for Jay to open doors or windows for himself, he would come to 
the window-sill to be let out, and when coming in would light on the top of the screen 
frame to tap sharply on the glass. If he failed to get a response in one room he would 
try another. 

He was particularly fond of butter and at meal-time would perch on the gas fixture 
in the hall, from where he had an unobstructed view of the dining table, and when butter 
was being served he would, with unerring aim, swoop down across the table, getting 
his mouth full. 

If he were not to be found at feeding time, one had only to stand outside and extend 
the arm with food in the hand, and almost immediately from out of space, Jay would 
appear. 

To one member of the household, only, he appealed for his bath, and his wants were 
always heeded. A cover was spread on the floor, a large basin filled with water and put 
down, and one would think a new automatic fire extinguisher had been turned on. 

Another amusing instance: The dear mother was quilting that summer and Jay 
seemed to enjoy keeping her company, flying in and out of the room and trotting around 
on the frames, but the quilter was too busy putting in the beautiful stitches to notice 
what the tiny companion was doing. In the winter, however, when finishing the edges 
of the quilts, her needle would strike against buttons, sticks, pebbles and anything Jay 
was able to tuck away in the cloth. 

Belonging to the magpie family he was not particularly honest, and if we missed 
anything, from a diamond earring to a door key, we knew Jay had hidden it somewhere, 
and at times it’required a diligent search to find the missing article; but when in hot 
weather a bit of raw meat had been carefully secreted under the bed on the slats, we 
were very thankful that our sense of smell directed us to the hidden dainty. 

Jay had a most unusual marking on his head, a single feather about two inches long 
growing from the tip of the crest, which, added to his saucy, bold manner, gave him quite 
the air of a Mephistopheles. 

It seemed cruel to cage the joyous creature through the long winter, so, after many 
family councils, it was decided to let him follow his natural instincts, which took him 
away finally. 

We missed the brilliant flash of color and the companionship of our little pet, and 
even now on hearing the challenging note of his kind we recall that happy summer with 
our own Blue Jay.—Sioux City Daily Tribune. 

This method of educating public sentiment in regard to birds and bird-protection is 
especially helpful, when spontaneous codperation underlies it—A. H. W.] 


SUCCESSFUL SCHOOL OBSERVATION CONDITIONS 


The observations of my fourth grade have been withheld as long as possible. 
Enthusiasm runs high, and our fifteen-minute bird-talks on Friday mornings 
are entirely too short. Our study club meets every two weeks. At this time 
the leaflets are carefully studied and additional material discussed. 

With spring near, I am planning’a contest. The child seeing, identifying, 
and entering in his bird record, the most birds during spring, migration, at 
least fifteen, is to receive Reed’s Bird Guide. 

A similar contest for the identification of wild flowers is being planned. 


The Audubon Societies 131 


Our schoolhouse is an annex, situated near a yard of fruit trees and shrubs. 
A quince bush, elder bushes, and two apple trees touch our three south win- 
dows, while peach trees and maple trees touch the southwest and west sides of 
our house. 

Just outside our center south window we have a feeding-board. Cardinals 
have visited all winter, with Tufted Titmice occasionally. While the Cardinals 
are feeding, the children often skip past the window, but our Cardinals are 
rarely frightened away. The first Cardinal whistle was heard January 18, 
about 7.45 A.M., (just before coming to school). . 

This, of course, is an ideal spot for birds. Last spring, Redstarts were quite 
numerous, even sitting on the window-sills of our open windows. From the 
windows we saw Black and White Warblers, Redstarts, Myrtle Warblers, 
Kinglets, and Vireos, besides our Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers, Flickers, 
Goldfinches, Tufted Titmice, and Blue Jays. The entire class saw these. 

Do you think there is a reason for enthusiasm? 

Our building is an annex to the grade and high school building. We have 
recess both morning and afternoon. The birds are not frightened away but 
rather seem to enjoy the children’s laughter and romping. 

Can you blame me for hoping for another spring similar to last year’sP— 
AtMA MILLER, Galion, Ohio. 


BIRDS THAT HAVE COME TO OUR HOUSE 


I have made bird-shelves. Nuthatches, Chickadees, Fox Sparrows and the 
Cardinal have come. In the morning we often hear the Cardinal. Once the 
Sparrow Hawk made us a visit.— JACK STEELE (Aged 9 years). 


[The writer of this contribution is now fourteen years old, and has doubtless had 
much more experience in feeding and protecting birds. We should be glad of his address 
and also of any further notes he may have made during the last five years. 

Comparisons with this record during the successive seasons which have elapsed will 
prove helpful not only to him but also to our readers.—A. H. W.] 


THE WESTERN ROBIN 


Bailey’s ‘Handbook of Birds of the Western United States’ says of the 
Western Robin: ‘‘He nests in the mountains or far north, and when seen in 
winter is shy and nervous.”’ ‘The Birds of California’ says, ‘“‘He goes up into 
the lonely Sierra Nevada forests.”” From these quotations it would seem that 
the Robin is shy and nervous in the West; but “The Birds of Oregon and 
Washington’ says: “The Robin is a common bird.” The first two observations 
are undoubtedly from California, while the last is from Oregon. 

I live in Portland, Oregon, where the Robins are both common and tame. 
Even as I write I hear their beautiful song which rings loud and clear in the 
early morning and at intervals through the day, and then again before going 
to bed. They bathe in my garden, and in winter eat apples which I put out 


132 Bird - Lore 


for them. In fact, I know of a nest across the street from the post-office which 
is in the heart of the city. There is also a nest in our climbing rose. 

This year I was favored with a trip to California on which I took pleasure 
in finding the truth about the Robins. In the spring, when I made the trip, 
I did not see a single Robin until I visited Yosemite National Park; there they 
were common and quite tame, too. They were probably nesting, but I did not 
succeed in finding any nests. Again the ‘Birds of California’ says, ‘The nests 
also of the western Robins that I have found have been somewhat different 
from those of the eastern bird and very much prettier, being decorated with 
moss woven in the mud instead of straw, and carefully lined with moss.”’ This 
is probably because moss is easier for the forest Robins to get than straw, and 
in the city it would be almost impossible to get moss, so that the eastern birds 
have acquired the habit of using straw and the California birds the habit of 
using moss. Many of the nests in Portland have no moss in them. The nest 
in our climbing rose has a foundation of twigs and straw and a mud cup lined 
with grass. There is also much string and yarn, which I supplied, woven in. 
I found a good many Robins’ nests this year, built in many different ways and 
in many different locations. One of them contained a great deal of moss, but 
a great many had none. In most of them the lining was all pushed down into 
the bottom of the nest by the time the birds were through with it. From one 
nest straw hung down for over a foot, making it very conspicuous. 

Now the question arises, What makes the Robin nest far from the homes 
of man in California, while in Oregon it is very tame? It seems to me the only 
way to explain this difference is that it is due to climatic conditions. It might 
be better to say that the Robin goes to the mountains where it is cool, rather 
than to say that it goes far from the homes of man. By watching Robins on 
a hot day it certainly is apparent that they do not like the heat. They keep 
their bills wide open, panting, and I have seen an old male Robin spread its 
wings out and lie down in a flower-bed as if from sunstroke. Then it would 
get up and go on hunting for worms. The ‘Handbook of Birds’ says that the 
Robin is shy and nervous in winter; but this is easily accounted for because 
Robins are usually more nervous in winter anyhow. 

Individual peculiarities are often observed in birds, especially in the Robin 
since it is so common. I once saw a Robin with a very curved bill, the upper 
mandible extending far out beyond the lower. The other day I saw a young 
Robin, the speckles being very prominent, molding an old nest. The nest was 
nearly torn to pieces, but the young bird arranged it with its bill and molded 
it with its breast as if it were building a new nest. However, nothing ever 
came of it as the task was abandoned before anything was accomplished. This 
may be a proof that the bird was working an account of an instinct which 
matured too soon.—Tom McCamant, Portland, Ore. 


[The spirit of investigation, careful observation, and comparative study shown in 
this composition written by a boy of thirteen, deserve commendation.—A. H. W.] 


CANADA GOOSE 
Photographed by H. H. Pittman, Manitoba, Canada. The photograph is of a wild bird suspicious, but 
not alarmed, taken in a little runway by which a hiding-tent had been placed 


(133) 


Che Audubon Societies 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 


Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary 


Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to 
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City. 


Telephone, Columbus 7327 


Witi1am Durcuer, President 


Freperic A. Lucas, Acting President 


THEODORE S. PALMER, First Vice-President 


T. GitBertT PEARSON, Secretary 
JONATHAN Dwicut, Jr., Treasurer 


SAMUEL T. CarTER, JR., Attorney 


Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become 


a member of it, and all are welcome. 


Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild 


Birds and Animals: 


$5 annually pays for a Sustaining gre re A 

$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership 
$1,000 constitutes a person a Patron 

$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder 

$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor 


Form oF Brquest:—I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon 
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York. 


SUMMER SCHOOL AT AMSTON 


Great progress has been made with our 
Audubon ornithological experiment station 
and summer instruction project at Amston, 
Conn. To secure funds for the enlargement 
of the work, an organization has been 
formed comprising prominent men in Con- 
necticut, and known as The Amston Game 
Club. The main purpose is to develop 
large, practical, game-farming operations 
and varied lines of experimental research 
in practical bird-work, with also some rec- 
reational and social features. Game Com- 
missioner F. N. Manross is president, and 
Colonel Louis R. Cheney, ex-mayor of 
Hartford, vice-president. The enterprise 
is in charge of Herbert K. Job. One of the 
most expert professional gamekeepers in 
America is permanently employed. For- 
merly he was gamekeeper to the King of 
England at Windsor Castle. This summer 
Pheasants, Quails, and wild Ducks will be 
raised on an increased scale, and other 
species experimentally, including an experi- 
ment in commercial breeding of Canaries. 

This great tract of diversified country, 
with its large and beautiful lake, together 
with abundance and variety of wild bird 
life, interesting and instructive game-farm 
operations, and a growing constituency of 


nature-lovers, makes Amstomi an ideal spot 
to spend a vacation. 

The Summer School project begun last 
season gave encouraging results, and it 


- will be continued and enlarged for the sea- 


son of 1919. There will be two sessions, 
each of three weeks. The first, from July 5 
to 25, will offer courses in field ornithology, 
general applied ornithology, or practical 
methods in attracting and propagating 
wild birds, and also nature photography, 
plate and motion pictures, with practical 
field demonstrations. The second session, 
from July 26 to August 15, will be a school 
of commercial and practical game-farming, 
to prepare landholders, farmers, or others, 
to raise game-birds and wild fowl. There 
will be lectures by visiting specialists, and 
recreational features. Students and visi- 
tors will be accommodated at The Amston 
Inn, and will be welcome at The Audubon 
House headquarters, with bird collection 
and working ornithological library, all 
being open after the latter part of May. 
Clubs and parties may arrange for outings. 
A few furnished cottages may be had on 
early application. 

Information and circular may be had 
from Mr. H. K. Job, West Haven, Conn. 


(134) 


The Audubon Societies 


SUMMER SCHOOL 


The Bureau of Education, Publicity and 
Research of the California Fish and Game 
Commission has outlined an attractive 
course in wild life study to be given the 
coming summer at Tahoe, Calif. 

In the announcement just issued the 
statement is made: ‘‘Everyone wants to 
recognize the plants and wild things en- 
countered on the summer vacation. There 
is no better way of developing this ability 
than to accompany one who knows wild 
life. A competent instructor will take 
groups of not more than twenty on field 
excursions where first-hand knowledge of 
living things will be obtained. Special 
attention will be given the identification of 
birds by call, song, color, and habits. The 
motto of these classes will be: ‘Learn to 
read a roadside as one reads a book.’ 


135 


WORK AT TAHOE 


Knowledge of wild life insures better con- 
servation of it. Special excursions for 
children.” 

Evening illustrated lectures arescheduled 
for the following subjects: ‘Common Song- 
Birds of the High Sierras,’ ‘The Game- 
Birds of California,’ ‘Sierran Mammals,’ 
‘Wild Animal Life in California,’ ‘Forest 
Trees of the Sierras,’ ‘The Fish and Fish- 
eries of California,’ and ‘Wild Flowers of 
the Sierras.’ 

One can hardly imagine a more beautiful 
place in the West to study wild life than 
at Tahoe, and anyone who can take ad- 
vantage of the opportunity offered above 
may be sure of spending his vacation in 
an interesting and most worth-while man- 
ner, under the inspiring leadership of Mr. 
Harold Child Bryant and his associates. 


IOWA CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION 


The following is contributed by George 
Bennett, Field Representative of the Iowa 
Conservation Association. 

“The purpose and work of our organiza- 
tion are the protection and preservation of 
the wild life of the state, and the founding 
of city, country, state and national parks. 
Its membership has been largely increased 
within the last two years, with a future out- 
look that is bright. 

“This Association is actively engaged in 
promoting the founding of a national park 
in the northeastern section of Iowa, where 
there is a magnificent area of wood and 
water, rock and dell—scenery of the first 
order. Here the Mississippi flows through 
appealing natural beauty, whether it be 
Wisconsin on the east or Iowa on the west, 
and the time cannot be far away when the 
bill, already in Congress, will be favorably 
acted upon, for the setting apart for all time 
of this great historic and nature arena, for 
the benefit of the entire citizenship of the 
United States. 


“In connection with such enterprise, a 
movement is on foot to place on Pike’s 
Peak, the highest point and on the Iowa 
side, a memorial of that splendid piece of 
wild life remedial legislation, the Migratory 
Bird Treaty between the United States 
and Canada. 

“Among the many reasons for such a 
movement, two specific ones make their 
appeal.. One is that the far-famed Missis- 
sippi Valley is the grand central highway 
of great numbers of birds as they journey 
from one clime to another. Again, when 
this national park is established, it will 
draw on a far larger population than any 
such park in the distant West, and, stand- 
ing as it will for the redemption of our bird- 
life, will tell its story to an ever-increasing 
multitude that sees on that majestic ele- 
vation, where in 1805 Zebulon Pike planted 
the first American flag that floated to the 
breeze in the Northwest, a great contri- 
bution to a greater cause.” 


136 


Bird - Lore 


SONG-BIRD KILLING IN GEORGIA 


The past few months we have been re- 
ceiving more than the usual number of 
complaints of the killing of song-birds in 
the southern states. Such letters as the fol- 
lowing from a gentleman in Macon, Ga., 
emphasizes most strongly the great need 
of extending the Junior Audubon work in 
the southern states, as well as the impor- 
tance of putting lecturers in the field to 
arouse the people of that section to the 
desirability of protecting birds. 

The letter in question runs as follows: 

“T am writing to inform you of conditions 
here in Macon which certainly ought to 
be tolerated no longer, if there is any source 
of help to which we can appeal. 

“During the past few days immense 
flocks of Robins have entered the city and 


they are being shot all over town by the 
hundreds. Boys and men, both white and 
colored, are engaged in this wicked busi- 
ness. I am told that they are sold for food. 
Yesterday—Sunday, by the way—lI saw 
a flock of upwards of one hundred Cedar 
Waxwings, and they too were the victims 
of this wicked practice. 

“T had supposed that the Audubon 
Model Bird Law protected all song-birds 
in every state of the Union at all times. If 
there is any possible way of offering these 
birds protection, I should be glad to co- . 
operate with you to that end. To one who 
has been raised in a state where children 
are taught, both in school and at home, to 
love and protect birds, such conditions as 
prevail here seem almost inconceivable.”’ 


AUDUBON ASSOCIATION OF THE PACIFIC 


Our young Association at San Francisco 
entered into its second year with very 
promising prospects of continued rapid 
growth and important accomplishments. 
Many new members were added and strong 
committees were well launched into their 
work. The abnormal conditions caused by 
the war, interrupted, but let us hope only 
postponed, expected accomplishments. At 
least seven of our foremost members, Dr. 
Gibbons, Messrs. Webb, Newsom, Peck, 
Loeb, McClenahan and Levis, some of 
them active committeemen, in answering 
their country’s call, made their absence 
felt. But, on the other hand, we are proud 
of the representation they give the Asso- 
ciation in the country’s service and we can 
thank them for the greater work they per- 
formed. The other activities that fell to 
the part of the civilian also deprived many 
others of the time and opportunity to do 
what they would for the good of the 
Association. 

The monthly meetings, however, con- 
tinued. As much can be said of our monthly 
field trips, all of which were very successful, 
both in the pleasure and instruction af- 
forded and the interesting observations 
recorded. 


It behooves us to be vigilant and ready 
to enlist our services where they may be 
needed, as, for example, against the pur- 
pose to drain the Klamath Lakes, which 
would destroy a valuable reservation and 
bird-preserve. It is an unfortunate circum- 
stance that little sympathy has been won 
from our local press for our work and ob- 
jects. It might even be stated that we 
encounter here an opposition that we have 
to combat, by what means it is hard to 
outline exactly. For example, the almost 
violent attacks on the treaty that protects 
migratory birds, with special reference to 
ducks, are evidently the outgrowth of fal- 
lacious opinions and interested opposition. 
Enlightenment cannot of itself conquer 
this hostility. We may, for the present, 
have to limit our efforts to influencing pub- 
lic sentiment to counteract the effect of 
malicious propaganda. 

Pursuing our plan to study the truth of 
a question and seek the guidance of scien- 
tific experts before taking sides or adopting 
a course of action, at two of our monthly 
meetings we had the question of the alleged 
damage of Ducks to the California rice 
fields expounded by such authorities as 
Messrs. Hunter and Bade, Dr. Bryant and 


The Audubon Societies 


Professor Mackie. The net result is that 
the Duck, as an accused pest to the rice 
farmer, is at most incomparably less such 
than rodents and insects, against which 
birds are the best combatants, though 
scantily acknowledged by the same that 
impeach the Duck. We learned, besides, 
that even the comparatively small damage 
actually done to the rice can easily be 
avoided by the shooting of bombs to 
scare away the Ducks from the fields, 
while a better plan is to sow the seed 
properly, so as to thoroughly cover the 
ground with the growing crop and not 
leave exposed puddles for the birds to 
descend into, where they .may begin the 
damage. 

In line with our juvenile program, we 
have found a fertile field anxiously await- 
ing our cultivation in the Boy Scout organ- 
ization. When announcement of intended 
bird-instruction was made to a theatre full 
of boys, the enthusiastic reception ex- 
pressed by themin their loud and prolonged 
cheers was an imperative demand made 
upon their elders and those that are able 
to satisfy their desire for bird-knowledge. 
Already Mr. Hansen has begun the good 
work, and as Scout Master of a troop, with 

‘the assistance of Dr. Leggett and Mr. 
Thomas, has begun to instruct them. Soon 
they will be taught about bird-houses and 
how to help birds to build their nests, so 
that they may prepare to aid their feath- 
ered chums during the coming housekeep- 
ing season. 

An effort will be made to publish a 
monthly bulletin, reporting our activities 
and containing bird-news, which is to be 
sent to each member. Every member will 
be requested to communicate to the Cor- 
responding Secretary any item of interest 
to the Association, personal observations, 
and suggestions. By such general and 
generous support all can help to develop a 
publication that may be a source of 
pleasure and pride. 

Initial steps have been taken, and the 
coéperation of the Cooper Ornithological 
Club secured, to cause the adoption of 
municipal cat-licensing ordinances. 

The success, growth, and value to each 


137 


member of the Audubon Association de- 
pends upon the interest each takes in its 
welfare.—C. B. LASTRETO, President. 


Utah Audubon Society 


After seven years of inactivity the Utah 
Audubon Society has again marshalled its 
man-power to renew the struggle against 
the waste and despoliation of its bird-life 
Since its inception in 1912, sporadic efforts 
to carry out a definite program have been 
unfruitful; but it is hoped that junior 
organization among the Boy Scouts and 
in the public schools will soon be produc- 
tive of inspiration and awakening interest. 
A meeting held January 2, toro resulted 
in the election of officers for the present 
year as follows: Prof. J. H. Paul of the 
University of Utah, president; Nephi 
Reynolds, vice-president; A. O. Treganza, 
treasurer; Mrs. A. O. Treganza, secretary. 


Buffalo (N. Y.) Audubon Society 


The Audubon Society of Buffalo has just 
completed its tenth year with a paid-up 
membership of 250 members. The newly 
elected officers are: Edward ©. Avery, 
president; Dr. Channing E. Beach, vice- 
president; Mrs. C. M. Wilson, secretary; 
J. M. Overfield, Jr., treasurer; Miss Mary 
Ellis, C. Brooks Hersey, and Miss Caroline 
L. Doll, directors. 

The society has awakened much interest 
in bird-study and bird-protection through 
its lectures and field-trips. It has pub- 
lished and sold 1,000 copies of its annual 
Bird Almanac, this year’s edition of which 
was extremely interesting and instructive. 
—CAROLINE L. DOLL, Retiring Secretary. 


An Interesting Booklet 


The 1o19 edition of the Doylestown 
Nature Club’s booklet is a most attrac- 
tive publication. Printed in green ink 
on white paper it presents a photograph 
and story of its Museum, list of officers, 
constitution and by-laws, program of 
meetings for the year, and list of all the 
Club’s members, 


Bird - Lore 


GULLS 


By JANE BARBARA ALEXANDER 


O gulls, as you circle and swoop and scream, 

What is that force which urges you on? 

The voice of the wind, like the rush of a stream, 
Scent of the sea, or the spray, or the dawn? 

Or is it the sun with his buoyant rays 

That thrills you to madness and whirls you on high 
And tosses you swirling afar o’er the haze, 

"Twixt a wind-swept sea and a sapphire sky? 
Flashes of white ’twixt the sea and the sky, 

You swoop and you circle, 


You vanish and gleam, 


And some of that sadness which throbs in your cry 
Drifts through my soul like the ghost of a dream. 

And my heart’s filled with sadness, and why, oh why? 
As you circle and swoop ’twixt the sea and the sky! 


‘ The Audubon Societies 


139 


ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN 
A Call to the Nature-Lovers of America 


The great spirit of Theodore Roosevelt, 
an inspiration to naturalists, bird-lovers, 
conservationists and sportsmen, today rests 
upon the nation like a mighty benediction. 
Men of the open loved him and the faces 
about his campfire, whether black or yel- 
low, white or copper, bent their gaze upon 
him with that respect and affection which 
men of towering nobility have ever in- 
spired. 5 

He was a scientific collector of birds in 
his youth and in manhood sought the 
fiercest animals of the jungle and brought 
his trophies to museums where the public 
might look upon them and learn. As Presi- 
dent he established the principle of govern- 
ment bird-reservations, and created fifty- 
one of these national wild-life sanctuaries. 
He awoke the nation to the need of saving 
its forests and other natural resources. 

He taught and practiced clean, straight 
sportsmanship with a power that has 
caused thousands of men afield to walk in 
straighter paths. 

He discussed questions understandingly 
with our greatest technical naturalists and 
at the same time was president of the Long 
Island Bird Club that feeds the wild birds 
in winter and teaches little children to 
love them. 

The man or woman who is wedded to 
the open knows these facts and many 
others. It is because of this knowledge and 
of a desire to give some tangible expression 
of esteem in which his memory is held that 
the plan has been formed to erect at some 
appropriate spot a memorial that speaks 
of the wild bird-life in which he was so 
deeply interested. 

The National Association of Audubon 
Societies and affiliated organizations of 
various kinds throughout the United States, 
therefore, call upon the friends of their 
great fallen leader to erect a Roosevelt 
Memorial Fountain. 

The possibilities of such a work of art 
are boundless and in the hands of some 
great American sculptor there can be 
wrought a fountain of such beauty and 


appropriateness that it will become one of 
the landmarks of our country, and ever 
serve as a reminder of the great American 
nature-lover. 

When the first announcement of this 
proposition was made, the committee pur- 
posely withheld any suggestion as to its 
location, with a view of learning the wishes 
of those who contributed to the work. The 
general sentiment seems to be crystallizing 
around the idea that it should be located in 
Washington, D. C., this being the one city 
which belongs to the whole nation. 

It is hoped and confidently expected 
that every Audubon Society, Bird Club, 
Conservation Association, Sportsmen’s 
Club, or other organization interested in 
the conservation of wild life in America 
will feel a responsibility in contributing and 
aiding in securing contributions from 
individuals. 

The entire cost of the clerical work in 
sending out circulars, attending to cor- 
respondence and bookkeeping, as well as 
several thousand dollars to be used in the 
initial expenditures for circulars, postage, 
etc., will be borne by the National Asso- 
ciation of Audubon Societies and its friends, 
with a view of keeping the entire fund in- 
tact to be used exclusively for the Mem- 
orial Fountain. A separate bank account 
has been opened for this fund and the 
interest accruing from the deposit will be 
added to the principal. Thus the Asso- 
ciation is ‘showing its interest in the 
Memorial Fountain, which, it desires to be 
distinctly understood, will be erected by 
the “lovers of wild life in America,” and 
not by the “Audubon Societies.” 

The following committee has been 
formed to aid in the collection of funds 
and in the ultimate selection of a proper 
work of art: 


National Committee on the Roosevelt 
Memorial Fountain 


T. Gilbert Pearson, Chairman, 1974 
Broadway, New York City 
William H. Taft, New Haven, Conn. 


140 


John Burroughs, West Park, New York 
Henry Fairfield Osborn, President New 
York Zodlogical Society, New York 


City 

Gifford Pinchot, 2138 Locust St., Phila- 
delphia 

Senator George P. McLean, Simsbury, 
Conn. 


Ernest- Thompson Seton, Chief Wood- 
craft League of America, New York 
City. 

George Shiras, 3d., Stoneleigh Court, 
Washington, D. C. 

Oscar S. Straus, 5 West 76th St., New 
York City 

William Beebe, New York Zodlogical 
Park, New York City 

Enos A. Mills, Estes Park, Colo. 

John M. Parker, New Orleans, La. 

Mrs. C. Oliver Iselin, Glen Head, Long 
Island, N. Y. 

John Hays Hammond, President Rocky 
Mountain Club, Washington, D. C. 
Gilbert Grosvenor, Editor National Geo- 

graphic Magazine, Washington, D. C. 

John B. Burnham, President American 
Game Protective Association, New 
York City 

George L. Hubbell; President Camp-Fire 
Club of America, Garden City, N. Y. 

Edmund Seymour, President American 
Bison Society, New York City 

Mrs. John D. Sherman, Chairman Dept. 
of Conservation, General Federation of 
Women’s Clubs, Chicago 

Charles Lathrop Pack, President Ameri- 
can Forestry Association, Lakewood, 


ke 

J. F. Atwood, President League of Ohio 
Sportsmen, Columbus, Ohio 

John H. Sage, President American Orni- 
thologists’ Union, Portland, Conn. 

James E. West, Chief Scout Executive, 
Boy Scouts of America, New York 
City 

Dr. Thomas S. Roberts, 2303 Pleasant 
Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 


Bird - Lore 


4 


Clark McAdams, Post Dispatch, St. 
Louis, Mo. 

W. H. Bergtold, Denver, Colo. 

John M. Phillips, Game Commissioner 
of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

William L. Finley, Oregon State Biol- 
ogist, Portland, Ore. 

Edward H. Forbush, State Ornithologist, 
State House, Boston, Mass. 

J. Horace McFarland, President Ameri- 
can Civic Association, Harrisburg, Pa. 


Charles B. Reed, 31 N. State St., 
Chicago. 

Ruthven Deane, 112 W. Adams St., 
Chicago 


William B. Mershon, Saginaw, Mich. 

William Frederic Badé, President Cali- 
fornia Associated Societies for Con- 
servation of Wild Life, Berkeley, Calif. 


The books are now open for subscrip- 
tions, and contributions may be sent to 
Dr. Jonathan Dwight, treasurer, 1974 
Broadway, New York City, or to any 
member of the committee. In addition to 
the usual receipts, subscriptions, unless 
otherwise requested, will be published in 
Brrp-Lore. 

The first notice of the action taken to 
erect a Memorial Fountain for Theodore 
Roosevelt was given out on January 23, 
1919, and the first circular appeals for 
funds were mailed February 7, ro1o9. 

The following contributions were re- 
ceived between February to and March 1, 
1919. They are here listed in the order in 
which they were received, with the excep- 
tion of those who desired that their names 
be withheld, or contributions which came 
in anonymously. These are grouped at 
the end of the list. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN 
February 10 to March 1, 1919 


Paul Keil. 

Eugene Swope 

L. Armitage ... 
Mrs. C. P. Farrell . 
Mrs. L. B. Carew . 
Miss Eva Hawles . . 
Mrs. W. F. Stafford . 
Mrs. L. A. Kinney : 
Miss Jean W. Simpson . 
Carl E. Akeley . . 

R. Clifford Black 

Miss Emma Marburg 
Miss Florence L, Pond . 


A 


AaAndonuUnnnn HUW 
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se 


Robert B. Brandegee . ... . . $1 00 
Miss Clara Lipman Mann . . . . 10 00 
Robert M. Parmelee 3... 02s 10.06 
Wiel  Geissers: 24 eae sag nc OO 
Major ?t. WH. Briggs: eo ee eh 
Henry Heide «oo os Se Ie ee 
Mrs. Py Cu. Jennings) 3 ei.) ea tO 
Miss Winifred Root... 200 i). $60 
Leonard 'S. Hentz: 3 er a 2 20,60 
Miss Frances Haight. . .. ... . 2 00 
CRs MacFadden >. 30.6 yous Oe 
Miss Frances Phelps. .... + . 5 00 


Pheips Phelps. of a Sa eo a OO 


Mrs. Mansfield Merriman 


Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Peters 


Harry Wearne : 5 
Mrs. C. M. Newcombe . 
Miss E. L. Adams . 

Pierre J. Smith . . ; 
Mrs. Ernest G. Vietor . 


Miss M. Louise Sullivan . 
Mrs. M. E. Oppenheimer . 


Mrs. August Lewis . 
Mrs. Andrew L. Shrum 
Mrs. Wm. H. Beebe . 
Jas. M. Motley . 


Mrs. Emily D. S. Berger . 


Chas. A. Wimpfheimer . 
Miss Martha L. Isaac . 
L. F. Woodward 

Peter M. Cohen... . 
Mrs. Clara R. Prescott . 
George L. Fordyce. . 
Mrs. F. L. MacLeod . 
L. F. Webster. 

Mrs. Jos. H. Brazier . 
M. Elizabeth Cottier. 
Mrs. Charles Bailey . 
Ruthven Deane . 


Miss Elizabeth S. Edwards . 


John A. Roebling . . 
Miss Marion Scofield 
Mrs. Philip A. Chase 
Sidney V. Lowell 

A. D. Irwin. . 
Charles Edwin Eaton 
Walter Pierson, Jr. 
Mrs. C. K. Winne. . 
Wm.N. Cohen... 
Miss H. E. Richards . 
Harold Herrick . 

A. W. Parker 


Mrs. Jno. M. Holcombe and friends. 


Miss E. S. Creighton. 
E. W. Farrar . 

S. P. Wetherill 

Louis R. Cheney 
Dudley Olcott .. . 
Charles N. Winship . 
Miss Helen E. Chase 


Mrs. Francis H. Williams. 


Henry Hentz . 

Charles O. Lyon. 
Robert O. Morris . 
Stephen N. Bond . 
Anna R. E. Bond . 
Paul C. Gifford . 

H. I. Judson . : : 
Miss Helen Merriman . 
Bs: PEGE 305 
James F. Hubbell . 

Mrs. J. J. Boericke 
Mrs. C. G. LaFarge . 


Mrs. Martha J. Kimball . 


Martha S. Kimball 
Kate D. Tower . 
Mrs. L. Clark. 

J. E. Durnham . 


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Francis J. Kellogg . 
Mrs. O. Nowland . 
Mrs. J. W. Elliot . 
Lo; Horton. 2. 
Robert L. Spencer . 
Sara Morrison 


Mrs. Wm. L. Kingsley ; 


Lucy B. Dane. 

R. E. Vom Saal . 
John B. Minor 
Myrtis Page . 
Holker Abbott 

C. W. Chamberlain 
Mrs. Geo. C. Perkins 
Mrs. M. L. Williston. 
Charles E. Graham 


‘ Mrs. Wm. Hamilton . 


Miss E. Annie Upham . 


Dr. P. J. Oettinger 
Mrs. L. P. Feustman 


Miss Caroline F. Barr 


. Mrs. L. S. Richards. 


A. H. Emery . 
C.E.-Young™ 
Miss Clara Collord 


Mrs. M. G. Higginson 


Miss M. E. Maund 
Mrs. John Taylor . 
Charles H. Stearns 

J. Amory Haskell . 
Frederic S. Boutnell . 
Miss M. F. Kimball . 
Mrs. Jane B. Jones 
Owen Roberts. 

Miss T. Bulkley. 
Wd EROVOS 3 
William Mitchell 
Mrs. A. J. Flandrau . 
“A Friend” . : : 
Wm. Haueisen 

Boyd B. Jones 


Mr. and Mrs. Chas. H. 


“Two Bird-Lovers” . 
Miss M. F. Day. . . 
Miss S. D. Grinstead 
Mrs. F. M. Sackett 
Carl Brandt . 
Wn. E. Iselin. 

Mrs. C. J. Steedman. 
George E. Dimock. 
George W. Banks . . 
Mrs. H. A. Bierworth 
TEA: Pale oes 
Clarence H. Eagle . 
Mrs. N. D. Holbrook 
Mrs. H. P. Hodson 
Jas. F. MacEnroe . 
Annie K. Blanchard . 


TDS Pelle a os, 
Miss Annie W. Cobb. 
F. R. Masters. 
Clarence D. Turney . 


La Wall . 


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Miss L. Gerstenberger . 
Mrs. Walter P. Warren 
Dr. W. A. donee) 

M. P. Rich . 

A. Bidwell . REL 
Miss M. L. Sturtevant . 
James L. Higgins . 
Hattie B. Robinson . 
Miss Jane I. Anderson . 
Mrs. C. B. Ellinwood 
Mrs. M. H. Knapp 

S. W. Childs . 

Charles D. Haines . 
Edward S. Robinson . 
Clara Roberts. 

Nathan C. Brown . 
Wallace S. Draper. : 
Elizabeth G. Houghton 
Mrs. A. G. Fuller . 

W. M. Brown. Me 
Mrs. C. M. Kepner . 
Mrs. Denning Duer . 
Gifford Ewing. 

Henry L. deRham . 
Mrs. C. B. Curtis . 
Frank Bond ; 
Miss Alice Cushman . 
Geo. C. Shattuck . 

H. Ellerton Lodge . 
Mrs. J. A. Brown . 

O. Frederic Dabney . 
Emily E. Hildreth. . 
Miss Mary Findlay 
Mrs. Corydon Wheat . . 
Mrs. Arthur D. Baldwin . 
Louise H. Fletcher 
Josie K. Barnes . : 
Mrs. M. W. Dominick . 
Lee S. Crandall . 

W. F. Newberry. . 
Miss Ella S. Coe 

A. E. Steinbring. 

Mrs. H. M. Barber 
Mrs: S. E. Gage... 

Mr. and Mrs. Walter i Kimball 
Mrs. E. W. Harral. 
John K. Burgess 

Pe P. Claxton’ = « 

R. Sayre & Co. 

Nels A. Tuveson .. 
Mrs. W. S. Warfield, Jr. 
Mrs. Emma Hayward 
Mrs. I. M. Lehmr . 
Frank C. Evans. . 
Charles I. Ranson . 
Merrill E. Smith 

R. A. Beitz . 

Lee A. Lyman . 
Caroline M. Hamed. .. . 
Miss Mary O’H. Darlington 
Geo. W. Morris . . : 
Jas. He Barr fen 
Miss Lucia R. Crabbe ; 
Mrs. N. B. Updegraff 
Mary S. Avery . : 


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= 


Mrs. J. F. Fowler . 
Miss Margaret Fowler . 
J. F. Fowler, Jr.. : 
Mrs. Jas. W. Ripley . 


Beatrice and Humason Steinmetz “ 


Mrs. T. Dudley. . 

Miss E. F. Williams . 

C. O. Rhodes . 

Miss Anna Morris . 
George Vonnegut . 
Mary S. Struthers . 

Mrs. Wilton Lockwood. 
Franklin S. Billings . 
Mrs. R. S. Hulbert 

Miss M. G. Folsom 

Mrs. Arthur S. Johnson 
E. B. Culbertson 

Mrs. Jos. Cook . 

Charles H. Strong . 
Mrs. Herbert E. Miles . 
J. M. Bates. J 
John E.Semmes . : 
J. Arthur Bullard, M.D.. 
W.H. Sprunt . ; 
Mrs. Jeffrey Davis. 

Mrs. H. R. Hamilton 
Wm. F. Lisk . 

Miss Baker . 

Miss Bugbee . : 
Miss E. A. Corning . 
Mrs. C. Hoening . . 
Mrs. Francis T. Redwood 
S$. Ps TWillets.:. 

Elbert H. Carroll . 
Henry F. Osborn J 
Robert W. Williams . 
Mrs. Clark E. Clark . 
Wm. L. G. Edson . 

Mrs. E. Payson Hammond . 
Fred A. Geier . ; 
Frank J. Lanahan . 

Mrs, J; Beer 2° : 
Miss Sophia Curtiss . 
Felix Fuld . . 

Mrs. Elizabeth C. Marmon . 
Andrew Roberts. 

Wm. Schattgen . 
“Columbia” ; 

Thos. Whitney .. . 
Mrs. G. A. Lochman. 

H. W. Abraham. 

Mrs. F. W. Paine. . . 
Miss Harriet E. Wallan 
Mrs. W. G. Hubbard 
George R. Goodwin . 

S. V. LaDow . 

Miss Mary E. Converse 
Miss E. L. Suyden. 

Mrs. F. F. Buermeyer . 
Dudley B. Fay . . 

Mrs. Ansel O. Cole 
Willard L. Metcalf 

Mrs. Chas. Douglas . . 
Mrs. Goddard DuBois . 
Mrs. Henry R. Rea . 


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The Audubon Societies 


Miss Sarah E. Wierman 
B. Schultz . 

E. W. Nelson . 
Atkinson Allen . . 
Mrs. H. C. Hasbrouck . 
Miss Matilda Jacobs. 

D. L. Browne. . 

toMy tate; [r,s 5 
Mrs. S. C. Mastick 
Henry R. Scully. 
Walton Ricketson . 
Edwin L. Brown, Jr.. . 
Miss E. Mildred Smith. 
Mrs. Bryan Lathrop . 
J. C. C. Waldeck 

Mrs. G. S. Achilles 
Dudley W. Smith . 

Miss Mildred Evans.. 
Miss Alice O. Hastings . 
Mrs. Mary G. Hastings 
Mrs. Charles M. Loring 
Mrs. Leonard S. Smith. 
Mrs. E. H. Godeffroy 
Walter R. Kirk. . 
Mrs. M. C. B. Chase 
TIN Wadi os 
Alfred M. Collins . 

J. R. Coolidge. 

H. W. Little 

Miss Carrie Benninghofen 
M. Westoner . ene 
Wo -beomithe 20 oss, 
Mrs. G. A. Archer. . 
Miss Anna F. Sherwin . 
Francis D. Smith . 
George A. Veeder . 
Miss Anna M. Clark. 
Mrs. G. G. Whitney . 

H. G. Morse . . 

Miss Alice W. Wilcox 
Miss Adeline E. a. 
Bane B. Latt 
Miss Mary T. Jackson . 
Thomas Goodwillie 

The Messrs. Verrill 

““A Friend’. . 

Miss Cornelia L. ‘Lovell 
Miss J. R. Foster . 

O. E. Hawk Pe nA 
Miss Harriet Pairce . 
Mrs. Lucia W. Shead 
Miss Frances D. Trafton . 
Manton Copeland . 
Mrs. B. R. Green . : 
Mrs. D. B. Thompson . 
Elisa W. Redfield . 

Mis, W.5; Halls... 
Miss Elizabeth B. Davenport. 
Edward D. Keith... 
Miss Mary C. Page : 
Dr. V. H. Jackson . : 
Miss Emma A. Lawrence. 
Simon Weiller. 


Misses Theresa F. and M Maude eH. 


Littlefield 


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Wm. S. Welles .. 
Mrs. Charles H. Collins 
John B. Beebe Ake 
Gibson T. Williams 
William Douglas 


' Gilbert V. Lamb 


Mrs. H. A. Ainsworth . 
W. 4H. Sudduth . 

Alfred S. Walker 

Arthur Hopkins . 
Frederick K. Rupprecht : 
Mrs. F. C. Butler . : 
N. T. Pulsifer. 

Abraham Shimon . . 
Misses M. R. and Florence Audubon. 
C.F Morse... j 
Miss Liske Stillman . 

Mrs. Lee McBride. 


. Miss M. C. Jermain . 


Mrs. J. I. Raymond . 

John: Gath". :.* 

Mrs. Chas. S. Edgar . 
Gustace H. Schiff . 

R. D. Garden. . 

Mrs. A. Howard Hinkle 
Mrs. Sophia Heron . . 
Dr. and Mrs. Earl S. Sloan : 
Mrs. J. G. Chandler . 

Wm. Tappenbeck . 

Fred N. Willson. 

Lieut. James L. Peters . 
Charles Strauss . 

Miss Esther Heacock 

Miss H. Lang . 

R. E. Ward. ; 
Mrs. Annie T. Slosson : 
Miss M. L. Hyde . . i 
Mrs. H. R. and J. A. Wilson . 
Samuel Lee . TaN ‘ 
Mrs. John D. Parsons, jr. : 
Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Hatch . 
Wm. W. Weitting . : 
Augusta B. Greene 

Mrs. J. Breuchaud. . 

Miss Emma Seymour 

Mrs. Chas. H. Turner . 
W.N. Yeaton. . . 

Harry Stephen Ladd . 

Miss Mary Turner. 

A. P. Sherrill . 

Alexander Backus . 

Thomas Akin . ; 

Miss Carrie E. Day .. . 
Miss Elizabeth Worcester 
H. T;. Rutter . : 


‘Mrs. Henry M. Warren 


C. S. Broadhead. 
Miss M. A. Conner 
Nathaniel A. Francis. 
Walker Hill. ; 
Mrs. Henry A. Miles. 
Wm. C. Rives. 
Gorham Brooks . 
Mrs. Bruce Ford : 
J. Rappe Myers, Jr. . 


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Walter E. Hatch 

Miss Harriet E. Freeman. 
Mrs. G. H. Gold . . 
Mrs. Wm. Church Osborn 
Miss Mary A. Ayres . 
Miss L. E. Catlin . 
Andrew D. Meloy : 
Mrs. Myra R. Enostean 
Mrs. James Hartness 

G. Frederick Schwarz 
John R. Sse 


Col. and Mrs. F ae Brown. . 
Miss Harriet L. Hemenway. : 


Chas. J. Davol . 
Henry Zuckerman . 
Anglo-American Society 
Harold V. W. Halsey 
Robert Forsyth . : 
Julius Kayser. . . 
Robert Van Iderstine 
David White . PS 
Mrs. Wm. T. Brooks. 
Henry W. Gillett . 
Miss Matilda Miller . 


Miss Gertrude Mendenhall 


Edwin Willard sige ss 
FF S;-Chase: si; See 
James H. S. Bates . 

Miss Marjorie Snell . 
Miss Annie E. Munroe . 
Mrs. Henry Rottschaefer . 
Miss M. A. Bellinger. 
Mrs. Kate F. Coe . 
George T. Adee . 

Alex. Cristadoro. : 
Mrs. H. M. Goodwin 

L. C. Jones, M.D. 

hes Ree, Vit renga rae 

Mrs. Mary H. Loines 

C. W. Allen. ; 
Sanford Ritchie . 

Miss Lydia Barnstein 
Miss Florence E. Tower . 
Mrs. Louis A. Lehmaier . 
Caspar Whitney. 

A. N. Whitson . . 
Walter J. Hewlett . 
Frank Bruen . 

J. W. Franzen 


Miss Elizabeth Putnam Moore 


Mrs. J. H. Martin . 
Miss Helen D. Wise . 
Arthur W. Snyder . 
Frank L. Dunbar . . 
Miss Lucilla Dunbar. . 
Mrs. Julia D. Carlisle . 
Charles I. Long . 


Miss Emma G. Cummings 


Benjamin F. Bemis . . 
Mrs. Martha M. Johns. 
Mrs. Moses H. Cone. 
Mrs. Hobart Ames 
ByoPe Balle. eee 
Mrs. H. M. Paul . 
Miss Marie Gibert. 


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Lele) 


Mrs. Frederick: H. Alms 
Miss Kate E. Coney . 
Mrs. Emma Oldberg. . 
Olga Oldberg Smallwood . 
Mrs. J. M. Danner 

Miss Julia W. Coles . 
Fred R. Fairchild . 

P. M. Chandler . 
James B. Purdy. . 
Harry P. Lovett. 

Mrs. S. Neustadt . g 
Mrs. Caroline A. Creevy . 
Mrs. Frank E. Lowe . 
Mrs. H. G. Hamlin 
“Pennsylvanian” 

Mrs. Burkes Brown . 
Mrs. J. Rossbach . 

J. M. Wilzin . 


. C. M. Clark 


Miss Julia R. Brewington 
A. F. Troescher ... 

G. R. Livingston, Jr.. 
Scituate Woman’s Club 
Lyman Underwood . . ‘ 
Mr. and Mrs. B. G. Willard 
Mrs. Wallis Craig Smith . 
Miss Marie L. C. Winslow . 
Wm. J. Riker . ; ; 
Miss Katherine Pomeroy . 
Edw. E. Armstrong . 

Miss Eleanor B. Jilson . 
Mrs. Chauncy Keep . 
George Roberts, Jr. : 
Mrs. Edward Holbrook 
Miss Amy C. Duryee 

Dr. A. A. Brill ; 
Nathaniel A. Elsberg 

Mrs. Ernest Knaebel. 
William C. Ferguson. 

Mrs, Frank A. Day . 
Robert M. Catts 

Edmund Seymour . 

Robert R. Comly . 

Leland G. Banning 

J. T. Daniel 

James Shewan A 

Frank H. Tichenor 

John C. Crosby . 

F. C. Willard . 

Lyman Ward . 

DroL. Dennis. *.~: 

Miss Mary F. Bartlett . 

Miss Emilie L. Hansen. 
Miss Elizabeth J. Hofer 
Arthur A. Carey 

Mrs. T. A. Beall 

Miss Ora D. Sweet 


Mr. and Mrs. George I. Rockwood 


Elizabeth Stevens . 

W. P. Wadsworth . 

N. C. Wyckoff oer 
Mrs. M. Reichenberger. 
Miss Elizabeth C. Noyes . 
Maurice G. Brooks d 
Charles F. T. Seaverns. 


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William Phillips, Jr. 

H. Roger Hegerman . 
Mrs. Walter L. Preston 
Clarence E. Chapman . 
Arthur C. Badges . 
TS--Palmer: «. 

F. O. Pilsbury 


Mrs. J. Bertram Lippincott 


Roy Latham . . 

Frank E. Ballou. 

Mrs. C. E. Grammer. . 
Kate P. and E. Vietor . 
Mrs. Geo. A. Plimpton. 
Mrs. Alfred Windsor. : 
Mrs. R. Hall McCormick. 
Alvin R. Cahn : 
Hugh A. Bain. . . ent 
Mrs. Clayton M. Brown . 
Mrs. F. L. Pratt 

H. W. Gibbons . 
David J. Hill. . . ; 
Dr. Geo. E. Blackham . 
Jesse C. Adkins . 

Miss Jennie P. Dow . 
Chas. D. Booth . 

Thomas K. Marshall. 
Chas. S. Weiser . 

G. B. Dorr . 

Carl J. Lomen . . 

Dr. Geo. W. Field . 

John A. Cousens 

F. T. Ducharme. 

Russell J. Coles . 

E. J. Taylor 

JHO PES Sage. ge, 

Miss J. K. Fraser . 

Miss Adeline Willis 

Mrs. Abby B. Jones. . 
Mirs:-l. B.Clarke, Jr: = 
Mrs. John Lawrence . 

We Datracy =: ; 

Miss C. S. Playter. 

Mrs. F. W. Morris. 
Edwin G. Baetjer . 

Wm. P. Wharton . 


George M. Burroughs, M.D. 


Miss Helen A. Hartwell 
Meriden Bird Club 
Howard Eaton 

Francis A. Foster . 

Mrs. H. W. Dresser . 
Wineh. Bares. 

Mrs. Henry C. Watt. 
Wm. E. Curtis 

A. N. Lewis .. 

Miss Annie S. Bissell. 
Mrs. J. B. Ames. 

One Hay 2. : 
Miss Aletta R. Runyon : 
Mrs. H. R. Butler . 

Mrs. R. A. Newman . 

J. Merton Swain . . 
Wm. B. Ginson, M.D. 
Mrs. Caroline Gibson 
Miss Margaret B. Gibson. 


The Audubon Societies 


. $10 


on 
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Wm. Gordon Gibson. 
Clarence M. Arnold . 
Henry N. Woolman, Jr. 
Dr. L. M. Thompson 
Mrs. Pierre Lorillard. 
Mrs. Charlotte B. Kip . 
Malcolm S. Mackay . 
Richard Wayne . 

Anna B. Duryee. en 
Doylestown Nature Club . 
Merritt:J. Corbett... = 
Mrs. Martha C. Clark . 
Mrs. M.'C. oe 

S. A. Tabnall . 

H. C. Bumpus 

1a gts Oh cee ata 

Dr. Chas. A. Elsberg. 
Anthony W. Robinson . 
John D. Sherman, Jr. 
Mrs. John A. Holmes 
Wm. Mitchell 


Massillon Burroughs - Nature Club . 


Mrs. Farnham Yardley. 
James W. Stuber 

Hob Orman. 2 
Miss Phyllis C. Swain . 
Mrs. Chas. G. Bates . 
Mrs. D. L. Pickman . 
Miss Alice P. Tapley 


W. H. Quinby (In Memoriam) 


Miss Jane Tuttle 
Horatio Walker. . . 
Mrs. C. Boughton Wood . 
Carl Merz . : 

R. King Kauffman, Jr. . ‘ 
Wilfred H. Osgood. ‘ 
Mrs. Norman G. Buxton . 
Edmund Penfold 

W. J. Hunsaker . 
Clark Ly King. =? 
Mrs. Wm. H. Bradford. 
Mrs. Wm. J. Rotch . . 
Miss Alice M. Bullard . 
E. L: Dean «. ; ; 
Miss S. J. Day . 

Mrs. Emma re Vinal 
Edward J. Ill . ate 
Mrs. Henry S. Graves . 
HL. Brauner:-: ‘ 
William H. Hill. . 
Miss Ruth Patrick. 
“Friends” . 

Mrs. Wm. H. Bliss 
Wm. N. Perry 


Miss Elizabeth B. Bigelow 


Edward Marsh . ; 
Harry S. Hathaway . 
Charles M. Chapin 


Dr. and Mrs. L. H. Taylor 


Miss Harriet L. Lagowitz. 
Tertius van Dyke. . 
Mrs. H. A. Brayton . 
Theodore Spencer . 

Mrs. George Chahoon, Jr. 


Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Merrill 


HoH 


25 


146 


Mrs. James Moses. 

W.B. Mershon. . . 
Mrs. Adam Leroy. Jones ; 
Mrs. P. Whitney 
Rev. Francis Bonforti . 
Miss Orpha App 

JE. Roth: 

Mrs. E. T. Newell. 

S..W. Sturgis <7 

Geo. L. Hubbell. 

John Borden . : 

Mrs. Edwin A. Quier 
Mrs. Gladys Gordon Fry . 
Miss Ethel L. Goff . . 
Wm. G. L. Betsch . 

E. A. MclIlhenny . . 
Miss Isabel Howland 
Dryden W. Phelps. 

Geo. Van Buskirk. . . 
Dr. and Mrs. B. J. Baldwin. 
Warner Taylor . é 
H. F. Wendell : 

Miss Lottie D. Berry 

E. A. Doolittle . ; 
Mrs. A. Sumner Rose . 
AS ec Aen ce 
Dr. Charles W. Waidner . 
Mrs. Joseph E. a 
Walter Deane. . . 

Dr. W. W. Arnold . 

Henry Beneke 

Miss Lottie B. Gregory 
Prof. E. H. Eaton . 
James B. Peter . 

Miss Imogene T. Fisher 
R. P. Bowler. . ; 

Mrs. Fred Willenbroch . : 
Ridgewood Audubon et 
Henry Lang . : 
Miss Edna N. Hafer . 

‘A Bird: Lover’: 2° 
Miss Emily Lehman . 
Brookline Bird Club . 
Elles W. Kreikhaus . . 
Miss Amy C. Kenyon . 
Harry N. Baetjer . .*. 
Miss Mary S. Lawrence 
Mrs. A. D. Pease . 
Cow. Trainer. -.. : 
John Daintry Fitzburgh 
Miss Agnes A. Acton 
Mrs. Louisa T. Lyle . 
Walter Scott . 

M.D. Follin . } 

Miss Eliza J. Hogeman. 


Lieut. Commander G. M. “Adee ; 


Mrs. Seth M. iran 
7. My Rech esi 
Mrs. L. P. Bayne . 
Rev. Charles Wood 
Mrs. M. E. Judd 
Ra Comin: 
S.S. Spaulding . ; 
Florence D. Merrick . 
M. D. Hart. 


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Bird - Lore 


. $x 
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Nickerson Rogers . 

C; M2 Carter. 7”: 

Mrs. John H. Hall. 

Fred Whitaker 

L. A. Schreiner . . 
Mrs. Edw. W. Hutchins : 
Thos. F. Welch . : y 
Herman Grimes . 


“FE. B. Janney.-. 


Miss E. S. Lauder . 
Mrs. John Firth. 

Mrs. E. K. Warren . . . 
Miss L. Elizabeth Clark . 
J. Li. Biddlecom 3.42% 
Miss Ellen P. Rice. . 
Franklin Farrell, 3d. . 
J. Walcott Thompson 
Mrs. Joseph Davol 
George Ade. . : 
Mrs. Alice H. Calkins . 
Charles A. Graves . 
Mrs. W. Goddard . 

A. Raymond Raff, Jr. 
Douglas F. Cox . 
Clarence Blakeslee. 
Hugh L. Thompson . 
Edmund C. Bates . 
Mrs. A. G. Scherer 

J. P. Poland ce 
Albert Vander Veer . 
Richard A. Strong. . 
Miss Mary P. Allen . 
Miss Gertrude Allen . 
Jacob C. Allen 

Edward Dizabean . . 
Miss A. D. Hopkins . 
H. D. Bartholomew . 
W. Harry Brown 

J. H. Trumbull . 
George B. Morley. . 
Mrs. John Anderson . 
Miss M. W. Brooks . 


Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Strong 


Mrs. W. K. oe 
BOOB. Howd 2:4: 

W. T. Hornaday , 
Mrs. Mona Worden . 
Chas. W. Welch. 

Mrs. Geo. O. March . 
Mrs. A. Roche ; 
Miss Anna K. Barry. . . 
Audubon Society of Ohio . 
Miss Caroline W. Babson. 
Miss Mary Winslow Allen 
Samuel E. roms 3d. . 

A. Beller... 
Geo. L. Williams 

Miss E. B. Scripps. : 
Mrs. Arthur Hunnewell 
W. C. Bradbury. . .. 
Mrs. A. M. Fletcher . 

Geo. F. German. . . 
Mrs. William H. Laird . 
Chas; 2 Wilt jos: j 
Harvey F. Williamson, Jr. 


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Miss Bessie Dennis 
G. Willett a 
Mrs. Mackenzie Gordon ; 
Mrs. Bertha Coope 
V: Danford :...-: oe 
Mrs. C. Klingenstein. 
Mrs. Harriet W. Myers 
Mrs. F. M. Fauvre i 
Miss Minnie M. Benedict 
Miss Mavis A. Benedict . 
Lorenzo Benedict . : 
Miss Ellen J. Windsor . 
Sab John K. Whiting . 

r. W. G. M. shies 
= P. Gavit. ; 
R. T. Kellogg . ; 
Mrs. W. A. Bonnie 
Fred D. Williams . 
Owen Wister .. . 
Mrs. Ida L. Logue. 
Howland Russell 
Thos. S. Roberts 
Wm. M. Sprinkle . 
Wm. Otto Emerson . 
Miss Elizabeth Remsen 
Mrs. Katharine G. Gere . 
Mrs. Galleraith Miller, Jr. 
A. H. B. Jordan. 


Lieut. Commander Stuart Davis 


Miss Anne E. Hartwell. 
Miss Nina A. Children . 


Mrs. A. Van Cortlandt, Je : 


Dr. Melville Black. 

K. L. Mather . : 
Miss Emma C. Jones 
Miss M. A. Montgomery . 
William R. Williams . 
A. F. Leonhard . 

G. P. Waldorf. . 

L. A. Bauer. . 

Pearl Wight 

Morris Burt, Jr... 
Miss Florence M. Burnett 
Miss Sara Wadsworth . 
Chas. A. Bigelow 

Mrs. W. W. Bond . 
Miss Mary T. Rogers 
Fob. Williams... 5 
Mrs. C. J. Shepherd . 
H. Partridge . ss 
S. R. Glassford . : 
Miss Helen R. Clapp. 
Mrs. Ferdinand Weiler . 
Miss Annie A. James 
Miss M. E. Drake. . 
Mrs. F. B. Spalter. 
Mrs. H. A. McIver 
Mrs. A. Hornby. : 
Mrs. Thomas Morrison. 
Richard B. Watrous . 
Miss Catherine Allen 
Mrs. G. W. Cady . 
Outram Bangs . . : 
Frederick M. Hodgdon. 
Mrs. Robert Fargo 


The Audubon Societies 


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147 
“A. Maclay Pentz . $10 00 
Miss Margaret Kudlich : tag axel 
Robert, George and Alfred Sawyer 22 E08 
Mrs. Elizabeth K. Folsom 2 00 
Arthur A. Osborne. ; : 2 00 
Dr. and Mrs. L. J. Lautenbach . . 10 00 
Sussex County Nature piped Club. 2 00 
Charles Nettleton . 5 00 
L. W. Dommerich . . IO 00 
Willard Pope . ; 5 00 
Mrs. J. Lou Harriman . 5 00 
Mrs. E. O. Marshall . I 00 
Mrs. T. W. Hall, Jr. . I 00 
H.S. Townsend: . I 00 
Mrs. D. L. Schwartz. 5 00 
William A. Warner 5 00 
Mrs. M. C. Scudder . 5 00 
Frederick L. Emery . . 25 00 
Miss Anna M. Schutz . I 00 
P.:Van Wyck . ; I 00 
Read, Mark and Learn Club . 2 30 
H. D. Brewster . : 2 50 
Edward C. Gude 2 50 
James Brite. : 10 00 
Mrs. James Brite . IO 00 
Mrs... A.M. Crane... IO oC 
Burroughs Junior Audubon Society 2 50 
Mrs. Townsend Jones SG 2 00 
Wm. L. Bailey . ‘ 5 00 
Mrs. M. W. O’Brien . Io 00 


Miss Julia Twining : 
J. Howard Cowperthwait. 
Austin K. Chadwick . 
Mrs. N. A. Eddy. . . 
Mrs. Ada C. Walker . 

E. B. Renwick 

W. H. Schroder . 

Noel Morris : ; 
Miss Vernette R. Mowry ; 
Herbert Vanderhoof . 

Mrs. Willis D. Wood. 

S. R. Dunbar . 

Lee S. Bernheim : : 
Miss Grace M. Bernheim. 
Mrs. Geo. Gordon Battle . 
Mrs. Lillis S. Rogers . 

W. E. Saunders . 

AS. Peters: 2: 
Frederick M. Dille. 

Miss Emily M. Banks . 
Joseph Ward, Jr. . 

Miss C. W. Biddle. 
Richard S. Rosenfels. 
Hugh K. Milliken . 

DP. fohnston: 25. 
Mrs. G. S. Selfridge . 
Miss Jenette Robertson 
Wm. W. Fair . : 
Miss M. Young. . : 
Miss Wilhelmina H. duPont 
Ae MoM, Crane: . eos 
Miss Mary C. Walker . 
Miss Elizabeth Peters . 
N. B. Lidgewood : 
Mrs. Emma M. Clement . 


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148 
A. A. Sprague. $10 00 


A: Cy Banlett 222 ot ae tO 
Dr. J. E: H. Kelso. Ho 
Frederick W. Renz 
Eliot D. Moore . ; 
Mrs. A. O. Treganza. 


Museum of Comparative Oology (ole) 
T. E. Douglas. fofe) 
G. O. Smith Cole) 


G. Clyde Fisher. . . 

Mrs. G. Clyde Fisher 

Mrs. Rosa B. Roth 

Arthur Harris. 

W.H.Fobes . . . 

Harold G. Cook. . . 

Mrs. W. H. Williams 

Theo. F. Thieme 

Miss Mary King 

Wm. E. Reed. . 

William Shaffner 

Miss Anna Fournace. 

Miss Sarah D. Gardiner 

Mrs. George Church . 

Louis L. Curtiss. : 

Mrs. John F. Russell. ie 

Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Owen . 

Girl Scouts of Buffalo 

Miss Mary Brickenstein . 

Miss Lucy Brickenstein 2 

Audubon Society of the District of 
Columbia. i 

Woman’s Club of Sarasota : 

Thos. W. Kussmaul . 

Mrs. Edwin Barrows. j 

Mrs. Carroll J. Post, Jr. 

James F. Parker. . . 

Mrs. Willard B. Walker 

Miss Anna Smith . : 

Miss Margaret Burgi 

Thos. C. Wilson. 

Rasmus Hanson. 

Benton Hanchett . 

Mrs. Mary R. Stanley . 

Miss H. B. Audubon. 

Mrs. F. J. Sarmiento. 

PoE Smiths, : 

Mrs. W. H. Shearman : 

Dr. Chas. T. Vorhies. 

‘Total Anonymous: .9 3.0 2 ss 23260 

Names Withheld) 2° 23. 222) = 568 So 


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Reporting Violations 


Members of the Association and others 
can help in the cause of bird-protection by 
reporting to this office any violations of 
the bird and game protective laws that 
come to their attention. Some members 
have been doing this for years, and when 
the evidence presented is of such a char- 
acter that it would seem a game warden 
would be able, upon further investigation, 


Bird - Lore 


to bring a successful prosecution, these cases 
are immediately reported to the game com- 
mission of the state in which the offenses 
occur. State game officials are usually 
prompt in giving attention to matters of 
this character reported by the Association. 

The following letter from Game Pro- 
tector Thomas H. Allen, of the State of 
New York, addressed to Inspector Claude 
Hanlon, is only one of numerous investi- 
gations which have been brought about 
through reports made by members of the 
Association. 

Mr. Allen reported: 


“T beg to report to you in regard to the 
complaint received from Westbury, Long 
Island, as to the boys killing birds with 
rifles, and to say that immediately upon 
receipt of the complaint from the New 
York office, I went to Westbury on Sat- 
urday, December 28, 1918, and patrolled 
the village. I found one boy with an air- 
gun and took him home to his mother. 
Took the gun from him. His mother stated 
that she would not let him have the gun 
again. I then went to see Mr. He 
stated that the boys were shooting birds. 
I went to see Constable Conner and he 
told me that he would stop all boys shoot- 
ing air-guns in the village of Westbury. 
After that I went to see the principal of the 
school, but he was out of town during the 
Christmas holidays. I will reach him by 
letter and ask him to place this matter 
before his boys and bring to their atten- 
tion the seriousness of destroying birds of 
any kind.” 


Let Bird-Lovers Be Watchful 


Now that the world war is over, the 
United States is faced with the tremendous 
task of helping feed the famished countries 
of Europe in addition to maintaining its 
own domestic food supply. 

The wild birds constitute our greatest 
natural guardians of the growing crops, 
many of them daily eating their own 
weight in insects. Never before has the 
need for conserving our wild bird-life 
been so tremendously vital as at this 
time. It is, therefore, highly important 
that everyone should be greatly interested 
in bird-protection, and no opportunity 
should be lost to encourage the birds to 
come about the home, and to see that they 
are protected from all destructive agencies. 


No. 1. Japanese Barberry. The birds feed on 
the berries in the spring. 

No. 2. Japanese Dogwood. Flowers as con- 
spicuous as our native dogwood. 

No. 3. Arrowwood. Sure to be on the bird’s 
fall bill of fare. 

No. 4. Chinese Christmas Berry. As spark- 
ling as the eyes of the birds they attract. 


50 plants (our assortment), 1% feet high, $10; 


~ THE BIRDS 
LOVE BERRIES 


When you first look out of the 
window early in the morning you 
will see the birds getting their 
breakfast from the berry-bearing 
shrubs. These same shrubs will 
also provide lunch and dinner, in 
fact will yield a perpetual feast. 

It is a simple matter for you 
to surround your garden with 
berry-bearing shrubs, or plant a 
copse in some quiet corner. All 
of these shrubs are distinctly 
ornamental the year round, and 
can be used in place of ordinary 
shrubs that have no attraction 
after the flowers have faded. 

No. 5. Japanese Silver Thorn. The birds and 
the children are both fond of the berries. 

No. 6. High Bush Cranberry. Exceedingly 
showy all winter. 

No. 7. Black Alder. The birds can see this a 
good ways off. 

No. 8. Bush Honeysuckle. 
feast on them in August. 


100 plants $19 


Watch the birds 


The above prices are for Bird-Lore readers only 


“FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS.” Another Hicks Monograph for all who love the usual 


and are interested in the unusual flowering shrubs and trees. 


HICKS NURSERIES 


Sent free on request 


Westbury, New York 


1. BLUE JAY 2. STELLER’'S JAY 
3. GREEN JAY 
(About one-third natural size) 


Sird- Lore 


A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 


Vol. XXI May—Jung, 1919 =. No, 3 


The Warblers of Central New York* 


By A. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University 
With Photographs by the Author 


HERE are thirty-nine species of 
Warblers that breed in eastern 
North America. Of course, one 
could not expect to find all that number 
nesting in one place for some are charac- 
teristic of the south and others of the 
north. The largest number are found in 
the intermediate regions, and are about 
equally divided between the Canadian 
and Transition life-zones. Here, in cen- 
tral New York, we are located in the 
Transition Zone, but a few of the typi- 
cally Austral Warblers work their way 
this far north and a number of Cana- 
dian species remain this far south on 
the tops of the higher hills and in the 
deeper ravines. Within the Cayuga 
Lake basin we have found the nests of 
twenty-two species, though in the case 
of one of these, the Prothonotary, the 
nest was built entirely by the male bird 
and never occupied, since no female ever 
appeared. ee 
The commonest vand most typical 
species, in the order of their abundance, 
are the Yellow, Redstart, Northern 
WOOL- GATHERING Yellow -throat, Ovenbird, Chestnut- 
Ey og AL soda ve ‘and sided, Black and White, and Black- 
Northern Yellow-throat. Here is a Yellow 
‘Warbler gathering nesting material. * Concluded from Brrp-Lore for April, toro. 


150 Bird - Lore 


throated Green Warblers. The Louisiana Water-Thrush, which is typically 
an Austral bird, is found in every ravine and is perhaps more abundant than 
the Black-throated Green or the Bla~k and White. It seems strange to find 
this Austral bird nesting in the same ravines with Blackburnian, Canadian, 


THE ORIGINAL CAFETERIA 
The Louisiana Water-Thrush is typically an Upper Austral bird, but finds suitable conditions 
of humidity in all the ravines 


and Magnolia Warblers, Winter Wrens, and Juncos. Temperature alone will 
hardly explain all the problems of distribution. 

The other Austral Warblers are the Hooded and Cerulean, which are 
firmly established in the swampy woods at the north end of Cayuga Lake. 
Their huriber in these woods during the summer is so out of proportion to 
the number séen on the migration at the south end of the lake that it seems 
probable that'they come in from the west or even from the Austral territory 
that lies to the’north, along Lake Ontario. With them are associated a num- 
ber of Golden-winged Warblers, a species never recorded at the south end of 
Cayuga Lake, but which regularly migrates up the Seneca Lake basin, 20 miles 
west. This is a strangely restricted migration route for a bird of such wide- 
spread distribution. 

“The Pine and the Nofthern Parula Warblers, which are typical of the 
‘{¥ansition Zone, are uncommon nesters with us for perhaps another reason. 
“The Pine Warblers favor the pitch pines and the Parulas, the Usnea moss, 

neither of which is abundant. How the Parula adapts itself to the absence of 
Usnea, we learned for the first time a year ago by finding a nest composed 


The Warblers of Central New York 151 


entirely of leaf skeletons. The nest was at the edge of a small lake, hung 
in the tip of a drooping hemlock branch about 25 feet above the water. There 
was no Usnea moss in the vicinity, but the substitute had been quite as 
skilfully used. 

The presence of the Magnolia and Blackburnian Warblers is determined by 
extensive growth of hemlocks, either in the ravines or on the tops of the hills 
above an altitude of 1,500 feet. The Black-throated Green is somewhat in- 
fluenced in the same way, although we have found more nests in the tops of 
deciduous saplings than in evergreen trees. The nests resemble, in position and 
structure, those of the Redstart, but they are made of different materials and 
are usually 15 to 30 feet from the ground. 

The Black-throated Blue is seldom found wutside of the deep ravines, 
except above 1,500 feet, and although it more often nests in low bushes or 
sprouts from deciduous trees, it frequently chooses the ground hemlock and 
seems to be partial to woods where it grows. 


DOWN WITH THE DESTROYERS OF CROPS 
The young Golden-winged Warbler in the shade is negotiating a large insect, with the assistance of its mother 


The Nashville Warbler seems to require the presence of sphagnum moss, 
and although not abundant in the real sphagnum bogs, it is always found in 
our deciduous woods where there are little runs and hillocks with occasional 
patches of sphagnum. They are more common on the tops of the hills but 


152 Bird - Lore 


occur also in woodlands that are typically Transitional, if the proper conditions 
are found. The nest is usually placed at the base of a bush or an alder growing 
from the side of one of these hillocks, usually in or near a clump of sphagnum. 

The (Northern) Water-Thrush and the Mourning Warbler seem to be 
influenced more by extreme humidity than by temperature. The damp, low- 
land woods, where skunk cabbage and nettles thrive, attract the Mourning 
Warbler and if, added to these, there are numerous pools of standing water, 


wa e ty a a > 
SUBSTITUTES IN BIRD-LAND 
In this nest of the Parula Warbler, leaf skeletons have been substituted for Usnea moss, 


and used quite as skilfully 


the Water-Thrush is satisfied to go no farther north. Fallen logs, moss, and 
royal ferns make it still more attractive for the Water-Thrush. Both the 
nest of the Mourning Warbler, built up from the ground in a skunk cabbage or 
anettle, and that of the Water-Thrush, sunk in the moss at the foot of an 
alder, are difficult to find. 

The Canadian Warbler is another species that seems to enjoy humidity, 
for although it nests on the relatively dry hilltops, it is more abundant 


The Warblers of Central New York 153 


about the edges of sphagnum bogs, along cool trout-streams, and in the deep 
ravines. 

Even as strange as the association of Louisiana Water-Thrushes with nor- 
thern Warblers in the ravines is that which occurs in the swampy woodlands 
at the north end of Cayuga Lake. Here are the standing pools of water and the 
acres of skunk cabbage that attract 
large numbers of Mourning Warblers 
and Water-Thrushes, but with them, 
because of the open character of the 
deciduous trees, the undergrowth and 
the heat of the lowland woods, are 
numbers of the Austral Cerulean and 
Hooded Warblers. The typically Tran- 
sition Redstarts and Yellow Warblers 
are the most abundant forms, and with 
them a colony of Goldenwings. Truly, 
with some birds, humidity and the 
resulting vegetation are more important 
than temperature in controlling their 
distribution. 

Temperature and humidity are ordi- 
narily so closely interwoven that it is 
difficult to determine which is the more 
important. Extensive forest growth 
always increases humidity by retarding 
evaporation and by the actual discharge _ 
of moisture from the leaves. This, in 
turn, modifies the temperature. When 
all of central New York was covered 
with forest, much cooler and more 
humid conditions undoubtedly existed 
than do today, and the birds that are 
now confined to the ravines and hill- 
tops were probably much more wide- 
spread. This might have been due to 


A HOME IN THE WOODS 
temperature alone. But when, today, we A typical nest of the Black-throated Blue War- 


find adjacent woodlands, where tem- bler in a beech sprout, with the female incubating 


perature conditions are approximately the same, the dry woods supporting 
purely Transition or even Upper Austral birds, and the swampy woods 
supporting birds that are common throughout Canadian woodlands, it seems 
that humidity is the more important factor in controlling their distribution, and 
that the extensive forest growth and lower temperature of the Canadian wood- 
lands produces the necessary humidity even where there is no standing water. 


154 Bird - Lore 


In studying the home-life of the Warblers, one is continually being im- 
pressed by the great individual differences in the habits of each species. When 
one is about ready to make a generalization, for example that the male Yellow- 
throat never assists in incubation or care of the young, the very next pair that 
one watches may reverse the tables and the male may do most of the work. 
In general, however, the cycle seems to me to be as follows: the resident 
individuals arrive after a certain number of migrating individuals have 
passed through. The resident males arrive sometime before the migrating 
females and several days, or even weeks, before the resident females. Each 
male selects a circumscribed nesting-area where he permits of no intrusion 
by other males of his species. Here he sings and displays and awaits the 


A SWAMP-LOVING FAMILY 
The (Northern) Water-Thrush requires extreme humidity, pools of standing water, moss, and ferns 
coming of a female that will be susceptible to his charms and that will 
approve his choice of a nesting-area. Very often it is the same female that 
accepted him the year before, because the homing instinct is just as strong 
in her as in the male, and she will ordinarily return to the spot where she 
nested the year before. If her former mate is still strong enough and aggres- 
sive enough to drive off other males, she re-accepts him. Otherwise she 
accepts, with equal grace, his conqueror. The female selects the actual nest- 
ing-site and ordinarily builds the nest, though the male often pretends to help 
and is occasionally quite assiduous in his assistance. In the case of the Pro- 
thonotary Warbler, already mentioned, the male built an entire nest while 

waiting for a female to put in an appearance. 
In the majority of cases the female performs all the duties of incubation, 


The Warblers in Central New York 155 


though there are many individual exceptions, even among such brightly 
colored males as the Redstart and Black-throated Blue Warblers. When it 
comes to the care of the young, the males ordinarily share the labors equally, 
with the females, and in the presence of danger are much more risus sii or 
at least less timid in their defense. 

Seldom, if ever, do any of the Warblers raise two broods, though then 
ordinarily persist until they have successfully raised one. Since many of the 


FEMALE REDSTART AND NEST 


first nests are broken up, even two or three times, Warblers are often found 
nesting far into July, but I have never discovered any positive second broods. 

At the close of the nesting season, the males are the first to molt, but the 
young often begin their wanderings before the males start on their southward 
migration, and are, therefore, the first to appear outside their normal range. 
The first Warblers are heard going over at night, usually the last week in 
July, when there is, apparently, a movement of Ovenbirds, Water-Thrushes, 
Black and White, Chestnut-sided, and Yellow Warblers, and Redstarts. About 
this time the Chats disappear. The cool spell which occurs about the middle 


156 Bird - Lore 


of August brings on hosts of these species and starts the Magnolias, Parulas, 
Nashvilles, and Black-throated Green Warblers. September ushers in the 
more northern species, the Canadians, Black-throated Blues and Blackburn- 
ians, followed by the Blackpolls, Baybreasts, Myrtles, and Tennessees. In 
general, the first to migrate are the Transition species, the next the Cana- 
dian, and finally the Hudsonian. The Myrtle and Orange-crowned Warblers 
that have not far to go, delay their leave-taking until October and occasion- 
ally even until November. With the disappearance of these, the Warblers 
are a memory until the first twitter of the Pine and the ringing notes of the 
Louisiana Water-Thrush in early April announce that spring is well under way. 


A SLIM MEAL 
The male Canadian Warbler is about to give a crane-fly to its young 


“Notes from a Traveler in.the Tropics 


IV. PERU 


By FRANK M. CHAPMAN 
With illustrations by Louis Agassiz Fuertes 


XCEPT where occasional small, shallow, snow-fed rivers reach the sea 
k and in the generally adjacent irrigated areas, the coastal region of Peru 

is almost devoid of vegetation.. But this barrenness, this nakedness, as 
it may well be called, serves but to reveal the infinitely diverse beauties of 
form, structure, and color of the earth’s surface far more clearly than if they 
weré cloaked by a forest. I yield to none in my love of trees; I know the charm 
of. tree-covered hills and mountains, but their attractiveness is from within 
rather than from without. One revels in this grandeur of trunk and grace of 
limb, their vistas, their play of sunlight and shadow, the fertility to which they 
give such noble expression, the life to which they give abode. But from a 
scenic point of view they have concealed the charms of the earth in which they 
grow asieffectively as one could hide the exquisitely modeled form of a deer 
by draping it in a sheep’s skin. 

No one complains of the Grand Cajfion because it is treeless, and I have small 
patience therefore with those writers who describe the coast of Peru as mono- 
tonous and lacking in interest because of its aridity, when from the sea to the 
summit of the Andes there stretches a panorama as varied in feature as it 
is vast in size. 

It is true that fogs and low-hanging clouds at times prevail on this coast, 
and when they persistently shut out the view of mountain ranges arising to 
snow-clad peaks they accentuate the impression of desolation which the::bar- 
renness of the foreground, seen alone, may produce. But, on the other hand, 
when they disappear before the heat of the ascending sun or are penetrated by 
its setting rays, they reveal the weird, impressive world which lies behind them, 
and create effects of singular and indescribable beauty. 

It must be admitted that distance here truly ‘lends enchantment to the 
view.”’ Doubtless it may be seen to best advantage, and unquestionably with 
the greatest comfort, from the deck of a coasting steamer which, sailing from 
port to port, gives one a frequently changing outlook. 

It should be clear, from what has been said above, that western Peru is not 
fitted to support a large or varied avifauna. In the ‘distribution’ of bird-life 
in this part of the world, the sea received by far the larger share. Great stretches 
of coast are as lacking in birds as they are in plants, and it is only about the 
rivers and irrigated districts that birds are found in any numbers. Neverthe- 
less, the bird-life of western Peru presents several exceptionally interesting 
problems which the American Museum is now attacking in the field and about 
which I hope to have something to say at a later day. 


(157) 


158 Bird - Lore 


In the preceding paper of this series I have tried to convey, with, I fear, 
but poor success, some idea of the marvels of sea bird-life of the Peruvian coast. 
Here I shall write of the wayside birds one sees ashore. 

As usual on the Pacific coast, the steamer dropped anchor some distance from 
shore, and we landed at Callao in one of the fleet of small boats which, like 
aquatic hacks, crowd about the gangplank, with Cormorants bobbing up and 
under, here and there, almost until we reached the quay. From the electric 
train, which takes us rapidly over the eight miles between the port of Callao and 
Lima, it is probable we shall see fields white with Gulls, attracted, doubtless, 
by freshly plowed ground, and with them we definitely leave behind us the 
birds of the sea. 

Lima, fortunately, has thus far escaped the House Sparrow pest, and} in- 
deed, is distinguished by having a Swallow (Altticora cyanoleuca) as its char- 
acteristic, in fact, only street bird. It is a Swallow somewhat smaller than, but 
resembling in form and color, our Tree Swallow, but with the low-dashing, 
reckless flight of a Barn Swallow. It darts through the traffic of Lima, skim- 
ming the pavement, and surprising you at times by the nearness of its approach. 
Beyond a superabundance of house-flies, due we may be sure to no desirable 
cause, I detected no winged insects on which these blue-coated ‘police of the 
air’ might feed, and if they confined their activities to capturing these dissemi- 
nators of disease, they were performing a service which should win them a 
warm place in the hearts of all Limefios. At dusk a swarm of Nighthawks 
appeared above the house-tops to carry on in their special field the war on 
insects which the Swallows waged by day. 

One cannot go far in a South American city without finding a park or plaza 
with, even in desert regions, trees, bushes and plants. And one cannot go far 
in any plaza in Lima without seeing, and generally hearing, a Sparrow slightly 
larger than a Song Sparrow, with a white throat bordered by black patches 
and rufous, and with a slight crest. I know of no distinctive native name for 
this bird. Andean White-throat it has been called in books, and at one time it 
was placed in the genus Zonotrichia. South American Song Sparrow (Brachy- 
spiza capensis) it has also been called, and since it is not confined to the Andes 
but is distributed throughout South America, where it takes much the same 
place that the Song Sparrow does with us, it may perhaps be well called White- 
throated Song Sparrow. 

The bird is so abundant, sings so freely and so large a part of the year, that 
no ornithologist can have much field experience in those portions of South 
America in which it is found without establishing many associations with it. 
Each time I return to South America, I anticipate meeting this Sparrow with 
the same pleasure that one looks forward to seeing a friend with whom one has 
much in common, and the first note of its song opens the door to a host of 
half-forgotten scenes and memories. 

Like many effective bird-songs, it is very simple: three long-drawn, sweet, 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 159 


singularly tender, appealing whistles form its theme, and they are sometimes 
followed by a short trill or twitter. It strongly suggests in tone and form the 
song of the White-crowned Sparrow, and one need only be familiar with the 
notes of that bird to find an immediate place in his affections for its distant 
South American relative. 

The resemblance is so close that, after years of association, the song of the 
more southern bird still awakens recollections of a camp in the Sierras, near 
Lake Tahoe, where the plaintive notes of the White-crown were among the 
most frequently heard bird-voices. 

We reached Lima in mid-November, as spring was passing into summer, 
and never, it seems to me, have I heard the White-throat sing more sweetly. 

Another half-familiar and 

common bird-song is that of the 
House Wren. It is clearly dif- 
ferent from that of our bird and 
still sufficiently like it to awaken 
at once a suspicion of its author’s 
identity. In spite of its small 
size, the House Wren is doubt- 
less the most widely distributed 
of American birds. Few favor- 
able localities (except in the 
West Indies) from Tierra del 
Fuego to Canada are without it, 
and everywhere it shows an 
evident fondness for our society 
and proclaims its presence by _ Ste ee ae 
voice and manners. In ornitho- WHITE-THROATED SONG SPARROW — 
logical works it appears under ' 
a variety of scientific names; but this, to paraphrase Thoreau, is one of the 
instances where, if names were invented to conceal facts, zodlogical nomen- 
clature is a great improvement on a bad invention! Within certain rather 
narrow limits it varies locally in color and size, and many well-marked geo- 
graphical races may be recognized in its surprisingly extended range; but they 
should not let us lose sight of the fact that whether we call them species or sub- 
species, they are all representatives of the House Wren. 

In the larger parks and gardens there were Ground Doves and numbers of 
large Pigeons, whose sonorous calls echoed through the groves of eucalyptus 
and araucaria. The attractive zodlogical garden contains but a meager repre- 
sentation of Peru’s rich avifauna, and a self-invited group of Anis, which were 
constructing a large nest in a small tree bordering one of the walks, formed a 
more interesting ornithological exhibit than any the directors had provided. 

The Rimac River, on which Lima is situated, runs throughout the year and 


160 Bird - Lore 


supplies water for the irrigation of a comparatively large area. This is almost 
wholly under cultivation in cotton, sugar-cane, and alfalfa, but there are 
stretches of bottom-lands and river-margins, subject to overflow, unfit for 
agriculture, where wild cane and the scrubby bushes which apparently belong 
to the natural flora of the region, still flourish. I hope in time to obtain data 
which will show the effects of irrigation on the distribution of bird-life in this 
and similar oases of western Peru, but the only observations I could make on 
this occasion were passing glimpses from an automobile or car-window of 
Sparrow Hawks, Red-breasted Troupials, Mockingbirds, Anis, several species 
of Doves (Chemepelia, Zenaida, Columba), Sparrows (Brachyspiza, Vola- 
tinia, Sicalis), and Vermilion Flycatchers. The latter bird is found here in 
two forms, one of which is the normal brown above with the crown and under- 
parts vermilion, while the other is uniform dark sooty brown with, at times, a 
red feather or two. The question whether the two breed together or represent 
distinct ‘species’ presents an inviting problem in dichromatism or mutation 
which remains to be solved. 

December 4, I sailed from Lima for Mollendo, Peru’s most southern port, 
arriving there December 7. The coast here is extremely rugged, with outlying 
rocky islands tenanted by seals and Cormorants. 

Following a phenomenal rainfall of seventy-six hours’ duration, a surprising 
growth of flowering plants appeared on the usually barren coastal plains. I 
counted some twenty species in an hour’s walk, most of them abundant and 
blooming profusely. Every spring (November) a luxuriant growth of flowering 
plants covers the slopes of the mountains at an altitude of from 2,000 to 3,000 
feet, where the coastal clouds supply them with moisture; but this, it was said, 
was the first time in forty years that such a growth had reached the margins 
of the sea. Several species had already matured their seeds, which may lie in 
the dust of the desert for forty more years before they germinate. 

Birds have no such means of biding a favorable time, and the conditions 
which made millions of plants appear where none had been before seemed to 
have exerted no influence on their numbers. I saw but four Finches during 
my morning walk, but, doubtless, in the course of time, they will harvest their 
share of the unwonted crop of seeds. 

Even from the sea the slopes of the usually brown coast range appeared 
distinctly green, and as we climbed upward on the railroad to Arequipa, the 
plant-growth increased in luxuriance, until at 2,800 feet it was as rank as it 
is in the United States in August and September. There were masses of color, 
with yellow predominating—all strange and unknown flowers, except one, the 
heliotrope, which grew in large bushes at the sides of the track. 

Here White-throats, Swallows, and Doves were common, and a single Con- 
dor soared overhead, doubtless tempted from his Andean heights by some dead 
cow or burro. 

At 3,000 feet the range, against which the coastal clouds mass themselves, 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 161 


ends abruptly and is succeeded by a flat desert so absolutely devoid of life that 
the slow-moving sand crescents, which by hundreds cluster on its eastern half, 
seem its only animate forms. 

Beyond this plain the way lies through a fiercely arid range, with reddish 
rocks sculptured by sand-blasts into weird, fantastic shapes. Far below, the 
Chile River winds through a ribbon of green which, gradually widening, be- 
comes the beautiful valley of Arequipa. 

My home in Arequipa was in a garden where White-throats sang through- 
out the day; House-Wrens trilled musically; and for two days two Black- 
headed Goldfinches sang a duel for the possession of a mate who, on the third 
day, was seen carrying nesting material into the upper branches of a large 
cypress. A pair of small Doves had selected the same tree for a nest-site, and 
their curious little grunting notes came from the heart of it. There was a small 
Flycatcher (Ornithion) with an abrupt, exclamatory call, a Warbler (Dacnis), 
and two species of Hummingbirds, while hundreds of the same species of 
Swallow seen in Lima gave life to the air. 

After a short stay at Arequipa, the journey to the tableland was continued. 
The railway at once leaves the irrigated district, with its fields of rye, barley, 
corn, and alfalfa, bounded by fig trees and willows, to climb the slopes of 
Cha-Chani, dotted with a species of organ-pipe-like cactus which continues to 
an altitude of about 9,500 feet. 

At about 11,000 feet, the bunch-grass which characterizes the tableland or 
puna of Peru, affording pasture to its millions of sheep, llamas, and alpacas, 
appears. The slopes soon give way to level stretches, with marshes, streams, 
and lakes, and we now enter a region of surprising interest to the ornithologist, 
for these apparently desolate heights, lying between twelve and thirteen 
thousand feet above the sea, support a wealth of bird-life. 

We may see a Puna Flicker, or even a troop of twenty or thirty of them go 
bounding over the puna, and we will recognize them at once by their white 
rump and characteristic flight, but the smaller land-birds are not to be seen 
from the window of a moving train. We shall not, however, go far after reach- 
ing the tableland without passing some marshy, boggy spot (there is one just 
before reaching Crucero Alto at an altitude of 14,688 feet) where we shall be 
surprised by seeing what is apparently a flock of tame Geese. Some of them 
may stand and watch us pass at a distance of not more than forty yards, and 
it is only when others take wing that we realize that they are in truth wild 
Geese. Then we may discover less conspicuous species near them—Ducks of 
several kinds, Coots, Herons and Ibises, the last two very closely resembling 
and obviously representing our North American Black-crowned Night Heron 
and Glossy Ibis respectively. 

A few miles beyond Crucero, the track runs between two beautiful lakes. 
On July 1, 1916, in the heart of a Peruvian winter, when first I saw them, snow 
extended down the mountain slopes to their margins, but it was now midsum- 


162 Bird - Lore 


mer (December 15) and although there were patches of snow along the track 
at Crucero Alto, only the summits of the mountains about the lakes were snow- 
covered. 

From the train one sees small groups of Ducks and scattered Coots on the 
lakes, and a pearl-backed, white-winged Gull, known only from the high 
Andes, seems far more at home-over these bodies of water than when seen in 
the puna marshes or following the course of a roaring mountain stream through 
a narrow, high-walled cajfion. 

But the supreme and surprising experience for the ornithologist in these 
bleak heights is the sight of a flock of Flamingoes. To find these birds, which 
we are accustomed to associate with tropical surroundings, in this cold tem- 
perate zone, feeding in lagoons where, in the winter, ice forms frequently, and 
snow falls not rarely, is one of the anomalies of bird distribution. From Lake 
Junin, in central Peru, southward to at least central Chile, Flamingoes are 
permanent residents of the lakes and lagoons of the high Andes. They are 
found also on the pampas of northwestern Argentina, and southward into 
Patagonia. No Flamingoes are known between Peru and the southern borders 
of the Caribbean Sea, and the problem of their distribution calls for an explana- 
tion of their presence south of the Equator as well as for their existence almost 
up to the limits of perpetual snow. 

It is far too complicated a question to be discussed during the course of this 
informal narrative, but it may at least be said that there is much evidence in 
favor of the theory that the Flamingoes, with some other forms of life inhabit- 
ing these Andean lakes, have risen from sea-level to their present high altitude, 
through that elevation of the earth’s surface in which the Andes have their 
origin. In 1916, I saw Flamingoes from the train in one of the lakes mentioned 
above, on the tableland north of Juliaca, and we found them also at a small 
lake east of Tirapata. . 

The Herons, Ibises, and Geese are surprisingly tame and are often seen 
about the outskirts of villages, but the Flamingoes, although they apparently 
are not pursued by man, show a lack of confidence in him which induces them 
to take flight long before one comes within gunshot. No one seemed to know 
when or where the Flamingoes nested, but it should not be difficult to find 
their breeding-grounds. 

The voyage across Lake Titicaca is designed to speed the traveler on his 
way rather than to give him an opportunity to see this beautiful body of 
water, with its Inca-terraced islands, its pastoral shores and, toward the east, 
stupendous wall of snow-covered mountains. The through steamer leaves Puno 
at nightfall, on the arrival of the train from Arequipa, and reaches Guaqui on 
the Bolivian side of the lake the following morning at 7 o’clock. A smaller 

steamer, which delivers freight at the small Indian villages on the lake, takes 
three days for the same trip. Only native passengers are expected to patron- 
ize this boat, and the food is designed to meet their tastes rather than those 


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164 Bird - Lore 


of foreigners, but the slight discomforts of the journey are more than offset 
by the glimpses it affords of Titicacan life, both human and feathered. 

The myriads of water-birds which inhabit the lake congregate chiefly in 
the shallow bays where there is a dense growth of the reeds from which the 
natives make their canoe-like balsas. These places are, unfortunately, not 
visited by the steamer; nevertheless, birds are constantly in sight in varying 
numbers, both along the shores of the lake and in open water. There were 
Ducks (chiefly Pintails), Coots, Gulls, Cormorants and Grebes of several species. 
One of the latter (Centropelma micropterum) furnishes an admirable lesson in 
the effects of disuse, for since its 
arrival, in the remote past, on 
Titicaca it has had so little use for 
its wings in the air that it has lost 
the power of flight. It is a fairly 
large bird, about the size of our 
Holboell’s Grebe, but its wings, 
presumably through disuse as 
organs of flight, have become too 
small to raise it in the air. They 
are actually no longer than those 
of the small blue-backed Swallows 
which skim lightly over its head. 
Possibly these small wings may 
make more effective paddles under 
water than would longer ones, but 
the bird’s best efforts on the sur- 

WING OF THE FLIGHTLESS GREBE, COM- face bring it only to a half-sitting 
PARED WITH THAT OF A SWALLOW (Atticors),ocition when, with the aid of its 
feet and a flapping of its stubby wings, it progresses with surprising rapidity, 
leaving a broad wake and creating a rushing sound, which, on still days, may 
’ be heard for some distance. 

I landed one morning while we were discharging freight, which was being 
transferred to the backs of llamas, burros, and men, and in the patches of 
purple lupine and the scrubby growth at the foot of a protecting bluff, found 
numbers of land-birds. There were the omnipresent and always welcome White- 
throat and House Wren, a large sooty Robin-like Thrush, Swallows, and dipper- 
_like Cinclodes. Only the White-throat and Wren were heard to sing. Indeed, 
= without them the traveler on the treeless shores, slopes, and plateaus of Peru 
would rarely be cheered by the songs of birds. 

After anchoring off the long stone causeways which formed the ports of 
four villages on the west shores of the lake, we left Copacabana on the after- 
noon of December 17, and the following morning we arrived at Guaqui and 
took the train for La Paz. 


Purple Finches 


By MRS. HERMAN F. STRAW, Manchester, N. H. 


WONDER if some of the readers of Brrp-LorE might not be interested 
in my experience with Purple Finches! 

For several years I have had shelves for birds outside my upper sitting- 
room windows and have kept on them different kinds of seeds, also fruit, crumbs, 
suet, whatever I have had reason to think might possibly attract birds of any 
kind. I have had for visitors at various times, White-bellied Nuthatches, 
Chickadees, one Downy Woodpecker, Myrtle Warblers, Black and White 
Warblers, and Summer Yellow-birds, but this year there have been only 
Finches. 

Last April, as I came into this room one morning, I saw what seemed to be 
a red bird, with wings and tail outspread, trying to get a footing on the out- 
side of the window-pane. (Possibly my Canary, hanging in his cage on the 
inside, may have attracted him.) I stood perfectly still for a minute or two to 
assure myself as to what the bird was, and found it to be a Purple Finch, a 
gorgeous male! Then I quickly went to get some seed, as there happened to 
be very little on the shelf, and my bird had flown when I came back, I feared, 
for good, but I put out the seed—sunflower, rape, hemp, and canary, and 
watched. To my great delight he was back again within half an hour and 
surely found something to his liking, for he ate greedily several times during 
the day. 

The next morning he brought two females with him, and in less than a 
week there were two males and several brown companions here many times 
each day. Then, suddenly, they disappeared, and I thought I should see them 
no more, but about four weeks later a female made her appearance, bringing 
a young bird with her. Then, the next day, came the male, and here on the 
shelf, while I sat at the window knitting, the little one was fed by the parents, 
day after day. They did not have this feeding-place to themselves long, how- 
ever, for more were with them soon, and then, more still—several males and 
many females—until now, August 26, there must be thirty Finches, surely, 
frequenting this shelf, for I have counted twenty-three eating at one time. 

Many little ones have been “brought up,” sometimes the mother taking 
them in hand, sometimes the father helping out. This feeding is done by regur- 
gitation, and the process is most interesting. The baby droops its wings, cocks 
its tail over the back as far as possible, raises its tiny crest, hops after first one 
parent and then the other, crying and coaxing plaintively, with its mouth wide 
open. Finally, one of the parents gives it three or four mouthfuls from its own 
crop, gulping up the food with apparent ease. The little one seems saved the 
trouble of swallowing, for its mouth is open all the time, and the parent’s beak 
is thrust down the baby throat as far as possible, time after time, in quick 
succession. 


(165) 


166 Bird - Lore 


Some males now moulting have brilliant color in patches; some have pink 
on the breast; others rose-red heads; one is mottled in rose, brown, and gray; 
another has a blood-red (almost purple) head and neck; another has pin- 
feathers all over the head and bright rose just above the tail. All are getting 
a little more perceptibly mature each day, and if they stay I shall have a 
wonderful exhibition of males as “purple” as they ever are, I expect. 

This mixture of red of various tints among the brown females, when the 
sun shines full upon them all, is something extremely beautiful. Speaking of 
sunshine makes me think of one other thing to write about. One day I noticed 
one of the birds squatting on the shelf, tail and one wing spread out to the fullest 
extent, one leg stretched as far as possible to one side, its neck turned so far 
around that the head seemed upside down, mouth open, and feathers fluffed 
out all over the body. Such a strange position! I felt sure this Finch was dy- 
ing, and feared I had given it something that had poisoned it, for in my great 
desire to keep these Finches here I had put out fruit (which they do not eat), 
crumbs of cake, crackers, etc. Consequently I was much relieved when another 
Finch, flying to the shelf just at this time, pecked the first bird, instantly re- 
storing him to life and flight. Since then I have often seen seven or eight birds 
at the same time, in as many ungainly and ludicrous positions, “sunning” 
themselves in the bright, hot sunshine. It surely is a laughable sight, and they 
do look as if they were “passing away” in good earnest, but if anything dis- 
turbs them they are alive and alert in an instant. 

Just one other incident. A male alighted on the edge of the shelf one morn- 
ing; he was all by himself. After eating for a few moments, he gave a little 
call, sweet and low and plaintive, then another and another, each time a little 
louder than before. Then I heard an answer from a tree nearby, and, after 
numerous repetitions, he began to sing. Such a joyous, bubbling-over song! 
The notes fairly tumbled over each other, they came so fast, and before this 
musical treat was quite over, a modest brown lady stood beside him. The 
male went quite close to her, twittering and chirping and talking, then he 
spread his beauty before her, hopping off a little way, then coming back, strut- 
ting and bowing in a most comical way, all the time with wings out and tail 
up, showing that beautiful rose-colored body and the brilliant crest on his head. 
The lady looked on admiringly, showing her approval by putting her head 
round on one side and then on the other and making little soft sounds until he 
must have understood that she was ready to give him her “hand and her 
heart,” for again came that happy, exuberant, melodious singing, and they 
flew away together. 

These birds have been a constant source of delight to me and to my friends, 
and I wish I might share it with all bird-lovers! Has anyone else ever had a 
like experience? I might add that my home is in the midst of a city of 80,000 
inhabitants, but stands by itself, surrounded by three or four acres of land 
and many trees of various kinds. 


OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH AT NEST 


Two Thrushes 


By THOMAS A. TAPER, Lake Linden, Mich. 
With Photographs by the Author 


heeds the call of the Thrush, and nowhere else is that call more inviting 

than in the woods of birch, maple, and conifer of the Keweenaw Penin- 
sula in northern Michigan. The word forest suggests delightful shade, acquaint- 
ance with multitudinous sights and sounds, an opportunity to fall in tune with 
nature’s moods, and, moreover, some leisure to philosophize. As one passes 
by the last farmhouse one hears the enthusiastic gushing song of the little 
House Wren; as one enters either by sylvan path or woodland road, one is at 
once refreshed by the cool air and delicate fragrance, and finds an inviting log 
on which to sit and rest awhile. A group of barefoéted boys 1 now approaches; 
their countenances are aglow; they are returning from a morning inspection of 
their traps. One of the boys has a box in which there is a live red squirrel, 
destined to become a house-pet; all of the others have deadly missiles in the 
form of stones for ‘slingshots.’ So here is an opportunity for a friendly warn- 
ing to the boys not to kill the feathered songsters. There is a better way to 
hunt birds, and that is with the camera. The walk in the woods is continued 
and the desired spot is reached—the nest of the Olive-backed Thrush. 

The nest of this Thrush was built in a birch sapling which was growing on 
the side of a wide ravine, and it was fairly well shaded from the sun. It was 
constructed with twigs and birch bark and was lined with small roots and 
dead grass. It contained two young birds about four days old. The'camera 
was placed about 28 inches from the nest. A fishline was attached to the 


(167) 


, \HE summer is the time of the year when the lover of nature hears and 


168 Bird - Lore 


shutter release and led to a place behind a tree, about 25 feet from the nest. - 
I then sat down behind the tree and waited. It was not long before I had my 
first picture. The stop used was f/6.3, and the exposure was one-fifth of a 
second. I took three pictures, all with the same stop and the same exposure. 

The second nest studied was that of the Hermit Thrush. This bird builds 
its nest on the ground and usually lays four greenish blue eggs which are un- 
spotted. The nest, in this instance, was placed in a bare hummock in the 
‘forest primeval.’ It had birch bark on the outside and was lined on the 
inside with thread-like roots and some dead grass. Two or three undersized 
ferns protected it from the sun. In the nest there were three eggs of the char- 
acteristic color. A picture of the nest was taken with the use of the portrait- 
lens. The stop used was //32, and the exposure twenty seconds. 

One afternoon, about a week later, I visited the nest again. In it there were 
three young Thrushes about two days old. The afternoon was cloudy and was 
not suited for bird-photography in the deep forest, but I set the camera about 
28 inches from the nest, so that the birds would become accustomed to it. The 
birds did not seem to mind the camera at all. I took two pictures, but they 
were underexposed. The following day was windy, with clouds and sunshine 
in the morning; in the afternoon the sky was a perfect blue. The birds had 
become thoroughly acquainted with the camera, and the mother bird even 
permitted the operator to be in full view at times while she fed her young. 
However, the bird approached the nest with caution. On the return from a 
food-quest, it would first land on the horizontal branch of a hemlock sapling, 
then fly to a log, then to a low stub, and finally come to the nest. It had the 
habit of stopping and looking whenever it detected a slight movement of the 
cord. While the bird was in this attitude, the picture was taken. 


HERMIT THRUSH AT NEST 


Two Thrushes 169 


The young were fed and the nest cleaned several times during the day, 
the excreta being carried several feet away from the nest. In one instance I 
observed that the mother bird devoured the excrement. The duty of nest- 
inspection was performed with great promptness. After the nest was inspected, 


HERMIT THRUSH AT NEST 


the bird would fly to a favorite tree, and from here it would go somewhere 
else in the forest. Sometimes the male bird would give the female a dainty 
morsel, and she, in turn, would carry it to the nest for the young, while he 
kept guard at a safe distance. 

On the third day of the observations, the young were fed more frequently, 
and, consequently, they gave evidence of much growth. They had their eyes 
about half open and moved about the nest considerably. 

The intervals between feedings were not without incident. It was interest- 
ing to observe the creeping of sunlight and shadow over the nest, the intense 
radiant energy from the sun reduced somewhat by the canopy of green. Only 
for a half-hour was the nest fully exposed. It was at this time that the mother 
bird brooded over the young. A herd of cows, which were grazing on maple 
seedlings and thin grass, approached dangerously near the nest, and it became 
the duty of the observer to direct the movements of one or two members of 
the herd. Some red squirrels ran along logs and on the forest floor, giving evi- 
dence of the precarious position of the young birds in the nest. During the 
morning and afternoon a Red-eyed Vireo charmed the observer with several 
instalments of his cheerful warble. This song was not so incessant this day as 
it usually is, for I suspect that he, too, was busy with household cares. The 
harmony of the forest was broken at times by the harsh cry of the black Crow, 
that villain who has figured in more than one bird tragedy. 

On the fifth day I again visited the nest, but it was empty. Let us hope that 
the parent birds had witnessed a successful departure of their young. 


The Migration of North American Birds 


SECOND SERIES 


X. BLUE JAY, STELLER’S JAY, AND GREEN JAY 
Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey 


BLUE JAY 


The common and well-known Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) of eastern 
North America is, as a species, permanently resident, except along the northern- 
most border of its range. It comprises two subspecies, the ranges of which 
are as follows: 

The Northern Blue Jay (Cyanocitia cristata cristata) breeds in eastern 
North America, north to Newfoundland, central Quebec, northern Ontario, 
and northern Alberta; west to central Alberta, eastern North Dakota, central 
Nebraska and eastern Colorado; south to central Texas, Missouri, central 
Illinois, and North Carolina; and east to eastern Virginia, the coast of New 
England and of Nova Scotia. It is of casual occurrence in northern New Mexico 
(Fruitland, Oct. 17, 1908). 

The Florida Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata florincola) is resident in the 
southeastern United States, north to South Carolina, Alabama, southern IIli- 
nois and northeastern Texas; west to eastern Texas; south to the Gulf coast 
of Louisiana and Alabama, and to southern Florida; and east to eastern Florida 
and eastern South Carolina. 

The few migration records in the following table all refer to the Northern 
Blue Jay: 

SPRING MIGRATION 


Number i 
> Average date of Earliest date of 
LOCALITY ape Ae spring arrival spring arrival 
Montreal, Quebe¢i nasa a. 3 May 1 March 22, 1890 
(rare in winter) 
Ottawa, Ontane. eet ena 5 February 9 January 5, 1909 
Mouth of Little Red River. Alberta. . May 15, tgo1 
Mingan, Quebet i eee ee June 20, 1909 


FALL MIGRATION 


Number 
Average date of Latest date of 
LOCALITY eBay last one observed last one observed 
Montreal, Oucbee.s 6. Gc eas 3 November 2 | November 25, 1856 
Ottawa, Ontario ecu ca ee ae December 1, 1885 


STELLER’S JAY 


The range of the Steller’s Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) extends from Alaska through 
western North America to the highlands of Honduras. This bird is practically 
everywhere resident, such movements as occur being in the nature of wander- 


(170) 


The Migration of North American Birds 171 


ing or of descent from the mountains into the valleys during the winter season. 
Six subspecies of this Jay inhabit North America, and two others occur in 
central and southern Mexico and Central America. The geographic distribu- 
tion of the North American forms is given below: 

The Steller’s Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri stelleri) occupies the Pacific Coast dis- 
trict, north to Cook Inlet, Alaska, south to northwestern Oregon, and east to 
western British Columbia and western Washington. Its range includes the 
islands off the coast of southern Alaska and British Columbia, excepting 
Prince of Wales Island and the Queen Charlotte group. 

The Queen Charlotte Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri carlotte) is resident in the 
Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, and Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. 

The Coast Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea) is resident in the Pacific 
Coast district, north to central Oregon, south to Monterey County, California, 
and east to the California coast ranges and the Siskiyou and Cascade Moun- 
tains. . 

The Blue-fronted Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis) occupies the mountains 
of California, north to the northern part of the state; west to the eastern coast 
ranges as far south as San Luis Obispo County, also west to Ventura County 
and the southwestern corner of the state; south to northern Lower California; 
and east to eastern California and west central Nevada. 

The Long-crested Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri diademata) is resident in the 
Rocky Mountain region of the southwestern United States and in the Sierra 
Madre of northern Mexico, north to northern Colorado and northeastern Utah; 
west to southwestern Utah, western Arizona, eastern Sonora, eastern Sinaloa, 
and Tepic; south to northern Jalisco and Zacatecas; east to Zacatecas, central 
western Texas, and eastern New Mexico. 

The Black-headed Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri annectens) occupies the moun- 
tains of southwestern Canada and the Rocky Mountain region of the north- 
western United States, north to southwestern Alberta and southeastern British 
Columbia; west to eastern Washington and central Oregon; south to south- 
eastern Oregon, northern Utah, and southern Wyoming; and east to north- 
western Nebraska, western South Dakota, and central Montana. 


GREEN JAY 


The gayly colored Green Jay (Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens) is the only 
form of its species occurring in the United States, although there are several 
other races in Mexico and Central America. The geographic distribution of 
the Green Jay extends from northern Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon in north- 
eastern Mexico, north to the valley of the lower Rio Grande in central southern 
Texas. It is permanently resident in most, if not all, of its United States range. 


Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds 
FIFTY-FOURTH PAPER 
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN 


(See Frontispiece) 


Northern Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata cristata, Fig. 1)—The brightly 
colored Blue Jay, Steller’s Jay, and Green Jay show their relationship to the 
somber Crows and Ravens in undergoing very slight plumage changes. Essen- 
tially the same ‘uniform’ is worn at all seasons by both sexes and all ages. The 
head and body plumage only of the young is more or less dull compared to 
that of their parents until, by a postjuvenal molt of the body plumage, they 
pass into a first winter plumage like that of the adult, from which they are 
henceforth indistinguishable. The juvenal Blue Jay has the crest shorter than 
the adult, blue of head and back less bright, wing-coverts a indistinctly 
barred, and black mark across the forehead indistinct. 


Steller’s Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri, Fig. 2).—The young of the Blue-fronted 
race of Steller’s Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis) will stand for the various 
races of that species. It lacks all blue in the head and body plumage except 
a tinge on the side of the rump. Its crest is less full than that of the adult, 
crown and back somewhat browner, throat with streaks only faintly indicated, 
breast dark sooty gray, passing to dark ashy gray on belly and rump. 


Green Jay (Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens, Fig. 3).—The juvenal Green 
Jay has the blue of the head paler and more greenish than the adult, black of 
the head and breast duller. Its underparts are pale grayish yellow only faintly 
tinged with green on the breast. 


(172) 


Motes from Field and Study 


Unusual Breeding-Site of Killdeer 
Plover 


The Killdeer Plover has always been a 
rare bird in the Cambridge region. There 
are only a few records of its breeding within 
that area (Cf. Brewster, 1906, Mem. Nut- 
tall Ornith. Club 4, 168). It was, therefore, 
of some interest to find a pair breeding 
last summer in a plowed field bordering on 
Soldier’s Field, very near where another 
pair bred in 1903 (Cf. Brewster loc. cit.). 

The chief point of interest, however, was 
not the reappearance of the Killdeer in the 
Cambridge region but of its apparent in- 
difference to its surroundings, then greatly 
altered to meet war conditions. Several 
times a week, throughout the summer 
months, the geater part of the 4,500 men 
in training at the Harvard Radio School 
paraded on Soldier’s Field. They were gen- 
erally accompanied by one or two bands 
and one or two bugle corps. While the 
several battalions of sailors would occupy 
the main drill-grounds, the naval cadets of 
the Officer Material School, and sometimes 
the students in the R.O.T.C., would carry 
out maneuvers on the surrounding fields, 
and at least one day on the very field where 
this pair of Killdeers were breeding. The 
first time I observed the birds was during 
the last week in June. The pair flew out 
from the plowed field over the heads of an 
advancing battalion of cadets. After 
uttering a few plaintive kil-dee’s, they 
alighted only a hundred yards from the 
column and stood motionless. When the 
battalion drew somewhat nearer, they 
arose again and flew to another corner of 
the field. I saw the pair many times 
throughout July, and they always showed 
this same indifference to the presence of 
large masses of men or to the loud-sound- 
ing bands which accompanied them. 

There is a series of tennis-courts along 
one side of Soldier’s Field. These are pro- 
tected by a wire fence. When repeatedly 
flushed from the field, the Killdeers would 


at length scale down gracefully to the 
courts, and, after running a short distance, 
stand motionless in their characteristic 
way. 

Various military duties prevented me 
from ever searching for the nest which 
these birds apparently tended in the old 
plowed field. But in the second week in 
August, when a change of routine again 
brought me to Soldier’s Field, I was much 
interested to find four Killdeers in the 
usual corner. These birds allowed me to 
approach to about 50 yards, and at that 
distance it was possible to observe, even 
without glasses, that two of the group were 
youngish birds. For more than a week the 
birds were in the vicinity, and would always 
fly out at the approach of our battalion. 
Then came another break in my visits, and 
when I again returned to the field in early 
September, the birds had disappeared. 

From these random observations it 
seems certain that the pair of Killdeers suc- 
cessfully raised a brood of two young on 
the edge of a much-used drill-ground. It 
is possible that this was not their-'first 
brood, for the dates of the appearance of 
the young is much later than that given 
by other observers. it is impossible to say 
whether or not there was an earlier set of 
eggs, but at least it was obvious that the 
birds were very devoted to their nesting- 
site in spite of much noise and confusion.— 
G. K. NosBie, New York City. 


Notes on Nesting Bluebirds and 
House Wrens 


Every year a pair of Bluebirds builds in 
our garden. ‘There are two houses just 
alike, and about ro or 12 feet apart, one 
facing south and one east. This year, 
when the birds arrived, they chose the 
one with the southern exposure. The nest 
was soon completed, and the female began 
sitting. 

Some time later I noticed that the birds 
were carrying: grass and things into the 


(173) 


174 


other house. I went out to investigate and 
found five eggs in the first nest. There had 


been a week of cool weather, and we 


thought perhaps the eggs had been chilled. 
I cleaned out the house and waited. Again 
five eggs were laid and the incubating pro- 
cess begun, and again the female refused to 
stay in her nest. Her mate would try to 
coax her back, and he even fluttered about 
and beat her with his wings—she would 
go back for a moment, but not to stay. 

In a few days they were back at the first 
house and another nest was completed. 
This time it was carelessly put together. 
They then built a‘still poorer nest at the 
second house, which I had cleaned out, and 
then both birds disappeared. The next 
week a pair of Bluebirds began a nest in 
house No. 1, and the family was raised 
with success. I often wondered if it was 
the same pair, or if Mr. Bluebird at last 
succeeded in getting a wife who was a 
home-lover. He certainly deserved one. 

The other observation was made with 
Wrens and is even more unusual, or at 
least we thought it was. 

Early in the summer two Wrens looked 
over the houses at their disposal and at 
last selected the one on our front porch. 
The nest was built and the eggs laid, or so 
we thought, for the male soon began feed- 
ing his mate. 

A few weeks later we noted that another 
Wren was carrying sticks into a house in 
the flower-garden. She seemed to do most 
of the work, although her mate would come 
and sit on the clothes-line and warble his 
approval. Soon she was snugly settled, 
and then we discovered we had a real 
romance on our hands, for her mate was 
also the mate of the bird in the front porch, 
or, in other words, he was a bigamist. 

Of course now we watched with even 
keener interest than before, for by the 
time mate No. 2 was comfortably settled, 
mate No. 1 was able to forage for herself 
and family. He also helped to feed the 
little birds, but he never neglected to 
bring choice morsels to Madame Wren in 
the garden. 

By the time No. 2’s eggs were hatched, 
brood No. 1 had flown, and he could care 


Bird - 


Lore 


for his second family with ease and com- 
fort—KaATHLEEN M. HempeEt, Elkader, 
Towa. 


A Parakeet in a City Park 


Nothing could be more pleasing to the 
eye than the sight of the distinguished 
officers of the Allies in their handsome uni- 
forms as they go about the streets of our 
city. The drab-clad civilian notes them 
from the corner of an envious eye, and the 
small boys gaze with frank and unquali- 
fied admiration. 

I noticed much the same effect among 
the birds in Central Park one afternoon in 
October. I was coming along the path 
around the Reservoir above 85th Street 
when my.eye was caught by a large flock of 
dingy English Sparrows that were feeding 
in the grass by the bridle-path. As my eye 
roved from the outskirts of the flock toward 
its center I became aware of some cause of 
commotion and special interest. The birds 
were craning their necks, chirping loudly, 
and jostling one another in their effort to 
stand all in the same place. In another 
moment I had discovered the cause. Shin- 
ing with the brightness of a patch of sun- 
light on the green grass, and politely obliv- 
ious of the vulgar peering crowd about him, 
sat a little Parakeet busily engaged in feed- 
ing on the grass seeds. He showed little 
fear as I approached, and finally flew to a 
small tree a few paces away, from which 
he watched a moment or two and then re- 
turned to the grass. The distinguished 
stranger was about the size of a White- 
throated Sparrow in body, but of course 
his tail was much longer. On his forehead 
he bore a clear yellow mark. His head, 
throat, breast, underparts, and rump were 
bright bluish green. His upperparts were 
distinctly yellowish green, while the wing- 
coverts were blackish, each feather being 
delicately fringed with pale yellow or 
whitish. The tail feathers, as the bird 
spread them in alighting, showed a fringe 
at the outer ends of yellowish green and 
whitish. 

Such a sight always fills the observer 
with strange thoughts of other lands and 


Notes from Field and Study 


times. Perhaps some will be reminded of 
the day when Carolina Paroquets were 
casual visitors even in New York State. 

I suppose the little Parakeet was an 
escaped cage-bird, or, possibly, one that is 
allowed to fly at large to return at night to 
his cage. Anyway, I have not seen him 
since, and often wonder what became of 
him. But nothing can blot out the picture 
of the graceful, brilliant stranger so su- 
perior to the vulgar curiosity of the dingy 
Sparrows.—TERTIUS VAN DykE, New 
York City. 


Helping Barn and Cliff Swallows 
to Nest 


For several years the writer has spent 
the summer on the shore of a lake in the 
Adirondacks, where there seem to be 
great attractions for birds of the Swallow 
family, as Barn, Cliff, Bank, and Tree 
Swallows all nest there in considerable 
numbers. 

The Barn and Cliff Swallows nest side 
by side on exteriors of buildings, frequently 
using the remains of old nests as founda- 
tions for those of the following year. The 
Cliff Swallows build on old nests of Barn 
Swallows, and vice versa. The nesting 
habits of the two kinds seem to be similar, 
except as to shape of nests and materials 
of construction, the Cliff Swallows build- 
ing the typical retort-shaped nests and not 
using the grasses, feathers, etc., which the 
Barn Swallows use for linings. 

After careful observation, it would seem 
that neither kind has a dislike for painted 
surfaces on which to build nests, but that 
they are unable to securely attach nests to 
painted perpendicular surfaces, when the 
paint has been put on within one or two 
years. When paint has been on a consider- 
able time they are able to build nests on it 
securely, and frequently do so. 

They are very persistent in trying to 
build on a selected spot and will make 
repeated efforts to do so, starting imme- 
diately to rebuild when partially completed 
nests have broken off and fallen to the 
ground. 

Last summer a pair of Barn Swallows 


175 


succeeded in building on painted surfaces 
in a-corner between two wings of a build- 
ing, where the efforts of both Barn and 
Cliff Swallows had been unsuccessful in 
several previous years, though numerous 
attempts at different times had been made 
to build there, as the corner seemed to 
possess peculiar attractions. The only ex- 
planation that suggests itself for the suc- 
cess last summer is that, in course of time, 
some change had taken place in condition 
of the painted surfaces. 

In early summer the immediate neigh- 
borhood of the nests is comparatively free 
from black-flies and mosquitoes. Believing 
that this condition was due to the feeding 
activities of the Swallows, an attempt was 
made to aid and encourage them in nesting 
by increasing the number and extent of 
the places where they could build. In 
places where they either did not or could 
not build, considerable success was secured 
by providing shelves or supports on which 
nests could be securely started. 

A comparatively easy way of doing this 
is to nail a piece of 2x 4-inch scantling 
lengthwise on the side of buildings, under 
cover of eaves or other projections that 
will give complete protection from rains, 
which seems to be a necessary condition. 
The scantling is best fastened with a wide 
side against building and with a clearance 
from protecting surface of about 5 inches 
at the upper outer edge of scantling. This 
seems to be a sufficient clearance for easy 
approach and is perhaps more attractive 
than a greater one. Originally a greater 
clearance was given, but this has been 
gradually reduced, as it seemed that the 
Swallows preferred a location where the 
nests were concealed as well as possible 
from other birds in the air; perhaps, also, 
in the case of the Cliff Swallows, where 
the least material was necessary to build 
nests right up to the protecting cover, 
which they usually do when it is near. 
Apparently a 2 x 4-inch scantling is better 
than a 2x 2-inch one, as the 4-inch face 
furnishes a better brace for the tails of the 
Swallows when they cling with their feet 
to the side or upper edge, as they fre- 
quently do. 


176 


Perhaps an improvement, though involv- 
ing more work, is to fasten a strip of wood 
2% inches wide by 3% or % inch thick on 
top of the scantling and to roughly round 
the outer edges of the strip. The half- 
inch projection beyond the  scantling 
offers a convenient foothold for the Swal- 
lows when clinging to the side. 

While undoubtedly preferable, it is not 
necessary for supports or brackets to be 
placed high from the ground under eaves 
of roofs of two-storied buildings, as the 
Swallows will build under roofs of piazzas 
and porches when construction is favor- 
able. Probably they always choose a spot 
with a perpendicular surface on at least 
one side of the nest-place. 

The brackets or supports can be painted 
the same color as the surrounding wood- 
work, so as to be less conspicuous to people, 
but, if painted, it is best to leave the sur- 
face of the wood rough, not plane it smooth 
before painting. 

The first supports put up were simple 
shelves of thin board from 2 to 6 inches 
wide, fastened to sides of buildings at 
various distances, as great as 18 inches, 
below the eaves. These were used by the 
Swallows to a certain extent. Wide sup- 
ports are objectionable where there are 
English Sparrows, as they will build their 
nests on them, while they have difficulty 
in doing so on those as narrow as 2 inches. 

On buildings where the Swallows have 
not built before, it may be better the first 
year to place supports, or some of them, 
farther down from the eaves than 5 inches, 
so as to be more apt to attract the notice 
of the Swallows as they fly past. Nests are 
seldom built on the north side of build- 
ings; of the other exposures, the south 
seems to be the favorite. 

The shores of the lake in locality men- 
tioned are sandy, and there is no clay in 
the vicinity, so that the Swallows are de- 
pendent for their building material on the 
mud which they gather from holes in dirt 
roads or depressions in bare ground, where 
water stands after rains. 

Apparently, they can postpone the build- 
ing of nests and laying of their eggs for a 
considerable time when they are unable to 


Bird - 


Lore 


secure material for building or completing 
nests. To supply them with mud in un- 
usually dry seasons, depressions in ground 
have been filled with water from a hose, 
the supply being replenished as water dis- 
appeared. It is astonishing to see how 
quickly the Swallows will discover such a 
spot and gather around it in large numbers, 
starting almost immediately to carry away 
the mud for their nests. 

While the Barn Swallows usually, and 
perhaps preferably, build their nests inside 
of barns and similar buildings which offer 
opportunities for nesting, they probably 
would build much more frequently on the 
outside if they found suitable places, and, 
perhaps, they could be attracted to many 
buildings they do not now frequent. The 
Cliff Swallows could, perhaps, also be 
attracted to more buildings. They are 
generally supposed to select one or a few 
buildings in a neighborhood for their nests. 
It would be interesting to investigate and 
see if the buildings selected are those which 
both offer favorable sites for nests and are 
nearest to a supply of mud or clay for 
their construction. For their nests they 
require considerably more material than 
do the Barn Swallows. 

Perhaps some of your readers will be 
sufficiently interested to study and experi- 
ment on lines suggested in this article and 
add to the general information on a sub- 
ject about which little or nothing has been 
published.— Witt1amM GoopsELL, Bay 
Pond, Franklin County, N. Y. 


Dixie, a Tame Robin 


_ Dixie was one of those more unfortunate 
members of a large bird-family, who, 
through some accident, left the home-nest 
at a very tender age. But, unlike many 
other such unfortunates, this sad accident 
did not end his career. We had been out 
bicycling one early June day in ror3, and, 
while walking up a hill, had discovered 
him, an inadequately feathered young 
Robin, lying on the sidewalk, legs extended, 
and flapping feebly, while his enormous 
bill emitted faint croaks. Of course, we 
picked him up and carried him home with 


Notes from Field and Study 


us, where he received, among other things, 
his Christian name of Dixie. A small 
basket with a handle, lined with soft 
grass, was his home, and there he lay on 
the bottom of it, undecided whether to 
live or die. 

We were now confronted with the prob- 
lem of food and drink for our new pet. 
Worms were probably the natural diet, 
but that meant we would have to dig for 
them in the garden. We must, therefore, 
find something simpler, something requir- 
ing less effort on our part. So we consulted 
a book on birds. One chapter was devoted 
to the rearing of young birds, and in this 
we found that finely crumbled hard- 
boiled egg-yolk and potato would be the 
proper thing. This, then, was Dixie’s diet 
for two months or more. Still following 
the book, we fed him frequently during 
the day, but at rather irregular intervals, 
I’m afraid. 

As regards quantity, we were at a loss, 
so we held his bill open, stuffing the egg 
down until he choked and flopped, where- 
upon we stopped. We followed the same 
method in regard to his drink. With a 
medicine dropper we injected water until 
he indicated by a contortionist stunt that 
he could hold no more. 

In this same chapter on the rearing of 
young birds, the author makes the state- 
ment that it is practically impossible to 
raise baby Robins—they are too delicate. 
But Dixie thrived from the first and grew 
steadily. Once his basket got left out in the 
cold entry during the night, and the next 
morning Dixie lay stiff and cold in the 
bottom. Apparently, he was perfectly 
dead. On a chance, however, we let him 
warm up gently in the oven, and in the 
course of the morning he came to and was 
as lively as ever. 

In a week or ten days he had started to 
feather out and could hop on the handle of 
his basket and sit there. A portable wire- 
netting enclosure was built for him and 
placed out on the shady lawn. Here he 
stayed when out-of-doors. And again he 
had a narrow escape, when one day he got 
out and the neighbor’s cat almost killed 
him. We were positive that this tragedy 


177 


had occurred, and were loudly lamenting 
the fact when Dixie hopped quietly out 
from under the ferns up close to the house 
where he had taken refuge. Indoors, he 
was allowed the freedom of the kitchen, 
where he managed adroitly to keep himself 
from getting stepped on and won the 
affection of the cook. 

As he grew, he developed a distinct per- 
sonality. He had a temper like a red-headed 
Irishman, was extremely dictatorial and 
selfish, but very fond, in his own way, of 
father. At a whistled call from him, Dixie 
would always appear, and would suffer 
himself to be handled in any way. With 
other members of the family, however, he 
was merely tolerant, and indignantly re- 
sented being fussed with too much. Here 
I may mention an interesting, instinctive 
trait. When one went to pick him up, he 
would be willing to hop onto one’s finger 
or nestle in one’s hand, but if one lowered 
one’s hand over him, so as to grasp him by 
extending the fingers around him, he 
would squawk and peck angrily. We 
attributed this to an instinctive fear, per- 
haps, of being clutched in the talons of a 
larger bird. 

Though now old enough to eat alone, he 
absolutely refused to feed himself, and 
would lie on his back, screeching until 
someone came and stuffed egg or worms 
down his throat. If you offered too much, 
he would again scream and peck at your 
hands. This daily use of his lungs developed 
a very harsh, piercing note which we could 
always recognize as his, easily distinguish- 
ing it from the calls of other Robins. Be- 
sides his egg and potato diet, he now ate 
worms and grasshoppers—when we would 
catch them for him—but he never made 
any attempt to get them for himself. In 
our walks through the fields he would fol- 
low in the rear, generally protesting, for 

~what he most liked was to hop on the toe 
of father’s shoe and ride that way. ‘‘Don’t 
do anything for yourself that anyone else 
can do for you” was Dixie’s motto, strictly 
lived up to. 

Toward the last of September we com- 
menced to pack up to return to our home 
near Boston for the winter. During the 


178 


general upheaval connected with closing a 
house and transplanting a large family, we 
discovered another characteristic of 
Dixie’s. He loved noise—grating, pound- 
ing, squeaking noise. When barrels and 
boxes were nailed, he would sit on the 
top, within a couple of inches of the 
crashing hammer, perfectly happy. An- 
other attractive pastime was: riding the 
carpenter’s plane in its swift journeys 
along the surface of a board. 

By this time Dixie was about full 
grown. He used his wings to fly off to a 
nearby grove, but would always return 
upon hearing the familiar whistled call. 
Nights he spent sleeping in the cellar, but 
once he stayed out. It was a wet, shiver- 
ing, woe-begone Dixie that we welcomed 
in the early morning. 

When the time came to leave, not one 
of us could bear to leave behind our dic- 
tatorial little friend and protégé, but 
there seemed no other way out. The 
difficulty was solved, however, by buying 
a small wicker hand-bag, cutting little 
holes in the sides, and carrying him along 
with us in that. Thus Dixie traveled some 
one hundred miles from Amherst, Mass., 
to Wellesley Hills, attracting no little 
attention at way-stations, as he popped 
his head in and out and squawked for food. 

But in his new home, Dixie grew wilder 
and wilder. His trips were longer and more 
frequent, and he came less promptly at 
our call. Then he took to sleeping out at 
night, but, even so, he always returned 
very early in the morning, shrieking at the 
door until father came out and talked to 
him. Several times we thought he had left 
for good, but after a few days he would 
return. One Sunday afternoon in October, 
father was working in the cellar. All 
afternoon Dixie hung around the window, 
seemingly much distressed about some- 
thing. That night he disappeared as usual. 
But when, after a week or so, no Dixie 
screamed at the door, we knew he had 
gone South. 

Spring came around again, and when the 
first Robin hopped on the lawn, we thought 
of Dixie. Would he come back? Had he, 


Bird - 


Lore 


perhaps, already returned to Amherst? 
But early one morning there was the fa- 
miliar squawking at the door. There was 
no mistaking that hoarse, imperative note 
—Dixie had returned! After having been 
brought up in Amherst, and later spending 
only a short time in Wellesley Hills, he 
had returned to the latter place from 
whence he had gone South. 

Yes, there was Dixie at the door, but a 
confused, puzzled Dixie. He had come 
back to the old place; habit and perhaps 
some vague memory urged him to come 
and be fed and petted. But instinct, 
stronger than habit, and a newly acquired 
fear kept him from coming down to us as 
‘he had always done. Down he would 
swoop to within a foot of the porch, and 
back he would dart to sit on the nearest 
tree, squawk despairingly, and then repeat 
the process. 

Dixie spent that whole summer with us, 
but after the first few mornings he never 
ventured up to the house. We knew he 
was in the vicinity by his shrill, angry call, 
particularly in the early mornings and late 
evenings. We even guessed at the location 
of his nest and pitied his family, unless the 
southern climate had changed his dispo- 
sition, but Dixie had grown wary and dis- 
trustful, and, although always around the 
house and grounds, would never come 
down to us in his old friendly way. 

For three springs following, when the 
Robins came back, we were positive that 
Dixie was with them, for at sun-up and 
sun-down we would hear his angry, im- 
patient squawk from the nearby trees. 
But these last two years we have not been 
so sure. That peculiar note of his has lost 
some of its harshness, and we may be mis- 
taken, when, at a shrill call, we say, 
“‘There’s Dixie!’’ That Robin, sitting there 
in the dusk on the tree across the way, 
breaking the soft stillness with an im- 
patient squawk, may be Dixie and it may 
not—we hope so! But we like to think, 
anyway, that cross-tempered, dictatorial 
little Dixie is still alive and that he comes 
back to us in the spring.—MARGARET 
Pratt, Wellesley Hills, Mass. 


Notes from Field and Study 


To Hatch and to Raise 


Somewhere near the middle of June, we 
discovered that a pair of Yellow Warblers 
had chosen to build their nest in a syringa 
bush close to our living-room window. 
Here was an opportunity to watch a bit 
of bird-life without leaving the house. 

The three eggs were hatched out June 30. 
By the next afternoon one of the young 
birds appeared larger than the others. 
Another day, and there was no doubt 
about it; the difference was obvious. No 
wonder, for this greedy individual hardly 
permitted the others to be fed at all. 
Toward evening, on July 2, one of the 
three, which had remained a little, throb- 
bing lump of pink flesh, ceased to lift its 
head when the mother bird came to the 
nest. 

Up, to this time, I had accepted the 
larger individual as a young Yellow War- 
bler, but it now dawned on me that it was 
a Cowbird. And this became more evident 
as the disparity in size between the two 
remaining occupants of the nest became 
more marked. One could almost see the 
Cowbird grow, and as it grew, it more and 
more completely dominated the food- 


supply. 


July 4 was a hot day, and the Cowbird | 


was restless. The nest was now hardly 
large enough to hold both it and the 
Warbler, and the latter was badly crowded 
and maltreated as its big nest-mate moved 
around in the narrow quarters. 

So matters continued until the fotenouit 
of July 5, when the Warbler was several 
times almost, and then quite, crowded out 
of the nest by the Cowbird. It managed, 
however, to hang to the nest by what, in 
the case of a human being, would be the 
chin, and after a lively struggle, succeeded 
' in getting into the nest again. But it 
appeared to be utterly exhausted. The 
struggles of the little fellow were too much 
for my scientific attitude; I concluded to 
take a hand. Securing a Warbler’s nest of 
the previous year, I fastened it to the bush 
a foot below the original nest. Into this 
I put the Cowbird, leaving the young 
Warbler in the old nest. 


179 


The adult Warbler came to the old nest, 
fed its one occupant, and seemed not the 
least disturbed by the absence of the other. 
In this way the young Warbler was fed 
four times without interference from the 
Cowbird. When the adult came the fifth 
time, the Cowbird made such a commotion 
that its foster mother was attracted to it. 
Thereafter she went each time to both 
nests, but always to the old nest first. The 
Cowbird, however, was so loud and insistent 
in its demands for food that often the 
mother bird would stop in the very act of 
offering food to the Warbler and take it 
down to the Cowbird. That night she 
covered her own offspring. 

A week after being hatched out, July 6, 
the Cowbird was larger than the adult 
Warbler, and the nest was being spread all 
out of shape by it. The young Warbler, 
on the contrary, was showing signs of 
weakness, at first only listlessly reaching 
for the proffered worm, and then paying 
no attention to it whatever. The mother 
bird was obviously disturbed. Going. to 
the nest with a worm or gnat in her bill, 
she would chirp several times, waiting for 
it to be accepted. The young Warbler 
remaining motionless, she would then feed 
the Cowbird, but return immediately to 
the old nest, and occasionally settle herself 
for a little time on the little Warbler 
before she flew off again to the hedges. In 
the afternoon a shower came up, and she 
sat on the nest until it was over, a feathered 
epitome of solicitude. Nothing, however, 
availed. When, after the shower, she came 
again with food, the occupant of the old 
nest was beyond the want of it. Until well 
into twilight she fed the Cowbird, continu- 
ing, however, to go to the other nest first, 
and after dark she protected the little 
dead Warbler from the night air. 

The next day, July-7, she devoted her- 
self entirely to the Cowbird which now 
sprawled over the top of its distorted nest. 
Nor did she any longer go first to her own 
nest. Only occasionally, before flying off 
again for more food, would she hop up 
and examine the nest and the dead bird. 
And that night she slept away from home. 

On the 8th she was on hand early, and 


180 


busier than ever. Her step-child, now 
over twice her own size, had an insatiable 
appetite. ‘The Cowbird sat boldly on the 
edge of the nest, sometimes almost falling 
off in his eagerness for what she brought. 
During the forenoon it moved to a nearby 
branch, and, later, to the ground. In the 
afternoon it tried its wings for distance, 
and although it had had no practice, 
easily crossed the road to the top of some 
sumach bushes. Before sunset it had ven- 
tured to the willows along the lake-shore. 
And everywhere its faithful foster mother 
followed with such dainties as she knew 
how to find. 

I saw what I took to be our Yellow 
Warbler for the last time on July 10, when 
she came and once more examined the old 
nest. Following her as she darted through 
the trees toward the lake, I heard the voice 
of a young Cowbird pleading for food. ‘I 
thought so,’’ I said to myself, but I was 
wrong. This Cowbird was being fed by a 
Song Sparrow.—M. C. Otto, Madison, 
Wis. 

An Eccentric Ovenbird 


On the morning of the second of July 
(1918), at about 10.30, I was startled to 
hear the Ovenbird’s flight-song repeated 
in the air over the pines toward the moun- 
tains. He sang the entire song and then 
darted down into the trees. About half an 
hour later, I heard it again, this time over 
the birches, to the west. Once more he 
sang—at 2 o’clock—over the maples, 
eastward. : 

The next day, he sang, at 9 o’clock. This 
time, and on the sth of the month, he 
sang three times before 4 o’clock. He re- 
peated his song on different mornings— 
fifteen times in all—the last on August 31— 
and every time before 3 o’clock. I think 
it was the same eccentric bird who sang 
every time, for the notes were the same on 
each occasion. Bradford Torrey, in ‘Birds 
in the Bush’ says that he heard the Oven- 
bird sing but three times before 3 o’clock 
in the afternoon. 

In the evening this song is a common one 
near.our house, situated, as it is, in the 
midst of the forest. Through June, July, 


Bird - 


Lore 


and part of August it can be heard half a 
dozen times every evening between sunset 
and dark. Even tonight (September 5), as 
I write, one rises from the trees, uttering 
excited ‘chips’ and bursts into melody. 
But what does the morning singing of this 
peculiar Ovenbird mean? Has he lost his | 
sense of time? or is he a lover singing, per- 
haps, for a lost mate?-—THEO. SPENCER, 
Chocorua, N. H. 


The Cape May Warbler in Southern 
Maine 


During the three years previous to 1917, 
two or three persons who are interested in 
birds reported that they had seen the 
Cape May Warbler in the migration sea- 
son. 

One lady, a keen observer, whose home 
is very favorably situated for the study of 
birds, saw two pairs in May, 1915, and 
again in September, when they were 
accompanied by their young. 

This was, to me, extremely interesting 
information, and last year I diligently 
sought to find the Cape May, but not until 
this spring (1917) were my efforts re- 
warded. ; 

On May 25, in company with a bird- 
loving friend, I was standing among some 
low trees and bushes at the head of a small 
pond, watching a flock of birds that was 
flying about us, in which were two beau- 
tiful male Rose-breasted Grosbeaks and 
one female, three Baltimore Orioles, two 
Purple Finches, two Northern Parula 
Warblers, two Canadian, one Wilson’s, and 
one Blackpoll, when, suddenly, I caught 
sight of a bird that was new to me. 

In an instant I thought what it was, and, 
turning to my friend, I exclaimed, “I do 
believe that I just saw the Cape May 
Warbler!’ As I spoke, the bird flew into - 
a bush close by us, and she, having pre- 
viously seen that Warbler, said, “That is 
the bird,” and, indeed, he was a fine male. 

Never was a bird more obliging than he, 
for he flitted about us, displaying all his 
markings to the best possible advantage. 
For me, it was a moment of delight. 

On May 28 I saw in another locality, 


Notes from Field and Study 


also near a small pond, three Cape May 
Warblers, two males and a female, and 
my quest was ended. 

As the bird has been seen by so many 
observers, I think it probable that it may 
become a migrant to this part of our state, 
and I certainly hope that such may be the 
case.—SARA CHANDLER EASTMAN, Port- 
land, Maine. : 


Another Wire Wren Nest 


I have read with interest the article in 


Brrpo-Lore of July-August, 1918, on, ‘A 
Unique Wren Nest Made of Wire.’ A 
similar nest was found last year in a bird- 
box on the place of Mr. Wm. B. Conrad, 
Nyack, N. Y. This nest was composed 
largely of small-mesh chicken wire, rusty 
hairpins, and other pieces of small wire. 
One of the pieces of chicken-wire, however, 
must have required a great deal of ingen- 
uity to get it into the hole of the bird box, 
as it took considerable space of time for 
Mr. Conrad to fit it in such a way as to 
go back into the hole-—ALBERT MOYER, 
New York City. 


Prairie Horned Lark 


I find on page 346 of Brrp-Lore for 
September-October, 1918, breeding-areas 
of Horned Larks. I notice that the breed- 
ing-area of the Prairie Horned Lark does 
not include any of West Virginia. Three 
years ago last summer a brood of Prairie 
Horned Larks was reared within the cor- 
porate limits of Morgantown, W. Va. Isaw 
the young birds in the nest when they were 
about large enough to leave it. Prairie 
Horned Larks have been seen near Morgan- 
town several times; only the one nest 
mentioned has been found.—A. J. Dapts- 
MAN, Morgantown, W. Va. 


Pelagic Habits of Kittiwake Gulls in 
Winter 


It may, perhaps, be of interest to give 
some notes regarding our return voyage 
from Brest to New York. During the en- 
tire trip (Jan. 24 to Feb..1, 1919) Kitti- 


181 


wakes were in constant attendance in the 
wake of our transport. However, the flock 
on each succeeding day was probably com- 
posed of new individuals. Between twenty- 
five and fifty were usually to be seen hov- 
ering over the path churned up by our 
propellor. Any scraps or refuse thrown 
overboard would instantly attract aswarm 
of fluttering wings. Some would alight on 
the water, with poised pinions; others dis- 
appeared beneath the surface in pursuit 
of some morsel. 

Occasionally we disturbed bands of 
Murres in their ocean solitudes. At our 
approach they made away in slow, clumsy 
flight. A few sought refuge beneath the 
surface. These would soon appear again, 
only to take wing in consternation.— 
LawrENcE L. Lorstrom, Cambridge, 
Minn. 


A Good Word for the Blue Jays 


I have frequently seen statements derog- 
atory to the character of the Blue Jays 
and would like to tell a little in their favor. 

Friends of mine, living on the main 
street of the village, have, for two sum- 
mers, had the Jays nest and raise their 
young in a cedar tree close to the front of 
the house. 

I asked the man of the house his opinion 
as to the Jays being thieves and undesir- 
able. He replied that, both seasons, Robins 
had nested in the same tree with the Jays, 
and that whenever there was a quarrel 
amongst them, invariably it was the 
Robins that commenced it, but the Jays 
always were the victors. He said that he 
never knew the Jays to disturb the Robins’ 
nests, eggs, or young, and that he consid- 
ered them desirable bird tenants. ; 

When I visited the nest this May, there 
were four young birds nearly ready to 
leave it. Within two or three days there- 
after, a great commotion was heard in the 
tree, and, upon investigating, my friends 
found that a red squirrel was robbing the 
nest. The man rushed for his gun, shot the 
squirrel, and saved the life of the fourth 
little Jay, the other three having been 
killed before help arrived. A score for the 


182 


Blue Jay and against the red squirrel !— 
GRAcE L. WuiteE, Watkins, N. Y. — 


Yellow-Throated Warbler in Central 
Park 


In Central Park, New York City, on 
April 15, t919, I had the pleasure.of seeing 
a Yellow-throated Warbler (Dendroica 
dominica subsp.). The yellow throat and 
breast were plainly seen, as were also the 


black cheek-patches and streaks on sides. - 


My identification was promptly checked 
up by examination of skins in the Natural 
History Museum. The bird evidently 
stayed in the vicinity, as it was seen 
authoritatively several times later in the 
same week.—LAmLAW WILLIAMS, New 
York City. 


Bird - Lore 


[April 16 was a stormy day. On the 17th 
the bird was seen again by Albert Pinkus, 
and Messrs. W. DeW. Miller and H. I. 
Hartshorn, from the American Museum, 
accompanied him to the Park, corroborat- 
ing the identification. Dr. E. Eliot has 
since called Brrp-LorE on the ’phone to 
report having seen the Yellow-throated 
Warbler on April 17 in an oak tree near 
the Schiller Statue. The others had seen 
it at ‘the point’ which projects into the 
lake. It has not been reported since the 
17th, though observers have been on the 
lookout for it. Mr. Miller was not satis- 
fied as to whether the bird belonged to the 
South Atlantic or Mississippi Valley race 
of this species, and since he has had power- 
ful glasses available to determine this 
point, no one has seen it.—J. T. N.] 


THE SEASON 
XIII. February 15 to April 15, 1919 


Boston Rrecron.—The past winter un- 
til mid-February, was one of unusual mild- 
ness and lack of snow. The latter half of 
the month, however, bade fair to redeem 
the vigor of the season with several minor 
snowstorms and cold days. Yet February 
22 brought Prairie Horned Larks at Way- 
land, the first, perhaps, of the migrants to 
return. A few reports of small roving flocks 
of Robins and Cedarbirds came in the 
latter half of the month, perhaps birds 
that had wintered at no great distance to 
the south and were already pushing north. 
The appearance of such flocks in the last 
week of January, or in early February, is 
an almost usual occurrence with us. March 
opened auspiciously with warm, enticing 
days. Promptly at the first beckoning of 
spring, on March 5, arrived the vanguard 
of the migrants. Red-winged Blackbirds, 
Bronzed Grackles, Meadowlarks, Song 
Sparrows, Robins, and Bluebirds came all 
together and in some numbers, a well- 
marked wave, though of a few of these 
species scattering individuals had been 
earlier reported. On the same day a large 
flock of nearly forty Pine Siskins was seen 


feeding on gray birch seeds. But the fickle 
New England climate forthwith sent a suc- 
cession of colder days that stopped further 
pronounced flights. An unusual abundance 
of Bluebirds was noted in certain places, as 
at Arlington Heights, where a flock of 
forty or more stayed several days on the 
southerly slopes of an orchard, held up in 
their northward flight by the cold which 
reached 10 degrees above zero on March 14. 
The remainder of the month saw little 
change. There was a small increase in the 
number of arriving birds but no very 
marked flight. Juncos came, but not in 
great abundance, by the 7th and days fol- 
lowing. Fox Sparrows were reported from 
towns south of Boston about the middle 
of March, but their numbers were small in 
the latter half of the month, and though a 
few sang from the thickets, they did not 
become common till the first week of 
April, when the main flight went through, 
and had passed by the roth of that month, 
Flickers seemed less in evidence than usual, 
and especially the wintering birds. One 
was heard singing his wake-up roll in 
Cambridge om March 3, but this was 


The Season 


doubtless a bird that had been seen at in- 
tervals all winter in the city limits, perhaps 
the same individual that has spent the 
winter near the Harvard College grounds 
for a number of seasons. In the outlying 
country, Flickers seem notably scarcer 
than in other years. Possibly many win- 
tering birds succumbed to the severity of 
the previous winter. 

About March 20, single male Robins 
appeared in the gardens and yards of Cam- 
bridge and vicinity, the local summer resi- 
dent birds arriving, no doubt, for they 
seemed at home at once. A blizzard in the 
last days of March, with snow and cold 
ranging to 14 degrees above zero, caused a 
temporary disappearance of Bluebirds at 
Arlington, where so many had been seen 
shortly before. The other birds seemed to 
have survived well, however, gathering 
into sheltered spots and about the springs, 
although there were reports of ‘many 
killed. A visitation of Killdeers accom- 
panying this storm was a remarkable fea- 
ture. Single birds were reported afterward 
from several localities. 

April to the middle of the month, has 
been a seasonable period, with warm rains, 
east winds, and fair days, in typical New 
England fashion. Vesper Sparrows came 
on the 6th, and numbers in full song were 
seen on later days. Crows were nest-build- 
ing at the same time. The 13th saw many 
arrivals—some of birds that average a few 
days later here. Thus were noted Barn 
Swallows, Yellow Palm Warblers, Ruby- 
crowned Kinglets, and Hermit Thrushes. 
Tree Swallows and Cowbirds had come a 
few days previously. 

Of the winter birds, Northern Shrikes 
stayed well into March, one being seen on 
the 20th at Arlington; Redpolls were re- 
ported there on March 7th. Evening Gros- 
beaks mostly disappeared during Feb- 
ruary, though a late report of a few birds 
seen in Essex County brought their stay 
into early April. A few Hairy Wood- 
peckers still frequent the woods and come 
freely into the more settled parts of the 
towns. Herring Gulls no longer gather in 
such large numbers in the Back Bay basin 
as they did in winter, but a few continue 


183 


to frequent its waters daily. On the whole, 
the spring is hopefully normal so far.— 
GLovER M. ALLEN, Boston, Mass. 


New York Recion.—The mild winter 
was followed by an early spring, with bud- 
ding vegetation and earliest flowers un- 
usually advanced as to date, and the first 
migrant birds came back at dates averag- 
ing earlier than usual. A flock of Rusty 
Blackbirds in song and several scattered 
Robins were noted at Mastic, Long Island, 
February 22. Grackles appeared in Garden 
City, February 27. In this west-central 
part of the Island, a few Meadowlarks 
(surprisingly absent during the present 
winter) began to be noticed during the 
first week in March, and the species was 
fairly common by the 2oth of the month. 
At Plainfield, N. J. (W. DeW. Miller), 
Cowbirds and Rusty Blackbirds were first 
seen on March 2, and the Hermit Thrush 
on March 30. The first ten days of April 
more than the usual number of migrant 
species were reported in Central Park, 
New York City. A sharp cold snap the 
last of March seems not to have delayed 
the arrival of birds, with the possible ex- 
ception of the Chipping Sparrow. The 
first Chipping Sparrow was noted at Gar- 
den City April 10, just a week later than 
in 1918. During this two-month period, a 
small flight of Pine Siskins has been noticed 
in several localities. 

This last Sunday (April 13) was a windy 
day on Long Island, alternately overcast 
and chilly, bright and sunny. A Robin 
was seen sitting and a Song Sparrow carry- 
ing nesting material. In the woodland, a 
scattered flock of about ten Yellow Palm 
Warblers was moving through the under- 
growth; nearby was a Sapsucker that had 
driven a row of punctures in one of the 
trees. A number of Cowbirds were on the 
ground among some cattle in a meadow. 
In town, toward sunset, a Hermit Thrush 
was seen to fly up into the trees. For a 
week or two Flickers have been much in 
evidence, alternately calling and drum- 
ming, their drumming with more of a whirr 
to it than that of Hairy or Downy Wood- 
peckers.—J. T. Nicuots, New York City. 


184 


PHILADELPHIA ReEGION.— Continued 
mild weather prevailed throughout Feb- 
ruary and March. The heaviest snowfall 
of the winter, three inches, occurred 
March 14, but scarcely remained a day. 
During the last four days of March, a vio- 
lent northwest gale caused noteworthy 
damage in this vicinity and literally blew 
a considerable portion of the water out of 
the Delaware River. The water was from 
2 to s feet lower than the usual low tide, 
and a number of vessels grounded. For the 
first time in the writer’s experience, at this 
season, no Herring Gulls were seen about 
the ferries, the birds apparently having 
taken refuge from the gale in more shel- 
tered situations. 

The average number of Ducks arrived 
during late March and early April. Blue- 
bills, Black Ducks and Mergansers made 
up the bulk of the flight. Six Red-breasted 
Mergansers were observed April 6. This 
bird is a much less common migrant on the 
Delaware River than the American Mer- 
ganser. 

There is an apparent dearth of Brown 
Creepers and Golden-crowned Kinglets 
this spring, few individuals of either of 
these species being seen. The Phebe has 
returned in increased numbers, in contrast 
with last spring, but, apparently, has not 
yet reached its normal abundance. 

One of the pleasing features of the season 
was the abundance of Fox Sparrows in full 
song, their mellow whistle being a delight- 
ful addition to the early spring bird-chorus. 

A Barn Owl, recorded April 6, is prob- 
ably worthy of mention. While this Owl 
is quite often seen during the fall and 
winter, it somehow usually succeeds in 
finding some safe and obscure retreat dur- 
ing the remainder of the year. This par- 
ticular Owl had taken refuge in a large 
dead water-birch, the bird being flushed 
from behind a good-sized strip of bark, 
sticking up and out from the trunk and 
held more or less in this position by en- 
twining vines. 

March and early April migrants were 
recorded as follows: March 2, Flicker and 
Purple Grackle; March 8, Purple Finch; 
March 23, Savannah Sparrow; March 30, 


Bird - 


Lore 


Vesper Sparrow; April 2, Phoebe; April 6, 
Wilson’s Snipe, Chipping Sparrow, and 
Yellow Palm Warbler.—Jvuti1an K.Porter, 
Camden, N. J. 


WASHINGTON REGION.—The status of 
bird-life about Washington during the 
months of February and March, 1919, was 
rather peculiar. Following a winter of un- 
usual mildness, the weather became rela- 
tively colder in March, after the vegeta- 
tion had made a good start. This recrudes- 
cence of winter at the beginning of spring 
has had a curious effect on the birds. 

Some of the rare winter residents, such 
as the Robin and the Killdeer, have been 
more than ordinarily numerous, but several 
others, such as the Vesper Sparrow, Fox 
Sparrow, and the Cowbird, had not, up to 
April 1, been reported at all. The same is 
true of several migrants, such as the 
American Pipit, Purple Martin, and Pine 
Warbler, all of which should have arrived 
by the last of March. Even the Phebe, 
which usually appears at Washington by 
March to, and occasionally even remains 
throughout the winter, was not reported 
until March 14, although it had been seen 
at Culpeper, Va., on March 7. 

On the other hand, a number of migrants 
appeared before their average time, such 
as the Chipping Sparrow, which was seen 
on March 23; the Brown Thrasher on 
March 25; and the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 
on March 30. The Mourning Dove, too, 
which, while it occasionally winters here, 
ordinarily does not appear until about 
March 21, was seen this year by Dr. A. K. 
Fisher as early as February 16 at Plum- 
mer’s Island, Md. The Purple Grackle 
appeared in force earlier than common, 
having been first noted on February 17 by 
Mr. N. Hollister. Furthermore, the Tree 
Swallow was observed two days earlier 
than ever before in this vicinity—on 
March 24 at Bethesda, Md., by Mr. Ray- 
mond W. Moore, its very earliest previ- 
ous record being March 26, 1887. 

Several species, such as the Song Spar- 
row and Robin, were singing much more 
freely than is usual in February; a Winter 
Wren was heard in song by Mr. A. Wet- 


The Season 


more on March 16; and the regular summer 
song of the Chewink by Mr. E. A. Preble 
on March 23. 

Owing probably to a decrease of aero- 
plane and hydroplane activity along the 
Potomac River, the large flocks of Ducks 
have again moved up the river to Wash- 
ington. Most of these birds certainly iden- 
tified prove to be Mallards, Black Ducks, 
Greater Scaups, and Lesser Scaups. On 
March 25 there was a long flock of some 
3,000 individuals lying quietly on the other 
side of the river towards Alexandria. On 
this date the American Merganser was 
fairly common on other parts of the river. 

Such erratic bird movements as have 
been in evidence during February and 
March of this year apparently indicate 
that the weather plays an important part 
in some bird migrations; and the subject 
still presents an inviting field for investiga- 
tion.— Harry C. OBERHOLSER, Biological 
Survey, Washington, D. C. 


OBERLIN REGION.—The first clear mi- 
gration wave began on February 19, when 
the first group of Robins appeared. On the 
21st there was a marked increase in the 
number of Crows, Song Sparrows, and 
Northern Flickers; on the 25th the first 
Bluebirds, and on the 28th the first flock 
of Bronzed Grackles. There was no further 
movement until March 2, when the first 
Migrant Shrike was seen; then on the 
3d the first Mourning Doves, the 4th the 
first Killdeers, these making up the second 
distinct wave. Then came the usual mid- 
March filtering in of Red-winged Black- 
birds on the roth, Meadowlarks on the 
12th, Towhee on the 13th, Cowbird on the 
15th, Lesser Scaup Duck and Bufflehead 
on the 17th, Rusty Blackbird on the 2oth, 
Phcebe and Shoveller on the 26th, and 
Vesper Sparrow on the 29th. Fox Sparrow 
came on April 2d, Great Blue Heron and 
Belted Kingfisher on the 3d, Field Sparrow 
on the 5th, Hermit Thrush on the 6th, and 
Turkey Vulture, Wilson’s Snipe, Chipping 
Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, Yellow-bellied 
Sapsucker, Purple Martin, Tree Swallow, 
Upland Plover, Louisiana Water-Thrush, 
and Savannah Sparrow on the 7th. Ruby- 


185 


crowned Kinglet and Woodcock came on 
the 8th and should be added to this distinct 
wave. Brown Thrasher and Ruddy Duck 
on the roth, Mallard, Coot, Barn Swallow, 
and Osprey on the 12th, and Spotted 
Sandpiper on the 13th belonged to this 
movement, but were a little delayed. 

A study of the records reveals the fact 
that practically all of the March records 
are late except that of the Ducks. Eight 
species which normally arrive in March did 
not come this year until April, but five 
mid-April species were a week early. Thus 
far there have been no arrivals on the 
median date of arrival for the species.— 
Lynps Jones, Oberlin, Ohio. 


MINNEAPOLIS REGIoN.—The third week 
of February continued the prevailingly mild 
weather of the past winter, but on the 
24th of that month the thermometer fell 
to— 7 degrees, and the cold continued with 
an intermission of only one day—March 3 
—to the second week of March. February 
was the coldest month of the winter, though 
slightly above the average of other years. 
The mean was +16 degrees, the highest 
temperature +37 degrees, and the lowest, 
— 13 degrees on the 27th. Five or six inches 
of snow fell on the last days of the month. 
March, after the subzero weather on the 
ist and sth, was a mild month with, for 
the most part, pleasant and spring-like 
days, the ground freezing hard for the last 
time: on the 26th and 27th. The first 
thunder and lightning storm of the season 
occurred on the 29th, with a temperature 
of 76 degrees above zero in the sun at 
3 P.M. The first half of April continued 
mild, but on the 14th it became colder, 
and a heavy, wet snow fell continuously 
for nearly forty-eight hours. The ice went 
out of the Mississippi River above the 
Falls on March 22, the channel below hav- 
ing been clear for some time before. About 
this time a space of a hundred feet or so 
was open around the larger lakes in the 
vicinity, and on April 5, the ice broke and 
soon disappeared, several days earlier 
than usual. 

Following the mild winter, spring activi- 
ties began somewhat earlier than usual, 


186 


but still not as much earlier as might have 
been expected, due, perhaps, to the spell 
of severe weather at the end of February 
and in early March. Hazel bushes were in 
bloom and the buds swelling on the maples 
and elms on April 6. The earliest pasque 
flowers had opened some days before. After 
the limited numbers of last year, it was a 
happy surprise to find the Juncos and Tree 
Sparrows coming in great abundance in 
late March and early April. The Purple 
Finches, here all winter, were greatly 
added to about April 1, and since then 
their sweet warble has been common music 
hereabouts. Redpolls, abundant all winter, 
disappeared early in April, and the last 
Bohemian Waxwings were reported on 
March 29 (Thayer). The Horned .Larks 
that were here the latter part of the winter 
left about March 15, and none has been 
seen since in the places frequented by them. 

For assistance in compiling the following 
record of spring arrivals, I am indebted to 
Mr. Burton Thayer and Mr. F. W. 
Commons. 

February 22. A Kingfisher, probably a 
winter bird. 

March 9. Crows became common (some 
here all winter). 

March 15. Numerous Robins and Blue- 
birds (all males); Red-winged Blackbirds 
(males) in nesting-places. 

March 18. A Killdeer and Herring Gulls. 

March 22. Flickers (common April 13); 
Great Blue Herons; Song Sparrows (com- 
mon April 6). 

March 25. A Whistling Swan, killed near 
St. Paul by some boys, sent to the Museum 
by Prof. Riley, State Entomologist. Re- 
port says that a number were seen in this 
vicinity (Avery). 

March 27. Meadowlarks (common 
March 29); Rusty Blackbirds abundant. 

March 30. Red-headed Woodpecker; 
Migrant Shrike. 

April 1. A pair of Sparrow Hawks. 

April 6. Phoebes; a Pied-billed Grebe; 
Swamp Sparrows (common April 13); 
Ruby-crowned Kinglets (common April 
13); Loons; Brown Creepers very numer- 
ous (a few present all winter). 

April 10. A Fish Hawk, taken at St. 


Bird - Lore 


Paul, presented to Museum by Mr. Carlos 
Avery. This bird was formerly common in 
Minnesota but is disappearing of late 
years. 

April 13. Golden-crowned Kinglets; a 
male Sapsucker feeding, as usual, in the 
early spring, among the catkins of a poplar 
tree; American Coot; Wilson’s Snipe; Her- 
mit Thrush; flocks of Lesser Scaup and 
Ring-necked Ducks in the lakes; a White- 
breasted Nuthatch and a Robin building. 

April 14. First Myrtle Warblers. 

The most noticeable feature in the spring 
movement thus far is the considerable in- 
crease in birds over last year.—Tuos. S. 
Rosperts, University of Minnesota, Min- 
nea polis, Minn. 


Kansas City Recion.—This region, ly- 
ing close to the winter home of so many 
species of birds,—in fact, being the home 
itself of such a goodly number;—the effect 
of an exceptionally mild and open winter 
is readily noticeable in the early start of 
the northward movement. The winter 
just past was such a one, and while, for 
some unaccountable reason, the wintering 
birds were far less numerous, both as re- 
gards species and individuals, than during 
less favorable years, the sudden and early 
appearance of large numbers of Grackles, 
Red-wings, Rusty Blackbirds, Meadow- 
larks, several species of Sparrows, both 
Kinglets, Robins, and Bluebirds indicated 
that our usual winter crowd had spent the 
season not far to the south. 

The usual cold storms of mid-March 
seemed to have had little or no effect on 
the restless throngs, and, by the second 
and third weeks of the month, migration 
was under way in earnest. The continued 
unaccountable absence of the usual num- 
bers of Harris’s Sparrows in their accus- 
tomed haunts has caused no little specula- 
tion among local observers as to the reason 
for this favorite deserting us for a season. 
Purple Martins were a week ahead of 
schedule, two being seen on March 209. 

Black and White Warblers were seen on 
April 5, which is six days earlier than any 
previous date of arrival known to the 
writer. Ruby-crowned Kinglets were 


The Season 


heard in full song on the 6th, which is 
quite unusual for this region. 

The present cold period of April 9 and ro 
finds Robins setting on eggs, with the trees 
containing the nests just beginning to bud. 
By the time the more northerly nesting 
hordes of Robins have reached this point, 
our local birds will be feeding their first 
brood. These same north-bound migrants 
will have returned inthe fall, square-tailed 
and fresh in their new coats, before our 
own ragged and overworked birds have 
completed their post-nuptial moult. 

The notorious and troublesome oppo- 
sition to the Federal Migratory Bird Law 
by the organized sportsmen of this and 
surrounding territory is as bitter and de- 
termined as ever. The situation, however, 
has greatly improved lately, owing to the 
untiring and efficient efforts of R. P. Hol- 
land, the Biological Survey’s splendid field 
agent in this region. Over a dozen arrests 
have been made, and though a Missouri 
injunction temporarily embarrasses Mr. 
Holland’s office in the further execution of 
its duties, the good work is on in earnest 
and the early heavy flight of water-fowl 
has been protected against the customary 


187 


spring slaughter.—HArry Harris, Kansas 
City, Mo. 


DENVER REcGIon.—It is common knowl- 
edge that the Robin does not burst forth 
in full song until he has been in his breed- 
ing-area for some time in the spring. Hence 
it was a surprise to the undersigned to hear, 
on March 3, to1g, at daybreak, a Robin 
whose song was, to the writer, as abundant 
and full as any nuptial song he has heard 
later on in the season. 

The birds have returned rather early this 
spring, Gamble’s Sparrow reaching here 
very early, having been seen on the hospital 
grounds March 27, and still being present 
at the end of this period. The writer has 
seen, however, very few Bluebirds, much 
to his regret, noticeing but two on March 27 
and two more three days later. The Kill- 
deers and Sparrow Hawks have, however, 
returned about on time, and the Pine Sis- 
kins have started to build nests in their 
usual early and industrious fashion. <A 
family of Long-eared Owls has preémpted 
an old Magpie’s nest, and gives every evi- 
dence of using it as this season’s breeding- 
place.—W. H. BerctTotp, Denver, Colo. 


Book Pews and Kebiews 


GAME BirpDs OF CALIFORNIA. By JOSEPH 
GRINNELL, HArotp CHILD BRYANT, 
and Tracy IRWIN STORER. University 
of California Press, Berkeley, Calif., 
1918. Large 8vo., 642 pp., 16 colored 
plates and 94 text figures. 

About four-fifths of this volume con- 
sists of a systematic treatment, species by 
species, of the Ducks, Geese and Swans, 
Ibises, Cranes, Rails, etc., shore-birds, 
gallinaceous birds and Pigeons of the state 
of California. For each species there is a 
description of size and color, marks for 
field identification, voice, nest and eggs, 
general distribution, and distribution in 
California, followed by a running narra- 
tive taking up habits, use as game, econo- 
mic status, etc. Sixteen full-page colored 
plates are by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and 
Allan Brooks; 94 excellent text figures are 
mostly of bills, feet, etc., and nineteen 
tables relate to such matters as the taking 
and sale of game, and nesting of certain 
species. 

Introductory chapters treat of the de- 
crease of game, natural enemies of game 
birds, sportsmen’s game preserves and gun 
clubs, introduction of non-native birds, 
propagation of game birds, legislation rela- 
tive to game birds in California, and there 
is sufficient information concerning tech- 
nical terms and methods to facilitate the 
use of the descriptive portion of the book. 
As regards the decrease of game, it is esti- 
mated that “‘waterfowl and upland game 
birds have both, on the average, decreased 
by fully one-half within the past forty 
years. Very likely the reduction totals 
much more in many individual species.’’ 
Many causes have led to this decrease “but 


all are due in last analysis to the settlement 


of the state by the white man. Some of 
these factors, such as excessive hunting 
and sale of game, are subject to control; 
but others, such as reclamation of land, 
and overhead wires, are inevitable.” 

We learn from the preface that the in- 
ception of the work dates from 1912, when 
it was decided that the staff of the Califor- 


nia Museum of Vertebrate Zodlogy should 
actively interest itself in the conservation 
of the native fauna. A study of the situ- 
ation soon led to the conclusion that, as 
regards game birds, what was needed was 
not more numerous nor more stringent 
game laws so much as a better knowledge 
of these birds and the necessity of conserv- 
ing them among sportsmen and by the 
public. ‘Game Birds of California’ has 
been prepared as a manual of such infor- 
mation for all the various persons who, 
for one reason or another, have an interest 
in these birds. We may safely say that it 
is a most useful work for this purpose, and 
that the mass of facts which it presents is 
admirably arranged for reference. Com- 
pared to conditions in eastern states, game 
birds are still abundant in California, and 
it is to be hoped that this book will form a 
basis for their intelligent preservation, in 
maximum numbers compatible with fur- 
ther settlement of the country. 
A mass of information has been brought 
together from which the student of birds 
will derive much profit and pleasure, and 
those of scientific turn of mind will be 
gratified by the absolutely unbiased man- 
ner in which all the facts are presented. 
We would recommend especially to the 
consideration of all sportsmen the chapter 
on ‘Natural Enemies of Game Birds,’ as 
there has, of late, been evident in this 
country a regrettable tendency towards 
the indiscriminate destruction of Hawks, 
etc., borrowed from methods used on 
foreign preserves which are little more 
than farms for the artificial propagation of 


game birds, a procedure ill-adapted to 
“conservation over a wider, freer territory. 


~The colored plates are all of a high 
standard—real contributions to the pub- 
lished portraits of American birds—but 
the ones of Mallard and Widgeons by 
Fuertes and that of the Surf-bird by Brooks 
stand out preéminently for their excellence. 
In the general descriptions of transient 
shore-birds, the authors show a lack of 


(188) 


Book News 


familiarity with them in the field, con- 
trasted with the very interesting accounts 
of certain nesting species. Descriptions of 
their migrating calls, one of the most 
attractive features of such birds, are 
especially weak. Similarly, the white 
‘diamond’ in the back of the Dowitcher is 
not mentioned among the field characterist- 
ics of that species, although it is the best 
and most reliable one, probably because 
it is not evident in prepared skins. 

As should be the case in any such com- 
prehensive work, information is drawn 
from many sources, and its reference value 
is enhanced by a convenient list of litera- 
ture cited, as also by a good index. All in 


all, the volume is a very satisfactory one, ° 


the best that has been published of similar 
scope, and a model of good book-making. 
—JjJ. T.N. 


BrirpDSs OF THE KANSAS City REGION. By 
Harry Harris. Transactions of the 
Academy of Science of St. Louis, Vol. 
23, No. 8, 1919. 8vo. I59 pp. 


This is an annotated list of 311 species, 
with four others included as of probable 
occurrence. In a number of instances more 
than one race of a species is listed.. The 
Red-winged Blackbird, which nests in this 
locality, belongs to a race which is also 
widely distributed to the east. It is very 
abundant in migration but comparatively 
few are found in winter, at which season 
the Rocky Mountain race, as also the one 
which breeds to the north, may be present 
in large numbers. 

There is a general statement of the 
times of arrival and departure of migra- 
tory birds, and although no attempt is 
made to give dates consistently through- 
out, there is much definite information of 
this character, for instance, an interesting 
comparison of dates of spring arrival of two 
Flycatchers, the Phoebe, an early migrant, 
and the Crested Flycatcher, a late one. In 
the former there is a variation of twenty- 
seven days (March 3 to 30) with the mean 
(March 16) slightly earlier than the middle 


of this period and an average deviation of 


six days from the mean. In the latter there 
is a variation of eighteen days (April 15 to 


and Reviews 189 
May 3) the mean (April 27) lies in the 
latter part of the period, with average 
deviation of only three days from it. 

As this is the first list from the locality 
it will be of much service to local students. 
The fact that Kansas City lies in the com- 
paratively little studied Prairie region 
makes it of especial interest to those who 
deal with North American birds as a whole, 
and readers of Brrp-LoReE’s seasonal re- 
ports will find the ones from Kansas City 
(by the same author) rendered more in- 
teresting by reference to this list —J. T. N. 


The Ornithological Magazines 


Tue Avukx.—The January issue deals 
largely, although not exclusively, with 
Canadian birds, and the excellence of a 
number of the half-tones is worthy of 
notice. 

The first part of an annotated list of 
‘The Birds of the Red Deer River, Alberta,’ 
by P. A. Taverner, is most instructive and 
is based chiefly on observations made dur- 
ing the summer of 1917; we find ‘Notes on 
Some. Birds of the Okanagan Valley, 
British Columbia,’ by J. A. Munro, and © 
‘Further Notes on New Brunswick Birds,’ 
by P. B. Philipp and B. S. Bowdish, the 
latter article with illustrations of the nest 
of the Cape May Warbler, of Wilson’s 
Snipe and of the Arctic Three-toed Wood- 
pecker, and with valuable notes on these 
and other nests of considerable rarity. 

The ‘Winter Birds of East Goose Creek, 
Florida’ are listed by R. W. Williams, and, 
on the next page, at the other extreme of 
the continent in ‘Notes on the Summer 
Birds of the Upper Yukon Region, Alaska,’ 
Eliot Blackwelder describes a country little 
known to the ornithologist and lists the 
birds seen there in the summer of 1915. 
The reader is also taken out into the 
Pacific Ocean and may read of ‘The 
Hawaiian Elepaio,’ by Vaughan MacCa- 
ughey,—largely a field study of this Fly- 
catcher, but, nevertheless, monographic 
in its completeness. 

A new subspecies of the Hepatic Tanager 
(Piranga hepatica oreophasma) is described 
by H. C, Oberholser, who also advocates 


190 


certain rectifications—virtually none of 
them new—in the status of certain forms 
of North American birds; a new species of 
Seaside Sparrow (Thryospiza mirabilis) 
from Florida is described by A. H. Howell 
and several new birds from South America 
by Chas.-B. Cory, but the exact details of 
these purely scientific matters can scarcely 
be of vital interest to the average reader 
of Brrp-Lore, and the reviewer feels that 
they should here be passed over with 
briefest comment. 

‘The Thirty-sixth Stated Meeting of the 
A.O.U.’ is statistically written up by T. S. 
Palmer. It was wholly a business affair 
because of the prevalence of the influenza 
epidemic at that time of the year. 

It may be worthy of note that, owing to 
printing difficulties, for which the editor 
was in no wise responsible, the January 
‘Auk’ was a fortnight late in publication, 
thereby breaking all previous records! 

In the April number so many cross- 
currents of opinion are in evidence that no 
review can do justice to the authors of the 
various articles. An obituary of Mrs. Olive 
Thorn Miller, by Florence M. Bailey, re- 
minds us that Mrs. Miller was among the 
pioneers of those who have contributed so 
much and so well to the hosts of books on 
popular ornithology. 

A. D. Dubois writes of ‘An Experience 
with Horned Grebes (Colymbus auritus) in 
Montana’ describing with minuteness his 
observations on a nesting pair of these 
birds which may be seen in some excellent 
half-tones; Harry Harris, in ‘Historical 
Notes on Harris’s Sparrow (Zonotrichia 
querula)’ brings together some of the early 
and late history of this species; W. H. 
Bergtold discusses the status of ‘The Crow 
in Colorado’; and H. F. Lewis presents in- 
teresting notes on ‘Winter Robins in Nova 
Scotia.’ 

E. T. Seton, writing ‘On Popular Names 
of Birds,’ advocates a somewhat eclectic 
method of obtaining appropriate ones, 
which, after all, merely emphasizes the 
fact that language is always in process of 
evolution, and so the popular name of 
today may or may not be the name of 
tomorrow, 


Bird - Lore 


L. M. Loomis believes in ‘The Reality 
of Bird Species,’ but realities and opinions 
are somewhat mixed. J. T. Nichols, in 
‘Problems Suggested by Nests of Warblers 
of the Genus Dendroica,’ rests his hypo- 
theses on rather slender assumption, inter- 
esting though they be, for we do know that 
birds of the same species make different 
nests in different localities, and that con- 
cealment is a very relative matter after all. 
In A. Wetmore’s ‘Notes on the Structure 
of the Palate in the Jcteridae,’ the question 
arises as to how important as a generic 
character the palatal keel really is; in J. 
Dwight’s ‘Reasons for Discarding a Pro- 
posed Race of the Glaucous Gull (Larus 


. hyperboreus)’ there is raised a similar ques- 
q 


tion as to subspecific values, and A. C. 
Bent, in ‘Geographical Variation in the 
Black-throated Loons,’ questions the 
actual relationship of these birds. They 
are all controversial matters of opinion 
rather than of fact. 

In addition to the above technical papers, 
is one by T. E. Penard, reviewing Beebe’s 
‘Tropical Wild Life’; one by C. B. Cory, 
describing new birds from South America, 
and one by H. C. Oberholser, bringing to- 
gether a long list of prospective changes in 
the A.O.U. Check-List. 

‘The Birds of Red Deer River, Alberta,’ 
by P. A. Taverner, is brought to a con- 
clusion, and a map of the trip is included. 
The virtual abandonment of the use of 
trinomials in this list calls down criticism 
from W. Stone (page 317) who feels pessi- 
mistic about the future of nomenclature 
which he thinks “‘is now bearing about all 
the burdens it will stand.”” There is com- 
fort, however, in the thought that many 
other things in the world today are in 
much the same position. 

The death of Dr. Frederick DuCane 
Godman, a veteran of the A.O.U. Honor- 
ary Fellows, is a matter of more than 
passing interest.—J. D. 


Bivesirp has begun its eleventh volume 
with the December, 1918, number as a 
quarto instead of an octavo. The cover 
designjis also different—J. T. N. 


Editorial 


BWird-Lore 


A Bi-Monthly Magazine 
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds 
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 
Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN 
Contributing Editor, MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT 
Published by D. APPLETON & CO. 


Vol. XXI 


Published June 1, 1919 No. 3 


SUBSCRIPTION RATES 
Price in the United States, one dollar and fifty cents a year; 
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents, 
postage paid. 


COPYRIGHTED, 1919, BY FRANK M, CHAPMAN 


‘Bird-Lore’s Motto: 
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Hand 


Tue Epiror of Brirp-Lore, left the 
United{States as American Red Cross Com- 
missioner to South America a few days after 
theSeptember-October,1918, number of the 
magazine was issued. Before his departure 
he had mapped out the three succeeding 
numbers, so that little remained save see- 
ing them through the press. During his 
absence, Birp-LorE’s New York office was 
practically out of communication with him 
for considerable periods of time, and as he 
was not expected back until May, and the 
June number goes to press the latter part 
of April, it seemed that this number would 
have to be made up in his absence. About 
the first week in April, however, we were 
advised by wireless that he was arriving 
on a north-bound steamer then off the 
coast, and the next day found him most 
opportunely in his office. Ten days or so 
later he was obliged to leave for France, 
but he hopes to be again in New York by 
June 1, to resume ornithological activities 
which for a number of months have had 
to take second place in their demands upon 
his time and attention. 

Although while on the South American 
trip he was able to contribute for each issue 
of Brrp-Lore an article on some different 
and interesting aspect of bird-life from the 
varied tropical countries visited, Dr. 
Chapman’s Red Cross duties necessitated 
continuous travel, without so much as a 
breathing-space to devote to the study of 
birds. He came in contact with a great 


IgI 


many persons of diverse nationalities, but 
also with our countrymen scattered over 
the breadth of South America, and was 
able to bring to them a message concern- 
ing America’s part in the war for world 
freedom. As an example of his work, he 
tells us that on Sunday, January 12, he 
occupied the pulpit of the Scotch Presby- 
terian Church in Valparaiso and took for 
his text ‘America’s Heritage fromEngland.’ 
A week later he spoke to 1,500 miners in 
the heart of the Andes. Both experiences 
were novel to him. 

A talented naturalist has published 
an article in a current bird periodical on 
the vernacular names of birds, and in the 
same issue we learn that one of our most 
active workers in ornithology is preparing, 
as a hobby, a dictionary of such vernacular 
names. These days, when the value of 
democracy in institutions is to the fore, we 
may reflect that the vernacular names of 
birds are, and, by virtue of being a part 
of the living, everchanging language, will 
remain, perhaps the most democratic fea- 
ture of the study of birds. If interest in 
birds is superficial or slipshod, any thorough 
and precise system of vernacular names will 
either be disregarded or used in a super- 
ficial and slipshod way. Just so far as those 
interested in birds are in touch with one 
another and the public will we get uni- 
formity in names throughout the country; 
just so far as such persons are disorganized 
will there be a multiplication of local names. 
Probably the names used by scholars, by 
sportsmen, or by the man in the street, will 
never be exactly alike, because the same 
terms will not equally serve the diverse 
viewpoint of each. When the man in the 
street is sufficiently interested ‘to vote,’ 
his name for the bird will be accepted and 
become fixed in the language—slightly 
modified to fit the needs of others—because 
he is the majority; and if any one of us 
cares enough about it to select the best 
name and to stick to its use, he will exert 
an influence for its acceptance in direct 
ratio to the wisdom of the ‘selection, his 
reputation as a bird-student and his ‘stick- 
to-itiveness.’—J. T. N. 


Che Audubon Societies 


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 


Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER 
Address all communications relative to the work of this depart- 
ment to the Editor, 67 Oriole Avenue, Providence, 
We regret that, on account of serious illness, Mrs. Walter has been unable 
to prepare the editorial matter which she had planned for this issue of the 
School Department.—J. T. N. 


FOR AND FROM ADULT AND YOUNG 
OBSERVERS 


THE MUSEUM BIRD CLUB OF TOLEDO, OHIO 


For years the Toledo Museum of Art has maintained a Bird Club for chil- 
dren, of which there are 20,000 members. Each one of these children has 
signed a pledge card promising to protect wild birds. The Museum has now 
on its staff an instructor in nature-study. We feel that the study and apprecia- 
tion of nature is within the province of an art museum, and we are fortunate 
in having a mayor who is interested in and furthers every progressive move- 
ment in the city of Toledo. 

I enclose April 2 newspaper clippings of a proclamation by Mayor Cornell 
Schreiber, of Toledo, which may be of interest to you—Mrs. GEorcE W. 
STEVENS. 

[We quote the following sentences from the Mayor’s proclamation: 

“Toledo’s parks and boulevards are hereby declared to be permanent bird 
sanctuaries. . . . I hereby appoint the boys and girls of Toledo as guardians 
of the birds, to work with the city administration for their protection.”’] 


ROBIN REDBREAST, WAR GARDENER 
A TRUE STORY 


One day last summer Grandma Mack left the pies she was making and 
Grandpa Mack and little James, who was visiting from the city, came out of 
the garden to see what the birds were making such a fuss about. They found’ 
two old Robins flying around, crying and scolding dreadfully. On the ground 
was a little bird. It was still covered with down and was so young and helpless 
it could not even hop. Grandpa picked the little Robin up and climbed into 
the cherry tree which grew beside the house, and under which the little bird 
lay, but he was unable to find the nest from which the little bird had fallen. 

‘‘Well, James,’ he said, ‘I guess we will have to take care of this little 
Robin.” 

(192) 


The Audubon Societies 193 


He got a box to put the bird in and then showed James where to dig in the 
garden for the long earth-worms which ‘Bobbie’ liked to eat, and how to feed 
the little bird. Several times every day after that James dug worms and fed 
them to his pet. Bobbie grew rapidly and soon learned who furnished his food. 
Then he went with James to 
get the worms, and when he had 
had enough he would jump up 
on James’ shoulder or head, or 
fly to a limb of the nearest’ tree 
and sing his sweetest song. 
Then it was no longer necessary 
to keep him shut in his box. He 
slept in the trees, and during the 
day he followed James around, 
often coming into the kitchen. 
There he stole strawberries from 
Grandma’s pan and bathed in 
any dish of water that was 
handy. One day after Bobbie 
was full grown and very tame, 
Grandpa said the bugs were 
eating his beans badly. “Bobbie 
likes bugs,” said James. ‘‘Well, 
suppose you take him out 
in the bean-patch,” Grandpa 
answered. 

James got his pet and went 
at once into the garden, where 
Bobbie, without ceremony, be- 
gan to eat bugs. Up and down 
the rows he hopped all day. The next morning, when James got up, Bobbie 
was busy catching bugs in the bean-patch. 

The beans in the neighbors’ gardens on all sides of Grandpa’s were almost 
entirely destroyed by the bugs, but, thanks to Bobbie, Grandpa had almost a 
full crop.—Susan B. Dinsmore, Mesa, Ariz. 


JAMES, WITH ‘BOBBIE,’ HIS PET ROBIN 


THE BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER 


One day in the summer another boy and I were climbing a tree when we 
noticed a bird. It had a striped black and white back and a spotted breast. I 
knew it was a Black and White Warbler. We kept still and watched it. 

Then another one came, and they kept coming nearer and nearer, till one 
almost touched the other boy’s foot. At last they flew away and we got down 


194 Bird - Lore 


and went to look for other birds. I have seen them a number of times since 
come to that same tree, and we call it the “Black and White Warbler 
Tree.” —ALBERT FEARING, (Age 13 years), Dorchester, Mass. 


FINDING BIRDS’ NESTS 


I live in Gilbert, Minn., and am the president of the Gilbert Audubon 
Society. Iam very much interested in birds and would like to tell you about 
my vacation last summer and what I have seen of birds. 

Last summer, around the 4th of July, our family went out to Vermillion 
Lake on an island. Right near our camp, in the bushes, was a nest with three 
little Robin’s eggs in it. I felt them and they were warm. I did not want to 
frighten the poor mother Robin, for fear she might leave her little ones. 

Another day we went on the other side of the island to fish. As we were 
crossing, my brother found another bird’s nest. This one was a Swallow’s 
nest, with three little baby birds in it. I kept away from the nest so the mother 
wouldn’t stay away from it. 

I had further adventures with birds, too. After a few days we went home. 
In Gilbert, near the house where I live, is a forest which my sister and I call 
the ‘Gilbert Park.’ There I spend most of my vacation; I try to find birds’ nests 
and other things, which I like to do very much.—GENEVIEVE Brown, (Age 
10 years), Gilbert, Minn. 


EAVE SWALLOWS NESTING ON A PAINTED BUILDING 


On a little church, painted white, in this town there were, by actual count, 
nearly fifty nests of Eave Swallows. They also built in the eaves of a hall 
opposite, and this, too, was painted.—IsABEL BLAKE, Boston, Mass. 

[The question of how frequently these Swallows nest on painted structures was 
raised in the December Birp-LorE, pages 447-8. ‘Eave Swallow’ and ‘Cliff Swallow’ 
are two names for the same bird. What is probably the correct solution of the problem 
will be found in an article by William Goodsell under ‘Notes from Field and Study’ in 
the present number of Brrp-LorE.—J. T. N.] 


A LIST OF VIRGINIA BIRDS 


Last year I organized in my grade—as I have done for a number of years— 
a Junior Audubon Class. Among the members was a boy of ten, Joseph Jones. 
I soon learned that he was a close observer of birds and deeply interested in 
them. 

Joe is not my pupil this season, but our common interest in birds has natu- 
rally brought us into touch with each other more than once this fall. Several 
days ago he handed me a notebook which he has been keeping during the 
year 1918. 


ont An 


The Audubon Societies 


& 195 


I asked his permission to copy some of the notes to send to you for pub- 
lication. The enclosed notes are just as I found them in his book.—(Miss) 
E. W. Horranp, Berryville, Va. 


BIRDS THAT I HAVE SEEN IN 1918: 


. Tufted Titmouse 26. Mourning Dove 53. Wood Pewee 

. Downy Woodpecker 27. Flicker 54. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 

. White-breasted Nut- 28. Chimney Swift 55. Ruby-throated Hum- 
hatch 29. Red-winged Blackbird mingbird 

. Hairy Woodpecker 30. Meadowlark 56. Green Heron 

. Chickadee 31. Goldfinch 57. Black and White 

. English Sparrow 32. Catbird Warbler 

. Junco 33. Kingbird 58. Vesper Sparrow 

. Red-bellied Wood- 34. Kingfisher 59. Ruby-crowned Kinglet 
pecker 35. Blue Jay 60. Crane 

. Yellow-bellied Wood- 36. Towhee 61. Maryland Yellow- 
pecker 37. Brown Thrasher throat 

. Cardinal 38. Chipping Sparrow 62. Red-headed Wood- 

. Tree Sparrow 39. Orchard Oriole pecker 

. Mocking-bird 40. Song Sparrow 63. White-eyed Vireo 

. Screech Owl 41. Least Flycatcher 64. Red-shouldered Hawk 

. Winter Wren 42. Nighthawk 65. Yellow-throated Vireo 

. Crow 43. Baltimore Oriole 66. Black-throated Green 

. Turkey Vulture 44. Semipalmated Sand- Warbler 

. Bob-white piper 67. Myrtle Warbler 

. Sparrow Hawk 45. Barn Swallow 68. Red-eyed Vireo 

. Loggerhead Shrike 46. Starling 69. Palm Warbler 

. Red-tailed Hawk 47. Yellow Warbler 70. Black-throated Blue 

. Robin 48. Phoebe Warbler 

. Bronzed Grackle 49. Indigo Bunting 71. White-throated Spar- 

. Bluebird 50. Yellow-billed Cuckoo row 

. House Wren 51. Yellow-breasted Chat 72. White-crowned Spar- 

. Killdeer 52. Hermit Thrush 73. Carolina Wren [row 
BIRDS THAT HAVE BUILT THEIR NESTS ON OUR PLACE IN 
THE YEAR 1918: 

. Bluebird in bird-box on post. 11. Robin built in apple tree. 

. Robin built in hawthorn tree. 12. House Wren built in bird-box on post. 

. Song Sparrow built on ground in gar- 13. Chipping Sparrow built in currant 
den. bush. 

. Blackbird built in damson tree. 14. Blackbird built in elm tree. 

. Blackbird built in pear tree. 15. English Sparrow built in cornice of 

. English Sparrow built under eaves of house. 
house. 16. Song Sparrow built in brush-pile. 

. English Sparrow built under eaves of 17. Baltimore Oriole built in walnut tree. 
house. 18. Song Sparrow built in honeysuckle. 

. Song Sparrow built on ground in 19. Chimney Swift built in chimney. 
pasture. 20. Blackbird built in walnut tree. 

. Blackbird built in apple tree. 21. Robin built in elm tree. 

. Robin built in apple tree. 22. Robin built in locust tree. 


196 | Bird - Lore 


23. Robin built in apple tree. 29. Cardinal built in grape arbor. 
24. Catbird built in walnut tree. 30. Catbird built in apple tree. 
25. Least Flycatcher built in apple tree. 31. Wren built in bird-box. > 

26. English Sparrow built in cornice. 32. Cardinal built in apple tree. 
27. Robin built in wild cherry tree. 33. Catbird built in honeysuckle. 


28. Catbird built in damson tree. 


ACCIDENTS HAPPENING TO BIRDS 


1. I found a Catbird in a large, high tub that the cattle drink from. This 
bird had only one leg. It had come to the tub to drink, could not balance 
itself on the side of the tub, and fell in and drowned. 

2. We found a male Baltimore Oriole hung in the nest it was building in 
one of our walnut trees. 

3. I was down at our pond one evening watching two Snipes feeding around 
the edges of the pond. Suddenly one flew up, and flew against a telephone wire, 
and dropped in the road. I ran and picked it up. I thought it was dead, but 
when I got home with it it could walk. We left it in a pén with no top over it 
so it might fly away if it could. We took it to the pond every day and it would 
eat. I found it Monday evening, and it died Thursday night. It could run and 
swim very fast. It must have hurt its wings for it never flew at all. After look- 
ing it up I learned it was a Semipalmated Sandpiper. 

[No habit is more valuable for the student of birds to acquire than that of keeping 


regular notes. It is only by so doing that one can speak with certainty of past obser- 
vations which may at any time become of interest to one’s self or to others.—J. T. N.] 


THE WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW 


The White-throated Sparrow is a familiar fall and winter bird, but how 
many of Brrp-Lore’s young readers are familiar with its handsome relative, 
the White-crowned Sparrow? In the east the White-crowned Sparrow is rare, 
one of the prizes of migration, which may be looked for for years before it is 
satisfactorily seen and identified. In the west where the White-throated 
Sparrow does not occur, the White-crowned is more abundant, and there are 
three geographic races of it recognized. See what Dr. Frank M. Chapman 
has to say of the song of this bird, speaking of one of its South American 
relatives elsewhere in this issue of Brrp-Lore. 


WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW 
Photographed May 4, by C. W, Leister, Ithaca, N. Y, 


(197) 


LEAST BITTERN 


By T. GILBERT PEARSON 


@Qhe Mational Association of Audubon Societies 


EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 98 


One morning, early in May, I pushed an old flat-bottomed boat through 
the reeds growing along the shore of a shallow southern lake until reaching an 
open place, I dropped my baited hook among the lily-pads. The sun had 
but recently risen, and the plant-life on every hand was glistening with dew. 
The morning was very still, and the squawk of a slow-flying Heron came dis- 


FEMALE LEAST BITTERN “FREEZING” 
UPON APPROACH OF ENEMY 
Photographed by Arthur A. Allen 


(198) 


tinctly across the water from a 
distance of a quarter of a mile. 
On a nearby bush a Red-winged 
Blackbird balanced and _ saluted 
with song the new day. Kong-quer- 
ree, kong-quer-ree, came his musical 
voice over and over again. In the 
woods along the shore Cardinals 
called incessantly, and a Carolina 
Wren threw to the air a tempest 
of melody. A Woodpecker some- 
where was tapping on a dead limb, 
and a Fish Crow flew over without 
a sound. 

It was good to be on this quiet 
lake, where no farmhouse was 
within sight and into whose soli- 
tude the shriek of a locomotive 
whistle never entered. While sit- 
ting here enjoying the tranquil 
surroundings, I suddenly noticed 
a movement among the tops of a 
clump of rushes, perhaps fifty feet 
away. Three or four of them | 
appeared to be swaying ever so 
gently, and yet they surely were 
in motion. A moment later there 
appeared an object just coming 
into view from below, indistinct 
and yet real. It appeared the 
same color as its surroundings— 


ie tl 
ail 


LEAST BITTERN 
Order —HERODIONES Family—ARDEIDA 
Genus—IxoBRYCHUS Species—ExXILIS 


National Association of Audubon Societies 


ye 


ie 


Least Bittern 199 


as though a small portion of the denser rush clump had quietly moved upward 
into view. And then, as I gazed, the motion of the reeds ceased and the object 
blended with the reed stalks and disappeared.- Puzzled and curious, I waited, 
but nothing more happened. Laying my fishing-pole on the lily-pads, I picked 
up the paddle and slowly and cautiously pushed the boat forward. Not until 
the prow of the boat came to a stop within 5 feet of the spot I was so intently 
watching were my eyes able to again outline the yellowish brown mass whose 
movements I had watched a few moments before. Grasping the stem of a stal- 
wart reed, with body erect and long bill pointed skyward, there stood a bird, 
silent and motionless as the rushes around it. Can any bird of the wilderness, 
by remaining motionless, be better hidden in its surroundings than the Least 
Bittern? If so, I have yet to meet it. After watching my neighbor for a minute, 
or two, I slowly arose and started toward the front end of the boat. At this, 
the bird lowered its head and, with one bound, sprang from its hiding. The 
instant for flight had come; the light yellow eyes gazing at me from either 
side of its upturned bill had told it that its deception had been discovered,that 
a probable enemy was fast approaching. 

With dangling legs and labored beating of wings the bird flew over the reeds, 
much as young birds fly, and, looking at it for the first time, one might expect 
it to fall from sheer weakness. However, the flight soon became stronger, and, 
stretching its legs out straight behind, it was soon going with ease and at a 
fairly rapid rate. Three hundred yards away it dropped from sight among the 
rushes and was seen no more. 

Turning to look again at the cluster of rushes from which the bird had 
flown, I discovered its nest—a large, double handful of rush leaves and water 
grasses, perhaps eight inches across the top. It was held in place by the surround- 
ing rushes and was supported by a mass of the previous year’s growth that had 
died and were bent down. In the slightly depressed top lay four pale blue eggs 
about an inch and a quarter in length. No wonder the bird wanted to hide, 
perhaps feeling that when it flew its treasures might be revealed. Later in the 
day I again visited the nest and found the bird at home, or, as I have always 
believed, the mate of the one that was there in the morning, for its behavior 
was totally different. As I approached, instead of raising its bill as if in silent 
supplication to heaven, and ‘freezing’ as still and rigid as the rushes about it, 
it merely squatted low, spreading its wings as if to shield the nest from view. 
With the feathers of its neck raised and head drawn back in a threatening 
attitude, it showed clearly its anxiety and willingness to strike if the intruder 
upon its solitary domain should approach too closely. That it was quite cap- 
able of doing this was quickly shown when, upon reaching out my hand, that 
sharp and strong beak made a vicious stroke which, had the blow gone home, 
would most assuredly have drawn blood. 

Sixteen days are required for the eggs of the Least Bittern to hatch, but 
long before this period had passed my duties had taken me elsewhere, and I 


200 Bird - Lore 


was not to see the babies in their cradle, or ever to learn whether they escaped 
the dangers that beset the little wild birds that begin life in the marsh. 

Another time, in a distant state, I again invaded the haunts of the Least 
Bittern. I came upon three young birds, in a bush, that probably were only a 
day or two out of the nest. Evidently, they had traveled some distance from 
the place of their hatching, for there was no shelter within a hundred yards 
where the nest could have been concealed, and all search failed to reveal it. I 
was passing within five feet of their hiding-place when I discovered them. All 
were standing perfectly still, with their bodies compressed rigid and upright, 
and their long necks and bills pointing straight upward. Foolishly, I tried to 
take one in my hand, and it immediately flew, but either through weakness or 
some other cause, fell into the water before going far. I picked it up and restored 
it to the bush, but it at once attempted to escape, this time falling almost at 
once. Fearing that by repeated annoyance the bird might overdo its strength 
and perhaps drown, I backed the boat slowly away, and in a few minutes had 
the satisfaction of seeing the young Bittern rejoin its companions on the bush. 
The other two being wiser, or less frightened perhaps, had made no effort to 
escape, and, so far as could be seen, had never changed their position since my 
first intrusion. 

There are some birds that seek their living while hopping or flitting in 
bushes or trees; others as they walk or hop along the ground; someas they circle 
through the air far above the ground, and still others while swimming on the 
water or diving below its surface. This Bittern belongs to the family of Herons, 
and, as is well known, Herons secure their prey by wading in shallow water 
and striking out with their long, sharp bills. Although a Heron, the Least 
Bittern does not go fishing in this way. Its body is light and its toes long and 
flexible. Apparently, it feeds entirely where the water is too deep for the bird 
to wade. With lowered head and bill extended, it goes through the marsh 
grass or reeds, grasping first one stalk and then another, as it proceeds just 
above the water. 

The great naturalist, John James Audubon, tells us in his writings about 
the kind of food this bird eats. He says: 

“The food of this bird consists of snails, slugs, tadpoles, or young frogs or 
water-lizards. In several instances, however, I have found small shrews and 
field-mice in their stomach. Although more nocturnal than diurnal, it moves a 
good deal about by day in search of food. About noon, being doubtless much 
fatigued, they are not infrequently observed standing erect on one foot, and 
so soundly asleep as to be easily knocked down or even caught by the hand, if 
cautiously approached.”’ 

The Least Bittern is fully 16 inches in length, provided the measurement 
is made from the tip of the bill to the end of the nail of the long little toe. From 
tip to tip of its wings, when these are spread, the distance is 1% feet. It is 
astonishing how a bird of this size can pass with such ease through the thick 


Least Bittern 201 


clusters of reeds and rushes among which its life is spent. Audubon, who kept 
some of them in captivity for a time, found that they could easily pass through 
a crack only one inch in width, and this without any special effort or evidence 
of distress on the part of the bird. Like the Rail and some other water birds, it 
has the power of greatly compressing its body, thus making it thinner than at 
normal times. 

The home of the Least Bittern is in the fresh-water marshes. Rarely, along 
the Atlantic coast and down along the Gulf of Mexico, I have seen the bird in 
salt-water marshes, but all search for its nest in these localities has been in 
vain. One characteristic of the Herons is their habit of coming together in 
numbers for the purpose of laying their eggs. Very often hundreds, or even 
thousands, of several different species will be thus congregated. The bird we 
are discussing, however, does not have this habit. In a growth of buttonwood 
bushes, in the shallow waters of a small Florida lake, I once found five nests 
of the Least Bittern within a few yards of one another, but such occurrences, 
in my opinion, are rare. Usually, the birds seem to prefer to be alone. On a 
few occasions I have found them nesting in bushes in the midst of a colony of © 
Boat-tailed Grackles, but I suspected that they chose the locality because it 
seemed especially suitable for their nesting purposes and not because they 
sought the society of their large black neighbors. 

Enemies the Least Bittern certainly has. Water-snakes capture the young 
and perhaps at times eat the eggs. Muskrats, found in nearly every marsh, 
are to be dreaded, as are minks and Hawks. Fish Crows are ever on the 
lookout for eggs and perhaps this is the reason why the birds bend down- 
ward the tops of the rushes to shield the eggs from above. The draining of 
marshes, which thus destroys their feeding and nesting places, has caused 
these birds to become scarce in many parts of the country. 

The Least Bittern ranges over a large part of North America, being found 
in summer from Oregon and the southern Canadian provinces southward 
throughout the United States, West Indies, Central America and northern 
South America. When winter comes, the birds in Canada and the United 
States retire southward, and none are known to pass the winter north of the 
region immediately bordering the Gulf Coast. 


Che Audubon Societies 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 


Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary 


Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to 
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City. 


Telephone, Columbus 7327 


Wititram Duotcuer, President 


Freperic A. Lucas, Acting President 


THEODORE S. PALMER, First Vice-President 


T. GitBert PEaRson, Secretary 
JonatHan Dwicart, Jr., Treasurer 


SAMUEL T. CARTER, JR., Attorney 


Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become 


a member of it, and all are welcome. 


Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild 


Birds and Animals: 


$5 annually pays for a Sustaining gyre yon 4 

$roo paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership 
$1,000 constitutes a person a Patron 

$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder 

$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor 


Form or Bequest:—I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon 
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York. 


A NATION-WIDE EFFORT TO DESTROY CROWS 


The Sporting Powder Division of E. ‘I. 
du Pont de Nemours and Company has 
started a movement which it calls the 
“National Crow Shoot.” An eight-page 
circular, decorated with a drawing by 
Kalmbach, has been distributed widely 
throughout the United States, urging the 
killing of Crows and offering prizes. A 
bronze lapel button is to be given to every 
contestant who, during the year 19109, kills 
twenty-five Crows. There are also first, 
second, and third ‘National Prizes’”’ and 
first and second ‘‘State Prizes” offered to 
contestants of any state in the Union or 
any province of Canada. 

The argument made is that the agricul- 
turists of the country will be far better 
off if the Crows are killed, and that “It is 
for this purpose that the National Crow 
Shoot will be conducted during 19109.” 
For the evident purpose of giving respec- 
tability to the circular, a quotation is in- 
serted from Bulletin No. 621 of the Bureau 
of Biological Survey, in which the author 
says: “One of the strongest arguments 
against the Crow,” is its destructive- 
ness to “nesting birds of highly beneficial 
species.”’ The reader is left with the im- 


pression that the United States Bureau of 
Biological Survey condemns the Ciow. As 
a matter of fact, the Government publica- 
tion referred to is a very exhaustive and 
certainly fair treatise on the subject. Had 
the author of this circular been interested 
in doing justice to the Crow rather than 
in simply finding arguments against it, he 
might also have quoted from this same 
bulletin the following extract: 

“The Crow’s destruction of insects pre- 
sents the strongest argument in the bird’s 
favor. Nearly a fifth of the adult Crow’s 
yearly sustenance comes from such sources, 
and a great part of the insect material is 
eaten early in spring, a time when the life- 
cycles of many of the most destructive 
pests are at their lowest ebb. A little 
later, nestling Crows appear on the scene, 
outnumbering their parents two to one, 
and assist in the work of destruction. Not 
only do the young birds eat a much larger 
proportion of insect food than do their 
parents at the same time of year, but the 
quantity of food required to develop their 
rapidly growing bodies is considerably 
greater. That injurious insects greatly 
outnumber beneficial insects in the diet of 


(202) 


The Audubon Societies 


the Crow will be seen from the following 
review of the four most important 
Orders 

Or he might have gone on to the ‘‘Con- 
clusion” and quoted this: 

“The misdeeds of which the Crow has 
been convicted greatly outnumber its 
virtues, but these are not necessarily equal 
in importance. Much of its damage to 
crops and poultry can be prevented, while 
the bird’s services in the control of insect 
pests can ill be spared. At the same time, 
no policy can be recommended which 
would allow the Crow to become so num- 
erous that its shortcomings would be 
greatly accentuated. As the capabilities 
of the Crow for both good and harm are 
great, it is believed that an extermination 
of the species would have ultimate con- 
sequences no less serious than .an over- 
abundance.” , 

He could hardly, however, have been 
expected to quote the very last statement 
in the bulletin which reads as follows: 

“Bounties cannot be recommended; 
neither can a campaign of wholesale de- 
struction where complete extermination is 
the object sought. However, a reasonable 
reduction of numbers is justifiable in areas 
where there is an overabundance of the 
birds. The attitude of the individual 
farmer toward the Crow should be one of 
toleration when no serious losses are suf- 
fered, rather than one of uncompromising 
antagonism resulting in the unwarranted 
destruction of these birds which at times 
are most valuable aids to man.” 

It may be remarked incidentally in pass- 
ing that it is understood that the Powder 
Company that originated and is fostering 
this movement advises dealers in sporting 
goods to encourage the killing of Crows as 
it means an increased sale of cartridges. 
This office has received these circulars from 
various sections and has noticed the ex- 
tensive publicity which has been given 
with a view of encouraging the undertak- 
ing. We have also received various com- 
plaints regarding local shoots that this 
circular has inspired. For example, under 
date of April 19, 1919, a gentleman at 
Rapidan, Minn., writes: 


203 


‘So-called sportsmen and other persons 
have organized at Mankato, Minn., with 
the point in view of killing off Crows, 
Blackbirds, and certain Owls and Hawks. 
They have offered 10 cents per Crow’s 
head. The Crows cannot last long, for 
boys will go out and rob the nests of young 
ones at this price. The Crows do very little 
harm here. The Hawks and Owls that 
have a price on their heads are either 
beneficial or so rare as to do very little 
harm. If you can do something about 
this, do it.” 

So it seems that the Crow tribe is to be 
slaughtered. There is no law, either state 
or Federal, protecting the Crow, and there 
appears to be a sentiment in many quarters 
that the Crow is a bad actor, and the world 
would be better off if the last member of 
his tribe should be gathered to his ances- 
tors. 

Nevertheless, there are those who enter- 
tain the feeling that possibly the Crow is 
not so black as he is painted, and that he 
possesses certain beneficial qualities and 
has his part to play in the great economy 
of nature. Personally, I have always liked 
the Crow, who is not only very astute, but 
his presence often gives life to an other- 
wise barren winter landscape. If the Crows 
should all disappear, I, for one, would miss 

_ them. I would not have every Crow killed 
any more than I would every Humming- 
bird or gray wolf or shark in the ocean. 
To some of us it seems a calamity that the 
last Dodo, Great Auk, Passenger Pigeon, 
or even the great Dinornis should have 
passed away. With the departure of each 
species of wild life the world loses some- 
thing of its charm. 

This nation has existed and been fairly 
prosperous for over one hundred and forty 
years with the Crows in our woods or 
decorating our fields, their numbers, on the 
whole, being kept within reasonable bounds 
in most localities by the usual destructive 
agencies. Why the necessity for this sud- 
den nation-wide effort to kill them? Is the 
motive back of the enterprise a desire on 
the part of a commercial interest to con- 
tinue the sale of powder now that the 
demand for this commodity across the 


204 


seas has been so largely reduced? One is 
constrained to answer this question in the 
affirmative after reading number three of 
the “Conditions of thé Contest’? which the 
E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company’s 
circular puts forth, and which reads as fol- 
lows: “To receive credit in the contest, 


Bird - Lore 


Crows must be killed with shot-gun or 
rifle.’ In other words, the E. I. duPont 
de Nemours and Company, while very 
solicitous to protect the farmers’ crops 
from the ravages of the Crows, will award 
prizes for dead Crows only if they have 
been killed by the use of gun-powder! 


THE EAGLE LAW OF ALASKA 


In response to a letter from this office to 
Governor Thomas Riggs, Jr., urging the 
repeal of the law in the territory of Alaska, 
which provides for a bounty of 50 cents 
on every American Eagle killed, the follow- 
ing answer from him has been received: 


‘A bill was introduced in the present — 


current Legislature, the object of which 
was the repeal of the existing law, but failed 
of passage, it having been shown that the 
Eagle is very destructive of the game- and 
fish-supply of the territory, which I think 
is quite probable, as Eagles have been, 
and are still, very plentiful. I believe that 
the bounty should be extended to other 
predatory birds, namely, Hawks and 
Owls, which destroy the food birds. 

“The Alaska Fish and Game Club has 
given the question a great deal of study, 
and it is of the opinion that predatory birds 
do a great damage to the other wild life of 


the territory. I am in receipt of a letter _ 


from one of my correspondents on the sub- 
ject of game, in which he states that he 
recently destroyed an Eagle’s aerie which 
contained the bones of a large number of 
lambs of the wild mountain sheep.” 


From another correspondent in Juneau 
we learn that the number of Eagles killed, 
for which bounty has been paid by the 
territory of Alaska, between the dates of 
April 30, 1917, and April 10, 1919, is 
5,600. 

Not only did the Territorial Legislature 
recently refuse to repeal this bounty law, 
but evidently their stand was approved by 
the Alaska Fish and Game Club. Our cor- 
respondent states that at a meeting of the 
Club, held during the session of the Legis- 
lature, at which the subject was discussed, 
“Strong opposition was shown (to the 
Eagle) and a tendency to include Ducks, 
Gulls, and other aquatic birds, feeding 
from fish, under the same bounty law as 
Eagles.” 

Mr. C. D. Garfield, Secretary of the 
Alaska Fish and Game Club, who is quoted 
above, states, however, ‘During the next 
two years we shall attempt to gain more 
knowledge regarding the alleged depreda- 
tions of the Eagle, so as to be more intelli- 
gently advised in the future.” 


GAME-LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ALABAMA 


The following letter was recently re- 
ceived from the Hon. John H. Wallace, Jr., 
Commissioner, Department of Game and 
Fish of the state of Alabama: 

“Tt affords me a very great deal of pleas- 
ure to advise you that twenty-five indi- 
viduals, indicted in the United States 
court at Montgomery, Ala., for violation 
of the migratory bird-treaty act by killing 
Doves out of season, have just come for- 


ward and entered a plea of guilty. These 
persons were indicted upon information 
furnished by mt to the United States 
District Attorney, and their conviction has 
had a most salutary effect upon the migra- 
tory bird situation in Alabama. 

“Alabama claims the distinction of 
having secured more convictions under the 
migratory bird treaty than all the other 
states combined.” 


The Audubon Societies 


Suggested Bird Programs 


A circular, containing suggestions for 
bird programs and citations to books, 
bulletins, magazines, and other literature 
where material may readily be found, has 
been prepared by Mrs. Harriet W. Myers, 
Chairman, Division on Birds, General 
Federation of Women’s Clubs. Most un- 


205 


doubtedly the wide distribution which this 
circular is receiving among the women’s 
organizations of America will greatly 
stimulate the rendering of bird programs. 
Copies may be secured upon request, 
accompanied by postage stamp, if directed 
to Mrs. Harriet W. Myers, 311 N. Ave- 
nue 66, Los Angeles, Calif., or to this 
office. 


CONTENTS OF ITALIAN HUNTER’S GAME-BAG 


The photograph here reproduced shows 17 Robins, 1 Thrush, 1 Warbler, 1 Cow- 
bird, and 2 Woodpeckers. All were killed for food by an Italian in Maine. He was 
arrested by Warden George E. Cushman, of Portland, while picking his birds, and was 
taken before a United States Court and fined $25. 


206 


Mrs. Marshall Active 


The Massachusetts State Grange has 
for years been doing notable work in con- 
nection with encouraging the study and 
protection of wild birds. The chief power 
back of this work is Mrs. E. O. Marshall, 
of New Salem. Every year the State 
Grange has presented a program which has 
given benefit and enjoyment to many 
hundreds of people who were fortunate 
enough to attend the exercises. This year 
the function took place at North Easton 
on Saturday, May 1o. It began with a 
bird-walk at 8 o’clock in the morning. At 
9.30 was held a contest for the identifica- 
tion of birds from pictures; at to o’clock 
examination of the State Audubon So- 
ciety’s exhibit of bird-houses and feeding 
appliances. Demonstrations were made by 
E. H. Forbush, and music was furnished 
by the school children. At 10.30 the Na- 
tional Association’s moving-picture films 
of wild birds, made by Herbert K. Job, 
were shown at Miracle Theatre. A basket 
lunch was served at noon. Beginning at 
1.30 in the Ames Memorial Hall, addresses 
were made by Leslie R. Smith, Master of 
the Grange, and Winthrop Packard, of the 
Audubon Society. The programme con- 
cluded with an entertainment by Charles 
Crawford Gorst, well-known imitator of 
bird-notes. How splendid it would be if 
such programs might be rendered in other 
communities in the United States. 


Pittsburgh’s Bird-House Contest 


A notable bird-box contest has just 
been concluded by the Pittsburgh (Pa.) 
Chronicle-Telegraph. The Circulation 
Manager of this paper, Joseph M. Ayl- 
ward, is a most enthusiastic advocate for 
the cause of bird-protection. Through the 
columns of the paper with which he is 
connected, he has beén able to wield wide 
influence in arousing interest in the subject 
in Pittsburgh. He is one of the shining 
disciples of Hon. John M. Phillips, the 
veteran bird-lover of Pittsburgh. Asso- 
ciated with him is T. Walter Weiseman, 
who for over a year has been conducting 


Bird - Lore 


a most interesting and worth-while depart- 
ment in the Chronicle-Telegraph under the 
heading “‘Our Native Birds.” 

The contest, which has recently been 
closed in Pittsburgh, was open to members 
of the Junior Audubon Societies and all 
other young people, especially those of the 
“‘Tele’”’ Boys’ Bird-House Club, which now 
numbers in the neighborhood of one 
thousand members. In the contest more 
than one thousand bird-houses and feed- 
ing stations were entered. Prizes were 
awarded by the Audubon Society of 
Western Pennsylvania and the Humane 
Society. Twenty-three prizes were given, 
and a vast interest was quickened in the 
whole subject of bird-study and bird-pro- 
tection in Pittsburgh and vicinity. 


Florida Audubon Bulletin 


The Florida Audubon Society has begun 
the publication of a quarterly bulletin, the 
first number appearing in April, 1919. In 
the introductory announcement in refer- 
ence to it, W. Scott Way, the Secretary, 
states: ‘Its purpose is to chronicle the 
affairs of the Society, report items of in- 
terest concerning birds, keep its readers 
informed as to bird legislation and conser- 
vation, and to briefly note the more inter- 
esting personal observations of its readers 
who have a deep or growing interest in 
wild bird-life.”’ 

The bulletin will be sent free to all mem- 
bers of the Florida Audubon Society. This 
first publication contains an account of 
the eighteenth annual meeting of the So- 
ciety, which was held at Winter Park, on 
March 15, 1919. There are also a number 
of “Bird Notes,’’ a list of bird lectures 
recently given by the Secretary, a brief 
account of the Winter Park Bird Club, a 
list of new members, notes from the 
Cocoanut Grove Branch, Miami Audubon 
Society, the St. Petersburg Branch, and a 
letter from Mrs. Hanson regarding the 
conditions in Lee County. Reference is 
made to the Junior Classes, notes of not- 
able work done by Mrs. E. E. Coulsen, 
of Leesburg, Federal Game WardenPacetti, 
Mrs. Kingsmill Marrs, and others. 


The Audubon Societies 


THE ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN 


Contributions for the Roosevelt Mem- 
orial Bird Fountain, to be erected perhaps 
in Washington, D. C., continue to arrive 
daily. Audubon Societies, sportsmen’s 
organizations, women’s clubs, school chil- 
dren, and many others are showing interest 
in this undertaking. Three sculptors have 
for some time been at work on designs to 
submit to the Committee for consideration 
as the work of art to be chosen. To make 
an adequate memorial, which will fairly 
represent the interest which the bird-lovers 
of the country have in preserving the 
memory of Theodore Roosevelt, it is esti- 
mated that $100,000 will be needed. All 
contributions received go directly into the 
Memorial Fountain Fund. It is hoped that 
every reader of Brrp-Lore will take some 
part in bringing this effort to a successful 
conclusion. 

The following contributions received to 
May 1, 1919, are herewith acknowledged: 


Previously acknowledged. . . $6,777 55 
Mrs. Louise M. Smith fect ee 200 
Maj. Henry H. Hall . ERR S 23 OO 
Clark Gleason, Ir. 6 O00 
Mrs: G; 2, Gleason: 2025 a St 60 
P. A. Mosman ... (Sao 2 OOO 
Mrs. Frances P. Shiras . I00 00 
George Shiras, 3d . Pe eT GOLOG 
Burton M. Hovey. . oe ee OO 
Mrs. Frederick M. Wilson . . .'. 10 00 
Robert, Moore... ke ae 8 00 
Mrss-Phomas Ri Awl pn a2 22.00 
Robert. Somerville: 0058 4" 5.2000 
Charles Berkowitz:.65 2%.) 5.2. . 10°00 
W. 8B. Mallory . . Da Sey ee sk OO 
Mrs. George M. Clark . < 200 
J. G. Armstrong . : I 00 
Mrs. George H. Coney . I 00 
Hal H. Coffel . ga 5 00 
Mrs): D Arcy Paul css I5 00 


Children of The House of St. Giles 


the Cripple . I. 25 
O. J. Murie . ; I 00 
C. Hart Merriam . 5 00 
E. F. Clark, Jr. :. 5 00 
Go: Reed 20% 5 00 
Clarence J. Allen I 00 
D. E. Pomeroy . 10 00 
Miss Fern Work 4 I 00 
Miss June R. Work . I 00 
Mrs. E. L. Borden ; IO 00 
Maj. Edward B. Clark . 5 00 
Edward Oswald . : 5 00 
G. A. Bailey . . 10 00 
Mrs. J. H. Wheeler I 00 


Dr. A. A. Robison. . 

R. W. Van Boskerck . 

John Uri Lloyd . 

Mrs. C. W. Mead . 

Mrs. T. H. Bishop . 

Miss Harriet R. Pease . 
Mrs. Maud W. Adams . 

H. V. Knighton . ; 
Miss Helen Simpson. . . 
Saratoga Bird Club . 
Robert B. Chilton . : 
Mrs. Henry W. deForest . : 
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. B. Kirkham . 
Louis McLane Fisher 4 
C. L. Bates . 

Arthur Paladin . . 
Howard P. Cornell 

MH. Taylors... << 

Mr. and Mrs. Joseph P. Curry . 
Mrs. Ella C. Steffler . 

J. H. Snodgrass . 

Dr. Tamayo 

Lawrason Brown 

H. F. Benjamin . 

L. P. Chatterton 

EH: Lucas 

EO; Berg: 

Louis P. Lang . 

Mrs. W. Austin Wadsworth 
Miss Alice E. Ball. 

Mrs. A. I. Sondrol . 

Dean Babcock Si: 
Miss Mary S. Eaton . 

Mrs. Wm. L. Lyman 

Mrs. Frank A. Hall . 

Miss Emma Anderson . 
Childs Frick : 

Mrs. R. C. Watson 

H. C. Hasbrouck 

Josiah Dow. . . 

Miss Caroline W. King . 


The Kez-hi-kone Camp Fire Girls . 


Dudley P. Rogers. . : 
Bellows Falls Woman’s Club . 
Miss Elizabeth Thompson 
Ethan W. Thompson 

Alfred J. Sterne... f°. *. 
Monticello Seminary Bird Club . 
J. R. Bingham i 
R. H. Dean 

Mrs. Walter Dean . 

John H. Barbour 


St. Agatha Junior Audubon Class s . 


Milton P. Skinner . 

Charles W. Norris . 

J. T. Mellns 

B. F. Mears . . 

E. J. Chubbuck . a 

Miss Ellen G. Perkins . 

Mrs; D2: Bacon. a 
Mr. and Mrs. Elliot C. Bacon we 
W.S. Bigelow . . ie ; 
Miss Helen Mansfield pee 


207 


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_ F.-M. Prince . 


208 


TD Be SDOOK as he ee 
Miss Wilhelmina Heuser 
Mrs}. Mi Barrett °c, 
Miss Emma A. Hagaman .... 
Resolute Circle of the King’s 
Daughters (Ivoryton, Conn.) . . 
Mrs. Jennie Clark 
Mrs. M. Hoppes 
PRS BE oy ye og ais gts 
Maunsell §:-Crosby".° 3 ss 
Augusta Current Events Club . 
RAL Gillian os si a poe Gay 
Mrs. Abigail S. Hodgdon . 
Miss Emily J. Anthony Sra! 
Miss Margaret O. Stone . . 
Harrison F. Lewis. . : 
Russell Errett 
Edward L. Parker. . . . 
Staten Island Bird Club . 
Mrs. Emeline G. Fisk . 
Miss Mary S. Nixon. .... 
Mrs. Helen M. Driver. . . 
Mrs. Helen D. Hecker . 
E. Raymond Driver . 
SamueljFrankenheim 
Henry L. Ward . 
Mrs. H. T. Shriver 
Stanley G. Breneiser . 
F.M. Pedersen. . . 
Mrs. Merritt Peckham, Jr. 
Miss Clara C. Fuller . 
Mrs. E. M. Hamlin . 
Albert H. Vilas . 
W.N. W. Blayney 


(iter hee, Winkie! age e Sibert 


CW igh PU eee Mad a neces A 


Dr. A. K. Fisher 

Mrs. James Talcott . 
E. F. Frey . ; 

W. 8B. Bourn . . 
Decorah Monday Club . 
Mrs. Henry Bartlett . 
Lott Van de Water, Jr. 
Miss Florence H. Poucher 
Leon J. Cole .. . 
Mrs. Albert L. Pope . 

John W. Mailliard. . ... 
Charles A. Hardy . 

Vi Stefanssons io ks 
Miss Ella F. Hubby . 

Miss Emily Howland 

John Burling Lawrence . . 
Hood River Woman’s Club . 
Mrs. E.R. Jump . . 
Miss Elizabeth B. Dawes . 
Mrs. F. Robert Mager . 
Blatry:V GON. oie ee 
Miss Sadia Haskell 
SABLA ii es 
Mrs. G. H. Danforth 
Miss Katherine Nepe 

C. Wi Vibert: se 

Curt H. Reisinger . 

Mrs. C. L. Despaud . 

A. B. Shearer... . 

F. W. Cook 


aay Shkee cbt ahs 


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Lal 


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Bird - Lore 


oOo 


Hann OMHtUNN Tt eUNNNtnNt nD Hw 
° 
° 


Miss Carrie M. Jacobs 
Winfield S. Davis 
T. H. Whiteside 
Miss Rose Brooks . rae pv a 
George A. Crocker; Jr one: 
Miss Elizabeth E. Welch 
Mrs. N. G. M. Luykt 
Alexander Shilling. 6. 56. 43 
Miss Jessie E. Dolsen 
juian:S. Huxley <a e S 
Mrs. Edward W. Forbes 
Mrs. J. S. Gray . 
Francis R. Cope, Jr. 
Mrs. Frederick B; Hurlburt: 
THOMAS Baby 206 60s tee eae 
George D. Haworth 
BL Stoddard ions oe ee 
Dr. Lyman F. Bigelow . 

Miss Anna L. Slater . 

Wm. Henry Trotter . hee 
California Audubon Society 

Mrs. Maria E. Bates 
We coi os es 
Wilfred Smith «2505 86 es, 
Miss Margaret G. Grant . 
Gardner Cornett 
Ewald Witt 
Mrs. H. D. Earl 
F. H. Krimicute . . 
Dr. H. Holbrook Curtis 
Mrs. Frank J. Sheble 

Mrs. Wm. A. Russell 

Mrs. Benjamin Nicoll . . . 
Elgin Audubon Society 
Mrs. John R. Rogers 
George W. Billow 
Elford Caughey... 6... 
William C Adame 03. 275g, 
William H. Browning ...... 
Miss Annie M. McClymonds . . 
Herbert Simpson 
Mrs. J. E. Borne 
HW: Deborest:) ee ares 
Mrs, Louis C. Madiera . 
Mrs. Mary S. Fisher 
W. G. Vesey . 

Los Rocce, Audubon Society . 
Oregon Audubon Society . 
ILPBCY DOWS es ia ae aac 
Miss A. W. Morrill 
Charles E..Adams... .°.:. 0. 
Cedar Rapids Woman’s Club . 
Miss Marie T. Berge . : 
W.H. Duval. . 
Horace M. Modermell 
B.C. Hochwalt oi. oss 558 

Si Ih, awares i eee % 
Cortlandt Van Rensselaer . 

Mrs. John Ross Delafield. 


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CCR tas flab io ee 


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Ree fitch sas hay ee gee 


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_ St. Petersburg Audubon Society 


Thomas Jennings: 2° (0g ssa ss 
Carlisle B. Tuttle . . 

Mrs. J. W. Phelps . é 

St. Petersburg Woman’s Club . 
Miss Anna W. Ely 


anes Spee et ik AA He 


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88388 


Lele) 


The Audubon Societies 


Nature Department Cedar Rapids 
Woman’s Club . ee 

Decorah Current Events Club 

Harold M. Holland i 

Charles J. Smith 

Batesburg Improvement Assn. 

Edward B. Butler . 

Sam A. Hudson . f 

Miss Marianne Schurz . pe 

Richard: P Binst. ese ar 

M. Wilton Wolf, Jr... .. 

Mrs. W.H. Whiton. ... 

C. J. Van Etten . : 

Mrs. C. H. McNider. . . 

Nature Study Department “of the 
Mason City Civic League 

Mrs. Emily L. Russell . 

Mrs. J. M. Camden . 

be ee KNOX: 3° ; 

Camp Fire Club ‘of Chicago. 

Mrs, Henry E. Ewing... ... 5 

Miss Elizabeth Enlow . Gaies 

Heman Dowd. . . : 

Miss Frances D. Troy : 

Walter D. Wilcox . . 

Woman’s Club of Rochester, Ind. 

Mrs. Herman E. Lewis . 

Miss Elizabeth G. Brown. 

Mrs. A.S. Putnam .. 

Fortnightly Club of Rice Lake, Wis. 

Progress Club (Elkhart, Ind. a 

James F. Gifford : F 

Charles C. Clauser 

Robert Ridgway 

RS: Pusey. 2. 

William H. Bixby, Brig. -Gen. . ee 

Magazine Club A dobigie Ind. d.) 

dob Hope. 2: : ; 

Joseph A. Ford . 

Henry C. Brown 

Aaron V. Fost . sa 

Robert J. Leonard. . 

Bertram Goodhue . 

Albert Z. Gray . 

Robert C. Hill . . . 

Lieut.-Gen. S. B. M. Young 

Miss Hope Bradford . 

M. F. Westover. . . 

Saturn Club (Buffalo) . 

Fortnightly Club, Sharon (Mass. 

Coeur d’Alene Civic Club boetye ds 

Josiah M. Lasell 

Bishop Talbot 

John J. Rankin. . 

Mrs. Laura P. Elliott . . . 

Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Alexander. 

Robert H. Keiser . 

Mrs. Coleman du Pont . 

Dr. R. D. Book. . 

Mrs. Charles Corss . 

Louis: Maurer. -. 

Dr. Alexander W. Fairbank. 

Louis B. Bishop. . , 

Mrs. B. F. Stickley 

H. V. Ogden . 


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George W. Garrard 
Ot eM OustOn 6 eo, ee ed 
Regan Bros. Co. ; 


209 
Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Arnold. . $2 00 
Charles Wheeler. . I0 00 
W. H. Tappan PiGeo swe LO“OO 
Ariher Farquhar soe ci 1.00 
N. E. Montross. . sae sees OOO 
Hoy oebler eos oe Sy re ORO 
Miss Lucy B. Stone . ... . . . «1.00 
Branko ymaigice screens Ee S10.06 
Mrs. Charles Keidel. <°..... -.. 5 00 
Mrs. Maurice La Montagne Hite LOIOO 
James BE. Burt 2: i... Mere pe Bros, 
FB Clowes ig os eee ce ee lOO 
Samuel P. Avery Pat Ses tO LOOOO 
John Pc Hintebinson’ so es. Se Oo 
Robert F. Phillips . IO 00 
John M. Phillips ‘ 100.00 
Carr Rigtdon oe oe Oe ag 
Mrs. W. F. Norris. . I 00 
Mrs. A. E. Pfarre . 2 00 
Mrs. M. E. Stephenson 5 00 
J. P. Whittemore . I 00 
C. W. Kress 5 00 
Cu. Carpenter 5; 5 00 
Wyncote Bird Club (Pa.) 5 00 
Edgar Huidekoper. ... . 52 LOGOO 
Saturday Club, Ft. Wayne, Ind. . I 00 
Dr. Robert P. Morris ; 5 00 
Dr. Robert A. Adams . . 10 00 
Harmon Smith . . 5 00 
Mrs. N. Bosworth . 5 00 
Miss M. W. Johnson. 2 00 
H. Geo. Schuette . I 00 
R. J. H. DeLoach . _I 00 
W.R. Brown. . . 2 00 
Dr. W. P. Manton .. 10. 00 
Charles F. Uebelacker . IO 00 
Mrs. William F. Hopson . 2 00 
“Field and Stream” . : 25 00 
Percival Chrystie . . 5 90 
Emil F. Kuithan 10 00 
Mrs. George Browne. . . . I 00 
Cary Children 8 00 
Joseph Kalbfus . ata 10 00 
Stanley D. McGraw. . . <5. 10°00 
_Elizabeth and Jessie Eldridge . how 27 00 
J. M. Eder . BL EO “OG 
George Douglas Krumblaer. . . . 2 fore) 
Radoff Bros. Notion Co. I 00 
F. C. Lawrence .. 2 00 
Po Op Vaile ees, I 00 
C. D. Van Vechten oe 5 00 
Mrs. C. D. Van Vechten . I 00 
Prescott Oakes : 5 00 
Pc Browne ee i ee OO 
G. W. Harrington. . 5 00 
The Browning Club (Pasadena, Cal. ) 5.00 
John D. Hazen . : I 00 
Miss Mary Gibson Se aE OO 
George 1). Stewart cn 8 ie as B00 
Miss E. A. S. Pennell 2 00 
HW. Carter. I 00 
Meriden Sportsmen’ s Assn. (Conn. ) 10 00 


210 

GH Gould 60050 eee $10 
Mrs. Geo, S:-Ray 4 wat 
Mra: J; Acdenner 22,055 59 aaa I 
WB VaGQues Gea ee 5 
G.Henry Mengel: 02. (2 S30 aoe 
Mrs. FAs Deeker (fi See I 
Prank W.: Young. 62.60 hs) io. 5 
Miss Louise B. Moyer . . I 
Miss Av L.:Goslin=: ooo. Ay 2 
The Browning Club (Pasadena, Cal. ) 2 
Miss Mary Ames Van Dyke Ba 
Miss Rose Cassidy ..... I 


Miro. ira Thrush <3). 0235 6 See I 
Joseph: Glather:, 2.6 6-3. Wo es 2 
i  BUtterniele. es cas See 2 
i Deng ee ee, I 
Henry S. Chafee 3 
H. G. Campbell, jr. meee a Ts) 
Richard Bullock. . . ye 
New Jersey Audubon Society . 25 
Clark B. Stocking. . . Rae ear 


G. D. Pope 5 
Hoosac Valley Bird Club (Mass. yd 5 


Mrs; Louis Kohn 2277 on ie I 
George B. Vanderpoel . . .:. . . 2 : 
PS McGlynn ss ie eae 
Scarsdale Bird and Tree Club (N.Y. ) 10 
Arthur W. Perkins 2 fon 2 
WD, Despard a.535 3 iO 
Miss Rebecca S. Ryder. 2). 2-1 
George Peabody Wetmore . . 100 
William Y. Wemple ... 5 2... 10 
Raléigh* Raines 25 ass ee I 
Miss Helen’ L. Carter: 7 oe, 5 
Public School No. 68, New York 
CHOY Oe ieee einer er arg 27 
Morris. Voss 6) a se ee es 2 
Charies H. French 3005 Sa, 25 
Woman’s Club of Knox, Ind... . 1 
Dr. Lewis A. Sexton. os eg 
Wm. Albert Harbison . Fcllg LO 
Dwight dy. Graver ess kk es, oe 
P.M Ambrosecni ss oa ee 
Mrs. F. A. Swezey. . . sti: 
Audubon Society of Western, Pa. . 10 
Wi OA ae Se ee each I 
Louis_C. Lafontaine .: 64505 3 4 I 
Bird Club of Groton, Mass. . 10 
Norwood Johnston are ae oe EMS (0 
Mrs. W. C. Alexander . . eae 
Woman’s Club of Ouray, Gobi 5 <5 
Mrs. James E. Greenbaum. . . . Io 
Mrs. A. A. Whittemore... ... 1 
Wes WV oe PATCOL oa! es aes el pomert 5 
Miss F. A. Roberts 20 
J. Sanford Barnes . 10 


John J. Pierrepont. . ae ae 5 


SCOtt Gay co he 2 
Samuel Wadsworth eres 
cdots ge s Civic League (Ind. :) yee 
H. N. Fiske. . Gi Wenn 
Birdlovers’ Club of Brooklyn Yow s 
As). WRIKCE oa oe ra . 10 
Miss Marie L. Russell:. 2... . bie) 
William N. Cohen. ....... 10 
reine A. Ravnolda: os 2 


Bird - Lore 


Je Henty et es $25 
Miss Lucy D. Gillett... . REEL: io: 
Mrs. Charles C. Bolton ..... 5 
Mrs. Ac As Wilson 203 es 5 
Col. Edwin'S: George -). 0.02. 10 
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Andrews. 5 
Miss Elizabeth B. Clark . .... 2 
Wiliam i. Porter 2.20% S525 
Oe Wi LUT RIS fe a ee 2 
Mrs. Herman Livingston , 5 
Benjamin W. Strader ...... 5 
Mrs. Edward Dean Adams . 25 
Miss Clara Shepard be) 


Naturalists’ Club (Bronx, N. Y.) a3 


Miss Sarah Grace Pickens .... I 
Miss Laura F. Philbrook. . ... 2 
Mrs. Annie B. McConnell . 50 
Mrs. Emily S. Morrison . .... 2 
Mrs, EL. Ro Waite soci woes 2 
Miss Emily S. M. Waite . . oe 
The Home Garden Club (Minn. ) BS 


Miss Althea R. Sherman 5 
Smithland Audubon Society (Iowa) r 


Century Club of New York. . 25 
Charles SvAverll 225) coe 5 
Mrs CNA Birk ees aS 
Benjamin Walworth Arnold. . . . 5 
Mak eer : : Io 
Miss. Lyle M, Swift 00200 I 


Miss Sarah E. Halsey 
J. S. Stewart’... 
Audubon Clubs of Girls’ High (N. yy: :) 2 


Mrs. George C. Miller (35a 5 
J. H. Nicholson. . . 10 
Mrs. Te J. -Abbott. 2.554. 5 
Herman. Homes) es 5 


Mirs-F i VicMinlisss je ee eg I 
Mrs: C, T@landee ie ean 

W. Roxbury Woman’s Club (Mass.) : 
Alexander Alexander. ...... I 
Charles Sumner Bird 25 
George McMaster: 2 one 
Gifford Pinchot 263.2 es ee 100 
Minnesota Game Protective League. 50 
Warren Coleman 8 eS 


Blair County (Minn.) Game, Fish 


and Forestry- Assn.: oo, Io 
Prank: A. °Miler ij sea ee ek 10 
Mrs. Ge Cy Amold oo ace ie 3 
Mrs. Meee es ee 
Mrse GSE Pamer ea ate 
CCe Rockatellow.- 345% pean se 
BG ent ee er re ee a mg 
W. A. Macpherson, Jr... .... I 


Current Events Club, Alamosa, Col. 5 
Detroit Bird Protection Club. . . 2 
V. W. Bates 
Pierian Club (DeWitt, Iowa). . . 1 
Edward R. Warren 
Kimmerling’s Junior Audubon So- 

ciety 
A. R. Arvidson 
Fairmount Junior Audubon Society. 2 
Mrs. H. M. Barksdale 5 
Coeur D’Alene Women’s Club . . 3 
Luella and Edith P. Sovereign .. 2 


fete) 


oo 


oo 


The Audubon Societies 


Pawtucket Woman’s Club <= % $5 00 
Mrs. Jacob Hittmyer Se Perey WS, 
Cornelia F. Woolley 32 0). es .2500 
Miss: Ida DE. Lane Soe eS e368 
Ernest Harold Baynes... .. . 2 00 
John Bancroft .. 5 TOC 00 
Tourist Club of Cedar Rapids. 64 $00 
Dr. Charles Grifin Plummer . . . I 00 
Mr. and Mrs. E. L. Baylies . 20 00 
Fortnightly Club, Piqua, Ohio . . IO 00 
Mrs. James M. Hills... . . .°. 10 00 - 
Mrs. Brookes Brown. . . ... . 200 
Charles S Horner: 35 se e800 
Miss Mary Ac Walker. . oo 
Woman’s Club of Leadville, Col. . . 10 00 
Milton Klein . . LEB OO 
West Chester Bird Club (Pa. ). . IO 00 
Mrs. W. I. Russell. . . BE OO 
Mrs. E. L. Breese Norrie . 4 10:00 
Mr. and Mrs. James R. Poor . . . 2 00 
Arthur bo Carns: ciiasc et a SOO 
Mrs. I. O. Boyd . ; IO 00 
Woman’s Club of Seymour, Conn. . 5 00 
Osceola Field Club (Wis.) . . . I 00 
Massachusetts Audubon Society . ‘800 00 
George H. Jennings ....... § 00 
Mrs. A. W. Jamieson . . 2 00 
St. Joseph Federation of Women’s 

Cinbs SRR A pone ay so, 
Dr. F. W. Langdon : I 00 
Elmer Waggoner I 00 
John H. Child . IO 00 
Miss Caroline E. Crane 5 00 
Albert J. Pirie . . : I 00 
Mrs. Caroline J. Malone . I 00 
BB. Dow: 5 a ; I 00 
Mrs. H. Godwin. . . 10 00 
Miss Lillian Weatherby I 00 


Inter - Mountain Chapter of the 
Cooper Ornithological Club . 

EB Bi Parry, Sete Sr: Gr.’: 

Mrs. Robert C. Black . 

Mabel A. Metcalf-Merwin . 

Mrs. F. M. Metcalf . 

Miss Minnie Davis ...... 

J. E. Zalles . ‘ aes 

Mrs. C. E. Raymond : 

A. A. Fairnight . : 

J. Ce Thaw 

Valparaiso Wontan’s Club (Ind. ) 

Progress Club (South Bend, ee, 

Charles D. Velie... . . i 

Mrs. M. Bradford Scott . 

“Tele” Boys Bird-House Club (Pa. ) 

Mrs. C. N. Pollock 

Ernest and Howes Burton 

Warris K. Bredbury . 

Propylecius Association . 

Parent-Teacher Association (Cal. ) 

Miss Susan Christian 

Ottomar H. Van Norden . 

Edward A. Hall... . . . 

Mrs. Russell Hawkins . 


Lal 


. 
| 


H 
AMmMOUnNnNnNtHtHNMNHBNROKR KRM ENO HUNO HN 


Ll 


2It 
- Vigo County Bird Club (Ind.) . . $5 00 
Jessie Hoyt Hatch. . . I 00 
Audubon Club of FranklinAcademy 
and Prattsburgh High School . 2 70 
New Century Literary Club (Ind.) . 1 00 
WOM Tee OE pha a ee ie hg I5 00 
P. S. No. 1, Bayonne, N. J.. 5 00 
Delphi Junior Audubon Club (Ind.) I 00 
Dean Evans . . I 00 
Lafayette Civic Club (Mich.) . I 00 
eh loco miata are (Neb.) 5 00 
Cade, Panay i. : 5 00 
Mrs. Clara M. Johnson 5 00 
Walter Gray Crump, Jr. . 5 00 
Miss Grace Trowbridge Smith . . 1 00 
Thursday Fortnightly Club, be ae 
maica Plain, Mass. ; 5 00 
Miss Mary E. "Smith . 2 00 
Miss Jessie Ziegler. BU se ete OO 
+; Walter: W600 oo ES a oo 
J. O. Ballard . 2 00 
Woman’s Club of Greenwood, Ind.. 1 00 
Anonymous. Pik We er ORR Te RAM WN, lo: 
Names Withheld . .'. . . . . . aE 25 
POCA eee ee $11,684 19 


Toledo’s Bird Day 


No doubt as result of the work of bird- 
protectors which centers around the 
Toledo Museum of Art, Mayor Cornell 
Schreiber, of Toledo, has recently made 
an unusual proclamation. April 4 is Bird 
and Arbor Day in Ohio, and in this con- 
nection Mayor Schreiber gave out this 
statement: 

“Tt constitutes a penal offense to shoot 
or in any way molest a useful bird. Bird- 
fountains will be erected in the public 
parks by the Welfare Division. Birds are 
not only beautiful, but they serve a useful 
purpose in eating the insects that destroy 
our crops, trees, and flowers. 

“T have been assured of support in this 
bird activity by the Burroughs Society, 
the Art Museum Bird and Tree Committee, 
Toledo Girl Scouts, Toledo Humane So- 
ciety, Toledo Boy Scouts, Museum of Art 
Nature Study Class, Wild Bird Protective 
Association, Newsboys’ Association, Au- 
dubon Society, Dorr Fish and Game Pro- 
tective Association, and I delegate to each 
of these organizations to appoint repre- 
sentatives to act in concert in this for- 
ward movement.” 


212 


St. Petersburg’s Bird-House Contest 


The Audubon Society of St. Petersburg, 
Fla., collected the prizes and arranged for 
a bird-house contest to be staged in the 
Harrison Hardware Company’s show win- 
dow. The bird-houses were made by the 
boys of the Manual Training Department 
of the St. Petersburg public schools. There 
were 129 in all, and the space in front of 
the windows was so crowded during the 
three days of the exhibition that many 
complained the time was too short, as they 
had not been able to get near enough to 
view the exhibit. The next year’s contest 
is already arranged and will be of longer 
duration. 

The judges awarded the prizes as follows: 
For the most practical bird-house, a gold 
watch, to Henry Lindelie. The money for 
the watch was given by H. C. Albrecht, 
Mrs. H. E. Rowe, Winston Branning, 
Edward McPherson, A. J: Johnson, 
Advance Art Printery, F. F. Smith, and 
Mrs. Katherine B. Tippetts. Honorable 
mention was given Wallace Fishken and 
Harold Reece. The house showing the 
best workmanship, prize $10 in gold, given 
by T. H. Kards, Manual Training Instruc- 
tor, went to George Fogarty; honorable 
mention to Glen Harrod and Charles 
Knoener. The house most closely imitat- 
ing nature, prize set of auger bits, given 
by the Harrison Hardware Company, went 
to Burnham Hawley; honorable mention 
to Floyd Sterns and Victor Crook. Most 
ornamental bird-house, prize Yankee 
screw-driver, given by Walden Hardware 
Company, went to Arthur Armstrong; 
honorable mention to Harold Hjort and 
Thomas Squires. The birds will act as 
judges for the $5 prize in gold offered by 
the Audubon Society for bird-house first 
occupied by a bird family.  ~ 

Several of the bird-houses were sold, the 
highest price being $10, which was paid 
for a thirty-room Martin-house, sold to 
Mrs. H. E. Rowe, and which she will put 
up on her lawn in Youngstown, Ohio. 
Miss Lillian Rusling, Chairman of the 


Bird - Lore 


Equal Suffrage Association of Pinellas 
County, purchased one which was labeled 
as an ‘Equal Suffrage Bird-House’ and 
bore a jingle advocating the same. Dr. 
Grace Whitford, of the Child-Welfare 
Department of the State Board of Health, 
also invested in one to advocate hygiene, 
even in houses for birds. Many others 
thus set forth their ideas, and the window 
became the point of interest to the many 
tourists in town. The President and Secre- 
tary have been busy ever since answering 
letters and sending suggestions to the four 
points of the compass, as these tourists 
return home and tell of the contest. When 
the tourists return néxt season, they will 
see the remaining houses set in the city 
parks, on the streets, and in the cemeteries, 
and it will impress them still further that 
in this way the youth of the land are being 
educated to the idea of bird-protection as 
a fundamental point in conservation 
measures. 

Katherine B. Tippetts, President of the 
St. Petersburg Audubon Society, has for- 
warded the above report and speaks with 
enthusiasm of the widespread interest 
which the contest has aroused. 


Convention of Indiana Audubon 
Society 


The Indiana Audubon Society held its 
twenty-first annual convention in Kokomo, 
Thursday and Friday, May 8 and 9g. The 
general subject discussed was the im- 
portance of bird-study and the protection 
of birds, in their relation to the life of 
man. 

Speakers on the program were Dr. 
Stanley Coulter, of Purdue University, 
president of the Society; William Watson 
Woolen and Amos W. Butler, both of 
Indianapolis; J. J. Mitchell, of Logansport; 
Oscar Tharp, of Kokomo; Alden H.Hadley, 
of Monrovia, and Miss Margaret Hanna, 
of Fort Wayne. 

On Friday morning a breakfast tramp 
and drive was held at the Kokomo 
Country Club. 


SELBORNE FROM THE HANGER 


A classic view looking down upon Gilbert White’s home, ‘The Wakes’. His church is in the middle distance 
and the oaks shown in a succeeding picture lie just beyond 


Bird-Lore 


A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 


Vol. XXI JULY—AUGUST, 1919 No. 4 


Nature and England 


By FRANK M. CHAPMAN 
With Photographs by the Author 


, \HE Red Cross mission which has claimed my service for the past eight 
months, brought me, this past May, to London. England was still 
returning from the war. The steamer on which I crossed the Channel 

was crowded with homeward-bound troops; men and women in uniform formed 
a large proportion of the street population. For years all their energy and prac- 
tically every activity of their nation had been directly or indirectly devoted 
toward the winning of the conflict which threatened the freedom of their 
country. There had been no relaxation in the severity of the struggle; no rest 
period between campaigns; the war had been one continuous battle. Now, for 
the first May in five years, England was at peace and her people were free to 
gratify their desire for recreation without fear of air-raid, or of submarine 
disaster, and without anxiety for the safety of those at the front. 

With no thought whatever of giving even casual attention to the subject, 
it required only three or four days, including a Saturday and Sunday, to impress 
upon my mind a vivid picture of a war-weary nation finding its sources of rest, 
refreshment, and pleasure out-of-doors. Scores were tilling their garden plots. 
The Thames was alive with punts, rowboats, canoes, and shells; the gardens 
at Hampton Court and the spacious grounds at Kew were thronged with 
people who were evidently deriving keen enjoyment from the beauty of their 
surroundings and from the opportunity they offered for close contact with 
nature. Hundreds of people strolled slowly over the velvet lawns as though 
loath to miss a breath of the fragrance of spring or a note from the songs of 
Chaffinch, Thrush, and Blackbird. Hundreds more were seated beneath the 
trees or stretched upon the turf in complete abandonment to the sweet and 
peaceful influences of a sunlit May day. One heard no shouting, no loud talk- 
ing, no boisterousness; even the most devout nature worshiper could find here 
no apparent lack of reverence for his temple or his gods. 

On a nearby common were rows of occupied tennis-courts and croquet 
lawns; a small army held the cricket-fields and golf clubs and polo mallets 


216 Bird - Lore 


marked those who were bound for the links or polo-field. Space in the daily 
press, which in the preceding May was given to ghastly reports of death and 
destruction, to stories of heroism under fire, was now occupied by cricket, golf, 
and tennis scores, to praise of the batsman who had made a ‘century.’ Already 
the dealers reported that their supplies of racquets, bats, and golf clubs were 
becoming exhausted and players were urged to ‘freshen up old stock.” But 
it was not alone his inherent love of sport that called the Briton out-of-doors; 
nor was it only the sportsman to whom the press appealed. In spite of the 
demands of world news, the leading London daily found room for a column in 
praise of the Nightingale’s song, the outpouring of a heart which had been 
stimulated to fervent expression by this most famous of feathered minstrels; 
while not an issue of this paper was without a tribute to bird, blossom, or 
season from the pen of some follower of White and Jefferies. 

Sunday morning, May 18, I went with a nature-loving companion 30 miles 
by train to a thinly populated region where extensive commons of field and 
woodland, hill and dale offered opportunity to renew acquaintance with the 
common British birds. The season, so far as one could judge from the vege- 
tation, appeared to be about as far advanced as, in normal years, it is about 
New York City on that date. Apple trees were still in luxuriant bloom; horse- 
chestnuts, which are so much more abundant in England than in America, 
were in full blossom; hawthorne was spreading its snowy lines along the path- 
ways and roadside; dry sunny hillsides were yellow with gorse; and in shady 
places the ground was purple with wild hyacinth. The outlook on every side 
suggested complete accord between man and his environment. Nature seemed 
his willing ally in grainfield, pasture, woodland, or garden. And all this charm- 
ing, friendly landscape found its voice in the songs of birds. Chaffinches ex- 
pressed its good cheer; Song Thrushes its content; Blackbirds its peace; young 
Rooks, calling lustily from their nests, its domesticity. The mellow coo of 
Wood Pigeons spoke eloquently of that harmony between human life and 
bird-life, which permits the existence in numbers in thickly settled places of 
this fine bird, and emphasized, by contrast of results, our treatment of the 
Passenger Pigeon. The Moor-hen, essentially like our Florida Gallinule, which 
we saw on the margin of a small stream, and which one may count on finding 
in every reed-grown pool in England, further illustrates in its abundance how 
much more powerful than law is sentiment. 

Swallows and Martins, Jackdaws and Starlings made their homes about 
those of man; there were Robins and Accentors in the hedgerows; Jays, Warb- 
lers, Titmice and Nuthatches in the woods. 

Lying beneath a hilltop yew we looked out from under its low-spreading 
branches over a scene where one’s every concept of pastoral England found 
its counterpart. The tolling bells from the church in the village below were 
echoed in the notes of the Cuckoo calling from the far-distant somewhere, and 
as a Skylark, mounting heavenward, showered the earth with its ecstatic notes, 


Nature and England 217 


I experienced that ‘‘serene exaltation of spirit” of which Burroughs long ago 
wrote on listening to the hymn of the Hermit Thrush. 

If, in coming thus far to a comparatively unsettled locality, we had thought 
to enjoy these enchantments undisturbed, we were not long in discovering that 
there were others who evidently shared our desire for solitude. The motorists 
who passed us on the highway, bound for parts unknown, at a speed which 
forbade attention to much of anything besides the effort to retain their head- 
gear, were not of our kin; but the cyclists who, pedaling along slowly, had 


UNDER THE OAKS AT SELBORNE 


time to enjoy the beauties of the wayside, or who left their wheels here and 
there to enter field and wood in search of flowers or birds, were not riding for 
exercise alone; and the pedestrians we encountered were evidently desirous of 
closer contact with Mother Earth than can be had in an automobile. They 
passed us in such increasing numbers that we sought the quiet of a lane branch- 
ing from the main road, but, as the morning wore on, this, too, became populous. 
The further we went afield, the more people we found before us. Every path 
had its strollers; from the densest copse one heard voices; and by noontide the 
open fields were thickly dotted with outers. 

Some had plant-boxes, some bird-glasses, a few butterfly nets, while by far 
the larger number carried merely their luncheon; but whatever was the special 


218 Bird - Lore 


object that had called them afield, it was clear that all alike shared the common 
desire to be out-of-doors. Here was no question of sport; there were no cricket- 
fields or tennis-courts, nor any attractions other than those offered by nature 
itself. It was evident, too, that most of these people had not come from the 
immediately adjacent neighborhood, but from varying distances. They were 
not merely casual strollers, but were taking a definitely planned outing. And 
nowhere did I see the disgusting litter which too often in this country marks 
the lunching-place of ‘picknickers’ who show their respect for their surround- 
ings by treating them as they would a garbage-dump. 

To the impression created by the thousands seen in the parks of London 
the preceding afternoon was added, therefore, this view of a rural population 
taking its holiday out-of-doors, and the two experiences combined etched more 
deeply the lines of the picture of a nation which, in a hundred different ways, 
was realizing upon its assets in nature. For more than four years it had given 
unsparingly and effectively of its forces in the world war; now it renewed its 
strength in those cleansing, purifying influences which, however they may be 
exerted, find their best expression in fresh air, blue sky, and sparkling water, 
the majesty of trees, the fragrance of flowers, and the songs of birds. These are 
the potential heritage of both poor and rich, and the nation which avails itself 
of these priceless resources need have no fear of the materialistic influences 
which today darken the horizon of some parts of the world. 


THE BEECHES IN THE NEW FOREST 


A Pocket Sanctuary 


By FAYE RANDLE, Portland, Ore. 


i GARDEN is a lovesome thing,” as the old song tells us truly, and 
A though the owner of that formal garden, “Rose plot, fringed pool, 

ferned grot,’”’ might deny the title to the one we had, there was never 
a more lovesome thing nor one better loved. 

A garden of weeds in a ravine does not require seasons of labor nor a knowl- 
edge of landscape gardening. The procedure is simple. First, buy or rent your 
ravine. That is the most difficult task, as it must be a proper ravine, with the 
brook that made it still flowing through the bottom of it. The one we rented, 
along with an acre or so of pine woodland and a small brown bungalow, boasted 
a brook that was all of 3 feet wide, in the widest places, at certain times. The 
next indispensable thing is a fence to keep out cattle and horses. Our ravine 
had been pastured for years, and showed it. Barbed wire was cheap, effective, 
and prompt, so we used it; but if I were getting what I wanted, and hoped to. 
keep, I would choose rail-fences. After you have got your ravine and fenced it 
off, take a big basket and go gleaning. You will fill it many times with papers, 
rags, wire, bottles, broken dishes, tin cans, leaky kettles, bottomless pans, and 
spoutless coffee-pots. Eleven people out of every dozen look upon a ravine, 
or any sort of hollow in the ground, simply as a most convenient dumping-spot. 
Break the dead limbs out of the bushes and small trees. Rake the accumulated 
trash out of the bed of the brook. Tidy the place up a little, but not too much; 
and then watch it and love it. You will see marvelous things. 

Even by June 2, our wild garden, set in the midst of the closely cultivated 
and pastured Palouse lands, was beautiful to see. By June 3, it was a climbing, 
sprawling, riotous, pink tangle of wild roses, wild geraniums, and wild peas. 
A closer look showed that the prevailing pink was underlaid and streaked with. 
gold. There were more than a dozen kinds of yellow flowers in June alone. 
The sweetest of these golden blossoms, the fragrant buttercups, came in March, 
and the latest arrivals, the goldenrod, lingered in damp, shady spots until 
October. There were spring violets and autumn asters, the white radiance of 
the service-berry blooms, the delicate lavender of the tiny flowers of the brook 
mint, the dusky blue of larkspur. If this were a story of the flowers of our wild 
garden I could tell you more—much more. 

Out of the buck brush on the slope pops a frowsy Fox Sparrow. He looks 
as if he had just crawled out of bed; his hair is so tousled, his clothes so mussed. 
The small frogs sit in the edges of the upper spring and sing lustily. Tiny blue 
moths flutter above the cowslips. A cotton-tail races up the hill and dives into 
a brush-pile. A chipmunk runs along his highway through the tops of the 
smaller pines. Later on, when the service-berries are ripe, he will share them 
with the Catbirds. If there are a great plenty, we may even get some of the 
berries ourselves. 


(219) 


220 Bird - Lore 


The Catbirds were the only residents who disputed my equal rights in the 
ravine. The others may have thought a good deal, but they never said anything. 
They either avoided me, or ignored me, or tolerated me. The Catbirds would 
do none of those things. They were especially ferocious when I chose the 
stump-seat among the service-berry bushes. The fact that I was usually armed 
with ‘Walden’ did not appease them a particle, although I am unalterably per- 
suaded that it should have done so. There might be a moment’s peace, then 
wo-ow, wo-ow, wo-ow! here they came, sometimes both, sometimes only one. 
Inquisitively they tipped their heads and eyed me boldly. Indignantly they 
jerked their tails, showing the reddish patch beneath. Incessantly they flitted 
from bush to bush, just out of reach, yelling at me every few moments: wo-ow, 
wo-ow, wo-ow! I forgave them later on, when I found out where the nest had 
been hidden. I could almost have reached it from where I sat. The next 
summer, luckily for the nerves of all concerned, the Catbirds built beyond the 
bridge; and though they still scolded me once in awhile, they had to make a 
special trip to do it and it was not such a convincing performance. 

They would have been much improved if they could have taken a few 
lessons in good manners from the Black-headed Grosbeaks who built that 
year in the bushes on the other side of the stump-seat. In the matter of archi- 
tecture, it is about six of one and half a dozen of the other, but the Grosbeaks 
are much more agreeable neighbors. The down from the willows was lying 
thickly on the ground and clinging to the bushes when the Grosbeak nestlings 
broke through the shells. I had to look twice and see those gaping mouths 
open wide before I realized that three tiny birds filled the nest, and not willow 
fluff. I never saw the youngsters after they grew big enough to move around a 
little. The Grosbeaks were as shy as they were quiet; and they hid the little 
ones so skilfully in the thicket that finding them would have created more 
disturbance than I cared to make. 

Better luck attended my acquaintance with a Flycatcher family. One 
summer afternoon I was at leisure to sit still long enough to satisfy the bird 
proprieties. The flowers, the bees, and the butterflies keep right on about their 
usual affairs under any amount of restless curiosity, but the birds have more 
reserve. The sun was rather too warm for comfort on the stump, so I sat at 
the foot of one of the twin pines that stood in the ravine and reached a long 
way towards the clouds. A clump of willow, service-berry, and wild rose 
bushes cast a welcome shade. The brook trickled through the bushes and 
around the roots of the big pine. I did not have the least idea that there were 
nestlings in the thicket; but when a dainty, Queker-gray bird, with a slightly 
raised crest, lit on a willow branch above my head, then popped into the rose 
bushes, I rolled my eyes and craned my neck in that direction immediately. 
I have never felt free to take the liberties with birds and their families that 
some people take. Usually, I do no more than sit tight and hope they won’t 
mind if I stare. This pair of Wright’s Flycatchers proved very amiable. They 


A Pocket Sanctuary 221 


trusted me to such an extent that they even fed the little ones where I could 
watch them, after they were out of the nest. They were careful, however, to 
keep each one in a separate place. 

A few days after the Flycatchers had left their summer home, a family of 
Chickadees came visiting. I was sitting in the same shady spot, feeling rather 
pensive over the empty nest, when I heard the sweetest, silveriest song over 
my head: dee-dee-dee-dee. I looked up cautiously and there was the jolliest 
family that ever went on a vacation after a hard summer’s work. The five 
youngsters were able to hunt bugs for themselves, and did so, very busily and 
happily, but the father and the mother of the family could not break themselves 
of their old habits very easily. Every little while they flew to one or the other 
of the youngsters with an extra juicy morsel. It was no wonder the little fellows 
were so fat. They stayed nearly an hour, and I never enjoyed afternoon 
callers more in my life. 

The Doves usually did their visiting mornings, but they were welcome for 
all that. Morning after morning, in June, their sweet, trembling notes floated 
down from the upper branches of the twin pines as softly as the snowflakes in 
January floated down from the clouds not so very much higher. And like the 
snowflakes, the Dove notes, one upon another, filled the cup of the ravine until 
it was running over with beauty. 

It was upon a June morning, also, that I first saw our Lazuli Bunting neigh- 
bor. One learns to hope for unexpected things in a wild ravine garden on a 
June morning; but when, my feet deep in wet clover, stepping carefully along 
the narrow path, trying to keep from brushing the dew off the wild pea vines, 
stooping low under the willows to save myself a shower-bath, I straightened up 
and saw before me this gorgeous little bird, the thrill of discovery was as enjoy- 
able as if I had found a specimen new to science. In a moment I saw his mate. 
She was very soberly dressed, in comparison with the gentleman’s fine trap- 
pings. That was her only public appearance, but she found shelter and raised 
her family somewhere in or near our pocket sanctuary I am sure, for nothing 
else would have kept the dandy hanging around one spot so long. He warbled 
a little, occasionally, but he was not a fine singer, though he had fine feathers 
and was a fine bird. 

The sweetest bird-song I ever heard in the ravine, or, indeed, anywhere 
else, was accompanied with the prettiest performance; and it came from the 
pulsating throat and loving heart of a very plain-feathered bird—the Rusty 
Song Sparrow. On a spring day I stole, as quietly as possible, down the path 
that led from the kitchen door. Birds were often bathing or drinking in the 
pools near the foot of the path, where the brook tumbled over the bare roots of 
an old stump. Once, at my approach, a bevy of Quail flew up with a whir of 
beating wings. This morning, half-way down the path, I stopped suddenly, 
hearing an unfamiliar song. A moment more and the musician came into view, 
out of the overhanging bushes, into an open space along the brook. He was a 


222 Bird - Lore 


small brown bird; and so intent was he upon his song that he never saw me at 
all. As for his dear love, she had neither eyes nor ears for anyone but her sweet 
singer. He hopped backward before her, pouring out a continual, wonderful 
melody. She followed, closely, silently. So they passed into the wild rose 
thicket, out of sight, and gradually out of hearing. 

Swallows often came and looped the loop under and over the bridge that 
crossed the ravine just at the edge of our domain. Robins built as readily in 
the twin pines as in orchard trees. One pair of Robins raised a brood on a 
beam under the bridge. The next year a pair foolishly built on a protruding 
beam, and a cat scon left the feathers of the brooding mother in a pathetic 
little heap. Young Robins with spotted breasts fluttered in the buck brush on 
the slopes, and many Robins from the neighborhood resorted to our sanctuary 
brook for drinks and baths, although the Palouse River was within sight and 
even within hearing. 

We tempted the Mountain Bluebirds to build in the ravine by nailing a 
box in a tree on the slope, where we could see it from our windows. To our 
great delight they took the box, and four broods were raised there in two 
summers. It turned out, however, that this location was only second choice. 
A rather dilapidated old house in the neighborhood was first choice, when it 
was not otherwise occupied. The Mountain Bluebirds are as exquisitely, as 
enchantingly blue as an October sky. They are not the gentlest of birds, how- 
ever. Ours were inclined to dispute possession of the Wrens’ houses with their 
proper tenants, even after they had proved to themselves, by repeated trials, 
that the Wrens’ doors were too small. The Wrens visited garden, orchard, field, 
and ravine at their own sweet will. The Chipping Sparrows, with their jaunty 
little caps of cinnamon-red, were companions in friendliness and usefulness to 
the Wrens. They came and went to and from their nests in the smaller pines 
quite openly. The Juncos, nesting on the ground, were naturally much shyer. 
They are the most trusting of birds at other times, and the flash of their white 
"eee from beneath their gray cloaks could be seen in the wild garden on 
almost any day the whole year round; but they were very careful not to betray 
their homes. After the youngsters could help themselves a little, they were not 
so cautious. It was amusing to watch a row of little black-hooded heads pop 
up above the top of my old stump-seat every time either one of the parent 
birds flew past me down the hill. 

The twin pines lured many visitors besides the Doves. The Meadowlarks 
delighted to stand on their topmost twigsand pour out their high, sweet, varied 
melodies. Magpies were both seen and heard there, occasionally. Brewer's 
Blackbirds chose those trees for their convention hall in the autumn. When 
the first brown needles began to sift down through their branches, the Nut- 
hatches returned from the mountains and walked upside down all over them, 
breaking off small bits of bark and dropping them into my eyes, quite carelessly 
and cheerfully. 


A Pocket Sanctuary 223 


Those two big trees were great favorites with the Red-shafted Flickers. 
Their beautifully engraved trunks were pitted all over with holes that showed 
where borers had vainly tried to hide their wicked heads. Often, in the sum- 
mer, I felt the fanning of the wide-spread wings as a Flicker family dashed by. 
Often, in the winter, the fire-red wings against the snow were at once a chal- 
lenge and a promise. One winter day I stood between the twin pines, beside 
the frozen brook. There was a rush of flame; then, like a torch blown out by 
the wind, a Flicker landed at the base of the nearer tree and began to circle it 
in ascending spirals. Only two small sparks glowed among his dull feathers, to 
show the flame was still burning. Over the bridge, singing in notes that chimed 
like tiny silver bells, fluttered a flock of Chickadees. They swooped down 
upon the box-elder tree and the slender, bare branches swayed with their 
activities as if a light wind were blowing. Nothing else moved in the frozen 
ravine except the Flicker on the pine tree trunk. A soft, cold touch brushed 
my face, and in a moment there seemed nothing else in the world but motion, 
as the Christmas snowstorm came whirling from the clouds. I huddled up 
against the big pine, but after awhile, because the Flicker and the Chickadees 
had gone away, it was too lonesome down there. As I started to climb out of 
the ravine I counted up on my fingers: 

“The rest of December doesn’t matter, because it’s Christmas; so there’s 
January, February—that’s a short month anyhow—then March! And the 
buttercups, and Robins, and maybe—maybe—the first Meadowlarks.” 


A FRIENDLY REDSTART 
Photographed by H. W. Osgood, Pittsfield, N. H. 


TII ‘VLOGNGAW XOOTIM ‘GA FIGVS AO AWOH AHL LV HLVA-Gald AAILOVALLVY NV 


Nip, the Young Sparrow Hawk 


By KATE P. and E.’W. VIETOR, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


neighborhood, a closely built-up section of Brooklyn, N. Y. His killy- 
killy was often the first sound we heard in the morning, and a st 
church-steeple was his favorite perch. 

On the 13th of the month there were two Sparrow Hawks about, and on 
the 16th one was seen entering a broken cornice on a house in the next street. 
This situation was rejected, however, and we never discovered the real nesting- 
site, but we knew it must be nearby, and several times during May (though 
the 13th was the only date we noted) we saw a parent bird carry off a fledgling 
from a colony of English Sparrows’ nests in a vine on a house at the rear of 
our yard. 

On July 16 a lady brought us a young Sparrow Hawk which she had found 
on her doorstep in a nearby street. Excepting for his tail, which was only 3 
inches long, he looked fully grown. He was wild and sullen and defiant; draw- 
ing himself back as if to strike, he fiercely nipped our hand though his mandi- 
bles were too soft to be formidable. 

It was Sunday, and there was no raw meat to be had, so we tried to feed 
him with the yolk of a hard-boiled egg, but though it was easy to put it on his 
tongue, for his bill was constantly distended, he would not swallow, so we put 
him under a peach-basket and left him in a darkened room. Peeping through 
the cracks a little later, we saw him lying on his side, with legs drawn up, and 
supposed him to be dying, but the next time we looked he was sitting up. 

Toward evening we took him out, and, holding him firmly, dropped water 
from a spoon into his open bill. To our delight he swallowed it eagerly. In 
this way we managed to wash down a little of the egg-yolk. A berry-crate 
was substituted for the peach-basket, and he was left alone for the night. 

More than half expecting to find him dead, we hurried down next morning, 
but he was alive and lively. We procured some beef, cut it in bits, and, holding 
him as before, offered him a bit. He ate it greedily, bit by bit, and as he ate 
he became docile. We put him back in his improvised cage, but he had tasted 
freedom, and, fortified with the good beef, soon found his way out and estab- 
lished himself on top of the crate where he sat, quiet and contented, the most 
of the day. Toward evening he sprang about a foot to a shelf in the extension 
which had been given up to him, where he sat on a box the second night. 

He was now so tame that he would sit on our hand, and although he showed 
a great aversion to being held, or to having his head touched, he did not object 
to being fondled, and showed much pleasure in having his back stroked, rais- 
ing it under the hand, like a cat. 

On the third day he adopted a perch, the highest the extension afforded, 
but often turned his head on one side as though looking for a higher one. Al- 


(225) 


Dice G the first days of April, 1916, a Sparrow Hawk appeared in our 


226 Bird - Lore 


though he would sit for hours at a time on the perch, he would leave it readily 
if a finger were offered instead, and invited attention by cocking his head on 
one side and opening his bill; raise a finger and he would nip it gently, and once 
he climbed on a shoulder and nipped an ear. Altogether one could not wish for 
a dearer or more interesting pet than was Nip during this time. Indeed so 
gentle and friendly did he seem, that we had visions of a semi-domesticated 
Sparrow Hawk who would make our neighborhood his home and keep it free 
of English Sparrows. 

Then he was so pretty, with 
his crown of rufous, tipped with 
gray, giving a changeable effect; 
his soft buffy throat and cheeks 
of the same hue, outlined by 
black lines; his buffy under- 
parts, streaked with brown on 
the breast; and his barred back 
and tail; but the ‘eyes’ on the 
inner web of the primaries which 
in the folded wing formed bars, 
were the most wonderful thing 
about his coloring. 

After the first day, when he 
fed many times, he never ate 
over an ounce of beef a day. 
We fed him about 8 o’clock in 
the morning and 5 in the after- 
noon. He always made a good 
breakfast, but sometimes re- 
fused supper altogether. He 
: showed a decided preference for 

‘NIP,’ THE TAME SPARROW HAWK very fresh meat. He ate daintily 

Photographed by Dr. E. W. Vietor and never gourmandized. He 

seemed to like water but not to know how to drink; so we sometimes dipped 
his meat in water. He would not bathe. 

On the fourth day he made his first flight, a distance of about 6 feet, and 
repeated it several times. Toward evening, being taken to the yard, he flew 
to the fence, and then across the next yard, but readily submitted to capture. 
Two days later, the door having been left open, he flew to a line in the kitchen, 
and from that to the top of an open door, the highest in the room. Taken 
back to his quarters and the door shut, he flew against it so persistently that 
he ruffled his tail. Later. when he had achieved liberty, this ruffled tail served 
as a mark of identification. Fearing that he might injure himself severely, we 
opened the door, when he immediately repeated his flight, first to the line, and 


Nip, the Young Sparrow Hawk Pe ve 


then to the top of the high door, and for the remainder of his stay with us, 
this was his perch. During the day, he kept to the outside, but as evening 
approached, he settled near the wall. We never caught him napping; steal 
down stairs ever so quietly after dusk had fallen, we always found him awake 
and alert. 

During this time, his tail grew a full inch and he began to show signs of 
restlessness. It was plain that he wanted more space, so, on the morning of 
July 25, nine days after he came into our possession, we took him to the roof, 
hoping that we could feed him there until he was able to care for himself. 

From the vantage-ground of a chimney, Nip looked at the great world 
beneath and the great sky above, where even then his parents were sailing, 
and a wonderful change came over him. For a moment he stood poised with 
outspread wings, in true Hawk fashion, and we who had been so necessary to 
his existence and had flattered ourselves that he had repaid us in affection, 
realized that we were no longer either necessary or desirable to him. The wild 
nature reasserted itself, and a barrier, intangible but very real, was drawn 
between us and him. Sadly we left him and went down to the humdrum of 
civilized life. ; 

An hour later, from the street, we saw him launch forth into the world. 
Slowly, but straight, he flew over a tree and out of sight, and we thought never 
to see him again, but, lo, next morning, he was perched on a neighboring chimney, 
and a series of insistent insect-like notes was traced to him and found to be 
his hunger-cry, for soon one of the old birds brought breakfast. And for three 
weeks after his liberation, the following program was daily carried out. Between 
9 and 10 o’clock we would hear a clamor from the English Sparrows, and, on 
looking out, would see Nip on some chimney or coping and hear his hunger- 
cry. After a time, sometimes soon, an old bird would dash into view, quickly 
give Nip the quarry, and then from some chimney or the steeple, keep guard 
while he regaled himself. Usually he was fed again about 5 in the afternoon. 
but sometimes, either for the sake of discipline or from ill-luck in hunting, he 
went to bed supperless. We could not often see what the prey was, but once 
we distinctly saw that it was a full-grown Sparrow. 

The last time.we saw him fed was on August 13, when, from the screaming 
of the poor victim, we knew he had been entrusted with a live bird. Next day 
Nip sat and called a long time but no parent appeared, and we concluded that 
he had been thrown on his own resources. We never saw him perch on a chim- 
ney again, but until well into December, we occasionally got a glimpse of a 
Sparrow Hawk flying over the roofs and we noticed a decrease in the number 
of Sparrow pests. 


aINL “| “H Aq peydeizoj04g 
LSAN SLI GNV GaIaNaAO NV 


The Night Warbler 


By H. E. TUTTLE, Lake Forest, II. 


a ARELY, rarely comest thou, spirit of delight,’’ so may we excuse the 
R Oven-bird his oft-repeated daylight roundelay, for his songs of the 
noon hour are but jingling alliterations beside the floods of ecstasy that 
he pours forth above the tree-tops in the dark of night. How should he consent 
to vain repetitions, like the Pharisee, that had sent his song athwart the heavens 
in wild lyrics of unearthly joy? For “he was taught in Paradise to ease his 
breast of melodies,’’ and needs but some dream-sent quickening power to 
yield increase. ; 

When the starlit nights are warm with the promise of June, then may you 
hear the first glad upward rush of that far-flung torrent of poetry. Mounting 
with hurried gladness, as if he feared some surcease of delight, he gains the 
open sky, spilling the gay notes earthward in his wake, like the tumbling drops 
of a mountain waterfall. While the last burst of warbled rapture haunts the 
still air of night, he has sheered into a swift descent, with perhaps a murmured 
snatch of the refrain, uttered regretfully, as if Lethe had overtaken the singer 
and hushed the gay chords whilst yet they trembled from his heart. 

But with the dawn of day he is again the demure and mincing walker of 
the forest trails, forgetful of, or choosing to ignore, his midnight revelries. 
The spell that was on him has been withdrawn, and he returns to the workaday 
world, like Cinderella to her ashes. He sings with vigorous gaiety, till the woods 
ring with his song, but neither the words nor the measure is the same: it is a 
gay song, but it wants art; there is not in it the careless rapture of his moonlit 
flights. Sometimes, even when the sun is high, he falls into a reverie, perched 
on a horizontal bough above the glade, then, rarely, and but for a moment, as 
if in a day-dream, the lyric gift is restored. He darts from his perch like a mad 
thing, and whips through the woods with incredible speed, singing wildly his 
flight song with all the abandon of a Bacchante, till, as suddenly, he comes to 
rest upon the branch from which he started, dozes a space, and wakes to walk 
quietly the length of his perch, returning to the earth as if quite unconscious 
of what has occurred. 

The cares of the nesting season, though they may scant him in his diurnal 
pleasures, have no power over the hours of darkness, and if you are wakeful 
you may hear the aérial love-song of this midnight troubadour, that, forsak- 
ing earth, launches himself toward the stars. 


(229) 


Tragedies of the Nest 


By L. L. SNYDER, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ont. 


N looking over my observation notes for the months of June and July, I 

was very much surprised to find so many casualties which had befallen the 

birds and their nests in the ‘Harcroft’ Sanctuary, near Toronto, Ont. This 
reservation is the property of Mr. J. A. Harvey. It embraces about 25 acres 
and contains both high and dry woodland and low and wet marshes, which 
make it attractive to a great variety of birds. 

It was here that I had the opportunity of watching bird migration and, 
later, although rather intermittently, to observe birds nesting. Although many 
birds had successfully reared their broods on those 25 acres, there were quite a 
number which met with difficulties or complete failure. No warden protection 
was given to the Sanctuary, but it was carefully watched over by the two 
families residing on the grounds. Such helps as shooting stray cats, driving out 
human molesters, keeping down the harmful Hawks and Owls, as well as hav- 
ing a watchful eye on Crows and Grackles, were constantly in practice. 

My list of tragedies starts with the Wilson Thrush or Veery. This master 
of nature’s flute selected a bush-covered bank near the edge of a pond for his 
deep and well-concealed nest. In a short time the nest was completed, and one 
morning I found a dazzling greenish blue egg deposited in it. On the following 
morning I found a Cowbird’s egg in the nest. Although young Thrushes are 
almost as large as young Cowbirds, and could probably hold their own in the 
same nest, I thought it advisable to remove the egg because of the abundance 
of Cowbirds in the vicinity. The next day I found the nest empty. Where 
the Veery egg had gone to (and probably a second egg laid that day), I do not 
know. On the following day another Veery egg was in the nest. In due time 
this egg hatched and the little Veery left the nest in the normal way. Although 
the efforts of the Veery were not all in vain, the brood was not a success. 

The second nest which I watched was that of the Chipping Sparrow. It 
was constructed in a young elm tree about 8 feet from the ground. Three days 
after I had found this little cradle, which rocked and tossed in the wind, I 
discovered it tilted up and the few speckled eggs broken on the ground. The 
wind, very likely, was the cause, as, upon removing the nest, I found that it 
had been placed between two branches in such a way that, when either branch 
moved, the movement would tend to loosen their grip on the nest. Birds 
frequently choose unwise sites for their nests and generally suffer for it, as did 
the Chipping Sparrow. 

The third nest tiagedy fell to the lot of our most popular native bird, the 
American Robin. The pair had built their nest over the dining-room door of 
Mr. Harvey’s house; four eggs were laid and, without anyone noticing it, the 
eggs disappeared, also the nest was partially destroyed. The pair were not 
discouraged, but remodeled their home and four more eggs were laid. Four 


(230) 


Tragedies of the Nest 2 


Ow 
— 


young Robins finally made their appearance and were thriving when, one day, 
a black squirrel, which had always been encouraged about the house, turned 
criminal and proceeded to devastate the home of Mr. and Mrs. Robin. Mrs. 
Harvey noticed the confusion outside, and, upon investigation, found the 
black intruder in the act of throwing out the little naked birds. The squirrel 
had dropped one to the ground and was holding another in his mouth. Just 
what his intentions were, I do not know, nor did Mr. Harvey wait to see, but 
promptly frightened the squirrel away and replaced the little birds in their 
nest. They did not seem to be injured and after several days were fully feathered 
and started off to learn the art of extracting earthworms from the lawn. 


RE eae ; gers MOA LE 
“THE FIVE YOUNG BIRDS ... WERE BROUGHT TO MR. HARVEY” 
Photographed by L. L. Snyder 


The next family circle to be broken up was that of a pair of Bluebirds which 
had nested in a bird-box in the neighborhood. A boy, who wished to try out 
his rifle, killed the mother bird. The five young birds, which were almost fully 
fledged, were brought to Mr. Harvey. Mrs. Harvey reared the family upon 
egg-and-milk custard, a most unusual diet for birds, but, nevertheless, the 
youngsters did well and were soon able to feed themselves. They were then 
given their liberty about the lawn, and it is hoped that they will all be back 
next year. 

One day I started out for a walk, armed with my field-glasses and notebook. 
While going through a cherry thicket, close to the edge of a pond, I caught a 
glimpse of a tiny yellowish green bird fairly rolling over the ground. It was 
the female Yellow Warbler. Her frantic efforts to entice me to follow her were 
of no use, because I wanted to have a look into that little gray cup which was 


232 Bird - Lore 


sure to be somewhere near. After a few moments’ search, I found it in the 
fork of a cherry sprout, about 3 feet from the ground. The sole occupant of 
the nest was a fat, lazy Cowbird. The details of this story were missing, but 
it was not hard to see how several little Warblers were crowded off this earth 
by this clumsy interloper. Other similar cases must have happened in the 
vicinity, because, on two other occasions, I have witnessed the rather disgust- 
ing, but still comical, sight of a tiny mother Warbler, or a Song Sparrow, 
devoting its entire time to satisfying the enormous appetite of a young Cowbird. 

One morning I was asked to locate a Song Sparrow’s nest which was some- 
where in the vicinity of a thistle patch which Mr. Harvey wished to clear out. 
A few of the thistles had been cut, but operations had been suspended because 
of the serious objection of the parent birds. I took my post nearby, being 
partly concealed by the tall grass and weeds. Both the male and female birds 
came down, time after time, with their mouths full of small moths and other 
insects, only to be devoured by themselves after much chirping and shifting 
of positions. I took this to be bird strategy, and for three hours I sat fighting 
the mosquitos as best I could without making much commotion. It finally 
dawned on me that the birds were as much baffled as to the whereabouts of 
the nest as I was. On first thought I supposed that, because of part of the 
thistles being cut, the birds had somewhat lost their sense of direction, but it 
proved that the nest had been overturned. I turned it right side up, but could 
see nothing of the little birds. With my hand I scratched away the dead leaves 
and grass, and even the earth, and there, buried in the ground, were the three 
little birds, still alive, and one egg. My next query was what to do with the 
young birds since the nest was partially destroyed and the protecting thistles 
gone. I decided, rather than to move the nest any distance where it would be 
protected by the weeds, that I should move the protection to it. So I dug up 
tufts of sod and transplanted them about where the nest had been. Then I 
remodeled the nest and placed it in a pocket between the tufts of grass. The 
little birds and the egg were then replaced in the nest. It was only a moment 
before the parents were feeding the young just as if nothing had happened. 
The egg proved to be infertile, but the young birds were soon fully feathered 
and left the nest. 

Another Song Sparrow family had an exciting time when they were intruded 
upon by an otherwise friendly dog. The little Song Sparrows, being now 
fledged, promptly left the nest, as they had been instinctively taught to do 
when the dog’s sniff sounded too close. The movement, of course, attracted 
the dog, and she caught one of the little birds. I was hurrying to the scene as 
fast as I could, but speed was impossible since I was in a rowboat, with a short 
board for a paddle. My shouts caused the dog to drop the bird and, upon 
examination, I found an abdominal wound, large enough to allow the bowel to 
protrude. I took the little Sparrow home and he was immediately placed on 
the operating table. With a fine silk thread I sewed up the wound and then 


Tragedies of the Nest 233 


washed it with disinfectant. The following day the little fellow was quite 
active, but refused to take food. I believe it was because he was too old to be 
fed by a foster parent, because young and more unsophisticated birds uncon- 
sciously open their mouths to be fed. After several fruitless attempts to feed 
him various kinds of insects, I decided to take him back to his mother. This 
I did, and she began feeding him at once. Just what the outcome was I do 
not know, but when I last located him, he seemed perfectly healthy. Whether 
the silk thread stitches will cause trouble, or whether Nature will discard them, 
I do not know. 

Other cases of destruction, such as the disappearance of the nest and eggs 
of a Brown Thrasher, add more to my list of bird tragedies. This case, I pre- 
sume, was due to some passer-by, since the nest was close to a public path, 
and there are always a few individuals whose eyes are pleased with a collection 
of birds’ eggs dangling on a string. 

Although my observations will convey nothing new to the one who studies 
birds, they record a few more instances of bird tragedies and point out some of 
the causes. Some of the destructive agencies cannot be overcome, but for that 
reason we should double our efforts to protect our feathered friends; with 
interest, care and action, we can vitally aid the birds and, consequently, 
ourselves and the world in general. 


Sn EN ta*'s 


YOUNG SCREECH OWLS 
Photographed by C. W. Leister, Ithaca, N. Y. 


Bird Neighbors 


By MRS. HARVEY C. PERRY, Westerly, R. I. 


T is much easier to have ‘bird neigh- 
| bors’ than many of us suspect before 

we have tried it, and one of the best 
ways to succeed is to follow the advice 
given in a little book, ‘Methods of 
Attracting Birds,’ by Gilbert H. Trafton. 
It is not necessary to follow his directions 
to the letter or to spend much money, as 
one spring’s experience in this New 
England town has proven. Here we have 
had trees and nesting-boxes on all sides 
inhabited, each with its appropriate 
pair, and, though well within the borders 
of the town, our back yard and bathing- 
pool have had daily, and often hourly, 
visits from such rustics as Meadowlarks 
and Red-wings. 

The first residents were Bluebirds, who appropriated a starch-box covered 
with bark and which was placed in an old apple tree. For a week there were 
glorious day-long battles with the English Sparrows, giving occasional need for 
human interference, when a gallant but tired little gentleman would sit on a 
twig, confidently congratulating himself and his mate, while the Sparrows, in 
noisy rout, fled before waving arms and clapping hands. 

As soon as building began there was peace and victory—peace, if no Spar- 
row stopped on or under the tree—and always victory. We have repeatedly 
seen the fire-eating lord of the family jump directly on a Sparrow’s back and 
drag him from the very door of the house. This lord did no work himself but 
almost burst with pride and affection at each tiny straw that was brought to 
the box. And surely such loving lovers there never were. We never found out 
how many little ones they owned, but we discovered one egg that did not 
hatch and was the prey of marauding Sparrows after the brood had flown. 

For two weeks we thought that we were deserted, but one morning there 
he was again, the same little fire-eater, darting at the Sparrows and keeping 
them well away from his old home. He kept with him, for nearly a week, a 
queer mottled child which he fed most diligently, till it, thankless, left him. 
But his wife never came back, and for two weeks his call to her was never silent 
from morning till night. In and out of his old home he went, and into all the 
other boxes, only to be driven away by indignant owners, and never to find 
that industrious and exemplary cause of all his happiness. Of course, we will 
never know what has become of her or of him. Maybe they, or their children, 


WHERE FLICKERS LIVED 


(234) - 


Bird Neighbors 235 


will come to us next spring. But, in any case, we are glad that his heart- 
broken calls have ceased to harrow our feelings. 

In the meantime, there was domesticity on all sides. A joyous, noisy Flicker 
had found his box, and, regardless of a Sparrow’s nest in the bottom and angry, 
screaming Sparrows on all sides, calmly took up his abode there every night, 
and every day used the sides for his drum. We thought he was only an old 
tramp, till we found he had a wife and family in an apple limb two trees away, 
and used our box only as an annex. But soon he became overwhelmingly busy 
with an obstreperous crowd of small replicas of himself, who wanted very much 
to come out of the hole but never quite dared. They silenced his hurrahing 
shout and made him merely humdrum and business-like, as dull as any com- 
muter. 

A pair of White-breasted Swallows found a home in the hulk of an old toy 
boat which had been fixed up for Martins, and they were nearly the most amus- 
ing of all. The poor flustered bride could never tell which of the four rooms 
was hers and spent hours of unnecessary labor carrying feathers and straws 
into all of them, while her husband sat idle but interested on a telephone wire. 
The hole they had chosen was in the stern, but the prospective mother vacillated 
long between that and the one in the bow, having succeeded after many failures 


THE BLUEBIRDS’ HOME 


in eliminating the other two. She had made five trips in succession to the 
wrong hole, always hovering uncertainly before the right one, when her ex- 
asperated lord and master, with excited twitterings, called her out and escorted 
her to the stern. After that we noticed no more mistakes. 

It was a slow time till the eggs were hatched, but then slow no longer. We 
counted twenty feedings in forty minutes, and from occasional observations 
are inclined to think that this was the rate for most of the day. Both parents 


236 Bird - Lore 


were hard at work now, and not many weeks were passed before the hole was 
crowded with small white throats and gaping yellow mouths, and then in a 
few days empty again and Swallows and twitterings were no more. 

Since the Swallows had appropriated the Martin-box, there was nothing 
for it but to build a new eight-room cottage for these hypothetical tenants. 
This was set up on a pole and promptly occupied by English Sparrows. Every 
day there was a nest built and every evening it was torn out. Then one day 
there was a nest and an egg to lose and finally a Sparrow shot; and the next 
night a pair of Martins actually arrived. After that they came, one by one, 
the males always first, and a great rejoicing crowd they made, perched all over 
their house, chattering together, and then starting off on their great tireless 
swooping flights, playing wonderful games in midair, with feathers or green 
leaves dropped and caught again, till they were off through the sky and away 
out of sight. 

Soon they were busy with family cares, and the tired mothers would come 
out in the evenings to gossip and stretch their cramped wings before they 
were back again at their monotonous duties, while the fathers had a gay time 
together out over the river catching gnats and dragon-flies. 

Last and least came a pair of Wrens and adopted a green-painted chalk-box 
in a lilac bush by the porch. Of these we knew little except a preposterously 
loud and cheerful song and an occasional little brown bird which slipped noise- 
lessly into a tiny black hole. 

All this had happened by the first of July. The advantages which this place 
possesses are not unique—old apple trees, nearby water and some shrubbery— 
yet besides the tenants of our boxes much could be said of Robins and Cat- 
birds, of Orioles and Kingbirds, of Chippies and Goldfinches and Yellow 
Warblers and Hummingbirds, some a. prey to Sparrows and some to cats, but 
most, at the last, leading out a victorious brood, working away all their gay 
spring spirits, but earning again their trip to the South and their fountain of 
eternal youth. 

If any man believeth, let him goand do likewise, and above all let him swear 
unending hostility to English Sparrows, Starlings, and Cats. 


Motes from Field and Study 


Notes from Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. 


February 17 to May 29, 1916, and from 
October 22 to May 28, 1917, I had Even- 
ing Grosbeaks feeding daily at my feed- 
ing-boxes and window-tray. Last winter 
was a disappointment—only one visit, 
February 24, from 3 males and a female. 
This season (1918) they are back. The first, 
a male, was in the window-tray when I 
came down to breakfast October 15. 
October 19, at same time, a female came 
in, and the same afternoon there were 8. 
Now, October 28, there are 19, 11 males 
and 8 females. They are here, as before, 
every day from just after daylight until 
mid-afternoon. 

Last season a male Junco stayed all 
winter. This spring he mated, and much 
to my disgust, on July 8 he and his wife 
proudly brought to my window-tray and 
exhibited a young Cowbird! 

This is the first year (1918) that I have 
kept a supply of sunflower seed out all 
summer. A flock of Purple Finches came 
March 23 and were here continually until 
October 21, when they left for the winter. 
From June rs until the end of July many 
young birds were around. Frequently sev- 
eral would be in the window-tray at one 
time, being fed by their parents. June 30 
I noticed the first second-year male begin- 
ning to acquire the red plumage, and it was 
well along in October before all had 
changed. 

June 12 I saw 3 young Pine Siskins, 
just out of nest, being fed by the old 
birds, and by June 17th I had a flock of 
20 old and young feeding. They stayed 
until July 15, coming in to feed and wash 
in the bird-bath daily. 

Many White-throated Sparrows and 
Song Sparrows visited me. 

From May 9 to May 23 I had a small 
flock of 5 White-crowned Sparrows. I 
have never, thus far, been able to find a 
White-Crown in this vicinity, except right 
at my own doorstep. For five years I have 


had a small flock, from 4 to 6, for a few 
days every spring and fall. 

A pair of Wood Pewees were around 
the house all summer. September 17 I 
saw the old birds feeding four young well 
able to fly. They must have immediately 
left for the South as that was the last I 
saw of them. 

April 26 I saw 6 Savannah Sparrows in 
open fields a quarter-mile from the house; 
by May 1 there were at least a hundred. 
They stayed all season and nested. I 
saw the first young being fed July 10 
and many young during the next three 
weeks. August 4 I noticed the first signs 
that the birds were flocking; August 6 
they were still in the fields. I then left ona 
fishing-trip, and on my return, August 18, 
the fields were empty. Two pair of Bobo- 
links and two or three pair of Meadowlarks 
nested in the same fields. 

Dr. Christofferson, my partner on 
bird tramps, and myself last fall and 
winter found birds very scarce in this 
locality. However, over Washington’s 
Birthday, we had one exceptional trip. 
With two others we went by train about 
40 miles, then, the doctor and I on skiis, 
the others on snow-shoes, packing our 
provisions, blankets, etc., tramped 8 
miles to a hunting-camp. We had the 
most perfect weather—no wind, bright 
sunshine, and, during the day, temperature 
just about freezing or a little above. There 
was over 2 feet of snow, but when you 
woke in the morning you were reminded 
of a balmy spring day, for the forest 
around was alive with birds singing and 
chirping. When we first arrived we dug 
out the woodpile and exposed quite a 
little patch of unfrozen ground—this was 
a Mecca for the birds. We also put outa 
little food on the cabin step and the birds 
came down to feed. 

We had Tree Sparrows, Pine Siskins, 
Chickadees, Redpolls, Golden-crowned 
Kinglets, Red-breasted Nuthatches, 
American and White-winged Crossbills, 


(237) 


238 


and, one morning, a visit for about an 
hour from a flock of 10 Evening Gros- 
beaks. The woods all around the camp was 
alive with Crossbills, flock after flock, not 
less than 500 in all, the White-winged 
variety predominating, about two to one, 
and the males singing most beautifully. 

This fall the Doctor and I have been 
particularly fortunate in checking the 
unusual for this locality, latitude 46 
degrees 30 minutes north. 

September 15. A Red-headed Wood- 
pecker. The only one either of us ever saw 
in this part of Michigan. A Yellow- 
throated Vireo and two Olive-sided Fly- 
catchers. 

September 22.—A Philadelphia Vireo, 
2 Wood Pewees, 2 Least Flycatchers and, 
in a swamp on an island in St. Mary’s 
River, 3 miles from town, 2 Long-billed 
Marsh Wrens, 2 Swamp Sparrows, and a 
male and female Maryland Yellow-throat. 

September 29.—A Blue-headed Vireo. 

October 6.—A Lapland Longspur, 2 
Fox. Sparrows, 2 Palm, and 2 Black- 
throated Green Warblers. _ 

October 13.—Two Chipping Sparrows, 
3 Hermit Thrushes, 4 Lincoln’s Sparrows 
(extremely rare here), 2 Northern Water- 
Thrushes (rare here, a very late date, and, 
I believe, a record for Michigan, the latest 
previous date I can find being October 8, 
1889, near Detroit, 270 miles south of us), 
2 Harris’s Sparrows (unusual and rare; 
up to 1912 but three records from the 
state; however, one of these was from here, 
and the specimen is now in our High 
School Museum). 

The above date, October 13, was our 
‘red letter day’ for this season. The 
Lincoln’s and Harris’s Sparrows and 
Northern Water-Thrush we picked up 
along a half-mile of wire fence dividing a 
stretch of wood and a-.low-lying, rather 
wet meadow along the river-bank. The 
fence was mostly out of sight in the under- 
brush. 

October 16.—A Myrtle Warbler and a 
Great Blue Heron. 

November 13.—A Bohemian Waxwing, 
the first seen since April 23, 1916, arrived 
this morning and was feeding in my boxes 


Bird - 


Lore 


with the Evening Grosbeaks.—M. J. 
MAGEE, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. 


Unusual Occurrences in the San Fran- 
cisco Bay Region 


That birds fluctuate in numbers from 
year to year is so well known that record 
of unusual local occurrence would be 
hardly worth while were it not for his- 
toric significance. The matter which 
appears trivial at first sight may become 
important later when statistics are being 
compiled. 

As a general rule there are few note- 
worthy variations in abundance among the 
visiting birds in the San Francisco Bay 
region. Of course, the Western Robin does 
not appear in equal numbers from winter 
to winter and sometimes the Red-breasted 
Nuthatch appears in such small numbers 
that it is rarely seen. But seldom are 
unusual increases or decreases conspicuous 
to the amateur bird student. The past 
winter, 1918-19, however, two winter 
visitant birds which are usually uncom- 
mon in the Bay region have appeared in 
such numbers as to become conspicuous, 
and one winter visitant, usually fairly 
common, has been so rare as to be un- 
observed up to February to, 1919. The 
Golden-crowned Kinglet and the Western 
Bluebird are the two belonging to the 
first category and the Varied Thrush is 
the one belonging to the second category. 
Another notable occurrence remains in 
our memory—the numerous Western 
Wood Pewees found on the University 
Campus, Berkeley, in the summer of 1912 
and the dearth of these birds in the same 
locality since that time. The above occur- 
rences have been so conspicuous as to be 
noticeable by both professional and 
amateur bird students——Haroip C. 
Bryant, Berkeley, Calif. 


My Neighbor’s Back Yard 


In view from the south window of my 
living-room is a_ half-acre of neglected 
ground, covered with low shrubbery and a 
half-dozen plum and apple trees that year 


Notes from Field and Study 


after year bear their meager pittance of 
fruit which is never gathered. This 
deserted lot and a low, shambling cottage 
are the heritage of a lone spinster who is 
ever alert for trespassing boys, lest they 
covet a sour plum or a worm-eaten apple— 
these are left for the birds; they revel by 
day and the stray cats by night. 

This small area, just one mile from the 
heart of the city, has attracted Black- 
headed Grosbeaks, Bohemian Waxwings, 
Western Robins, Red-shafted Flickers, 
Mountain Chickadee, Ruby-crowned King- 
lets, Yellow Warblers, a pair of these birds 
having bred in this yard for seven years; 
Townsend’s Solitaire, Spurred Towhee, a 
single Wilson’s Warbler, this bird had 
evidently wandered far out of its geo- 
graphic range, but it remained in full view 
sufficiently long to be sure of its identifica- 
tion; a Yellow-breasted Chat; a pair of 
Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeaks were 
noted several times during their breeding 
season. We have studied these birds in 
the high mountains where they remain 
both summer and winter; however, their 
recurrence led us to the belief that they 
might be nesting in the pine trees in 
Liberty Park, about a half-mile distant. 
Once, when I had thrown out some sun- 
flower seeds, I was pleased to find a lone 
Crossbill enjoying the feast. 

Today, while sitting at my window read- 
ing, a shaft of copper distracted my atten- 
tion. For the moment I thought it was 
the male of a pair of Robins that returns 
to us each year, but there was too much 
bustling and commotion among the low 
bushes to indicate the presence of my 
quiet friend, and a more careful scrutiny 
revealed a male Spurred Towhee. How 
intensely busy he was; how perfectly 
oblivious to his surroundings. Soon there 
was another, and then a third Towhee— 
such darting to and fro, a moment of 
repose, then a mad catapulting. It seemed 
as though the entire dynamic force of the 
whole bird world was pent up in these 
three energetic little creatures. It was 
intensely interesting to watch them 
scratch for food, using both feet at the 
same time, jumping forward and back, and 


239 


with their little black heads bobbing, it 
reminded me so much of the negro rousta- 
bouts that used to come up the Miss- 
issippi on the old lumber scows—the 
boats unloaded, their joy found vent in 
singing and jigging the ‘Coonjine’ to 
the strumming of a banjo or perhaps the 
syncopated rattle of a pair of bones. 

For two weeks a male Robin has been 
singing each morning and evening his 
praises of the spring returned and calling 
to his mate to hasten back and join him. 
This afternoon, as he sat on his high perch 
on the box-elder tree, he could not long 
withstand the sight of another bird of 
copper, brown, and white. He flew to the 
ground, and I could almost see his dis- 
appointment. He stood perplexed, be- 
wildered; he looked down at himself, then 
at the other bird—yes—the same color- 
ing, but was it of his kin, this nervous, 
restless creature—no, indeed. I could see 
his indignation rise as he straightened 
back his head and puffed out his already 


‘corpulent little body—such needless haste 


to secure one’s dinner—his utter disgust 
was so manifest. He hopped in a semi- 
circle intently watching the Towhees, then, 
as much as to say, ‘‘“Now watch me,’ he 
pulled a huge worm out of the soft earth, 
leisurely eating it piece by piece, but the 
Towhees did not heed the admonition; 
they kept right on with their bustling 
and scratching. Finally one discovered a 
mass of snow remaining on top of one of 
the low bushes. Instantly an inspiration 
had seized him, and he was on top of it. 
In another second he had shaped a little 
cavity; then the snow began to fly, left, 
right and in every direction—oh, such 
an exciting time, but finally the snow- 
bath was accomplished—and the entrance 
of a hungry gray cat dispersed the bird’s 
matinee—Mrs. A. O. TREGANzA, Sall 
Lake City, Utah. 


Red Phalarope in Pennsylvania 


On Sunday morning, December 15, 
1918, a George School student picked up 
a strange bird which he brought to the 
school. The bird was still alive but in a 


240 


helpless condition and died the same after- 
noon. The next day, those interested hav- 
ing failed positively to identify it, the bird 
was sent to the Academy of Natural 
Sciences at Philadelphia to be stuffed and 
identified. 

It appears that the bird was a Red 
Phalarope in winter plumage, the first of 
its species ever recorded in Pennsylvania. 
The Red Phalarope is an exclusively mari- 
time bird, and this specimen only occurred 
thus far inland because of two days of 
foggy and rainy weather during which it 
had evidently lost its direction. 

This specimen, because of its scientific 
value, will remain in the local collection 
at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
Philadelphia, Pa.—OtNEy RAYMOND, 
George School, Bucks Co., Pa. 


A Tardy Evening Grosbeak 


A female Evening. Grosbeak was seen 
here May 2, 1919.—JoHN P. Youn, 
Williams port, Pa. 


‘Crazy’ Grouse 


I live on the lake-shore, with a small 
fringe of trees over the bluff between my 
residence and the lake. As far back as I 
can remember, there comes a time in the 
fall, about September 15, when Partridges 
behave in a very peculiar way. I thought, 
until this year, that it was due to the break- 
ing up of the covies, or that they were dis- 
turbed by hunters at that time, yet this 
explanation was not entirely satisfactory 
to me. This year there was no Partridge 
hunting in our state, but conditions re- 
mained the same. 

About that time of the year, that is 
about September 15, I have noticed that 
Partridges about my residence are very 
erratic in their flight. I have picked up as 
many as five in one forenoon that have 
flown against windows and buildings. I 
got two one morning that, after having 
been disturbed, flew against the side of a 
green, painted barn. I picked up another 
this fall, a matured bird, that, in a 
practically open piece of ground, flew 


Bird - Lore 


against the side of a summer cottage. I 
saw the bird do it. This does not happen 
at any other season of the year. Can you 
offer any explanationPp—A. A. SwInTON, 
Charlevoix, Mich. 

[In reply we quote from Seton’s ‘Wild 
Animals I Have Known’: 

“By a strange law of nature, not wholly 
without parallel among mankind, all 
Partridges go crazy in the November 
moon of their first year. They become 
possessed of a mad hankering to get away 
somewhere, it does not matter much 
where. And the wisest of them do all sorts 
of foolish things at this period. They go 
drifting perhaps, at speed over the country 
by night, and are cut in two by wires, or 
dash into lighthouses, or locomotive 
headlights. Daylight finds them in all 
sorts of absurd places—in buildings, in 
open marshes, perched on telephone wires 
in a great city, or even on board coasting 
vessels. The craze seems to be a relic of a 
by-gone habit of migration, and it has at 
least one good effect, it breaks up the 
families and prevents the constant inter- 
marrying, which would surely be fatal to 
their race. It always takes the young 
badly their first year, and they may have 
it again the second fall, for it is very catch- 
ing; but in the third season it is practically 
unknown.’’—Ep1rTor.] 


Starlings Spreading in New York State 


From my own observations and from 
those of my friends here, I have proved 
that the Starling is beginning to spread 
toward the east-central part of New York 
state. 

Last spring, for the first time, I was 
attracted by a new bird-call in an old 
grove near my home. I could not tell 
exactly the kind of bird it was, and thought 
perhaps it might be a Blackbird of some 
species. Later there were at least a half- 
dozen of them. They stayed about two 
weeks and then disappeared. They were 
very shy and flew before I could get near 
enough to observe them with my glasses. 

I did not think of the Starling, knowing 
that they were found farther south, nearer 


Notes from Field and Study 


New York City, but later in the summer 
a bird student about six miles from here 
shot several Starlings and I was fortunate 
enough to see one. It quite resembled 
my visitors in the grove and it made me 
keen to know whether mine were Starlings 
or not. 

This spring the same birds again re- 
turned, and in greater numbers. There 
must have been twelve or fifteen in all. 
They were still as shy as ever, and I 
could get no nearer to them. But one 
day, near June 1, I had a pleasant and 
yet not a pleasant discovery. I was 
attracted to the tree where for two years 
my Flicker had built his nest. In the same 
hole one of these black birds (Starlings) 
was feeding its young. What a squeaking 
noise, both parent and young made! Now 
I had a splendid chance toidentify my bird. 
Sure enough my glasses told the story. I 
could see the metallic green and purple 
plumage, spotted indistinctly with white. 
Its breast feathers were not smooth, but 
as it called each stood out on its breast 
separately. The tail was blunt and its 
beak fairly long. Just above this place, 


241 


in another tree, was a nest. These were 
the only trees that were inhabited in the 
old grove, but I felt very indignant that 
another pest was added besides the Crow 
and Sparrow to this charming nesting- 
site of so many of my bird friends. 

I wish heartily that something might 
be done to stop the spread of these pests 
up state-—GERTRUDE Hoyt, Hobart, N.Y. 


Making Friends with the Golden- 
winged Warbler 


I am enclosing a picture of a Golden- 
winged Warbler which may be of interest 
to the readers of Brrp-Lore. 

One day in June, 1918, I discovered a 
nest of the Golden-wings in a clump of 
weeds in an open woods near the road. 
It was somewhat disappointing, however 
to find that the male would not come near 
the nest nor attempt to feed the young 
while my camera was in sight. The female 
came rather frequently, but she was so 
excited and cautious that I failed to get 
her picture. 

The next week I found another Golden- 


A TRUSTFUL GOLDEN-WING 
Photographed by Clinton E. Kellogg 


: 


242 


wing’s nest hidden: under the broad leaf of 
a skunk cabbage in an open swamp. To 
my surprise and delight, the male did 
all the feeding of this family and he 
seemed not to mind the camera in the 
least. 

Returning a few days later, I found the 
young birds preparing to leave the nest. 
I took them up to prevent their escape 
while I was getting ready for another 
picture when, to my astonishment and 
delight, the male came and fed them as 
they sat in my hand. 

Believing that this was as unusual 
an experience for the Golden-wing, asI am 
sure it was for me, I send you the picture 
which I managed to secure.—CLINTON E. 
KELLocc, Secretary-Treasurer, Burroughs 
Audubon Nature Club, Rochester, N. Y. 


Prothonotary Warbler at Erie, Pa. 


The vicinity of Erie, comprising the 
lake-shore, Presque Isle, commonly known 
as the Peninsula, and Waldameer Park, is 
an enchanted paradise for bird-lovers in 
the Keystone State. 

From September 4 to 7, 1918, we spent 
four days profitably observing and study- 
ing bird-life around Erie. The Warbler 
migration, with its passing ‘waves’, showed 
us 23 different species of the Mniotiltide. 

On September 6, we watched a Pro- 
thonotary Warbler feeding on the berries 
of the ‘Devil’s Club’ tree at the entrance to 
Waldameer Park. The bird was under 
extended observation for at least an hour 
by both of us, with field-glasses, under a 
strong early afternoon sunlight. This 
beautiful, well-marked specimen was a 
gorgeous sight in the bright sunshine, as 
it lazily devoured the ripe berries. A male 
Black-throated Blue and several other 
Warblers were feeding on the same ‘Devil’s 
Club’ tree about 8 feet above the ground. 
When we approached within about 15 
feet of the birds, the Prothonotary 
Warbler flew away, but the others allowed 
a much closer approach before taking 
alarm. Whereupon we retired, and, after 
a few minutes, the group of Warblers 
returned and resumed their feast. We 


Bird - Lore 


repeated this many times and studied them 
with our binoculars from all sides, although 
glasses were almost unnecessary at such 
close range. The Prothonotary Warbler - 
drew all our attention on account of its 
beauty and rarity. We compared it on 
the spot with Chester Reed’s colored plate 
which does not do the bird justice. Even 
Ridgway’s beautiful colored plate falls 
short of the real bird. 

The intense yellow, nearly an orange, 
on the whole head and underparts showed 
it to be seemingly a male bird. The ashy 
blue color of the wings (without bars) 
contrasted prettily with the gold. Even 
the white on the outside tail-feathers was 
plainly evident. The back of head was not 
yet washed with dusky, as described by 
Chapman for the adult male’s fall plum- 
age, but the uniform orange - yellow 
encircled its whole head. This bird might 
be more aptly named the Golden-headed 
Warbler. 

It was not until after our return, when 
reading Todd’s ‘Birds of Erie and Presque 
Isle’ that we realized that we made a 
first ‘observed record’ for Erie or vicinity. — 
Tuos. L. McConnett and L. F. Savace, 


McKeesport, Pa. 


Townsend’s Solitaire 


I wish to record a visit of Townsend’s 
Solitaire to this locality on April 11 
and 12, 1919. The bird first appeared on 
the 11th, and was seen by the writer 
flying about in an old deserted orchard in 
the foot-hills, but having no glass I 
could not identify it at the time. The 
next morning, ‘however, I found it again, 
this time in my own orchard, and was able 
to observe it at leisure for more than, an 
hour, making identification absolutely 
certain. During this time its flights were 
confined to the orchard and roadside, and 
a stumpy pasture adjoining. It was feed- 
ing constantly, taking its prey in Blue- 
bird fashion, by watching for it from fence- 
posts and stumps, and dropping to the 
ground only when an insect had been 
located, returning immediately to its 
point of observation. In fact, in its habits, 


Notes from Field and Study 


and in the general appearance of its head 
and neck, it constantly reminded one of a 
. female Bluebird, although its longer form 
suggested a slender Thrush, with a hint 
in its actions, and especially in flight, of 
the Sage Thrasher. 

When the bird finally left me behind, 
it flew in the direction of the old orchard 
where it was first seen, and, later in the 
day, I again foundit there, and spent nearly 
two hours watching it. Although some- 
what timid if approached too closely, it 
took little notice of my presence as long as 
I remained quiet and at a little distance. 
While in the orchard it seemed to feed 
principally on angle worms, which it 
secured Robin fashion, except that in- 
stead of watching for them from the 
ground it would drop down upon them 
from the lower limbs of the fruit trees, 
returning immediately to its perch. In 
fact, during the entire time I watched it, 
I did not see it take more than half a 
dozen hops along the ground, and I did 
not hear it utter a single note. Possibly 
my presence may have had something to 
do with this cautious silence. 

It may be that the birds seen were not 
the same one, and that several were 
present, but of this I cannot be certain. 
The locality where it was observed is in 
the lower foot-hills of the Cascades, and 
at an altitude of approximately seven or 
eight hundred feet. 

Of course, it was only a stray, lost 
in migration, but as I have never seen 
another such instance recorded, I am 
inclined to think it a very rare occurrence. 
—Lestter L. Haskin, Lebanon, Ore. 


Mockingbird in Connecticut 


Saturday afternoon, March 15, the 
writer was walking along Farmington 
Avenue in the town of West Hartford, 


Conn., about 4 miles west of Hartford | 


City Hall. A bird-song of remarkably good 
quality drew my attention to a nearby 
back yard. At first I thought it might be 
a Catbird; later, it very strongly re- 
minded me of the song of the Brown 
Thrasher; but investigation showed the 


243 


singer to be a Mockingbird perched in a 
small peach tree. He did not sing very 
much after being discovered, but a few 
notes were heard. A Robin in a nearby 
tree attracted his attention and was 
promptly chased out of the tree, and 
when last seen the Mocker was flying fast 
towards Hartford.—Gro. H. GaAsriet, 
Hartford, Conn. 


The Nesting of Robins 


Having read in March-April Birp-Lore, 
Horace W. Wright’s article on ‘Robins 
Repeatedly Using the Same Nest,’ I 
submit to ‘Notes from Field and Study,’ 
my observations on their nesting during 
the past three years. 

In 1916 we built our cottage on the bluff 
at Wequetonsing, Mich., and when we 
arrived at our summer home, the latter 
part of June, we found it already in 
possession of three families of Robins, who 
had taken shelter on the inside ledges of 
two large pillars at either end of our front 
veranda and on a similar ledge at the side 
entrance to our cottage. These nests added 
greatly to the interest and delight of our 
newly acquired possession. It proved to 
be one of our chief pleasures to watch our 
Robin families at close range during this 
first summer. Our comings in and our 
goings out and our many delightful days 
on our veranda did not seem to disturb 


* our bird friends, and we began to feel that 


a close companionship existed between us. 
We looked forward with great pleasure to 
our second summer, hoping to meet our 
Robin friends again, but having a family 
of Wrens in a bird-house swinging in a 
tree directly in front of our veranda, our 
attention and interest became divided, for 
while we delighted in the calls of the 
Robins and their constant presence with 
us, yet the lovely songs of the Wrens 
added much to our summer’s pleasure. 

As soon as the last birdling had flown 
from the nests of the Robins (1917), one 
morning, to our great surprise, we heard 
the Wrens making a great commotion, 
attacking and apparently tearing apart 
the nests of the Robins. Only two of the 


244 


nests were thus attacked by the angry 
little Wrens, who busied themselves for 
several days carrying away bits of straw, 
string, and twigs. This last summer (our 
third year in Michigan) we were curious 
to know if the Robins would nest again 
in these nests which had been partially 
destroyed by the Wrens, and when we 
arrived on June 27 we found only one of 
the three nests occupied by Mr. and Mrs. 
Robin, and, curiously enough, it was the 
one which had not been attacked by the 
Wrens. We also discovered that a second 
nest, constructed mostly of mud, had been 
built as a sort of second story on top of the 
nest at the side entrance. If that had 
been rebuilt and occupied by a Robin 
family or some other kind of a bird family 
in the early months, the birds had all 
flown before our arrival in spring, and 
it was not occupied again this summer. 
Unlike her ancestors of the two former 
summers, Mrs. Robin, who was nesting 
when we arrived, seemed especially timid 
and wild, and would never remain on her 
nest when we were occupying our veranda, 
nor could she stand the opening and shut- 
ting of our front door. As we could not 
abandon its use, the poor lady Robin 
abandoned her nest, leaving behind her 
two unhatched eggs (which we discovered 
at the end of the season), and started 
nesting on the opposite end of our veranda 
in the other unoccupied nest, a bit farther 
away from our entrance door. Here she 
raised her little family of four. It is a 
curious thing that, during the three years 
that we have been studying Robins, 
watching their rapidly growing offspring 
day by day, and seeing them stand with 
uncertain legs on the very edge of their 
nest and flutter their tiny wings for exercise, 
we have never yct seen them make their 
first flight into the world. We have decided 
they must take that plunge in the ‘wee 
sma’ hours’ of the morning, before the 
inmates of the cottage are awake to 
frighten them. It was a great disappoint- 
ment to us that we did not reach our 
summer home early enough for Wren 
renters this season, and our lonesome 
little bird-house, swingin. in the tree- 


Bird - 


Lore 


bough, remained unoccupied all this 
summer. Next year we hope for Martins 
and Bluebirds, as we have purchased 
additional bird-houses for our grounds 
and have arranged to have them placed 
earlier in the season. We hope to hear 
many bird-notes next summer at Min- 
no-to-win Lodge.—Grace L. S. Dycue, 
Evanston, Ill. 


A Robin’s Lament 


One dreary, rainy afternoon last week, 
a beautiful Robin dropped dead on my 
porch roof. This was about 2 o’clock, 
and immediately his mate came and 
stood beside him. She looked and chirped 
and walked around him for several minutes, 
then seemed to realize there was something 
wrong. 

She stood guard, as it were, first look- 
ing at her mate, then looking away, 
never leaving nor getting more than 15 
inches from him, until 7 o’clock at night. 
There was a fine drizzling rain falling 
continually, but she never ceased her vigil 
nor took a mouthful of food during those 
five hours. 

It seemed such a sad sight and we were 
so desirous of learning the outcome, that 
some of the family kept watch continually. 
At 7 o’clock she flew down to the ground 
and began getting some supper for herself; 
and as the rain had ceased, another 
Robin appeared, and they became very 
friendly, and after a few minutes flew 
away together. My small son remarked, 
‘“‘Why, mother, she’s forgotten all about 
her other husband and has gone away with 
a new one!’’—Maset L. C. Bowes, 
Utica, N. Y. 


Bluebird Feeding Its Mate 


At no time of the year. are the human- 
like instincts of birds so strikingly de- 
veloped as in the nesting season. One of 
the many pretty things not uncommonly 
done by nesting birds is for the male to 
bring food to his mate while she sits on her 
nest. Still this is clearly a case of mere 
instinct growing out of the necessity of 


Notes from Field and Study 245 


the situation. In the following incident 
there was apparently no such necessity. 
Though I am under the impression of hav- 
ing seen a few other similar acts, in no 
other case were the details so striking as 
in this one at Kingston, N. Y., on May 18. 


x 


A pair of Bluebirds had a nest in a low, 
hollow stump on the edge of a pond. From 
the direction of this stump I saw the dull- 
colored female fly to an orchard nearby. 
Alighting on the upper branch of an apple 
tree, she called repeatedly, using exactly 


wanienicmminceiesione 


opener msemmetoearecn ysis en ne neler reece ese 


BLUEBIRD FEEDING ITS MATE 


Drawn from nature by Edmund J. Sawyer 


246 


the notes of a young Bluebird and imitat- 
ing perfectly all the fluttering actions of a 
young bird ‘begging for food. Her mate 
had been near her in the tree, but he flew 
away and soon returned with food which 
he tenderly placed in her open bill, while 
she continued to flutter and ‘beg’ for it. 
After a little while both flew away in the 
same direction—EpmuNp J. SAWYER, 
Watertown, N. Y. 


Notes on Albino Robins 


As albino birds of any kind always 
attract special attention among people, I 
thought the following notes might be of 
interest to Brrp-Lore’s readers. 

In 1917 a partially albino male Robin 
was seen several times near my home in 


¥ aes pop 


AN ALBINISTIC ROBIN 
Photographed by E. R. Warren 


Colorado Springs, Colo. The bird was first 
seen March 31 and again on the following 
day, when I secured a few photographs. 
Though it was quite tame and permitted a 
fairly close approach, it was difficult to 
tell how many white feathers there were. 


As the picture shows, there was one white: 


feather in the upper part of the tail and 
one or more were mixed in below, a rather 
vague statement, but that is as nearly as I 


- Bird - 


Lore 


can express it. There was also a round spot 
\y to 3% of an inch in diameter on each 
shoulder. After the above date the bird was 
seen several times within a radius of 150 
yards, until June 23, and then not until 
September 17, when it made its last ap- 
pearance for 1917. I was naturally pleased 
and interested when I saw the bird again 
March 15, 1918, and it was noted occa- 
sionally until May 5, since which time it 
has not been seen. 

During 1918 I saw several other partially 
albino Robins, and heard of more, includ- 
ing one entirely white bird. One of those 
that I saw had a number of small white 
spots all over it, and another a white spot 
the size of one’s thumb-nail in the middle 
of its back. This also was a male, and 
was seen a number of times. These oc- 
currences would seem to indicate that 
there is a family or families of these 
albinos about the city —E. R. WARREN, 
Colorado Springs, Colo. 


Cardinals and Wrens 


This spring, on March 27, a pair of 
Cardinals began the building of a nest in 
a weeping mulberry tree. The tree is very 
low and quite close to the house and one 
could almost reach the nest through a 
window at the side of the house. The nest 
itself was constructed of sticks and small 
twigs. 

On April 12, I discovered one egg in the 
nest. The egg was white, spotted with 
brown. The next day there was another 
egg in the nest and the day after that 
another. Then the female stayed on the 
nest, <=: 

We often looked out the window and 
watched them and they grew used to us. 
I watched the nest closely and on April 
26 discovered three young birds in it. 
Then Father and Mother Cardinal were 
very busy and excited. The male carried 
worms to the female who, in turn, fed 


* them to the young birds. 


I watched the young birds develop. 
Often I went to the nest and watched the 
mother and her little ones. The female 
always stayed on the nest and did not get 


Notes from Field and Study 


in the least excited when I stood very near 
it. 

The young birds grew fast and soon 
began to look like their mother. Then, 
one day, I looked into the nest and, lo, 
it was empty! It was so sudden that I 
thought a cat must have eaten them. I 
listened and heard the short chip of the 
Cardinals, which usually means that 
something is wrong. I followed the sound 
to a clump of bushes, and, on a very low 
branch, I saw the baby birds. The parents 
were teaching them to fly. I stood near 
and watched, quietly. The male would 
fly to a low branch and the female stood 
by and tried to urge the little ones to 
try it too. This was repeated again and 
again. 

It grew dark and I could not watch 
them any longer, but the next afternoon 
we saw the male and female with the three 
little ones and they could fly. 

So ended happily the history of our 
Cardinals. 

I have three Wren-houses in the yard. 


247° 


This spring, on May 1, a pair of Wrens 
began carrying sticks and straw to one of 
the boxes. One morning I counted the 
trips of the Wrens to and from the house 
and they made on the average of five or six 
a minute. 

After a while I noticed a pair in another 
Wren-house. I discovered it was the same 
pair. Had they deserted the first nest? 
I watched. No, they still made frequent 
trips to the first box. 

When there were two eggs in house No. 
2 a heavy storm beat upon the box and it 
was blown to the ground. I opened the 
box and found the two eggs crushed. 

The Wrens then were seen most fre- 
quently in house No. 1. Eggs were laid 
and then I noticed the same pair of 
Wrens building a nest in another box, 
which I shall name house No. 3. Soon the 
eggs in house No 1 hatched. The little 
birds were tenderly cared for. House No. 
3 was never used any further than the 
building of the nest——IRENE M. HEr- 
SCHLER, Worthington, Ohio. 


THE SEASON 
XIV. April 15 to June 15, 1919 


Boston .Recion.—A New England 
spring, anticipated through a winter’s sea- 
son of cold, frequently proves a disappoint- 
ment, andin many respects this was the case 
in t919. A remarkably mild winter was 
succeeded in late April and most of May, 
in eastern Massachusetts, by an unusual 
succession of cold or rainy days with a 
prevailingly east wind causing chilly and 
cloudy weather. The April migrations, 
well under way and even advanced for 
the season in case, of some species, were 
abruptly checked by inclement days in 
the latter half of the month, culminating in 
a-sharp freeze with a biting northerly gale 
on April 25 that killed the tender shoots 
of many trees already started. No doubt 
many birds suffered from this, though exact 
information is difficult to obtain. A dead 
Hermit Thrush, reported from one locality 


in southern New Hampshire, seemed to 
have met its fate through exposure. The 
usual flight of White-throated Sparrows, 
due in late April, was extremely small. A 
few scattering birds were seen, one singing 
feebly May 6, at Lexington, and a few up 
to May sixteenth. A late Junco was twice 
seen at Lexington, once on May 9g and 
again on the 15th, possibly a left-over 
from the April flight. A flock of twelve 
Red Crossbills stopped in some Norway 
Spruces at the same locality on May 9, 
perchance returning from the winter’s 
wanderings to the south. Pine Siskins were 
more in evidence than usual at this season: 
many small companies up to a dozen 
individuals were of frequent occurrence till 
May 18. A considerable flock of Evening 
Grosbeaks (75 to 100 birds) reported as 
wintering at Beverly Farms, was last 


248 


seen there on May to. As an aftermath 
of the winter’s abundance, a few Hairy 
Woodpeckers seem to have settled near the 
towns. One on the main highway at 
Arlington attracted attention from passers- 
by through May on account of his loud 
and persistent drumming. 

As for the usual spring migrants and 
summer residents, the continuously un- 
favorable days of May seemed inconducive 
to marked waves of migration. Most 
species made their general appearance a 
few days behind the average time of 
arrival and came, unobtrusively, in small 
numbers. On May 15, following a fine, 
clear day, came the most marked flight, 
when many species of Warblers, including 
Blackburnians, and large numbers of 
Parula, Myrtle, and Magnolia Warblers, 
swarmed through the trees. The three last 
continued to be conspicuous for several 
days. Kingbirds seemed very late in 
general arrival; the first were noted at 
Lexington on May 18. The first songs of 
Wilson’s Thrushes were heard the same 
date, eleven days after the first arrivals. 
Baltimore Orioles and Rose-breasted Gros- 
beaks came together in numbers on May s. 
A shy Lincoln’s Finch was observed at 
Lexington during parts of the 17th, in the 
vicinity of a brush-pile, whence, with 
characteristic caution, it would sally forth 
into the grass, only to disappear utterly 
and mysteriously if too closely approached. 
Noticeable was the small number of 
Blackpoll Warblers in contrast to their 
abundance last fall. Yellow-throated 
Vireos seem nearly gone from our region. 
Only one singing bird at Lexington was 
found after covering much open and 
orchard country. One or two pairs of 
Warbling Vireos are apparently settled in 
the old elms of the town, but the species is 
much less in evidence than it used to be 
before the extensive spraying of shade 
trees against insects. Cedar-birds also 
seem to be very few. It is interesting to 
find that the Tennessee Warbler, of 
unusual abundance as a spring migrant the 
two previous years, was present again this 
season in small numbers. Singing birds 
were several times recorded during casual 


Bird - 


Lore 


walks between May 21 and June 1 at 
Cambridge and Lexington. On the even- 
ing of May 29, several small flocks of 
Nighthawks, numbering eight to twelve 
birds each, passed over, flying high, 
steadily, and due north. The local birds 
that breed on the graveled roof-tops of 
Boston had arrived all of two weeks 
earlier. This late migration of Night- 
hawks, doubtless of more northerly breed- 
ing birds, is a usual occurrence here in the 
last days of May. This year it marked 
practically the close of the spring migra- 
tions. 

The local breeding birds are already 
well started in nesting.’ Starlings were out 
of the nest in Cambridge by the middle of 
May. It is worth recording that they are 
more noticeable this year in the suburbs 
north of Boston, as at Arlington and 
Lexington. As a city bird they are nesting 
in the very heart of Boston. The Robins 
and Bronzed Grackles, whose summer 
roost at Lexington was described last year, 
were already resorting to it nightly by 
early May, but, apparently, these were 
almost all male birds. Probably the females 
were left to brood the eggs and young. By 
the middle of June, Robins are already on 
the wing and many of the earlier breed- 
ing species, as Song Sparrows, Bronzed 
Grackles, and Tree Swallows, have young 
nearly ready to fly. Early June has proved 
seasonable as to weather and favorable 
for the hatching broods——-GLover M. 
ALLEN, Boston, Mass. 


New York Recron.—This year the 
arrival from the south of the arboreal 
birds, which come when the trees are leaf- 
ing out, especially transient species, was 
of much interest. Perhaps, due to the 
spring being at first advanced and later 
retarded, some species arrived late and 
others at unprecedented early dates. 
Among the latter the Black-poll Warbler 
is noteworthy, reported the end of April, 
and many of them arriving as early as the 
first week of May. Learning of their 
presence in Central Park, New York City, 
on May 5, they were looked for carefully 
at Garden City (though that locality is a 


The Season 


poor one for transient birds, being off any 
migration route) and the species recorded 
there on May 6, apparently the earliest 
date for Long Island. In spite of their 
early arrival, Blackpolls lingered as late 
as usual—until the first days of June. In 
the Englewood, N. J., region B. S. Bow- 
dish noted the House Wren on April 20 
Walter Granger the Worm-eating and 
Kentucky Warblers on May 6; he and 
Ludlow Griscom found the Cape May 
Warbler and Olive-backed Thrush May 6; 
Lincoln’s Sparrow, Golden-winged and 
Tennessee Warblers, May 11. The Golden- 
winged is one of the rarest spring Warblers 
there, and all the other dates are excep- 
tionally early. There seem to have been 
certainly not more than the usual number 
of May migrants, but more rarities than 
usual turned up among them. On May 2 
there was a Prothonotary Warbler in Cen- 
tral Park. Wasit a mere coincidence that 
this second southern straggler occurred 
there two weeks or so after the Yellow- 
throated Warbler reported in the June 
Brrp-Lore (Brrp-Lore, May-June, 19109, 
p. 182)? Can any student link these 
records by a study of southern weather 
conditions during the migration period? 
During the spring migration transient 
Flycatchers were notably scarce. 
Eastward on Long Island water-fowl 
lingered very late. On Moriches Bay the 
last Golden-eye Duck was seen on April 27; 
a flock of Pintail on the wing, three or 
four Green-winged Teal, and a ‘Pulduw’ 
or American Coot on May 3. On the same 
date three or four drake Scaup, playing 
about a Duck on the water, allowed a 
close enough approach before taking wing 
to be satisfactorily identified as the Lesser 
Scaup. It is seldom that one can differ- 
entiate the two Scaups with certainty in 
life. As late as May 24 two drake American 
Scoters accompanying a duck were ob- 
served at the edge of the jutting salt 
marsh. When we rounded a curve in the 
marsh and came close upon them, the 
drakes took wing almost at once, but 
they would not leave the duck, which 
seemed little alarmed, splashing in the 
water, apparently bathing and working 


249 


off-shore before our canoe. One actually 
alighted with her again, and the other 
circled about until finally she also took 
wing and the three, close together, flew 
out over the bay. Three ‘wild’ Mute 
Swan have been frequenting the shallows 
close to the salt marsh behind the beach. 
It is a fine experience to hear the rush of 
their great wings as they rise from the 
water and see them in air, snow-white 
growing smaller and smaller against the 
distant sky-line—J. T. Nicnoits, New 
York City. 


PHILADELPHIA REGION.—The tempera- 
ture for April and May averaged about 
normal, while the total rainfall exceeded 
the average by about 3 inches. Rainy 
days were in order, especially during May 
yet there was no apparent delay in the 
migration, most of the migrants arriving 
according to schedule. An _ interesting 
flight of Canada Geese occurred the latter 
part of April, flocks being reported at 
several points. Those that came to the 
writer’s notice were a flock of four April 
17, and a flock of six April 26. 

The presence of more Woodcock in 
this region than for a number of seasons is 
very gratifying, two nests with young 
and a number of individual birds have 
been recorded. 

The Warbler migration was a decided 
improvement over last spring, but not up 
to the banner spring migration of 1917, 
when unusual weather conditions were met 
with by returning migrants. All the more 
common Warblers that appeared to be so 
unusually scarce the spring of 1918 
passed through in numbers, and it was 
possible to get a good list by dint of hard 
work. The writer and Conrad K. Roland, 
working together, procured a list of eighty- 
nine species on May 11. The observers 
were out from 9 A.M. until 8.30 P.M. and 
at no time were more than 3 miles from the 
city limits of Camden, N. J. The Black 
Tern, King Rail, Sora, Red-backed Sand- 
piper, Barn Owl; Golden-winged Warbler, 
and Kentucky Warbler were some of the 
more unusual birds observed. The Red- 
backed Sandpiper and the Kentucky 


250 


Warbler, which were discovered by Mr. 
Roland, are the first records the writer 
has for Camden County, N. J. The 
Kentucky Warbler, while very common 
in all the creek valleys of the Pennsyl- 
vania side of the Delaware, rarely is found 
on the New Jersey side, for some un- 
accountable reason. 

An interesting feature of May was the 
presence here at Camden of an unusual 
number of shore-birds. Besides the com- 
mon migrants, such as the Yellow-legs, 
Solitary Sandpiper, etc., there were 
observed during the last two weeks of May 
large flocks of Least and Semi-palmated 
Sandpipers and a dozen or more Semi- 
palmated Plovers, and on May 21 a 


Turnstone and two White-rumped Sand- . 


pipers were noted; these, in addition to the 
Red-backed Sandpiper above mentioned, 
make a very surprising list of birds for 
this immediate neighborhood. East and 
northeast winds, with rain, during the 
first two weeks of the month are no doubt 
a contributing factor when accounting for 
the presence of these birds. 

A Holbeell’s Grebe, noted May 13, and 
two Yellow-bellied Flycatchers May 25, 
are uncommon enough to mention. 

The last migrants noted were an Olive- 
backed Thrush, May 30, and a Blackpoll 
Warbler, June 1. 

Mr. Wm. Evans, of Marlton, informed 
me today (June 6) that up to the present 
only one Martin had appeared at his 
Martin-house; and in a recent auto trip 
through South Jersey he saw many houses 
but all apparently vacant. Continuous 
wet weather has no doubt a fatal effect on 
numbers of Martins.—JuLiANn K. Potter, 
Camden, N. J. 


WASHINGTON ReEGION.—The_ ornitho- 
logical situation about Washington during 
April and May was of considerable inter- 
est. Notwithstanding the rather low 
average temperature, the bird migration 
was in general somewhat early. The 
Hooded Warbler broke all previous records 
by appearing on April 13, on which date 
it was noted by Mr. A. Wetmore. Its 
previous earliest record was April 1o, 


Bird - Lore 


1896. The Nighthawk, of which the 
previous earliest date was April 19, 1877,- 
was reported on April 18 by Dr. H. H. T. 
Jackson. In addition to these, many other 
species came a day or two in advance of 
their normal arrival, and the following 
several days ahead: Yellow-throated 
Warbler, April 6; Chimney Swift, April 7; 
House Wren, April 10; Whip-poor-will, 
April. 12; Black and White Warbler, 
April, 12; Bank Swallow, April 13; 
Yellow-throated Vireo, April 17; Parula 
Warbler, April 20; Bay-breasted Warbler 

May 4; Black-billed Cuckoo, May 4. 

A few, however, were a little late, such 
as the Northern Water-thrush, which came 
on May 3, whereas it should appear on 
April 28; and the Purple Martin, the 
arrival of which was noted on April 6, 
but which normally arrives about March 
31; 

Most of the winter residents left for the 
north about their ordinary time, but 
among the exceptions might be noted the 
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, which was ob- 
served until May 13, and the Horned 
Grebe, which was seen on the same date. 
Both these birds remained thus fully three 
weeks beyond their usual time of depar- 
ture. 

Birds, on the whole, have been numerous 
in individuals, fairly so in species, and 
good records have been made by all-day 
observers. On May 3 and 4 a very pro- 
nounced movement of birds took place, 
this migration wave bringing during these 
two days the first arrivals of twenty-seven 
species, together with a goodly number of 
individuals of these and others. The 
height of migration this spring occurred 
about May 12, but soon _ thereafter, 
particularly beyond the 18th of the month, 
the numbers of transients rapidly dim- 
inished, and few remained until the last of 
May. 

It has been a really good season for 
birds, in fact, not far from what might be 
considered normal in this region. A 
number of species were considerably more 
numerous than usual, some of them sur- 
prisingly so. For several days the Scarlet 
Tanagers were everywhere about the 


The Season 


woods, and the Blackburnian Warbler 
could be seen almost as ubiquitously. At 
times the Tennessee Warbler was about 
the commonest bird in suitable woodland, 
and in full song. Likewise the Kentucky 
Warbler, the Blue-winged Warbler, the 
Golden-winged Warbler, and the Traill 
Flycatcher, all but the first of which are 
rather rare about Washington, appeared 
much more frequently than is ordinarily 
the case. ‘We note, however, the relative 
scarcity this spring of the Cape May 
Warbler and the Gray-cheeked Thrush, 
both of which have for a number of years 
past been common during the migration. 

This season has been in no sense re- 
markable for the occurrence of rare birds, 
as was the spring of 1917, but the Upland 
Plover at New Alexandria, Va., on April 
22, observed by Miss M. T. Cooke; the 
American Crossbill, reported by Mrs. 
Chamberlain at Thrifton, Va., April 10; 
and the Philadelphia Vireo, seen by 
R. W. Moore at Washington on May 8 are 
perhaps worthy of mention. 

Several years ago a Duck Hawk took 
up its abode in the high tower of the Post- 
“office Building in the city of Washington, 
and at times played havoc with the flocks 
of domestic Pigeons which frequented the 
market-place near-by. After various at- 
tempts the Hawk was finally killed and 
since then no Hawk has regularly resorted 
to this place. On April 30 of the present 
year, however, H. H. Sheldon saw a Duck 
Hawk fly from the Postoffice Building, 
which appears to be the latest spring date 
of which we have any record.—Harry C. 
OBERHOLSER Biological Survey, Washing- 
ton; De'C: 


MINNEAPOLIS REGION.—After the prom- 
ise of an early season in March and the 
first half of April, the weather turned colder 
for two or three weeks and the advance 
of spring was so retarded that the arrival 
of bird and the blooming of flowers was 
rather later than usual. A considerable 
fall of wet snow on April 14 and 15 
and freezing temperatures for a night or 
two following, checked the bird migration 
for several days. Chilly nights and cool 


251 


north winds perdominated until the first 


days of May. May, however, was for the 
most part a mild and pleasant month, 
with exceptionally hot weather during the 
last week, which has continued until the 
present date. On May 28, the thermometer 
registered 87°, the highest May record for 
several years. This very hot weather forced 
vegetation ahead rapidly and sent the 
late migrants northward more speedily 
than usual. Early June has been like 
midsummer. 

The conspicuous feature of the bird 
migration this spring, as compared with 
the past few years, has been the appearance 
of most kinds of birds in such decidedly 
increased numbers that it has been possible 
to find those species that were apparently 
absent in recent years. Viewed as a whole, 
the migration has been more nearly a 
normal one than we have had for some 
time. The various species appeared in the 
old-time ‘waves.’ The Warbler migra- 
tion, for example, approached the con- 
ditions of former years and was not the 
disjointed and disappointing affair of last 
year. The writer saw twenty-two out of 
a possible twenty-six species and three of 
the remaining four were reported by other 
observers. Only the rare Blue-winged 
Warbler was not reported. There was a 
large movement of Tennessee Warblers 
and the Cape May, Bay-breasted, Wilson’s 
Golden-winged and Blackburnian were 
present in considerable numbers. Grin- 
nell’s Water-Thrush was not seen in the 
large numbers noted last year. 

Water-birds, on the other hand, were 
rather scarce. The number of most 
species is steadily decreasing each year. 
The Killdeer, Black Tern, and Sora are 
exceptions and still return in something 
like their old abundance. Ducks in this 
vicinity were not numerous. However, 
many Ring-necks passed by between April 
13 and May 4. They are always paired 
when they appear, even though in flocks. 

At this writing, the summer conditions 
as to number of birds is a decided improve- 


-ment over last year. Most species of land- 


birds are quite as common as they have 
been at any time in recent years. But the 


252 


Towhee and Oven-bird continue scarce, 
and the Horned Lark is almost a rarity 
as compared with earlier times. A strange 
feature of the present summer is the almost 
entire absence of Nighthawks hereabouts. 
Only a single bird has been seen by the 
writer thus far. A second-year male 
Orchard Oriole was seen May 30, the first 
individual of this species that has been 
noted here for several years. Three 
Wilson’s Phalaropes were found at the 
Long Meadow Sloughs, 1o miles south of 
town, on June 4. They are still there and 
are presumably breeding. This was 
formerly an abundant nesting bird but 
these are the first that have been seen in 
this locality for many years—Tuomas S. 
RosBerts, University of Minnesota, Min- 
neapolis, Minn. 

Kansas City Recion.—All conditions 
favorable to traveling birds have com- 
bined this spring to make the migration 
just passed a spectacular one indeed. 
Meteorological conditions have been ideal; 
insect food has been abnormally abundant, 
several larval forms, notably the canker 
worm, being present in such numbers as 
to suggest an invasion; and vegetation has 
been earlier and more luxuriant than for 
many years. As a result, the bulk of the 
migrants have been slow in passing, and 
the straggler of a few species have tarried 
days beyond their accustomed times of 
departure. 

Tennessee Warblers in thousands, rep- 
resenting unquestionably the major part 
of the flight, were present until May 23, 
filling the city parks and boulevards with 
a bedlam of sharp staccato notes, and 
stragglers were present until May 28. The 
spring throngs of this species are normally 
through passing by the middle of the 
month, and the latest previous record for 
the last seen was May 25 (1916). The 
attraction for these Warblers was evidently 
the abundant supply of canker worms. 

Lincoln’s Sparrows were heard in full 
song during late April, which is not usual 
in this region. Swarms of migrating King- 
birds, Nighthawks, and Orchard Orioles 
were noted on the prairie regions of the 
county on May 2. The Kingbirds and 


Bird - Lore 


Orchard Orioles more often go in numbers 
up the Missouri River bottoms rather than 
over the higher prairie country of this 
immediate neighborhood. Two locally rare 
Warblers, the Sycamore and Magnolia, 
have been reported on several occasions, 
the first record of the former being April 28, 
on which date the Prothonotary was also 
seen. On May 9, Mourning and Wilson’s 
Warblers were observed, as well as a few 
scattered flocks of Bobolinks, which, in this 
region, are rather rare birds. 

Cedar Waxwings have noticeably in- 
creased in numbers during the past two 
years, and local students are hoping to - 
find it breeding here at last. A nesting pair 
of this species has. been a desideratum of 
long standing, since the bird is found here 
practically throughout the year. 

The making of the annual spring horizon 
resulted this year in breaking the record 
that has stood since May g, 1914, when two 
observers noted tor species. Eight 
observers went forth at daylight on May 4, 
scattering in different directions, deter- 
mined to find every species present. The 
day was far from being ideal for field-glass 
work, as the sky was darkly overcast and® 
showers were intermittent, but migration 
was well under way and the birds were, 
for the most part, in full song. While it 
was unfortunate that several species known 
to be present failed of record, the grand 
total of 115 species observed was highly 
satisfactory. Another attempt on the 
following Sunday by six observers resulted 
in a list of 104 species. 

The long-awaited decision of Federal 
Judge Van Valkenberg in the matter of his 
opinion as to the validity of the Migratory 
Bird Law is still forthcoming. It will be 
remembered that this is the heart of the 
enemy’s country.—Harry Harris, Kan- 
sas City, Mo. 


DENVER REGIoN.—As the writer reviews 
his notes covering the period now under 
consideration, he is struck anew by the 
fact encountered many times in past years 
that scarcely any two similar seasons in 
different years show identical bird-migra- 
tion conditions. The season here has been 


The Season 


rather dry, but our vegetation, depending 
largely on irrigation, has developed about 
as usual, and the dry conditions do not 
seem to have affected the bird-migration. 
This may not be wholly true, since 
Gambel’s Sparrow lingered about Denver 
no later than May 11, while the Plumb- 
eous Vireo, which is not at all uncommon 
here each spring, was seen in the neighbor- 
hood of Denver but twice, on May 22 and 
24. On the other hand, the Chipping Spar- 
row reached this region on April 20, 
which is a fair average between the earli- 
est and latest arrival dates in my notes for 
this species. 

There have been many Lazuli Buntings 
about the nursery ground of U. S. A. 
General Hospital No. 21 this spring, and 
their sprightly song and beautiful plumage 
have lent unusual charm to the bird-life 
about this institution. The writer has but 
one record of Richardson’s Merlin occur- 
ring about Denver during the spring, and 
this spring adds another, a single bird 


253 


having been detected in the outskirts on 
May 1, a date not very close to the first 
record (April 19). 

The writer found a Mourning Dove’s 
nest on May 30, with newly hatched 
young, in the ‘foot-hills’ near Denver, at an 
altitude of 6,800 feet, which is very early 
for that date and altitude; this observa- 
tion may refute the writer’s general idea 
that this season’s unusual warmth and 
dryness had not affected migration. On 
the same day that this Dove’s nest was 
found, our party had the happy experience 
of watching, with naked eye and with 
glass, an enormous Golden Eagle, soaring 
overhead for several minutes. The bird 
was once not more than 500 feet above us, 
and as it sailed about in the varying 
circles, without a wing quiver, it was the 
picture of a huge airplane, banking, and 
rising, and falling. Even our matter-of- 
fact company were enthusiastic over this 
rare and yet remarkable sight.—W. H. 
BERGTOLD, Denver, Colo. 


Book Mews and Kebiews 


A PracticAL’ HANDBOOK OF BRITISH 
Brrps. Edited by H. F. W1THERBY. 8vo. 
Illustrated .with colored plates and nu- 
merous text figures. In eighteen parts. 
Part I, pp. i-xvi, 64; March 3, 1919. Part 
II, pp. 65-128, April 30, 1919. Price 
4S. per part. 

The present work differs so radically in 
character from its numerous predecessors 
that the authors need make no apology 
for adding another to the already large 
list of books on British birds. Mr. Wither- 
by secured the coéperation of E. Hartert, 
A. Cz Jackson, CC: Oldham, &,.0. 
Jourdain and N. F. Ticehurst, each of 
whom treats of some department with 
which he is especially familiar, thereby 
adding greatly to the authoritativeness 
of the book as a whole. 

The book, unlike most other books in 
its field, abounds in analytical Keys. There 
are Keys to Orders, Families, Genera, and 
Species. The Key to Orders is of the 
illustrated type which was, we _ believe 
first used in ornithology in the reviewer’s 
‘Handbook of Birds of Eastern North 
America,’ and which was originated by 
Ernest Thompson Seton. 

The most distinctive and valuable 
feature of this work is its descriptions of 
plumages, mainly by the editor, and which, 
it is said, are ‘‘more complete than any 
hitherto published in a book on British 
birds.” 

The sections on ‘Breeding Habits’ 
(by Jourdain) are also admirable and 
contain in condensed form an amount of 
information for which one_ generally 
searches in vain, such, for instance, as 
the number of days incubation, when 
begun, whether by one or both sexes, etc. 

The paragraphs on migration (Tice- 
hurst) and distribution (Witherby, Tice- 
hurst, Jourdain, Hartert) are also most 


satisfactory, but we must confess our _ 


disappointment with that part of the 
work relating to general habits and notes. 
We have, for example, nearly a page and a 
half devoted to the plumage of the Starling 
but only five lines on its general habits 


and the single word ‘loquacity’ is the only 
one referring to its notes. Only nesting 
haunts are given, while the stereotyped 
method of treatment employed appears to 
have prohibited all reference to the bird as 
a part of animate nature, in short to the 
sentiment of ornithology. The book, 
indeed, is eminently practical, but we fear 
that the authors have been too modest in 
calling a work which will apparently fill 
nearly 1,200 pages and cost about $18, a 
‘Handbook.’ Unquestionably it will long 
be the standard source of information on 
the plumages, migrations, and breeding 
habits of British birds—F. M. C. 


THE OvutTpoor CLus. By SAMUEL Sco- 
VILLE, Jr. Philadelphia. The Sunday- 
School Times. 12 mo. 

This is the story of how a father led 
his children to nature. We cannot imagine 
any child who would not like to have 
joined his ‘Band,’ as it was called. but we 
know, alas, many fathers who, even if 
they desired, could not make such an ad- 
mirable band-leader as the one who wrote 
this little volume. Fortunate, indeed, are 
the children who so soon and so happily 
come into possession of this heritage in 
nature. We especially commend this re- 
cord of joyous days afield to parents.— 
POM... 


The Ornithological Magazines 


Ture WILson BULLETIN.—The March 
issue (Vol. XXXI, No. 1) contains as its 
leading article an interesting account of 
the “Food-Birds of the Smith Sound 
Eskimos’ by W. Elmer Ekblaw. Every 
species, as a matter of fact, is eaten, the 
Dovekie being the most important, while 
only a rather hungry Eskimo will eat an 
Old-Squaw. The author concludes that 
were it not for the birds and their eggs, the 
Eskimo’s food-supply would often fail 
them, and the abundance of birds is one 
of the most important conditions which 
make life possible in the Northland. 

Harry C. Oberholser describes a new 


(254) 


Book News 


Red-winged Blackbird from Texas, which 
he calls megapotamus. He finds that 
examples of Agelaius pheniceus  rich- 
mondi from northeastern Mexico and 
central southern Texas differ from typical 
richmondi from farther south in that the 
females are less brownish and both sexes 
are larger. 

In ‘Migration Records for Kansas Birds,’ 
Bessie Price Douthitt tontinues a subject 
begun in the last December issue. The 
article is really a very briefly annotated 
list of the birds of the state, while the 
migration data for the commonest species 
are obviously very incomplete. It should 
serve, however, as a good basis for future 
field-work, and should stimulate other 
Kansas bird-lovers to record the neces- 
sary additions and corrections. We cannot 
but doubt, for instance, if the Olive-sided 
Flycatcher is a rare summer resident, when 
the data given does not even indicate such 
a possibility. 

The usual general notes conclude the 
issue. The ‘European Widgeon in Lake 
County’ (Ohio), by E. A. Doolittle, is as 
excellent an example of a sight record, 
which is brightly written and convincing, 
as we have seen in a long time. If ‘opera 
glass’ students and amateur observers 
could write in the same style it would 
greatly decrease the troubles of ornitho- 
logical editors.—L. G. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MUSEUM OF Com- 
PARATIVE OoLocy.—The first number of 
this new Journal was published on March 
26 of this year and consists of 35 pages, 
illustrated. Officially, this is Numbers 
1 and 2 of a periodical ‘‘intended eventually 
to be issued as a Quarterly, but now put 
out as an Annual.” ; 

The Museum of Comparative Odlogy, re- 
cently established at Santa Barbara, Calif., 
with Mr. William Leon Dawson as Direc- 
tor, is devoted to the study of the birds of 
the world, their nests and eggs. It is the 
purpose of the institution to become the 
World’s Museum of Birds’ Eggs, and to 
devote itself especially to those problems 
of ornithology on which the’ eggs, nests, 
and nesting habits of birds can throw light. 


and Reviews 255 

The present issue of the Journal is taken 
up mainly with notice of the establish- 
ment, purposes, and policies of the Mu- 
seum. As frontispiece, there is a photo- 
graphic reproduction of the late Rowland 
Gibson Hazard, who was very much in- 
terested in the enterprise of the Museum, 
and, on a later page, a short memorial 
notice of Mr. Hazard, especially as regards 
his connection with the Museum. 

In future issues of this Journal we hope 
to see valuable contributions to our knowl- 
edge of those interesting phases of bird- 
life which surround the egg: all the inter- 
esting instincts and habits of nest-building 
and nidification, on the one hand, develop- 
ment and care of the young, on the other. 
It is to be regretted that the pagination 
in this first issue is spelled out at the. 
bottom of each page instead of plainly 
set forth in figures at the top, as is 
customary. There seems to be no value 
in this novel arrangement, which we trust 
will not be continued.—J. T. N. 


Book News 


Tue California Fish and Game Com- 
mission announces that ‘‘Compact nature- 
study libraries will be placed at those 
Tahoe resorts which are selected for the 
state of California nature-study field 
excursions this summer. The libraries 
will include books on _ birds, game 
birds, wild flowers, trees, and kindred 
objects. Donated to the state by the 
California Nature Study League, they 
will be deposited with the Fish and 
Game Commission to be thus utilized in 
the Commission’s educational work. 

“In addition to this library there will be 
displayed at each resort where lectures 
and field-trips are given, a large number of 
colored plates of birds and mammals. 
Thus vacationists will be able to increase 
their fund of information regarding wild 
life by a study of pictures giving full 
colors, by specimens and by books giving 
detailed facts.” 

We commend this admirable plan to the 
attention of other fish and game com- 
missions. 


256 


Aird-Lore 


A Bi-Monthly Magazine 
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds 
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 
Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN 
Contributing Editor, MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT 
Published by D. APPLETON & CO. 


No. 4 


Vol. XXI_ Published August 1, 1919 


SUBSCRIPTION RATES 
Price in the United States, one dollar and fifty cents a year; 
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents, 
postage paid. 


COPYRIGHTED, 1919, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN 


Bird-Lore’s Motto: 
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Hand 


In resuming his editorial duties, the 
Editor gratefully acknowledges the support 
-which he has received from John T. 
Nichols during the past eight months of 
Brrp-Lore’s existence. A magazine can- 
not well be taken on prolonged journeys 
where mail connections are infrequent 
and uncertain. Nor can it be left at home 
unless one can find the proper person to 
whose care it may be committed. The 
Audubon Departments fortunately were 
in hands which long have had them in 
charge, but there were left the ‘body’ 
of the magazine, the ‘make-up’ of the 
whole, with such allied matters as the 
annual index, Christmas Bird Census, 
‘The Season’ (Mr. Rogers, to whom we are 
so deeply indebted for editorial supervision 
of these departments, being in service), 
reviews, editorials, and a correspondence 
which consumes almost more time than 
all the others put together. No one, we 
think, who has examined the last four 
issues of Brrp-Lore will doubt (the 
present Editor does not) that Mr. Nichols 
was the ‘proper person’ for the job he 
was kind enough to take upon _ his 
shoulders, and we are glad to be able 
to announce that in the course of post- 
war adjustments he will remain on 
Birp-Lore’s staff in charge of ‘The 
Season.’ Mr. Nichols will also review 
‘The Auk,’ replacing Dr. Dwight who, 
after years of service, claims the right 
of retirement, a claim to which we re- 
luctantly accede. 


Bird - Lore 


WE observe that in Brirp-Lore for 
May-June, our predecessor made some 
pertinent remarks concerning the ver- 
nacular or ‘common’ names of birds. This 
is a subject in which Brrp-LoreE is es- 
pecially interested, since it is our custom 
in this magazine to use (except in certain 
formal cases) only the common names of 
North American birds, a custom, we may 
add, for which we have at times been 
criticized. We maintain, however, that 
the ‘Check-List’ of. the American Orni- 
thologists’ Union supplies us with a 
standard nomenclature of common as well 
as of scientific names. The former, indeed, 
are far more ‘standard’ than the latter. 
Brrp-LorE aims to use these common 
names consistently and we contend that 
this custom renders unnecessary and 
pedantic the employment of the scientific 
name also, except in those comparatively 
rare cases (e. g. Coot) where the ‘Check- 
List’ name may not be in general use. 


In giving only one common name as 
well as only one scientific name for each 
species, the authors of the ‘Check-List’ 
were not infrequently obliged to choose 
from many local names and in other cases 
they arbitrarily replaced long-standing 
names with others which, in their opinion, 
were better fitted for the birds in question. 


TuHE latest edition of the ‘Check-List’ 
was published in 1910, and it is not too 
soon, therefore, to ask to what extent their 
rulings have influenced popular usage. The 
reply is that it depends largely whether 
the name in question applies to a widely 
known bird or to one familiar only to bird 
students. A library of ‘Check-Lists’ will 
not change a ‘Peep’ or ‘Ox-eye’ into a 
Semipalmated Sandpiper, make the ‘Quail’ 
universally Bob-white, or the ‘Partridge’ 
a Ruffed Grouse. On the other hand, it is 
only the older ornithologists who remember 
that the Myrtle Warbler was the Yellow- 
rump, the Magnolia, the Black and Yellow, 
or the Yellow Palm Warbler the Yellow 
Redpoll. Knowledge of the existence of 
the last-named birds is, as a rule, acquired 
only from books and they are consequently 
known by their book names. 


Che Audubon Societies 
SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 


We regret extremely to be obliged to announce that continued ill health 
has forced Mrs. Walter to resign the editorship of this Department. For 
nine years her helpful editorials and correlated studies have stimulated 
and directed the labor of teachers of bird-lore throughout the country. It 
will be exceedingly difficult to find some one who can adequately fill 
her place.—Eb. 


THE STUDY OF BIRD-LIFE IN THE SCHOOLS 
OF NEW JERSEY 


Dr. Robert G. Leavitt, instructor in botany and zodlogy in the State Normal 
School at Trenton, has prepared a pamphlet for the Department of Public 
Instruction of the state of New Jersey, which teachers everywhere will find 
of value. 

In an introductory ‘Foreword,’ Calvin N. Kendall, State Commissioner of 
Education, writes: 

“The study of birds has been recognized for a long time as an important 
feature of public-school work. Large numbers of teachers are interested in it, 
and their work has been productive of excellent results. It is said that the 
number of birds is increasing, and this is largely due to efforts teachers have 
made to give pupils, particularly boys, a higher appreciation of bird-life. It is 
not necessary to make any argument for the conservation of birds. It has come 
to be recognized that many birds are of economic value in the raising of crops. 
An understanding and observation of birds has come to be widely recognized 
as a means of pleasure and recreation.” 

Under the heading ‘Why We Should Study Birds in All Elementary Schools,’ 
Dr. Leavitt writes (after a statement of the economic value of birds): 

“Outdoor activities are a rich source of high pleasure in life. The child is 
born with a nature, instincts, tastes, potential interests, which have a deep 
relation and correspondence to the nature, forms, and processes of the world 
into which he is born. We have no right to cheat the child out of a fair oppor- 
tunity to enjoy this world of surrounding influences, from which he is entitled 
by the fact of his birth to draw comfort, inspiration, happiness. The school 
that does not lead its boys and girls to enjoy outdoor life, to love the sights 
and sounds of nature, to take pleasure in mountains, woods, trees, flowers, 
birds, wild animals, the sky and clouds, the stars, the sea—that school is not 
the ideal school, however well it may teach arithmetic and English. Enjoy- 
ment of nature is to be counted among the great durable satisfactions of life. 


(257) 


258 Bird - Lore 


We must definitely plan to increase the outdoor activities and interests of 
American people. Here lies for many the road to more bodily and mental 
health and happiness. 

“A third argument for the introduction of bird-study will be appreciated 
by teachers. To many teachers the bugbear of school-work, the thing that 
wears until it either kills or hardens, is discipline. The one disagreeable feature 
of many an otherwise pleasant position is police duty. And discipline often 
wears on pupils. Whatever, therefore, conduces to pleasant relations between 
governor and governed and works to improve the conduct of the school should 
make a strong appeal to teachers from a purely selfish standpoint if from no 
other.” 

‘Typical Instances of Successful Bird Study,’ and a detailed ‘Plan of Action’ 
conclude this suggestive and practical little manual.—F. M. C. 


FOR AND FROM ADULT AND YOUNG 
OBSERVERS 


STUDYING BIRDS IN MAINE AND NOVA SCOTIA 


By NORMAN LEWIS, (Age 14 Years), Hampden, Me. 


In the summer of 1913, at the age of nine, I was visiting at my mother’s | 
old home in Halifax. While there I was taken to see the Halifax Museum 
several times. I was so impressed by it that I decided to start a museum of 
my own. My aunts were cleaning up the house and in the attic they found 
ten ‘Bogota skins’ of birds from Colombia, South America. My grandfather 
had given an old sea-captain a pair of elk antlers for them. There was also an 
Amazon Parrot which he had obtained alive from a sailor whose ship lay in 
the harbor. After it died he had it well mounted. A Barred Owl and some 
birds’ eggs completed the outfit which they gave to me. 

I was crazy over my ‘museum,’ as I called it, and when I got back to 
Hampden, Maine, the lady next door gave me a mounted Wilson’s Snipe, 
picked up near Boston. 

The only egg that survived the journey was that of a Bob-White, but a 
friend in Hampden gave me several sets, and I found some left-overs in deserted 
nests. I never robbed a bird’s nest. 

The next spring—1914—I started studying birds outdoors. There was no 
one to help me, so I had to go it alone and without any books for reference. 

In early September I was given for a birthday present a copy of Reed’s 
‘Land Birds.’ I received it joyfully and began to study birds in dead earnest. 
That was my only equipment but it settled most of my problems. By the end 
of the year I had identified fifty species of wild birds in the field. 

I did not take the book to the woods with me, for I knew every picture in 


The Audubon Societies 259 


it, and whenever I saw a new bird I identified it at once or went home and 
looked it up at the end of the hike. 

Hampden is an old-fashioned place with hundred-year-old elms shading 
the streets and scattered over the fields and along the stream. The general 
features about here are open fields and hedges, old orchards and wide meadows. 

The stream is lined with open woods and thick underbrush. A mile up the 
stream is the Intervale, a large meadow with dense shrubbery all around. 


“ a 'A + & ‘ ae ~ t 
¥ 4 Z "4 F as 4 Ee 
ms ee J f 3 a 2 4 . : 
2%, Ff hue p> a Jed 
yy %, | mete Ne st ab? tai Bag 


- 


A SITTING RUFFED GROUSE.—NOTE THE SPREAD TAIL 
Photographed by J. H. Lewis at Kineo, Me. 


Here I would go nearly every day for a couple of hours or more. Through 
our orchard, full of Bluebirds, Robins, Song Sparrows, and Chippies, across 
the fields, where Flickers, Meadowlarks, and Bobolinks abounded, I entered 
the woods which were always full of Warblers. 

The Intervale trail was packed and worn smooth, mostly by my own feet, 
and led along the edge of the stream. The stream itself was inhabited by Spotted 
Sandpipers, Great Blue Herons, Bitterns, and others. At the Intervale I often 
saw a Duck or Grebe. Hawks hung in the sky, and the bushes about the edge 
of the meadow were full of the smaller birds. 


260 Bird - Lore 


In those days I was frail and delicate and considered a 2- or 3-mile hike 
enough for a day and was often tired by it. Last summer I hiked 16% miles 
in five hours, although I hadn’t gone more than 4 miles when I was caught in 
a thunderstorm. When I arrived home I was soaked to the skin, but I had a 
rub-down with a rough towel and got into dry clothes and showed no ill effects 
afterward. I owe my present health and my First-Class Scout badge to my 
interest in bird-study that kept me tramping the Intervale trail once or twice 
a day. 

Ernest Thompson Seton’s “Two Little Savages’ did more to interest me in 
wild life than any other book. The Boy Scout ‘Handbook,’ ‘Freckles’ and 
some of Long’s and Robert’s books were among my first natural history 
books. 

That first year I had a hard time of it, but by working hard and sticking to 
it I managed to make a start in ornithology. I kept a journal that year, filled 
with notes on the birds and sketches. Looking over it now I can make many 
corrections, but it is nevertheless something that I would not part with. 

That winter I subscribed for Brrp-LoreE and got a copy of Reed’s ‘Water 
Birds.’ The Educational Leaflets of the Audubon Society, bound into a book, 
and ‘Birds Every Child Should Know’ completed my library. 

During the winter I did a lot of sketching and made many trips into the 
snow-covered woods where I found Black-capped Chickadees, Red-breasted 
Nuthatches, and Golden-crowned Kinglets. 

In early March the Crows came north. Toward the last of March, rushing 
water and brown fields began to take the place of the ice and snow. The hill- 
sides were covered with hundreds of tiny brooks which made walking undesir- 
able. Then the Grackles began to arrive, at first in small flocks and later by 
the hundreds, to squeak and clatter in the tops of the leafless trees. Robins 
and Bluebirds appeared in the orchard, pecking away at last year’s apples. 
Song Sparrows tuned up in the alder bushes along the edge of icy brooks. It 
was a time to be outdoors and on the watch. Some of the arriving migrants 
were new, and I added them to my list, and many were old friends which I 
was glad to see again. 

I was busy all through the spring, but when August came the mosquitos 
and flies made the woods unbearable. The woods were also too hot, and few 
birds were to be seen, so we set out to visit at my uncle’s farm near Truro, 
Nova Scotia. 

Our train pulled out of Bangor at 4 o’clock in the morning. I had traveled 
about a little before, having been born in New Brunswick and lived in New- 
foundland and different parts of Nova Scotia and Maine, so it seemed like old 
times for me to be spinning along over the rails through the gray dawn. Going 
through New Brunswick in broad daylight I was, of course, at the window 
I got a glimpse of a Martin-house on a pole and a male and female in the air’ 
about it. That was the only time that I ever saw a Martin. 


The Audubon Societies 261 


While traveling along I noticed dozens of old friends among the birds and 
flowers. I also saw the common mallow and bluebell for the first time. 

We arrived at Truro late at night. My uncle, who used to meet us with a 
horse and carriage was waiting now with a ‘Ford.’ Reeling off the miles toward 
the old farm in my uncle’s car, we could not see much of the surrounding 
country, but the chill night air, sweeping over the salt marshes and striking us 
in the face, the bridges, curves, and a few houses seen by the glare of the head- 
lights were all familiar. 

Arriving at the house we entered the kitchen, had a warm drink over the 
fire, and went off to bed. I was awakened in the morning by the noise of a 
clattering Kingbird outside the window and in five minutes was downstairs 
ready for breakfast. 

The main road coming across the marshes is dotted here and there by 
solitary farmhouses. Our driveway turns from the main road and climbs a 
hill. It is shaded by four massive willow trees on either side of the driveway 
which gives it the name of ‘Willow-bank.’ 

At the bottom of the hill the marsh grass and swale stretch away on either 
side, but the hillside on the left contains an orchard that is firm and dry. 

The old house on the hilltop is covered with five-fingered ivy, or woodbine. 
Nearby are the workshop, the horse- and cattle-barns and the henhouse. 
Above the barns are dry hay- and wheat-fields and beyond them the pasture 
and blueberry patch. 

To the left is the road to the old bone-mill, a hundred yards away. The 
corner of the woods about the old bone-mill is open, save for patches of laurel 
bushes, and that spot is the haunt of Flickers and Jays. 

The old wood-road runs from there into the woods, and, a few days after 
my arrival, I decided to explore it. I followed the road for a few miles through 
the mossy, overgrown timber swamp and caught a baby Junco just out of the 
nest. I saw a pair of Yellow-bellied Flycatchers, and, after following them 
about for awhile, I returned home. Nighthawks could be seen everywhere fly- 
ing high over the burned ground that lay in desolate ruin all about, uttering 
their strange call-note. 

Returning to the farmhouse I saw a Bittern flying up from the marsh. The 
next day I hunted flowers and the day after I saw a Blackburnian Warbler and 
a Sparrow Hawk for the first time. The next day I saw a pair of Fox Sparrows 
and heard the male sing in the damp, mossy woods back of the bone-mill. 

On rainy days there was no haying to be done and my father and I would 
lie in the loft in the big barn and watch the Barn Swallows. It was great fun 
watching the little ones taking their first flights. 

I caught a baby Goldfinch down under the willows and decided to explore 
farther in that direction. 

Across the road the marshland was rimmed with dykes to keep out the 
tide. A little red-mud creek, fringed by long marsh grass, ran down to the big 


262 Bird - Lore 


red-mud river. This creek came from the cool, clean woods, where it was good 
drinking-water and had maidenhair berries and wood sorrel along its mossy 
banks. When it entered the pasture it widened, and brook trout were sometimes 
found in it. Entering the marsh it came into the red-mud region and from there 
on it was as bright red as the banks that it flowed through. 

The marsh was full of Sparrows that I could not name, and an occasional 
Duck or two flew over. Discovering muskrat tracks on the margin of the creek 
about the bridge, I kept on down it to the mouth. Here it widened consider- 
ably, and I ran across some Least Sandpipers tracing patterns in the mud not 
far from me. 

After that I explored the marsh every day, finding Bitterns, Herons, Ducks, 
Sandpipers, and other birds that I could not get close enough to to identify. 
After the day’s haying was over, if there was no ‘cocking up’ by starlight to 
be dene, I would go down to the river and watch the sun set over the marshes. 
As things were darkening down and the wind was moaning through the tall 
grass, I could see the Sandpipers and Ducks at home along the river. I 
watched them as long as there was light and then returned to the cozy fire- 
side at the farmhouse. 

At last, when the time came for us to leave ‘Willow-bank,’ we got into the 
‘Ford’ and set out. The Barn Swallows circled about us, and I said goodby to 
them and we left. 

We traveled for several hours through the night, and then, as dawn was 
breaking, we had a race southward with a flock of Ducks. 

As we dashed over the St. John bridge, it was low tide below us, and I saw 
several Sandpipers. | 

I saw muskrats swimming the ponds and cardinal flowers blooming along 
the streams. It made me think that in a few hours I would be finding cardinal 
flowers along my own stream. 

Then we saw a white-tailed doe beside the track, gazing calmly at us over 
her shoulder. I had seen a buck once, about a quarter of a mile from home, 
along the stream. 

The sights became more and more familiar until in the afternoon we arrived 
home. Then I started off up the stream. The Intervale grass was cut and taken 
in and fall was beginning to come. I returned to the Intervale every day, check- 
ing off arriving and departing migrants. 

Those September and October days, with hazy mornings and bright, cool 
afternoons, were the best time to study birds. Before and after school I made 
many observations and found many new birds. 

Then the red and brown leaves began to fall, the winds were stronger and 
the days were cooler and soon the birds were scarce. The Juncos and White- 
throats flew cheerily about the autumn woods, fed at my lunch-counter, and 
slept in the evergreen hedge just outside the kitchen windows. They, too, left 
before the snow came and winter set in in dead earnest. 


The Audubon Societies 263 


When the year ended, my list had swelled to 100 species, which doubled 
last year’s record. 

The next three years were spent in Hampden and few birds were added to 
the list. I studied and sketched them at all seasons and formed quite an inti- 
mate friendship with them. 

In the winter of 1917-18 I got the ‘Birds of America,’ in three volumes, 
from the ‘Nature Lovers’ Library,’ and I use this for my main guide. The 
colored plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes are the most important part of the 
work. ~His plates in Brrp-LoreE and the ‘National Geographic Magazine’ have 
also been a great help. In August, 1918, I got a pair of Reed’s nature-study 
field-glasses, and I always take them to the woods and fields with me. 

The discovery of each particular species was a matter worth remembering, 
but if it were rare it was doubly so. I can well remember the thrill of pleasure 
that came with the finding for the first time of some particular bird—the Loon, 
Black Duck, Wood Duck, Golden-eye, Merganser, Bittern, Great Blue Heron, 
Little Green Heron and Woodcock seen along the stream on different occasions; 
the Saw-whet-owl in the pine woods; the Snowy Owl chased by Crows about 
the autumn woods; the Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker found in the burnt 
woodlands after losing sight of the Owl; the Goshawk in the winter; the Even- 
ing Grosbeaks seen in the spring of 1916, and the Rose-breasted Grosbeak 
this summer. 

As I am only fourteen years old now, I may have other opportunities to | 
travel about and study the birds. I hope so. Ee 


MY EXPERIENCES WITH BIRDS 


I am a member of the Audubon Society and I want to enclose some stories 
of what I have seen. 

The Blue Jay.—I once tied a piece of suet to a tree just outside our dining- 
room window. 

Nothing came for a week, then one day a Blue Jay saw the suet and came 
again and again until the suet was gone and then continued to come and would 
stand on the branch and look for the suet. After each meal he would fly from 
tree to tree, rubbing his bill and uttering his shrill screams of delight. 

Experience with a Chipping Sparrow.—Once I was at Camp Dix. On the 
border of the Camp I saw a little Chipping Sparrow. When I attempted to 
go near he hopped away a few times, then sat on a stump and let me come very 
close to him, and give him some food. He picked it up and flew away. 

Bird Playmates.—One day while riding my wheel through the woods, I 
heard a Catbird and a Cardinal ahd stopped to get a good view of them. 
Much to my surprise I found that both were young and were hopping around 
in the bushes having a good time together. They were quite tame so I went 
very close. The Mother Cardinal was near, keeping watch over her little one. 


264 Bird - Lore 


Woodpecker Tenants.—Just a few yards from our house is a tree with a 
Woodpecker’s nest in it. They have come back to it for the third year now. 
Each year they find the gray squirrels have used it for the winter and they 
have quite a fighting time for a few days. Each time the Woodpeckers conquer 
and the squirrels have to take their young out and find another house. Then 
the Woodpeckers work at cleaning out and throwing out shells and carry in 
other stuff for themselves. They come here late in March and leave in October. 

I have just finished making two bird-houses and want to make some 
others.—RussELL ELwoop (age 11 years), Absecon, N. J. 


THE A,B. C. 


As soon as I became a member of the Junior Audubon Club of the Hardie 
School, Beverly, I made up my mind to form a club of my own so I got four 
children and formed the A. B. C. (the American Bird Club). We meet Wednes- 
days after school. We have a president, a vice-president and a treasurer. The 
dues are five cents every two weeks. We buy pictures of birds and give them 
out at the meetings. At the last meeting a slip of paper with the name of a 
_ bird on it was drawn by each member. Each member must be able to tell 
about that bird at some other meeting. At the meetings the roll is called and 
reports of all birds seen are given. We plan to go on bird-walks, and we have 
very pleasant times studying the birds in the Club. I have seen, this spring, 
Chickadees, Juncos, Blue Jays, Bluebirds, Fox Sparrows, Song Sparrows, 
Robins, Goldfinches, and Grackles.—Epiru S. HoLpEN (age 12 years), Beverly, 
Mass. 


MY BIRD - HOUSE 


In the early spring of 1917 I spent a few days of my Easter vacation in 
erecting some bird-houses in the apple trees behind our house. I took some 
pains in making two wooden ones and placed them in the choicest crotches of 
the trees. I also made a hole in a tin can, punched a few small holes in the bot- 
tom, smoothed the rough edges, and, with its cover on, nailed it to a limb, 
Little did I expect any bird would desire this for a home. 

When returning again from school, I investigated my bird-houses. To my 
great joy and surprise I found a partially built bird’s nest in the tin can. I did 
not have to watch long before I saw it was a pair of pretty Bluebirds building 
there. They would light near the can with a twig or piece of straw in their 
beaks, then, after glancing around, would enter the can, making some noise 
while passing into their tin house. 

I listened to their singing and watched them much from the ground during 
the summer, but finally curiosity overcame me, and I climbed the tree again. 
Taking off the roof of the house, I saw three greenish blue eggs. While I was 
looking in, one of the birds lit nearby and scolded me in very sweet tones. A 


The Audubon Societies 265 


week later I was alarmed to find the Bluebirds squabbling with a pair of intrud- 
ing House Wrens. The latter were driven off, though, and the Bluebirds were 
soon able to lead their family proudly into the world. 

Immediately on this family’s departure, the House Wrens took charge, 
and I was often charmed by their gushing song. When I investigated their nest, 
the birds, without seeming fear, attacked me with much chattering. I was 
surprised at the size of a nest for such small birds. The can was entirely filled 
with twigs, excepting a deep hollow in the center where lay seven speckled, 
flesh-colored eggs. These birds also successfully brought up their young. The 
two Bluebirds and House Wrens returned last spring. This spring I was obliged 
to move the bird-house while the Bluebirds were building in it. At first they 
seemed dumfounded, and I feared they might seek a new home, but they soon 
found the rusty can and seem satisfied with their new situation —W. THomp- 
son, Fitchburg, Mass. 


THE JUNIOR SONG-BIRD CLUB 


Six of us boys have a little bird club named ‘Junior Song-Bird Lovers.’ 
We live near the Western Cemetery, where we can see lots of birds. We had 
the pleasure of seeing a flock of Evening Grosbeaks. In 1916 and 1917 
these birds were quite common, but in 1918 we didn’t see one of them. In 
1919 they came back again. 

Iam very much interested in the Cedar-bird. I have had several chances 
to meet this bird. We went to a bird lecture by Charles C. Gorst. I sold 
eight tickets for it—Grorcr B. Orr, Portland, Maine. 


NOTE FROM A YOUNG CONTRIBUTOR 


I saw a bird in the garage. That bird was dead. There were cater- 
pillars all over it. It was a Wren. I have seen them very often. They have a 
nest beside our porch. They have a pretty little song, but they scold when 
we go near them.—Griscom Morean (age 7 years), Englewood, Ohio. 


THE RED-EYED VIREO 


By T. GILBERT PEARSON 


Che Pational Association of Audubon Societies 
EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 99 


Any boy or girl in eastern United States who begins to study wild birds 
will probably not proceed very far before learning to know the Red-eyed Vireo. 
To be sure, it is one of our small birds, measuring only about 6% inches in 
length, and this fact, together with its rather dull greenish coat and whitish 
underparts, renders it of unstriking appearance, yet it is very well known. 
And why? Chiefly because it sings so much. It announces its arrival in spring 
with such loud notes that many mistake its calls for those of the Robin. For 
three full months and more it is with us, and every day, from long before sun- 
rise until evening, its simple songs are repeated over and over again. No other 
bird of our land retains its energy and enthusiasm for song as does the Red- 
eyed Vireo. Neither the anxieties of the nesting season nor the irritations of 
the molting days appear in the least to affect its behavior in this regard. 


RED-EYED VIREO ON NEST 
Photograph by Dr. Frank M. Chapman 

No wonder, therefore, the young bird-student socn makes its acquaintance. 
Even as I write these lines, on a hot afternoon late in June, I can hear the 
notes of a Vireo coming in through the open window. The bird is out there 
among the trees of a vacant lot, where the small boys have dug their trenches 
and are sending forth their volleys of vocal musketry. The savage shouts of 
(260) 


RED-EYED VIREO 


Order—PASSERES Family—V1IREONIDA 
Genus—VIREOSYLVA Species—OLIvVACEA 
National Association of Audubon Societies ; 


The Red-eyed Vireo 267 


youth and the song of the Vireo have been going on together now for some 
weeks, and the authors of all the din apparently have never noticed each other. 

The past four years a pair of Vireos has spent the summer in the trees of 
this vacant lot. One June day I found the nest near the outer end of a white 
birch limb. The nest could easily be reached by a grown person standing on 
the ground beneath. It was a beautiful cradle, hung in the fork of two twigs, 
and was made mainly of strips of bark, dried grasses, and plant fiber. A piece 
of white string and some scraps of paper decorated the outer sides. It contained 
four white eggs, lightly spotted around the larger end. From these there 
emerged in time four little birds that for many days engrossed their mother’s 
attention. After they had flown away I took the nest and placed it on the wall 
of my study. The next spring, while passing near the place with a little friend 
of mine, I went over to the limb and showed her the place from which I had 
cut the twig to take the nest. Just as I took it in my fingers I was surprised 
and delighted to find a new Vireo nest not more than 12 inches from where the 
other had been, and in it sat a parent bird, its red eyes plainly visible. In 
due time this nest also was removed to the study. 

The past year I could not find the nest, although the birds were about and 
the male was heard singing every day. When autumn came, however, and the 
leaves had fallen, the nest was discovered in another tree a few yards away at 
a height of at least 20 feet from the ground. Only yesterday I learned that for 
the fourth time a Vireo’s nest has been found in the vacant lot. One of the 
boys discovered it suspended from a swinging limb just over a path along which 
commuters hurry every morning for trains. So I went out to look, and found 
that it held one vigorous young bird that cried most outrageously when I 
pulled the limb down a few inches in order to remove a dead one whose head 
hung over the edge. 

One of the questions which naturally arises in connection with this record 
of nests is whether they were all built by the same pair of birds. It would seem 
that such was probably the case, although there is no possible way of knowing. 

In a few weeks now the Vireos will be gone and for more than eight months 
we shall hear no more of them. Traveling southward, chiefly by night, stopping 
to rest in groves, orchards, and forests as they proceed, the Vireos journey on, 
some of them passing downward through western Texas and Mexico to the far- 
away tropics. Others reach the Gulf of Mexico along the coast of Louisiana, 
Mississippi, or western Florida, and there, after a brief pause, plunge out 
across the tumbling waters of the sea and never sight land again for six to eight 
hundred miles until they reach Yucatan or Central America. Through the 
interminable jungles of South America they continue their journey until they 
reach the regions of the equator, many going on southward into southern Brazil. 

Here, in the great steaming forests, they remain for some months until the 
instinct of migration again begins to beat in their veins. Then our little friends 
turn northward, and those that have survived in due time gain the boundaries 


268 Bird - Lore 


of the United States. A little time passes, and then one spring morning we 
again hear their cries in the grove about the house. Wilson Flagg once said 
that the words which the Red-eyed Vireo sings are clearly these: “You see it— 
you know it—do you hear me? Do you believe it?” Never do I pause to listen 
to one of these birds without recalling these words, for the music comes in a 
series of groups of short, clear, questioning calls, and Mr. Flagg’s interpreta- 
tion is perhaps as accurate as any that has been suggested. 

How little we know of the courtship of birds! Dr. W. M. Tyler, of Lexington, 
Mass., writing in Birp-LorE some time ago, related this remarkable experience: 

“This afternoon, about 6 o’clock, I saw a pair of Red-eyed Vireos acting in 
a manner new to me. They were in a small gray birch tree, 12 feet from the 
ground, and almost over my head. The two birds were very near each other; 
so near that their bills might have touched, although they did not. The male, 
or at least the bird who played the active réle, faced the side of the other bird, 
so that their bodies were at right angles. The bird, who, from her passive 
actions, I assumed, but perhaps wrongly, to be the female, sat crouched low 
on her perch, with the feathers slightly puffed out. But, although in the attitude 
of a sick bird, she appeared in good health, I thought, and I am certain, that 
she gave close attention to the strange actions of her companion. The bird I 
have called the male, and I think it is safe to so consider him, was constantly 
in motion. He rocked his body, especially his head, from side to side, his bill 
sweeping over the upper parts of the other bird, never touching her, nor, indeed, 
coming very near it, for his head was above and a little to one side of her back. 
In swinging from side to side he moved slowly but with a tenseness suggesting 
strong emotion. In contrast to the fluffy female, the feathers of the male were 
drawn closely about him, so that he looked slim and sleek. The neck seemed 
constricted, giving him a strangled appearance. 

“Neither bird opened its beak, but one of them continually uttered, with 
no suggestion of Vireo phrasing, some faint notes in a thin, almost squeaky 
tone, nearly as high-pitched as a Kingbird’s voice. I thought, when I first 
heard the notes and stepped aside to identify the bird, that a Goldfinch was 
singing very softly under his breath. There were the same little trills, and, in 
between, the same sustained notes, the whole suggestive of the Goldfinch, but 
very quietly and gently given. It was as if a Goldfinch who had lost much of 
his power and all of his energy were whispering his song into the ear of his 
lady-love 

“Few birds are so tame when on the nest as is the Vireo. Only this spring I 
pulled down a twig where a bird was brooding her eggs and actually thumped 
the bird on her breast with my finger before she would leave, and when I went 
away she immediately returned to her vigil.’’ Dr. Anne E. Perkins, of Gowanda, 
N. Y., has written a story about a female Vireo that was so unusually tame that 
she tried the experiment of feeding it. In her account she says: 

“T hastily caught a small, succulent green grasshopper and slowly, cau- 


The Red-eyed Vireo 269 


tiously, advanced my hand till the grasshopper was within easy reach of the 
bird. The male kept up a constant scolding in the top of the apple tree con- 
taining the nest, while I stood trying to win his wife’s confidence. It seemed 
many weary minutes that she sat motionless or with a slight suspicion of fear 
in her little red eye, cowering closer to the eggs. Then, just as my hand ached 
intolerably and I was about to withdraw it, she made a slow movement of the 
head towards me—and hastily snatched the grasshopper. I was delighted and 
praised her audibly for her discrimination and confidence. She devoured sev- 
eral more grasshoppers very readily, once the ice was broken. The male bird 
all the time seemed anxious and kept up a continual scolding. I made visits 
once or twice daily thereafter, and she was perfectly fearless about taking food, 
eagerly accepting small flies and grasshoppers, invariably refusing worms, and 
showing preference for grasshoppers. 

“She would allow me to stroke her, close my hand about her, almost lift 
her from the eggs, reach under her, etc. Once or twice she left the nest and 
flew at her mate when he was making demonstrations of fear and distress, 
knocked him smartly off his perch, snapping her bill and scolding vigorously, 
then took her place again on the eggs. It was exactly as if she told him that 
she would not be interfered with and that he could attend to his own affairs.” 

Mr. E. H. Forbush, who has studied carefully the feeding habits of many 
birds, says of the Red-eyed Vireo: 

“Tt is one of the most effective enemies of the gipsy and brown-tailed moths. 
Moths and butterflies of many kinds are eaten; also assassin bugs, tree-hoppers, 
bugs that eat plants and fruit. Many beetles, among them boring beetles, 
black beetles, and weevils, grasshoppers, katydids, locusts—all are eaten. This 
bird at times becomes an expert fly-catcher, taking horse-flies, mosquitos, and 
other gnats and gall flies. It appears to take a larger proportion of fruit than 
other Vireos. Blackberries, raspberries, and mulberries are commonly eaten.”’ 

He quotes other authorities as stating that the bird eats dogwood berries, 
sassafras, magnolia, poke-berries, and wild grapes. | 

The Red-eyed Vireo belongs to the order Passeres, perching birds, and to 
the family Vireonide, of which there are twenty-five species in North America. 


Che Audubon Societies 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 


Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary 


Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to 
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City. 


Telephone, Columbus 7327 


Witt1am DutcuHeEr, President 


Freperic A. Lucas, Acting President 


THEODORE S. PALMER, First Vice-President 


T. GrtBeRT PEARSON, Secretary 
JONATHAN Dwicut, Jr., Treasurer 


SAMUEL T. CARTER, JR., Attorney 


Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become 


a member of it, and all are welcome. 


Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild 


Birds and Animals: 


$5 annually pays for a Sustaining ney gts § 

$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership 
$1,000 constitutes a person a Patron 

$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder 

$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor 


Form oF Bequest:—I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon 
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York. 


“REPORT OF JUNIOR 


With the ending of the world war and 
the gradual tendency of the country to re- 
turn to normal, the interest in the organ- 
ization of Junor Audubon Societies began 
toincrease. Toward the close of the school- 
year, Junior memberships were pouring 
into the home office often at the rate of 
10,000 a week. To the delight of the office 
force, the mails began to assume somewhat 
their pre-war appearance. 

Another year there should be a very 
large enrollment, as the calls on the school- 
children for contributions to the Red 
Cross, War Savings Stamps, and numerous 
other activities incident to the war will 
undoubtedly be less than during the past 
two years. 

Hundreds of letters received from teach- 
ers and pupils give evidence of the vast 
influence that the Junior Audubon So- 
cieties are today exerting in the United 
States and Canada. Scores of communi- 
ties have been aroused, almost to fever 
heat, on the subject of constructing and 
erecting bird-boxes, giving bird-exhibits, 
bird-programs, or in reporting violations 
of the game-laws. Many of the Juniors 
serve as volunteer deputy game-wardens, 
and are constantly on the lookout fér 


AUDUBON CLASSES 


hunters who illegally shoot birds. In hun- 
dreds of local newspapers the progress of 
the local Junior work has been scheduled 
and commented upon. 

If all the phases of the National Associa- 
tion’s activities had to be abandoned but 
one, it is very probable that the responsible 
officials would vote to maintain the Junior 
work as the one most important feature. 

The following table shows the number 
of Junior classes formed and the enroll- 
ment of the Junior members: 


Summary for Year Ending June 1, 1919 


State Classes Members 
Alabama. ; 14 407 
ATIZON A ek aes eg 73 
Atkansas os yee ee 254 
California 96 3,497 
Colorado. . 70 2,099 
Connecticut Ce ge Ce) TESERG 
DOlIAWATEG 2 eo ae ee 133 
District of Columbia ... 1 39 
Florida 14 427 
Georgia . 12 384 
Idaho . 26 849 
Illinois 259 8,714 
Indiana . 147 4,570 
Iowa 150 = - 45733 
Kansas 48 1,566 
Kentucky ‘ 21 506 
LOMISIONR iyo eS a ee 171 


(270) 


The Audubon Societies 


State Classes Members 
Maine. . . 76 25132 
Maryland . 55 1,963 
Massachusetts . CAREY £95023 
Michigan . 182 5,008 
Minnesota . . 318 8,517 

‘Mississippi. ee 185 
Missouri. ES 3,259 
Montana 37 979 
Nebraska Dies, AOL siren twas ©, 2,281 
Nevadanc ooo Set hse 185 
New Hampshire... . 58 1,626 
New Jersey nese eos 6,325 
Wew. Néxt00 6 as 88 
New York. . . OL7:- 25,385 
North Carolina . 16 476 
North Dakota 20 759 
Ohio eo LOSS 20,037 
Oklahoma . 46 1,421 
Oregon 108 3,753 
Pennsylvania. 515 16,484 

_Rhode Island. 12 410 
South Carolina . 18 771 
South Dakota rer ene Tt 1,069 
Tennessee yi a Se 289 
Texas . 26 827 
Utah 19 416 
Vermont. 34 1,018 
Virginia . 28 851 
Washington 89 3,214 
West Virginia 50 1,564 
Wisconsin . I51 3,782 
Wyoming = 150 268 
Canada . . 278 8,251 

Totals . 6,204 179,794 


The generous and unnamed benefactor, 
who for many years has almost entirely 
supported this work, has again signified 
his willingness to contribute $20,000 for 
the Junior effort the coming year. The 
following is the total list of contributors 
to the Junior Audubon Campaign the past 
season: 


Unnamed Benefactor . $20,000 00 
E. W. Mudge 50 00 
Mrs. Denning Duer. . . 20 00 
Miss Edith G. Bowdoin . 50 00 
Mrs. Frederick H. Alms . 25 00 
Miss Mary Mitchell. 50 00 
Edward L. Parker 100 00 
James H. Barr . 100 00 

Total . . $20,395 00 


Late Spraying Kills Birds 


Mrs. S. Louise Patteson, who recently 
represented the National Association in 
. giving a course of school lectures and other 
work in Massachusetts, has called attention 


271 


to the loss of bird-life caused by late spray- 
ing. In her report she says: ‘TI noticed 
that much spraying was done as late as 
June, and many birds’ nests were drenched, 
with the result that young birds and adults 
were found dead about the ground on the 
farm of the Girls Industrial School at 
Lancaster, and also at the Lyman School 
at Westboro.” 

It is quite evident that this is a matter 
which should be borne in mind when spray- 
ing operations are contemplated. This is 
the only one of numerous complaints of 
the poisoning of birds with fruit-tree 
sprays which has been reported to this 
office of recent years. If it is deemed wise 
to punish a man for shooting a song-bird, 
why should there not be retribution when 
a man with a spraying hose kills a whole 
nest full of birds? 


A New Jersey Heron Colony 


May’s Landing is the county-seat of 
Atlantic County, New Jersey. About 8 
miles northwest of this attractive little 
metropolis is situated the Makepeace 
Reservoir, which was made by damming a 
stream, perhaps eight years ago, in order 
to accumulate water for flooding certain 
cranberry bogs. The lake thus formed is 
a mile or more in length and the width in 
places is probably as great. For the mo t 

spatt it is shallow and many water-lilies 
_ and grasses adorn its surface. 

On June 1, 1919, the writer, in company 
with his host, Ira T. B. Smith, of May’s 
Landing, and some of ‘his friends visited 
the Makepeace Reservoir. In forming the 
lake a white cedar swamp _ was inundated 
and the trees, now long dead, contained on 
this date a nesting colony of Great Blue 
Herons. Sixty-six nests, all apparently of 
this year’s construction, were counted. 
These were collected in three main groups, 
each within sight of the others. The Herons 
exhibited proper precaution and departed 
while the boats were yet several hundred 
yards away. On many of the nests young 
were observed, but upon close approach 
they showed the usual Heron character- | 
istic of crouching down out of sight. 


Sebapmaes: | 


ACE RESERVOIR, N. J 


KEPE 


MA 


, 


PART OF NESTING COLONY OF GREAT BLUE HERONS 


Photographed by T. Gilbert Pearson 


en 


1s oe Vari 


Y 
eg AS 


EN HERONS ON NEST, MAKEPEACE RESERVOIR N. J. 


5 
4 


R 


_ 
x 


YOUNG (¢ 


T. Gilbert Pearson 


Photographed by 


(272) 


The Audubon Societies 


Five nests of Green Herons and three 
nests of Purple Grackles also were noted. 
These were supported by limbs growing 
out from the trunks of trees only a few 
feet from the water, while the nests of the 
Great Blue Herons were situated at a 
height of from 12 to 4o feet. Among other 
birds observed on the lake that day were 
four Black Ducks, ten Wood Ducks, in- 
cluding six young, also numerous White- 
bellied Swallows that were nesting in holes 
of dead trees and stumps. One of these 
examined was found to contain large num- 


bers of Great Blue Heron feathers. Two 


273 


Pied-billed Grebes surprised me by calling 
among the lily-pads. 

There exists a general impression in the 
neighborhood that of recent years Egrets 
have been breeding in this Heron colony. 
None were observed, however, and it is 
altogether probable that the rumor is in- 
correct, as at this time we have no knowl- 
edge of any Egrets in eastern United States 
breeding north of Carteret County, North 
Carolina. It is possible that during the 
summer a few Egrets that have a way of 
migrating northward at this period may 
come here to roost with other long-legged 
members of their tribe. 


GOOD WORK OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 


Frequently this office receives from 
E. W. Nelson, Chief of the Bureau of 
Biological Survey in Washington, D. C., 
communications reporting some of the 
more interesting phases of conservation 
work in which the Survey is engaged. The 
following is one of those recently received 
from Mr. Nelson. 

“Dear Mr. Pearson: Tf you have not 
already been informed, it will interest you 
to know that our wardens Pacetti and 
Farnham managed, in Miami, to capture 
aigrettes and other plumes in the possession 
of Willie Willie, a Seminole Indian, who 
appears to be living in high style in Miami, 
and also another Miami man. Willie 
Willie appears to be a man who, according 
to our information, has probably been 
making a large income through traffic in 
plumes for a considerable number of years. 
The men did a good piece of detective work 
there and made the first step toward our 
new work in breaking up the traffic in 
aigrette feathers in the state. 

“It will also please you, no doubt, to 
learn that Judge Trieber, of Arkansas, 


recently fined ten men for violating the 
regulations covering the Big Lake Bird 
Preserve and sent three of them to jail, 
remarking at the same time that if they 
were brought before him again he would 
see to it that they were definitely prevented 
from entering upon the reservation again, 
implying by this, of course, that he would 
send them to jail. This information is very 
satisfactory, and indicates that we are 
likely to be able to protect that reservation 
in good shape. 

“‘T was surprised recently to learn that 
the last legislature of Vermont passed a 
law which authorizes the state game- 
warden, with the consent of a certain 
state board, to purchase lands which have 
been recommended by the Biological Sur- 
vey for state game- or bird-preserves. 
Dr. Field will go to Vermont next week to 
go over some land with the state game- 
warden for this purpose. This is encourag- 
ing, since it will start the purchase of land 
in the New England States for state game- 
preserves, and I hope that other states may 
follow suit.” 


New Life Members Enrolled from October 19, 1918, to July 1, 1919 


Bordon, John 

Brodhead, Charles Ding- 
man. 

Clark, Miss Elizabeth L. 

Coope, Mrs. Bertha 

Cory, Daniel W. 

Driver, Raymond E. 


Ford, Lee M. 


Fauntleroy, Miss Juliet 
Faux, William J. 


Garnsey, LeRoy 
Godfrey, Mrs. A. E. 
Gordon, Mrs. Mackenzie 
McGregor, R. C. 


Mellon, Mr. and Mrs. F. P. 
Nevins, Mrs. Harriette F. 
Pitney, Robert Henry 
Prentice, Miss Clare 
Smith, Miss Eunice Cole 
Sprague, Mrs. Isaac 
Sprague, Shaw 


274 


Bird - Lore 


New Sustaining Members Enrolled from January 1, 1919 to July 1, 1919 


Abbott, Mrs. B. St. L. 
Abbott, Henry W. 
Achelis, Margaret 
Agnew, Donald 
Albrecht, Henry C. 
Aldis, Mrs. A. 

Allen, Frances P. 

Allen, Rev. Frederick B. 
Allen, Dr. J. A. 
Allender, Miss Irma 
Andrews, J. H. 

Angert, Eugene H. 
Anson, Hon. Wm. Alfred 
Arnold, Reuben R. 
Atkinson, Mrs. E. W. 


Auchincloss, Mrs. E. S., Jr. 


Babcock, Mrs. C. H. 
Bacon, N. T. 

Badger, Mrs. Walter I. 
Bailey, Mrs. Florence M. 
Baird, Alvin U. 

Baker, Benjamin H. 
Baker, Mrs. J. A. 

Baker, John T. 

Ball, Ansell H. 


Bancroft, Rev. and Mrs. Jas. 


Barclay, Mrs. Wm. Orr 
Barnes, Mrs. A. C. 
Barnes, H. B. 

Barnett, David P. 
Barrows, Mrs. Geo. S. 
Bartlett, Mrs. Mary N. 
Barton, Bolling 

Bayne, Misses 

Bekins, Mrs. John 
Bentley, Mrs. Cyrus 
Berges, Jacob 

Bessey, Mrs. Constance C. 
Bigelow, Mrs. Jos. S. 
Blake, Col. E. M. 
Bloch, Bernard 

Block, John B. 

Book, R. D., M.D. 
Bott, Mrs. Fred J. 
Bourneuf, F. Raymond 
Bradley, Mrs. M. W. 
Braman, Chester A., Jr. 


Brawner, Miss Maybelle F. 


Bray, Russell S. 
Brewster, Dr. Matthew 
Bristol, B. B. 

Bristol, Mrs. B. B. 
Brooks, Ernest, Jr. 
Brooks, William B. 
Brown, Mrs. James P. 
Brown, James W. 
Bruening, E. H. 
Buch, Miss Emily 
Buckstaff, Geo. 
Burgess, Mrs. T.-P. 
Butler, Elmer T. 
Butler, Mrs. Wm. A. 
Cameron, Mrs. C. F. 


Campbell, Miss H. S. 
Canandaigua Bird Club 
Canatt, Mrs. E. B. 
Carlisle, George L., Jr. 
Carlton, Mrs. Newcomb 
Carter, Miss Helen L. 
Chamberlin, Mrs. W. B. 
Chapman, H. A. 

Chappell, F. H. 

Chase, Mrs. A. W. 
Cheney, O. H. 

Childs, Helen P. 

Chisholm, George H. 
Clinton, Mrs. Arthur 
Clothier, Mrs. Walter 
Clymer, W. B. Shubrick 
Codman, Mrs. Ogden 
Cohen, Mr. and Mrs. J. H. 
Collins, Mrs. Henry H., Jr. 
Community Bird Club 
Coolidge, John T., Jr. 
Coolidge, Thornton L. 
Corning, Mrs. John J. 
Cram, Mrs. C. H. 
Crawfordsville Audubonand 
. Nature Study Club 
Cross, W. Redmond 
Cummings, Edward 
Cunningham, Miss H. A. 
Curtis, Mrs. G. S., Jr. 
Curtis, Mrs. M. M. 
Cushing, Grafton D. 
Danforth, Mrs. Richard E. 
Danielson, Mrs. Richard 
Darrow, Gen. W. N. P. 
Darrow, Mrs. W.N. P. 
Davis, Edward E. 
Davison, G. C. 

de Lorenzi, Miss Susie 
Denel, Mrs. W. F. 
Denison, Mrs. Charles 
Denny, Mrs. Arthur B. 
Dexter, Miss Alice S. 
Dickason, Livingston T. 
Dill, Mrs. Charles G. 
Disney, Dwight R. 
Dittman, Mrs. Geo. W. 
Dodge, Mrs. Randolph 
Doscher, Charles 

Drago, N. F. 

Drake, Durant 

Drayton, Judson 

Drosten, Mrs. Frederick W. 
Drummond, Mrs. C. C. 
Dumaresgq, Mr. and Mrs. H. 
Dunn, Mrs. Myra 

Eaton, Miss Eleanor B. 
Eggleston, Julius W. 
Elbricht, Mrs. R. E. 
Elkins, Mrs. Stephen B. 
Ellegood, R. E. 

Ellis, Mrs. Wm. S. 
Emerson, Charles Plummer 


Emlen, Miss Susan T. 
English, Mrs. Lewis H. 
Estey, Harold, Jr. 
Ewing, Mrs. Thomas 
Falconer, J. W. 
Farley, Mrs. J. N. 
Farrel, Franklin, 3d. 
Faxon, Mrs. Frank A. 
Feely, Ambrose 
Fernald, Mrs. Leily B. T. 
Field, Thomas G. 
Field, Mrs. Marshall, 3d. 
Flint, Mrs. Joseph Marshall 
Forbes, Mrs. Wm. H. 
Forrest, Mrs. George D. 
Foster, Mrs. A. C. 
Foster, Mrs. James N. 
Foster, Walter R. 
Fowler, Mrs. John 
Franklin, Mrs. M. L. 
Fulton, William E. 
Gamble, James L. 
Gary, Mrs. J. W. 
Gath, John 
Genung, Alfred V_ C., Jr. 
Gibbon, John 
Gilbert, Mrs. W. T. 
Goodman, Mrs. E. H. 
Graves, Mrs. Charles B. 
Gray, Ellen W. 
Greystone Park Bird Club 
Griswold, S. A. 
Guggenheim, Mrs. S. R. 
Hall, Willis E. 
Hallenberg, A. L. 
Hallowell, Hannah 
Halstead, Mrs. Robert 
Hambleton, Mrs. Frank S. 
Hamilton Bird Protection 
Society (The) 
Harbeck, Dorothy D. 
Hare, Mrs. Meredith 
Hausmann, T. L. 
Hazard, Miss Caroline 
Heck, George C. 
Hersch, Mrs. W. A. 
Hess, V. E. 
Hightower, J. D. 
Hinchman, Mrs. C. S. 
Hirschhorn, Mrs. Fred 
Hoge, Frances L. 
Holmes, R. C. 
Hood College Bird Club 
Hoppin, Mrs. W. A. 
Howard, Mrs. Clarence H 
Howard, Mrs. Ethan H. 
Howe, Morgan R. 
Hoyt, Edwin 
Hoyt, John S. 
Hudson, H. K. 
Hull, Mrs. Baker 
Hunt, Dr. Annie W. 
Hunt, Mrs. Wm. D. 


Huntington, Mrs. Francis. C 
Irwin, Theodore 
Jackson, Crawford 
Jackson, Mrs. Percy 
Jackson, Mrs. R. B. 
James, Mrs. Julian 
Jarecki, R. K. 

Johnson, Edw. H. 
Johnson, Mrs. Lawrence 
Johnston, Mrs. D. V. R. 
Johnstone, Margaret A. 
Jonas, Mrs. A. F. 

Jung, Charles R. 
Kaufman, D. J. 

Kelley, William V. 
Kemmerer, M. S. 
Keyes, Mrs. Charles W. 
Kimball, H. Earle 
Kinsella, Mrs. A. L. 
Kleinhaus, Mrs. Gedwig 
Knight, Miss Edith 
Knoblauch, Mrs. A. 
Knudson, Augusta M. 
Koehler, Hugo A. 

Kohl, Mrs. C. E. 
Kohler, Miss Veronica M. 
Krieckhaus, Elles W. 
Lackner, Miss Louise 
Lange, Edward L. 
Lansing, Mrs. Charles A. 
Lawler, Mrs. T. B. 
Leavenworth, Geo. H. 
Leeds, Norman 
Lehmann, Mrs. F. W. 
Leonard, Mrs. F. E. 
Lewis, Mrs. Thomas H. 
Lichter, J. J. 

Ligget, Mrs. Mary L. 
Lihme, Mrs. C. Bai 
Lindley, Mrs. Allen L. 
Lippincott, Arthur H 


Lockwood, Mrs. George R. 


Lockwood, Miss Mary E. 
Lockwood, M. E. 

Lorsch, Mrs. Arthur 
Loughran, Mrs. M. F. 
Loveland, Charles N., Jr. 
Lowell, Mrs. A. Lawrence 
Luedtke, Capt. Gustav H. 
McConnell, Mrs. J. F. 


McConnell, Mrs. Marion E. 


McCord, George i: 
McKinlay, Mrs. D. A. 
McMahon, Mrs. John B. 
Mather, Stephen T. 
Matlack, Bennett K. 
Matthies, Katharine 
Meinhard, Morton H. 
Mickle, A. D. 

Migel, Elsie P. 

Milliken, Mrs. G. H. 
Minford, Mrs. L. W. 
Minich, Mrs. Katharine C, 
Mitchell, O. L. 


The Audubon Societies 


Moody, Mrs. Samuel 
Moore, Mrs. H. McK. 
Morehead, J. M. 
Morris, Mrs. George K. 
Murphey, Mrs. Jenny S. 
Murphy, Mrs. Eugene B. 
Nesbit, Scott 
Neugass, Mrs. Edwin 
Newark Bait and Fly 
Casting Club 
Newborg, M. 
Newell, Mrs. E. A. 
Newell, John M. 
Newton, Mrs. F. Maurice 
Nichols, Mrs. Acosta 
Nichols, Mrs. Geo. 
Niedringhaus, Miss M. 
Norris, Mrs. Richard 
Norton, Charles W. 
Ochs, Adolph 
Olds, W. B. 
Ormsby, Mrs. O. S. 
Orr, James A. 
Ortman, Mrs. Randolph 
Osborne, Mrs. H. S. 
Paddock, Mrs. H. L. 
Parrish, James C. 
Payson, Herbert 
Peck, Mrs. Wallace F. 
Pell, Walden 
Perkins, Mrs. Geo. W. 
Perry, Margaret 
Phelps, Edward J. 
Pierce, Mrs. E. B. 
Plummer, Henry M. 
Porter, Willard ae we 
Pulsifer, Mrs. N. T 
Pyfer, Fred S. 
Reed, Earl H., Jr. 
Reutter, Mrs. Z& 
Rhoades, Mrs. Lyman 
Rhoades, Miss N. 
Richardson, Charles F 
Riley, Mrs. James W. 
Roberts, Miss Fanny E. 
Robinson, Mrs. Douglas 
Robinson, Henry J. 
Rockefeller, William A. 
Rockwell, Mrs. G. F. 
Rogers, Mrs. Charles F. 
Rogers, Mrs. Geo. S. 
Rollins, Ashton 
Root, Mrs. A. K. 
Rothbarth, Albert 
Rowland, Edmund 
Sackett, Mrs. Charles A. 
St. Ormond, S. M. 
Saltonstall, Philip L. 
Sanborn, Wm. R. 
Sandford, Mrs. Lisa W. 
Savery, Thomas H., 3d. 
Schear, E. W. E. 
Schlesinger, Mrs. Mary 
Scoville, Herbert 


275 


Scranton Bird Club 
Sears, Mrs. Francis B., Jr. 
Seymour, Edmund 
Shrigley, Miss Ethel Austin 
Shumway, Franklin P. 
Silsbee, Mrs. Geo. S. 
Sloan, Mrs. Samuel 
Smyth, Miss Sarah A. 
Snow, E. G. 

Snow, Mrs. Fred K. A. 
Sommerhoff, F. A. E. 
Spalding, Dora 

Spear, bah. 

Stevens, Mrs. F. W. 
Stoddard, Miss M. F. 
Stone, Miss Bessie P. 
Stone, Harry B., Jr. 
Stowell, Ellery C. 
Stranahan, Henry 
Strong, Edward 

Summey, D. L. 

Swain, Frederick 
Swenson, F. A. 

Taft, Miss Mary F. 

Tag, Albert 

Taylor, H. A. 

Tglaner, Arnold 

Thomas, Mrs. Samuel H. 
Thorndike, Richard K. 
Thursby, Miss Emma C. 
Tuckerman, Mrs. B., Jr. 
Utter, Henry E. 
Vanderveer, John H. 

Van Rensselaer, CortlandtS. 
Vaughan, Ira 

Waldo, Joan 

Waldo, Natalie 

Walker, Mrs. Albert H. 
Walls, Mrs. Frank X. 
Ward, Mrs. G. C. 

Ware, Mrs. A. L. 

Ware, Miss Harriet 
Warren, Mrs. Charles H. 
Watson, Mrs. C. N. 
Weber, Adolph 
Weiseman, T. Walter 
West Chester Bird Club 
West Virginia Bird Club 
Whitcomb, Mrs. Howard 
Whitehouse, Mrs. F. M. 
Whitney, Mrs. Payne 
Wicker, John D. 
Wilkinson, Mrs. Henry L. 
Williams, Mrs. Charles A. 
Williams, Hugh W. 
White, Mrs. J. William 
Williams, Richard E. 
Wilson, Mrs. A. A. 
Wilson, Miss Mabel 
Wolff, Mrs. Otto, Jr.- 
Woman’s Club of Carrollton 
Ziesing, August 
Zinsmeister, Mrs. Elsie A. 


276 


Bird - Lore 


THE GEORGIA PREACHER AND THE JAY 


The Tampa Tribune for June 10, 1919, 
contained the following item from Sanders- 
ville, Ga.: 

“W. W. Wray, pastor of the Baptist 
Church here, created a mild sensation at 
his morning services yesterday when he 
stopped in the midst of his sermon, ob- 
tained a shotgun, and killed a Jaybird that 
had been flying around the auditorium and 
singing while the services were in progress. 

“Mr. Wray announced, before the con- 
gregation sang a hymn, that he would kill 
the bird if it sang again. The moment the 


BIRD-BOX CONTEST 


New Orleans has had its first bird-box 
building contest. It was brought about 
largely through the efforts of the New 
Orleans Item, one of the city’s daily papers. 
Hundreds of boxes were submitted and 
later were erected on private grounds and 
in the city parks. 

M. L. Alexander, head of the State 
Department of Conservation, has written 
most enthusiastically regarding the great 
amount of interest which the contest 
aroused. He feels that work of this char- 


congregation stopped singing, the Jay 
began. The preacher immediately stopped 
the services, went to his home near the 
church, got his gun, returned to the 
church, and took his stand in the center of 
the building. He fired once, the bird 
tumbled to the floor, and services were 
resumed after the powder and smoke had 
cleared away.” 

It may be noted in this article there is 
no word of condemnation of the action of 
this Georgia minister of the Gospel in 
shooting a wild bird. 


IN NEW ORLEANS 


acter will bear much fruit in the way of 
Louisiana bird-protection. 

Prizes were awarded for the “best gen- 
eral construction,” “‘best Martin-house,”’ 
‘“‘best single-room house,’”’ ‘‘best Wren- 
house ” ‘‘most originality ” ‘“‘best rustic 
house,” “‘best economy house,”’ “‘best pole- 
box house,”’ “‘best bark house,” “‘best cool 
house,”’ ‘“‘best Pigeon-house,”’ ‘‘best three- 
story house,” ‘‘best bird-cottage ”’ “‘best 
Chickadee-house,” and ‘‘best bird-house 
built by a girl.” 


- INTERFERENCE WITH FEDERAL COOPERATION 


A new Federal law went into effect 
July 1, 1919, by the terms of which no 
Federal employee receiving salary from 
the Government may accept any addi- 
tional compensation from individuals or 
corporations. This puts an end to the co- 
operation between the National Associa- 
tion and the Biological Survey, in reference 
to the joint employment of wardens on 
Government bird-reservations. 

The Association has always taken great 
interest in these Government bird sanc- 
tuaries, and, in fact, the officers and 
directors of the Association were largely, 
if not wholly, responsible for the estab- 
lishment of the Government bird-reserva- 
tion system which is in operation today. 

From the day the first reservation was 


established, March 14, 1903, the Audubon 
Societies have provided some wardens for 
their protection. For the first six years all 
wardens guarding the reservations were 
employed by the Audubon Societies. At 
the end of that time Government appro- 
priations began to be available for the 
purpose. These funds, though totally in- 
adequate, have been increased through the 
years, with the result that the proportion 
of the expense which the Association has 
borne has become much less than formerly. 

On the first of July the Association 
ceased paying any of these wardens, and 
the three patrol boats which we have here- 
tofore maintained have been turned over 
to the Biological Survey. Audubon War- 
dens of course continue to serve. 


Sird- Lore 


A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 


Vol. XXI SEPTEMBER—OCTOBER, 1919 No.-5 


WILLIAM BREWSTER, 1851-1919 
SMES ITT, 


“Even the death of friends will inspire us as much as their 
lives. . . . Their memories will be encrusted over with 
sublime and pleasing thoughts, as monuments of other men 
are overgrown with moss.’’—THOREAU. 


ILLIAM BREWSTER died at his home in Cambridge, Mass., on 

\ \ July 12 last, seven days after the completion of his sixty-eighth year. 

Those who are familiar with the results of his studies of birds and of 

the work upon which he was still engaged, can measure the extent of his loss 

to ornithology; but only those who were so fortunate as to know the man can 
realize the nature of the loss sustained by his friends. 

Brewster never enjoyed rugged health. After his graduation from the 
Cambridge High School, in 1869, his physical condition prohibited his entering 
college. Fortunately, circumstances permitted him to gratify his inborn 
desire to study birds. Ever more interested in the living bird than in the 
dead one, his ornithological pursuits kept him much out-of-doors, with conse- 
quent improvement in his health, and for the succeeding quarter of a century 
he devoted himself without hindrance to his chosen calling. Then appeared 
obscure symptoms of bodily ills, which, increasing in severity with the pass- 
ing years, greatly handicapped him in his scientific labors and finally resulted 
in his death from pernicious anemia. 

The foundation of William Brewster’s life was an intense love of nature. 
Like some delicately adjusted apparatus, his whole being responded to the 
influences of the open. The phenomena of earth, air, and water were to him 
endless sources of enjoyment. Without creative artistic ability, he neverthe- 
less had an artist’s perceptions and keen appreciation of the charm of line, 
form, color, and composition in landscape. His feeling for nature, both in- 
animate and animate, passed, indeed, beyond the bounds of ardent admira- 
tion to a tender reverence; he was, in truth, a worshipper of nature. For plants, 
and especially for trees, Brewster had an interest and affection which found 


278 : Bird - Lore 


expression in the garden of New England plants at his Cambridge home, and 
in the care with which he developed and protected the forests about his cabin 
at Concord. 

But the first place in his heart was given to birds. They were for him the 
most eloquent expression of Nature’s beauty, joy, and freedom. Only one 
blessed with that innate love of birds which is so inherent a part of his being 
that it grows with his growth, can understand how potent a factor in one’s 
life this strangely sympathetic affinity with birds may become. Brewster, as 
has been said, was so situated that he could respond to this ‘Call of the Bird.’ 
Possessed not only with the desire, but also with the opportunity to gratify it, 
he had also other qualifications which enabled him to acquire an exceptionally 
full and intimate knowledge of the birds he met in life. His senses were un- 
usually keen and discriminating, and showed no evidences of deterioration 
until his later years. He could hear and identify bird-notes to which the 
average ear was deaf. 

Enthusiasm, combined with a passion for accuracy, made him a tireless 
and thorough observer and careful recorder of every detail of his observations. 
His journals doubtless cover a longer period more fully than those of any other 
American naturalist. 

While Brewster’s field-work was mainly restricted to New England, he 
made ornithological expeditions to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Colorado, the 
mountains of West Virginia and North Carolina, lowlands of South Carolina 
and Georgia, and to Florida and the island of Trinidad, each trip resulting in 
additions to his collection and to our published knowledge of the birds of the 
regions named. 

From 1880 to 1887 Brewster was assistant in charge of birds and mammals 
in the Boston Society of Natural History; from 1885 to 1900 he held a similar 
position in the Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy at Cambridge, and from the 
last-named date to the end of his life he was, in effect, honorary or advisory 
curator of birds of that institution. His active curatorial duties, however, 
were connected with the development of his own museum. This, a fire-proof 
brick structure, perfect in all its appointments, was erected on the grounds of 
his Cambridge home. It contained his library and collection of North American 
birds, one of the best in existence. It also served as the meeting-place of the 
Nuttall Ornithological Club and was, indeed, headquarters for all bird-students 
of the Cambridge region. 

While Brewster had a comprehensive and authoritative knowledge of 
North American birds and a scientist’s interest in problems connected with 
their relationships and racial variations, he was not, primarily, a systematic 
ornithologist. 

The labor he expended upon gathering his superb collection of North 
American birds is evidence of the value he placed upon specimens. But it was 
the bird in the bush, rather than in the hand, which most strongly attracted 


William Brewster, 1851-1919 279 


him. A large proportion of his published studies, therefore, relate to living 
rather than to dead birds, to faunal and biographic, rather than to system- 
atic ornithology. 

The Index to the Bulletin of the Nuttall Club and to its successor, The 
Auk, covering the period from 1876 to 1900, has some 230 entries under the 
name of William Brewster. This was the period of his greatest activity. The 
index to The Auk for the following ten years, tg01 to rg11, contains only 
thirty entries under his name, though it should be added that some of his 
most important publications appeared after 1goo. 

While many of these titles relate merely to unusual ‘occurrences,’ there 
are among them original contributions to ornithology of the first rank. Notable 
among the more technical papers is the series describing the juvenal plumages 
of North American birds, in the study of which Brewster was a pioneer; the 
reports on Stephen’s collections from Arizona and Sonora, and on Frazar’s 
from northern Mexico and Lower California, a memoir on the latter collec- 
tion forming a quarto of 241 pages. 

Faunal papers on his expeditions to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, West Vir- 
ginia, Colorado, North Carolina and Florida added much to our knowledge 
of the distribution of many of the birds treated, and they abound in biograph- 
ical matter, while the classical ‘Memoir’ on ‘Bird Migration’ was, at the time 
of its appearance, the most important paper which had been published on 
that subject. 

But Brewster’s most characteristic and, in many respects, most valuabl 
papers are on the habits of little-known birds or on the little-known habits 
of well-known birds. The habits of the Philadelphia Vireo, Swainson’s and 
Bachman’s Warblers, for example, were practically undescribed before he 
wrote of them, and to him we owe either the first or the best descriptions of 
the home life of the Prothonotary Warbler, Brown Creeper, Golden-crowned 
Kinglet, and of other common birds, of summer Robin roosts, and of the notes 
and flight-song of the Woodcock. : 

Brewster confined his field-work largely to New England, not only because 
he loved the land of his birth with an intense and increasing ardor, but because 
it was the great ambition of his life to produce a work on the birds of that 
region in which every species would be treated monographically. We can 
never cease to regret that his health prohibited the accomplishment of a task 
he was so preéminently qualified to perform. We may, however, be thankful 
for the extended annotations which he added to the edition of Minot’s ‘Land- 
Birds and Game-Birds of New England,’ which appeared under his editorship, 
and particularly for the ‘Birds of the Cambridge Region,’ his most noteworthy 
contribution to faunal literature.* 

This book was to have been followed by one on the birds of the Unbagog 


region on the New Hampshire—Maine boundary, where many of Brewster’s 
*See a review of this work in Brrp-Lore, 1906, p. 114. 


280 Bird - Lore 


most important studies were made, and which he had visited almost yearly 
since boyhood. The last years of his life were devoted to the preparation of 
this work, and, although he did not live to complete it, that portion which was 
finished should by all means be 
published. 

Brewster’s thoroughness as 
an observer and his painstaking 
habit of recording his observa- 
tions at length in his journal 
gave him a large fund of data 
upon which to draw for pub- 
lication, but at this point his 
difficulties began. His passion 
for accuracy, his fear of produc- 
ing an incorrect impression, 
either by faults of commission 
or of omission, in connection 
with his high literary standards, 
made the preparation of manu- 
script for publication a tedious 
operation. No trace of this 
travail of authorship, however, 
is apparent in the published 
results which stand as models 
of clear and finished composi- 
tion. 

Brewster did not often at- 
tempt to give full expression to 
that intense and reverent love 
of nature which formed the very 
fiber of his being, for the forced 
artificiality of ‘fine writing’ was 
abhorrent to him. Neverthe- 
less, he could not, at times, 
particularly in his earlier years, 
resist the desire to share with 
others the supreme pleasure he 
derived in the study of birds in 
their haunts and the results 
form rarely beautiful contribu- 


tions to the true literature of 

PREPARING SPECIMENS IN AN IMPROMPTU . , 
LABORATORY ON THE SUWANNEE RIVER ornithology. Here, for example, 
Photographed by F. M. Chapman, March 30, 1890 is a quotation from his account 


~ 


William Brewster, 1851-1919 281 


of an expedition for Prothonotary Warblers, made with Robert Ridgway at 
Mt. Carmel, Ill., in May, 1878. (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1878, pp. 160-162): 


“In the hope of presenting to the reader’s mind some slight idea of the general char- 
acter and surroundings of the locality where the Prothonotary Warblers were found 
breeding in the greatest abundance, I close with a brief description of a visit, on May 11, 
to the cypress swamp. Towards the middle of the afternoon we reached Beaver Dam 
Pond, and embarked in an old weather-beaten dugout. Our guide, a half-breed Indian 
and a most accomplished woodsman, took his station in the stern, and, with a vigorous 
shove upon his long push-pole, sent the frail craft well out into the pond. Before us 
stretched a long, narrow sheet of water hemmed in on every side by an unbroken wall 
of forest trees. Around the margin grew a fringe of button-bushes, with a sprinkling 
of tall slender willows, while behind and above them towered the light-green feathery 
crests of numerous cypresses. . . . Wood Ducks and Hooded Mergansers rose on 
every side, while their broods of downy ducklings scuttled off among the water-plants, 
sometimes huddling close together, a dusky mass of bobbing little forms, at others, 
when closely pressed, separating and diving like water-sprites. Overhead, Buzzards 
were wheeling in graceful, interminable circlings, while in their nests upon the tops 
of some gigantic sycamores, a little back from the shore, stood a number of Great 
Blue Herons, their tall, graceful forms boldly outlined against the sky. From the 
lower depths of the forest came innumerable bird-voices,—the slow, solemn chant 
of the Wood Thrush, the clear, whistled challenge of the Cardinal, the sweet, wild notes 
of the Louisiana Water Thrush, the measured pter-dle, pter-dle, pter-dle of the Kentucky 
Warbler, and the emphatic song of the Hooded Flycatcher. Higher up among the trees 
Woodpeckers rattled upon dead limbs, a Tanager sang at intervals, the tufted Titmouse 
reiterated its monotonous peto, peto, and numerous Blue Warblers added their guttural 
little trills to the general chorus. From all along the pond edges came the sandpiper- 
like song of the Prothonotary Warblers. As we advanced, the button-bushes gave way 
to stretches of black-willows, which at the head of the pond formed the exclusive growth 
over an area of perhaps six acres. This tract had at one time evidently formed part of 
the pond, for as we pushed our canoe in among the trees we found the water scarcely 
shallower than in the open portions. 

‘Although the willows grew rather thinly, the spaces between the living stems were 
filled with stubs in every stage of decay, and perforated with countless Woodpecker- 
holes, most of them old, and long since given up by their original tenants. That a 
locality so favorable in every way had not been overlooked by the Prothonotary Warblers 
was soon evinced by the presence of the birds on all sides in numbers that far exceeded 
anything which we had previously seen, and careful search soon revealed a number of 
nests. Probably not less than twenty pairs were here breeding in close proximity. In 
the larger holes and among the branches were the nests of a colony of Grackles 
(Quiscalus purpureus), and a few Woodpeckers and Carolina Titmice were also nesting 
somewhere in the vicinity. As we returned down the pond late in the afternoon the 
sun was sinking behind the tree-tops. The dying breeze still agitated the crest of the 
forest, but not a breath rippled the still water beneath. The lonely pool rested in deep 
shadow, save at its upper end, where the slanting sunbeams still lighted up the group 
of willows, bringing out their yellowish foliage in strong relief against the darker mass 
behind. The arches of the grand old woods were filled with a softened, mysterious light, 
and a solemn hush and silence prevailed, broken only by the occasional hooting of a 
Barred Owl or the song of some small bird among the upper branches, where the rays 
of the setting sun still lingered. High in air, over the open space, the buzzards still 
wheeled and soared on easy wing. Ducks were scurrying about in all directions or 
splashing down among the lily leaves, and a heavy plunge in-shore told where a startled 


282 Bird - Lore 


otter had risen and disappeared. As the last rays of sunlight touched the top of a 
mighty sycamore that raised its towering head above its fellows, the Herons left 
their rookery and laboriously winged their way overhead to some distant feeding- 
ground.” 


Brewster was twenty-seven years old when this was written, and, while it 
rings with the enthusiasm of youth, his love of the out-of-doors increased 
rather than diminished, though he less often gave utterance to it in print, 
but, seasoned by years, it appears again in his ‘Voices of a New England 
Marsh.’* How clear-cut, for example, is this picture of the birth of a Massa- 
chusetts spring, quoted from the above-mentioned article: 


“Through the long New England winter the Fresh Pond marshes are encased in 
glittering ice or buried deep under a mantle of wind-sculptured snow. Flocks of Snow 
Buntings occasionally circle over them; Shrikes and Hawks of several kinds perch on 
the isolated trees to watch for prey; a few Red-winged Blackbirds and Meadowlarks 
come in at sunset to spend the night; Tree Sparrows frequent the alder thickets; and 
the extensive beds of cat-tail flags, bent down and matted together by the snow, afford 
shelter for numerous Song and Swamp Sparrows as well as for one or two Long-billed 
Marsh Wrens. On mild, calm mornings the Sparrows may be heard chirping to one 
another from the different covers and late in February the Song Sparrows sing a little 
in subdued, broken tones, but during most of the period when winter holds full sway 
the marshes are as silent as they are desolate. 

““The awakening comes in March when the deeper pools and channels begin to show 
open water and the snow and ice everywhere are rapidly wasting under the ever increas- 
ing strength of the sun’s rays. The Song Sparrows, Tree Sparrows, Red-winged Black- 
birds and Rusty Blackbirds that have passed the winter further south arrive in force at 
this time, and at morning and evening, before the blustering northwest wind has risen 
and after it has lulled for the night, they fill the marsh with their voices. The Red-wings 
are scattered about, perched conspicuously on the topmost twigs of isolated shrubs or 
low trees, their sable forms sharply outlined against the light background of water, snow 
or sky, each bird flashing his scarlet epaulets in the sunlight for an instant, just as he 
swells his plumage and half opens his wings to utter his rich, guttural o-ka-lee, The 
Rusties pass and repass over the open in loose flocks, with undulating flight, or alight 
in the upper branches of the trees to indulge in one of their rather infrequent outbursts 
of tinkling medley-singing before descending to feed on the margin of some shallow pool 
fringed with button bushes or overhung by willows. The Song Sparrows, although less 
noticeable than the Blackbirds, by reason of their soberer garb and more retiring habits, 
are also constantly in sight, flitting from bush to bush or perching on some exposed 
twig to chant their sweet, earnest songs; but the wild, ringing, rapidly delivered notes 
of the Tree Sparrows issue, as a rule, from the depths of the thickets where the birds 
keep closely concealed. These voices, with, perhaps, the tender, plaintive warble of 
some passing Bluebird or at evening, towards the close of the month, the merry peep- 
ing of Pickering’s hylas are the characteristic March sounds of the Fresh Pond marshes 
as well as of many similar places in eastern Massachusetts. How they soothe and 
refresh the senses after the long silence of winter, breathing to every one of refined sensi- 
bilities the very essence of early spring! To those who have long known and loved them 
they are inexpressibly grateful and precious, touching the chords of memory more 
subtly than do any other sounds, recalling past associations—albeit often saddened 
ones, and filling the heart with renewed courage and hope for the future.”’ 


*Brrp-LoRE, 1902, pp. 43-56 


z6gr ‘uemdeyy ‘Ww ‘y Aq poydeiz0j0yg 
GuYOONOD AHL NO NIAVO AHL 


284 Bird - Lore 


This whole article, with its combination of exact description, touches of 
local color, and wholesome sentiment is an admirable example of Brewster’s 
style. 
One is tempted to make extended quotations from his writings, which, 
published in various scientific journals, have never had the audience that they 
merit, but I add only an extract from his essay on ‘Bird Migration,’ pub- 
lished as the first ‘Memoir’ of the Nuttall Club. Brewster was the first orni- 
thologist in this country to make a definite study of bird migration from a 
lighthouse. From August 13 to September 26, 1885, he remained at Point 
Lepreaux, New Brunswick, living with the keeper of the light. On the night 
of September 4, there was a heavy flight of birds. Brewster remained in the 
lighthouse from ten o’clock until two the next morning. During this time 
about 200 birds struck the light. After giving the names of those that were 
identified, he writes: 


“At the height of the mé/ée the scene was interesting and impressive beyond almost 
anything that I ever witnessed. Above, the inky black sky; on all sides, dense wreaths 
of fog scudding swiftly past and completely enveloping the sea which moaned dismally 
at the base of the cliffs below; about the top of the tower, a belt of light projected some 
thirty yards into the mist by the powerful reflectors; and in this belt swarms of birds, 
circling, floating, soaring, now advancing, next retreating, but never quite able, as it 
seemed, to throw off the spell of the fatal lantern. Their rapidly vibrating wings made 
a haze about their forms which in the strong light looked semi-transparent. At a dis- 
tance all appeared of a pale, silvery gray color, nearer, of a rich yellow. They reminded 
me by turns of meteors, gigantic moths, Swallows with sunlight streaming through their 
wings. I could not watch them for any length of time without becoming dizzy and 
bewildered. 

“When the wind blew strongly they circled around to leeward, breasting it in a dense 
throng, which drifted backward and forward, up and down, like a swarm of gnats danc- 
ing in the sunshine. Dozens were continually leaving this throng and skimming towards ° 
the lantern. As they approached they invariably soared upward, and those which started 
on a level with the platform usually passed above the roof. Others sheered off at the 
last moment, and shot by with arrow-like swiftness, while more rarely one would stop 
abruptly and, poising a few feet from the glass, inspect the lighted space within. Often 
for a minute or more not a bird would strike. Then, as if seized by a panic, they would 
come against the glass so rapidly, and in such numbers, that the sound of their blows 
resembled the pattering of hail. Many struck the tin root above the light, others the 
iron railing which enclosed the platform, while still others pelted me on the back, arms, 
and legs, and one actually became hopelessly entangled in my beard. At times it fairly 
rained birds, and the platform, wet and shining, was strewn with the dead and dying.” 


But Brewster’s curatorial duties, his labors in amassing a representative 
collection of North American birds, which was always at the disposal of his 
fellow workers, and the preparation of his long list of publications by no means 
form the total of his contributions to the science of ornithology. He was one 
of the organizers of the Nuttall Club, from which grew the American Orni- 
thologists’ Union, and in the formation of that society he played a part of the 
_ first importance. He served as the Union’s president from 1896 to 1898, and, 


William Brewster, 1851-1919 285 


from its organization in 1883, was a member of its council, always intimately 
concerned in its proceedings. 

Brewster’s museum was the home of the Nuttall Club, and its meetings 
about the great open fire in the bird-room were a privilege of Cambridge bird- 
men which they will now value at its real worth. Brewster was president of 
the club, and, by virtue of his attainments, leader of the group; through these 
pleasant, informal gatherings he exercised a deep influence on the studies of 


aM 
so “i re sas ey ae : "4 fae Nd 
WILLIAM BREWSTER IN THE MOUNTAINS OF TRINIDAD, B. W. I. 
Photographed by F. M. Chapman, April 7, 1804 


ON alae. or Se 


his associates. To most of them, indeed, he had been a kind of ornithological 
godfather to whom they never appealed in vain for advice or information. 

Brewster was at his best with boys, for whom the bird world was opening, 
treating them with the kindly considerateness which characterized his dealings 
with others. Their little problems received the same attention he gave to the 
larger ones of older men, and the youthful seeker for information left him with 
a feeling that he had found a friend as well as a preceptor. 

In the campaign for the protection of North American birds, Brewster 
served in many important posts. He was a member of the Committee on Bird 


286 Bird - Lore 


Protection, appointed by the American Ornithologists’ Union in 1886, and as 
such was one of the organizers of the first Audubon Society. He remained on 
this committee for years and later became a director of the National Associa- 
tion of Audubon Societies and president of the Massachusetts Audubon Society. 

But no estimate of Brewster’s work can be exact which does not take into 
account the character of the man. It was not alone the rare charm of his per- 
sonality to which I refer, but the sincerity and unselfishness which formed so 
fundamental a part of his nature that no one who knew him could doubt the 
absolute truthfulness of his word, spoken or written, or the purity of his motives. 
Of simple tastes and direct manner, he had an intense dislike of anything 
approaching ostentation; but whatever he did must be well done, and he im- 
posed on those in his employ the same high standards which governed his 
own actions. 

Loving the solitude of wide spaces, Brewster was nevertheless a sociable 
man. He loved all that is fine in human intercourse, and his thoughtfulness 
for others, his sympathetic appreciation of and interest in their work, their 
joys and their sorrows made his friendship one of life’s best gifts. But his 
kindliness and generosity never for a moment made him untrue to his own sense 
of right and wrong. Neither actively nor passively would he lend support to 
a cause of which he did not approve, and no fear of consequences prevented 
him from making his own position plain. 

Fortunate is the man who can number among his memories those of days 
afield with William Brewster. It is now twenty-eight years since we descended 
the Suwannee River in a house-boat, and twenty-six have passed since we 
camped in the forests of Trinidad. But the joy of Brewster’s companionship 
and the pleasures which grew from his enthusiastic appreciation of our sur- 
roundings and experiences are my most cherished recollections of the expe- 
ditions. 

I had been in Trinidad the year preceding our visit, and, in returning with 
Brewster, looked forward to introducing him to the birds and their haunts, as 
well as to the people I had met there with even keener enjoyment than I did 
in renewing acquaintance with them myself. There were no disappointments 
and many unexpected pleasures for us both, but I have always thought most 
frequently of Brewster’s words after we had passed several days with an 
English official who was a worthy representative of his Queen and of the best 
traditions of his race. “I believe,” said Brewster as we left our host’s home, 
“that there is a nearly perfect man.” I have never recalled this incident, dur- 
ing the quarter of a century which has followed its occurrence, without think- 
ing how unconsciously deserving of this tribute was its author. 

FRANK M. CHAPMAN. 


“PEET-WEET” 


The Spotted Sandpiper 


By C. W. LEISTER, Ithaca, N. Y. 
With Photographs by the Author 


, \HE SPOTTED SANDPIPER is probably the commonest of the shore 
birds to be found along our streams. ‘Teetering,’ up and down, running 
quickly over the stones and logs by the waterside; or, with rapidly beat- 

_ ing wings, sailing along just above the surface of the water, he is sure to attract 

your attention. The ‘Tip-up,’ furnishes much of the interest to be found in a 

walk along our streams and ponds. More active and energetic birds it would 

be difficult to find. 

However, I believe that only a small number of bird-lovers are at all inti- 
mate with the home life of this Sandpiper. I was recently shown a beautifully 
situated nest, built on the boulder-strewn and rocky bank of a large creek, 
where there was barely enough soil to support the few sparse tufts of grass 
and the several small wild parsnips found there. By one of these parsnips the 
female had built her nest. 

The nest was not a very pretentious affair, being a hollow in the ground 
rather indifferently lined with a few weed stems and leaves. The depth of the 
nest was very noticeable. Because of its simplicity, I expected to find it much 
more hollow. However, there is a reason for it being deep. The four sharply 
pointed, buffy eggs, thickly and heavily spotted or splotched with dark brown, 
particularly so at the larger end, completely filled the little nest. The eggs © 
are placed in the nest with the pointed ends down; thus they fit together per- 


(287) 


288 Bird - Lore 


fectly and occupy a much smaller space than by any other arrangement. It is 
undoubtedly a provision made by nature so that the large eggs may be covered 
well during incubation by such a relatively small parent. 

Several pictures of the nest were taken, and a box supported by a few sticks 
was put up nearby, to be replaced later by the camera, after the bird had 
become accustomed to the presence of the box. After a few days the camera 
was put up and several good pictures were taken of the female incubating and 
settling on the eggs. 


I wanted to see how she would respond to changed conditions, so I placed 
my cap over the nest and awaited developments. She soon came quietly along 
through the grass up to where her eggs were covered, walked around and 
around the cap and also over it, not seeming to understand what had happened 
to the nest. No attempt was made to remove or creep under the cap. The 
nest was then covered with a large leaf. She soon returned, and to my sur- 
prise, sat down exactly in the middle of it. But the leaf did not feel just right 
to her, so she began turning herself around and around in the nest. After 
turning a dozen or more times, she seemed satisfied with the new order of 
things and sat quietly. I next removed the leaf and repeated the experiment 


The Spotted Sandpiper 289 


by placing small sticks across the top of the nest. On her return, no attempt 
was made to remove them with her bill but they were pushed aside with her 
breast when she settled on the eggs. 

I wished to get a picture of the old bird standing on a boulder, and, as she 
occasionally went to one several feet away, I covered up the nest completely 
so that she would not find anything to sit on, and focused my camera on the 
boulder. 

A flat stone was next placed over the nest, completely covering it and hid- 
ing it-from sight. The female returned, as before, and, without hesitating, sat 


down on the stone. Then, not feeling the eggs under her, she got up and began 
hunting around for the nest. She made several turns around the nesting-site, 
always ending at the flat stone, and not finding the eggs, started the search 
anew. All the grass clumps within a radius of six or seven feet were searched. 
She tried incubating on the stone a few times but always got off after a moment. 
An interesting thing to note is that the female Sandpiper knew the exact spot 
where her nest ought to be, even though she could not see a trace of it. 
The stone was then removed from the nest, and when the bird came back 
again, she sat on the eggs as if nothing at all had happened. The male never 
came near the nest, although the female did a lot of excited peeping. No 
opportunity was presented to visit the nest again. 


The Birds of Coblenz 


By PERLEY M. JENNESS, 29th Engineers, 3d Army of Occupation 


T THE beginning of this brief sketch of the birds of Coblenz as the writer 
A observed them in the four months, February to May inclusive, I would 
point out that my observations have been entirely casual. The times 
at my disposal have been such that I have lost the most valuable part of the 
day—the morning hours. Again, I have not been far afield, confining my 
wanderings largely to the immediate city, especially along the beautiful 
Rhine-shore promenade of over a mile in length. Here many species keep high 
up in the shade-trees, and, lacking a glass, satisfactory observations have been 
quite out of the question. From text-books I have learned a little, but have 
been handicapped here both by a limited knowledge of German and by a failure 
to find anything comparable to our bird-guides of the United States. Any 
assistance from the native people has been prevented by the military non- 
fraternization regulation. As a consequence of these circumstances, these 
remarks on the local bird-life must be considered very incomplete. 

During February, winter conditions prevailed in the Rhineland. Much 
of the time the ground was frozen and there were several days when the tem- 
perature did not rise above the freezing point. Down in the valleys there was 
not as much snow as in the heights of the Eifel, Hundsriick and Westerwald, 
but even there the amount of snow on the ground did not exceed three inches 
at any time. 

Winter bird-life during this period was much like that of central New 
England. Three permanent residents were common. The House Sparrows, or 
as we know them, the English Sparrows, were present everywhere, but in very 
much smaller numbers than they are to be found in American communities. 
Over here the House Sparrow does not appear to be regarded with disfavor, 
and seems nowhere so noisy and filthy as we know him. The Crow, or Raven, 
was seen about more or less, not differing in appearance and general habits 
from our familiar Crows. Another species present in small numbers—I have 
seen no more than three or four birds together here, and nowhere in my travels 
more than thirty or forty in a flock—is the Starling, which through importa- 
tion and increase is becoming only too familiar in our eastern states. But here 
the Starlings are quiet and unobtrusive, only one or two to be seen here and 
there walking sedately about some lawn, or sitting in a shade-tree, occasion- 
ally giving forth a few of their unmusical notes. As there are no cattle 
in this region, I have had no opportunity to observe Starlings in this 
connection. 

Of these species to be classed as winter birds, and which later disappeared, 
the Titmice, so closely resembling our Chickadee, were the most common. 
Nuthatches and Creepers, or Tree Runners as they are known here, very much 
like our American species, were also noted. Also, during the winter and early 


(290) 


The Birds of Coblenz 291 


spring, a species of Gull was seen more or less up and down the Rhine and 
Moselle rivers. 

With the very early days of spring there appeared a pretty little bird which 
since has been the most common species in and about the city. The Chaffinch, 
not flocking, is to be seen almost anywhere, at any time, in yards, gardens, 
parks, and about the city streets. In appearance the Chaffinch is a sturdy little 
bird about six inches in length. Its song is a pleasing warble. 

It was in March when I first noticed the Amsel, being attracted one day by 
a vigorous song, reminiscent of that of our Robin. The singer I found to be 
a black bird, about Robin size, with a yellow bill. It was the black Thrush, 
more commonly called the Amsel, which continued observation has shown to 
resemble the American Robin in all but appearance. Like the Robin they 
are seen about the city and suburbs, in the yards, parks, and orchards. They 
have the Thrush habit of singing at sunset. 

Northward from Coblenz, where the Rhine Valley opens into the Neuwied 
Basin, are broad fertile fields interspersed with orchards. Here is to be found 
the Skylark, one of the two renowned European songbirds. In appearance this 
Lark is a camouflage in neutral grays and browns, harmonizing with the land. 
The rollicking, bubbling song of the Skylark is given on the wing, the bird 
mounting higher and ‘higher, singing ever more exuberantly, until at last, as if 
the bird were exhausted, the song ends suddenly and the tiny body dives back 
to earth. In addition to this song, the Skylark exhibits a fascinating adept- 
ness as a wooer of his mate. 

Comparable with the Skylark in renown is the Nightingale. Among the 
localities in Gerniany where the Nightingale is best known are the Rhine and 
Moselle valleys. Here this species arrives in late April and remains until Novem- 
ber. Along the upper part of the beautiful Rhine Anlagen opposite the island 
of Oberwerth the tones of this wonderful singer are to be heard every evening 
and night. The Nightingale sings occasionally, but briefly, in the daytime. 
But it is not until the early evening, from seven o’clock onward that the voice 
of the Nightingale plays any prominent part in the bird-chorus, becoming con- 
spicuous only as darkness gathers. Then it may be heard, one bird here, 
another there answering, the silvery tones ringing back and forth across the 
placid water of the lagoon, with a richness and mystery that holds the listener 
enchanted. A German told me that the Nightingale sings usually until toward 
midnight, then rests a while, sings again, and is at his best between one and 
two o’clock, rests again, and sings finally at sunrise. The song is given in 
separate phrases of a few seconds interval, separated by greater or less intervals. 
Each bird has a repertoire of some half-dozen or more quite different phrases 
rendered in varying order and successive renditions of the same phrase, vary- 
ing in tone and length. Although such a wonderful singer, the Nightingale is 
very retiring in disposition and modest in appearance. The bird spends much 
time upon the ground and in low bushes, seldom mounting more than five or 


292 Bird - Lore 


six feet from the ground. This species is about the size of the Song Sparrow, 
with plumage in neutral brown and gray. 

Germany has two species of Swallows, the Barn Swallow practically like 
ours, and the House Swallow, in appearance like the Tree Swallow but having 
the habits of our Eave Swallow. Both of these are to be seen in this vicinity, 
especially in the small villages, but over Coblenz a species of black Swift is 
very numerous. 

Old World Warblers are neither so numerous nor so distinctively colored 
as those of the American continent. This fact, together with the circumstances 
of my observations and lack of suitable text-books has prevented me from 
making any identifications in this family. The handsomest Warbler I have 
seen reminded me much of our Cerulean. 

Several species that I have heard have notes much like those of our Western 
Hemisphere representatives. Always in the city forest I hear many Cuckoos. 
A few times I have heard notes much like those of the Flicker. The Wood- 
peckers’ notes are heard occasionally. Once I heard an Owl in the Royal 
Palace garden. High up among the shade-trees are heard songs resembling 
those of our Vireos, particularly the Warbling Vireo. There appear to be 
species corresponding to our Goldfinch and summer Yellow-bird as well as 
others. 

Coblenz, June 20, 1919. 


WHICH ONES HAVE BEEN FED? 


A Visit with Cedar Waxwings 


By F. N. WHITMAN, Chicago, IIl. 
With Photographs by the Author 


of pretty little Cedar Waxwings actively engaged in picking the buds 

from certain wayside trees and bushes. An incessant chorus of low, 
plaintive notes coming from two or three hundred of these dainty brown birds 
often attracts one’s attention before he has noticed the flock. Although rather 
shy, the birds may be approached close enough to distinguish with the naked 
eye the delicate shading of their soft brown feathers, the tapering crests, the 
yellow band terminating the tail, and the small red structures on the wing, 
from which this species derives its name. 

Several weeks later, these migrating flocks have separated into pairs, but 
it is often well along in the season before the birds build their nests, for the 
berries and fruit on which the young thrive ripen late. During summer, the 
Waxwings feed mainly on fruit, cherries, and all kinds of wild berries. When 
the young are old enough to be left alone, both adults go off together in search 
for food, frequently making trips of several miles. Whether on the wing or 
at rest, they habitually utter low calls that no doubt express companionship. 
Though their foraging flights take them a mile or more, they are seldom 
absent more than ten or fifteen minutes at a time, and when they are heard 
returning, the young set up a chorus. Except when they may occasionally 


(): A TRAMP in the country early in May one may meet with a flock 


(293) 


WHO WINS? 


(294) 


A Visit with Cedar Waxwings 295 


mistake a passing bird for one of their parents and start precipitately to beg, 
the young remain discreetly silent while the old birds are away. 

The present family of five young were not ready to leave the nest until the 
middle of August. The old Waxwings usually returned with two or three berries 
in the crop in addition to one in the beak. A large raspberry would be stuffed 
down a gaping beak, then, behold, another one miraculously appeared, and was 
held tentatively a moment before being fed to the next youngster. No amount 
of stuffing satisfied these hungry little beggars, which, flapping their wings, 
pleaded in the way natural to young birds. 

The near presence of an unobtrusive visitor did not long prevent these 
Waxwings from proceeding with their home duties. After the first day, which 


(a 

A HUNGRY FAMILY AND ITS PARENTS 
was necessarily spent gaining the acquaintance of the family, many satisfac- 
tory photographs were secured without serious difficulty. The old birds 
would now and then fly around the camera to inspect this strange instru- 
ment, and, without the least fear, several times alighted on it. At other times 
they would sail back for a good look at me, where I lay about twenty feet 
distant, partly concealed in the tall grass, with thread in hand for releasing 
the shutter. 

While photographing wild birds one has a splendid opportunity to study 
their home life and habits which he should make the most of, taking full notes 
of his observations at the end of the day’s outing. It should not be concluded 
because Cedar Waxwings are relatively tame as compared with some other 
species, that obtaining satisfactory photographs of them is a matter of ease, 
uncoupled with skill and perseverance, : 


The Warbler in Stripes 


By H. E. TUTTLE, Simsbury, Conn. 


attention from the nest or young are at best a perfunctory performance: 

it is only occasionally that you discover a real artist. The usual offering 
consists in fluttering along the ground for a few feet, after which the dissembler 
flies quite easily into a tree, as if to assure his audience that the wing which 
was so obviously crippled a moment ago is now healed. If the female plays 
the tragic réle, the male will frequently greet the miraculous recovery with a 
song, and the two will go about their business without the slightest shame for 
the inadequacy of their deception. But if the truly great tragedian is rare, his 
technique is the more appreciated by those whose sense of the dramatic has 
been outraged by so many mediocre melodramas. 

The realistic portrayal of a great emotion does not seem peculiat to a single 
species, yet some species seem to emphasize different features of the part. 
The Ovenbird and the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, to select two examples from 
a large class, appear to have made a study of screaming, while the less vocal 
Mourning Dove contents herself with a palpitation of the wings. The Ruffed 
Grouse is an adept at covering the retreat of her young, and, if surprised at 
close range, will frequently rush at the intruder with spreading tail and 
threatening mien. 

But among the nests that I have found whose discovery has called forth 
the clever dissimulation of many light-hearted deceivers, none has provoked 
greater admiration on my part than the convincing artifice displayed by a 
Black and White Creeping Warbler that darted out from the roots of a dead 
chestnut sapling as I passed close by on a June afternoon. 

She struck the leaves with a slight thud and turned over on her side, while 
the toes of one upstretched leg clutched at the air and her tail spread slowly 
into a pointed fan. My first thought had been, “‘A nest, surely.”’ My next, 
‘““A badly wounded bird.’’ Deceived for a moment then, I turned a step in her 
direction. She lay quite still except for a quivering wing. I reached out toward 
her with a small stick and touched her side; she screamed pitifully; I stretched 
out my hand to pick her up, but with a last effort she righted herself, and by 
kicking desperately with one leg, succeeded in pushing forward a few inches. 
I reached again; she struggled on; but after a third vain effort I began to realize 
that she was making a fool of me, and fearing that I might miss the spot from 
which she had flown if I pursued her farther, I desisted and retraced my steps 
to the chestnut sapling. But having failed to lure me from her nest, like a 
true artist she did not admit the fraud, and still lay where I had left her, giving 
no evidence of recovery. 

With some difficulty I found the nest, a well-concealed cup hidden under 
some strips of bark which had fallen from the dead tree and lay piled up tepee 


(296) 


, \HE broken wing tactics employed by most birds in an endeavor to divert 


The Warbler in Stripes 297 


fashion at its base. It was made of the ravellings of a chestnut’s inner bark 
and contained five young. As I was then well freighted with the camera- 
hunter’s equipment, I unburdened myself of the umbrella tent and set it up 
within focusing distance of the nest, intending to return before twilight to see 
if the bird had accepted it, and if so, to take some photographs from its shelter 
on the day following. Assured before nightfall that she was again brooding 
her young, I departed for home. 

The paragraphist delights in his ‘triumphs of bird-photography,’ forgetting 
or ignoring the many baffling defeats that made those triumphs possible. I 
sometimes think seriously of making a scrap-book of these failures—two- 


BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER AT ENTRANCE TO NEST 
Photographed by H. E. Tuttle 


headed monsters of ornithology, birds with no heads at all, blurred images of 
triumphs that might have been! My first day’s photographs of this Warbler 
contained many such failures. The nest was so well sheltered from the direct 
light of the sun, and the shadow cast by the chestnut tree was so dense that 
snap-shots were out of the question, while time exposures caught the bird in 
motion and were hopelessly blurred. 

Sitting in the blind, a scant two feet from the nest itself, the first intimation 
that I had of the Warbler’s return was a peculiar scratching noise on the trunk 
of the chestnut tree overhead. Shortly after, the male came into view, hitch- 
ing along head-downward like a Nuthatch. He circled the tree in a gradually 
descending spiral, approached the nest from behind the shelter of his winding 


298 Bird - Lore 


stair and stopped for a moment to reconnoitre, with his eye on the lens of the 
camera, before making his final advance. Here, had I focused on this spot, I 
might easily have pictured him, but I had chosen the nest itself as the objective 
and could only wait. All my pictures of the male were failures—he was a too 
swiftly moving sprite to fall a victim to an exposure whose recording glimpse 
had been retarded from penetrating the shadows where he had hidden his nest. 
More nervous in action, he was more fearless than his mate, and it was often 
his arrival with food for the young and his immediate decision to feed them 
that put a stop to the dilatory tactics of the female, who was inclined to perch 
aloft, voicing a monotonous protest to the publicity which I was giving to her 
domestic arrangements. Yet it was her indecision that gave me my only 
successful pictures. 

After she had fed the young and had given them a most thorough inspection, 
she was loathe to leave; perhaps, having once braved the camera’s eye, she was 
content to remain under its harmless gaze; perhaps she hated to abandon her 
offspring to its baleful glare; she may have been reflective or lazy; at all events 
she delayed her departure. With an eye cast occasionally skyward, or benev- 
olently fixed on her fledglings, she whiled away the time. It was during these 
lapses that the lids of the camera’s inner eye were silently opened, and, on a 
movement on her part, as silently closed. 

In the meantime, the more industrious male was making three food trips 
to her one. The fare which he provided was composed entirely of small green 
caterpillars, cut up into half-lengths. The only peculiarity which distinguished 
these Black and White Warblers from others of their kind, aside from the faith- 
ful simulation of a crippled wing, was the habit before mentioned of flying 
directly to the nest tree and sliding down it, like inverted firemen hurrying to 
a blaze. : 

A Red-shouldered Hawk nested in a great pine tree whose shadow fell close 
to my tent’s edge, but this freebooter hunted far from home, and the tenants 
of the chestnut tree were safe. 


Motes from Field and Study 


Two Interesting Observations 


The results of two observations which 
I have had the opportunity to make 
recently of incidents connected with the 
lives of some Robins and Blue Jays have 
interested me so intensely that I think 
they might also appeal to some of the 
readers of Brrp-Lore. 

The first of these observations resulted 
in a discovery, new to me at least, regard- 
ing the psychology of the breeding birds. 
During the summer a pair of Robins 
built their nest upon the ledge of my 
window, close up against the pane. 
Almost from the beginning they mani- 
fested not the slightest concern about my 
presence. Either they recognized the fact 
that I was friendly, or else the fact that 
the glass was a sufficient protection. Thus 
I sat within touching distance of the 
mother bird, except for the glass, and 
watched the familiar operation of nest- 
building. 

Three eggs were laid on successive days, 
followed by a two-day interval, and then 
a fourth egg. Soon the first three hatched, 
and, at the proper interval, the fourth. 
The closest possible inspection (this point 
is important) of the fourth bir] showed 
him to be just as ugly, as strong, as large, 
in fact, as perfect a bird as any of the 
others at their hatching. Only having 
arrived:a little late, he was to that degree 
smaller than they had meanwhile become. 
Potentially he had as good a prospect of 
becoming a perfect Robin as any in the 
nest. 

I now eagerly watched for the answer 
to a question which I had long been ask- 
ing: “How do the parent birds know 
whose turn it is to get the worm?” The 
answer (with this pair) was soon given. 
They did not know. On each return of 
either parent to the nest (the father 
brought few worms and boasted much of 
what he did) all the babies stretched their 
necks and opened eager mouths. The most 


convenient mouth got the worm. Some- 
times one got it time after time in succes- 
sion; then another would be lucky for 
awhile. 

Now comes the pathetic but interest- 
ing part of the story, the part which 
casts doubt upon the intelligence of at 
least one pair of birds. Remember that 
birdling number four was a perfect baby, 
only smaller than the others to the extent 
directly due to his later arrival. As the 
heads reached for the worms, his, therefore, 
was more often not the nearest nor 
highest. The result, since the parents made 
absolutely no effort to secure fair division, 
was that he received less than his share. 
This resulted in his falling still farther 
behind and in turn securing still less. 

Now had even the slightest effort been 
made to give him a little extra attention, 
he would have been as fine a bird as any 
of the four, but as it was he fell farther 
and farther behind the others through 
sheer starvation. Finally he became so 
weakened that his stronger brothers 
kicked him out of the nest onto the ledge. 
There he was utterly ignored and died. 
I could not try to help him because the 
opening of the window would have des- 
troyed the nest. 

Now why did not the parents make the 
slight readjustment of plans necessary 
to produce four instead of three children, 
since all would have been perfect? Does 
it indicate the blindness of instinct? 
Was this a special case of inefficiency in a 
pair of ‘newly-weds’ who would later be 
wiser? Does it indicate a lack of any real 
intelligence? The answer is interesting 
conjecture. 


My other observation was so surprising 
to me that I wonder if it is unique. A 
pair of Robins recently built in a maple 
tree near the house. As usual, after com- 
pleting the nest they left it for a few days 
unoccupied. During the time of vacancy | 
a pair of Jays appeared to be interested in 


(299) 


300 


their discovery of this nest, bothered 
around it considerably, and were finally 
driven away by the rightful owners who 
then set up housekeeping. 

The contents of the nest were out of 
my sight, but things seemed to be going 


along smoothly. Several weeks later we > 


found exactly under the nest, on a quiet 
day when there was no wind to explain 
the event, a baby bird which apparently 
had just fallen there. It was absolutely 
unable to fly and so could not have come 
from a distance, had not been there very 
long, as we knew, and there was no other 
nest in the entiretree. Theincident occurred 
in the morning. 

This little bird had just barely, almost 
to a day’s development, reached the point 
where an ordinary observer would easily 
recognize its species. A day before (I 
have watched their rapid development) 
it might have been a little hard to name 
it. Today it was plainly and unquestion- 
ably a baby Blue Jay. There was no Blue 
Jay nest even in the vicinity of the tree. 
After a few days the nest, which had had 
all the customary care from the parent 
Robins, graduated a small family of 
unquestionable young Robins. 

I have never heard of a similar case, but 
from these observations I personally can 
reach but one conclusion. That is, that 
these Jays, ever adaptable as all Jays are, 
had played a trick slightly suggestive of 
that used by the Cowbird, though not at 
all intentionally. The story would read 
like this: 

Finding the nest perfect and unprotected, 
they had, despite its difference from their 
own, appropriated it. The Jays are 
sufficiently adaptable to make this con- 
ceivable at least. Having stolen the 
home, they had gotten as far as laying one 
egg there when the Robins returned, 
discovered them, and, strong in the faith 
of justice, drove out the intruders. The 
problem of the egg there, even though it 
did not match hers, might in an inani- 
mate-appearing object like that not great- 
ly disturb the mother, and she laid her 
_ own eggs beside it and incubated them 
together. 


Bird - 


Lore 


When the young hatched, they at 
first looked so much alike that they at- 
tracted no attention, for the differences 
between naked baby birds is very slight 
except in size, which here would not be 
strikingly patent. Thus the interloper 
shared alike the food-supplies and grew 
with his foster brothers until one morning 
the mother bird noticed something suspi- 
cious, a bristling of blue quill feathers 
beginning to appear upon one baby, and 
she recognized an illegal nestling. Then 
came prompt action, and the nest con- 
tained only little Robins. 

It may be that my explanation is too 
far-fetched, but from what I actually saw 
of these birds I do not think so. I believe 
I have read the story aright. If not, who 
canP 

To my regret I was unable to raise the 
little Blue Jay by hand. Perhaps he was 
injured internally by his fall; perhaps I 
failed in my feeding methods.—F. H. 
Hopcson, Head of Biology Depariment, 
Montclair High School, Montclair, N. J. 


An Albino Robin 


As several reports of albino birds have 
been made in Brrp-Loreg, I should like to 
report an albino Robin which has been on 
my brother’s place all summer, and less 
frequently on ours, which adjoins, though 
I saw it once in our bird-bath. I think 
it was a femile, but the back was quite 
conspicuously white and the breast 
suffused with white. It came in April and 
stayed very constantly around my 
brother’s house, so we thought it was nest- 
ing nearby, but we never saw it with 
young. Our houses have been closed for 
over a month, but a friend told me she 
saw it frequently during our absence.— 
ELLeNn M. SuHovE, Fall River, Mass. 


A Family of Screech Owls 
on Stuart Acres 


Purple Martins are not the only birds 
that appreciate the protection offered all 
useful feathered creatures on Stuart 
Acres; the Screech Owls also very soon 


Notes from Field and Study 


learned to like the comfortable bird-houses 
and Berlepsch logs placed for their especial 
benefit by the side of young apple and 
pear orchards, plentifully supplied with 
field mice (this latter provision not inten- 
tional however) for the sustenance of a 
large, rapidly growing family as shown 
by the accompanying photograph. 

Since nearly 400 acres of Stuart Acres 
are devoted to young fruit-trees, the value 
of the Screech Owl as an orchard assistant 
is fully recognized, as examination of the 
owl nesting-boxes invariably shows the 


301 


much looking, I discovered the tiny nest, 
saddled on a lower bough of a living 
hemlock. She was evidently setting, and 
would remain motionless for a moment on 
her eggs. The nest was too high to peer 
into, but later in the season the empty 
nest was secured. 

A nest discovered June 9g, in the pile of 
old wood and débris at the foot of the 
cascade which descends some 150 feet 
over the rocky bed of the mountain brook 
in the western gulf, was again investi- 
gated. The sitting bird was flushed a 


ee PE Se eR ae ors ad ms 


«g 


remains of countless mice and other small 
rodents destructive to young fruit-trees. 

The photograph here shown was taken 
May 15, 1919 in a young apple orchard. 
A bird-house of the Berlepsch log type 
has been occupied for several years by 
Screech Owls.—F.. A. Stuart, Mar- 
shall, Mich. 


Bird Notes from the Lake George 
Region 


While gathering mosses from the water 
in the head gulf in the deep wild-wooded 
ravine at the southern base of Peaked 
Mountain, in the lower Adirondacks, June 
16, 1918, my attention was attracted to 
the whirring of the wings of the Ruby- 
throated Hummingbird, and, without 


A FINE LINE OF SCREECH OWLS 
Photographed by Dr. W. H. Rowland 


pas 
Winsett 


week ago and went off with drooping wings. 
feigning to be injured. The nest, placed 
in a little secluded nook in the débris near 
a larger stick, contained five creamy white 
spotted eggs. The nest was loosely made 
of old leaves, pine needles, and rootlets. 
Today young birds replaced the eggs, and 
in a minute or two the parent birds came 
about to feed the young. It was the 
Louisiana Water-Thrush, with the unmis- 
takable white (!) line over the eye. In 
Eaton’s ‘Birds of New York,’ this bird is 
not mentioned as occurring in Washington 
County; and I believe this is the first 
published nesting record of this austral 
species in the county. In Chapman’s 
‘Warblers of North America,’ second edi- 
tion, the summer range of the Louisiana 
Water-Thrush is given as far north as 


302 


‘New York: (Lake George, May 8, 1877 
and May 16, 1881)’. According to Eaton, 
this must have been at the head of Lake 
George in Warren County. Lunch was 
eaten on the rocks of the cascade three 
or four rods above but in plain sight of the 
nest; but the parent birds refused to 
approach to feed the young, and kept up 
an almost incessant alarm note. Evidently 
the female bird was the less fearless, 
coming to within two or three feet of the 
nest on a large stick in the debris; yet 
she would approach no nearer. 

Near the lower end of Big Notch, in 
the Putnam Mountains, north of Peaked 
Mountain, in southern West Fort Ann, 
a pair of Canadian Warblers, with their 
necklaces of black streaks was seen June 
27, 1918. They were very much alarmed 
at my presence in this wild, rocky, un- 
frequented spot, and so uneasy that they 
must have been nesting somewhere about. 
This would be another new nesting record 
for Washington County, although pre- 
sumably the birds have always nested 
along the wild, broken mountain ridge 
between Lake George and Lake Cham- 
plain. The Canadian Warbler is a common 
summer resident in Essex County, and 
also a summer resident among the moun- 
tains of Warren County. 

On the morning of November 4, there 
was a flock of six Evening Grosbeaks in 
the maple trees about the house, but they 
have not been seen since. The winter of 
1918-1919 was exceptionally mild. Early 
in the winter a Northern Shrike was about, 
and occasionally there was a flock of 
about 100 Starlings in the orchard trees. 
There was a noticeable scarcity of White- 
breasted Nuthatches again, as last winter; 
and probably only one pair came for suet 
and chopped peanuts occasionally. I 
cannot account for the scarcity of the 
Nuthatches, as during winters previous to 
1917-1918 they had been almost as 
abundant at the feeding-baskets as the 
Chickadees. Have others noticed the 
scarcity of the White-breasted Nuthatch, 
or is it merely a local condition? 

Prairie Horned Larks came back in 
January to ‘sweet cheerie’ over the bare 


“and have become 


Bird- Lore 


fields; and a fine flock of Redpolls were 
about nearly every day, gleaning weed 
seeds or the seeds from the black birch 
tree at Glenwood wood’s margin. A Robin 
came to the garden crab-tree the morning 
of January 28, and was also there most of 
the following day, sunning himself and 
feasting on frozen apples. He was seen 
again the afternoon of February 14 during 
a rain and sleet storm.—StEwart H. 
BurRNHAM, Hudson Falls, N. Y. 


A Red-Eyed Vireo’s Nest 


lam a Japanese student now at Ithaca 
interested in your 
American birds. 

Recently I discovered a nest of the 
Red-eyed Vireo near here, and after much 


RED-EYED VIREO WORKING 
ON ITS NEST 


effort succeeded in obtaining the photo- 
graph here enclosed. The nest was 
located about ten feet high in the outer 
branches of a tree, but fortunately the 
tree grew in a gorge, the rim of which was 
near to the nest. I therefore set up my 
camera close to the nest, and, with the 
aid of a thread release, photographed the 
bird and nest. 

Almost every time the bird came back 
to her nest, she brought some white stuff 


Notes from Field and Study 


in her bill and was fixing the nest.—S. 
UsniopA, Ithaca, N.Y. 


Hooded Warbler on Long Island 


I recently made a bird-record which 
seemed rather unusual to me, so I am 
sending it to you with permission to use 
it in Brrp-Lore if you wish to do so. 

On the morning of August 22, I was 
delighted to make the acquaintance of the 
Hooded Warbler, which I had _ hardly 
hoped to see on eastern Long Island. It 
was beside a bush-grown path on a wooded 
hillside, just above a little valley. For 
about a half-hour it was in sight, darting 
from twig to twig, picking insects from 
the leaves, and bathing in some water in 
a hollow stump. The light was perfect 
and the bird, part of the time, only fifteen 
feet from me, so that the markings were 
plainly visible both with and without 
glasses. The plain greenish upper parts 
without wing bars, clear yellow under parts 
and forehead, black cap and bib with the 
connecting black strap, and white in some 
of the tail feathers were all distinctly seen. 

The bird was accompanied by four or 
five Redstarts, three or four Black-and- 
Whites, a Canadian Warbler, an Ovenbird, 
and a Northern Water-Thrush, while a 
Blue-winged Warbler was seen not far 
away. The day was the second or third 
very warm one following cooler weather. 
It is my theory that the Hooded Warbler 
might have strayed up from the South 
and met this group of migrating Warblers 
that had started down from the North 
during the cool wave-—MaBEL R. WIc- 
GINS, East Marion, N. Y. 


Is the House Wren a Bigamist ? 


Is the House Wren a bigamist? I have 
eight boxes around my place, on pea- 
trellis, trees, woodshed, and house porch, 
etc., all occupied, but I have noticed only 
two male Wrens singing. I cannot keep 
track of their movements, but there seem 
to be fewer males than females. 

The English Sparrow is a brute; he 
puts his head in the hole of the box and 


393 


pecks the young birds, not minding the 
fighting of the parent Wrens. 

One Wren-box has a Robin’s nest on 
top of it, and year after year the two 
families dwell in harmony.—E. I. Mert- 
CALF, Foreston, Minn. 


Red-Headed Woodpecker Nesting 
on Long Island 


It may be of interest to know that Red- 
headed Woodpeckers have nested this 
season in the dead limb of a maple tree on 
our main street. They were first seen and 
heard about May 20. The tree where they 
are nesting is opposite my sister’s home, so 


- we see the birds daily, but as yet have 


seen no young. The old birds fly to the 
ground near her front-porch for crumbs 
which she throws out.—E. M. Lowerre, 
Southold, N.Y. 


From Ames, Iowa 


The most nearly perfect albino Robin 
I have ever seen visited me a few weeks 
ago. All the feathers were snowy white 
except the rosy breast and one dark tail 
feather. 

The White-crowned Sparrow has been 
seen here on the campus this year and 
also the Blue Grosbeak. These are not 
common in the vicinity of Ames.—Mrs. 
F. L. BATTELL, Ames, Iowa. 


Brewster’s Warbler in Iowa 


On May 11, while observing the migrat- 
ing Warblers in a small wooded region at 
Devil’s Glen, along. Duck Creek near 
Bettendorf, I noticed a number of 
Golden-winged Warblers. After watching 
these and other species of Warblers, I 
discovered a bird with yellow crown and 
wing bars, black line through the eye and 
underparts uniformly light, without the 
black throat patch of the Golden-winged. 
Later I saw another similar one, although 
this may have been the same one observed 
before. On looking up the description 
after my return home, I found that it was 
Brewster’s Warbler, but noticed that this 


304 


was said to range only as far west as 
Michigan. The illustration in the ‘War- 
blers of North America’ is identical with 
my observation of this bird—Hvuco H. 
SCHRODER, Bettendorf, Iowa. 


Hummingbird Photography 


The accompanying photographs of a 


Ruby-throat feeding at a wild bergamot’ 


give an approximately accurate idea of the 
speed of the bird’s wing-beat. The first 
picture was taken with an exposure of 
1/750 of a second. In it the beat was 
faster than the shutter and the outline of 


the wing is blurred. In the other photo-- 


ie cation 


HUMMINGBIRD PHOTOGRAPHED IN 
1-750 OF A SECOND 
Photographed by H. H. Beck and V. E. Dippell 


graph the shutter, at 1/1000 of a second, 
is obviously quicker than the beat, for 
the wing is perfectly clear in outline. 

The photographs were taken at Mt. 
Gretna, Pa.—Hersert H. Bercx and 
Victor E. Dippett, Lancaster, Pa. 


Interlopers 


There is a porch on the front of my house, 
which, in warm spring and summer 
weather, I always enjoyed. There I took 
my work, sewing or writing as the case 
might be, and spent many profitable and 


Bird - Lore 


healthful hours. This year all is changed. 
My place has been usurped and I am afraid 
to go near my favorite seat for fear of 
being insulted or scolded. These usurpers 
are a pair of Phcebes which have built their 
nest directly over the front door, and 
they fully believe that the surrounding 
property belongs to them and to them 
alone. Each time that I come to the 
door, they perch on a beam and use 
the strongest kind of language. If that 
does not succeed in driving me away, 
they make short flights at me and snap 
their beaks, hoping that in some miracu- 


ul 


HUMMINGBIRD PHOTOGRAPHED IN 
1-1000 OF A SECOND 
Photographed by H. H. Beck and V. E. Dippell 


lous manner they may catch me as they 
do a moth. 

When we first came to the farm, in 
the early spring, I did not realize that our 
porch had tenants. I went gaily in and 
out until an uneasy feeling of being watched 
made me turn, and I saw, sitting on a 
branch only a few feet away, two gray- 
breasted birds gazing reproachfully at me. 
That was before the scolding period. At 
once I saw the nest and knew that the 
little eggs must be getting cold. I could 
not be responsible for murder, so I left 
the porch to my tenants and only on rare 


Notes from Field and Study 


occasions ventured forth. The side door 
was now my entrance and exit. 


Finally the eggs hatched. Four small, - 


squirming objects now occupied the atten- 
tion of the father and mother. Such excit- 
ing sallies after choice tid-bits for their 
brood as I witnessed—a snap of the beak 
and a fluttering moth would be captured 
and carried to the nest. Sometimes when 
they caught a glimpse of me they would 
give a chirp and a swallow and the moth 
was gone. The little ones lost their morsel 
at such times. 

It was a lovely sight to see the way the 
pair worked together. Almost every mo- 
ment they were coming or going, and when 
not in motion they always sat side by side. 
I wished that I might bring a few human 
married couples whom I know to watch the 
devotion of these tiny mates. 

The little scrawny things grew fatter and 
fatter, and they piled one on top of another 
in the little nest, a bundle of feathers with 
eight bright eyes. One morning as I care- 
fully walked out under the nest, there was a 
whir of wings and the four fat fledglings 
started with one accord (one of them, 
incidentally, alighted on my head) to 
join their parents in the tree. They flew 
perfectly, much to my surprise, as they 
had never attempted to move before. When 
I hear of the student aviators who are 
obliged to practise day after day and 
often meet their death, I shall think of the 
little Phoebe birds which flew away one 
day without knowing how or why. They 
were called and they responded. After all, 
science is only an adaptation of nature. 
The wonder is that men did not accomplish 
many of the adaptations years ago. 

Later in the day we were walking in the 
woods when we heard familiar voices. 
There was the family. The father and 
mother were calling, calling, and the little 
ones were following, following. We shall 
not seé them again this year, but next 
spring Mr. and Mrs. Pheebe will doubtless 
find a new corner on our porch in which to 
build a nest, and we will gracefully but 
rather grudgingly yield the right of pos- 
session to them.—M. E. FABENS, Georges 
Mills, N. H. 


395 


Food of Young Purple Martins 


During the summer of 1917 a gentleman 
wished me to photograph his Martin- 
house, towards evening, when the Martins 
were clustered upon it in some numbers. 
I was on hand an hour too early and found 
the adults still coming in with food for 
the young that had their heads hanging out 
of nearly every compartment. About 
fifteen pairs were using the house. The food 
at this time was composed entirely of 
dragon-flies, and had been for some time 
as the owner attested; and the ground 
below was covered with the _ bodies 
accidentally dropped by either young or 
old during the process of feeding. 

I suppose it. to be a well-known fact 
that the Martins feed their young dragon- 
flies, but I gathered a few facts that I 
have not yet seen in print. The adults 
came from a long distance, and as I was 
seated part of the time on the roof of a 
barn level with the height of the Martin- 
house and only fifteen to twenty feet from 
it, I had an excellent view of the proceed- 
ings. The dragon-flies were of half a 
dozen or more species, I discovered from 
the dropped specimens, and of two genera] 
sizes. The smaller ones were mainly 
Diplax rubicundula and Leucorhinia intacta 
while the larger ones were mostly Anax 
junius and some that I took to be Epi- 
aeschna heros; these last with a three-inch 
body and a wing-spread of over four 
inches. The birds returning with food 
had either two or three of the smaller ones 
or else just one of the larger in their biils. 
It was a revelation to see a young Martin 
swallow: a three-inch insect with stiff 
wings that spread over four inches, which 
they did head first, with three ‘gulps,’ 
the wings folding back to the body as the 
insect went down. 

Here are the two most interesting facts 
noted. First, the Jarge dragon-flies all 
had their heads broken or pulled from the 
thorax, but still hanging by a single white 
ganglion or cord, otherwise in perfect 
condition, while none of the smaller ones 
were so mutilated. This was evident not 
only by the examination of many dropped 


306 


insects, but also could be seen with a glass 
when a bird alighted on her shelf. Secondly 
those birds returning with a bill full of 
two or three of the smaller species flew 
direct to their young and crammed the 
insects into the expectant mouths; while 
those carrying a single large one always 
dropped it when within fifty feet of the 
house, and then swooped down and 
caught it again before it had fallen ten 
feet. I assume this was done to secure the 
correct hold necessary to start it down the 
throat of the young head first, for I could 
not discover that it had anything to do 
with the ‘broken necks.’—E. A. Doo- 
LITTLE, Painesville, O. 


An Old Squaw Joker 


On Sunday, November 4, 1917, I was 
looking about the lake for what I might 
see in the line of water birds, and during 
the course of my hunt visited a flood pond 
on the beach. This pond, a hundred feet 
or so from the edge of the lake, was about 
150 feet long by 25 feet wide and not over 
a foot deep anywhere. A small boy and a 
dog were at the edge of the water, and, 
seeing me with the bird-glass, said, ‘‘There 
was a Canvasback Duck here just now!”’ 
I told him I should have liked to have seen 
it, and he replied, ‘‘Oh, he’ll come back— 
here he comes now,” and sure enough a 
large Duck was seen swiftly approaching 
from over the lake and soon plunged down 
in the shallow pond. Not a Canvasback, 
however, but an adult male Old Squaw in 
winter plumage. ‘‘Sic him,” said the boy, 
and away went the dog on a mad run 
through the shallow water, the Duck 
waiting till the dog was nearly upon him 
before taking wing and flying far out over 
the lake, only to circle at last and come back 
to the pond. This was kept up all the time 
I remained in the vicinity, and the boy 
told me he had been at the same game a 
long time before I arrived. The pond 
contained no fish, nor much else in the 
way of food, although I did note some large 
‘polly-wogs’ there in August. There may 
have been an attraction there dear to an 
Old Squaw, but not apparent from a 


Bird - Lore 


human viewpoint; still I like to believe 
the Duck was enjoying the sport as well 


-as the dog and boy. Otherwise, I cannot 


understand why, with all of quiet Lake 
Erie before it in which to fish and feed, 
this Duck (which should have been made 
wary by the open shooting season) took 
such long chances. Yet he had lived long 
enough to put on adult dress, with 
elongated tail feathers —E. A. DooLitTLE 
Painesville, O. 


Breeding of the Myrtle Warbler 
at Webster, Mass. 


Perhaps the most interesting event of 
my field-work during the season just 
closed is the finding of the nest of the 
Myrtle Warbler on May 17, 1919, at 
Webster, Mass. 

I saw the female Myrtle Warbler carry- 
ing nesting material into a group of white 
pines that stood on the edge of a pine grove 
of two or three acres. This grove adjoined 
an open pasture. After considerable 
search I located the nest 4o feet up in a 
good-sized white pine. It was near the 
top of the tree. On May 20, my friend, 
E. H. Forbush, and myself climbed this 
nest-tree and found two eggs in the nest. 
The female Myrtle Warbler sat on her 
eggs and did not fly until the nest-limb 
was jarred. She remained close by in 
this foliage, as did the male, during the 
time we were in the tree. 

The nest was out ro feet on the limb 
and was snugly set in a semi-vertical 
crotch. It was built of rootlets, straws, 
etc., and was thickly lined with hens’ 
feathers. The eggs were speckled, chiefly 
at the large end, and had a background 
of grayish white. The nest was deeply 
cupped and its edge all around was built 
to overhang the interior slightly. 

This nesting of D. coronata (a bird of 
the Canadian fauna) in southern Worcester 
County, Mass., on the Connecticut state 
line, in transition country is of interest. 
(In a nearby laurel swamp a Hooded 
Warbler was in full song!) It should also 
be added that while the Myrtle Warbler 
has long been known to be a summer resi- 


Notes from Field and Study 


dent of many of the elevated parts of 
Massachusetts, although less numerous 
than either the Magnolia or Black-throated 
Blue Warblers, this Webster breeding of 
the bird appears to be the first recorded 
case of the actual nesting of the species in 
the state—JouNn A. FARLEY, Boston, Mass. 


Bird Migration in Ontario 


One of the first acts of the Hamilton 
Bird Protection Society, which was 
recently organized at Hamilton, Ontario, 
Canada, and which is now a member of 
the National Association of Audubon 
Societies, was to compile a list of the dates 
upon which the migratory birds were first 
observed in its district this year. Members 
of the society handed in records of their 
observations, and a list of seventy species 
was published in the local newspapers. 
The society intends to compile a similar 
list each year, and hopes that future lists 
may be more complete. This list, which 
' follows, may interest some of the readers 
of Brrp-Lore: 

February 25th, Robin; 27th, Flicker. 

March sth, Bluebird; 7th, Pine Gros- 
beak; oth, Song Sparrow; 16th, Meadow- 
lark, Killdeer, Bronzed-Grackle; 26th, 
Red-winged Blackbird, Cowbird. 

April 6th, Phoebe, Yellow-bellied Sap- 


397 


sucker; 13th, Chipping Sparrow; 1oth, 
Vesper Sparrow; 21st, Ruby-crowned 
Kinglet, White-throated Sparrow; 22d, 


Brown Creeper; 24th, Towhee. 

May 2d, Nashville Warbler; 4th, Hermit 
Thrush, Baltimore Oriole, Myrtle Warbler, 
Black-and-white Warbler, Magnolia War- 
bler; 5th, Least Flycatcher, Brown Thra- 
sher, Ovenbird, Yellow Warbler; 6th, 
American Goldfinch, Catbird; 7th, King- 
bird, House Wren, Barn Swallow; 8th, 
Bobolink; 14th, White-crowned Sparrow, 
Yellow-throated Vireo, Maryland Yellow- 
throat, Blackburnian Warbler, Black- 
throated Blue Warbler, Bank Swallow, 
Redstart; 15th, Ruby-throated Humming- 
bird, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Palm War- 
bler, Scarlet Tanager; 16th, Canadian 
Warbler, Redheaded Woodpecker; 18th, 
Wilson’s Warbler, Indigo Bunting, Belted 
Kingfisher, Wilson’s Thrush, Cape May 
Warbler; roth, Purple Martin, Night- 
hawk, Rose-breasted Grosbeak; 21st, 
Olive-backed Thrush; 23d, Spotted Sand- 
piper, Great Crested Flycatcher;. 24th, 
Chimney Swift; 25th, Black-throated 
Green Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, 
Red-eyed Vireo, Warbling Vireo; 26th, 
Parula Warbler; 27th, Tree Swallow, 
Wood Peewee, Great Blue Heron; 30th, 
Bank Swallow. 

June tst, Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 


THE SEASON 
XV. June 15 to August 15, 1919 


Boston ReEcGIon.—Except for several 
sudden changes in temperature, the 
weather the past summer has been normal, 
without unduly protracted periods of 
heat and high humidity, and with a fair 
amount of rainfall furnished by gentle 
summer storms in place of the violent 
and often destructive thunder showers. 

The birds about the town centers show 
a marked decrease in number. This change 
is due, doubtless, as Dr. Allen suggests, 
to the spraying of the shade-trees which 
has been responsible also for the complete 
disappearance from our gardens of the 


tree-cricket (Oecanthus niveus). Some 
species, notably the three Vireos—the 
Warbling, the Yellow-throated and the 
Red-eyed—the Wood Pewee, and the 
Yellow Warbler, compared to their 
abundance ten or fifteen years ago, are 
at the present time rare. The Warbling 
Vireo is sadly missed, for, with its practical 
disappearance from the elms bordering 
Lexington Common and the main streets 
of the town, very few individuals are left 
in this vicinity. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks 
and Baltimore Orioles seemingly have 
suffered little. 


308 


That a gradual change in the distribu- 
tion of the Thrushes is taking place in 
eastern Massachusetts, or at least in the 
country about Lexington, is apparent to 
those who can compare present conditions 
with those obtaining in the early nineties. 
Mr. Walter Faxon tells me that twenty- 
five and thirty years ago, Wood Thrushes 
bred regularly in many suitable localities 
in Lexington, while at that period the 
Hermit Thrush was unknown as a summer 
bird here. For the past few years, however, 
we have found Hermit Thrushes breeding 
in several places in Lexington, Lincoln, 
Bedford, and Burlington (adjoining towns), 
indicating, it seems to us, that this species 
has replaced the Wood Thrush which is 
now one of our rarest birds. Two other 
species which we have noted in increased 
numbers in 1919 are the Prairie Warbler 
and the Grasshopper Sparrow. The 
Warblers find breeding-grounds on the 
tracts of land recently cleared by fire or 
gypsy moths. 

The first indication of the autumn 
migration was on July 29, when the notes 
of migrating birds were heard in the night. 
—Winsor M. Ty Ler, M.D., Lexington, 
Mass. 


New York ReEcion.—The present 
season the regular breeding birds have 
been with us, certainly in their usual 
abundance. But the writer did not meet 
with a single Yellow-thioated Vireo. It 
was not many years ago when this Vireo 
was a not uncommon breeding species 
here, but it now seems almost gone. 
Hermit Thrushes have been more in evi- 
dence than usual on eastern Long Island, 
their most southern sea-level nesting 
station, where they are still (August 17) 
singing freely. As usual, however, the 
nesting and song season has waned 
rapidly, and now one may go afield 
and see very few birds. What becomes 
of them during the period of molt 
offers interesting problems; Grackles, for 
instance, were almost entirely absent 
during the month of July, the first flock 
seen }again in the beginning of August. 
Already a few of the migrating land- 


Bird - Lore 


birds are returning, the first of these, 
the Tree-Swallow, having been numerous 
for a couple of weeks. But interest in 
returning migrants at this time centers 
about the water-birds, more particularly 
the shore-birds. This year, at the Long 
Island south-shore ‘meadows,’ I identified 
my first returning Least Sandpiper on 
July 5; a flock of Lesser Yellowlegs on 
July 13; two Dowitchers with a large 
flock of these on July 19; a Greater Yellow- 
leg on July 20; A Ringneck Plover, two 
Stilt Sandpipers, and the first Semipal- 
mated Sandpipers on July 26; Black- 
breasted Plover on August 3, and Pectoral 
Sandpipers on August 9. Some of these 
species are a little earlier, some a little later 
than usual. In general, the shore-birds are 
more than usually abundant and repre- 
sented by a greater variety of species, but, 
on the other hand, it is surprising that the 
Jack Curlew has been missed to date, and 
the Semipalmated Sandpipers were few 
and late in coming. 

The regularity with which early south- 
bound shore-birds return is remarkable, 
though unlike certain of the Gulls and 
Ducks they seem never to leave non-breed- 
ing individuals behind to spend the summer 
here. The hypothesis which seems best 
to explain their movements is that there 
is a definite turning-point in their year 
very nearly coincident with the first 
shortening days, up to which they can suc- 
cessfully undertake to rear a family in the 
north, before which they are constantly 
moving northward towards their often dis- 
tant breeding-grounds, and at which 
definite date all birds not involved in family 
cares turn southward again. Once moving 
to the south, it is remarkable how quickly 
they cover the distances and appear in 
comparatively low latitudes. I remember 
a Greater Yellowleg, about a dozen Lesser 
Yellowlegs, as many Least Sandpipers, 
and a couple of Semipalmated Sandpipers, 
with Black-necked Stilts in Porto Rico 
on July 27. 

For a short period in late summer 
Spotted and Solitary Sandpipers frequent 
the meadows more than is generally sup- 
posed, feeding in the same dead patches 


The Season 


and pools between the grass that Yellow- 
legs love. On a certain piece of salt- 
meadow, facing brackish Moriches Bay, 
several Spotted Sandpipers were observed 
at the beginning of July and for the first 
time I was able to verify a suspicion that 
the diagnostic and peculiar method of 


flight which this species uses in coursing’ 


low over the water and along the shore is 
not always employed under other circum- 
stances. Individuals flying low over the 
meadow grass sometimes used this same 
flight and again flew in a swift, darting 
manner, whereas flying at considerable 
height they moved their wings steadily 
like a diminutive Yellowleg. My first 
Solitary Sandpiper of the season was 
observed on the morning of July 30, dying 
about high in air by one of the harbors of 
Long Island Sound. Since that date, every 
visit to the particular south-shore meadow 
referred to has shown the Solitary to be 
present there, probably upwards of 
a half-dozen birds on August 9 and 1o.— 
J. T. Nicuois, New Vork City. 


PHILADELPHIA REGION.—Weather con- 
ditions averaged about normal for June 
and the same statement holds good in 
regard to the bird-life in this region. Two 
Herring Gulls noted June 8—the only 
record the writer has for this month at 
Camden—and a flock of four Mergansers 
that lingered until June 9 can be mentioned 
as two interesting features. 

While July averaged normal as far as 
temperature was concerned, the precipi- 
tation for the month exceeded all records of 
the local Weather Bureau, 10.30 inches 
being recorded. However, the abundant 
showers seemed to have no apparent effect 
on the most conspicuous July migrants, 
the Swallows, the daily movements of the 
birds being carried on without any regard 
to weather conditions. On July 20, when 
showers were particularly heavy and 
frequent, loose flocks of Barn Swallows 
were noticed headed due southeast through 
the pelting rain, seemingly heedless of 
the storm. 

On July 4 the only colony of Common 
Terns known to the writer to be breeding 


399 ° 


on the New Jersey coast was visited and 
found to be in anything but a flourishing 
condition. Only eight nests, all with eggs, 
were found and few adult birds were seen. 
A pair of Piping Plover, also known to 
nest on the island, was observed. Early 
in July two years ago there were at least 
fifty pairs of Terns, two pairs of Piping 
Plover, and a pair of Black Skimmers 
breeding on the island. It was evident that 
the high tides of the previous week had 
destroyed some of the nests, but it was 
also apparent from the numerous tracks 
of a barefoot boy, winding in and out 
among the dunes, that the nests above 
the tide had been robbed by one of the 
family of eight children who live on the 
island. On questioning them, they pleaded 
ignorance of having any knowledge of the 
birds nesting there. 

Here is an opportunity, that is passing, 
to establish a bird and game refuge on one 
of the few remaining islands on the New 
Jersey coast that is not occupied by sum- 
mer cottages. As a preserve it would not 
only protect the breeding birds but also 
serve as a refuge for migrant shore-birds 
and water-fowl. 

A pleasing contrast to the Terns was the 
abundance of Laughing Gulls. These birds 
are now firmly established and are a com- 
mon sight at most any of the numerous 
coast resorts, a refreshing change from 
ten or fifteen years ago when they were 
by no means common. At Stone Harbor, 
N. J., July 20, a flock of about 1,500 
Laughing Gulls were gathered on the 
marsh near the road. Among them was a 
good scattering of young birds, some with 
down still clinging to their heads. The 
‘laughing’ of the Gulls could be heard 
a mile and a half distant. On the same day 
an Egret was discovered feeding in a shal- 
low lagoon, and Mr. C. K. Roland found 
two Black Skimmers flying about above 
the beach. All of which would lead us to 
believe that a touch at least of the former 
abundant bird-life is slowly returning to 
the Jersey coast. 

The first influx of nearby Warblers was 
observed August 2.—JULIAN K. Porter, 
Camden, N. J. 


310 


WASHINGTON ReEGIoN.—During June 
and July, as at all times of the year, the 
many parks and numerous shade trees 
of the yards and streets attract birds of 
many species into the city of Washington. 
The Cardinal is a regular and welcome 
visitor and is almost continually in song. 
The Flicker and Red-headed Woodpecker 
may be heard calling in many places, 
particularly in the parks, although the 
latter is much more local. The Tufted 
Titmouse and the Blue Jay are also fre- 
quent callers, while to even the more retir- 
ing birds like the Screech Owl, the Yellow- 
billed Cuckoo, and the Wood Pewee, the 
city likewise offers attraction. The same 
is true of the Wood Thrush, which, this 
year, continued singing up to the last day 
of July. 

Our old friend, the Carolina Wren, after 
a period of nearly two years, during which 
it has been very scarce in this vicinity, 
has once more fully regained its former 
abundance, and its ringing song is again 
daily to be heard in the city as well as in 
the country districts. During the past 
few years several species have been steadily 
on the increase in the region about Wash- 
ington, this being particularly true of the 
Mockingbird, the Robin, and the Migrant 
Shrike. : 

Of unusual occurrences we have now 
but one to record, that of the Pied-billed 
Grebe, which was seen on June 10 by 
Mr. R. W. Moore. This date is nearly a 
month beyond its previous latest spring 
date for the vicinity of Washington, which 
is May 12, 1900. 

Purple Martins have again returned to 
roost in the city, much earlier this year 
than ever before. The following notes on 
their occurrence have been furnished by 
Miss Marion Pellew. She first noticed 
them on June 27, when they gathered soon 
after sunset in the vicinity of Fourth 
Street in the Mall. On this day, as subse- 
quently, they roosted in the elms and 
maples along the street-car tracks on Fourth 
Street in practically the same place as in 
1917. On this first day there were only 
about 1,000 Martins, but probably twice 
as many Purple Grackles, and about 100 


Bird - Lore 


or more European Starlings. The number 
of Martins remained about the same until 
July 4, when it increased to between 3,000 
and 4,000. By July 28 the number was 
estimated at 25,000, and on this date there 
were also some Bank Swallows roosting 
with them. Their general behavior was 


‘much the same as in previous years, and 


this Martin roost forms, as heretofore, 
one of the most attractive summer bird 
exhibits in this region—Harry C. OBER- 
HOLSER, Biological Survey, Washington, 
Dac. 


MINNEAPOLIS REGION.—Two pairs of 
Wilson’s Phalaropes are settled at the Long 
Meadow sloughs, ten miles from Minnea- 
polis. They are apparently nesting there. 
The return of this beautiful bird to this 
locality, after many years of absence, is an 
unexpected and pleasant surprise. On 
June 18 a visit was made to a nesting-place 
of many Great Blue Herons and Double- 
crested Cormorants on a heavily wooded 
island in Upper Lake Minnetonka, about 
twenty miles from the city. Repeated 
requests for the destruction of this colony 
have been made of late years by various 
persons who consider thése birds injurious 
to fishing interests and a general nuisance, 
but Mr. Avery, Game and Fish Commis- 
sioner, has. turned an indifferent ear to 
these petitions thus far. Most of the many 
summer residents about the lake, with the 
exception of the owners of the beautiful 
island possessed by the birds, object to the 
heronry being disturbed on the ground that 
its occupants add a picturesque and inter- 
esting feature to the lake. 

Heron Lake.—June 20 to June 26. This 
period was spent at Heron Lake in the 
southwestern prairie region of Minnesota, 
collecting material for a large bird group 
to be installed at the university museum. 
Mr. H. C. Oberholser, of the Biological 
Survey, was present part of the time. We 
found the water unusually high, the level 
of the lake being three feet or more above 
the usual line. Heron Lake is a shallow 
body of water, some fourteen miles long 
by two or three miles wide, the northern 
half largely overgrown with quill reeds 


The Season 


bulrushes, and coarse grass, and producing 
an abundant crop of wild celery each year. 
It has long been famous for the large 
numbers of water-birds that breed there 
and still larger numbers that congregate 
there in the spring and fall during migra- 
tion. Many species of ducks formerly 
bred there, but of late years they have been 
greatly reduced both in kinds and individ- 
uals. The species found this year were the 
Blue-winged Teal, Mallard, Pintail, Red- 
head, Wood Duck, Hooded Merganser, a 
single pair of Ruddy Ducks, and one each 
of the Lesser Scaup and Green-winged 
Teal, the frequency of their occurrence 
being about in the order given. None was 
really common. The high water had des- 
troyed the nests and no young birds were 
seen. The Ruddy Duck was once abundant 
and the cause of its disappearance is a 
mystery. While a few of the Wood Ducks 
and Hooded Mergansers probably nest 
in some of the scarce willow stubs about 
the lake, it appears certain that they resort, 
for the most part, to cavities in the low 
banks of the willow-fringed tributary 
streams. One Wood Duck’s nest has been 
found thus situated. 

A male Wood Duck that was about one- 
half molted into the eclipse plumage was 
shot on June 23, and a Mallard on June 
24, in the same condition. Both were a- 
wing. This seems surprisingly early for 
this change to occur. It apparently takes 
place slowly and anticipates the loss of 
the flight feathers. 

Coots and Florida Gallinules were 
abundant and at this time had both fresh 
eggs and small young. The King and 
Virginia Rails were frequent, but, strange 
to say, the usually abundant Sora was not 
seen. Franklin’s Gull and the Black- 
crowned Night Heron were present in their 
usual great abundance. The high water 
had played sad havoc with their nests, 
which, for the most part, were afloat and 
in various stages of ruin. The Gulls had 
small downy young and the Herons had 
young in all stages of growth, some being 
almost full-grown. They were having a sad 
time in the water-logged nests, swishing 
around high up among the tops of the quill 


311 


reeds. Forster’s Terns were abundant and 
had small young. Pied-billed Grebes were 
less numerous than usual. No Eared, 
Holbecell’s or Western Grebes were seen. 
The Least Bittern was common, more so 
than the larger species. Several Wilson’s 
Phalaropes were seen. The guides said 
there had been a large flight of shore-birds 
in the spring, but nothing of special inter- 
est was seen at this time. 

The duck-shooting has been poor at 
Heron Lake for the past two seasons, 
especially last fall. 

Itasca State Park.—July 3 to August 15. 
A change of residence on July 3 from 
Minneapolis to Lake Itasca was a move 
from the Alleghanian Fauna of the Transi- 
tion Zone to typical Canadian. Itasca 
Park is a state reservation, seven miles 
square, lying a little north of the latitude 
of Duluth (47°) and not far from the 
western edge of the Minnesota Canadian. 
It contains the headwaters of the Mississ- 
ippi River and is a wild, rough, wooded 
region, full of lakes, marshes, and spring- 
runs and is inhabited by more wild creatures 
than any like area in the state at present. 
It was established by the state legislature, 
with the codperation of Congress, in 1891. 
It is remote from any railroad, but of 
recent years has become the summer Mecca 
of hundreds of automobilists who are in 
quest of a sight of the wilderness or wish to 
gaze upon the birthplace of the Father of 
Waters. There are still standing, rescued 
from the lumberman, groves of stately 
Norway and white pines, extensive jack 
pine woods, clusters of trim spruces and 
fragrant balsams, thousands of glistening 
birches and rusty-leaved balm of gilead 
poplars, with all the associated vegeta- 
tion of a northern forest. Here many of 
the birds that pass through the southern 
part of the state as migrants are found in 
their home surroundings. The Hermit 
Thrush is common and an occasional pair 
of Olive-backs, satisfied with the environ- 
ment, drop out from the more northward 
movement of the most of their kind. The 
curious song of the Blue-headed Vireo rings 
through the pines. The Olive-sided Fly- 
catcher utters its harsh double note and 


312 


dashes after passing insects from the tip- 
top of some tall dead tamarack or spruce. 
Twenty species of Warblers, twelve of 
which are typical Canadian, have been 
found at home here. The Connecticut 
is frequent in the cold tamarack and 
spruce bogs, and the beautiful Blackburnian 
is one of the commonest among the tall 
pines. The entire absence of the Yellow 
Warbler is a singular circumstance, its 
place being taken by the Chestnut-sided. 
The Oven-bird, growing scarce in the 
vicinity of Minneapolis, is here one of the 
commonest birds and its song is constantly 
in the ears along all the trails. 

Of the characteristic Sparrows, the 
White-throat and the Junco are the most 
in evidence. The Red Crossbill and the 
Pine Siskin are here and the sweet song 
‘of the Purple Finch is heard everywhere 
one goes. 

The Scarlet Tanager is common. A 
male was seen on August 7 in the startling 
pied dress of a half-molted bird. 

Water-birds are not numerous. Loons are 
common and are to be seen on the lakes 
early in July, sedulously guarding their 
pretty black young, which, from the very 
start, are most expert divers. This year 
there have been a considerable number of 
Ducks nesting about the lakes and marshes. 
In mid-July they were accompanied by 
broods of tiny young. The most interesting 
were perhaps the Golden-eyes, the young 
being especially attractive in plumage and 
actions. They dive and scatter when close 
pressed, and the mother duck is very coura- 
geous in the face of danger. Wood Ducks 
are frequent and the broods make a great 
commotion and flap and swim rapidly to 
cover when disturbed. A few Mallards 
and a few Lesser Scaups have also raised 
broods here this year. Great Blue Herons 
in abundance, a few American Bitterns, 
many Black Terns, and an occasional pair 
of Spotted Sandpipers complete the list 
of water-birds for the present season. 

The Veerys (Willow Thrushes) stopped 
singing about the middle of July and the 
Hermits a little later. At this writing about 
the only bird-song to be heard in the woods 
is the ‘preaching’ of the Red-eyed Vireo 


Bird - 


Lore 


and that only now and then. The forest is 
well-nigh silent and people coming here 
now remark how few birds there are. 
But could they have been here six weeks 
ago, they would have heard a grand chorus 
of many and varied voices, with the 
wonderful melody from innumerable Her- 
mits and Veerys as an almost unbroken 
and thrilling motif, running through the 
whole compelling performance.—Tuos. S. 
RoBerts, University of Minnesota, Min- 
neapolis, Minn. 


Kansas City REGIon.—Breeding birds 
in this region, without exception, seem to 
have had an unusually successful season, 
notwithstanding a protracted period of 
drouth. Family parties and flocks of young 
of all the more common species are seen on 
every hand in quite noticeably greater 
numbers than during the last three or four 
years. It is not recalled that Bell’s Vireo, 
next to the Red-eyed probably our com- 
monest breeding Vireo, has previously been 
so abundant in the bottom-lands as dur- 
ing the present season. On June 8 three 
nests containing eggs were found in a short 
stretch of sparsely timbered Blue River 
bottom, near the Missouri, and dozens of 
singing males have been heard in this 
region since early in May. The upland 
regions are inhabited by the usual numbers 
of these gurgling songsters. On the same 
date and in the same neighborhood, a 
Spotted Sandpiper’s nest was discovered 
containing four eggs. This bird is common 
enough in summer along the Missouri 
River, but this is the first authentic nest- 
ing-record for this county. 

On June 15 a pair of Blue Grosbeaks 
were found nesting on the same five-acre 
tract on which they were discovered last 
June. This year the nest was built in a 
low shrub about eighteen inches from the 
ground, and contained four eggs evidently 
in an advanced stage of incubation. A 
prolonged and systematic search has 
failed to discover another individual of 
this species in this region. A pair of Lark 
Sparrows were feeding young in the nest a 
few feet from the Grosbeak’s shrub. 

On June 22 two Acadian Flycatcher 


The Season 


nests were found in a wooded creek bottom 
near Swope Park, and in the same timber 
the numerous Redstarts were silent where 
a week ago they were in full song. On this 
date also a Green Heron and a young 
Wood Duck were noted on Brush Creek 
in the Country Club district, nearly two 
miles within the city limits. The presence 
of this young Duck is a hopeful sign. 

Cerulean and Parula Warblers were still 
in full song on July 13, and on the 16th 
the last Orchard Oriole was heard. On 
July 14 a Baltimore Oriole’s nest was 
found near Independence in a milkweed 
only two feet from the ground. The nest 
has not yet been personally examined, but 
is said to be well constructed of horsehair 
and string, and typical in every detail. 

A flock of twenty Cedar Waxwings was 
noted on July 22, which is the first local 
July record for this species. All efforts to 
locate a breeding pair of these birds have 
failed. Chipping Sparrows and Mary- 
land Yellow-throats are still, on August 6, 
in full song, though their second broods 
are on the wing. 

It is very gratifying to be able finally 
to report the complete rout of the well 
organized local opponents to the Federal 
Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The sports- 
men of this region, as well as those of 
Kansas and Arkansas, have long been most 
determined and earnest in their bitter 
opposition to this measure, but any doubt 
remaining in their minds as to the advisa- 
bility of further defying the law has been 
laid at rest by the recent decision of Federal 
Judge Van Valkenburgh declaring it 
valid. The case was a notable one, and 
great credit and praise are due United 
States Attorney Francis M. Wilson for 
his able handling of the Government’s 
interests. This officer, himself a sportsman 
of the old school, already has to his credit 
a victory for the Bob-white of Missouri, 
gained several years ago in the state legis- 
lature. Local observers will now be on the 
alert to report a noticeable increase in the 
Geese, since these birds do not appear to 
have been holding their own with the 
Ducks during the last three years—HARRY 
Harris, Kansas City, Missouri. 


313 


DENVER ReEGrIoNn.—It is a pity that one 
is not able to recognize more easily indi- 
vidual birds; the present writer is convinced 
that Bullock’s Oriole, the local Oriole of 
Denver, leaves its Denver breeding area 
for the south during the first week in 
August and after this time few, if any, 
are seen or heard again until about the 
third week of August, when they reappear 
and remain for some days. It seems to the 
writer that this second group of Orioles 
are arrivals from the North, but without 
the possibility of individual marks it is 
difficult to decide this question. This 
year’s observations concerning our Bul- 
lock’s Orioles confirms the opinion just 
expressed. 

The season now in hand has been one of 
rather unbroken high temperatures; it 
always seems to the writer that bird-life 
is scarce during extremely hot weather. 
This is most likely only apparent, as 
parental duties and hot weather may coin- 
cide; at any rate the writer’s general impres- 
sion is that the hot weather just past was 
accompanied by bird scarcity, particularly 
in regards to Lark Buntings and Lark 
Sparrows. 

This summer’s observations have added 
to the accumulating evidence that Lewis’s 
Woodpecker is extending its range east- 
ward; twenty-five years ago it was rare 
to see one east of the ‘foothills,’ while this 
summer more have been seen than ever 
before along the wooded creeks east of 
the mountains, several having been de- 
tected as far as twenty-five miles east 
of them, and more have been noted breed- 
ing out on the plains than at any pre- 
vious time. 

In line with this increase of Lewis’s 
Woodpecker, it is highly gratifying to 
relate that each of the past summers has 
seen an increasing number of breeding 
House Wrens.in the city of Denver, which 
may or may not be due to the decidedly 
noticeable decrease in the number of 
English Sparrows during the same time in 
this city. The Lazuli Bunting has visited 
Denver as usual, and one is singing in 
the nearby park as this is being written.— 
W. H. Bercrotp, Denver, Colo. 


Book ews and Kebiews 


A REVIEW OF THE ORNITHOLOGY OF MIN- 
NESOTA. By THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS, 
M.D., Professor of Ornithology and 
Curator of the Zodlogical Museum in 
the University of Minnesota. Research 
Publications of the University of Min- 
nesota, VII, No. 2, May, 1919. 12 mo, 
vi+1o02 pages, 1 map, 47 half-tones, 
chiefly from photographs by the author. 
Price 25 cents. 


Dr. Roberts has succeeded in placing 
between the covers of this booklet a 
surprising amount of information concern- 
ing the bird-life of Minnesota. The life- 
zones or faunal areas of the state are out- 
lined and mapped, and their character- 
istics described, a synopsis of the avi- 
fauna is followed by an annotated check-list 
of the birds known to occur in the state, 
to which is added lists of ‘introduced,’ 
‘unsettled,’ ‘extirpated,’ ‘vanishing,’ and 
‘hypothetical’ species. State and federal 
game laws are given; there is a chapter on 
wild-life refuges, one on ‘outlawed’ birds, 
and an ‘Abridged Bibliography.’ 

The list is accompanied by an unusually 
interesting series of photographs, chiefly 
from nature by the author. The whole 
makes a practical and attractive little 
pocket manual, handy as a reference 
check-list for the student and well designed 
to hold the attention of those whose 
inherent interest in birds has lain dormant 
for lack of the very kind of an awakening 
this book will give them. 

The state of Minnesota is fortunate in 
possessing an official who, by publications 
of this kind, is bringing to her citizens a 
knowledge of their assets in bird-life.-— 
| cee. Se 8 


A Synopticat List or THE ACCIPITRES 
(Diurnal Birds of Prey). Part I (Sar- 
corhamphus to Accipiter). By H. K1rKrE 
SWANN, F.Z.S. London: John Wheldon 
& Co., 38 Great Queens Street. 8vo, 
38 pages. 


Systematic ornithologists will welcome 
this useful publication on a group of 
birds which has not been treated as a whole 


since the first volume of the great Cata- 
logue of Birds of the British Museum was 
issued, that monument to the industry of 
Bowdler Sharpe and his colleagues. 
Diagnostic characters are given for 
species and races as well as for the higher 
groups; there is a reference to the original 
place of description, to which, unfortu- 
nately, is not added a statement of the 
type-locality.—F.M.C. 


A PracticAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH 
Birps. Edited by H. F. WitHersy. 
Part III, pp. 129-208. June 18, roro. 
The first two parts of this standard 

work were reviewed in the last number of 

Brrp-Lore, where we neglected to state 

that this book is published by Witherby 

& Co., 326 High Holborn, London, W. 

C. 1, at 4 s. per part. The present part 

treats of the Buntings, Larks, Pipits, and 

Wagtails.—F. M. C. 


CassiIn1iA, A Brrp ANNUAL.—This, 
the twenty-second annual résumé of the 
proceedings of the Delaware Valley 
Ornithological Club, gives, like its pred- 
ecessors, an attractive picture of the 
activities of that virile organization. 
The average attendance at the thirteen 
meetings of 1918 was twenty-two members 
and one visitor (in one club we know of it 
is more apt to be one member and twenty- 
two visitors!), figures which, in connec- 
tion with the program given for each 
meeting, indicate sustained interest in 
the club’s proceedings. 

Several of the papers presented are 
published in this annual, among them one 
on ‘The Birthplace of John Cassin,’ by 
F. H. Shelton, abstracts from the journals 
of Andreas Hesselius for the years 1711- 
1724; and a ‘Report on the Spring Migra- 
tion of 1918’ compiled by Witmer Stone. 

It is a great pity that D. V. O. C’s 
with their ‘Annuals’ cannot be established 
throughout the land. Why should Phila- 
delphia have a ‘corner’ on organizations 
of this character?—F. M. C. 


(314) 


Book News and Reviews 


The Ornithological Magazines 


Et Hornero.—The third number of 
El Hornero (The Oven-bird), organ of the 
Sociedad Ornitolégica del Plata, which, we 
believe, is the only ornithological society 
in Latin America, maintains the high 
standard set by the two preceding issues. 
Dr. Dabbene.-continues his helpful studies 
of the Gulls and Terns of Argentina with 
an illustrated paper on the latter group 
containing a detailed ‘Key,’ some synon- 
omy and distributional data; he also 
presents the second part of his paper on a 
collection of birds from the island of 
Martin Garcia, and, under ‘Notes,’ 
describes as new Penelope nigrifrons and 
Spinus ictericus magnirostris from north- 
western Argentina, both descriptions, it 
may be added, with their accompanying 
comments and data being most satisfac- 
tory expositions of the matter in hand. 

Anibal Cardoso makes a further con- 
tribution to what might be called anti- 
quarian ornithology in the second part 
of his ‘Ornithology of the Conquistadores;’ 
Renato Sanzin gives a list of the birds 
contained in his collection from the 
province of Mendoza, and Pedro Serié 
gives full instructions, illustrated with 
excellent cuts, on how to make birds’ 
skins. May we suggest that the label 
shown attached to the specimen on page 
175 is unnecessarily large. A label two and 
a half inches long by half an inch wide 
proves in practice to be large enough for 
the largest bird. Carlos Spegazzini de- 
scribes an exceedingly interesting case of 
melanism in small Doves (Columbina 
picui) which, in captivity, acquired a 
blackish plumage, but when _ released 
regained their normal coloration at the 
first molt after they had been given their 
liberty. When these birds were recaged 
they again became melanistic. 

Other biographical notes of more than 
usual interest relate to a common Argen- 
tine Duck (Metopiana peposaca) and the 
short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus). The 
former is believed by Demetrio Rodri- 
guez not to have a nest of its own, but, 
like our Cowbird, to be parasitic upon 


315 


other aquatic species; the latter is shown 
by Antonio Pozzi to capture tucu-tucus 
(Ctenomys), a small rodent resembling our 
gophers (Geomys) in appearance and habits, 
by sitting at the openings to the subter- 
ranean runways with extended claws in 
the attitude depicted in the accompanying 
drawing, which we reproduce from El 
Hornero. 


THE SHORT-EARED OWL AS A 
GOPHER TRAP.—From El Hornero 


Under the head of ‘Notes on the Birds 
of Paraguay,’ the well-known Paraguayan 
ornithologist, A. de W. Bertoni writes of 
the insect-eating habits of Herons, includ- 
ing the White Egret (Herodias egretia), 
of the effects of a cold wave on the bird- 
life of the upper Parand, and upon the 
little-known nesting habits of certain 
Paraguayan birds. 

A record of special interest to North 
American ornithologists is contained in a 
paper on the birds of northwestern Argen- 
tina by Luis Dinelli, who states that 
Bobolinks in great flocks arrive at Tucu- 
man at the beginning of summer [Novem- 
ber]. True to the unfortunate habit which 
has recently caused our Biological Survey 
to declare an open season on these birds, 
Sefior Dinelli says that they visit the rice- 
fields where, feeding at this season only on 
rice, they cause appreciable damage. 
The Bobolink’s song, Sefior Dinelli writes, 
is not lacking in melody, but since the 
birds all sing together, it is not possible to 
determine its individual character. 

In a presidential address delivered before 
a meeting of the society held in the 
National Museum at Buenos Aires, 
September 5, 1918, Dr. Dabbene presented 
a most encouraging review (p. 198) of its 


316 


history during the three years following its 
organization. At that time the member- 
ship of all classes was 152 (raised to 175 in 
December) and it is evident that already 
the Sociedad Ornitolégica del Plata has 
exerted a marked and most beneficial 
influence on the promotion of bird-study 
in the La Plata region. It must be quite 
clear to anyone reading this abstract 
of the contents of the latest issue of its 
official organ that it is not lacking in 
either observers or observations of the 
first order.—F. M. C. 


THe Avux.—The July issue contains 
several contributions to interesting phases 
of the life-histories of North American 
birds. In ‘Some Notes on the Drumming 
of the Ruffed Grouse,’ H. E. Tuttle pre- 
sents detailed close-range studies of wild 
Ruffed Grouse drumming, illustrated with 
an excellent full-page photograph of a 
bird in action, and accompanied by dis- 
cussion of possible interpretations of his 
data and that of others on this interesting 
subject. ‘The Singing Tree, etc.,’ by H. 
Mousley, correlates favorite singing sta- 
tions of male birds, or points where they 
remain on guard, with the location of the 
nest. A tabular list is presented, worked 
out for forty-two nests representing twenty- 
five species, of which twelve are Warblers 
and the remainder scattered among un- 
related groups, including the Spotted Sand- 
piper and perching birds from Flycatcher 
to Bluebird. The average distance from 
the male’s station for all nests listed is 
17 yards, but there is evidently variation 
by species, four nests of the Maryland 
Yellow-throat varying from 4 to 11 yards; 
two of the Black-throated Blue Warbler 
from 50 to too yards; four of Flycatchers 
from 5 to 8 yards, and three of the Prairie 
Horned Lark from 21 to 34 yards. In 
deliberately finding the nest of a Bay- 
breasted Warbler, by a study of the male 
bird’s singing stations and of the surround- 
ing territory, nests of a Magnolia andBlack- 
throated Green Warbler and of an Olive- 
backed Thrush were located more or less 
incidentally—luck and ‘genius’ still seem 
important factors in locating bird-nests. 


Bird - Lore 


‘The Early History of a Duck Hawk,’ by 
Viola F. Richards, contains observations 
at the nesting-station for this species on 
Sugar Loaf Mountain, Deerfield, Mass., 
illustrated by excellent photographs; 
‘Black Duck Nesting in Boston Public 
Garden,’ by Horace W. Wright, is an 
account of more or less successful nesting 
in successive years of a pair of wild Black 
Ducks at a pond ina city park; and a paper 
by C. A. Robbins deals with ‘A Colony of 
Cape Cod Piping Plover.’ After a period 
of scarcity there is a marked increase in 
the numbers of Piping Plover on Cape Cod, 
probably from better protection. Inci- 
dentally we hear of a similar increase 
further south along the coast. 

Two local lists are from the southern 
states, namely ‘Some Summer Birds of 
Liberty County, Georgia,’ by W. J. 
Erichsen, listing perhaps half the breed- 
ing species with interesting nesting data; 
and ‘A Three Months’ List of the Birds 
of Pinellas County, Florida,’ by Clifford 
H. Pangburn. ‘Three Interesting Great 
Horned Owls from New England,’ by 
Glover M. Allen, calls attention to the 
occasional occurrence there in winter 
flights of the Horned Owl, of individuals 
representing the Labrador-Newfoundland, 
as also the north-interior, races of this 
bird. Concentration of wandering Owls 
from widely separated breeding areas 
upon a single hunting territory, as here 
evidenced for New England, is of more 
than passing interest. 

‘Audubon’s Bibliography,’ by Francis 
H. Herrick, will be of reference value for 
those interested in the various editions of 
Audubon’s works. Papers by Oberholser 
and one by Loomis on the Galapagos 
Albatross, in which the illustrations are of 
exceptional excellence deal with technical 
description and nomenclature, and mat- 
ters of nomenclature occupy much of the 
General Notes, where, besides the usual 
records of various species in localities 
where their occurrence is noteworthy 
McAtee presents some interesting results 
of recent study of the Bobolink, showing 
that it is shifting its breeding-range north- 
westward, while maintaining a southward 


Book News 


migration route along the Atlantic coast, 
where it is still so destructive to the rice- 
crop as not to merit the protection, as a 
species, accorded other song-birds. Town- 
send calls attention to evidence of wanton 
destruction of sea-birds in Labrador 
contained in a letter from Dr. Robert T. 
Morris. 

In the news items there is mention of 
the Mammal Society of national scope 
organized at Washington, D. C., in April, 
of which Dr. C. Hart Merriam is president; 
and we learn that the 1919 meeting of the 
American Ornithologists’ Union is sched- 
uled to be held in the American Museum 
of Natural History, New York City, 
November 11 to 13.—J. T. N. 


THE Conpor.—The March and May 
numbers of The Condor contain more than 
the usual number of interesting articles 
and notes. Bradbury’s_ well-illustrated 
‘Nesting Notes on the Rocky Mountain 
Creeper’ based on observations made in 
Gilpin County, Colo., in June, 1917; 
Munro’s ‘Notes on the Breeding Habits of 
the Red Crossbill in the Okanagan Valley, 
B. C.,’ in 1918; and Willett’s ‘Notes on 
the Nesting of Two Little-known Species 
of Petrel’—the White-breasted Petrel 
(Pterodronia hypoleuca) and the Sooty 
Petrel (Oceanodroma tristrami) on Laysan 
Island in t1913—treat of little-known 
phases in the life-history of these in- 
teresting birds. On the other hand, 
A. M. Ingersoll’s autobiography, and Mrs. 
Bailey’s sympathetic sketch of the late 
Mrs. Olive Thorne Miller introduce the 
reader more intimately to the lives of 
two prominent California ornithologists. 
Warren’s ‘Bird Notes of a Stormy Day in 
May [1917] at Colorado Springs;’ Wet- 
more’s ‘Bird Records from the Sacra- 
mento Valley, Calif.,’ in 1918; Mail- 
liard’s ‘Notes from the Feather River 
Country,’ Calif., in the spring of the same 
year; and Taverner’s ‘Summer Birds of 
Hazelton, B. C.,’ contains much of local 


and Reviews 317 
interest, while Edward’s ‘Losses Suffered 
by Breeding Birds in Southern California,’ 
and L. H. Miller’s discussion of ‘The 
Marital Tie in Birds’ should be read by 
all who are interested in the general 
aspects of ornithology. Indeed, the last 
two articles furnish not only much food 
for thought, but suggest the importance of 
further observation and discussion of 
these questions. 

The May number opens with Bradbury’s 
‘Notes on the Egg of Aepyornis maximus’ 
of Madagascar, accompanied by some 
striking illustrations of a specimen in the 
Bradbury collection in the Colorado 
Museum of Natural History. This egg, 
measuring 937% by 13 inches, was one of the 
first of this species to reach America and 
was imported by the late Robert Gilfort, 
of Orange, N. J. Its displacement is 
equivalent to that of 7% ostrich eggs, 
40 goose eggs, or 183 hen eggs. Mrs. 
Bailey contributes a sixth chapter to her 


~ ‘Return to the Dakota Lake Region,’ 


treating of ‘The Coulee of the Meadows.’ 
Oberholser, in a ‘Description of an Inter- 
esting New Junco from Lower California’ 
separates the bird from the Hanson 
Laguna Mountains under the name Junco 
oreganus pontilis ‘although its range 
seems, like that of J. 0. townsendi, to be 
restricted to a single mountain range.’ 
The biographical contributions in this 
number include the first part of the auto- 
biography of Henry W. Henshaw, a sketch 
of the late Malcolm P. Anderson by his 
father, and a brief obituary notice of 
Merrill W. Blain by the editor. The Hen- 
shaw autobiography is one of the most 
interesting as well as important of those 
which have thus far appeared in the 
Condor series. The number closes with 
the annual directory, containing the 
names and addresses of 6 honorary and 
585 active members of the Cooper Or- 
nithological Club, a slight decrease in 
comparison with the total of 600 names 
on the rolls last year.—T. S. P. 


318 


Bird-Lore 


A Bi-Monthly Magazine 
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds 
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 
Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN 
Contributing Editor, MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT 
Published by D. APPLETON & CO. 


Vol. XXI_ Published October 1,1919 No. 5 


SUBSCRIPTION RATES 
Price in the United States, one dollar and fifty cents a year; 
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents, 
postage paid. 


COPYRIGHTED, 1919, BY FRANK M, CHAPMAN 


Bird-Lore’s Motto: 
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Hand 


It gives us much pleasure to announce 
that Dr. Arthur A. Allen, professor of 
Ornithology at Cornell University, has 
joined Brrp-Lore’s staff, as editor of the 
School Department, in succession to Mrs. 
Walter, whose retirement has been forced 
by ill-health. Dr. Allen has developed a 


definite program for the coming year, 


which he will announce in the next issue of 
Brrp-Lore. 


Tue Annual Congress of the American 
Ornithologists’ Union will be held at the 
American Museum of Natural History, 
New York City, November 11 to 13. 
Everyone who has had the pleasure of 
attending an A. O. U. meeting looks 
forward with keen anticipation to being 
present at the next one. There is the 
certainty of an interesting program, of 
hospitalities from the local members, and of 
many opportunities for social intercourse. 

Every bird-student knows that there is 
an excitement connected with his pursuit 
in the field which is attached to no other 
natural history study. Allied to the 
peculiar attractions of the chase is the 
added enjoyment of trained appreciation, 
which enables one to value his good fortune 
at its real worth. 

‘A privilege,’ as Bulwer Lytton some- 
what tritely remarked, ‘is ‘valuable’ in 
proportion to the exclusiveness of its pos- 
session,’ and what privilege can be more 
exclusive than to be at the right spot and 
the right time to meet the rare migrant or 


Bird - Lore 


accidental visitant which no one may ever 
have seen before in your neighborhood? 

These memorable experiences are re- 
lived as we recount them to the attentive 
and sympathetic ears of our fellow- 
students. To paraphrase Thoreau, one 
might say, ‘Who are the excited? Two 
birdmen talking!’ 

Everyone has an opportunity to talk 
at an A. O. U. meeting, if not during the 
sessions, at least at the daily luncheons, at 
the annual dinner, and at the informal 
gathering which forms so pleasant a 
feature of one of the evenings. It is true 
that all these blessings are the privileges of 
members of the Union, but it is also true 
that it is the privilege of every bird-student 
to become a candidate for membership in 
the Union. A card addressed to Dr. T. S. 
Palmer, secretary of the Union, at The 
Biltmore, Washington, D. C., will bring 
all needful information. 


THERE was at one time a project on 
foot to establish a great national university 
at the nation’s capital, and some of the 
buildings for it were actually completed. 
But in Science for May 2, 1919, Mr. E. 
W. Nelson shows that the various scien- 
tific bureaus of the Government having 
their headquarters at Washington form, 
in fact, a great national university with 
opportunities for study the value of which 
is not realized by the general public or 
even by that part of it which should be 
interested in the opportunities which 
Washington offers. We commend his 
article to everyone considering a scientific 
career. It contains many practical sugges- 
tions 


Att lovers of the Bobolink will regret 
that its rice-destroying habits as a 
Reedbird have induced the Biological 
Survey to remove it from the list of 
protected birds during its southward 
migrations through the Gulf and Atlantic 
states, from New Jersey southward. In 
this connection we call attention to the 
record of the occurrence of this species 
in numbers in northwestern Argentina in 
our review of E/ Hornero. 


WBRVCE HORS FAL ‘ 
wh I4E 


TURKEY VULTURE 
Order—RAPTORES Family—CATHARTIDA 
Genus—CaATHARTES Species—AURA SEPTENTRIONALIS 


National Association of Audubon Societies 


TURKEY VULTURE 


By T. GILBERT PEARSON 


Che National Association of Audubon Societies 


EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 100 


While traveling through almost any section of the southern and western 
states, one has but to look up to discover, off against the sunlit sky, the dark 
form of a Turkey Vulture keeping its vigil over the earth beneath. No land- 
bird of this country is comparable to it in matters of grace and majesty of 
movement while in the air. As it soars, with scarcely a wing-beat, now low over 
the gardens or woods, and again far aloft in the eternal blue, the watcher may 
well exclaim, ‘Behold flight‘in its utmost perfection!” 

Turkey Buzzards, as these birds are almost universally called, are not so 
abundant as some observers have been led to believe. They are such large and 
striking creatures, and keep so much in view, that the error of thinking they 
exist by thousands in any given community is perhaps a natural one. And yet, 
for so large a bird, we may consider them relatively numerous. 

P [They are most useful birdsfas' scavengers. They quickly find and consume 
with equal avidity the dead snake by the roadside, the trapped rat thrown out 


I oY, AS RE CEL CDE MEST Dh Ben 
TURKEY VULTURE, FOUR WEEKS OLD 
Photographed by Thomas H. Jackson 


(319) 


320 Bird - Lore 


from the barn, or the deceased hog in the pasture. They eat dead fish left on 
the sea-beaches, and I once saw one feeding on the floating body of an alligator. 
In many of the southern states, where no laws exist requiring cattle owners 
to fence in their stock, cows are constantly killed by railroad locomotives, and, 
as one passes such spots on the train, it is a common sight to see Turkey 
Buzzards and Black Vultures rise from their feast and flap up to the limbs of 
the neighboring trees. When the planter loses a horse by death, the body is’ 
dragged off into the woods and left. Two or three days later only bones and 
trampled grass mark the last resting-place of the departed beast of burden. 

In many a southern city the Vultures constitute a most effective street- 
cleaning department, and the garbage piles on the city’s dump-heaps are swept 
and purified by them. When the rancher of the West dresses cattle for home 
consumption or the market, his dusky friends in feathers gladly save him the 
trouble of burying the offal. 

These Vultures at times anticipate the death of an animal and gather about 
it while waiting the appointed hour. While working in a most forbidding morass, 
deep in a Florida swamp, the writer on one occasion came upon a striking 
example of this custom. Progress was slow, and it was impossible to advance 
except with the greatest care and by springing from clump to clump of palmetto 
roots. Between these supports the mud seemed to be fathomless. Here, in 
these forbidding surroundings, I came upon a cow sunk into the mud to a line 
half-way up her body. Her condition was absolutely hopeless, and she had 
become so exhausted that she was scarcely able to move her head. 

On trees and bushes on all sides and above her, Turkey Buzzards and Black 
Vultures were perched to the number of fifteen or twenty. Two of them were 
standing on palmetto clumps but a few feet from her head. There was no 
possible way of saving the doomed arimal—the Vultures were sure of their 
banquet. 

I recall a certain slaughter-pen in. ittle rural community where twice a 
week a beef was butchered, and the meat immediately sold to the people of 
the surrounding country. The killing took place every Wednesday and Satur- 
day afternoon. A group of Vultures were always present, sitting around in the 
trees and waiting for the butchers to depart with the hide and flesh. The refuse 
was always left for them. 

Turkey Buzzards are fond of gathering about pens where hogs are fed, for 
a certain amount of scraps of food fall to their share. The birds may be seen 
perched here all hours of the day, sometimes with wings expanded as if for 
the purpose of allowing the sun’s rays to purify their feathers. They feed 
almost entirely on the ground, although occasionally they will carry some 
choice morsel to a less public spot to eat it. Their feet are not well 
adapted to holding their food and eating it while standing on a limb of a 
tree or other narrow perch, but at times they do eat on the top of a stump or 
the roof of some building. 


Turkey Vulture : 321 


One day, a lady of my acquaintance, while sitting alone in her room, was 
much startled when a beef-bone fell down the chimney and rolled out on the 
hearth. Going outside, she discovered a Turkey Buzzard peering down the 
chimney in quest of his prize. These perches, by the way, are often occupied 
by Buzzards, who expand their wings and stand in the smoke, undoubtedly 
enjoying the heat that comes from below. On two occasions I have seen these 
birds take such positions when their feathers were almost entirely frozen to- 
gether by sleet that had recently fallen. To a limited extent, our southern 
Vultures feed on living animals. Newly-born pigs are killed by them, and, in 
some of the bird-colonies guarded by the National Association of Audubon 
Societies, young Herons and Ibises are often eaten. 

There has been much discussion throughout the years as to whether the 
Turkey Vulture finds its food by sight or by the sense of smell. Various experi- 
ments have been undertaken, with a view of determining this fact. It is, 
today, a generally accepted theory that the eye of the Vulture alone leads it 
to its prey. 

Although Turkey Vultures hunt singly, a flock of them quickly collects when 
food in quantity becomes available. Over the coveted carcass they flop and 
hiss and even fight in a bloodless sort of way. Aside from this hissing and an 
occasional low grunt, the birds appear to be voiceless. Although in no sense 
gregarious by day, except when the common interest of food discovered brings 
them together, Turkey Buzzards dearly love to come together at night, and 
there are many ‘Buzzard roosts’ throughout the length and breadth of the land. 
For long years the favorite spots are thus occupied by all the Buzzards in the 
section. Sometimes these roosts consist merely of a small group of dead trees 
in the woods or an unfrequented field, but more often they are deep in some 
swamp, where intrusion by human disturbers is not probable. 

Along the coasts of South Care a and Georgia there are extensive salt 
marshes. Through these are scatterea. ttle islands densely covered with growths 
of deciduous trees, yuccas, and vines. Some of these are famous Buzzard roosts, 
and old men of the country will tell you that the birds have been coming there 
every night since they were boys. 

The nesting-place of the Turkey Buzzard is usually a hollow log lying in 
the woods or swamp. As a rule, no attempt at nest-building is made, the eggs 
being deposited on the rotten wood or the leaves that may have blown in 
through the opening. Hollow stumps are frequently chosen as the proper 
home for the young. I have found the eggs of these birds on a level with the 
ground in the hollow snag of an old tree, the entrance to which was at the top, 
14 feet above. Rarely, nests have been reported in deserted cabins in the woods 
or in old hog-pens. 

In the little limestone caves, or dry ‘sink-holes’ of central Florida many 
Buzzards’ nests may be found. 

When one approaches the nest of a Turkey Vulture in the woods, the bird 


322 Bird - Lore 


usually flies away, but seldom is there a chance for one to escape from a sink- 
hole, as the intruder is usually at the entrance before learning of his presence. 
I have gone down in a number of these caves and have found the old birds 
sitting on their nests. On such occasions the bird made no effort to escape, nor 
showed any disposition to peck the offending hand that reached in under her 
and withdrew the eggs. A few hisses of remonstrance, usually accompanied by 
a peace-offering consisting of a portion of her last meal, which she humbly 
laid at my feet, were the only evidences of distress any of them ever exhibited. 

The eggs are two in number and are about 234 inches in length by 2 inches 
in width. They are dull white or pale yellowish or pinkish, spotted and blotched 
with markings of various shades of chocolate. 

The naked young are soon covered with a coat of white down, hence the old, 
homely expression, ‘Every old Buzzard thinks her young one is the whitest.’ 
From eight to ten weeks are passed in and about the nest before the young 

are able to fly. 
An adult Turkey Buzzard is about 214 feet from bill-tip to tail-tip, and the 
expanse of wings measures about 6 feet. The bird weighs in the neighborhood 
of six and a half pounds. In color its plumage is blackish brown. The head of 
the fully adult is devoid of feathers, with a reddish or crimson skin. Its eyes 
are brown and the bill dead white. 

A great scourge throughout the United States is hog cholera, which annu- 
ally results in enormous losses. Certain state veterinaries and others have 
come forward with the claim that Buzzards distribute hog cholera and there- 
fore the birds should be killed. The claim is that the Buzzards feed on 
hogs that have died with cholera, get the germs on their bills, feet, and 
feathers, and, flying away, distribute the disease to other droves of swine. 
This is probably correct. However, the Buzzard is not the only distributor of 
cholera germs. These are carried about the place and from farm to farm on 
men’s shoes, hoofs of horses, and wagon-wheels, as well as dogs, horses, foxes, 
opossums, and other animals, that, particularly during the hours of darkness, 
visit carcasses and then pass on. Flies undoubtedly carry far more of the 
anthrax germ than does our much-abused Vulture. 

Of course it has been pointed out that if the stock-raiser will burn or bury 
the body of his hog as soon as it dies and not leave it in the open, neither the 
Vulture nor any other animal will carry the germ, but this involves additional 
labor on the farm, which, of course, must be avoided where possible. 

The Turkey Vulture ranges from northern Mexico to British Columbia and 
Saskatchewan in the West, and in the East is found as far north as southern 
New York state. It is usually a resident where found, although in the West the 
bird retires to California, Nebraska, and the Ohio Valley at the approach of 
winter. 


Che Audubon Societies 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 


Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary 


Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to 
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City. 


Telephone, Columbus 7327 


Witit1am DutcuHeEr, President 


Freperic A. Lucas, Acting President 


THEODORE S. PALMER, First Vice-President 


T. GrtBert PEARSON, Secretary 
JONATHAN Dwicat, Jr., Treasurer 


SAMUEL T. CarTER, JR., Attorney 


Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become 


a member of it, and all are welcome. 


Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild 


Birds and Animals: 


$5 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership E 
$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership 
$1,000 constitutes a person a Patron 

$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder 

$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor 


Form oF BEquest:—I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon 
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York. 


ANNUAL 


The fifteenth annual meeting of the 
National Association of Audubon Societies 
will be held in the American Museum of 
Natural History, New York City, on 
Tuesday, October 28, t919. The business 
session will take place at to o’clock A.M. 
After luncheon it is planned to have an 
Educational Conference beginning at 2 
o’clock. 


LIFE MEMBERS AND 


One may become a Life Member of the 
National Association of Audubon Socie- 
ties by the payment of $100 for this pur- 
pose. Such membership entitles the holder 
to a continuous free subscription to 
Brrp-LorE, and the receipt of various 
publications of the Association as they 
appear. Life membership fees, without 
exception, are always placed in the per- 
manent Endowment Fund of the Associa- 
tion, and as we receive not less than 5 
per cent income from our investments, 
this means that by becoming a Life 
Member one endows a sustaining $5 
membership. 

Up to the present time there have been 
enrolled 698 Life Members, which means 


MEETING 


The general public meeting will he held 
in the large lecture hall of the Museum at 
8 p.M., Monday, October 27. An interest- 
ing program of popular character will be 
presented. All members of the Association, 
as well as others interested in the study 
and protection of wild life, are invited to 
attend any, or all, of the sessions. 


THE ENDOWMENT 


that the Endowment Fund has been in- 
creased from this source by $69,800. 

To any thoughtful person the need of a 
substantial endowment for an educational 
institution of this character is of the 
highest necessity and importance. For 
this reason the Board of Directors does 
not hesitate to urge the members and 
friends of the Audubon movement to take 
out life memberships and thus aid in 
placing the work on a firmer foundation. 

The fee for a Patron is $1,000 paid at 
one time for this purpose. These fees, 
likewise, are placed in the Endowment 
Fund. To the present time four Patrons 
have been enrolled: Miss Heloise Meyer, 
Mr. William P. Wharton, General Cole- 


(323) 


324 


man du Pont, and a friend who has re- 
quested that her name be not published. 
We believe there are hundreds of Sustain- 
ing Members and subscribers of the As- 
sociation who could readily become Life 
Members or Patrons and who would 
gladly do so if the full needs of the As- 
sociation could at the proper time be 
brought strongly to their attention. 

All bequests, unless otherwise requested, 
are placed in the Endowment Fund, 
and only the interest used for current 
expenses. We have received many letters 
from well-wishers who have expressed 
their interest in becoming Life Members or 
Patrons, but stating that they did not feel 
at the time that they could spare the 
necessary fee. To such we would respect- 
fully suggest that they make provision in 
their wills for an amount equal to such 
funds, in order that bird-protection in 
days to come may receive support to a 
degree which they felt unable to extend 
during their lifetimes. 

The entire Endowment Fund of the 
National Association of Audubon Socie- 
ties today amounts to $429,762.59. This 
yields an income of something over $20,000 
annually. When we consider that the 
annual expenses of the Association are at 
least $100,000 in excess of this amount, 
and that we are continually handicapped 
from lack of funds to assist local organiza- 
tions, volunteer workers, employ wardens 
and to carry on needed educational and 
legislative campaigns, one will realize how 
really comparatively small is the Associa- 
tion’s endowment. Much of the time of 


Bird- Lore 


the Executive Officer and the office 
force must necessarily be expended in 
raising funds, which, with a larger endow- 
ment, might be applied more directly to 
the problems of wild-life protection. 

From July 1, 1919, to September 1, 
1919, the following Life Members were 
enrolled: 


Abbe, Dr. Robert 
Blossom, D. S. 

Boyer, Joseph 

Castleman, Mrs. Geo. A. 
Denegre, William P. 
Ellsworth, Mrs. Henry M. 
Ernst, Richard P. 

Ewing, J. Hunter 

Fay, S. Prescott . 

Ferry, Mrs. Abby Farwell 
Ford, Henry 

Franklin, H. H. 

Freer, A. E. 

Gregory, Mrs. Clifford D. 
Hallett, Mrs. Emma F. 
Harkness, Mrs. Edward S. 
Kirby, Fred M. 

Lindsay, Miss Jean 
McKinlock, George A. 
Mallinckrodt, Edward 
Mather, Katherine L. 
Moore, Mrs. Alfred F. 
Moore, Henry D. 

Morse, Mrs. Joy C. 
Neely, James C. 

Palmer, Charles H. 

Plant, Fred’k S. 
Rockefeller, Mrs. Frank 
Russell, Mrs. Emily L. 
Russell, Mrs. Robert Shaw 
Sears, Mrs. Richard W. 
Seiberling, F. A. 

Sprague, Miss Laura 
Tolman, E. E. 

Tracy, Mrs. Jane A. 
Wood, William M. 


FEATHER SMUGGLING 


One of the provisions of the United 
States Tariff Act, enacted in 1913, makes 
it illegal to bring into the United States, 
except for scientific and educational pur- 
poses, the plumage of any wild bird. This 
act was secured, of course, as a further 
restraint on the millinery trade in the 
matter of using the plumage of wild birds. 
Nevertheless, plumage continued to be 
seen on the streets of New York and else- 


where, and much of it appeared to be new 
millinery. Evidently, the smuggling of 
Heron aigrettes, Bird-of-Paradise plumes, 
and plumage of the Goura Pigeon flour- 
ished despite the law. 

Now and then a small consignment 
would be seized and the smugglers pros- 
ecuted, but it was the theory of the 
customs officials that in some way these 
contraband feathers were arriving in large 


The Audubon Societies 


numbers, and every possible agency was 
employed to discover how this was being 
done. More than three years elapsed, how- 
ever, before success crowned the efforts 
of our diligent officials. 

When discovered, the case proved to 
be such a large and important one, that it 
is believed the readers of Brrp-LoreE will 
be interested in learning something about 
it. The statement of facts furnished by 
U. S. District Attorney Harold Harper, 
and U. S. Customs Roundsman J. C. 
Rothschild, and authorized by the Cus- 
toms Office, is as follows: 

On November 26, 1916, the U. S. 
Kroonland arrived at Pier 59, North 
River, New York City. Immediately after 
the ship docked, at 2 p.m., Angelo Tar- 
taglino, Chief Steward of the ship, came 
up to the gate and J. C. Rothschild, U. S. 
Customs Roundsman, questioned him, 
asking if he had any contraband. He:said, 
“No.” Rothschild asked him to open his 


325 


coat. He put his hand down in the man’s 
trousers and found a wide cloth life-belt 
which he said he was wearing because he 
was sick. Rothschild took him into the 
Customs House on the pier, searched him, 
and found that the ‘“‘life-belt’? contained 
150 Bird-of-Paradise plumes. Thereupon 
Tartaglino confessed that he had seven 
more belts aboard ship. These were seized 
and found to contain 950 Paradise plumes 
and 849 Goura plumes. 

On December 15, 1916 Tartaglino 
pleaded guilty to smuggling plumage and 
was sent to Trenton prison for eleven 
months and fifteen days, and paid a fine 
of $500. 

While the case against Tartaglino was 
pending, he was admitted to bail, this be- 
ing furnished by the chef at Shanley’s 
Cafe. Thinking that perhaps Tartaglino 
was really an agent for some New York 
house, and that this chef must be a go- 
between, the chef was watched, with the 


$150,000 WORTH OF SMUGGLED WILD-BIRD PLUMAGE 
In the Seizure-room of the New York Customs Office, August 1, 1910. 


Photographed for the National 


Association of Audubon Societies 


SCALP AND PLUME FROM THE GOURA PIGEON 
Photograph of one of the 150 Goura plumes presented by the U. S. Treasury Department to the National 
Association of Audubon Societies 


J. S. ROTHSCHILD, CUSTOMS HOUSE ROUNDSMAN OF THE PORT OF NEW YORK 
Shown holding Bird-of-Paradise plumes, and wearing one of the sack-like belts which he discovered to 
be the means by which a wealth of bird-feathers was being smuggled into the United States. 

Photographed for the National Association of Audubon Societies 


(327) 


328 


result that it was discovered that after 
Tartaglino went to prison, he received 
checks regularly from this chef. 

Mr. Harper brought the chef and 
Tartaglino before the Grand Jury, and 
after a grilling examination, Tartaglino 
broke down and confessed that he was an 
agent for Arthur Arbib, of the New York 
Fashion Feather Company, and that this 
was his second trip. He stated that 
a man who had been smuggling for Arbib 
for some time, viz., one Felice Strado, had 
left the employ of the Steamship Company 
and had gone to his home in Italy, and 
that he, Tartaglino, had bought his 
business. On his first trip he had received 
about $300, $200 of which he had to pay to 
Strado for his smuggling rights with Arbib. 

Arbib then came forward and confessed. 
His store was raided and his goods, 
Paradise and Goura feathers to the value 
of $73,500, were seized on the theory that 
his stock was that which had been brought 
over by Tartaglino on his first - trip. 
Tartaglino, however, advised that on his 
first trip he had examined only the con- 
tents of one of his life-belts, and that it 
contained wholely Paradise plumes. He 
was unable to swear whether he had 
brought any Goura plumes. The court, 
therefore, ordered the customs authorities 
to return to Arbib the Goura plumes. 
These were so numerous that it required 
seventeen cartons, 3 by 3 by 4 feet to con- 
tain them. 

Arbib was fined $4,500 on conspiracy 
and $500 on smuggling, but, on account of 
poor health, escaped a prison sentence. 
Investigation proved that the supplies of 
Goura and Paradise of many of the large 
department and women’s furnishing stores 
in New York City came from Arbib. 
These, to the value of perhaps $100,000, 
or more, were seized, but through lack 
of evidence to establish the fact that they 
had been smuggled, many of them were 
ordered returned by the courts. 

Today, if you go down in the shopping 
district of New York, you may see many 
of these Goura and Paradise plumes 
exhibited for sale in shop windows. 

On July 16, 1910, by order of the Assis- 


Bird - Lore 


tant Secretary of the Treasury, 150 of the 
Goura plumes in the Seizure-room, valued 
by the appraiser at $8 each, were delivered 
to the National Association of Audubon 
Societies for educational and _ scientific 
purposes, and 150 Paradise plumes, valued 
at $35 each, were likewise presented to 
the Association. 

At the time the writer visited the Seiz- 
ure-room and received these feathers, it 
was learned that an assistant treasurer had 
conceded to the suggestion made by the 
customs officials, and authorized the sale 
at public auction of this confiscated stock, 
which, it was estimated, would probably 
bring about $150,000. It was argued that 
there was no law in the United States 
against the sale of these particular feathers, 
although the law prohibited their importa- 
tion, and as they were already here there 
was no reason why they should not be 
sold and the Government derive a financial 
benefit therefrom. The Directors of the 
National Association of Audubon Socie- 
ties strongly disapproved of this proposed 
procedure, and the Secretary was author- 
ized to make vigorous protest, and seek 
to prevent the carrying out of this plan, 
so wholly in opposition to the spirit of 
bird-protection. The Secretary promptly 
notified the Biological Survey and the 
United States National Museum regard- 
ing this stock of feathers. These two 
branches of the Government work applied 
to the Treasury Department for the con- 
fiscated goods to be used for educational 
and exhibition purposes. 

A Committee from the United States 
Millinery Chamber of Commerce and 
George Lawyer representing the Biolog- 
ical Survey appeared before the Treasury 
Department and urged that these feathers 
should not again be placed in the trade, 
but should be delivered to the Biological 
Survey for educational purposes. 

It is a pleasure to announce that so 
effective was their plea that the customs 
authorities have been ordered to turn 
over the plumage to the United States 
Biological Survey. 

From the above account many interest- 
ing details in connection with this case 


The Audubon Societies 


have necessarily been omitted, but enough 
has been given to show that while other 
smuggling of feathers is doubtless still 
going on, one of the largest offenders has 
been apprehended and his smuggling busi- 
ness destroyed. 


Death of Dr. Joseph Kalbfus 


Dr. Joseph Kalbfus, Executive Secre- 
tary of the Board of Game Commissioners 
of Pennsylvania since its creation in 1895, 
was killed by an express train near Tiona 
Warren County, Pa., on August Io, Ig19. 


DR. JOSEPH KALBFUS 


At the time, he was in an automobile with 
E. W. Kelly, Field Superintendent of the 
Commission, who likewise was killed. 

Dr. Kalbfus was the dean of State 
Game Commissioners in the United States, 
having held his position with distinction 
for twenty-four years. One of the charac- 
teristics for which he was noted was his 
astonishing fearlessness, which he often 
exhibited in personally arresting desperate 
characters whom others hesitated. to 
approach. 

He was greatly devoted to his work and 


329 


wild-life protection has lost one of its 
strongest, most effective, and most pictur- 
esque leaders. 


A Worth-While Report 


The West Chester (Pa.) Bird Club 
issued, in July, a twenty-page pamphlet 
with cover, in which is given a historical 
sketch of the Club. The author knows how 
to present such a subject most entertain- 
ingly. Glossed book paper is used, which 
permits splendid reproduction of eight 
interesting photographs, including pictures 
of Dr. C. E. Ehinger, Henry J. Fry, Dr. 
S. C. Schmucker, and other members of 
the Club. A group of 180 school children, 
with bird-boxes, is also shown, and a 
comical group of young Screech Owls, and 
nests of the Phoebe, Kentucky Warbler 
and Chestnut-sided Warbler. 

The pamphlet gives the names of 40 resi- 
dent members and 6 non-resident mem- 
bers, as well as a list of 162 birds that have 
been observed and identified locally by 
the West Chester Bird Club since its 
organization. 


Iowa Wild-Life Conference 


Under the auspices of the Iowa Con- 
servation Association, a wild-life protec- 
tion and propagation congress was held at 
McGregor, Iowa, the past summer. It 
enjoyed the hearty support and patronage 
of the McGregor Heights Outing Associa- 
tion. The conference lasted for five days, 
and, in a large tent, frames of pictures 
issued by the National Association of 
Audubon Societies, and other material 
were exhibited. It is planned to hold a 
similar conference next year, and it is 
to be hoped that the response will be 
sufficient to encourage our Iowa friends in 
making this summer gathering of outdoor 
lovers an annual occasion. 

The Directors are: Fred G. Bell, F. S. 
Richards, T. A. Jayne, T. J. Sullivan, and 
L. P. Bickel of the Outing Association; 
also Dr. Geo. F. Kay of the Iowa State 
University, geologist; Dr. L. H. Pammel, 
Iowa State College, botanist; Prof. Bo- 


339 


humil Shimek, Iowa State University, 
dendrologist; Dr. T. C. Stephens, Morn- 
ingside College, ornithologist, and Prof. 
Charles R. Keyes, Cornell College, Depart- 
ment of Indian Lore. 

As those responsible for next year’s 
program are anxious to make it as 
complete as possible, they will be glad to 
receive suggestions from educational insti- 
tutions, nature-study clubs, and kindred 
organizations throughout the country, 
interested and sympathetic in this new 
enterprise. Communications relative there- 
to will receive every attention during the 
ensuing twelve months. Fred G. Bell, 
McGregor, Iowa, is president of the As- 
sociation; George I’. Kay, Iowa City, Iowa, 
Dean of the faculty; and George Bennett, 
Iowa City, Iowa, Registrar of the School. 

Mr. George Bennett, of Iowa City, 
field representative of the Iowa Conserva- 
tion Association, writes most enthusiasti- 
cally of the outlook for this laudable 
undertaking. 


Cat Ordinance for Oak Park, III. 
Adopted in June, 1919 


Whereas, Stray and unrestrained cats 
wandering about the Village of Oak Park 
have become a menace to the public 
health and a source of damage to gardens, 
and have been and are destroying large 
numbers of birds living and nesting within 
the limits of the village, and such cats 
should be restrained or destroyed in 
order to promote the health, comfort and 
welfare of the inhabitants of the village; 


Therefore, Be it ordained by the Presi- 
dent and Board of Trustees of the Village 
of Oak Park: 


Section r. Stray Cat. The term “stray 
cat,”’ as used in this ordinance, shall be 
held and construed to mean any cat 
within the limits of the Village of Oak 
Park and not on the premises of the owner 
or keeper thereof. 


Bird - 


Lore 


Section 2. UNRESTRAINED Cat. The 
term “unrestrained cat” as used in this 
ordinance shall be held and construed to 
mean any cat not controlled or kept in 
proper confinement by the owner or keeper 
thereof as hereinafter provided. 

Section 3. WHEN A NouIsANnce. The 
permitting or keeping of any stray or unre- 
strained cats within the limits of the 
Village of Oak Park, contrary to the terms 
of this ordinance, is hereby declared to be 
a nuisance and any and all such cats shall 
be restrained or destroyed as provided by 
this ordinance, and the owners and keepers 
thereof shall be subject to the fines hereby 
imposed for any violation of this ordinance. 

Section 4. CONTROL AND RESTRAINT OF 
Cats. No person shall cause or permit 
any cat or cats owned or kept by him or her 
to run at large on any street, alley, or other 
public place, or upon the premises of any 
other person, within the Village of Oak 
Park between the hours of 7 P.M. and 9 
A.M. of each and every day during the 
breeding season of the birds, to wit, from 
April 1 to September 30, both inclusive, 
of each and every year. 

Section 5. Pottce Controv. It shall be 
the duty of the chief of police, his assis- 
tants, and all policemen of the village to 
warn any owner or keeper of any cat who 
violates any of the provisions of this 
ordinance, that upon a second violation 
the cat will be killed, and if after such 
warning any such owner or keeper again 
violates the provisions hereof by neglect- 
ing to restrain his cat as herein provided, 
such cat shall be forthwith killed by such 
officer in some humane manner. 

Section 6. Trespass. All persons shall 
have the right to kill any and all stray or 
unrestrained cats trespassing upon their 
premises at any and all times, and the 
owners or keepers of such cats so killed 
shall have no right of redress therefor. 

Section 7. PENALTIES. Any person vio- 
lating any of the provisions of this ordin- 
ance shall be subject to have his or her cat 
taken up and killed as herein provided, 
and shall also be subject to a fine of not less 
than $2.00 nor more than $5.00 for each 
violation of this ordinance. 

Section 8. This ordinance shall take 
effect upon its passage, approval, and 
publication. 


_ The Audubon Societies 


ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN 


The following additional contributions 
toward the erection of the Roosevelt 
Memorial Fountain have been received: 


Previously acknowledged .. $11,684 
Mrs. Aj  Gumore: oslo eek 
Syinooshine Chibi Se Go ae et 
Arthur H. Braly ; 10 
shee Club I 
BoB Dennig 2.265. = 10 
Dr. C. M. Koontz . . 5 


Estes Park Woman’s Club : 

Art Club (Anderson, = ie 

Mason Mitchell . 

Charles H. Collins. 

Magazine Club (Columbus, Ind.) 

Twentieth Century Club... 

Miss Alice Richardson .. . 

Art Books and Crafts Club . 

Miss Neva R. Wackerbarth.. . 

Century Club (Greencastle, aaa 

Howard Club (New York City) . 

Charles C. Gorst . 

Hartford Bird Study Club (Conn. ye 

E: QO: Hovey... : 

Mr. and Mrs. R. T. McCormick | 

Mrs. Lila B. Adams . . : 

Mrs. Evelina C. cue 

SB RIKer ce, 

Mrs. Jay H. Hart . . 

Indiana Sorosis Club . 

George H. Warren . . 

Woman’s Study Club (La Porte, 
1s A : 

Westfield (Ind.) Woman’s Club . . 

Audubon Society es N.Y. ? 

Mrs. Robert G. Steele 

Judge Arthur J. Tuttle. . 

Harold Hoyt Taylor . 

Roy M. Langdon . 

James L. Record . . 

Department Club (Elwood, Ind. ) 

Chambersburg (Pa.) Civic Club . 

A. V. and Ella M. Arnold 

South Bend Woman’s Club . 

Cosmopolitan Club (Greenfield, Ind. ) 

Bowen Bird Roosters . . ; 

Watertown Bird Club (N. y. re ; 

Pasadena Audubon Society Sagas ) 

Mrs. Noel Statham i 

Dr. George F. Kay . 

Rev. George Bennett . 

Pupils of Miss Gibson’s School 

Miss C. E. Howland . . 

Mrs. Childe H. Childs 

Council of Jewish Women : 

Or. Adelaide Mills. 0d 

Pee CO MULONE oe eo ee 

The Thursday Club . . 

Mrs. John L. Billard . 

fe Die eager 5s : 

Prof. Austin P. Larrabee . 


i 


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331 
Robert M. Carew .. . $1 00 
Ann Rogers Clark Chapter D D. A. Ro fore) 
Amelia Felkner .. . I 00 
Mrs. Allen W. Clarke . . .~ I 00 
Tuesday Club (St. James, Mo.) . 2 00 
Mrs. J. W. Brownlow . . I 00 
Civic League (Beaufort, S. G); I 00 
Charles C. Bovey .. 1}. 5100 
Woman’s Club (Mishawaka, Ind.) - I 00 
Bertha S. Miller. . . : 2000 
Mrs. Alice C. Allen I 00 
Namiro Cabrera. . . 5 00 
McRae Club (Muncie, Ind.). I 00 
Mrs. Ripley Hitchcock . . 2 00 
Woman’s Club (Montpelier, Vt.)  f $200 
Woman’s Club (Anchorage, Alaska. ) 5 00 
Shakespeare Reading Club . . I 00 
Mrs. Alfred M. Walter 5 00 
R. R. Bowker . . 5 00 
Woman’s Research Club — I 00 
Mrs. Edward E. Allsopp 2 00 
Samuel Chesbro 2 00 
Woman’s Club (Greencastle, Ind. 7 I 00 
Audubon Club, Corning School 
Nos aeoee . 10 00 
Longfellow Junior Audubon ‘Class . 2 fore) 
Rockaway Bird Club . 50 00 
Raimundo Cabrera . 20 00 


Harriet E. Wallace . . ee aye I 


fore) 

Province of Quebec Society ‘for the 
Protection of Birds area 2 00 
Carrie E. Neubauer . I oo 
Tuesday Literary Club . I 00 

Woman’s Department Club (Indian- 
apolis, Ind.) oENLOO 
Inwood (Ind.) Community ( Club I 00 
jones: 3. Clas co, I 00 
Mary Imlay Taylor . 2 00 
Mrs. Alexander Robb . . eee 6 OO} 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Hoe. too fore) 
Mary Mitchell. : : 25 00 
Thomas F. Burgess IO 00 
Mrs. Henry Nicols 5 00 
Mrs. C. J. Edwards . I 00 
Miss Clara T. Chase : 5 00 
Mrs. Geo Chace Christian 5 00 
Mrs. M. B. Edinjer . ; 5 00 
Wednesday Afternoon Club . 2 00 
Mrs. A. L. Roache I 00 
Mrs. F. W. Houser I 00 
Mrs. R. B. Clapp I 00 
Mrs. P. W. Hudson . I 00 
Roger S. Newell . . 5 00 
H. M. Addinsell . 5 00 
Austin B. Fletcher. . . . 10 00 
Audubon Club of P. S. No. 37. 4 25 
Linnean Society of New York 200 00 
Mrs. C. Oliver Iselin . . 5 500 00 

Missouri Federation of Women’s 
Clabs 3, rt eS Saamoean a = 3 fore) 
H. H. Chamberlain . ._ fete) 
Nature Study Club (Columbus, Ind. ) I 00 


332 


Public School No, 
City) . : 

Guy Emerson . 

Richard Crashaw Club 

Paul J. Kramer . . 

AaB Nyecsss : 

Blue Jez. Audubon Society 


Junior Audubon Society, (Holden, 


Mass.) os ee 
T.S. Hathaway .. j 
David C. Halsted . . 
Junior 
Wyo.) 
Thomas H. Howard _ . 
Mrs. Fred W. Sumner . 
Charles W. Richmond 


Study Club (Ashton, Idaho). . 


Mrs. Geo. Lee Bready. 
Leon Israel. . . ee 
Mrs. Winthrop Jorden 
Laura B. Whittemore 
Edward Kemp.. . 
F. C. Walker .. : 
Frank M. Warren . . 
Bird Club (St. Louis, 
Ella D. Campbell 
Mrs. Pi W,-Herz os i. 
Mrs. John M. Nelson, jr. 
George S. McCarty 

Guy W. Von Schriltz 

James L. Ward 

Lloyd Smith : ; 
Lonnquist Audubon Society 
Art and Travel Club . ; 


Mo.) 


ne) Pans York 
eee ae 


Audubon Club B uffalo, 


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Bird - Lore 


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$10 
Genge School Junior Audubon Club 1 50 


A. J. Hammerslough 


Dr. and Mrs. C. B. Graves . ae 


Dr. Guy C. Rich. 
Mrs. M. B. Fowle . 


Mrs. William H. Jassp re Eee } 
Research Club (Greentown, Ind. ) 


Lewis S. Golsan . . 


Junior Bird Club (Westfield, N. Y. ) 
Randolph Bird Club... . 


2 
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Coventry Woman’s Club (R. I.) . . 83 00 


Miss Flora Brown. . 
Dr. Wm. Frederic Bade. 
Joseph Brewer 


- Beatrice S. deCamp 


Bay. Tree Inn. . : 
Miss Adeline S. Jordan. ie 
Oregon Audubon Society . 


Miss Katharine Matthies . . 
Mrs. M. V. B. Brinckerhoff . . 


Dr. Frank M. Chapman . 
Ladies Literary Club 


Catholic Woman’s Study Club. . 


Mrs. Frank A. Vanderlip 


Mr. and Mrs. John L. Lawrence a 


Mrs; Bo S. Holt sco5>5 


Greystone Park Bird Club . . 


Miss Alice Robinson . 


Mass. Audubon Society (additional) 2 
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1. CANADA JAY 3. PINON JAY 
2. OREGON JAY 4, CLARKE'S NUTCRACKER 


(About one-third natural size) 


Sird- Lore 


A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS 


OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 


Vol. XXI NOVEMBER—DECEMBER, 1°19 No. 6 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics* 
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN 
V. CHILE edt 


With illustrations by Louis Agassiz Fuertes 


| | ‘ROM LA PAZ one may reach the Chilean coast by an eighteen-hour 


wan 
¥ 


railroad journey to Arica, or by one of thirty-six hours to Antofogasta. 

The latter is by far the more interesting, not alone because it requires 
double the time, but also because it passes through a more highly diversified 
region. The recently constructed line of the Antofogasta and Bolivian Rail- 
way, from La Paz to the tableland, affords views of the great bowl in which 
this city lies which, in their great breadth and beauty, remind one forcibly of 
the Grand Cafion. This panorama of sculptured walls and pinnacles, of green 
slopes leading to the red-tiled roofs below, of the snow-crowned Cordillera 
towering high in the background deserves, indeed, to rank among the most 
noteworthy features of South American scenery. 

From our slow, tortuous, winding way, a thousand feet up the side of the 
cafion, we suddenly emerge upon the flat puna, stretching in illimitable dis- 
tances to blue and, occasionally, snow-capped mountains. The scant herbage, 
spread thinly over the rock-littered earth, supports countless herds of sheep and 
llamas, which, accompanied by their poncho-clad Indian guardians, form the 
characteristic feature of every picture. 

Of birds I saw comparatively few. White-throats (Brachyspiza) were 
abundant in La Paz, and on the surrounding hillsides there were a few Sooty 
Thrushes (Semimerula), Puna Finches (Phrygilus gayi punensis), and small 
flocks of coal-black Goldfinches (Spinus atratus), whose wings, in flight, 
appeared to be wholly yellow, giving them a most unusual appearance. 

On the tableland the fine Spur-winged Plover was a constant attraction; 
but although small sloughs and streams offered apparently suitable haunts, there 
was not that display of bird-life which so amazes one north of Lake Titicaca. 


*Concluded from Brrp-LoreE for May-June, roto. 


334 Bird - Lore 


All night we traveled over the puna at an average elevation of about 13,000 
feet, arriving the next morning at Uyuni. Here we turned westward. The graz- 
ing country was now left behind, and for hours we crossed glistening salinas 
devoid of both plants and birds. 

The boundary line of Bolivia and Chile is marked by the active volcano of 
Ollagiie, from the snow-capped cone of which a thin plume of smoke waved 


LAGO DE SAN PEDRO DE ATACAMA, NORTHERN CHILE, WHERE FLAMINGOES NEST 
TWO MILES ABOVE SEA-LEVEL 
Photographed by H. C. Bellinger 


At this point the descent to the coast begins. The way lies across the desert 
of Atacama, an essentially rainless region, and one of the most arid in the world. 
The earth is almost as devoid of vegetation, as naked as it was in the beginning, 
and the story of its external structure may be read as one passes. On every 
side are evidences of tremendous volcanic activity, and the still smoking cones 
of Ollagiie and San Pedro suggest possibilities which forcibly connect the pres- 
ent with the past. There are lakes thickly encrusted with borax, with open 
water appearing here and there, as it does through slushy ice in a spring thaw, 
wide-stretching, hopelessly desolate nitrate fields, and mining ‘camps’ to mark 
the mineral wealth hidden in these bare mountains. At one of these ‘camps,’ 
the town of Chuquicamata, our Red Cross duties occupied us for a week. 
Mining engineers and sociologists will find at Chuquicamata object lessons of 
intense value and interest in the results of American efficiency applied to 
metallurgical and labor problems, but it is not a productive field for an orni- 
thologist. Not one bird did I see here during the week of our stay. At the 
neighboring town of Calama where the Loa supplies water for irrigation, White- 
throats (Brachyspiza) and Swallows (Atticora cyanoleuca) were abundant 
and, on the way, two Desert Flycatchers (Muscisaxicola) were seen. These, 
with two Stilts (Himantopus) and a Duck observed in one of the borax lakes, 
a Sparrow, a Hawk, and three Turkey Vultures, seen between Calama and 
Antofogasta, were all the birds recorded between Bolivia and the Pacific coast. 


s 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 335 


The region, however, is not wholly devoid of attractions for the bird- 
student. An engineer, whom I met on January 1, had just come down from the 
Andean valley of San Pedro where, at an elevation of about 11,500 feet, he 
had found a colony of Flamingoes nesting on a shallow lake. There were, he 
said, large numbers of young birds. While Flamingoes must, of course, nest at 
numerous places in the high Andes, from Lake Junin in Peru southward, I know 
of no other breeding colony which has been definitely located. 

January 4, we reached the coast at Antofogasta and the following day sailed 
for Valparaiso. After the lifelessness of the desert, the abundance of marine 
birds impressed me with added force. There were Gulls, Pelicans, Cormorants, 
and Gannets, and, farther from land, Shearwaters and Petrels of several 
species. On March 15, when, homeward bound, we dropped anchor for a few 
hours off Antofogasta, the waters swarmed with the small sardine-like fish, 
which apparently form the chief food of the fish-eating birds of the coast, and 
the birds were correspondingly abundant. The fish closely approached the 
shore about the docks and shipping, and the birds followed them. There 
resulted a confusion of tugs, launches, lighters, and rowboats which supplied an 
unusual setting for the birds’ activities. Over great swelling waves we rowed 
ashore through the mélée with, on every side, Gannets and Pelicans plung- 


THE DIUCA . 
(About two-thirds natural size) 


336 Bird - Lore 


ing from the air and Cormorants and sea-lions appearing from below—all in 
pursuit of the unfortunate fish. In places the water was covered with floating 
islands of Cormorants and the shore was thickly lined with Pelicans and 
Gannets whose hunger, for the moment, had been appeased. It was a 
memorable scene. 

Slightly south of this latitude, on August 15, 1916, I saw my first Wander- 
ing Albatrosses, swinging, circling, sweeping to right or left in broad curves, 
skimming over the water, disappearing for a moment in the trough of the 
waves, or tossing suddenly upward to be clearly outlined against the sky with 


Pre = 7 re sions ceinete 


THE ACONCAGUA VALLEY. A TYPICAL SCENE, SHOWING THE CHARACTERISTIC 
BUSHY VEGETATION OF CENTRAL CHILE 


one wing pointing upward, the other down. At all times they faced the gale 
calmly, serenely, without evident effort, while the steamer labored painfully 
onward, pitching, rolling, groaning in the toils of the sea. 

We reached Valparaiso January 7, 1919. It was approximately midsummer 
and compared with conditions which we had found there on August 16, 1916, 
the harbor was almost without birds. On the last-named date there were, in 
addition to great numbers of Gulls, Cormorants, and Gannets, hundreds of 
Penguins. Doubtless in January many of these birds were on their breeding- 
grounds, while in August they thronged the harbor, just as Herring Gulls, for 
example, do the harbors on our Atlantic coast in winter. 

We had now entered the northern part of the humid South Temperate 
Zone, and, as a result of the small annual rainfall, found the hills and plains 
covered with a bushy, chaparral-like vegetation which, in favorable situations 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 337 


along streams or in drainage areas, assumes some luxuriance. Both eucalyptus 
and poplars have been successfully introduced and are sufficiently abundant to 
form a marked feature of the landscape of central Chile. 

My duties for the Red Cross left small time for field excursions about either 
Valparaiso or Santiago, nor was the season a favorable one for the study of 
birds. I can therefore give a more adequate sketch of the principal character- 
istics of the bird-life of central Chile by relating briefly certain observations 
made in the vicinity of Santiago in the early spring (August 23-25) of 1916. 

At this season there was a yellow-green veil over the willows, about springy 
places the grass was 
emerald,’ and peach 
trees were beginning to 
bloom. Frogs croaked 
in the marshes, great 
flocks of Goldfinches 
made the poplars vocal, 
a small Woodpecker 
called peek, almost ex- 
actly like our Downy, 
and roiled his drum. 
Swallows gurgled, and 
from the beds of old 
cat-tails a Yellow- 
shouldered Blackbird 
uttered a_ call-note 
strangely suggestive of = | 
that of his far-away ae — Te 
red-shouldered cousin. wee Pua 
In fact, both eye and ear were reminded, by many obvious and other more 
subtle influences, of spring in the North Temperate Zone. 

The Red-breasted Trupials (Trupialis militaris) passed in straggling flocks 
like Robins returning to their roost, and their flight-note recalled that of a 
Robin, but their flight-song was more like that of a Meadowlark. One did not 
often get a view of their brightly colored breast, but when seen it flashed like a 
railway signal. 

With the more familiar sights and sounds there were mingled others which 
had no place in one’s memory of a spring at the North. 

Everywhere the gray Diuca Finches (Diuca diuca) were abundant. While 
their song bears a slight resemblance to that of our Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 
the birds themselves are quite unlike. The Diuca is doubtless the most abun- 
dant of Chilean land-birds. One sees it everywhere, along the roadsides, on 
telegraph wires, in gardens, in the bush-covered foothills, in cages and in. the 
markets, for it is valued both as a pet and as a source of food. There is appar- 


338 Bird - Lore 


ently no law protecting the Diuca, and the Italian element in the Chilean 
population traps it, as well as other small birds, by thousands. A visit to the 
Santiago market showed strings of Goldfinches, White-throats, Diucas, and 
Thrushes which, plucked, were sold for about thirty cents a dozen. The Diuca 
however, is apparently too well adapted to its environment to be perceptibly 
diminished in numbers by the activities of market hunters. 

At Apoquindo, in the foothills of the Andes, about nine miles east of Santi- 
ago, I found more characteristic features of Chilean bird-life. Here there was 
no cultivation and the scrubby vegetation occupied the slopes and barrancas. 
The ground was white with frost each morning, and the air was fresh and 
invigorating. When the sun climbed from behind the Cordillera there was a 
ringing chorus of spring song. The ever-present White-throats contributed 
their sweet, plaintive notes; Mockingbirds called sharply, chucker-chuck, 
chucker-chuck, and whistled shortly; there were Trupials, Diucas, and Swallows, 
while, from the dense scrubby growth which covered the slopes of the foothills, 
there came a series of thrilling calls, loud and striking in character. Some were 
wholly unlike anything I had ever heard before; others suggested notes with 
which I was familiar. They came from every side, often so near as to be start- 
ling. At times six or eight birds called at once but the most careful stalking 
failed to reveal the callers. Taking a position which commanded a view of my 
surroundings, I sat down and carefully watched every opening in the vegeta- 
tion for a view of the unseen singers. It was not long before a bird about the 
size of a Quail, like a mysterious little gnome, hopped up on a rock about forty 
yards distant and uttered one of the singular calls which had so excited my 
curiosity. He called only once or twice, when, apparently alarmed, he jumped 
to the earth, and, with long’ tail erect, ran down the hillside with astonishing 
rapidity, sailed across a gully and disappeared. I recognized it as El Turco, a 
species of the genus Hylactes found only in central Chile. Later, I discovered 
that El Turco was assisted by the Tapacola (Pteroptochus albicollis) in producing 
the remarkable series of calls which gave so strange a character to the morning 
chorus. Without always being able to attribute each call to its author, I find 
the following descriptions entered in my notebook: 

1. A hoarse bow-wow-wow-wow-wow, becoming hoarser on the final notes, 
and exactly like the bark of a distant dog. Previous authors, I find, state that 
this call is produced by Hylactes. 

2. A sharp, high, sudden marmot-like whistle, such as one utters to attract 
attention. 

3. A liquid whit-whit-whit-whit many times repeated. 

4. A rich, flute-like, diminishing whistle strongly suggestive of the soul- 
stirring calls of the great Goatsucker (NV yctibius). 

5. A Cuckoo-like call which may be the dove-like notes ascribed to the 
Tapacola. 

6. A call like that of a Guinea Hen: 


GIANT HUMMINGBIRD AND THE CHILEAN RUBY-CROWNED HUMMINGBIRD 


IT HAS CAPTURED 
(One-half natural size) 


(339) 


LAGUNA FRIA.—A SCENE IN THE HUMID SOUTH TEMPERATE ZONE IN ARGENTINA 
NEAR THE CHILEAN LINE 


(340) 


Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 341 


A seventh call was strangely familiar, and, to my intense surprise, I learned 
that it was uttered by a California Valley Quail! 

There are so many things in Chile which suggest California that when I 
succeeded in identifying the characteristic little crowing sit-right-down, sit- 
right-down, and heard it uttered by numbers of birds, I was not, for a moment, 
certain whether I was on the north or south Pacific coast. The mystery was 
explained by an American sportsman I subsequently met in Santiago, who 
informed me that Valley Quail had been introduced from California into Chile, 
at Coquimbo, in 1837. They are now among the common birds of central Chile. 

The blossoms of the eucalyptus trees about our inn at Apoquindo were 
frequented by such large numbers of Hummingbirds that at times the air 
‘buzzed’ as it would about a bee-hive. By far the larger number were the com- 
mon green, ruby-crowned species (Eustephanus galeritus), a bird nearly twice 
the size of our Ruby-throat, and there were also a few Giant Hummers (Pata- 
gona gigas), the largest of all Hummers, with a length of eight inches. The larger 
birds seemed in constant pursuit of the smaller ones, after the aggressive manner 
of Hummers, and on one occasion I saw a Giant Hummer actually catch a 
Ruby-crown, fly with it in his claws about a hundred feet, where, some fifteen 
feet from the ground, he paused for about fifteen seconds facing the trunk of a 
eucalyptus, when the smaller bird succeeded in making its escape and flew 
away, apparently unhurt. 

Patagona feeds chiefly on insects which it catches in the air or from flowers, 
and it is not conceivable that its capture of another Hummer was prompted by 
other than the vicious disposition of its family. 

Chile may roughly be divided into three districts: The northern desert, 
the central semi-arid, and the southern humid. Their character is determined 
by the amount of rain they receive, which, from practically nothing in northern 
Chile, reaches more than 300 inches annually in southern Chile. It may also 
be said that from practically no vegetation at the north, we pass through grad- 
ually increasing zones of fertility to the luxuriant forests of the south. There is, 
of course, a corresponding change in bird-life, but it is a change in character, 
not in abundance, for the forests of southern Chile are far from supporting the 
numbers of species or individuals which one might expect to find in them. 
My journey through southern Chile was made too rapidly to permit of more 
than the most casual observations of birds. The bird-life of the high, bare 
tablelands is readily seen, but no tropical forest I have worked in is denser 
than the rain-soaked woods of southern Chile. 

Some day I hope to return to this region as an ornithologist, when with good 
fortune, I may gather material which will warrant my writing of its birds. 
Meanwhile, I commend it to the attention of all travelers in South America 
as a country of rare beauty and intense interest. The naturalist who can deter- 
mine the origin of its fauna will make a contribution of high importance to our 
knowledge of the earth’s history and the study of the distribution of life. 


é ‘ik 


THE,CAMERA AND ATTACHMENTS INJPOSITION NEAR A BIRD-BATH. IT IS NOT 
NECESSARY TO DISGUISE THE CAMERA 


How Birds Can Take Their Own Pictures 


By DR. E. BADE, Glen Head, L. I. 
With photographs by the Author 


AN is the friend of the birds. Their restless spirit brings life into 
M nature as they flit from bush to bush, or from tree to tree, or when they 

fill the air of the forest and the meadow, the field and the garden, with 
their beautiful song. Filled with the pulsation of life, they are happy and care- 
free as long as the sun laughs from a clear sky, and know nothing of the sorrows 
and cares of providing for a hungry stomach. They never sow—they only 
reap—for everywhere food can be found in plenty. 

In the course of a year the entire history of bird-life unfolds itself to the 
eager eye of the lover of nature. But the few happy and instructive hours which 
can be devoted to the study of bird-life in the open are only too short. Then the 
wish to fix the bird, its home, and its habitat upon the photographic plate 
makes itself felt, in order, as he reviews the photos, to conjure back those 
fruitful hours whose incidents are indelibly stamped on the picture. 

It is not too easy nor any too simple to take pictures of these lively little 
animals, since many aids and professional secrets must be used if the resulting 
photographs are to be a success. Of course, a good lens and an efficiently work- 
ing shutter are essential. A double anastigmat lens will generally be sufficient, 
especially if it is of excellent make. When these lenses are used at full speed— 
and they must be used at full speed—they require accurate focusing, and this 
can only be done with the device to be described. Although snapshots of 
animals can only be taken successfully with such a lens, the plate will always be 
underexposed. Therefore they should be developed in weak fixing bath which 
develops the plate more uniformly than a normal or strong solution would. 

Developers for snapshots should always be diluted with water so that the 


(342) 


How Birds Can Take Their Own Pictures 343 


fixing is somewhat slower, giving the shadows a better chance to develop before 
the light places become too strong. One should not forget that the slower the 
process of fixing the stronger will be the contrast between light and shadow. 

Retouching negatives, which are to be used for scientific purposes, is not 
allowable. Blotched pictures, or those which represent animals with white or 
black spots, as well as those which require long titular explanations, although 
nothing can be seen on the photograph, are worthless. In some other cases, 
animal photographs are carefully taken from stuffed representatives, and these, 
when they have been given a suitable title, are sent out into the world as photo- 
graphs taken from living specimens. No special knowledge is required to give 
these photographs their real value, for when one has closely examined a photo- 
graph of the living specimen, one can easily determine a photograph taken from 
the stuffed animal. 

Some of the peculiar poses of animals taken from life throw a strong light 
upon our artists of today who show us very different pictures. It is interesting 
to compare good animal photographs with good drawings. For instance, a 
bird will be drawn in ten different ways by ten artists, and each artist will bring 
out the characteristics of the same bird in a different way. If such a drawing is 
enlarged a number of times with a stereopticon lantern the faults will be so 


TOWHEE 


greatly magnified that they will leap at the observer, but a photograph under 
the same conditions will retain all of its beauty. 

The difficulties of taking good animal pictures in the open are great, but the 
resulting pictures justify all the work that has been expended on them. The 
most difficult pictures that can be taken are those of birds, since one can seldom 
come within reach of them with a camera, and if one does come within range, 
then the light conditions are unfavorable for snapshots. If, in spite of all this, 


344 Bird - Lore 


one desires to take bird pictures, some kind of a device must be used which will 
overcome the inherent shyness of these animals. The simplest place for taking 
bird pictures is at, or near, bird-baths or bird food-houses, where the shutter of 
the camera will be closed electrically by the bird itself. The necessary prelim- 
inary apparatus is simple and the results obtained are most satisfactory. I, 
at least, use no other method after having experimented with, and used, all 
kinds of devices for years, devices which were tried and approved by both 
amateur and professional but which still gave unsatisfactory results. 

The most important contrivance necessary for the birds taking their own 
pictures is a device which will close an electric circuit at the appropriate second 


CATBIRD 


by the bird’s own weight. In order to get certain and easy results, the device 
is built in the form of a balance, one arm of which is kept in equilibrium so that 
the other, carrying the electric contacts, do not close the circuit unless the 
bird should spring on this arm, which will then sink and close the circuit. The 
same instant the core of an electro-magnet is charged, it pulls one arm of an 
angle iron downward while the other arm, pushing sideways, closes the shutter 
of the camera, thus securing a snapshot of the bird. 

The scale should not be too delicately built. For song-birds it should have 
at least, a width of 4 inches. One arm of the scale is bent downward near the 
place of attachment and a small box fastened to the extremity in which small 
stones, etc., can be placed to counterbalance the other shorter arm to which 
a twig or other suitable object is attached to facilitate the approach of the bird. 
The contact consists of V-shaped pieces of copper, one end of which rests in a 
copper or brass groove while the other end should only touch a second groove 
when the weight of a bird presses the contact scale downward which closes the 
circuit. 


How Birds Can Take Their Own Pictures 345 


JUNCO 


The entire contact scale is covered, before it is used, with a box having a 
covering of bark, the twig only projecting. 

The release of the snapshot shutter differs with the different cameras, so 
that the electrical release must be adapted to the camera used. The shutter of 
a ‘Graflex’ is released with a button. If an angle iron is taken, one arm receives 
a knob which can press the button of the camera, the other arm, which is 
placed so that it rests about 5 of an inch above the electro-magnet, is balanced 
so that a slight added pressure is sufficient to release the shutter. This is re- 
ceived from the magnet. When the bird is sitting on the twig, it closes the 


MYRTLE WARBLER—WINTER PLUMAGE 


346 Bird - Lore 


circuit, draws the angle iron downward, and the knob, pressing against the 
button of the shutter, releases it, and the picture is taken. 

It is absolutely unnecessary to hide or cover up the entire apparatus; the 
birds do not take any notice of the whole affair whatsoever. 

He who desires to take pictures near bird-baths or bird food-houses will 
do well to introduce a bell into the circuit which will ring when a picture has 
been taken. Then it is only necessary to change the plate in order to be ready 
for the next photograph. But under these circumstances the wires must be led 
into the house. It is also very convenient to introduce a push-button. Now the 
circuit can only be closed when both the button is pressed and the bird is sitting 
on the branch. Therefore, it is in the hand of the observer to take only those 
birds which he desires to take. With this the pictured birds will always have 
detail, as the twig is only an inch or two in length and the camera is sharply 
focused on the branch, and it is therefore of great value to the student wishing 
to take accurate pictures of birds in their natural habitat. 


FEMALE SCARLET TANAGER 


_ One Family of Flickers 


By ANNA ROGERS ROBERTS, Marietta, Ohio 


Over him towered the giant elm which had been the home of his kin for 

more than a generation. Its broken skyline had once been continuous; 
its diminishing shade had few other causes than the activities of this same proud 
and beautiful bird. Deep holes, dug first into one branch and then another, had 
caused limbs to decay as they filled with water, swelled with freezing, loosed 
with cyclonic winds, until a still day saw havoc, and a quiet night witnessed 
destruction. 

But little cared he, this bird with the powerful bill, red crown, black cres- 
cent, flecked breast, yellow wings, spotted back, and bristling tail. He had just 
finished a long journey and he wanted to clean—then eat. But that cleaning! 
Did you ever watch a Flicker dress? No dandy takes more pains. Every feather 
is made to shimmer as gold of sunset through lace-leafed trees. He feels no 
hurry; he loves detail, and in his businesslike manner you detect a purpose. 
It took him an hour, and then came—at least it seemed to me—an act of 
human intelligence. 

Trees were leafless, though sap was mounting. He flew to the topmost limb 
of a large walnut, and I know of no other way to express his attitude than to say, 
he studied the situation. This way and that he looked. For one of less courage, 
the prospect was cheerless. Bare trees and bleak earth. But that fierce eye 
looks and looks, that powerful head turns in every direction. Finally his 
decision is reached. Straight to the tower he flies, and the roll of his tattoo on 
the tin spouting rivals the snorting engines two squares away. Who can com- 
pute the number of motions the long bill makes as the strident noise con- 
tinues? He is terribly in earnest, he must make her hear! An old lamp-post 
with a metal shade is attacked next. Its rattle suits, for there he stays two 
days, hammering and screaming, almost incessantly. You wonder when he 
eats. Then,—over the hill, Harmar Hill,—a yellow blur! No—two—and he 
has company. Royally he greets them; they are his own, though strangers 
an instant gone. Their yicker, yicker, yicker is the sweet prelude of their joy- 
ous homing season. Best of friends, they feed at a common table, such as it 
is—the damp smoothness of the faintly green-tinged flats. For several days 
they play, hunt, and share their findings with each other. 

Then the time approaches for the trials of skill for the possession of the 
beautiful lady. First, the trial by flight. From bush to tree, from flat to height, 
from ground to tower they fly, scarcely lighting. One day—two days—even 
into the third day, the winged battle continues. Neither rests while she watches. 
The high, magnificent sweep of the first day becomes lower and heavier on the 
second, and you are relieved when darkness falls and the tired wings fold for 
the night. The third day, the unfeeling lady calls a halt, and new tests are 


(347) 


[: SISTENTLY he screeched as he sat on the lower limb of the white lilac. 


348 Bird - Lore 


proposed—quiet ones—strutting, bowing, spreading the feathers, twisting the 
neck, ogling the head, beating a tattoo, playing hide and seek round the trunks 
of the Japanese cherry, the silver birch, and the elms. Then one flies away to 
become a winner elsewhere and the other two think of a home. 

To last year’s haunts they go. The English Sparrows had found that long, 
deep hole and filled it with chicken feathers, moss, sticks, strings, etc., and the 
two birds work hard at house-cleaning for several days. The falling trash 
testifies to their industry. The theory that nests are used but once is not true 
of all birds. I have, repeatedly, seen a nest, such as borers make, used the second 
time. The glossy, white eggs, for which such elaborate preparations have been 


>. am ok me FS 
“THE GIANT ELM WHICH HAD BEEN THE HOME OF HIS KIN FOR OVER A GENERATION’ 


made, lie snug and safe in this dark, warm hole, and a new task confronts the 
husband. Patiently and unceasingly he bestows his ‘Flicker’ care on the chosen 
partner of his toils. She calls him to take her place when she needs air, food, 
and water—and he always answers. The purple flush of incoming day in- 
variably brings him to her, with the caressing yicker, yicker, yicker of his love- 
song. Little they think of tragedy, of disaster, as they wait the day when 
shells burst and tiny, wet bodies press against them, opening huge mouths 
blindly and awkwardly for nourishment. 

In due time five move and eat. Father and mother fly away for another 
morsel, when, without warning, the limb falls, breaking into fragments as 
the soft wood hits the hard earth forty feet away. 

A still cloudless day it is, and I was watching the excitement and unusual 
activities of the parents, thinking the mother’s patient wait was over. Going to 


One Family of Flickers : 340 


the spot, I picked up the five fledglings, now dead, and was wondering what to 
do, when I heard a whir, a scream, and another and then another! Where once 
had been all was now nothing, and they could not understand. Up and down 
the ugly, gaping tree-wound, over it, around it, they go screaming and scream- 
ing. Gone for a moment, then back to repeat the hunt! For two days this 
continued, then a few days of dispirited loneliness, and then a new limb is 
selected, a new hole is made, and this time quickly, for summer approaches 
high tide, and once more glossy, white eggs, are safe and snug in a warm, dark 
hole. Again the long wait; once mote there are little ones to feed; and then, 
after a while, one baby head, and then two, three, four, and five, peep out. 
Later five speckled birds sprawl flappily among the elm leaves. 

When old enough to take down to the flats where the coveted ants abound, 
they made a charming picture—this flock of seven. They were always together, 
and I could sit close to them and witness many a cunning play. They loved our 
old home, with its wide-mouthed chimneys and long water-spouts on which 
such glorious ‘music’ could be made. One used to hang on the kitchen screen. 
where I put suet for him. A newsboy hurt one, and I cared for his wound, 
Another lost his way in one of the chimneys and my husband tore the gas- 
fixtures out to rescue him, and had hard work to hold him so his strong bill 
did no damage. We stroked and petted him awhile, then released him, and his 
Indian-like yell as he spread his lovely wings was a song of triumph. He circled 
our grounds several times and then flew home! 

We had many Flickers. We loved and encouraged them in all possible ways 
to stay with us. The ivy berries were a source of delight after Jack Frost 
closed the ant-hills and insect hum was hushed. As I write I hear the long roll- 
ing tattoo, the high, sustained ¢at-tat-tat-tat-tat, and I feel it is his farewell. 
Perhaps I shall see him 


When the primrose makes a splendid show, 
When lilacs face the March winds in full blow, 
And humbler growth as moved with one desire 
Put on to welcome spring, their best attire. 


Bird-Lore’s Twentieth Christmas Bird Census 


Day, or as near that date as circumstances will permit; i no case should 

it be earlier than December 22 or later than the 28th—in the Rocky 
Mountains and westward, December 20 to 26. Without wishing to appear un- 
grateful to those contributors who have assisted in making the Census so 
remarkably successful, lack of space compels us to ask each census taker to send 
only one census. Furthermore, much as we should like to print all the records 
sent, the number received has grown so large that we shall have to exclude 
those that do not appear to give a fair 1epresentation of the winter bird-life of 
the locality in which they were made. Lists of the comparatively few species 
that come to feeding-stations and those seen on walks of but an hour or two are 
usually very far from representative. A census-walk should last four hours 
at the very least, and an all-day one is far preferable, as one can then cover more 
of the different types of country in his vicinity, and thus secure a list more 
indicative of the birds present. Each report must cover one day only, that all 
the censuses may be comparable. 

Bird clubs taking part are requested to compile the various lists obtained by 
their members and send the result as one census, with a statement of the numbe1 
of separate ones it embraces. It should be signed by all observers who have 
contributed to it. When two or more names are signed to a report, it should 
be stated whether the workers hunted together or separately. Only censuses 
that cover areas that are contiguous and with a total diameter not exceeding 
15 miles should be combined into one census. 

Each unusual record should be accompanied by a brief statement as to the 
identification. When such a record occurs in the combined list of parties that 
hunted separately, the names of those responsible for the record should be given. 
Reference to the February numbers of Brrp-LorE, 1901—19, will acquaint one 
with the nature of the report that we desire, but to those to whom none of 
these issues is available, we may explain that such reports should be headed by 
the locality, date, hour of starting and of returning, a brief statement of the 
character of the weather, whether the ground be bare or snow-covered, the di- 
rection and force of the wind, the temperature and the distance or area covered. 
Then should be given, in the order of the A. O. U. ‘Check-List’ (which is followed 
by most standard bird-books), a list of the species noted, with, as exactly as 
practicable, the number of individuals of each species recorded. A record should 
read, therefore, somewhat as follows: 


|B eee Annual Bird Census will be taken as usual on Christmas 


Yonkers, N. Y. (to Bronxville and Tuckahoe and back).—Dec. 25; 8 A.M. to 4.30 
P.M. Clear; 5 in. of snow; wind west, light; temp. 38° at start, 42° at return. Eleven 
miles on foot. Observers together. Herring Gull, 75; Bob-white, 12 (one covey); (Sharp- 
shinned?)Hawk, 1; . . . Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 1. Total, 27 species, about 470 
individuals. The Ruby-crown was studied with 8x glasses at 20 ft.; eye-ring, absence of 
head-stripes and other points noted.—JAMes Gates and JoHN RAND. 


(350) 


Bird-Lore’s Twentieth Christmas Bird Census 351 


_ These records will be published in the February issue of Brrp-LoreE, and 
it is particularly requested that they be sent to the Editor (at the American 
Museum of Natural History, New York City) by the first possible mail. It will 
save the Editor much clerical labor if the model here given and the order of the 
A.O. U. ‘Check-List’ be closely followed.—J. T. N. 


A Winter Feeding-Place for Birds 


By VERDI BURTCH 
With photographs by the Author 


advertise by putting out food where 

they can get it and be safe from 
cats and dogs, and you will be surprised 
to observe how quickly it will draw 
customers and how they will increase in 
numbers day by day. 

In cleaning grain, our local elevator 
accumulates quantities of weed seeds 
which we were able to obtain for the 
asking. We scattered a lot of this seed 
near an unused building which stands at the edge of the field. Then we cut 
holes in the side of the building for our camera lens and for observation, and 
here Mr. C. F. Stone and myself had great sport for more than a month. 

The English Sparrows were first to find the seed but the Tree Sparrows | 
were not far behind; then a Song Sparrow came, and soon a few Horned Larks 
appeared. 

Every day the birds increased in numbers. February 27, 1916, was very cold, 
with brisk northwest wind and little flurries of snow. We were in the build- 
ing nearly all day and kept a good supply of feed out all of the time. We now 
had a fine bunch of Tree Sparrows and Horned Larks, and soon a bunch of 
Snowflakes dropped in, and what a scramble there was, Tree and English 
Sparrows, Horned Larks and Snowflakes in a seething, bubbling mass, flying 
up and over each other in their eagerness to get the food. Then suddenly, as 
if at a signal, they would all fly up and away, the Sparrows to the nearby - 
bushes and the Larks and Snowflakes away down in the field where they lit in 
the snow. Soon a Tree Sparrow would come back, then several more, then 
the Larks would come in little short runs, then the Snowflakes, and lastly 
the English Sparrows. 

Some birds were quite pugnacious, flying at any other bird that came near. 
The Tree Sparrows and the Song Sparrow were more so than the Larks and 
Snowflakes, but the English Sparrows seldom showed fight. The Song Sparrow 


- a ™ 1 YOU want to see birds in winter, 


352 Bird - Lore 


was like a whirlwind when it attacked, driving every other bird from the feed- 
ing-place, and before you could count ‘two’ it would have the field cleared and 
be quietly feeding again. 


os mt ed 
pies : 

Suen 
* ‘ eo me S : ie Sake mY 


SNOW BUNTING 


ae # + 
pee ~ 8 


Our talking did not disturb the birds in the least, but a slight movement 
of the camera, the slamming of a door on the street, or a sudden gust of wind, 
would send them all in the air, the Sparrows to the bushes and the Larks and 
Snowflakes down in the field, but in less than five minutes they would all be 
back feeding again. 

Next day the Snowflakes were absent and we did not see them again until 


te" 9 % eee s 


ee ileal Alay cle Be «i aS Rie 


HORNED LARKS AND SNOW BUNTINGS 


A Winter Feeding-Place for Birds 353 


March 5. It was still cold and blustery, with light snow falling, so we had to 
keep putting out more seed as the snow covered it. The Tree Sparrows and 
Larks, both Horned and Prairie Horned, came in increasing numbers until there 
were more than forty of the Larks. A single Snowflake appeared, and at 3.30 
P.M. a stranger was noted. It did not take us long to identify it as a Lapland 
Longspur, the first one that either of us had ever seen; then ten more Snowflakes 
dropped in, and what sport we had watching that active and eager bunch of 
birds on the ground-glass of our cameras. The next day we had another sur- 
prise when a female Red-winged Blackbird came, and I doubt if anyone else 
ever saw a Red-winged Blackbird, a Lapland Longspur, Snowflakes, Horned 


~ 


eee ge 


zw 


ae ae 
F 
o es 


PRAIRIE HORNED LARKS—MALE AND FEMALE 


Larks, Prairie Horned Larks, Tree Sparrows, a Song Sparrow, English Sparrows, 
and Ring-necked Pheasants all feeding together in one flock. 

The Snowflakes and Longspur were not seen after this. We had alternate 
cold and warm weather, the last cold spell being March 20 to 22, when I was 
feeding more than sixty Larks, about twenty Tree Sparrows, the female Red- 
wing and several hen Pheasants. Then the weather turned warm, the snow 
rapidly disappearing, and the feeding-place was deserted except for English 
Sparrows. The early migrants came with a rush on March 25, Bluebirds, Red- 
wings, Kildeer, Meadowlark, Purple Finch, and Song Sparrow, and Cowbird, 
Bronzed Grackle, Phoebe, Sparrow Hawk, and Fox Sparrow on March 26. A 
Fox Sparrow was the last to visit the feeding-place and be photographed, 


The Migration of North American Birds 
SECOND SERIES 
XI. CANADA JAY, OREGON JAY, CLARKE’S NUTCRACKER, 
AND PINON JAY 
Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey 


(See Frontispiece) 


CANADA JAY 


The Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis) is confined to the forests of Canada, 
Alaska, the northern United States, and the Rocky Mountain region. Its well- 
known habits about mountain camps have earned for it the name of ‘Camp 
Robber.’ It is almost strictly resident, although it straggles occasionally in 
winter beyond the southern limits of its breeding-range. It is divided into five 
subspecies, the ranges of which are given below. 

The Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis canadensis) is resident in the 
northeastern United States and middle Canada, north to central Quebec, 
northern Ontario, and the northern limit of trees in northern Manitoba and 
northwestern Mackenzie; west to eastern Alaska, northwestern British 
Columbia, central western Alberta, and northeastern Wyoming; south to 
northeastern Wyoming, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern 
New York, northern Maine, and New Brunswick, east to New Brunswick 
and eastern Quebec. It is also of casual occurrence during winter south to 
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Nebraska. 

The Rocky Mountain Jay (Perisoreus canadensis capitalis) ranges in the 
Rocky Mountain region north to southern Alberta and central British Col- 
umbia; west to central Oregon, northeastern Utah, and eastern Arizona; 
south to central eastern Arizona and northern New Mexico; east to middle 
New Mexico, central Colorado, southeastern Wyoming, and central Montana. 

The Alaska Jay (Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons) is resident in the forest 
regions of Alaska, south to Cook Inlet. 

The Labrador Jay (Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus) inhabits northern 
Ungava (Quebec) and Labrador. 

The Newfoundland Jay (Perisoreus canadensis sanfordi) is apparently 
confined to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. 


OREGON JAY 


The Oregon Jay (Perisoreus obscurus), a close ally to the Canada Jay, occurs 
in the Pacific Coast region of the northwestern United States and southern 
British Columbia. Its three subspecies, with the geographical distribution of 
each, are as follows: 

Oregon Jay (Perisoreus obscurus obscurus). Resident in the Pacific Coast 
region of the northwestern United States, east to the Coast Ranges, from 


(354) 


The Migration of North American Birds 355 


Humboldt County, California, north through western Oregon and western 
Washington to northern Chehalis County, central western Washington, and, 
at least in winter, to Kitsap County, Washington. 

Gray Jay (Perisoreus obscurus griseus). Resident in the northwestern 
United States, east of the Coast Ranges, from central northern California, 
north through the Cascade region of west central Oregon (west to Washington 
County) and central Washington (except the Puget Sound region), to south- 
western British Columbia, including Vancouver Island. 

Rathbun’s Jay (Perisoreus obscurus rathbuni). Resident in northwestern 
Washington north to Snohomish County and Strait of Juan de Fuca; west to 
western Clallam County; south to Clallam County and King County; and 
east to central King County and western Snohomish County. 


CLARKE’S NUTCRACKER 


Clarke’s Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) is an interesting and peculiar 
species allied to the Crows and Jays. It is the only representative of its kind 
in North America but there are other species in the Old World. It occurs only 
in the western part of North America, where it breeds north to central British 
Columbia and northwestern Alaska; west to the coast of Alaska, western 
British Columbia, western Washington, and western California; south to south- 
ern California, central Arizona, and northern New Mexico; east to central 
Colorado, eastern Wyoming, central Montana, and central western Alberta. 
In winter it ranges south to southern New Mexico and southern Arizona. 
It is of casual or accidental occurrence south to La Grulla in the San Pedro 
Martir Mountains in northern Lower California (May, 1889); and east to 
Margaret, Manitoba (Sept. 7, r910, and Oct. 1910); Westhope, N. Dak. (Aug. 
29, 1910); Boone, Iowa (Sept. 23, 1894); Milwaukee, Wis. (late autumn, 1875); 
Louisiana, Mo. (Oct. 12, 1907); and Earl, Ark. (April 1, 1891). 


PINON JAY 


The breeding range of the Pifion Jay (Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus) is 
limited chiefly to the region in western North America in which the pifion 
pine occurs. This bird is practically resident and breeds north to northern 
Montana and southern Washington; west to Oregon and California; south to 
northern Lower California, Arizona, New Mexico, and central western Texas; 
east to eastern New Mexico, central Colorado, western Nebraska, and eastern 
Montana. It is also of casual occurrence east to Lawrence, in eastern Kansas 
(Oct. 23, 1875); and Neligh, in eastern Nebraska (Oct. 28, 1906). 


Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds 
FIFTY-FIFTH PAPER 
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN 


(See Frontispiece) 


Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis canadensis, Fig. 1).—In nestling plumage 
the Canada Jay is almost uniformly dark slate or sooty, without trace of the 
adult’s white forehead or whitish underparts. Even the nostril bristles are 
sooty. The wings and tail, however, resemble those of the adult, and they are 
retained at the postjuvenal molt, the rest of the plumage being molted. The 
new plumage is like that of the adult, and after the completion of the molt 
young and old birds are essentially alike. There is no spring molt and the slight 
difference which exists between summer and winter plumage is due to wear and 
fading. 

The Canada Jay ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and in this great 
area shows some racial or geographic variation, four subspecies of it being 
currently recognized, as follows: 

The true Canada Jay (P. c. canadensis) is well shown in our plate. Note that 
the black of the crown does not extend in front of the eye and that the forehead 
is white. In the Labrador Jay (P. c. nigricapillus) the black of the hindhead 
reaches in front of the eye. The Newfoundland Jay (P. c. sanfordi) is smaller 
than the Labrador Jay and has the underparts paler. The Alaskan Jay (P. c. 
fumifrons), as its subspecific name indicates, has the forehead usually grayer, 
more smoky than in the Canada Jay. In the Rocky Mountain Jay (P. c. capi- 
talis), the dark forehead area is not much deeper in color than the back and 
does not reach the eye. 

All these are representative forms which presumably intergrade, but from 
northern California to southern British Columbia a Jay is found which, though 
closely related to the Canada Jay, is specifically distinct from it. This is the 
Oregon Jay (P. obscurus, Fig. 2), which has the underparts white and the back 
browner than in the Canada Jay, with the dorsal feathers finely streaked with 
white. Two subspecies of it have been described. 

Pinon Jay (Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, Fig. 3).—The female Pifion Jay 
averages grayer than the male, but the sexes cannot always be distinguished 
in color. Nestlings resemble the grayish females. This species is the only 
member of its genus, and it has no racial representatives. 

Clarke’s Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana, Fig. 4.)—The sexes are alike 
and the young on leaving the nest wear a plumage which resembles in color that 
of their parents, but is somewhat paler below. Only the body plumage is shed 
at the postjuvenal molt after which young and old are indistinguishable. Like 
the Pifion Jay this species is the sole representative of its genus, and there are 
no subspecies. 


(356) 


Notes from Field and Dtudyp 


Notes from Conway, Massachusetts 


To those who wanted to see some of the 
winter birds, the winter of 1918-19, with 
its interesting walks and mild days, was a 
pleasant contrast to the previous winter, 
with its bitter cold and deep snows. 

We were two enthusiastic bird-learners, 
and we started our longer walks in Octo- 
ber. Walking across a pasture on a beau- 
tiful October day, our attention was 
arrested by an odd call-note. We said, in 
a whisper, ‘‘Can that be the Pileated Wood- 
pecker?” We circled about with the cau- 
tion of hunters, then sat on a bank, per- 
fectly silent. For a long time there was 
unbroken silence, then we heard the sound 
of a man chopping wood, but without the 
metallic ring of the axe. We then caught 
sight of the Woodpecker doing the ham- 
mering. He continued for a short time, 
but seemed to realize that he was being 
watched and flew. We sat motionless as 
statues, and his next short flight brought 
him near us, but on the opposite side of 
the tree and entirely out of sight. Soon he 
flew directly over our heads, with a strong 
sweep of wing, which took him quite be- 
yond our range for the rest of the after- 
noon. Our next view of the Pileated was 
when we were climbing up a steep hill. A 
fine specimen flew out of the woods and 
onto a dead tree where we could see the 
flaming crest to great advantage. This 
meeting was purely accidental, but later 
I went back to the first locality in search 
of the Woodpecker. I caught just one 
glimpse of it and had to come home un- 
satisfied. The next time I went, the Wood- 
pecker was seen and we examined many 
trees which showed the work of the bird. 

Victory Day, November 12, 1918, was 
celebrated by the presence of a beautiful 
red Pine Grosbeak which uttered its char- 
acteristic note while clinging to a twig in 
the top of a gigantic maple in the quiet of 
deep woods. This Grosbeak was the pre- 
cursor of the many that came later. At 
first there were but four or five of them, 


but before the winter was over they ap- 
peared in flocks which settled among the 
weeds or came into dooryards. 

The Pine Siskins came next, appearing 
all too few times. Then came the Evening 
Grosbeaks. After tramping miles to see 
them on the 13th, and not finding them, 
word came over the telephone, in the morn- 
ing of the r4th, that Evening Grosbeaks 
were to be seen a mile south of my house. 
On the way a fluttering was heard and call- 
notes, and a flock of small birds settled into 
a tree just at hand. Only for a moment! 
Then they flitted into the pasture. I went 
under the wire fence and followed. I found 
them again, but at a distance they looked 
like the pods of the milkweed. When I 
came into range for seeing them distinctly, 
they flitted away again. As I approached 
the yard where the Grosbeaks had been 
earlier in the morning, I saw six golden 
balls in the tree in the corner of the pas- 
ture. I gladly accepted the invitation to 
enter the house, and then the Pine Gros- 
beaks began to fly down into the yard. 
Presently they were joined by the Even- 
ing Grosbeaks. Then into the garden 
flitted the small birds of my upward climb, 
but still they fluttered at just such a dis- 
tance as made positive identification im- 
possible; until one flew down near the 
porch and the sunlight touched My Lady 
Redpoll’s crimson cap and showed the 
black throat-patch. A little later in the 
morning we had Pine Grosbeaks, Evening 
Grosbeaks and Redpolls all feeding to- 
gether in a mixed flock, with a tendency of 
the Redpolls to keep themselves separate 


-from the Grosbeaks. The next day I took 


the same trip and never shall I forget one 
beauty of a Redpoll that lighted on a 
branch of a pear tree and showed the pink 
glow of his breast and the bright crown of 
his head. The Evening Grosbeaks came 
close under the window on this day and 
looked to me like miniature Ducks. 

The next week I walked to this locality 
and beyond it, but while twenty-six Pine 
Grosbeaks rose into the air, settled into a 


(357) 


358 


tree, and then flew to the woods on the 
right, not an Evening Grosbeak nor a 
Redpoll was seen. We walked a mile be- 
yond where we had seen the Grosbeaks, 
but, finding nothing, turned toward home. 
When we were passing a cornfield a flock 
of birds with white wings, bordered with 
black, rose from it and flew over a large 
knoll. We skirted the knoll cautiously, ex- 
pecting to see the birds, but all was quiet. 
We were about to go back to the road 
when the birds again rose, circled and 
lighted. Even now it was difficult to see 
them, for they seemed to crawl along the 
ground, taking advantage of every clod of 
earth, every stump of cornstalk, and, when 
not in flight, presented a blackish, mottled 
appearance. We crept nearer and nearer 
until once more the flock rose higher and 
higher and in a line slanting to the west. 
They gradually grew smaller and smaller 
until they were like specks in the gray 
clouds, showing how they came to be called 
‘Snow-flakes.’ 

In June we were attracted to Sugar 
Loaf Mountain by the report that the 
Duck Hawk was nesting there. Going up 
the mountain, we heard the Ovenbird, the 
Veery, the Black-throated Blue and the 
Black-throated Green Warblers. As soon 
as we reached the top of the mountain we 
heard the cries of the two adult Duck 
Hawks and saw them circling about. We 
were not certain whether the young Duck 
Hawk, of which reports had reached us, 
was still in the nest or not, so we walked 
around the top of the mountain, inadver- 
tently going near the spot where the Duck 
Hawk nested the year before. We found 
a Junco’s nest on the ground, sheltered by 
a low growth of bushes. We made our way 


back to the Mountain House to find out 


more about the young Duck Hawk. Mr. 
Fisher, who has charge of the place, kindly 
offered to guide us to the nest, which was 
really only a grassy place on a ledge of 
rock. From this shelf there was a sheer 
drop of 150 feet. There was a fairly com- 
fortable descent to within a few feet of the 
young bird, and we viewed him from this 
point of vantage, while the adult birds 
circled high and then low, uttering their 


Bird - Lore 


peculiar cries. The young bird was weird 
but innocent looking. He seemed a bit 
helpless, sitting on such a small shelf of 
rock with us, whom he deemed foes, in 
front of him, and that drop of 150 feet 
back of him. Unable as yet to fly, it was 
no wonder that at times he added his pro- 
test to the quacking of his parents. 

I was most impressed by the young 
Duck Hawk’s bill, which was not only 
powerful and hooked, but sky-blue in color. 
The head was light, with a very broad. 
dark, V-shaped mark on each side. This 
V-shaped marking comes to a point in 
front of a perfectly round eye, which gives 
the head an odd appearance. 

The Duck Hawk’s diet is not a common 
thing, for Mr. Fisher found a leg-ring of 
the Carrier Pigeon in what serves for a 
nest. In return, the young Duck Hawk 
was banded. 

The flash of a Tanager in the hemlock 
on top of the mountain added a note of 
color to our day. The most delightful part 
of bird trips is that the pleasure found may 
be lived again at will.. As William Beebe 
has expressed it for all outdoor people, 
“T stored a memory—one which I could © 
draw upon at need.’”’—FLORENCE MABEL 
PEASE, Conway, Mass. 


U-Boat Methods in Nature 


As I carefully made my way through the 
woods to the shore of the little lake, my 
mind intent on approaching within camera- 
shooting distance of some unwary little 
family of Teal or Mallards, I noticed a 
female Coot contentedly preening herself 
in the open water just beyond the rushes. 
Laying herself flat on the slightly rippling 
surface of the water, she rolled over and 
over, lazily stretching legs and wings, a 
picture of utter contentment. 

My eyes, roving across the lake, where 
spray flashing in the sunlight indicated 
more busy water-fowl, were quickly 
brought back to the scene in the fore- 
ground when, the Coot with a frightened, 
guttural ‘squawk’ raised her wings and 
noisily pattered up the lake a few rods. 
The ripples had scarceiy started to widen 


Notes from Field and Study 


before the long, sinister body of a Great 
Northern Diver came to the surface in the 
exact spot vacated by the Coot. Taking 
one quick glance around, he immediately 
dove out of sight. 

The Coot was swimming in circles some 
distance away and showing very clearly 
signs of nervousness. I brought my 
glasses to bear on her and was able to note 
the excited attitude and the sharp turn of 
her head as she paddled about. Suddenly 
a geyser-like eruption occurred directly 
beneath her, and she shot two or three feet 
into the air, impelled by the force of the 
blow from the Loon who was darting up- 
ward with such momentum that he fol- 
lowed hei clear out of the water. 

The Coot, plainly distressed, flew halt- 
ingly across the open water and into the 
safety of the flags and marsh grasses on 
the other side, while the Loon, in much 
the same sardonic manner as the com- 
manders of some of Germany’s U-boats, 
sat back on his tail in the water, flapping 
his wings, darting his wicked bill back and 
forth, and uttering his harsh laughter 
again and again.—H. J. LADvuE, St. Paul, 
Minn. 


A Surprised Ruddy Duck 


The sense cf humor is supposed not to 
be very strongly developed in birds, but 
an occasional incident is so ludicrous from 
the human point of view that we would 
fain read into the behavior of birds, if not 
into their facial expression, an appreciation 
of the situation. On one occasion,—to be 
exact, June 28, 1917,—the writer, seated 
on a bank along the sluggish, cat-tail 
bordered stream that connects Upper Des 
Lacs Lake with Middle Des Lacs Lake in 
northwestern North Dakota, was watch- 
ing the antics of a beautifully plumaged 
male Ruddy Duck as he admired himself 
in the water. By and by a Coot, unob- 
served, sneaked up behind him as if un- 
conscious of his presence. When the Coot 
had approached to within about two feet, 
the Ruddy Duck heard a slight splash, and, 
surprised in the midst of his personal re- 
flections, suddenly started up the creek 
so excited that he was unable to rise from 


359 


the water, but labored along just above 
the surface, rapidly beating his wings and 
churning up the water with his feet. Not 
until he had traveled a hundred yards or 
more did he as much as cast a glance be- 
hind, and when he discovered the unneces- 
sary cause of his fright, he swam sheep- 
ishly away into the rushes, while the Coot 
remained behind in evident enjoyment of 
his discomfiture—HArRrRY C. OBERHOLSER, 
Washington, D.C. 


From Near the Arctic Circle 


Isolated at this grain station of Uncle 
Sam’s, sixty-five miles from the Arctic 
Circle, our greatest pleasure is studying the 
birds and butterflies. 

On page 447 of the November-Decem- 
ber, 1918, Brrp-Lorg, is a question about 
the nesting of Cliff Swallows. Last sum- 
mer several of them made their nests on 
our barn, the building being covered with 
corrugated iron, painted red. The nests 
were under the eaves and plastered to an 
unpainted board but ran down onto the 
red iron. Not one of the nests remained 
the season out; one by one they fell off, 
the eggs were all destroyed, and this year 
there was not a Swallow near that building. 

In the March-April, 1918, number, 
page 183, the letter from Tom McCamant 
was very interesting, and he may like to 
know that our experience with the Alaska 
Robin is that it is tamer than any other 
bird around here. We have many of the 
busy little fellows working in our yard and 
flower-beds and garden every summer, and 
I should. not think of calling them shy. A 
pair of these good friends of ours built a © 
nest on the ground just outside the fence. 
I visited them many times, and they fol- 
lowed me around and scolded. Frequently 
the Robins nest in the various sheds on the 
place, proceeding with their work in spite 
of the many busy men coming and going 
around them. Two years ago one of the 
young birds got down behind an imple- 
ment and I was obliged to get it out. The 
mother bird was present but seemed per- 
fectly calm as I walked around with the 
little one in my hand, and three times that 


360 


day I picked that birdie up, the old bird 
showing no distress whatever. 

The pictures of the White-crowned 
Sparrows in the May-June, 1919, issue, 
page 197, are splendid. These little fellows 
are so numerous around here and so tame 
that we can walk within four feet of them 
and talk to them at any time. They seem 
to be everywhere, and with them is the 
Rusty Song Sparrow. One of the latter 
birds walks all over one of our men and 
eats crumbs from his hand as he eats his 
lunch by a haystack. Yesterday morning 
one was found dead in the workshop, hav- 
ing beaten against the window in a frantic 
effort to get out, and Bob was worried for 
fear it was his little pet, but at noon he 
rejoiced when his little friend joined him 
as usual. 

The White-crowned Sparrow is certainly 
a joy through the summer with its delight- 
ful music. Last spring there were nineteen 
varieties of birds in our fields around the 
house, but of them all the Alaska Longspur 
is the king for beauty. 

A miner who knew of my interest in the 
birds of the country reported seeing a 
flock of Bohemian Waxwings just back of 
the camp recently, but I have not seen 
them. Every night our clothes-line is gay 
with Violet-green Swallows.—Mrs. G. W. 
GassER, Rampart, Alaska. 


American Egret in Connecticut 


Readers of Brrp-LorE might be inter- 
ested to know of the appearance in Con- 
necticut this summer of the American 
Egret. In the latter part of July the care- 
taker at one of our local reservoirs noticed 
a large white bird wading around the 
shores of the reservoir. He interested 
members of our bird club, and a trip was 
made there. They were surprised and de- 
lighted to find a beautiful specimen of the 
American Egret. As far as it is known to 
the writer, this is the first appearance of 
this bird in Waterbury. It stayed for at 
least six weeks, and many hundreds of 
people had the pleasure of seeing this 
specimen. 

The reservoir is new, and the damming 


Bird - 


Lore 


back of the water has created large areas 
of marsh land.. Herons have never been 
especially common in this vicinity, only 
three or four of the common varieties ever 
being reported, and then only in small 
numbers. This year, for the first time, with 
the American Egret were seen Great Blue 
Herons, Night Herons, Little Green Her- 
ons and the American Bittern. They 
-stayed for a number of weeks, and we are 
hoping that a heronry is being established 
here.—BessteE L. Crane, President of 
Waterbury Bird Club, Waterbury, Conn. 


Harris’s Sparrow at Lawrence, Kans. 


I was interested to read, in the May-June 
number of Brrp-Lore, Mr. Harry Harris’s 
remarks about the peculiar absence of the 
usual number of Harris’s Sparrows in the 
Kansas City region during this spring’s 
migrations. 

It may be worth while to record that 
here, at Lawrence, Kans., and its vicinity, 
there was probably a normal passage of 
this species. This is the first spring that 
I have spent in Kansas, and therefore I 
cannot, from personal observation, say in 
what numbers Harris’s Sparrow may us- 
ually be expected in this locality, but my 
notes for this spring, which begin March 
30, record many flocks, large and small, of 
the species in question from that date to 
May 11, when my last record of a flock of 
these birds was made. No doubt many 
were also to be seen after that date, but 
regular field-trips with my ornithology 
classes ceased temporarily at that time, 
and when resumed, several days later, 
Harris’s Sparrow was not again observed. 

With exception of May 3 and 7, my ob- 
servations on the Harris’s Sparrow were 
made daily from April 29 to May-11, and 
it was during this period that the greatest 
numbers were seen.—CHARLES E. JOHN- 
son, Lawrence, Kans. 


Nuthatch Acrobats 


It is an easy matter to tame the Chicka- 
dees, as numerous pictures in Brrp-LORE 
show. The Nuthatch can also be induced 


Notes from Field and Study 


to become friendly with care and plenty 
of patience, as the enclosed pictures prove. 
It has taken more than a year to get on 
intimate terms with this little lady. The 
latter part of the cold winter of a year ago, 
I succeeded in getting her to snatch food 
from my hand a few times. Last summer 


THE ACROBAT 


she nested about 300 feet from my feeding 
station and came nearly every day for her 
butternut meats and in July brought her 
family of four youngsters with her several 
times. Now she will perch on my hand, 
take food from my mouth, or do ‘stunts’ 
for me on her little grape-vine trapeze, 
hanging by her toes for nut-meats and pull- 
ing up on top again, like an expert gym- 


361 


nast, without moving a wing or ruffling a 
feather, while her husband stands over in 
a nearby tree scolding and perhaps call- 
ing me all kinds of names.—Gro. M. 
Marcxkres, Sharon, Conn. 


THE GIANT SWING 


The Scarcity of Golden-crowned 
Kinglets 


Golden-crowned Kinglets were unusually 
abundant in the autumn and the beginning 
of ‘December, 1917, in Eastern Massa- 
chusetts, but after the advent of the re- 
markably cold weather of that winter, 
they practically disappeared from this 


362 


region. In my own experience they have 
been very scarce ever since, and, so far as 
I can learn, the experience of other observers 
in eastern Massachusetts has been similar. 
This has led me to analyze the data of 
Brrp-Lore’s Christmas Bird Censuses for 
the last three years, so far as they concern 
this species, and I present the results as 
perhaps of some interest to ornithologists. 
In 1916, out of 149 lists from states east 
of the Rocky Mountains, there were 64 
records of the Golden-crowned: Kinglet, 
with a total of exactly 500 individuals. In 
1917, out of 131 lists from the same terri- 
tory, there were 37 records and 337 indi- 
viduals. In 1918, however, there were 
only 19 records out of 123 lists, and the 
individuals numbered only 76. This shows 
a marked falling off and seems to indicate 
widespread destruction of Golden-crowned 
Kinglets in the severe weather of the pre- 
ceding winter or from some other cause. 
There seems to be nothing to show that 
the destruction was greater in the northern 
than in the southern part of the bird’s 
winter range or vice versa. From the re- 
gion to the north of the southern boundary 
of Pennsylvania, the Ohio River, and the 
southern boundaries of Missouri and 
Kansas, 275 individuals were reported in 
1916, while 225 were reported from the 
region south of that line. In ro17 the 
figures for the northern part were 160 and 
for the southern part 177. In 1918 the 
birds were evenly divided between the two 
sections, 38 in the North and 38 in the 
South. It is of interest to note that of the 
177 individuals reported from the South 
in 1917, 150 were included in one list from 
Washington, D. C., and 4 in another list 
from the same city.—Francis H. ALLEN, 
West Roxbury, Mass. 


A Brood of Young Robins 


I have read with not a little pleasure the 
interesting letter of Grace L. S. Dyche, in 
the July-August number of Brrp-Lorg, in 
relation to the nesting of birds, particularly 
Robins; and while I am unable to add any 
information from personal experience as to 
Robins using the same nest a second or 


Bird - 


Lore 


third season—a circumstance which I fancy 
it would be somewhat difficult to demon- 
strate—I have at least had the unusual 
opportunity during the past summer of per- 
sonally observing a brood of four young 
Robins at the very instant when they left 
the nest, and under highly diverting cir- 
cumstances. 

Our summer home is situated on high 
ground overlooking the sea, about three 
miles outside of Gloucester, Mass., and 
when we arrived there, about the middle 
of June, we discovered that Mr. and Mrs. 
Robin had already been making domestic 
history while the sun shone and were ac- 
tively occupied then in “teaching the 
young idea”’ how to get along in the world 
in a wind-swept section of Cape Ann where 
the elusive worms do not abound. 

The nest from which the young Robins 
had but recently taken their departure had 
been shrewdly built in a protected angle 
under the roof of the veranda of our cot- 
tage, in plain view of our dining-room, from 
which the domestic affairs of the little 
family of visitors might readily be ob- 
served. A few days after our arrival we 
were surprised to see the female Robin on 
the nest again, and in exactly twelve days 
there appeared four more eggs, represent- 
ing a second nesting in the same season by 
these Robins, a circumstance entirely new 
and novel to us. In less than a fortnight 
later, four little Robins made their wel- 
come appearance, and then our own do- 
mestic concerns must, of course, be so ad- 
justed as not to disturb or interfere with 
these charming, if uninvited, guests. Our 
presence now in the cottage, which had 
hitherto remained unoccupied, so alarmed 
the parent birds that, fearing they might 
in their agitation forsake the youngsters, 
we decided to close entirely that section of 
the veranda until the time arrived to 
“speed the parting guests;”’ and that is the 
interesting moment that I am coming to. 

One fine morning after breakfast our 
attention was attracted by an extraordi- 
nary commotion among the Robins, the 
young birds adding their frightened notes 
to the weird concert, as if by very instinct 
they realized that the long season of re- 


Notes from Field and Study 


pose and idleness was at an end, and now 
they must be up and doing. We hurried 
over to a point from which we could get a 
full view of the nest and discovered the in- 
teresting cause of all the ‘fuss and feathers’ 
in our otherwise quiet household. Both 
of the parent birds were standing beside 
the nest, and the four little ones were seen 
to be standing on the edge of the nest, vig- 
orously occupied in limbering up their 
tender little wings and apparently making 
ready for the eventful moment of depart- 
ure for a more ample view of life. The 
parent birds, observing our presence, took 
alarm and flew over to the eaves of the 
adjoining cottage, from which point, in 
great agitation, they watched the pro- 
ceedings that ensued directly. When left 
to themselves, and still standing on the 


nest, one of the youngsters literally shook’ 


itself loose from the others, and, seemingly 
gauging the distance from the nest to the 
hard floor of the veranda, took flight and 
had just strength enough to land on the 
boards, some fifteen feet below, with a 
most uncanny look of triumph in its cur- 
ious eyes, and instantly gave vent to a 
plaintive appeal for assistance. The parent 
birds flew over toattack us, butimmediately 
went to the assistance of the brave little 
fellow on the piazza. The other three re- 
fused, under the most interesting prompt- 
ings of the parents, to budge from the nest, 
and for several hours more remained 
standing in their narrow confines, until at 
last one of the parents flew up to thé nest 
and deliberately began to pick and tear 
the nest apart, until they were actually 
forced to follow the lead of the little fellow 
below. This they succeeded in doing with 
great difficulty, as the delicate little forms 
hit the veranda with considerable force, 
landing them ‘on all fours’ among the chairs. 
They were so shaken up that they settled 
into a corner of the veranda and remained 
there until the following day, when we had 
the good furtune to see some of the most 
fascinating features of the whole proceed- 
ing. In the bright sunshine of the next day 
the little ones emerged from the point 
where they had rested during the night 
and commenced hopping about the ver- 


363 


anda. At last the parents succeeded in get- 
ting them to the edge of the veranda, about 
ten feet above the ground. At this most 
interesting moment the scene before us re- 
minded me of those beautiful lines of that 
purest and gentlest of the poets of Na- 
ture—Goldsmith: 
‘And as a bird each fond endearment 
tries 
To tempt its new-fledged offspring 
to the skies.” 

So, Mr. and Mrs. Robin, balancing them- 
selves on the wing, fluttered to and fro 
repeatedly, exerting all their powers of per- 
suasion to induce the fledglings to make the 
supreme effort. Meanwhile, the offspring 
moved nervously about on the extreme 
edge of the veranda, rising and falling on 
their tender legs, with instinctive fear re- 
flected in every movement. While watch- 
ing all this sweet ‘‘touch of Nature,’’ one 
by one the youngsters actually leaped into 
space, their tender wings carrying them 
about twenty feet away on the grass, 
where the enraptured parents greeted them 
with vociferous rejoicing, thereby relieving 
us of our long, but delightful vigil, and 
affording us the opportunity to re-open 
that portion of the veranda which had 
been reserved exclusively for our feathered 
friends during the period of a month.— 
OtcA Marte Morcan, New York City. 


An Unusual Nesting-Site 


The Hermit Thrush, who is not half the 
hermit its name would imply, is among our 
commonest birds at Asquam Lake, N. H., 
and its musical notes may be heard from 
early in the morning until late at night. 
Often it chooses to build its nest beside 
some well-beaten path. Indeed, one cou- 
rageous mother built her nest and raised 
her young in a field where the boys of 
Camp Algonquin played quoits, and al- 
though fifty boys knew the whereabouts 
of her home, she continued to raise her 
brood. Indeed, perhaps feeling instinctively 
that she was not to be molested, she would 
not desert her nest even when the boys 
were within a foot of her. 

But this summer I was permitted to 


304 


watch an even more unusual nesting-place. 
Early in June we noticed a female Hermit 
placing nesting material on a beam sup- 
porting the roof of the piazza of the cot- 
tage occupied by Miss Florence DeMeritte. 
The same site was used formerly by a 
family of Phoebes. After building here for 
several days, she changed her mind and 
began to build a few feet farther along the 
beam. All the while Miss DeMeritte and 
her sister used to sing or whistle to the 
bird, who did not seem to know the mean- 
ing of fear. Before the second nest was 


Bird - 


Lore 


finished, the bird seemed to change her 
mind once more, and deserting her former 
nesting-sites, she began to build a third 
nest in the gutter which ran along the 
eaves of the house. There, over twenty 
feet above the ground, she raised her 
family, not fearing the people who 
watched her at her work. 

Of course, I realize that the Hermit does 
not always build upon the ground, but 
such a record is unusual and perhaps 
unique.—ALBERT E. Lownes, Providence, 
Road: 


THE SEASON 
XVI. August 15 to October 15, 1919 


Boston REcion.—The autumn migra- 
tion began early. During the last few days 
of August there was an unusually notice- 
able appearance of Myrtle Warblers, a rare 
bird at this time of year. The first Black- 
poll Warbler was reported on September 1, 
promptly on its scheduled date. Septem- 
ber was rainy, and during the whole month, 
after the Barn Swallows and Kingbirds left 
on September 6, birds were very scarce. A 
prominent migration of Accipiter Hawks 
passed southward in the first half of the 
month, but during the thirty days follow- 
ing September 10, there were almost no 
birds in this country region, no more than 
in the dead of a poor bird-winter. 

This period in the autumn, sometimes 
continuing for two or three weeks, when 
there appears to be a dead calm in the 
flight of migrants, and often preceded and 
followed by a time of great activity, may 
be termed the ‘September doldrums.’ This 
year the doldrums were well marked and 
protracted. They did not terminate until 
October 12, when Myrtle Warblers in full 
numbers, accompanied by many Ruby- 
crowned Kinglets and fewer Yellow Palm 
and Palm Warblers, made a sudden and 
general appearance. Yellow-bellied Sap- 
suckers were present, also, with this flight, 
in numbers above normal. 

This review of the past two months sug- 
gests a query as to the explanation of the 


double migration of the Myrtle Warbler. 
In the interval between early September 
and mid-October there were none here, or 
practically none—a few came early, many 
came late. The same division, although 
less marked, may sometimes be noted in 
the case of the Blackpoll, when a few birds 
appear in August, two weeks before their 
steady southward march begins in Sep- 
tember.— Winsor M. Tver, M.D., Lex- 
ington, Mass. 


New Yorxk ReEGion.—These two 
months, which cover most of the southward 
migration hereabouts, were marked by 
plentiful rain, an unusual prevalence of 
wind from various points in the east, and 
scarcity of sharp northwest clear-offs. The 
most diverse wave of transients probably 
went through between September 1oand 15. 
The first few days in October, Blackpoll 
Warblers, in the greenish, yellowish plum- 
age of fall and young birds, were very 
numerous, till on the fifth they were as 
ubiquitous in the trees as those leaves just 
beginning to let go one by one and eddy 
downward here and there, and their chips 
and squeaks sounded on every hand. In 
the succeeding week their numbers fell off 
rapidly; each bright morning brought quan- 
tities of the more hardy Myrtle Warbler, 
and Robins for the most part disappeared. 
A few days later than the Myrtle Warblers 


The Season 


there was a marked wave of Sparrows, the 
White-throated predominating, a few of 
the rare White-crowns mixed with them, 
and the first Fox Sparrow on October 12. 
October 13, a sparklingly clear northerly 
morning following a rainy day, the writer 
had the pleasure of spending two or three 
hours in the field with Mr. W. L. Sclater, 
of London. White-throated Sparrows and 
Myrtle Warblers were perhaps the two 
most abundant migrants, if one does not 
count the quantities of Song Sparrows in 
the outskirts of a swamp, where the 
Swamp Sparrow. was also much in evidence. 
A few Phoebes and Thrushes had probably 
come in the night before, and, strangely 
enough, the only one of the latter definitely 
identified was an Olive-back, though most 
likely the others were Hermits. Three 
Pied-billed Grebes were gone from a pond 
where they had been present the afternoon 
before. Two considerable flocks of Pine 
Siskins were found feeding, one under some 
birches, the other in weed-tops; a Purple 
Finch in the streaked plumage of female or 
young gave a snatch of half-song from high 
up in a tree; a Goldfinch was still calling 
the double baby cry and fluttering with 
its wings. 

It is interesting to try and explain un- 
usual dates of occurrence. Such area couple 
of Myrtle Warblers, September 14, at 
Mastic, which is as early as we have record 
of the species on Long Island. Probably 
seasons when a given species is particularly 
abundant there is a greater chance of see- 
ing it very early or very late, and these 
early Myrtle Warblers are in a sense ex- 
plained by the considerable flight which 
came weeks later. This October 12, Garden 
City, chances as well to be our earliest pre- 
vious Long Island date for the Fox Spar- 
row. Will there also be a considerable flight 
of this species laterPp—J. T. Nuicnots, 
New York City. 


PHILADELPHIA REGION.—This region ex- 
perienced the usual weather conditions 
prevalent during late summer and early 
fall. A driving northeast storm occurred 
on August 13, the wind continuing in that 
quarter until the 17th, on which date a 


365 


flock of ten Common Terns were observed 
on the Delaware River. These birds are 
very rarely seen as far up the river as 
Philadelphia, and their presence was no 
doubt due entirely to stormy weather. 
Several trips to the New Jersey coast 
were made during August and September, 
with the view of looking up shore-bird 
conditions primarily. As a possible basis 
for future comparisons, the name and 
approximate numbers of each species ob- 
served are here given: Sea Isle City, N. J., 
August tro—Dowitcher, 3; Least and Semi- 
palmated Sandpipers, 1,000; Knot, 1; 
Yellow-legs, 20; Sanderling, 100; Black- 
bellied Plover, 10; Semi-palmated Plover, 
30; Piping Plover, 1; Turnstone, 6. Cape 
May, N. J., August 25—Yellow-legs, 10; 
Willet, 1; Sanderling, 50; Semipalmated 
Plover, 10; Piping Plover, 1. Two-Mile 
Beach, August 29—Least and Semi- 
palmated Sandpipers, 30; Knot, 1; Sander- 
ling, 40; Black-bellied Plover, 18; Semi- 
palmated Plover, 20; Piping Plover, 2; 
Turnstone, 8. Cape May, N. J., Septem- 
ber 4—Dowitcher, 1; Pectoral Sandpiper, 
5; Yellow-legs, 50; Sanderling, 40; Semi- 
palmated Plover, 15; Piping Plover, 4. 
Two-Mile Beach, September 6—Sander- 
ling, 20; Knot, 25; Black-bellied Plover, 2; 
Semi-palmated Plover, 10; Turnstone, 7. 
Perhaps it is well to add that clear weather 
prevailed on all these trips. Other birds, 
deserving mention, noted: Sea Isle City, 
August 1o—Least Tern and Egret. Cape 
May, August 25—Little Blue Heron; Aug- 
ust 26, 6 Loggerhead Shrikes and a Blue- 
gray Gnatcatcher. At Camden, N. J., 
September 14, two young Black-billed 
Cuckoos were found, apparently just out of 
the nest. One being unable to fly very well, 
was easily caught. Although Cuckoos are 
notably late nesters, the foregoing record 
seems to be pretty near the limit for the 
successful raising of the young for this 
species. 
The fall migration of Warblers, to al 
appearances, was well up to normal, and 
at the time of this writing (October 8) 
seems to be about over. More common 
south-bound winter residents observed to 
date are as follows: Herring Gull, Septem- 


366 


ber 20; White-throated Sparrow, Septem- 
ber 24; Junco, October 1; Winter Wren, 
October 4; Brown Creeper, October 3; 
Golden-crowned Kinglet, October 8.— 
JuLian K. Potter, Camden, N. J. 


WASHINGTON ReEcion.—August and 
September of 1919 were very satisfactory 
ornithological months about Washington. 
Birds were reasonably numerous and their 
migratory movements about normal. Fair 
weather of moderate temperature pre- 
vailed during most of this period, and, of 
course, had its influence. 

The song period of a number of our sum- 
mer residents was unusually prolonged, or, 
rather, was revived in the autumn of this 
year, as is indicated by the singing of the 
Wood Thrush on August 15; of the Red- 
start on August 27; of the Parula Warbler 
on September 6, 7, and 27; of the Yellow- 
throated Vireo on August 31 and Septem- 
ber 7; of the Song Sparrow on September 
13 and 28, and October 5; of the Migrant 
Shrike, Blue-headed Vireo, and Indigo 
Bunting, all on October 5. 

A remarkably late nest of the Grass- 
hopper Sparrow is also worthy of mention, 
though it may have been built because of 
the loss of an earlier brood. It was found 
by Mr. Francis Harper at Woodridge, D.C., 
on Sept. 2, 1919, and contained young, 
several days old. 

On September 6, and extending through 
two or three following days, occurred the 


first pronounced wave of autumn migra- 


tion, bringing a large contingent of War- 
‘blers and other birds. An additional wave 
occurred about September 21, which is 
usual, and many birds, such as Warblers 
and Thrushes, then thronged the woods. 
Later on, about the last of September, still 
another but less-marked movement took 
place, this bringing with it more winter 
residents. 

As with practically all seasons, however, 
there were fluctuations in dates of ap- 
pearance or departure of some species as 
compared with other years. For example, 
the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker appeared on 
September 13, while its average date is 
October 2, and its very earliest, September 


Bird - 


Lore 


10, 1905. Mr. Francis Harper reported the 
White-throated Sparrow on September 21 
(average date of autumn appearance, 
October 3); the Ruby-crowned Kinglet on 
the same date (average, October 2); and 
the Slate-colored Junco on September 28 
(average, October 7). A Philadelphia 
Vireo found by Dr. A. K. Fisher at Plum- 
mer’s Island, Md., on Sept. 7, rg919, is the 
earliest autumn date for the species, the 
previous record being Sept. 8, 1896. 

On the other hand, several birds ex- 
tended their. summer sojourn beyond the 
usual time, such as the Kingbird, which was 
noted by Mr. A. Wetmore on September 14, 
whereas its average date of departure is 
August 31; and the Acadian Flycatcher, 
observed September 12, average date of 
departure, September 8. 

The following five species remained later 
than ever before, the dates in parenthesis 
indicating their previous latest records: 
Baltimore Oriole, noted at Woodridge, 
D. C., by Mr. Francis Harper, Sept. 14, 
1919 (Sept. 7, 1918); Orchard Oriole, re- 
ported at the same place by the same ob- 
server, Sept. 14, r919 (Sept. 9, 1917); 
Western Sandpiper, two individuals shot 
by hunters on the Anacostia River, Sept. 
25, 1919 (Sept. 22, 1894); Upland Plover, 
observed at Plummer’s Island, Md., by 
Mr. A. Wetmore, Sept. 26, 1919 (Sept. 13, 
1914); and the Louisiana Water-Thrush, 
noted at Chain Bridge, D. C., by Miss 
Marion Pellew on Sept. 30, ror1g (Sept. 
20, IQI4). 

According to Miss Pellew’s observations, 
the Martin roost on Fourth Street, in the 
Mall, reached its maximum during the 
first week of August. The number of birds 
resorting there each evening was 25,000 
or 30,000, possibly more, thus indicating 
that the birds were fully as numerous as 
last year. Their behavior in this location 
was, of course, somewhat different from 
that of last year’s roost near the Red Cross 
building, since they lacked the large num- ~ 
ber of near-by telegraph wires on which to 
perch; but otherwise their actions were 
much the same. On August 3 they changed 
their nightly abode from the trees on one 
side of Fourth Street to those on the other, 


The Season 


for what reason was not apparent. About 
the middle of the month they left this place 
entirely and chose for their evening gath- 
ering some trees in Judiciary Square, sev- 
eral blocks farther north. The last bird 
was seen this year on September 7, but 
previous to this time their numbers at the 
roost had become very greatly depleted. 
It will be interesting to see for how many 
future years the Martins will return to 
gather in this interesting manner in the city 
of Washington.— Harry C. OBERHOLSER, 
Biological Survey, Washington, D.C. 


MINNEAPOLIS (ITASCA STATE PARK) RE- 

GION.— August 15 to September 1. 
weather at this northern locality was ex- 
ceptionally warm throughout the present 
season, nights as well as daytime, and the 
usual blankets and woolen garments were 
‘not needed. After the middle of August 
the nights became somewhat cooler, but, 
with the exception of a very light and local 
frost on one occasion near the end of the 
month, the customary severe late August 
frost did not occur. 

Shortly after the middle of August the 
many Great Blue Herons and Black Terns 
that had bred in the Park left the lakes and 
were not seen thereafter. By the 2oth of 
the month the tree-tops were alive, every 
now and then, with the great, mixed fall 
assemblages of Warblers, Sparrows, Vireos, 
Flycatchers, Nuthatches, etc., moving leis- 
urely hither and thither, with much sociable 
conversation among themselves, and drift- 
ing, as a whole, steadily southward on their 
autumnal pilgrimage to milder climes. On 
August 28, and for two or three days fol- 
lowing, large numbers of Night Hawks 
swooped about over the pine forests, com- 
ing from their summer abiding places far- 
ther north, for this bird is an uncommon 
summer resident in the Park. The tireless 
Red-eyed Vireo and his louder and sweeter-~ 
voiced relative of these Canadian wilds, the 
Blue-headed Vireo, were still singing 
blithely up to the very last days of the 
month, and no doubt lent a cheer to the 
stillness of the earlier fall days by their 
musical notes. On the evening of August 13 
a Whip-poor-will passed through the Park 


The - 


367 


and stopped long enough in a deep and 
dark ravine beside the Lodge to proclaim 
his presence by a few resounding and 
spring-like call-notes. This came as a sur- 
prise, as the voice of this bird is rarely 
heard here, and there is but one other 
authentic record for the Park—on May 25, 
1917 (J. P. Wentling). 

As the fall approached, the Pileated 
Woodpecker became more and more in 
evidence, and it was heard or seen daily. 
A pair had raised a brood this season, as 
for several seasons past, in a holein a Nor- 
way pine (formerly occupied by a pair of 
Wood Ducks) directly in front of the cabin, 
nearest to the main Lodge. The young left 
the nest shortly before July 1. On the 
evening of August 29, one of the birds was 
seen to enter the old nesting-hole and re- 
main for some time, but left before it was 
entirely dark, and, whether or not it re- 
turned, was undetermined. This suggested 
that they used the nesting-places later as 
shelters. On July 7 of the present year, 
Mr. William Kilgore and the writer watched 
two of these birds for some time at close 
range (they are not at all shy) and saw 
one of them, a female, feed the other, a 
full-grown and beautifully plumaged male 
larger than herself, by regurgitation exactly 
in the manner of the Flicker. This big, 
gaily attired youngster, for so we con- 
sidered him, sat quietly by while his worn 
and much-soiled mother labored assidu- 
ously on the near-by jack pines to secure 
the food that must still be pumped forcibly 
into his maw. It was an entertaining sight 
and aroused some surprise that this big 
bird required to be thus fed and was appar- 
ently so helpless for such a long time after 
leaving the nest—for it probably belonged 
to the brood that left the Lodge-nest, just 
mentioned, late in June. 

It is a pleasure to be able to state that 
the Ruffed Grouse in the Park shows, this 
year, a very marked increase in numbers 
over the scarcity of the last few years. At 
least twelve or fifteen covies were reported, 
where two years ago it was rare to flush a 
single bird. On August 24, a covey consist- 
ing of fifteen or sixteen fully grown birds 
was encountered close by the Lodge, and, 


368 


on August 11, Mr. Burton Thayer met 
with three covies, consisting of five, eleven, 
and nine birds respectively. From other 
parts of the state also come reports of the 
same considerable increase, this fall. The 
present year terminates a brief closed 
period for the Ruffed Grouse in Minnesota. 
Next year will be an open season, followed 
by a closed season, thus alternating odd 
and even years as long as the present game 
law remains in force. With this protection 
half of the time and the return of rabbits 
to their normal abundance (after the re- 
cent almost complete destruction by dis- 
ease), it is probable that our forests will 
again be re-populated to a considerable 
extent with this finest of all our game- 
birds. The question of the simultaneous 
disappearance of the Ruffed Grouse and 
rabbits, even in protected areas, has been 
much discussed. The rabbits have always 
furnished an abundant and easily obtained 
food-supply for the various predatory 
mammals and birds, and it is reasonable to 
conclude that the latter, in the absence of 
the former, turned to the next most avail- 
able quarry—the Grouse—especially in 
the. winter, and well nigh exterminated 
them before the rabbits recovered from the 
effects of the pestilence. Rabbits are now 
to be seen frequently where, for several 
years past, none were encountered. 


MINNEAPOLIS AND VICINITY.—Septem- 
ber 1 to October 15. The fall has been char- 
acterized by mild and pleasant weather. 
The first frost of any consequence occurred 
on the morning of October 11, when the 
temperature fell to 25 degrees, and vege- 
tation, untouched up to this time, suf- 
fered its first blighting cold. 

Various circumstances have conspired 
to prevent the writer from going afield as 
much as usual this fall. But, so far as can 
be learned from others more fortunate in 
this respect, there has been nothing espec- 
ially noteworthy, except that the south- 
ward movement of Ducks has been greater 
than for several years past. Last year the 
numbers were hardly 25 per cent of the 
year before. The explanation of the pres- 
ent abundance is not quite evident, unless 


Bird - 


Lore 


it may be that the great drought in the. 
western Dakotas has turned the migra- 
tion eastward and so into Minnesota. On 
the opening day, Duck-hunters met with 
unexpected success almost everywhere, 
and the shooting has continued good ever 
since. For example, at a small preserve 
known as the Long Meadow Gun Club, only 
ten miles from the heart of Minneapolis, 
112 Ducks were shot on the first day of the 
season, while only about 200 were killed 
at the same place during the whole of last 
season. : 

On October 12, a large flight of Wilson’s 
Snipe passed here, anda wet meadow within 
the city limits, visited by the writer, was 
full of them. A week later they had largely 
disappeared. Several Myrtle Warblers 
were seen on October 12, probably the last 
of the fall migration, as none was seen in 
a walk through the same territory a week 
later—Tuomas S. RoBerts, University of 
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 


Kansas City Recion.—Ideal weather 
conditions have prevailed in this region 
during late summer and early fall. The 
year thus far has been as perfect in every 
respect as an appreciative nature-student 
could desire. A tremendous rain-storm of 
twenty-four hour’s duration during late 
August, when the unusual precipitation of 
six inches was recorded, seems to have had 
no ill effect on bird-life. Up to the present 
time (October 15) there has been no frost, 
and the woods have only begun to faintly 
suggest autumn. 

Three distinct waves of migrating Night- 
hawks were noted between August 22 and 
September 11, and so late as September 30 
another drift of these birds was seen. 
Migrating Baltimore Orioles were much 
in evidence on August 24 and 27, and 
great numbers passed on September 5. 
This is a late date for moving bodies of 
this species, although stragglers are often 
present until after the middle of the month. 
The first singing of the Baltimores, follow- 
ing the post-nuptial silence, was heard on 
August 9. On August 17, Indigo Buntings 
were still singing. 

The usual August records of Arkansas 


The Season 


Kingbirds from Holt County, indicate 
that this species is a more or less regular 
migrant through the Missouri River 
bottoms region of northwest Missouri, 
though records from all other parts of 
the state are lacking. These Holt County 
records must be accepted as they have 
several times been substantiated by speci- 
mens. : 

Newspaper accounts from central 
Kansas on August 22, to the effect that 
great numbers of Mallards (the usual 
newspaper exaggeration) were moving 
south, only confirm more trustworthy 
reports of many family parties of Blue- 
winged Teal, Shovellers, and Mallards 
being seen there. A few troops of these 
Ducks have been seen on the Missouri 
River in this region, showing that they 
have nested in the neighborhood. 

On August 24 the Blue Grosbeak was at 
last found in the Missouri bottoms, 
several miles from the upland farm where 
the bird has nested during the past two 
years. A male with a full-grown young was 
seen, and there is little doubt that the nest 
was somewhere on the near-by bluff. This 
bird is fast extending its range north in 
western Missouri and eastern Kansas. 
Two locally rare birds noted on the same 
date were the Yellow-billed Cuckoo and 
Traill’s Flycatcher. Shore-birds were 
numerous on the mud flats at the mouth 
of the Blue River, Yellow-legs and Pec- 
toral Sandpipers being in the greatest 
numbers. On August 27 migrant Robins 
and Bluebirds were readily distinguishable 
from the local birds which still had a some- 
what shabby appearance. On this date a 
river fisherman reported several Ospreys, 
about 20 feeding Great Blue Herons, 
three flocks of Blue-winged Teal aggregat- 
ing 40 individuals, and 6 Shovellers, all 
seen from his cabin. From the same point 
was observed a feeding flock of over 100 
Red-backed Sandpipers on August 30, 
and 6 Caspian Terns on September 1 
(Andrews). On September 12 a flock of 
31 Double-crested Cormorants were noted 
on the Missouri River near the mouth of 
Little Platte, and the next day in the same 
neighborhood, over 150 Pelicans were seen 


369 


(Guinotte). Bell’s, Warbling, and White- 
eyed Vireos, and a lone Wood Pewee were 
singing on September 14. Low-flying 
Sparrows were heard migrating before 
daylight on the cloudy morning of Octo- 


ber 5 and on the 12th the first Tree and 


Song Sparrows of the season were greeted. 
Several flocks of large Red-wings, prob- 
ably fortis, were also seen. Two specimens 
of the Sanderling, taken from a flock of 
eight on the Missouri River in Jackson 
County, were sent in on October 12. This 
species has been seen here very seldom 
during recent years. 

Fall migration has to date been marked 
by no unusual occurrence, and the current 
two-month period has developed only the 
unusual fact of the verification of the 
extension of the Blue Grosbeak’s range.— 
Harry Harris, Kansas City, Mo. 


DENVER ReEcGtIon.—One realizes the 
value of carefully kept records concerning 
the movements of birds as they wander 
about from month to month, when one 
tries to make a mental picture or estimate | 
of the peculiarities of a given month’s 
occurrences, as compared with the same 
month a year or two earlier. The con- 
temporaneous incidents of bird-life may 
at the time seem unusual, yet when care- 
fully compared with records of the past, 
may show little or no differences; hence, 
the writer has taken especial pains to 
compare the events of the period now 
under notice with similar periods in the 
past. 

On August 16, the first somewhat 
unusual bird, for that date, to come under 
observation in this region was the Slender- 
billed Nuthatch; the earliest previous 
record for the same neighborhood was 
August 28, nine years ago. This species 
has been noted on four other occasions 
in the city since August 16, making the 
writer feel that it has been here rather 
earlier than ordinary. Once more it has 
been shown by this season’s notes that 
birds will cling to cities, even remaining 
well within the heart of the city if they can 
but get food. The Plumbeous Vireo and 
the Long-tailed Chickadee were seen 


37° 


downtown within a few blocks of the post 
office—the former on September 10, and 
the latter on October 13. 

One unexpected pleasure experienced 
during the past two months was the re- 
appearance of Cedar Waxwings within 
the city limits. This species is even more 
irregular in its wanderings in Colorado 
than it was years ago in western New York. 
It is now thirteen years since the writer 
has seen a Cedar Waxwing in Denver or in 
its immediate vicinity. These recent 
visitors were first seen in Washington 
Park by Mrs. L. K. Robinson, on Sep- 
tember 29, when they were busy feeding on 
berries (Mountain ash, etc.). These Wax- 
wings have since been noticed in the same 
park on several different days, and once 
also in Cheesman Park. The Waxwings 
had a rather difficult time getting the 
berries as the greedy Robins kept them 
on the move all the time. 

Further evidence of the plainsward 
extension of Lewis’s Woodpecker was 
secured during this period by the occur- 
_rence of one on the Platte River nearly 
twenty miles northeast of Denver. As 
time goes on it will probably be found 
farther and farther away from the moun- 
tains along the Platte and similar wooded 
streams. 

The Crossbill is as an erratic a wanderer 
in Colorado as elsewhere. Nevertheless, 
it has continued to be a surprise to en- 
counter this species in Denver several 
times since August 15 and to see five of 
them in Cheesman Park on October 15. 
The earliest previous date on which this 
bird has been seen in Denver by the writer 
is November 18, though it is not infrequent 
at any time of the year in the neighboring 
foothills wherever there are cone-bear- 
ing _ trees, as, for example, on Lookout 


Bird - 


Lore 


Mountain or in the neighborhood of 
Sedalia. 

The last Bullock’s Oriole was seen (in 
this region) on August 18. This Oriole 
commonly disappears from the Denver 
region during the last week of August, but 
it has been recorded by the writer as 
staying in Denver as late as September 24. 
Hence, one is justified in believing that 
this species left this area quite a little 
earlier than usual. 

The most common time for the Tree 
Sparrow to reappear in this neighborhood 
is during the first week in November. 
This year several were discovered in 
Washington Park on October 3, in com- 
pany with Brewer’s and Clay-colored 
Sparrows, a decidedly representative as- 
semblage of the genus Spizella. 

For a long time the writer has had the 
belief that the various Longspurs, known 
to have been not uncommon hereabouts 
in the past, had left the country for good, 
for it was only at long intervals that one 
would be detected. It is a pleasure to 
record that more Chestnut-collared Long- 
spurs have been seen about Denver dur- 
ing the past two months than during the 
whole of the past two years put together. 
Let it be hoped that this means that this 
interesting bird is again increasing locally, 
or is returning to its old haunts. 

It appears, on comparing records, that 
the present period’s bird incidents and 
wanderings, as shown by many species 
not mentioned above, show little or no 
departure from the normal, except, per- 
haps, that the Long-crested Jay arrived 
from the mountains about a week ahead 
of time, and that there was an unusually 
large wave of Audubon’s Warblers passing 
through this region about September 28.— 
W.H. Bercrorp, Denver, Colo. 


Hook Mews and Kebiews 


Lire Histortes oF NortH AMERICAN 
Divinc Birps. By ARTHUR CLEVE- 
LAND BENT. United States National 
Museum, Bulletin 107, Washington, 
D. C., 1919. 8vo, 239 pages, 43 half- 
tone and 12 color plates. 

In rg10 Mr. Bent undertook to continue 
the work on the life-histories of North 
American birds so ably begun by Maj. 
Charles E. Bendire, and cut short a 
number of years previous by that author’s 
death. This is the first of a series of 
volumes in preparation. Grouping to- 
gether the diving birds, Grebes, Loons, 
and Auks, to follow the present edition of 
the A. O. U. Check-list, generally admitted 
to be unsatisfactory as regards structure 
or true relationship, is a convenient classi- 
fication when life-histories are dealt with. 
After a few introductory remarks where 
these seem desirable, the life-history of 
each species is written in substantially 
the following scheme: Spring migration, 
courtship, nesting habits, eggs, young, se- 
quence of plumages to maturity, seasonal 
molts, feeding habits, flight, swimming 
and diving habits, vocal powers, behavior, 
enemies, fall migration, and winter habits. 
A final paragraph, and a very valuable 
one, gives actual range of dates for eggs, 
and, where a number of such are avail- 
able, the narrower range where most of 
them fall. The half-tone plates comprise a 
frontispiece of the egg of the Great Auk 
and illustrations mostly of nests and eggs, 
breeding birds, young and _ nesting-sites. 
The color plates illustrate the egg of each 
species and in some cases more than one 
egg to show variation. 

The preparation of such a work has 
necessitated going over a vast amount of 
literature. The author has had able assis- 
tance in mechanical detail, in the investiga- 
tion of the less-known species, and in 
contributions from other observers con- 
cerning species with which they are 
particularly familiar or have made an 
especial study of, for which due credit is 
given. But the excellence of the volume 


seems to be primarily due to his indefatig- 
able industry in field and study, and to 
his detailed and comprehensive knowledge 
of North American birds, which make it 
unquestionably one of the most important 
recent contributions to North American 
ornithology. 

It is customary in textbooks on orni- 
thology, after technical descriptions and 
measurements and statements as to range 
and migration, to give a short biographical 
sketch or pen-picture of each species in 
life. This aids the student in the identifica- 
tion of the living bird and helps him to 
place it in the scheme of nature when he 
has met it perhaps for the first time in the 
field. For such biographical material it is 
surprising how frequently one has to go 
back to early writers. How far special 
investigation along certain lines has out- 
stripped a general knowledge! If the 
succeeding volumes of Mr. Bent’s work are 
equal to the first one, we shall have a 
thoroughly up-to-date treatise to refer to 
in these matters. 

The text is full of apt quotations regard- 
ing life-histories from a great many 
sources, but is in no sense a compilation of 
what is known of the birds’ habits—rather 
a picture graphically setting forth the 
place of each species in nature. There is 
much original matter and a good deal of 
the text has literary merit. It is to be 
regretted that the color plates of eggs 
have not been made more attractive in 
a work which will have so wide a popular 
appeal. A bird’s egg is per se a very beauti- 
ful thing, but the sickly yellowish back- 
ground of the plates, which may be a good 
one to bring out color-values, spoils the 
pleasure of looking at them, and the eggs 
themselves appear flat. The paragraphs 
on range and migration have been pre- 
pared with a great deal of care and give a 


‘more concise statement of summer and 


winter ranges of each species and its 
general movements to and from than can 
be found elsewhere. In many cases there is 


(371) 


372 


very interesting discussion of relationships 
and throughout valuable matter on plum- 
age changes. Little-known, far northern 
forms have been the subject of special 
investigation, and the author has taken 
pains to gather first-hand information 
concerning them from others. 

The work will perhaps serve, primarily, 
as a textbook of nests and eggs and of 
general habits, as opposed to the more 
comprehensive and detailed study of 
particular habits which will likely be made 
in the future. We think of it as rounding 
out an epoch in the science of ornithology 
and making the same more firm as a basis 
for future research, and are pleased that 
the tone is conventional throughout as in 
the use of the possessive case in such names 
as Briinnich’s Murre. Most students will 
know some things about the diving birds 
not set forth in these life-histories, from 
which, for instance, one could scarcely 
gather that the Dovekie and the Red- 
throated Loon are more pelagic on their 
winter grounds than the Cemmon Loon, 
but every student will find here a book well 
worth referring to.—J. T. N. 


HABITS AND EcoNoMiIc RELATIONS OF THE 
Guano Birps oF PERv. By ROBERT 
E. CoxkEr, in Chicago Scientific Inquiry, 
United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, 1919, pages 
449-511, plates 55—69. 

From December, 1906, to August, 1908, 
the author of this paper conducted an 
economic study of the guano and fishery 
industries of Peru for the Peruvian govern- 
ment. The more purely economic results 
of his labors were published some years 
ago, and we have here a report upon the 
habits of the birds, observed with more 
especial reference to the part they play as 
producers of the vast deposits of guano 
which have proved so important a source 
of revenue to the Peruvian government. 
In letters written to Birp-Lore while 
cruising down the coast of Peru, the writer 
of this review has mentioned the funda- 
mental factors underlying the formation 
of these guano deposits. Briefly, they are 
birds, fish, islands, and absence of rain. 
Mr. Coker here fills in the details of the 


Bird - 


Lore 


‘picture by observations made on nearly 
every bird-inhabited island on the coast of 
Peru. He describes the general features of 
the coast, the part played by the cold 
Humboldt current in affecting the climate 
as well as the fauna, and treats at length 
of the status and habits of the various 
birds which came under his observation. 

We are, for example, accustomed to 
think of the Penguin as restricted to the 
Antarctic region, but the low average tem- 
perature (about 62° Fahr.) of the waters 
off the coast of Peru causes, as it were, an 
arm of the Antarctic to stretch northward 
along the west coast of North America, 
and as a result we actually find Penguins 
(Spheniscus humboldti) nesting within eight 
degrees of the Equator. 

The principal guano-producing birds 
are Cormorants, Pelicans, and Gannets. 
In a preceding issue of Brrp-LoreE (March- 
April, 1919) we reproduced a photograph 
by Mr. Coker, showing acres of Chilean 
Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus thagus) on 
the island of Lobos Afuera, and through 
his courtesy we here present an even more 
astounding picture of Cormorants (Phal- 
acrocorax bougainvillei) taken on South 
Chincha Island, June 15, 1907. This 
species, the ‘Guanay’ of the natives, is 
economically the most important of the 
guano birds. It inhabits chiefly the 
Chincha Islands from which, between 
1850 and 1872, there were removed nearly 
11,000,000 tons of guano, having a value 
of about three-quarters of a billion dollars. 

The photograph which we here repro- 
duce shows a colony of Guanays which Mr. 
Coker estimated to contain about 360,000 
adult birds, with about an equal number 
of young, or over 700,000 individuals. A 
month later the colony was believed to 
have increased 50 per cent. While the 
original supply of guano was long ago 
exhausted, the annual deposit is so large 
that it forms an important source of 
revenue, but the eagerness of conces- 
sionaires to remove it so disturbed the 
birds that islands which they had occupied 
for years were deserted and the guano 
industry was thereby imperiled. It was 
one of the objects of Mr. Coker’s studies 


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LO6L ‘St ANAL ‘GNVISI VHONIHD HLAOS ‘GNAOUD-ONILSAN LV (tayj2aurv3n0g xv4s090490/04d ‘SLNV 


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374 


to formulate methods of operation on the 
part of the guano collectors which would 
prevent this catastrophe. 

It is an eloquent comment on the ways 
of what we are pleased to term civilized 
man, that the procedures recommended by 
Mr. Coker, while less severe, were, in 
effect, those adopted by the Inca before 
the Conquest! Quoting from an early 
author, Mr. Coker writes: ‘In the time 
of the Inca Kings, such vigilance in 
guarding the birds was maintained that, 
at the time of breeding, it was forbidden 
to anyone to enter on those islands under 
penalty of death, in order that they might 
not disturb them nor drive them from their 
nests. Neither was it permitted to kill 
them at any time, within or without 
the islands, under like penalty.” Here, 
surely, we have one of the earliest as well 
as one of the most drastic of bird laws. 

Mr. Coker’s paper abounds in further 
interesting observations. He has made a 
contribution of the first importance to 
our knowledge of the bird-life of what we 
believe is, ornithologically, one of the most 
interesting regions in the world.—F. M. C. 


WaTER Brrps oF MINNESOTA; PAST AND 
PRESENT. By Tuomas S. Roperts, M. 
D., Curator Zodlogical Museum, Uni- 
versity of Minnesota. Biennial Report 
State Game and Fish Commission of 
Minnesota, for the Biennial Period End- 
ing July 31, 1918, Minneapolis, Minn., 
1919. Pages 56-91; numerous photo- 
graphs, 

Dr. Roberts deals with the ‘Past’ of 
his subject in the following impressive 
sketch of the bird-life of Minnesota as 
it existed when white men first saw it: 

‘““When the region that is now included 
within the boundaries of the state of 
Minnesota was first invaded by white men, 
the wild-life conditions were vastly dif- 
ferent from those that exist at the present 
time. The earlier explorers found great 
herds of buffalo and elk grazing along the 
bluffs of the Mississippi River, deer 
filled the woodlands, beaver abounded in 
all the streams and lakes, and the primeval 
forests of the north sheltered great numbers 
of moose, caribou, black bear and other 
mammals that are now little more than a 


Bird - Lore 


tradition. The diversified and _ fertile 
uplands and the equally varied and bounti- 
ful waters supported a bird population 
that astonished and tested the descriptive 
powers of the early narrators. Ducks of 
many species bred in vast numbers and 
rose in dense clouds before the voyageurs’ 
canoes. The honk of the Canada Goose 
resounded far and wide throughout the 
summer months, and legions of Wavies, 
Speckle-bellies, and Blue Geese passed to 
and fro spring and fall. The prairies in 
the nesting season were alive with Upland 
Plover, great Sickle-billed Curlews, Wil- 
lets, the beautiful Avocet and countless 
thousands of great, noisy Marbled God- 
wits; while as migrants came an innumer- 
able host of other shore-birds, conspicu- 
ous among which were great flocks of 
Golden and Black-bellied Plovers and 
Eskimo Curlews. About the margins of 
the many shallow lakes, majestic Trum- 
peter Swans reared their young, and big 
flocks of Whistling Swans settled on the 
open waters to rest and feed on their long 
flights to and from the far Northland. 
Great, snow-white Whooping Cranes, and 
thousands of the more sombre-hued 
Sandhill Cranes, built their huge nests in 
the marshes, paraded and danced in 
stately fashion on the prairie upland or 
trumpeted loudly from on high. Vast 
flocks of Passenger Pigeons obscured the 
sun and filled the woodlands with their 
noisy roostings and their eager scramble 
for the fallen acorns. 

“Tf reports are true, the whistle of the 
Bob-white was a rare sound in those early 
days, but the Sharp-tailed or White- 
breasted Grouse—the Prairie Chicken of 
all this region at that time—abounded in 
the open country and the ‘drumming’ of 
the Ruffed Grouse echoed everywhere 
through the woodlands. The ‘booming’ 
of the Pinnated Grouse came later, with 
the advent of the settlers’ grainfields, and 
followed the Sharp-tails as they retreated 
westward and northwestward before the 
advancing harvest that lured the Prairie 
Hen from its original home on the great 
prairies of the Middle States. 

“Hawks and Owls, Eagles and Vultures 


Book News 


were then far more abundant than now 
and performed unmolested the rdle for 
which they were created, of maintaining 
the natural balance and well-being of the 
animal hosts among which they lived.” 

This is followed by a detailed considera- 
tion of the status of the water-fowl which 
are now found in Minnesota. Dr. Roberts 
here gives us much information concerning 
their habits and numerical abundance, 
and his paper therefore has both orni- 
thological and historical value.-—F. M. C. 


Tue Birps or NorTH AND MIDDLE AMER- 
IcA, By RoBert RipGway. Part VIII. 
Jacanas, Thick knees, Oyster-catchers, 
Turnstones, Surf Birds, Plovers, Snipes, 
Phalaropes, Avocets and Stilts, Skim- 
mers, Terns, Gulls, Skuas, Auks. Wash- 
ington Government Printing Office, 
1919. 8vo, xv+852 pages, 34 plates. 
We can accord the eighth volume of this 

great work no higher praise than to say 

it reaches the standard of the seven that 
have preceded it. From the preface we 
learn that 651 genera, 2,507 species and 
subspecies of the birds of Middle and North 

America have been fully treated in these 

eight volumes, and, in addition, the 

principal characters have been given of 

213 extralimital genera and 602 extra- 

limital species. Surely Professor Baird 

would be gratified beyond measure had he 
lived to see the admirable form which his 
plan for a work on the birds of the region 

in question has taken.—F. M. C. 


GOLDEN Dicky. THE STorY oF A CANARY 
AND His FRIENDS. By MARSHALL 
SAUNDERS. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New 
York City. 12mo, xi-+ 280 pages, 
colored frontispiece. 

The author of ‘Beautiful Joe’ here makes 

a Canary her hero and gives us his biog- 

raphy. The book is designedto arouse in 

children a sympathetic understanding of 
both birds and animals, and we believe 
with the author of the introduction that 

“the children who read these delightful 

pages will surely form lasting friendships 

with Dicky-Dick, the cheery songster, 
and Chummy, the stout-hearted little 

Sparrow, and all the Robins and Grackles 

and Crows, who, with the dogs and squir- 


and Reviews 375 


rels and Nella, the monkey, make up the 
lively company embraced in these chron- 
iclés.’’-——F.. M.-C. 


Brrps oF NortH CAROLINA. By T. 
GILBERT PEARSON, C. S. BRIMLEY, and 
H. H. Brimiey. Vol. IV, North Caro- 
lina Geological and Economic Survey. 
Raleigh, 191g. Royal 8vo, xxiii+380 
pages, 24 full-page color plates, ro pho- 
tographs, 275 text-figures, 1 map. 

The authors of this work have devoted 
many years of study to the birds of North 
Carolina. Mr. Pearson, during his college 
days at Chapel Hill and, later, as Secre- 
tary of the State Audubon Society, had 
wide opportunity to familiarize himself 
with the bird-life of the region over which 
this Society had jurisdiction, while the 
names of the Brimley brothers have been 
associated with North Carolina orni- 
thology almost for a generation. Many 
other sources of information have been 
drawn on, including the records of the 
Biological Survey and the observations of 
fellow ornithologists. 

There are Keys to Orders, Families, 
Genera, and Species, and descriptions of 
the latter, the whole, combined with the 
large number of illustrations, being well 
designed to make identification largely a 
matter of correct and definite observation 
on the part of the student. 

The annotations under each species 
relate chiefly to its status and manner of 
occurrence in North Carolina, with data 
on the breeding species concerning dates, 
nest-site, and color of the eggs. There 
are. brief comments on general habits, 
but, as a rule, no descriptions of songs. 

The large number and, with some excep- 
tions, excellence of the illustrations, adds 
greatly to the value and attractiveness of 
this volume, though we nowhere find men- 
tion of the illustrators. All but one of the 
full-page color plates are signed by R. 
Bruce Horsfall. They vary much in 
character, that of the Wild Geese, for 
example, being as good as the one figur- 
ing the White-throated and Fox Sparrows 
is poor. 

The 275 text-figures are wash-drawings 
usually of the head and anterior parts of 


376 


the body, but not infrequently of the 
whole bird. They are unsigned, but we are 
informed were made by Mr. R. Brasher. 
They, too, vary in character, the Owls 
being far below the standard which many 
of the others reach, but their large size 
(many are life-size, though no scale is 
given) and the clearness with which they 
are printed make them most acceptable 
to the student. The senior author supplies 
an historical introduction, Mr. C. S. 
Brimley a chapter on life-zones, and the 
Brimley brothers, with C. S. Bruner, give 
a useful table of bird-migration at Raleigh 
based on thirty years’ observation. There 
is a bibliography, a glossary, and two 
indices. 

The state of North Carolina is to be 
congratulated for taking the lead among 
the southern states in the production of a 
work on birds which is a credit to the 
Commonwealth as well as to its authors.— 
FEM: C, 


Our WINTER Brirps, How to Know AND 
How To Attract THEM. By FRANK M. 
CHAPMAN, Curator of Birds in the 
American Museum of Natural History. 
r2mo, 180 pages, 2 color plates (inside 
of cover), 8 full-page and 18 illustrations 
in text. D. Appleton & Company, 1919. 
This will serve as a textbook for those 

who begin bird-study in winter, the time 

of year when our bird-population will be 
found at its simplest terms, and also 
contains such information as is desired by 
the increasing number of persons who find 
pleasure in having birds about their 
homes during the bleaker months. To 
quote from the introduction: “I look from 
my window over the white expanse of 
snow. The sky is gray; the shutters creak 
fretfully in the wind . . . The world 
seems dead, when a feathered mite flits 
through the air, perches on a nearby limb 
and calls a merry .Chick-a-dee-dee-dee. 

What a difference in the scene his coming 

makes!” 

Following general introductory matter, 
the text is divided into three parts, Home 
Birds, Field Birds, and Forest Birds, with 
short chapters under each, giving character 
and habit sketches of the different species. 


Bird - Lore 


Whereas the book is designed to be of 
the greatest service to beginners, be they 
children or grown-ups, the birds’ place in 
nature and value to man, dwelt on through- 
out, should interest more advanced stu- 
dents. The full-page illustrations are of 
representative species, a short description 
at the foot of the page supplying size and 
color. The two color plates on the inside 
of back and front cover are a novel feature, 
with certain obvious advantages. Here we 
find 63 individuals of 42 species repre- 
sented, as though mounted specimens on 
the shelves of a museum. The figures are 
small, but the details and color sharp and 
clear. The birds are all to scale, so one 
sees comparative size at a glance and can 
compare two species which resemble one 
another without turning the page. 

The book is of convenient pocket-size, 
and will serve as an introduction to winter 
bird-life for those who enjoy a tramp afield 
at that season.—J. T. N. . 


BrrD OBSERVATIONS NEAR Cuicaco. By 
ELLEN DRUMMOND FARWELL. Introduc- 
tion by Mary DrumMMonp. With illus- 
trations. Privately printed. 12mo, 192 
pages, 10 photographs. 

These posthumously printed observa- 
tions from Mrs. Farwell’s journals were 
not written for publication, but they well 
deserve it. Keenly sensitive to the person- 
ality of birds and to the charm of their 
songs, Mrs. Farwell evidently also pos- 
sessed the scientific spirit which prompted 
her to record at once, and at length, her 
impressions of a bird’s appearance and 
notes. The result is an actual contribu- 
tion to the literature of ornithology, 
marked by a freshness, originality, and 
independence of observation which make 
these attractively printed pages of especial 
value to the beginner, who will find real 
assistance in Mrs. Farwell’s descriptions 
and comparisons.—F. M. C. 


The Ornithological Magazines 


Tue Aux.—The October number con- 
tains faunal papers dealing with birds of 
Stanstead County, Quebec, 1918, by H. 
Mousley; the Chicago area by C. W. G, 


Book News 


Eifrig, and southwestern France by 
Thomas D. Burleigh. Fred H. Kennard 
describes a race of the Blue-winged Teal 
breeding in Louisiana, the adult drake 
with white patch on the nape, illustrated 
in a half-tone plate of heads by Fuertes. 
Charles B. Cory describes a new species 
and two new subspecies of South American 
birds; Charles W. Richmond writes of a 
scarce old volume on African birds of 
interest to numerous modern students of 
bird names, and there are also technical 
systematic papers by Penard and Ober- 
holser. Loomis publishes a photograph of 
two Shearwater skins which he would have 
us believe color phases of a single species. 
Jonathan Dwight, ‘‘steering a middle 
course between the Scylla of imperfect 
knowledge on the one hand, and the Cha- 
rybdis of nomenclature on the other,” 
takes up the question of the relationship 
and correct names for the Lesser Black- 
backed Gulls, Eurasian forms; and 
N. Hollister writes of the relationship of 
the Ring-necked to other allied Ducks of 
the world. 

The above matter is, perhaps, too tech- 
nical to interest most of Brrp-Lore’s 
readers. For those who have a turn of 
mind to biography there is ‘Jacob Post 
Giraud, Jr., and His Works,’ by Witmer 
Stone. Giraud died in 1870. His ‘Birds of 
Long Island,’ published in 1844, was the 
best piece of local ornithological work that 
had appeared up to that time and gives 
us a reliable picture of water-bird life in 
early times. Giraud was a personal friend 
of George N. Lawrence and probably had 
a considerable influence on the career of 
that younger, better-known naturalist. 

Variation in the nesting habits of a bird 
in different parts of its range is of much 
interest, and in this connection we have a 
description of finding the nest and eggs of 
the southern race of the Black-throated 
Green Warbler at Mt. Pleasant, S. C., by 
Arthur T. Wayne. A breeding colony of 
Great Blue Herons at Lake Cormorant, 
Minn., is described in detail by Horace 


and Reviews 377 


Gunthorp, and we are pleased to learn 
that ‘‘it is located where it will in all 
probability be protected in years to come 
and thus it will be possible to record the 
future growth of the colony accurately, and 
so we shall be able to form some estimate of 
the status of the Great Blue Heron in 
Minnesota and the Northwest.” 

Aretas A. Saunders graphically describes 
a constant difference in song he has found 
between Ruby-crowned Kinglets in the 
Rocky Mountain region and those farther 
east, with accompanying remarks on the 
variation of bird-song, etc. As is the case 
in earlier studies of bird habits by the same 
author, Mr. Saunders’ remarks are un- 
usually clear and convincing. ‘The Evolu- 
tion of Bird-Song’ is discussed by Francis 
H. Allen in a very interesting manner, 
showing of what wide philosophic interest 
is the field offered by a study of bird- 
voices. 

The General Notes contain more than 
the usual variety,—systematic matter, 
rare records, etc. The ‘Occurrence of 
the Cerulean Warbler in the Catskills.’ 
probably breeding (S. H. Chubb), 
catches our eye, as also a southern Massa- 
chusetts breeding record for the Myrtle 
Warbler, and the surprisingly early arrival 
of the Tree Swallow for a period of years 
at Plymouth, Mass., as opposed to its 
later appearance in other localities (J. A. 
Farley). Notes from various observers 
from different parts of the country show 
that there was a spring(!) flight of the 
Evening Grosbeak in 1919; localities 
are in Massachusetts, New -York, New 
Jersey, Ohio. 

Taking this October number as a whole, 
we are struck with the amount of matter 
it contains relative to foreign as opposed 
to North American birds. This may be 
merely chance, a matter of no significance, 
but we suspect that it is indicative of a 
real tendency in bird-study, and that 
American bird students will in the future 
let their interests stray further afield.— 
J.T. M. 


378 


sird-Lore 


A Bi-Monthly Magazine 
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds 
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 
Edited by FRANK M, CHAPMAN 
Contributing Editor, MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT 
Published by D. APPLETON & CO. 


Vol. XXI Published December 1, 1919 No. 6 


SUBSCRIPTION RATES 
Price in the United States, one dollar and fifty cents a year; 
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents, 
postage paid. 


COPYRIGHTED, 1919, BY FRANK M, CHAPMAN 


Bird-Lore’s Motto: 
A Bird in the Bush Is Worth Two in the Hand 


Over two hundred colleagues and friends 
of the late William Brewster have presented 
the sum of $5,000 to the American Orni- 
thologists’ Union, as Trustee. This fund 
will be known as the William Brewster 
Memorial and not oftener than every two 
years the Council of the Union, acting as 
judge, will award the interest on it in the 
form of a medal and an honorarium to the 
author of what, in their opinion, is the most 
important contribution to the ornithology 
of the Western Hemisphere during the 
period named. 

The donors of this gift have not only 
paid a_ well-deserved tribute to the 
memory of William Brewster, but they 
have rendered an important service to the 
science to which he devoted his life. 

Other representative scientific bodies in 
this country, the National Academy of 
Sciences, for example, have long been in a 
position to acknowledge suitably note- 
worthy work in their various fields, but 
the American Ornithologists’ Union has 
not been able to recognize meritorious 
achievement in its department of science. 
The Brewster Memorial has now happily 
made this possible. 

In this connection it is fitting to add that 
through provisions of Mr. Brewster’s will, 
the Union, the Nuttall Club, the Charles- 
ton, S. C. Museum, and the Massachusetts 
Audubon Society will in due time each 
receive $2,000, while the Museum of Com- 
parative Zodlogy at Cambridge will re- 
ceive his collection of birds and the sum 
of $60,000. 


Bird - Lore 


To GAIN some conception of the effects 
of the destructive forces which have been 
continuously at work since the discovery 
of this country, one should read the extract 
from Dr. Roberts’ paper on the water- 
birds of Minnesota which we print in a 
review of that publication on a preceding 
page of this issue of Brrp-Lorr. We can 
never hope to restore these primeval con- 
ditions, but we should never cease to be 
thankful that the efforts of bird-lovers, 
exerted chiefly through the Audubon 
Society, have been effective in checking 
the hand of the destroyer. Under federal 
protection, based upon sound principles of 
science and conservation, and with a full 
recognition of our duty to posterity, we 
may be assured that, as far as present 
circumstances permit, our migratory water- 
fowl will have a square deal. 


Ir is greatly to be regretted that in giv. 
ing permission to the owners and employ- 
ees of fish hatcheries to kill Grebes, Loons, 
Gulls, Terns, Mergansers, American Bit- 
terns, Great Blue Herons, Little Blue 
Herons, Green Herons and Black-crowned 
Night Herons at any time in hatchery 
grounds, or waters, the Department of 
Agriculture did not require hatchery 
owners to secure a permit before allowing 
them to destroy the birds in question. 
The regulation, as it stands, opens the 
door unnecessarily wide to wanton and 
illegal shooting by persons who will inter- 
pret its provisions to suit their own ends. 


Wits this number Brrp-LoreE completes 
the first year of its majority. With other 
serial publications it has been obliged to 
meet war and post-war conditions which 
have increased the cost of production and 
distribution from 50 to 1oo per cent, but 
the magazine enters full-fledged manhood, 
sound in wind and limb, and more than 
ever eager to advance the cause for which 
it stands. 

There was an unavoidable delay in 
securing paper for the September-October 
number, but thanks to the loyalty of the 
Mt. Pleasant Press we have been spared 
the trials which have forced scores of our 
contemporaries to suspend publication. 


Che Audubon Societies 


SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 


Edited by A. A. ALLEN, Ph.D. 


Address all communications relative to the work of this 
department to the Editor, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 


CHRISTMAS WITH THE BIRDS 


This is the season when kind thoughts abound and everyone is endeavoring 
to express his friendship and good-will to his fellowman. It is not only because 
the stores are in gala dress and are advising us to shop early; it is not only 
because of the holly and mistletoe for sale on the street corners, nor yet because 
of the merry Santa Clauses with their red cardboard chimneys soliciting funds 
that we know the holiday season is approaching. The spirit of joyous giving 
is in the air and we wish to do our part. But let us not confine our Christmas 
thoughts to man alone. Why is not this the season of the year to bring all 
nature into the family to share our abundance? It is a most appropriate 
time to inculcate into the minds of the children a love of birds and all animals, 
and a desire to befriend them. It is now that birds are quick to respond to help, 
for they need it when most of their food is covered with snow and ice. Now is 
the time to feed them and to attract them about the windows, for Christmas 
is not complete without them. We have borrowed from our European cousins 
the holly and the mistletoe, Santa Claus and the Christmas tree. Let us add 
the Chickadee, the Nuthatch, and the Snowbird as emblems of our American 
Christmas. 

Those who have been following the pages of Brrp-Lore during the past 
few years have become aware of the extent of the movement for feeding the 
winter birds. Only those who have been actively engaged in the work, however, 
appreciate the pleasure and profit to be gained by so doing. It seems that noth- 
ing new could be said on the subject, and that repetition of what has been 
written might be useless, but a subject so fundamental to the whole conserva- 
tion movement can scarcely be overemphasized. In our teaching of children, 
and adults as well, for that matter, we know that our words are of little avail 
until our listeners put into actual practice the principles we have endeavored 
to inculcate. When the principles are dry and uninteresting or difficult to 
grasp, they usually go in one ear and out the other, but when they are applicable 
to daily life and can be put into immediate practice, they usually bring quick 
results. When anyone has done by himself one bit of service for the conserva- 
tion of wild life, one little act of kindness for birds or animals, and by so doing 
has drawn a response from the animal befriended, his interest is fixed for the rest 
of his life. When a teacher stimulates a child to perform some such act, he 
has accomplished more for the conservation movement than he could by any 


(379) 


380 Bird - Lore 


number of set exercises. It is for this reason that the editor wishes to emphasize 
once more the feeding of the winter birds, for it provides an opportunity for 
each child to do something by himself that is almost certain to draw a response 
from the birds, and this is the surest method of fixing his interest. There 
never was a boy so ‘bad’ that he would stone or shoot the birds that come to 
the feeding-station which he has made with his own hands. Rather will he be 
proud to protect them from all other boys, and with this feeling in his heart, 
it is only a step to his protection of all birds. 

Many teachers have told me that they would like to attract the winter 
birds, but owing to the situation of their schools in crowded cities or unfavorable 
districts, they felt sure that they would have no success. My answer is that 
there is not a school in the world, or a home, that birds will not find when food 
is put out for them. Of course, the schools in the larger cities should not expect 
the great variety of birds that the rural] schools enjoy, but even though nothing 
but House Sparrows and Pigeons put in an appearance, the same lessons can 
be taught, the same pleasure derived. In such places one studies the individual 
birds rather than the different species and by careful observation learns to 
recognize each Sparrow and each Pigeon by little differences of plumage or 
slight differences of manner. The children can give names to the different 
individuals if they wish, for by so doing they will sharpen their observation. 

It may seem strange to advise attracting the House Sparrows in one breath 
and to recommend an ‘anti-Sparrow’ shelf in the next, but it is quite possible 
to teach children the greater value of our native birds without destroying their 
reverence for life, even the life of a House Sparrow. If it is impossible to attract 
native birds because of the large flocks of House Sparrows that annoy them and 
drive them from the feed, it is better to teach the children to outwit the 
Sparrows than to destroy them. 


HOW TO ATTRACT BIRDS 


In many places where the birds have been fed for years and have learned to 
hunt about windows and doorsteps, they find food wherever it is put out for 
them in a very short time. In other places where winter feeding has not been 
practised, the birds have to be taught to come to windows, and it may be 
some time before they find the food. These directions are intended primarily 
for teachers who live where winter feeding has not become the custom that it 
has in localities where there is much local interest in birds. 


WHAT FOOD TO USE 


To begin with, the birds which ordinarily come to feeding stations fall into 
two groups: those that feed normally upon insects and those that feed normally 
upon seeds. The insectivorous birds include the Woodpeckers, Nuthatches, 
Chickadees, Kinglets, Creepers, and Jays. These birds, in addition to feeding 


The Audubon Societies 381 


upon insects, feed during the winter upon all fatty substances, and it is for this 
reason that it is easy to supply them with food. Beef suet, meat scraps, all 
kinds of nuts, raw peanuts, sunflower seed, pancakes, and doughnuts seem to 
contain the necessary substances 
and are much relished by them. 
The granivorous birds found in 
northern United States during 
winter are mostly members of 
the Sparrow family, and those 
that come most commonly to 
window feeding-stations are the 
Juncos, Tree Sparrows, Song 
Sparrows, Purple Finches, and 
Grosbeaks. All kinds of seeds 
are suitable for them, and, when 
nothing else is available, cracked 
grain, commonly called ‘chick- 
feed,’ is the most convenient and 
the cheapest. Weed seed col- 
lected by the children, sweepings 
from the barn floor, screenings 
from the mill, and the crumbs : 
Csi thin citidven’s Janches are BROWN CREEPER AT THE SUET-LOG 
: The wire screen protects the suet from Crows and 
all equally satisfactory. squirrels which might carry it away in one or two visits 


WHEN TO BEGIN 


If you have not already begun feeding the winter birds when you read these 
lines, begin now. The best time to begin, however, is in the fall before the birds 
have formed the fixed habits which later on take them over approximately the 
same course every day. Early in the season they learn which trees are infested 
with insects and which ones are barren of food and ordinarily they fly from one 
to the next, skipping the barren trees. If one happens to select trees barren of 
insect life for the suet, the birds may not find it for a long time. On the other 
hand if one watches the birds before placing the suet and selects trees through 
which they regularly pass, it makes little difference how late in the season he 
begins. 

HOW TO BEGIN 


The best way to begin is to select the window or spot in the yard where one 
wishes the birds to come and, from this as a center, as nearly as possible in the 
four directions, fasten pieces of suet in the branches of the trees to a distance of 
several hundred feet. If a bird comes anywhere in the vicinity it is then apt to 
find one of these pieces of suet and will sooner or later find its way to the desired 


382 Bird - Lore 


spot. When one bird has found the suet at the window, it will not be necessary 
to keep up the supply in the other places, for birds are continually watching 
each other as well as hunting for food and are quick to follow the one that has 
found a good feeding place. In the beginning it will be most satisfactory 
to tie the suet to the most conspicuous branches available, but at a 
permanent feeding station, likely to be visited by Crows and squirrels that 
will try to carry off all the suet in one piece, it is best to put it behind a piece 
of wire netting or to ram it into a hole bored in a tree or a post erected for that 
purpose. 

If there are weed patches or shrubbery near, where the seed-eating birds 
regularly feed, one should encourage them to return to that place by scattering 
more seed, but if there are none, as is often the case, one can rely upon the 
Chickadees and Nuthatches and House Sparrows to show them the way, 
and can begin by putting seed directly on his feeding-shelf. There is scarcely 
any locality where flocks of House Sparrows will not almost immediately find 
the seed and consume it about as fast as put out. One should not be dis- 
couraged, however, for they ordinarily act as decoys and by their chirping 
announce to the passing native birds the presence of the food. After the 
native birds have found the food, it is time to outwit the Sparrows with 
anti-Sparrow devices. 


THE PERMANENT FEEDING STATION 


The type of permanent feeding station to be used must be determined by 
local conditions. If there is a window available, with a tree somewhere near it, 
by all means use some sort of a feeding-shelf or -box at the window. The 
advantages of having the birds at such close range more than outweigh the 
occasional distractions that may occur in the schoolroom at unsuitable moments. 
Many teachers tell me that discipline becomes much easier after the birds 
have been attracted to the window, because the children are more willing to 
give strict attention to their studies when they are told that they will be allowed 
to watch the birds for a few minutes upon completing their lesson. 

By no means purchase or have built a more elaborate feeding table than 
the children themselves can make. They should be made to feel that the com- 
ing of the birds is a direct result of their own efforts, and though the feeding 
station of the younger children may be somewhat crude, it is far better to have 
it so than that the children should feel that someone’s help was necessary 
to bring the birds, or that their coming was not a direct response to their own 
efforts. With the youngest children one need but nail a cleat along the outside 
of the window-ledge to keep the food from blowing off, and fasten a branch 
to the window casing to which suet can be tied. It is better to use some sort 
of a shelf, however, that will give a little more room for the birds, so that more 
than one can feed at a time. Our native birds like lots of ‘elbow room’ while 


feeding. 


The Audubon Societies 383 


For the older children there are numerous suggestions for window-boxes, 
‘anti-Sparrow’ shelves, weather-vane feeders, food-hoppers, etc., in the past 
numbers of Brrp-LorE. It is often possible to codperate with the manual train- 
ing department in the construction of these more elaborate feeding devices. 

The chief trouble with an open shelf at the window is that during 
snow-storms, when food is most needed by the birds, it is covered up. 
Some sort of a covered shelf is therefore better. A very convenient 
window feeding-box can be made from a soap-box or box of similar size, one 


THE SIMPLEST FORM OF A WINDOW EFEEDING-SHELF 
A cleat nailed to the window ledge to prevent the food from blowing off, and a branch to which the suet 
is fastened 


end of which is nailed to the window casing so that the open side faces south. 
If what is then the back is replaced by a pane of glass, so that it is well lighted 
within, the birds will not hesitate to enter and will be able to get the food even 
during the worst storms. No matter what sort of a window-shelf is used, it is 
always well to fasten a branch—and preferably an evergreen branch or small 
tree—to one side of it. Sometimes a number of branches can be used effectively 
to break the force of the wind and at the same time to decorate the shelf. 
The more the feeding station, wherever it is, looks like a little corner of the 
woods, the better the birds will like it. 

When the schoolroom windows open on a court or narrow street or some 
place where, obviously, birds could not be attracted to the windows, one may 
have to be satisfied with feeding the birds some place in the school-yard, 
around the flag-pole, or on a post erected for the purpose. In such places the 


384 Bird - Lore 


weather-vane feeders and other more elaborate devices that have been described 
or advertised in Brrp-Lore are very satisfactory. A very simple and satisfac- 
tory shelf, however, can be made by any child out of the top of a barrel 
as here illustrated. The hoops are used to make a framework over part of 


¥ 
x 
¢ 
*, 
we 


A HOME-MADE-FEEDING SHELF AND A CHICKADEE WAITING FOR A 
JUNCO TO FINISH EATING 


the shelf, and this framework is covered with cloth or woven with evergreen 
twigs to keep out the snow. 

This sort of a feeding-station could be put up in any place where a child 
wishes to feed the birds, and teachers should encourage their pupils to make 
feeding stations at their homes or in the nearest woods similar to the one at 
the school. After the feeding stations have become well. patronized, it would 
make a most interesting field-trip to take the class from one to another, and it 


The Audubon Societies 385 
would probably do more than anything else to clinch the children’s interest in 
birds and nature. 


ANTI-SPARROW DEVICES 


Two different ‘anti-Sparrow’ devices have been recommended to readers 
of Brrp-Lorg, the first in January, 1903, by W. W. Grant, and the other by 
W. E. Saunders in January, 1918, and those who are annoyed with the Sparrows 
at their feeding stations would do well to refer to them. The writer has found a 


AN ‘ANTI-SPARROW’ FEEDING-BOX AT A WINDOW 
The bottom is hinged and supported by a rubber band or a spring, so that it teeters’ when the bird alights 
upon it. The suspicious House Sparrows are afraid to enter, but the native birds seem to enjoy it. 


combination of the device recommended by Mr. Grant and the window-box 
described above quite successful in keeping the Sparrows away and feeding 
the native birds. The front half of the floor is held with leather hinges and 
supported at the corners by rubber bands or light springs, as can be seen in 
the illustration. When a bird enters the box this board teeters much as though 
the entire box were about to tip over. The wary House Sparrows have learned 
to be suspicious of such devices, and, though whole flocks of them perched on 
top of the box and peered over the edge at the food within, not one dared, at 
first, to enter. After other birds had been feeding for several weeks, a few Spar- 
rows learned to enter without causing the board to teeter, but the slightest tap 
on the window sent them away in fright.——A. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Assistant 
Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University. 


386 Bird - Lore 


SUGGESTIONS FOR WINTER BIRD-STUDY 


1. How many birds do you know that winter in your locality? Are they permanent 
residents, found also in summer, or have they come down from the north? 

2. Do you know upon what each bird feeds, whether seeds or insects, fruits or flesh? 
Prepare a list of the winter birds you know, stating after each whether it is a permanent 
resident or a winter visitant and upon what it feeds. 

3. Some species that are permanent residents in a locality are known to migrate. Can 
you tell whether the individuals which are present in winter are the same ones that stay 
and nest during the summer, or do they move northward when spring comes and others 
from the south take their places? How could you determine this? The Editor has placed 
aluminum bands on the legs of Chickadees and White-breasted Nuthatches in the winter 
and then has seen them during the summer. 

4. In what sort of places do you find birds in winter? Do you always find the same 
birds in the same places or.do they wander about? Are all birds alike in this respect? 

5. Have you ever had a wild bird feed from your hand? If not, why not? 

6. Is there anyone in your neighborhood that knows the winter birds? Has he ever 
been invited to talk about them in the school? 

7. How many people in your community are feeding the winter birds? Has anyone 
of them been invited to talk in the school? 

8. How can you tell a male House Sparrow from a female in the winter? Is the dif- 
ference any greater during the summer? What has happened? 

9. Can you tell the track of a Crow in the snow when you see it? that of a Pheasant? 
that of a Sparrow? that of a Lark? 

10. Where do the winter birds spend the night? Each kind has a place where it pre- 
fers to roost. Add this to your list of birds for as many species as you have observed, 
and send in the list to Brrp-LorrE. The best lists and the best answers to any of these 
questions will be published in the January-February number of Brrp-Lore if they are 
received by the first of January. ' 


FOR OR FROM JUNIOR OBSERVERS 


MY FIRST EXPERIENCE WITH A REDSTART 


Would some of Brrp-Lore readers like to hear of my experience with a 
Redstart? It happened one fall morning, early in October, when my family 
was spending the winter in a summer bungalow twenty miles from 
Chicago. 

While we were eating breakfast in the kitchen, a small bird flew against the 
window twice. After breakfast, when Mother opened the door and stepped 
out on the back porch, the bird flew past her into the room, Sometimes he 
would fly on the rafters and would not come down again. We put water and 
bread crumbs on the rafters, and he drank the water but I do not know if he 
ate the crumbs. I sat by the open fireplace so the Redstart would not fly in 
and get burned. One time he flew into the kitchen and against a stove-pipe, 
but it did not burn him so far as we could tell. 

He liked to flutter around the lamps, and when night came and we had to 


The Audubon Societies 387 


light them, we thought he might get burned, so, when he flew down, Mother 
laid her hand on him and he did not make any fuss. We then opened the door 
and Mother opened her hand. He flew to a small walnut tree on the north- 
western side of our lawn, and we did not see him any more.—FRANCES RED- 
FIELD HALLINAN (age, 10 years.), Washington, D. C. 


[This is the right way to treat birds that fly into our dwellings. It was given its 
liberty and no attempt was made to cage it or to handle it.—A. A. A.| 


A PET MAGPIE 


We lived in Wasco County, Ore., for three years, and my two brothers and 
_Ihad a few experiences with birds there. We are all lovers of nature and espe- 
cially of birds. 

When we first got ‘Mag,’ the Magpie, he had only a few feathers. We found 
him two miles from where we lived and carried him in one of our hats for about 
a mile, and then transferred him to a Crow’s nest to carry him the rest of the 
way home. We kept him in this until he was old enough to sit on a perch. 

Whenever he was hungry he would open his mouth, and we fed him worms, 
grasshoppers, and curd cheese. He also liked bread and milk. When he was 
old enough to follow us around, he would come to us for his food, and we would 
dig up worms for him, which he would pick up and swallow. 

We started talking to him when he could just sit on a perch, always saying 
the same thing, so that he might learn to talk. About the time he was learning 
to eat by himself, he began to try to talk. He kept improving until, within the 
next month, he learned to whistle and call the dog, to say ‘Hello Mag,” “Pretty 
Mag,” ‘“‘Nice Mag,” and several other things. He also learned to laugh like a 
Seen and it was a very merry laugh. He talked best when strangers were 
around, and he liked to hop on their feet and peck their shoes. Most of the 
little neighbor children were afraid of him, and he seemed to know it, for when- 
ever they came around our place, he delighted in chasing them. When he called 
the dog, the dog would come and look puzzled. 

At night ‘Mag’ slept in a shed where there was a ladder against the wall. 
One morning we found him in a pitiful condition, with his head badly crushed 
and swollen. The ladder had fallen down, and we supposed it had hit him. 
He could hardly make a sound and could eat only bread and milk. He lived but 
a few days after he was hurt. We kept his most beautiful tail feathers as a 


remembrance of our dear pet.—OLIVER CRANDALL (age 16 years), Toppenish, 
Wash. 


[Magpies, Crows, and Jays make amusing pets if they are taken young and properly 
cared for, and many of them learn to talk, as did Oliver’s. There is a common belief . 
that their tongues must be split before they will learn to talk, but this practice is as cruel 
as it is unnecessary, for all that is required is a little patience in teaching them. Some 
learfi much more quickly than others.—A. A. A.] 


388 Bird - Lore 


A RARE PET 


Parrots, Paraquets, Canaries, and several other kinds of birds are common 
enough pets, but one does not often hear of a pet Blue Jay. Well, I have had a 
Blue Jay for a pet, a screeching, saucy Blue Jay, with a cap and body of pretty 
blue, black, and white feathers. This is a true story of a bird whose wild nature 
not many have been privileged to enjoy. 

It was in the forenoon of a warm, sunny, summer day in the month of 
August. Everything was quiet; the sun was getting hot, and the air drowsy, 
when suddenly we heard most heart-rending screeches. I went out to see 
what was the matter, and found a gathering of excited children in the 
road, while hovering over the piazza were a couple of Blue Jays, screaming 
frightfully. 

“What is it?” I asked. 

“The cat has caught a baby bird,”’ the children told me, ‘‘and he’s gone 
under the piazza with it!’’ 

That was what had happened; a cat had somehow or other caught a bird. 
We tried to make the cat come out but he would not. I think he was rather 
wise because, if he had come out then, the father and mother birds would have 
picked him to pieces. For a while the Blue Jays hovered around, screaming 
loudly and angrily, but they finally flew away. However, we could still hear 
them in the woods nearby. 

Then the cat, foxy coward that he was, crept slowly out. My mother pulled 
a board from the piazza, and, reaching down, picked up the little baby Blue 
Jay. Strange to say, the cat had hardly hurt him. Aside from a few teeth- 
marks, little birdie was very much alive. I think the cat meant to eat him, but 
was so frightened by the older birds that he lost his appetite. What cat 
wouldn’t? 

The little bird could not have been more than two weeks old. My mother 
took him into the house, and, wrapping him in flannel, put him into a box. 
Later she mixed Indian meal and milk, which, little by little, she crammed gently 
down birdie’s throat. It was very hard to make him swallow the mash, so we 
would put only a little bit into his mouth with a drop of water to wash it 
down. In a few days he began to like it. Whenever he was hungry he would 
open his little beak and cry for food. It was amusing to see him. It was the 
same as if the mother bird were feeding him. 

Every day for a week the mother and father birds would come near the 
house and screech. It was pitiful to hear them, but we could do nothing. We 
didn’t know where the nest was, and, as the little bird was unable to fly, we 
could do nothing but keep him. 

Day by day the Blue Jay grew stronger and brighter. He was more willing 
to eat; in fact, he loved the mixture of meal and milk. We bought a large cage 
for him. His feathers grew thick rapidly, and, in a few weeks, he was a full- 


The Audubon Societies 389 


fledged Blue Jay with beautiful glossy wings and tail. It was then that he 
began to get lovable—yes, lovable is a proper adjective for our Blue Jay’s 
character. 

Naturally imaginative, I continually pictured to myself policemen taking 
us into court for keeping the bird. I spoke of my fears repeatedly. One day 
my mother said, ‘‘We ought not to keep this bird, not only because it is unlaw- 
ful, but also because the bird will not always thrive in the house. He is now 
old enough and strong enough. to take care of himself, and I think I ought to 
take him out into the woods.”’ 

We didn’t live far from the woods, so one morning she took him out, fully 
a mile or more from houses. She had been back home about an hour when, to 
our surprise, we heard a few loud screeches. Going to the door we saw—what do 
you think?—Master Blue Jay pecking at the door. Then he would cock his 
head to one side, and in his language say, “Let me in! Give me some mash. 
I’m not so easy to get rid of as you think. Hada hard time finding the place, but 
I finally reached here.”” Well, the situation was so funny that we all laughed. 
Then we took him in and fed him. We decided then and there to let him stay. 
A pet so dear and loyal we would keep, law or not. 

After that occasion we could let Blue Jay fly anywhere inside the house, or 
outside, for there was no danger of his forgetting to come back. He loved his 
mash too well. In fact, he couldn’t, or wouldn’t, eat the seeds, leaves, and other 
things which wild birds eat. 

We had a Canary in a small cage. The Canary was a beautiful singer, and 
the Blue Jay would listen intently while he sang. At times the Blue Jay would 
stare at the Canary for a long while, as if to say, ‘“What kind of a bird are you? 
How do you sing so nicely when I can do nothing but scream?” Yes, I’m sure 
he asked this last question, for after a time, the Blue Jay would attempt to 
sing. Imagine that! A Blue Jay trying to imitate the sweet, trilling notes of a 
Canary. ; 

At first his attempts were crude, but after several weeks Mr. Blue Jay 
could sing. He could actually sing, not so sweetly as a Canary, of course, but 
sing he could. It was wonderful to hear him begin to screech, then, stopping a 
few minutes as if in thought, he would finally trill a few notes, going from low 
to higher notes until his song was almost sweet. His breast would swell with 
pride. Then he would look maliciously at the Canary, as if to say, “Eh! 
Yow’re not the only smart fellow around here!’’ Now this was very remarkable. 
Certainly it is not natural for a Blue Jay to sing. If it were, they would have 
learned long ago to do so, from their comrades in the woods. 

Our visitors often desired to buy him, but we wouldn’t sell him, first, 
because we had grown attached to him, and, second, because it was unlawful. 

When we let him out of the cage, he would perch on our shoulders and peck 
playfully at our ears or hair. He never hurt, but he could if he wished. Here is 
proof: Sometimes people would come to the house at night. Of course, we 


390 Bird - Lore 


would immediately show them our Blue Jay. We would hold the lamp up to the 
cage so that they might get a good look at him. Blue Jay would scream loud 
and long, as if to say, ‘““Take away that lamp. Can’t you see I want to sleep? 
That light dazzles my eyes!’ Anyone who put his finger into the cage at such a 
moment was in danger at once of having a piece taken out of it. 

Our Blue Jay also loved to splash in a dish of water and it was amusing to 
see him. He was like a child paddling in the water, and he enjoyed it much. 
In many other little things he was so clever that we loved him as much as it is 
possible to love a dumb friend. He was so gay, so stubborn, and so lovable 
that he was almost human. He was dumb, yes; but he seemed to understand 
all we said to him. He made himself understood, too. It was not a language of 
words, but of understanding. Yet some people think our dumb friends have no 
brain power. If that is so, what made Blue Jay show such ebiet wegnnel 
(Miss) Mary Camara, Hudson, Mass. 

[Miss Camara, like Mrs. Le Perrier with her pet Robin, shows what pleasure can be 
derived from a pet that is given its liberty. All of the members of the Crow family make 
interesting pets because of their apparent intelligence and because they are easily cared 


for. Miss Camara’s attitude toward the laws for the protection of birds is highly com- 
mendable.—A. A. A.] 


A PET ROBIN 


I was staying on a farm in Rockland County, New York, enjoying outdoor 
life, feeding chickens, and taking an interest in my surroundings. 

July to, while walking, I heard the plaintive cry of a little bird, which I 
discovered on the grass at my feet. I picked up the poor little thing which had 
fallen from its nest. It was so tiny, all head and a big mouth, and absolutely 
without feathers, so I could not guess the kind of bird it was. 

I decided to try to rear it. I carried it to my room and made a nest in a 
little box which I placed on a large and deep window-sill that faced 
south. 

I fed my bird sparingly with little bits of cooked oatmeal and angleworms 
every half hour. After a few days, feathers began to appear and the bird left 
his nest, desiring a perch. It being a wild bird, I did not put him in a cage, as 
I intended to give him his freedom when he was old enough to feed himself. 
Placing a straight-backed chair on the window-sill, the little bird was satis- 
fied with the rungs under the seat for perches, and a large box of fine gravel 
completed arrangements for his comfort. 

It was most interesting to watch his development, for his feathers grew 
rapidly, and, after two weeks, I discovered that he was a Robin. Soon he began 
to use his wings, flying around the room, but always returning to the window- 
sill. 

‘Pretty,’ as I named him, was absolutely without fear, knew me so well he 
sat on my finger, and sometimes, while I was reading, would take a nap in the 


The Audubon Societies 301 


palm of my hand, When three weeks old he enjoyed a morning bath in a large 
wash-basin. When five weeks old, he was fully fledged and very beautiful. 

At night, when he went to sleep with his head under his wing, I covered the 
chair with a heavy bath-towel, leaving one side open. At 10 p.m. I fed my little 
friend a worm and then he slept until 5.30 A.M., when he expected breakfast. 
If I did not rise at his call, he flew around to the side of my bed and 
made excited chirpings. He would have liked me to feed him, but as he was 
able to pick up his food, I did not do so. It was amusing to see him tackle 
the wriggling worm. 

When he was six weeks old I decided to set him free. One Sunday evening, 
at 6 o’clock, I went into the open in front of the old farm. The place is sur- 
rounded with beautiful trees and lilac bushes. He was sitting on my finger, 
then, with a chirp, flew to the top of a very high weeping willow. I grieved 
to see him take flight, but was glad he was strong and beautiful. 

Next morning; at 5.30, I went out, whistling and calling him, but never 
expecting a response. In an instant, however, he was on my shoulder, and I 
I gave him his breakfast of worms. The next morning I called from my window; 
he entered, made himself perfectly at home, took his bath, then hopped out 
into the sunshine, preened, shook his wet feathers and made himself beautiful. 

All this was most enjoyable, but one morning I saw the barn cat stalking 
‘Pretty,’ so decided I must place him elsewhere. I gave him to a lady living 
some distance from the farm. She had neither dog nor cat, just a sweet little 
boy who was charmed with the Robin, and ‘Pretty’ was satisfied with his new 
home, which greatly resembled the farm. 

Now comes the sad part of the story. The lady to whom I gave the Robin 
had two little nieces who came on a visit for a few days. The little Robin had 
the habit of perching on the back of the baby’s chair (the family took break- 
fast on the porch), and before anyone could prevent, the little niece grabbed 
the bird, squeezed him, and pulled out part of his tail. He escaped and was 
never seen again. 

Let us hope he recovered from the rough handling and was able to migrate 
with his feathered companions.—GABRIELLE LEPERRIER, Rockledge Manor, 
Yonkers, N. Y. 


[Mrs. Le Perrier has experienced the joy of saving the life of a wild bird and feeling its 
response to her kindness. The pleasure which one derives from a wild bird’s coming to 
one’s call is greater by far than one ever gets from a bird in a cage. The sad ending of 
the story shows the necessity for boys and girls learning gentleness in all things and 
especially in their attitude toward birds and animals.—A. A. A.] 


Che Audubon Societies 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 


Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary 


Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to 
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City. 


Telephone, Columbus 7327 


Witiram DutcHer, President 
Freperic A. Lucas, Acting President . GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary 
THEODORE S. PALMER, First Vice-President JONATHAN Dwicut, Jr., Treasurer 
SAMUEL T. CARTER, JR., Attorney 


Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become 
a member of it, and all are welcome. , 
_ Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild 

Rirds and Animals: 

$5 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership 

$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership 

$1,000 constitutes a person a Patron 

$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder 

$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor 


Form or Brguest:—I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon 
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York. 


ANNUAL MEETING 


The fifteenth annual meeting of the 
National Association of Audubon Societies 
assembled in the American.Museum of 
Natural History, New York City, on 
October 27 and 28, r919. On the evening 
of October 27 a public meeting to honor 
the memory of Theodore Roosevelt was 
held, in connection with the Museum 
authorities, at which the following pro- 
gram was rendered: 

“Roosevelt and Bird Protection,” by 
T. Gilbert Pearson; ‘Roosevelt the Na- 
ture-Lover,” by Frank M. Chapman; 
“Roosevelt and American Animals, ’’Ern- 
est Thompson Seton; ‘‘Roosevelt’s Africa,” 
Carl E. Akeley; and ‘‘Roosevelt on the Rio 
Roosevelt,’’ by George K. Cherrie. 

The annual business meeting of the 
Association was called to order at 10 
o’clock a.m. on October 28, Dr. T. S. 
Palmer, First Vice-President presiding. 
The convention was welcomed to the city 
and to the Museum in an address by Dr. 
Frederic A. Lucas, Museum Director. 
Reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, and 
Auditing Committee, which were read and 
approved, will be found printed elsewhere 
in this issue of Birp-Lore. 

Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright and Dr. 


George Bird Grinnell, whose terms of 
office as directors had expired, were re- 
elected, and Prof. Barton W. Evermann, 
of California, was added to the list of the 
Advisory Board of Directors. 

The following Field Agents of the Asso- 
ciation told of their work the past year in 
their several fields of operation: Edward 
H. Forbush, for New England; Dr. Eugene 
Swope, Ohio; Winthrop Packard, Massa- 
chusetts; Miss Frances A. Hurd, Connec- 
ticut; Arthur H. Norton, Maine; Mrs. 
Mary S. Sage, Long Island; and Herbert 
K. Job in charge of “‘Applied Ornithology.” 

The meeting also heard interesting talks 
by Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, President 
of the Connecticut Audubon Society; T. F. 
Mcllwraith of the Hamilton (Ontario) 
Bird Protection Society; B. S. Bowdish, 
Secretary of the New Jersey Audubon 
Society; Mrs. F. H. Coffin and Mr. Davis 
of the Scranton (Pennsylvania) Bird Club; 
and Prof. H. L. Madison, Secretary of the 
Rhode Island Audubon Society. 

The members and guests of the Asso- 
ciation enioyed luncheon together in the 
Museum Cafe. In the afternoon a most 
interesting Educational Conference, under 
the leadership of Edward H. Forbush, was 


(392) 


The Audubon Societies 


conducted. Round-table discussions lasted 
until late, and enthusiasm ran so high that 


Mr. Forbush found difficulty in adjourn-. 


ing the meeting. 

At the Directors’ meeting the officers of 
the Association were reélected for the com- 
ing year, reports were made, and action 
taken on several business matters pertain- 


393 


ing to the good of the Association. The 
plans for the coming year centered largely 
around an effort to greatly extend the 
organization of the Junior Audubon Classes 
among children, and to seek by every 
worthy means to increase the number of 
bird sanctuaries and wild-life reservations 
throughout the country. 


TWO BOYS, A GUN AND A KNIFE 


The above picture, from a photograph, 
illustrates the need of Junior Audubon 
Societies in the schools of Hemlock, Ohio. 
The facts of the case are these: A young 
man named John Bieseman, interested in 
bird-protection, secured from the office of 
the National Association some of the cloth 
warning notices regarding the protection of 
birds, which were distributed during the 
war. He tacked these to trees and fences 
n and around Hemlock, where they might 
be seen by the public. Another boy, whose 
name will not be given, the leader of a 
small gang, while afield on one of his many 


trips with a gun, slashed the sign with his 
knife and then nailed to it a Golden- 
Crowned Kinglet and the wings and tail of 
a Brown Thrasher, which he shot in the 
immediate vicinity. Both of these birds 
have a pronounced economic value and 
were among the wild animal assets of that 
section. Both birds are protected by the 
state laws of Ohio and by the United 
States law. The case was reported to both 
the state and Federal officials, but so far 
as has been learned no successful action 
has been taken by either of them. 


é, a P : “a p ™ 
NEW YORK CONSERVATION COMMISSION ENFORCING BIRD LAW. JACOB O. 
SNYDER, OF RENSSELAER, AND A STRING OF FLICKERS TAKEN FROM AN ITALIAN 

HUNTER. PROSECUTION FOLLOWED 


(394) 


Annual Report of the National Association of 
Audubon Societies for 1919 


CONTENTS 


Report OF T. GILBERT PEARSON, SECRETARY 


INTRODUCTION.—FIELD AGENTS.—AFFILIATED SOCIETIES AND BirD CLUBS.— 
SUMMER SCHOOLS.—AUDUBON WARDEN WoRK.—REPORT OF JUNIOR AU- 
DUBON CLASSES.—MISCELLANEOUS FAcTS.—FINANCES. 


REPORTS OF FIELD AGENTS 


Epwarp Howe ForspusH.—Dr. EUGENE SWwopr.—WINTHROP PACKARD.— 
WitiiAM L. FINLEY.—HERBERT K. JoB.—ARTHUR H. NorTON.—FRANCES 
A. Hurp. 


REPORTS OF STATE AUDUBON SOCIETIES 


CALIFORNIA, COLORADO, CONNECTICUT, District OF CoLUuMBIA, EAst TEN- 
NESSEE, ILitnNors, INDIANA, KENTUCKY, MASSACHUSETTS, NEW HAMPSHIRE, 
New JERSEY, OHIO, OREGON, RHODE ISLAND, UTAH. 


REPORTS OF AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS 


AUDUBON CLUB OF NoRRISTOWN (PA.).—BurraLo (N. Y.).—AubDUBON SOCIETY— 
Burroucus Junior AupDUBON SocrETY oF Kincston (N. Y.).—CAyUGA 
(N. Y.) Brrp CLus.—Cocoanut GRovE (FLa.) AUDUBON SocIETY.—COLUM-. 
Bus (Onto) AUDUBON SocrETY.—CRAWFORDSVILLE (IND.) AUDUBON AND 
NATURE-STUDY CLUB.—CUMBERLAND County (ME.) AupUBON SocIETY.— 
Excrn (Itt.) AupuBon Soctrty.—ErAsmus Hatt AUDUBON BrRD CLUB.— 
GrEysTon (N. J.) Brrp Crus.—Hartrorp (Conn.) Birrp-Stupy CLuB.— 
HAMILTON (ONnT.) BrrD PROTECTION Socitety.—Los ANGELES (CALIF.) Av- 
DUBON SOCIETY—MERIDEN (CONN.) BirRD CLUB.—MINNEAPOLIS (MINN.) 
AuDUBON Socrety.—Missouta (Monvr.) Birp Criusp.—NEIGHBORHOOD 
NATURE CLUB OF WESTPORT (CONN.).—NeEw YorK BirD AND TREE CLUB.— 
PASADENA (CALIF.) AUDUBON SOCIETY.—RHINEBECK (N. Y.) Brrp CLuB.— 
Rockaway (N. Y.) BRaNcH NATIONAL AUDUBON SOCIETY.—SARATOGA (N. Y.) 
Brrp Ciusp.—ScrRANTON (Pa.) Birp Ciusp.—SEATTLE (WASH.) AUDUBON 
SocrETty.—SoutH BeENpD (IND.) HUMANE SocIETY.—SPOKANE (WASH.) BIRD 
CLus.—Vico County (INb.) Brrp CLiusp.—WALLACE (IDAHO) BIRD AND 
NATURE-STUDY CLUB.—WATERTOWN (N. Y.) Brrp. CLuB.—WEsST CHESTER 
(Pa.) Brrp CLuB.—WILD-LiIFE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION (WIS.).—WINTER 
Park (FLA.) Brrp CLrusp.—WynNcote (PaA.) Brrp CLus. 


List oF AFFILIATED SOCIETIES AND BIRD CLUBS 
REPORT OF TREASURER 


Lists oF MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS 


BENEFACTOR, FOUNDER AND PATRONS.—LIFE MEMBERS.—ANNUAL MEMBERS AND 
GENERAL CONTRIBUTORS.—CONTRIBUTORS TO FUNDS, 


(395) 


REPORT OF T. GILBERT PEARSON, SECRETARY 


INTRODUCTION 


With state and Federal legislation for the protection of America’s wild 
birds and animals now in a far better condition than we had hoped for during 
the long years of struggles for this accomplishment, undoubtedly the two most 
important problems before the Audubon Societies today is the conducting of 
an intense campaign in support of these laws, and the creation and maintenance 
of greatly increased numbers of bird-reservations. With a growing population 
that possesses the inherited instinct of the hunter, which is strong in American 
life, the need of many “Cities of Refuge’’ for our hard-pressed bird-life is of 
the utmost importance. 

To teach children the economic value of birds to the nation, and the great 
pleasure and profit to be derived from the study of their activities, is a work to 
which the Audubon Societies should now devote much of their energies with 
renewed effort. For the past nine years the National Association, through the 
formation of Junior Audubon Classes, has been able to give instruction in bird-’ 
study to more than one million children. This, of course, is the largest accom- 
plishment ever effected in the way of teaching children about birds, but to 
reach and influence the rising generation as it should be reached, not less than 
this number should be instructed every year. The Association has the experi- 
ence and machinery for developing this plan in an almost unlimited manner, if 
only the funds could be made available for adequately enlarging the plan. 
Likewise, a fund of $500,000 could be most splendidly used in creating and 
guarding additional bird-reservations for which there is today an imperative 
need. 

The past year has been a most active one for the Association. In legislation 
we have codperated with others in helping to secure appropriations for the 
carrying out of the provisions of the Bird Treaty Act, as well as in combating 
proposed adverse laws and working for good ones in the states of North Caro- 
lina, New Jersey, Maine, Massachusetts, Oregon, and elsewhere. 

With the codperation of our members we have been able to report a large 
number of violations of the bird-protective laws to officials of various states 
and to the Federal Government, as well as the bird-protective officers in 
Canada. 

We have financially assisted various undertakings, for example, paying the 
expenses of a Government agent in prosecuting an aigrette case in South 
Carolina; erecting a series of bird-boxes at the Red Cross Headquarters, Camp 
Merritt, N. J.; presenting four sets of stereopticon slides to the United States 
Department of Education; making some cash contributions to affiliated 
societies, and helping, as we have had opportunity, in enforcing the plumage 
law in the state of New York. It has been our pleasure to work, with others, 


(396) 


Report of the Secretary 397 


in stopping the sale of $150,000 worth of bird plumage seized by custom officials 
of New York City, and gladly coming to the defense of the game-protective 
departments in two states that were most unjustly attacked. We have pre- 
sented framed pictures of birds to bird clubs, secured back numbers of Brrp- 
Lore for members who desired to complete their files; filed strong complaints 
with state and Federal officials against the shooting of birds from aeroplanes 
in New Jersey and Maryland; conducted correspondence with reference to 
proposed bird treaties between the United States and the southern republics; 
and aided in encouraging the establishment of cemeteries, parks, and other 
territories as bird sanctuaries. 


a ; a y 


A PILE OF 150 GOURA PLUMES SEIZED FROM SMUGGLERS AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK 
AND PRESENTED TO THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES 


More than 60,000 letters at the New York office alone have claimed the 
attention of the Executive Officer and the office force, and the Secretary has 
personally engaged in such widely diversified activities as attending a legisla- 
tive hearing on the Deer Law in Albany; supplying material on conservation to 
the Czecho-Slovak Republic; investigating a reported sale of American Wood- 
peckers in a New York bird-store, which turned out to be South American 
Parrots; and explaining to a correspondent why the Association could not 
immediately raise a fund of one million dollars to exterminate English Sparrows. 

The clerical force in the office at headquarters numbers about twenty, and 


398 Bird - Lore 


in the spring months an additional eight or ten clerks were employed. The — 
influenza epidemic during the closing months of 1918 interfered severely with 
all office work. Three of the staff of assistants have died during the year, two 
of them from this dreaded disease. Only four days ago there was also taken from 
us by death, Mrs.-F. J. Torpey, the Association’s cashier. For the past thirteen 
years this most unusually capable and lovable woman has been the central 
figure among the office clerks, and numerous friends of the Association will 
readily recall her by her maiden name, Miss Elizabeth Howard. 

Feeling that the bird-lovers of the country would like to provide some 
special testimonial to the memory of Theodore Roosevelt, a call was made 
during the spring for subscriptions to erect a Roosevelt memorial bird-fountain. 
This was the first National Roosevelt memorial project presented to the public. 
As a result of the call there have been received, thus far, something over $13,600 
for this purpose, and subscriptions will continue to be taken until it is felt a 
sufficient fund has been accumulated. 


FIELD AGENTS 


During the year just closed, Edward H. Forbush, Supervising Field Agent 
for New England, has continued his extensive lecturing and correspondence 
work, and in his frequent letters to the public, regarding the seasonal distri- 
bution of birds, has had great influence in increasing interest in New England 
ornithology. 

Winthrop Packard, Field Agent for Massachusetts, has, in addition to his 
duties as Secretary of the Massachusetts Audubon Society, devoted a large 
amount of time to the interests of the National Association, including working 
for the enrollment of Junior members, general correspondence, and soliciting 
financial aid. 

Dr. Eugene Swope, Agent for Ohio, has had practically entire charge of the 
Junior Audubon activities in that state. His lectures and correspondence 
continue to be an important phase of bird-work in the Middle West. 

William L. Finley, of Portland, Ore., Agent for the Pacific Coast states, 

has been engaged in lecturing and has greatly increased his series of moving- 
picture films. During the year he has been much occupied in coéperating with 
E. W. Nelson and Dr. George W. Field of the Biological Survey in their 
losing fight to preserve the integrity of Malheur and Klamath Lake Reserva- 
tions. 
Mrs. Mary S. Sage, who for some time has been engaged in war work, 
returned to the Association on October 1 and is now employed in lecturing and 
organizing Junior Audubon Classes on Long Island. Her work is being carried 
on in coéperation with the Long Island Bird Club. 

Herbert K. Job, in charge of our field “Applied Ornithology,” has conducted 
the second successful summer school at Amston, Conn. The game experimental 


Report of the Secretary 399 


farm which he has developed at that place has grown rapidly, and many birds 
were raised there the past season, including at least 1,200 Ring-necked Pheas- 
ants. 

Arthur H. Norton, Agent for Maine, has again kept a watchful eye on legis- 
lative matters in Augusta, made inspections of sea-bird colonies on the coast 
of Maine, and has been of practical assistance to local organizations and 
students interested in bird-study in that state. 

Miss Frances A. Hurd has been very busy most of the year in lecturing and 
organizing Junior Audubon Classes throughout Connecticut. The results of 
her work, as shown by the Junior enrollment in that state the past year, were 
unusually successful. 

Full reports of the various field agents’ activities will be published elsewhere 
in connection with this report. 


AFFILIATED SOCIETIES AND BIRD CLUBS 


The effect of the diverting influences of the war in curtailing the work of 
many of the affiliated organizations is still noticeable. This is particularly true 
of various local societies and bird clubs. The majority of the State Audubon 
Societies have remained as active as before, especially good work being done in 
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
New Jersey, and Oregon. Indiana continues to hold the lead in the matter of 
the extent and duration of its program in connection with its annual meeting. 
This convention, held every year in a different city, has come to be a notable, 
state-wide function. If every phase of the Audubon work in Indiana was 
conducted on the same scope, we would have an institution whose activities 
would be the talk of the country. 

The societies and clubs now affiliated with the National Association number 
142. Many of them have done splendid work, and the records of their accom- 
plishments will be published in connection with this report. 


SUMMER SCHOOLS 


For the fifth year, the Association has been able to codperate with directors 
of summer schools in providing courses in bird-study. As heretofore, these 
courses were made possible through the generous contribution to the Associa- 
tion of one of our patrons, Miss Heloise Meyer. 

During the month of July, Dr. G. Clyde Fisher, of the American Museum of 
Natural History, New York City, conducted a course in bird-study at the 
Summer School of the University of Florida, located in Gainesville. 

Dr. Fisher reports: ‘The work consisted of three parts as follows: Three 
recitations a week in which Pearson’s ‘Bird Study Book’ was used as a text; 
four field-trips each week, devoted to the identification of birds by sight and 


400 Bird - Lore 


by calls and songs and to the study of the habits of birds; and five popular 
illustrated evening lectures. Forty-one students were enrolled in the class, and 
twenty-six of these completed the work and earned credit. Between sixty and 
seventy species of birds were identified in the field during the month.” 


SE 
me a, 
7 


DR. G. CLYDE FISHER (FRONT ROW, LEFT END) AND BIRD CLASS HE CONDUCTED 
FOR THE ASSOCIATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN THE SUMMER OF 1919 

Miss Bess R. Green gave a course in popular ornithology at the University 
of Colorado, located at Boulder. This extended over a period of five weeks. 
The class met twice a week for lectures and eight field-trips were taken. These 
were of two hours’ duration and extended from 5.30 to 7.30 A.M. Characteristic 
markings, manner of flight, and general habits of birds of the plains, stream-side, 
foot-hills and cafions were studied in the field. Mounted specimens were used 
for close-range work in the laboratory. 

Miss Lillian Finnell, of Tuscaloosa, Ala., gave popularly prepared lectures 
on birds at the summer schools located at the following places: Meridian and 
Hattiesburg, Miss.; Natchiteches and Baton Rouge, La.; Howard College and 
Montevalle, Ala. ; snd at the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. She also 
spoke at the University of Georgia. In addition to these lectures, various class- 
room talks were given. This work was conducted from June 24 to July 16. 

Miss Mary Bacon, of Athens, Ga., gave a course in bird-study at the Georgia 
State Summer School, located at Athens, extending over a period from June 


Report of the Secretary 401 


30 to August 2. Two hours daily, for six days each week, was devoted to teach- 
ing. Forty-six pupils, most of them teaching in Georgia schools, were enrolled. 
Free public lectures to the entire Summer School were delivered in the chapel. 
Reading-courses on birds, for study in the University library, were made 
out and systematically superintended. The publications of the Nationa] Asso- 
ciation were distributed and studied and much personal work done with 
teachers outside the classrooms. 

At the Emory University, in Georgia, the bird-work was conducted by 
William H. LaPrade, Jr., who reports: ‘“The classwork consisted of ten one- 
hour periods, devoted largely to lectures on which the class took notes. The 
topics covered in more or less detail were Classification of Birds; Birds of the 
Southeast; Migration; Economic Value of Birds; Bird Conservation; and Audu- 
bon Society Work. The lectures were supplemented by several hours’ study of 
specimens, with 1,600 skins, besides nests and eggs, and several bird-walks. 
Besides the regularly enrolled class of twenty, there were a number who 
attended lectures when there was no conflict with other classes. One general 
bird-talk was given at night. Under an old regulation of the Atlanta public 
school system, forbidding teachers to collect any money from pupils, the 
Audubon Society has been unable to secure Junior Chapters in this city. The 
director of nature-study in the Atlanta public schools was the most enthusiastic 
member of our class, and steps are being taken to change the regulation in time 
to organize Junior Societies in the spring.” 

Miss Katharine H. Stuart, of Alexandria, Va., conducted a bird-course at 
the University of Virginia. This consisted of classroom work and field excur- 
sions. Miss Stuart states that in these early morning field-walks as many as 
forty students would appear regularly. She also reports: ‘The field-work was 
most enjoyed and included the study of about thirty species of birds—their 
color, markings, nests and eggs, songs and habitat. Eighty-five species were 
seen on these walks, in a radius of about a milé and a quarter. Our Audubon 
Bird- and Nature-Study Exhibit attracted wide attention and was greatly 
enjoyed by a large percentage of the student body and instructors, as well as 
by many children of the neighborhood.” 

The Association also supplied two lecturers at the Amston (Conn.) 
Summer School. 


AUDUBON WARDEN WORK 


By a new Federal law, which went into effect on July 1, 1919, no employee 
of the Government may receive any additional compensation from organiza- 
tions or individuals. This automatically brought to an end the long-standing 
co6peration between the National Association and the Biological Survey in 
the matter of joint payment of the salaries of wardens on some of the Govern- 
ment bird-reservations. 


402 Bird - Lore 


The three patrol boats of the Association, viz., Grebe, 2nd, on Lower Klamath 
Lake, Ore. and Calif.; The Audubon, on Pelican Island Reservation, Fla.; and 
the Royal Tern on Breton Island Reservation, La., have been leased to the 
Biological Survey for an indefinite period at a nominal rental. 

In this connection it might be well to record that when the system of estab- 
lishing bird-reservations first went into effect, in 1903, there were no Govern- 
ment funds available for paying for warden service, nor was any money avail- 
able until 1909. Fifty-one bird-reservations had by that time been created. 
During these six years such direct protection as the reservations received was 
from wardens employed wholly by the National Committee of Audubon 
Societies, and after January, 1905 by the National Association. 


THE “ROYAL TERN,” PATROL-BOAT OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON 
SOCIETIES, OPERATING ALONG THE COAST OF LOUISIANA AND MISSISSIPPI. 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND JOHN M. PARKER AT THE STERN 


Our coéperation with the Biological Survey in this way has always been of 
the most pleasant character, and our close relations in other phases of conserva- 
tion work will continue as heretofore. 

As pointed out in Mr. Finley’s report, the great colonies of birds on Lower 
Klamath Lake are on the verge of total extinction as result of drainage, and 


Report of the Secretary 403 


Malheur Lake, the largest breeding-place of wildfowl in the United States, 
will probably pass into oblivion in a short time. 

With these deplorable exceptions, the colony bird-life of the country, in 
so far as has come under the influence of the Association, has enjoyed a pros- 


perous year. 


SECTION OF BUZZARD ISLAND HERON COLONY, NEAR CHARLESTOWN, S. C. THE 
WHITE PATCHES ARE YOUNG LITTLE BLUE HERONS 
Photographed by T. Gilbert Pearson 


Reports of disasters through storms have been less numerous this year 
than usual. The Gulls, Terns, Eider Ducks, and Black Guillemots on the great 
breeding islands off the coast of Maine have been especially successful. On 
July 1 past, the Secretary, in company with Arthur H. Norton, visited Bluff 
Island and Stratton Island, where we estimated 15,000 Terns were assembled at 
the time. One pleasing feature was to discover that in addition to the great 
numbers of Common Terns and Arctic Terns, small groups of Roseate Terns 
were breeding on these islands. The Gull colonies in Moosehead Lake, Maine, 
have shown an increase, and those of the Great Lakes appear to have done 
equally well. Mr. Forbush, who carefully inspected the sea-bird colonies of 
the Massachusetts coast during July, reported them to be in splendid condition. 

The usual number of wardens were on duty prote~t.ng colonies of Egrets, 
Herons, and Ibises in Florida. The birds there se o have had an average 
year. No killing was reported from any of the g» _d areas. 

On June 12 of this year, the Secretary vis’ 4 three colonies on the South 
Carolina coast. Two of these appeared to have neen deserted the present season 
after the birds had built many nests. No reason could be ascribed. R. F. Grim- 
ball, in charge of the Buzzards’ Island rookery, owned by the National Associa- 
tion, stated that his birds evidently left and went several miles to the eastward 


404 Bird - Lore 


to be with the colony on another ‘Buzzards’ Island’ which has long been guarded 
by the Association’s warden, Sandiford Bee. 

On visiting this place in company with Mr. Bee, I found several hundred 
pairs of Little Blue Herons, Louisiana Herons, and Black-crowned Night 
Herons. Not more than eight or ten Snowy Egrets were identified, but as many 
young Little Blue Herons, in the white phase of plumage, were on the wing, 
it is quite possible that others were present. The warden stated that numbers 
of the Egrets were away feeding and that the total number resorting to the 
island was about sixty-five. The Georgia and North Carolina Egret colonies 
enjoyed a prosperous season. 

In all, the Association employed the past year thirty-six wardens. It is 
impossible to state with any degree of accuracy the number of birds guarded 
in the various Audubon colonies during the breeding season, bat the number 
must have been close to two million. 


REPORT OF JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASSES 


Thanks chiefly to the splendid and unfailing support of a large-hearted, 
but self-effacing patron of the Association, the Junior Department of the 
Association’s activities has continued to function on its hitherto large plan of 
operation. During the early months of the past school year, the epidemic of 
influenza closed thousands of schools throughout the land. Hence, the organiza- 


A JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASS AT MORGANTOWN, W. VA. ONE OF THE 6,204 JUNIOR 
BIRD-STUDY CLUBS FORMED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON 
SOCIETIES THE PAST YEAR 


Report of the Secretary 405 


tion of children into bird-study classes did not get well under way until the 
spring months, when the interest among teachers and pupils showed much of 
its former vigor. As a result, at the close of the school year, on June 1, the 
enrollment of Junior Members totalled 179,794, which was an increase of 20,711 
over the previous year. The enrollment thus far this fall is much in excess of 
the same period last year, and indications point to a most successful season with 
the children. 

In this connection I wish to make special mention of the splendid codpera- 
tion which many of the state and local societies throughout the country are 
giving in the organization of the Junior Audubon Classes. A number of these 
have appointed some officer or member as a special agent to visit the schools, 
talk to the teachers and children, supply them with the ‘‘Announcement to 
Teachers,” circular furnished by the National office, and urge the formation of 
Junior groups. The Long Island Bird Club has provided funds, making it 
possible to keep a lecturer in the Long Island schools for this work throughout 
the entire season. 

The record by states the past year is as follows: 


SUMMARY FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 1919 


State Classes Members 
Winbamnen cose ce ene so nee en TA ry ee 407 
PRTRAON oie ke oe oe ones in Ae wee Soe 7 SENS ran au aieer aura 73 
Pricotnas ON she ee ie ie Sia Sioa ede Ae ain | 254 
COINGING cova Ch aie re oe eS ee O60 ee 3,407 
OLGPRGO hoa i ee ie eee Gs Sia ie WO ered ees 2,099 
ONMECIOUt 6 ean he Seeger FO ASG) eee es ere 13,156 
RGU ATe Ge i ree ey Gum ee tn G Gata Aca eee eee 133 
District OfConImbign 22 os See pee es Tera ey ea 39 
EE CDE oe tee, ee We nae i) op net Gus oe TA eo wee en 427 
MCORP Aes ee a ee Cet a! chsh sa Po Ge ee 384 
BONGO Ao oe es ee aig ka ke oe ee BG ee i 849 
PRION hese toe ie a nn ee aA cee et ons BRO ieee leg 8,714 
aed ce Aa Fs Se theca ee Rr ec hentia ni vate a coer Gon anor EA er es 4,576 
WOW Se ae as i en ep Lhe ee PER POG ek hes wee 4,733 
PRARGAS yey ce cre ce eae ee eat cee ea Peat cre ta Gah Seas 1,566 

’ Kentucky..... NRE iui ate Seed 6 Seog ea ae eee aes Pep NI 506 
POUIAN 6 el ea eke aa cores Sis eae oa ne 2h 171 
1) IES SSRIS oe Pivelacs tay aera, og Og San a a LS Ce ie eae gr gE 2,132 
[GE eC 8 5 Ta GRORU HRS RTE Ries aides ane yO CE aes meee Bere one ad ees 1,963 
NIGBGACHUSEEUGc. Ce Ue pe ke aes Be re 13,023 
WORRIED ec Pe woes Pi ee a id. oer ewes mirage 5,008 
RR ea ines yk Se SU SS eit eed es ara 8,517 
BO a ee ee Bel oe RIN per 185 
PRIGSOUT ree on tes oe oS PES ake ee 35259 
DEONCATG aca ie re) es aS Cay Bs et acs rere nee 979 
ING RAGE vice Ce tl crate Or piihs he ee Si BO ee ia tiga 5 as 2,281 


406 Bird - Lore 


Name Classes Members 
New Hanipshite co 7 3... -3.5640 hic ew ee eo See ree BAe BU) 
New Jerseys cides ee ey ee a ee aes boo Saree Sep aby epee a 6,325 
New Mexico 05 ee eee rs Bie WON tent er aa 88 
ING WY OF Roc sh ee Se Pee OE Fis See ee pee 25,385 
North: Caroling oe ea eae in COS en eRe 476 
North: Dakotas 50:26 507 sed) ea oan ste AO ies ue OIE Sg 759 
MIO ec he oe a eek Ue er ee BES re Wg ee ae 21,631 
Oklghomae se Sec yy pane eres Adie Ses es ce ees 1,421 
OLEQOn si i ee POO! Se sare eee 3,553 
Pennsylvaoia. 3026 gs eee er ies OR INE aur wae ere 16,484 
Rhodelslands -25..¢ Se eee BS er eee a Be ica, oe Sas 410 
South: Caroung 7 as ek aa ea ene cae RES EE narra ae 771 
South Dakota no eee ae eee Sele ee ates 2 Cea eateries fe ee it 1,069 
PPONHGSSEE outline cc are ree te sa pues en ca a un aaa Ge ee er cs 289 
ORAS oa CU re st ARE ie ye ery aa DOs er haere ee a 827 
ASE RUB Ss eg to Noe ees a age LOCOS aa 416 
Mermonts oor iio a ace ee Se ee ee [Yeisen amen a 1,018 
Wirpiiia se ees eras epee 7} Ree ape Ar etecy ee oe 851 
Washington) 226005 Ga ae cee oa SO ua hee ta 3,214 
West Virginio oi ae ee dee eee ae BO At ae en 1,564 
WASCORSID OF oO Cae i ot ee ee aa Tigh ses eee egies Eee a ae BA 
Wyomiligg ewer oe Se ae TOR Gass eee 268 
CONG fo epi i ress i es Sree ag we ees es be Siar ae A pe Baby PES 8,251 

"POtals, Sige ices ee ee a eee ae 0,204. Sepa 179,704 


Contributions received for this work the past year have come from the 
following sources: 


Unnamed Benefactor 2g i a ee oa eee 
Long island Bird Club. 32 ee ee ei cee ee 
R. R. Colgate. . I He to ig Voie meu uo) 
General Colonie dePuak SUVA he oP pee) eke ae oe 
Otherenkeciptons 865 


$24,565 
MISCELLANEOUS FACTS 


During the year we issued three new Educational Leaflets. These were No. 
98, Least Bittern; No. 99, Red-eyed Vireo; No. too, Turkey Vulture. 

Our Department in Brrp-Lore occupied 180 pages. Of Educational Leaf- 
let units, reprints were made to the number of 3,524,500; other circulars, 
announcements to teachers, membership blanks, and campaign literature 
amounted to 405,700 pieces. Of letterheads and envelopes, 267,000 were 
required. Our Supply Department sold 865 stereopticon slides, slightly above 
the actual cost. Our moving-picture films were sent out on a number of occa- 
sions at a nominal cost. 


Report of the Secretary 407 


FINANCES 


During the year the Association enrolled 85 life members at $100 each. 
The sum received from this source, together with a bequest of $200 from Miss 
Annie M. Washburn, of New Bedford, Mass., and a few gifts yielded a total of 
$8,765 added to the General Endowment Fund. The sustaining member- 
ship, with its fee of $5 annually, has this year numbered 4,400, which makes an 
increase of 378 members over the previously high record of 1917. 

The total cash income of the Association during the year has been $132,- 
662.36. 


GEORGE E. CUSHMAN, AUDUBON SOCIETY WARDEN AND LOCAL GAME WARDEN 
GIVING FOOD TO STARVING WILD DUCKS NEAR PORTLAND, MAINE 


408 Bird - Lore 


REPORTS OF FIELD AGENTS 


REPORT OF EDWARD HOWE FORBUSH, GENERAL AGENT 
FOR NEW ENGLAND 


Perhaps the greatest catastrophe to bird-life in New England during the 
year was the severe, cold storm of March 29, coming as it did after a long period 
of mild weather, which had tempted many birds to advance into New England. 
In western Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont this storm was very 
cold, with high winds and deep snow, and all through the region thousands 
of birds perished. Bluebirds and Tree Swallows particularly suffered severely 
and many of the more hardy birds, such as Juncos, were overwhelmed in the 
storm. 

The Massachusetts law, under which foreigners are not allowed to carry 
guns, has resulted in the seizure of many firearms formerly employed by aliens 
in shooting birds. These weapons were seized by officers of the Massachusetts 
Commissioners on Fisheries and Game, but it is impossible to stop altogether 
the snaring, netting, and trapping of small birds by these foreign fowlers. 
Also, many young birds are taken from the nests when nearly fledged and are 
plucked and dressed for the table. An instance of this came to light on Cape 
Cod during the past summer: Two Greek fishermen were arrested in a colony 
of common Terns. They had two large sacks, one of which was already filled 
with young birds, and they were filling the other when they were taken. 
Only a few of the birds were dead, and the others were liberated by the officers. 
It is said that these fishermen visit the colonies of sea-birds and take the 
young birds to their boats, where they are kept on ice and used both as 
food and as bait. : 

Your agent has visited most of the colonies of Gulls and Terns in Massa- 
chusetts during the past summer, and finds that they not only have increased 
in number but several new and large colonies have become established. In 
two localities on Cape Cod, where in recent years the sea has built up large 
shoals, colonies of Common and Roseate Terns have settled and thrived. Late 
in the season a considerable number of Arctic Terns appeared and nested in 
one of these colonies. Their eggs were laid late in July or early in August, 
and nearly all the young birds were able to fly by September 1. The increase in 
nesting Arctic Terns this season was very marked. 

Laughing Gulls, which have been nesting in the protected colony on Muske- 
get Island for many years but until this year have not been known to nest 
elsewhere, have become disseminated along the coast well to the northward of 
Cape Cod. A few are believed to have bred on the Cape during the past season. 
The number of Herring Gulls remaining on the coast of Massachusetts in 
summer has been increasing gradually, and a few now are breeding here. Least 


Reports of Field Agents 409 


Terns, which a few years ago were not known to breed anywhere in New 
England except on Martha’s Vineyard, now have established a colony on 
another island, and at least two on the mainland. The nesting-places of all 
these birds have been inundated more or less during the season by high tides, 
but in most cases only a small proportion of the eggs or young were lost. The 
season, on the whole, has been a successful one. 

It is well known that in inhabited regions sea-birds have great difficulty in 
maintaining colonies on the mainland. The successful breeding of Terns on 
Cape Cod is largely due to the efforts of the Massachusetts Commissioners on 
Fisheries and Game, who appointed special wardens to serve during the breed- 
ing-season and to protect these birds against visitors and their natural enemies. 
Notwithstanding the presence of these wardens, some colonies have suffered 
somewhat from the attacks of Crows and cats, and have been disturbed more 
or less by visitors. But it is only through the protection afforded by the Com- 
mission that such colonies can exist. 

Information has been received from Canadian authorities to the effect that 
Gulls were shot in Maine and the skins smuggled into Canada, where they were 
sold for millinery purposes and as souvenirs, largely to American tourists. We 
believe that this traffic has been checked by our Canadian friends, and will be 
closely watched in the future. 

During the past breeding-season, Kingbirds seem to have increased greatly 
in southern New England, while Kingfishers have decreased locally over a wide 
region. It is said that one Canada salmon association has been paying 25 cents 
a head for Kingfishers and Mergansers for the past fifteen years. Probably the 
shooting of Mergansers can be checked under the Convention between the 
United States and Canada, but this does not protect Kingfishers, as they are 
not migratory, game, or insectivorous birds. It is well known that Kingfishers 
sometimes destroy young game-fish, particularly when such fish are tame and 
kept in enclosed ponds, but those who pursue the Kingfisher for this reason do 
not take into consideration the fact that it destroys many minnows which are 
said to eat large quantities of the eggs of the game-fish. No doubt the King- 
fisher is more or less destructive to fish in artificial ponds, but probably, in 


the long run and under natural conditions, it does no harm to the fish 
interests. 


REPORT OF EUGENE SWOPE, FIELD AGENT FOR OHIO 


Ohio stood still the past year in the matter of laws affecting wild life. The 
protectionist and an element of sportsmen had hoped to inaugurate some sort 
of state cat-control legislation, and the Lake fishermen intended to have the 
extermination of certain fish-eating water-birds legalized, but neither side 
introduced bills, because the reconstructive movements naturally following 
the armistice, and the scourge of influenza, so engrossed public attention and 


410 Bird - Lore 


shaped legislative activities that any attempt to secure laws for, or against 
“so small a matter as wild life’? would have been in vain. 

An influential class of Ohio sportsmen now favor having the state game laws 
conform to the Federal laws. This sentiment is gaining strength, and the former 
idea that Washington has no right to interfere with, or control Ohio’s sporting 
proclivities is losing ground. 

The National Association, through its years of persistent effort, is the out- 
standing influence that is bringing about this reasonable attitude of Federal 
control among all classes. The Educational Leaflets and the Junior Audubon 
enthusiasm invariably find their way from the school to the home, and parents 
are hearing so much about “not killing birds,” and what would happen “‘if 
there were no birds,” that the influence of these negative suggestions is finally 
crystallizing into a public opinion that there should be an able national control 
over bird welfare. This, likely, is, to the officers of the Association, an un- 
expected outcome of the Junior work. They probably never dreamed that 
its influence would be so far-reaching, yet it is wholly in keeping with the spirit 
of the Association’s aims and purposes, and an effect that can, no doubt, be 
found in all states where the Junior classes have been made a strong feature. 

The Junior work in Ohio suffered last winter through the closing of the 
schools during the influenza epidemic. Every school in the state was affected. 
Three-fourths were closed for a period of from four to thirteen weeks. Schools 
began to close the first of October, and the last to be affected did not open 
until March. Through this period your agent could do little more than mark 
time. 

During the summer your agent worked as a special instructor in numerous 
Ohio Teachers’ Institutes. This consisted in showing teachers that bird-study 
has a true educational value, and how to correlate the subject with certain 
subjects of the regular curriculum. The idea was to stimulate the organization 
of Junior classes during the present school year. The officers of the Institutes 
understood this, and likewise the teachers, and there should be an advancing 
of the Association’s work as a result. 

Throughout the year your agent has kept up the usual publicity through the 
newspapers, and given many lectures. 


REPORT OF WINTHROP PACKARD, FIELD AGENT FOR 
MASSACHUSETTS 


The Massachusetts office of the National Association of Audubon Societies 
was fortunate last May in receiving additional funds for the Junior work in 
this state. A three-weeks’ whirlwind campaign was instituted, a general appeal 
to teachers by mail, accompanied by personal work among the schools by three 
skilled organizers. Results were excellent and immediate. Moreover, the im- 
pulse given lasted long after the campaign was finished. Massachusetts, 


Reports of Field Agents 4II 


because of this opportunity, not only greatly increased its record of Junior 
bird students for the year, but because of classes coming in after the school 
year closed, starts the fall season leader of all the states in Junior class work. 
We added, during the year ending June 1, 1919, 455 classes, with 13,023 
members; by the first of September, 218 additional classes, with 5,295 members, 
had come in. We are confident that if we could have sufficient funds for this 
intensive work we could hold our state’s lead for the year. 

In addition to the Junior work, the need of bird-protection and the value 
of the work of the National Association has been persistently called to the 


1.) gee 


* 


WINTHROP PACKARD AND OFFICE ASSISTANTS. OFFICE OF MASSACHUSETTS 
AUDUBON SOCIETY AND THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES AT 
66 NEWBERRY STREET, BOSTON 


attention of New Englanders. Among other methods, some 10,500 personal 
letters have been sent out. The increased interest in the cause has been notice- 
able in many ways. Three life and 137 sustaining members have joined, dues 
and contributions amounting to $1,100 being thus received. 

Requests for literature, lectures, and exhibitions, and assistance in the form 
and care of sanctuaries and work for birds on private estates, large and small, 
have been numerous and have been scrupulously attended to by the staff. 
Legislation has been watched and no unfavorable bills have been passed. 

In general, your field agent for Massachusetts has found that the persistent 
advocacy of bird-protection throughout New England is having steadily in- 


412 Bird - Lore 


creased results. He feels that the always prompt and generously rendered 
encouragement and support of the Headquarters office at New York has much 
to do with such success as his own efforts have met, and, assured of this support 
and encouragement, goes forward hopeful of increased results during the coming 
year. 


REPORT OF WILLIAM L. FINLEY, FIELD AGENT FOR 
THE PACIFIC COAST STATES 


The greatest blow at the conservation of wild birds on the Pacific Coast is 
the almost certain destruction of our two large Federal wild-bird reservations, 
Lower Klamath and Malheur Lakes. The destruction of Klamath Lake 


WILLIAM L. FINLEY TAKING MOTION PICTURES OF YOUNG WHITE PELICANS, 
MALHEUR LAKE RESERVATION, ORE. 
Photographed by Irene Finley 


Reservation has been accomplished by the drying up of the water, caused by 
cutting off the flow of water from Klamath River. The Reclamation Service 
has done this by building a dyke across the river. 

Lower Klamath Lake was a stretch of about fifteen miles of open water, 
surrounded on all sides by miles of tule marsh. Untold thousands of Ducks, 
Geese, Pelicans, Terns, Herons, and other birds made this place one of the great- 
est wild-fowl nurseries in the United States. Because of this, President Roose- 
velt, at the request of the National Association of Audubon Societies, made 
it a national bird-reservation on August 8, t908. It was a great living monu- 
ment to his memory, but now it looks like a desert waste. To complete the 
devastation, fires were started months ago in the vast tule marsh. Not only 
the surface, but below the surface into the tule roots and the peat, the fires 
are burning continually. 


Reports of Field Agents 413 


What has been gained by the drying up of Lower Klamath Lake? The idea 
of the Reclamation Service was to bring irrigation water from some other place 
and use the land for agriculture. Examination of the soil shows that it is so 
filled with alkali that little or nothing can be grown, even with a great amount 
of irrigation. 

Formerly, Lower Klamath Lake subirrigated a part of the surrounding 
country, producing a large amount of wild hay land. These sections have now 
reverted to a desert. The great bird colonies were of inestimably more value 
to the Pacific Coast and to the whole country than the wide alkali flats. Every 
person and every organization in the country should protest to Franklin K. 
Lane, Secretary of the Interior, to open up the dykes and restore Lower Klamath 
Lake. If this could be done the fires now burning in the tule marsh could be 
extinguished. The bird multitudes would likely return next spring to their 


YOUNG EGRET IN COLONY NEAR MALHEUR LAKE RESERVATION, ORE. 
Photographed by William L. Finley 


ancestral homes. If this is not done, Klamath Lake Reservation is gone forever. 

The protection of our wild birds is not only a National, but an international 
question, in which we are bound by treaty with Canada. The real factor in 
conserving wild fowl is saving their breeding-places from destruction. Here is 
the destruction of wild fowl on an enormous scale by a department of the Federal 
Government. The public, as a whole, has a right to know whether the destruc- 
tion of this federal wild-bird reservation, which is a great natural asset to the 
country, can ever be recompensed for by the effort to cultivate the alkali 
flats of what was once Lower Klamath Lake. 

The case of Malheur Lake Reservation is somewhat the same as Lower 
Klamath, except that this is not a project of the Reclamation Service. Malheur 
Lake Reservation is in the lowest part of Harney Valley. The diversion of the 


414 Bird - Lore 


waters for irrigation purposes is rapidly drying it. Inside of three years more, 
this will be accomplished and the greatest Federal bird-reservation in the 
country will pass out of existence. An effort was made at the last session of the 
Oregon legislature to straighten out the Malheur Lake matter and secure its 
permanency as a bird-reserve, but this failed. The fight is against the prevalent 
commercialism that would destroy everything of. beauty in the hope of turning 
it into money. If a sufficient fund can be raised, it is likely that a bill will be 
initiated to save Malheur Lake and put it up to a vote of the people. 

On August 18, 1908, when Malheur Lake Reservation was created, the Egrets 
(Herodias egretta) had been exterminated by plume-hunters. In 1912, we found 
a small colony at Silver Lake, some twenty or thirty miles to the west. At that 
time, a few pairs were nesting in some willows on an island. These were the only 
Egrets known to be nesting in the state. Two or three years later, this lake 
dried up and these birds evidently went back to Malheur Lake or to a patch 
of willows near its northern edge. 

On June 23, 1919, Mrs. Finley and I visited a small Egret colony on Mal- 
heur Lake. From a distance, we counted seven or eight of the big white birds 
nesting in the tules as neighbors to some Great Blue Herons. We did not go 
very near the colony for fear of disturbing the birds. If Malheur Lake Reserva- 
tion can be maintained, these birds may grow in numbers. 

On June 26 and 27, we visited a second Egret colony which is on the Island 
Ranch, a holding of about 60,000 acres owned by the Miller & Lux Company. 
South of the ranch buildings, about five and a half miles in the swamp, are two 
patches of willows, each of which is two or three acres in extent and about two 
or three hundred yards apart. There were twelve nests of Egrets in one colony 
and perhaps fifteen nests in the other. Most of the nests in the first patch of 
willows contained four young birds about two-thirds grown. Malheur’s 
millions of birds, including Ducks, Geese, Grebes, Pelicans, Egrets, and Gulls, 
will soon be driven away forever unless the unexpected happens. 


REPORT OF HERBERT K. JOB, IN CHARGE OF THE 
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ORNITHOLOGY 


The Department has recently passed the fifth anniversary of its organiza- 
tion. In that time it has published the only general treatise as yet issued in 
America covering the whole field of applied ornithology, which includes the 
propagation of game-birds and wild water-fowl, and has furnished Bulletins 
II and III, based upon sections of the above Manual, for general distribution 
by this Association. It has also supplied the Association with motion pictures 
of wild bird-life in various phases. Inspections have been made for many 
estates, preserves, and public parks, and plans furnished for attracting, con- 
serving, or propagating wild birds and game. Through the work of the Depart- 
ment, the National Association of Audubon Societies has secured recognition 


Reports of Field Agents AIS 


as a pioneer and active ally in the growing movement and industry of game 
propagation in America, which already is producing birds and eggs by the 
hundreds of thousands, annually, with a large valuation. Direct instruction 
in practical methods has also been furnished to many inquirers through cor- 
respondence, public lectures, and articles published. Scientific research has 
been and is being conducted, and the results given to the public through the 
above channels. A large bird sanctuary, game-farm and experiment station, 
and a Summer School of Ornithology have been maintained. 

The specially distinctive features of the past year have been the successful 
operation of the Summer School, experiment station, and game-farm at Amston, 
Conn., these features making for something tangible and permanent in the 
work of the Department. Attendance at the Summer School taxed. the present 
limited accommodations at Amston, and people had to be turned away. Stud- 
ents came from points as widely apart as Montreal (three entries), Dallas, 
Texas, and Chicago. They were a talented and enthusiastic company of people, 
and had a happy time among the birds, with field and lake excursions, and 
attending public illustrated lectures given in the evening by Charles C. 
Gorst, T. Gilbert Pearson, and the writer. Practical instruction was given, 
including field ornithology, attracting birds, game-farming, nature photog- 
raphy with plate and motion-picture cameras, coloring lantern-slides, and 


P 


A FEW OF THE ELEVEN HUNDRED YOUNG PHEASANTS ON THE NATIONAL ASSOCIA- 

TION’S EXPERIMENT FARM AT AMSTON, CONN., BEING FED BY HEAD-KEEPER, 
R. K. McPHAIL 

Photographed by Herbert K. Job 


416 Bird - Lore 


museum taxidermy. Without the knowledge of the Director, the students 
organized the “I. B. C.””—The International Bird Club—to promote the future 
interests of the Amston Summer School, and surprised him with this at a clos- 
ing banquet which they arranged. 


KEEPER CALVIN McPHAIL FEEDING YOUNG DUCKS AT NATIONAL ASSOCIATION’S 
EXPERIMENTAL FARM, AMSTON, CONN. 
Photographed by Herbert K. Job 


In order to carry out plans for the Experiment Station on a larger scale, 
$3,000 has been raised through the organization of The Amston Game Club, 
“for propagation of game and conservation of wild birds in codperation with 
the National Association of Audubon Societies.”” The membership is composed 
largely of prominent business and professional men of Connecticut. The 
officers are: President, State Game Commissioner Frederick N. Manross; 
Vice-President, Col. Louis R. Cheney, ex-mayor of Hartford; Herbert K. Job, 
Secretary and Manager; Lewis S. Welch, Treasurer. Charles Hopkins Clark, 
editor of The Hartford Courant, is an enthusiastic member. - 

A year ago, Robert K. McPhail, formerly gamekeeper to the King of England 
was employed, and later his eldest son, Colin McPhail. These men have made 
a splendid record. In one rearing-field, at this writing (October 1), are over 
1,100 young Pheasants of their raising, which are bringing from $4 to $5 each. 
Besides these they have also brought to maturity a nice lot of northern Bob- 
Whites, also California Quail, Ruffed Grouse, Mallards, Black Ducks, Wood 
Ducks, and Mourning Doves. Among all these birds during the entire season 


Reports of Field Agents 417 


there has not been a single outbreak of disease. Until sales are complete we 
cannot know the exact money value of this feathered “‘crop,” but it promises 
to be considerably over $4,000, with a total acquired property of about $5,500. 

One of the delightful features of this work is in extending the courtesies of 
the National Association of Audubon Societies to visiting bird-lovers, and giv- 
ing them a novel good time. The birds’ evening feeding at 5 o’clock has become 
almost a theatrical event. Yesterday there was quite a thrung of visitors who 
came by automobile from Hartford and other places. The day before, a delega- 
tion from the Hartford Bird Study Club, out on our beautiful lake, went almost 
wild with excitement, seeing for the first time in their lives some Double- 
crested Cormorants which had dropped in on their migratory flight. 

Experiments are under way in systematizing practical methods for the 
Propagation of Quail and Grouse on a larger scale than heretofore. A mono- 
graph detailing new methods for breeding the Ruffed Grouse has been prepared 
for the New York State Conservation Commission, and will shortly be published. 
A similar one on larger production of Quail is also planned. Song-birds have 
not been overlooked. More and more do they flock to our bird-boxes, and 
the large tract abounds with them. At our tupelo or sour gum trees, in autumn, 
with their wealth of small berries, one may watch a varying host of small birds 
the livelong day. Check is kept on the enemies of birds. 

Some additional motion-picture films and plate photographs have been 
taken for the Association. Arrangements have been made with the Chester 
Outing Pictures management to use parts of the Audubon films for world-wide 
distribution and already two have been issued—‘‘Teddy Birds,” and ‘Where 
the Screen-Tree Grows,” with credit given in title to this Association. A film 
featuring “John Burroughs, the Naturalist,” has also been taken for the above 
company. The other work of the Department progresses normally. 


REPORT OF ARTHUR H. NORTON, FIELD AGENT 
FOR MAINE 


Early in January, 1919, the state legislature was convened, and held in 
session through the last week of April. Considerable time and effort were 
necessary to secure information concerning numerous bills referred to various 
committees and to see what they contained that might have a bearing for 
good or ill upon birds, or affect to their detriment the lands supporting 
large colonies of them. Happily, nothing of a retrogressive nature was at- 
tempted. 

A helping hand has constantly been extended to the local bird societies, 
to the Grange, and to schools, through illustrated talks, and advice. 

Inspection of the colonies of birds within twenty miles of Portland were 
made and all found to be in excellent condition. The colony of Herring Gulls 
within this radius (reported last year) showed a substantial increase; Roseate 


418 Bird - Lore 


Terns were found to be breeding and to have increased in numbers. A nest of 
the Piping Plover was found—the first for many years—located within a popular 
seaside resort, and the young were hatched and, no doubt, raised. 

It was very gratifying to find among the summer residents at the place a 
deep solicitude for the success of these charming birds and even to be warned 
that the birds must not be troubled. The harbor seals, which a few years ago 
were nearly exterminated through a bounty placed upon them, showed within 
this area a decided increase, and the animals very tame. One of the colonies, 
abandoned two years ago, was found reoccupied by a herd of upward of fifty 


LUNCHTIME ON BLUFF ISLAND BIRD RESERVATION, MAINE. ARTHUR H. NORTON 
AND ELIZABETH PEARSON 
Photographed by T. Gilbert Pearson 


seals. The year has witnessed an increased interest in bird-study, and this has 
been shown by an increased membership in the several societies in the larger 
centers of population, and of bands of observers in the smaller places. 


REPORT OF MISS FRANCES A. HURD, SCHOOL AGENT 
FOR CONNECTICUT 


The past year I have again represented the National Association in the 
organization of Junior Audubon Classes in the schools of Connecticut. Owing 
to various drives and the influenza epidemic, the Junior Audubon work in the 
state made very little headway before spring, when it started up with unwonted 


Reports of Field Agents 419 


activity. During the school year there were organized 486 classes, with a 
membership of 13,156, which is the largest yearly record thus far attained for 
the state. Your agent visited many schools during the year and gave 116 talks 
to 20,000 children. 

Several hundred letters sent out to teachers and superintendents of schools, 
and a questionnaire mailed to the latter, brought most gratifying results, show- 
ing marked interest in and a willingness to codperate with the Audubon work. 
The State Board of Education distributed many of our announcements and 
Meadowlark leaflets, and the Secretary wrote: “I wish we might see an Audubon | 
Society in every school.’’ The purchase of bird books, charts, and extra leaf- 
lets by many classes, and the following extracts from letters, indicate the 
increasing interest in bird-study. 

One teacher wrote: “‘My children have become so enthusiastic over form- 
ing a Junior Audubon Class that already we have 43 members and other clubs 
are being formed in the school.’ Another: “So many of the children outside 
of my room wanted an Audubon Society that the principal has consented to 
take them. I felt I could not handle eighty children in a bird-walk, so we are 
going to work together with them. We have been on two bird-walks already.’’ 
A small country school reported: ‘‘We are now a roo per cent Junior Audubon 
Class. We have weekly meetings and love our Club.”’ 

The Neighborhood Nature Club of Westport ably assisted in organizing 
Junior Classes in their schools. Committees were appointed to precede me in 
visits to the schools to tell the pupils of our work. The results were splendid, ~ 
for over half of the students in the grammar grades became members. 

Arbor Day I spoke at the exercises of one of the Stratford Schools. As I 
stood before the audience, many Junior members were discovered, as they 
proudly pointed to their Audubon buttons. While talking to a class in one of 
the New Haven schools, the pupils were delighted when I spied their pet. 
Robin on her nest in a nearby tree. For many it was their first opportunity to 
watch a bird build a nest. In another school I found the teachers taking their 
children out during the spring migration to see the Warblers that were busy at 
work among the trees, and several species were identified. 

My summer vacation, spent in Buck Hill Falls, Pa., gave me an opportunity 
to do a bit for the Audubon cause. The Nature Club there distributed our 
leaflets to the children of the Club, who represented several different states, 
and all were eager to start Junior Classes in their home schools. The Club 
invited me to assist them in preparing an exhibit for the Barrett Township 
fair which is the event of the season at Buck Hill. Our booth proved popular 
and many visitors stopped to read the literature that we offered them. Then 
followed an invitation to speak to the teachers of the township, and all expressed 
willingness to advance our cause for bird-protection. 


420 Bird - Lore 


REPORTS OF AFFILIATED STATE SOCIETIES 
AND OF BIRD CLUBS 


REPORTS OF STATE SOCIETIES 


California——Last June we held our thirteenth annual meeting. The 
secretary’s report at that time showed that bird-protection work had been 
carried on in the usual manner, lectures being delivered, leaflets sent out, 
information given, and violators of the law punished. It being legislative year, 
our efforts were directed toward warding off adverse legislation. To this end 
we published Leaflet No. 10, giving testimonials from ranchers in the grain- 
growing parts of the state regarding the value of Meadowlarks and Blackbirds, 
as well as those about the Flicker, which has been accused of destroying farm 
buildings. These splendid testimonials were collected two years before by 
our respresentatives, John D. Frederick and Mrs. Adele Lewis Grant. This 
leaflet was sent to all our legislators and leading newspapers at the beginning of 
the legislative session, and, for the first time in twelve years, no bills against 
the Meadowlark were introduced. The other non-game birds were also not 
mentioned, except that several of them were placed in bills that proposed to 
put bounties upon them and certain animals. Other unfavorable bills aimed to 
drain certain lakes that are breeding-places of our wild fowl, and repeal the 
hunting license law. However, there was enough opposition to prevent 
these bills getting far, and we feel that our thirteenth year was not an 
unlucky one. 

Leaflet No. 6 containing a digest of the state bird law, was revised and 
brought up to date in state and Federal regulations. This has been widely 
‘distributed. 

As Chairman of Birds of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs, the 
secretary compiled a leaflet of “Suggestive Bird Programs,” with splendid 
bibliography, for use in the various states in the Union. This leaflet has been 
published in the General Federation Magazine and, because of this and a notice 
given it by Brrp-Lore, has gone into many homes in every state. Requests 
for these programs are continually coming. With this leaflet are sent many of 
those of the Audubon Society, so that the knowledge of our work is also spread- 
ing throughout the country. 

An appeal was made for subscriptions for the Roosevelt Memorial Bird 
Fountain, and many circular letters were sent out, as well as personal appeals 
given. The response was fairly good, considering the many demands that have 
been made upon the people the last two years. All seemed in sympathy with 
the idea. Our director, Mrs. George W. Turner, is in charge of the Bird Work 
for the Southern District of Women’s Clubs, which comprises about six counties, 
and is doing splendid work, using slides for her lectures. In the Los Angeles 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 421 


District, comprising about the same number of counties, Mrs. F. T. Bicknell 
(President of the Los Angeles Audubon Society) has been bird chairman and 
done equally good work. 

The repeated requests for information and leaflets coming to us from educa- 
tors, librarians, rural school teachers, as well as bird-lovers, assures us that our 
work is well established. (Mrs.) HARRIET WiLt1AMS Myers, Secretary. 


Colorado.—The regular monthly meetings, that were interrupted last fall 
by the influenza, have started this fall with a promise of greater enthusiasm for 
bird-study than ever before. The monthly lecture by the secretary will be 
followed by round-table discussion, questions, experiences, and other informal 
intercourse. Field-trips, as in the past, will furnish inspiration for closer study 
of birds and broaden the sympathies of the participants. Experiments in bird- 
boxes, feeding-trays, and bird-baths have been successful and of much value to 
the owners, as well as a convenience to the birds. 

Much has been done to encourage Junior Audubon Societies, and the increase 
in numbers from 48 to 70 is but the beginning of what we may expect this year. 
Forty-three of the Club bird-slides were loaned to the State University for 
_ extension work throughout the state. Other slides were used by Dr. Bergtold 
to illustrate his lectures at the Recuperation Camp and by several teachers 
with their clubs in the schools. Bird-slides, charts, pictures, mounted birds, 
and stuffed skins have been used by the secretary in her various lectures before 
the Denver Supply Teachers, the P. E. O., the Colorado Daughters, Denver 
Woman’s Club, Y. W. C. A., the Boys’ Division of Y. M. C. A., Olinger’s 
Highlanders, the Denver Horticultural Society, and the course of ten lectures 
given to the Denver County Teachers’ Institute. 

The attempt to get a bill, like the New York law compelling cat control, 
through the legislature failed. May a wider education along the line of bird 
mortality caused by cats reap success at the next session. Dr. Arnold has 
continued his bird hospital. Mr. Warren is a center of bird activities in the 
Colorado Springs district, not only as president of the Colorado Audubon 
Society, but also as chairman of the Pike’s Peak Division of the Nature Pro- 
tection Committee of the Colorado Mountain Club. In fact, nearly every 
member is a nucleus of group activity for study and protection of birds. That 
we have the codperation of many other clubs is not strange, as our members 
include the president of the Burroughs Nature Club, the chairman of the 
Conservation Committee of the Colorado Woman’s Clubs, chairman of the 
Bird-Study Class of the Colorado Mountain Club, and chairman of the Nature 
Protection Committee, Denver Region, of the Colorado Mountain Club. That 
many classes of people are interested in birds is plain when one considers the 
various organizations that have called upon the secretary for lectures.— 
(Miss) Hattie E. RicHarpson, Secretary. 


422 Bird - Lore 


Connecticut.—The Connecticut Audubon Society sends greetings to its 
fellow workers and announces that it has, by standing very pat, survived the 
war and the Great Hoover Canning Period without itself becoming a victim 
of the process! ; 

Though we have held fewer Executive Committee meetings than usual— 
five only—we have never lacked a quorum and have handled a normal amount 
of business. As we were beginning to think that song-bird protection was 
thoroughly understood in the state, some of the most flagrant destruction of 
protected birds has come before us this fall, so that the cry, with renewed 
vigor, is, ““Carry-on.’’ Two more traveling libraries have been sent out, also 
a lecture with colored slides and fifty Audubon Charts have been added to our 
equipment. 

Over 7,000 people have visited Birdcraft Museum. On the Sunday after- 
noon before this report was written, 180 people visited the Museum, 85 of 
these being men. We are always trying to broaden our perspective and co- 
operate with those who are working along similar lines, though from a different 
viewpoint—I mean the true sportsmen who in their turn are becoming more 
and more practical allies of song-bird protection. 

When, two years ago, a bill was passed in the Connecticut Legislature 
placing all but five of the shore- and upland game-birds upon the protected — 
list, much honest confusion arose among the younger sportsmen, who wished 
to keep the law, but were rather weak about the identity of certain of the 
smaller birds. To meet this, all such men were invited by the Game Warden 
of Fairfield County (also one of our Executive Committee) to freely visit 
Birdcraft Museum, where the keeper has arranged these birds in such a way 
that they may be studied, both in their habitat groups and close at hand. 

Many sportsmen availed themselves of this opportunity as soon as the 
season opened, ten having come in a single day. The Fish Hawk, or Osprey, 
too often mistaken for one of his detrimental kinsmen, is also an object lesson 
of the Museum, which place, owing to the Warden’s ability to constantly adapt 
the exhibit to special needs, is becoming an educational factor in the state. 

Miss Belle H. Johnson, inspector of our libraries, makes the following report 
of the use of our traveling material, supplied by us for circulation through the 
State Board of Education. 

For the year ending September 1, 1919, 173 Audubon Bird Charts were 
circulated. Sixty-six of our libraries were in use, mostly in country schools. 
A total circulation of 1,666 volumes was reported. The average number of 
books circulated in each school reporting was 34. Twenty-six portfolios of 
bird-pictures and 33 collections of mounted post-cards were sent to schools. 

The bird lectures were used thirty-eight times, the total attendance being 
6,087. The lectures were given by Sunday-schools, Junior Audubon Clubs, 
science classes in high schools, private schools, libraries, Christian Endeavor 
Societies, community improvement associations, boys’ departments of the 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 423 


Y. M. C. A., and at the Father and Son Gatherings of the Y. M. C. A. One 
school superintendent borrowed all of the lectures during the year, using each 
one three times in the two towns which he supervised. All of the loans show 
an increase in circulation over the previous year——(Mrs.) MABEL Oscoop 
Wricut, President. 


District of Columbia.—Our twenty-second annual meeting was held on 
the evening of January 28, the anniversary of Prof. W. W. Cooke’s birthday, 
a day we are always glad to remember. Dr. A. A. Allen, of Cornell University, 
was the speaker of the evening, giving us his delightful, illustrated lecture on 
“The Warblers.” Another evening was spent at the Congressional Library, 
looking over the large edition of Audubon’s books, Dr. T. S. Palmer calling our 
attention to many points of special interest in connection with different pictures. 
Still another evening was spent at the Chevy Chase School examining Dr. 
Prentiss’ collection of bird-skins; this, I think, is the earliest collection made in 
the District of Columbia. 

Mr. Shiras was anxious to have our Society undertake the regular feeding of 
the Pigeons in one or more of our Public Parks as a memorial to ex-President 
Roosevelt. This we have been striving to do. With the codperation of some of 
the supervisors and superintendents of the schools, we are trying to arouse our 
school board to the importance of systematic bird-study in at least the fourth, 
fifth, and sixth grades. The Chief of Police, Major Pullman, being one of our 
vice-presidents, we were able, with his help and that of some of his aids, to 
feed the quail in some of our outlying districts and thus preserve them during 
the winter. 

On Decoration Day a number of us visited the graves of some of the orni- 
thologists buried in the various cemeteries about Washington, and, owing to 
the indefatigable zeal of Dr. Palmer, Mr. Jouy’s grave was located. Mr. Jouy 
made the second list of the birds of the District of Columbia. 

We had our usual five study classes, with as earnest a group of workers as 
has ever attended. The average number present was fifty-eight. These were 
followed by six delightful field meetings and 105 persons went on the walks 
and 120 varieties of birds were seen.—HELEN P. Curxps, Secretary. 


East Tennessee.—Our most effective work is done at the Farmers’ 
Convention in May and the East Tennessee Division Fair, usually held the 
second week in October. 

The accompanying photograph shows our latest exhibit, as conducted by 
two gentlemen, Rev. McDonald and R. T. Aiton, and two ladies, Mrs. Walter 
Barton and Mrs. Karl E. Steinmetz. 

Through the kindness of a friend we had loaned to us a number of mounted 
birds and a terra-cotta bird-bath. Mrs. Barton had some feeding-trays and 
bird-houses made. She also demonstrated winter feeding by showing how to 


424 Bird - Lore 


put up beef suet and different grains. Assisted by Mrs. Steinmetz, she obtained 
45 pledges aggregating 5,700 acres for bird sanctuaries. 

One school day these workers met at least fifty school teachers:to whom 
they distributed the literature you sent us and obtained-.their promise to 


TO THE FARM 


EXHIBIT OF EAST TENNESSEE AUDUBON SOCIETY, KNOXVILLE, OCTOBER, 1919 


organize Junior Audubon Societies. Mr. Steinmetz had printed 300 posters 
which were given to the farmers who would post their land.—(Miss) MAGNOLIA 
Woopwarb. 


Illinois—During the year the number of new members almost doubled the 
number of delinquent members, and their dues paid exceeded delinquent dues 
by considerably more than five times. Last December, Roy M. Langdon, a 
director of the Society and Secretary of the Maywood Bird Club, was elected 
secretary-treasurer, succeeding Mrs. Bertha Traer Pattee who had served the 
Society as secretary most faithfully and effectively for five years. It was her 
hope, as it was the hope of her fellow-directors, that it would soon be possible 
for Mr. Langdon to devote all his time to Audubon work. Orpheus M. Schantz 
and Jesse L. Smith succeeded themselves as president and vice-president 
respectively. 

The state legislature being in session, the Society made the winter (1918— 
1919) issue of its magazine, 7e Audubon Bulletin, a conservation number, de- 
voting it almost entirely to propaganda in behalf of wild life and kindred sub- 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 425 


jects. Among the 2,000 persons receiving this issue were the legislators and the 
employes of the Division of Game and Fish, Illinois Department of Agriculture. 
Jesse L. Smith contributed a very able article on ‘‘Bird Protection in Illinois,” 
setting forth the Society’s wishes in regard to the new game and fish code which 
was then being framed. As a result of this and activities following it, the 
Division of Game and Fish asked the Society’s secretary to submit in writing 
provisions the Society desired incorporated. It is gratifying to report that the 
new code, effective July 1, meets most of the Society’s wishes, embodying in 
places the wording as submitted. 

In the new code, the Illinois Audubon Society inserted the words ‘‘or attempt 
to shoot, kill, destroy, or catch,” in the provision protecting non-game birds. 
It provides for the protection of Sparrows and Finches, inadvertently omitted 
from protection by Federal regulation under the Migratory Bird Treaty with 
Canada. The Society substituted for the words, ‘‘Chicken Hawk”’ in listing 
outlaw birds, the specific words, “Cooper’s Hawk, Sharp-shinned Hawk, 
Goshawk, Duck Hawk, Pigeon Hawk;”’ specified only the Great Horned Owl; 
and listed, the English Sparrow, Crow, Blackbird, Blue Jay, and Cormorant, 
as the other non-protected species. We suggested that no hunting license should 
be issued to any person under eighteen years of age. The law as passed reads 
“no person under the age of sixteen years, without the written request of the 
father or mother or legally constituted guardian of such person.” We objected, 
with others, to giving hunting rights to foreign-born, unnaturalized persons, 
and advocated favoring citizens of Illinois more than citizens of other states 
coming to Illinois to hunt. These points are covered in the new code. Also, we 
advocated, with others probably, the provision giving the same fees and mileage 
to sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, constables, and other police officers making arrests 
and serving warrants under the code, as the old law gave to constables only, 
and also giving one-half the fines imposed and collected in cases where said 
officers have filed complaints. These are provided. 

In this issue of The Audubon Bulletin, the Society took sharp issue with the 
DuPont “National Crow Shoot” campaign. It was gratifying to note that T. 
Gilbert Pearson, in Brrp-LorE, May-June, 1919, opposed the campaign with 
even greater force. Robert Ridgway, dean of American ornithologists, made a 
strong plea for game and forest preserves in southern Illinois; H. C. Norcross, 
editor of The Illinois Sportsman, forcefully advocated game preserves; and Mrs. 
Rebecca H. Kauffman again urged that the white pine forest of Ogle County 
be made a preserve. In a strong editorial, Jesse L. Smith sharply criticized 
departments of our state government concerned with conservation of natural 
resources and made constructive suggestions. 

The Illinois Audubon Society believes that a most effective means of creat- 
ing public sentiment in favor of bird-conservation—and sentiment is more 
powerful than the law—is afforded in the Junior Audubon Classes of the 
National Association of Audubon Societies. It therefore is glad to report 


426 _ Bird - Lore 


organizing thirty-one of these classes with an enrollment of 647 children. Of 
these we have record. There are indications that more than as many again were 
organized and enrolled directly with the National Association of Audubon 
Societies as a result of our efforts. Our Society hopes that codperation along 
this line can be extended. 

The third spring lecture course, held in Central Music Hall, Chicago, on 
Saturday mornings in April and May, was well attended. Jack Miner, of 
Ontario, spoke on ‘Our Birds, Their Value and Intelligence;’? Norman Mc- 
Clintock on “American Bird Life in Motion Pictures,”’ including his studies of 
the Heath Hen and the Brown Pelican; and W. D. Richardson, on “Birds 
Here at Home.”—Roy M. LANcpon, Secretary. 


MR. FRANK C. EVANS, SECRETARY INDIANA AUDUBON SOCIETY, ON THE GROUNDS 
OF HIS ESTATE AT EVANSVILLE, IND. 


Indiana.—Last May, at our convention, a motion was carried to write to” 
you and inquire about having literature printed which might be read by children 
of the third and fourth grade schools, and also have a set of bird pictures 
accompany this literature. We have a new secretary, Frank Evans, of Craw- 
fordsville, Ind. He is fine, and I am hoping his enthusiasm will stir this Society 
to greater and larger membership. Our new president is Prof. M. L. Fisher, of 
Lafayette, Ind. Our treasurer is Mrs. Nora T. Gause, of Kokomo. Stanley 
Coulter (former president for five years), is chairman of the Executive Com- 
mittee. We created a new office, that of honorary president. William Watson 
Woolen is the first to be elected to that office. 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 427 


We have had over a thousand students at the Teachers’ College of Indian- 
apolis this year. Most of these studied birds and used bird pictures and leaflets 
as aids to identification. Many of them are teaching and carrying the gospel 
of bird-study and bird-protection into. their schools.—(Miss) ELizABETH 
Downuovr, ex-Secretary. 


Kentucky.—We have little new activity to report. During the year the 
Society has grown somewhat, the membership has evinced a quickened interest, 
and there has been a larger attendance in our series of bird-walks. We have 
maintained several feeding-stations in our beautiful Lexington Cemetery, which 
is a bird-sanctuary. 

Perhaps our most valuable work lies in the series of prizes we offer each year 
in each of our public schools where manual training is taught, for bird-houses 
(feeding and nesting), and for reports upon their use. Also the work done by 
some of our teacher members in forming and instructing Junior Classes is 
invaluable——EuGENE Simpson, Assistant Secretary. 


Massachusetts.—The varied activities of the Massachusetts Audubon 
Society have been diligently pursued and increased during the past year. 
Our office, which we occupy jointly with the National Association, has sent 
through the mails over 66,000 circulars calling attention to our work. We have 
added to our roll 18 life members, 340 sustaining members, and have received 
contributions totaling $458, yet our opportunities for good grow as we use 
them, our greatest present need being increased income. 

The work at the Sharon Bird Sanctuary has gone steadily on. Since the 
beginning of the year there were 1,150 visitors from ror different cities and 
towns, twelve states, including Colorado and California, being represented, 
besides two provinces in Canada. This season too species of birds have been 
recorded there, 63 species nesting. Altogether, 300 nests have been under 
observation on the grounds, and 1,200 young birds have reached maturity 
there. Of these 50 were young House Wrens—most unusual for eastern Mas- 
sachusetts. 

Our annual Bird Day was held there May 17, some 200 members and friends 
of the Society being present. Speakers at the formal meeting were Edward 
Howe Forbush, president of the Society, and Edward Avis, the bird mimic. 
The exercises included a conference of the local secretaries representing various 
towns throughout the state, which was helpful and well attended. The Monthly 
Bulletin of the Society entered upon its third year. It conveys to all members 
information concerning the work of the Society and is much sought for among 
bird-lovers outside of the membership because of its chronicles of unique and 
interesting facts and experiences in the bird-world. 

The Society’s charts, calendars,* traveling exhibitions, traveling lectures 
traveling libraries, bird-books, bird-houses, leaflets, and bird-protection mate- 


428 Bird - Lore 


rial in general have been in increased demand. Our annual Tremont Temple 
Lecture Course, now a recognized Boston institution, after the manner of the 
Boston Symphony concerts, was attended by about 1,500 people. The lecturers 
were Prof. Dallas Lore Sharpe, Clinton G. Abbot, Norman McClintock, Wil- 
liam L. Finley, and Edward Avis. 

The office continues to be the New England headquarters for information 
and assistance in all matters pertaining to bird-protection. Our Society works 
ceaselessly for the public good and greatly appreciates the public interest in 
and good will shown toward the good cause of bird-protection. We mourn 
sincerely the death of William Brewster, which occurred at his home in Cam- 
bridge, July 11 last, in his sixty-ninth year. Mr. Brewster was one of the 
founders of the Society and was chosen first president at its organization in 
1896. Mr. Brewster was the most eminent of New England ornithologists, and 
his death leaves a keen sense of loss among the directors of the Society with 
whom he worked faithfully for the cause of bird-protection for so many years. 
—WINTHROP PACKARD, Secretary-Treasurer. 


New Hampshire.—During the year the secretary has given forty-five 
lectures and addresses, the majority of them illustrated. Invitations to deliver 
addresses have come from all over the state. These included Boy Scout groups, 
schools, churches, Red Cross units, summer institutes, granges, fish and 
game commissioners’ meetings, legislative hearings, and annual field days. 
Every invitation has been accepted. 

A strong effort was made to secure the passage of a cat-license bill at the last 
legislature. The House Committee reported the bill favorably, but the measure 
suffered defeat. A wide correspondence has been maintained. We receive letters 
about all sorts of things, asking for the identification of birds, winter-feeding, 
bird-fountainsand -baths, nesting-boxes, sanctuaries, cats, game-birds, anda score 
of other things. These letters are all sympathetically considered and answered. 

Much literature has been distributed by hand and through the mails. 
A special leaflet, ““Facts about Cats and Birds,” and several others have been 
issued. The secretary, Rev. Manley B. Townsend, who has been with the 
Society since its organization and has done most thorough and efficient work, 
accepted a call in his pastoral work, at Attleboro, Mass., on September 1 of 
this year. His removal from the state caused his resignation as secretary, 
which was regretfully accepted by the directors. George C. Atwell, of Straf- 
ford, N. H., was appointed secretary, and the office is now located at that place. 
The secretary has a tract of land on the shores of a most attractive lake, which 
he intends to use for a bird sanctuary, demonstration, and feeding-station. 
It is ideally located for the purpose, with an abundance of bird-life, both land 
and water, frequenting it as their natural habitat. With adjoining property 
intended to be included in the reservation, the tract will comprise several 
hundred acres. This will enable the New Hampshire Society to accomplish 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 420 


more in the practical demonstration line than hitherto. We now have 800 
members, with hopes and ambitions for a large increase in membership during 
the coming year.—GEORGE C. ATWELL, Secretary. 


New Jersey.—The final year of the war and the commencement of the 
reconstruction period brought reduced financial support for the Society, and 
necessitated curtailment of some of its activities. Members and friends have 
recently responded generously to immediate needs and very good prospects 
seem assured. Total receipts of the Society for the year past amounted to 
$5,516.82, including balance on hand at commencement thereof; total expen- 
-diture $4,153.13, leaving a balance on hand of $1,363.69. 

In the fields of lectures, newspaper work, and legislation the Society has 
maintained its customary activity. In school-work it commenced the school 
term with the handicap of an insufficient balance of leaflets used the year be- 
fore, notwithstanding which fact 315 School Bird Clubs were organized, with 
a total membership of 4,953, before exhaustion of leaflets compelled suspension 
of the work. 

The ninth annual meeting was held in Newark, October 14, 1919. The busi- 
ness session and that of the Board of Trustees were held at the Newark Free 
Public Library, the former at 4 Pp. M., the latter immediately following, both 
enjoying a good attendance. In the absence of the President, Dr. Frank M. 
Chapman presided at both. The Board of Trustees was unanimously reélected 
with the exception of Mrs. Walter D. Ferres, who withdrew her name from 
nomination in favor of S. R. Glassford, also of Ridgewood, who was elected 
to succeed her. John Dryden Kuser was elected President, W. DeW. Miller, 
Vice-President, and Beecher S. Bowdish, Secretary-Treasurer. 

At the public session in the evening, in the auditorium of the Burnet Street 
School, Norman McClintock, of Pittsburgh, well known as one of the most 
successful motion-picture photographers of birds in the country, delighted 
members and guests with four reels of his remarkably fine motion pictures of 
wild birds.—BrEECHER S. BowptsuH, Secretary. 


Ohio.—The Society has just completed a most unique year, for although 
there were few meetings held, due to the ban on public meetings of every kind 
because of the spread of influenza, yet, in point of numbers, there was a greater 
work done in the dissemination of an appreciation of bird-life than in many 
previous years’ experiences. Since ‘‘all’s well that ends well’’ the year just 
passed has proven most satisfactory. 

The new features of the past year were the two evening gatherings, the one, 
a display of motion pictures at which some 1,200 people were present, and the 
charming entertainment given by Edward Avis (of Enfield, Conn.) on April 11, 
when more than 2,000 people listened in hushed attention to his inimitable 
recital. The members of the Society deemed it advisable to change the fiscal 


430 Bird - Lore 


year of the Society, and the annual meeting, with election of officers, occurs in 
May instead of October, with the hope of having the program well in hand at 
the opening of each year’s meeting. 

The following officers were elected for the coming year: President, William 
G. Cramer; Vice-President, Dr. Eugene Swope; Honorary Presidents, Charles 
Dury, Dr. Randall Condow, and Dr. F. W. Langdon; Secretary-Treasurer, 
Miss Katherine Ratterman. The Board of Directors has been enlarged and 
now consists of twenty-one interested and able members. 

There is every prospect that the coming year will be profitable as well as 
enjoyable to all who participate in its meetings.—(Miss) KATHERINE RATTER- 
MAN, Secretary. 


Oregon.—The work of this Society for the year has been of the usual 
character, active in whatever direction our energies seemed most needed. Public 
opinion has taken us and our activities into its kind graces in such a manner 
as to assure us a generous hearing whenever we wish it. From October 1 to 
June 1 there were weekly talks and lectures, with slides and moving pictures, 
given in the hall of our central library. These meetings were very popular, 
never failing to bring out a large audience, and are to be continued another 
year. Our Junior Audubon work, under the direction of Mrs. Mamie Campbell, 
reports the formation of 79 Junior Societies with a membership all told of 
1,325 children. We appreciate to the full the necessity of work with children 
and hope to enlarge our Junior work the coming year.—(Miss) Emma J. 
WELTY, Secretary. 


Rhode Island.—On account of the many and unusual demands which the 
war made upon our members and officials, and upon the teachers and others 
who codperate with us, the work of the Society has, undoubtedly, suffered. 
The number of new Juniors has been the lowest recorded for some time. The 
circulation of books from the Society’s library has, likewise, been at a relatively 
low figure, though the record for the year shows: 

Circulation from Museum 2,594, Books 426, Among 120. 

Circulation of Traveling Library 876, Books 129, Among 405. 

The report, therefore, for the past year consists in the statement that the 
Society has marked time and has made every effort, consistent with existing 
conditions, to keep alive the interest in the bird-life of the state. The coming 
year should bring with it a reawakening of interest in bird-life, and the Society 
is planning to stimulate this interest through its Junior work and its circulating 
library.—H. L. Mapison, Secretary. 


Utah.—The Utah Audubon Society has been organized but one year; and 
its activities can be measured, not as a whole, but by the efforts of its individual 
members. President J. H. Paul, as Professor of Nature-study in the Extension 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs ae 


Department of the University of Utah, has traveled over the state, giving 
lectures in many remote towns, ever spreading the propaganda of bird-con- 
servation, and especially endeavoring to educate the farmer upon the subject, 
“Which Are the Hawks Helpful to Man?” Vice-President Nephi Reynolds, 
as a scout master, has taken the boys on many hikes afield, guiding them in 
bird-lore. Mrs. A. O. Treganza, Secretary, has given series of lectures in the 
grade schools, several on economic ornithology, others on the nesting ways and 
habits of Utah birds. 

The estate of G. R. Walker, an Audubon member, has been dedicated a 
bird-sanctuary. Here, on forty acres of almost virgin woodland, the birds 
find a real paradise. During the winter, suet-baskets are hung in the trees, 
and feeding-tables are maintained, upon which is served delicious, big sunflower 
seeds, raised especially for the birds. Bathing-pools and nesting-boxes are also 
provided. A. O. Treganza and A. D. Boyle have also lectured in behalf of 
bird-conservation. Contributions to the daily papers on the “Economic Im- 
portance of Birds” and ‘“The Domestic Cat as an Agent of Destruction’ 
awakened much interest throughout the state. 

Many Audubon Educational Leaflets were distributed. Regular meetings 
were held from September to June, on the second Wednesday of each month. 
Among Utah’s wonderful natural resources, her birds stand foremost. The 
education in bird-lore progresses very slowly, but we hope that unfaltering 
faith and patient, well-directed effort will very soon awaken in Utahans an 
appreciation for their feathered benefactors.—(Mrs.) A. O. TREGANZA, Secre- 
tary. 


REPORTS OF AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS 


Audubon Club of Norristown (Pa.).—This Club, organized on March 27, 
rgit, has had a very interesting year. While we meet only four times annually, 
we usually make up by having extra-good lectures, lantern-slides, and moving 
pictures. On March 6, Edward Swayne gave his delightful lecture, “The Birds 
and the Poets,” showing how much of the poetry and prose of all ages has been 
attributed to birds. On Decoration Day, May 30, a large number of members 
enjoyed the annual pilgrimage and field-day to Millgrove Farm, Audubon, Pa., 
the former home of John James Audubon, through the courtesy of Mr. William 
H. Wetherill, owner of the farm and life member of the Club. At our June 
meeting, Dr. Silas A. Lottridge entertained the Club with his lecture, “Our 
Friends in Feather and Fur.’’ During the nesting season much interest was 
taken in nesting-boxes and many were erected by our Junior organization. 
Our fall meeting in September will be remembered by the Club members as 
the largest we ever held. Owing to the Teachers’ Institute, which brought 
to our town several hundred teachers from all over the county, we had a banner 
attendance. The speaker was Herbert K. Job, who delighted the Club with a 


432 Bird - Lore 


beautiful lecture on “Hunting Wild Birds with the Camera.” This was also 
accompanied with several reels of the National Association’s moving pictures. 
In December we have the annual business meeting and give our own members 
a chance to “speak for themselves.”’ This meeting brings out local experiences 
which tend to develop a growing interest in bird-study.—(Miss) HELEN 
A. BOMBERGER, Secretary. 


Buffalo (N. Y.) Audubon Society.—Our Society celebrated its tenth 
anniversary in June by a week-end trip to beautiful Glen Iris, on the Genesee 
River. Ten interesting -Saturday 
afternoon trips were led by the 
president, Edward C. Avery, during 
the migratory season. For the fifth 
consecutive year we issued a Bird 
Almanac. One thousand copies were 
printed and a considerable sum 
added to our treasury. Articles of 
bird interest were published through- 
out the spring months in the Buffalo 
Sunday Express. As a Society we 
contributed to the Roosevelt 
Memorial. 

A number of members enjoyed 
feeding the Chickadees, Nuthatches, 
and Woodpeckers in Delaware Park 
during the winter. The Chickadees 
were so tame that they fed from 
the hand. “High Dive,’ the name 
given an adventurous Red-headed 
Woodpecker, the special pet of a 
member of our Society, has returned _ : 
to the same location for the second MR. EDWARD C. AVERY, 
year. He amuses spectators by div- PRESIDENT BUFFALO AUDUBON SOCIETY 
ing from a tree and catching nut-meats thrown up to him. 

We are planning to place feeding-stations in each of the large parks, also to 
feed the Gulls on Niagara River this winter. An important aim of our Audubon 
Society is to have a bird-sanctuary near Buffalo——(Mrs.) C. M. Writson, 
Secretary. 


Burroughs Junior Audubon Society of Kingston (N. Y.).—The past year 
our aim has been to know intimately a few of our common birds. To this end 
we made several field-trips and at each monthly meeting papers on two of the 
listed birds were given, while cards and colored slides were shown. As usual the 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 433 


Bird Club held appropriate exercises in Chapel on State Bird Day. One of the 
members brought us a Great Horned Owl which her brother shot after several 
choice ducks had been devoured. The bird was mounted, the Board of Educa- 
tion and the Club sharing the expense.—(Miss) EL1zABETH BURROUGHS, 
Secretary. 


Cayuga (N. Y.) Bird Club.—Practising its wartime economy another year, 
the Cayuga Bird Club made no special effort to obtain funds, but contented 
itself with small services in behalf of the birds. Several feeding stations were 
maintained in the Club’s bird-sanctuary, and an increasing number of them 
were kept up at the schools and at private homes throughout the city. 


BIRD-HOUSES MADE BY CHILDREN OF ITHACA, N. Y., IN CONTEST HELD BY CAYUGA 
BIRD CLUB, 1919 


In the spring the Club announced a bird-box competition for the school 
children. The boys took part with great enthusiasm, about 100 very good boxes 
being entered, and suitable prizes of various kinds of tools were awarded. The 
boxes were placed on exhibition in the assembly hall of the high school, and the 
presentation of the prizes formed the main exercise of a convocation hour. 
This year the children kept their boxes to put up at their own homes, and the 
Bird Club has heard that a good percentage of them were tenanted. 

As usual, the early Saturday morning field-trips were held for the gen- 
eral public during April and May. There were several leaders, each of 
whom took a small section, so that everyone could enjoy the migration to the 
full. A new feature of our work this year was the planting of about 500 red 


434 Bird - Lore 


pines and Norway spruces in the sanctuary. These trees were donated by the 
Department of Forestry, at Cornell University, and were especially appreciated 
because the sanctuary, being a bottomland forest, formerly had no evergreens. 
The planting of the trees was made the occasion of a field-day for the schools, 
and the children themselves did the work under the supervision of their teachers 
and members of the Bird Club. 

This year, again, the Bird Club is to have the privilege of hearing many 
leading ornithologists who are coming to Cornell in connection with the course 
in wild-life conservation A. A. ALLEN, Secretary, 


Cocoanut Grove (Fla.) Audubon Society.—We can report good work 
along every line, especially with the children. The president reports finding a 
Bridled Tern in the Hammock Shore of Biscayne Bay, that had been blown 
ashore during a storm. This bird has only been reported once before in Florida, 
according to Chapman. It was not injured and was returned to the water by 
Kirk Munroe. The bird’s home is the Bahamas. Two Black-billed Cardinals 
have been seen and fed for more than a week at a bird feeding-station. They 
came with other Cardinals. They are rare, and our bird books do not tell us of 
them. Why? Early in September a flock of Roseate Spoonbills was seen fly- 
ing southward from Cocoanut Grove. None of these birds has been seen here 
for over twenty years. 

We have established an Audubon shelf in the Cocoanut Grove Library that 
is proving very useful. No aigrettes or other wild-bird feathers are now seen 
on hats here. The Society succeeded in having Cocoanut Grove made a bird- 
sanctuary according to law, and the mayor of the town has offered a prize for 
the best bird-work done by boy or girl belonging to the juvenile class of our 
Society.—(Mrs.) Kirk Munroe, President. 


Columbus (Ohio) Audubon Society.—Two lectures, two social meetings, 
one juvenile program, and thirteen field-trips constitute the activities of the 
Columbus Audubon Society for 1918-1919. Contributions were made as follows: 
$5 to the Roosevelt Memorial Fountain Fund; $6 to the New York Bird and 
Tree Club to plant trees in devastated France. In October, George L. Fordyce, 
of Youngstown, Ohio, a well-known ornithologist, lectured, particularly inter- 
esting the audience with his pictures of water-birds. No meetings were allowed 
in November or December on account of the ‘‘flu’” epidemic. In January the 
State Board of Agriculture joined with the Society in bringing Herbert K. 
Job, with the National Association’s wonderful moving-pictures, to Columbus. 
Over sixty state game-wardens attended the lecture. 

The main social event of the year was a unique bird party, for which the 
Morrey School of Music gave the use of their house. The young people gave 
bird charades and the older people went about with the name of a bird pinned 
on their backs, trying to guess of each other the bird they represented. Then 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 435 


everybody flocked to improvised feeding-stations on the walls to help themselves 
to popcorn, nuts, and oatmeal bird cakes, then back to the bird-pools which 
were filled with a clear fruit punch and attended hi hetle Goldfinch and 
Redstart members. 

The juvenile program given on John Burroughs’ birthday, April 3, was 
conducted entirely by children from the different schools. One boy gave a 
sketch of Mr. Burroughs, showing pictures of his home and interests. Seven 
little boys and girls from the School for the Blind stood up in a row, and, with 
heads lifted, sang a Bluebird song. A blind teacher told of the birds she had 
heard on a morning walk and gave their calls. A little deaf and dumb girl 
danced all over the stage, swooping, diving, and digging for worms. In order 
to go on the last field-trip in June, 95 children from one school joined the Society. 
They were given membership cards for the coming year.—Lucy B. STONE, 
Secretary. 


Crawfordsville (Ind.) Audubon and Nature-Study Club.—On the evening 
of February 14, 1919, there was a called meeting of the bird-lovers of Craw- 
fordsville at the high school building. Amos W. Butler, of Indianapolis, gave 
a most interesting illustrated lecture on “The Birds of Indiana.” At the close 
of this an Audubon and Nature Study Club was organized, with sixty members. 
The following officers were elected: President, Prof. J. L. Leonard, of Wabash 
College; Vice-President, Mrs. Julia D. Waugh; Secretary-Treasurer, Prof. C. 
W. Jack; and Leader, Frank C. Evans. During the rest of the winter regular 
monthly meetings were held. At the meeting in March, Prof. Leonard delivered 
an interesting lecture on “‘Bird-Migration.”’ 

On March 28, Mr. Evans secured Miss Margaret Hanna, of Ft. Wayne, 
to speak to the Club on ‘‘Some Phases of Spring Migration.” She illustrated 
this with many lantern-slides and bird-skins. Miss Hanna has the unusual 
ability of being able to reproduce bird-calls and -songs, and, altogether, her 
lecture was thoroughly enjoyable and created a great deal of interest in bird- 
study. On April 26, Prof. Walter Hess, of De Pauw, lectured on “Courtship 
and Home Life of Birds.” Through the instrumentality of some members of 
the Audubon Club, the Current Events Club of this city became sufficiently 
interested in birds to turn one of their regular meetings into a Bird Day celebra- 
tion. On this occasion, May 9, Mrs. Donaldson Bodine spoke on “‘The Protec- 
tion of the Birds That Nest about our Homes.” Photographs and Jantern-slides 
were used. The Club has caused to be published in the daily press numerous 
articles urging people to put out food for the birds during the winter and put 
up nesting-boxes in the spring. The Club has been directly responsible for the 
erection of twelve Martin houses, and practically every one of them was occu- 
pied the past summer. 

Spring Ledge, the country home of Frank C. Evans, three miles west of the 
city, is the spot which attracts the attention of all bird-lovers of this community. 


436 Bird - Lore 


Situated on a bluff along Sugar Creek, furnished with many springs and brooks, 
nature and art have combined to produce an effect of great beauty. In addition, 
Mr. Evans, being a bird-lover, has put up sixty-six nesting-boxes, besides two 
large Martin-houses, many feeding-stations and bird-baths. Under his direc- 
tion, bird-boxes have also been erected on the grounds of the Country Club 
which adjoins his place, and by other neighbors in the vicinity. Cats and 
English Sparrows have practically been exterminated, and we have in actual 
existence a bird-sanctuary which every year is becoming more beautiful and 
attractive. Of sixty-six boxes on Mr. Evans’ place, thirty-seven were occupied, 
many of them two or three times during the season. Spring Ledge is always 
open to visitors, so that our Club, as a whole, and as individuals, has had 
abundant opportunity for observing Mr. Evans’ success in his work of protect- 
ing and attracting the birds. Our Club is very enthusiastic, and we look forward 
to the coming year hopeful of accomplishing greater things for the birds.— 
C. W. Jack. Secretary. 


WILD BLACK DUCKS, IN A STARVING CONDITION, FED BY AUDUBON SOCIETY 
FRIENDS AT MARTIN’S POINT BRIDGE, NEAR PORTLAND, MAINE 


Cumberland County (Me.) Audubon Society.—Our Society held its 
monthly, as well as annual meeting in the rooms of the Portland Society of 


Natural History, Friday, September 12, 1919, at 8 p.m. The following officers 
were elected for the year 1919-20: President, Miss Mabel S. Daveis; Vice- 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 437 


President, Arthur H. Norton; Secretary, Miss Amy Wiswell; Treasurer, 
Herbert M. W. Haven. Fifteen new members were taken into the Society at 
this meeting, and it is well on its way to a prosperous year. During the past 
two years, due to war activities all business and interests of the Society were 
laid aside, but it is now taking a new lease of life. 

The accompanying pictures, taken by the Association’s field agent, Arthur 
H. Norton, show No. 1, George E. Cushman, our local State and National 
Association of Audubon Societies’ warden, feeding wild Black Ducks at Martin’s 
Point Bridge, Portland, Maine, with feed furnished by the Society; No. 2, 
Black Ducks at Martin’s Point Bridge coming to corn, also furnished by our 
Society.—HERBERT M. W. HAVEN, Treasurer. 


Elgin (Ill.) Audubon Society.—Our Society now has a membership of 231, 
which is a gain of r11 in the past year. During the last week in April we held 
our annual free exhibit, at which it was estimated we had at least 3,000 inter- 
ested visitors. Our main work of the year has been, and still is, earning money 
to repair the city museum, which the new City Council has turned over to the | 
use of the Society. In August we had a tag day which netted over $500, and 
this fall we plan to raise at least $400 more. 

A lecture by Dr. Carpenter was given in the spring, and one Sunday after- 
noon the slides of the Illinois Audubon Society were shown and the accompany- 
ing lecture given. Most of the schools in the city have Junior Audubon Socie- 
ties, and we hope by this time next year to say that every school has. Regular 
meetings are held throughout the year on the second Friday of the month, 
preceded by a cafeteria supper during the winter months and a picnic in the 
woods during the summer.—(Miss) CHARLOTTE WEATHERILL, Secretary. 


Erasmus Hall Audubon Bird Club.—During the past year the Club has 
been active in establishing feeding-stations in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, where 
the greater part of our field-work is conducted. The Club has held two school 
contests—an essay and poster contest respectively—on the subject of bird- 
protection. The winners, Miss Kathleen Kennedy and Miss Margaret Henschen 
received school medals. A bird-book was awarded to the student submitting 
the longest verified list of birds seen from April 1 to May 15. On the whole, the 
work of the past term has been most successful—MARION DEGHUEE, Secre- 
tary. 


Greystone Park (N. J.) Bird Club.—Our Club was organized in March, 
1919, by the President, Robert Emmet Cooney, and the Secretary, Prince 
Michael of Saxony, who were its first two members, In a short time the Club 
numbered over 200 members. 

Over a hundred bird-houses were constructed and painted by members of 
the Club and were placed in various parts of Greystone Park, Morris Plains, 


438 Bird - Lore 


and Wilsonville. The beginnings of a bird-sanctuary were made, food and fresh 
water were conveyed. Funds were collected and books and magazines were 
purchased for the Club library. 

In June we became affiliated with the National Association of Audubon 
Societies and have contributed small sums to the Egret Fund and the Roosevelt 
Memorial Bird Fountain Fund. Our Club numbers now nearly 300 members. 
Various articles about the Club and its work have often been published. The 
Secretary has nearly completed three, these entitled respectively: ‘The 
Psychological Explanation of the Mental Phenomena Exhibited by Birds;” 
“The Scientific Explanation of the Flight of Homing Pigeons;”’ and “The 
Psychological Explanation of the Semi-Annual Flights of Birds,” which will be 
sent to the National Association of Audubon Societies in due course of time.— 
PRINCE MICHAEL OF SAXONY, Secretary. 


Hartford (Conn.) Bird-Study Club.—Nineteen indoor meetings, with 
varied and interesting programs, were held during the year, at four of which we 
had illustrated lectures. We had thirteen field meetings, including an excursion 
to Middletown by boat. About twenty of our members also attended the field 
meeting of the Connecticut Federation of Bird and Nature Study Clubs at 
Hubbard Park, Meriden, on May 25. The attendance at all of the meetings 
has been somewhat smaller than in former years, but this was inevitable in 
view of epidemic and war conditions. The most we hoped for was to keep alive 
the interest in the Club until less strenuous times, and we feel that this object 
has been accomplished, and we are starting on the season of 1919-20 with a 
bright outlook for a prosperous and busy year. 

A great variety of birds have been seen, but only a few of our members 
were fortunate enough to see the Egrets which spent part of the summer in the 
vicinity of Waterbury. Some of our members appeared at the hearings in 
favor of a bill for licensing cats which was introduced into the legislature last 
winter, and it may be noted that this bill received much more serious considera- 
tion at the hands of the legislators than in the previous session, and was finally 
passed by the House, but was defeated in the Senate-—HELEN C. BECKWITH, 
Corresponding Secretary. 


Hamilton (Ont.) Bird Protection Society.—This Society was formed at a 
meeting held May 1, 19109, fifty members being enrolled. Nine directors were 
appointed and the following officers elected: Hon. President, Adam Brown; 
President, R. O. Merriman; First Vice-President, Mrs. H. D. Petrie; Second 
Vice-President, A. P. Kappele; Secretary-Treasurer, N. M. Anderson. 

During the summer the membership of the Society increased to 120, and 
much good work has been done in educating the general public to the value of 
the conservation of bird-life and awakening an interest in bird-study. We have 
a committee working on Junior Club work and good results are expected. Feed- 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 439 


ing-stations are to be established at various points this fall, and we are trying 
to enlist the aid of the Boy Scouts in this important work. The grounds of the 
Barton Reservoir have, by act of the City Council, been proclaimed a bird- 
sanctuary and there are various other spots around the City that we are en- 
deavoring to have protected in a like manner. 

A series of meetings will be held during the coming winter at which prom- 
inent Canadian birdmen will speak, with the hope that in the spring of 1920 
sufficient public interest will be aroused to put this city on a par with any on 
the continent in the matter of bird-protection——N. M. ANDERSON, Secretary. 


Los Angeles (Cal.) Audubon Society.—The Los Angeles Audubon Society 
has had a remarkable year in growth and work accomplished. 

We have reached the long-striven-for one hundred membership mark and 
gone beyond it. We responded to the call of the Los Angeles Municipal Play- 
ground Camps by sending Miss Helen Pratt, one of our members, as nature- 
guide and bird-teacher to Seeley Flats and Radford Camp, both in the San 
Bernardino Mountains. We have successfully inaugurated and carried through 
a two-days’ Audubon exhibit, with lectures, at the public library of our city, 
with an attendance of 2,000 people. 

We have included the study of flowers, trees, and butterflies upon our 
rambles, thus getting more people interested in birds through our interest in 
their interests. Our war-work committee raised funds for the purchase of two 
Liberty Bonds by obtaining life memberships. The Committee has also had 
engraved a beautiful honor roll of the names of the sons, brothers, and nephews 
of our members. 


TENTH ANNUAL PILGRIMAGE OF THE LOS ANGELES AUDUBON SOCIETY 
Photographed by Mrs. F. T. Bicknell 


440 Bird - Lore 


ae ae eS ci s : Cae ee 
THE LOS ANGELES AUDUBON SOCIETY’S BIRD-FOUNTAIN 
Photographed by Mrs. F. T. Bicknell 


We were glad to contribute $50 toward the Roosevelt Memorial Bird- 
Fountain. Members have donated a new case in which to house our fast ac- 
cumulating possessions—charts, maps, birds’ nests, flags, honor roll and books, 
for we now have quite a library, consisting of eight bound volumes of Brrp- 
Lore, one special Index to Birp-Lore, forty-three Government Bulletins 
bound in twenty-nine covers, Educational Leaflets Nos. 1 to 94, and other books 
of local interest. Our official speaker has given lectures before the Women's 
Clubs, P. T. A., at the libraries and schools with great success. 

Two new educational features have been added to the regular monthly 
indoor meetings of the Society—one telling of the birds in migration at that 
particular time of year by our official speaker, Mrs. G. H. Schneider, and the 
other a demonstration of some one particular bird’s nest by our press chairman, 
Miss H. S. Pratt. These have proven very attractive to the new members. 
One of our new members is gifted in music—whistling the notes of our birds 
with wonderful accuracy and sweetness, which adds much to our programs. 
With two of our members on the Los Angeles District Board, C. F. W. C.— 
Miss Helen Pratt as chairman of Birds and Wild Life in the place of Mrs. 
F. T. Bicknell who has been elected treasurer of that Board—we keep in close 
touch with the club work of the whole Federation and feel its broadening 
influence. 

Our president has responded to nineteen calls for educational talks illus- 
trated with bird-skins or -slides from her own photographs of our western 
birds. Her talk on the economic value of birds at the library exhibit was of 
unusual interest. 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 441 


Through the influence and suggestion of our official speaker the public 
library has added several bird-books to its shelves. Among them are ‘‘Nature 
Lover’s Library,” “Tales from Birdland,” and ‘“‘The Bird Study Book’’ all 
by T. Gilbert Pearson; “Bird Life” and ‘“Travels of Birds” by F. M. Chapman; 
“Bird Friends” by Gilbert Trafton and “Birds of the Islands off the Coast of 
California” by A. B. Howell. Our members are always on the alert for rare 
birds not commonly seen here. Among those noted this year have been the 
White-throated Sparrow, Wood Ibis, Western Blue Grosbeak, Bell’s Sparrow, 
and Harris’s Sparrow. All dead birds found in good condition, and sick and 
disabled birds beyond recovery, are carried to the Museum of History, Science 
and Art for mounting or bird-skins. On Arbor Day our Society planted a 
Himalayan cedar in Griffith Park and dedicated it to our soldier boys. Our 
monthly field-trips have been full of interest and profit. Their scope has been 
enlarged by after-luncheon speeches by some good speaker. Upon these days 
119 different species have been observed. Our trail-trips are independent of the 
regular field-trips, being arranged to suit teachers, tourists, and strangers. 
In this way 110 different species have been observed, making 229 species seen 
this year and 77,583 individual birds. 

Our president’s and vice-president’s playlet, ‘“The California Woodpecker’s 
Convention,” was successfully given at the State Normal School at San Jose, 
Calif., to an audience of 800 pupils. This playlet shows the economic value of 
the Woodpecker family in their care of fruit and forest trees. We have been 
addressed by the following speakers: L. E. Wyman, on “The Life Zones of 
Birds;’ Dr. Harold C. Bryant on ‘The Migration of Birds in California,” 
Dr. Hector Alliott, on ‘‘Butterflies;’’ (This was his last public appearance, as 
he passed away suddenly a week afterward.) Earnest Braunton, talked on 
“California Trees;’’ Theodore Payne gave us a wonderful lecture, illustrated 
with colored slides of our California wild flowers; J. C. Alpass, who has resided 
for forty years in New Zealand, told of the bird-life of that country; Prof. C. S. 
Thompson read a paper on the “Lake of Lingering Death” (La Brea); Mrs. 
George Turner, Dr. Emily Hunt, of Pasadena, and our president, Mrs. F. T. 
Bicknell, have given illustrated talks on different subjects. 

Our tenth annual pilgrimage to Elysian Heights was a regular May-day 
jubilee. With flower-bedecked alpen stocks we climbed the winding trail, 
singing an original song composed by our program chairman, Mrs. Fargo. At 
the entrance to Audubon Glen, the home of our hostesses, we were greeted 
cordially. Speeches, original poems, whistling, singing, and a picnic luncheon 
composed the program.—Mrs. G. H. CRANE, Corresponding Secretary. 


Meriden (Conn.) Bird Club.—We have an Executive Committee, Field 
Committee, Entertainment Committee, and a Bird-Protection and Winter- 
Feeding Committee. The latter Committee consists of twenty-one members, 
selected from the different quarters of the town, in order to cover the entire 


442 Bird - Lore 


territory by precept and example. We have also included in the Committee 
members of the Grange and of the Boy Scouts, in order to reach the farmers 
and the young people particularly. 

On May 24 of this year we had a meeting of the State Federation of Bird 
and Nature Clubs at Hubbard Park, Meriden. The Meriden Bird Club, through 
its committees, attended to all of the preliminary work and provided guides 
for the evening. The locality is rich in bird- and plant-life and is interesting 
from a geological standpoint. From the fine peak there is a wide outlook over 
the state. 

These points were well covered by a eooiuiiar’ ten-minute talk of each of 
four guides, and then a hike, lasting several hours, was personally conducted by 
the speakers. Coffee was served at noon and gaa were very much in evidence 
- throughout the day.—F Rank S. Fay, President.. 


Minneapolis (Minn.) Audubon Society. ie the past year, because 
of general conditions, no great demands were made upon our members for 
either time or money. Six meetings have been held, with interesting, helpful 
programs. Dr. Thomas Roberts addressed the Society in January on “The 
Sparrow Tribe,” using a large number of lantern-slides, Frank Beach, Chief of 
Park Police, discussed the problem of ‘The Boy with a Gun.” The Life of 
Audubon was the subject of an excellent program, and, at another meeting, 
Frank Odell, president of the Minnesota Game Protective League, spoke on 
“Bird Protection Laws,” Miss Harriet Cunningham, General Secretary of 
Y. W.C. A. work in St. Paul, told of her “Bird Acquaintances at the Pine Tree 
Inn,” in Iowa. At a picnic sohvarags held at Minnehaha Falls in June, the topic 
was ‘‘Roosevelt as a Bird-Lover.” 

At the annual meeting, Mrs. Phelps Wyman, the founder, moving spirit, 
and efficient president of the Society since its organization in 1915, declined 
reélection. She, however, remains active in the Society as chairman of the 
Field-Work Committee. Mrs. Charles F. Keyes was elected president, Mrs. 
John F. Hayden, vice-President, and Miss Mathilde E. Holtz, treasurer. 

Bird-walks have been taken weekly during the migration season. A con- 
siderable increase in the number of songbirds over last year was noticed. In 
addition to the usual winter birds of this locality, the Tufted Titmouse and 
Red-breasted Nuthatch were seen, also a few Pine Grosbeaks and Purple 
Finches. Last spring, eight bird-houses for Wrens and Bluebirds were erected 
at the Home for Convalescent Soldiers at Fort Snelling. Our Audubon Museum 
in the Fourth Avenue Branch Library has been maintained throughout the year. 

At the request of the Minneapolis Park Board, a committee has been ap- 
pointed to confer with it in regard to making the park more attractive to birds. 
Interest in bird-life is undoubtedly increasing in this community, and we feel 
that this year, with general conditions more favorable, our prospects of active 
work are brighter than ever before.—(Mrs.) GrrtrupEe P. Wicks, Secretary. 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 443 


Missoula (Mont.) Bird Club.—During the summer session held at the 
University of Montana Biological Station at Yellow Bay on Flathead Lake, 
Mont., in 1917, Dr. Charles Danforth, of Washington University, St. Louis, 
conducted a very successful course in ornithology. By the close of the session 
the members of the class were so much interested in the work that those whose 
homes were in Missoula, Mont., together with other Missoula residents who 
were at the station, decided to form a club in order to continue their studies 
and to interest others in the work. Consequently the Missoula Bird Club 
. was organized at Yellow Bay, July 24, 1917, with 8 members. In January, 
1918, the Club became affiliated with the National Association of Audubon 
Societies. The membership is now 21. 

This year the Club members are making a special study of Greenough 
Park. This is a natural park, with a beautiful mountain stream flowing through 
it, well wooded with large trees and underbrush, surrounded by hills and moun- 
tains, and situated on the edge of the city, thus affording an excellent and con- 
venient place for the study of many different kinds of birds. The work has been 
outlined and the members are working on the phases of greatest interest to 
them; these results will be made up into a final report. Topics chosen include 
such subjects as the vegetation, topographic map, bird census, photographs, 
ways by which more birds may be induced to come to the park, the usefulness 
of the park to the schools for bird-study, bird-laws, etc. Outdoor meetings are 
held in the park, and indoor meetings in the Natural Science Hall at the Uni- 
versity of Montana.—(Miss) CAROLINE E. WELLS, Secretary. 


Neighborhood Nature Club of Westport (Conn.).—Our Club has held its 
monthly meetings regularly throughout the past twelve months and much 
good work has been done through the schools of the town. The Club members 
canvassed each school and secured almost every pupil as a member of the 
Junior Audubon Society. During the winter a lecture on familiar home birds, 
with stereopticon slides, was put on at the Fine Arts Theatre of Westport, free 
to all Junior Audubon Members, the lecturer’s fee being donated by our Vice- 
President, Mrs. Fox. 

A 4o-acre tract of land surrounding the Westport Mill was made a protected 
bird-preserve by the owner, Mr. Dorr, at whose request the Nature Club has 
supervised the placing of selected bird-houses and shelters. Mr. Dorr kindly 
placed the cozy library at the Mill at the disposal of Club members for meetings 
and has furthered all the work by his interest. 

On April 22 the Club presented three Audubon bird films in connection 
with a regular film protection at the Fine Arts Theatre. Both afternoon and 
evening performances drew good attendance, and the Club felt the work was 
being forwarded in wide fields. The attendance at the regular meetings keeps 
a good average and plans are being made to work through the schools this com- 
ing winter.—(Mrs.) H. P. BEErs, Secretary. 


444 Bird - Lore 


New York Bird and Tree Club.—The most important work the Club has 
done during the year has been the raising of over $11,000 for the planting of 
fruit trees in the devastated regions of France, where it has been estimated that 
one hundred million fruit trees were destroyed. These funds were raised through 
the sale of a simple memorial card, costing $1, which insured for the purchaser 
a fruit tree planted in France, in memory of those who there made the supreme 
sacrifice in the cause of human freedom. When our contributors visit these 
orchards at some future time we shall expect them to find numerous birds as 
well as the much-needed fruit, both helping in a measure to restore peace and 
prosperity. 

The Club meets once a month during seven months, usually at the American 
Museum of Natural History, but, when the season permits, it holds its meeting 
out-of-doors. The most delightful of these outings was held on May 23 at 
the home of the Vice-President, Mrs. Thomas A. Edison, at West Orange, 
N. J. Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton conducted the council in true Indian fashion 
around a campfire on the lawn, and called upon the members for bird stories and 
for their observations of nature. During the picnic supper hour Mr. Edison 
joined the circle and delighted the members with an account of a trip he had 
taken with John Burroughs in the Cumberland Mountains. 

The second of these outdoor meetings was held on October 10 at Interstate 
Palisade Park. Mr. Seton again conducted the council, giving some of his most 
interesting experiences and stories of “Animals I Have Known.” Dr. George 
F. Kunz, the President of the Club, gave some reminiscences of the saving of 
the Palisades and spoke of the region as particularly adapted to many varieties 
of birds. He said that Audubon had made his home nearly opposite to this Park 
because of the opportunities thus present for observing birds. 

Perhaps the most interesting of the indoor meetings of the winter was the 
occasion when T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary of the National Association of 
Audubon Societies, related his wonderful experiences in cruising the Gulf Coast 
of the United States to determine for the Food Administration the status of 
the Pelican as a food-fish destroyer. The Pelican was endeared anew to all 
who heard this most interesting address, as it has been for ages the emblem of 
unselfish love and sacrifice for its young.—HENRIETTA O. JONES. 


Pasadena (Calif.) Audubon Society.—Our Society is doing what it can 
along the lines that seem wisest. Our local press is very kind in giving space, 
and our reporter puts thought and care on the work. Our individual meetings 
were fewer than usual on account of the influenza epidemic, but they were good, 
touching the subject from many viewpoints. The annual picnic, which we feel 
is an important feature, was an especial success, numerically and socially, and 
Charles B. Hutchins, the bird whistler, rapid sketcher, and earnest protection- 
ist, was the very man for the occasion. Last winter was not our state legislative 
year, so the contingent that keeps its eye on such matters had little to do 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 445 


locally. I wish I had more stirring details to send; but feel that you may report 
us healthy, and know that we could not take up much space anyway. Kind 
regards from our White-crowned Sparrows.—Emity G. Hunt, M.D. 


Rhinebeck (N. Y.) Bird Club.—Owing to the absence on military service 
throughout the entire year of Captain M. S. Crosby, president of the Rhine- 
beck Bird Club, the Club has not been very active. However, the membership 
has not fallen off, and one public meeting was held on March 15, when Gerald 
H. Thayer delivered an illustrated lecture on “‘Concealing Coloration in the 
Animal Kingdom.” For this lecture the village town hall was filled to capacity, 
about 400 people being present. 

The selling of bird-boxes and bird-food at the Club’s headquarters continued 
throughout the year, the report showing that 1,563 pounds of bird-food were 
disposed of. Plans are already under way for increased activity during the com- 
ing year, when Captain Crosby, who is the leading spirit of the Club, will be at 
home.—C.uinton G. ABBOTT, Secretary. 


Rockaway (N. Y.) Branch National Audubon Society.—Like many other 
organizations, our Society suffered temporary lack of interest the past year 
on account of war activities of the members. However, a few enthusiastic ones 
remained faithful and kept up the work. Bird-walks were continued and lists 
of the birds seen were kept by the members. At each meeting of the Society 
(held monthly) talks were given on various subjects relating to bird-life. We 
always try to have one especially attractive number. Sometimes it is a collec- 
tion of stuffed birds loaned by the American Museum of Natural History in 
New York, or some collection belonging to a member of the Society. Our 
President gave a most interesting talk at the March meeting on birds’ nests, 
illustrated by about thirty specimens which he had gathered himself. 

Several kodak views of birds at our Sanctuary feeding station were taken 
by one of the members of the Junior branch. These pictures were sent to Birp- 
Lore and were so unusually good that they were accepted for publication. 
One of the most interesting observations of the winter was that of a pair of 
White-crowned Sparrows at the Sanctuary. Experienced bird-observers from 
other Long Island towns heard of them and were skeptical but came to see and 
were convinced. So far as we have been able to find out, this is the first record 
of these birds on Long Island in the winter. Another rarity was the appearance 
of a white Robin in May, but his stay was only temporary. 

Our May meeting was devoted to a Roosevelt program, and $50 was voted 
as a gift of the Society toward the Roosevelt Memorial Fountain. This was 
made possible through the High School Bird Club which sold tickets for 
a lecture by Dr. Clyde Fisher, of New York City, who very generously gave his 
services free. The lecture was patronized mainly by the school children who 
were enthusiastic over having a part in the Roosevelt Memorial. Plans for 


446 Bird - Lore 


the coming winter include several lectures by bird-lovers. We find that it is 
better to have a small society of bird members who are really interested and will 
work than to strive for numbers. The heronry at Mrs. Daniel Lord’s estate is 
truly a remarkable thing, and seems to be growing rapidly in numbers.—(Miss) 
MARGARET S. GREEN, Secretary. 


Saratoga (N. Y.) Bird Club.—We have held nine monthly meetings during 
the past year. Readings have been given from Burroughs, Harold Baynes, 
Herbert Job, Wells W. Cooke, and others. An illustrated lecture was given in 
January by Edward Avis, and one in March by Dr. Arthur Allen, of Cornell 
University. To these the public was invited without charge. Papers have been 
read by Dr. Calvin O. May, of New York City, and Miss Georgia Benedict, 
Librarian in the State Library at Albany. 

Peculiar bird-nests have been exhibited, one that of the Arizona Wooded 
Oriole, being sent to our president from California. In construction the 
Chimney Swift’s nest was like a log-cabin and shone as if it had been varnished. 
A Cape May Warbler, the first seen in this vicinity for twenty years, was 
reported by Mr. Rich, our president. Our Club has sent contributions to both 
the Roosevelt Memorial Fountain and to the Orchard in France funds. Since 
last year, death has claimed three of our most faithful members: Miss Mary L. 
Shepherd, Mrs. Margaret Trim, and Dr. Calvin O. May. Our last meeting was 
held in the country on a farm formerly on the old post road. Hummingbirds 
and hospitality made the day memorable.—CaroLiInE C. WALBRIDGE, Secre- 
tary. 


Scranton (Pa.) Bird Club.—Our Club was organized March, 1g15, and, 
following a lecture at the Century Club, by E. H. Baynes, was affiliated with 
the National Association of Audubon Societies in March, 1919. 

Besides the usual problems of pioneer work and the difficulties peculiar 
to the wild-life conservation movement, we faced the additional handicap of 
a mining and industrial community, the majority of the population being 
foreign-born. With such a setting, the problem was whether a subtle thing 
like an interest in birds could survive at all, born as it was under the shadow of 
a culm bank from where it cried out for green fields, trees and gardens, and, 
above all, for education in an apparently heretofore unopened book. The fact 
that it has survived and is in a healthy condition today is due, first, to the 
vital interest of the subject itself, then to the faithfulness of the officers. 

Our membership numbers 650, of which 283 are Juniors. There are no dues, 
the expenses so far being met by members who have made voluntary contri- 
butions. Regular meetings are held at the change of seasons and on Arbor 
Days, with special meetings whenever there seems a special need, which brings 
the average to at least one a month. These are held at the Everhart Museum 
when not out-of-doors, and are all well attended. The activities include the 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 447 


annual spring bird-house competition, bird-naming contests, tramps in the 
open, talks by members, exhibits, two of which lasted for a week at a time. 
The first one attracted hundreds of visitors, while at the second, held in con- 
nection with a health exhibit, 1,000 children daily opened the sessions. Mr. 
Henry Oldys spent a week in the vicinity in 1916, speaking twice daily to 
audiences arranged for him by the Club and doing a world of good in his own 
inimitable style. 

Through the efforts of the Club a number of nesting-houses were made by 
prisoners in the county jail. These were afterward erected on the grounds of 
the West Mountain Sanitarium for Tuberculosis. During the war the birds’ 
part in food conservation was unceasingly preached, and “‘War”’ posters were 
placed throughout the vicinity, while thousands of U. S. Government Bulletins 
and National Audubon publications have been distributed at every. opportunity, 
In the Welcome Home Parade, June 10, the Club was represented by a small 
pageant featuring Homing Pigeons, in recognition of their invaluable services 
at the front. All this has been done without any campaign for funds, but by 
the determined efforts of those in control to spread the message of the mission 
of the birds at all times, despite all difficulties—(Mrs.) Francis Hopkin 
CorFINn, President. 


Seattle (Wash.) Audubon Society.—Our energies for the past year have 
been devoted to the organization and upkeep of the Junior Societies. The results 
have been most gratifying. Surely there is nothing more worth-while than to 
awaken the interest of hundreds of children in the outdoors. We now have 
seven large Junior Societies in the branch libraries of Seattle, and plans are 
under way to organize two more very soon. This will make one in every library 
in the city. We have bought two Sparrow traps, and both are giving splendid 
service. One is in constant use in the city parks, and we expect to do more work 
on the English Sparrow question this winter. 

The cat-license ordinance, which went into effect March 1 of this year, is 
showing satisfactory results, though, of course, in a city as large as Seattle, and 
with such large areas of woods and unsettled lots within its borders, it takes a 
long time to find all the stray cats. We have kept in touch with the Boy Scouts 
in the interest of the birds and have responded to requests for bird-talks in 
the city schools. 

We plan to push the establishment of Junior Audubon Societies in the 
schools. They are now barred because of a school law against clubs which 
collect dues. We hope to make the Bird Clubs a part of regular school- 
work.—(Mrs.) C. N. Compton, President. 


South Bend (Ind.) Humane Society.—Our Society has been in business 
for over thirty years. It has been especially instrumental in placing thousands 


448 Bird - Lore 


of Wren-boxes all over this city, and, as a result, there are thousands of these 
singers with us the entire summer. 

Every spring we have a humane-essay contest in the public schools. This 
year 650 essays were submitted. 

Our president is George B. Beitner; our secretary, Henry A. Pershing, 
The secretary has been closely affiliated with this Society for over twenty-five 
years, having been its secretary for twenty years.—H. A. PERSHING, Secretary. 


Spokane (Wash.) Bird Club.—After the raising of the influenza quar- 
antine, our Club held its two regular indoor meetings a month during the winter 
of 1918-19 and a number of walks. The annual Memorial Day walk has be- 
come a feature of the Club, and the lists of birds seen an interesting historical 
item. We assisted the County Historical Society in placing a valuable collec- 
tion of wild birds of this vicinity in our city museum. This year we expect to 
have one indoor meeting a month, and one walk, led and directed by a club 
member.—(Mrs.) Cora B. Roperts, Secretary. 


Vigo County (Ind.) Bird Club.—Our Club is now entering on its third 
year, with a membership of fifty-eight. During the year we have had several 
interesting lectures. Through the influence of the Club many bird-houses have 
been erected in the parks, and a bird-fountain has been placed in Woodlawn 
Cemetery. We have been given the privilege, by the Board of Works, to make 
the cemeteries and parks bird-sanctuaries. 

Several field-trips were taken during the year, and much interest was shown 
in bird-life and especially in nest-building. Many new birds were seen and 
studied. The citizens of Terre Haute are taking a most active interest in bird- 
life, as shown by the number of bird-houses erected. The school children have 
been especially active in building and putting up bird-houses——Sarau J. 
Exxiot, Secretary. 


Wallace (Idaho) Bird and Nature-Study Club.—Following a lecture on 
birds by Charles Crawford Gorst, at the summer Chautauqua of 1918, a large 
number of persons remained and discussed with him the possibility of organizing 
a bird club. At his suggestion an executive committee was chosen and corres- 
pondence with the National Association of Audubon Societies was begun. A 
meeting was called by the chairman in December, 1918, and the Club was 
formally organized with a charter membership of 17 and the following officers: 
President, A. A. Maggy; Secretary, Mrs. Carl Veazie; Treasurer, Mrs. N. C. 
Sheridan. 

The monthly meetings have been instructive and enjoyable. A bird and 
flower census is being taken and a general interest in bird-life is being created in 
the community. The annual election of officers was held October 6, 1919, and 
the following officers elected: President, C. E. Clark; Secretary, Mrs. J. 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 440 


Benjamin Parker; Treasurer, Miss Irene White. Under the leadership of the 
secretary, a Junior Club was organized with a membership of ninety-six. A 
very successful bird-house contest was conducted. There were twenty-two 
entries and these made an attractive display in one of the downtown store 
windows. A bird and flower identification contest has been running all summer 
and closes October 9. There are forty-one entries. Attractive prizes of cameras 
and books will be donated to the boys or girls who can identify the largest 
number of birds or flowers. This large Junior Club was so unwieldy that it 
was divided this fall into three clubs.. ““The Outdoor Club,” consisting of seventh 
and eighth grade pupils; ‘‘Field and Forest Club,” fifth and sixth grade pupils; 
and “Bird and Flower Club,” third and fourth grade pupils. These have 
elected officers and will hold regular meetings under the leadership of several 
of the teachers who have volunteered their services. Twenty-one new members 
have already been received.—(Mrs.) Cart H. VEAzIE, ex-Secretary. 


Watertown (N. Y.) Bird Club.—During the year we held one evening 
meeting, four afternoon meetings, and one outing. The activities of the Club 
have centered along two lines this year: arousing the school children’s interest 
in birds, and in the conservation of local bird-life. Record blanks were issued 
by the Board of Education to each teacher. Daily lists of the birds observed 
were made and weekly reports returned to the Superintendent of Schools. 
These record blanks were also sent to each school district in the county and met 
with hearty codperation. From these lists Frank Tisdale, local Superintendent 
of Schools and President of the Jefferson County Teachers’ Association, hopes 
to compile a complete census of bird arrivals in this county. Ten Sawyer 
bird-houses were placed in the city park, also a Wren-house in the Flower 
Memorial Library grounds. A scrapbook containing interesting clippings about 
birds was prepared and placed in the library reading-room for the use of the 
public. A contribution of $5 was sent to the Roosevelt Memorial Fountain 
Fund. A complete set of Audubon educational leaflets was procured and much 
enjoyed by the Club members. 

Although the meetings were fewer and the attendance smaller, on account of 
the war work activities of many of the members, that the interest in the Club 
is a healthy one is evinced by the treasurer’s report which tells of the prompt 
payment of yearly dues.—(Miss) Grace B. Nort, Secretary. 


West Chester (Pa.) Bird Club.—Our Club is an organization of twelve 
years’ duration. During the past year it has become a sustaining member of 
the National Association of Audubon Societies. ; 

The Club was planned primarily to interest the teachers of the town, and 
several of them are found in the list of members. The membership also contains 
many noted ornithologists. Chief among this number is the president, Dr. 
Clyde E. Ehinger. He is a man of extensive knowledge of the out-of-doors, has 


450 Bird - Lore 


the rare ability of enthusing all who have the privilege of taking the field-trips 
with him. He also possesses the rare gift of imitating the notes of the common 
birds. 

Dr. B. H. Warren, another member, is a former state ornithologist. He is 
the author of “Birds of Pennsylvania,” and other publications in the line of 
ornithology. Among other members are Thomas H. Jackson, Robert P. 
Sharples, and Dr. S. C. Schmucker. Each one of these has contributed largely 
to the sum of bird literature. Mr. Jackson’s collection of birds’ eggs is one of the 
finest in this country. 

The Club is a practical working one composed of about forty members. It 
has paid much attention to outdoor life in its many phases. Many of the 
members have kept careful records of the migrating birds for the past eleven 
years. These are kept in a book especially designed by Dr. Ehinger. The 
knowledge gained by these records has come from field observation and 
from contact with the birds in their natural environment. Each spring there 
is an average of sixteen walks, and the number of different species seen during 
the past spring was 118. 

The field-trips are worthy of special mention. Many places of historic inter- 
est as well as those rich in bird-life have been visited. For the past seven years 
there has been an annual two-day’s trip to Peach Bottom on the Susquehanna 
River. This excursion is made the first week-end in May. A discussion of things 
observed on the field-trips, as well as many individual experiences, forms a part 
of each bi-weekly meeting. Reviews of current bird literature are also frequently 
given. A careful survey of the Christmas Bird Census, as given each year in 
Brrp-LoreE is part of the program for one meeting each winter. A Birds’ 
and Poets’ meeting is another unique feature. At this time each member reads 
a bird poem of his choice, or one of his own composition. _ 

Much also has been done to interest the pupils in the schools. Dr. Ehinger 
has been the stimulus in this work and has given frequent lectures as the migrat- 
ing birds were returning. The teachers have supplemented his work, and, as 
a result, the children are interested in bird-life and do much toward its protec- 
tion. One spring 180 children in the Model School constructed bird-boxes. 
These were all erected in or near West Chester. The Club has made several 
visits to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Here Dr. Witmer 
Stone has shown the rare collections of Warblers’ skins. 

The Club has also in its possession a fine collection of bird-skins purchased 
from one of West Chester’s most careful bird students. Bird-work has so grown 
in interest to all of the Club that a committee of the more experienced members 
is now preparing a report on ‘“The Birds of Chester County.” This will appear 
at a future date—Li11an W. PIERCE, Secretary. 


Wild-Life Protective Association (Wis.).—The past year the Society 
joined with the local state game-warden in posting a reward of $25 for the 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs A451 


arrest of violators of the game-laws and advertising same in the local papers. 
A resolution was passed and sent to the Wisconsin Game Protective Association, 
concerning the erection and maintenance of game-refuges throughout the 
state. Protection and maintenance of state game-refuges was taken up with 
the State Conservation Commission. Bird-house pamphlets were distributed 
among the Boy Scouts. 

The Society voted to join in the effort being made by the W. G. P. A. 
looking toward the establishment of a permanent fund for maintaining a field 
secretary and providing for the expenses of that Association. The Society is 
planting its bird-refuge, is providing food for the birds, and expects to put up 
wooden nesting-boxes this fall to provide shelter for the hole-dwellers during 
the coming winter. A resolution requesting the modification of, and opposing 
in its present form, the destruction of birds and animals, as proposed by Wis- 
consin Conservation Commission, was adopted and forwarded to the Commis- 
sion. Prizes were offered to Boy Scouts of Milwaukee County by the Society 
on a competitive basis for the best record made concerning information on 
local wild life. gw 

A prize essay competition, open to members of this Society, members: of — 
the clubs enrolled in W. G. P. A., and individual members of that Asso- 
ciation, also Wisconsin members of American Game Protective Association, 
has been inaugurated, circulars of which are enclosed. Our Society now has 125 
active members and a considerably larger list of non-active members whose 
interest we hope to reawaken.—Cuar_Es I. Foster, Secretary. 


Winter Park (Fla.) Bird Club.—The Winter Park Bird Club, affiliated 
with the Florida Audubon Society and the National Association of Audubon 
Societies, completed its first year last March. Its special activity is the super- 
vision of the Winter Park Bird Sanctuary, the first municipal sanctuary to be 
tried out in the state, and the success of which is much commended by our bird- 
loving residents and winter visitors. 

During the year, ten well-attended meetings were held, at which brief 
bird-talks, field observations, reports on local conditions and _ interesting 
ornithological notes and gleanings were the principal items of the programs 
given. Two bird-talks, illustrated by lantern-slides, were given by the secretary. 
The membership is upwards of eighty, with an average attendance of forty, 
and the Club has been fortunate in gaining the active interest of many bird- 
lovers from other states who spend the colder months at Winter Park. 

The activities of this Club, with its splendid personnel and lively interest 
in the cause of wild bird-conservation, together with the success of the sanc- 
tuary, has caused Winter Park to become the best known and most widely 
talked of ‘‘Bird Town” in Florida, and tidings of its good work are carried by 
our winter visitors to many distant states. Our active work for the present 
season will begin in October. ae ee 


452 Bird - Lore 


The officers are: President, Rev. W. M. Burr; Vice-President, Mrs. Hiram 
Byrd; Executive Secretary, W. Scott Way; Recording Secretary, Miss Kath- 
erine Stitch; Treasurer, C. D. Powell. 

The most recent activity of the Club is a handsome bird-fountain in one of 
the town parks, plans for which are just completed—W. Scorr Way, Secre- 
tary. 


AT A MEETING OF THE WINTER PARK BIRD CLUB 


Wyncote (Pa.) Bird Club.—The Club has had some interesting meetings dur- 
ing the past year, the best of which was an illustrated lecture-recital by Edward 
Avis, bird mimic. We were unfortunate with the spring bird-walks. Again and 
again they were scheduled, and all plans made for a picnic or other out-of- 
doors jaunt, when the day would bring only rain, rain, rain. One wondered if 
so much cloudy weather during the migration would not cause unusual loss of 
bird-life. 

Several interesting visits were made to ‘“‘Briar Bush,’’ the home of a member, 
a log-cabin set in a clearing of woods, where everything possible is done to 
attract birds, and where more birds are to be seen to the acre than at any other 
place we have found. Nest-boxes, tenanted, are everywhere; nine rustic baths 
are constantly kept filled with fresh water; food is always on hand for the 
feathered guests; and a shotgun in a convenient place ready to dispose of a 
stray red squirrel or an encroaching English Sparrow or Starling. Inside the 
large living-room, a fire roaring on the hearth, dozens of us may sit gazing out 


Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 453 


through the enormous window, watching, in fair or cloudy weather, the other 
. guests without, who bathe, feed, make love—or scrap, and who seem to enjoy 
themselves quite as much as we. 

For the first time since our Club was organized, Chickadees visited Wyncote, 
and many of our members have been thrilled by having them feed from their 
hands. A food-tray at a window attracted them constantly. It is a simple 
matter to extend the hand, holding peanuts, through the partly raised window, 
and the birds will show their trusting nature by alighting upon it—EsTHER 
HEAcock, Secretary. 


Wellesley (Mass.) College Bird Club.— Because of the war’s demands on 
time, energy, and money, and later of reconstruction, no new work was started 
by the Wellesley College Bird Club, during the past year. The regular activities 
_ were carried on as usual. However, seventy nesting-boxes were kept clean and 
in order and fifteen feeding-stations maintained. The percentages of occupan- 
cies of nesting-boxes during the past three years have been, 50, 27, and 58.5. 
per cent. The high percentage of the first year was due in part to English 
Sparrows. In the past year we have had an increase in the number of Blue- 
birds, Swallows, and Wrens, and a decrease in Chickadees, due perhaps to the 
large number of Wrens.—(Miss) HELEN Humpurey, Secretary. 


454 Bird - Lore 


STATE AUDUBON SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH 
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION 


CALIFORNIA AUDUBON SOCIETY- 
President, Wilfred Smith, Altadena. 
Secretary, Mrs. Harriet W. Meyers, 311 West Avenue 66, Los Angeles. 
CoLorADO AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, E. R. Warren, 1511 Wood Avenue, Aolorade Springs. 
Secretary, Miss Hattie E. Richardson, 2337 Dexter St., Denver. 
CoNNECTICUT AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Fairfield. 
Secretary, Miss Charlotte A. Lacey, Southport, Conn. 
Districr oF CoLuMBIA AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Hon. Job Barnard, 1306 Rhode Island Avenue, Washington. 
Secretary, Helen P. Childs, Chevy Chase, Maryland. 
FLor1pA AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Dr. W. F. Blackman, Winter Park. 
Secretary, W. Scott Way, Winter Park. 
It~t1inois AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, O. M. Schantz, to South La Salle St., Chicago. 
Secretary, Roy M. Langdon, 958 North Parkside Avenue, Chicago. 
INDIANA AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Prof. M. L. Fisher, Lafayette. 
Secretary, Frank C. Evans, Crawfordsville. 
KENTUCKY AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Dr. D. J. Healy, 530 Sayre Avenue, Lexington. 
Secretary, Victor K. Dodge, 173 Bell Court, West Lexington. 
MARYLAND AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Mrs. Baker Hull, Baltimore. 
Secretary, Miss Minna D. Starr, 2400 North Charles St., Baltimore. 
MASSACHUSETTS AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Edward Howe Forbush, 136 State House, Boston. 
Secretary, Winthrop Packard, 66 Newbury St., Boston. 
Mississipp1 AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, William Hemingway, Jackson. 
Secretary, H. G. McGowan, Columbus. 
Missourr AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Dr. Herman von Schrenk, St. Louis. 
Secretary, Dr. Robert J. Terry, 5315 Delmar Avenue, St. Louis. 
New HaAmpsHIRE AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Gen. Elbert Wheeler, Nashua. 
Secretary, George C. Atwell, Strafford. 
New JERSEY AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, John Dryden Kuser, Bernardsville. 
Secretary, Beecher S. Bowdish, 164 Market St., Newark. 
NortH CAROLINA AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Dr. R. H. Lewis, Raleigh. 
Secretary, Placide Underwood, Raleigh. 
Onto AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Prof. Wm. G. Cramer, Woodward High School, Cincinnati. 
Secretary, Katherine Ratterman, 1619 Lincoln Avenue, W. H., Cincinnati, 


State Societies, Clubs and Other Organizations 455 


OREGON AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, William L. Finley, 651 East Madison St., Portland. 
Secretary, Dr. Emma J. Welty, 321 Montgomery St., Portland. 
PENNSYLVANIA AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Witmer Stone, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 
Secretary, Miss Elizabeth W. Fisher, 2222 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 
RHODE IsLAND AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Dr. H. E. Walter, Brown University, Providence. 
Secretary, H. L. Madison, Park Museum, Providence. 
TENNESSEE (EAst) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Rev. Angus McDonald, 1322 Tremont St., Knoxville. 
Secretary, Mrs. W. Barton, Knoxville. 
TENNESSEE (WEST) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, C. C. Hanson, Union Bank Bldg., Memphis. 
Secretary, Mrs. S. H. Sout, Memphis. 
Utan AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, J. H. Paul, Salt Lake City. 
Secretary, Mrs. A. O. Treganza, 624 East Sixth St. S., Salt Lake City. 
West VIRGINIA AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Miss Bertha E. White, 160 Latrobe St., Parkersburg. 
Secretary, Walter Donaghho, Emerson Avenue, Parkersburg. 


CLUBS AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH 
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION 


AupUBON CLUB OF ARDMORE (OKLA.): 

President, Mrs. Sam H. Butler, 18 Seventh Avenue, N. E., Ardmore. 
Secretary, Mrs. G. A. Ramsey, 22 C. S. W., Ardmore. 

AUDUBON BrirRD CLUB OF INDIANA: 

President, Mrs. A. W. Brady, 1037 Main St., Anderson. 
Secretary, Mrs. Geo. S. Parker, 424 West 11th St., Anderson. 

AuDUBON ASSOCIATION OF THE PACIFIC: 

President, C. B. Lastreto, 260 California St., San Francisco. 

Secretary, Charles N. Douglas, 320 Kohl Bldg., San Francisco. 
Beprorp (N. Y.) AuDUBON SOCIETY: : 

President, William Borland, Bedford Hills. 

Secretary, Miss Mary Clark, Bedford Hills. 

Brrp CONSERVATION CLUB, (BANGOR, MAINE): 

President, Mrs. J. C. Buzzell, 11 Hudson St., Bangor. 
Secretary, Miss Alice Brown, Conit St., Bangor,» 

Bratr County (PA.) GAME, FisH AND FoRESTRY ASSOCIATION: 
President, John H. Winters, Altoona. 

Secretary, Dick Heverly, Altoona. 

BriTIsH CoLUMBIA (CANADA) NATURAL History SOCIETY: 
President, Hon. A. R. Sherwood, 410 Jones Block, Victoria, B. C. 
Secretary, Hon, J. R. Anderson, 410 Jones Block, Victoria, B. C. 

BROOKLINE (MAss.) Brrp CLUB: 

President, Dr. J. B. Brainerd, 57 Monmouth St., Brookline. 
Secretary, Mrs. George W. Kaan, 162 Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline. 

Brooxtyn (N. Y.) Brrp Lovers’ Cius: 

President, L. F. Bowdish, 903 East 35th St., Brooklyn. 
Secretary, George Schoonhoven, 773 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn. 


456 Bird - Lore 


Burrato (N. Y.) AupuBoN Socrety: 
President, Edward. C. Avery,:114 Mariner St., Buffalo. 
Secretary, Mrs. C. M. Wilson, 503 Lafayette Avenue, Buffalo. 


Burroucus-AupuBON Nature Stupy Cius or Rocuester, New York: 
President, William B. Hoote, 203 Monroe’ Avenue, Rochester. 
Secretary, Clinton E. Kellogg, 76 Gorseline St., Rochester. 


BuRRouGHS JuNIOR AuDUBON SociETy (KiNncGsToNn, N. Y. ): 
President, Miss Elizabeth Burroughs, Kingston High School, Kingston 
Secretary, Genevieve Birmingham, Kingston, 

Cananpaicua (N. Y.) Brrp Cvs: 

President, Mrs. Edwin P. Gardiner, 140 Gibson St., Canandaigua. 
Secretary, Miss Mary D. Jewett, Canandaigua. 
CARROLLTON (Ky.) Woman’s Cius: 
President, Miss Sue D. Bronvinski, Carrollton. 
Secretary, Miss Marguerite Grobmyer, Carrollton. 

CayuGa Birp CLus: 

President, L. A. Fuertes, 118 Waite Avenue, Ithaca, New York. 
Secretary, Dr. A. A. Allen, McGraw Hall, Ithaca, New York. 

Civic LEAGUE (SAGINAW, MIcH.): 

President, 
Secretary, Miss May Turner, 1702 Court St., Saginaw. 

CLEVELAND (OHIO) Birp Lovers’ AssocraTION: 

President, Mrs. E. C. T. Miller, roro Euclid Avenue, Cleveland. 

Secretary, Mrs. Wm. G. Pollock, toro Euclid Avenue, Cleveland. 
Cocoanut Grove (FLa.) AuDUBON SocIETY: 

President, Mrs. Kirk Munroe, Cocoanut Grove. 

Secretary, Mrs. Florence P. Haden, Cocoanut Grove. 
CoLorapo Musreum oF Natura History: 

President, Frank M. Taylor, Denver. 

Secretary, P. M. Cooke, Denver. 

Cotumsus (Onto) AuDUBON SOCIETY: 

President, Prof. J. S. Hine, Ohio State University, Columbus. 

Secretary, Miss Lucy B. Stone, 533 Franklin Avenue, Columbus. 
CoMMUNITY Brrp CLusB (WoopsvILte, N. H.): 

President, Wendell P. Smith, Wells River, Vermont. 

Secretary, Mrs. M. G. Batchelder, Woodsville, N. H. 

CRAWFORDSVILLE (IND.) AUDUBON AND NATURE Stupy CLuB: . 
President, Prof. Joy Leonard, Crawfordsville. 

Secretary, C. W. Jack, Crawfordsville. 

CUMBERLAND County AUDUBON SoctetTy (PoRTLAND, MAINE): 
President, Miss Mabel S. Daveis, 6 Bowdoin St., Portland. 
Secretary, Miss Amy Wiswell, Portland High School, Portland. 

DANVILLE (ILL.) Brrp CLuB: 

President, Gardiner Woodbury, 515 North Vermilion St., Danville. 
Secretary, Mrs. T. W. Elliott, Hawthorne Place, Danville. 

DELTA Duck Ctus (La.): 

President, John Dymond, Jr., to0o5 Maison Blanche Bldg., New Orleans. 
Secretary, C. A. Burthe, Cottam Block, New Orleans. 

Derroir (Micu.) AupuBON Society: 

President, Charles W. Bear, People’s State Bank, Detroit.. 
Secretary, Ralph Beebe, Detroit. 


State Societies, Clubs and Other Organizations 457 


Detroit (Mtcu.) Brrp PROTECTING CLUB: 
President, Mrs. J. D. Harmes, 332 Hamilton Avenue, Detroit. 
Secretary, Miss Agnes Sherman, 572 East Lavin Avenue, Detroit. 


Detroit (MicuH.) ZoéLocicaL Society: 
President, Edwin Denby, Dime Bank Bldg., Detroit. 
Secretary, Richard E. Follett, Dime Bank Bldg., Detroit. 


DoyLestown (PA.) NATURE CLUB: 
President, Mrs. I. M. James, Doylestown. 
Secretary, Mrs. Thomas Haddon, Doylestown. 


Dusors (Pa.) Brrp CLus: 
President, W. D. I. Arnold, 208 South Brady St., DuBois. 
Secretary, Mrs. Julia M. Long, 424 Church St., DuBois. 


Excin (Itt.) AuDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, B. F. Berryman, Care of Holland Furnace Co., Elgin. 
Secretary, Miss Charlotte Weatherill, 255 Villa St., Elgin. 
ENGLEWoop (N. J.) Birp CLus: 
President, Dr. Frank M. Chapman, Englewood. 
Secretary, Miss Irene A. Hackett, Public Library, Englewood. 
Erasmus HALL (BROOKLYN) AUDUBON BIRD CLUB: 
President, Jerome Allen, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Secretary, Marion Deghuee, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
EVANSTON (ILL.) GARDEN CLUB: 
President, Mrs. Alfred G. Gross, Evanston. 
Secretary, Mrs. John Blunt, Evanston. 
EVANSVILLE (IND.) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Geo. S. Clifford, Evansville. 
Secretary, Edith O. Trimble, to4o South Second St., Evansville. 
Forest Hritts Garpens (N. Y.) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Fritz Hagen, 54 Slocum Crescent, Forest Hills. 
Secretary, Miss Mary E. Knevels, Forest Hills. 
FRANKLIN (N. Y.) MarsH WREN CLUB: 
President, Edson C. Stewart, Franklin. 
Secretary, Mrs. Marcia B. Hiller, Franklin. 
GLENVILLE (W. VA.) NorMAL Brirp CLusB: 
President, Edgar Hatfield, Normal School, Glenville. 
Secretary, Miss Pansy Starr, Normal School, Glenville. 
GREENWICH (CONN.) BIRD PROTECTION SOCIETY: 
President, Neil Morrow Ladd, Greenwich. 
Secretary, 
GREYSTONE Park (N. J.) Brrp CLus: 
President, Robert E. Cooney, Greystone Park. 
Secretary, Prince Michael of Saxony, Greystone Park. 
Groton (Mass.) Brrp Crus: 
President, S. Warren Sturgis, Groton. 
Secretary, Mrs. William P. Wharton, Groton. 
HamMItton (Ont.) Brrp PROTECTION SOCIETY: 
President, R. Owen Merriman, 96 West Second St., Hamilton. 
Secretary, N. M. Anderson, City Engineer’s Office, Hamilton. 
Harpy GARDEN CLUB OF RUxTON (MARYLAND): 
President, 
Secretary, Mrs. John Love, Riderwood. 


458 Bird - Lore 


HARTFORD (Conn.) Brrp Stupy CLuB: 
President, A. J. Moody, 469 Farmington Avenue, Hartford. 
Secretary, Miss Irma R. Meigs, 26 Huntington, Avenue, Hartford. 
Hoop CoLiece (Mp.) Brrp CLvus: 
President, Mrs. Chas. E. Webster, Frederick. 
Secretary, Miss Margaret R. Molter, tog East Second St., Frederick. 
IRWIN (PA.) AuDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, R. T. McCormick, Irwin. 
Secretary, Bert H. Rylander, Irwin. 
KEZ-HI-KONE CAMP FIRE GIRLS: 
President, Mrs. C. L. Berger, Rockwell Avenue, Naugatuck, Conn. 
Secretary, Miss Jean Grumman, 165 Meadow St., Naugatuck, Conn. 
LAKE Pracip (N. Y.) Crus: 
President, Melvil Dewey, Lake Placid. 
Secretary, Godfrey Dewey, Lake Placid. 
LittLe LAKE CLuB: 
President, Walker B. Spencer, 3222 Coliseum St., New Orleans, La. 
Secretary, George B. Matthews, 420 South Front St., New Orleans, La. 
Los ANGELES (CALIF.) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Mrs. F. T. Bicknell, 319 South Normandie Avenue, Los Angeles. 
Secretary, Mrs. Geo. H. Crane, 1217 West Santa Barbara St., Los Angeles. 
MANCHESTER (MaAss.) WoMAN’s CLUB: 
President, Miss Annie L. Lane, Vine St., Manchester. 
Secretary, Miss Mary G. Clarke, Bridge St., Manchester. 
Manitowoc County (Wis.) Fish AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION’ 
President, E. L. Kelley, Dempsey Building, Manitowoc. 
Secretary, Fred Carus, 1402 Washington St., Manitowoc. 
MERIDEN (CONN.) Brrp CLUB: 
President, Judge Frank L. Fay, 591 Broad St., Meriden. 
Secretary, Miss May E. Lowe, 236 West Main St., Meriden. 
MERIDEN (N. H.) Brrp Civus: 
President, Dr. Ernest L. Huse, Meriden. 
Secretary, Miss Elizabeth, F. Bennett, Meriden. 
Miami (FLA.) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, 
Secretary, Mrs. W. H. McIntyre, Miami. 
Mitiprook (N. Y.) GARDEN CLUB: 
President, Mrs. Oakleigh Thorne, Millbrook. 
Secretary, Miss Katherine Wodell, Millbrook. 
MINNEAPOLIS (MINN.) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Mrs. Charles F. Keyes, 5017 Third Avenue, S., Minneapolis. 
Secretary, Mrs. Judson L. Wicks, 1911 Pillsbury Avenue, Minneapolis. 
Miss Hattie AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Mrs. Pierce Butler, 1303 First St., Louisville, Ky. 
Secretary, Miss Jenny L. Robbins, 505 W. Ormsby Ave., Louisville, Ky. 
Missouta (Monv.) Birp Crus: 
President, Mrs. Sarah S. Sumner, 416 Grand Ave., Missoula. 
Secretary, Miss C. Wells, 502 South Fourth St., W., Missoula. 
Monpvay Toric CiusB oF EAst ORANGE (N. J.): 
President, Mrs. Emma Porter, 4 Fairview Ave., Orange. 
Secretary, Mrs. F. G. Handel, 55 State St., East Orange. 


State Societies, Clubs and Other Organizations 


NEIGHBORHOOD NATURE CLUB: 
President, Miss Elizabeth H. Banks, Westport, Conn. 
Secretary, Mrs. H. P. Beers, Southport, Conn. 
Newark (N. J.) Barr anp FLy CASTING CLUB: 
President, Kenneth F. Lockwood, 92 Richelieu Terrace, Newark. 
Secretary, R. Kersting, 82 Fulton St., New York City. 
New Beprorp (MaAss.) WoMAN’s CLUB: 
President, Mrs. Walter H. Bassett, 347 Union St., New Bedford. 
Secretary, Mrs. I. M. Kelsey, 53 Willis St., New Bedford. 
NEWBURYPORT (Mass.) Brrp CLUB: 
President, 
Secretary, Miss Helen Coffin, 120 State St., Newburyport. 
New CENTURY CLuB oF UTiIcA, NEW York: 
President, Mrs. Francis W. Roberts, 253 Genessee St., Utica. 
Secretary, Miss Ida J. Butcher, 253 Genessee St., Utica. 
New York BirpD AND TREE CLUB: 
President, Dr. George F. Kunz, 601 West rroth St., New York City. 
Secretary, Miss Anna Jones, 230 W. 1osth St., New York City. 
NorrISTOWN (PaA.) AUDUBON CLUB: 
President, Willis R. Roberts, 800 DeKalb St., Norristown. 
Secretary, Miss Helen A. Bomberger, 556 Stonebridge St., Norristown. 
NortH East (PA.) NATURE Stupy CLUB: ‘ 
President, Miss Laura Selkregg, North East. 
Secretary, Miss Alice Moorehead, 55 Gibson St., North East. 
Ow City (PA.) AUDUBON CLUB: 
President, Miss Grace Robinson, 304 Orange St., Oil City. 
Secretary, Miss Hattie Goold, 106 West First St., Oil City. 
PASADENA (CALIF.) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Dr. Garrett Newkirk, Pasadena. 


Secretary, Miss Francis K. Walter, 1085 North Raymond Ave., Pasadena. 


PHILERGIANS (THE): 
President, Mrs. Walter A. Poore, 94 Liberty St., East Braintree, Mass. 
Secretary, Mrs. Winthrop T. Case, 140 Adams Se Braintree, Mass. 
Port Huron (MicuH.) Brrp CLuB: 
President, S. J. Watts, Port Huron. 
Secretary, Mrs. John Gaines, 2638 Stone St., Port Huron. 
RAcINE (Wis.) Brrp CLuB: 
President, 
Secretary, Miss L. M. Collier, 1308 Main St., Racine. 
RANDOLPH Brrp CLUB OF WESTFIELD (N. Y.): 
President, Mrs. Clara K. Trump, Hillcrest Farm, Westfield. 
Secretary, Miss Olive R. Jones, 26 Chestnut St., Westfield. 
READ, MARK AND LEARN CLUB: 
President, Mrs. Julia A. Rich, 32 Whitmarsh St., Providence, R. I. 
Secretary, Miss Harriet C. Edmonds, 79 Keene St., Providence, R. I. 
RESOLUTE CIRCLE OF THE KiING’s DAUGHTERS: 
President, Mrs. Elizabeth Rathburn, Ivoryton, Conn. 
Secretary, Mrs. L. Behrens, Ivory:on, Conn. 
RHINEBECK (N. Y.) Brrp CLuB: 
President, Maunsell S. Crosby, Rhinebeck. 
Secretary, Clinton G. Abbott, Conservation Commission, Albany. 


459 


460 Bird - Lore 


Rockaway (N. Y.) BRANCH OF THE NATIONAL AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Arthur H. Cooper, 7 Lockwood Ave., Far Rockaway. 
Secretary, Miss Margaret S. Green, 2007 Cornage Ave., Far Rockaway. 

Rock Istanp (ILt.) County Birp CLuB: 

- President, P. S. McGlynn, Moline. 
Secretary, Miss Nellie E. Peetz., Rock Island. 

Rumson (N. J.) Brrp Cius: 

President, Ira Barrows, 15 Maiden Lane, New York City. 
Secretary, John B. Lunger, 120 Broadway, New York City. 

SAGEBRUSH AND PINE CLUB: 

President, J. Howard Wright, North Yakima, Wash. 
Secretary, Miss Carrie Grosenbaugh, North Yakima, Wash. 

St. Louis (Mo.) Brrp CLus: 

President, Dr. Robert J. Terry, 5315 Delmar Ave., St. Louis. 

Secretary, Mrs. Kelton E. White, 4354 Maryland Ave., St. Louis. 
SARATOGA (N. Y.) Brrp CLus: 

President, Waldo Leon Rich, 15 Rock St., Saratoga Springs. 

Secretary, Miss Caroline C. Walbridge, 109 Lake Ave., Saratoga Springs. 

ScituATE (Mass.) WoMmAn’s. CLUB: 

President, Mrs. Eva L. Granes, North Scituate. 
Secretary, Mrs. Mary A. Doherty, Scituate. 

ScRANTON (PA.) Brrp CLUB: 

President, Mrs. Francis H. Coffin, 1528 Jefferson Ave., Scranton. 
Secretary, Mrs. George M. Hallstead, 324 Clay Ave., Scranton. 
SEATTLE (WasH.) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Mrs. C. N. Compton, 6510 First ee N. E:, Seattle. 
Secretary, Miss Mayme Farrar, 1521 15th Ave., Seattle. 
SEWICKLEY VALLEY (Pa.) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, C. B. Horton, 21 Centennial Ave., Sewickley. 
Secretary, Mrs. M. G. Rose, 123 Meadow Lane, Edgeworth, Sewickley 

SHAKER LAKES (OHIO) GARDEN CLUB: 

President, 
Treasurer, Miss Ruth H. Janes, Cleveland. 

SKANEATELES (N. Y.) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Rev. A. T. Vail, Skaneateles. 
Secretary, Miss Sarah M. Turner, Skaneateles. 

SMITHLAND (IowA) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Mrs. Kate Rahn, Smithland. 
Secretary, Gordon B. Nelson, Smithland. 

SoutH BEND (IND.) HUMANE SOCIETY: 

President, George B. Beitner, South Bend. 
Secretary, H. A. Pershing, South Bend. 

SoutH Haven (Micu.) Brrp CLus: i 
President, Mrs. A. D. Williams, R. D. No. 2, South Haven. 
Secretary, Miss Florence T. Gregory, South Haven. 

SPOKANE (WAsH.) Brrp CLUB: 

President, Walter Bruce, 813 Lincoln Place, Spokane. 
Secretary, Mrs. Cora Roberts. Breslin Apartments, Spokane. 

STATEN IsLAND (N. Y.) Brrp CLUB: 

President, Mrs. Charles M. Porter, 224 Davis Ave., West New Brighton. 
Secretary, Charles W. Lang, New Brighton. 


State Societies, Clubs and Other Organizations 461 


Sussex County (N. J.) NAturE Stupy CLUuB: 
President, Mrs. Wm. G. Drake, 33 Halsted St., Newton. 
Secretary, Miss F. Blanche Hill, Andover. 
TuESDAY Sorosis CLuB: 
President, Mrs. Maude B. Mellen, 52 Abbott St., Lawrence, Mass. 
Secretary, Miss Elizabeth McKillop, 4 Berkeley St., Lawrence, Mass. 
TWENTIETH CENTURY CLUB OF DetrRoIT (MIcH.): 
President, Francis C. Osborn, 64 Lawrence Ave., Detroit. 
Secretary, Mrs. Chas A. Rulsie, 859 Cass Ave., Detroit. 
Uuster (N. Y.) GARDEN CLUB: 
President, Mrs. John Washburn, Saugerties. 
Secretary, Mrs. Charles Warren, Clinton Ave., Kingston. 
VASSAR WAKE ROBIN CLUB: 
President, Miss Mary K. Brown, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie. 
Secretary, Miss Mary Horne, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie. 
VERMONT Bird CLUB: 
President, Dr. Ezra Brainerd, Middlebury. 
Secretary, Mrs. Nellie Flynn, Burlington. 
Vico County (INp.) BrrD CLUB: 
President, Mrs. T. W. Moorehead, 126 West 8th St., Terre Haute. 
Secretary, Miss Sarah J. Elliott, Union Hospital, Terre Haute. 
WADLEIGH GENERAL ORGANIZATION: 
President, Miss Frieda Finklestein, 233 West 112th St., New York City. 
Secretary, Miss Mildred Bunnell, 235 West 135th St., New York City. 
Wattace (IpAHo) Brrp AND Nature Stupy Civus (THE): 
President, C. E. Clark, 204 Bank St., Wallace. 
Secretary, Mrs. J. Benjamin Parker, 151 King St., Wallace. 
WASHINGTON (IND.) AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Mrs. R. C. Hyatt, 702 East Walnut St., Washington. 
Secretary, 
WASHINGTON STATE FEDERATION OF WOMEN’S CLUBS: 
President, Mrs. C. P. Balabanoff, 724 K. St., Tacoma. 
Secretary, Mrs. John D. Morris, 3621 North 8th St., Tacoma. 
WATERBURY (CONN.) BirD CLUB: 
President, Mrs. A. A. Crane, 200 West Main St., Wateihury. 
Secretary, C. T. Northrap, Care ef Boy Scouts af America, 144 Bank St., Water- 
WaTERTOWN (N. Y.) Birp CLus: bury. 
President, P. B. Hudson, Watertown. 
Secretary, Miss Grace B. Nott, Watertown. 
WELLESLEY COLLEGE BirD CLUB: 
President, Miss Anna Thun, Claflin Hall, Wellesley, Mass. 
Secretary, Miss Helen Gary, 115 Tower Court, Wellesley, Mass. 
West CHESTER (PA.) BrrD CLUB: 
President, Dr. Clyde E. Ehinger, West Chester. 
Secretary, Miss Lilian W. Pierce, 205 South Walnut St., West Chester. 
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA AUDUBON SOCIETY: 
President, Charles B. Horton, 902 Standard Life Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Secretary, John W. Thomas, Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
WEST VIRGINIA BIRD CLUB: 
President, H. R. Hunt, Morgantown. 
Secretary, Miss Ida S. Given, Morgantown. 


462 Bird - Lore 


Witp Lire Protective Society (MILWAUKEE, WIs): 
President, Clarence J. Allen, P. O. Box 738, Milwaukee. 
Secretary, Charles I. Foster, 534 Caswell Block, Milwaukee. 

WILLIAMSTOWN (MaAss.) Brirp CLuB: 

President, Mrs. Walter McLaren, Williamstown. 
Secretary, Mrs. Carroll L. Maxey, Williamstown. 

WINTER Park (FLA.) Brrp CLus: 

President, Rev. W. M. Burr, Winter Park. 
Secretary, W. Scott Way, Winter Park. 

WISCONSIN GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION: 
President, Dr. A. T. Rasmussen, La Crosse. 
Secretary, E. P. Trautman, Stevens Point. 

WoMAN’sS CLUB OF SEYMOUR, CONNECTICUT: 

President, Mrs. E. B. Hobart, 40 Maple St., Seymour. 
Secretary, Mrs. L. C. McEwen, 106 West St. Seymour, 

Wyncore (PA.) Brrp CLUB: 

President, Everett Griscom, “Briar Bush” Roslyn. 
Secretary, Miss Esther Heacock, Wyncote. 

WyomiInGc VALLEY AUDUBON SOCIETY: 

President, Dr. H. M. Beck, 68 West Northampton St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 
Secretary, H. W. Bay, 66 Pettebone St., Forty Fort, Pa. 


New York, October 25, rgto. 
Dre. F. A. Lucas, 
Acting President, 
National Association of Audubon Societies, 
New York City. 

Dear Sir: We have examined reports submitted by John H. Koch & 
Company, certified public accountants, on the accounts of the National Associa- 
tion of Audubon Societies for the year ending October 19, 1919. The accounts 
show balance sheets of October 19, 1919, and income and expense account for 
the year ending the same date. Vouchers and paid checks have been examined 
by them in connection with all disbursements, and also the securities in the 
Safe Deposit Company. 

Yours very truly, 
J. A. ALLEN, 


T. GILBERT PEARSON, 
Auditing Committee. 


Report of the Treasurer 


463 


The Report of the Treasurer of the National Association 
of Audubon Societies, for Year Ending October, 19, 1919 


Exhibit A 
ASSETS 
Cash tn BAMks ONG. GL OFICE ie er i a ee ee Pa ae 
Furniture and Fixtures— 
Balance OCtOper 1G. LO lS sobs oe as ie Mee as ae $1,850 
PHRPCHASEG HIS Vea oor ee Nee es 407 
$2,258 
Less TE preClation oe ee OO ee icans wi Pose So 317 
Inventory of Plates, etc. (Nominal Value)...............+-5- 
Bird Island Purchase, Orange Lake, Fla... 006 0.5 oi vie ees 
Bugsord Psland, SiCis eke oes ese ea eb p ccna eae ates : 
Audubon Boats— 
Balance, October 1O}21 1B ee Ger eo $2,550 
AGGIODS ENS VeaTe ieee Sih te eel cat 
$2,550 
ESS DOPYEClAtiOn so, Ave es Se ee ee 357 
Investments, Endowment Fund— 
Bonds and Mortgages on Manhattan Real Estate....... $384,600 
Us. Mortgage-@ TristiCox Bonds. ..5 24 3,000 
Manhattan Beach Securities Co....2.. 0.0.0.6. 05. 000.0. 1,000 
U. 5. Government Liberty Bonds. 3. 5 52.26. ge Ss 25,100 
Investments, Mary Dutcher Memorial Fund— 
Bonds and Mortgages on Manhattan Real Estate....... 
Accrued J yberest On TRUCSEMOMES re OO eh os ee 
- LIABILITIES 
Endowment Funds— : 
Hialasce, October 16 56483 oo se ee oe cw #4 $416,159 
Received tram Lite Members So eee 8,555 
POUPIVER HOI Aas ek Fe ee cs ks Valdis tee 210 
Mary Dutcher Memorial Fund— 
PArANCe, CICLOUED 10. TOE. eo 6 ks be ie Ce as 2 
Special Funds— 
Beret-Protection Fund, Bapibit Cen ic as ck $1,539 
Children’s Educational Fund, Northern States, Exhibit D — 5,137 
Department of Applied Ornithology, Exhibit E........ 77 
Roosevelt Memorial Pind. oye os 8 ee ee 13,674 
A ClONMEE DE ONAI is Ve oy fe Eh ae FORRES ew 
Sur plus— 
SUrplIS Hexinining Of year... oe eee ee eg $11,355 
Less—Balance from Income Account, Exhibit B........ 3,592 


51 
55 


06 
73 


42 


42 
88 


foje) 
oOo 
lele) 
oo 


89 
[ote) 
feje) 


40 
09 


$40,642 


$1,940 
500 
250 
300 


2,192 


413,700 


7,100 
752 


$467,377 


$424,024 


75737 


$467,377 


42 


33 
oo 


20 
fete) 


54 


oOo 


fete) 
25 


74 


89 


62 
06 


47 


74 


464 


Bird - Lore 


INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT—General Fund 
Exhibit B 


EXPENSES 
Warden Services and Reservations— . 
BLS i rr eae Cee inl Be eee en ee et $1,310 
Latinch expenses. 2 oso 665 oe Se A ele a 590 
Reservation expenses. vo epee eee ee 3 
- Educational Effort— 
Administtative Sipenees oo5,.)G erie een oe ee $7,966 
Birp-Lorg, extra pages Annual Report.................. 2,100 
BIRD-LORE 10: Members. sees so Gate vita eo ee es om 4,309 
Bird BOOKS 205i a gk oe eC eae 1,454 
Colored plates in Brrp-LorRE................ he inte e's 577 
Long Island Bird Club Expenses. 2.02000... 6.0. 4I 
Contribution to U. S. Department [fterjor............... 194 
DY AWINGS ss ee ee a a Rea, OU 106 
Electrossand hali-tones 2.55 oo a a ee ee 137 
Educational-Leallets:. 225 tienes Se 7,194 
Pield-plasses 32025 Ga es ol a ae eed we O17 
Field Agents, salaries and expenses...............05-2--- 4,240 
Contribution to Brewster Memorial Fund................ 200 
Contribution to Massachusetts Audubon Society.......... 750 
Library: @CCOGNE Oost 5 ie oe ee ee 419 
Printing—Office and Field Agents................5....-- 246 
90) Es Ta ease een IE VRE MECN) cach gs OE A CU RCC al apie eck wR ee 1,191 
Siimimer School work.c.so. 5 eo aca i ei eae ti 490 
Miscellaneous—Supply Department.................... 673 
General Ex penses— 
Auttiings (odors Sa ee a ee unas Cae eee $125 
Annual meeting expense. 5 59s hae eG a 352 
Cartage and expressage 2) oo 5 siya se ahecte a cin yee eae 74 
Depreciation-on boats 45 nc. ie ee SRST ARe ce AA 259 
Depreciation on office furniture... .6..0 03506 ee ee 317 
OCHS ON is oy ee ee ae hee eS 30 
Exchange: ow checks 7555 cpa ree rae ves isi Gi Se 20 
PMOVAODES ENG BUDBHCS oo ioc ox a ye ie wa ees 360 
WASUTAR COCO. rs tn or evans clay One sy hee aa 158 
DiCGAl BET VICES eee ee ei a eat Se ae 275 
MEIACHUBBOOUR 6 fo ns ea tea a evga cee Oak 4it 
PRMETODNANE 5 is oa a oe Sa ace ys Ie A bios A aes 40 
Publicity and New Membership Campaign............... 9,809 
Office and ‘storeroGm Tents 30 0 Sis aa eee ee 1,860 
CHMCe ASSIBEANITS oo a i a ch tee ee Sep a ee 8,953 
POBLAG osc ee stn oo ORS Ua oe ECE eee ne ee 2,187 
Supply: Departmentexpenses ss ei eias i ek ose ees 946 
Stencil addressograph machine...............5..eep see 63 
2. CLOgTaApN ANG telephone... 55 66s Gia eka Oe ee 215 
Roosevelt Memorial Fund expense.............4.-.00005 3,789 


84 


$1,904 88 


$33,212 52 


30,349 65 


$65,467 05 


Report of the Treasurer 465 
INCOME 
MCPD OPSE TUES oie Fe cig <a oe RE EN | ESE Re ee $21,600 00 
COWMAOIONS oa se RS ee ee ees £71 OS 
ERLCPESE OF LRUCSTINCHIS: ia 6 ee ny ods TE ee ee 22,287 27 
Supply Depariment Receipis— 
ite DOME oe oe a een Se ae eee eee $2,025 08 
BIRD LOR nos cee ko ne ey nse aig Bart e iee t e ee 800 45 
evcAtional Neatlets Gin sO OR eee a 5,053 44 
PICKS BINSSES Fe es nada sie Gn ak art CE eee 929 50 
Diese ore ey a pee ee ee me ee 849 37 
Bulletins—Department,.of Applied Ornithology........... QI 67 
CAR net es ints oes aE TE att 193 54 
CARES eee eee tN Pa Rea og oa ee fe hepa $46 23. 
Miscellaneous; ys ern eee ee ols Nas on A ee 326 50 
10,815 78 
Balance carried to surplus for the year (Exhibit A)............. 3,592 O5 
$65,467 05 
EGRET PROTECTION FUND 
INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT 
Exhibit C 
INcomME— 
Balance unexpended October 19, 1918.................. $1,437 84 
CONLHPULONS 2 eae ee es eee te as 1,763 00 
$3,200 84 
EXPENSES— 
Meret wardens and inspections: 3) is... oa ei eee ce $1,625 40 
erOSCCUlION Ai ines eee ee re a ate cea ats 36 00 
a — 1,661 40 
Balance unexpended October 19, 1919 (Exhibit A)....... $1,539 44 


466 Bird - Lore 
CHILDREN’S EDUCATIONAL FUND 
INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT 
Exhibit D 
INCOME— 
Balance, October 10; 1918.56 3 he ee ay er ee $16,235 52 
COmtrinuGons, cn ik oa ce eek aa ee. Wie aan cee 24,505 00 
Jumor: Members’ fees 20) us Oe ee ae oi 19,484 40 
$60,284 92 
EXPENSES— 
Administrative PXpenses. 2 s.scnoheuay area cane wai oes $1,000 00 
Audubon cabinets: 0% (cesar ee ee oe pic A 235ROA. OO 
Brap-Lozse for Junior Classes... rk aes ce 3,792 48 
Buttons tor unior Members: i. Soa ee ees 1,449 00 
Colored plates in Binp-Lose v5.55 6 ek is cave es 603 60 
Expressage:on literature 6 os 22 an ae ee eee 494 87 
Field: Agents’ salaries:and-expensess ia a 4,447 47 
Half-tones for publicationwiiccs 3 555 pai a ay eee 30 08 
OMice rents eee iy ee ee ee ees Perk Aue ean 720 00 
Office supplies i202 aa eecte gs weer ee ee ae 577 53o 
Miscellaneous 3 30 Cae eae ee rae wee. 114 82 
Postage on circulars and literature..................5.: 6,300 00 
Printed circulars to teachers’ 45 ce ner eee ba 07827 
Printing envelopes oe were bari es ues ec ve 455 40 
Printing leaflet units for Junior Members.............. 23,958 06 
Reports: and publicity Ga ee en 872 67 
Soliciting tor Junior fundsi.) Sec. oes eee es ee ees 257 43 
Stenographic and clerical works... <24).35, tee es. wl 5,791 89 
55,147 52 
Balance unexpended October 19, 1919 (Exhibit A)............. $5,137 40 
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ORNITHOLOGY 
INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT 
Exhibit E 
INCOME— 
Balance unexpended October 19, 1918..............--5- $131 50 
CORCPROULIONS Geer tes ei: eae are ee oe one 1,235 00 
Earnings by H. K. Job from public lectures............. 559 00 
mRovety and vents trom filme. ie oe er ee a 741 00 
PITSCCLIANCOUS ue iy Gnciae cen ok hire U NGiyary eon 27 00 
$2,603 50 
EXPENSES— 
Agents’ salaries and expenses: 6365 c ee es oak oh ees $2,540 03 
Stationery and printing. hei ose na 5 eee ee le 76 38 
——_—-- 2,616 41 
Balance unexpended October 19, tor9 (Exhibit A)....... $77 09 


Report of the Treasurer 467 


STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS 


Exhibit F YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 19, 1919 
RECEIPTS— 
Pnceme On Generalck und hi te ey ia sc vine $61,122 75 
Endowment Fund............ stag eee a, cts cates kak 8,765 00 
Endowment Fund mortgages paid..........-...-...000- 5,450 00 
TISVOE PUN Goes a ay ee Se moon eee ata) Ce eS 1,763 00 
Children’s Educational Fund? 23025 ge ta ches Hees 44,049 40 
Department of Applied Ornithology.................... 2,562 00 
Roosevelt Memorial Fund. 454 ee ie ws oe ee 13,674 69 
Total receipts, for year ended October 19, 1919.........-.... $137,386 84 
Cash balance October 10,-20038.0 oes te ee we a 26,456 84 
$163,843 68 
DISBURSEMENTS— : 
Expenses on General Mund: <. fens fa ee ee ee $64,791 44 
Endowment. Find investments:3): 20.6 2Gi. on ee 5,100 00 
PRTEC UNG sie Chee ae a ee Oe en emia Ole gees 1,661 40 
Children’s: Educational Pund yi eies 00 ee ea 48,624 46 
Department of Applied Ornithology.) 0.6.3.0 e ec 2,616 41 
RUIN ire ACCOUNT ais ee i i en laa iw le 407 55 
Total disbursements for year ended October 19, 1919......... $123,201 26 
asnbalance: October 10, T0160. a: os sos be ek ees $40,642 42 


JOHN H. KOCH & COMPANY, Certified Public Accountants 
Liberty Tower, 55 Liberty Street, New York 
THe AUDIT COMMITTEE, October 24, 19109. 
National Association of Audubon Societies, 
1974 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 

Gentlemen:—In pursuance with engagement we have made our customary 
examination of the books, accounts, and records of The National Association of 
Audubon Societies for the year ended October 19, 1919, and present herewith 
the following Exhibits with Comments: 

Exuisit A—BALANCE SHEET, CLOSE OF BUSINESS OCTOBER 109, IQIOQ. 

Exuipit B—INCOME AND ExPENSE ACCOUNT, GENERAL FUND. 

Exuipit C—INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT, EGRET FUND. 

Exuisit D—INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT, CHILDREN’S EDUCATIONAL FUND. 

EXHIBIT E—INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED 
ORNITHOLOGY. 

Exuipit F—STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 

Our audit consisted of verifying all disbursements made on account of the 
various funds, which were substantiated either by duly approved and receipted 
vouchers or cancelled endorsed checks. 

We examined all investment securities held at the Safe Deposit Company’s 
vaults and found them to be in order. 

Submitting the foregoing, we are Very truly yours, 

JOHN H. KOCH & COMPANY, 
Certified Public Accountants. 


468 Bird - Lore 


LISTS OF MEMBERS OF AND CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES 


BENEFACTOR 
Albert Witox i See er See a 1906 
FOUNDER 
Dirs, Russell Sage 55 fesse d cee ne eb wnele sce IQIO 
PATRONS 
William PO Wharton Nasty oon es wees ps 1909 
Mink tieloise Meyer i652 ss eh eee cuore 1912 
INNONVIDOUS Haars = psily ues va hae eens s nines IQI5 


en: Coleman duPont iii cS owas cn Se ae 1917 


LIFE MEMBERS 


Abbe, DroRebert.. 2c 5 eens 1919 | Bassett, Drs: Robert Jo ces. is. 1918 
Abbott, Clinton Gio. 3.0. Avie see: toro: 4 Batcheller, Robett. 2.3 ei IQI7 
Adell, Mrs Edwin hy... Tot; |) Bates. Mis Ella Mee re ged 
Achelis, Miss Elizabeth........2..... 46151 Hattene Giese ss ite nas oe IQI7 
Ackley, Miss Adeline E............. 1918 | Battles, Miss C. Elizabeth.......... 1918 
Adams, 'Hdward Doi oS es t916.| Beebe, Mrs; J; Arthur: 055 35.204 1907 
Adams; Josephs iie.: Koei et 1918 °| Beech, Mrs, Herbert: .::...54.-0.3. IQI4 
Adams, Thomas-M. 7 er sane ¥Oro’ |. Bey ous Vien a ee, IQI7 
Agassiz, Ge Resch ee pees IQI7 Bemis, Albert F.. ere cen OES 
Agnew; Miss Alice’G.,.. 2202 oa 1916 | Bennett, Mrs. Mice Ho 382 3: ae IQI4 
Ahl, Mrs. Leonard........ eas eye oe 1915 Berwind, JORN Lis. cae es es IQIS 
Ainsworth, Mra: HAs. ee. t918 Bigelow, Dro Wine Sturgis ees Igi2 
Marea. To io.e ak. be suhe area. 1919 | Bingham, Miss Harriet............. 1907 
Allerton, Mrs. Su Wye.) C32 Tory: | Black, R: Cifferd: cis. 3 20 ese 1916 
Alms, Mrs. Frederick H............. 19%3:|: Blake, Mrs. Francis..i.0.2 eee 1916 
A— —, M. C. “From a Friend”’....1918 | Blanchard, Miss Sarah H............ 1918 
Ams, Chatles Moco ee, ‘or0. | Blanding, Gordons, sacs iG i ce IQI7 
Anderson, Frank Bartow........... TOI7. | Bliss, Mrs: Wit. ook rc ks IQI2 
Andrews, J. Sherlock<: 23.0270 ssc 1916 | Bliss, Robert: Woods. . 0. 0 02.35 IQI5 
Andrews, Mrs. Be. Boos es 5 eco 55144 seo, DSi, s acces ee ere 1919 
ALMStrOne OT: Sob. cobs wee wares 1913 | Boardman, Miss Rosina C........... 1916 
Arnold, Benjamin Walworth........ ror4. 1 Boericke, Harold: 6 i ee Fe IQI7 
Arnold, Edward.W.. Cs... en TOLO |. Boetioer, Roberts. cp seo Sia. 1916 
Ash; Myre. Chartee 0s. eee 1913 | Bolling, Mrs. Raynal C............. 1909 
Ashmun.: Mrs. Bos ccs slates 1918 | Borden, Miss Emma L.............. 1914 
Auchmuty, Mra, RoT.. foe, 1913 | Borden, Mrs. William.............. 1917 
PU Lies pric a es in ee Ory, 4 Bordon, Fone eee ee ee TQIQ 
Austen, Mrs. Isabel Valle... ..5..-¢. 1ora | BotIn, WoBs, pov ccm awee ees 5 cies IQI7 
Ayres, Miss Mary A................1915 | Bowdoin, Miss Edith G............. IQII 
Bavceck. Mrs. Petry: Ho... acca ee. 16TS: | Bowles, Fb oct os et ces es IQI7 
acon, Mrs. ROE. <6 5.5 6s Sek es EONS] BOVEty JONEDR fini oes ds a I9IQ 
Beney, Mrs. Charles. eos. 35 ch es 1918 | Brackenridge, George W............ 1916 
Baldwin, S. P.. ces Norges oe hOTO: | BAMCh, MASS SUING Boo coer ar cek, 1917 
Ball, Miss Sis ee 1918 | Brewster, Frederick F.............. 1916 
Bancroft, Wilder D.. coors ¥o.280T7 1 Bridge, Mre< Lidtan-B.. .5 saa ess 1907 
Bancroft, OVER: Pavone cr re 1906 | Brodhead, Charles Dingman........ 1919 
Barbey, Henry Gin oe ON | Brooker Charles Pei cues IQ17 
BOI JAMS ess cose ecu es padres TOL6=| “Brooks; Ay Liye 5 cca oye ok eee 1906 
Barr, Mrs. Cornelia Basset.......... 1917 | Brooks, Miss Fanny................ 19013 
BOLIOWS, ULE. in bos eer k a pea 19%7:°] Brooks, Gorham. ii5.. 5.5, cae IQII 
Bartlett, Miss Piorence; . oo... .. e208G:.| Brooms, Peter Co... acre eee IQIL 
Bartol, Mrs. J. W........ CH Ree 1915: | Brooks, Shepherd... .5..4) 035-0005 1907 


List of Members 


LIFE MEMBERS, continued 


Brooks, Mrs. Shepherd............. 1906 
Brown, Mrs. Addison.....:......... IQI7 
Brown, Miss Annie Hei) oes os5n IQI4 
Brown, b.aassalesto.c ccc ota 1913 
Browning, J. Hall....... eee ese 1905 
Browning, Mrs. J. Hull........ ..1918 
Brownson, Mrs. Willard H.......... 1918 
Braun: Charles Ag ee ae eae 1918 
Bull ATthurds ce eet ee a IQL7 
Burk, Miss Antoinette Nagles....... IQIQ 
Burnham, Witten sr a 1916 
IBMT ESI ICK ORs 2 rk ee ore ka siya a) IQIS 
Burrala Mrse Hs Mao ey 1918 
Bushnell, Mrs. Harriet L............ 1918 
Butler, Mrs Pauls. ols sees 1916 
Butterworth, Prank’S., Jr. 0. 2. IQI5 
Butterworth, Mrs. William.......... 1916 
Caesar Gary Lire Ces ee IQIQ 
Camden, J. N... NN ee LORE 
Camden, Mrs. J. N.. Ee ey Pe EOEA. 
Campbell, John Boylston. Si eget rae eee 1916 
Carew, Mra Luc By oo..3. ne 3 IQI7 
Garhartt; Hanniton: 3. ec ae 1916 
Carr: Ger alian Since oe 1907 
Carry, Miss Kate..........- ee 1916 
Case, Miss Louise W......5 2.50.5... .; IQI4 
Castleman. Mrs. Geo. Ass. seven IQIQ 
Cate, Mrs. Isaac Mii. eye. 4 1918 
Chahoon, Mrs. George, Jr...........1917 
Chapin, Mrs. Charles A.............1917 
Chapin. Chester Wii. se cecs. ias s TOTO 
ihapman, Clarence foc 00s ork. 1908 
Chase, Mes; Phillip: Avie ei 1913 
Chase, Miss Helen Bis o2) 307. oso. 1918 
Cc Glee th oo ee pre eee hae 1913 
Childs, FVEFSIOW Ce a ee 1916 
Childs, John Lewis... 2... 2020-2... 2008 
Clark (seorie Fi. ot ee 1916 
Clark Eropewells oo IQI7 
Clark, Miss L. Elizabeth............ IQIQ 
Clarke, Mido W.-No snes oe cee IQI2 
Clementson, Mrs. Sidney........... 1916 
Clow, Wiam Boe ee IQI7 
Clyde, William P.. sehen eerecs 
Cobb, John B.. wig eIOTO 
Cockcroft, Miss Elizabeth V......... IQI7 
Codman, Miss Catherine A.. 2s 2101S 
Coe Miss BI So: o20 cc Ue ne 1918 
Coe. Phomas: Upham: ooo ec es IQI7 
Colburn, Miss Nancy E.............1915 
Coe; Dae ee Mo 1918 
Colgate Henry Aa eo ree. IQI7 
Colgate, William. . Ja heh ee ROET 
Collins, Mrs. Charles Be 1918 
Collins, -PhomasHe se 1916 
Colt, Colonel Samuel P............. 1919 
Comstock, Miss Clara E............ 1914 
Comstock, Mrs. Robert H........... 1918 
Converse, Mrs. Costello C........... IQI5 
MWONVEISO Es Cer eens erica 1916 
Coolidge, J. Randolph: :..<... 2222. 1913 
Cooudge Oliver Fes to os see IQI2 


Coolidge, T. Jefferson, grd.......... 1907 


Cooudge, TE. Jetlerson . 34 ieee: 
Coope, Mrs. Bertha.. ie 
Cooper, Mrs. Theresa + Bissinger. among 
Corrigan, James W.. MeN PR aca 

Cory, Daniel W.. eres ote 
Cotton, Miss Elizabeth A........... 
Covell, Dr. H. H.. SRS itagcete 
Cowl, Mrs. Clarkson, <. 2-2. ..6 2.5 


Cranston, Miss Louise........:...... 
Crocker. Co T.; 
Crocker, Mrs. Emmons............ 
Crosby Mansell Si oe oe as 
Cross, Mrs. R. 
Crozier its: |. Lewis: c.f ee 
Cudwoith, MrsoBi he, ser 
Curtis, Mrs: Anna Shaw. .06.0. 3s. 
Curtis; Roy Ag eer ee 
Cutting, Mrs. W. Bayard.. ak 
Cuyler, Miss Eleanor deGraff....... 
Dabney, F.L . aes ee 
Dahlstrom, Mrs CoA ce 
Dane, Edward.. si rae oa 
Dane, Ernest Blaney. Belgie eas 
Dane, Ernest Blaney, Jr... . 2... .-.. 
Panes Mrs. Bi see a 
Daniell file ese ae hes 
WD awIs, DaVita 
Davis: Willidtet cists tev ie ce eke 
Davol, Miss Florence W............ 


Day, Mrs P Tan Ais a a 


Dean ‘Charles Ayes ey 
Peering Chartess) 52s. or Ai ae ok 
DICCTING FRIMEE oe ues as aS 
Denegre, Willian Pee ea 
Depew, Chauncey Mol yR 2. ao 
DewWoll? Wallace bees ess 
Dick Albert Ba wee sien 
Petz “Charles: NO ves eas Sat eee 
Dietz; Mrs CuNG ose es 
Dimock, Mira: Henry Fo. ois ee 
District of Columbia Audubon Soc... 
Dobyne, Miss Margaret M.......... 
Dodge, Cleveland H.. 2.03... 22.5... 
Doepke; Mrs."William F300. 2. 
Dommerich, Otto La. 3. 
DOWS, A TAC as eae eg 
Drapery, Mrs, Henin, ist ee 
Driver, E."Raymond::.. 2.0. ..2.5.: 
Drummond, Miss Mary...... soy 
Ducharme; William Hy oe 
oer. Mrs: Denning: oa 
WUNGaT Pcie ek eee a 


SUP ONL ec ce a ae aera 
OUP ONG Ho wee ene ary 
duPont, P. S.. Sie 
Earle, Carlos Y. Poitevent.......... 
Earle, Miss E. Poitevent.. : 

bastman. “George... si a 
WedisOny CHatles lee aa sk oc ee 
Bavar sDamet ts a oe eet 
POC, MNS, TOW cis cee 


Bird - Lore 


LIFE MEMBERS, continued 


470 

Ellie; Ralehei cs oc a oe ee 1917 
Bilis; William Doo see ee 1917 
Ellsworth, Mrs. Henry M........... 191g 
Elisworth, James Ws ere sis IQI5 
Pilsen; Alpert Co cis ae eas 1918 
Emerson, Mrs.-Gi-Dis gs a ee 1918 
Emery, Miss Georgia Hill........... 1918 
Emmons, Mrs. R. W. 2nd.......... 1908 
Endicott tie Be in rae ee 1908 
Erbe; Gustav coer oe ee ee IQI7 
ernst, BicharG-P.<..505 54s ag 1919 
Pustis; Mrs; Herbert, Ho. io IQI7 
Everett, Edward H.. Leek LOL 
Everett, Miss Dorothy 5: eee 1916 
Ewing, }. Pinter cas ee 1919 
Paik. Herman Wigs ee ee IQ17 
Parley irs; Alice He. oot. ws IQIQ 
Farrel,’ Mrs, Pranklin 23. .ac ee 1913 
Barwell) John Vissi oe se aes teen IQ17 
Fauntleroy, Miss Juliet............. I9QIQ 
Faux, Willian ic. cies eee ee ee 1919 
Bay, Dudley Bayt eee ee ee 1913 
Pay, lars. Flora Ward: ccs. sans 1905 
Pay, S. Prescott... vie eee 1919 
Fenno; Mrs: L. Carteret. 2.0. 2.4%) 1913 
Ferry, Mrs. Abby Farwell........... 1919 
Hield, Cortlandt dep. <. 0... 1915 
Field; Mrs; Marshall Jr. .3. 2 3 IQIQ 
Fincke; Wim. Mann: Jt oe 1916 
Flattery, Miss Anta LL... 7 eaess IQI7 
Fleischmann, Julius>. ....- 2a ee 1913 
PlintMrs. Jessie S.-P. aoa a 1913 
Foliansbee;B. Gioia ae eee 1Q17 
Polina Dee ee 1918 
Folsom, Miss M: Gi) 07 ee 1918 
Forbes, Mrs. William H..........:.. 1914 
Forbush, Edward Howe............ I9IO 
Bord; Mrs, Bruce; (63 3a se. cee 1917 
Bord: Mentyc. 255 5) Sos cea 1919 
Bord, james: Dosis yaa et oe eens 1913 
Potd; bee Me eis oc eee IQIQ 
Portmann; Henry fo. ees & 1918 
Frackelton, Mrs. RR. Ji a IQI7 
Prange, Ft. Bop a. .5 oc. eo neon 1919 
Preeman, Alden<(. 2). 225) 0 eee 1918 
Freeman, C. H.. Gig va koe ROU 
Freeman, Mrs. James Cee IQIS 
BPCGL lee oes ey oo a eee ae I1QIQ 
French, Miss Caroline L. W.........1911 
Prothinpham, JOnn Woes isk aes 1913 
Frothingham: Mrs. bo Aoo. oye. 1916 
Gallatin? Iie i nes Ses 1908 
Gammell Mrs IR. Leet a aes ae 1919 
Gardner, Mrs. John Lowell......... 1917 
Garneau, Joseph... sie. eas 1913 
KyatDRe yy) ORO, 9.0 is een 1919 
Garvan, -Vrancis Pe esis co en a ROLE 
Garrett, Mis, Ps Cr esa. conse 1918 
ASAVIL bra OLINOl sp yc ea iva a tee IQI7 
Gazzam, Mrs. Antoinette E.........1908 
GeiIpcke Mise Ache ou ceri ae 1918 
Gelpcke, Miss Marie............... 1918 
CHMPOFG, DP. TAOIOLG, <> oh eke ss chee IQ17 


Giftord, James Mic oc ee a 
Gitord, Mrs: Robert Ls 2 
Gladding, Mrs. John Russell........ 
Glassell Andrews oe 
CleziOr, TIOREY Sy. 5. cs eas 
Godfrey, Mrs. Abbie(P. 7. Moa 
Godirey, Mis: Ay Bac. ies cs 
Godfrey, Miss Adelaide E........... 
Goodwin, Waltet blr 
Gordon, Mrs. Donald, 305 30 
Gordon, Mrs. Mackenzie........... 
Gould; George H:.. sees 
Grant WieoWieci cate ere ees 
(rrassellipGAake os ooo Gere 
Gray, Miss Khiizabeth Poo oa oa 
Graydon, Mrs. Clendeny........... 
Greene, Stephen, 2nd... u.. 2... 
Greenway, Mrs. James C............ 
Gregory, Mrs. Clifford D.....22..... 
Grew, Mrs. H. S 
Gribbel, Mrs. Join: 6.6 301 <4 
Griswold,:Mrs. Wm. E.S.. 0 -6..2.. 
Guggenheim, Hon. Simon........... 
Haehnie; Remhold se 
Haggin, Mrs. J. B.. ate es aed 
PAGO io ry cee er ae es ar 


Hamilton, Miss Elizabeth S......... 
Hlamiton, Mars Ph ee a 
Hamlin Mrs Uva Saco ie eas as 
Hammond, Baward: fo ows 
Hancock, Mrs. James Denton....... 
Hanna, H. M., Jr 
Panne, MrscH. Mo gi. aos ores 
Hanna, MisssMaty:. 22.20.05 sein 
Hansen, Miss Emilie L... 2.005 2.55: 
Harbeck, Mrs. Emma igh Bria 
Hardy, Mrs. Richard. . Bee re. 
Harkness, Mrs. Edward coo 
Harrah, Mrs. Charles ie Ge wee 
Harral, Mrs. ‘Ellen Wc... ces 
Harriman, Mrs. J. Low...........1 
Harrison, Alired: Co. 2. a ce 
Blasbrouck, BiG Set wes 
Haskell, J.:Amoty <3 43 ee ek 
Havemeyer, Mis: HO. fea. oo 5 
Hawkins, Riush-C;. 9a eas 
Hayes, Bdmind. 722 as 
necker; Prank Jos eee ces a 
Hemenway; Augustus. od vai 
Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus......... 
Henderson, John Bi... 5. ye ees 
Henderson, William... 0. Senos. Uc 
Erentz, Leonard: 9.04), cease pews soe 
Hepburn, A. B.. ee 
Higginson, Mrs. James I Scar aw dione 
Hill, Miss Clara A.. aig 

Hill, Hugh 
Hill, Mirs.: JAMO: Ficus ons Galas > oe 
Hill, Mrs. Susie R. 
Pinckley, Mrs. MuV.. 23. shed cas 
Hitch, Mrs. Frederic Delano........ 
Hoe; Richart: Migs ns aes 


O60 ee we wt ee Oe ee ee 8 Oe 


List of Members : 471 


LIFE MEMBERS, continued 


Hoff, Mrs. Grace Whitney.......... tors | Loring, Miss Helen. «22. es 1918 
Hofman: Samuel Vere. oe cae ee T1607 | borne. Myo W. Caleb. oc: cece 1913 
Hopewell, Frank.. ee a eO ES bc LOW, Miss Nathalie Foon. 3 1916 
Hornbrooke, Mrs. Frances B........ TOi2 4) boyd, Miss Sarah Aa Cie ioc. te IQI4 
Hostetter, D. Herbert.. ee NO oA ATE. WINS e Gob te cnet ae ee IQI9 
Houghton, Miss Elizabeth G........ to1r4 | McClymonds, Mrs. A. R............1914 
Howard; Miss Edith M:.o.52 0 052.4 to15 | McConnell, Mrs. Annie B........... 1908 
Hubbard, OSM Cc faite oe ee Ors} McCormick; MrsioR. oss iv. Lo IQI7 
Hubbard, Richard. 73523 Ges £075.) McCormick, Mrs. RoW se 1918 
Hubby; Miss Bulla Worse pos ...1918 | McGraw, Mrs. Thomas S........... 1908 
Hunnewell, Mrs. Arthur............ TO1o. ob McGregor Rae aoe ee a 1918 
Pinne well He So os ee ee T0057 | Mckinm, LeRoy oe ea 1918 
Hoimnewell Walters. oC oye es To15 | McKinlock, George Al oso IQIQ 
Hunter, Anna K. Sh Gi ee LOI VO NEC ADO VR enh y Soothe eee 1916 
Huntington, Avchey Mo TOSS. MeOwen: Fredentko ss foe. oye 1917 
Huntington, Howards. 2.. sits. Oro 4 Mackey. Clarence Hoe ee 1908 
Fane gion Rene srs ae es tor7: | Mackean; Mrs: Charles Bis a. 1916 
Fivde, Mrs. Clarence Mo occ. 4 FOTy F abory, Mrs) Jane Moo Igt4 
Iselin. Mrs CUOMVEer. occ ce cen 1918 | Mallinckrodt, Edward.............. 1919 
Ise; Columbus Os. eee eee TOI? |) Moarkle, Poh. oo i a es IQI7 
Fackson, MGwin'S). 7.6) wena ies 1916 | Marmon, Mrs. Elizabeth C.......... 1916 
Jacksons Mis- James. 5 ico seo. 1908 | Marshall, Louis.. : sh at ae a OOO 
TOUTAY; BOUCIES. co. Soren oes ne 1QI7 Marshall, Thomas Re = 1915 
James, Eillerton. 0.5 600.5.4-5.%.-~-1918°| Martin, Mrs. Bradley. o7 see a 1918 
Jaroison: wlargaret “Av ce es o's 1914 | Mason, Miss Ellei F............... 1913 
Jarvie, James N.. Stacy ee. TOTO (Mason, Miss Panny bcd eis. ce IQI2 
Jenkins, Mrs. Jos. Ge ae 1916: |. Mason, Geo. Grant, 3). 3.202 IQI4 
Jennings, Oliver G.. .ssseeeees++1917 | Massachusetts Audubon Society.....1915 
FOWCS s PeTOMe | at eee oe 1915 | Mather, Miss Katherine L........... IgIg 
Jones, Mrs. Lawrence;>. <0 342% 3-2... 1917 | Mead, Mrs. Charles Marsh......... IQI5 
Jordan, Miss Jeanette A............ to17.:|). Mellon, Mz & Mrs, Pi... sce: IQIQ 
Joslyn, bits, George Acs 25) 8610-1 Mellon: Wid i Seo spine Ss 1919 
Keen, Miss Florences.3. 0 cs ve 1616} Meloy, Andrew 3D. .5033 0.5% = wesc 1910 
Kerth Mis Dai ieee tes To16.|> Merrill, Mrs2 Mary io 82 EOD 
Kennedy, Mrs. John S.............. TOTO: |: Meerpam “A. Water iiet 1918 
Kent iSherman ose ae a 1917 | Merriman, Mrs. Daniel ............ IQI5 
kicder: Nathaniel. 22.0 os 6 boos | Mershon,: Hon. WiBan to. eee 1914 
Kilmer; Willis Sharpes. 020.07... 1907 | Meyer, Mrs. August R.............. 1QI7 
Kimball.’ Mrs: Arthur Ri ote mors | Weever-Charles We copa us et ek IQI7 
King, Miss bilen. ae vee ‘ois | Meyer; Miss Heloise... 9.35.3 32S kop ae) 
Kingsbury, Miss Alice E............1916 | Michalis, Mrs. Clarence G.......... 1909 
Kinney, Morris. 3.2) en a 1913 | Miles, Mr View Be 1916 
Kirby, Fred M.. ue ee 6 org. | Miller;Charles Kingsbury... 2024.2 IQI7 
Kittredge, Miss Sata No. sc: ROA ch Weisel, Misch (bce eo a 1916 
Knapp; George Orrr, oo re 1919 | Milliken, Seth Minot, M.D.......... IQIQ 
Keighnt Miss A Gess ey oar a tov S| Misballo Miss Helens ccs are ¥), EOL 
Kouitheny bmi ate ee OLS) Mitchell, Mas: [ohn Gi Co 1916 
Kiser, Joan Drydene oo ates. Torr. | Mitchell; Miss:Mary. 7. oo 1916 
Lancashire, Mrs: J. His sae 1918 | Moore, Mrs. Alfred F...............1919 
Lane, Benjamin ©... ya a kOe] LooEe, Clarence’ Die) i 1909 
ane AIDion ies yao et gone TOLO, | Moore, Wits Hi Ge yr es 1916 
Ranshig MirscG Vio occa ....1916 | Morehead, J. M.. CP OGL 
Lauder: Miss We Sincs eau aoa sa 1918 | Morgan, Miss Caroline L............ IQL7 
Lawtencey Pimven: osc er LOLO | F MROLEALy METS. Jocks [lec eut ia ote 1918 
LAWICNCE, OSC WR Dogar an ee ess 1916 | Morison, Robert Se . 1916 
Lawson; Victor foe a es TOL 7.4 WeOrrill,. Miss Ae a 7 Se IQI7 
Leeherts Vi Ges is ee eee ToLe.) “Mors; Efingham Bec... ees BOLT 
evorty Geet eae ewe an GIG.) AMotse Mis: | OVC. gah Rete 1919 
Liesching, Bernhard................1918 | Morse, Mrs. Waldo G.............. 1918 
Lindsay. Miss Peatie. ho ace eater ae t919 | Morton, Miss Mary................1906 
Ep pitt; MirscCi seers ee ee ar ats LOTS ott, Wersy JON Bis co's ee 1918 
Lopany Stuart iia woes eo ean tony || Mudd, Dr, Patvey Geos... cae ose 1917 
Longyear, John Meese ae Tory |-ainen,-Aliréed:H. ors hs chee os IQI7 


472 


Bird - Lore 


LIFE MEMBERS, continued 


Munson, Mrs. W. De. a 
Murphy, Franklin..... Beal ae shee ee 
Nesve, Miss Jane C7506. cuca. 
Neely; James G0 ce ae ee 
Nevins; MrsDavisy oe ee 
Nevins, Mrs. Harriette F............ 
Newberry, We Pies tee ee 
Newcomer, Waldo................. 
New Jersey Audubon pian ey See 
Newman, Mrs. R. A.. See, 
Nichols, Mrs. Wiliam G06. 
Norrie, Mrs. Bicodss DECCSO Vac is cat 
North Carolina Audubon Society... . 
Noyes, Mrs. David Av#e 2.206505 
O’Brein, Mrs. Michael W........... 
eae eae Emma.. es 
Olds, Re Bie, 

Oliver, Mrs James Be 
Osborn, Frederick. . SSE 
Osborn, Prof. Henry Fairfield....... 
Osborn, Mrs. William C............. 
Pagenstecher, Albrecht.........5... 
Paice, Wee i ue ae ee ee es 


Parker oA. Fie. eivicic Se re es 
Parker, Mrs. Gordon.. eae 
Parker, Edward L... ie het 
Parsons, Mrs. J. bi jr. . ey cee yeep 
Parsons, Miss Mary W..2..0% vac. 72 
Peabody,.Geo: “Acco. sc ces sone 
Péarson-). Gilberts eos ous 
Peck; Mrs. Walter ti 90.46 es 
Perkins, Miss Ellen G.......,4.2..: 
Perkins, Mrs: George Cat 4 oo 
Perkins, Mrs. Gilman H............ 
Perkins; William He oo ea 
Peterson, Arthur io.3 use oan 
Pheips; Mrs. }scW 055. c.f pee oe 
Phillips, Mrs. Eleanor Hes... sec 
Phillips, John C.. vsaaeeee 
Phillips, Mrs. John 

Phipps, Henry C.. 

Pickman, Mrs. Dudley Le a 
Pierrepont, Annas}: ooo 
Pierrepont,.-Fonnspe.) sic eee ee 
Pierrepont, Mrs. R. Stuyvesant...... 
Pithiey, hobert Henry... 0 ess 
Plant Prederick sn.5 0s wo Ce cas 
POMOC, JAMES Pasa ow te cee es 
Pomeroy, Mrs. Nelson. 2.662.556 .0% 
POUGL RIG ig irc iw wy peek 


POrter, Atk. Ay Bee 5:cs she as Ghee nie ‘ 


Powers, Thomas H.. 

Pret, Geo.-Dv. Sal hexane ars 
Prentice, Miss Clare. 06... 
Prentiss, F. F.. ae asi 
Prime, Miss Cornelia. . 

Procter, Mrs. Wm. C.. Roly ae 
Quier, Mrs. Edwin Piso arin se es pate 
CUINCY, DAIS Ths © oe soo ok wale aie 
REMSIOrd OL Wowace goer y 
Rathborne, Richard C.............. 
Reed, Mrs. Wm. Howell............ 


‘Remsen, Miss Elizabeth............ 1916 
Renwick, Mrs. William W........... IQI4 
Richardson, Mrs. Charles F......... 1918 
Richardson, 5. O., [0.335 3653s shades IQI7 
FRIRGT) FOU Fi 25 ise eee Lue 1916 
Roberts, Miss Frances A............ 1914 
Rockefeller, Mrs. Frank............ 1919 
Rocketeller, Win. G., <2... tee els 1gi2 
Rockwood, Mrs. George I........... 1918 
RoGewald, Wi lis oo ou ea ee 1916 
Roebling, Mrs. John A.............. 1916 
IRORGTS (CHAS Gi re es IQ12 
Rogers, Dudley Pe... eran 1914 
Rogers; Miss Blla- Auk oe eee 1917 
ROeeTS, Mise PUNE a ee a 1918 
Ropes, Mis. Mary Gis oh eee ness 1913 
Rosengarten, George Disc es. ee IQI7 
Rui; Mrs. Frank Acocks ee 1917 
Rumsey, Mrs; Charles-C. core. aa. 1918 
Russell; Mrs: Emily Di 2006 8 1919 
Russell, Mrs: Gurdon Wise a, IQI4 
Russell, Mrs. Robert Shaw.......... 1919 
BRVIG, ASUS css cs eee 1919 
cettonstall, Jobin (0.5. iar ee es 1908 
Sanger, Ma Ro 1916 
Sarmento, Mrs: Ps). te eee 1918 
Satterlee, Mrs. Herbert: L... 27.5... 1906 
Schroeder, Miss Lizzie H............ IQII 
Schwarzenbach, Robert J. F......... 1919 
Seabury, Miss: Sarah Bis. o0..62 IQI5 
pedinan b W:. nce es eek eae Ig12 
Sears, Mrs. Richard W...3 es cs I9IQ 
Sears, William Roo os 2a ee IQI5 
Semperiing, FA. ice ee 1919 
peton, mest 1. tac eae pass 1916 
Severance, John) a7... ees oe 1916 
shapleigh, Alfred Gin oer 1919 
Sharpe, Miss Ellen Divs o.5 ees. ess IQI5 
Shattuck: Mrs. Fs Coca oe ee 1906 
shead; Mrs: LDucia“Ws. os. 5 vas cco. 1918 
Shepard, Mrs. Elizabeth D.......... 1918 
Sherman, Miss Althea R............ 1909 
SUOrt, Willie rn ie ton i ore era ..1918 
Sipley, Hiram: Wie oes 1919 
Silsbee, Thomas-c7 i. wien ees 1918 
Simpson, Alexander, Jric. oo. 420.3% 1917 
Slattery, John Riis esi ee 1916 
Slodhe, ONey duc yan hte ee 1918 
Smith; Miss Eunice Cole... 3.0.02... 1918 
Smith, Francis: Drexel. 07 kas 1918 
Smith, Prank Aiscca ee cc es 1918 
Smithy Mrs, Heber, cs ove ese ts IQI7 
SPRUGING OS; ccs s ese ees es 1Q17 
Speed, Mis. fi. Bes. ee 1918 
Speed, William Sv... seas ows IQ17 
Sprague, Mrs. Isaac. . oo. ecesa sc ess 1919 
Sprague, Miss Laura.o. 36456 00.58 1919 
Sprague: Shaw icc: 5 hres os 1919 
S eee OWE BTIGNG sco sad 1916 
Stal AdGtOree tc oh eae es 1917 
stampaugh, Ho cr ev aoe IQI7 
Starkweather, Mrs: J. N:..25.....26. 1918 
Stetson, Francis Lynde............. 1916 


List of Members 473 
. LIFE MEMBERS, continued 

Stewart, Mrs. Edith A..........5.... 1913 | Walker; Mrs. Cyrus. ols oes IQl7 
Stillman. Bo Gora ois Poe ees 1916 | Wallace, Mrs. Augusta H........... IQI4 
Stillman, Chauncey Div cs See een. to16 | Wallace, Col. Cranmore N........... IQI7 
Stone, Charles As 7 kc ues TOE 1 Walbures, Be Me or cere ee oe, IQI7 
Stone, Miss sen Aunts ve. eee co ee torg | Ward, Mrs. Aaton.<. 26.3. cess 1919 
Strones Chatles Hamot. ois, i. 8 1917 |- Ward, Charles Willis............... 1916 
SUG MTS Ree et eat sc BOIS} Wate, Darcie Lio ee 1908 
Start Pivhe.: pes oe ere eos ek TOLO>. | Warner, Lucen Gi per yee. IQI7 
Sturgis; ors Pee 1617 | Warren, George Hee, eres IQI7 
SWiHt, Cuatles Hee eee eee 1917 | Warren, Mrs. E. Walpole........... 1918 
SWilt LOUISE sco tor eee ee anne Tory Watson. MIS? p.brenty. oo. es 1916 
Taito Bihu Bi oye cae ae ae rort | Watson; Mrs. James Sv)... 2.2... IQII 
PAbOte cry Hi. o.5 5-5. ca eee CPOE. LD WateOus Mirae DHOMad: Pig oe ee ia cess 1916 
"TACO, MACON PE Sein co al ees L007 | Welt, DOTS. TACORY Coc ere a 1918 
Laviorenatles* HH Itc ease. bas t908.-| Webb, J. Griswolds iio 2s aie es es 1913 
aylor, Mred We. we ar ae ee BOAO | ep etely PER ed ee cs ee eke 1905 
PBOW, Sos. cs ety ee sees 1916:| Webster, Mrs. Sidney. ............. 1913 
Thayer; Mrs. bdward Do o.3c 3s: torg7: Weeks, Henry De Horest.. i. ese. 1909 
TuAVer,, FOUN Hc. ha pk es 1909.) Weeks, Hon: John W.; 3c. 5 ck IQI7 
Thompson, Mrs. Frederick F..c.....2908 | “Weld, Miss Elizabeth Fu.c 0... 5 1916 
Bingley GS. Tha oes eed ae 1914 | Wells, Mrs. Frederick L............. IQII 
PON ee ois orcs an oe 1919 | Welsh, Francis Ralston............. 1917 
“A Life Member”.................- 1913 | Westcott, Miss Margery D.......... IgI2 
(racy, Wits. Jane At. oo ie oe, 1019: } Wether Sik crt ae IQI7 
EPORSCHCE ABs sc os when ee 1917 | Wetmore, George Peabody.......... IQI4 
PECRCrcO ares cet. oe les woe tor7 } Wharton, William Poo i425 che. 1907 
SUCKOEENAN, AUPON Oye ci iso ont ase SQER Lo WIRE, WIDGOOT 2c) 0 cpa eee se tOEO 
ubs, Leonard 3425 5 oy ei ene 1907 | Whitfield, Miss Estelle............. IQI7 
‘Lutte; Arthur Joo er hea 1917 | Whiting, Miss Gertrude............ 1918 
Turner, Mrs. George M............. tory | Whitman, William: .. 5-00. eS. IQI7 
wurner, Mra, William Joc ov. 3 ss. Sot7 + Willets, Howard: os. cs 1919 
RRO, DATS. G00, ie fina h es oe 1915 | Williams, Blair S.. ees oss EOE 
Underwood, HO. ese ke 1916 | Williams, Mrs. C. Duahe....c<..-. 1918 
ipiam: Frederic Wi5 os a os ro17 |: Wilhams, John D..c3. eo et es 1909 
Womann Alberto o oe Ore re ee Tory |; Wilson, M.-Orme.2 6. ors ee cc, IQI7 
Upson; Mrs. Henry: Sy. 1916 | Winchester Repeating Arms Co...... 1918 
Van Brunt, Mrs. Charles........... tor2.| Wiman, Dwight Deere: 2.052. 6... IQI7 
Vanderbilt, Mrs. French............ Ora | Wister, John Ci. oc. ee ee IQI7 
Van Name, Willard G............... 1905 | Wood, Mrs. Antoinette Eno......... 1913 
Van Norden; Warner M... 220.0... TOG bo WOOd, Walter cat i eo IQI7 
NV dire, “Georee, Iisa nea TOS to W00G. WEL Moco ey Asin ke one an, IQIQ 
Vaux, Miss Weta eo Foe eS. 1917 | Woodman, Miss Mary.............. IQI4 
Vene, Charles thy or ary eae ee 1918 | Woodward, Mrs. Geo............... 1908 
Mietor, Hinest Guy ee we eee 1919 | Woolman, Edward................. 1916 
Voss, Miss Alice McKim:..... 23... 1917 | Work, Mrs. A.. -IQ17 
Wadsworth, Clarence S............. IQII Wyman, Mis. Alffed £00. 2. IQI4 
Walker, Miss Alice Go. 0 1918 | Zabriskie, Mrs. Cornelius........... IQI7 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS TO THE GENERAL FUND 


Abbe, Miss H. C.... 
Abbey, Mrs. F. R.... 
Abbot, Miss M.S.... 


Abbott, Elizabeth T. 


Abbott, Miss Ella L.. 


Abbott, Mrs. Frank E. 
Abbott, Mrs. F. V.... 
Abbott, Mrs. G. St. L. 


Abbott, Henry W.... 
Abbott, Holker 
Abbott, :Mrg- Taye o .. 


.$5 oo | Abrams, Mrs. A. E.. .$2 00 
5 00] Achelis, Miss E...... 5 00 
£00 | ACHES brits... 022-5 00 

Achelis, Miss M...... 5 00 
200] Achilles, Mrs. G.S... 5 00 
5 00 | Acton, Miss A. A..... 5 00 
€.00 } AGamMs, CoOnie.. 22. TO: 00 
5 00} Adams, Donald...... 5 00 
5 00} Adams, Miss E. B.... 5 00 
5 00} Adams, Miss E. L.:.. 5 00 
¥00( Adams. Hi. Wiis 5:00 
5 00 | Adams, Mrs. J. D.... 5 00 


Adams, Silas B. ....$10 00 
Adams, William C.... 1 00 
Adger, Miss E. J..... 5 00 
Adler, Mrs. Leon N... 5 00 
mcler, Max A;. oo... 500 
Adler, Mrs. Max..... 5 00 
“Admirer of Wild 
Birds ee es ce 2 00 
pot. Albert Ar. 6: 2 00 
Agassiz, Rudolph L... 5 00 
Agnew, Donald...... 5 00 


Agnew, Mrs. M. W... 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


474 

Ahrens, Eduard.....$10 00 
Aiken, John A....... 5 00 
Aiken, Miss 8S. C...... 1.00 
Ainslie, Miss Maud... 5 00 
Akin, Thomas....... 5 900 
Albrecht, Henry C.... 5 00 
Aldis;: Mrs. Ast ci 3.. 5 00 


Aldred, Mrs. Wm. E.. 
Aldrich, Frank W.... 
Aldrich, Miss G. M... 
Aldrich, Spencer..... 
Aldridge, George W... 


5 00 
5 00 
I 00 
5 00 
5 00 


Alexander, George... 2 00 
Alexander, Wm. H.... 5 00 
Alexandre, Mrs. J. E.. 5 00 
Alexandre, Mrs. J. J.. 5 00 
Alges, James W...... I 00 
Allee, Miss D. D..... 5 00 
Allee, Miss Jean H... 5 00 
Allen, Atkinson...... 5 00 


Allen, Miss Catherine.10 00 
Allen, Clarence J..... 5 00 
Alen, ube ceo na 
Allen, Miss E. H..... 
Allen, Edward K..... 
Allen, Miss F. P...... 
Allen, Rev. Fo B.2. 3; 
Alien. Mrs. Li Dissec 
Allen Dri A oe, 
Allen, John: H.yoi 55.3: 


Allen, Miss L. E..... 100 
Allen, Miss M. W....20 00 
Allen, Miss Mateal.. 5 00 
Allen, Dr. J. W...... 5 00 
Allender, Miss Irma.. 5 00 
Allis, Oswald T...... 5 00 
Allison, Mrs. M. D... 1 00 
Alsop, Mrs. F. H..... 5 00 
Alter, Mrs. Franklin.. 5 00 


Althouse SE Wo 15 00 
Alvord, George B..... 
Amerman, Rev. J. L.. 


Ames, Mrs. Hobart.. 5 00 
Ames, Mrs. J. B...... 10 00 
Ames; johnS..3:02 55% 5 00 
Amory, John S....... 5 00 
Anderson, Andrew. ..10 00 
Anderson, Mrs. B.... 5 00 


Anderson, Mrs. John. 10 00 
Afiderson):7."C.. 05. 500 
Anderson, Mrs. J. C.. 5 00 
Anderson, Miss K. L.. 5 00 
Anderson, Miss Sallie. 5 00 
Andte, Mrs. F.’B;.... 1 00 
Andrews, Mrs. H. E.. 5 00 
Andrews, James C.... 5 00 


Andrews, J.-H. 2... fete) 
Andrews, J. Sherlock. 5 00 
Andrews, Col. J. M... 5 00 
Andrews, Mrs. J. M.. 5 00 
Andrews, Miss K. R.. 5 00 
Andrews, Mrs. M.... 5 00 


Andrews, Rev. Theo.. 1 50 


Andrews, Mrs. W. L..$5 00 
Angert, Eugene H.... 5 00 
Angier, Roswell P.... 5 00 
Angstman, Mrs. C. S. 6 00 
Anheuser, F.S....... 
ANOMYMOUS.: oe. 
Anson, Hon. W. A.... 
Anthony, Miss E. J... 
App, Miss Orpha L...10 00 


Appleby, Mrs. J. S... 5 00 
Appleton, Miss M. E. 5 00 
Appleton, William S.. 5 00 


Archbald, Joseph A... 
Archer, Mrs. G. A.... 
Arent, Miss Grace E.. 
Arizona Audubon 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


SOCIEELY 0 Lei is 5 00 
Armitage, Lucius.... 5 00 
Armour, Allison V.... 5 00 
Armstrong, Edward E. 5 00 
Armstrong, Henry I.. 5 00 
Armstrong, J. G...... 5 00 
Arnold, Mrs. A. H 3 60 
Arnold, Clarence M...10 00 
Arnold, Mrs: GeC-:53 25.60 
Arnold, Miss Mittie.. 5 oo 
Arnold, Reuben R.... 5 00 
Arnold, Wie 5 00 
Arnold, Mrs. Wm. R.. 2 00 
Arrison, Mrs. Ja Ves. 2:00 
Arthur, James B..... 5 00 
Asch, Mrs. Paul. .... 5 00 
Ashley, Miss E. M.... 5 00 
ASDICY Altieri cs 5 00 
Aspinwall, C. A...... 5 00 
Aspinwall, John...... 10 00 
Astor, Vincent.. fue 8 OO 
Atherton, Edward H.. 1 00 
‘Atkins, Edwin F.. 5 00 
Atkins, Mrs. E. eee 5 00 
Atkinson, Mrs. E. W.. 5 00 
Atwater, Charles B... 5 00 
Atwater, James B.... 5 00 
Atwood, Mrs. Eugene. 5 00 
Auchincloss, Mrs. E. 

Dn veh ea ata eeyre es 5 00 


Auchincloss, Mrs. E. 

Sj basie wees e500 
Auchincloss, John W.. 
Audubon Association 

ofthe Pacific. <2... 5 
Audubon Bird Club 

of Erasmus Hall... 
Audubon Bird Club 

ot Indiana. 5.5. 5 
Audubon Club of 

Ardmore, Okla... ... 
Audubon Society of 

Beales ae os 
Audubon Society of 

Evansville, Ind..... 
Audubon Society of 

Irwin, Pa 


5 00 


Audubon Society of 
Missourt. 702.250 $5 00 
Audubon Society New 
Hampshire: ooo, 
Audubon Society of 
Sewickley Valley...10 00 
Audubon Society of 
Skaneateles... 2.53: 
Audubon Society of 
Western Pennsyl- 


5 00 


VANID 6s, ae 5 00 
Auerbach, Joseph S... 5 00 
Augustus, A. A....... 5 00 
Austin, Francis B.... 5 00 
Averill, Miss F. M.... 100 
Averill, Glenn M.....10 00 
Avery, Mrs. Mary S.. 5 00 
Avery, Samuel P.....10 00 
Avis, Edward........ 5 00 
Ayer, C.F.. . 5,00 
Ayres, Harry M.. 5 90 
Babcock, Mrs. C. H.. 5 00 
Babcock, K. ©... 35 5 00 
Baber, Miss Coo, 5 00 
Bachmann, N. H..... 5 00 
Bachrach, Louis F.... 5 00 
Bacon, Ds Bisa. 5.00 
Bacon, Miss E. S..... 5 00 
Bacon, The Misses... 2 00 
Bacon, Mrs. F. E.....10 00 
Bacon, Miss M. P.... 5 00 
Bacon, Nek ss 5 00 
Badger, Arthur C.. 5 00 


Badger, Mrs. Horace 
D. (In Memoriam) .10 00 


Badger, Mrs. W.I.... 5 00 
Baetjen, Mrs. F. H... 5.00 
Bagley, George G..... 5 00 
Bailey, Mrs. A. T.... 5 00 
Bailey, Mrs. C. E..... 5 00 
Bailey, Mrs. F. M.... 5 00 
Bailey, Henry T...-,. 5 00 
Baily, William L..... 2 00 
Bain, Hugh A.... 5 00 
Bainbridge, Mrs. M. 

H.. 5 00 
Baird, Alvin U.. 5 00 
Baird, Thomas E. Jr 5 00 
Baird, Wyllys W.. 5 09 
Baker, Benjamin H.. 5 00 
Baker, Miss C. S..... 5 00 
Baker, Mrs. C. M.... 5 00 
Baker, Ezra iv. os 5 00 
Baker, George L...... 5 00 
Baker, Mrs. James A. 5 00 
Baker, Mrs. J. A..... 5 00 
Baker, John T....... 5 90 
Baker, We Baveu csc 5 00 
Balch, Mrs. Edith W. 5 00 
Balch, Henry G...... 5 00 
Baldwin, Mrs. A. D... 5 00 
Baldwin, A. H.....%. 5 00 
Baldwin, Mrs. C. R... 5 00 


a 


List of Members 


475 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Baldwin, Mrs. E. E...$3 00 
Baldwin, George J..... 5 00 
Baldwin, Mrs, H. F... .5 00 
Baldwin, Miss H. R.. 5 00 
Baldwin, Miss M. E.. 5 00 
Baldwin, Robert F.... 5 00 
Balkam, Mrs. W. F..: 5 00 
Ball, Miss Alice E.... 5 00 


Ball Ansel Hoo 04 8 06 
Ball, Miss Helen A... 5 00 
Ball, Mrs. H.3.. 5 900 
Ball, i Arthur. 0S. 5 00 


Ballard, Mrs. E. L..-. 5 00 
Ballmann, Mrs. F. H. 5 00 


Bamberger, Miss..... 5 00 
Bancroft, Rev. and 

Mrs. James.c tcc 5 00 
Bancroft, Mrs. W. P.. 5 00 
Banos 8 aoe ea 10 00 
Banks, Mr. and Mrs. 

Geotge W853. 10 00 
Banks, The Misses... 5 00 
Banning, Mrs. K..... 5 00 


Banning, Mrs. L. G... 5 00 
Barber, Mrs. H. M... 2 00 
Barber, WV... 335+... I 50 
Barbour. Wile ssc: 5 00 
Barclay, Miss Emily.. 5 00 
Barclay, Mrs. W. Orr. 5 0c 


Barden; Ed: T... 2 3s 5 90 
Baring, Thomas...... 5 00 
Barker, A. One i. I 00 
Bareet, Mrs?) Geese o.. 5 00 


Barker, Miss Nellie... 3 00 
Barksdale, H. M.....10 00 


Barlow, Mrs. F. C....10 00 
Barlow, Mrs. F. R.... 5 00 
Barnard, Hon. Job... 5 00 
Barnes, Mrs. A. C.... 5 00 


Barnes, Miss A. H.... 5 0c 
Barnes, Bayard, Jr... 
Barnes: He Bear 5 00 


Barnes, Mrs. J. H.... 5 00 
Barnes, J. Sanford... 5 co 
Barnett, Master D. F. 5 00 
Barney, Mrs. C. T... 5 00 


Bamey; Mrs? {2 Sec). 5-00 


Barnstein, Lydia...... 5 00 
Barnum, W. M...... 5 00 
Barnum, Mrs. W. M.. 5 00 
Batt, Miss Co be. 2: 5 00 
Barr, Mrs. Thomas F. 3 oo 
Barrell, Finley 3..." 3 5 90 
Barrett, Mrs. R. R... 5 00 
Barrett Well. oe. 5 00 


Barri, Mrs. John A... 5 00 
Barrie, Mrs. E. S. (In 
Memoriam)........ 5 00 
Barrows, Mrs. F. K... 5 00 
Barrows, Mrs. Geo. S. 5 00 
Barstow, Mrs. M. W.. 2 00 
Bartholomay, Mrs. H.1ro oo 
Bartlett, Mrs. C. T... 5 00 


Bartlett, Claycs.. 3. $5 00 
Bartlett, Miss M. F... 5 00 
Bartlett, Mrs. M. N.. 5 00 
Bartlett, Master W. T. 1 00 
Bartol, Miss. E. H.... 5 00 
Bartol, Mrs. Henry G. 1 00 
Barton, Bolling...... 5 00 
Barton, Mrs. Bolling. 5 00 
Barton, Miss E. R....10 00 
Barton, Mrs. F. O.... 5 00 
Barton, Miss L. F.... 5 00 
Barton, Mrs. N. B.... 5 00 
Bass, Mrs. Perkins... 5 00 
Bassford, Mrs. L. C... 5 00 


Batchelor, Miss Inez. 5 00 
Bates; Miss KE... -s"a0 
Bates;:Chas. 1 Roo) 506 
Bates, Gardner...... 5 00 


Bates; Ve Wi oe IO 00 
Baulch, Mrs. J. P.... 5 00 
Bausch Winscss vss 2a 5 00 
Bawden, Mrs. T. E... 5 00 
Baxter, oF 5 00 
Baxter, Percival P.... 5 00 


Baxter, Mrs. Wm. F.. 5 00 
Bayard, Mrs. Thos. F. 5 00 
Bayer, Mrs:-E.S:.. = 5:00 
Baylies, Edmund L...10 00 
Bayne, Mrs. Howard. 5 00 


Bayne, Mrs. L: P.....'- 5.00 
Bayne, The Misses... 5 00 
Bayne. Paulson so.) | 5 00 


Beach, Miss E. T. E.. 5 00 
Beach, Mrs. H. H. A.. 5 00 
Beaham, Mrs. G. T... 5 00 
Beal, Mrs. James H... 5 00 
Beal, Miss: |.) Duco. 5 00 
Beall Mrs.l) Agi. ov. 5 00 
Beard, Gerald H..... 100 
Beardsley, Mrs. O. D. 5 00 
Bearne, Miss J..5.:,.. 
Beattie, Web... .o. 7. 
Beaux, Miss Cecilia.. 5 00 
Beckley, Mrs. J. N... 5 00 
Beckwith, Truman, Jr. 5 00 
Bedell, Miss E. R.... 5 00 


Bedford Audubon 
Society; Theo es. 5 00 

Beebe, Walter’. 2... ; 5 00 

Beebe, Mrs. Wm..... 5.00 


Beebe, Mrs. W. H. H. 5 00 
Beemer, Mrs. W. H... 5 00 
Beer, Mrs. Edwin.... 5 00 
Beer, Mrs. George L.. 5 00 
Behrend, Dr. O. F....10 00 
Behrens, L. H., M.D.. 5 00 
Bekins, Mrs. John.... 5 00 


Belden, Mrs. Hannah. 5 00 
Bell, Mrs, A; G..i 3. 2 00 
Bell Mrs. D. My 22.3; 10 00 
Bell, Mrs. Gordon... .10 00 
Bell. youn Cc ira. 0s (800 


Beller, William F..... 5 00 


Bellinger, Miss M. E..$5 00 
Belloni, Mrs. L. J.... 5 00 
Bement, Mrs. Gerard. 5 00 
Bement, Mrs. G. F... 5 00 
Bement, Mrs. Wm. P. 5 00 
Bemis, Mrs. F. B..... 5 00 
Bemish, Mrs. Wm. H. 5 00 
Benedict, Mrs. C. E.. 5 00 
Benedict, Miss C. J... 5 00 
Benedict, Mrs. G. W.. 2 00 
Benedict; Theo. H.... 5 00 
Benedict, Mrs. W. G.. 5 00 
Benedict, Mrs. W. L.. 5 00 
Beneke, Henty... 2. +500 
Benet, Miss Lillian... 5 00 
Benjamin, Mrs. A. B.. 5 00 
Benkard, Harry H.... 5 00 
Benkard, J. Phillip... 5 00 


Bennett, Ernest P.... 5 00 
Bennett, John Ira.... 2 00 
Benninghofen, Miss 

Carte 10 00 
Benson, Mrs. Louis F. 5 00 
Bent, Arthur €C.....2. 5 00 
Bent, Miss Catherine 

IVES See rae oo. I 00 


Bentley, Mrs. Cyrus.. 5 00 
Bentley, Mrs. S. M... 3 50 
Benton, Ce cess 5 00 
Berge, Miss M. T.... 5 00 
Bergen, Miss A. C. G. 5 00 
Berges, Jacob........ 5 00 
Berlin, Mrs. D. B.... 5 00 
Bernheim, Henry J... 5 00 
Bernheim, Mrs. I. J... 
Bernheim, I. W...... 2 00 
Berrien, Mrs. F. D... 5 00 
Berry, Miss L. D.....10 00 
Bessey, Mrs. C. C.... 5 00 
Betts,-Mrsoh. Kooy). 100 
Betts, Samuel R...... 5 00 
Beveridge, Mrs. A. J.. 5 00 
Bevier, Miss Katherine 1 00 
Beyer, Eugene O..... 5 00 
Bicknell, Edith C..... 100 
Bicknell, Mrs. F. T...10 00 


Biddle, Elizabeth, 
Caroline and Cle- 
ment Me wc tee ss 5 00 


Biddle, Miss E. W.... 5 00 
Biddle, Mrs. George.. 5 00 
Biddle, Mrs. T. M.... 5 00 
Bidwell, Addison B... 5 00 
Bidwell, Mrs. M. B... 5 00 
Bierworth, Mrs. H. A. 5 00 
Bigelow, Miss E. B... 5 00 
Bigelow, Mrs. J. S.... 5 00 


Bigelow, Russel...... 5 00 
Biggar Dr. eb. 65. t80 
Biggs, Mrs. F. N..... 5 00 
Bigler, Mrs, F. Si... <5 00 


Biglow, Mrs. L. H.... 6 00 
Bignell, Mrs. Effie.... 1 00 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


476 

Bijur, Abraham...... $5 00 
Bill, Nathan D....... 5 00 
Billard, Mrs. J. L..... 5 00 


Billings, Mrs. C.K.G.. 5 00 


Billings, Charles O.... 5 00 
Billings, Elizabeth.... 5 00 
Billings, Franklin S... 5 oo 
Bingham, Col. and 
Mrs. Hiram....... 10 00 


Bingham, Miss M.... 
Binney, Mrs. John... 
Birch, Hugh T....... 


Bird, Miss Anna C... 5 00 
Bird, Chas:5.05 2555, | 5 00 
Bird Club of Long 
igang: Thess. 3» 100 00 
Bird Conservation 
Cluibscihe, 52-6. 5. S00 
Bird, Mrs. John B.... 5 00 
Birdlovers’ Club of 
Brooklyn cis 3 5 00 
Bishop, Miss A. H.... 10 00 
Bishop, Fics oc. is 5 00 
Bishop, Dr. Louise B. 2 50 
Bishop, Mary Laile... 5 00 
Black, Mrs. F.S..... 5 00 
Black, George Peis: 5.00 
Blackinton, Mrs. R... 5 00 


Blackmer, Mrs. F. B.. 5 00 
Blade, Mrs. W. M. Jr. 5 00 
Blair County Game, 

Fish and Forestry 


Association........ 5 00 
Blair, Major Gist 5 00 
Bidits Ao Seoftscne as 5 00 
Blake, Col. E. M....<° 5 00 
Blake, Miss Isabel... 2 00 
Blake, Dr. Joseph....10 00 
Blake, Mrs. Joseph...10 00 
Blake, Miss M. L.....25 00 
Blake, Mrs. S. P.....10 00 
Blake, Mrs. Tiffany.. 5 00 
Blake, Mrs. T. W.... 5 00 
Blakeslee, Theron J. 

(In Memoriam).... 5 00 
Blakiston, Miss E.... 5 00 


Blanchard Miss A. 

A DES ERE ites 10 00 
Blanchard, Mrs. E. J.. 5 00 
Blanchard, John A.... 5 00 
Blanchard, Louise A.. 1 00 
Blaney, Miss H. C.... 5 00 
Blashfield, Mrs. Edwin 

H. (In memoriam) . 
Blatz, William C..... 
Bleecker, Geo. M..... 
Blickensderfer, C..... 
Bliss, Miss E. B...... 
Bliss, Harriet M..... 
Blise, Mrs. Wi Peas: 
Bloch, Bernard...... 5 co 
Block, Dr. E. Bates.. 
Block, John B........ 


Blocki, Mrs. F. W....$5 00 
Blood, Mrs. C. O..... 5 00 
Bloodgood, Joseph H. 1 00 


Bloomfield, Mrs. C. C.20 00 


Mgrs me Miss 
Laura A.. 7. §00 

Blount, H. Poo 5 00 

Blue, Mrs. C. E...... 5 00 


Blumenthal, Milton M. 
Boardman, Miss C.W. 
Boardman, Miss E. D. 
Boardman, Mrs. L.... 5 00 
Boardman, Miss S.... 200 
Boardman, Mrs. W. D. 5 00 


5 00 
5 0c 
5 00 


Boericke, Mrs. J. J... 5 00 
Boesmann, Henry.... 5 00 
Boettger, Mrs. Theo.. 5 00 
Bogert, Miss Anna...10 00 
Bogert, Miss A. M....15 00 
Boggs, Miss M. A.... 5 00 
Bole, Bence. ics. oa 5 00 
Bolles, Miss D. F.....10 00 
Bolling, Raynal C....10 00 
Bolling, Stanhope....10 co 
Bolter, Miss A. E.... 5 00 
Bolton, Mrs. C. C....10 00 
Boltz, Miss Clara M.. 1 00 
Bonds O.INs 4. os ces « 5 00 
Bonnett, Charles P... 5 00 
Boody, Mrs. Edgar... 5 00 
Book, Drs Ri Dios. 5 00 
Booth, Mrs. H. M.... 5 00 
Borden, Mrs. E. L....15 00 
Borden, Miss M. W... 5 00 
Borg, Mrs. Sidney C.. 5 00 


Borgemeister, Mrs. F.10 00 


Borland, William G... 5 co 
Borne, Mrs. John E... 5 00 
Borst, George H...... 5 00 


Bosworth, Mrs. W. W.10 00 
Botsford, E. F........ 5 00 
Botsford, Mrs. O. M..10 00 


Bott, Mrs. Fred J.... 5 00 
Bouer, Mrs. E. A..... 5 00 
Boulton, William B... 5 00 
Bourne, Mrs. H. E... 5 00 


Bourneuf, F. Raymond 5 oo 
Bouton, Mrs. E. H... 5 00 
Bowdish, B. 5......2. 5 00 
Bowditch, Charles P.10 oc 


Bowditch, Edward... 5 00 
Bowditch, James H... 5 00 
Bowdoin, Miss E. G..10 00 
Bowen, Mrs. J. A.... 5 00 
Bowen, James W..... 200 


Bowen, Miss Jane H.. 5 00 


Bowles, Miss E....... 5 00 
Bowles, Mrs. H. L....10 00 
Bowles, Mrs. Samuel. 5 00 
Bowman, James..... 5 00 


Boyd, Mrs. Henry W. 5 00 
Boyd, Mrs. J.-C... 5. 
Boyd, Dr. James P... 


Boyd, Mrs. John Y...$5 00 © 
Boyd, Miss L. M.....10 00 


Boyden, Harry H..... 5 00 
Boyle, Edward J..... 5 00 
Boyles, Mrs. C. D.... 5 00 
Brackett, Mrs. J. R... 200 
Bradford, Mrs. C. M. 1 00 


Bradford, Miss E. F..10 00 


Bradford Mrs. G. G.. 5 00 
Bradford, Mrs. C. M.. 1 00 
Bradlee, Mrs. E. C... 1 50 
Bradlee, Frederick J.. 5 00 
Bradley; A.C; 343) 5% 5 00 
Bradley Almira T.... 5 00 
Bradley, Mr. and Mrs. 

16. Aa cr obee or ae 10 00 
Bradley, Bwweoe ss 5 00 


Bradley, Dr. Mark S.. 5 00 


Bradley, Mrs. M. W.. 5 00 
Bradley, Peter B.....10 00 
Bradley, Mrs. W. B... 5 00 


Bradley, William Post 5 00 


Bradshaw, BG 2.3 5 00 
Brady, Paul bys 5 00 
Bragdon, J. W....... 5 co 
Brakeley, Joseph..... 5 00 
Braman, CC. A.,-Jrvc.s:-8 00 
Brandegee, Mrs. E. D. 5 oc 
Brandegee, Miss E. S. 5 00 
Brandegee, Miss F. S. 5 00 
Brandegee, Miss K... 5 00 
Brandeis, Mrs. Alfred. 5 00 
Brandes, Julius. . Sot OS 
Brandt, Frederic F... 5 00 
Brawner, Maybelle F. 5 oo 
Bray, Russell S...... 5 00 
Brayton, Mrs. H. A. 5 00 
Brazier, H. Bartol.... 5 00 
Brazier, Mrs. J..H:... 5.00 
Brecher, Leonard C... 5 00 
Breck, Frances S..... 5 00 


Breckenridge, Miss A. 

| IN ene Poa eee 5 co 
Breneiser, Stanley G. 5 00 
Breuchaud, Mrs. Jules 5 00 


Brewer, Edward M.. .25 00 
Brewer, Miss R...... I 50 
Brewington, Julia R.. 5 00 
Brewster, Mrs. B. E.. 5 00 
Brewster, Mrs. F. F.. 5 00 
Brewster, Jane E..... 5 00 
Brewster, Dr. M..... 5 00 
Brewster, Mrs. W.S.. 5:00 


Brewster, William T. 5 00 
Bridge, Edmund..... 5 00 
Bridge, Mrs. Edmund 5 00 
Bridge, Fu Was ie ns 15 00 
Bridges, Miss Fidelia 5 00 
Bridgman, Mrs. W. R. 1 00 


Briggs, Mrs. L. V..... 5 00 
Briggs, Mrs. P. D.... 5 00 
Brigham, Mrs. C.:... 5 00 


Brightman, Mrs. Hi: I. 5 00 


List of Members 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Ball Dr-A. “Asoo $5 00 
Brinckerhoff, Mrs. E. 
Fa bite ree Ne 30 00 
Brindell, C. A. (In 
Memoriam)........ 5 00 
Bristol Bu Bases .6 . 3 5 00 
Bristol, Mrs. B. B.... 5 00 


Bristol, Mrs. Eugene S. 5 00 
Bristol, John I. D.... 5 00 
Brock, Mrs. R. C. H. 5 00 
Broderson, Andrew... 5 00 
Brodland, Mrs. Lucas 5 00 


Brokaw, Irving...... 5.00 
Bromley, Joseph H...10 00 
Bronk, Mrs. Henry... 5 00 
Bronson, Dr. E. B.... 5 00 
Bronson, Mrs. J. H... 5 00 
Brookline Bird Club, 

ENC Cee tee ae 500 
Brooks, Mrs. Anson.. 5 00 
Brooks, Ernest, Jr.... 5 00 
Brooks, Gaylord..... 5 00 
Brooks, Miss M. W... 5 00 
Brooks, Mrs. M. K...10 00 
Brooks, Paul A....... I 00 
Brooks, Mrs. P. W... 5 00 
Brooks, W..... 5 00 
Brooks, Walter De: 5 00 
Brooks, William B.... 5 00 
Brooks, Mrs. Wm. ere 
Brown, Mrs. A, E.... 5 00 
Brown, Mrs. A. M.... 5 00 
Brown, Mrs. Brookes. 5 00 
Brown, Mrs. Charles S. 6 oo 
Brown, Clarence H... 2 00 
Brown, Davenport... 5 00 
Brown, Elisha R..... 5 00 
Brown, Miss Eula.... 1 00 
Brown, Mrs. F. F....10 00 
Brown, Po Hee: 5.00 
Brow Po 5 00 


Brown, Mrs. G. McK. 5 00 
Brown, George Warren 5 00 


Brown, Harry W..... 5 00 
Brown, Mrs. James P. 5 00 
Brown, James W..... 5 00 
Brown, Mrs. J. S..... 5 00 
Brown, Dr. Laurason. 5 oo 
Browila Sep 3665 Oks I 00 
Brown, Miss M. B.... 5 00 
Brown, Miss M. C.... 1 00 
Brown, Dr. M. M.... 100 
Brown, Miss Mary L. 5 00 
Brown, Nathan C.... 5 00 
Brown, Samuel B.. 5 00 
Brown, Mrs. Thacher. 5 00 
Browne, D. L... 500 
Browning, Wm. ‘oe 5 00 
Browning, Wm. He. 5 00 


Bruce, Miss Mary A..10 00 
Bruen, Frank. <2: . : 5 00 
Bruening, E. H....... 
Bruening, Joe........ 10 00 


Bruette, William..... $5 00 
Bruner, Mrs. H. L.... 5 00 
Brunsman, Mrs. A. G.10 00 
Brunswick, Mrs. E... 
Bryanto Me bei 
Buch, Miss Emily.... 5 00 
Buchanan, Gen’l J. A. 5 00 
Buck, Henry Ras. 25:00 
Buckner, Mortimer N. 5 00 


Buckstaff, Geo. A.... 5 00 
Budd Lake Nature 
Siudy: Club. 0.2: 5 00 


Bugbee, Miss E. D. 
and Miss E. H. 
Baker ce tes I5 00 


Bulkley, Alpheus T...10 00 
Bulkley, Joseph E....10 00 
Bull, Archibald H.... 5 00 


Bull, Mig ae gare. 5 00 
Bullard, Miss K. E.. 


Bunce, James BG beso ae 5 00 
Bunn, Co-W.. es 5 00 
Burckhardt, Miss E... 5 oo 


Burden, James A.....10 00 
Burdick, Miss M. G.. 5 00 
Burgess, John K...... 5 00 
Burgess, Miss S. K... 5 00 
Burgess, Mrs. T. P... 5 00 
Burk; Mrs. A. Noo. 35 a0 
Burke, Mrs. Adelaide. 2 00 
Burke, Mrs. S.. 5 00 
Burkham, Miss ie. oe 5 00 
Burnett, Mrs. F. M... 200 
Burnett, Miss F. H... 5 00 


Burnham, Mrs. C. L.. 5 00 
Burnham, Mrs. E. F..10 00 
Burnham, Mrs. G., Jr. 5 00 
Burnham, Mrs. J. A.. 5 00 
Burnham, Miss M. C. 5 00 
Burns, Olivia Parker . 5 00 
Burpee, David....... 5 00 
Burr, Winthrop...... 10 00 
Burrill, Prof. A. C.: ;. 
Burrill, Middleton S 
Burritt, Mrs, C. P.... 
Burroughs - Audubon 
Nature Club....... 
Burroughs Jr. 
hon Soclety ua. 5 00 
Burroughs, Miss L. C. 5 00 


Burt, Miss Edith B... 3 00 
Burt, Miss M. T..... 5 00 
Burtch, Verdi 30:0): ; 5 00 
Burton, Mrs. E. F.... 2 00 


Burton, Master Howes 5 00 


Burton, Robert M....15 00 
Bushy Heo Doe 5 00 
Bush, Wiles 20 00 
Bushnell, Robert G.. 5 900 
Butcher, Howard. 5 00 
Butler, Mrs. A. W.... 5.00 
Butler, Elmer T...... 5 00 
Butler, Miss E. O.... 5 00 


477 
Butler, Miss F. C.....$5 00 
Butler, Mrs. H.R... . 5 00 
Butler, Mrs. Wm. A:.10 00 
Butler, Willard P..... 5 00 
Button, Mrs. W. H... 5 00 
Buttrick, Helen B.... 5 00 
Butts, Mrs. E. P..... 5 00 
Byington, Mrs. L. J.. 5 00 
Byrne, James........ 5 00 
Cabot, Amy W....... I 00 


Cabot, Henry B...... 10 00 


Cabot, Mary R...... 5 00 
Cabot, Powell, M.....10 00 
Caduc, Eugene E.....10 00 
Cady, Mrs. Geo. W... 1 50 
Cady, Walter G...... I 00 
Cady, William H..... 5 00 
Caesar, Henry: A..: =; 5 90 
Calder, Charles B.... 5 00 
Caldwell, Dr. S. L.... 5 00 
California Audubon. 
SOCILY frie. casos 5 00 
Calkins, Mrs. A. H... 5 00 
Calkins she Gir isc 2 00 
Callaway, W. T...... 5 00 
Cameron, Mrs. C. E.. 5 00 


Cammann, Miss I. M. 5 00 
Campbell, Mr. and 
Mrs, Allen. foc 10 00 
Campbell, Donald.... 8 00 
Campbell, Miss H. S.. 5 00 
Campbell, Mrs. Stuart 5 oo 
Campbell, Mrs. T. B.. 5 00 
Canandaigua Bird 
GUE RR CE SE ate aa 
Canatt, Mrs. E.B..... 5 00 
Canby, Mrs. Edw. T.. 5 00 


Candee, Lyman...... 5 00 
Cannon, Gabriel..... 5 00 
Carey, Arthur A...... 5 00 
Carey, Miss M. deP.. 5 00 
Carlisle, Geo. L. Jr... 5 00 
Carlisle, Mrs. W. A... 10 00 


Carlton, General C. H. 5 00 


Carlton, Mrs. N...... 5 00 
Carmalt, Dr. and Mrs. 

Wi Eh One 5 00 
Carman, Mrs. N. G... 3 00 
Carnahan, Mrs. M. 

So Mekeen ree: 5 00 
Carne, Mrs: C. E:..... 3 00 
Carned, Emma T..... 5 00 
Games, Wek pc egs 5 00 
Carola and her 

Brothers. 6 3 5.00 
Carpenter,'*C. Doi... 5 00 


Carpenter, Charles L..20 00 
Carpenter, Mrs. G. O. 5 00 
Carr, Moses Biss)": IO 00 
Carry MrsoS..Co aca 
Carstens, Dr. J. H.... 5 00 
Carter, Mrs. Edwin A. 5 00 
Carter, Earnest T../. 5 00 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 
Chase, Mrs. Alice P...$5 00 


478 
Carter, Miss H. L....$5 00 
Carter, Howard W.... 1 50 
Carter, Jobn Baio 5 5 00 
Carter, Mrs. J. W...: 5 00 
Carter, Mr. and Mrs. 
Richard B.........10 00 
Carter, Samuel T., Sr. 5 00 
Carter, Samuel T., Jr. 5 00 
Carver, Mrs. Charles. 5 00 
Cary, Dr. and Mrs. C. 5 00 
Cary, George, Jr......-. 2 00 
Case, Mrs. Frank C... 2 00 
Case, Mrs. George B.. 5 00 
Case, Miss Marion R. 6 50 
Casebolt, Edwards T.. 1 00 
Casement, Mrs. F. M. 5 00 
Casey, Edward P..... 5 00 
Gasney, BR Cec 2 00 
Cassebeer, H. A., Jr.. 5 00 
Caster, Benjamin.... 5 00 
Catlin, Miss Lucia E.. 5 00 
Caulkins. Bi Biss. 5 00 


Cayuga Bird Club,The 


Ceballos, Lieut. J. M. 5 00 
Gert, Mrschi Ag ice: 5 00 
Chace, Fenner A... .;:- 1 00 
Chadwick, E.)D..2: 25 5 00 
Chafee; Mrs. Zii0.25 3 5 00 
Chalfant, Miss I. C... 5 00 
Chamberlain, C. W... 5 00 
Chamberlain, H. P... 5 00 
Chamberlain Mrs. J.P. 5 00 
Chamberlain, Mrs. W. 
Geir Race ee 5 00 
Chamberlain, Mrs. E. 
REG pepe te 5 00 
Chamberlin, Geo. N.. 500 
Chamberlin, Gardner. 5 00 
Chambers, Arthur D.. 5 00 
Chambers, Frank R... 5 00 
Chandler, Alexander.. 5 00 
Chandler, Mrs. J. B.. 5 00 
Chandler, Miss pepe 5 00 
Chanler, Mrs. W.. 5 00 
Channon, Harry..... 5 00 
Chapin, Mrs. H. B... 5 00 
Chapin, Homer C.... 5 00 
Chapin,Mrs.Homer C. 5 00 
Chapin, Mrs. H. K... 5 00 
Chapin, Miss M. B... 5 00 
Chapin, Mrs. Rufus.. 5 00 
Chapman; B. Ge.0%. 5.00 
Chapman, Mrs. Edw. 5 00 
Chapman, Mrs. E.... 5 00 
Chapman, Dr. F. M.. 5 00 
Chapman, i. A.3o 5. 5 00 
Chapman, John D.... 5 00 
Chapman, Mrs. M.D. 1 00 
Chapman, Silas, Jr... 2 00 
Chapman, Mrs. S. H.. 5 00 
Chappell, Mrs. D..... 5 00 
Chappell, F. H....... 5 00 


Charles, John Bailey. 10 00 


Chase, Alfred E....,. 5 00 
Chase, Mrs. A. W.... 5 00 
Chase, Frederick S....10 00 
Chase, Mrs. H. E..... 5 00 
Chase, Irving H...... 5 00 
Chase, Mrs. M. C. B. 5 00 
Chase, Mrs. Theodore 5 00 
Cheever, James G.... 5 00 
Cheever Fe Sin e8, oe 590 
Cheney, Mrs. Austin. 6 00 
Cheney, Frank, Jr.... 5 00 
Cheney, Mr. and Mrs. 
George Li... s. 5 00 
Cheney, Mrs. Howell. 1 00 
Cheney, Louis R..... 5 00 
Cheney, Miss Mary.. 5 00 
Cheney, Mrs. M. R... 5 00 
Cheney, 0; Hai. 5 00 
Child, Mrs. Alfred D. 1 00 
Childs, Mrs. C. H.... 5 00 
Childs, Miss H. P.... 5 00 
Childs, Mrs. H. R.... 5 00 
Childs; (Wie ress i 5 00 
Chiltonya Pacis oe 10 00 
Chisholm, George H.. 5 00 
(Chisholm, eda.) )4). 10 00 
Choate, Miss ©.) 24: 5 00 
Choate School, The.. 2 00 
Choate, Miss Mabel.. 5 00 
Christian, Arthur.... I 50 
Christian, Miss E..... 5 00 
Christian, Miss Susan 5 00 
Christie, Mrs. R. E... 5 00 
Christ Memorial 
Church School..... I 00 
Christy, Bayard H.... 5 00 
Churehgs@o ters 25. TO 00 
Church, BD. 10 00 
Claro Shs Sis eucnc.cs 5 00 
Church, Mrs. George. 5 00 
Church, Morton L.... 5 00 
Churchill, Miss A. P. 1200 
Cimmons, Mrs. T.... 5 00 
Civic Leaguer se. 5 00 
Civic League of Beau- 
fort.. I 00 
Claflin, Mrs. A. H.. 5 00 
Clapp, George H.. 5.00 
Clapp, Miss Helen... 5 00 
Clark, Miss A. B.. 5 00 
Clark, Miss Anna M.. 5 00 
Clark, Mrs. C. D....: 2 00 
Clark, Mrs) Ge Basco 5206 
Clark, Mrs. Ds Rise 500 
Clark, Miss E. B..... 200 
Chath, Bake die a 05 5200 
Clark, Edward H..... 5 00 
Clark, Miss E. M.... 5 00 
Clark, Mrs. BE. H..: 2.5 00 
Clark, Miss Ella M...10 00 
Clark, Emily L....... 5 00 
Clark, Miss Emily V.. 5 00 


Clark, Mrs. G. M....$2 00 
Clark, Henry A...... 5 00 
Clark, Howard L..... 5 00 


Clark, Mrs. J. Dudley.10 00 


Clark, Mrs. L. E...:. 500 
Clark, Miss Louise H. 2 00 
Clark, Miss Mary T.. 5 00 
Clark, - Mise Nisia.s I 50 
Clarke, Mrs. F. M.... 200 
Clarke, Miss H. E.... 5 00 
Clarke, Miss L. F.... 5 00 
Clarke, Miss M.S.... 5 00 
Clarke, Mrs: 2.0; 300 
Clarke, Mrs. T. B. Jr. 5 00 
Clarke, Dr. Wm. o: 5 00 
Clarkson, David A.... 5 00 
Clauder, Rudolph.... 5 00 
Clay, Mrs- Bec oo, I 00 
Clayburgh, Albert.... 5 00 
Cleaver, Mrs. A. N... 5 00 
Clements, Mrs. G. H.. 5 00 
Clerk, Mrs. A. G.. I 50 
Cleveland Bird Lovers’ 
Association........ 5 00 
Cleveland, Mrs. C.... 1 00 
Clit Mrd. Gis k 5 00 
Clinch, Judge E. S....10 00 
Clinton, Mrs. Arthur. 5 oo 
Clise, Jo Wi Jew. cs 2 00 
Glock, Fred fing os 5.00 


Closson, Elizabeth W. 5 00 
Closson) “HBr ye 25 00 


Clothier, Mrs. I. H... 5 00 
Clothier, Mrs. W..... 5 00 
Clowes, Fi oss. 5 00 
Clyde, Mrs. G. W.... 5 00 
Clymer, W. B.S..... 5 00 


Cobb, Miss Annie W.. 


Cobb, Edward H..... 1 00 
Cobb, Mrs. James S.. 5 00 
Cochran, G.. Dino 4 5 00 
Cochran, Mrs. I. W... 2 00 
Cochrane, W.S...... 5 00 
Cock, Charles A...... 5 00 
Cockerill, Charles G.. 5 00 


Cocoanut Grove 

Audubon Society... 
Codman, Mrs. Ogden 
Codman, Mrs. Robert 


Coe, Mrs. Andrew J.. 5 00 
Coe, Mrs. Kate F.... 5 00 
Coe, Miss Romaine H. 5 00 
Coffel, Hal. Biciz. ss 5 00 
Coffin, Wm. Edward. 5 00 
Coghlin, Peter A..... 5 00 


Cohen, Mr. and Mrs. 
Juliue Bia. 5 


Cohn, Mrs. Julius M.. 5 00 
Colby, Mrs. F. B..... 5 00 
Colby, Mrs. F. C..... 5 00 
Cole, Mrs. Adelina A. 

(In Memoriam)....10 00 
Cole, Mrs. Ansel O... 5 00 


List of Members 


479 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Cole, Mrs. C. J.......$5 00 
Cole, Mrs. Mio. 5 00 
Cole, Mrs. Robert C.. 5 00 
Coleman, George M.. 3 00 
Coles, Miss Julia W... 5 00 
Colgate, Mrs. A. W...10 00 
Golgate, Mrs.J. Cs. 35:00 
Colgate Ri Rive: @., <40'00 
Collar, Mrs. Milton.. 1 50 
Collier, Barron G..... 5 00 
SUMins ES. csan sca 5 00 
Collins, Homer...... I 50 
Collins, Miss K. H.... 5 00 
Collins, Mrs. L. D.... 8 00 


Collins, Miss Mary C. 
Collord, Miss Clara. . 
Colman, Mrs. L. A... 1 00 
Colon, George Edward 5 00 
Colorado Audubon 
DOCIREN JC's, Ack es 10 00 
Colorado Museum of 
Natural History... 5 00 
Colt, Miss Jane B....10 00 
Colton, Miss C. W... 5 00 
Colton, Mrs. S. W. Jr. 5 00 


Columbus Audubon 
DOGS Se homers 6 50 
Comey, Kote. Seco 700 


Comly, Robert R..... 
Community Bird 

CHAE See Fa ce 
Comstock, Miss E. C. 
Comstock, Mrs. N. H. 
Comstock, Mrs. Rich- 


Comstock, Walter J.. 
Comstock, Mrs. Wm. 
Conant, Ernest L.. 

Coney, Mrs. George ‘i. 
Coney, Miss Kate E.. 
Congdon, Miss F..... 


Congdon, Mrs. H. L.. 5 00 
Conklin, Mrs. W. B... 1 00 
Conley, Louis D...... 5 00 
Connecticut Audubon 


BORIELY peaks Ck 5 00 
Connell, Herbert S.... 5 00 
Connor, Rowland M.. 5 00 
Constable, Mrs. F. A. 5 00 
Converse, Miss M. E. 25.0¢ 
Cook, Mrs. A..B..... 5 00 
Cook, MrsA.- EB. o.->'2"00 
Cook, Mrs. Charles T. 5 00 
Cook, Frederick W... 5 00 
Cook, Mrs. Helen N.. 5 00 
Cook, Mrs, Jos... .... 2 00 


Cook, Miss M. E..... 1 00 
Cook Pati. cere 5 00 
Cook, Mrs. R. H..... 5 00 
Cooke, Mrs. H. P.. ..10 00 
Cooley, Charles P.... 5 00 
Cooley, Miss E.S.... 5.00 


Coolidge, Prof. Archi- 

bald: Cary, oscioc e500 
Coolidge, Francis L... 5 00 
Coolidge, J. Randolph to 00 
Coolidge, John T., Jr. 5 00 
Coolidge, Mrs. L. A. 5 00 
Coolidge, Thornton L. 5 00 
Cooper, Rev. J: F... . 3:00 
Coots; Ane 23 ee ee 5 00 


Cope, Miss Elizabeth. 5 00 
Cope, Francis R., Jr.. 5 00 
Cope, Mrs. Walter... 5 00 
Cope, Mrs. W. B... .:...5 00 
Copeland, Mrs. C.... 5 00 
Copson, H. Maria.... 2 00 
Corbin, Mrs. W. H... 2 00 
Cordes; Wms: .2-0... 5 00 
Corlies, Mrs. S. F.... 5 00 
Corliss, Miss M. L.... 5 00 
Corel Pi Pantin 5 00 
Cornell, Mrs. H. P.... 5 00 
Cornet, Henry S...... 5 00 
Cornett, Gardner.... 5 00 
Corning, Miss E. A... 5 00 
Corning, John H..... 5 00 


Corning, Mrs. John J. 5 00 
Corning, Miss M. I...50 00 
Cornwall, Eldridge L.. 5 00 


Cornwall, G.. Hes: 2.00 
Coulby, Mrs. Harry.. 5 00 
Cousens, John A..... 5 00 
Covel; Mrs: T.:D.. 22 590 
Cover, Harvey S..'°.. 5.00 
Cowdery, Mrs. E. G.. 5 00 
Cowdin, Winthrop... 5 00 


Cowles;eW. Foes. 10 00 


Cowling, Sarah F..... 5 00 
Cowperthwait, J. H... 5 00 
Cox, Douglas F...... 10 00 
COs ORT ie ia) 7. 5 00 
Coxe, Mrs. Brinton...10 00 


Coxe, Mrs. Charles B. 5 00 


Coykendall, Mrs. E...10 00 
Coykendall, Mrs. G... 5 00 
Coyle, Miss C. L.....10 00 
Coyle, Mrs. John E... 5 00 
Crabbe, Miss L. R.... 5 00 
Crabbe, Miss M. G... 5 00 
Craitibaura Fo 3555206 
Crafts, John W....... 5 00 
Cragin, Miss :C.T...) i :5 00 


Cram: Mise.C. Huis. 5s oo 
Cram, Miss Lily C.... 5 oc 
Cranier, Mrs.As 3.2). 5 00 
Cramer, Mrs. Joseph. 1 00 
Crane, Mrs. As Ave... 25:00 


Crane, Miss Clara L..20 00 


Grane, Mrs. COC. Reo. u5.15"00 
Crane, Mrs. Ellen J...10 00 
Crane, Mrs..H. W.... 2:00 
Crane, Mrs. J. H..... 5 00 
Crane Roid sth a es 5 00 
Crane, Word she aot 10 00 


Crans, Miss Laura C..$5 00 
Craven, Frank... : 20: 5 00 
Cravens, John S...... 10 00 


Crawford, Geo. E..... 5 00 
Crawford, R. L.......10 00 
Crawford, Wm....... 5 00 
Crawfordsville Audu- 

bon and Nature 

Study Clubic5 5 00 
Creevey, Mrs. J. K... 5 00 
Crehore, Frederic M.. 5 00 
Crehore, Miss Sybil. . 5 00 
Creighton, Miss E. S.. 5 00 
ae saereah Mrs. W. G. 

Sit Sie SOO Nay 5 90 
Ciees tors. Alexus 5 00 
Crittenden, Miss V.E. 2 00 
Crocker, David...... 5 00 
Crocker, Go As Pre... 500 


Crocker, Mr. and Mrs. 
Kenda BS | Ss 5 
Crocker, Wires few 10 00 


Crocker, Wm. H...... 5 00 
Crocker, Rev. W. T... 5 00 
Crockett, Mrs.:J.2B..-8;00 
Crockett, Dr. M. A... 5 00 
Cromie, Mrs. Geo. H. 5 00 
Crompton, Miss C. E. 5 00 


Crompton, Miss Mary 5 oo 


Crosby, Gono oe; 5 00 
Crosby, Mrs. S. V. R. 5 00 
Crosby, William S.... 5 00 
Cross,’ Grace-L, Re, <t.g0 
Cross, irs Por 8.90 
Cross, W. Redmond... 5 oo 
Crossett, Mrs. L. A... 6 00 
Crother, Frank W.... 5 00 
Crouse, George, Jr.... 5 00 
Crouse, J. Robert.... 5 00 
Crow, Prof. J. W..... 5 co 
Crowell, Mrs. Geo. E. 5 00 
Crowinshield, Mrs. F. 

Bs; ey EL OD 
Cruft, George es 5 00 
Cruikshank, Warren.. 500 
Crump, B. Bye se (ole) 


Crump, Walter, G.,Jr. 5 00 
Culbertson, Dr. E. B. 5 00 
Cumberland County 

Audubon Society... 
oe Mrs. C. As 


5 00 


5 00 
Coratataie Mrs. C. K. 5 00 
Cummings, Edward.. 5 oo 
Cummins, Miss A. M.10-00 


Cummins, Miss E. I.. 5 00 
Cunningham, Miss H. 

) Hee aa amos eee 5 00 
Curie, ‘Charles:.00 5... 5 00 
Currier; Benj... 5 00 
Curry, Mrs: Jo B. a5.) -§700 
Curtis, Evar@ci coe, 5 00 


Curtis, Frederick B... 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


480 
Curtis, Mrs. F. G.....$5 00 
Curtis, Mrs. G. S.,Jr.. 5 00 


Curtis, Mrs. James B.10 00 


Curtis, Mrs. Louis... 5 00 
Curtis, Mrs. M. M... 5 00 
Curtiss, Miss Sophia.. 5 00 
Cushing, FW ae 5 00 
Cushing, Grafton D... 5 00 
Cushing) teas as I 00 
Cushing, Miss M. W.. 1 00 
Cushing, Milton L.... 200 
Cushman, Miss Alice. 5 00 
Cushman, Mrs. H.I.. 5 00 
Cutler, Mr. and Mrs. 
Dwight 23 2205 5 00 
Cale Elbridge G. 5 00 
Cutler, Mrs. R. W.... 5 00 
Cutler, Miss S. B..... 1 00 
Cutler, Mrs. T. D.... 5 00 
Cutter, Dr. Gi Wie. 100 
Cutter, Ralph Ladd.. 5 00 
Cutting, A. Wayland. 5 00 
Cutting, Robert F.... 5 00 
Cuyler, Mrs. T. DeW. 5 00 
Datt; AviG. acca. ce ero 
Dake, Mrs. W. W.... 200 
Dalton, Mrs. Wm.... 1 00 
Dana, Miss Ada..... 5 00 
Dana, Miss E. A..... 200 
PFADG isos eine 5 ait 5 00 
Dana, Mrs. H. W.... 5 00 
Dana, Miss M. T..... 5 00 
Dana oR oo 5 00 
Dane, Mrs. F. 8S... ... 5 00 
Danforth, Mrs. G. H. 5 00 
Danforth, Mrs. H. G.. 5 00 


Danforth, Mrs. R. E. 5 00 


Danielson, Mrs. R....10 00 
Dann, Mrs. Isaac N.. 1 00 
Danville Bird Club... 5 00 
Danziger, Max....... 2 00 


Darlington, Mrs. C. F. 5 00 

Darlington, Mrs. H.S. 5 00 

Darlington, Miss Mary 
O’Hara 

Darrow, Gen’l W. N. 
Po 


ek 
Darrow, Mrs. W.N. P. 5 00 
Daunt, J. H... ae at CO 
Daveis, Edward H. 
(In Memoriam).... 5 00 
Davenport, Mrs. E. B. 5 00 
Davenport, Fred..... 5 00 
Davidson, Mrs. G. G., 
PRs ince eso ea eee OO 


Davidson, Miss Lois.. 5 00 
Davies, Mrs. H. J ... 5 00 
Davies, Mrs. J. C.... 5.00 
Davis, Miss Alice.....10 00 


Davis, Mrs. A. P..... 1 50 
Davis, Mrs. Annie R.. 5 00 
Davis, David D...... 8 50 
Davis, Edw. E....... 


Davis he Rite .oias $5 00 
Davis, George....... 2 00 
Davis, Geo; Pos: 222. 5 00 
Davis, Mrs. H. G..... 5 00 


Davis, Henry J....... 
Davis, Mrs. Jeffrey.. 
Davis, Mrs. J. E.... 


Davis, Josiah R. T.... < 00 
Davis, Mrs. J. C.. 5 00 
Davis, William jee 5 00 
Davis, Winfield S..... 5 00 
Davison, Miss. A. M. 5 00 
Davison, Miss E. T... 5 00 
Davison, (c,-Co 55 3.5 5 00 
Davol, Charles J..... 5 00 
Davol, Mrs. Joseph.. 5 00 
Dawes, Miss E. B....25 00 
Dawes, Miss E. M.... 5 00 
Day, Mrs. Albert M.. 2 00 
Day, Miss Carrie E... 5 00 
Day, Mrs. G. H., Sr.. 5 00 
Day;. Joseph: P...; 5 00 
Day, Miss K. 3.2 2.4. 5 00 
Day, Miss Sarah J.... 5 00 
Day, Stephen S...... 5 00 
Dayiin, bh. B. e5.o 6: 5 00 
Dean; Mrs: Wo Tso cc 5:66 
Deane, Ruthven..... 10 00 
GeBary, Avtec seus. 10 00 
Decker, Robert G.... 5 00 
deCoppet, E. J., Mrs.. 5 00 
DeForest, Charles S... 5 00 
DeForest, -He-W.c 5: 5 00 


DeForest, Mrs. Lee. . 
Degener, J. Pio. car: 10 00 
DeGraff, James W.... 
deGraffenried, Mrs. 


Mary H.. fei cOe 
DeHart, Miss K. 6 4. 2°00 
Deibel, F red.. < 860 


deKoven, Mrs. John.. 10 00 
Delafield, Mrs. J. R... 5 00 
Delano, Mrs. F. A.... 5 00 
Delano, Lyman...... 
Del Drago, Giovanni. 
Dellenbaugh, Mrs. F. 


S., Jr 

DeLoach, Prof.R.J.H. 
deLorenzi, Miss Susie. 
Delta Duck Club.... 
DeMilt, Miss Aida R.. 
Deming, i ag Gey i 
Dempsey, James H.. 
Denegre, William P.. 
Denel, Mrs. W. F.... 
Denison, Mrs. Charles 
Dennen, Rev. E. J.... 
Dennie, Miss M. H... 
Dennis, Arthur W.... 5 00 
Dennis, Mrs. C. C. R. 3 00 
Dennis, Dr. Less. 5 00 
Dennison, Henry S... 5 00 
Denny, Mrs. A. B.... 5 00 


Denslow, Rev. H. M., 
D.D 


Derby, Mrs. George S. 5 00 
Derr, Miss Katharine. 5 00 
deSchanensee, Rodol- 

phe Meyer........ 5 00 


DeSola, Mrs. J.C... 2 00 
Despard, Co bass.) .30:66 
Despard, Mrs. C. L... 10 00 
Despard, We: D.i02.: 5 00 
Detroit Audubon 
SOCwty i sys eee 5 00 


Detroit Bird Protecting 


8 1 ORAM any eee aa 00 
Detroit Zoblogical 
SOckety: yc ass 254 5 00 
Dettmer, Jo :G.c ox S. 5 00 
Devereaux, Richard 
Irving (In Memo- 
FIGi0) iG 5 00 
Devereux, W. Evans . 2 00 


deVon, Miss M. R.... 3 00 
Dewey, Dr. Chas. A..10 00 
Dewey, Mrs. G. T.... 5 00 
DeWolf, Halsey...... 2 00 
DeWolf, Mrs. Halsey. 5 00 
Dexter, Miss Alice S.. 5 00 


Dexter, Mrs. W. D... 5 00 
Dibble, Mrs. R. W... 5 00 
Dick, Miss Eliza M... 5 00 
Dickasony 45.0. % 522 6:00 
Dickey, Charles D.... 5 00 


Dickinson, Mrs. C. P. 5 oo. 


Dickinson, F. R...... 5 00 
Dickson, Wm. C..... 5 00 
Diffenderffer, C. A.... 5 00 
Dill, Mrs. Charles G.. 5 00 
Dill, Mrs. James B... 5 00 
Dillingham, Mrs. T. 

11 COARSE ES Sy ead Pe (ole) 
Dillon, Fred N....... 5 00 
Diman, Miss Louise:. 1 00 
Dimock, Geo. E...... 5 00 
Dimock,: SB occ: 5 00 
Dinsmoor, John C.... 5 00 


Dinsmore, Mrs. W. B.1ro 00 


Disney, Dwight R.... 5 00 
Disston, Mrs. J. S.... 5 00 
Ditson, Mrs. Chas. H. 5 00 
Dittmann, Mrs. G. W. 5 00 
Dixey, Mrs. R. C..... 5 00 
Dobbins, Miss L. E.., 5 00 
Dobie, Richard L..... 5 00 
Dodge, D. Stuart. ...10 00 
Dodge, Francis P..... 5 00 
Dodge, Mrs. J. M.... 5 00 
Dodge, Louis L....... 5 00 
Dodge, Mrs. R....... 5 00 
D’Oench, William.... 5 00 
Dolfinger, Emma..... 5 00 
Dominick, Mrs. M. Ww. 5 00 
Dooley, Fede scseues 5 00 


Doremus, Mrs. R. P..25 00 


List of Members 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Dorman, Mrs. F. W..$3 00 
Dorr; John-Vi Ni... 325700. 
Dorrance, Samuel M.. 5 00 
Doscher, Charles..... 500 
Doubleday, F. N.... 
Doubleday, Mrs. G... 
Doughty, Mrs. W. H. 5 00 
Douglas, Miss E...... 5 00 
Douglas, Mrs. James.15 00 
Douglas, Mrs. W. L. 5 00 
Douglass, Mrs. C.....10 00 
Dow, Miss Caroline B. 1 00 
Dowd, Heman....... 5 00 


5 00 


Dows, Mrs. Tracy.... 5 00 
Doylestown Nature 
COD rs eine ee 5 00 
Drago; Neo eco 5 00 
Drake, Durant....... 5 00 
Drake Isabel A.....’. 5.00 


Drake; John-B..: >. 
Draper. CoA oo2 25s 


Draper, Wallace S.... 5 00 
Drayton, Judson..... 5 00 
Dreier, Theodore..... 5 00 
Dresser, Mrs. H. W... 5 00 
Drost, Miss H....... 5 90 
. Drosten, Mrs. F. W... 5 00 
Drummond, Mrs.C.C. 5 00 
Dryden, Miss E. M... 5 00 
Dryer, Miss L. M.... 8 00 
DuBois Bird Club.... 5 00 


DuBois, Mrs. Goddard 5 00 
Ducharme, F. T...... 5 00 
Ducker, Miss Stella.. 200 
Dudley, Mrs. T...... I 00 
Dudley, Mrs. Wm. B- 5 00 


Duer, Miss Sarah G..10 00 
Dulany, Wm. H., Jr.. 5 00 
Dumaresq, Mr. and 

Mrs. Herbert...:.. 10 00 
Dumont, Mrs. J. B... 5 00 
Dunbar, Edward G... 5 00 
Dunbar, Miss L. H...20 00 
Dunbar, Oliver E..... 5 00 
Duncan, A. Butler... 5 00 
Dunham, Arthur L... 5 00 


Dunham, Mrs. Carroll 5 00 


Dunham, Edward K.. 5 00 
Dewan: BoA... 5 OS 
Dunn, Mr. and Mrs. 
PAGRSON Se cas IO 00 
Dunn, John W. G.... 5 00 
Dunn, Mrs. Myra.... 5 00 


Dunshee, Mrs. W. H.. 5 00 
duPont, Mrs. Coleman25 00 


DuPont, Eugene..... 5 00 
duPont, H: Fi... 5 00 
duPont, Mrs. P. S....10 00 
duPont, Mrs. V., Sr.. 500 


duPont, Mrs. W. H.. 5 00 
Durand, Mrs. Wallace 1 00 
Duryee, Miss A. B:... 5 00 
Dutcher, Abram G.. 5 00 


Dutton, Harry... . $10 00 
Du Villard, H. A..... 5 00 
Dwelle, Mrs. T. H.... 5 00 


Dwight, John E...... 5 00 
Dwight, Dr. Jonathan 5 00 


Dycker, Mrs.... Pee OO 
Dyer, Mrs. G. R..... 5 00 
Earle, Henry M...... 5 00 


Earle, Osborne....... 10 00 
E——S, C. ‘fA Friend”’ 5 00 
Easton, Mrs. N. H...10 00 
East Tennessee Audu- 

bon Society........ 10 00 


Eaton, Mrs. D. C....50 00 
Eaton, Miss E. B..... 5 00 
Eaton, Mrs. G. F..... 1 00 
Eaton, Howard...... 5 00 
Eaton, Miss M. L.... 5 00 
Eaton, Mary S.......10 00 
Ebeling, Willi H...... 5 00 
Eckstein, Miss B..... 5 00 
Eddy, Mrs. F. W..... 5 00 
Eddy, William H..... 5 00 
| Edgar, Mrs. C. S.....10 00 
Edgar, Mrs. H. L. R.. 5 00 
Edgar, William C..... 5 00 
Edge, Mrs. C. N..... 5 00 
Edison, Thomas A... .50 00 
Edmunds, Ethel D... 2 50 
Edson, William L. G.. 5 00 
Edwards, Mrs. A. D..10 00 
Edwards, Chas, J..... 5 00 
Edwards, Miss E. S...20 00 
Edwards, Miss H. C.. 5 00 
Edwards, Miss L. J... 5 00 
Edwards, O. M.......15 00 
Eells, Mrs. M.S...... 5 00 
Eggleston, Julius W... 5 00 
Ehrich, Robert...... 2 00 
Ehrich, Mrs. Wm. J.. 5 00 


Ehrmann, Dr. F. J. E. 5 00 


Eilers, Miss Meta.... 5 00 
Eimer, Mrs. M. L....10 00 
Eisig, Miss Kate..... 5 00 
Elbricht, Mrs. R. E... 5 00 


Elgin Audubon Society 5 00 
Eliot, Chas W....... 5 00 
Eliot, Mrs. C. W..... 5 00 
Eliot, Mrs. Ellsworth. 5 00 
Elkins, Mrs./S.°B..:.. 5.00 
Ellegood, R. E...0 2. 5 00 
Ellinwood, Mrs. C. B.10 00 
Elliot, George B...... 2 00 
Bitiot, Sarah]. 220. 6 00 


Elliott, George F..... 5 00 
Ellis, Mrs. G. M..... 100 
Elis; Mrs. oie oes: 5 00 
Ellis, Mrs. Wm. S.... 5 00 
Ellsworth, Miss E. R. 5 00 
Ellsworth, John E.... 1:00 
Ellsworth, J. M...... 5 00 
Elsworth, Mrs. E. W.. 1 00 
Ely, Miss Anna W.... 5 00 


481 
Emanuel, J. H., Jr... .$5 00 
Embury, Miss E. C... 5 00 
Emerson, Charles P... 5 00 
Emerson, Mrs. E. W.. 5 00 
Emerson, Elliot S..... 5 00 
Emerson, Julia T..... 5 00 
Emerson, Lowell P... 5 00 
Emerson, William.... 5 00 
Emery, Frederick L..10 00 


Emery, MissGeorgianaro 00 
Emery, Miss L. J.....10 00 
Emlen, Miss Susan T. 5 00 


Emmerich, Miss M... 5 00 
Emmet, Mrs. L. F.... 5 00 
dommet, “Re Eon sss 5 2 


Emmet, W. L. R.. 
Englewood Bird Club. zo 00 
English, Mrs. L. H...10 00 
Enlow, Miss E....... I 50 


Ria Na os eee 5 00 
Enos, Louisa I... 20... 5 00 
Erbacher, Mrs. F. H.. 1 00 
Erbsloh, Rudolph. re BOO 


Erickson, Mrs. A. W..10 00 
Ericson, Mrs. Melvin. 5 00 
Erlanger, Abraham... 5 00 
Erlanger, Milton S.... 5 00 
Ernst, Mrs. Harold C. 5 00 
Ernst, Richard P..... 5-00 
Erving, Wm. V. R.... 5 00 
Eshbaugh, Mrs. T. K.15 00 


_Eshner, Mrs. A. A.... 100 
Essick, William S..... 2 00 
Estes, Webster C..... 5 00 
Estey, Mrs. Alice R... 5 00 
Estey, Harold, Jr..... 5 00 
Ettorre, Mrs. F. F.... 100 
Eurich, Mrs. E. F.... 5 00 
Eustis, Frederick A... 5 00 
Eustis, Mrs. George.. 5 00 
Eustis, Mrs. M. H.... 5 00 
Eustis, The Misses... 5 00 
Evans, Dr. Edward.. 5.00 
Evans, Frank C....):. 5 00 


Evans, Mrs. Glendown 2 00 


Evans, Mrs. I. N..... 5 00 
Evans, Miss Mildred. 2 00 
Evans, Wilmot R.....10 00 
Evarts, Miss Mary... 5 00 
Byerett, poo 2 v5 65-00 
Evers, Rev. S. J....:. 5 00 
Ewen, Miss E. M..... 5 00 
Ewing, Mrs. Charles.. 5 00 
Ewing, Mrs. Thomas. 5 00 
Fabricius; Dr. J. Ri..5.00 
Fackler, David Parks. 5 00 


Fagen, Mrs. Joo 503. 5 00 


Fahnestock, William.. 5 oo 
Fahrney, Miss M. H.. 5 00 
Fahy, Mrs. John..... 5 00 


Fairbanks, Miss C. T. 3 00 
Fairbanks, Mrs, N. B. 5 00 


482 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Fairbanks, Miss N. I.$3 50 
Fairchild, Benjamin T. 5 00 


Fairchild, Mrs. C. S.. 5 00 
Falconer, J. W....... 5 00 
Falk, H. Ae oe 5 00 
Farley, Arthur C.. 5 90 
Farley, Mrs. J. N... 5 00 


Farnam, Elizabeth W. 5 00 
Farnam, Henry W....10 00 
Farnam, Mrs. W. W..10 00 
Farnham, Wallace S..10 00 
Farnsworth, Mrs. C.L. 5 oo 


Farnum, Mrs. H. W.. 5 00 
Farquhar, Arthur.... 5 00 
Farrar, Miss E. W.... 5 00 
Farrel, Alton, Jr......e5 00 
Farrel, Franklin, 3rd.. 5 00 
‘Farrel, Mrs. F., Jr.... 5 00 
Farrell, Mrs. C. P.... 5 00 


Farrington, Mrs. L. E. 5 00 


Farrington, L. W..... I 00 
Parrish, Dr.cR, Ce 4" 5 66 
Passetts JS. i ics 5 00 
Fassitt, Miss M...... 5 00 


Fassitt, Dr. Theodore. 5 00 
Faulkner, Miss F. M..10 00 


Faxon, Mrs. F. A..... 5.00 
Pay, FRADE Ostia a 5 00 
Pay, Mrs. Eo.” 5 00 
Fay, Miss Sarah B... 200 00 
Pay,-S. Prescott. : 0: 5 00 


Fearhake, Mrs. E. R.. 5 00 


Fearing, Mrs. M. P... 500 
Fearon, Mrs. Charles. 5 00 
Feely, Ambrose...... 5 00 
Fell, Emma Trego.... 5 00 
Fendall, Mrs. R...... 5 00 
Fenenden, R. G.....: 5 00 


Fentress, Mrs. Calvin. 5 00 
Ferguson, A. L., Jr... 5 00 
Ferguson, Miss E. D.. 5 00 
Ferguson, Forrest.... 5 00 
Ferguson, Miss F.....15 00 
Ferguson, Mrs. Henry 5 00 
Ferguson, Mrs. Mary 
Van E 
Ferguson, Mrs. W.... 
Fernald, Mrs. L. B. T. 
Ferris, Eversley S.... 
Ferris, Miss Ida J.... 
Fessenden, Judge F. G. 


5 00 
5 00 


Feustman, L. P...... 5 00 
Fiebing; J. Heo... 5 00 
Field, Charles H...... 5 00 
Field, Wi6S se cou os 2 00 
Field, ee Vibrio: 3 00 
Field, Mrs. M., 3rd... 5 00 
Field, Thomas G..... 5 00 
Field, Mrs. W. B. O.. 5 00 
Finch, Mrs. G. K..... 5 00 
Finck, Mrs. A. H. C.. 5 00 
Finegan, Mrs. T. E... 5 00 
Finley, Wm. L....... 5 00 


Finney, Mrs. E. S....$5 50 
Firth, Mrs. John..... 2 00 
Fisher, Miss E. W.... 5 00 
Fisher, Frederic A.... 2 00 
Fisher, Geo. A....... 5 00 
Fisher, G. Clyde..... 5 00 
Fisher, Te hain sae 50.00 
Fisher, Mrs. I.-T..... § 00 
Fisher, Miss Maud... 5 00 
Fisk; Dr. Arthur L..): 5-60 


Fisk, Mrs. Emeline G. 
Fisk, Mrs. Harry G... 


Fiske, Mrs. C. H., Jr.. 5 00 
Fiske; BW iii. 3. 2G 10 00 
Fitch, Miss Delia C... 5 00 
Fitch, Mrs. Ezra H... 5 00 
Fitz, Mrs. W. Scott. .20 00 
Fitz Gerald, M.C..... 5 00 
Fitzhugh, Gen’! C. L..10 00 
Fitzhugh, John D..... 5 00 
Fitzhugh, William M..10 co 
Fitzpatrick, Thos. B.. 5 00 
Flagg, Dr. Elisha.... 5 00 
Flagg, Miss H. V..... 5 00 
Flagg, Mrs. S. G., Jr.. 5 00 
Fleek, Henry S....... 5 00 
Fleet, Mrs. J. M. L... 10 00 
Blertmant, HC. 5 00 
Fletcher, Miss A. C... 5 00 
Fletcher, Mrs. J. L... 5 00 
Flinn, Mrs, Ri Bo 2 500. 
Flinn, William....... 5 00 
Flint, Mrs. Austin.... 5 00 
Flint, Mrs. C. R......10 00 
re ont: Mrs. J, Mi... 3-5 00 
Florida Audubon 
DOCIIV chee 5 00 
Floyd, Mrs. E. D..... 5 00 
Floyd, Mrs. W. T.... 5 0c 
Floyd-Jones, E. H..... 5 00 
Fluhrer, Dr. Wm. F.. 5 00 
Fobes, William H..... 5 00 
Folsom, Mrs. E. K... 5 00 
Folsom, Mrs. G. W... 5 00 
FOO DENG... 5:00 
Foot, Sanford D...... 5 00 
Foote, Mrs. E. Bond. 5 00 
Foote, George L...... 5 00 
Forbés; Mrs, Av. << 5:00 
Forbes, Edward W... 5 00 
Forbes, Mrs. J. M.... 5 00 
Forbes, Mrs. M. J....10 00 
Forbes, Ralph E..... 5 00 
Forbes, Mrs. Wm. H..10 00 
Forbes, William S....10 00 
Ford, A. E.. S41 5:00 
Ford, Edward E...... 5 00 
Ford, Edw. R.. 5 00 
Ford, Mrs. John S. 5 00 
Ford, Miss Lesta..... 5 00 
Ford, Miss S. M...... 5 00 
Fordyce, George L.... 5 00 
Fordyce, Mrs. J. A... 5 00 


Foreman, Miss Grace.$5 00 


Forest Hills Gardens 
Audubon Society... 
Forrest, Mrs. G. D... 
Forsyth, Mrs. Holmes 
Fortnightly Club, The 
Fosburgh, James W... 
Foshay, Dr. P. M.... 
Foster, MrsyAwG, 3. 
Foster; sMrs. Co Deo: 
Foster, Mrs. C. O.... 
Foster, Miss Fanny. . 
Foster, Frank B...... 
Foster, Mrs. J. N.. 
Foster, Jay D.. 
Foster, Miss M. C.. 
Foster, Macomb eS. 
Foster, Miss S. C..... 
Foster, Walter R..... 
Foster, William B.... 
Fowle, Seth A........ 
Fowler, Mrs. E. M... 
Fowler, George F..... 
Fowler, Mrs. John... 
Fowler, Mrs. M. K... 
Fowler, Ralph N..... 
Fowler, Robert A..... 
Fowler, Mrs. T. P... 
Fox, Miss A. M...... 


Fox; Dr. Henry... 
Fox, Mrs. Herbert W. 
Fox,’ Mrs. Mass 
Pox, Witham. 
Francis, Henry S..... 
Frank, Mrs. Fritz J... 
Franke, Mrs. Albert.. 
Frankenheim, Samuel 
Franklin, Miss L. I.P. 
Franklin, Mrs. M. L.. 
Franklin Marsh Wren 


Franks, R. A.. 

Frantz, Mrs. Frank. 
Franzen, August..... 
Fraser, Donald. ..... 
Fraser, Miss Jane K.. 
Fray, John er 
Freeman, Edgar Be 
Freeman, Miss H. E: 
Freeman, W. W 
French, Allen........ 
French, Daniel C..... 
Freund, John C...... 
Frick, Mrs. Childs. . . 
Friend, Fo Wig ss. 
Frisselt; Aj Sacsgacss 


Frothingham, F. V.. 

Frothingham, Mrs. J. 
Frothingham, Dr. L.. 
Frothingham, Mrs. L. 


5 co 
5 00 
5 90 
2 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
15 00 
5 00 
5 00 
I 00 
5 00 
5 90 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
I 50 
5 90 
3 00 
5 00 
5 00 


-I10 00 


mie Bios: 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


List of Members 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Frothingham, Mrs. R.$5 00 


Frothingham, T. L... 5 00 
Fry, Mrs. Henry..... 5 00 
Pry Ab McG sigs e500 
Fuessenich, F.. F..... 5 00 
Fuguet, Stephen..... 10 00 
Fuller, Mrs. A. G..... 5 00 


Fuller, Mrs. Arthur O. 3 00 
Fuller, Mrs. G. A..... 1 00 


Fuller; Mrs.G. Pi... 75-00 
Fuller, Horace A.....10 00 
Fuller, Mrs. H. A.....10 00 
Palen We sete, 5 00 
Fulton, William E.... 5 00 
Fulton, Mrs. W.S..,. 5 00 
Funk, Mrs. C. Wm... 5 00 
Furness, Prof., C. E..10 00 
Gage, Mrs. Homer... 5 00 
Gage, Mrs. So... ...210,00 


Gaillard, Mrs. Wm. D.10 00 
Gale, Charles H...... 5 00 
Gale Philip Bi* ee: : 5 00 
Gale, Mrs. Thomas K. 5 00 


Galle, Miss Louise.... 5 00 
Galloply Bek. ao = 5 00 
Gallum, Mrs. A. F.... 5 00 
Galpin tes bos 2 OO 
Gamble, James L..... 5 00 
Gamble, James N....10 00 
Garber, Miss L. J..... 5 00 
Garden Club of 

Evanston® oo... 5 00 
Gardiner, (Co frit.s 500 
Gardiner, Miss S. D..10 00 
Gardner, Mrs. A. F... 5 00 
Gardner, Mrs. A. P... 5 00 
Gardner, Dr. CoH... “5-00 
Gardner, Mrs. G. W.. 5 00 
Gardnerc bi. 057. 5 00 
Garrett, Miss H. S... 5 00 
Garrett; Mrs: PC: 6 60 
Garrett, Mrs.-T. H... 5 00 
Garrettson, Mrs. F. P. 5 00 
Garritt, Miss E. W... 5 00 
Garver, John A...... 5 00 
Gary, Judge E. H.. 5 00 
Gary, Mrs. J. W.. 5 00 
Gates, Milo H., D. D. 5 00 
Gath, John.. - 5.00 
Gavit, Mrs. E. P.. 5.00 
Gavit, Miss J. N.. 2 00 
Gavitt, William S.__ 5.00 
Gay, Mrs F. L....... 500 
Gaylord, Mrs. F. H... 5 00 
Gazzam, Olivia...... I 00 
Geer, Mrs. Walter... 5 00 
Geier, Frederic A..... 5 00 
Geier, Dr Otto Pe.) ¢ 06 
Geisenheimer, Theo... 20 00 
Geisser, Miss M. T... 5 00 
Gellatly, John....... 5 00 
Genung, Alfred V. C. 

Bree sore temic ane 5.00 


George, Edwin S.....$5 00 
George, Mrs. W. W... 5 00 
Gerdes, Mrs. C. M... 500 
Gerdtzen: Gi Ac). 2 00 
Gere, Mrs. K. G...... 5.00 
Gerry, Mrs. M. J. H.. 1 00 
Gest, Mrs. Wm. P....10 00 
txherardi yas. 6 seo 5 00 
Giauque, Florien..... I 00 
Gibbon, John........ 5 00 
Gibbs, George....... 500 
Gibbs, Mrs. R. M.... 5 00 
Gibbs, W. H.. 5 00 
Gibson, Mrs. H. H.. . 10 00 
Gifford, Miss M.N... 1 00 
Gifford, Pane Ge 2 255500 
Gignoux, Claude..... 5.90 
Gilbert, Miss A. H... 5 00 


Gubert, Mrsy Cee. I 
Gilbert, Mrs. L. D.... 
Gilbert, William A.... 
Gilbert, Mrs. W. T... 


Gilbertson, Dee 5 00 
Gilchrist, Miss A. T.. 10 00 
Gildehaus, H. W:. 5 00 
Gilholm, Elgin....... 5 00 
Gul, MrecKeok ce. 5 00 
Gillett; Drs W:;: 3. 12,00 
Gillett, Lucy D.. . >: 5.00 
Gillette Mrs. G. i...) 5 00 
Gilliam. ReA.r oc. S. 5 00 
Gillmore, Frank...... 5 00 
Gillmore, Mrs. James. 5 00 
Gilman, Miss C. T.... 5 00 
Gilmore, Mrs. A. F... 5 00 
Gilmore, Clinton G... 5 00 
Gilpin, Mrs. John C.. 5 00 
Ginn, Frank H....... 5.00 
Gladding, John R.. 5 00 
Gladwin, Harold $ 5 00 
Glass, Mrs. John..... 5 00 
Glazier, Mrs. W. S.... 5 00 
Glenn, John M.. 5 60 


Glens Falls Local Bird 
5 
Glenville Normal Bird 


(He (hs SG te erapaearietre t 5 00 
Glessner, Mrs. J. ee 5 00 
Glidden, Mrs. F..A... 5 00 
Glidden, Mrs. M. Ga 5 00 
Glover, "Mr. and Mrs. 

We Tevingo8 oe 5 00 
Goadby, Arthur..... 5 00 
Goddard, Mrs. F. N.. 5 00 
Goddard, Mrs. G. H.. 5 00 
Goddard, Miss Julia.. 2 00 
Godfrey,Mrs.W.H.K.. 5 00 
Godwin, Mrs. Harold. 5 00 
Goetze, Mrs. Otto.... 5 00 
Gott: MrsscF? a 5 00 
Gogrin: Jonni... 223 5 00 
Goldberg, Paul...... 5 00 
Goldfrank, Mrs. M...10 00 


Goler, Mrs. F. H.... 
Gonzales, William E.. 
Goodale, Levi Co.3. =. 
Goodell, Mrs. J. F.... 
Goodenough, EK. W... 
Goodfellow, Mrs.W.S. 
Goodhue, Mrs. F. A.. 
Goodman, Mrs. E. H. 
Goodman, pes 
Goodrich, Miss M. I.. 
Goodrich, Mrs. N. L.. 
Goodspeed, Mrs. W.F. 
Goodwillie, Mrs.M.B. 
Goodwin, Miss....... 
Goodwin, Dr. A. H... 
Goodwin, Mrs. H. M. 
Goodwin, Mrs. J. J... 
Goodwin, James L.... 
Goodwin, Miss M. S.. 
Goodyear, Mrs. C. W. 
Gordinier, Dr. H. C. . 
Gordons, Panay oes 
Gordon, Dr. S. J..... 
Gore; John Kau 2: 
Gorst,; Charles C...... 


Gottheil, Mrs. Paul. . 
Gotthold, Arthur F... 
Gould, Charles A..... 
Graham, Charles E... 
Graham, Charles J... 
Graham, Mrs. E. J... 
Graham, Mary D.... 
Graham, Mrs. T.. 
Gramer, W. A.. 
Grandin, Mrs. G. W.. 
Grandin, Mrs. $2.0; Jr 
Grant, Claudius ee 
Grant, Mrs. M. K.... 
Grasselli, Miss J...... 
Gratwick, We Theis 
Gratwick, W. H., Jr.. 
Gravenhorst, Fred W. 
Graves, Mrs. C. B.... 
Graves, Mrs. H. S.... 
Gray, Charles H 
Gray, Miss Ellen W.. 
Gray, Miss Emily.... 
Gray, George M...... 
Gray, Humphrey S... 
Gray, Miss Isa E..... 
Gray, Mrs. Morris... 
Gray, MrsoP oes, 
Gray; Roland... <; 
Gray, Russell... 
Graydon, Mrs. F. W.. 
Greet Or COr eos 
Greeff, Donald C..... 
Green, Mrs. B: R... -: 
Green, GiAce.e. cus 
Green, Mrs. G. W.... 


483 


. $5 00 


20 00 
500 
5 90 
5.00 
5 00 
2 50 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
2 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 

10 00 
5 00 

10 00 
500 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
500 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


2 00 


-10 00 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
2 00 
5 00 
5 00 


484 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Greene, Arthur D....$5 00 
Greene, AoE. 250.205 5 00 
Greene, Miss C. C.... 5 00 
Greene, Miss C.S.... 100 
Greene, Gardiner..... 1 00 
Greene, Miss M. A... 5 00 
Greene, Mrs. R. H.... 5 00 
Greenebaum Mrs. J.E. 5 00 
Greenough, D. $:.°..: 5 00 


Greenwich Bird Pro- 
tection Society..... 
Greenwood, Miles.... 
Greer, Mrs. Almira.. 
Gregory, Oe 
Gregory, Mrs. R. B.. 


Grew, Mrs. E. W.. 5 00 
Greystone Park Bird 
CH 2 eons sees 5.00 
Griesedieck, Jos...... 5.00 
Griffin, Mrs. E. C.... 5 00 
Griffin, Mrs. S. B.. 5 00 
Griffith, Miss S. i. 5 00 
Grigsby, WwW. W 500 
Griscom, CAs rs 2% 5 00 
Griscom, Mrs. C. A... 5 00 
Grissinger, Elwood... 5 00 
Griswold, S.°A. > 0.05%. 5 00 
Groesbeck, Telford... 5 00 
Grossmann, Mrs. E.A. 5 00 
Groton Bird Club.... 5 00 


Grosvenor, Gilbert H. 5 oc 

Grover, Mrs. A. B.... 5 00 

Grundner, M. (In 
Memoriam)........ 5 00 

Guernsey, Henry W..10 00 

Guggenheim, Mrs. S. 
Re. 


Gund, “Mrs. G. A.. 
Gunderson, Mrs. G. B. 
Gunnison, Miss M.. 


5 00 
5 00 


Gurney, Mrs. M. St 
Guthrie, Mrs. T. W... 4 00 
Gutman, DeWitt..... 5 00 
Gyger, Edgar G...... 4 00 
Haas, Mrs. C. W..... 5 00 
Haas, Miss Edith.... 5 00 
Haass, Mrs. L. H.....25 00 
Hadden, Alexander... 5 00 
Hadley, Miss M. H... 1 00 
Haerle, Mrs. G. C.... 5 00 
Haeussler, Herman A. 2 00 
Hagaman, Miss E. A.. 5 00 
Haver, Karle. inc 5 00 
Hagerty, George V... 5 00 
Haggin, Mrs. Ben Ali. 5 00 
Haigh, Henry A...... 5.00 
Haight, Miss Frances. 5 00 
Malena. ld. 5 00 
Haines, Charles D.... 5 00 
Haines, Mrs. E. C.... 200 
Hale, Mrs. A. M. P... 5 00 
Hale, Mrs. R. E...... 5 00 
Hale, Thomas, Jr..... 1 00 


Hall, Gaylord G...... $1 00 


Hall, Lewis: Foo occ. 5 00 
Hall, Orlando........ 5 00 
Hall, William L...... 5 00 
Hall, Wm. W., Jr..... 5 00 
Hall, Willis E........ 5 00 
Halle, S. Portland.... 5 00 
Hallenberg, A. L..... 5 00 
Hallett, Mrs. E. F.... 5 00 
Hallowell, Hannah... 5 00 


Halsey, Mrs. F.-R.... 5 00 
Halsey, Harold V. W. 5 00 
Halstead, Mrs. Robert 5 oo 
Halstead, David C.... 5 00 
Hamann, William A.. 5 00 
Hambleton, Mrs. F.S. 5 00 
Hambleton, Mrs. J.W. 5 00 
Hamersley, L. Gordonto oo 
Hamill, Mrs. E. A.... 5 00 
Hamilton Bird Pro- 
tection Society, The 5 00 
Hamilton Mrs. C.S... 5 00 
Hamilton, Miss E. S.. 5 00 
Hamilton, Mrs. Wm.. 5 00 
Hamlen, Elizabeth P.. 5 00 
Hamlin, Mrs. E. F.... 5 00 


Hamlin, Mrs. H. L... 5 00 
Haman TS Oe 200 I 00 
Hammond, Mrs. E. P. 2 00 
Hammond, Mrs. J. H. 5 00 
Hammond, Miss K... 5 00 
Handy, Mrs. M.A... 5 00 
Hank, Miss Lenda T.. 5 00 
Hannaford, J. M..... 5 00 
Hannah, Charles G... 5 00 
Hannum, W. E....... 5 00 
Harbeck, Miss D. D.. 5 00 
Harbison, Ralph W... 5 00 
Harbison, Wm, A.....10 00 


Hardenbagh, Miss Ade- 


laide C.. Voeouue.. 
Harding, Emor H.. . .10 00 
Hardon, Mrs. H. W... 5 00 
Hardy, Mrs. E. C.... 5 00 
Hardy Garden Club of 

Riston. os) .5 0c. 3°. 5.00 
Hardy, James E...... I 00 
Hare, Mir: es 16% 5 00 


Harkness, Edward S..25 00 
Harkness, Miss M. G.10 00 


Harmon, Judson..... 5 00 
Harmon, J.° Moi). I 00 
PERE OM otis oa 5 00 
Harper, Mrs. E.S.... 5 00 
Harral Bo We. ec: 5 00 
Harriman, Mrs. H.M_ 5 00 
Harrington, C. M.... 5 00 
Harrington, M. H.... 5 00 
Harrington, Mrs. 
Rao Mo es 5 00 
Harrington, Mrs. W.F. 5 00 
Harrington, Mrs.W.K. 5 00 
Harris, Alfred...... » 500 


Harris, Miss Amy E..$2 oc 
Harris, Mrs. A. E. M. 5 00 


Harris, A. H., 2nd.... 200 
Harris, Mrs. C. S..... 5 00 
Harris, Miss F. K.... 400 
Harris, George W.. 5 00 
Harris, Henry Upham 5 00 
Harris, Mrs, JC... 5:00 
Harris, John F....... 5 00 
Harris, Mrs. J. F..:.. 5 00 


Haris, J. Paces 5 00 


Harris, John Upham . 5 00 
Harris, Lement B..... 5.00 
Harris, Tracy H...... 5 00 
Harris, Mrs. W. H.... 5 00 
Harris, W. C.. . 8°60 
Harris, W. L.. 5 00 
Harrison, Archibald. .10 00 
Harrison, Bernard J.. 5 00 
Harrison, George L... 5 00 
Harrison G. L., Jr.... 5 00 
Harrison, Harry W... 5 00 
Harrison, Master H. 

Wink nature tn 5 00 
Harrison Miss Jennie. 2 00 
Harrison, Mrs. M. J.. 5 00 
Harrison, Mrs. M. L.. 5 00 
Harrison, Mrs. Perry. 5 00 
Harrold, Elmer...... 5 00 
Harron, Master H. I.. 2 00 
Harroun, Mrs. A. K.. 5 00 
Harroun, Eliot K.....10 00 
Harry, Mrs. Joseph.. 5 00 
Hart; Mrs. Harry.... 5 00 
Hart, Mrs. Jay H.... 5 00 


Hart, Lane Sop0.c5 5: 15 00 


Hart, Miss Mary T... 5 co 
Harte, Dr. Richard H. 5 00 
Hartford Bird eased 
Club.. 5 00 
Hartford, a arene ae 5 00 
Hartman, Edna F.... -5.00 
Hartness, Mrs. Jas.... 5 00 
Hartshorn, H. Ira.... 1 00 
Hartshorn, Mrs. S.... 5 00 
Hartwell, Mrs. C. S... 5 00 
Harvey, es. 5 00 
Harvey, Edward ae .10 00 
Harvey, Mrs. John... 5 00 
Harvey, J. S..C...... 10 00 
Harvey, LeRoy...... 5 00 
Harwood, G. F.. 5 00 


Hasbrouck, Mrs. H.C. 5 00 
Hasbrouck, Dr. and 


Mrs. J. Roswell. ... 10 00 
Haselton, Mrs. A. S...20 00 
Kaskell, Miss H. P... 5 00 


Haskell, Mrs. L. A. (In 


Memoriam) aaah 5 00 
Haskins, Miss S. F... 5 00 
Hasler, Frederick E... 5 00 
Hastings, Miss A. O.. 5 00 
Hastings, Mrs. M. J.. 5 00 


List of Members 


485 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Hastings, Mrs. T.....$5 00 
Hastings, W. R...... 5 00 
Hatch, Miss C. C..... 5 00 
Hatch, Mrs. H. R.... 5 00 
Hatch, Walter E..... 5 00 
Hathaway, Mrs. H... 5 00 


Miss Hattie Audubon 


Societyo.-<0 mec 5 00 
Haueisen, Wm....... 250 
Hauge, Wm. C....... 5 00 
Haupt, Dr. Louis. ...10 00 
Hausmann, T. L..... 5 00 
Havemeyer, Mrs. H.. 5 00 
Havemeyer, John C. .15 00 
Havemeyer, T. A..... 5 00 
Hawes, Mrs. O. S.... 5 00 
Hawkes, Miss Eva... 5 00 
Hawkes, Mrs. McD... 5 00 
Hawkins, Mrs. E. D.. 5 00 
Hawkins, Mrs. R..... 5 00 
Hawley, Mrs. J. L....10 00 
Hay, Clarence L...... 5 00 
Hayden, Mrs. H. Y... 5 00 


mae: Mrs. Wm. Van 
Haynes, Miss C. C... 5 00 
Haynes, Miss L. deF..15 00 
Hays, Kaufmann and 
Linden. os. 5 00 
Hayward, Miss Emma 5 00 
Hayward, Mrs. M. E. 
PNR: 4c Fe kek eee 9g 00 
Hayward, Thomas B.. 5 00 
Haywood, Mr. T. H.. 5 00 
Hazard, Miss Co. 3. 2 10 00 
Hazen, Miss Emily H. 5 00 
Hazzard, Mrs. R. P... 5 00 
Heacock, Miss Esther 5 00 


Head, Mrs. W.L..... 5 00 
Healy, A. Augustus.. 5 00 
Heard, Mrs. D. B.... 5 00 
Heard, Dr. Mary A... 5 00 
Heasley, Mrs. P.O... 5 00 
Heath TA ret 10 00 
Hebard, Miss H. E... 6 50 
Heck, George C........ 5,00 
Heckscher, Mrs. M... 5 00 
Hedge, Henry R...... 5 00 
Hedstrom, Mrs. A. E. 5 00 
Heft, M. J. Moore... 5 00 
Hegeman, B. A., Jr...25 00 
Hegeman, Mrs. M. A. 5 00 


Heide; Henry: 7... ..: IO 00 
Heilner, Van oe sm 5 00 
Heinrichs, John B.... 5 00 
Helme, Mrs. G. A.... 5 00 
Henbach, Mrs. G..... 5 00 


Hencken, Mrs. A. C.. 5 00 
Henderson, Mrs H.... 5 00 
Henderson, John B...15 00 
Henderson, Yandell.. 5 00 
Hendricks, Bartlett... 200 


Hendrickson, John H. 5 00 


Hendrickson, W. F.. .$5 00 
Hendry, Mrs. E. W... 5 00 


Henn Ro ie eor woes 5 00 
Hennig, Mrs. H. E 5 00 
Henry, Wi-Goo oS. 5 00 
Hensler, Arthur C.... 5 00 


Hentz, Henty 2k 2... 
Hentz, Leonard S..... 
Herget, John........ 
Hering, WE... 10 00 
Herman, Mrs. H. S... 
Heroy, Miss A. P..... 
Herr, Edwin M...... 
Herrick, Mrs. F. H... 
Herrick, Harold...... 1500 
Herrick, Newbold L.. | 
Herrmann, Bs; 


Hersch, Mrs. W. A.. .10 00 
Herschel, Clemens.... 5 00 
Hersey, The Misses. . 5 00 
Herthel, George W... 5 00 
Herz, Mrs. FF. We. 2. 500 
Hess. Via Beret e 5 00 
Hess, Victor Ru. so. 5 00 


Hessenbruch, Mrs. H. 
Hessin, Le Ware os ek 
Heurtley, Arthur..... 
Hewitt, Miss E. G.... 
Heydrick, Miss H.... 
Heywood, Mrs. H. B.. 
Hibbard, Mrs. A. S... 
Hibbard, Mrs. L. B... 
Hibbard, Thomas... 

Hibben, Mrs. Thomas 
HinDs: be Ho sre. ce. 
Hibbs, Mrs. Russell A. 


Hickey, Mrs. A. C.... 5 00 
Hieks.t1, Me, fies: I 00 
Hidden, Walter...... IO 00 
Higbie, James S...... 5 00 
Higgins, Charles M... 5 00 
Higgins, James L..... 5 00 
Higgins, Mr. and Mrs. 
POMEE OW i ores 2 00 
Hightower, J. D...... 5 00 
Hildebrand, Fred.... 100 
Hildreth, Emily E.... 6 00 
Hilken, Henry G..... 5 00 
Hill, Donald M......10 00 
Hill, James A........ 5 00 
Balle Mrs. J Asse; 5 00 
Hill, Mrs. Lysander.. 5 00 
HL Miss Seer. 10 00 
Hill, Mrs. Thomas B.. 5 00 
Hill; Walker: 2.5000. 10 00 
Hill, William H...... 5 00 
Hill, Dr. William P... 5 00 
Hillard, Miss M. R... 5 00 
Hillard, Oliver C..... 5 00 
Hilliard, Thomas G... 5 00 
Hills, Mrs. Geo. F.... 100 
Hills, Mrs. James M.. 2 00 
Hinchman, Mrs. C.S. 5 00 


{| Homer, Mrs. F. T.... 


Hinckley, Mrs. Frank$10 00 


Hines! Deter 0 
Hinkle, Mrs. A. H....10 00 
Hinkley, Mrs. A. G... 200 
Hinman, Miss E.. 5 00 
Hinson, W. G.. 5 00 
Hippach, Mrs. I. S.. 5 00 
Hippach, Miss Jean.. 5 00 
Hirschhorn, Mrs. F... 5 00 
Hislop, T; George... ‘500 
Hitch; Mrs:-F D3. § oo 
Hitchcock, Mrs. C....10 00 
Hittinger, Jacob..... IO 00 
Hoadby, Gs Ase 2336 5 00 
Hoadley, Frank E....10 00 
Hoag, Mrs. Ella W... 5 00 
Hobbs, Mrs. C. A.... 5 00 
Hopson; SS crass 5 00 


Hodenpyl, Mrs. A. G. 5 00 
Hodenpyl, Mrs E..... 5 00 
Hodgdon, Mrs. A. M.1o 00 
Hodgdon, F. M...... 10 00 


Hodge, Mrs. W. F.... 400 
Hodges, Harrison B... 5 00 
Hodgman, Marshall.. 5 00 
Hodgson, Caspar W.. 5 00 
Hoe, Mrs: Ri M...... 5 00 
Hoe, William J....... 5 00 
Hoening, Mrs. C..... 5 00 
Hofer, Miss E. J..... 5 00 
Hoffecker, Mrs. G. R. 5 00 
Hoffman Mrs. C. A... 5 00 
Hoffman, F. B..... Va 5 OO 
Hoffman, Mrs. J. O...10 00 
Hotiman, Ky Coo. 5 00 
Hogan, Miss L. P.... 5 00 
Hoge, Miss F. L...... 5 00 
Hogeman, Mrs. E. J.. 3 50 
Hoggson, W. J....... 5 00 
Holahan, Thomas.... 5 00 
Holbrook, Mrs. E.... 5 00 
Holbrook, Mrs. F..... 5 00 
Holbrook, Mrs. N. D. 5 00 
Holcombe, Mrs. J. M. 5 00 
Holden, Mrs. G. A.... 5 00 
Holden, Mrs. L. D.... 5 00 
Hollenback, J. W..... 5 00 
Hollerith, Herman... 5 00 
Hollister, Mrs. H. C.. 5 00 
Holmes, Mrs. C. B... 1 00 
Holmes, Howard..... 5 00 
Holmes, John A......10 00 
Holmes, Mrs. J. R.... 5 00 
Holness 5 00 
Holt, Miss Celia..... 5 00° 
Holt; Bo Gao. ee 5 00 
Holt, Misc Riss e573 5 90 
Holt; (Sidney S.o025. 5 00 
Holter, Mrs. S. S..... 5 00 
Holton, Oliver W..... 5 00 
Homans, Mrs. John.. 5 00 
Homer, Francis T.... 5 00 


2 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


486 
Hood, Mrs. C. H.....$5 00 
Hood, Mrs. J. M., Sr. 5 00 
Hood College Bird 
Clib:s 24 Gas 5 00 
Hooker, Mrs. K...... 5 00 
Hooker, Mrs. T., Jr... 5 00 
Hooper, Miss I. R.... 5 00 
Hopper, Mrs. J. R.... 5 00 
Hooper, Mrs. Newlin. 5 00 
Hooper, Wm. F...... 5 00 


Hoopes, Mrs. Maurice 5 00 


Hoopes, Mrs. T. W... 5 00 
Hoot, Wm. B........ 5 00 
Hoover, Harris M.... 5 00 
Hoover, Joseph W.... 5 00 
Hoover, W. H.. . 10 00 
Hopedale Park Com- 
MUSNGH 5s 53 ties 5 00 
Hopkins, Mrs. E. L... 10 00 
Hopkins, Mrs. J. C... 5 00 
Hopkins, R. Brooke.. 5 00 
Hoppin, Chas. A..... 5 00 
Hoppin, Mrs. S. C. W. 5 00 
Hoppin, Mrs. W. A... 5 00 
Hopson, Mrs. W. F... 5 00 
Hord, John H........ 5 00 
Hornblower, Henry... 5 00 
Hornby, Mrs. A...... 5 00 
Horner, Charles S.... 5 00 
Horsford,Miss C.C.F. 5 00 
Horsky, fOr ee 5 00 
Horton; BM 2 00 
Horton, Mrs. M. B... 5 00 
Hortsman, Miss I. E.. 5 00 
Hotchkiss, Frank A... 5 00 
Houghton, C.S...... 5 00 
Houghton, L......... 5 00 
Houser, da Mi 5 00 
Housman, Mrs. A. A.. 5 00 
Hovey, Burton M.... 5 00 
Howard, Mrs. C. H... 5 00 
Howard, Mrs. E. H... 5 00 
Howard, a eek I 00 
Howd, F. E ee eo Oe. 
Howe, Albert. Seay ty se 2 00 
Howe, Prof. H. M.... 5 00 
Howe, Mrs. H. Moe. 5 00 
Howe, Mrs. Lucien... 5 00 
Howe, Morgan R..... 5 00 
Howe, S.-H, if 500 
Howe, Mrs. SB, 5 00 
Howes, Fi biacces. 5 00 
Howland, Miss C. E.. 5 00 
Howland, Emily..... 5 00 
Howland, Mrs. J. G.. 5 00 


Howland, Miss Isabel 


Howland, Dr. John... 5 00 
Hoxie, Mrs. John R... 5 00 
Hoyt; Mrs. As-Ce. 21-600 
Hoyt, Mrs. A. M..... 5 00 
Hoyt, Edwin........ 5 00 
Hoyt, Mrs. E. C..... 5 00 
Hoyt, George H...... 5 00 


Hoyt, George S...... $5 00 
Hoyt, Gerald L.. .... 
Hoyt, John Sherman. 
Hoyt, N. Landon.... 
Hoyt, Theodore R.... 
Hoyt, Miss. Visas: 


Hoyt, WalterS...7-) - 5 06 
Hoyt, Mrs. William... 5 00 
Hubbard, Miss A. W.. 5 00 


Hubbard, Mrs. C. W.20 00 
Hubbard, G. F....... 5 00 
Hubbard, Lucius L... 5 00 
Hubbard, Miss M.W. 5 00 
Hubbard, Miss M. G.1o 00 
Hubbard, Walter C... 5 00 
Hubbard, W. P...... 5 00 
Hubbell, James F.... 5 00 
Huber, Miss Gio... c: 5 00 


Huber, Mrs. J. M.... 5 00 
Hudnutt, Miss M. M. 5 00 
Hudson, Kec 54 5-00 
Huetets Be. toc 322 5 00 


Hufnagel, Eddy...... 
Huger, Miss M. E. 3rd 


Huhlein, Mrs. C. F... 1 00 
Huidekoper, Edgar... 5 00 
Hulbert, G. Bertram. 5 00 
Hull, Mrs: Baker..... 5 00 
Hulse, Margaret H... 5 00 
PHulst Myrsi-G. D2) s-00 
Humphreys, F. E.....15 00 
Hun, Mrs. L. M. H... 5 00 
Hungerford, Mrs. L.L. 5 00 
Hunt, Dr. Annie W.. 5 00 
Hunt, Miss Ella M... 5 00 
Hunt, Dr. Emily G... 5 00 
Hunt, Mrs. Thomas.. 5 00 
Hunt, Mrs. Wm. D... 5 00 
Hunter, Arthur M.... 5 00 
Hunter, George W....10 00 
Hunting, Mrs. N.S... 5 00 
Huntington Mrs.E.A.. 5 00 
Huntington, Mrs.F.C. 5 oo 
Huntington, F. J.. 5 00 
Huntington, Mrs. R.P. 5 00 
Huntoon, Mrs. H. K.. 5 00 
Hurd, Miss Elizabeth. 5 00 
Hurd, Miss H. J...... 200 
Hurd, Dr. Lee M..... 5 00 
Hurlburt, Miss A. M. 5 00 
Hurlburt, Mrs. F. B.. 5 00 
Hussey, Miss C. B....10 00 


Hussey, Frederick K..10 00 


Hussey, Wm. H...... 5 00 
Huston, Mrs. M...... I 00 
Hutchins, Mrs. E. W. 5 00 


Hutchins, Walter S... 
Hutchinson Mrs. C. L. 
Hutchinson, J. B..... 
Hutchinson, John P... 
Hutchinson Mrs, M.R. 
Hutzler, Geo. H...... 
Hisiey, 3. Sic8655a 5. 


Hyde, Mrs, A. S.:..:.; $5 00 


Hyde, Arthur $3. 5 00 
Hyde, HE. Pratt. 2:45 5 00 
Hyde; Dr. Fi:Bc- 2.5300 
Hyde, Miss M. L..... 5 00 
Tasigi, Mrs. Oscar.... 5 00 
ide Henry Ci. os I oo 
Ide, Mrs. Jo Ma 5s. 5 00 
Ill, Dr. Edward J..... 5 00 
Illinois Audubon 
SOCIOLY: save sa oe 5 00 
Indiana Audubon 
Sockety.cs, 43 es 5 00 
Ingalls: A> Sino 2% 5 00 
Ingalls, Pay. 33 6.68: 5 00 
Inslee, Stephen D.... 5 00 
Ireland, Miss C.-1y. .. 5:00 
Irving, Jonn.ey <3. Js 5 00 
Frwin; Awe [ros 5 00 
Irwin, Theodore...... 5 00 
Isaac, Mrs. I.. ESO 
Iselin, Mrs. A., ‘ond.. 5 00 
Iselin, Miss Georgine. 5 00 
Iselin, Mrs. Wm. E... 5 00 
Isham, Miss S. D..... 5 00 
Isidor, Joseph S...... 5 00 
Isom, Ws Esa. 5 00 


Jack, Dr. Frederick L. 5 00 
Jackson, Miss Anna P.10 00 


Jackson, Mrs. Chas... 5 00 
Jackson, Crawford... 5 00 
Jackson, Miss M. C... 5 00 


Jackson, Miss M. L... 5 00 


Jackson, Mrs. Percy.. 5 00 
Jackson, Mrs. R. B... 5 00 
fackson,)5.' Yous. 5 00 
Jackson, Mrs. T. G... 5 00 
Jacobs, Dr. Henry B.. 5 00 
Jacobs, J. Warren.... 5 00 
Jacobs, Miss Matilda. 3 oo 
Jacobs, Samuel K., 2nd 5 00 
Jaques Pia vr. 5 00 
Jamar, M. Pyro... oe 
James, Annie A....... 5 00 
James, Carrie M..... 5 00 
James, Mrs. Ellen F.. 5 00 
James, Mrs. Julian... 5 00 
Jameson, Mrs. S. B... 5 00 
Jamieson, Mrs. J. W.. 5 00 
Janney, “Ey Bis.c. 2 s.. 2000 
Janssen; Henry... 63%: 5 00 
Janssen, Mrs. H. W... 5 00 
Jereckip ROR 4.2 5 00 
Jaretski, Mrs. Alfred. 5 00 
Tarves, Flora. .y.4 7... 15 00 


Jay, Mrs. Augustus. . 
Jaynes, Mrs. C. W.... 2 
Jencks, Frederic T.... 5 
Jenkins, Mrs. A. C... 5 00 
Jenkins, A. W.. 5 


Jenkins, Elizabeth... . 5 00 
Jenkins, Marion G.... 5 00 
Jenkins, Robert H... 5 00 


Ll ewe ess e 


List of Members 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Jenks, Caroline E.....$5 00 
Jenks, Lydia D. (In 


Memoriam)....... 2 00 
Jenks, William....... 5 00 
Jenks, Mrs. Wm. F... 5 00 
Jennings, Miss A. B.. 5 00 


Jennings, Edward B.. 5 00 
Jennings, Mrs. F. C..10 00 
Jennings, Dr. G. H... 2 00 
Jennings, Mrs. O. G.. 5 00 


Jennings, Philip B.... 


Jennings, Walter. . 5 00 
Jensen, Jens.. é 5 00 
Jermain, Miss M. G: 5 00 
Jesup, Charles M.. 5 00 


Jesup, Richard Mie: 
Jewetty Be Hao 3/ 52238: 60 
Jewett, Wm. Kennon. 5 00 
Jilson, Eleanor B..... 5 00 
Job; Herbert K... 3.500. 500 


Johnson, Rev. A. E... 5 00 
Johnson, Mrs. A. S...10 00 
Johnson, Mrs. C. H... 5 00 
Johnson & Co., C. J... 200 
Johnson, Mrs. C. S... 100 
Johnson, Mrs. C. M..10 00 
Johnson, Mrs. C. E... 5 00 
Johnson, Edward C... 5 00 
Johnson, Edward H... 5 00 
J Fa Sed Dean a: 3 00 
Johnson, Mrs, FSi. 5:00 
Johnson, Harriet E... 5 00 


Johnson, Mr. and Mrs. 
H. H 


Johnson, Mrs. L..... 
Johnson, Lewis Jerome 5 00 
Johnson, Mrs. oe E.-: 


Johnson, Mary A..... 5 00 
Johnson, Mary W.... 5 00 
Johnston, Mrs.D.V.R. 5 00 
Johnston, John W.... 5 00 
Johnstone, Francis U. 5 00 
Johnstone, M. A..... 5 00 


jouap, Henry. 23): 5 00 
Jonas, Mrs. A. F..... 
Jonas, James A.. 
Jones, Mrs. Adam L.. 
‘youes, AL We. Irs... 5 00 
Jones, Amelia H... . ss 
Jones, Arthur E...... 
Jones, Boyd Bu... 6 00 


Jones, Charles H..... 5 00 
Jones, Mrs. C. W..... 5 00 
Jones, Emma C...... 5 00 
Jones, Mrs) Kea oe 60 
jones; delen- Deo. 5 00 
JORES oe oy 16-06 
Jones, Dr. J. W. L.... 200 
Jones, Mrs. Nellie V.. 5 00 
Jones, Mrs. Wm. L... 5 90 
Jordan, Charles L.... 5 00 
Jordan, Pomeroy..... 5 00 
Jordan, Mrs. W...... 10 00 


Joseph, Isaac... 5... $5 00 
Joseph, Mrs. Laurens 2 00 
Judd, Mrs. M. E..... 5 00 


Judson, Mrs. A. L.... 5 00 
Judson, Henry I..... 500 
Jung, Charles R...... 5 00 
Jungbluth, Karl...... 15 00 
Kahn, Albert..:....... 5 00 
Kahn; Otto Hoshi 10 00 
Kanouse, Mary F.... 5 00 


Kaseman, G. A....... 5 00 
Kautman, DD. deer sou. $300 
Kauffman, R. K., Jr.. 5 00 
Kavanagh; AOL. 5 00 
Kean, Mrs. H. F..... 5 00 
Keator, Mrs. J. F.... 5 00 
Keck, Miss M. W.... 5.00 
Keehn, George W.... 5 00 
Keep, Charles M..... 200 


Keep, Mrs. Chauncey to 00 
meen. Mrs Po Aro: 5 00 


Keidel, Mrs. Charles. 5 00 
Keith, Edward D...... 5 00 
Keith, Mrs: H.Pici 3: 806 
Keith, Mrs: Ey Ky. : 1:00 


Kelley, Mrs. A. F.... 
Kelley, William V.... 
Kellogg, -€: VaW:: = .. 5 06 
Kellogg, Francis J.... 5 00 
Kellogg, Frederick R.. 5 00 
Kellogg, Miss M. W.. 200 
Kellogg, Wm. S...... 5 00 
Kellogg, Mrs. Wm. S. 5 00 
Kelly, Mrs.933 0500 5 00 
Kemeys, Walter S.... 
Kemmerer, M. S..... 
Kendall, Georgiana... 
Kendall, Mrs. S. D... 5 00 
Kennard, Frederic H.. 5 00 


5 00 
5 00 


Kennedy, C..S. Lb. 5.2 5:00 
Kennedy, David A... 5 00 
Kennedy, Elijah R... 5 00 
Kennedy, Dr. Harris. 5 00 
Kennedy, Mrs. N. Van 
Rensselaer. 6.2)... 500 
Kennedy, W. M...... 5 00 


Kent, Edwin Ci. 5.3... 5 00 
Kent, Edward G..... 
Kentucky Audubon 


Society. hee 5 00 
Kenworthey, E. M... 5 00 
Keppel, Davidvics: . 5 00 


Kerley, Dr. C, Gus. 
Kerr, Mrs. John C....10 00 
Kerr Loss ss ce ss 5.00 
Kerwin, Mrs. A. J.... 5 00 
Ketterlinus, J. Le... .. 5 00 
Ketterlinus, Mrs. J. L.10 00 
Keuffel, W. G.2.. ©: ). 10:00 
Keyes, Mrs. C. W..... 5 00 
Keyes, Mrs. E. L., Jr. 5 00 
Keyser, Leander S.... 5.00 
Keyser MM. Aver 5 00 


Kez-hi-kone Camp Fire 
$5 00 


Geis ea es 
Kier, Mrs. W. L...... 
Kimball, Mrs. D. P... 
Kimball, Fred M... 
Kimball, H. Earle.... 


Kimball, Mrs. L. C., 


(In Memoriam).... 
Kimball, Lulu S...... 
Kimball, Martha S... 
Kimball, The Misses. 
Kimball, Mrs. R. B... 
Kimball, Walter H... 


Kimball, Walter H.. 
Kimball, W. W.. 
Kimberlin, Dr AC 
Kimberly, Mary..... 
King, Burnham W. .. 
King, Charles S...... 
King, Mrs. David.... 
King, Mabel, D...... 
King, Mrs. Ralph.... 
Kain dRNe oe ts 
King, Mrs. W. V..... 
Kingsford, Daniel P.. 


Kingsley, Mrs. W. L.. 


Kinney, Mrs. L. A.... 
Kinney, Warren..... 
Kinsella, Mrs. A. L... 
Kirk: James Sint cs 
Kirk, Walter R....... 


Kirkbride, Mrs. F. B.. 
Kirkham, Mrs. J. W.. 
Kirkham, William B.. 


Kirkleyjoscti ese: 
Kite, Miss A. E...... 
Kittredge, A. M...... 
Kittredge, S.oDec ss 
Kleinhaus, Mrs. G.... 


Klingenstein, Mrs. C. 
K 


Knapp, Mrs. M. H... 
Kneeland, Frances. .. 
Right As Sree 
Knight, Edith....... 
Knight, Mrs. H. E.... 


487 


5 00 


Knight, Mrs. Webster1o oo 


Knoblauch, Mrs. A... 
Knoedler, Roland F... 
Knowlton, Eben B.... 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


Knowlton Mrs. M. R..10 00 


Knowlton, W. M..... 
Knox, Francis H.. 
Knudson, oe M. 
Koch, Al Wien, cae 
Koch, Mrs. H.. 
Koehler, Hugo Ree 
Koehler, H.J........ 
Kohl, Mis. Goh... 4; 
Kohler, Veronica M... 
Koppelman, C. H.... 
Krausse, Emil B..... 


5 00 


488 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Krebs, Henrik J......$5 00 
Kretz, George H.....10 00 
Kretz, George:O,.:. 5: 5 00 
Krieckhaus, Elles W.. 5 00 
Krohn, Irwin M...... 5 00 
Krumbhaar, G. D.... 5 00 
Kudlich, Margaret... 5 00 
Kuehn, Otto L....... 5 900 


Kuppenheimer, Mrs.J.10 00 


Kuser, Anthony R.... 5 00 
Kuser, Mrs. A. R..... 5 00 
Kuser, Cynthia G.... 5 00 
Kutz; Due As. os. 5 00 
Kyle, Alfred: J:.:.)..:210:00 
Kyle, Wit. 3.0.02, oy. 5 00 
La Boiteaux, Miss L 

ida aca eae ES 5 00 
Lacey, Milton S...... 7 00 


Lackner, Miss Louise 5 00 
La Farge, Mrs. C. G. 5 00 
Lagowitz, Miss H. L.. 5 00 


Laidlaw, James L.....10 00 
Laird, Mrs. Wm. H... 5 00 
Lake Placid Club.... 5 00 
Lake, Mrs. W. Ee. : 35:00 
Lamb, Gilbert D..... 5 00 
Lambert, Mrs. S. W..10 00 
La Montague, Mrs.M. 5 00 
Lamprecht, Theo. H.. 5 00 
Lamprecht, Mrs. T.H. 5 00 
Lamprey, Miss M. E. 5 00 
Lanahan, Frank J.... 5 00 


Lancaster, Miss H. C. 1 00 
Bana lie ccs es IO 00 


Landers, Mrs. C. S... 5 00 
Lane, David H:... 3.4 5 00 
ane, janes W.,jt:c.< 78 60 


Lane, Miss M. Lousie 5 00 


Lane, Mrs. W. B..... 5 00 
Lang, Henry. .o. 5 2210:00 
Lage bh Tee ak 5 00 
‘Lang Lows: Poo 200 
Langdon, Roy M.....10 00 
Lange, Edward L..... 5 00 
Langmann, Mrs. G... 5 00 


Lanier, Charles...... 15 00 
Lansing, Mrs. C. A... 5 00 
Lansing, J. Townsend 5 00 


Lapham, Mrs. E. M.. 5 00 
Lapham, Mrs. L. H... 5 00 
Larkin, Charles H.... 5 00 
Lathrop, Mrs. W. A.. 10 00 
LaVie, George A..... 5 00 
Law, Mrs. B. W....... 5.00 
Law, Rev. Marion.... 5 00 
Lawler, Mrs. T. B..... 5 00 


Lawrence, Miss E. A.. 5 00 
Lawrence, Mrs. G. R. 5 00 
Lawrence, Henry and 

PORN ACN Gs Foy oes 
Lawrence, H. V..:.... 5 00 
Lawrence, Mrs. John. 5 00 
Lawrence, John B.... 5 00 


Lawrence, Miss M.S.$10 00 
Lawrence, Richard H. 5 oo 
Lawrence, Townsend. 5 00 
Laws, Mrs. H. L..... 5 00 
Lawson, Mrs. E. B... 5 00 
Lawton, Mrs. R. M... 5 00 
Lawton, Mrs. Wm.... 
Leavenworth, G. H... 
— Mrs. E. 


5 00 


Lecompte, Frank E... 
Lee, Mrs. Arthur..... 
Lee, A'and J. F....:. 
Lee, Miss Florence... 
Lee, Prof. Frederic S. 
Lee, Mrs. George B... 
Lee, Mrs.’ Jobn'C:...: 
Lee, Joseph... 2.3... 
Lee, Miss. M:T....... 
Lee, Samuel... 5... 


Leeds, Mrs. John G... 
Leeds, Norman...... 
Leete, Miss Ida L.. . 

Legg, Mrs. J. Francis. 
Leggett-Abel, Miss M. 
Lehman, Miss Emily. 
Lehmann, Mrs. F. W. 
Lehmer, Mrs. I. M... 
LeHurray, Miss L... . 
Leiber, William A.... 
Leigh, B. Watkins... 
Leigh, Mrs. Esther L. 
Leister, Mrs. B. P.... 
Leiter, Joseph. ...... 
Leland, Wilfred C.... 5 00 
Lemon, Mrs. Brainard 5 00 
Lentz, William O..... 5 00 
Leonard, Mrs. C. H... 5 00 
Leonard, Mrs. F. E... 5 00 
Leonhard, Albert F... 5 00 
Leonhard, J. Henry.. 5 00 
Lester, Miss C. D.... 5 00 
Lester, Miss M. E.... 5 00 
Lester, Wm. C. and A. 

Edward.. 
Leveson-Gower, “Mrs. 


.M 

Levey, Mrs. Wm. M.. 
Levine, Edmund J.. 
Levinson, E. D....... 
AGEW ON Gok cera e 08 10 00 
Levy, Mrs. Eliza J.... 
Levy, Harry M....... 
Lewis Avia h3 oi 
Lewis, Mrs. C. E..... 
Lewis, Mrs. F. E..... 
Lewis, Mrs. H. D..... 
Lewis, Miss H. G..... 
Lewis, Miss H. R.... 
Lewis, Miss N. F..... 
Lewis, Richard V..... 


5 00 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


5 00. 


Lewis, Shippen...... $5 00 
Lewis, Mrs. T. H..... 5 00 
Lewisohn, Samuel A.. 5 00 
Lewistein, Mrs. E.... 3 00 
Lichtenstein, Paul... .10 00 


Michters 3 peo a 5 00 
Lidgewood, Miss H.B.10 00 


Lieb, Dr. Charles C.. 5 00 
Ligget, Mrs. G. S..... 5 00 
Ligget, Mrs. M. L... 5 00 
Lightner, D.. He .,32. 2 00 
Lihme, Mrs. C. Bai.. 5 00 
Lilienthal, Dr. H..... 5 00 
Lilley, Mrs. L. § 7 5 00 
Lilly, James E....... 5 00 
Limberg, Charles T... 5 00 
Limbert, R. W....... 2 00 


Lincoln, Alexander... 5 00 


Lincoln, Mrs. F. W... 5 00 
Lincoln, Mrs. J. L.... 5 00 
Lincoln, Mrs. Lowell . 5 00 
Lindemann, O andCo. 5 00 
Lindenberg, Miss C... 5 00 


Linder, Mrs. George..10 00 


Lindley, Mrs. A. L... 5 00 
Lindley, Mrs. M. P... 5 00 
Lindsay, Mrs. J. W... 5 00 
Lindsey, Edward..... 5 00 
Lindsley, Stuart..... 5 00 
Linn, Mrs. W. R.. 5 00 
Linsley, Mrs. Noah... 1 00 
Linton, M. Albert.... 5 00 
Lippincott, Arthur H. 5 00 
Lippincott, Mrs. J. B. 5 00 


Lippincott, Mrs. R. C. 5 00 


Litchfield, Mrs. G. D. 5 00 
Littell, Hardin H..... 5 00 
Little, Miss Alice A... 5 00 


Little; Eh Wastes. 5.00 
Little Lake Club..... 5 00 
Littlefield, Miss M. H. 5 00 
Livermore, Robert... 5 00 
Livingston, Miss A. P.20 00 
Livingston, Major A. 

R 


Sos canoe eo ences 10 00 
Livingston, Mrs. H....5 00 
Livingstone, Miss A.. 5 00 
Lloyd, Mrs. F. H..... 5 00 


Lloyd, Mrs. John Uri.10 00 


Lloyd, N. Ashley..... 2 00 
Lloyd, William...... 5 00 
Locher, Mrs. M. McC. 5 00 
Lochman, Mrs. I. T.. 5 00 
Lockwood, C. W..... 5 00 
Lockwood, Mrs. G: R. 5 00 
Lockwood, Henry S... 5 oo 
Lockwood, M. E.*... 5 00 
Lockwood, Miss M. E. 5 00 
Lodge, H. Ellerton... 5 00 
Loesch, Frank J...... 5 00 
Logue, Mrs. Ida. L... 5 00 
Loines, Miss Barbara. 5 00 
Loines, Mrs. M. H....10 00 


List of Members 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 
Lombard, The Misses.$3 00 


bombardi,Ce, os 
Long; Charles [..' 723: 
Long, Mrs. G. S.. 
Long, Harry V.. 
Longfellow, Miss A.M. 
Lord, Mrs. A. M.. 
Lord, Miss Couper... a 
Lord, Mrs. F. W..... 
Lord, Mrs. Samuel... 
Loring, Mrs. C. M.... 
Loring, Lindsley...... 
Loring, Mrs. Lindsley 
Loring, Mrs. W. C.... 
Lorsch, Mrs. Arthur.. 
Los Angeles Audubon 
Society 2 
Loughran, Mrs. M. F. 
Louis, Charles H..... 
Loveland C. N., Jr... 
Low, Mrs. Co Bee 
Low, Mrs. Seth...... 
Lowe, Mrs. F. E...... 
Lowell, Mrs. A. L.... 
Lowell, James A...... 
Lowell, Lucy........ 
Lowell Paper Tube 
Corporation... y... 
Lowell, Sidney V..... 
Lowrie, Mrs. Wm. C.. 
Lowry, Mrs. R. J... 


Lucas, Dr. Frederic A. 


Luce, Mrs. Francis P. 
Luce, Matthew...... 
Luchsinger, Mrs. F. B. 
Luden, William H.... 


Ludington, Mrs. C. H. 


Luedtke, Gustav H... 
Lumines fy He ees. 
Lungstras, E. W...... 
Luquer, Lea Shippen. 
Lush, Mrs. Graham.. 
Late Cin er ee. 
Lydiard, F. C.. 

Lyle, Mrs. Louisa T.. 
Lyman, Arthur...... 
Lyman, Miss Clara.. 


Lyman, FW, 2... .: 
Lyman, Miss Mabel. . 
Lyman, Theodore.. 
Lyman, Mrs. Wm. oe 
Lynn, Charles J...... 
Lyon, Charles O...... 
Lyon, Mrs. G. A..... 


Lyon, Mrs; T.-H... =. 
Lytton, George...... 
Lyttor, Sidney C..... 
McAlpin, Charles W.. 
McAlpin, Dr. D. H... 


McAlpin, Dr. D.H.,Jr.$1 00 
McAlpin, James, Jr... 5 00 
McBride, Mrs. Lee... 5 00 
McCarroll, Mrs. R. L. 5 00 
McCaskey, H. D.....10 00 
McClary, Mrs........10 00 
McClellan, Hon. G. B. 5 00 
McClintock, A. H.... 5 00 
McClintock, Norman... 5 00 
McClure, Mrs. C. B., 

Peo ae ied wes 5 00 
McConnell, Mrs. J. F.10 00 
McConnell, Mrs. M.E. 5 00 


McCord, George AES 8 OS 
McCord, Mrs. W. E.. 5 00 
McCormick, Mrs. R. 

Walks ee eas 5 00 
McCormick, R. T.. . .10 00 
McCormick,-Sarah L.. 5 00 
McCreary, L. A...... I 00 
McCreery, Mrs. Wm.. 5 00 
McCulloch, Miss M. 

Ress ee aa 5 00 
McCulloch, W. F.. I 00 
McCulloh, "Tames W.. 5.00 
McCurdy, Robert H.. 5 00 


McDonald, James H.. 
McDonnell, Mrs. T. F. 
McDougall, Mrs. W. 
McDowell, Miss M. A. 
McEldowney, Mrs. H. 
Roe ee ae ee 
McFadden, J. F..... 
McGinnis, Rev. Wm. 


Oe ee ee ee re 


McGraw, T. A., Jr.... 
McGregor, Mrs. G. H. 1 50 


McGregor, Tracy W.. 5 00 
Mcllhenny, E. A..... 5 00 
McIntire, Mrs. H. B.. 5 00 
McKee, Mrs. J. R.... 5 00 
McKee, Mrs. W. L... 5 00 
McKelvy, Mrs. R.... 5 00 


McKeon, Mrs. J. C...10 00 
KceKinlay, Mrs. D. A. 5 00 
McKinney, Mrs. H. N. 5 00 
McKittrick, T. H., Jr.10 00 
McKittrick, Mrs. T.H. 5 00 


McLane, Miss E......10 00 
McLane, Thomas S... 5 00 
McLaughlin, Miss E.. 5 00 


McLean, Hon. G. P..20 00 
McMahon, Mrs. J. B. 5 00 
McMillan, F. W...... 5 00 
McMinn, Miss Amelia 5 00 
McMurray, William.. 5 00 
McNeil, Mrs. A 5 00 
McNider, Mrs. C. H.. 5 00 
McQuade, Mrs. G. T. 5 00 
McQuesten, Mrs. G. E. 5 00 


eee eee 


Mabie, Clarence...... $5 00 
Mabie, Mrs. H. W... 5 00 
Macdonald, Mrs. C.B.10 00 


Macdonald, James A.. 5 00 
Mace, Miss C. E..... 5 00 
Mac Enroe, James F.. 5 00 
Mac Fadden, C. K... 5 00 
Mac Kay, Mrs. M. S. 5 00 
Maclay, Mark W., Jr. 5 00 
Mac Leod, Mrs. F. N. 2 00 
Mac Leod, Mrs. H. B. 2 00 
Macnamara, Charles. 5 00 
Macpherson, W.A.,Jr.. 5 00 


Macy, Mrs. V. Everit 5 00 


Maddock, Miss E.. 5 00 
Maddock, Mrs. J. B.. 5 00 
Madeira, Miss E..... 5 00 
Madeira, Mrs. L. C... 5 00 
Madlener, Mrs. M.... 1 00 
Maehl, Mrs. L. R.... 5 00 
Magee, Mrs. E. S..... 5 00 
Magee, Michael J.... 5 00 
Mager, Mrs. F. R....10 00 
Magill, Thos, W...... 5 00 
Maher; C. Ag. 342225 5 00 
Mailliard, John W.... 5 00 
Main, Frank H....... 5 00 
Maitland, Robert L... 5 00 
Malcom; ‘Mrs. A. V... 5 00 
Mallery, Otto T...... 5 00 
Malone, Mrs. C. B... 5 00 
Malone, Mrs. L. H... 5 00 


Manchester Woman’s 
Chibi wee e eas gt Io 00 
Mandeville, Mrs.H.K.10 00 


Manierre, George. ... 5 00 
Manitowoc Co. Fish 

and Game Protec- 

tive Association.... 5 00 
Mann, Miss C. L..... 5 00 
Mann, Miss J. A..... 200 
Manning, Mrs. C. B.. 5 00 
Mansfield, Helen..... 5 00 
Manton, Miss Edith.. 1 oo 
Maples, James C..... 5 00 


Marburg, Miss Emma Io 00 
Marckwald, Mrs.A.H. 5 00 


Markley, J..E. E..... 5 00 
Markoe, Mrs. John...10 00 
Marling, Alfred E.... 5 00 


Marmon, Mrs. E. C..50 00 
Maron, Otto......... 5 00 
Marquis, Franklin P.. 5 00 
Marrs, Mrs. Kingsmill 5 00 


Marsh, Mrs. E. F.... 5 00 
Marsh, Mrs. E. T. T.. 5 00 
Marsh, Ruths soci. . 5 00 
Marshall, Mrs. C. H.. 5 oc 
Marshall, Mrs. E. O.. 5 00 
Marshall, Fo Coo.t2. oc 5 00 
Marshall, W. A., (R. 

Bde ee pian tees SOO 
Marshall, W. A. (Ga.). 5 00 


490 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Marston, Thomas B..$5 00 
Martin, Mrs. Edward.10 00 
Martin, Mrs. J. H.... 5 00 


Martin, Mrs. J. W.:.. 5 00 
Marvin, Charles D.. .10 00 
Marvin, Dwight E.... 1 00 


Maryland Branch Natl. 

Association........ 
Mason; Mrs.’ C. O:;.. 
Mason, Miss F. P.... 
Mason, William...... 


Masters, Francis R... 
Mastick, Mrs. S.C... 
Mather, Dans see: 
Mather, Miss K. L... 


Mather, Samuel...... 5 00 
Mather, Stephen T... 5 00 
Matheson, Mrs. W. I. 5 00 
Matheson, William J.. 5 00 


Mathews, Dr. F. S... 


Mathews, Mrs. J. R.. 5 00 
Mathewson, E. P..... 5 00 
Matlack, Bennett K.. 5 00 
Matlack, Miss R..... 100 


Matthews, W.N..... 
Matthies, Katharine.. 
Matz, Mrs. Rudolph. 
Maund, Miss M. E... 
Mauran, Mrs. J. L.... 
Maurer, Mrs. Oscar. . 
Maxwell, Miss M... 
May, Miss E.G... 0... 
May, George H...... 
Mayer. Mrs. By.) ois: 
Mayer, louis. . 2x2 
Mayer, Mrs. R. deL. 
Maynard, Mrs. I. N.. 
Mead; Henry O.. 035; 15 00 
Mead, Miss M....... 
Means, Charles J..... 
Mears, Bo Pact. 
Mebane, B. Frank....10 00 
Meech, Huntington P. 5 00 
Meeker, Gardnét,. ... 5 00 
Meinhard, Morton H. 5 00 
Meinrath, Mrs..J..... 200 
Meisselbach, A. F.... 5 00 
Mellick, Mrs. G. P... 100 
Mendenhall, Miss E.. 1 00 
Mendenhall, Rev. H. 
eee ee ea ee 5 00 
Menken, Arthur V. B. 5 00 
Mennen, William G... 5 00 
Mercer, Mrs, M. C... 5 00 
Meriden (Conn.) Bird 
Club.. 5 00 
Meriden (N. H) 1 Bird 
Club.. 5 00 
Merriam, Oe 5 00 
Merriam, F. Bo 5 00 
Merriam, Mrs. W. H.. 5 00 
Merrick, Miss B. V... 7 00 


Merrick, Mrs. F. D.:.$5 00 
Merrill, Mrs. C. W... 5 00 
Merrill, Mrs. H. W... 5 00 
Merriman, Miss Helen 5 oo 


Merriman, Mrs. M... 5 00 
Merrimann, E. L..... 200 
Merritt, Mrs. D. F... 5 00 
Merritt, Mrs. J. H.... 5 00 
Merz, Car 22.5 5.00 
Metcalf, Mrs. J. T.... 1 00 
Metcalf, Manton B... 5 00 
Metcalf, Stephen O... 5 00 
Meyer, Miss H....1,100 00 


Meyerkort, Mrs. John 5 00 


Meyers, Mrs. H. E... 6 50 
Meyn, Mrs. Heinrich. 5 00 
Miami Audubon 
BOCIEEVS cs. 5 00 
Mieth, George W.. 5 00 
Mickle, AS Da 5 90 
Migel, Miss E. P..... 5 00 
Milburn, John G..... 5 00 
Mildrum, Henry G... 5 00 
Miles, Gen’IN. A... >. 5 00 
Millard, Barton...... 5 00 
Millbrook Garden 
Club.. 5 00 
Miller, Burr, c Je. 5 00 
Miller, Charles W.. 5 00 
Miller, Clifford:L..... 5 00 
Miler, Mrs. CoRR... 5.60 


Miller, Mrs. David H. 5 00 


Miller, Mrs. Ellen H.. 5 00 
Miller, Mrs. G., Jr....10 00 
Miller, Miss Kate....10 00 
Miller, Mrs. R. F..... 5 00 
Miller; “Mrs. RT: 
(ODIO) eo 5 00 


Miller, Mrs. R. T.(Pa.) : 00 
Millett, Mrs. G. W... 5 00 
Milligan, Mrs. Robert 5 00 


Milliken, Mrs. C. W.. 5 00 
Milliken, Mrs. G. H.. 5 00 
Mills, Dr. Adelaide. ..10 00 
Mills; Enos Av... . 5 00 


Mills, Frederic C.. 
Mills, Mrs. F.-V..-. .. 10 00 
Mills, Dr. Herbert R.. 5 00 


Mills, Miss Jean..... 5 00 
Mills Revi yon. 2. 5 90 
Miner, Mrs; C.. A...>.: 5 00 
Miner Ey Gio eo... 5 00 
Minford, Mrs. L. W.. 5 00 
Minich, Mrs. K. C... 5 00 


Mink, Miss H. C..... 
Minneapolis Audubon 


BOckety a. a 5 00 
Minnesota State 

Libraryces ee a 5 00 
Minns, Master F..... 5 00 
Minot, Mrs. C. G.... 5 00 
Mississippi Audubon 

pockety ve eee. 5 00 


Missoula Bird Club...$5 00 


Mitchell, Mrs. A. O... 5 00 
Mitchell, Miss H. N.. 5 00 
Mitchell, JR, 5 00 
Mitchell, Mrs. J. M... 5 00 
Mitchell, Mrs. Leeds. 5 00 
Mitchell, Dre We Pe 6 66 
Mitchell, O.i.5. 35 5 00 
Mitchell, Wesley C... 5 00 
Mitchell, William.... 5 00 
Moch, Mrs: €. 5. 2... 500 
Moderwell, Horace M. 5 00 
Moehlenpah, Marion. 5 00 
Monck, Miss C. A.... 5 00 
Monday Topic Club.. 5 00 
Monroe, Mrs. L. B... 1 00 
Montague, Charles D. 5 00 
Montell, Mrs. F. M... 5 00 
Montgomery, H. B... 5 00 
Montgomery, Mrs. L. 

VoR Gers cee a 10 00 
Montgomery, M.A... 5 00 
Moody, Mrs. Samuel. 5 00 
Moore, Alfred... :; 5.00 


Moore, Casimir de R.20 00 


Moore; Mrs."E.C.... 150 
Moore, Miss E. M.... 5 00 
Moore, Miss F. M.... 5 00 
Moore, Mrs. G. W.... 5 00 
Moore, Mrs. H. McK. 5 00 
Moore, Mrs. H. V. D.: 5 00 
Moore, Miss K. T.... 5 00 
Moore, Mrs. Paul... .20 00 


Moore, Mrs. Ralph P. 5 00 
Moore, Mrs. T. L.... 5 00 
Moorhead, Horace R. 5 00 


Moors, Mrs. John F.. 3 00 
Moos, Mrs. J. B.....10 00 
Mora, Mrs. Edward.. 5 00 
Moran, Daniel Si. 3... 5 00 
Morehead, J: M...... 5 00 


Morewood, Mrs. A. P.10 00 

Morgan, Brent....:.- I 50 

Morgan, Mrs. J.S., Jr. 5 00 

Morgan, Mrs. P...... 10 00 

Morgenthau, Mrs. M. 
L 


See ane 5 00 
Morison, George B... 5 00 
Morley, C.- Rens oo4 5 00 
Morley, Mrs. W. G... 5 00 
Morrill, Miss A. W... 5 00 


Morris, Miss Anna... 5 


Morris, Catharine W.. 6 oo 
Morris, Charles C.... 5 00 
Morris, Mrs. D. H... 5 00 
Morris, Miss Ellen... 5 00 
Morris, Mrs. G. K... 5 00 
Morris; Mrs. J. A.:..: § 60 
Morris, Mrs. J. B..... 5 00 
Morris, Dr. Lewis R.. 5 00 
Morris, Miss L. T....25 00 
Morris, Robert O..... 5 00 


Morris, Dr. Robert T. 5 00 


a eae 


By 


List of Members 


491 


ANNUAL MEMBERS. AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


g 
Morris, Mrs. Wistar..$5 00 


Morrison R. T....... 5 00 
Morrison, Miss Sara.. 5 oo 
Worses(@. Tos 5 00 


Morse, Miss F: N..... 1 00 
Morse, Miss F. R..... 5 00 
Morse, Henry Lee... .10 00 
Morse, Miss V. M.... 5 00 


Morse, Wm. F....... 5 00 
Morss, Noel......... 5 00 
Moschcowitz, Mrs. A. 

Spear note foarte ire eae 5 00 
Moseley, Miss E. F...10 00 
Moseley; dt:5.. 2.5.5 205/00 
Moses, Mrs. Bisco se. 5 00 


Moses, Mrs. James... 5 00 
Mosle, Mrs. A. Henry 5 00 


Mosman, P.A....... 5 00 
Motley, James M.....10 00 
Motley, Thomas..... 5 00 
Mottet, Frederic.... 5 00 
Moulton, Mrs. D. P.. 2 00 
Moyer, Albert....... 5 00 
a ASF bo Oil Bebe eke ten areas 5 00 


Mudge, E. W,, Jr: 5 00 
Mudge; Do Wes cca iy), 50 foXe) 
Mudge, Mrs. E. W... 5 00 
Mudge, Leonard S... 5 00 
Mueller, Walter J.... 5 00 


Muendel, Miss C.....° 5 00 
Muhlfeld, F. J....... 5 00 
Mulford, Mr. and Mrs. 
Ren Vio isa I 00 
Miller, Adam. ..:2.. 5 00 
Neuller,-Carl. oye. s 5 00 


Mulligan, Mrs. E. W. 5 00 
Munro, Miss A. B.... 400 
Munson,Mrs.C.LaRue 5 00 
Neurdook, Js Decca. 5 00 
Murphey, Mrs. J. S... 5 00 
Murphy, Mrs. E. B... 5.00 
Murphy, F., Jr.......10 00 
Murphy, William H. 5 00 


Murray, Miss C...... I 00 
Murray, Bebe ok. 5 00 
Muther tbs so 5 00 
Myers, ‘Mrs. H. W... 5 00 
Myers; |. Reis. 6 00 
Myers, Mrs. M. H.... 5 00 
Naramore, W. W..... 5 00 
Natural History So- 

elety: of Bilan: 5 00 
Nature Study Society, 

Ms TOO OBEN ES a5 ay ria 10 00 


Nazro, Mrs. A. P..... 5 00 
Neighborhood Nature 


OI ee ea 5 00 
Neilson, Mrs. E. C.... 5 00 
Neilson, Mrs. F....... 500 
Neilson, James....... 5 00 
Nelson, 407 Wi 2). 5 00 
ING@SDiE Scott 5 s.. 5.00 


Nesbitt, Miss P...... $5 00 
Nesmith, Miss Mary. 5 00 
Nettleton, A. Ev... 2... 5 00 
Nettleton, Charles H. 5 00 
Nettleton: Ei8..2080 1 25006 


Neubauer, Mrs. W.I.. 5 00 
Neugass, Mrs. Edwin. 5 oo 


Neustadt, Mrs. S.....10 00 
New, Mrs. E. Rove... 5 00 
Newark Bait and Fly 
Casting Club...... 5 00 
New Bedford Woman’s 
SATS Sinan ei anal ae 5 00 
Newberry, Mrs. W. E. 5 00 
Newborg, M......... 5 00 
Newburyport Bird 
Clube ea 5 00 
New Century Club of 
Utica ee 7 65 


Newcomb, C. A., Jr... 5 00 
Newcomb, Dr. Wm. 
Wiccsontcee.. Gee aus 5 00 
Newcombe, Mrs. C.M. 5 00 
Newcomer, Miss N. I. 1 00 
Newell, Mrs. E. A.... 5 00 
Newell, Mrs. E. T.... 5 00 
Newell, Mrs. John E.. 5 00 


Newell, John M....:. 5 00 
Newman, Mrs. R. A..25 00 
Newman, Theo....... 5 00 


Newton, Mrs. C. P... 200 
Newton, Mrs. F. M... +5 00 
New York Bird and 


‘Pree Chub: oo 5 00 
Nichols, Mrs. Acosta. 5 00 
Nichols;°C-" Wo... 5). 5 00 
Nichols, Mrs. F...... 5 00 


Nichols, Mrs. George. 5 00 
Nichols, John W. T... 5 00 
Nichols, Mrs. J. W. T. 5 00 
Nicholson, Rebecca. 

and Sarah... Rao) 
Nicoll, Mrs. Benjamin 5 00 
Nicoll, Mrs. Fancher. 5 00 


Niedringhaus, Miss 
Marjorie. 5 00 
Nitobé Mrs. M. P. E. 5 00 
Nixon SEE oe oe, 5 00 
Noonan, W. T....... 5 00 
Norcross, Grenville H. 5 oo 
Norman, Mrs. B...... 5.00 


Norris, Mrs. Chas. W. 5 00 
Norris, Mrs. Richard. 5 00 
Norristown Audubon 


Cinbe kei soa 5 00 
North, Annie W...... 5 00 
North East Nature 

Study: Clubs 2i.c7 5 5 00 


Notth; Mrs. Ris. .° 5.00 
Northrop, Mrs. J. I... 5 00 
Norton, Mrs. C. D.... 5 00 
Norton, Charles W... 5 00 
Norton, Miss M. F... 5 00 


Norton, Miss E. M...$5 00 
Norvell, Mrs. H. D... 5 00 


Nowland, Mrs. O..... 200 
Nugent, James R..... 5 00 
Nails en TOR ec £200 


Oakley, Mrs. I. B.... 5 00 
Oakley, Thornton.... 5 00 


Oakley, Mrs. T0055. 5 00 
OBrien, David 34° 5 00 
O’Brien, Mary E..... 5.00 
Ochs; Adolphe cs 22>. 5.00 


Oettinger, iO} ee Bad eas p00, 
Ogilvie, Prof., Ida He 5 00 
Ohio Audubon Society 5 00 
Oil City Aud. Club... 5 00 


Olcott, Dudley.....:. 5 00 
Olcott, Mrs. Marvin..1o 00 
Oldso We Bees. sate. 5 00 
OLeaty Roy eo: 3.800 
Olin, Stephen H...... 5 00 
Oliver, Tir He Kio. 00 
Olney, Elam Ward... 5 00 
Opdyke; Mrs. Eicvc i 3,00 


Opdyke, Mrs. L. E... 5 00 
Oppenheimer, Mrs. M. 


Br ey a ed, 5 00 
Oregon Audubon 

Soctety oi oe vas 5 00 
Ormsby, Mrs. O. S... 5 00 
Orr; james A. yi 22 5 00 
Orr, OG ie ees 5 00 
Orr, Ulysses’Go 5 00 
Orrman, H. L.. Ga Doth ROO 
Ortman, Mrs. R...... 5 00 


Osborn, Mrs. H. F... 10 00 
Osborn, Mrs. J. B.... 5 00 
Osborne, Arthur A.... 9 00 
Osborne, Mrs. H.S... 5 00 
Oskamp, Clemens.... 5 60 
OSternolta Bre <cieor ai 5 00 
Ostrander, Mrs. C. L. 5 00 
Ostrom, Mrs. H.I.... 5 00 


Oswald, Edward..... 5 00 
Otis, Harrison G...... 5 00 
Otis, Mrs. ee Be 2500 
Ovington, Mrs. E.. 2 00 
Owen, Samuel,...... 5 00 
Owen, Stanton. 5 00 
Oxley, Edward M.... 5 00 
Pabst Bec ier ses 2 00 
Pabst; Mise Fi cs B06 
Pack; Mrss Cy b 5 00 


Packard, Mrs. G. B... 5 00 
Packard, Dr. Horace. 5 00. 
Paddock, Mrs. H. L.. 5 00. 


Pages A By vere bam i ROO: 
Pace Acs iia ks 5 00. 
Page, Mrs. H.W... 3°00 
Page, Miss Mary C.. “15 fore) 
Page, Parker W...... 5 00: 
Pagenstecher, Miss F. 5 00 
Pagenstecher, G...... 5 00 
Paine cALNG. iiss cee 5 00 


492 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Paine, Mrs. A. G....$20 00 
Paine, Cyrus F....... 
Paine, Mrs. F. W..... 5 00 
Paine, Rev. George L.10 00 
Paine, Mrs. R. P..... 5 00 
Paine, Mrs. R. T., 2nd 5 00 
Painter, Dr. H. McM. 5 00 
Pairce, Miss H. W... 5 00 
Palache, Whitney.... 5 00 
Palmer, Annie L...... 


Palmer, Mrs. E. L....10 00 
Palmer, Mrs. F. M... 5 00 
Palmer, Mrs. L. A....10 00 


Palmer, Miss Mary T. 5 00 
Palmer, Nicholas F... 5 00 
Palmer, Dr. T.S..... 
Pardon, Ella F....... 
Paris, Mrs. Fo. Us .. 
Parke, Master Hervey 
Parke, Louis H...:... 


Parker, Av Sipe eso. 5 00 
Parker, A. W.....--. 5 00 
Parker, Mrs. A. W.... 3 00 
Parker, Miss E. S.... 5 00 
Parker, Mrs. G. F.... 5 00 
Parker, Mrs. H. J.... 5 00 


Parker) Mire dioica e. 
Parker, Mrs: Jo Joie: 
Parker, Neilson T.... 
Parker, Mrs. Robert.. 5 00 
Parker, Mrs. Wm. L..10 00 
Parker, Mrs. Wm. N.. 5 00 
Parker, Mrs. W. R... 7 00 
Parmelee, Robert M.. 5 00 
Parratt, DeWiasces ss 3:00 
Parrish, James C..... 5 00 
Parrish, James C., Jr. 6 00 


Parnsh)y Me bese IO 00 
Parsons, Miss Alice... 2 00 
Parsons, Miss G...... 5.00 
Parsons, Robert L... .10 00 
Parsons, William H...10 00 
Partridge, H. E...... 5 00 


Partridge, Mrs. H. G. 5 00 
Pasadena Audubon 
BOC 3 nc'c ee das § 
Paterson, Mrs. A. W.. 
Pattee, Harry G...... 2 00 
Patterson, Miss E. C. 5 00 
Patterson, T. H. H... 5 00 
Patterson, W. F...... 5 00 
Pattison, Miss E..... 100 
Paul, Mrs. D’Arcy... 5 00 
Paul, Mrs. G., Sr..... 5 00 


Paul, Prof. H. M..... 5 00 
Rig COLE T W Ong @ Sea aia 5 00 
POU; 3s Bieg Ske ges 10 00 


Paxton, Miss R. A.... 
Payson, Herbert..... 5 00 
Peabody, George F...10 00 
Peabody, Mrs. H..... 3 00 
Peabody, Wm. W.... 5 00 
Pearce, Dr. R. M..... 5 00 


5 00 


Pears, Miss V. M.....$5 00 
Pease, Mrs. A. D..... 5 00 
Pease; Frank A.< >... 5 00 
Pease, Harriet R..... 5 00 


Peck, Dr.-Charles H.. 
Peck, Miss Dorothy.. 
Peck, Staunton B..... 
Peck. Misa. Wied. 
Peckham, Merritt, Jr. 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


Pedersen, Prof. F. M., 5 00 
Peet; Mrs. W.Co5 37. 5:00 
Pegram, Mrs. E. S....10 00 
Peirson, Charles L....10 00 
Peirson, Walter, Jr...10 00 
Pell, James Dj, 2... 5 00 
Pell, Walden........ 500 
Pellew, Miss M. J.... 500 
Pendleton, Miss E. F. 5 00 
Penfold, Edmund.... 5 00 
Penhallow, Charles T. 5 00 
Penn, Mrs. Jefferson.. 5 00 
Pennie, John C.....2: 5 00 
Pennington, Mrs. A.G. 5 00 
Pennsylvania Audu- 

bon Society........ 5 00 
Pentz, A. Maclay.... 5 00 
Perkins, Dr: Anne E.. 2 00 
Perkins, Miss E. S.... 5 00 
Perkins, Mrs. F. E.... 5 00 
Perkins, Mrs. G. W... 5 co 
Perkins, Harry A..... 5 00 
Perkins, He Foes. 500 
Perkins, Mrs. J. B.... 5 00 
Perkins, Mrs. J. H.... 5 00 
Perkins, James H..... 5 00 
Perot, T. Morris, Jr... 5 00 
Perrin, Marshall L.... 1 00 
Perry, George P...... I 00 
Perry, J. DeWolf..... 200 
Perry, Mrs. J. G.. 5 00 
Perry, Mrs, J. H..... 100 
Perry, Miss Margaret 5 00 
Perry, Mrs. Wm. A... 5 00 
Peter, Julius C....... 5 00 
Petermann, G. H..... 5 00 
Peters, Mrs. A. J..... 100 


Peters, Charles S..... 5 


Peters, Miss Elizabeth 


Peters, Ralph. ....... 5 00 
Peters, Theodore..... 5 00 
Peters, Mrs. Theo.... 5 00 
Peters, W. E.. 5 00 
Peters, William R.. 5 00 
Peterson, Charles S...10 00 
Peterson, Edward.... 5 00 
Pettit, Miss E........ 200 
Petty, Hari tees 3 50 
Pfaelzer, Mrs. O. D... 5 00 
Pfarre, Mrs. A: E..... 7/00 
Pfeifer, Frederick. ... 200 
Pforzheimer, Carl H.. 5 00 
Phelps, Dryden W.... 5 00 
Phelps, Edward J..... 5 00 


Eee a Club, The $5 00 
Philipp; Po Be g4 23 5 I0 00 
Philipps, Dr. C. E. H. 5 00 


Phillips, A. W..... Ree OO 
Phillips, Mrs. C. E. H. 5 00 
Phillips, Hon. John M. 5 00 
Phillips, Miss M. E... 5 00 
Phillips, Stephen W... 5 00 
Phillips, Dr. Walter.. 5 00 
Phinney, Miss M. A.. 200 


Phypers; Co Jig is: I 50 
Pierce, Mrs. E. B..... 5 00 
Pierce; Frank ba 5. 5 00 
Pierce, Henry Clay... 5 00 
Pierce, William L..... 5 00 
Pierpont, Miss A. E.. 5 00 
Pike, Mrs. Curtis F... 1 00 
Pilling, James H...... 5 00 
Pilling, William S..... 5 00 
Pillsbury, Ac Bi oi. I 00 
Pilsbury, Frank O.... 5 00 
Piquet, Miss Lily S... 5 00 
Pine, Gop nae ce. 5 00 
Pirie, Miss Isobel. ... 5 00 
Pinte; JOnn Docks. 5 00 
Pitman, Miss E. H... 100 
Pitman, Miss M. A... 1 00 


Planten, W. Rutger J. 5 
Platt Ada tye 2505) 0c 5 900 
Platt, Miss CoM 3.6 
Platt, Mrs. Dan F.... 5 


Platt, Mr. and Mrs. 
H 


Sa exdeicaen ule aan ee On 
Platt, Miss Laura N.. 5 00 
Playter, Miss C.S.... 5 00 
Plum, Mrs. Arthur... 5 oo 
Plummer, Dr. C. G... 1 50 
Plummer, Mrs. C. W. 1 00 
Plummer, Henry M... 5 00 
Plummer, Mrs. M. C. 
Beer aareieeaeuts I 00 
Poe, Margaretta..... 5 00 
Polhemus, Miss R. A. 1 50 
Polk, Mrs. Wm. M... 5 00 
Pollock, Mrs. William 5 00 
Pomeroy, Daniel E.. 5 00 
Pomeroy, Robert W..10 00 
POmtoy, Bi Boe. 5 00 
Pomroy, Mrs. H. K... 5 00 


5 
Pond, Miss F. L...... 5 
Poole, Miss Grace H.. 5 
Poole, Mrs. G. S..... 5 00 
Poor, Miss Agnes B... 1 
Poor, Miss Ella S..... 1 


Poor, Roger M....... 5 00 
Pope, Mrs. Albert S.. 5 00 
Pope, Miss Edith A.. 5 00 
Pope, Miss Harriet B. 5 00 
Porter; 21.6 ove 5 00 
Porter, Mrs. Samuel.. 5 00 


Porter, Willard H., Jr. 5 00 
Post; AbNEr 655. os 5 00 


ap 


ra 


. List of Members 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continucd 


Post Abram 3.2 ou, $5 00 
Post, irs. Cy fun Jee 00 
Post, Miss E. M...... 5 00 
Post, Mrs. James H... 5 00 
Post, lohn eR. 5.0 5 00 
Post, William S...... 5 00 


Potter, Miss Caroline. 5 00 
Potter, Frederick G... 5 00 


Potter, Fo Moose. 5 00 
Potter, Hamilton Fish 10 00 
Potter, Joseph. =... I 00 
Potter, Julian K...... 5 00 


Potter EBs. 5 00 
Potter, Mabel L...... 2 00 
Potter, Miss M. W... 5 00 
Potts, Mrs. F. M..... 5 00 
Potts, Mrs. G. C..... 5 00 
Potts, Master Harry..10 00 


Potts, Robert B...... 5 00 
Potts, Mrs. W. B....- 5 00 
Potts, Mrs. Wm. M... 5 00 
Pounsford, Harry.... 5 00 


Powel, Mrs. H. W. H. 5 00 
Powell, Mrs. S. A.... 5 00 
Powers; Fs Bein. cs 5 00 
BRAS Beal orcas ae 5 00 
Pratt, Mrs. C. M..... 5 00 
Pratt, Miss Emma A.. 1 00 
Pratt, Mrs. F. B..... 5 00 
Pratt, Frederick L.... 5 00 
Pratt, Mrs. F. L...... 5 060 
Pratt, Miss Harriet... 5 00 


Pratt, Mrs. H. M..... 6 00 
Pratt; Laban. 770-22. 5 00 
Pratt) Samuel 0% 2... 5 00 


Pratt, Miss S$. E....:.5°'5 60 
Prentice, Miss E. F... 200 
Prentice, Miss J. P....5 00 
rentiss, Bebe IO 00 
Prentiss, Mrs. F. F... 5 00 
Prentiss, William A... 5 00 
Prescott, Mrs. C. H...5 00 
Preston, Mrs. F. Loring2 oo 
Preston, Mrs. W. L... 5 00 


Preston, Mrs. W..... 5.00 
Price,. John S., Jr.:...10°00 
Price; pbk fee hs 5 00 
Priest, Miss E. M.... 100 
Price, Fy Mii. e. e508") 
Printz, Mrs. An. 5 00 
Procter, William..... 5 00 
Proctor, Mrs. C. E.... 5 00 
Proctor, Fred T...... 5 00 


Proctor, Henry H... 
Proctor, Thomas R... 5 00 


PLOVOs Wace Psi wea 5.00 
Provost, Mrs. C. W... 3 00 
Priva Re Co ca. 5 00 


Puffer, Miss Isabel... 5 00 
Pulsifer, Mrs. N. T... 5 00 
Purves, Mrs. A. M... 5 00 
Pusey, Mrs. Howard. 3 00 
Putnam, Mrs. A. S... 5 00 


Putnam, Miss E...... $5 00 
Putnam, George P.... 5 00 
Putnam, Mrs. L. W... 5 00 
Puxton, Mrs. M. W... 5 00 
Pyter Pred-o. 0.4 <4 5 00 
Pyne, Mrs. M. Taylor 5 00 
Quan, Mr. and Mrs. 
-E 


ey ae eae 5 00 
Queen, Po ow eas 5 00 
Quinby, Mrs. W. H... 5 00 
Oumincy Geiss s a 500 
Rabe, Dr. Rudolph F. 5 00 


Racine Bird Club.... 5 00 
Rackemann, C..S.....° 5 00 
Radcliffe, Mrs. W.. 5 00 
Rahlson, K J... 5 00 
Rahr, Mrs. Reinhardt 5 00 
Ralph, Mrs. G. F.. 5 00 
Ramak, Mrs. G., jr... 3 00 
Ramsay, Mrs. Wm. G.10 00 
Ramsey, Mrs. D. P...10 00 
Rand, Mrs. Harry S.. 5 00 


Rand. Dre Pack I 50 
Randerson, J. P...... 5 00 
Randle, Mrs. C. H.... 5 00 
Randolph Bird Club of 


Westfield.......... 5 00 
Randolph, Coleman.. 5 00 
Randolph, Mrs. E.... 5 00 
Randolph, Evan..... 5 00 
Rankin, John J....... 2 00 
Rankine, Mrs. W. B.. 5 00 
Ranney, Mrs. John R. 5 00 


Rassieur, Leo........ 200 
Ratehiie, Fs Hee... 3 5 00 
Rathbun, Mrs. E. H..10 00 
Rawitser, Fred....... 5 00 


Rawlinson, Miss Ellen 5 00 
Raymond, Mrs. C. E. 5 00 
Raymond, Mrs. James 5 00 
Raynolds, Mrs. G. P.. 5 00 
Rea, Mrs. Henry R... 5 00 
Rea. James Co. s-o5;. 5 00 
Rea, Mrs. James C... 5 00 
Read, Miss Janet A... 5 00 


Read, Mark and Learn 
Cibo oe aes 5 00 

Rebmann, G. R., Jr...10 00 

Recknagel, J. H...:.. 5 00 


Redfield, Miss E. W.. 200 
Redfield, Mrs. H. G.. 5 00 
Redwood, Mrs. F. T.. 5 00 
Reed; Earl Hy, Jr... 5°00 
Reed, Mrs. Geo. M.. 1 00 
Reed, Mrs. L. H..... 5 00 
Reed, Lewis B....... 5 00 
Reed, William E..... 5 00 
Reese, John S., 4th... 5 00 
Reese, Mrs, R. G..... 5 00 
Reeves, Miss Ruth N. 1 00 
Regar, H. Severn.... 5 00 
Reichenberger, Mrs. 
NACCOF TA args). we as 5 00 


Reichert, Louis...... $5 00 
Reid, Miss Christine.. 5 00 
Reisinger, Curt H.... 5 00 
Remick, Mrs. Ella W. 5 00 
Remington, Seth P...10 00 
Remy, Schmidt and 


Pleissnerss oF oa 5 00 
Renshaw, Mrs. A. H.. 5 00 
Renwick, Wy Beek os. 5 00 


Renwick, Mrs. I. H... 
Renwick, Mrs. Wm... 5 00 
Renwick, Mrs. W. C.. 5 00 
Resolute Circle of the 
King’s Daughters.. 5 00 
Reutter, Mrs- Lio: 5.00 
Rey, Miss Marie V... 1 00 
Reynolds, Dorrance.. 5 00 
Reynolds, Mrs. G. W. 5 00 
Reynolds, Walter S... 5 00 


Rhein; John; Jt: .2%% 5 00 
Rhinebeck Bird Club. 5 00 
Rhoades, Carol...... 5 00 


Rhoades, Miss H..... 5 00 
Rhoades, Mrs. Lyman 5 00 
Rhoades, Miss N..... 5 00 
Rhoads, J. Snowden.. 5 00 
Rhoads, Miss L. W...10 00 
Rhoads, Mrs. S. W... 5 00 


Rhode Island Audubon 
PITOLY se as 5 00 
Rice, Miss Beja... 5 00 
Rice, Miss Ellen P.... 5 00 
RicesiG ba eee 00 


Rice, William Gorham 1 00 
Rice, Wm. North.... 5 00 
Richards, Miss A. A.. 5 00 
Richards, Anna M.... 5 00 
Richards, Miss H. E.. 5 00 
Richards, Henry..... 10 00 
Richards, Mrs. L. S... 5 00 
Richardson, C. F..... 5 00 
Richardson, Major 
Edward: Pies. 5 00 
Richardson, Mrs. G. F. 5 00 
Richardson, H. H....10 00 
Richardson, W. D.... 5 00 
Richardson, W. K....10 00 
Richie, Miss Sarah... 5 00 
Richmond, F. E...... 5 00 
Ricketson, Walton... 7 50 
Ricketts, Miss Jean.. 5 00 
Riddell, Mr. and Mrs. 


Bean: HAA Uo 0: 
Ridgway, Robert..... 5 00 
Riggs, Mrs. Austen F. 5 00 
Riggs Geo. Cue 5 00 


Riglander, Mrs. M. M. 5 00 
Riley;-Mrs.. J: W..*%.. 5°00 
Riley, Mrs. W. W.... 5 00 
Ripley, Miss J. T..... 5 00 
Rittenhouse, Mrs. E.S. 5 00 
Rives, Dr. William C.10 oo 
Robb, Mrs. Alexander 5 00 


404 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Robb, Mrs. John T...$5 00 


Robb, Wallace H..... 5 00 
Robbins, Allan A..... 5 00 
Robbins, Miss I. E... 5 00 
Robbins, Reginald C.. 5 00 
Robert, Samuel...... 5 00 
Roberts, Mrs. A. B... 1 00 
Roberts, Mrs. E. B... 5 00 
Roberts, Miss F. E... 5 00 
Roberts, Owen F,.... 5 00 
Roberts, Thomas S... 5 00 
Roberts, William H... 5 00 
Robertson, Miss J.... 5 00 
Robertson, Mrs. R.A. 5 00 
Robertson, Mrs. W. A. 2 00 
Robinson, Miss A. H. 5 00 
Robinson, Mrs.C.L.F. 5 00 
Robinson, Mrs. D.... 5 00 
Robinson, Edward P.. 5 oo 
Robinson, Edward S.. 5 oo 
Robinson, Miss H. B. 5 00 
Robinson, Henry J... 5 00 
Robinson, Mrs. I. R.. 5 00 
Robinson, S. Mary 

ANG: Bis eerste ioe 5 00 
Robinson,. Theo. W... 5 00 
Robinson, Wm. A.... I 00 


Robison, Dr. Alice A.. 5 00 
Robison, AcRi.: 3:04 4000 
Robotham, Cheslar... 5 00 
Roche, Mr. and Mrs. 
Baie Sue tas eee hy 
Rochester, Miss E.... 
Rockaway Branch 
NationalAssociation 
of Audubon Societies 5 00 


Rockefeller, J. D., Jr. 5 00 
Rockefeller, Mrs. J. 
Dhaest erate 5 00 


Rockefeller, Wm. A.. 5 00 
Rock Island County 
Bird Chip. oy es 5.00 
Rockwell, Mrs. G. F.. 5 00 
Rodman, Miss Emma 5 00 


Rodgers, Miss H. T... 5 00 
Roebling, Mrs. J. A...25 00 
Roemer, John L...... 5 00 
Rogan, Mrs. John.... 5 00 
Rogan, Mrs. M. K.... 5 00 
Rogers, Archibald.... 5 00 
Rogers, Mrs. C. F.... 5 00 
Rogers Mrs. (Fs 0, &: 5 00 
Rogers; Geo Je... 30% 5 00 
Rogers, Mrs. Geo. S.. 5 00 
Rogers, Mrs. H. E...-.10 00 
Rogers, James....... 5 00 
Rogers, Misses....... 5 00 
Rogers, Richard...... 5 00 
Rogers, Mrs. T. W... 5 00 
Rogers, William B.... 5 00 


Rolando, Miss A. N.. 
RONG Mares Bea 8 
ROuG AG dixccees oaks 


Rollins, Ashton...... $5 00 
Romer, Alfred....... 
Ronault, Theo, Jr.... 
Rood, Miss Mary W.. 
Roome, William P.... 
Roosevelt, Mrs. H. L. 
Roosevelt, Mrs. J..... 


Root, Mrs. A. K...... 5 00 
Root, HuhUs pica =. 5 900 
Root, Towner B...... 5 00 
Root, Miss W. E..... 5 00 
Ropkins, Mrs. E. L... 5 00 
Rose,’ Mrs: AgSa ...% 5 00 


Rose, Mrs. John H...10 00 
Rose, Mrs. Oscar..... 5 00 
Rosenbaum, E. F..... 5 00 


Rosenbaum, Mrs. N.. 5 00 
Rosenfeld, Mrs. E. L. 5 00 
Rosengarten, Mrs. M. 

Gee eae eb 500 
Rosenwald, Mrs. J.... 5 00 
Rosevear, Wm. B..... 5 00 
ROSS otek ee | 
Ross, Reuben J....... 


Rossback, Max H..... 100 
Rossiter, Edward L... 5 00 
Rotch, Mrs. Morgan. 5 00 
Rotch, Mrs. Wm. J...15 00 
Roth; Pred: Suc. 5 00 
ROths Peta ee: 5 00 
Rothbarth, Albert.... 5 00 
Rothermel, John J.... 7 00 
Rothwell, fe Bees. 5 00 
Rottschaefer, Mrs. H. 1 00 
Rowland, Mrs. C. B.. 5 00 
Rowland, Edmund... 5 00 
Rowland, Thomas.... 5 00 
ROYCE, Juin ee 5 00 
Rubel, Master C. A... 5 00 
Ruddock: Co Hy... 5 00 
Rumford, Dr. Lewis.. 5 00 
Rumsey, Bronson.... 5 00 
Rumsey, Mrs. L. D... 5 00 
Rumson Bird Club... 5 oo 
Ruperti, Justus...... 5 00 
Rupprecht, F: K..,... 5 00 
Rusch, Mrs. H. A.... 5 00 
Rushmore, Mary D... 5 00 
Ruskay, Mr. and Mrs. 

SSECH Gat ete I 00 
Riise; Mrs. Cee I 00 


Russell, Be oes 54 SOG 
Russell, Mrs. C. L. P. 5 00 
Russell, Charles H.... 5 00 
Russell, Mrs. E. L.... 5 00 
Russell, Mrs. Horace.11 00 
Russell, Miss H. L....10 00 
Russell, Mrs. Wm. A. 6 50 
Russell, Mrs. W. D... 5 00 
Ryerson, Mrs. E. L... 5 00 
Ryman Bits las. 5 00 
Sabin, Mrs. D. D..... 5 00 
Sabine, Dr. Geo. K... 5 00 


Sackett, Mrs. C. A.. .$5 00 
Sackett, Mrs. F. M... 5 00 
Sackett, Mrs. F.M., Jr. 5 00 


Sage, Johnnie. sh: 5 00 
Sage, Mrs. M.S...... 5 00 
sais Mae and Pine 
Club 00 
St. John, ‘Edward P.. 5 90 
St. John, Mrs. Jesse. . 5 00 
St. Louis Bird Club.. 5 00 
St. Ormond, S. M.... 5 00 
Saltonstall, ae 5 00 
Saltonstall, Mrs. z. M. 5.00 
Sampson, Mrs. A. A.. 5 00 


Sampson, Alden...... 10 00 


Sampson, John A.... 5 00 
Samuels, Mrs. F. S... 5.00 
Sanborn, Wm. R..... 5 00 
Sanborn, Mrs. W. R.. 5 00 
Sanderson, Edward F. 5 oo 
Sanderson, Miss M... 5 foe) 
Sanford, Mrs. L. W... 5 00 
Sands, Mrs. P. Pex 3 00 
Sanford, Mrs. C. G.. 5 00 
Sanford, Dr. L. C.. 5 00 
Sanford, Mrs. R. B... 5 00 
Sanford, Miss S. S....10 00 
Saratoga Springs Bird 
Chip ser ei ictin an fefe) 


Sargent, Mrs. F. W. 

a henry Oo) un Sea an. 
Sargent; Mrs. }..B.. 2. $500 
Sargent, Miss Laura..10 00 


Sargent, Miss M. M.. 3 co 
Sargent, Mrs. S. W...10 00 
Sargent, Mrs. W...... 5 60 
Sargent, Wm. D...... 5 00 
Saul, Charles R....... 5 00 
Saunders, Wi-B...: 5.00 
Sauter, Fred.. . 5.00 
Savery, T. H., ‘3rd... 5 00 
Saville, Mrs. A. H.... 1.00 
Savin, William M.. . “25 fele) 
Sawtelle, Mrs. E. M.. 5 00 
Sawyer, Ev Boe... 5 90 
Sawyer, Mrs. H. E... 5 00 
Saxton, Frank H..... 5 00 
Sayles, Mrs. R. W.... 5 00 
«Sayre, Mrs. Chas. D.. 5 00 
Sayre, Rut Co... i... I 00 
Scaife, Mrs. M. F.... 5 00 
Scarborough, R. B.... 5 00 
Scattergood, Mrs. J. 
Breenry os ee 5 00 
Schaefer, Mrs. Ella L. 5 00 
Schaefer, George G... 5 00 
Schaefer, Oscat FP... 5:00 
Schall, William. ..... 5 00 
Schanck, George E.... 5 00 
Schattgen, William... 5 00 
Schear, E. W. E...... 5 00 
Schefer, Mrs. E...:.. I 00 
Scherer, Mrs. A. G.... 5 00 


List of Members 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Schieffelin, Mrs. H.M.$5 00 


Schiffler, Mrs. F. A....2 00 
SCHiget MiSs A soe 5 00 
Schlisinger, Mrs. M... 5 00 


Schmidt, C. Tessa.... 
Schmidt; Hansicc 22. 
Schmiedell, Mrs. E.G.. 
Schorr, A.. 

Schreiter, Henry.. eee 5 00 
Schroeder, Arthirs:.25 00 
Schroeder, Mrs. A. W. 5 00 
Schroder, William H.. 5 00 
Schuchert,. Mrs. W. F. 5 00 
Schueller, Rev. W. J..10 00 
Schultz, John D. H... 5 00 
Schurz, Miss M...... 5 00 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


Schuster, Mrs. Chas.. 3 00 
Scnutz, be: 215 00 
Schwab, ee eee 5 00 


Schwab, Louis .35 
Schwartz, Mrs. M. L.. 
Schwarz, George F.... 
Schwarz, Mrs. H. F... 5 00 
Schwarz, Herbert F...10 00 
Schwarzenbach, R.J.F. 5 oo 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


Schwehm, Harry J... 5 00 
Scituate Woman’s 
Club.. 5 00 


Scofield, Miss Marion 5 00 
Scott, Albert L....... 5 00 
Scott, Donald.. 5 00 
Scott, Mrs. John W.. 5 00 
Scott, Mrs. EG. : 5 00 
Scott, Mrs. M. B..... 5 00 
Scott, Mrs. Robert T. 5 00 
Scott, Walter.. 5 00 
Scovill, Mr. and Mrs. 


Henry W.. x AEROO 
Soaville. Herbert..... 5 00 
Scranton Bird Club, 

ERG OR a a oe fete) 


Scribner, Mrs. A. H... 5 00 
Scrymser, Mrs. J. A..65 00 


Scoully, Henty Ric <5 5 00 
Seabrook, Mrs. H. H.. 5 00 
Seabury, Co Wiscee., 5 00 
Seabury, Miss S. E...20 00 
Seaman, W. W...... 5 90 
Sears, David, 2nd.... 5 00 
Sears, Mrs, F.B:, Jr.:°-5 00 


Sears, Horace S.... ..... 10 00 


Sears, Mrs. J. M.....10 00 
Sears, Miss Mary P... 5 00 
Sears, Mrs. N.C... .. 5 00 
Sears, Wis. PS eo 5 00 
Seattle Aubudon 
MOCIEEVS Sis cee 5 00 
Seaverns, C. F. T. 5 00 
See, Alonzo B........ 5 00 
See, Mr. Elliott C....50 00 
Seeley, Mrsce. B:, 5 00 
Seeley, Mrs. Wm. G.. 200 


Seelye; Le Clark. 35. 


Seinsheimer, Mrs. H. 


Seipp, Mrs. Conrad... 5 00 
Seligman, George W.. 5 00 
Seligman, Mrs. G. W. 5 00 
Seligman, Mrs. I. N... 5 00 
Seligman, Jefferson... 5 00 
Sellers, Frank H...... 5 00 
Semken, Miss K. E... 5 00 
Semmes, John E.. 5 00 
Serrill, Wm. ae 5.00 
Severance, John | eee 
Sewall, Miss H. D....20 00 
Sexton, Mrs. E. B.... 5 00 


sexton, Rin bo 3% 5 00 


Seymour, Edmund... 5 00 
Seymour, John B.. 5 00 
Seymour, L. H.. 5 00 
Shacklett, Turner W.. 5 00 
Shailer, William G.. 5 00 


Shainwald, Mrs. R. L. 5 00 
Shaker Lakes Garden 
Club thes os a: 25 00 


Shannon, Mrs. W. C.. 5 00 
Sharpe, Miss E. M.... 5 00 
Sharpe, Henry D..... 5 00 


Shattuck Ay i 4 
Shattuck, Ay Rok. 
Shattuck, G. C., M.D. 
Shaver, Mrs. Bak. 
Shaw, Miss Eleanor’ 


Shaw, Pranct 630 2; 5 00 
Shaw, Mrs.;Geo.R.. 15.00 
Shaw, Henry S., Jr... 5 00 


iw, MBS Le hoes ts 5 00 
Shaw, Louis Agassiz..25 oo 
Shaw, Mrs. Robert G. 5 00 
Shaw sere ity es 5 00 
Shearer, Mrs. E. H... 5 00 
Shearman, Miss M. H. 1 00 
Shearman, Mr. and 


Mrs:W. FL 3... 2.1090 
Sheble, Mrs. F.-J.....-5 00 
Shedd; Mrs: J: G.....: 5,00 
Sheffield, G. St. J..... 5 00 
Sheldon, Mrs. E. B...10 00 


Sheldon, James...... 5 00 
Shepard, Miss A. R... 10 00 


Shepard, Miss Clara.. 5 00 
Shepard, C. Sidney...25 00 
Shepard, Miss E. B... 5 00 
Shepard, Finley J..... 5 00 
Shepard; Wi H..336 6.5 00 
Shepardson, A. O.....10 00 


Shepard, Mrs. Owen.. 5 00 
Sheppard, William B.. 5 00 
sherer-Geo. Juss 2 560 
Sherman, Mrs. E. J... 5 00 
Sherman, Mrs. Gerald 5 00 


Sherman, John J. R... 5 00 
Sherman, Miss J. F... 5 00 
Sherman, Miss J. T... 5 00 
Sherrill Av Pica. 2-5 00 


495 
pherty, As Ge Ge BS OO 
Sherwin, Miss A. F... 5 00 
Sherwin, Mrs. H. A... 5 00 
Shillito, Miss E. G.... 100 
Shipman, Richard D.. 5 00 
Shiras, Hon. G., 3rd.. 5 00 
Shober, Mrs. S$. LE... .§ 00 
Shoemaker, Miss C. B. 2 00 
Shoemaker, C. W..... 5 00 


Shoemaker, Mrs. H.P. 5 00 
Shoemaker, Henry W.15 00 


Shoemaker, Miss M... 5 00 
Shoemaker, MissM.W. 5 00 
Shoemaker, T. H..... 5 00 
Shores; Dre he bk S360 
Shortall, Mrs. J. L.... 5 00 


Shove, Miss Helen M. 5 00 
SHOVES HAR Pas eee 5 00 


Shrigley, Miss E. A... 5 00 
Shriver, Mrs. H. T.... 5 00 
Shultz; Charles-Sv.2'>7 5:00 


Shumway, Franklin P. 5 00 
Sidenburg, Mrs. R.,Jr. 5 00 
Siegel, William....... 5 00 


Siegler, Rev. C. W.... 5 00 
Sill, Miss Annie...... 5 00 
pills, Henry): oo ae 5 00 
Silsbee, Miss E. W.... 5 00 
Silsbee? Mrs: Gi S20. 5:00 
Simes, Mrs. Wm...... 5 00 


Simmons, B. F..:.... 5 00 
Simmons, E. C.. 5 00 
Simmons, Mrs. E deF. 5 00 
Somon, Alfred L......10 00 
Simon, CHartes. 7% 23 5 00 
Simonds, Ray........ 5 00 
Simonds, Miss S. L... 5 00 
Simons, C. Dewar, 3rd 5 00 
Simons, Mrs. W. C...10 00 
Simonson, Mrs. W. A. 5 00 
Simpson, Miss Helen.15 00 


Simpson, Miss J. W...10 00 
Simpson, John B..... 5 00 
Sinclair, Miss:Ho LT...) 5:00 
Sinclair ji Rc 5 00 
Singleton, Miss S. M. 5 00 
Sinkler, Mrs. W., Jr... 5 00 


NS iclis) gue Bees OES on orem ae 5 00 


Skeel, Mrs. F. D..... 5 00 
Skeel, Mrs. R., Jr..... 5 00 
Skelly, Mrs. H. T.... 5.00 
Skidmore, Samuel T.. 5 00 
Skit. Walter.C 0.54055 25100 


Skinner, Albert .....-.... 5 00 


Skinner, MaBa oo. 2 5700 
Skoglund, Walter L... 5 00 
Slack, Miss C. M..... 5 00 
Slade, Mrs. A. M..... 5 00 
Slade, Mrs. F. H..... 2:00 
Slade, Francis Louis.. 5 00 
Sleght, Mrs. B. H. B.. 5 00 
Slingluffs, Mrs. K.... 2 co 
Sloan, Dr.-BarlSii.5 2.5 00 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


496 

Sloan, Mrs. Samuel...$5 00 
Sloane, Mrs. Wm.....10 00 
Slocum, Wm.:H..> 3. 5 00 
Slosson, Mrs. A. T.... 5 00 
Slosson, Mrs. H. L.... 5 00 
Small, Miss Cora..... 3 00 
Small, Miss Isabel.... 1 00 
Smiley, Daniel....... 5 00 
Smiley, Mrs. Emily.. 5 00 
Smillie, James C...... 5 00 
Smith, Miss Anna.... 200 
Smith, Mrs. A. G..... 5 00 
Smith, Miss A. M.... 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. A. J.... 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. RL, 2... $060 
Smith, OC. Bo oe 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. C. M.... 5 00 
Smith, Charles F..... 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. Ce Hoe 00 
Smith, Mrs. C. Ce... 100 
Srath; Cyrus Poo 70. 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. DeCost.. 5 00 
Smith, Delavan...... 5 00 
Smith, Dudley W..... 5 00 
Smith, Prof. Frank... 5 00 


Smith, Frank A...... Io 00 
Smith, Mrs. F. C., Jr. 5 00 


Smith, Mrs. F. D..... 5 00 
Smith, F. E.. 5800 
Smith, Mrs. F. ee 5 OO 
Smith, Mrs. Fred W.. 5 00 
Smith, George A.. 5 00 
Smith, George Cae 
Smith, George O...... 5 00 
Smith, H. Alexander.. 5 00 
Buitth, HA: Hoos y, 5 00 
Smith, Miss H. A.. 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. H. I.. 5 00 
Smith, HoMe a 5 00 
Smith, Henry Py... 2 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. J..Ni-3 5. 5:00 
Smith, Judd......... 5 00 
Smith, Miss Laura I.. 5 00 
Smith, Miss Lilian. ..10 00 
Smith, OAD Sa ee ea 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. L. M.... 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. Mary B.. 5 00 
Smith, Miss Mary F.. 1 00 
Smith, Matt R....... 5 00 
Smith, Nellie M...... 5 00 
Smith, Philip McK... 5 00 
Smith, Pierre J....... 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. R. D.... 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. R. P., Jr. 5 00 
Smith, Sinclair....... 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. S. Lewis. 5 00 
Smith, Theo. B...... 5 00 
Smith, Mrs. W. C.... 5 00 
Smith, Wilbur F...... 5 00 
Smith, W. Hinckle... 5 00 
Smith, William H.... 5 00 
Smith, William W.... 5 00 
Smithers, Mrs. John.. 2 00 


Smithland Audubon 
Sogety 2504. 7 
Smock, John C...... 
Smyth, Ellison A..... 
Smyth, Henry L., Jr.. 
Smyth, Sarah A...... 
Smythe, Mrs. A. B... 
Smythe, Mrs. Hugh.. 
Snodgrass, John H.... 
Snook, Mrs. 7. Bo 3: 
SHOW, Be Gise  e 
Snow, Mrs. F. A...... 
Snyder, Mrs. Mary S. 
Snyder, Watson...... 
Solley, Fred W....... 
Solley, Dr. J.cB:, Jr... 
Somerville, Robert... 
Sommerhoff, F. A. E.. 
Soule, Mrs. pe Se 
South Bend Humane 
Society. 45 55 47 


Southworth, Mrs. O.S. 
Sovereign Miss P..... 
Sowash, Dr. W. H.... 
Spafford, Mrs. J. H.. 
Spalding, Miss Dora.. 
Spalding, Mrs. P. L... 
Sparks, T. Ashley.... 
Sparrow, Mrs. E. W.. 
Spaulding, Walter M.. 
NOGA, be the oe, 
Spear, Mrs. L.’Y... .. 
Speare, Mrs. L. R.... 


Speer, Mrs. Jos. McK. 


Speers, Mrs. J. M.... 
Speir, Louis Di... .... 
Spencer, Mrs. A. W... 
Spencer, Mrs. C. L... 


$5 00 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5.00 
5 90 
5.00 


5 00 
5 00 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


5 00 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


58 OO 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5.00 
5 90 
5 00 
5 00 


Spencer, Mrs. Edward 5 00 


Spencer, Joseph M.... 
Spencer, Robert L.... 
Spencer, Theodore... 
Speanza, Mrs. G. A.. 
Sperry, Hon. Lewis... 
Speyer, Mrs. James... 
Spokane Bird Club... 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


Io 00 


5 00 


Spong, Mrs. J. J. R...34 00 


Spooner, Miss E. O... 
Spooner, Miss M. L... 
Sprague, Major A. A.. 
Sprague, Dr. fF. P. 5s: 
Sprague, Howard B.. 
Sprague, H. L.. 
Springer, H. L., “M.D. 
Spruance, Col. W. C.. 
Stafford, Mrs. W. F.. 
Stallman, fF: L.i.: 6.4 
Staples, Frank T.. 
Starr, Miss Mina D.. 
Staten Island Bird 
OLET) o Fames eas Opa yey er 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


«500 


5 00 
5 00 
I 00 


Staudt, Johny: 53.4: $5 00 
Stearns, Charles H.... 2 00 
Stearns, Mrs. F. K.... 5 00 
Stearns, Mrs. F. W.... 5 00 
Stearns, William S.... 5 00 
Stebbins, Miss A. C... 5 00 
Steedman, Mrs. C. J... 5 00 
Steffler, Mrs. E. F.... 5 00 
Stehr, Mrs. F. W..... 5 00 
Steiner, Mrs. G. A.... 5 00 
Stienmetz, Charles P..10 00 
Steinway, Fos, 2. 500 
Stephens, Mrs. N. S.. 5 00 
Stephenson, Mrs. I... 5 00 
Stephenson, Mrs. W. 

i ee a 00 


Sterling, Mrs.Edward 
Sterling, Willis B..... 
Sternberg, Mrs. Anna 


5 00 
5 00 
2 00 


Sterne, Alfred J... .. 5.00 
Sterneman, Mrs. J. S. 5 00 
Stetson, Miss C...... 5 00 
Stetson, Mrs. H. U... 5 00 
Stevens, Miss B. T... 5 00 
Stevens, Mrs. F. W... 5 00 
Stevens, Mrs. George. 2 00 
Stevens, Mrs. J. W... 5 00 
Stevens, Leo 'E....... 5 00 
Stevenson, Miss A‘... 5 00 


Stevenson, Mrs. R. H. 5 00 


Steward, Campbell... 5 00 
Steward, Miss Sarah.. 5 00 
Stewart; A. M....... 5 00 
Stewart, Lispenard...10 00 
Stewart, Robert L.... 5 00 
Stickley, Mrs. B. F... 5 00 
Stickney, Mrs. E. C.. 500 


Stillman, Charles and 


Leland, (2652. oe: 5 00 
Stillman, Mrs. J. F...10 00 
Stillman, Miss Liska.. 5 00 
Stillwell, Mrs. L. B... 5 00 


Stilwell, Miss M. C... 5 00 
Stimson, Miss Georgia 1 00 


Stimson, Louis A..... 5 00 
Stimson, Miss M. A.. 5 00 
Stinchfield, Mrs. C... +5 00 
Stinson, Mrs. C. E.... 5 00 
Stix, Ernest W....... 5 00 
Stockport Audubon 
DORICUY oe ee 16 00 


Stoddard, Prof. F. H. 5 00 
Stoddard, Miss M.F. 5 00 
Stoehr, Max Wm..... 5 00 
Stokes, A. Pi. Jr... 6 10 00 
Stokes, Mrs. Ellen O.. 5 00 
Stokes, Mrs. I. N. P.. 5 00 
Stone, Miss A. M..... 3 00 
Stone, Mrs. Arthur L. 5 00 


Stone, Bessie P....... 5 00 
Stone, Miss E. B..... 5 00 
Stone, Mrs. E. M..... 5 00 
Stone, Mrs. F. H..... 5 00 


List of Members 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND. CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Stone, Harry B., Jr...$5 00 
Stone, Herbert F..... 5 00 
Storey, Mrs. R. M.... 400 
Storm, Raymond W.. 5 00 
Storrow, Mrs. J. J.... 5 00 
Stout, Andrew V..... 5 00 
Siaut, Mrs: C. Fe. . 5 00 
SLGUE de Css oe 5 00 
Stowell, Ellery C..... 5 00 


Strader, Benj. W.....10 00 
Straight, Mrs. Willard 5 00 
Stranahan, Henry.... 5 00 
Strasburger, Miss Eva 5 00 
Strattan, Mrs. G.W.. 5 00 


Stratton, Charles E... 5 00 
Stratton, J. Ford..... 5 00 
Straus, Mrs. H. N.... 5 00 
Straus, Mrs. H. G.... 5 00 
Stratis, Oscat 5.05.5 Io 00 
Strauss, Albert....... 5 00 
Strauss, Charles...... IO 00 
Strauss, Frederick....10 00 


Strauss, Mrs. William 5 00 


Streater, Miss K. J... 5 00 
Street, Mrs: KA... 5-60 
Strenli, Charles A.... 5 00 
Stringer, Mrs. E. C... 200 
Strong, Mrs. E. A.... 5.00 
ETON, Ws Bees oo 5 00 
Strong, E. W.. 115° OO 
Strong, Mrs. HAL 5 00 
Strong, Richard A....10 00 
Strong, Selah B...... 5 00 
Strong, Thomas W...10 00 
struck, Alfred... 5s: 5 00 


Struthers, Miss M.S.. 5 00 
Struthers, Mrs. R., Jr.10 00 


Stryker, Miss E. W... 1 00 
Stuart, Mrs. C. C.... 5 00 
Studebaker, C., Jr.... 5 00 
Studley, Helen E..... 100 
Stump, H. Arthur.... 5 00 
Sturges, Frederick, Jr. 5 00 
Sturgis, Dr. E. M.... 5 00 
Seureis, [oss 5 00 


Sturgis, Miss L. C.... 5 00 
Stuiwis, oO. Wee 5 00 


Stursberg, Julius A... 5 00 
Sturtevant, Miss M.L. 5 00 
Stutzer, Miss E. W... 5 00 
Stutzer, Herman..... 5 00 


Stutzer, Mrs. Herman 


Sudduth, W. H....... 5 00 
Sugden, Arthur W.... 5 00 
Sullivan, Mrs. E.S... 5 00 
Sullivan, Mrs. N. Ie: 

RGN SeccenG eee 5 00 
Summey, D: T.s 350% (ole) 
Sundstrand, Mrs. G.D. 5 00 
Sunny, Mrs. Be Es. so 
Suffdorff, Louis A.... 5 00 


Sussex County Nature 
Study Club. ... 5... 


Suydam, A.W $5 00 
Swain, Frederick..... 5 00 
Swales, Bradshaw H.. 5 00 
Swan, Charles F...... 5 00 


Swan, James Aio5 2. IO 00 
Swan, Mrs: Ae 
Swan, Mrsu Rite. 3. 
Swan, Thomas W..... 
Swan, William D..... 
Swann, Mrs. A. W... 


Swartz, Mrs. C....... 2 00 
Swasey, Re ov yas 100 00 
Sweetser, Mrs. N. E.. 200 
Swenson, Po As rs ok 5 00 
Swett, Mrs: P.°P= 3." 21:60 
Swezey, Mrs. F. A.... 5 00 
Swift, Mrs. James.... 5 00 
Swift, Mrs. Louis Fe. 5 00 
Swope, Dr. Eugene... 5 00 
Taber, Miss Mary.... 2 00 
Taber; Mrs. S2-Re ios 5.00 
Taft, Miss M. F...... 5 00 
ait, Royal Cece). 2* 5 60 
Pag, Aibett:. <3 5 900 
Taggart, Rush T..... 5 00 
Tagliabue, Charles J.. 5 00 
Taintor, Charles W... 5.00 
Taintor, Henry S..... 5 00 
Taintor, Mrs. H.S... 5 00 
Talbot, Dr. Fritz B... 5 00 
Talbot, Miss Mary... 6 00 
Talbot, Richmond.... 5 00 
Talcott, Mrs. James.. 5 00 
Talley, Haskell B..... 5 00 
Tallman, Mrs. F..G:.. 5 00 
Tanenbaum, Miss C.. 1 00 
Tapley, Miss Alice P.. 5 co 
Tappan, Mrs. W. H.. 5 00 
Tappin, Charles L....10 00 
Tate, Miss Mary D... 1 00 
Taylor, Mrs. A. A.... 100 
avid Ate ta tis 5 00 
Tavios, PeMoPs.. ss, 5 00 
Taylor, Dr. James W. 5 00 
aylon; JOUR 6 oo... Ss 5 00 
Taylor, Mary I.. 2 00 
Taylor, Robert 5. Sr. 5 00 
Taylor, Mrs. Wm. R.. 5 00 
Taylor, Mrs. W. R. K. 5 00 
‘Pent, Hrastus Foo. 5.00 
Telegraph Boys Bird 
House Club....... 5 00 
Temple, Miss A. B... 5 00 
Templeton, Miss H... 5 00 
Tener, Mrs. G. E.....10 00 
Terrell, Clyde B.....: 5.00 
Tglamer, Arnold..... 5 00 
Thacher, Mrs. J. B...°5 00 
Thacher, Mrs. T. D...10 00 
Thaw, Mrs. Wm., Jr.. 5 00 
‘haxter, JORN 66%. vs: 5.00 
Thayer, Mrs. Geo. A. 
CNR ese ee 5 00 


497 

Thayer, Mrs, G. A. 
(OWIG) ot ee $x 00 
Thayer, Mrs. G. R... 5 00 
Phayers Bis es 5 00 
Thayer, Mrs. J. E 5 00 
Thayer, Mrs. S. E.... 5 00 
Thieme, Theo. F..... 5 00 
Thomas, Miss B. H... 5 00 
Thomas, Mrs. F...... 5 00 
Thomas, Mrs. G. C... 5 00 
Thomas, Miss G.S... 5 00 
Thomas, Dr. H. G.... 1 50 
Thomas, Mrs. H. N... 5 00 
Thomas, Mrs. H. L...25 00 
‘homas :E° Mics es 5 00 
Thomas, Miss M. P... 5 00 
Thomas, Mrs. S. H... 5 00 
Thomas, Mrs. Theo...10 00 
Thompson, Charles D. 5 00 
Thompson, Charles H. 1 00 
Thompson, Mrs. D. B. 5 00 
Thompson Mrs. J. W. 5 00 
Thompson, Dr. L. M. 5 00 
Thomson, Mrs. M. E. 5 00 
Thorndike, Albert.... 5 00 
Thorndike, Mrs. A.... 5 00 
Thorndike, R. K..... ‘5 00 
Thorne, Edwin...... 5 00 
Thorne, Jonathan.... 5 00 
Thorne, Samuel, Jr... 5 00 
ttiore; WV. 5.5% 2. E600 


Thornton, Miss M. C. 5 00 


Lhorp, Mis. f. Groes.4§:00 
Thowless, Herbert L.. 5 00 
Thrall, Mrs. W. G... 5 00 
Thresher, Henry G... 5 00 
THPeSHEY, 2. Bs 3 = I 00 


Thursby, Emma C.... 5 00 
Tibbits, Dudley...... 20 00 
Tibbits, Mrs. N. L.... 


Tiemann, Miss E.W.. 5 00 
Tiffany, Mrs. C. L.... 5 00 
Tilden, Mrs. Geo. T.. 5 00 


Tillinghast, Mrs. C. F. 5 00 


Tinkham, Julian R...25 00 
SACHS < Bivged lesson tes Ss 5 00 
Tjader, Miss M. T.... 5 00 
TODID Bk bor acca eee. 
Tod, J. Kennedy... ..10 00 
OUGs Aire ten yal 5 00 
Todd, Geo. W... .: ..<. 5.00 


Tomlinson, Mrs. A. F. 5 00 
Tompkins, Miss E. M. 5 00 


Tooker, Edmund C... 5 00 
Torrey, Mrs. E......100 00 
Tough, John Sei2. +: 5 00 
Tower, Miss F. E.....10 00 
Tower, Mrs. Kate D.. 5 00 
Townsend, Mrs. C.... 5 00 
Townsend, J. B.,. Jr... 5 00 
Townsend, J. Henry.. 5 00 
Townsend, J. W...... 5 00 


Townsend, Wm. S.... 


498 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Townshend, Henry H.$5 00 
Trafton, Mrs. F. D... 200 
Trainer, Chas W..... 5 00 
Trask, Mrs. Spencer..10 00 


Traut, CorwWicweroc. 5 00 
Traut, Geo. Wis. 3c, 5 00 
Travelli, Mrs. C. I.... 5 00 
Trostel, Albert O..... 5 00 


Trotter, Mrs. Joseph. 
Trowbridge, Mrs. N. 


Be era ce aie ee 5 00 
Trowbridge, Wm. B.. 5 00 
Trube, Miss M. F.... 5 00 
Truber, Mrs. W. E... 5 00 
Truesdale, Mrs. H. C. 5 00 
Trussell, Arthur J.... 5 00 
Tuckerman, Alfred...10 00 
Tuckerman, Mrs. B., 

ies Sh Oh aches 5 00 


Tuckerman, Lucius C. 5 00 
Tuesday Sorosis Club. 5 00 


sbatts,: Mrs. J. Ans. 'os “5.60 
Tullsens: His s.65 soe 5 00 
Turnbull, Mrs. R..... 5 00 
Turner, Miss H. I.... 5 00 
Turner, Miss Mary E. 5 00 
Turner, Richard C.... 5 00 
Tuttle, Carlisle B.... 5 00 
Tuttle, Donald S$... 2: 5:00 
Tuttle, Mrs..H. A... 8 00 
Tuttle, Miss Jane.... 200 
Tuveson, NeélscA, x07. 5:00 
Twentieth | Century 
Club of Detroit.... 5 00 
Twining, Julia....... 5 00 
Twitchell, Mrs. H. F. 5 00 
Tyler, Mrs. W. G..... 5 00 
Pyzzer. Dr er e.5 2 OO 
Ueland, Mrs. A....... 5 00 
Uihlein, Edward G... 5 00 
Ulman, Ludwig...... 5 00 
Ulmann, Mrs. Carl J.. 5 00 


Ulster Garden Club.. 5 00 
Underhill, Mrs. W. M.10 00 
Underhill, W. P...... 5 00 
Underwood, Mrs. C. J. 2 00 


University Society, 
Ine Theiss 10206 
Unknown.) .c).205 100 0O 


Untermyer, Mrs. I.... 5 00 
Upham, Miss Edith S. 5 00 
Upmianny ts. 335°6290-60 
Upson, Mrs. Wm. H. 5 00 
Uptegraff, A. G...... 5 00 
Usher, R. C.. <2 t 00 
Utah Audubon Society 5 00 


Utley, Mrs. Samuel.. 5 00 
Utter, Henry E.:.... 5 00 
Vail, Cam; css se 5 00 
Vail, Miss Sarah A... 100 
Vaillant, Miss M. J...10 00 
Valentine, UL. L.....:..°. 5.00 
Valentine, Miss M.... 5 00 


Valentine, Dr. W. A..$5 00 
Van Antwerp, Rev. F. 

4 PEE gel poe nes 5 00 
Van Antwerp, Miss G. 

Ding ce Hay Ss Oe 
Van Brunt, Miss C... 5 00 
Van Brunt, TR 10 00 
Vanderbilt, Miss L.. . 
Vandergrift, S. H..... 5 00 
Vanderlip, Mrs. F. A.20 00 
Vanderpoel, A. E..... 5 00 
Vander Veer, Dr. A...10 00 
Vanderveer, John H.. 5 00 
Van Dusen, E. F..... 5.00 
Van Eck, Baroness A. 5 00 
Van Gerbig, Mrs. B... 5 00 
Van Ingen, Mrs. E. H. 5 00 
Vann, Hon. I. G...... 5 00 


Van Name, R. G.....10 00 
Van Norden, O. H.... 5 00 
Van Rensselaer, C. S.. 5 00 
Van Santvoord, S..... 5 00 
Van Schaick, Mrs. J.. 5 00 
Van Sinderen, Mrs. W. 

lee Reet deh bei 5 00 


Van Slyke, George W. 5 00 
Van Vechten, Mrs. R.10 00 
Van Voorhis,Mrs.H.N. 5 00 
Van Wagenen, Mrs. G. 
Aa, nn 2 OO 
Van Wagenen, H.W. 5 00 
Van Wagenen, Mrs. 
5 > Wags (CE eer ne ane c aati 
Van Winkle, E. B.. 


5 00 
Van Wyck, Philip. 


- 10 00 


Varick, Mrs. Remsen. 1 00 
Varick, Dr. and Mrs. 
WmaARG ren 5.00 
Varicle, Miss Renee. 5 00 
Vassar Wake Robin 
Club.. . 5 00 


Vaughan, Mrs. H. G..t0 fore) 
Vaughan, Ira........ 5 00 
Veeder, Curtis H..... 5 00 


Vermont Bird Club... 5 oo 
Vernon, Miss M...... 5.00 
Vernon, Mrs. R. R...15 00 


Vern Jonnie 4 
Vezin, Charles, Jr.. 
Vibert, C. W.. 

Vibert, Miss Eveline.. 
Vickery, Mrs, H. F.. 
Vietor, Mrs. E. G...: 
Vietor, Edward W.... 


Vigo County’ Bird 
CHD rescue se 5 00 
Villard, Master V. S. 5 00 
Voigt, RAW. 10 00 
Voigt, Frederick..... 5 00 
Voleer; BuGi eo mios, 5 00 


von Arnim, Miss A... 
von Brecht, C. E:.... 
von Brecht, Frank... 


Vonnegut, George....$2 00 
Von Saal, R. E....... 5 00 
Von Stade, F.S...... 5 00 
von Wettberg, E. F... 5 00 
Vosburg, Paul S...... 5 00 
Vose, Miss Dorothy.. 5 00 
Vuilleumier, Dr. a A. 5 00 
Wade, J. W.. 5 00 
Wadsworth, CS, 25 fore) 
Wadsworth, OO Be a3 06 


Wadsworth, R. C. W. 

(In Memoriam).... 
Wadsworth, Samuel. . 
Wadsworth, Mrs. W. 

PUUSUITE ee 10 00 
Wadsworth, W. M.... 5 00 
Wagner, Prof. George. 5 00 
Waid, D. Everett.... 100 
ithe si Miss. A 


10 00 
5 00 


Wine hE A pC oe 5 00 

Wakehela ee 
Club.. t 80 
Wakeley, Dr. W. A.. 5 00 
Wakeman, S. H...... 5 00 
Walcott, Frederic C.. 30 00 
Walcott, Mrs. M. V.. 5 00 
Waldeck, J.-C. Ci, eo1-5 60 
Walden, Mrs. P. T... 5 00 
Waldo, Miss Joan.... 5 00 
Waldo, Miss Natalie.. 5 00 
Wales, Edward H.... 5 00 
Walker, Mrs. A. H... 5 00 
Walker, Carroll D.... 5 00 
Walker, Chas. C...... 5 00 
Walker, C. Rises 5 00 
Walker, Edwin H..... 5 00 
Walker, E. Robbins.. 5 00 
Walker, -Grantac, 32; 5 00 
Walker, Mrs. G. A... 5 00 
Walker, Miss H. D... 5 00 
Walker, Mrs. T....., 5 00 
Walker; WT 5 00 
Wallace, Mrs. A. B....5 00 

Wallace Bird and 

Nature Study Club, 
The:. 5 00 
Wallace, Frank B.. 50 fore) 
Wallace, Herbert ft; 5 00 
Wallace, 6 CRS ae 5 00 
Wallace, Mrs. L. H...10 00 
Wallner, Louis W..... 5 00 
Walls, Mrs. Frank X. 5 00 
Walter, Mrs. A. M... 5:00 
Walter, Clarence R... 5 00 
Walter, Mrs. H. E.... 5 00 
Walton, Frank S..... 5 00 
Walton, Miss Lily E.. 5 00 
Wampler, F. C....... 5 00 
Wanamaker, John.... 5 00 
Warburg, Mrs. F. M.. 5 00 
Ward, Mrs. Cabot. ..10 00 
Ward, Mrs. E. B..... 5 00 
5 00 


Ward, Edward L..... 


List of Members 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Ward, Miss E. W.....$5 00 
Ward, Mrs. G. C..... 5 00 
SWasd John. cae 10 00 
Ward, R. E.. 5 00 
Ward, WEN oe 5 00 
Wardwell, Everett C. 5 00 
Ware, Mrs. A. L.. 5 00 
Ware, Miss Harriet. . 5 00 
Warfield, Mrs. W. S., 

Af ea ee mero etinten ere cg of) 
Waring, Edw. J...... 5 00 
Warner, AcE. Dios 5 00 
Warner, Charles..... IO 00 


Warner, Frederick W. 5 00 
Warner, Mrs. Geo. M. 5 00 
Warner, Mrs. H. A... 5 00 
Warner, Mrs. I. DeV.10 00 
Warner, Mrs. L.:C.... 5 00 
Warren, Bentley W.... 5 00 
Warren, Mrs. C. H... 5 oo 
Warren, Miss C....... 25 00 
Warren, Mrs. E. K... 5 00 
Warren, George C.... 5 00 
Warren, Mrs. H. M... 5 00 
Warren, Gen. L. H.... 1 00 
Warren, Mrs. S..D.... 5 00 
Warren, Mrs. W. P.... 5 00 
Washburn, Mrs. E. A. 5 00 
Washburn, ho bs 2 4 sco 
Washington Mrs. B... 5 00 
Washington Indiana 

Audubon Society... 
Washington State Fed- 

eration of Women’s 

GAUDS ss Fie eae 
Wason, Leonard C.... 3 00 
Wasson, E. Av... .... I 50 
Waterbury Bird Club 5 00 
Waterhouse, Mrs. F.A. 2 00 
Waterman,Miss M.E.10 00 
Waters, Mrs. F. H.... 100 
Watertown Bird Club 5 00 
Watkins, Miss F..... 5 00 
Watmough, Miss A.C. 5 00 
Weatres: Li Aone eo os 5 00 
Watrous, George D... 
Watson, Mrs. C. N... 5 00 
Watson, Lieut. H. W. 3 00 


5 00 


5 00 


Watson, Mrs. J. S....10 00 
- Watson, Jane S....... 5 00 
Watson, Mr. and Mrs. 
bess ere cs. 5 NO 
Watson, Mrs. R. C...10 00 
Wattles, Mrs. R. W... 5 00 
Weeadhs yp Soins 5 00 
Wearne, Harry....... 5 00 


Weaver, Mrs. Benj. P. 5 00 
Weaver, DroWe Bee 's-00 
Webb, Mrs. John W. 


(Long Tene Vez fefe) 
Webb, Mrs. JW. S. 

(Ohio) Saey een niece 5 00 
Webber Ro Ho: SS 5 00 


Webber, Mrs. W. G...$2 00 


Weber, Adolph...... 5 00 
Webster, Edwin S.... 5.00 
Webster, Janet S..... 5 00 


Webster, Mrs. J. E. B. 5 00 
Websters Pao 06 
Weeks, Andrew Gray. 5 00 


Weeks, Dr. John E...10 00 
Weeks, (Wi BePic2s. 5 00 
Weeks, Mrs. W. W... 5 00 
Wehrhane, Chas..... 5 00 
Wehrle, August...... 2 00 
Wehrle, sy aioe akc BOO 
Weil, Mrs. Harriet... 5 00 
Weiler, Henry C.. I 00 
Weiseman, T. Walter. 5 00 
Weiss, Mrs. Carrie S.. 5 00 
Weitling, Wm. W..... 5.00 
Welch, Mrs. A. A..... 5:00 
Welch, Charles W.... 5 00 
Welch; Mrs. E. L..... 5 00 
Welch, Dr. Geo. T..... 2 00 
Welch Ey Keo Wei o0s 800 
Welch, Lewis: Si... 5. 3.5.00 
Welch, Miss Mary C.. 5 00 


Welch, Mrs. P. N., Sr. 


Welch, Pierce N...... 5 00 
Weld, Mrs. C. Minot. 5 00 
Weld, Mrs. E. M..... 5 00 
Weld, Rev. Geo. F.... 5 00 


Wellendorff, C. A.. 
Wellesley College Bird 
Club... = 
Wellington, “Mrs. 4H. 

M 


5 
Wellington, Sarah W. 
Wells, W. S.. 
Welsh, Robert F.. 
Welton, i? Uae: Ce eel I 00 


Welton, Miss N. M... 1 00 
Wemple, William Y... 5 00 
Wendela HH. Bice Se 6 
Wentworth, Mrs. C. 

1 See SO armenia ica fofo) 
Wentworth, Ellen L.. 2 00 
Wentworth, Mrs. T.F. 5 00 
Weschler, Mrs. A. N.. 5 00 
Wessell, Arthur L.... 5 00 
Wesson, Mrs. W. H... 5 00 
West, Albert: 5.5 o . 5 00 
West, Mrs. C. 0.73... 5 00 
West, Dr. William.... 5 00 
West, Dr::Wm- 2. .5; 5 co 
West Chester Bird 

Club, The.. 5 00 
Westervelt, Leonidas. 5 00 
Westheimer, Si dei G10 OO 


Weston, Dr. Edward. 5 00 
Westover, M. F...:...°5 00 
West Tennessee Audu- 
bon Society........ 
West Virginia Audu- 
bon: Society. ....... 


5 00 


499 

West Virginia Bird 
GHIby oS eo Neh OO 
Wetmore, Mrs. C. W. 5 00 


Wetmore, Miss E. M. 7 50 
Wharton, William P.500 00 
Wheatland Mrs. Ann 


Maria ye Sy Fikes 5 00 
Wheeler, Charles..... 500 
Wheeler, C. W. B.... 5 00 
Wheeler, Frank P.... 100 
Wheeler, Harvey C... 5 00 
Wheeler, J. Davenport 5 00 
Wheeler, Mrs. L. F... 2 00 
Wheeler, The Misses. 5 00 
Wheeler, Mrs. O. A... 5 00 
Wheeler; 5. Hy 5 00 
Wheeler, Mrs. S. H... 5 00 
Wheeler, Mrs. W..... 5 00 
Wheelock, Charles B.. 5 00 
Wheelock, Wm. E....10 00 
Wheelwright, Miss M. 

Bree NK ees see 
Whipple, Mrs. H. B..10 00 
Whitaker), Ba ss, IO 00 
Whitcomb; Mrs. H... 5.90 
White, A. Mee 5 00 
White, Alfred Poo". 5 00 
White, Benj. V., Jr... 5 00 
White, Miss H....... 5 00 
White, Mrs. H. C:... 5 00 


White, Miss H. H....25 00 
White, Mrs. H. K., Jr. 5 00 
White, John B.....:. 5 00 
White, John Jay..... 20 00 


White, Mrs. J. Wm... 5 00 
White, Miss M. R....10 00 
White, Wm. Monroe. 5 00 
Whitee Wat oan 7: 5 00 
White, Mrs.:R. H... -. 5:00 
White, Miss R. M.... 5 00 
White, Mrs. T. H.... 5 00 
White, Mrs. W. C.... 5 00 
White, Mrs. W. T.... 5 00 


Whitehouse, Mrs. F. 

Ble heen Rae 5 00 
Whitehouse, J. Henry 5 00 
Whiteman, ‘Mrs. FAP 100 
White Memorial 

Foundation........ 25 00 


Whitin, Arthur F.....10 00 
Whiting, Mrs. J. K... 5 00 
Whiting, Mrs. S. B 5 00 
Whiting, W.L....... 5 00 
Whitney, Alfred R.... 5 00 
Whitney, Caspar..... 5 00 
Whitney, David C.... 5 00 
Whitney, Mrs. Eli.... 5 00 
Whitney, Frank...... 5 00 
Whitney, Mrs. G. G..10 00 
Whitney, Mrs. H. O.. 5 00 
Whitney, Joseph B... 5 00 
Whitney, Mrs. P..... 5 00 


Whitney, Thomas H..15 00 


500 


Bird - Lore 


ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued 


Whitson, Abraham U.$5 00 
Whittemore, Miss G 

B 5 00 
5 00 


ee 


Whittemore, Harris. . 
Whittemore, James... 5 00 
Whittlesey, H. C..... 3 00 
Wiard, Mrs. F. Louise 5 00 
Wiborg, Fo-B:. 7 5 00 
Wicke, Miss Louise... 
Wicker; Jonn D..: ..; 
Widmann, Otto...... 5 00 
Wierman, Miss Sarah. 5 00 
Wigglesworth, Georgeto oo 
Wigglesworth, Mrs. G. 5 00 
Wight, Mrs. O. B..... 5 00 
Wilbour, Theodore... 5 00 
Wilbur, Mr. and Mrs. 

HO 
Wilcox, Ansley....... 
Wilcox, Mrs. Ansley.. 
Wilcox, Mrs. F. L..... 
Wilcox Ps. vance 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 


Wilcox, Mrs. F. P....10 00 
Wilcox: Mrs. 4. v 66 
Wilcox) Taebeoe 5 00 
Wilder, Charles P.... 200 


Wild Life Protective 
Society of Mil- 
WAUKCE yeas 10 00 

Wiley, J. Allen....... 5 00 

Wilkerson, Miss G. S. 5 00 

Wilkinson, Mrs. H. L. 5 00 

Willcox, Miss K. A... 2°00 

Willcox, Wm. G...... 5 00 

Willenbrock, Mrs. F.. 5 00 

Willets, Mrs. J. T.... 5 00 

Willets, Mrs. S. P. T..10 00 

Williams, Alex. S..... 5 00 

Williams, Mrs. B. T.. 5 00 

Williams, Mrs. C. A.. 5 00 

Williams, Clarence E. 5 00 


Williams, Mrs. D. W. 5 00 
Williams, E. A.. 5 00 
Williams, Miss eB, 5 00 
Williams, Dr. E. R... 5 00 
Williams, Mrs. G. H.. 5 00 
Williams, Mrs. G. R.. 5 00 
' Williams, Hugh W..... 5 00 


Williams, Moses, Jr... 
Williams, Mrs. N..... 
Williams, Ralph B.... 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
Williams, Richard E.. 
Williams, Miss Susan. 
Williams, Mrs. S. M.. 
Williams, Mrs. T.... 


5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
. 5 00 


Williamson, Lynn B..$5 00 
Williamstown Bird 
Club 


tee hee ee ers 00 
Willis, Miss Adeline.. 5 00 
Willis, Reginald S....10 00 
Willis Wok as 5.00 
Williston, Mrs. M. L.. 1 00 
Willson, Miss Lucy B. 5 00 
Willson, Miss M. B... 1 00 
Wilmarth, Mrs. H. M. 5 00 
Wilsey, Dr. O. f.°.... I 00 
Wilson, Mrs. A. Ay... 5 00 
Wilson, Miss A. E.... 5 00 
WilSOn Acids. oy eae: 5 00 
Wilson, Miss A. M... 5 00 
Wilson, Mrs. C. M... 5 00 
Wilson, Miss Celia S.. 5 00 
Wilson, Mrs. E. S....10 00 
Wilson, Mrs. Frank. . 5 00 
Wilson, Mrs. G. G.... 5 00 
Wilson, Miss Mabel.. 5 00 
Wilson, Orme, Jr..... 5 00 
Wilson, Mrs. M.O... 5 00 
Wilson, Philip S......10 00 
Wilson, Mrs. R. J.... 5 00 
Walton, Hoes i 3100 
Wimsatt, W. A....... 5.00 
Winburn;: Mins es 5 00 
Winchendon Woman’s 

ROD ire nals: I 00 
Wing, Asa Si0.0. 0... 5 00 
Wing, DeWitt C.....10 00 
Wing, John Morgan.. 5 00 
Winn, Herbert J...... 5 00 
Winne, Mrs. C. K.... 5 00 


Winship, C.. Nu... 5 
Winslow, Miss Isabella 


(In Memoriam).... 5 00 
Winslow, Miss M. L. 
cane se aoe sts 00 
Winsor, Mrs. Alfred. .10 00 
Winston, Owen...... 5 00 


Winterbotham, J..... 50 
Winter Park Bird Club 5 00 


Wolf, Martin J....... $5 00 
Wolf, Pau ee 5 00 
Wolff, Mrs. L. ae Sere ae 
Wolff, Mrs. Otto, Jr.. 5 00 
Woman’s Club....... 5 00 
Woman’s Club of 

Carroliton: 0.5 0.35 5 00 
Wood, Mrs. A. B..... 5 00 
Wood, Guilford S..... 5 00 
Wood, Henry H.... 5900 
Wood, Miss Juliana. .10 00 
Wood, Miss S. L..... 106 
Wood, Mrs. W. A., Jr. 5 00 
Wood, Mrs. W. D.... 200 
Woodbury, Mrs. W. L. 1 00 
Woodcock, John...... 5 00 
Woodcock, Miss M... 5 00 
Woolman, H. N., Jr.. 600 
Woods, Edward F.... 5 00 
Woodsome, Mrs. C. W. 2 00 
Woodward, K.N..... 5 00 
Woodward, Lemuel F. 5 00 
Woolley, Mrs. P. M.. 3 00 
Woolverton, Wm. H.. 5 00 
Worcester, Mrs. A.... 5 00 
Worcester, Wm. L.... 200 
Wotherspoon, Gen’l 

Wi Wee inet es 5 00 
Wotkyns, Dana B.. 5 00 
Wrenn, Philip W.. 5 00 


Wright, fe 5 eee ee I2 50 


Wright, Mrs. C. F.... 5 00 
Wright, Mrs. E. K.... 5 00 
Wright, Miss E. M... 5 00 
Wright, Miss H. H... 5 00 
Wright, Miss H. H... 5 00 
Wright, Mrs. M. A... 5 00 
Wright, Mrs. M. O... 5 00 
Wright, Mrs. T. F.... 5 00 
Wright, W. H. G..... 5 00 
Wright, Mrs. W. L... 5 00 
Wulsin, Mrs. L., Jr..: 5 00 
Wyatt, WiSi7 cos 5 00 


Wyckoff, J. Van Liew 5 00 


Winthrop, Beekman.. 5 00 | Wyckoff, Mrs. P. B... 5 00 
Winthrop, G. L...... 5 00} Wyman, Mrs. C. L... 5 00 
Winthrop, H. R...... 5 00 | Wyman, Mrs. George. 5.00 
Wirth, Henry R...... 5 co | Wyncote Bird Club... 5 00 
Wisconsin Game Pro- Wyoming Valley Audu- 
tective Association. 5 00 ‘bon Society........ 5 00 
Wister, Mrs. Jones... 1 00] Yardley, Miss E. W.. 5 00 
Witherspoon, Mrs. E. Young, William H.... 5 00 
Sirdar Ger ebay 5 00} Zeigler, Frank P...... 5 00 
Wittmann, Joseph.... 5 00 sien recente 
Witwer, Mohler...... 5 00 LOal.: . ehaa $28,771 95 
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ORNITHOLOGY 
Davison; B, H.3.03 $10 00 | Miscellaneous.......$27 00 | Schermerhorn, F. 
Dows, Tracy....... 200 00 | N. Y. Assn. for the Augustus, (Estate 
Harrison, A. C.....300 00 Protectionof Game 50 00 Oi) ce setae $500 00 
Havemeyer, H. O.... 29 00 
Howell, Thomas A...100 00 


Proceeds of Lectures 559 00 
Royalty and Rents..741 00 


Shoemaker, H. W... 50 00 


$2,562 oo 


Contributors to the Egret Fund 


501 


CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EGRET FUND 


unexpended 

I9, 1918 
$1,437 84 
Adams, Wm. C...... 1.00 
ATOPIC [i jescsese ae 5 00 
Allen, Miss Edith H.. 1 00 
Allen, Miss Gertrude. 1o 00 
Allen, Miss carlo dS A “ie [os 
Ames, Mrs. J. B.. 5 00 
Anderson, F. A.. 3 00 
Auchincloss, Mrs. E. S. 5 00 
Auchincloss,Mrs.H.D. 5 00 
Ayres, Miss Mary A.. 5 00 
Babson, Mrs. C. W... 1 00 
Bainbridge, Mrs.M.H. 5 00 
Ballantine, Mrs. R. F.25 00 
Barclay, Miss Emily.. 5 00 


Balance 
October 


Barnes, R. Magoon...10 00 
Barnstein, Lydia..... I 00 
Bates, Clifford L..... 5 oo 
Baxter, Miss L. W.... 5 00 


Beall: MrechsA. 45 

’ Benninghofen, Miss C. 

Biddle, Elizabeth, 
Caroline and Cle- 


Bignell, Mrs. Effie.... 


5 00 
5 00 


5 00 
I 00 


Bishop, Miss A. H.... 5 00 
Blackwelder, Eliot.... 1 00 
Bliss, Miss L. B...... 4.00 


Bogert, Miss A. M....10 00 
Bond, Miss Mary L... 1 00 
Bonham, Miss E. M..25 00 
Bonham, Miss E. S... 5 00 
Bonham, Mrs. Horace 10 00 
Boynton, Mrs. C. H.. 1 00 
Bradford, Mrs. C. M. 200 


Bradley, A. C 2 00 
Breed Soe os vse 2 00 
Brent, Mrs. D. K..... 200 
Brewer, Edward M...10 00 
Brewster, Mrs. Benj..10 00 
Bridge, Mrs. L. E.. ..10 00 


Brock, Mrs. R. C. H.. 5 00 
Brooks, Mrs. S....... 5 00 
brown, Ds Jaro. ee. 


Brown, T. Hassal....10 00 
Burgess, E. Phillips... 3 00 
Burt, Miss Edith B... 2 00 
PS WN aes os 5 00 
Busk, Freds fF. .... 5 00 
Button, Conyers..... Io 00 
Campbell, Donald.... 3 00 
Carroll, Elbert H.....10 00 
Carse, Miss Harriet.. 2 00 
Christian, Miss E..... 1 00 


Christian, Mrs. M. H. 1 50 
Clark, Mrs. Louise... 2 00 
Clarke, Mrs. E. A. S.. 5 00 
Cochran, J. D.. 5 00 


Cohen, Judge Wm. N. 5 00 
Colton, Miss C. W.... 200 


Conner, Miss M. A...$5 00 


Cristy, Mrs. H. W... 200 
Crosby, Maunsell S...10 00 
Cummings, Mrs. H.K. 1 50 
Curie, Charles. 5th OO 
Curtis, Miss Clara K. 200 
Cushing, Miss M. W.. 1 00 
Cutter, Ralph Ladd.. 5 00 
Dabney, Herbert..... 2 00 
Davis, Mrs. F. V..... 5 00 
Davis, Miss Lucy B.. 3 00 
Day, Miss Carrie E... 5 00 


De Forest, Mrs. R.W. 
de la Rive, Miss R.... 
Dennie, Miss M. H... 
Detroit Bird Protecting 


5 00 
5 00 
2 00 


Chip: Save re a 5 00 
Doering 0.26 2. 4/219°00 
Douglass, Mrs. C..... 5 00 
Vermont. eos divs 5 00 
Durham, ‘J. Boos 2. 2 00 


Dwight, Mrs. M. E... 
Edwards, Miss L. M.. 


Embury, Miss E. C... 5 00 
Emery, Miss G....... I 00 
Emery, Miss L. J..... 1 00 
Emmons, Mrs. R. W. 
PANT 1 Belig Soe cece arena Io 00 
anion, Charles S. (In 
Memoriam)........ 2 00 
Estabrook, Arthur F..10 00 
Ettorre, Mrs. F. F.... 1 00 
Evans, William B.... 4 00 
Evarts, Miss Mary... 5 00 
Ewing, Mrs. H. E.... 200 
Feaster, Miss F. G....50 00 
Flint, Mrs. Alonzo... I 00 
Friedman, Mrs. Max. 2 00 
Fries, Miss Emilie.... 1 00 
Forbes, Mrs. M. J.... 5 00 
Fuguet, Stephen..... 5 00 
“Bite-Lover ica: 5 900 
Garst, Julius: .. 0.5... 3.00 
Gaal; Bees 200 
Gibert, Miss Marie... 2 00 
Gilbert, Mrs. F. M... 5 00 


Godeffroy, Mrs. E.H. 10 00 
Goodwin, read Sg R,. 5:00 
Grasselli, Miss J... 2 00 
Greene, A. E.. 3 50 
Greystone Park Bird 


CID yes ae) 2.50 
Griffin, Mrs. S. B..... 3 00 
Gwalter, Mrs. H. L... 4 00 


Hage, Daniel S...... I 00 
Harkness, Miss M. G. 5 50 
Hartford Bird Study 


JB) a Sn geen e ee a eae 5 00 
Haskell, Miss H. P... 2 00 
Hathaway, Harry S... 2 00 


Henderson, Alexander 2 00 
Hessenbruch, Mrs. H. 5 00 


Hills, Mrs. James M..$3 00 
Hodenply, Anton G..10 00 
Holt, Mrs. Frank.... 3 00 
Hopkins, Miss A. D... 3 00 


Horr, Miss Elizabeth. 5 00 
Horton, Miss F. E.... 2 00 
Hoyt, Miss G. L.. ....5 00 
Hungerford, R. S.....10 00 
Hunter, Mrs. W. H... 2 00 
Hunter, Wm. T., Jr... 1 00 
Hopfet. > C..G...)) 4. 6.00 
Jackson, Py 15, Jta:..25:00 
James, Mrs. W. B....10 00 
Jenkins, Miss E...... 5 00 
Jewett, WimiKe. 2503 5 00 
Johnson, Mrs. E. R... 5 00 
Jones Mrs. Coo: 5 00 
Jones, Miss Ella H... 3 00 
Jopson, Dr. and Mrs. 
ohn Hit ai oes I 00 
Jordan, A. H. B... 20 00 
Joslin, Miss Ada. L... 2 00 
Kennedy, Mrs. J. S...10 00 
Kerr, Mrs. John C.... 5 00 
Kerr, Mrs.i8. Bais. ess08 06 


Knowlton, Mrs. M. R. 5 00 


Kuhn, Arthur Ki... . 5:00 
Lang; Henty os. 5 00 
Levey, W. Charles- 
worth, (In Memo- 
FIAT) Oe ee okie 500 
Levy, Ephraim B.... 200 
Lewis, Mrs. August. .10 00 
Lewis, eae Jie. 235 00 
Lewis, J; Be ncis sn 2 00 
Liebling Club of Mil- 
WAUKCE vce ies 20 00 


Luchsinger, Mrs. F.B. 2 00 
Ludlow, Mrs. Henry.t1o 00 
Luquer, Lea Shippen. 2 50 
Luttgen, Walther.... 5 00 
Mann, James R...... I 00 
Marrs, Mrs. Kingsmill 5 00 


Marsh, Spencer S..... 1 00 
Marshall, Mrs. E. O.. 1 00 
Masony.GiA.ec. vs. 1000 
Mason, Mrs. G. G....10 00 
Mason,..H. L.; Jr.°... 5 60 
May; Miss Aw ig 00 
Meting, [ea 2 00 


Meyer, Miss Heloise.400 00 


Miller, Ernest L...... 2 00 
Montell, Mrs. F. M... 2 50 
Moore, Alfred....... 5 00 
Moore, Henry D....100 00 


Moore, Robert T.....50 00 
Mosle, Mrs. A. Henry 5 00 
Mott, Miss Marion.. 5 00 
Netherland Society for 

Protection of Birds. 
Nice, Mrs. M. M..... 
Norton, Miss I. M.... 


5 00 
3 00 
I 00 


502 


Bird - Lore 


CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EGRET FUND, continued 


Osborne, Arthur A... $1 00 
Parker, Mrs. W. R... 3 00 
Patton, Mrs. M.S.... 5 00 
Peck; Dr-Bo be. I 00 
Penfold, Edmund... 15 00 


Pennoyer, Mrs. P. G.. 5 00 
Petty Wo Rav co 5 00 
Phelps, Miss Frances. 1o 00 


Phillips, Mrs. J. C....10 00 
Phinney, Charles G... 3 00 
Potts, Mrs: Wm. M... 5 00 
Putnam, Mrs. A. S... 100 
Randolph, Evan..... 5 00 
Rea, Mrs. James C:.. 2 50 


Redmond, Miss Emilyte 00 


Renwick, Bao Bis S75. 5 00 
Rhoads, Sue es... I 50 
Rich, Master H. L.... 5 00 


Richard, Miss Elvine.15 00 
Richards, Mrs. L. S... 5 00 
Righter, William S.... 5 00 
Robb, Mrs. Alexander 5 00 
Robbins, Mr. and Mrs. 
ies caren eee a 5 00 
Robinson, Miss H. B. 1 00 
Roesler, Mrs: Bis. 5. 2 00 


Rowe, Mrs. H. E....$10 00 
Russell, Mrs. W. D... 200 
Sampson, Miss L. S... 1 50 
Schweppe, Mrs. H.M. 1 00 
Scofield, Miss Marion 15 00 
Sexton, Mrs. E. B.... 5.00 
Shoemaker, Henry W.1o oo 
Simpson, Miss J. W.. .5 00 
Small, Miss A. M..... 5 00 
Spachman, Miss E. S. 2 00 
Spalter, Mrs. F. B.... 1 50 
Spong, Mrs. J. J. R...34 00 
Stanton, Mrs. T. G... 200 
Struthers, Miss M.S. 10 00 
Sturgis, F. Iss 5 00 
Sturtevant, Miss M.L. 5 00 
Swan Mrs. J. A...... 5 00 
Tates js. My Jie "2-00 


Thorndike, Mrs. A.... 1 00 
Timmerman, Miss E. 

Sites ae eo a RON 
Toussaint, Mrs. L. H. 2 00 
Tower, Miss E. M:... 5 00 
Tower, Mrs. Kate D.. 1 00 
Townley, Mrs. J. L... 1 00 
‘Pyler, Wi Givens 3 00 


Underwood, Mrs. C.J.$3 oo 


Upham, Miss E. A.... 1 00 
Vaillant, Mrs. G. H... 3 00 
Varicle, Miss Renee.. 2 00 
Vermilye, Miss J. T... 2 00 
Von Zedlitz, Mrs. A.. 2 00 
Wadsworth R. C. W. 

(In Memoriam).... 5 00 


Wadsworth, Mrs. W. 
Anistine (250 oo, 5 00 


Wagner, William A... 5 00 
Walker, Miss M. A... 2 00 
Se Mrs. W. S., 

A eae eae tee rat gr 5 00 
Whiteside, SRS 2 ie 5 00 
Whitney, Miss E. F... 1 00 
Willcox, Miss M. A... 10 00 
Williams, George F... 5 00 
Williams, Mrs. S. M.. 200 
W. M. H.: Sd ore ie tape 3 00 
Woodward, Dr. S. B.. 5 00 
Wright, Mrs. W. P... 5 00 
Young, Miss E. W....20 00 

ob Ota ee $3,200 84 


CONTRIBUTORS TO THE CHILDREN’S EDUCATIONAL FUND 


Anonymous 

Benefactor... $20,000 00 
Alms, Mrs. F. H... 100 00 
Barr, James H..... 10000 
Bowdoin, Mrs. T.. 100 00 


Butterworth, Mrs. 
W 


50 00 


Clark; Guliviss 2 $i0-.00 
Colgate, R. R.....1,000 00 
Dows,; Eracye.so5: 150 00 
Duer, Mrs. D..... 5 00 
DuPont, Gen. C... 500 00 
Houghton, E..H... 25 00 


Long Island Bird 
Clube oer $2,200 00 
Parker, Edward L. 200 00 


Pickman,Mrs.D.L. 100 00 
Sears, Wm. R..... 25 00 
$24,565 00 


QL Audubon 
671 

A82 

Vea. 


| Biological 
| & Medical 


| Serials 


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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY 


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