IX Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/audubonnaturalisOOherr AUDUBON THE NATURALIST AUDUBON THE NATURALIST A HISTORY OF HIS LIFE AND TIME BY FRANCIS HOBART HERRICK, Ph.D., Sc.D. PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY IN WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY; AUTHOR OF "the HOME LIFE OF WILD BIRDS," ETC. IN TWO VOLUMES ILLUSTRATED VOLUME II D. APPLETON AND COMPANY NEW YORK LONDON 1917 THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY 8 ^*> I O ^x^rfiMojtf^O TILDiN FOUnDA 1 ION3 R y ' 7 U Copyright, 1917, bt D. APPLETON AND COMPANY Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS OF VOLUME II CHAPTER XXVI Explorations in Florida and the South Atlantic PAGE Obituary published in London on day of his arrival in New York — As- sistance from the Government — John Bachman becomes his friend — Winter in Charleston — His folios as gifts — To Florida with two assistants — Letters to Featherstonhaugh — St. Augustine — Misad- ventures in the mud of East Florida — Audubon on Florida's fu- ture— At the sources of the St. John's — Aboard the Marion — Return from Key West — A merchant of Savannah — Disbanding of party at Charleston i. , 1 CHAPTER XXVII Eastern Visit and Explorations in the North Atlantic Bachman's success as a canvasser — Boston visit — Journey to Portland — Ascenf of the St. John's — Return overland — Victor Audubon be- comes his father's agent — Winter in Boston — The Golden Eagle — Stricken with illness — Expedition to Labrador planned — Ameri- can support — Sails from Eastport with five assistants — Discoveries and adventures on the Labrador — Safe return — Another winter in Charleston — Sued for old debts — Experience with vultures — Advice and instruction to a son — Working habits — Return to England . 26 CHAPTER XXVIII Thorns on the Rose Contributions to magazines — Attacked in Philadelphia — Statement to Sully — The rattlesnake episode — Behavior of a Philadelphia editor . — Mistaken identity in account of the reptile-^Lesson of the ser- pent's tooth — Audubon's long lost lily rediscovered — "Nosarians and Anti-Nosarians" — Bachman and Audubon on vultures — Aim of the critics — Authorship in the Biography — His most persistent heckler — Pitfall of analogy 67 vi AUDUBON THE NATURALIST CHAPTER XXIX Sidelights on Audubon and His Contemporaries PAGE What was a Quinarian? — Controversy over the authorship of the Orni- thological Biography — Audubon's quaint proposal — Swainson's re- ply— Friendship suffers a check — Species-mongers — Hitting at one over the shoulders of another — Swainson as a biographer — His ca- reer— Bonaparte's grievance — A fortune in ornithology — Labors of John Gould and his relations with Audubon — The freemasonry of naturalists 93 CHAPTER XXX Audubon and MacGillivray In London once more — MacGiUivray's assistance continued — Return to Edinburgh — MacGiUivray's character and accomplishments — Audu- bon's acknowledgments — Tributes of "Christopher North" — Results of overwork — Fusillades from "Walton Hall" — Progress of the large plates 195 CHAPTER XXXI Third American Tour, 1836-1837 In New York harbor — Collections from the Far West — Audubon's ef- forts to secure them — Return to Boston — Friendship of Daniel Webster — Renewed efforts to obtain the Nuttall-Townsend collec- tions— Expedition to the west coast of Florida — Deferred govern- mental aid — Another winter with Bachman — Overland journey to New Orleans — On board the Crusader — Mistaken for pirates — With Harris and his son explores the Gulf coast — The Republic of Texas — Visit to its capital and president — Meeting in Charleston — Mar- riage of his son — Their return to England 146 CHAPTER XXXII Audubon's Greatest Triumph Extension of his work — Financial panic and revolt of patrons — New western collections — His "book of Nature" completed — Work on the letterpress in Edinburgh — Vacation in the Highlands — Commissions CONTENTS vii PAGE to Harris — Parting address to the reader — Dissolution of the Havell engraving establishment — The residuum of The Birds of America — Robert Havell, engraver, and his family — Lizars' first edition and the Havell reissues of plates — Brief manual for col- lectors— Appreciations — Total edition of The Birds of America — Past and Dresent prices — The Rothschild incident 168 CHAPTER XXXIII New Enterprises and Life at "Minnie's Land" Settlement in New York — The Birds in miniature, and work on the Quadrupeds — Marriage of Victor Audubon — Cooperation of Bach- man in the Quadrupeds secured — Prospectuses — History of the oc- tavo edition of the Birds — Baird's enthusiasm and eflScient aid — Parkman's Wren — Baird's visit to Audubon in New York — "Look out for Martens," and wildcats — New home on the Hudson — God-' win's pilgrimage to "Minnie's Land" in 1842 ..... 208 CHAPTER XXXIV Expedition to the Upper Missouri Ambitions at fifty-seven — Plans his last expedition in the role of natu- ralist— Credentials from public men — Canvassing tour in Canada described — Baird's plans to accompany Audubon west frustrated — Western expedition begun — Ascent of the Missouri and Yellowstone — Discoveries of new birds — A wilderness that howls — Buff'alo hunt- ing— Passing of the great herds — Return from Fort Union — Inci- dent on the canal boat — Completion of the octavo edition of the Birds > . . 239 CHAPTER XXXV Final Work Days Painting the Quadrupeds — Assistance of Bachman and Audubon's sons — Copper plates of the Birds go through the fire in New York — Audubon a spectator at the ruins — Bachman's ultimatum — Success of the illustrations of the Quadrupeds — Bachman's letterpress — Recommendation of Baird — J. W. Audubon in London — Bachman's assistants — His life and labors — Decline of Audubon's powers — Dr. Brewer's visit — Audubon's last letters — His death at "Minnie's Land" 261 viii AUDUBON THE NATURALIST CHAPTER XXXVI Afterword : Audubon's Family in America PAGE Bachman completes his text on the Quadrupeds — Victor Audubon's suc- cess in canvassing — John Woodhouse Audubon's family — New houses at "Minnie's Land" — Second octavo edition of the Birds — Victor Audubon's illness and death — Attempt to reissue The Birds of America in America — The residual stock of this imperfect edi- tion— Death of John Woodhouse Audubon — His career and work as an artist and field collector — Mrs. Audubon resumes her old voca- tion— Fate of "Minnie's Land" — Death of Mrs. Audubon — Her share in her husband's fame — Story written on Audubon's original drawings — Fate of the original copper plates of the Birds — A boy comes to the rescue — "Minnie's Land" today — The "Cave" — A real "Audubon Park" 291 APPENDIX I Original Documents 1. Copy of the original bill rendered by Doctor Sanson, physician at Les Cayes, Santo Domingo, to Jean Audubon, containing the only existing record of the birth of his son, Jean Jacques Fou- gere Audubon, on April 26, 1785; Les Cayes, December 29, 1783- October 19, 1785 314 la. Translation of the Sanson Bill 315 2. Copy of the Act of Adoption of Foug^re (John James Audu- bon) and Muguet (Rosa Audubon), Nantes, March 7, 1794 . 328 3. Copy of the Act of Baptism of Jean Jacques Foug^re Audubon, Nantes, October 23, 1800 329 4. Copy of a bill of sale of Negroes rendered by Monsieur Ollivier to Monsieur Audubon, Les Cayes, Santo Domingo, 1785 . . 330 5. Statement of Accounts of Messrs. Audubon, Lacroix, Formon & Jacques in the purchase of Negroes from M. Th. Johnston, Les Cayes, Santo Domingo, 1785 331 6. Copy of bill of sale of Negroes to Monsieur Audubon, and a statement of his account with Messrs. Lucas Brothers & Con- stant, Les Cayes, Santo Domingo, August 7, 1785-June 9, 1788 334 7. Accounts of William Bakewell of "Fatland Ford" as prot6g6 of his future son-in-law, and as attorney or agent for Audubon & Rozier, giving certain exact indications of the naturalist's early movements and personal relations, before and after finally leav- ing "Mill Grove," January 4, 1805-April 9, 1810 . . . .336 8. Concerning a Power of Attorney issued by Lieutenant Audubon and Anne Moynet Audubon to Ferdinand Rozier and John Au- CONTENTS ix PAGE dubon, the Younger, at Coueron, France, in 1805; parts in French translated by a Philadelphia notary; signatures of orig- inal document authenticated by the Mayor of Coueron, October 21, 1805; his attest of the legality of Anne Moynet Audubon's signature at Coueron, October 27, 1805; authentication of the signature of the Mayor of Coueron by the Subprefect of Save- nay, November 27, 1805; attest of the Subprefect's signature by the Prefect 340 9. Articles of Association of Jean Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier to govern their partnership in business; drawn up at Nantes, March 23, 1806 344 9a. Translation of the Articles of Association of Jean Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier 345 10. Power of Attorney issued by Lieutenant Jean Audubon, Anne Moynet Audubon and Claude Franyois Rozier, to their respective sons, Jean Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier, at Nantes, France, April 4, 1806, eight days before the latter embarked to Amer- ica to enter upon their partnership in business 350 10a. Translation of the Power of Attorney issued by Jean Audubon, Anne Moynet Audubon, and Claude Francois Rozier to Jean Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier, April 4, 1806 .... 351 11. Account ciirreM of John Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier with the estate of Benjamin Bakewell, late commission merchant in New York, showing their dealings and standing with this house during the first sixteen months of their business experience in the West. Covers the period August 1, 1807, to December 13, 1808 . 354 11a. Final Account of Francis Dacosta, rendered July 25, 1807, to Lieutenant Jean Audubon, his partner in the unfortunate mining enterprise at "Mill Grove"; later contested and settled by arbi- tration 356 12. Quit Claim or Release given by John James Audubon to Ferdi- nand Rozier on the Dissolution of their Partnership in Business, at Sainte Genevieve, Upper Louisiana (Missouri), April 6, 1811 359 13. Copy of a. portion of the first Will of Lieutenant Jean Audu- bon, Coueron, May 20, 1812 360 14. Copy of the second and last Will of Lieutenant Jean Audubon, March 15, 1816 361 15. Copy of a portion of the first Will of Madame Anne Moynet, wife of Lieutenant Audubon, December 4, 1814 .... 363 16. Copy of a portion of the second Will of Madame Jean Audubon, May 10, 1816 364 17. Copy of the third Will, "No. 169, of Madame Anne Moynet, widow of M. Jean Audubon, living at his house called "La Ger- betiere," and situated near the village of Port-Launay, not far from Coueron," December 26, 1819 366 18. Copy of a portion of the fourth and last will of Madame Jean Audubon, living at the house of "The Turtle Doves" ("Les Tour- tereUes"), at Coueron, July 16, 1821 . . . . . . .367 X AUDUBON THE NATURALIST PAGE 19. Notice of the death of Lieutenant Jean Audubon, from the offi- cial registry of Nantes, Nantes, February 19, 1818 , . . 369 20. Letter of Lieutenant Jean Audubon to Francis Dacosta, his American agent and attorney, relating to the conduct of his son, and to the lead mine at "Mill Grove" farm, transliterated from photographic copy of duplicate (Letter No. 4) in Jean Audu- bon's letter-book. Nantes, March 10, 1805 370 21. Letters of John James Audubon to Claude Frangois Rozier, father, and to Ferdinand Rozier, son, immediately preceding and following his active partnership in business with the latter, 1807 and 1813 t.i . . 372 APPENDIX II Audubon's Early Dated Drawings Made in France and America Drawings now in the collections of Mr. Joseph Y. Jeanes of Philadel- phia, and formerly belonging to Mr. Edward Harris, of Moores- town. New Jersey; of Mr. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Massachu- setts, and of Harvard University . ........ 375 APPENDIX III "The Birds of America" 1. Final Lists of Subscribers to The Birds of America, folio edi- tion, as published by Audubon in 1839 380 2. Prospectus of The Birds of America, as issued in 1828, when ten Numbers of the original folio were engraved .... 386 3. Prospectus of the Second (partial) Edition of The Birds of America, issued by John Woodhouse Audubon, through Messrs. Trubner & Company, London, 1859 ......... 389 APPENDIX IV Authentic Likenesses of Jean Jacques Fougere Audubon ., >; . . 392 APPENDIX V Bibliography Containing a fully annotated list of Audubon's writings, biographies, criticism, and Auduboniana ....!..... 401 Index . • • • . ... .. • .: • •.•.••. 457 ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME II Audubon. After a portrait by George P. A. Healy, 1838. Photo- gravure Frontispiece PAGE "Beechgrove," William Garrett Johnson's plantation house near St. Francisville, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, where Mrs. Audu- bon lived and taught from 1827 to 1829 .... Facing 6 John Bachman's house in Charleston, South Carolina . . Facing 6 Early drawing in water color of the Carolina Parrot on branch of the hickory, 1811, hitherto unpublished Facing 20 John Bachman at thirty-two. After an engraving by Charles C. Wright of a portrait by A. Fisher Facing 32 Robert Havell at eighty-five. After a photograph taken shortly before his death in 1878 Facing 32 Letter of Dr. George Parkman to Audubon, May 25, 1833 . . . 43 Pileated Woodpeckers on the "Raccoon Grape," The Birds of America, Plate CXI. After the original engraving by Robert Havell, 1831. Color Facing 46 Letter of Robert Havell to Audubon, June 15, 1833 51 John George Children Facing 64 Edward Harris Facing 64 John Bachman . . . . « ii . . • . Facing 72 George Ord . . . , • Facing 72 Samuel Latham Mitchell ,...»... Facing 72 Charles Waterton Facing 72 Dr. Thomas Cooper, President of South Carolina College. After a con- temporary silhouette 78 Vindication of Audubon's representation of the fangs of the southern rattlesnake as recurved at their tips. Detail from The Birds of America, Plate XXI, and photograph of the skull of a recent Florida specimen Facing 80 Bluebirds on a stalk of the "great Mullein," The Birds of America, Plate CXIII. After the original engraving by Robert Havell, 1831. Color Facing 100 xi xii AUDUBON THE NATURALIST PAGE William Swainson Facing 118 Thomas Nuttall Facing 118 Charles Lucien Bonaparte Facing 118 Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Facing 118 Audubon. After an engraving by H. B. Hall of a portrait painted by- Henry Inman in 1833 Facing 126 Letter of William MacGillivray to Audubon, October 22, 1834 . . .131 Part of the original draft of Audubon's manuscript for the Introduc- tion to Volume II of the Ornithological Biography, giving list of names of persons to whom Audubon carried credentials on his first visit to London in 1837 Facing 133 Audubon's inscription in a copy of the Ornithological Biography, which he presented to William MacGillivray in 1839 138 Early drawings of American birds, 1807-12, hitherto unpublished: the Whippoorwill and the American Robin, with details . . Facing 144 Bust of Audubon by William Couper, in front and profile views. After the original in the American Museum of Natural History, New York . . . . . . . . . . . Facing 160 Life mask of Audubon, hitherto unpublished, in front and profile views. After the original made by Robert Havell in London, now in pos- session of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard Uni- versity Facing 178 Canvas-backed Ducks, with distant view of the city of Baltimore, Mary- land, The Birds of America, Plate CCCI. After the original en- graving by Robert Havell, 1836. Color .... Facing 196 Victor Gifi^ord Audubon Facing 210 John Woodhouse Audubon Facing 210 Title page of the paper covers in which parts of the first American (octavo) edition of The Birds of America were originally issued . 213 Audubon. After a portrait painted by John Woodhouse and Victor Giff'ord Audubon about 1841 Facing 226 "Minnie's Land," Audubon's home on the Hudson River, as it appeared in 1865. After a lithograph in Valentine's Manual . . Facing 236 "Minnie's Land," as it appears to-day from the river front protected by the retaining wall of Riverside Drive Facing 236 Audubon, with gun, horse, and dog. After a painting by John Wood- house Audubon about 1841 Facing 244 Letter of Edward Harris to Audubon, January 31, 1843 .... 251 ILLUSTRATIONS xiii PAGE Drawings for The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America: the Amer- ican or Canada porcupine and rabbits. After the originals in water color in the American Museum of Natural History, New York Facing 264 Title page of Volume I of the English edition of the text of The Vivip- arous Quadrupeds of North America 275 John W. Audubon's inscription in a copy of Volume I of the text of the Quadrupeds (English edition), presented to John Edward Gray 280 Audubon. After an engraving by Nordheim of a daguerreotype possi- bly earlier than 1849 Facing 280 Audubon. After his last portrait, a daguerreotype made in New York about 1850 Facing 280 Letter of John Bachman to George Gates, November 7, 1846 . . . 282 Audubon's last (?) letter to Edward Harris, February 22, 1847 . . 287 House formerly belonging to Victor GiflFord Audubon, east front, as it appears to-day Facing 294 House formerly belonging to John Woodhouse Audubon, south front, as it appears to-day Facing 294 Lucy Bakewell Audubon. After a miniature painted by Frederick Cruikshank in London, about 1831 Facing 304 Lucy Bakewell Audubon. After an unpublished photograph of 1871 . Facing 304 AUDUBON THE NATURALIST SONNET TO J. J. AUDUBON, ESQ., ON BEHOLDING HIS DRAWINGS. 7* there delight in Nature's solitudes. Her dark green woods, and fragrant wilderness. In scenes, where seldom human step intrudes. And she is in her wildest, loveliest dress? Is there delight in her uncultured flowers, Each ripened bloom or bright unfolding dye. Or in the tribes which animate her bowers. And through her groves in living beauty fly? Then, on thy canvas as they move and live. While taste and genius guide the fair design. And all the charms which Nature's works can give With equal radiance in thy colours shine; Amidst the praise thy country's sons extend. The stranger's voice its warm applause shall blend. J. E. R. [Jane Elizabeth Roscoe], The Winter's Wreath, 1832. AUDUBON THE NATURALIST CHAPTER XXVI EXPLORATIONS IN FLORIDA AND THE SOUTH ATLANTIC Obituary published in London on day of his arrival in New York — As- sistance from the Government — John Bachman becomes his friend — Winter in Charleston — His folios as gifts — To Florida with two as- sistants— Letters to Featherstonhaugh — St. Augustine — Misadventures in the mud of East Florida — Audubon on Florida's future — At the sources of the St. John's — Aboard the Marion — Return from Key West — A merchant of Savannah — Disbanding of party at Charleston. In the summer of 1831 Audubon felt that he must again return to America and extend his researches to the north, south and west, as well as begin a campaign for subscribers in the United States. His large folio was now running into its second volume, and the first installment of his text had been published ; the time was favorable to his plans, and he hoped to remain in the country two or three years. For the second time the publication of his plates was entrusted to friend Children, and with INIrs. Audu- bon he set sail for New York on August 2, 1831. From the American metropolis he wrote to Joseph B. Kidd on September 7 as follows : ^ ^Quoted by Captain Thomas Brown (Bibl. No. 163) in the Edin- burgh Caledonian Mercury, November 3, 1831. 1 2 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST We landed on the 3d . . . [of September] after a re- markably fine passage of 33 days. In two days more I pro- ceed to the woods, and away from white man's tracks and manners. I hope you are going on well with your work. . . . I have a new subscriber here. The papers and scientific journals (we have not many,) are singing the praises of my work, and, God willing, I may yet come out at the broad end of the horn; at all events, I will either break it or make a spoon! I shot sixteen birds on the passage, which I got through the kind attention of our commander. I killed fifty more, when the "Columbia" was going too fast to stop for the pur- pose of picking them up. My young man is now busily engaged in skinning, and killed a bag-full of warblers yesterday . . . prices of peaches, first quality, 75 cents per bushel, — apples, half that price; — ^water melons are dull of sale, as also cante- lopes and nutmeg melons. Fish alive in the markets, and, vive la joie, no taxes on shooting or fishing." What Audubon actually did was to proceed to Philadelphia, where Mrs. Audubon left him to visit her sons in Louisville, and where he laid his plans for ex- ploring the Southern States, especially the islands and eastern coast of the Florida peninsula. For this expedi- tion he engaged two assistants, one of whom was Henry- Ward, the "young man" mentioned above, an English- man who had come with him to America as taxidermist, while the other was George Lehman, a Swiss landscape painter whom he seems to have found at Philadelphia. With them he soon started for Washington to obtain assistance from the Government. On the very day that Audubon landed in New York, there appeared in the London Literary Gazette sl serio- comic notice under the title of "Wilson the Ornitholo- gist," who, it may be remembered, had died in Phila- delphia eighteen years before. Said the editor of the Gazette: EXPLORATIONS IN FLORIDA 3 We observe with sorrow an account of the death and burial of poor Wilson, somewhere in the state of Philadelphia, even while the Edinburgh journals are anticipating his return, laden with scientific treasures. We have now before us No. 1 of his Illustrations of American Ornithology, on a reduced scale, to sort with Professor Jameson's edition — a pretty and attrac- tive publication. The coloured prints are extremely correct and well done. When on September 8 the Edinburgh Caledonian Mer- cury had called attention to this egregious blunder re- garding Wilson, the Gazette explained that his name had been confused with that of Audubon, whose obit- uary presently appeared in its issue of October 29, the editor remarking that this naturalist's death was equally, if not more, to be deplored than that of Wilson. Cap- tain Brown then sent to the Caledonian Mercury Audu- bon's letter to Kidd, quoted above, which was written from New York four days after the naturalist's death was announced in England. "What is the editor of the Literary Gazette about," exclaimed a writer in the Edin- burgh paper; "he first resuscitates a man who has been dead 18 years, only to kill him again, and then, by way of correcting his error, kills another, who is now clearly proved to have been alive and well several days after the date of his obituary in London." As was often the case, Audubon's ambitious hopes for exploring the continent far outran his means and powers of accomplishment. Colonel John James Abert, whose counsel he sought in Washington at this time, said:^ "His plan is first to examine the peninsula 2 Extract of letter of Colonel Abert. See G. W. Featherstonhaugh (Bibl. No. 164), Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. 1, p. 229 (1831). John James Abert (1788-1863), long associated with the Bureau of Topographical Engineers of the United States Army, became brevet 4 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST of Florida; then the regions west of the Mississippi, Mexico, and if possible penetrate into California. He also contemplates crossing the Rocky Mountains and pursuing the Columbia River to its mouth, and thinks that he will be absent from us about two years." In November G. W. Featherstonhaugh, the geologist, also made this announcement in his Monthly American Jour- nal of Geology and Natural Science: We are authorized to state that information of the progress of Mr. Audubon will be given, from time to time, to the scien- tific world, in the pages of this journal. We are gratified in being able to state, that he was received in the most cordial manner, at Washington, and that the dis- tinguished gentlemen in authority there, have given him such letters to the military posts on the frontiers, as will assure him the aid and protection his personal safety may require. We anticipate the most interesting reconnaisances, both geo- logical and zoological, from this enterprising naturalist, who is accompanied by Mr. Lehman, as an assistant draftsman, and by an assistant collector who came with him from Europe. The "distinguished gentlemen" at Washington who particularly aided Audubon at this time, besides Colonel lieutenant-colonel in charge of that office in 1837; according to Ruthven Deane (see Bibliography, No. 216), he was an organizer of the National Institute of Science, afterwards merged with the Smithsonian Institution at Washington; an ardent friend of Audubon, he assisted him in many ways, and, as Dr. Richard Harlan affirmed, paid dearly for his support by being rejected for membership in the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia. Harlan wrote to Audubon on January 27, 1833, that out of twenty-five members present on the occasion referred to, five, led by Mr. George Ord, Mr. Isaac Lea, and Dr. Hays, had voted against him: in his opinion no possible grounds could be found for opposing so desirable a member excepting his friendship for Audubon and his support of the snake "Episode" (see Chapter XXVIII). In 1832 Abert's paper on the "Habits of Climbing of the Rattlesnake," which was written in the previous year, had appeared in a Philadelphia journal (see Bibliography, No. 107). To this friend Abert's Squirrel, Sciurus aherti, was later dedicated; see Audubon, The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (Bibl. No. 6), plate 153. EXPLORATIONS IN FLORIDA 5 Abert, were Edward Everett, Levi Woodbury, Secre- tary of the Navy, and Lewis McLane, Secretary of the Treasury. He was particularly anxious to obtain ac- commodation for his party aboard a government vessel, but it was some time before a suitable one was available. They left Washington about October 15, 1831, and went by steamer to Norfolk and Richmond, Virginia, where the Governor, John Floyd, whom Audubon had known in his Kentucky days, gave him numerous letters of introduction. At Charleston, their next stopping-place, he had hardly begun work in the field when he was sought out by the Rev. John Bachman, by inclination a naturalist of the old school and by profession a Luther- an minister, who at once took the whole party under his hospitable roof, where they remained a month. Thus began a life-long and almost ideal friendship between these two men, so unlike in character, in temperament and in training, which was quite as important to the modest German- American divine as to the impulsive Franco-American painter and student of birds. It was Audubon's infectious enthusiasm which kindled to an ardent flame that love of nature which was innate in Bachman, and which eventually brought his name and work to the attention of the scientific world. .' Audubon remained at Charleston with the Bachmans until November 15, when the opportunity which they had awaited came suddenly, and they sailed for St. Au- gustine, Florida, on the government schooner Agnes. On that day Bachman wrote to Mrs. Audubon, in com- pliance "with a request of your kind and worthy hus- band, who laid an injunction on me this morning": ^ ^C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191), to which work I am indebted for numerous extracts from Bachman's letters to Audubon and for various incidents relating to the different members of both families. 6 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST The last has been one of the happiest months of my life. I was an enthusiastic admirer of nature from my boyhood, and fond of every branch of Natural History. Ornithology is, as a science, pursued by very few persons — and by none in this city. How gratifying was it, then, to become acquainted with a man, who knew more about birds than any man now living — and who, at the same time, was communicative, intelligent, and amiable, to an extent seldom found associated in the same in- dividual. He has convinced me that I was but a novice in the study ; and besides receiving many lessons from him in Ornithol- ogy, he has taught me how niuch can be accomplished by a single individual, who will unite enthusiasm with industry. For the short month he remained with my family, we were in- separable. We were engaged in talking about Ornithology — in collecting birds — in seeing them prepared, and in laying plans for the accomplishment of that great work which he has undertaken. Time passed rapidly away, and it seems but as yesterday since we met, and now, alas ! he is already separated from me — and in all human probability we shall never meet again. ... I need not inform you that Mr. Audubon was a general favorite in our city. His gentlemanly deportment, his travels and experience, his information and general tal- ents, caused him to be sought after by all. But your husband knew that the great objects before him required his unremitted attention, and he was obliged to deny himself to his friends, on many occasions, and devoted to them only his evenings. There seems quite a blank, in my house, since h.e has gone, for we looked on him as one of our family. He taught my sister, Maria, to draw birds ; and she has now such a passion for it, that whilst I am writing, she is drawing a Bittern, put up for her at daylight by Mr. Audubon. On December 23 Bachman wrote to Audubon: "Your visit to me gave me new life, induced me to go carefully over my favorite study, and made me and my family bappy." His sister-in-law, Miss Maria Martin, BEECHGROVE, WILLIAM GARRETT JOHNSON S PLAXTATIOX HOUSE IX WEST FELl- CIAXA PARISH, LOUISIANA, WHERE MRS. AUDUBON LIVED AND TAUGHT FOR TWO YEARS, 1837-1839. After a photograph by Mr. Stanley Clisby Arthur, 1916. ^^^^^Sfe^ i ^'v1n^^I:^..--'7^^]3>^ *^ ^^S^^JKIW^^HS' py^R .:^^ m n I [ '-'' M^^^ p«j'ilJ-|i^^S ■ ^^s^ffy'^-S^tiiii^^^Ml^''''^^''^'''^^ ^': ■:-^X:..f^-m 1' Jj^^,, 1 fr ' !r-'"^lJilr; i\ ART THORNS ON THE ROSE 81 1838, there is represented a yellow water lily, under the name of Nymphaea lutea. Since this lily was then quite unknown to botanists, it was ignored and treated as a fable, or as an extravagant vagary of the naturalist's imagination, until the summer of 1876, when it was re- discovered in Florida by Mrs. Mary Treat. Audubon's long lost lily was then identified and acknowledged by Professor Asa Gray, the botanist, who, with poetic jus- tice, proposed to rename it after the discredited enthusi- ast, in view of the fact that it had been originally dis- covered and faithfully depicted by him a generation before. While the snake controversy was acute in America, another of a purely academic character, which assumed even wider proportions, was started on the smelling powers of the vulture. We havealready seen a reference to this in the naturalist's letter to his son^^ Victor, written at Charleston, where he was conducting with Bachman a new series of experiments to settle the question.^ ^ The idea, commonly accepted, that ther scavengers of the Southern States were possessed of a keenness of scent comparable with that of a beagle hound, had been vig- orously combated by Audubon, who showed by numer- ous experiments ^^ that they were guided to their prey "See Vol. II, p. 55. ^"Bachman's account of these experiments is interesting: "A coarse painting," he said, was made on canvas, "representing a sheep skinned and cut open. This proved very amusing — no sooner was this picture placed on the ground than the Vultures observed it, alighted near, walked over it, and some of them commenced tugging at the painting. They seemed much disappointed and surprised, and after having satisfied their curiosity, flew away. This experiment was repeated more than fifty times, with the same result. The painting was then placed within two feet of the place where the offal was deposited — they came as usual, walked around it, but In no instance evinced the slightest symptoms of their having scented the offal which was so near them. "The most offensive portions of the offal were now placed on the earth; these were covered over by a canvass cloth — on this were strewn several pieces of fresh beef. The Vultures came, ate the flesh that was in sight. 82 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST by the sense of sight only; thus it was found that they >vould come readily to the effigy of a calf or sheep painted on canvas and set up in plain view, or to a skin stuffed with straw, but failed to detect their quarry when the dead bodies of these animals were placed on the ground and screened from their eyes, if only by the thinnest cover, though the carrion was calling loudly to the nose but a fraction of an inch away. An attack by Water- ton,^ ^ who hurried to the fray whenever a statement in his jealously guarded Wanderings was called in ques- tion, led to a lively tilt, in which the advocates of the nose and the eyes were sometimes humorously referred to as the "Nosarians" and the "Anti-Nosarians," some of the most eminent anatomists of the day eventually taking part. Bachman felt keenly the aspersions which were cast upon his friend, and in the winter of 1833 he undertook with Audubon the series of experiments to which we have referred. The tests which were then made sup- ported Audubon's statements in every particular, and the faculty of the Medical College of South Carolina were invited as a body to witness them; this they did and although they were standing on a quantity beneath them, and although their bills were frequently within the eighth of an inch of the putrid matter, they did not discover it. We made a small rent in the canvass, and they at once discovered the flesh and began to devour it. We drove them away, replaced the canvass with a piece that was entire; again they commenced eating the flesh exhibited to their view, without discovering the hidden food they were trampling upon. "As it [the organ of smell] does however exist, (although in an inferior degree,) I am not disposed to deny to birds the power of smell altogether, nor would I wish to advance the opinion that the Vulture does not possess the power of smelling in the slightest degree, (although it has not been discovered by our experiments). All that I contend for is, that he is not assisted by this faculty in procuring his food — that he cannot smell better for instance, than Hawks or Owls, who it is known are indebted altogether to their sight, in discovering their prey." "See Bibliography, No. 104, and Vol. II, p. 55x also Ornithological Biography, vol. ii, p. 46. THORNS ON THE ROSE 83 willingly, and the following memorial signed by all the witnesses present was published by Bachman in 1834/^ We, the subscribers, having witnessed several of the ex- periments made on the habits of the vultures of South Caro- lina {Cathartes aura and C. atratus), commonly called the turkey buzzard and the carrion crow, feel assured that these species respectively are gregarious, the individuals of each species associating and feeding together; that they devour fresh as well as putrid food of any kind, and that they are guided to their food altogether through their sense of sight, and not of smell. In a letter written to Ord, on March 4, 1834, Water- ton said: You will see that the Charleston parson [Bachman], Doc- tors, Surgeons and Professors are up in arms against me and are determined to cut off the Vulture's nose. But do not be alarmed for me, I promise you that I will answer them to your heart's content and tomorrow I shall send up a paper to Lou- don for his May number which will make your Philosophers appear very small and put Audubon's claim to literature and ornithology in so clear a light that no one will be in doubt hereafter. . . . Audubon's gulled friends and supporters in London are in the highest spirits and feel sure that I cannot answer the Charleston letter. By the first of May next their crowing will cease. When anatomists came to consider the question and found that well developed olfactory lobes and nerves were present in these birds, they favored the theory of smell,^^ and Edinger has more recently expressed the opinion that this consideration renders the possession of i» See Bibliography, No. 125, and for the quotation to follow, Samuel N. Rhoads, "George Ord," Cassinia, No. xii (Philadelphia, 1908). ^"See W. Sells (Bibl. No. 140), Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pt. v, p. 33 (1837). 84. AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST an olfactory sense in such birds highly probable. His con- tention is weakened, however, by the fact that granivo- rous and insectivorous birds also possess true olfactory nerves, and yet are proved by experiment to have little or no effective sense of smell. It is a problem for stu- dents of behavior to solve, and so far as the American vultures are concerned, Audubon's and Bachman's ex- periments, I believe, have never been repeated or ex- tended with sufficient care to settle the question. The little that has been done, however, suggests that while the vulture in its daily and never ending search for food is mainly guided by its keen eyes, the nose, possibly, may be a cooperating factor when the wind and other conditions are favorable. While critics were driving the pen, Audubon was hard at work in the field, but his friends did not long remain silent. Favorable notices of his work, actual or prospective, had appeared in the scientific and literary press of England, by David Brewster, Robert Jame- son, William Swainson, and "Christopher North" of Blackwood's Magazine. The first American notice ap- peared in the American Journal of Science for 1829, and this was followed by G. W. Featherstonhaugh, the English geologist, in his recently established but short- lived Monthly American Journal of Geology and Nat- ural Science, to which we have already referred.^^ A little later the London Atlienceum gave the first of eleven extended articles on Audubon's work; in review- ing his second volume of letterpress, which appeared in 1834, the writer said: "There is amply sufficient remain- ing in Audubon's pages for fully a dozen more notices, were we disposed to follow the exhausting system. We have admired Audubon's gorgeous drawings, but our 2° See Vol. II, pp. 4 and 23, and Bibliography^ No. 106. THORNS ON THE ROSE 85 interest in them has been increased a thousand fold, in knowing that they are the spoils of a life's cam- paign." ^^ Again a series of able articles was started by a just critic, W. B. O. Peabody, in the North Ameri- can Review for April, 1832.^- Featherstonhaugh de- serves credit for having given Audubon a fair hearing at a critical time, when baiting the American Woods- man was a popular pastime in certain circles at Phila- delphia; in reviewing the Ornithological Biograj^hy in 1832, this plain spokesman gave what he called "a true history of a conspiracy, got up to utterly break down and ruin the reputation of one of the most remarkable men America ever produced." "^ Audubon's silence under fire of hostile criticism tempted someone in the capacity of a reporter to call on him in London to obtain, if possible, a personal state- ment, but his lips were then sealed and he would only say; "Had I wished to invent marvels, I need not have stirred from my garret in New York or London." However, in writing to Featherstonhaugh from Bulow- ville. East Florida, December 31, 1831, Audubon made this comment : ^* If I did not believe the day to be gone by when it was necessary to defend my snake stories, I could send you many curious accounts of the habits of those reptiles ; and I should do it, if it were not that I might be thought to enjoy — too much that triumph which the feeble hostility of three or four selfish individuals has forced upon me. I receive so many acts of real friendship and disinterested kindness, that, I thank God, there is no room left in my heart to cherish unkind feel- ings towards any one. Indeed, I am not now so much sur- "See Bibliography, No. 136. ^See Bibliography, No. 105. 23 See Bibliography, No. 106. ''^See Bibliography, No. 35. 86 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST prised at the incredulity of persons who do not leave cities, for I occasionally hear of things which even stagger me, who am so often a denizen of woods and swamps. What do you think of rattlesnakes taking to the water, and swimming across inlets and rivers? I have not seen this, but I believe it; since the most respectable individuals assure me they have fre- quently been eye-witnesses of this feat. I can conceive of in- ducements which reptiles may have for traversing sheets of water to gain dry land, especially in a country much inter- sected by streams, and subject to inundations, which compel them to be often in the water. In such countries, it is not an uncommon occurrence to find snakes afloat and at great dis- tances from the shore. This appears, no doubt, surprising to those who live where there is almost nothing but dry land; still they ought to be good natured, and believe what others have seen. It has now been made notorious, that numerous respectable individuals, whom duty, or the love of adventure, have led into the woods of our country, have often seen snakes — and the rattlesnake too — in trees; the good people, there- fore, who pass their lives in stores and counting houses, ought not to contradict these facts, because they do not meet with rattlesnakes, hissing and snapping at them from the paper mulberries, as they go home to their dinners. . . . Audubon's most persistent heckler was Charles Waterton,^^ who during two of his most prolific years, 1833 and 1834, published no less than fourteen lucubra- tions against the "foreigner," and "stranger" as the American was called ; all were characterized by quizzing interrogatories, shallow criticism and personal vitupera- tion, for the most part unworthy of serious considera- tion. Long noted for his eccentricities, Waterton had little or no standing among English zoologists, against many of whom, from time to time, he issued broadsides or breezy polemics, whenever their statements cast a *° See Bibliography, No. 104 et seq. THORNS ON THE ROSE 87 shadow on his Wanderings. Some of these accusing ar- ticles were answered by Victor Audubon and other friends of the naturalist, but they never drew his own fire; probably they benefited him in the end, for when it appeared that the charges brought against him were in large measure the work of envious calumniators, a strong current set in his favor on both sides of the Atlantic. When Audubon's name was first proposed for mem- bership in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Phila- delphia, it was rejected, according to report, through the influence of George Ord and a few of his partisans, while Waterton, who was Mr. Ord's close friend and correspondent, affirmed that Audubon was rejected by the Society on the strength of Alexander Wilson's per- sonal diary,^^ a statement w^hich appears to be utterly incredible.^^ In 1833, two years after the first volume of Audu- bon's "Biography of Birds" had made its appearance, Waterton raised another controversy, in this instance with ammunition supplied by his friend, George Ord of Philadelphia. He boldly proclaimed ^^ that Audu- bon was not the author of the work which bore his name, a charge similar to that which had been brought to the door of the French ornithologist, Le Vaillant, whose history resembled Audubon's in many ways. "I request the English reader," said Waterton, "to weigh well in his own mind what I have stated, and I flatter myself that he will agree with me, when I affirm that the cor- ^See Vol. I, p. 224>. ^ "I myself, with mine own eyes, have seen Wilson's original diary, written by him at Louisville, and I have just now on the table before me the account of the Academy of Sciences indignantly rejecting Mr. Audu- bon as a member, on that diary having been produced to their view." See Bibliography, No. 119. ^See Bibliography, No. 119. 88 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST rect and elegant style of composition which appears through the whole of the Biography of Birds cannot possibly be that of hini whose name it bears." Water- ton maintained that, while Audubon's earlier papers were the work of an illiterate person, his Biography betrayed the hand of a finished scholar from beginning to end. In a reply to Victor Audubon, written July 6, 1833,^^ Waterton declared, upon the authority of George Ord, whom he quoted, that William Swainson had been importuned to write Audubon's work for him, but declined when Audubon insisted upon his own name being given to the world as author. This direct accusa- tion called forth an immediate explanation from Swain- son, who said : ^^ In reply to that gentleman (G. Ord, Esq.), regarding the assistance it was expected I should have given my friend, Mr. Audubon, in the scientific details of his work, my reply was, that the negotiation had been broken off from an un- willingness that my name should be printed on the title-page. I was not asked to write the work, nor did Mr. Audubon "in- sist upon his own name being given to the world as the author" of such parts as he wished me to undertake. ... I have read Mr. Audubon's original manuscripts, and I have read Mr. Waterton's original manuscripts. I think the English of one is as good as the English of the other — but here the compari- son ends." The controversy thus started did not reflect much credit on Audubon's detractors, but reverberations of the charge were heard at a much later day. Robert Bakewell, the geologist, who was a relative of Mrs. Audubon, then living at Hampstead, entered 2«See Bibliography, No. 115. 2" See Bibliography, No. 117, THORNS ON THE ROSE 89 this controversy, and in June, 1833, replied ^^ to one of Waterton's fulminations, which he attributed to envy and jealousy, saying that posterity would regard Au- dubon as "the most distinguished ornithologist of the present age." Charles Waterton began his travels at eighteen, but early settled down to a life of leisurely independence on his ancestral estate in Yorkshire, where he studied birds to little purpose and wrote extensively on natural-his- tory subjects; he is best known for his Wandering s,^^ w^hich has passed through numerous editions and is still read. From youth Waterton enjoyed exceptional ad- vantages, and according to one of his biographers, "lived to extreme old age without having wasted an hour or a shilling." He w^as the twenty-seventh "lord of Walton Hall," the manor house of the family, which stood on an island in a lake; the estate of 260 acres was mainly converted into a preserve for wild birds. His young wife died in 1829, after having given birth to a son, and he lived on his paternal acres in semi-retirement ever after. It was said that Waterton would never don evening clothes or a black coat, but insisted on wearing a blue frock with gold buttons until an anxious police- man in the neighboring village of Wakefield persuaded him to make a change ; he told the Reverend J. G. Wood in 1863 that he had been bled 160 times, mostly by his own hand. When, in his sixty-ninth year, he had the misfortune to fall from a pear tree and break an elbow joint, the first remedy tried was the extraction of thirty ounces of blood; shortly after this a careless servant withdrew a chair as he was seating himself at table, and ^^ See Bibliography, No. 114. ^^ Wanderings in South America, the North-West of the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812, 1816, 1820, ^ 182^. Originally in 4to., London, 1825. 90 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST thirty more ounces were immediately required. The wage of one of his laborers is said to have sufficed for his personal needs, and his sleeping apartment had neither bed, chair, nor carpet; he lay on bare boards, wrapped in a blanket, with an oaken block for pillow; and he is said to have never tasted fermented liquor and to have eaten but sparingly of meat. His daily habit was to retire at eight and rise at three o'clock in the morning, and he was always dressed by four ; an ardent Roman Catholic, he would spend an hour at devotion in his private chapel; he then read Latin and Spanish au- thors, wrote his polemics against Audubon or any others with whom he came in conflict, and received the re- ports of his bailifl*, all before breakfast, which was at eight o'clock; the remainder of the day was mostly de- voted to his birds and other animals, to preserve which he surrounded his entire estate with a high rampart of stone, said to have cost, all told, $50,000. Though a devout Romanist, as someone has re- marked, Waterton never hesitated to adopt the same mode of reasoning which Hume had employed in his argument against miracles. Thus he rejected with scorn Edward Jenner's account of how the young parasitic Cuckoo, when but a day old and hardly able to stand, turned out of their nest its rightful occupants. This account, which was generally accej)ted then, and has been repeatedly verified and recorded by the camera since, "carries," said Waterton, "its own condemnation, no matter by whom related, or by whom received." Trusting to analogy again, he maintained that Audu- bon's description of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird gluing bits of lichen to the surface of its nest with saliva was false, because "the saliva of all birds imme- diately mixes with water," and the first shower of rain THORNS ON THE ROSE 91 would immediately undo the work of the bird. No ac- count was taken of the Chimney Swift, which not only glues together the twigs of its nest but secures the whole to a support through an abundant salivary secre- tion, although this habit had long been known. In the instance of this hummingbird, however, both Audubon and Waterton were partly right and partly wrong, as a careful examination of the nests of five species of hummingbirds, including the Ruby-throat, has clearly shown.^^ It proved that saliva was only casually used on the surface of the nest, the lichens in the case referred to being adherent by means of spiders' silk and fine veg- etable fibers of various sorts; the saliva of the Ruby- throat, when dry, moreover, was found to be practically insoluble in cold water, even after an immersion of sev- eral days ; but more interesting than this is the fact that the nest itself is glued to its supporting twig by a large salivary wafer, which represents this hummingbird's first step in the work of nest construction. Shortly after his arrival at Edinburgh, and before he had published anything, Audubon wrote in his jour- nal on November 5, 1826: "I returned home early and found a note from Mr. John Gregg, who came himself later, bringing me a scrubby letter from Charles Water- ton," so it would appear that the lord of "Walton Hall" had been warned to keep an eye on the dangerous Amer- ican, and Waterton's American correspondent was Mr. Ord, of Philadelphia. Later on Waterton wrote to Swainson an extraordinary letter of some four thousand words,^* afterwards published in his Essays on Natural History, which for petty vanity and personal animosity ^See "Nests and Nest-Building in Birds," Pt, 2, Journal of Animal Be- havior, vol. i (1911). ='*See Bibliography, No. 138. 92 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST has seldom been surpassed, but with this effort his am- munition seems to have been exhausted. Charles Waterton, who lived to his eighty-third year, and who wrote nineteen polemics against Audubon and his friends, was probably sincere in his attacks upon the American Woodsman, whom he seems to have regarded as a dangerous charlatan. Waterton was a curious compound of fearless independence, kindness, credulity, pedantry, vanity, and intolerance. He should be given credit, however, for having done much to spread abroad a love of natural history and for his attitude towards an artificial system of classification, then much in vogue, which, though only an amateur, he had the good sense to reject. CHAPTER XXIX SIDELIGHTS ON AUDUBON AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES What was a Quinarian? — Controversy over the authorship of the Ornithological Biography — Audubon's quaint proposal — Swainson's reply — Friendship suffers a check — Species-mongers — Hitting at one over the shoulders of another — Swainson as a biographer — His career — Bonaparte's grievance — A fortune in ornithology — Labors of John Gould and his relations with Audubon — The freemasonry of naturalists. Few, probably, ever attain marked success in their chosen field without exciting jealous rivalry or misrep- resentation on the part of some of their contemporaries. Audubon was no exception to the rule, but in this respect he has been subject to so much misunderstanding that the reader is entitled to know the truth, whenever it can be ascertained. An instance of this sort was furnished by the English naturalist, William Swainson, whose relations with Audubon have been touched upon in earlier chapters. In April, 1828, Swainson published an eulogistic ac- count of some of Audubon's plates, and shortly after they became good friends, as their familiar letters al- ready reproduced amply testify ; ^ in the autumn of that year, as we have related, they visited Paris together, and they kept up a correspondence for a number of years. At this time Swainson was known as a systematic zoologist of merit and an excellent draughtsman, hav- ^ See Chapter XXHI. 93 94 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST ing published a series of "Zoological Illustrations" that seem to have been well received. Moreover, as early as 1824, he had adopted the notorious "Circular System" of the classification of animals, and at this time was its most zealous advocate in England. The tenets of this curious doctrine, often called "Quinarianism" from the recurrence of the number 5, was confused in a mysti- cal jargon which conveys little meaning to a reader of today; it was derived from William Sharp MacLeay, who had advocated a similar system in his Horae Ento- mologicae, published in 1821. According to Swainson's creed, "all things that have life have been created upon one plan, and this plan is founded on the principle of a series of affinities returning into themselves; which can only be represented by a circle." "This sublime discov- ery," which, as Swainson thought, was sufficient "to im- mortalize a name," was duly attributed to his "illustri- ous countryman." ^ In the summer of 1830, when Audubon was ready to prepare the letterpress of his mammoth plates and needed assistance in its technical details, he applied to I his friend Swainson, who, as we have seen, was then i living at a farmstead in the Hertfordshire country, not far from St. Albans.^ Some of the letters which passed ! between the two naturalists after the return of the for- i mer to England, in the spring of that year, will now be given, without amelioration or change of any sort. It should be remembered that Swainson at this time was in an overwrought state, since he was dependent mainly ^ Swainson expounded the Quinarian or Circular System in the Fauna Boreali- Americana; or the zoology of the northern parts of British America, published in collaboration with John Richardson, and the first zoological publication issued by the British Government; but A Treatise on the Geography and Classification of Animals contained his most authoritative thesis upon this grotesque concept. 2 See Vol. I, p. 403. SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 95 upon his scientific writings for the support of a family of G.ve children, oppressed by pecuniary difficulties, and, no doubt, irritated by lack of success and the rebuffs which a leading part in the Quinarian movement was certain to entail. Audubon's letter* which follows served to answer that of Swainson, bearing date of January 30, 1830,^ which had been received in America but too late for the fulfillment of its commissions. References to Audubon's "book," which unfortu- nately proved a stumbling block in the path of friend- ship, are noticed here and in Swainson's reply for the first time. ^, Audwhon to William Swainson |, LoKDON, May 5th 1830. My dear Mr. Swainson, You may be assured that nothing but an over \^word un^ decipherable^ or [another similar word^ has stopt me from writing to you sooner, Yet I would have had the pleasure of announcing you my return to good old England had I not been informed by Mr. Havell that you we apraised of it when last in town & that more over you were quite well. — I hope that your kind wife and children are equally so and happy. — I brought my good wife with me to Liverpool where she is for a while with her sister Mrs. Gordon & the family Rathbourn We had a rough voyage of 25 days & glad to be back on this hospitable shore. I am sorry to say that your last letter to me (I presume) did not reach me in time to enable me to procure either squirrels or birds for you. — I have indeed brought about 150 birds and some of them good singers and I beautifull but all are on Double Elephant Paper — they may i and I hope they will please your eyes, when I have the satis- ' faction to shake you by the hand the first time you come to * For the history of the Audubon-Swainson correspondence, see Note, Vol. I, p. 400. Swainson's letter which follows was first published by Ruth- ven Deane (Bibl. No. 218), The Auk, vol. xxii, p. 248 (1905). ^ Reproduced in Vol. I, p. 430. 96 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST town. — I called on Mr. Lea at Philadelphia, but he told me that you had countermanded your wishes to me & has given me a memorandum to that effect — Mr. Gilpin on whom I also called told me that your travelling boxes had forward^. I saw Mr Ward at New York he is doing extremely well if what he told me is true. I saw M. le Comte also. — I have just taken the Reins of my Mammoth Publication which by the way I am glad to find in a good way of process or progress. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Children and grateful to him — Havell has done his part I think well and now I will set about pro- curing subscriptions with new ardour. Now in return of this packet of information I am very desirous to know what you are engaged at present in the way of science; I feel as if I had a world of talk for you. — Bonaparte's 4th volume is print- ing have you seen the third? I have it at Liverpool by this time. — I wrote to the author this morning. — I am well pleased with my voyage I think it will be of material advantage to my work my health & my comfort — We have left our two sons quite well and doing well at the Falls of the Ohio where I killed a fine Turkey about forty days since. Those sent to the Zoo- logical Gardens alive have had ill luck. They received only one and 3 Oppossums — The blue Gias [?] and Parakets are not yet arrived, and Mr. Rathbone as well as Mr. Shepherd told me (to my great sorrow) that the last shipment of 10,000 forest trees were all dead. How did those sent to you? — I have commenced the having a complete collection of the Birds of America in skins & have instituted some agents in the U. S. to provide for me. So much have I seen of those dear creatures of the feathered creation that I feel even now as if I heard their notes and saw their all elegant movements. — I am going to write a book! but more of this when we meet. — do you know that the poor woodsman who now is scribling to you will take his seat at the Royal Society of London tomorrow — the very words make my head whirl and I will stand it I do not know — I^ will indeed be glad when I am seated. — Mrs A and myself had the pleasure of being very kindly received and treated by our President Jackson Congress subscribed, I procured there four I SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 97 more and an act will be passed to enter my works Paintings etc free of the customs. — It is past 5 and I have to pay a penny, I wish I were allowed to write untill time made it a shilling so much do I think I could still trouble you with, however as time and tide wait neither for me or others I must conclude by begging that you will remember me most kindly to your amiable wife — kiss your little Folk and believe me sincerely your friend John J. Audubon William Swains on to Audubon Saturday, 1[10?] May, 1830. Welcome once more, my good friend to merry England: I had indeed heard from Havell, with the greatest pleasure, that you had safely landed at Liverpool; and I regret very much that you did not reach London before I had left it; for I am now much seldomer in town than formerly, and I know not when I may have the power to do so again. My old and most valued friend Mr. Burchell has also, to my great delight, just returned to England after six years spent in wandering over the Forests and Andes of South America bringing with him collections, that will make everything else in this country sink into utter insignificance^ he too, is longing to see me, and if I possibly can get away for a day next week, with two such desirable objects I will, but my literary engagements bind me, hand and foot. You think that I do not know that you are an F. R. S. — you are mistaken, furthermore, you will be surprised at know- ing I have been fighting your battles against a rising opposi- tion which originated among some of your Ornithological friends (at least so I strongly suspect) for the purpose of your name being blackballed. But more of this when we meet, such matters had better not be committed to paper. The whole of your bundle of young trees reached me as withered sticks, not a spark of life in any one of them. 98 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST So you are going to write a book 'tis a thing of little moment for one who is not known, because they have no repu- tation to loose, but much will be expected from you, and you must, therefore, as the saying is, put your best leg foremost. I am coming fast round to the prejudice, as you may think it, against the Americans. Dr. Richardson's and my own volume on the Arctic Birds, is now in press. Not being able to refer to your plates, I have not had the power to quote your work, you know how repeatedly I have applied on this head, both to you and Mr. Havell in vain. Prince C. Bonaparte has long promised me his second & third volume but they have never come. Ward'^ is a regu- lar Scamp he has taught me a good lesson — fool that he is — and that is, to steal my heart against distress such as his was, and to consult, like all the rest of the world, my own interest only. I am sick of the world and of mankind, and but for my family would end my days in my beloved forests of Brazil. So Mr. Lea*^ did not settle my account with you? I have found him out, also, to be no better than he should be. He also is one of your friends who would, if he could, cut your throat. Another friend of yours has been in England, Mr. Ord and has been doing you all the good he can: if these are samples of American Naturalists, defend me from ever com- ing in contact with any of their whole race. Mrs. Swainson's health I am grieved to say, has suffered much the last twelve months, she is now at Birmingham with the children. I have not failed to mention your kind inquiries •Possibly Henry Ward, who came to America with Audubon in 1831 as his assistant and taxidermist (see Vol. II, p. 2) ; a Frederick Ward is also mentioned in Audubon's letters. ' Isaac Lea, naturalist and Philadelphia publisher ; Mr. Lea was a member of the firm of Messrs. Carey & Lea, at one time the principal proprietors of Wilson's American Ornithology, and it was thought that the prejudice which he manifested towards Audubon and his friends was traceable to his desire to maintain the sales of that work. His attitude was compared with that of Judge Hall, whose brother, Harrison, was also iM^ interested publisher. See Vol, I, pp. 223 and 281. SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 99 after both, whenever Havell has a parcel for me, I hope you will occasionally accompany it with a few lines. Yours my dear Sir very faith'ly W. SWAINSON John J. Audubon at Mr. Ha Velio's 79 Newman St. Oxford St. As already noticed, Audubon started on a canvass- ing tour late in July, 1830, as announced in the follow- ing letter to Swainson, but he changed his plans, and instead of returning to London, went to Edinburgh, and again settled there for the winter. Auduhon to William Swainson July 26th 1830. My dear Friend, I was particularly pleased at receiving yours of the 22nd this morning, I cannot well say where it has rambled since it was dated, but certainly its migration has not been that of a Swallow for instance. — Thank you about the Jay — It has been my misfortune to have been rather misunderstood by you respecting what you please to call "Poor Nomenclators" had I not some regard for you all of that nobler breed I would not borrow names in my work but would have like some others, made new ones right out. — If you have a new Woodpecker from the visited states, a new species, I will feel greatly honoured to have it dedicated to me, and the more so by you who first dared in good faith to write respecting an unknown woodsman — one of my case [s] is come to hand, I gave from it to the British Museum thirty skins several of which are very rare Indeed and 3 of which I [here a word is apparently omitted by tJie writer^ as 3 new [here another word is omitted} — I have males and females of the woodpecker you speak of quite at your service for a few %/ A ^\ 100 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST weeks — and I have also a few duplicates for you altogether as I promised. — Say how I am to send them — I go to Bristol to- morrow in search of subscribers for ten days — To Paris on the 15th of August — have written to queen Adelaide this pleas- ant morning & am glad to see that you are all well. Mr. A. joins in respects to you all & I am as ever your friend most truly John J. Audubon [The following note is written up the side of the page across the main letter:] I cannot at present say When we can avail ourselves of your kind invitation but will let you know in good time should we but find it convenient to you when we return. — It should be noticed that the revolution in France which upset the Bourbon dynasty occurred just as Au- dubon was leaving London, and that the House of Or- leans, in the person of Louis Philippe, was seated on the throne the day the following letter ^ was written ; very likely Audubon was not reluctant to change his plan of visiting Paris after hearing of these events, although he had enjoyed an interview with the new king, who was his patron. William Swainson to Aiudvhon Saturday 7 August 1830. My dear Mr. Audubon as you was on the point of leaving London, when you wrote your last letter, I did not reply to it. This will probably find you returned from your excursion, and I hope with every success, on the score of increased subscribers, that you had anticipated. If you will be so good as send me your specimens of the Woodpeckers to Havell's, I shall be very glad to see them, and they shall be returned to you after examination with «From the Rowland MSS. Platk cxu SlflLVIA §IIAILII§„ Ibawn from nature by JJAudubon F. R.S. f.L.S. En^raved.PrintedSrCoIouredbyRJlatveU London leM THH r'l-'^' YCHK IpUBLIC LiBRARYJ ^,LDENFOUNOAjONS_ SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 101 the Arctic ones. You will assist me very much by any Dupli- cates you can spare me, I particularly want a pair of the Ivory billed Woodpecker, the No Am: Parrots. Summer red birds and the Painted Buntlings also the Pinecreeping Warbler, m & fem. I do not expect that these most wonderful events in France will deter you from going, seeing that everything is now quiet. The french are certainly a great nation. I never had such an opinion of them as I now have. I suppose you will be at the Dinner to Cuvier on Tuesday, when you will no doubt hear complements passing about, and a long speech from Mr Vigors. I have neither time nor health for such things. Our united true regards to Mrs Audubon In haste very faithfully yours W SWAINSON J. J. Audubon Esq. 43 Great Russell Street, , V': 'l'. Bloomsbury. '"'''"' From Manchester Audubon sent, Swainson this let- ter, in which he makes a quaint proposal regarding the text of his projected work, suggesting that they com- bine their resources and their families, he to provide the ideas, as well as his own wine or ale, while Swainson furnished the science. Audubon to William Swainson Manchester SSnd August 1830. My dear Mr. Swainson, — At the time that I sent you the Woodpeckers skins, I had not a moment to spare or be assured I would have"^ answered your note — When I opened my boxes of skins I had the mor- tification to find most of them touched by insects — I felt a desire that those nondescribed specimen [s] which I had should go to a public institution & I therefore presented them to the 102 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST British Museum through my friend Children — I sent others to New Castle upon Tyne some to this place and some to our friends Selby & Sir Wm Jardine. — respecting the Woodpeckers which you look upon as knew I will merely say that if for in- stance it differs from all others known by having the top of the head entirely red that it may be a young bird, I say this be- cause I do not know if you are acquainted with the fact that almost all the Woodpecker tribe have this in their youth more or less extended but after the first moult they assume the red in the form they are to wear it during life. I sent you a young of the Downy in that state — and if I recollect well also one of the Golden Winged — had you sent me your specimen, I think I could assisted you in determining if or no it is a new bird. — should you become satisfied on that head, and I am honoured with its being named after me, I will feel gratified and thank- ful to you. — Mrs. Audubon is with me & we are bound to the Scotch Lakes & will return in about 2 months. — I am desirous to hear from you if you can have the time to spare & the in- clination to Bear a hand in the text of my work. — by my furnishing you with the ideas & observations which I have and you to add the science which I have not! — If it would suit you and Mrs Swainson to take us as borders for few months when being almost always together I could partake of your obser- vations & you of mine. — I would like to receive here your ideas on this subject & if possible what amount you would expect from us as remuneration. — My first volume will comprise an in- troduction and one hundred letters addressed to the Reader referring to the 100 plates forming the first volume of my illustrations. — I will enter even on local descriptions of the country. — ^Adventures and anecdotes, speak of the trees & the flowers the reptiles or the fishes or insects as far as I know — I wish if possible to make a pleasing book as well as an instruc- tion one. — In the event of my living with you we will furnish our own wines, porter or ale. — I hope you know me well enough to write to me your ideas without fearing any offence done us should you find it either disagreeable or inconvenient, indeed this is simply to know SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 103 from you if such a thing is at all likely to be advantageous to all parties. — We leave this on Saturday for Leeds and I will be glad to hear from you then — I have a confounded steel pen that scratches abominably. — Present Mrs Audubon's kind regards to your good Lady & accept Yourself our united good wishes, your friend John J. Audubon. Address to the care of Thos Fowler Esq. Bookseller Aug 22nd 1830 Manchester. [Superscribed] Wm Swainson Esq. Tittenhanger Green Nr St Albans, Herts. In Swainson's clear and candid reply ,^ which fol- lowed at once, all was figured "to a nicety"; he would supply his share of the matter at the rate of three dollars and seventy-eight cents per printed page, with an extra charge for corrections; he would follow his own ideas, but strive to avoid any conflict of opinion, and would expect his name to stand on the title. WiUiam Swainson to Audubon [between August ^4 and 28, 1830] Thursday My dear Mr. Audubon. I received your letter yesterday, and hasten to reply to it. By some mistake or other, of Havell's, he has not sent the birds to which you allude, and I did not of course know that you had left them with him, now to your two propositions. » First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 217), The Auk, vol. xxii, p. 31 (1905). 104 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST First, as to boarding with us, you do not know probably, that this is never done in England, except as a matter of necessity or profession, in which case the domestic establish- ment is framed accordingly. But this consideration would have no influence with me, in your case did other circumstances allow of it. It would however be attended with so many changes in our every-day domestic arrangements, that it be- comes impossible. Secondly, as to the proposition I once made to you, I am fearful you have put it out of my power to do so much as I might have done, from your having distributed the very birds which would have been the materials I was to work upon ; and upon which only, any scientific observations truly original, (& 'therefore worth putting into your book), must be founded. Fortunately, however, my own collection is not poor in North American Specimens, and these would still furnish a mass of interesting information to the Scientific. It would be, how- ever, highly advisable that all these species which I have not, but which you have brought home, and given away, should be borrowed back again, without delay. Next as to plan. I have always told you that the plan you mention, so far as your own narrative goes, is the very best which could possibly be chosen. You have to speak of the birds as they are alive, / to speak of their outward form, struc- ture, and their place in the great System of their Creator, for the true system, if I have, or anybody else, has discovered is not a Human System. If my views are correct, every observa- tion you make, plain, unvarnished, and strictly accurate, will fully and perfectly harmonize. Our parts are totally distinct, and we Tiave no occasion to consult with each other what we should say at every page. Where our views may differ, I shall not, of course, say anything. My own remarks had better be kept distinct, in the form of "Scientific Notes" to each letter, at the end, and in this way you will make the work, the stand- ard authority on American Ornithology, which without Science, it certainly would not be, however interesting or valuable in other respects. SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 105 As to time, and remuneration, I shall have completed all my portion of Dr. Richardson's works in two months. I can then devote a portion of each day to yours. The terms of my remuneration will be those which I always receive from the Booksellers, and which are fixed, worth twelve guineas a sheet of the same size and Type as the Zoological Journal, each sheet being 16 pages, and each page averages 390 words, the calcu- lation is there brought to a nicety, and you may spend as much as you choose. If I have to revise and correct the proofs, make alterations etc. that will be something additional, I al- ways charge this by the tiine each sheet takes me, and would come to from 5/ to 7/6 a sheet but the booksellers generally give me a round sum, which I name after trying the three first sheets of a work, with Dr. Richardson's the case was different, I there had 300 £ for my assistance and drawings. It would of course be understood that my name stands in the title page as responsible for such portion as concerns me. Should we arrange this matter, it will be time enough to fix on other minor points. But I should like to know your decision soon, as I have been applied to in another quarter. Indeed I am already so full of business, that I have two years active employment ahead of me. I go for two days to assist BurchelP^ in the arrangement of his African Birds prior to publication, at the end of the month, I shall bear in mind what you say on the Woodpecker but I have peculiar notions on Species, which, as I believe them correct, so I do not suffer to be influenced by others, you will see more of this in my Book of American Birds.^^ Our kindest remembrance to Mrs. Audu- bon, and always look upon me as your sincere, but very plain spoken friend, W. SWAINSON. ^''William John Burchell (1782P-1863), an indefatigable collector and explorer, especially in Africa and Brazil; the zebra, Equus burcheUi, and many animals and plants which he discovered have been dedicated to him. " Referring to the Fauna-Boreali Americana, the second part of which, on "Birds," published in 1831, was by Swainson; see Vol. I, p. 410. 106 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST P. S. I had a long letter from Chas. Bonaparte the other day, Vigors is gone to Rome!! [Addressed] J. J. Audubon c/o Mr. Thomas Fowler, Bookseller, Manchester. [Endorsed by Audubon:] Answered 29th Aug. 1830. J. J. A. Audubon's next letter, which was written from Man- chester on August 29, must have been distinctly pro- vocative, to judge from the following caustic reply ^^ which it drew forth; this is dated, "Tittenhanger Green, 2d October, 1830": William Swainson to Audubon My dr Sir I have refrained from replying to your letter until I thought you had returned to London. Either you do not appear to have understood the nature of my proposition on supplying scientific information for your work, or you are very erroneously informed on the matter in which such assistance is usually given. Dr. Richardson, and a hundred others, similarly situated, might with equal jus- tice say that no name should appear but their own ; as it would rob them of their fame, because notes are furnished by one or two other persons, your friends would tell you, if you enquired of them, that even m^ name would add something to the value of the "The Birds of America" You pay me compliments on my scientific knowledge, and wished you possessed a portion; & you liken the acquisition of such a portion to purchasing the sketch of an eminent painter — the simile is good, but allow me to ask you, whether, after procuring the sketch, you would mix it up with your own, and pass it off to your friends as your production? I cannot possibly suppose that such would be your duplicity and I therefore must not suppose that you "First published by Elliott Coues (Bibl. No. 203), The Auk, vol. xv, p. 11 (1898); reproduced by Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 205), The Osprey, vol. V, p. 23 (1900). SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 107 intended that I should give all the scientific information I have laboured to acquire during twenty years on ornithology — conceal my name, — and transfer my fame to your pages & to your reputation. Few have enjoyed the opportunity of benefiting by the ad- vice and assistance of a scientific friend so much as yourself; and no one, I must be allowed to say, has evinced so little in- clination to profit by it. When I call to mind the repeated offers I have made you to correct the nomenclature of your birds, from the first time of our acquaintance, and recollect the dislike you appeared to have to receiving any such infor- mation or correction, I cannot but feel perfect surprize at you now wishing to profit by that aid, you have hitherto been so indifferent about. Let me however urge upon you one advise which, for your own sake, I should be sorry you despised. It is to characterize yourself, or get some friend to do so for you, all your new species. The specimens, you tell me, are now in England, & the task will be comparatively easy. I urge this, because you may not be aware that a new species, deposited in a museum, is of no authority whatsoever, untU its name and its character are published. I have repeatedly set my face against such authori- ties, so has Mr. Vigors, so has Ch. Bonaparte, and on this head we are all perfectly unanimous. Unless, therefore, this is done, you will, I am fearful, loose the credit of discovering nearly all the new species you possess, and this I again repeat, for your own sake I should be sorry for. To me, individually, your not doing so, would rather be advantageous. The more a book is quoted, the more is its merits admitted, and its authority established, it was on this account I so repeatedly requested the use only, of a copy of your book, that it might have been cited in "Northern Zoology" ^^ not having it — I could not therefore mention it I shall always be as thankful to you as formerly for any information on the habits, economy, and manners of birds; "See Note, Vol. II, p. 105. 108 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST but, as to species, I want not, nor do I ever ask, the opinions of any one. that is quite a different matter, and entertaining pecuhar ideas on that subject, you must not feel surprised at my differing from you in almost every instance. My reasons will always be laid before the public. In the present case, we totally differ about species of Woodpeckers. I shall not, how- ever propitiate a favourable opinion from you, or any one, by a compliment and therefore I will wait for some species which you yourself will admit, which I shall then give your name to, I am rather glad you did not accept my offer, for I am now assisting in bringing out an Octavo edition of Wilson, by Sir W Jardine which will be arranged according to wz/ nomencla- ture. Yours my dr Sir Very faithy W SWAINSON The letter just quoted naturally served as a check to their intimacy, but Audubon did not withdraw his friendly hand, as shown by his letters to follow later, though his answer to this has not been preserved.^* Audubon reached Edinburgh early in October, soon after receiving Swainson's decisive reply, and immedi- ately made an arrangement with MacGillivray, as al- ready related. ^^ It is evident from Swainson's letter that when Audubon called upon him for editorial aid, " But three other letters of Audubon to Swainson, after this date, are noted by Albert Giinther (Bibl. No. 204) in the Proceedings of the Linncean Society, 112th session (1900): one of "6 June, 1831," announces Audubon's prospective return to America in August of that year; another, dated "6 Dec. 1837," asks for the loan of some bird skins; and the last of "11 Jan. 1838," is reproduced in Chapter XXXII. Swainson is said to have been negotiating at this time with Charles L. Bonaparte in reference to a joint compilation for a work on the birds of the world; Bonaparte estimated that there were then between 7,000 and 8,000 known species to be characterized, but Swainson's terms were not satisfactory, and nothing came of the project. To the above list should be added the letter, evidently misdated, of "April 28 th. 1831," soon to follow. ^^See Vol. I, p. 438. SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 109 he was by no means ready to defer to him wholly in the matter of naming his birds, a subject in which Swain- son regarded himself as the first of living authorities. Swainson's pride was also wounded at Audubon's appar- ent lack of appreciation of the weight which his name would carry if allowed to grace the title pages of his works, and he speaks of Audubon as if he were ready to bargain for scientific information but determined to withhold that credit which is every writer's just due. It is only fair to say that Swainson's vanity seems to have outrun his candor, for when the controversy over the authorship of Audubon's Biography of Birds was started in 1833, he publicly denied that any such pro- posal had been made.^^ According to Swainson's own statement, quoted earlier, Audubon was ready to grant him whatever credit was due, but it is evident that he was not then disposed to adopt Swainson's peculiar ideas upon the classification of birds or to enter upon a thoroughgoing arrangement of joint authorship. Though no philosopher himself, it seems clear that the American woodsman was by no means disposed to swal- low all the vagaries of the "Circular System" to which his friend was committed, and which was later held up to ridicule. The craze for describing new species of animals was all too common in both England and America at the time of which we write; the chief aim of many naturalists seems to have been to attach their names to as many of nature's forms as possible. Swainson, who "never went to bed without describing a new species," as Audu- bon said at a later time, had admonished his friend above all else to hasten to publish descriptions of every new bird which he had obtained in America, lest he lose "See Vol. II, p. 88. ~~ 110 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST credit for the discovery; but Audubon, who had not hesitated to poke fun at the species -monger ing Rafi- nesque, was still inclined to look with disdain upon work of this sort. He not only rejected Swainson's advice but answered it rather tartly in the first volume of his letterpress, which appeared in the following year. A pas- sage which caused the naturalist no little annoyance on another score was as follows : ^^ Since I became acquainted with Mr. Alexander Wilson, the celebrated author of the well known and duly appreciated work on American Birds, and subsequently with my excellent friend, Charles Lucien Bonaparte, I have been aware of the keenness with which every student of Natural History presses forward to describe an object of his discovery, or that may have occurred to travellers in distant countries. There seems to be a pride, a glory in doing this, that thrusts aside every other consideration ; and I really believe that the ties of friend- ship itself would not prevent some naturalists from even rob- bing an old acquaintance of the merit of first describing a previously unknown object. Although I have certainly felt very great pleasure, when, on picking up a bird, I discovered it to be new to me, yet I have never known the desire above alluded to. This feeling I still cherish; and in spite of the many injunctions which I have received from naturalists far more eminent than I can ever expect to be, I have kept, and still keep, unknown to others, the species, which, not finding por- trayed in any published work, I look upon as new, having only given in my Illustrations a number of them proportionate to the drawings of already known species that have been engraved. Attached to the descriptions of these, you wiU find the place and date of their discovery. I do not, however, intend to claim any merit for these discoveries, and should have liked as well that the objects of them had been previously known, as this would have saved some unbelievers the trouble of searching for "Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. i, p. xvii. SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 111 them in books, and the disappointment of finding them actually new. I assure you, good reader, that, even at this moment, I should have less pleasure in presenting to the scientific world a new bird, the knowledge of whose habits I do not possess, than in describing the peculiarities of one long since discovered. It is a pity that Audubon did not maintain so admir- able an attitude towards the description of new species as was here expressed, but at the close of his career in England, when he desired to make his work on Ameri- can ornithology as complete as possible, he appeared as keen to describe and publish new birds as any of his contemporaries. Shortly after his return to London in the spring of 1831, Audubon sent Swainson the following letter with a copy of the first volume of his Biography of Birds, but his one-time friend was not the author of an extended and impartial review of the work, which appeared in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal in the same year.^* "Signed "Ornithophilus" (see Bibliography, No. 97), and attributed by Coues (see Bibliography, No. 181), with a question mark, to Swainson, but the internal evidence shows conclusively that he was not its author. The writer of this article said that it was not enough to state that Audubon "has invented a new style in the representation of natural objects; for so true are his pictures, that he who has once seen and examined them, can never again look with pleasure on the finest produc- tions of other artists. To paint like Audubon, will henceforth mean to represent Nature as she is. . . . To relieve, as Mr. Audubon says, the teaiui:n of those who may have imposed upon themselves the task of following an author through the mazes of descriptive ornithology, he has interspersed descriptions of American scenery and manners, gloomy forests, tangled cane-brakes, dismal swamps, majestic rivers, floods, tornadoes, and earthquakes; the migration of the white man, the retreat of the red; the character and pursuits of the backwoodsman. . . . Much, therefore, is it to be wished that Mr. Audubon would undertake the delineation of the birds of Great Britain, which, with his matchless talents, aided by those of Mr. Havell, would eclipse, not only all other representations of these birds, but even the 'Birds of America,' unrivalled as that work now is." 112 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Audubon to William Swainson LoNDo>f April 28th 1830 [1831] My dear Mr Swainson, We arrived here last evening & I found your favour of the 17th instant for which I ofFer you my sincere thanks — I had began to think that I was erased from your list. — I have now the pleasure of sending you a copy of my first volume of ornithological biography which I hope you will accept as a small memento of the high regard I have for your self & your talents. — My inserting your name was not a matter merely of duty but of great pleasure and believe when I say that I never will be ungrateful to anyone who has been kind to me. — We are going to Paris on Friday^^i^^ek & will be absent about a month — on the first day of August next we sail from Liverpool to America where I intend to beat the bushes once more — my peregrinations will extend in all probability & God willing to the Pacific Ocean into California etc — After my return I wish to settle in England somewhere, but where is yet undetermined. — I have felt much grieved at reading the article of yours respecting French Naturalists. I say grieved, because I am always so when I see men of superior talents employing their pen time and mind at sparring instead of peacably giving to the world those results of their investigations & experience at all times so desired by everyone bent on studying the wonder- ful laws & beauties of nature. I do not wish to read a lecture to you but from my heart I am sorry you should be a la joute [ ?'\ with any one & will conclude by sincerely hoping that you will have no more of this sort of warfare. — I am over head in business as you may well suppose aft^r an absence of 8 months but will be most happy to hear from you. Have you heard from C. Bonaparte lately.? Is he still at Rome.? it is now two months since I heard from him. — Present our united kind respects to your good Lady, accept the same yourself & b€lieve me your friend J. J. Audubon. 77 Oxford Street. SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 113 It is interesting to notice that Swainson kept his promise about the woodpeckers, and in 1831 named one, which had been obtained from Louisiana, Picus audu- boni;^^ although Audubon later repudiated it, saying that he believed it to represent only an immature state of the common Downy Woodpecker, he returned the compliment by dedicating to Swainson one of his war- blers, Sylvia, now Helinaria, swainsonii. When William Swainson brought to a close his labors on the Cabinet Cyclopcedia in 1840, a part of the eleventh volume was devoted to a biography of natural- ists.^^ In this little work Audubon was accorded a page, Alexander Wilson received eight, while the author de- voted fourteen pages to himself. The talented Mac- Gillivray, whose memorable History of British Birds had then advanced to its third volume, was studiously ignored, and was referred to only in a footnote as "Mr. Gilvray" ; but he was of necessity a sharer in the follow- "See Ornithological Biography, vol. v, p. 194; and Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 206), The Osprey, vol. iv and v. It seems that Dr. James Trudeau, out of Ignorance or disregard for Swainson's designation, later named a woodpecker, obtained near New Orleans in 1837, Picus auduboni, and by a strange coincidence, as Dr. Gill has noticed, the same name was given by two different naturalists to the same bird, now regarded as a variety and known as Dryobates villosus auduboni. ^ The Cabinet Cyclopcedia was published by Messrs. Longman, Orme & Company, and edited by Rev. Dionysius Lardner. Swainson wrote eleven of the twelve volumes devoted to natural history. The volume to which we refer is entitled Taxidermy, Bibliography, and Biography, by William Swainson, A. C. G. [Assistant Commissary-General], F. R. S. & L. S., Hon. F. C. P. S. etc., and of several foreign societies (see Bibliography, No. 170). The Literary Gazette for August 8, 1840, in noticing this work, said: "Perhaps the amusing and frequent illustration of his character is to be found in the autobiographical sketch of himself, which he has not only included in this portion of his volume, but induced his publishers to forward on a separate sheet with the subjoined note: "'Messrs. Longman, Orme, & Co., will feel particularly obliged if the Editor of the will permit the above Auto- biography to appear in his columns at the first suitable opportunity.' "'39 Paternoster Row, July 29, 1840.'" Quoted by Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 206), The Osprey, vol. iv, p. 105 (1900). 114 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST ing criticism of Audubon's Biography of Birds: "a want of precision in his descriptions, and a general ig- norance of modern ornithology sadly disappoint the sci- entific reader." The technical descriptions in that work were written, as Swainson must have known, by his young rival, William MacGillivray, then one of the ablest exponents of the anatomy of birds in Great Brit- ain ; but anatomy, the master key to relationship, Swain- son affected to regard with contempt, though over- zealous friends had compared him with Cuvier, one of the greatest masters of anatomy of all time. To follow the comment of a later critic,-^ Swainson probably re- garded the title of "the British Cuvier" as rather de- rogatory, since he had pronounced Cuvier to have been "totally unacquainted with the very first principles of the natural system." To Swainson, however, as the same commentator explains, "the natural system" implied the concept of a magical number and a circle, ideas which Cuvier would have been the first to repudiate or ignore. The ardent MacGillivray was naturally scornful of Swainson's unscientific attitude, which he had roundly scored in the introduction to his History of British Birds that had begun to appear in 1837; he then said that Swainson could exclaim: "How superficially do we study nature," while in anatomy his own studies were a century behind the times and his opinions on the subject worthy of the Dark Ages. In his biographical notice of Audubon, Swainson refers to their Paris experience in the following words : It is singular how two minds, possessing the same tastes, can be so diversified, as to differ in toto respecting the very same objects. During the whole of Mr. Audubon's residence *^ Theodore Gill, loc. cit. SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 115 in Paris, he only visited the Ornithological Gallery twice, (where I was studying for hours, almost daily), for the pur- pose of calling upon me ; and even then he merely bestowed that sort of passing glance at the magnificent cases of birds, which a careless observer would do while sauntering in the room. Audubon, to be sure, was never much of a closet nat- uralist or an admirer of stuffed specimens ; but in read- ing this criticism of an estranged friend, one wonders if the writer had really forgotten that while his own expressed desire in going to Paris in 1828 was to study in the Museum, Audubon's sole purpose was to extend his subscription list; that after innumerable interviews with ministers of state and running from post to pillar for two months, his friend was obliged to come away with but thirteen additional names or orders for his work. Had Swainson also forgotten that during all that time Audubon acted as his interpreter, assisting him in all his visits and purchases, and that but shortly after, when hard pressed for money, he had called on Audubon for a considerable sum? As a parting shot to his former friend, Swainson also said: He can shoot a bird, and make it live again, as it were, upon canvass ; but he cannot describe it in scientific, and there- fore in perfectly intelligible terms. Hence he found it neces- sary, in this part of his work, to call in the aid of others ; but being jealous that any other name should appear on the title page than his own, he was content with the assistance of some one who, very good naturedly, would fall in with his humour. What was here said of Audubon might have been true in 1830, but it was not true in 1840. Swainson could never understand that his friend was a man who 116 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST never stood still. Audubon drew heavily upon his more learned associates, and he could give as well as take. When working under the influence of a powerful motive, he improved as rapidly in his use of English words as he had in the finish and composition of his pictures; he soon came to write not only with fluency but at times with eloquence, and the technicalities of his sci- ence did not remain to him a sealed book, though for the drudgery of detailed description he had confessedly no stomach. We have referred to William Swainson's advocacy of the "Circular" or "Quinarian" system of the classifi- cation of animals, with him amounting almost to a monomania, which was one of the most notorious exam- ples of reasoning in a circle of which zoologists have ever been guilty. It was a serious attempt to rational- ize nature in a wholly irrational manner, and must be regarded as a curious by-product of minds fixed in the belief of a special creation, — to whom every form of evolutionary doctrine was sacrilegious and abhorrent. Its advocates, nevertheless, were sincere, and Swainson probably regarded himself as a martyr to the cause. As a later critic remarked, the system served him well by investing with a cloak of originality his treatises on those classes of animals with which he had little first-hand knowledge. His work on fishes is regarded as "a lit- erary curiosity, the appearance of which was a misfor- tune to a man who, by his indefatigable industry under by no means favorable circumstances, had contributed as much as any of his contemporaries to the advance- ment of Zoology and its diffusion among the people." ^^ This egregious doctrine, which its disciples called "the natural system" without grasping the true meaning of "Albert Gunther, loc. cit. SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 117 "affinity," or "homology," to use the more modern word, vitiated most of their writings ; abler men played with it for a time, only to cast it aside, and no one but a historian or a psychologist would now give it a passing thought. So far as Swainson was concerned, Audubon's con- duct appears to have been above reproach, and it must be regarded as fortunate that this ardent "Quinarian" did not have a hand in the Biography of Birds, for if it were really true that Audubon could have brought himself to accept the artificial system then in vogue, American ornithology, as Elliott Coues remarked, es- caped a great affliction. Swainson's early life afipords a striking illustration of nepotism, and his later years reflected some of its dis- astrous consequences. At fourteen he was appointed as a junior clerk in the Liverpool Customs House at a salary of eighty pounds a year, to service under his father, who had in turn succeeded his grandfather in the office of Collector. At eighteen he received an appoint- ment in the commissary department of the English army and went to Sicily, where he remained eight years, dur- ing which he worked industriously at natural-history pursuits. Having attained the rank of Assistant Com- missary-General, at twenty-six he was retired on half- pay because of ill health. Upon returning to England he became a member of the Linnsean Society, in 1816, before his departure for Brazil, where with Henry Kos- ter he collected birds for nearly two years. Having settled again at Liverpool, he entered the Royal Soci- ety, on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, in 1820, the year in which he began to pubhsh the results of his studies. Swainson was married in 1825, but upon the death of his father in the following year, his income was so much reduced that he resorted to authorship as 118 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST a profession ; of course he found it a poor crutch, though he worked with indefatigable industry and produced from one to two illustrated volumes each year. Eventu- ally he became embittered against Audubon and towards the world of men and things in general, especially after 1835, when domestic bereavement and trouble of many kinds pressed hard upon him. He repeatedly applied to the Zoological Department of the British Museum for a position which went to others; he tried to sell his collections to the Museum and failed; he applied for an appointment on the Civil List but was denied; then he decided to give up the struggle of authorship in Eng- land and leave the country. In 1840 Swainson emigrated with his family to New Zealand, where he seems to have met with no better suc- cess, although his scientific activity did not wholly cease. Though four years younger than Audubon, he outlived him five years, dying in 1856. His excellent draughts- manship, tireless industry, and punctilious habits were deserving of recognition, but he suffered from the lack of a liberal education, and was rather too vain, too in- clined to jealousy and to quarrel with his contempo- raries, to have achieved great success. In a paragraph already quoted from the Ornitho- logical Biography, in which Audubon portrayed the eagerness with which some naturalists pressed forward to describe new species of birds, too often forgetting every propriety in their eagerness to outstrip a rival, the name of his "excellent friend, Charles Lucien Bona- parte," ^^ had been indiscreetly mentioned. Though there was no evident intention of giving offense, this reference was keenly resented. Bonaparte, it may be recalled, was still engaged upon his American Orni- " For notice of Bonaparte see Note, Vol. I, p. 329. ^ WILLIAM SWAIXSOX CHARLES L. BONAPARTE THOMAS XUTTALL COXSTAXTINE S. RAFINESQUE SWAIXSOX FROM HIS BIOGRAPHY OF ZOOLOGISTS ; XUTTALL FROJI AX EXGRAVIXO AFTER DERBY, 1825; BOXAPARTE FR03I A PHOTOGRAPH IX POSSESSIOX OF MR. RUTHVEX DEAXE, FIRST PrBLISHED IX "cASSIXIa" ; AXD RAFIXESQUE FROM RICHARD ELLSWORTH CALL, "rAFIXESQUE." E:^-E .^LW YORK BUC LiBi^ARY ASTOR. L'^OX -DfcN FOUNDa ions SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 119 thology, the last volume of which was not published until 1833, and was therefore, in a degree, a rival of Audubon in the ornithological field. Audubon did his best to smooth over the difficulty but with little success. In writing to his son, Victor, from New York in 1833,^* he referred to the following letter which he was about to send "by duplicate, to try to correct that error" of his early friend: Audubon to Charles Lucien Bonaparte To Charles Bonaparte, Prince of Musignano, &c., &c., &c. My dear Sir: — I am sadly grieved to hear through our friend, Wm. Cooper, of this city, that you have taken umbrage to a passage in the Introduction to my first volume of Ornithological Biographies. To tell you that not even a thought of disparagement ever existed in my mind towards you, would not be enough. I have always repeated to all my Friends, nay, to all persons who have ever spoken of you, of the .Superior talents you possess, and of the Intrinsic value connected with all your ornithologi- cal or otherwise scientific productions. I am a plain sailing man. You know full well that I derive no knowledge from classical education, and that being the case, connected with my being honest, I always try to say what I think truth, at once. Could I have praised you at one place, and attempted to lower you in the estimation of the Scientific World at another? If so — I would acknowledge myself un- worthy the good wishes of any one, much less of the good wishes of Charles Bonaparte ! the very being who brought me forward into worldly notice by his kind advice. Nay, Nay ; take me for what I am in truth Your Friend & ever your well wisher, as well as your obt. Sert. John J. Audubon. «See Vol. II, p. 40. 120 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Bonaparte was too much of a man of the world to permit such an incident to cause any sudden break in their relations. We know that they met in London in 1837, when, as Audubon said in a later letter to Har- ris ^^ he "pumped him sadly too much"; at his request Bonaparte then drew up a list of American T)irds, to the number of 425.^^ Although his subscription to The Birds of America was permitted to lapse, Bonaparte's name was retained on the list to the end. When the business was being closed up in London, however, Au- dubon wrote to Havell, from Edinburgh, under date of 15 May, 1839: "As respects my old Friend, C. Bona- parte, unless he pays the long standing balance which he owes me of £8.18.6, and also the price of the set of Nos. 81-87, on the nail, he is not to receive the latter." Again on the thirtieth of June he wrote: "I have no numbers for Charles Bonaparte, and no 5 th. vol. of Biog. for Mr. Gould ; let the Gentlemen purchase or procure what they want where they can." In 1838 Bonaparte published a paper ^^ in which appeared this comment: Throughout the list I have quoted, as types of the species =» See Vol. II, p. 184. ^^ This manuscript list is preserved with the original drawings of The Birds of America, in possession of the Historical Society of New York, where I was permitted to examine it. It bears the following attests of both naturalists in autograph: "The above list of the Birds of America was made at London on the 15 th. of December, 1837, when it was supposed to contain all the known species. "JOHIT J. AxJDUBOlir, of Louisiana." "The above list of North American Birds was drawn up by myself to please Mr. J. J. Audubon. "LoifDON", 15 December, 1837. "Charles L. Bonaparte. "The total number of good species, 460," has been added in pencil. " Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North America, London, 1838. SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 121 under consideration, the figures of the great works of Mr. John Gould and Mr. Audubon on the Ornithology of the two regions, as they must be considered the standard works of the subject. The merit of Mr. Audubon's work yields only to the size of his book; while Mr. Gould's work on the Birds of Europe though inferior in size to that of Mr. Audubon — is the most beautiful work that has ever appeared in this or any other country. A reviewer in America,^^ who could not repress his resentment at the last remark, said: "It would be invidious to make any comment on this — to even in- sinuate a wonder that a personage bearing this world renowned name would consent to resign his reputation as a man of science, through all time, to the doubtful association of such an expression of mere professional spite." John Gould, to whom Bonaparte referred, was per- haps the only ornithologist who ever grew rich at his profession. He was the author of forty large, illustrat- ed folios, produced at the rate of about one a year, on the birds of Great Britain, Europe, Asia, and Australia, as well as those of numerous families of the tropical Orient. Audubon, in response to Bachman, thus re- ferred to him when writing in London, April 30, 1835: "Gould is a man of great industry and has the advan- tage of the Zoological Society, museums, gardens, &c., and is in correspondence with Temminck, Jardine, Selby, James Wilson and the rest of the scientific gentry. His wife makes his drawings on stone. She is a plain, fine woman, and although their works are not quite up to nature, both deserve great credit." Acting no doubt upon this expressed belief, Audu- bon became a subscriber to Gould's Century of Birds, =«See Note, Vol. II, p. 122. 122 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST published in 1831, and also to his Birds of Europe (1832-37). In the preface to the latter work, "J. J. Audubon, Esq.," and twenty others are thanked "for the warm interest which they have at all times taken in the present work"; it was also said that the greater part of the plates of this series, those of his Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains and his Monograph on the Trogon^j as well as three-quarters of those of the Monograph on the Toucans, "have been drawn and lith- ographed by Mrs. Gould, from sketches and designs by myself always taken from nature." It should be no- ticed also that Gould appeared as a subscriber to The Birds of America in 1838, but his name was soon dropped. Gould was preeminently a museum naturalist, of strong commercial instincts, and spent but little time in the field. His books were mainly composed of illustra- tions made by artists from stuffed specimens, with a text of so thin a quality as to possess little scientific value ; but, as Alfred Newton has remarked, a scientific character was so adroitly assumed that scientific men have often been deceived. In his best work, that on the Humming Birds,^^ the plates are enlivened by nu- merous specimens of tropical flowers and fruits, an ac- cessory not so noticeable in his early productions. It has been said that Gould sought and received Audubon's aid in the composition of some of his plates, and that thereafter his figures began to show more vitality. The over-zealous writer quoted above ^^ made the charge that Gould not only received much unacknowledged aid from Audubon, but copied his drawings; he mentioned five '^ A Monograph of the Trochilidce, or Family of the H umming -Birds ; 5 vols,, fol., with Supplement by Bowlder Sharpe, London, 1861. ^^ Charles Winterfield, see Bibliography, No. 148. SIDELIGHTS ON CONTEMPORARIES 123 cases of what he called "picking and stealing," in one of which the Red-headed Pochard is declared to have been copied from Audubon's Scaup Duck: "here the trick is so shallow," he adds, "that detection cannot for a mo- ment be at fault. You see that the Scaup Ducks have been accurately outlined, then lifted from the original 'grounding,' and let down upon a new one, by Gould, who found it safer for his pencil to adjust earth and water differently beneath them, than to tamper in the slightest degree with the proportions of the figures them- selves." Suffice it to say that there is little or no sub- stantial basis for such odious charges. Gould is said to have possessed a kind heart under a rather gruff exterior. The following anecdote of his methods comes at second hand from his friend and col- laborator, Mr. Bowlder Sharpe. Mr. Gould was invited to dine at a well known country estate, where were gath- ered numerous representatives of wealth and aristocracy. The attention of the ornithologist was soon directed from the guests to a bird on the lawn, which he was watching intently when dinner was announced ; abruptly leaving the table with the remark that dinner was of no consequence to him when he could study a bird, he returned to the window and stood there munching a roll or piece of bread. Of course the seated guests began to inquire who the peculiar individual was, and were quietly informed by their host that it was "Mr. Gould, the famous ornithologist." The meal over, Gould se- lected a promising looking young nobleman and began to tell him about the habits of the bird which had so fascinated him; "that species," he said, "I have described in my Birds of Europe. Of course, you have seen my Birds of Europe/' The nobleman was obliged to admit that he had not. "Why," said Mr. Gould, "you must 124 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST have seen it; every country gentleman has it in his library. Won't you let me put you down for a copy?" Naturally he could not refuse a work which every coun- try gentleman possessed, and down went his name on the list; later he received the volumes and also a bill for fifty pounds. John Gould is said to have left a fortune of eighty thousand pounds. Probably no class of men with kindred tastes are bound together with stronger ties of good fellowship than the naturalists. Their free-masonry extends to every clime and race, and knows no distinction of lan- guage, class or station; but, as with all serious workers, occasional jealousies or disputes occur to ruffle the seren- ity of their lives. Though we have been obliged to touch upon some of these incidents, they are nevertheless quite exceptional. CHAPTER XXX AUDUBON AND MACGILLIVRAY In London once more — MacGillivray's assistance continued — Return to Edinburgh — MacGillivray's character and accomplishments — Audubon's acknowledgments — Tributes of "Christopher North" — Results of over- work— Fusilades from "Walton Hall" — Progress of the large plates. Audubon's return voyage, begun in mid-April, lasted twenty days, and was one of the uneventful, "not unpleasant sort." Liverpool was reached in early May, and later in the month the Audubons were again settled in London, where on June 1, 1834, the naturalist wrote to Edward Harris: We found Victor at home in the evening of our arrival; I thought that the very sight of him was a restoration of Hfe to me, and our happiness was as complete as it may ever be ex- pected on this Earth. After all, I long to be in America again, nay, if I can go home to return no more to Europe, it seems to me that I shall ever enjoy more peace of mind, & even Physical comfort than I can meet with in any portion of the world beside.^ While at Charleston in the previous winter, Audu- bon had worked diligently at his letterpress, and no doubt, before returning to Europe had his "biographi- cal" materials well in hand. We have seen that at Edin- burgh in the autumn of 1830 he entered upon a busi- nesslike arrangement with William MacGillivray to as- ^From letter written at 73 Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, and sealed with turkey-cock seal. (Jeanes MSS.) 125 126 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST sist him with the technical portions of the Ornithological Biography. The part which his young assistant played in this work was long a subject of dispute, until letters of both which showed the precise character of the rela- tions between them were finally published. Immediately upon his return to England Audubon again applied to his young friend, and received from him the following letter : ^ WiUiam MacGillivray to Audubon Edinburgh, 11 Gilmore Place. S8 th May 1834-. Dear Sir, I am glad to hear of your safe arrival, which I did not expect so soon, and pleased to find you in good health and high spirits. As you have the kindness to inquire respecting myself and family, I am happy to inform you that we are all very well, contented and busy. My head and hands are quite full — abundance of work and sufficient pay — time to ramble now and then for the purpose of hammering rocks, pulling plants, and shooting birds. You say you have accumulated a mass of materials which you are desirous of seeing in print, and propose that I should revise it as before. I shall be glad to do so, if you please, and willing that you confer the benefit on another, if you find it expedient. As to the terms, let them be such as you please with respect to money; but as time is valuable to me, I should like that arrangements be made so as to prevent unnecessary loss of it, by letting me have manuscripts, books, &c. in due array. The skins of which you speak I apprehend cannot be dis- posed of here to any great extent ; but I believe shells might be sold to advantage, and bring higher prices than in London. You ask if I draw Birds yet, with a view to publish. My » First published by Elliott Coues (Bibl. No. 43) in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. v (1880). AUDUBON AFTKR THE EXGHAVIXG BY If. B. IIAI.T. OF THE POKTKAIT PAIXTED BY IIEXRY IXMAX IK 1833. THL ' : v rcRK PUBU^ LiBKARY ASTCfP . L^ NOX TfLDtN F ou-jDa ions AUDUBON AND MACGILLIVRAY 127, answer is that I dissect, describe, and draw Birds, Quadrupeds, whales, reptiles, and fishes, with view of astonishing the world, and bettering my condition. I have about a hundred drawings, all the size of life, excepting two dolphins. But I have deter- mined nothing as yet respecting publication. Some time ago a friend of mine called on Mr. Havell with a letter in which I desired that person to engrave for me a few of my drawings, for the purpose of being exhibited at the meeting of natural- ists. I had no answer, and so Mr. Havell may go to Jerico, or elsewhere, as he lists ; but further your correspondent saith not. I am decidedly of opinion that, although you should con- tinue the pubHcation of the Ornithological Biography, you might bring out various other works which could not fail to be popular ; for example a biography of yourself, and sketches of American scenery. But of these matters it is impossible to speak to purpose unless I had the pleasure of seeing you, a pleasure which I hope I shall have at the time of, the general as- sembly of the naturalists. With best respects to Mrs. Audubon, and best wishes for the prosperity of all that bear that name, I have the honour to be. Dear Sir, yours in sincerity, W MacGilI/Ivray. [Superscribed] John J. Audubon, Esqr. Mr. Havell, 77 Oxford St. London. A satisfactory arrangement was made and MacGil- livray set to work on Audubon's second volume. On the 16th of June he wrote from Edinburgh: If you send me twenty or twenty-five articles, I can revise them without the books to which you refer, and without your own presence, provided your descriptions be full, and the draw- ings or plates sent to me. The skins and books might be con- sulted afterwards, when we might go over the articles in com- pany. Should you come here for the purpose, it would not, I 128 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST believe, be necessary for you to stay more than three weeks or so. . . . To be methodical I should like twenty-five birds, that is description of birds, by your first parcel ; but I cannot state precisely at what time they might be revised, only I think were you to send them, you might make a trip to France and be back before I should be done.^ By the 9th of July MacGillivray had received the twenty-five descriptions of birds called for, and on the 18th of that month he wrote to report progress as fol- lows: I commenced my operations on the 1 st of July, and have transcribed and corrected eighteen articles, one for each day, but not one on each, the work of Sunday being transferred to Monday. This volume will certainly be much richer and more interesting. . . . You wish to know my opinion as to the improvement of your style. It seems to me to be much the same as before, but the information which you give is more diversified & more satisfactory. On more than one occasion MacGilHvray urged Au- dubon to reduce the size of his text, and in the letter just quoted he said: "Had it been of the post 8 vo size, in two volumes it would have gone off in style; but your imperial size and regal price do not answer for radicals, or republicans either. Could you sacrifice the first volume, reprint it of a small size and continue the series to the end?" He remarked that if twenty wood- cuts or engravings were added to each volume, "it would spread over the land like a flock of migratory pigeons. Even without the embellishments it would fly, but were you to give it those additional wdngs, it would sweep along in beautiful curves, like the nighthawk or the ^ For this and extracts in the two following paragraphs, see Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 209), The Auk, vol. xviii (1901). AUDUBON AND MACGILLIVRAY 129 purplebreasted swallow." "I have often thought," he continued, "that your stories would sell very well by themselves, and I am sure that with your celebrity, knowledge, and enthusiasm, you have it in your power to become more popular than your glorious pictures can ever make you of themselves, they being too aristo- cratic and exclusive." Audubon kept MacGillivray supplied with materials, while he remained in London during the summer of 1834. On the 25th of August he wrote Bachman that he had sold bird skins to the British Museum to the amount of fifty-two pounds sterling, and again for twenty-five pounds, while Havell had disposed of a goodly number more, so that "he would not be a loser in that way"; he added: "My own double collection I have in drawers at home." Acting evidently upon Swainson's advice, Audubon began to accumulate a large and valuable collection of the skins of American birds, which he brought with him to America in 1839.* Though rightly criticized for not having deposited in some museum a complete series of the forms which he described, Elliott Coues certainly was not justified in remarking that his interest in a bird ceased from the moment he had made a drawing of it; on the contrary, he spent no end of time and lavished large sums of money on collections to illustrate variation in every de- scription, as well as for anatomical dissection. A hint thrown out by MacGillivray seems to have been well taken, for in the letter just quoted Audubon said: "This coming winter I will spend at writing my own Biography, to be published as soon as possible, and to be continued, as God may be pleased to grant me life." As already noticed,^ this effort resulted only in * See Vol. II, p. 264. ^ See Vol. I, p. 16. 130 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST a fragmentary sketch, which was not published for over half a century. Audubon started for Edinburgh in September of 1834. He wrote to Edward Harris from Liverpool, on the 15th of that month, to inquire into the truth of a report, which had circulated in London, of the failure of the house in New Orleans "in which our friend N. Ber- thoud is concerned." "I wish you would have the kind- ness to inform me," he adds, "if he is a sufferer by this mishap, and I wish you to keep this quite entre nous/' At a slightly earlier day Audubon had entertained the idea of illustrating the birds of Great Britain on a scale commensurate with his work on those of America, but on May 1, 1828, he wrote Swainson that no one favored the project, and it was quickly given up. The subject is referred to by MacGillivray, in a letter writ- ten from Edinburgh, May 7, 1831: "As I understand your proposals respecting the Birds of Britain to have ended in nothing, and as you do not allude to the sub- ject, I shall suppose all your ideas to have dispersed, and shall think of the matter myself." The first volume of MacGillivray's History of British Birds appeared six years later.^ It is evident that he wished to obtain Au- dubon's criticism of some of the drawings subsequently used in this work when he sent the following formal note "^ to his lodgings at Edinburgh: William MacGillivray to Audubon Edinburgh, 2M. October, 1834. Dear Sir, I take the liberty of sending you a collection of drawings made by myself, and intended for a work on the vertebrate "See Vol. II, p. 135. 'This, and the letter of MacGillivray soon to follow, are from the Rowland MSS. 4Je. ^iT' eeyu^-uA^ A^^^/ ^'^-^^^ Ui^i^, ftJ:^ o-^(?a^4^^^ iETTEE OF ^yiLLIAM MACGILLIVRAY TO AUDUBOK, OCTOBER 22. 1834. From the Rowland MSS. 131 132 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST animals of Great Britain. The astonishing success with which you have depicted a whole class of the productions of your native land, as evinced in the incomparable delineations of' your "Birds of America," renders your opinions respecting or- nithological drawings of the very highest authority; and I have been anxious to submit my attempts to your decision, which, if unfavourable, will induce me to remedy my defects, | or, if otherwise, will encourage me to proceed with an under- i taking, which by its arduousness and extent, is precisely suited to my disposition. I shall therefore feel grateful for the ex- pression of your ideas respecting the Drawings, and I request that should you favour me with it, you will not scruple to censure freely, should you find occasion. I have the honour to be. Dear Sir, your most obedient servant, W. MacGilliveay. [Addressed] To J. J. Audubon, Esqe. Edinburgh. Audubon and MacGillivray finished their work in November, and by the first of December the manuscript of the second volume of the Ornithological Biography was in the printer's hands. On the 10th of the latter month Audubon wrote to Bachman from Edinburgh: "I am quite sure I never have been half as anxious as I am at this moment to do all in my power to compleat my vast enterprise, and sorrowful indeed would be my dying moments if this book of mine were not finished ere my eyes are for ever closed." The naturalist was thinking of materials for new "Episodes" for the work when he added: Try to study the habits of the alligator, the time of its propagation, number of eggs, form of the nest, &c., &c., &c. I long to possess all respecting this reptile (amphibian) [sic] for my article of the Wood Ibis and Sand Hill Crane, for it PART OF THE OEIGIJf AL DRAFT OF AUDITBON'S MAl^USCRIPT FOR THE INTEODUCTIOK TO VOLUME H OF THE "ORN^ITHOLOGICAL BIOGRAPHY," GIVIXO NAMES OF PERSOKS TO WHOBI HE CARRIED LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION ON HIS FIRST VISIT TO LONDON IN 1827. From the Howland MSS. 134 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST will make a fine picture on paper, and I can show Waterton the bold astride of one's bare back in great style. By now Doer. Parkman has at least a portion of the let- ter press and I hope has begun printing the second vol. of Biog. 750 copies for America, and the same number are print- ing here. I wish you would cut out from all newspapers the pros and cons about me. We thus have from Audubon himself a definite state- ment in regard to the publication of his Biography of Birds in America, and as to the number of copies issued. MacGillivray immediately agreed to "revise and cor- rect" Audubon's forthcoming third and fourth volumes, and that he was quite satisfied with their method of co- operation is shown by the following definite statement of his contract: WUUam MacGillivray to Audubon Edinburgh 15 th December 1834. Dear Sir, Agreeably to your request I hereby bind and oblige myself to revise and correct the third and fourth volumes of your work entitled "Ornithological Biography" at the same rate as the two first volumes, namely at Two Pounds Two Shillings per sheet; as well as to revise, for a sum to be subsequently determined, any other work which you may intend to publish. I have the honour to be Dear Sir, your most obedt. Servant W. MacGillivray. To John J. Audubon Esq. When William MacGillivray first met Audubon, in the autumn of 1830, he was an enthusiastic naturalist of four and thirty, young, but, as we have seen, a thor- AUDUBON AND MACGILLIVRAY 135 ough anatomist, who stood firmly on his own feet and was destined to advance his favorite study in a notable degree. Audubon at this time was forty-five, but in anatomy the older man gladly sat at the feet of the younger and acknowledged him master; while this young anatomist was dissecting, Audubon in the role of student was seated by his side, and we may be sure that little escaped his penetrating eye and keen intelli- gence. To MacGillivray, on the other hand, Audubon was master of his art, and to him he looked for criticism of his own artistic efforts; after him he named a son, and to him dedicated a child of his brain.^ In short, MacGillivray looked upon Audubon as his best friend in the world, and the latter fully appreciated his indebt- edness to this able assistant. MacGillivray continued to aid Audubon with his letterpress, revising and probably contributing most of the technical details ; in the fourth and concluding volumes, published in 1838 and 1839, the large store of anatomical matter and many excellent drawings were duly acknowledged as coming from his hand. His own writings were varied and numerous, but were generally characterized by a high degree of excellence. His History of British Birds, in five vol- umes (1837-1852), was too extended and too technical ever to become popular, but in that work, for the first time in the history of science, classification was placed on a strictly anatomical basis. MacGillivray even fol- lowed Audubon to some extent by introducing into this work "delineations of British scenery and character," but under another head. The sixth of his "Lessons in Practical Ornithology" recounts in dialogue form the » The Rapacious Birds of Great Britain, by William MacGillivray, was dedicated to Audubon "in admiration of his talents as an ornithologist, and in gratitude for many acts of friendship." 136 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST experiences of two friends in tramping the Pentland Hills together; says "Physiophilus" [himself], "You must have many fine songsters in America"; to which ''Ornithologus" [Audubon] replies: That we have indeed. The Mocking Bird, of course, stands first in my opinion, and is unrivalled. Then, perhaps on ac- count of my own sensitive nature, I would place next the Wood Thrush, although the Cat Bird is far its superior in many points, as is also the Turdus rufus. Think of our Rose-breasted Pine and Blue Grosbeaks, how mellow and sweet their continu- ous songs are, whether by day or during calm nights. Watch the varied ditties of the Orchard Oriole, and the loud and more musical notes of its brother, the Golden Hangnest. You have never heard the Tawny Thrush or the Hermit Thrush, other- wise, believe me, you would have enjoyed much delicious pleasure. . . . William MacGillivray was a man of the finest char- acter and an honor to the best traditions of British schol- arship; in his enthusiasm and indefatigable energy he was fully a match to Audubon. For nearly twelve years (1841-1852) he was an honored lecturer and professor in Marischal College and University, Aberdeen, where he died, probably as a result of overwork in the field, in 1852, thus outliving his older friend but one year. His last completed work. Natural History of Deeside and Braemar, was published under the patronage of Queen Victoria and by her command privately printed, under the editorship of E. Lancaster, in 1855. MacGillivray's surviving son, whose career as a field naturalist was also cut short by too strenuous work, accompanied Huxley, then an assistant surgeon in the Royal Navy, on the memorable voyage of the Rattlesnake under Captain Owen Stanley in 1842. MacGillivray was honored when AUDUBON AND MACGILLIVRAY 137 alive, and though dead has not been forgotten; in 1890 a beautiful tablet was dedicated to him in Aberdeen, and at the same time a worthy monument was raised to his memory at Edinburgh.® In authorship the public is mainly interested in see- ing merit duly acknowledged. Said Audubon, in the introductory address to his first volume : There are persons whose desire of obtaining celebrity in- duces them to suppress the knowledge of the assistance which they have received in the composition of their works. In many cases, in fact, the real author of the drawings or the descrip- tions in books on Natural History is not so much as mentioned, while the pretended author assumes to himself all the merit which the world is willing to allow him. This want of candour I could never endure. On the contrary, I feel pleasure in here acknowledging the assistance which I have received from a friend, Mr. William MacGillivray, who being possessed of a liberal education and a strong taste for the study of the Nat- ural Sciences, has aided me, not In drawing the figures of my Illustrations, nor In writing the book now in your hand, al- though fully competent for both tasks, but In completing the scientific details, and In smoothing down the asperities of my Ornithological Biographies. In the introduction to Volume IV he added that the anatomical descriptions, as well as the sketches by which they are sometimes Illustrated, have been executed by my learned friend, William MacGillivray, who in the most agreeable manner consented to undertake the labour, by no means small, of such a task, and to whom those who are Interested In the progress of Ornithological science, as well as myself, must therefore feel indebted. » For an excellent account of the life of William MacGillivray and of his labors in natural science, see William MacGillivray, A Memoiial Tribute to William MacGillivray (Bibl. No. 211). 138 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Audubon evidently believed that this printed acknowl- edgment was just; MacGillivray was as plainly satisfied, so that complaints which have been made against the naturalist on this score seem to have been rather ground- less. It might be noticed that bookmaking at that time was regarded as more of a trade than at present; as Sir Walter Besant remarks, a traveler would often give his notes to a bookseller, who in turn would hand them over to a literary hack to be cast into suitable form. ^'^<'^^^^^^j^ ^^^ /^7^^^ AUDUBON S INSCRIPTION IN THE COPY OF THE ORNITHOLOGICAL BIOGRAPHY PRESENTED TO WILLIAM MACGILLIVRAY A fine token of the friendship which existed between these two men was discovered in the summer of 1903 in a London bookshop, where it was found reflected in the pages of a handsomely bound copy of Audubon's Biog- raphy of Birds; on the title pages were inscribed the autographs of William MacGillivray, while on the first page of the introduction to the first volume the hand of Audubon had written this dedication: These volumes are presented to William MacGillivray with sentiments of the highest esteem and best wishes by his truly and sincerely attached friend ,v John J. Audubon Edinburgh July 1 t 1839. J AUDUBON AND MACGILLIVRAY 139 Professor John Wilson gave the third volume of the Ornithological Biography a very handsome notice in Blackwood's Magazine, and on New Year's Day, 1836, Audubon acknowledged the compliment in the follow- ing letter: ^^ Audubon to John Wilson ("Christopher North*') My Dear Friend : — The first hour of this new year was ushered to me sur- rounded by my dear flock, all comfortably seated around a small table in middle-sized room, where I sincerely wished you had been also, to witness the flowing gladness of our senses, as from one of us "Audubon's Ornithological Biography" was read from your ever valuable Journal. I wished this because I felt as- sured that your noble heart would have received our most grate- ful thanks with pleasure, the Instant our simple Ideas had con- veyed to you the grant of happiness we experienced at your hands. You were not with us, alas ! but to make amends the best way we could, all of a common accord drank to the health, prosperity, and long life, of our generous, talented, and ever kind friend. Professor John Wilson, and all those amiable beings who cling around his heart! May those our sincerest wishes reach you soon, and may they be sealed by Him who granted us existence, and the joys heaped upon the "American woods- man" and his family, In your hospitable land, and may we deserve all the benefits we have received In your ever dear coun- try, although It may prove Impossible to us to do more than to be ever grateful to her worthy sons. Accept our respectful united regards, and offer them to your family, whilst I remain, with highest esteem, your truly thankful friend and most obedient servant, John J. Audubon. Wilson had said in his earlier review: "See Mrs. Gordon, "Christopher North:" A Memoir of John Wilson (Bibl. No. 44). 140 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST We do not believe that till within these few years, he had any practice in composition. . . . Yet Genius, if from circum- stances behindhand in any common accomplishment, soon sup- plies it- — soon makes up its lee-way — or rather, it has only to try to do what it has never done before, and it succeeds in it to admiration. Audubon, who had written but little even in his native tongue — French — under a powerful motive, took to writing English; and he was not long in learning to write it well, not only with fluency, but eloquence, as the fine extracts we have quoted show in unfading colours. The following comment on Audubon's second vol- ume of the Biography appeared in the Athenceum for 1835: If only considered as evidence that it is in the power of man to achieve whatever he wills, and that no obstacles are too great to be overcome by energy and devotion of purpose, it would claim our good will and best wishes. He has told what he has seen and undergone, not perhaps in the smooth nicely balanced periods of a drawing-room writer . . . but with unstudied freedom, rising at times to eloquence, nor been ashamed to utter the thousand affectionate and benevo- lent feelings which a close and enthusiastic communion with nature must nourish. The work is full of the man. The winter and spring of 1835 were spent in Lon- don, and though suffering from the strain of overwork, Audubon kept doggedly at his tasks. On April 20 he wrote to Bachman: ' Immediately on my arrival in London I set to writing, and finished in one month, one 4 th. of the Biographies of my 3 d. vol. This rendering me puff 2/, I could scarcely breathe — my appetite was gone — my digestion bad — in other words I was attacked by Dyspepsia as bad as ever. Then I thought of a change of work — for in change of labour the body and the mind AUDUBON AND MACGILLIVRAY 141 undergo sure and certain relief. I took to Drawing! and what do you think — I have positively finished 33 drawings of Ameri- can birds in England. This has enabled me to swell my 3 d. vol. of Illustrations with 57 species not given by Wilson and there- fore forestalling my friend Charles Bonaparte. On the 28th of April Audubon wrote to Edward Harris, begging him to send specimens of certain birds which he needed, as well as a circumstantial account of the shad fisheries of the Delaware River as material for an "Episode" for the third volume of his Biograi)hy; the fiftieth number of his illustrations was then in the hands of the colorist. He continued: ^^ I thought better to push my publication on account of the woeful dulling of the times in this country, where political strife engrosses the mind of every person so much that arts and sciences are, as it were, put on the shelves. Ministers are beings of six weeks lives now-a-days. The Reformers are struggling against the Tories, and vice versa. The Churchmen are aghast at the prospect of the future, and all this puts a complete stop- page to business, independent of such matters. Even since my return to England I have obtained only two or three subscrib- ers, and have lost more than a dozen; nay, I may safely say, two dozen. In America, on the contrary, things appear to go on more prosperously. May God's will grant a long continua- tion of this to our only Land of Liberty. France, you will have heard, has at last passed an order for the payment of her debts *Hwi;fj to the citizens of the United States, and I hope that this may X^j^i prove amply sufficient to save us from having a war with that ' ^ powerful nation. ... I wrote you that Dr. George Parkman, of Boston, would have my 2 d. volume of Biographies reprinted in his city. I have seen 100 pages of this reprint here, but do not know if the Vol. (American Ed.) has appeared before the Public? " This and extracts from letters which follow are from the Jeanes MSS. 142 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST My — Friends— ^rton, Ord & Co. keep up their curious animadversions against me still — methinks they must be shock- ingly mortified at my stubborn silence toward them. Some unknown friends now & then reply to their absurdities. ' His persistent heckler, Charles Waterton, was quite busy at this time, four articles having been directed against Audubon or his friends in 1835, though this was not his most prolific year. A similar reference occurs in a letter written to Bachman from Edinburgh on the 20th of July: "As to the rage of Mr. Waterton, or the lucubrations of Mr. Neal, who by the bye is a subscriber to the Birds of America (bona fide), I really care not a fig — all such stuffs will soon evaporate, being mere smoke from a Dung Hill." In the summer of 1835 Audubon was again estab- lished in Edinburgh and working with unremitting vigor at his Biography ; some idea of the speed which he main- tained when able to devote himself unreservedly to this task can be gathered from the fact that after the issue of his second volume, of 620 large pages, in December, 1834, the third, of Q54i pages, was published in just a year from that time. He wrote to Edward Harris from Edinburgh on the 5th of July, when engaged in this work: I intend to write a few ["Episodes"] of such extraordinary men, now deceased, with whom I have been acquainted — Thomas Bewick, and Baron Cuvier, for example. We receive no new subscribers in Europe. The taste is passing for Birds like a flitting shadow — Insects, reptiles and fishes are now the rage, and these fly, swim or crawl on pages innumerable in every Bookseller's window. When this is also passed, naturalists will have to turn over a new leaf and com- mence afresh, or go to the antipodes in search of materials to i AUDUBON AND MACGILLIVRAY 143 please the taste for novelty's sake. — However my work will I hope be finished ere I leave this world, and must be appreciated in years to come, when perhaps my childrens' children will feel proud of their gone ancestor, "The American Woodsman." You see my Dear Friend how far enthusiasm and a portion of the like for standing fame carries even your humble servant a man with no other means than his industry and prudence as a means of support, and one with scarce the motive of education. There are moments, and they are not far between, when thinking of my present enormous undertaking, I wonder how I have been able to support the extraordinary amount of monies paid for the work alone, without taking cognizance of my family and my expeditions, which ever and anon travelling as we are from place to place and country to country are also very great. When I publish my Life and let the world know that Audubon like Wilson, was at Phila. without the half of a Dollar, and that had it not been for benevolent generosity of a certain Gentleman whose name is Edward Harris, Audubon must have walked off from one of the fairest of our Cities like a beggar does in poor Ireland, left destitute of all things save his humble talents, and his determination to produce something worthy of the soul of man: I say my dear Harris will not the world stare! Poor Wilson was only better off than I on account of his superior talents over me at driving the goose quill, but much similarity still seems to have [existed] in both of us, as I could drive the pencil, the brush, the Fiddle bow and even the "Fleuret" [better] than he. Audubon wrote to Harris again from Edinburgh, on September 5, when he said : Between you and I the measurements of different Birds given by Wilson are hardly to be depended upon, as I constantly discover a great deficiency in this part of his descriptions which indeed in some cases are otherwise slack, and given as if when fatigued or vexed. Nay I even think at times that he has copied Authors and not nature? as in the instance of the Oyster 144 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Catcher, which I fear he made Sz figured from a European one in the Philadelphia museum, took the descriptions from Latham^ and described the Habits of Palliartus which is our own Bird and it seems the only species to be met with in America, at least on our Atlantic coast. Wilson committed the same blunder with the Rallus elegans which he -figured and described the habits of the R. capitans for it! I could enumerate more 'instances of carelessness, but poor Wilson is dead and may God bless his soul! The third volume of his letterpress,^^ which dealt with the water birds of America, made its appearance at the close of 1835; in the introduction he said: I look forward to the summer of 1838 with an anxious hope that I may then be able to present you with the last plate of my Illustrations, and the concluding volume of my Biographies. To render these volumes as complete as possible, I intend to undertake a journey to the southern and western limits of the Union, with the view of obtaining a more accurate knowledge of the birds of those remote and scarcely inhabited regions. On this toui I shall be accompanied by my youngest son, while the rest of "my family will remain in Britain to direct the prog- ress of my publication. Audubon returned tp London with his family early in 1836, visiting Newcastle, York, Leeds, Manchester and Sheffield by the way, and took a house at Number 4, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square. As Mrs. Audu- bon's health was anything but good, they were fortunate in having as a neighbor in this street an eminent surgeon, Benjamin Phillips,^ ^ and this friend was also a sub- scriber to The Birds of America, "Were I to men- tion," said Audubon, " See Bibliography No. 2. " For letter written to Dr. Phillips in 1842, see Vol. II, p. 244. m^^^^MKS2.}-^r. — .^^ -^^^^" *rAT,E BUFFOX^ DRAWX"^ BY .1. I. AmUBON" JAXY. 4, 1807 X-^EAV YORK. XO. 103." Published by courtesy of Mr. Josepli Y. Jeanes. THE M:w YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY Asrof^, L'^Nox -TPLDE N FOUNDA fONS AUDUBON AND MACGILLIVRAY 145 the many occasions on which he has aided me by his advice and superior knowledge of the world, you would be pleased to find so much disinterestedness in human nature. His professional aid too, valuable as it has proved to us, and productive of much inconvenience to him, has been rendered without reward, for I could never succeed in inducing him to consider us his patients, although for upwards of two years he never passed a day with- out seeing my wife. In the spring of 1836 Audubon's two sons made a tour of France and Italy; on the 9th of March he wrote to Harris that they expected to leave England in a week, be gone three and a half months, visit Paris, Rome and Messina, and return by way of Marseilles and Paris. With the passage of 1836 he had completed 70 numbers, of 350 plates, of his larger work, leaving but 85 plates yet to be engraved. Though anxious to see this greatest of his tasks brought to an end; he still looked with long- ing eyes to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast, and began preparations for his last journey to obtain materials and subscribers in the United States. CHAPTER XXXI THIRD AMERICAN TOUR, 1836-1337 In New York harbor— Collections from the Far West — Audubon's efforts to secure them— Return to Boston — Friendship of Daniel Webster- Renewed efforts to obtain the Nuttall-Townsend collection — Expedition to the west coast of Florida — Deferred governmental aid — Another winter with Bachman — Overland journey to New Orleans — On board the Crusader — Mistaken for pirates — With Harris and his son explores the Gulf Coast — The Republic of Texas — Visit to its capital and presi- dent—Meeting in Charleston — Marriage of his son— Their return to England. Audubon left London with his son, John, July 30, 1836, and on the seconcf day of August sailed from Portsmouth on the packet Gladiator, bound for New York. Two hundred and sixty live birds had preceded them to the ship, while three dogs came as a present from the Earl of Derby, and "a brace of tailless cats from our friend George Thackeray, D.D., provost of King's College": all had suffered somewhat from lack of care, but the dogs, one of which was sent to John Bachman of Charleston, and some of the birds crossed the Atlantic in safety. Five weeks were spent at sea; when the Navesink Highlands at last hove into view the welcome news spread rapidly over the ship ; rockets were sent up later to attract a pilot, and when anchor was grounded on American soil, Audubon confessed that he cried like a child and devoutly thanked God for their preservation. He continued : All was now bustle and mutual congratulations ; our com- mander was praised for his skill by some, and others praised his whisky, which the waiters handed about, and the night was 146 THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 147 nearly spent in revelry; but John and myself retired at two o'clock. . . . As a gleam of daylight appeared, my eyes searched through the hazy atmosphere to catch a glimpse of the land, and gradually Staten Island opened to my view ; then the boat of the custom-house appeared, and soon he boarded us, arranged the sailors and passengers on deck, and called their names. Then followed breakfast, and soon another boat, with a yellow flag flying, landed the health officer, and there being no sickness on board, myself and John returned to Staten Island in the doctor's boat, and were taken by the steamer Hercules to the city.^ Audubon remained in New York from the 7th to the 13th of September. On Sunday, the 12th, he wrote to Edward Harris, in part as follows: ^ ^' Audubon to Edward Harris My dear Friend — . . . Whilst running over the interesting list of the Species of Birds procured by Nuttall & Townsend in the Rocky Moun- tains, and the shores of the Pacific, I became so completely wrapt up with the desire to see these as soon as possible that I have concluded to go to Philadelphia tomorrow by the 10 o'clock boat. I will stay at Harlan's for two or three days and hope that you will meet me there, that I may have the pleasure of pressing your hand and talking to you. You well know how anxious I am to make my work on the Birds of our Country as compleat as possible within my power : — you know that to reach this end I have spared neither time, labours or money : you are also aware that although this under- taking may never remunerate me, I am so enthusiastic as to indulge in the hope that God will grant me life to eff*ect all this ; but I am becoming old, and though very willing doubt whether ^Lucy B. Audubon, ed.. Life of John James Audubon, the Naturalist (Bibl. No. 73), p. 385. 2 The Jeanes MSS. 148 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST I could support the fatigues connected with a journey of sev- eral years, and separated from my dear Family. Well the desiderata has come to Philadelphia at least in part, and if I could be allowed to pourtray the new species now there as an appendix to the Birds of America, I should be proud and happy to do so, but do you think that the Academy is likely to indulge me in this my wish? Do join me at Harlan's as soon as you can, and lend me a hand and try to promote my views through mutual Friends attatched to that Institution. Audubon also communicated at once with John Bachman, whom he had planned to visit on his journey south, but soon learned that the cholera had broken out in Charleston and that the Seminoles were on the war- path in Florida. Said Bachman, writing on September 14: With regard to Florida, nothing will be done by naturalists for at least two years. Your Indian friends, the cut-throats, have scalped almost every woman and child south of St. Augus- tine, save those on Key West. They have burnt and plundered every plantation; and although they will probably be, in a great measure, put down next winter, yet there will, undoubt- edly, remain many small predatory bands that will make no bones of scalping at Ornithologist secundum artem; and would ask no questions whether he were the friend or enemy of William Penn. Of Texas, I think better, and thither, or along its bor- ders, you may, I think, venture — for the Texans are our friends. I suppose Genl. Gaines will keep the Comanches quiet.^ Bachman kept his friends informed of the progress of the epidemic, which had placed an embargo over his city; at the same time he sent news of the Anhingas, Caracara Eagles and Cormorants, which had been suc- cessfully held in captivity for the naturalist, and added ; ^C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191). THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 149 "These are awful times in money matters, but of this you will hear enough when we meet. Everyone nearly has failed, but the Parsons and Ornithologists." On September 13 Audubon started for Philadelphia, anxious to see with his own eyes those western collec- tions which had so stirred his curiosity. It seems that in 1834, Dr. Thomas Nuttall and Dr. John Kirk Town- send set out on a journey to the mouth of the Columbia River ; Nuttall was first of all a botanist, and is said to have carried no gun, but Townsend was an experienced ornithologist and made extensive collections of birds, a part of which he sent in care of Nuttall to Philadelphia in 1835, although he himself did not return east until the close of 1837. One of Audubon's great ambitions had been to explore the regions which they had re- cently visited, and in the circumstances we can sympa- thize with his desire to acquire so valuable an acquisition for the work upon which he had been long engaged. The object of his immediate quest apparently had been en- trusted to the Academy of Natural Sciences, an institu- tion which had not always shown itself friendly to his claims, and which in this instance is said to have assisted the travelers with funds to prosecute their journey. The collection, said Audubon, contained "about forty new species of birds, and its value cannot be described." Balked in his initial efforts to obtain the coveted prize, after two days of fruitless efforts on the part of his Philadelphia friends, he returned to New York; Ed- ward Harris then came forward with the offer of $500 for the purchase of the collection outright, but nego- tiations were not immediately successful. With his hunger still unappeased, Audubon now visited Boston on a canvassing tour, while his son re- mained with Nicholas Berthoud at New York. Setting 150 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST out on the 20th of September, he traveled by the steamer Massachusetts and the Providence Railroad, paying seven dollars fare, "which included supper and break- fast"; the sail up Providence Bay in early morning was like a "fairy dream," and the locomotive in waiting then pulled the passengers from "Providence to Boston at the rate of fifteen miles an hour." We arrived, said he, at four in the afternoon: "a cart took my trunk, and placing myself by the side of the owner, we drove to the house of my friend. Dr. George C. Shattuck." On the day after his arrival, Audubon visited Thom- as M. Brewer, then a young ornithologist living at Rox- bury, to examine his collection of bird skins and eggs, and upon his return called on David Eckley, "the great salmon fisher," to whom he later presented a copy of his folio plates of The Bii^ds of America.^ Brewer, who later became a physician and distinguished ornitholo- gist, for many years was one of Audubon's valued cor- respondents and supplied him with much interesting material. On the following day Audubon met Thomas Nuttall,^ who at once promised him duplicates of all the new birds which he had brought from the West. Colonel Thomas H. Perkins, an early subscriber, Edward Ever- ett, who had befriended him in Washington, and who in 1836 became Governor of Massachusetts, Josiah Quin- cy, president of Harvard College, Dr. Bowditch, and *See Note, Vol. II, p. 7. ''Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), a native of Yorkshire, was brought up a printer; in 1807 he emigrated to the United States, and became noted for his wide botanical explorations, for his Journal of Travels in the Arkansas Territory in 1819, and for his excellent Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada (1833-1834), which has had several editions. From 1822 to 1834 he was professor of Natural History and curator of the Botanical Gardens at Harvard University; in 1834 he crossed the Rocky Mountains along the sources of the Platte, explored Oregon and Upper California, and visited the Sandwich Islands. He returned to England, where he had inherited property, in 1842, and died at St. Helen's, Lancashire, September 10, 1859. THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 151 other prominent characters, all extended a helping hand. He visited Salem to deliver his letters, and was successful in obtaining a number of subscribers; upon invitation of the curator of the Natural History Society there, he examined "the young collection of that new- born institution," and had "the good fortune to find one egg of the American bittern." On the 25th of Septem- ber he wrote Harris: "Nuttall has arrived — he break- fasted with me the other day — gave me 6 new species of Birds and tells me that he will urge both Townsend and the Society at Philadelphia to allow me to portray all the species which they have procured within the limits of our Territories." In Boston, September 27, 1836, Audubon made this note in his journal: ^ "The citizens are all excitement; guns are firing, flags flying, and troops parading and John Quincy Adams is delivering a eulogy on the late President Madison. The mayor of Boston did me the honor to invite me to join in the procession, but I am no politician and declined." He noted on the same day also that Dr. Shattuck had completed the subscription list of the Boston Society of Natural History "by pre- senting me to his lady, who subscribed for one-tenth, and the Dr. then put down his son George's name for one-twentieth, making his own family one-fourth of the whole, or two hundred and twenty dollars, for which he gave me his cheque. Without the assistance of this generous man, it is more than probable that the So- ciety never would have had a copy of 'The Birds of America.' " Two days later he met Daniel Webster at the rooms of the Historical Society, and on the same evening at the home of Isaac P. Davis, where, said Au- dubon, "we took tea, talked on ornithology and orni- 'See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit.; and Note, Vol. II, p. 29. 152 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST thologists; he promised to send me some specimens of birds, and finished by subscribing to my work." Web- ster also gave him a general note of recommendation, in which he said: ^ "I take this mode of commending Mr. Audubon to any friends of mine he may meet in his journey to the west. I have not only great respect for Mr. Audubon's scientific pursuits, but entertain for him personally much esteem and hearty good wishes." Mr. Davis exerted his influence in other directions, and in this instance acted as agent for the transmission of Audubon's plates to their distinguished friend ; on Octo- ber 7, he wrote :^ "I received the half Nos of the 'Birds of America' for the worthy and sublime Danl. Webster — they shall be delivered safely on his return." After urging Audubon to visit Bufi*alo, where Dr. Bowditch and his friends thought that a number of new subscribers might be procured, he appended a list of twelve likely names of residents of that city, and added : *'Bowdoin College shall be remembered as the oppor- tunity offers." Webster, who was an ardent sportsman and well ac- quainted with the water fowl of the coast, had volun- teered to procure for Audubon specimens of the Labra- dor Duck, which was even then extremely rare and has since become extinct, but was unable to fulfill his prom- ise. Audubon had already found that many American birds, like the common crow, which had been regarded as identical with those of the Old World, were in reality distinct, and was now anxious, as he wrote to Thomas Brewer, "to compare the anatomy of all our birds with those of the same families in Europe." His letters ' See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit., p. 391. ^ In a letter signed "I. P. Davis," and superscribed to "John J. Audu- bon Esqr at Mr. Berthoud's, 106 Broad Street New York." (Howland MSS.) THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 153 to young Brewer at this time show how eager he was to secure the promised specimens. On October 23 he wrote from Philadelphia: "I hope you will not forget to call on our enlightened statesman D. Webster, and re- mind him of his kind promise to assist you in the pro- curing of specimens for me. This winter and next spring are my only chances, and I beg you to do all you can for me." He wrote again from Charleston, Janu- ary 1, 1837: "I am sorry that the Hon. D. Webster has not attended to his promises, and will write to him; yet I would beg you, being on the spot, to trouble him a good deal" ^ After returning to New York, Audubon had a vis- itor for whom he expressed the greatest admiration, Washington Irving, who had aided him in 1833; he now received from his hands letters to Martin Van Buren, the President-elect, and Benjamin F. Butler, who then occupied the post of Attorney-General. Irving called attention in his letter to the national character of Au- dubon's work, and warmly commended if to the patron- age of the country at large. On October 8 Audubon WTote MacGillivray from New York that he had ob- tained twelve new subscribers, two at Salem, four at Boston, and six in New York, but a little later, through the aid of Nicholas Berthoud, in one week's time eighteen new names were added to his subscription list in New York City alone. Meanwhile Nuttall's and Townsend's birds had not - been forgotten, and on October 15 he started with his ) son for Philadelphia, where he was again welcomed by Dr. Richard Harlan. No sooner, however, were efforts renewed to gain permission to study the desired objects "See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's Neio Monthly Magazine, vol. Ixi, p. 666 (1880). 154 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST than new obstacles were encountered. To quote the nat- uralist : ^^ Having obtained access to the collection sent by Dr. Town- send, I turned over and over the new and rare species, but he was absent at Fort Vancouver, on the shores of the Columbia River ; Thomas Nuttall had not yet come from Boston, and loud murmurs were uttered by the soi-disant friends of science, who objected to my seeing, much less portraying and describing, those valuable relics of birds, many of which had not yet been introduced into our Fauna. At length, "it was agreed," to continue his account of the transaction, that I might purchase duplicates, provided the specific names agreed upon by Mr. Nuttall and myself were published in Dr. Townsend's name. This latter part of the aiFair was perfectly agreeable to my feelings, as I have seldom cared much about priority in the naming of species. I therefore paid for the skins which I received, and have now published such as proved to be new, according to my promise. But, let me assure you, Reader, that seldom, if ever in my life, have I felt more dis- gusted with the conduct of any opponents of mine, than I was with the unfriendly boasters of their zeal for the advancement of ornithological science, who at that time existed in the fair city of Philadelphia. "^Vhile still in Philadelphia, on October 23, Audubon wrote to Thomas Brewer that Dr. Morton, the corre- sponding secretary of the Academy, had not only per- mitted him to portray the new birds but had sold him "ninety odd of the skins, forming a portion of the col- lection," and added that with his other acquisitions they would swell his "catalogue to the number of 475, all of which must be introduced in my fourth volume." ^"Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. iv, p. xi. THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 155 For many years Audubon had expressed great con- tempt for all seekers after priority in the naming of new species of animals, but now he began to find the pressure from without too strong to be resisted. Rivalry in this field had become keen on both sides of the At- lantic, and in the commendable desire to render his work as complete as possible, he was inevitably drawn into a struggle in which the higher aspirations of scientific men are all too apt to be obscured by petty vanities, suspi- cions and disputes. While at Philadelphia Audubon paid this fine trib- ute to the ornithologist whom he had met at Louisville twenty-six years before, and whose name had long been a cover for the jealousies and animosities of suppositi- tious friends : "Passed poor Alexander Wilson's school- house, and heaved a sigh. Alas, poor Wilson ! Would that I could once more speak to thee, and listen to thy voice!" Audubon was planning during the coming year to explore the west coast of Florida, in company with his son and Edward Harris, and to proceed as far as pos- sible along the coast of Texas. From Philadelphia he went to Baltimore, and on November 8 he arrived at Washington. His steadfast friend and supporter. Colonel John James Abert, then at the head of the Topographical Bureau, took him to the White House to call on President Andrew Jackson and present his letters. The General, said Audubon, looked well and was smoking a pipe ; after reading his letters attentively, he said at once: "Mr. Audubon, I will do all in my power to serve you, but the Seminole war, will, I fear, prevent you from having a cutter; however, as we shall have a committee at twelve o'clock, we will consider this, and give you an answer tomorrow." Levi Wood- 156 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST bury, Secretary of the Treasury, was as friendly as ever, and offered the party passage to Charleston on the Campbell, a vessel of fifty-five tons carrying three guns and twenty-one men, but Audubon, who was a poor sailor, preferred to travel by land and await the com- ing of this boat at the Bachman home. Before leaving j the capital the naturalist and his son were invited to ' dine informally at the White House, and he had the opportunity of studying at close range "a man who had done much good and much evil to our country." Said Audubon of this dinner: I sat close to him; we spoke of olden times, and touched slightly on politics, and I found him very averse to the cause of the Texans. . . . The dinner was what might be called plain and substantial in England ; I dined from a fine young turkey, shot within twenty miles of Washington. The general drank no wine, but his health was drunk by us more than once; and he ate very moderately, liis last dish consisting of bread and milk." Audubon, with his son, John, left Washington on the 10th of November, and after traveling six days on one of "the most extraordinary railroads in the world," they reached the city of Charleston, where, under the hospitable roof of John Bachman, the party eventually passed the winter, though momentarily expecting their vessel, which did not arrive. During this long interval of waiting, Audubon made drawings of all the new birds in the Nuttall-Townsend collection, representing up- wards of seventy figures, and Miss Maria Martin, Bach- man's sister-in-law, again assisted him in drawing plants and insects. "Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit., p. 398. THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 157 As spring approached and the long awaited Camp- bell had not arrived, Audubon, with Harris and John, started overland for New Orleans. After several days of hard traveling by coaches they reached Montgom- ery, and descended the Alabama River by steamboat to Mobile. When that district had been ransacked for birds, they went on to Pensacola, where they learned that the Government cutter would soon be at their service at New Orleans ; accordingly they retraced their steps to Mobile, passed through the lakes, and entered the southern capital, the city in which the naturalist had nearly starved, a penniless stranger, sixteen years before, but which, less than three-quarters of a century later, was to raise a monument to his memory. He was still destined to a degree of disappointment, when it was learned that the Campbell could not be put in readiness before the last of March, but he was delighted to find that the old pilot of the Marion, Napoleon Coste, was to command this vessel. At New Orleans Audubon met for the last time "good M. Le Sueur," artist and naturalist, who had spent many years at New Har- mony, Indiana, and whose acquaintance he had first made at Philadelphia in 1824. If Audubon and his party finally left New Orleans on the 1st of April and entered the Gulf by the South- west Pass, where, on the 3rd of the month, they were joined by the Crusader, a schooner of twelve tons which was attached to the Revenue Service; on this journey she carried a crew of four, with as many guns, and acted as a tender to the larger vessel. The expedition was provisioned for two months, and aimed to explore the keys, bayous and shoreline from the Mississippi to the Bay of Galveston. Some of Audubon's experiences on this cruise were described in a letter to William Mac- 158 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Gillivray,'^ (j^ted "Cote Blanche, 18 April, 1837/ which we will now reproduce : Audubon to William MacGillivray My Dear Friend, — Being just now snugly anchored in a bay, the description of which may prove agreeable to you, I sit down to give you an account of what I have been doing since I last wrote to you. After visiting "Rabbit Island," on which, as I have already told you, not a single Rabbit or Hare is to be seen, we made our way between it and Frisky Point, by a narrow and somewhat difficult channel leading to the bay in which I now write. The shores around us are entirely formed of a bank, from twenty to thirty feet high, and composed of concrete shells of various kinds, among which the Common Oyster, however, predominates. This bank, which at present looks as if bleached by the sunshine and rain of centuries, is so white that it well might form a guiding line to the vessels which navigate this bay even in the darkest nights. The bay, however, is so shallow, that it is rarely entered by vessels larger than schooners of about seventy tons burthen, which visit its shores to take in the sugars and cottons grown in the neighbouring country. The "Crusader" is a somewhat curious craft, small, snug withal, and considerably roguish looking. She has not fewer than four "grunters" on her fore deck, her sails are of pure white cotton, and although she bears the lively flag of our country at the peak, her being painted purely black gives her the aspect, not merely of a smuggler, but of a pirate. But here she is, at the entrance of a canal of a sugar plantation, and close to another craft, much the worse for wear, and, for aught I know to the contrary, belonging to the captain alone, who, I would almost venture to assert, belongs to no country at all. " Printed in the Edinburgh Journal of Natwal History (Bibl. No. 37). vol. i, p. 17 (December, 1838). THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 159 It is now four weeks since a razor came in contact with my chin. All my companions are equally hircine ; or, if you please, hirsute. As to our clothing, were you to see us at this moment, you would be ready to exclaim, "What vagabonds these fellows are !" Coats and trousers plastered with mire, shirts no longer white, guns exhibiting the appearance of being in constant use, and all sorts of accoutrements that pertain to determined hunters, complete our tout ensemble. But, as I have said, here we are, and on shore must go. "Man the gig," quoth our cap- tain. In a trice the gig is manned. One after another, for there are five or six of us, we swing ourselves into the after- sheets. The word is given, the oars are plied, and now we are once more on terra firma. The crossing of large bays, cumbered with shallow bars and banks of oyster-shells, is always to me extremely disagreeable, and more especially when all these bars and banks do not con- tain a single living specimen of that most delectable shell-fish. Nay, I am assured by our pilot, who is no youngster, that ever since he first visited this extensive waste, not an oyster has been procured in these parts. But now, in single file, like culprits or hungry travellers, we proceed along the margin of the canal. Ah, my dear friend, would that you were here just now to see the Snipes innumerable, the Blackbirds, the Gallinules, and the Curlews that surround us ; — that you could listen as I now do, to the delightful notes of the Mocking-bird, pouring forth his soul in melody as the glorious orb of day is fast descending towards the western horizon; — that you could watch the light gambols of the Night Hawk, or gaze on the Great Herons which, after spreading their broad wings, croak aloud as if doubtful regarding the purpose of our visit to these shores ! Ah ! how well do I know you would enjoy all this ; but, alas ! we are more than four thousand miles apart. Hark! what's that.? Nothing but n. parcel of men coming to greet us. Here they are, seven or eight Negroes. Who lives here my good fellows.? Major Gordy, massa. Well, now show us the way to the house. Yes, gentlemen, come along. So we follow our swarthy guides. 160 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST The plantations here are of great value, both on account of their proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, and the excellence of the soil, which, as in other parts of Louisiana, is composed of a fat, black mould. The Indian corn was at least six feet high, and looked most beautiful. As we approached the mansion of Major Gordy, I observed that it has a pleasant aspect, and was furnished with a fine garden, and a yard well stocked with cattle, together with a good number of horses and mules, just let loose from labour. A mill for grinding corn and making sugar par- ticularly drew our notice to it, as the Crusader happened just then to be destitute of both articles ; and as I saw some women milking the cows, my heart fairly leaped with joy, and the hope that ere long we might procure a full bowl of the delightful and salubrious beverage. The short twilight of our southern latitudes had now almost involved every object in that dim obscurity so congenial to most living creatures after the toils of the day, as allowing them to enjoy that placid quiet which is required to restore their faded energies. Near the entrance of the mansion stood an elderly man, of tall stature and firm aspect, leaning on what I would call a desperate long gun. As I approached this Cote Blanche planter, I thought that something not so very friendly as I could have wished was expressed in his countenance. As he rested his heavy frame on his monstrous rifle, he neither moved his head, nor held out his hand to me, until I presented mine to him, saying, "My good sir, how do you do?" His answer was a rather suspicious look at me and my companions; but not- withstanding, and probably because he was on his own ground, he asked us what was our wish, and then desired us to walk in. Cote Blanche Bay, you must be informed, has for a number of years been infested by a set of rascally piratical vagabonds, who have committed extensive depredations, in consequence of which, a few years ago, a United States' revenue cutter was sent to protect the coast. I have no doubt that the major took us, to a man, for members of the gang who had more than once visited, not his house, but his plantation, on 5 &. THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 161 which they had played many wanton and atrocious freaks. We now, however, had entered the house. Candles were lighted, and we at once came face to face, as it were. It curi- ously happened that our captain was without his uniform, and fully as rough looking otherwise as any of us. I was, however, much pleased to see that the major himself was not much supe- rior to us in respect of apparel; nor had his razor been em- ployed for many days. I happened to have about me some unequivocal credentials, from the head departments of the United States, which, on my observing that some degree of suspicion still remained, I placed in his hands. He read them, spoke kindly to us, promised to forward our letters to the near- est post-town, and invited us to consider his dwelling as our own. From that moment until we returned to our vessel, we were all as comfortable and merry as men can be when distant from their own dear homes.. Next morning we received from Major Gordy a barrel of sugar, another of corn meal, sbm^ pails of ^milk, and a quantity of newly made butter, together with^pi^jtatbes and other needful articles — and all this without being allowed so much as to offer him the least recompense. The day after, we returned to break- fast by invitation, and found in the house several strangers armed with rifles and double-barrelled guns. After we had been introduced to all around, we seated ourselves, and made a vigorous attack upon our host's eggs and bacon, coffee, tea, and milk. As this important business was proceeding, I was de- lighted to hear the following anecdotes, which I hope you, my dear friend, will relish as much as I did. "Gentlemen," said our host, straightening himself up in his chair, "I am considerably suspicious as regards the strangers who happen to anchor within the range of my dominions. In- deed, gentlemen, I must acknowledge that even after you re- turned on board last night, I sent off some of my men in various directions, to let my neighbours know that a strange craft had anchored near the landing-place ; and here, gentlemen, are those neighbours of mine; but as it happens that the name of the gentleman who calls himself a 'Naturalist' is well known to some 162 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST of them, I now feel quite satisfied as respects the purposes you have in view. But let me tell you what happened to me some years ago. "Such a shark-looking craft as the one you call the Cru- sader happened to drop its anchor abreast of my landing-place, about dusk one evening, and as I guessed that the fellows on board were not better than they should be, I watched their motions for a while from my back piazza. But nothing hap- pened that night. Next morning, however, I heard the firing of guns down the meadows where my cattle and hogs were in the habit of feeding. So I took my rifle, walked towards the spot, and soon found, sure enough, that the rascals had killed a fine ox and several hogs, which they were dragging to the shore. Indeed, gentlemen, I saw the yawl crammed with the spoils of my plantation. Well, I took as good an aim as I could at the nearest man, and cracked away, but without hitting. At the report of my gun the fellows all took to their heels, and get- ting on board hoisted sail and went off*. I have never heard of them since. Well, gentlemen, about the same hour next morn- ing, a black-looking barge, hardly as large as your Crusader, came to, off" the very same spot, and although I watched it and every one on board nearly the whole night, and it was a beau- tiful moon-shining one, not a soul of them came on shore until morning. Then, however, I saw some bustle on board. Several men got off^ in a very small aff'air, which was fastened astern of the large boat. I saw them land, and deliberately walk towards the meadows. No sooner had they reached the wettest part, and that is where my hogs generally root for food, than crack, crack, crack, went off^ their guns in all direc- tions. You may well suppose how vexed I was at all this, and conceive how soon I mustered my men with clubs, and armed myself with my rifle. On reaching the ground, think, gentlemen, what were my thoughts, when I saw the fellows all advancing towards me and my people, as if they were the honestest men in the world. I was so mad when they came close up, that I had a mind to shoot the one in front, for he looked for all the world as if he cared not a pin for any one. However, I did THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 163 not shoot, but asked him why he was shooting my hogs ? *Hogs ! good man, you are quite mistaken ; we are shooting snipes until we come in contact with the rascally pirates who infest the coast, and lay waste your plantations. My name, my good sir, is Captain , of the United States Navy; and these are some of my men. Will you come on board, and breakfast with us on your own snipes.'" " No wonder that the major, having been subject to the visits of these marauders, should have taken us in the dusk, armed as we were, and withal not having pre- cisely the aspect of sober citizens, for persons not quite as good as we should be. But I must now conclude, and in my next you shall hear something of the result of my expedition into the marshes. After wading through mud for whole days, exposed to scorching heat, and constantly annoyed by myriads of insects in the course of their numerous excursions on shore, they reached Galveston Bay on the 24th of April. The fort of Galveston returned their salute of "26 fires," given by the big gun on the Campbell, and shortly after they received a visit from the Secretary of the Navy of the Republic of Texas, which under Sam Hous- ton had declared its independence but a few weeks before their arrival, and were invited to proceed to the seat of government, at Houston, eighty miles distant, in the interior. They landed on the 26th of April, and after three weeks had been spent in exploring Galveston Island and its adjacent shores for birds and animals of all sorts, they started for Houston on the 8th of May. After making about twelve miles, their vessel grounded on Red Fish Bar, and the party then took to tender and gig, reaching their destination on the 15th; wild turkeys, ibises, and ducks of many kinds were seen in great numbers along their coui^se. " See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit., p. 4-11. 164 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Audubon has left a graphic account ^^ of what he then saw at the capital of this short-lived infant Re- public, including its picturesque President, the melee of dejected Mexican prisoners then gathered there, and its drunken Indians, "halooing and stumbling about in the mud in every direction." Houston's abode was a small log house, "consisting of two rooms, with a passage through, after the Southern fashion." The moment we stepped over the threshold, on the right hand of the passage, we found ourselves ushered into what in other countries would be called the ante-chamber; the ground floor, however, was muddy and filthy ; a large fire was burning ; a small table, covered with paper and writing materials, was in the centre; camp-beds, trunks, and different materials were strewn around the room. We were at once presented to several members of the cabinet, some of whom bore the stamp of intel- lectual ability, simple though bold, in their general appear- ance. . . . The President was engaged in the opposite room on na- tional business, and we could not see him for some time. Mean- while we amused ourselves by walking to the capitol, which was yet without a roof, and the floors, benches and tables of both houses of Congres§ were as well saturated with water as our clothes had been in the morning. Being invited by one of the great men of the place to enter a booth to take a drink of grog with him, we did so ; but I was rather surprised that he offered his name, instead of the cash, to the bar-keeper. We first caught sight of President Houston as he walked from one of the grog-shops, where he had been to prevent the sale of ardent spirits. He was on his way to his house, and wore a large gray coarse hat, and the bulk of his figure re- minded me of the appearance of General Hopkins of Virginia, for like him he is upwards of six feet high, and strong in pro- portion. But I observed a scowl in the expression of his eyes, that was forbidding and disagreeable. We reached his abode THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 165 before him, but he soon came, and we were presented to his excellency. He was dressed in a fancy velvet coat, and trowsers trimmed with broad gold-lace ; around his neck was tied a cravat somewhat in the style of seventy-six. He received us kindly, was desirous of retaining us for awhile, and offered us every facility within his power. He at once removed us from the anteroom to his private chamber, which by the way was not much cleaner than the former. We were severally introduced by him to the different members of his cabinet and staff, and at once asked to drink grog with him, which we did, wishing success to liis new republic. Our talk was short; but the im- pression which was made on my mind at the time by himself, his officers, and his place of abode, can never be forgotten. The party left Texas on the 18th of May, and on the 27th reached New Orleans, which was then oppres- sively hot and nearly deserted. Here Audubon's col- lections and equipment were packed to be sent north; his dog was given to his brother-in-law, William Bake- well, and on the last day of the month the party began to retrace their steps of the previous March. After more hard traveling by car, coach and railroad, Charles- ton was reached in eight and a half days, on June 10, 1837. Edward Harris, who ascended the Mississippi from New Orleans for the purpose of making further collections, later rejoined the party at Bachman's home in Charleston. Audubon said that he lost twelve pounds in weight during this journey, which proved exceedingly trying, and the hardships encountered were hardly com- mensurate with the returns in bird and animal lore ; yet Audubon was by no means dissatisfied at the results, as shown by the following account which he gave Thom- as Brewer two days after his return:^* The weather during the principal portion of our absence "Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), loc. cit. 166 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST was unusually cold, even for the season, and this gave us, per- haps, the very best opportunities ever afforded to any student of nature to observe the inward migrations of myriads of the birds that visit us from the south and west when the imperative laws of nature force them from their winter retreats towards other countries to multiply. To tell you all regarding this would be more by a thousand times than can be given in a letter written in haste, and I will therefore at once touch the spring with whose sound you are most in harmony. We procured many eggs for you — ay, a great number — and as soon as we reach New York I will make up a large box, and take it to you myself. . . . One thing that will interest you most, as it did me, is that we found west of the Mississippi many species of ducks breeding as contented as if in latitude 68° north. There is, after all, nothing like seeing things or countries to enable one to judge of their peculiarities, and I now feel satisfied that through the want of these means many erroneous notions re- main in scientific works that can not otherwise be eradicated. We found not one new species, but the mass of observations that we have gathered connected with the ornithology of our country, has, I think, never been surpassed. I feel myself now tolerably competent to give an essay on the geographical dis- tribution of the feathered tribes of our dear country, and I promise that I will do so, with naught but facts and notes made on the very spot, and at the fitting time. Maria Rebecca Bachman, eldest of the nine Bach- man children, was married at this time to John Wood- house Audubon, and the entire party started north before the end of June. They went by steamer to Nor- folk, and thence to Washington, where Audubon pre- sented his letters to President Van Buren and tendered his thanks in person to the various officers of the Gov- ernment and friends who had aided his expedition ; they passed rapidly through Baltimore and Philadelphia, to New York, where Audubon remained a fortnight, while THIRD AMERICAN TOUR 167 his son and daughter-in-law were enjoying a honeymoon at Niagara Falls. All sailed from New York on the packet England, and landed at Liverpool on the 2d of August. Five days later the family was united in Lon- don. CHAPTER XXXII AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH Extension of his work — Financial panic and revolt of patrons — New western collections — His "Book of Nature" completed — Work on the letter- press in Edinburgh — Vacation in the Highlands — Commissions to Harris — Parting address to the reader — Dissolution of the Havell en- graving establishment — The residuum of The Birds of America — Robert Havell, engraver, and his family — Lizars' first edition and the Havell reissues of plates — Brief manual for collectors — Appreciations — Total edition of The Birds of America — Past and present prices — The Rothschild incident. After Audubon's return to England in the sum- mer of 1837, the completion of his magnum opus occu- pied but two years. Certain now of the ultimate success which would crown his efforts, he worked with a furious ardor, determined not only to execute his original plans, but to extend them, if necessary, to include every bird which had been discovered in America, or, at least, in the United States. Audubon wrote Thomas Brewer in September that, for some unexplained cause, a large part of his collec- tions made in Texas had probably been lost; when writ- ing on October 29, the box containing all the eggs col- lected on the Gulf of Mexico had not come to hand. He continued:^ I authorize you to offer and to pay as much as five dollars for an old raven, in the flesh, and perfect as far as internals ^ For this and the quotations in the following paragraph, see Thomas M, Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. Ixi, p. 666 (1880). 168 AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 169 are concerned. European writers who a few years since were all agog to prove that our apparently analogous species were identical with those of Europe have suddenly "faced about," and pronounce our birds to be quite distinct species, and of course now say that our raven is indeed our raven ! and all this because I proved that the Corvus corone of Europe existed not in America. All this induces the present natural student of na- ture to have his eyes and all his senses fully open, and to see into things further than we can into grindstones. . . . Charles Bonaparte, who has just this moment left me, has kindly proffered me his new North American species, and I hope to figure them all, thereby rendering my work the more com- plete, if not quite perfect, as far as truly well-known species are now thought to exist in the limits of our country, or indeed those of North America. When writing his young friend again, on November 18, he implored him to proceed with all possible industry, in procuring the birds of my list, in rum. I hope you will have a pair of pied ducks (FuUgula lahradora) for me. Send me all the drawings of eggs you can so that they reach me here by the 1st to 10th of March next. If the birds arrive in London by the middle of April, it will do. ... I send you inclosed the copy of an advertisement of my work, which I wish you to hand over to our most generous friend George Parkman, Esq., M. D., and ask him to have it inserted in one or more of the Boston newspapers as soon as convenient. Again, on the 22nd, he admonished his friend not to send his "drawings of eggs by letter,'' but to forward all such to N. Berthoud, "and ask him to send them by captains of London packets. The postages are very heavy these hard times, and I am not a prince/' Although Audubon's "Prospectus" called for only 170 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST eighty parts of 400 plates, by 1837 the number of new discoveries had multiplied to such an extent that he faced the dilemma of either enlarging his work or issuing it in an incomplete state. In the summer of that year large numbers of his British patrons discontinued their sub- scriptions, a result, no doubt, of the disastrous panic which had driven many into bankruptcy, and still more refused to take any plates in excess of the stipulated number. To alleviate this anticipated difficulty, he had already begun to admit composite plates, on which from two to six different kinds of birds were grouped together, much in the older style which he abhorred; but, in spite of this concession and omission of the eggs, colored fig- ures of which he had hoped to give at the end, he was obliged to add seven parts, thus swelling the total num- ber of large plates to 435, which represented 489 sup- posedly distinct species of American birds. When Audubon was facing such protests in Eng- land, Dr. J. K. Townsend ^ returned to Philadelphia with a second great collection from the Far West. How eager he was, at this psychological moment, to gain ac- cess to these ornithological treasures is clearly shown in the following letter^ to Edward Harris: Audubon to Edward Harris [Outside address] To Ed° Haeris Esq^. Moorestown New Jersey 9 miles from Philadelphia Pennsylvania U. S. A. Duplicate London, Oct. 26 th., 1837. I have this moment received your dear letter of the 4. in- stant, for the contents of which, I do indeed most truly thank *See Vol. II, p. 149. «See S. N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 46), The Auk, vol. xx, p. 377 (1903). AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 171 you, but the most important point contained in it, Dr. Spencer is now at Paris quite well and happy. I have not heard of his supposed intentions to visit Russia, at least not until you have shown yourself in Europe for awhile. When will you come? I have not received one single letter from Dr. Morton since my return to England, and have been the more surprised at this, because I look upon him. as a worthy good man and as one whom, since my last visit to him, I cannot but consider as my friend. The return of Dr. Townsend to our happy land has filled me with joy, and trebly so when you tell me that he is as friendly disposed to me as I ever have been towards him. I congratulate you my dear friend, in the step which you have so kindly taken in my favour, by first selecting all such Bird- skins as you or Townsend have considered as new, and also in having given freedom to Dr. Morton to pay Dr. Townsend Fifty Dollars for the skins selected by you, under the prudent considerations or restrictions talked of in your letter. May I receive all the Bird skins very soon, for depend upon it, now or never is for me the period to push on my publication. If I have any regret to express it is, that Townsend or Dr. Morton or yourself did not at once forward to me the whole of the Bird skins brought latterly by Townsend, for I can assure you that it has become a matter of the greatest niceity to distinguish the slight though positive species lines of demarkation between our species of Birds — and if on this reaching you, the least doubt exists amongst yourselves respecting any one, why send it to me at once by the very earliest conveyance. If by New York, with letter to N. Berthoud to lose not a day, provided a packet, either to Liverpool or London, is ready to sail ! Had Townsend sent me the whole of his disposible birds, I might now have per- haps been able to have mad[e] him a remittance in cash, which the single arrival of the German Naturalists, who are now in California may hereafter put an end to. Mention this to him, nay, shew him this letter if you please and assure him that I am willing to exert myself in his behalf. Indeed, I wish you to urge him in forwarding me either his own manuscripts or a copy 172 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST of all such parts as appertain to Birds, as soon as possible, knowing (I think) that he will not undertake to publish them himself under his present (I am sorry to say) embarrassed pecuniary circumstances. Tell him that I want all about the habits of any Birds which he has written upon, especially, however, those found from the beginning of his journeys until his return, and appertaining to species belonging to our fauna or otherwise. Their exact measurements, dates, localities, migratories or vice versa inclinations, descriptions of nests, eggs &c. periods of breeding; in a word all that he can, or will be pleased to send me — and you may assure Townsend, that all he will confide to me will be published as coming from Mm, al- though I may think fit to alter the phraseology in some in- stances. Tell him to be extremely careful in naming his new species, and that [if] he tliinks of difficulties in this matter, to leave it to me, as liere I am able to see all the late published works (and they are not a few) and work out the species with more advantage than any one can at present in Philadelphia. Do not take this as egotism far from it, it is in friendship and for his sake that I venture on undertaking such an arduous task. I am exceedingly [anxious] to receive a letter from him (for Nuttall, though an excellent friend of mine and a most worthy man, will not answer me in time on this subject) of all the birds contained in the plates now at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philada., which he saw on the Rocky Mountains, over those mountains, on the Columhia River and ofF the coast of our Western hozmdaries. This I want much, and if he would simply dictate to you plate 1, not there, plate 2, there, plate 3 there &c. &c. this would amply answer my purpose, and this I wish you not to neglect to forward me as soon as possible by duplicate! Of course I cannot speak upon any one of the new species of which you speak until I have examined them all. To talk of new species in London is a matter not now understood in any part of America, and sorry will you be as well as him- self, when I assure you that out of the twelve supposed to be, and published by Dr. Morton, from Townsend's first cargo, not more than six are actually undescribed, although I have taken AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 173 upon myself the risk of publishing Ms names to the Birds on my plate, but which of course I am obliged to correct in my letter press. The little beautiful owl, I would venture to say has been described by Vigors at least ten years ago, &c. &c. Swainson never goes to bed without describing some new species, and Charles Bonaparte, during his late visit to London, has published as many as 20 of a night at the Museum of the Zoo- logical Society Insects &c. &c. Stir, work hard, [be] prompt in every thing. My work mu>st soon be finished, and unless all is received here by the month of May next, why I shall have to abandon to others what I might myself have accomplished. God bless you, many happy years. We are all well, thank God, just now. Remember me and us kindly to all around and every friend and believe me ever your most truly and sincerely attached friend, John J. Audubon. To Edward Harris, Esq^^. Addressed, care "Messrs. Rathbone, Brothers & Co. When you send to Liverpool. Liverpool." If Townsend has brought Birds Eggs, ask him to send them me. I will return all to him that he may want. I greatly regret that you did not find me the water Birds of which you speak, as I might have perchance found something new or curious among them. The Golden Eye Duck especially, if any be had ? In reference to the new species of birds which had come into his hands, Audubon said: What was I to do.^ Why, to publish them, to be sure; for this I should have done, to the best of my power, even if every subscriber in Europe had refused to take them. What ! said I, shall the last volume of the "Birds of America" be now closed, at a time when new species are in my hands ? No ! And in spite of threats from this quarter and that, that such and such persons would discontinue their subscriptions (which indeed 174 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST they have done), and refuse to take the few numbers that would have rendered their copies complete, my wish to do all that was in my power has been accomplished. Doubtless we should hesitate to blame manj?- of Audu- bon's subscribers for wishing to be relieved from an obligation which for a period of ten years had cost them from $50 to $100 per annum, not to speak of any who had met financial disaster in the panic of that day, but at this juncture he really had no choice. When his eightieth Number, originally intended to be the last, ap- peared in 1837, many important kinds of birds, includ- ing ducks, swan, tern, and the Flamingo, as well as grouse, warblers and woodpeckers, were still calling loud for recognition. So generous of space had he been in the earlier phase of his undertaking that twenty species were each shown on two distinct plates, while in the end the need of compression compelled him to introduce thirty- five composite plates. Subscribers to The Birds of America at the begin- ning had been permitted to take a part or the whole, and many incomplete sets were circulated, upwards of 120, as Audubon declared in 1839, having then discontinued their subscriptions. Towards the end of his undertak- ing, owing to the great expense and uncertainty in- volved, he was disinclined to supply any but regular subscribers, as shown by the following letter written from London, May 25, 1838, to William A. Colman of New York : * . . . We find that six of the plates you want are not only largest figs, but some of them extremely full and difiicult to colour, and he [Mr. Havell] says that our Printers and our Colourers would not undertake to go throu them without charg- ^ From MS. in the Public Library, New York, AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 175 ing a most extravagant price. I have no extra plates whatever on hand, and in consequence of this must be obliged to decline furnishing you with them. If at the conclusion of my publication I find any cf the plates you want they will be sent to you forthwith, but I wish you not to calculate upon this until you hear again from me, or from my sons on this subject. My work will [be] entirely finished by the end of next month, when our engraving and Printing establishment will be broken up, and few will indeed there be copies to be had by any one, who has not subscribed to the "Birds of America." Should you see any of my American subscribers who have not as yet seen any portion of the work, please to assure them that as soon as the fourth volume is quite finished, and hound according to their desires, their copies will be forwarded at once to their respective homes, or to whomsoever they have directed me to send their copies. On May 26 Audubon wrote Thomas M. Brewer that "Edward Harris, one of the best men of this world," had reached his house "yesterday at noon, after a pleas- ant passage of fourteen days and a few hours." "My illustrations," he said, "will be finished on the 20th of next month, and the fourth volume of text shortly after- ward"; at the end he added: "When I return to our beloved land, I intend to spend a full season about the lakes in Northern Vermont, for, from what I hear, much knowledge is to be acquired there and thereabouts." After returning to New York in September of the following year, he again alluded to the ramble he would like to take "along the borders of the famous lakes of New Hampshire and Vermont," but was unable to bring it to pass at that time. To depart but slightly from the chronological se- quence, the last to be preserved of Audubon's letters to 176 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST William Swainson,^ written at a time when his great work was drawing to a close, will be given at this point: Audubon to William Swainson LoKDON nth Jan 1838 My dear Mr Swainson, The severe indisposition of my good wife which has con- tinued almost unabated now since I had the pleasure of seeing you, is my excuse for not having ere this answered your two notes, especially the last of the 8th instant. — Your box & contents came perfectly safe to hand, and I tliink will soon again be in your possession in like good order. I certainly should like to see the Buteo [ ?] vulgaris to compare it with mine (that at the mouth of the Columbia) and the one described by Nuttall before the return from America of D. [Dr. John] Richardson & of which it seems you were not aware. — I am glad nevertheless that if differing from the European bird of that name the Transatlantic bird will be honoured by your own name. Charles Bonaparte is at Paris & is to remain there. I am well informed for about a fortnight. — He left London in great haste and I assure you has left no parcels or letters for you or anybody else either with us or with Havell. — I am sorry that he should have disapointed you & your dear Children but . I cannot say just now whether I have a specimen of Mus- cicapa Trailli "the Prince" having two of my giving, if how- ever, I have another I will send it to you with great good will & pleasure — As regards your queries respecting several species of quiscalus or Crow black birds You are correct for I have myself discovered two in America one in the Floridas the other in the Arkansaw River, both of which will be given in my work, i — That more exist I have no doubt especially further South and West. You have described a swan in the Fauna Boriali Americana •^The Linnaean Society's MSS. See Chapter XXIII, Note 13. AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 177 under the name of the Cygnus Bewicki, but as your measure- ments there and then given are very far from those of the swan now known under the name of Old Bewick I should feel obliged to you to let me know whether the specimen you described from was the identical bird procured by Captain Lyons, and of which that gentleman described the nest? And again I should like 3'ou to tell me whether you have seen the Clangula vulgaris of Linn, that in the months of April & May? Many thanks for all your kind wishes & may you and yours enjoy the like return of many many new & happy years. — Call upon us when you come to Town and believe me my dear Mr Swainson ever sincerily / yours attached friend John J. Audubon I have had the j awache for nearly one week & have not been out of the house 4 WiMPOLE Street Audubon's day of greatest triumph came on June 20, 1838, when he had the supreme satisfaction of seeing the last plate of his "Book of Nature," The Birds of America, completed. Having been begun virtually in the autumn of 1826, it was in press nearly twelve years. The sumptuous character of this work, its commanding beauty, as well as its surprising accuracy, considering all the obstacles of time and circumstance, mark it, when combined with its letterpress, as one of the most remark- able and interesting undertakings in the history of litera- ture and science in the nineteenth century. Unique as it was in every detail of its workmanship, it will remain for centuries a shining example of the triumph of human endeavor and of the spirit and will of man. This is true in spite of any errors it may disclose, and even if it be conceded that bare bones and plain photo- graphs are more valuable for elucidating the technicali- 178 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST ties of science than the most artistic productions of the pen. pencil or brush. Audubon's labors in England, however, did not end with the completion of his plates, for two volumes of his "Biographies" still remained to be published. He was in London during the early summer of 1838, when he recorded a visit from John Bachman, who had come to Europe for the recuperation of his health. He was then obliged to hasten to Edinburgh, where he was soon joined by both Bachman and Victor Audubon and later by other members of his family. For the con- venience of work he took rooms near the museimis, on the south side of the city, not far from Lauriston Place and within easy reach of "The Meadows," a well known recreation ground. The following letter,^ sent to his son John soon after his arrival at the Scottish capital, and addressed "No. 4 Wimpole Street, London," abounds in interesting per- sonal details, but the student of birds would find more significant its clear statement of his relations with Mac- Gillivray ; it shows us the anatomist at work, and Audu- bon as his student and "secretary." "Under his kind tuition," he said, when writing at a little later time, "I think I have learned something of anatomy, which may enable me, at some future period, to produce observa- tions that may prove interesting . . ." Audubon to his Son, John Edinburgh, July 1 st, 1838, Sunday, My dearest friends Your joint letter of the 27 th Wednesday, did not reach me until yesterday afternoon, probably because the steamer "First published by R. W. Shufeldt (Bibl. No. 45), in The Auk, xi (1894) ; see also Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No. 86). V c 5 ^55-g H :;: y^ s: 5^ > X 5^ - :0 = ASTOf?. L-^NOX AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 179 which brought it did not leave London on that evening on a/c of the coronation etc., Here the festivals were poor beyond description, and although scarcely anything was to be seen, the whole population was on foot the entire day, and nearly the whole night, gazing at each other like lost sheep. — No illumina- tions except at two shops, Mr. Henderson's and another close by him. — The fireworks at the castle consisted merely of about one hundred rockets, not a gun was fired from the batteries. MacGillivray & I went to see the fireworks at 10 p.m, and soon returned disgusted. — His museum (College of Surgeons) and the Edinburgh Museum were thrown open gratis^ and were thronged to excess Upwards of 20000 in the first, and about 25000 in the other; all was however quite orderly. The day was showery ; cloudy and dismal at times, but the evening was clear and fine. — Mr. Hill's father died on the morning of the 27th and I have not seen Alexander H., since. Many thanks to Maria for her bunch of letters, and the. few lines of her own to me, I hope that everything will go on Veil with you all. We begin printing tomorrow 2d. of July, 1838!! remember that Mesdames et Messieurs ! and I intend to proceed with all possible despatch and care. All the birds in rum will be in- spected as far as internal or digestive organs, trachea &c are concerned, and as I am constantly present in the dissecting room, I think I shall know something about the matter anon. — I am almost in hopes to see Victor tomorrow night but cannot be sure. There are somewhere at home the nests of the birds found on the Columbia by Nuttall and Townsend, I believe that of Bewick's Wren is among them ; send them all, very carefully packed. I want the journal of my first trip to the Floridas, which was cut out of my large leather journal, previous to \ going to Labrador, also a letter on the habits of the Yellow- ' bellied Cuckoo, by a gentleman at Charleston. If it cannot be found perhaps Maria will recollect his name, being a friend of John Bachman, if so send me that, in full if possible. It is the gentleman in whose garden I procured the small and large cuckoos in the same nest. — I have written fortyfour articles for my appendix and 180 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST will continue whenever I am not otherwise engaged, so as to save time at last. — I am sorry for the death of poor WicklifFe but glad that his brother was with him at New York previously, and that we, at least, have done all that we could for him. MacGillivray is quite well, and works very hard, poor fellow — I am glad of John's repainting the head by VanDyke, two cop- ies of such heads are valuable to him, besides his improving by so working — ^When Victor has left for this place, John must pay much attention to the colourers and call also at the book- binder. Havell ought to exert himself in having some 4th vols ; delivered as soon as possible. My last letter which was written last Sunday, was put too late in the office, which closed on that day at two o'clock, and did not therefore leave this till four o'clock on Monday after- noon ; this one will have a better chance, for I will take it myself to the general office. I have seen no one hardly since my last, I am indeed as busily engaged as ever, and rarely go to bed before eleven — ^being with Mr. MacGillivray until generally past ten, describing etc., I rise at four or earlier, he at ten; but I go to bed at eleven, he at two. I discovered that he was adverse to the examination of the intestinal canals etc., because many of my birds which are common to both countries will be published before his 2d vol., can now possibly be; but as soon as I told him that I had already said in my introduction, that the anatomical structure was declared to be his, he was much pleased and began on the instant. Today is very dismal, and it will rain probably until night ; I wish we had here some of the warm weather of which dearest Mamma speaks. I have had but one walk to Arthur's Seat, but now and then I stroll to the meadows which are close to me, and now look well. — From the window of my sitting room I overlook the garden of Mr. Frazer our printer, and now and then speak to him there, I have not yet however visited him. — I will recol- lect the Queen's farthing when next I see Professor Wilson, but doubt much if he will recollect the least idea of it. Has Charley written or said anything to Victor about the review of the work ; remember me to Healey. — AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 181 I suppose that the crown of England sits very quietly down, and that all was very superfine. I have not so much as seen a paper since I left you. God bless you all, dearest friends, and take good care of Mamma and Maria, Ever your firmly attached father and friend J. J. Audubon. No. 7 Archibald Place, Laurlston. Audubon's fourth volume, the printing of which was announced in this letter, was published in Novem- ber, and at the conclusion of the introduction he said: I believe the time to be fast approaching when much of the results obtained from the inspection of the exterior alone will be laid aside; when museums filled with the stuffed skins will be considered insufficient to afford a knowledge of birds ; and when the student will go forth not only to observe the habits and haunts of animals, but to procure specimens of them to be carefully dissected. These prophetic remarks, which were no doubt inspired by the studies of MacGillivray, have found ample justi- fication in the later history of ornithology; to give a single illustration, it was through the aid of anatomy only, in this instance, of the vocal organs, that modern students have been able to define the true Passerine or Oscine birds, as distinguished from all others, and as the highest representatives of the avian class. In the autumn of 1838, when Mrs. Audubon was still suffering from impaired health, the naturalist paused in his work to indulge in a short vacation, the first in many years. On September 14, he wrote to Edward Harris, who was then in Scotland : '^ ^See S. N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 46), loc. cit. 182 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Auduhon to Edward Harris Edikburgh, 14- Sep'., 1838. My Dear Friend : Not having hetird anything from you in answer to my last, I suppose that you may yet be away from Glasgow, but as we ourselves are going off tomorrow to the "Highlands," with a view to be at Glasgow on Thursday next, I write to you now, with the hope of meeting you then. Nothing of importance has occurred here since my last, but the book has considerably swollen in its progress towards completion. We all unite in best wishes to you and I remain as ever your most truly attached and sincere friend, John J. Audubon We intend being home again on Saturday next. [Addressed] To Edward Harris Esq^ Gomrie's Royal Hotel, Glasgow. With MacGillivray as guide, Audubon and his fam- ily visited Stirling, Doun and Callander, where they "marched in a body to the Falls of Bracklin, guided by a rosy-cheeked Highland lassie, stopping now and then by the way to pick up a wild flower, — a blue-bell, a 'gowan,' or a dog-rose, or to listen to the magpies and titmice." From Callander they ascended to Loch Kat- rine, and explored the Trossachs, "admired by many, chiefly or entirely on account of Scott's description of them"; at the tavern there, said Audubon, "with that most curious innate desire which there is in us of becom- ing older, for the purpose of enjoying the morrow, I went to rest, anxious to see the morn, and discover what existed beyond the crags that had bounded my view." From the wild and beautiful scenes about Loch Katrine, which stirred the naturalist's emotions and AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 183 evoked the desire to remain until the curtain of night had gradually and peacefully closed the landscape from their view, they proceeded to the rocky shores of Loch Lomond, where they found "a few small stone cabins, some fat bairns, abundance of ale, and a sufficiency of capital whisky." After crossing to Tarbet and exam- ining both the head and the foot of the lake, they went on from Balloch to Dumbarton by stage, and thence by steamer to Glasgow; there they spent a few days, and returned to Edinburgh by way of Dunbarton and La- nark. Steamers and coaches, slow as they then were, were all too fast for Audubon on this journey, and he declared that if ever again he visited the Highlands, it should be on foot, "for no man, with nerve and will, and an admirer of the beauties of nature, can ever truly enjoy the pleasures of travelling, unless he proceed in this manner." Mrs. Audubon's health had not improved by the journey, for shortly after their return she was again taken ill ; she was placed in the care of Dr. John Argyle Robertson, for whose efficient aid and "kind and gentle treatment," said Audubon, "we can never cease to cher- ish the most lively feelings of affection." "It is a curious part of my history," he continues, "that during the whole of my sojourn in Britain, none of the principal medical advisers whom we had occasion to employ would receive any recompense from us." By the 5th of November, 1838, but a few days after the issue of the fourth volume of his "Biographies," the printing of the fifth and last had already begun. The following letter^ is interesting for its personal details, and in showing that his confidence in the existence of the "bird of Washington"^ had not been shaken: »See ibid. »See Vol. I, p. 241. 184 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Audubon to Edward Harris Edinburgh December 19th., 1838. ^ My dear Friend: || Your letter of the 13 th. instant to Victor reached us this morning, and glad were we all to hear from you. My object in writing to you is, for the purpose of assuring you that I feel great [pleasure] in preparing a box of bird skins for you according to your desire. It is true, however, that I am now on the eve of commencing my synoptical arrange- ment of our birds, I shall not be able to show you as many of my specimens [as] I could otherwise have done, but you must take the will for the deed. The Box will be taken as far as London by Victor, who will leave us on the first of January. You will find in it a list of the contents, and I trust such bird skins as may answer your purpose well. Besides these Victor will also attend to your request as soon as in New York and will ship to you by way of Havre as you direct. I am glad that you should have seen what you conceive to be the great rara avis F. Washingtonii. I am sorry you could not have pocketed it, but who knows if it is not left yet in store for you — and I to shoot a pair of these noble birds at The West, and that, after having satisfactorily examined its habits, its eggs, or its young! Bonaparte, between you and I, is ex- ceedingly ignorant as regards our birds, as I found to my cost when he was in London, and where he pumped me sadly too much, but it is now over and I forgive him as I do all others who have or who ma?/ try to injure me. John Bachman wrote to me that he had left in commission to Trudeau, the purchase for me of a copy of Vieillot's Oiseaux de I'Amerique Septentrionale, and also a copy of Boie or Boje work -^^ on birds generally, but I have received neither books or " Voyage Autour du Monde, ex^cut4 far ordre de sa MajestS I'Em- 'pereur Nicholas lev, sur la Corvette Le Sdniavine, 1S26-1829. Par Frederic Lutke, Capitaine de vaisseau. Partie Historique, avec un atlas, lithographi6, d'apres les dessins originaux d'Alexandrie Postels et du Baron Kittlitz. Traduit du Russe sur le manuscrit original, sur les yeux de I'auteur, par Le Conseiller D'Etat F. Boye. Text in 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1835-36. The first two volumes are historical, and the third, entitled "Travels of the AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 185 promises of them from Trudeau as yet, perhaps you would undertake the task yourself, and show to Havell as soon as possible, for I shall be sadly in want of them in a few weeks more. I should also like you to try to find Mr. Augustus Thorndike of Boston, to whom Victor wrote a few days ago, with the view to inquire from that Gentleman when he wished his copy of the Birds of America to be delivered. Victor ad- dressed his letter to "his Hotel" or to the care of the "American Embassy." We are not sure, however, whether he is in Paris at present, and let me know what discoveries you have made as regards this. — Victor will remain ten days in London and wishes you, should you write to him there, to put your letter under cover to Havell and request him to keep it. Victor will write you from thence, I cannot account why Trudeau has not written to me in answer to my last, now full two months old.^^ Should you per- chance discover a specimen of the Bird of Washington in Paris and purchase the same, I should like you to send it to me on loan to enable me to compare it with mine, and the Immature of the F. Albicilla of Europe! I have got twelve sheets of the 5 th. Vol. of Biographies already printed, and I expect to have quite finished by the 1st. of April next. I have decided on the Trichas resembling Salvia Philadelphia of Wilson. It is a distinct species, but what will probably surprise you more, the *S'. Agilis of the same author is also perfectly distinct from either. All this you will plainly see when you read their separate descriptions and compare the three species. I wish you would ask Trudeau whether he recollects the specimen of an Eagle send by Townsend in his first collection, numbering 54 and which the latter has lost, though he con- sidered it as a new species. It was procured in California. Townsend speaks sorrowfully of the loss of this specimen. It never came under my eye, did it come under yours? Ask Tru- Naturalists," is translated by Alexandre Postels. The expedition traversed the Behring Sea, touched at some of the Aleutian Islands, and then ex- plored South America as far as the coast of Chili. 186 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST deau whether he ever saw my Hirundo Serripennis in America. Bachman wrote to me that Trudeau thought he had in the skins of Frederick Ward. I think Trudeau will be pleased with the anatomy of our birds, as it opens misteries hitherto unknown in connection with the relative affinities of some species toward others and assists in the formation of groups &c., in what some day or other, will be called a Natural arrangement! I wish I could have spent a few weeks in Paris with you and Trudeau, as I readily imagine that some new species of North American birds, may yet be found there unknown to the World of Science. I have written to Mr. Chevalier and to Townsend, but will not, I dare say, hear anything more of the former until through Victor, who intends to see him very shortly after his arrival in America. My Dear Wife is much better than when you saw her, and I hope that when once again she has been safely landed on our shores and enjoyed the warmth of our own Summers, her health will be quite restored. The Little Lucy has grown as fat as butter, and the rest of us are well. We all unite in kindest best wishes to you and to Trudeau, and I remain as ever, my Dear Friend, Yours, John J. Audubon. 6 Alva Street. In May, 1839, Audubon's fifth and last volume of the Ornithological Biography, consisting of 704 pages, was issued. It was followed almost immediately by A Synopsis of the Birds of North America, in which the eflicient aid of MacGillivray was again enlisted. On May 4 Audubon wrote to Havell that this work was in press and would be ready in about a month's time; again, on the 30th of June he announced that it was finished and in the hands of the binder. With this methodical catalogue of the birds of North America AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 187 then known and described, to the number of 491, fifty- two of which were new, Audubon's life and labors in England were brought to a close. The introduction to the last volume of his "Biog- raphies" begins as follows: How often, Good Reader, I have longed to see the day on which my labours should be brought to an end! Many times, when I had laid myself down in the deepest recesses of the western forests, have I been suddenly awakened by the appari- tion of dismal prospects that have presented themselves to my mind. Now, sickness, methought, had seized me with burning hand, and hurried me away, in spite of all my fond wishes, from those wild woods in which I had so long lingered, to increase my knowledge of the objects which they offered to my view. Poverty, too, at times walked hand in hand with me, and on more than one occasion urged me to cast away my pencils, destroy my drawings, abandon my journals, change my ideas, and return to the world. Later on he says: "You may well imagine how happy I am at this moment, when ^ o . I find my journeys all finished, my anxieties vanished, my mission accom- plished"; and he concludes: "I have pleasure in saying that my enemies have been few, and my friends numer- ous. May the God who granted me life, industry, and perseverance to accomplish my task, forgive the former, and forever bless the latter!" Audubon's introductions to the five volumes of his "Biographies," from which we have frequently quoted, are characteristic ; in them he cheers his subscribers, calls all his helpers and correspondents by name, and takes the public into his confidence by recording the acts which marked the steady progress of his work. Frequent ap- peals to the "good" and "gentle reader" have gone out of fashion, but in this instance they seem in keeping with 188 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST the style and character of the man, and they were not made in vain. Audubon's behef in his mission was so plainly sincere, his power so manifest and his enthusiasm so ardent, that there were few w^ho did not gladly ac- claim the extraordinary success of the man who twelve years before had landed in Liverpool poor and unknown. In the winter and spring of 1839, while Audubon was engaged in Edinburgh and Victor was in America, the settlement of his business affairs in London was entrusted mainly to Robert Havell, his engraver. At that time Havell was also pulling up roots, for he had caught the spirit of his patron and had decided to emi- grate with his family to the United States ; this involved disposing of his stock and breaking up his engraving and printing establishment at 77 Oxford Street. Havell had acquired distinction as well as a competence through his long engagement with Audubon, and being then in his forty-sixth year, he doubtless looked to America as a field for the fuller expression of his artistic aspira- tions and talents. How anxious Audubon was at this juncture regarding the disposition of the residual stock of his plates, his drawings, and his books, then in Ha- vell's hands, is seen by the following letter,^^ written at Edinburgh, in the winter of this year. Audubon to Robert Havell Edikbuugh, Feb. ^Oth, Monday, 1839. My dear Mr. Havell I perceive by the date of your letter of the 16th instant that you must have been some days beyond my expectations, "First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), in The Auk, vol. XXV (1908). Mr. Deane writes me that he has a copy of a receipt from William MacGillivray to Audubon for the final amount due him for work on the technical parts of Volume V of the Ornithological Biography; at the bottom of this paper Audubon made a memorandum, under date of Novem- ber 21, 1838, to the effect that the total amount which he had paid MacGil- livray for his work upon this volume was £4-7-11-1. AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 189 in the receiving of my parcel to you, and that on that account my letter of Saturday last crossed yours of the same date. I thank you for what you say as regards the balance in my favor at Wright and Co. Does Henry sail from London Docks or from Portsmouth? and pray what is the name of the Captain of the "Wellington".? I do not precisely understand what you mean by the loose sets which you desire to know how they should be packed .f* let me hear what they are and how many of them by return of mail. The -five perfect sets I think might all go into one case, tinned as usual and insured of course to the full amount of their value, as well as all others and to which I pray you to attend as if for your own self. It is impossible for me to go to London at present and indeed I cannot exactly tell when I will, and I trust to you entirely for the seeing that all the volumes are fair and good and passed through your own inspection of them before they are packed. No volumes of Biographies must be put in the same boxes. When you have disposed of your business, what will you do with what you have on hand belonging to us? This requires an answer from you at once. You have a great number of volumes of Biographies, Pictures, &c. &c., a regular list of which you ought to send me. I cannot yet say when the 5th vol. of Biographies will be finished, but will let you know as soon as I can. I received yesterday morning a letter from a gentleman who has procured a copy of the work through Mr. Eame the bookseller, he says that he has called upon you to say that he is missing one plate and begs to have a copy of the plate struck and remitted to Mr. Eame who will pay you what- ever price the extra trouble on this account may amount to, but he does not say what plate it is, and I therefor suppose that you do? If so as he is the brother-in-law of Mr. Walker of Ravensfield Park, one of our good subscribers I would say do it for him! My wife begs of you to save aU the loose prints which were returned to you by our son Victor, as well as any others whatever, perhaps among them you might find one to send Mr. Eame's subscriber? 190 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST On the 4th of this month the 'Great Western' was nearly half way across the Atlantic ! ! Sir William Jardine has pub- lished a capital review of the work ! What a strange world we do learn in ! Be sure to let me know about the original draw- ings at Henry's, if he has finished them, where they are &c. &c. We all remain as usual with kind good wishes to you all, Your friend John J. Audubon. 6 Alva St. [Superscribed] Robert Havell Esq. Engraver. 77 Oxford st London. How fully Audubon's injunctions in regard to his residual stock, and particularly to scattered plates of the Birds, were followed, is not known, but it is certain that a part of this residuum remained in England, where it is occasionally turned up even at the present day. In a considerable number of the original plates which were found in a bookshop in New Oxford Street in August, 1912, twelve were in the uncolored state, and several had the appearance of rejects; moreover, in a collection of these plates received from England in 1910, there were nine copies of the same subject, the Painted Bunt- ing (No. 11, Plate 53). Though a complete set of the plain plates is known,^^ and a considerable number were probably dispersed in America, they are very rare. Audubon wrote to Havell again on the 13th of March, when he complained of the gross mistakes made "See Note 5, Vol. II, p. 7. Mr. John Hardin (see Vol. II, p. 295) showed me an uncolored print of the Hen Turkey which John W. Audubon had given him, and a correspondent in New Orleans informs me that a rel- ative possesses a number in this condition, which were received many years ago as a gift from Mrs. Audubon. Mr. Charles E. Goodspeed, of Boston, was the recipient of the Painted Bunting plates, noticed above. AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 191 by the "idle rascals" who were employed in filling orders in his shop, and who had so sadly mixed matters that no less than twelve numbers of his Birds had come back to him, some of them containing one, three, and five copies of the same plate, instead of a "Number," and mixtures of the most incongruous sort; he thought that "a clever young man as a clerk was worth a hundred thick heads," and begged Havell again to send him "a correct list of what he shipped to America on his ac- count, and that list not made by any other person than either himself or Mrs. Havell." His next injunction, on May 4, was to insure his copper-plates of The Birds of America for <£5,000, and to send them to either Vic- tor Audubon or Mr. N. Berthoud, Number 2 Hanover Street, New York. At that moment Audubon was planning to return to America with his family by the Great Western on July 6. In writing again on June 30, he remarked that he was not at all certain that Ha- vell, who was then visiting at his native Reading, in Berkshire, would really sail on the 25th of July, since he had already postponed the journey so many times; he added that it would not even surprise him if his work on the Quadrupeds of America might not be out before they could fish and shoot together in his "native land." Havell eventually came to America with his wife and daughter on the ship Wellington^ in September, 1839; they landed at New York after the 15th of that month, and for a time were the guests of the Audubons at Number 86 White Street. His brother, Henry ,^^ who visited the United States in 1829, returned at about this time and established a print shop in Broad- way, New York, but according to Robert's biographer, "Henry Augustus Havell (1803-1840), painter, engraver, and at one time assistant to his elder brother, Robert Havell, Junior. v 192 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST his enterprise was ruined by a fire, when he went back to England and he died there about 1840. After a brief residence in Brooklyn, Robert Havell settled at Sing Sing, now Ossining, at a beautiful spot on the Hudson, overlooking the Palisades, which he named "Rocky Mount." There he devoted himself with characteristic energy to painting and sketching, but he also engraved and published a number of excellent views of his favorite river, the Hudson, as well as of New York and other American cities. In 1857 he established himself at Tarrytown, where he built a house and studio, and where in his later years he produced many meritorious works in oils. "He never tired," says his biographer, "of the great, broad, sweeping Hudson, and propped up in bed, that he might gaze at will on this mighty river," he died at the age of eighty-five, November 11, 1878.^* Havell has been described as quite the opposite of Audubon in many of his characteristics, calm, deliberate, not easily discouraged, and fully his equal in industry, perseverance and determination. Audubon sometimes complained of his friend's lax business habits, but their long sustained and cordial relations were never broken during life, and their mutual debt was great. The en- graver's first son, who lived but a year, was named Robert Audubon, and the naturalist, who was his god- father, held the child at its baptism at old St. James Church, Oxford Street, in 1827. A descendant of Luke Havell, who was a drawing master at Reading, uncle of Robert the second, possesses a silver loving-cup which Audubon presented to his engraver upon the completion of the second volume of his illustrations ; it is inscribed "To Robert HaveU, from his friend J. J. A. 1834." "George Alfred Williams (Bibl. No. 232), Print-Collectors Quarterly, vol. vi, p. 225 (1916). AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 193 When we consider the size of Audubon's plates, which required for the portrayal of his largest subjects, such as the Whooping Crane or Wild Turkey, an area of no less than five square feet, it will be seen that his engraver was compelled to adopt the most expeditious methods. This and kindred difficulties were overcome by Havell's skillful union of aquatint with etching and line engraving, but some of his smaller figures, as the Snow Birds (Plate 13), appear to have been etched in the usual way, with but slight use of either aquatint, dry-point or burin. In aquatinting the plate was usual- ly bitten to the desired depth for the softer shading of feathers or foliage, or for the entire expression of sky, water or landscape. Says George Alfred Williams : ^^ Aquatint proper consists entirely of gradations of tone produced by biting with aquafortis into the copper through a resinous ground broken into a multitude of fine granules, that render the personal touch practically negligible, and in con- sideration of this we can appreciate the exceptionally skillful use Havell, Junior, made of the difficult process. The graining of the aquatint grounds is produced by allowing fine dust par- ticles to settle upon the freshly prepared plate. It is to these grainings of different degrees of fineness that the engraver must look for the subtlety of the tonal surfaces, but strength is obtained usually through the use of the etched line. The chief limitation of the aquatint process lies in the great difficulty of getting more than a few differences of shade, as the ground goes to pieces rather rapidly under successive bitings, and the transitions from one tone to another are very few, so that half tones are not readily obtainable. It is in the economical use of these half tones that Havell, Junior, achieved so much and thereby produced a chiaroscuro seldom, if ever, equaled in aquatint. "Loc. cit. 194 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Artists have sometimes frowned upon this combina- tion of aquatint with other forms of engraving, especial- ly when executed with the burin, for "like the perma- nent misery of a quarrelling married couple, they may ruin everything with discord"; but any such lack of har- mony, when not overcome by Havell's skill, was usu- ally completely subdued by the color which was subse- quently applied to the printed sheet. This is seen by a comparison of the plain proof of such an elaborate plate as that of the rattlesnake attacking the mocking birds (Plate xxi) with the result attained in the finished impression. In replying to a criticism of Havell's work in 1830, Audubon expressed his conviction that "no birds were ever so beautifully and softly represented on cop- per," and any hardness, which his plates rarely showed, was not due to aquatinting, the inherent quality of which is softness. To quote our authority again: In Havell's hands aquatint gave the essential structure of forms by a judicious use of the process called "feathering." This he often did upon the bare copper plate without a ground, allowing the acid to bite its own granular surface. In this way he produced the soft gradations and telling accents so necessary to the portrayal of birds, but by a further judicious use of line the accurate forms of both bird and plant life were given with great force and delicacy. When Audubon first proposed to present the Congres- sional Library at Washington with a copy of his Birds, he asked Havell to do all the coloring himself; Havell colored his prints in the usual manner by flowing washes of pure water-color tints over the monochrome proof which was printed from the copper plate. In this phase of the process the great charm of his genuine talent for water-color painting AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 195 asserted itself. Aside from the first crude washes, put on by artists or colorists employed for the purpose, he himself ap- plied the salient tones and all the more delicate tints. Much misunderstanding has arisen in regard to the engraving and publication of Audubon's earlier plates owing to the complex relations which existed between Lizars, the two Havells of the same name, and the nat- uralist himself ; this involved the reissue of the first two numbers of the work, and a confusing series of legends upon the plates themselves, occasioned partly by a divi- sion of labor between father and son, and by the death of Robert Havell, Senior, in 1832. The errors into which some commentators have fallen, however, are due to their examination of but one set of plates. The account which follows is based upon a collation of com- plete copies at the British Museum, the Radcliffe Li- brary, Oxford, the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, and the Boston Society of Natural History, and of numerous scattered plates. Lizars engraved the first ten plates only of the large folio, but before the summer of 1827 a considerable number of these early impressions had been distributed. The Havells, as we have seen, started the work anew, and Robert, the younger, retouched the greater part of Lizars' plates, so that their reissue in London constitutes for the bibliophile a second, and in some cases a third, edition. Moreover, the plates which were eventually executed by the younger Havell, to the number of 425, were repeatedly printed from to meet the requirements of new subscribers; on such occasions errors were corrected, minor changes in the artist's or engraver's name introduced, and the nomenclature of the birds and plants more or less completely revised. Frequently the Whatman water-marks, or, indirectly, 196 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Audubon's titles, postdate the year of publication as printed on the plate itself. Conflicting legends, par- ticularly on the earlier plates, which have often puzzled collectors, are mainly due to one or another of the con- ditions named. Nearly every plate underwent altera- tions of some sort, but the various legends show con- clusively whether the print belongs to a first or a subse- quent impression. In the British Museum copy, the younger Havell's first independent legend appears on Plate Ixxvi (Virginia Partridge), as "Engraved, Printed, & Coloured by R. Havell Jun^ 1830." The word "London" was later added, but was eventually dis- carded. After the senior Havell's death in 1832, the son naturally dropped the suffix from his own name; there- after his brief designation of name and date became gradually stereotyped. It should be noticed, however, that when Robert Havell needed to reprint from plates which were executed before his father's death, he would frequently remove only the "Junior," -and let the orig- inal date stand, so that legends like the following are not uncommon: "Engraved, Printed, & Coloured by R. Havell, London — 1831"; to avoid the lacuna, designation of place and date were, at times, erased also. The naturalist's name underwent a different evolution on the plates, but after 1830, the date of his election to membership in the Royal Society, his designation gradu- ally settled into the phrase : "Drawn from nature by J. J. Audubon, F. L. S. F. R. S." (as in Plate Ixxxi, 1830) ; accordingly, all plates which bear these titles, but an earlier date, are second or later editions. The previous hints, with examples to be given presently, will enable collectors to determine whether a given plate is a first or subsequent impression. Lizars' first edition of plates, Numbers i to x, bore THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOf. I ' ^ox AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 197 no dates, and, so far as known, the first date of the entire series was "1828," which was added to Plate 31 (the White-headed Eagle), but was erased from later issues. When Robert Havell, Junior, retouched Lizar's engraving of the Turkey Hen (No. II, Plate vi), he added the date "1829," but in a third or later edition the name was changed and the date removed. This same date appears also on the retouched Plate ii, of the Yel- low-billed Cuckoo, and on that of the Purple Grackle or Crow Blackbird (Plate vii). A curious error crept into the first impressions of the former plate, which was mislabeled "Black-billed Cuckoo," a bird then rec- ognized as quite distinct.^^ Plates xxxi to Ixxv (1828- 29) were all dated in the first issue, and bore the names of both Havells; the legends are: "Engraved, Printed & Coloured by R. Havell & Son, London, 1828," and "En- graved by Rob*. Havell, Jun^. Printed & Coloured by R. Havell Sen^ London, 1828," or, "1829" (British Museum copy),. but when later printed by Robert, the younger, the dates were erased. All subsequent dating of the plates was somewhat irregular until 1834 (Plate ccii), but from that point to the end of the series, the year of issue was consistently added to each plate. Or- nithologists are specially interested in the time of publi- cation, since forty-seven new specific names occur on Audubon's large plates, and should date from them and not from the letterpress which followed. To illustrate what has been said of successive edi- tions of Audubon's plates, we shall give the legends of two or three of the most famous, taken from copies in " In 1914 Dr. Samuel Henshaw showed me an impression of this sup- pressed plate, and also a large printed label, cut from a board backing, which bore within an ornamental border the title "Audubon's Birds of America — Engraved, printed, and colored by Lizars &c. &c." This sug- gests that Lizars may have issued the first two numbers, which he en- graved, in portfolio. 198 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST the British Museum and Boston Society of Natural His- tory libraries or from detached plates obtained in Lon- don, in 1903: Plate i (1st edit., Lizars ; Brit. Mus.). — "Great American Cock Male-Vulgo (Wild Turkey) Meleagris Gallopavo. Drawn by J. J. Audubon, M. W. S. Engraved by W. H. Lizars Edin^" Plate i (2nd or later edit., Havell; Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.). — "Wild Turkey. Meleagris Gallopavo. Linn. Male Ameri- can Cane. Miegia macrosperma. Drawn from nature by J. J. Audubon F, R, S. F, L, S. Engraved by W. H. Lizars Edin^ Retouched by R. Havell Jun^" Plate vi (1st edit., Lizars; Brit. Mus.). — "Great American Hen & Young, Vulgo, Female Wild Turkey — Meleagris Gallopavo. Drawn from Nature by John J. Audubon F.R.S.E. M.W.S. Engraved by W. H. Lizars Edin^." Plate vi (2nd or later edit., Havell; detached plate). — The same with the exception of "F.L.S.," added to Audubon's name, and "Retouched by R. Havell. Jun^ London, 1829." Plate vi (3rd or later edit., Havell; Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.). — "Wild Turkey, Meleagris Gallopavo. Linn Female and Young." (Artist's name apparently cut off by binder.) "Engraved by W. H. Lizars. Retouched by R. Havell. Jun^." Plate 31. (1st edit., Havell. Brit. Mus.).— "White-headed Eagle, male. Falco Leucocephalus. Fish Fulgo — Yellow mud Cat. Drawn from Nature & Published by John J. Audubon, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., M.W.S. Engraved, Printed & Coloured by R. Havell & Son, London, 1828." Plate xxxi (2nd or later edit., Havell; Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist). - — **White-headed Eagle, Falco Leucocephalus. liinn, Male. Yellow Cat-fish. Drawn from Nature and Published by John J. Audubon. F,R,S. F,L,S. Engraved, Printed & Coloured, by R. Havell." AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 199 Plates which were wholly the work of Lizars have naturally become extremely rare; they were evidently disregarded by Audubon when he recorded on July 2, 1827, that he had given Mr. Children a proof of his first number, which he called "the first in existence," and declared that the two guineas then received was the first money that had been returned to his hands. Lizars' initial number had actually been finished in the previous winter, and a copy of this is recorded as having been given to the daughter of Sir Walter Scott on the 9th of March, 1827. When Audubon had finally closed all his business affairs in Edinburgh and London, late in the summer of 1839, he returned to America, with the remaining members of his family, and settled in New York, where he purchased a house at Number 84 White Street, then in the uptown district. An anonymous writer in the London Athenceum ^^ in giving a final review of Audubon's labors in 1839, paid this interesting tribute: It seems but as yesterday that we were walking about with a transatlantic stranger, picturesque enough in his appearance and garb, to arrest the eye of every passing gazer; a tall stalwart man, with hair sufficiently long to qualify him to serve as a model to Gray's "Bard," and trousers ample almost as petticoats of "good Harmony cloth," so absorbed in the en- thusiastic prosecution of his gigantic plan — a life's labour — as to be heedless of the singularity of those meteoric locks, and those liberal nether garments. Some dozen of years, however, have elapsed since that day ; the American Woodsman's hair — long since cut short — has grown white; his magnificent under- taking is completed, and he is now on the point of quitting England, to settle himself for the remainder of his days whether " See Bibliography, No. 143. 200 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST by the side of a bayou, in some forest clearing, or as an in- habitant of one of the American cities which have learned to know his value, report saith not. We shake hands with the author, tendering him our hearty congratulations on the completion of a task almost as arduous as has ever been proposed to a literary man. . . . The confidential simplicity of Mr. Audubon's own prefaces would make yet more personal leave-takings and farewells, on the critic's part, natural and graceful, — but it must suffice to say, that few have quitted England, carrying with them a larger portion of honest regard and sincere good wishes. Possibly it was the same writer who gave this strik- ing picture of Audubon in the pages of the same jour- nal, thirty years later; ^^ We can remember when his portfolio excited delight in Edinburgh, London, and Paris, rivalling in smaller circles a new Waverley novel. The man also was not a man to be seen and forgotten, or passed on the pavement without glances of surprise and scrutiny. The tall and somewhat stooping form, the clothes not made by a West-end but by a Far West tailor, the steady, rapid, springing step, the long hair, the aquiline features, and the glowing angry eyes, — the expression of a handsome man conscious of ceasing to be young, and an air and manner which told you that whoever you might be he was John Audubon, will never be forgotten by anyone who knew or saw him. We will add to this the musings of an anonymous American wTiter ^^ in the North American Review for the following year (1840) : It must have been with mingled and varied feelings that Audubon pubHshed his concluding volume. He was sure then ^See Bibliography, No. 152. "W. B. O. Peabody; see Bibliography, No. 143. AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 201 that he had raised an imperishable monument to commemorate his own renown. All anxieties and fears which overshadowed his work in its beginning had passed away. The prophecies of kind but overprudent friends, who did not understand his self- sustaining energy, had proved untrue; the malicious hope of his enemiesj for even the gentle lover of nature has enemies, — had been disappointed; he had secured a commanding place in the respect and gratitude of men ; he had secured a treasure of rich and glowing recollections, to warm his own heart in his declining years, and to kindle enthusiasm in his children's chil- dren. . . . On the other hand he had lost an employment which for years had kept all the powers of body and mind in healthy though intense exertion; whatever else he might do, the great work of his intellectual life was finished. » . . His trumpet of victory at the result must have given an uncertain sound, partly exulting in his success, and partly lamenting that his great work was finished. It has often been asked, how many complete sets of Audubon's folio of The Birds of America were dis- tributed, and how many are in existence today. No definite answer can be given to either question. His final lists, appended to the last volume of his "Biog- raphies" in 1839, and reproduced in Appendix III to the present work, gave the number of standing names as 161 (calling for 166 copies), of which 79 (with 84 copies) pertained to Europe, and 82 were American; inasmuch as 118 subscribers had dropped off, with in- completed sets on their hands, this brought the total number of original patrons at that time to 279, and the number of copies which had been originally ordered to 284. On the other hand, the following advertisement, evidently from the hand of Audubon himself, appeared in The Athenceum, under date of "London, November 202 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST 1, 1837," and was reprinted in America a few weeks later: '^ The number of perfect copies at present subscribed for does not exceed 190, of which upwards of 80 are subscribed for in America ; and the expense of getting them up is so great, that not more than ten or fifteen copies, above the number sub- scribed for, will be prepared. The Establishment necessary for its publication will be broken up when the last Number is coloured ; and any applica- cation for the Work must be made to the Author, 4, Wimpole — street, London; or Mr. R. Havell, Engraver, 77 Oxford — street, before the first of May next, as after that time no sub- scription can be received. Assuming that Audubon's final published lists, call- ing for 166 copies, were correct, and that ten additional sets were prepared, this would bring the total original number known to have been complete to 176, which agrees with an estimate attributed to Victor Audubon, who once expressed the belief that "about 175 copies" were in existence, of which about 80 were in America.^^ It is probable, however, that of the 118 persons who allowed their subscriptions to lapse, a number completed their sets from the residual stock, which must have been great, though the later plates would be the hardest to obtain; in this event the number of perfect sets of Au- dubon's Birds probably never exceeded 190 or 200. ^See Samuel N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231) The Auk, vol. xxxiil, p. 130 (1916) ; transcript of a clipping which apparently had been taken from a New York newspaper of January, 1838; the reading of the American notice is the same, excepting the statement that applications in this country should be made to^ "N. Berthoud, Esq., New York; Dr. George Parkman, Boston; Rev. Jno. Bachman, Charleston, S. C; James Grimshaw, Esq., New Orleans, or W. G. Bakewell, Esq., Louisville." It is dated "New York, 11 Jan, 1838." ^ Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, p. 71. I AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 203 The proprietor of a well known Philadelphia book- shop -^ has stated that during his experience as an anti- quary, he has had personal knowledge of forty or fifty copies of the folio edition of Audubon's Birds in Amer- ica, and he thought it probable that a single New Eng- land print dealer, in the course of twenty years, had broken up thirty or forty volumes for the purpose of selling the plates. This is not surprising, since from the sale of a single volume upwards of $1,500 might be realized in this way, but no reputable dealer would now think of breaking up an unimpaired set. Mr. Ruthven Deane, who has compiled a careful rec- ord of copies of The Birds of America known to exist in the United States, recorded in 1908 that he had ascer- tained the resting-place of seventy-five sets which, with few exceptions, were complete and in good condition. "A set in the library of the Mechanics-Mercantile Insti- tute, San Francisco, California, which had been there for some thirty years, and another set in the San Fran- cisco Art Association, presented in 1894 by Mr. Edward F. Searles, Methuen, Massachusetts, were both de- stroyed by the disastrous earthquake and fire which vis- ited that city April 18, 1906." ^^ Audubon's own copy of his Birds, the plates of which were naturally selected with the greatest care, was sold by Mrs. Audubon after the death of her last surviving son, hi 1862, to John T. Johnson, of New York, for $1,200; the subsequent history of these volumes has not been traced. Havell brought with him to America a copy, every plate of which is said to have been selected by himself, and it is undoubtedly one of the finest sets in existence. It passed from the family's possession to the **See Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231), loc. cit. "Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), The Auk, vol. xxv, p. 401 (1908). 204 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST hands of the publishers and booksellers, Messrs. C. S. I Francis & Company, of 554< Broadway, New York, who in 1856 had charge of the sale of all of Audubon's works,"^ and was later purchased by Dr. W. Gurdon Russell, of Hartford, Connecticut, who presented it to Trinity College, July 10, 1900.-' | After recording the facts of the case, so far as they have been ascertained, the following extract from the minutes of a meeting of the New York Historical So- ciety, held October 3, 1865, will be read with interest: ^^ The Librarian presented the following copy of a manu- | script memorandum preserved in the first volume of Audu- bon's Ornithological Biography, formerly belonging to the late J. Prescott Hall,^^ and now in possession of David G. Francis, Esq.: ^* Eight in number, the aggregate cost of which was then $1,624: The Birds of America, with its letterpress, was offered at $1,000; library, or octavo edition, with reduced plates, in 100 Parts, at $100; The Quadrupeds of North America, 2 vols., folio, with 3 vols, text, in 8vo., $300; text of the same, according to binding, from $31 (paper) to $40 (full Turkey mor.) ; Birds and Quadrupeds, library ed., 10 vols., 650 plates, $150 to $160, accord- ing to style; Synopsis of Birds of America, $4; The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, 3 vols., text only, $9. See Mrs. Horace St. John, Life of Audubon (Bibl. No. 71), in advertisement inserted in volume. These prices were similar to those that prevailed during the lifetime of the naturalist. According to Mr. Ruthven Deane, Audubon's account books show that on January 8, 1840, a box was sent to Dr. George Parkman, of Boston, containing a set of The Birds of America, in full binding, at $1,075; a set of the same, half bound, at $950; and the "Biographies" at $27. The highest recorded price of The Birds of America is believed to be $4,350, which the Kemble set brought at auction at Philadelphia, in 1906 (See Prices Current for 1906) ; the highest price paid for a single plate, that of the Turkey Cock (Plate No. 1) upwards of $140; and the highest pric? asked for the octavo edition of the Birds (in original parts), $750. The Quadrupeds in 2 vols., original folio, now brings about $500. ^^ Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), loc. cit. ^* For a copy of this minute, the substance of which was published in 1877 (See Bibliography, No. 179), I am indebted to the present librarian, Mr. Kelby. ^Jonathan Prescott Hall (1796-1862), eminent lawyer and jurist, was at one time district attorney for the southern district of New York, and author of Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of City of New York — AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 205 "This work is presented to J. Prescott Hall by his poor Friend and sincerely attached servant John J. Audubon" "New York April 4, 1844." "Mr Audubon told me in the year 184 — that he did not sell more than 40 copies of his great work in England, Ireland, Scotland, and France, of which Louis Phillippe took 10. "The following received their copies but never paid for them: George IV., Dutchess of Clarence, Marquis of Londonderry, Princess of Hesse Homburg. "An Irish lord whose name he would not give, took two copies and paid for neither. Rothschild paid for his copy, but with great reluctance. "He further said that he sold 75 copies in America, 26 in New York and 24 in Boston; that the work cost him £27,000 and that he lost $25,000 by it. "He said that Louis Phillippe ofFerred to subscribe for 100 copies if he would publish the work in Paris. This he found could not be done, as it would have required 40 years to finish it as things were then in Paris. Of this conversation I made a memorandum at the time which I read over to Mr. Audubon and he pronounced it correct. "J. Prescott Hall." As regards the subscription of Rothschild the follow- ing account of his interview with the famous banker has been recorded by Audubon himself .^^ The naturalist, it appears, received a letter to Baron Rothschild from the American banking-house of Prime, Ward & King, and presented it in the summer of 1834. The banker was -29 (3 vols., New York, 1831-33). Mr. Hall was a subscriber to the octavo editions of Audubon's Birds and Quadrupeds. ** According to Lucy B. Audubon, ed.. The Life of John James Audu- bon (Bibl. No. 73), from which we have drawn numerous extracts from his journals; see p. 381, under date of May 13, 1834. 206 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST not in when Audubon and his son, Victor, called upon him, but "soon a corpulent man appeared, hitching up his trousers, and a face red with the exertion of walk- ing, and without noticing any one present, dropped his fat body into a comfortable chair, as if caring for no one else in this wide world but himself." When Audubon presented his credentials, the banker asked: "Is this a letter of business, or is it a mere letter of introduction?' " As Audubon had not read the letter, he was obliged to answer rather awkwardly that he could not tell. "The banker then opened the letter, read it with the manner of one who was looking only at the temporal side of things, and after reading it said, 'This is only a letter of introduction, and I expect from its contents that you are the publisher of some book or other and need my sub- scription.'" Audubon continues : Had a man the size of a mountain spoken to me in that arrogant style in America I should have indignantly resented it; but where I then was it seemed best to swallow and digest it as well as I could. So in reply ... I said I should be honored by his subscription to the "Birds of America." "Sir," he said, "I never sign my name to any subscription list, but you may send in your work and I will pay for a copy of it. Gentlemen, I am busy, I wish you good morning." We were busy men, too, and so bowing respectfully, we retired, pretty well satisfied with the small slice of his opulence which our labor was likely to obtain. A few days afterwards I sent the first volume of my work half bound, and all the numbers besides, then published. On seeing them we were told that he ordered the bearer to take them to his house, which was done directly. Number after number was sent and delivered to the Baron, and after eight or ten months my son made out his account and sent it by Mr. Havell, my engraver, to his banking-house. The Baron looked at it with amazement, and cried out, "What, a hundred AUDUBON'S GREATEST TRIUMPH 207 pounds for birds ! Why, sir, I will give you five pounds, and not a farthing more !" Representations were made to him of the magnificence and expense of the work, and how pleased his Baroness and wealthy children would be to have a copy; but the great financier was unrelenting. The copy of the work was actually sent back to Mr. Havell's shop, and as I found that instituting legal proceedings against him would cost more than it would come to, I kept the work, and afterwards sold it to a man with less money but a nobler heart, What a dis- tance there is between two such men as Baron Rothschild of London and the merchant of Savannah! CHAPTER XXXIII NEW ENTERPRISES AND LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND" Settlement in New York — The Birds in miniature, and work on the Quadrwpeds — Marriage of Victor Audubon — Cooperation of Bachman in the Quadrupeds secured — Prospectuses — History of the octavo edi- tion of the Birds — Baird's enthusiasm and efficient aid — Parkman's wren — Baird's visit to Audubon in New York — "Look out for Martens !" and wildcats — New home on the Hudson — Godwin's pilgrimage to "Minnie's Land" in 1842. After thirteen years of unmitigated labor, Audubon could have basked in a fame already secure, and could have enjoyed, for a time at least, a leisure handsomely earned. But no sooner had he settled in New York than he entered upon two formidable tasks: one of these was the complete revision of his Birds of America, to be issued with its text in "miniature," as its reduced form was sometimes described; the other, which he did not live to see brought to completion, was an elaborate work on the Quadrupeds of North America, eventually carried forward in collaboration with the Reverend John Bachman. In his confident and characteristic manner, Audubon at once issued a "Prospectus" of both these undertak- ings. The more cautious Bachman, in writing on Sep- tember 13, 1839, to congratulate him upon their safe return, "in spite of storms, calms, and hurricane," said: I am glad that you are about to do something with regard to the ''Small Edition of Birds.'* But are you not too fast in issuing your prospectus of The Birds and Quadrupeds, with- 208 ( LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND" 209 out having numbers of both works, by which the public can judge of their merits? My idea, in regard to the latter, is that you should carefully get up, in your best style, a volume about the size of "Holbrook's Reptiles." This would enable you to decide on the terms of the book, I think that two thou- sand subscribers at $1.00 for each number, might be obtained. But it must be no half-way affair. The animals have never been carefully described, and you will find difficulties at every step. Books cannot aid you much. Long journeys will have to be undertaken. Several species re- main to be added and their habits ascertained. The drawings you can easily make, if you can procure the specimens. I wish I had you here, if only for two days. I think that I have studied the subject more than you have. You will be bothered with the Wolves and the Foxes, to begin with. I have two new species of Bats and Shrews to add. The Western Deer are no joke, and the ever varying Squirrels seem sent by Satan him- self, to puzzle the Naturalists. It is evident from this letter that Audubon was then intending to proceed with the work on the Quadrupeds alone and that Bachman's active cooperation was se- cured later. On September 15, shortly after his return to America, he wrote to Thomas M. Brewer on this sub- ject as follows: ^ Now that I am about to commence the publication of the Quadrupeds of North America, I will expect your assistance in the procuring for me of all such subjects as may easily be obtained around you. John Bachman is about to give the whole of his collections and his notes to me; and as I intend to open a pretty general correspondence in different parts of the Union, I trust to be enabled to proceed roundly on this fresh undertaking. *See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. Ixi, p. 666 (1880). 210 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Victor Gifford Audubon, who had preceded his father to America early in 1839, was married in that year to Mary Eliza, second daughter of John and Har- riet Bachman. This double union of the two naturalists' families called forth mutual congratulations, but Bach- man, who was inconsolable at the departure of his chil- dren, preferred to talk of birds: "By that time," said he, "four or five numbers [of the 'Small Edition of the Birds'] are published, you may turn over the work to your sons; but, till then, you should carefully review every page and plate. The next thing will be to get subscribers. This would be purgatory to me; but it is necessary to success. While drumming up subscribers, you may obtain specimens for the Quadrupeds." When writing again January 13, 1840, Bachman, whose co- operation in the proposed work had been sought, con- tinued : The descriptions in the "Small Edition of Birds" will have to be abridged — your ^'worthy friend" and other humbugs may be left out to advantage. I am not at all surprised at your success at getting subscribers ; but let me say, cities are not the only places to obtain them. Birds sing and nestle among the groves of the country — The planters and farmers are the men to become subscribers. An intelligent planter from the up country said, a few days ago, that if the right person would thoroughly canvass the whole State of South Carolina, he would insure three hundred subscribers to the "Small Work." Old Jostle would be the man, and when his legs failed, the Young Jostle should go forward. Get the Editors to notice your work — this is a puffing world — from the porpoise to the steamboat. When we meet, we shall talk about the partnership in the quadrupeds. I am willing to have my name stand with yours, if it will help the sale of the book. The expenses and the profits THl rCW YORK Ipublic library A&TOff. L'-NOX TILDES fOUNOA IONS LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND" 211 shall be yours or the boys'. I am anxious to do something for the benefit of Victor and John, in addition to the treasures I have given them — and this is all I can do. . . . Employ yourself now in drawing every quadruped you can lay your hands upon. If you can find me a live Ermine, buy it In New York. I must once more examine and study its change of pilage. Don't flatter yourself that the quadrupeds will be child's play. I have studied them all my life. We have much, both in Europe and America, to learn on this subject. The skulls and the teeth must be studied, and color is as variable as the wind ; down, down In the earth they grovel, while we, in digging and studying, may grow old and cross. Our work must be thorough. I would as soon stick my name to a forged Bank Note as to a mess of soupmaigre. The "Prospectus" of Audubon's "miniature" edition of the Birds was as follows : ^ ^ From last page of paper cover?, in which parts of the work were originally issued. - ... Below are the following notices: "Persons desirous of subscribing to the above work are respectfully re- quested to apply to /. /. Audubon, 86 White street, Henderson Greene, 377 Broadway, or W. A. Caiman, Broadway, New York; to /. B. Chevalier, 70 Dock street, or Orrin Rogers, 67 South Second street, Philadelphia; C. C. Little or James Brown, Boston; /. P. Beile, or Geo. Oates, Charleston, S. C. ; Gideon B. Smith, Baltimore; David Ridgely, Annapolis, Md.; /. S. Kellogg ^ Co., Mobile, Ala." "S. H. Stevenson, Travelling Agent for Kentucky and Virginia; and William A. Pierce for Pennsylvania." This first octavo edition of Audubon's Birds was issued by J. J. Audu- bon, and J. B. Chevalier, Philadelphia, in 100 parts, of five plates each, to be bound in 7 volumes, 1840-44. Complete sets in parts are now very rare; previous to 1907 a set is said to have been sold for $500; in 1914 one was offered in Philadelphia for $750. The introduction to No 1, is dated "New York, Nov. 1839," and the fifteenth number, beginning volume ii, "N. Y., Aug., 1840." The first five volumes (1840-43) were issued with the cooperation of J. B. Chevalier, lithographer, 70 Dock Street, Philadelphia, but, according to Mr. Ruthven Deane, he was an agent who received a commission on sales, and, for a time, a share in the profits, but not a co-publisher with Audubon; it is also stated that when misfortune visited Chevalier in later life, he was cared for by Audubon or his sons, up to the time of his death. For fuller details, see Bibliography, No. 4. 212 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST To those who have not seen any portion of Mr. Audubon's Original Drawings, it may be proper to state, that their supe- riority consists in the accuracy as to proportion and outline, and the variety and truth of the attitudes and positions of the figures, resulting from peculiar means discovered and employed by him, and his attentive examination of the objects portrayed, during a long series of years. Mr. Audubon has not contented himself with single profile views, but in many instances has grouped his figures, so as to represent the originals in their natural avocations, and has placed them on branches of trees decorated with foliage, blossoms and fruits, or amidst plants of numerous species — some are seen pursuing their prey in the air, searching for food amongst the leaves and herbage, sitting on their nests, or feeding their young; whilst others, of a dif- ferent nature, swim, wade, or glide in or over their allotted ele- ment. The insects, reptiles and fishes that form the food of some of the birds, have now and then been introduced in the drawings. In nearly every instance where a difference of plum- age exists between the sexes, both male and female have been represented, and the extraordinary changes which some species undergo in their progress from youth to maturity, have been depicted. The plants are all copied from nature, and- as many are remarkable for their beauty, their usefulness, or their rarity, the Botanist cannot fail to look upon them with delight. The particulars of the plan of the work can be reduced to the following heads: 1. The size of the work is royal octavo, the paper being of the finest quality. 2. The Plates representing the Birds are correctly reduced from the original drawings, and are coloured in the most care- ful manner. 3. The work will appear in numbers, on the first and fif- teenth of every month. 4. Each number will consist of Five Plates, accompanied with full descriptions of the habits and localities of the birds, their anatomy and digestive organs, (with occasionally wood THE BIRDS OF AMERICA, DRAWINGS MADE IN THE UNITED STATES AND THEIR TERRITORIES. BY JOHN JAiWES AUDUBON, F. R. SS.L. & C Fellow of the LinneananJ Zoological Societies ori«ndon; Member of llio Lyceum ofAVw York, of the Nalural History Society of Purii, the Wcnicriaii Natural Ilidlury Society of Eilinbiirgh; Ilouorary Member of the Society of Natural History of Maticliestcr, anJ of the Ko)-aL,Soot|ieIi Academy of Painting. Sculpture, anil Architecture; Member of llic Amencaa Fbiiosophical Society, of the Academy of jNatural Sciences at Philadelphia, «f the Natural History Societies of Boiton, of Chadcutoo in SouUt CaiDlinn, the Quebec Literary aiid flistorical Society, the OmithologicttI Society ia London, Uie Socield Fra09«ise de Statistiqae Uoiveneljs.jie Paris, &C.&C. ' ■' NEW YORKj 3. J. AUDUBON, 86 WBITE STREET. PHILADELPHlAt h 6. CHEVALIER, 70 DOCK STREET. oomuoar sbovkcd. B.a,OaHf,niiiiaw TITLE PAGE OF PAPER COVERS IN WHICH PARTS OF THE FIRST AMERICAN" (oCTAVO) EDITION OF "the BIRDS OF AMERICA" WERE ORIGINALLY ISSUED. 213 214 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST cuts representing the latter,) and will be furnished to sub- scribers for one dollar, payable on delivery. 5. The work will be published in accordance with a scientific arrangement of the genera and species, and will complete the Ornithology of our country, it is believed, in the most perfect manner. The octavo edition of Audubon's Birds began to appear, in parts, late in 1839, and was in press four years. It was illustrated with 500 lithographic plates, which were reduced by John Woodhouse Audubon from his father's old or new originals, with such changes as the breaking up of composite plates and other consid- erations rendered necessary. Many new flowers and trees made their appearance in these plates, and sev- enteen new birds were added to the last volume ; the text was also greatly improved by the process of addition and subtraction, as well as by the correction of many errors w^hich it was then possible to effect: as twelve species were noticed without figures, this brought the total number of American birds finally recognized by Audu- bon to 507.^ The first considerable list of American birds with any pretense to accuracy appeared in Notes on Virginia, published in 1782, by Thomas Jefferson, who then named 109 species peculiar to the United States; William Bartram, in 1791, gave 191 ; Alexander Wilson, 278; Wilson and Ord, in 1808-14, 320, and Charles Bonaparte, in 1825-33, is said to have extended 'Of these, according to Mr. Witmer Stone (see Bibliography, No. 221), 474 are sanctioned in the present "Check List" of the American Ornithologists' Union; seventeen have proved to be identical with others; ten are extra-limital ; two are hybrids; and five have never been found since; of Audubon's suppressed species, two have been resuscitated. Audu- bon is thought to have been personally acquainted with 385 American species, others being known to him only through specimens sent by col- lectors, or discovered in museums. LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND" 215 the number to 382. The present number of North American birds, omitting sub-species, admitted to the third revised edition of the "Check-List," prepared by a .Committee of the American Ornithologists' Union and pubhshed in New York in 1910, is 768. To this is added a hypothetical list of 26 names, the validity of which is still in doubt; these embrace Townsend's Bunting — Spiza townsendi (Audubon) ; Carbonated Warbler — Dendroica carhonata (Audubon), Blue Mountain War- bler— Dendroica montana (Wilson) , known only in the works of Wilson and Audubon; the mysterious Small- headed "Flycatcher," or Warbler — Musicapa minuta (Wilson) or Wilsonia (?) microcephala (Ridgway), an account of which is given in Chapter XIV and which is known only in Wilson's and Audubon's works; and Cuvier's Regulus — Regulus cuvieri (Audubon), which has never been seen beyond the covers of The Birds of America, and its descriptive text: "I shot this bird," said Audubon, "on my father-in-law's plantation of Fat- land Ford, on the Skuylkill River in Pennsylvania, on the 8th June 1812, while on a visit to my honoured rela- tive Mr. William Bake well ... I have not seen an- other since." Audubon was soon canvassing the principal cities for this work, with what success is shown by the following letter * to his family : Audubon to his Family Baxtimore, Feb. 21. 1840. 11 o'clock at night. My dear friends So far so good, but alas ! I am now out of numbers to de- liver to my subscribers here. Here! where I expected to pro- * First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 48b), The Auk, vol. XXV (1908). 216 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST cure a good number more. This list is composed of excellent men and all good pay. I have in my pocket upwards of one hundred names, whom I am assured are likely to subscribe. Therefor I will not leave Baltimore for some days to come at least. I forward a copy of this list to Chevalier by the same mail and yet you may as well inquire if he has received it. More numbers I must have as soon as possible as all my subscribers here are anxious about receiving their copies, unfortunately I had only 90 No. 2. I look upon this list as a capital list. I have sent Mr. Ridgley of Annapolis a No. 1 and a prospectus, and expect some names tomorrow evening from that quarter. I will remit money to Phila. and let you know how much as soon as I can. The box has arrived here safely and to- morrow or Monday I will deliver Biographies &c. D. Potter is very ill and poor and yet I hope to get his note before I leave here. I received a note from dear Jonny dated at Norfolk, all well and going on. I expect they are at this moment at John Bachman's. I am fatigued beyond description and had the misfortune last evening of skinning my shin bones, they bled profusely however, and I hope will soon get well, though feel rather sore at this very moment, but I will take care of them. The amount of attention which I have received here is quite bewildering, the very streets resound with my name, and I feel quite alarmed and queer as I trudge along. Mess. Mechle, Oldfield and the Brune family have all assisted me in the most kind and brotherly manner, indeed I may say that my success is mostly derived from these excellent persons. I have written to Mr. Mifflins. I feel that Theodore An- derson will not live long. Mr. Morris has not yet returned from Annapolis. See that the notice in the Baltimore Patriot which I sent you yesterday is inserted in the Albion^ the New York Gazette and if possible in the Courrier and Enquirer. I have sent one to Chevalier and another to Dr. Parkman. I ought to have at this moment 300 copies Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, for Washington City and really I think it would be better to stop the publication of the work for one month to effect this. There- LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND " 217 for loose no time in urging Mr. Bowen (write to him) and Chevalier also on this all important subject. If ever I was in want of assistance it is at this moment and you my dear Victor must be on the alert and second my en- deavors to render you all Happy ! I would be delighted to have a few lines from Mamma and Eliza at the end of your next letter, which I hope to receive in immediate answer to this, Here. I have marked all your items in your last letter. Call from time to time at the Mercantile Library. I am glad you have re- mitted to the Rathbone's. Do write to Mr. Hoppenstall and see the daughter of Capt. Brittan. I was invited last evening to a great ball, and should have gone had not my accident of shin bones prevented me. I am told that I would have had some 20 names there. Recollect that our agents name is Gideon B. Smith and a most worthy man he is, highly recommended by Robert Gilmor and others. [No signature] To the gratification of Audubon and his friends, the octavo edition of his Birds of America was an imme- diate and great success. Only 300 copies of the plates of the first number, which was ready on December 3, 1839, were printed, but in little more than a month 300 more were demanded, and the number of plates re- quired rose steadily until January 9, 1841, when it stood at 1,475 copies.^ The total number of subscribers given ^See "Original Account Book of J. J. Audubon" (Bibl. No. 223), The Nation, vol. Ixxxiv, from which the following data regarding issues and sales of this work are drawn. The total edition of the plates for No. 2 was 1,345, and of No. 3, 1,339. No. 11 of the plates was the first to run to 1,000 copies in the first printing, and this issue was continued to No. 50, inclusive, excepting Nos. 3, 28, 29, and 30, of which 1,500 seem to have been printed; the plates of these numbers were done at the lithographic establishment of Endicotts, New York, all others being the work of J. T. Bowen, Philadelphia. When subscriptions began to fall oif with No. 51, the edition was reduced to 1,150, and again with No. 57, to 1,050, which remained constant to No. 84, or as far as this record goes. Of the text, printed by E. G. Dorsey, 1,200 copies formed the first edition of No. 1, 218 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST in Audubon's published lists was 1,198, of which 198 are credited to Boston, 164 to Baltimore, 141 to New York, sixty-five to Philadelphia, and forty-three to for- eign countries, ten of which went to England; Mr. George Gates of Charleston subscribed for seven copies. Such a reception for an expensive work on natural his- tory was unprecedented in the United States, and has had few parallels in any country. At the very beginning of this new undertaking, the hand of disease and bereavement rested heavily on the Audubon and Bachman families; they were obliged to see first one and then another of their daughters swept by the same terrible malady, tuberculosis, to an early grave. Mrs. John Woodhouse Audubon died at her old home in Charleston, whither she had gone for the benefit of her health in the previous winter, on September 23, 1840, at the age of twenty-three; and Mrs. Victor Audubon, after a long sojourn in Cuba, and shortly after returning to her home in New York, died there on May 25, 1841, at the age of twenty-two. Au- dubon was very fond of his daughters-in-law, and his "beloved Rosy," as Victor's wife was familiarly called, is said to have been a particular favorite and the life of his family circle. If work at this time brought no pleasure, it at least afforded him relief from painful thoughts. In June, 1840, a boy who lived in Carlisle, Pennsyl- vania, mustered up courage to write to the naturalist and give him an account of a new bird, the Yellow- bellied Flycatcher, which he and his brother had dis- 1,000 copies that of No. 2, and of successive numbers to No. 23. With No. 24, the edition was increased to 2,000, and in February, 1841, the earlier numbers Mere reprinted, thus forming a second edition of these parts, and affording a chance for correction of errors. (See Audubon's letter quoted above.) LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND " 219 covered, under the very noses, as it were, of all the orni- thologists in America. With that fine sense of modesty which characterized the man in after life, for his name was Spencer Fullerton Baird, he wrote :^ "You see Sir that I have taken (after much hesitation) the liberty of writing you. I am but a boy, and very inexperienced, as you no doubt will observe from my description of the Flycatcher." Audubon, who had just returned from the sick-bed of his daughter-in-law, replied promptly as follows: Audubon to Spencer Fullerton Baird New Yoek, June 13, 1840. Dear Sir, On my return home from Charleston S. C. yesterday, I found your kind favor of the 4th inst. in which you have the goodness to inform me that you have discovered a new species of fly-catcher, and which, if the bird corresponds to your de- scription, is, indeed, likely to prove itself hitherto undescribed, for although you speak of yourself as being a youth, your style and the descriptions you have sent me prove that an old head may from time to time be found on young shoulders ! I wish you would send me one of the stuffed specimens as well as the one preserved in spirits, and wish you also to rest assured that if the little Muscicapa stands as a nondescript that I shall feel pleased to name it after your friend. I have never seen a male of the Cape May warbler with the upper part of the head pure black. Have you compared the Regidus with the description of Regulus Cuvieri? Could you not send me your bird to look at.? Being on the eve of publishing the Quadrupeds of our Country, I have thought that you might have it in your power to procure several of the *See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. Nos. 47 and 49-51), The Auk, vols, xxi, xxiii, and xxiv (1904-7), Passim; and William H. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, a Biography (Bibl. No. 52) (1915); to these admirable accounts I am indebted for such abstracts of this correspondence as are here reproduced. 220 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST smaller species for me, and thereby assist me considerably. Please write to me again soon, as I must resume my travels In 8 or 10 days. Have you seen a copy of the small edition of The Birds of America which I am now publishing? Believe me, dear sir, With good wishes, your obt. sert., John J. Audubon Thus began a correspondence between the youth of fifteen and the veteran of fifty-five, which led to an intimate friendship that lasted during Audubon's active career, and was an undoubted stimulus to young Baird, whose talents, enthusiasm and industry were quickly ap- preciated by the older naturalist. Baird answered Au- dubon's letter on June 20, and profFered his services in collecting mammals, saying that while they were more difficult to find than birds, he hoped "by increased exer- tion to make up the difference"; he also added: "I have seen some numbers of your work now publishing, and admire them very much. I have no doubt that it will do more to spread a love of Natural history, than any work ever published. For my part I read the description of birds and the episodes in your Ornithological Biography with the same motive of pleasure as I used to read a favorite novel." In Audubon's immediate reply of the 22nd, he said: It is impossible at present for me to give you any precise Idea of the work on our quadrupeds which I have In con- templation to publish, any further than to say to you, that it Is my intention, as well as that of my friend, the Rev^ John Bachman, of Charleston, S. C, assisted by several others of our best naturalists, to issue a work on the Mammalia of North America worthy of the naturalist's attention, both at home and abroad. — Through our joint efforts, and assisted as we hope and trust to be, by numerous friends and acquaintances in LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND " 221 different portions of our Wide Union, we expect to collect, not only new species, but much of valuable matter connected with their geographical range, and particular habits. For instance, in your assistance in this department as well as in ornithology, you may be able to send us valuable intelligence respecting the Shrews, Mice, Rats, Squirrels, etc., found in your immediate vicinity &c. — and by saving and forwarding specimens to us, be able also, in all probability, to place into our hands, objects never before known to the World of Science. Whatever information we thus receive is sacredly published under the name of the friend from whom we receive the infor- mation, etc. I have sent you the Zoological report of Doc'. De^Kay. His Corvus cocolotle [cacolotl] is really our Raven. Supposed by some inexperienced European naturalists to be distinct from the Raven of Europe, which, however, is a gross error.^ . . . The thrush which you have described, and which you kindly offer to send me, may be nev\^, but perhaps you are not ac- quainted with the Turdus Nanus of my work, to which it ap- pears, if not the same, probably a new variety ! Nous ver- rons. . . . Please to collect all the Shrews, Mice, (field or wood), rats, bats. Squirrels, etc., and put them in a jar in common Rum, not whiskey, brandy or alcohol. AU of the latter spirits are sure to injure the subjects. Audubon, who was now ^'killing two birds with one stone" — collecting subscribers for one work and mam- mals for another, had found a strong and willing helper in the young naturalist of Carlisle. On December 10 of the same year Baird wrote that he had discovered an- other Flycatcher, as well as a small Woodpecker, which was apparently new, and had shot a "Bay Lynx or Wild Cat a mile & a quarter from Carlisle ; the cat . . . was 2% feet long & weighed 12% pounds. ... It was a ^See Vol. II, p. 169. 222 AUDUBOX, THE NATURALIST source of great regret," said Baird, "that I was not able to meet you in Philadelphia when I was there during the latter part of September. I saw Mr. Chevalier ^ several times, and found him a very agreeable gentle- man." Audubon replied to this letter on Christmas Day, as follows: Audiibon to Spencer Fullerton Baird New York, December 25, 1840. My dear sir, On my return yesterday from a tour of a month, I found your kind favor of the 10th inst. at my house. I regret ex- ceedingly that you and I should not have met at Philadelphia, as I feel sure by the style and contents of your letters to me that you are fond of the study of natural objects, as much as I am. I have no doubt that your journey during the last sum- mer and autumn was a pleasing one to you, as I can well con- ceive from the fresh recollections of my many rambles. You would oblige me much by sending me (through Mr. Chevelier) the Muscicapa you obtained Oct. 12th, and also the small woodpecker "with the very broad bill" I am anxious to see those birds, and will take especial care of them, and also return them to you, free of all expense. I cannot at this moment return to the specimens you have already sent me, but in my next letter, I will assure you of the names of the subjects. I wish I could see your Bay Lynx, as I feel somewhat confident that we have more than two species within our limits. Your anecdote connected with the sagacity of the Weasel is quite pleasing to me, and will appear in my biographies of quadrupeds bye and bye. I cannot, as yet, give you any esti- mate of my work on the Quadrupeds of our Country but ^iU do so as soon as possible. With my best wishes, for your health 'See Note, Vol. II, p. 211. LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND " 223 and prosperity, I pray you to consider me as your friend and obt. servant, John J. Audubon. In the following letter by William Yarrell,® English naturalist and sportsman, are interesting references to Audubon's smaller edition of The Birds of America as well as to the writer's History of British Birds, which later became the standard work on the ornithology of Great Britain: William Yarrell to Audubon [Addressed] J. J. Audubon Esq^ NO- 86 White Street New York. [Superscribed by Audubon] March 10. 1841. [English postmark] D Paid 4 MR 4? 1841 My deae Sib, Your letter, and also that of your son, are now before me, both received so long ago as the middle of last year — how time flies with those who are fully occupied — I reproach my- self for having allowed them to remain so long unanswered — and hope my numerous avocations, which absorb my whole time, will be admitted as my excuse. I see M'*- B. Phillips every now and then, we meet only to talk about you — I have received from his hands the first 17 N°^ of your smaller American Birds and like them much — as I could not afford to have the large "William Yarrell (1784-1856) was the author of A History of British Fishes (1835-36), and A History of British Birds (1839-43) in three volumes; the latter has passed through several editions, the fourth and best being by Alfred Newton in four volumes (1871-85). For the favor of reproducing this letter, and another by Yarrell given in Chapter XXXIV, I am indebted to Mr. Ruthven Deane. 224 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST work I make myself content with the small one, and shall be happy to receive the continuation — pray tell me to whom shall I make payment for them, shall it be to M^- Phillips if so, let me or him know, and it shall be done immediately — I am quite of your opinion that there would be some sale for it here — if it was advertised and made known, but a commission of 10. p cent will not tempt any London Bookseller who is sufficiently known and influential to be of any service to you — I exhibited my numbers at the meetings of the Linnean and Zoological Socities and gave the loose plates between them to lay on the table, but without the name of a London Bookseller on the cover no one knows where to get the work if Desirous of buy- ing it. I will now answer your inquiries for English Friends. Earl Derby remains much the same — very well in health, but de- prived of the use of one side entirely, limbs as well as body — unable to attend to other things, he appears to devote him- self almost entirely to Zoology — Thomson his Superintendent of the Aviary is at this time in London buying some new or rare pheasants lately arrived here from China — and will have a valuable addition to the stock to take back with him — Lord Derby came to London by the Rail Road last March (1840) and Thomson tells me, his Lordship means to come up again this Spring. The Prince of Musignano now P. of Canino I hear of by report from others — He is quite well, continually publishing, and we hear that he means to visit London in the course of the present year — of M^- Lear we hear the most satisfactory accounts — generally through M^* Hullmandill — he is greatly improved in health and finances — a favorite with every body, patronized by all who go there — and he too, we hear, means to visit England in the course of the present year. M^- Gould returned safe to England in August last, after an absence of two years and 8 months — Two years of the time were passed on Van Diemans land and various parts of New Holland — he did not go to New Zealand — He has brought home a very large collection of Birds, with, in many cases, the eggs and nests — He has commenced the publication of the Birds on the LIFE AT 'MINNIE'S LAND" 225 same scale as his Birds of Europe, but improved in execution — two parts are out: it is to be published every three months. I sent ofF a letter this day to your Edinburgh friend M^- Mac- Gillivray — he is a candidate for the Professorship of Natural History in the Marischall College of Aberdeen and wrote to ask me for a testimonial of recommendation — this was the object of my letter to him. — My second volume of the British Birds will be complete in July next, I wiU send it to you in one lump. Pray remember me to your good lady and thank your son Victoire for me for his letter. I hope you are all well, and with best wishes for a continuance to you of all that is good — I remain very sincerely yours W^' Yarrell. J. J. Audubon Esq^ New York — Spencer Baird and his brother, William, were soon able to announce another discovery, now well known the country over as the Least Flycatcher, and in some sections by the onomatopoeic name of Chebec. In refer- ring to it in his letter of June 21, 1841, Baird wrote: There is one flycatcher respecting which we are in doubt, and which was very abundant this spring. It is the one we had considered M. Pusilla but a thorough examination of the Biog- raphy, has thrown doubt on this supposition, it agrees pretty well with the M. Acadica of Nuttall, but not with the Acadica, of the Synopsis. I will send you one as soon as possible, as there is no set of Plates in Carlisle to which we might refer. In conclusion Baird added: "May we not expect to see you in Carlisle before a great while? It would give us very great pleasure indeed." Though Audubon gladly admitted this new-found species of bird at a later day, he was not at first dis- 226 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST posed to accept its validity, as will appear in the follow- ing interesting letter which he sent to his young friend : Audubon to Spencer FuUerton Baird New York, July 29, 1841. My DEAR Sir, — I have not had time to answer your interesting favor of the 21st until this morning, being now constantly engaged in the figuring, &c., of the Quadrupeds of Our Country ; by which I mean that I actually work from daylight every day until I retire to my necessary repose at night. Your observations upon the birds of passage the last spring are what they have been almost throughout the U. S. The very backward spring which we have experienced this year did no doubt retard the coming into the States the millions of passenger birds that come to us from beyond our limits. The Fly-catcher of which you are in doubt is nevertheless the M, Fusilla, and you must not be surprised to find perhaps some discrepancy between the specimens you have procured and the descriptions you may have read, as among mine these differences are quite obvious and belonging to either sex or age, as is indeed the case with most of our birds as well as among many of our quadrupeds. . . . I cannot at present tell you when I may have the pleasure of meeting you at your own domicile, and yet this may happen quite unexpectedly. Do you pay attention to the quadrupeds around you? If not, I wish you would! — and moreover I should be highly pleased to hear of your procuring for us all such as may be found in your vicinity. You have Bats, Wood Rats, ^ Mice, Weasels, ^c, ^c, all of which I should like to possess speci- mens at your hands. Could you not save all that you come across with in this way, place them in common good Rum, and forward them to me at once or as soon as you have some 2 or three species. I will most cheerfully pay all expenses to Philadelphia addressed to J. B. Chevalier, No. 70 Dock Street. AUDUBOX AFTER A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY JOHN WOODHOUSE AND VICTOR GIFFORD AUDUBOX ABOUT 1841, NOW IX J'OSSESSIOX OF THE AMERICAX MUSEUM OF XATURAT, HISTORY, XEW YORK. PUBLISHED BY COURTESY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF XATURAL HISTORY. ^^Bmm^yl ASTOF?. Lc^ox LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND' 227 I am now as anxious about the publication of the Quad- rupeds as I ever was in the procuring of our Birds, indeed my present interest in Zoology is altogether bent toward the Com- pletion of this department of Natural Science. Do please write to me often as I am always glad to hear from you, and when I am somewhat slow in answering your let- ters, be assured that it Is altogether on a/c of the excess of Labour that I have to go through. Believe me with sincere good wishes Your friend and servant, John J. Audubon. Although Audubon never went to Carlisle, young Baird, as we shall see, repeatedly visited him in New York and became a favorite with his family. A de- scription of the new riycatchefs was published by the Baird brothers in 1843, and represierited Spencer's first contribution to his favorite science; Audubon included their discovery in the Appendix to the seventh and last volume of The Birds of America in 1844. Audubon's occupations in the summer of this year are clearly reflected in the following letter : ^ Audubon to Dr. George Parkman New York, June 20th 1841 My Dear Friend. — I intended having written to you yesterday by Miss Shatuck, who was good enough to spend the day with us, but I was so deeply engaged on a drawing of Rocky Mountain Flying Squirrels, that the time of her departure came suddenly and I could merely ask of her to say to you, that your last letter and remittance had reached us in safety, and with the •See John E. Thayer (Bibl. No. 53), The Auk, vol. xxxiii (1916). Mr. Thayer's Ornithological Museum now contains the original specimen of Parkman's Wren, to which Audubon refers; it is "mounted on a twig, in a paper box with a glass front," and is "in excellent condition." 228 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST unexampled promptness shewn by you on the three occasions you have been troubled with the delivery of 46 parts of our ;( work to 46 of our Boston subscribers ; and for which as I have said before I am very sorry to have nought but our sin- cerest thanks and gratitude to you for this, so remarkable pro- ceeding. May God reward you and yours for all your gener- ous actions. I thank you also for your memorandums about the quad- rupeds in the Boston Museum as I see that our animal there may save me the trouble of going to the State of Maine for it. When I was last under the hospitable roof of our Friend Doc^ Shattuck, I saw in George's room a N^- of the "Penny Maga- zine" in which there is a plate representing a family of Beavers at work, that reminded me greatly of what I have seen in the ponds of Indiana some thirty years ago, and which I should like to have for a few days to assist in part in the making of the background to my Drawing of these animals, drawn from the Individual you procured for me. I will take good care of the N^- and will return it safely very soon. Should George Shattuck have forwarded that N^- to M^- B. of Baltimore, pray ask him to write to the later to send it to me as soon as convenient. If per chance you could procure for me a live Hare in the Summer dress (It is pure white in winter) pray do so and do not mind the price or the cost of its conveyance to me. This animal is abundant in the northern portions of your State and is fully double the size of the common Hare called the "Rabbit." With sincerest regards and kindest remembrances to all around you and our mutual Friends, believe [me] yours always John J. Audubon. The "Parkman Wren" well mounted will soon be on your chimney mantle ! The unique specimen of the little Wren, referred to in the postscript of this letter, had been discovered on LIFE AT 'MINNIE'S LAND" 229 the Columbia River by Dr. Townsend some years be- fore, and though Audubon had described it in 1839, his figure of it had but just appeared; this was doubtless included, as Mr. Thayer remarks, in the parts of the octavo edition of The Birds of America, which Dr. Parkman distributed at Boston in the summer of this year. As an indication of the zeal and energy with which Audubon undertook his work on the quadrupeds, the following letter (dated "New York, August 15, 1841," •and addressed to "W. O. Ayres,^^ Esq., Miller's Place, Suffolk county, Long Island, New York") will be read with interest: Audubon to W. 0. Ayres I am now closely engaged in conjunction with my friend the Revd. John Bachman — of Charleston, S. C, in the preparing of a work on the viviparous quadrupeds of North America, and I have already drawn about one hundred figures of these, including thirty-six species. Now knowing the interest you feel towards the advance- ment of Natural Science, in every department, I have thought that should you assist us in the procuring specimens, whether in the flesh or skin, dead or alive ; that we would be much bene- fitted by such aid. — Long Island possesses rare and valuable species, and although many of them are plentiful they are rarely procured unless accidentally as it were. In your Ram- bles after the feathered Tribe, you surely come across at times with quadrupeds, and if you were good enough to shoot them or to catch them and send them to me in the manner mentioned below, I personally would feel extremely obliged to you. Bats, Wood Rats and Wood Mice, Shrews, Shrew Moles *°Baird wrote to Audubon, November 4, 1846: "Please tell me the address of your friend Ayres. I have been collecting fishes for some weeks, and wish to correspond & exchange with him on this subject." A woodpecker, Colaptes ayresii, was named after this friend by Audubon, in The Birds of America, vol. vii, in 1843. 230 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST and all the smaller animals can be forwarded in an earthern jar immersed in good Yankee Rum. — The larger kinds can be skinned, preserving the skull entire, and also the legbone and the clavicles. One fore & one hind foot ought to be pinned on a board or cork until perfectly dried, and actual measure- ments and weights forwarded with the specimens. Nos. accord- ingly with the notes of localities and dates. Young and old are wanted. The Cat Squirrel is now and then procured about you of a very large size — the Woodchuck &c. but it is unneces- sary for me to give you a list as we are anxious to procure every thing we can from every portion of the Union with the view to ascertain their geographical range. The expense involved in producing the early num- bers of the small edition of his Birds must have been great, and Audubon was feeling the strain, when the letter," dated "New York— April 29, 1841," from which the following extract is taken, was sent to his Boston agent: "I doubt much if you are actually aware that we have at this moment in this city and at Philadelphia upwards of Seventy persons employed upon the present work, and that all these . . . are to be paid regularly- each Saturday evening, and that when we are out of temper it is not without cause." When Baird visited the Audubons, in New York, in January, 1842, he was fascinated by the masterly draw- ings of birds and quadrupeds which were then being produced, and was determined to pay more attention himself to an art for which presumably he had little natural aptitude; he seems also to have received a hint for the improvement of his somewhat loose chirography. Upon leaving, Audubon presented his pupil with a copy of the Biography of Birds. After returning to his ^^ Addressed to Messrs. Little & Brown, booksellers, acknowledging the receipt of a check for $214.20. LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND " 231 iiome, Baird wrote from Carlisle, on February 8 of that year: Spencer Fvllerton Baird to Audubon After a trial of two weeks I begin to find that I am getting over the shock caused by the sudden transition from the bustle of Broadway to the Hfelessness of CarHsle, and hope that by the application of the proper means I may in time perfectly recover. Philadelphia seemed dull but Carlisle was death it- self. My visit now however seems but as a dream, and I have settled down into my old regular monotonous life as if I had never been absent a day. When I arrived my friends had a great many questions to ask of course, but almost the first ones on every lip were about Mr. Audubon, — how he looked? What was his age, whether the idea they had formed of him from his writings was correct, many queries also were respecting Mrs. A. and her sons; and they all said that they would be ever grateful to them for their kindness, to one away from home. . . . For want of other objects I have commenced to draw the sternal and shoulder apparatus of our birds, a pretty large collection of which I have been making for a year past. . . . Have you heard from Mr. Lyon of Bedford yet about the money he owes you.^ I was asking about him the other day, of an acquaintance of his, who told me that he was as good as gold in all his debts, & expressed some surprise at his not having paid, as he generaly is very punctual. . . . Last week I walked up to Pinegrove an iron works about sixteen miles in the moun- I tains where resides the Mr. Ege I have so often spoken about j as the mighty Nimrod of our county. On my arrival I found I a fine wild cat hanging in the stable which had been killed a V few days before. On returning the next day I took the cat with me slung across my shoulders, and on reaching home after measuring & weighing it skinned it. I am in hopes of getting some more from here, as they promised to catch all they could for me. 232 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Baird signed himself "Your affectionate pupil," and added in a postscript: "I forgot to say that I had a fine steak of the wild cat broiled and it tasted like a tender piece of fresh pork. I will certainly eat the whole of the next one obtained. I intend to taste all the Quad- rupeds inhabiting this part of the country." Audubon's interesting reply was in part as follows : Atidubon to Spencer FuUerton Baird New York, Feby. 10, 1842. My deae young Friend. It is about half an hour since I had the real pleasure of receiving your letter of the 8th inst. and my earnest thanks to you for it and its contents; to all of which I will try to answer at your request. That beautiful Carlisle, its surrounding hills bordering its valleys, all within the bosom of quiet nature should appear to you as a small affair when compared to our largest city in the Union, is not at all remarkable, but let me ask you the fol- lowing questions. Did you meet all your dear Parents and Friends quite well? Did they not receive you with the kindest of welcomes? Were not their hearts and feelings towards you the same as ever? Surely all this was fact, and being so, would you not after all prefer Little Carlisle than Great New York with all its humbug, rascality, and Immorality? Surely or do I mistake your nature sadly, you do ! It Is now a good long time since I was young, and resided near Norristown In Penn- sylvania. It was then and Is now a very indifferent place as compared with New York; but still my heart and mind often- time dwell In the pleasure that I felt there, and It always re- minds me that within a few miles of that village, my Mother^ ^ did live, and it was there also that my good fortune led me to know and to marry the excellent Wife I have yet, at whose hands yourself have tried to be rendered comfortable. Say "See Vol. I, p. 103. LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND" 233 what you will, "there is nothing like home" ... I wish I could be with you, if only for one week, for then I imagine that between j^our friends of the mountains, yourself, and myself, we could Tree a "Catamount" and soon untree him. The tug- ging part of that far-famed animal, I would cheerfully give up to your youthful shoulders, but not so with the figuring of it, yet for a while. Is there such a Beast in existence? Do let me know as soon as you can. I am heartily glad that you have procured a wild cat from the mountainous part of Pennsyl- vania, and that you have preserv^ed its skin, which I beg you to forward as soon as you please, along with whatever other quadrupeds you may have in hand, that we may say more on those Beasts of the Central States, than has ever been before told. ... Looh out for Martens, and try to find me some youself! I am glad that you find wild cat meat pretty good, as it corroborates the sayings of many others, who pronounce it equal to young veal. Let me say to you ("en passant") that your handwriting is considerably improved, and depend upon it that your at- tention to Drawing will soon enable you as of "copper plate." Go ahead ! I now wish you earnestly to offer our joint respects, re- gards, and best wishes to all your family and friends, and to believe me always, Yours most truly, John J. Audubon. 86 White Street. P. S. Thank you for what you say of the Bedford gentleman. When I write next, I will mention him at greater length. I wish you could let me know whether we could procure first rate peach trees from your vicinity, and how much 50 of them would cost. I should like to have them assorted, soft, and clings yellow, or red, or blood-red. We wish to plant these as early in March as possible, if young trees, two years old could be had, we might, perhaps, have fruit on some of them during the 234 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST next summer? Try what you can do for your New York friend. [The following on outside of letter-sheet] I will make up a box for you in a few days, and send it to you through Mr. Chevalier. Audubon, who ever found city life irksome, as early as 1841 had begun to look about for a farm, or some retired spot within easy access to New York, where he could establish the families of himself, of his two sons, and have about him many of the animals which he then wished to study and depict for his new work. Edward Harris would have been glad to have had him for a neighbor, and wrote from Moorestown, New Jersey, on July 5, 1841, suggesting that he examine "a small farm close to his village, containing about 25 acres of very good land," which the owner was then willing to sell for $3,500, though, added Harris, "when Mr. Havell was here, he asked $5,000 for it." A spot more to his liking, however, was found on the Hudson River, in Carmansville, later known as Washington Heights, where he purchased from thirty to forty acres of land which had a river frontage of a thousand feet, from the present One Hundred and Fifty-fifth to One Hundred and Fifty-eighth Streets, and extended to the easterly limits of the village at the old Bloomingdale Road, near the present Amsterdam Avenue. This tract was well wooded, and among the grand forest trees on the place a large tulip or white wood attracted general attention from its great girth and commanding height. Audubon decided to place his house at the foot of the river bluff, amid a cluster of fine oaks, chestnuts and evergreens, and a clearing had to be made before the site could be laid off; it was some years before the railroad came to mar his river view and interrupt access to the LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND" 235 beach. Audubon began to build in 1841, and on Febru- ary 24, 1842, Victor wrote to Edward Harris: "Our house in the country is going on well, and will probably be ready for us in about two months. John is at work out there every day"; they were planning, he said, to raise pigs and poultry, and he inquired after "draining tiles, such as are made near Philadelphia." Audubon named his new estate "Minnie's land," in honor of his wife, Lucy, to whom he deeded the prop- erty, the Scotch form of her name having no doubt come into familiar use during their residence abroad. In April, 1842, they turned their backs on the city and oc- cupied their new home. Spencer Baird, when writing on May 3 of that year, said ; I have been in some doubt where this letter should be ad- dressed, since "86 White St." will not reach you, and you must by this time be snugly fixed I hope in your beautiful place up the River. Do not laugh therefore if I prefix "For- merly" to the old superscription. . . . I suppose that the First Number of the "Quadrupeds of North America" is out by this time, I hope that it will be hailed by a large list of subscribers, and will do what I can for this desirable end. Submerged as Audubon was, with painting the Quadrupeds, keeping the small edition of his Birds in motion, and canvassing for subscribers to both works, which he published himself, he nevertheless found time for an extraordinary number of letters, which were written with an elegance of chirography that diverts our attention from their orthographic defects. In the labor of drawing and in all his business affairs he was constantly aided by his sons. In Audubon's time the center of Carmansville was 236 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST a quarter of a mile to the east of his house, while at a short distance below, on the river, lay Manhattanville, at the present One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street, from which men frequently came on summer evenings to help handle the seine, fish then being plentiful in that part of the Hudson. The place came to possess a good garden and orchard, with stable, dairy, and poultry yards; enclosures also were made for deer, elk, wolves, foxes and other wild animals. The old barn of the Au- dubon place stood higher on the slope where the natu- ralist built his studio or painting house, but no traces of either now exist. Though standing low, the house com- manded a wide sweep of the river with the Palisades on its opposite shore, and such attractive surroundings were a never failing source of delight and inspiration to the naturalist to his dying day. In describing Audubon's activities, Parke Godwin made this note iri the spring of 1842: ^^ During the last winter, which he spent in this city, he has worked on an average fourteen hours a day, preparing a work on the Quadrupeds of America, similar to his work on the Birds. The drawings already finished, of the size of life, are master-pieces in their way, surpassing if that be possible, in fidelity and brilliancy, all that he has done before. Early in the summer he will depart to continue his labors in the woods. Before we glance at the half -submerged relic of Audubon's old house as it stands today in upper New York,^* we shall follow the same writer in a visit which he made to "Minnie's Land" in the summer of 1842 but did not describe until eleven years later; ^^ we will only " See Bibliography, No. 60. "See Chapter XXXVI. ^^ Parke Godwin, The Homes of American Authors (Bibl. No. 68) (1853). "minkie's land" as it appeared in 1865. After a lithograph published in D. T. Valentine's Manval of the Council of the City of Neic York. % M^ . ^^- - ■" '-t ' 14JRI:^ «^-.-.^ r %&. m'Umid mmm^ m m&. -g^Bt^f**^ ^ '^ ■^^'M ■ MM 11 ' ^•^. ^"^■- ;-% , u 1 IHili|ll||ll|lll B^^i^il k^. >1INNIE S LAND AS IT APPEARS TO-DAY FROM THE RIVER FRONT, POCKETED BY THE RETAINING WALL OF RIVERSIDE DRIVE. TKR NEW YORK PUELIC LIBRARY TIL£>eN FOUNOAfONS LIFE AT "MINNIE'S LAND" 237 add that at this time Audubon was in his fifty-eighth year, and not over sixty, as this writer surmised. After passing beyond the outposts of the city of that day, and turning into a rustic road which led directly to the river, his walk soon brought a secluded country house into view, — a house not entirely adapted to the nature of the scenery, yet simple and unpretending in its architecture, and beautifully embowered amid elms and oaks. Several graceful fawns and noble elk were stalking in the shade of the trees, apparently unconscious of the presence of a few dogs, and not caring for the numerous turkeys, geese, and other domestic animals that gabbled and screamed among them. . . . "Is the master at home?" I asked of the pretty maid-ser- vant who answered my tap at the door, and who after inform- ing me that he was, led me into a room on the left side of the broad hall. It was not, however, a parlor, or any ordinary re- ception-room that I entered, but evidently a room for work. In one corner stood a painter's easel, with a half-finished sketch of a beaver on paper; in the other lay the skin of an American panther. The antlers of elks hung upon the walls, stuffed birds of every description of gay plumage ornamented the man- tle-piece; and exquisite drawings of field-mice, orioles, and woodpeckers were scattered promiscuously in other parts of the room, across one end of which a long rude table was stretched to hold artist materials, scraps of drawing paper and immense folio volumes filled with the delicious paintings of birds taken in their haunts. The master, who soon appeared, was a tall, thin man, with a high arched and serene forehead, and a bright penetrating gray eye ; his white locks fell in clus- ters upon his shoulders, but were the only signs of age, for his form was erect, and his step as light as that of a deer. The expression of his face was sharp, but noble and commanding. 238 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST and there was something in it, partly derived from the aquiline nose and partly from the shutting of the mouth, which made you think of the imperial eagle. His greeting, as he entered, was at once frank and cordial, and showed you the sincere and true man. "How kind it is," he said with a slight French accent, and in a pensive tone, "to come and see me ; and how wise, too, to leave that crazy city !" He then shook me warmly by the hand. "Do you know," he continued, "how I wonder that men can consent to swelter and fret their lives away amid those hot bricks and pestilent vapors, when the woods and fields are all so near.'*" When writing in 1845, Godwin gave further inti- mations of the naturalist's appearance: "His forehead [was] high, arched, and unclouded; the hairs of the brow prominent, particularly at the root of the nose, which was long and aquiline ; chin prominent, and mouth characterized by energy and determination. The eyes were deep-gray, set deeply in the head, and as restless as the glance of an eagle." CHAPTER XXXIV EXPEDITION TO THE UPPER MISSOURI Ambitions at fifty-seven — Plans his last expedition in the role of natural- ist— Credentials from public men — Canvassing tour in Canada de- scribed— Baird's plans to accompany Audubon west frustrated — Western expedition begun — Ascent of the Missouri and Yellowstone — Discoveries of new birds — A wilderness that howls — Buffalo hunting — Passing of the great herds — Return from Fort Union — Incident on the canal boat — Completion of the octavo edition of the Birds. In the summer of 1842, when his two new undertak- ings were well in hand, Audubon was planning a jour- ney which he felt would help them both, his long cher- ished but ever deferred expedition to the Far West; in the dim perspective his mind's eye could trace the snowy summits of the Rocky Mountains, a promised land he was never destined to see, though, with true poetic jus- tice, one of those grand peaks now bears his name. At this time he was in his fifty-eighth year, and although his family thought him too old for so arduous a journey, he would not be thwarted, for his eye was undimmed and his natural force unabated. The letters which passed between Audubon and Baird at this time show how eager was his young friend to attach himself to the party. While in Washington, July 27, 1842, Baird wrote: After making several unsuccessful efforts to get a second sight of you day before yesterday, I was obliged to give up the attempt in despair. I went to the Capitol at half past twelve and wandered over the whole building, Library, Senate 240 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Chamber and House, without being able to see or hear any- thing of your excellency. In the evening as in the morning I was again at Fuller's without avail, went up the street, lis- tened awhile to the Circus music, came back, you were in bed. One thing I wanted to ask you about, was respecting your proposed trip next spring. . . . Nothing would delight me more than to go, if I can afford it. Next what preparation would I have to make to fit myself to accompany you. The journey ought to be a sort of "Humboldt & Bonpland" one, for the purpose of increasing the general sum of knowledge in every department of science, physical as well as natural. . . . If there is anything I can do for you here, do not hesitate to command me. Audubon's interesting reply to this letter will be given in full: Audubon to Spencer Fuller ton Baird New York, July 30, 1842. My Dear Young Friend, — Your letter of the 27th Inst, reached me yesterday. I am truly vexed that I should have missed you at the Library or the Congress Chambers, where I went (perhaps too late) be- tween 3 and 4 o'clock of the afternoon, having been detained at the different Departments of State where it was my duty to call, preparatory to the next coming Great Western Journey. Now it proves by your letter that you feel favorably dis- posed to accompany me on this long thought-of and contem- plated Tour, and wish me to give you some idea of the expenses, attached to such an undertaking; but to this question I am quite unable to reply at present, although I may do so in a few weeks, and which I shall do, provided you write to me again on the subject. I have no very particular desire to embark as deep in the Cause of Science as the great Humboldt has done, and that, simply because I am too poor in pecuniary means and too in- EXPEDITION TO THE MISSOURI 241 competent; but I wish nevertheless to attempt to open the Eyes of naturahsts to Riches untold, and facts liitJierto untold. The portions of the country through which it is my intention to pass, never having been trodden by white Man previously. I have some very strong doubts whether the results of the Antarctic Expedition will be published for some time yet; for, alas, our Government has not the means, at present, of pay- ing some half a Million of Dollars to produce publications such as they should publish, and connected with the vast stores of Information, collected by so many Scientific Men in no less than Four Years of Constant Toil and privation, and which ought to come to the World of Science at least as brightly as the brightest rays of the Orb of Day during the Mid-summer Solstice. Oh, my dear young friend, that I did possess the wealth of the Emperor of Russia, or of the King of the French ; then, indeed, I would address the Congress of our Country, ask of them to throw open these stores of Natural Curiosities, and Comply with mine every wish to publish, and to Give away Cop- ies of the invaluable Works thus produced to every Scientific Institution throughout our Country, and throughout the World. As you however appear desirous to present my thoughts of your capabilities as one of the assistants in that Stupendous undertaking, I send you enclosed what I hope most sincerely may prove beneficial for such purposes. Now as you have been kind enough to offer me your services at Washington, I ask you to call upon Mr. Cushing, M. C, of Mass.tts, and to ask him to have the goodness to forward me the Letter promised me by the President of the U. S., for, as I have not yet had it, I somewhat fear that it has been mis- sent. Write me at once, and believe me. Your friend, John J. Audubon. Audubon enclosed with this letter a warm recom- mendation of his friend for the position of curator of 242 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST the rich collections made by the United States Explor- ing Expedition to the Antarctic, under command of Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, then stored at the Patent Office and National Institute, but nothing came of it and Baird went away disappointed. During the summer, in accordance with his usual custom, Audubon had taken pains to fortify himself with credentials from the Government, and had obtained excellent letters from President John Tyler, Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, General Winfield Scott, who then held the highest commission in the Army, John C. Spencer, Secretary of War, and Lord Ashburton, a member of a special commission to settle the disputed boundary between Maine and the British provinces. The letters given him by Daniel Webster and President Tyler were as follows : ^ Daniel Webster to Whom it May Concern United States of America, Department of State. To ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME GREETING. Know Ye, that the bearer hereof, John James Audubon, a distinguished naturalist and native citizen of the United States, has made known to me his intention of travelling on the con- tinent with the view principally of aiding the cause of science by extending his researches and explorations in natural history, and as he is known to me to be a man of character and honor and worthy of all friendly offices and of all personal regard, these are therefore to request all whom it may concern, to permit him to pass freely, without let or molestation, and to extend to him all such aid and protection as he may need, and which becomes the hospitality of civilized and friendly nations. In testimony whereof I, Daniel Webster, Secretary of State of the United States, have hereunto set my hand and caused ^See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 224), The Auk, vol. xxv (1908). EXPEDITION TO THE MISSOURI 243 the seal of this department to be affixed at the City of Wash- ington, this the M th day of July, A. D. 1842. [Signed] Daniel Webstee President John Tyler to Whom it May Concern United States of America, Washington, 28 th July 1842. The bearer of this, John James Audubon, is a native citizen of the United States, who has informed me of his intention of travelling on the continent of America, chiefly to promote the cause of science by researches in natural history. He is known to me to be a naturalist of eminent acquirements and estimation, a man of character and honor and worthy of all personal respect and regard. I recommend him to my country- men abroad and to the authorities and inhabitants of other countries that he may receive the friendly offices, aid and coun- tenance which are due to the interests of science and the rites of hospitality among civilized nations. John Tyler, President of the U. States. John Bachman, who had agreed to be responsible for the letterpress of the Quadrupeds, was already at work, as shown by the following note ^ sent to Audubon at this time : JoJin Bachrrum to 'Audwhon Charleston, August, 1843. My Dear Friend : I have just returned from a visit to the country, where I left Mrs. Bachman for the benefit of her health. I have a season ticket on the railroad, and, on my weekly visits, I do much of my writing on Natural History. The moment the 'See C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191), p. 199. 244 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST clock strikes four I am up, and soon at work. From this hour until seven, I have no interruptions. I hope in this way to steal time to write about Quadrupeds. When I get fairly under way, as I am now, I am not easily diverted from the object before me, and nothing but ill health or domestic affliction will keep me back. J. B. On September 12 Audubon set out on a canvassing tour of Canada, on which he went as far north as Que- bec ; as he passed his home, he hailed his sons, who were sailing on the river, and the sight of them at this moment brought tears to his eyes. Whitehall, New York, was reached on September 13, St. Johns, Canada, on the following day, and on the 15th he was in Montreal; three days were spent at Quebec (September 16-18), where, as at other points, he met with the most gratify- ing success. After reaching home in October, the fol- lowing glowing account of this tour and of the attrac- tions of his new estate on the Hudson w^as given in a letter to Dr. Benjamin Phillips of London,^ dated from "New York, 7th Nov., 1842": Audubon to Dr. Benjamin Phillips 1 went on a tramp to the Canadas, leaving our comfortable abode on the 12th of Sepr. last and was absent for a whole month. My Journey extended to something like 1500 miles: during which I visited for the first time, the North-American Gibralter [Quebec], the sight of which was as new to me as it was wonderful in the days of old. The views (for I must speak in the plural) from the Citadel, are as far as I have seen the grandest and the most sublime I ever gazed upon. The St. Laurence River, is noble indeed, and when we know that that stream carried forth to the Atlantic the congregating = See Vol. II, p. 144. TP^EKEW YORK liB-Lli: liBRARY ASTCW, L^NOX TfLDbN FOUNDAriONS j EXPEDITION TO THE MISSOURI 245 waters of all our sea-lakes, we must not be astonished at her great breadth, depth, and strength of current to about 60 miles below Montreal. About the latter city that noble stream is intercepted by many rapids and a vast number of Islands, the latter of which so intersect the view that in some instances it would prove quite out of the question to discover with cer- tainty either of the main shores. I visited the falls of Mont- morency, those of the Rivierre Serria and of La Chan[u]diere. I besides made many an acquaintance and a few very valuable friends. At Quebec I sold a copy of our large Work to the Earl of Caledon who also subscribed to our quadrupeds. At 'Montreal I sold several Copies of our Small Edition of the Birds of America and procured several good names to the quadrupeds. At Kingston where I had the pleasure of becom- ing acquainted with Sir Charles Bagot and family (all delight- ful persons) I sold two copies of the large work to both Houses of Parliament, and also procured- their double subscriptions to the Animals. Thus I returned home highly pleased with all that I had done and seen. The more perhaps because I procured in the meantime most valuable specimens of irare quadrupeds and a fund of information that can never be met with unless on the ground of action. . . . Our dear "Minnie's Land" is improving as fast as our poor pecuniary means will allow. We have done a good deal since our purchase of it, in a wild state as it was, and next spring we will have a good garden and probably some fruit from our own young trees, of which we have planted nearly 200 of the very best description, including pears, aples, quinces, apricote, plumbs, vines, nectarines, apricotes, etc., etc. . . . We have fish whenever we draw the seine, and this summer we have caught one sturgeon that measured upwards of 8 feet . . . weight more than 200 pounds . . . The "Boys" take a sailing pretty frequently in their sail boat, but I never join them in that, for attempts I have crossed the Atlantic pretty frequently I have an inward dislike to the water, after it is more than 2 or 3 fathoms deep! We have now been enjoying that delightful season, which our Americans call the "Indian Summer" and not 246 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST a drop of rain have we had for several weeks. . . . Would that you all were here at this moment, at my elbow, from which by a peep at the window, I gaze on the "Pallisades" and the breath of the Hudson, between the trunks of the many trees that stand at rest at present awaiting the return of spring for a renewal of fragrant verdure, and fruits innumerable. ... We would be glad if you would ascertain whether a good agent can be had to procure subscribers in England for it [the Quadruped sl^, or whether a responsible bookseller would buy the copyright, & a certain number of plates either col- oured or plain. A few weeks later Audubon wrote also to William Yarrell, hoping to interest him in the foreign sale of his new publication, but as will be seen by his friend's reply, now to be given, with indifferent success: William Yarrell to Audubon [Superscribed by Audubon] Eec^ 28 J any 1843 [Addressed] J. J. Audubon Esq''- 77 William Street New York [Superscribed by Yarrell] single letter. P. Paid, W.Y. Ryder Steeet S? James London 17*^ Deer. 1842. My dear M^- Audubon, I have this morning received your letter of the 28*^* Nov^* last, and as it is strictly a letter of business, I reply to its various parts immediately. About a month ago I received a note from M^- Phillips to say that he had received the Plates of the first number of your work on the Quadrupeds of America — would I come and look at them, and would I exhibit them at the meetings of the EXPEDITION TO THE MISSOURI 247 Societies I belonged to for the promotion of Natural History. I went to see them, and have with pleasure exhibited them at the Linnean Society on the third Tuesday in Nov^- and at the Scientific evening, as well as the monthly general, meeting of the Zoological Society, both of which occurred early in Dec^- and I then returned the 5 Plates to M^- Phillips — They were very much admired but I did not obtain any request for a supply. In reference to your next request, I must decline any con- nection with the sale or publication of this, or indeed any other foreign work, in this country. The truth is, that having now been in the business nearly forty years, I begin to be tired of work; the last part of my History of British Birds will be pub- lished on the 1^* of June 1843 ; with that part I shall give up my pen, and write for money no more. You are kind enough to give me some credit for experi- ence as a publisher, and some knowledge of the persons who are likely to be purchasers of works on Natural History here — My conviction is that you would gain more by paying full com- mission to an established Bookseller in London who would by advertising make your works known, and where they might be obtained — than you will by the best efforts of any private friend, even though his kindness should induce him to take all the trouble for nothing. You say nothing about your family. I hope they are all well. I remain, Dear Sir, Yours very truly W™ Yarrell. J. J. Audubon Esq^- 77 WiUiam Street. New York. In the following letter to Spencer Baird Audubon was able to outline more fully his final plans for the western journey: 248 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST Audubon to Spencer Fullerton Baird New York, Nov. S9, 1843. My dear Young Friend, It seems to me as if an age had already elapsed since I have heard from you or your whereabouts. Neither do I know clearly whether in the way of correspondence, you are in my debt, or I am in yours. Nevertheless I now write to you, and request you to read this letter more than once, and think deeply on the purport of its contents that you may be the [more] able to form a true Idea of what I intend to say [to] you, and for yourself to give me a true answer, on which I can depend, no matter whether it is to my liking or not. It is now determined that I shall go towards the Rocky Mountains at least to the Yellowstone River, and up the latter Stream four hundred miles, and perhaps go across the Rocky Mountains. I have it in my power to proceed to the Yellow- stone by Steamer from St. Louis on the 1st day of April next ; or to go to the ''Mountains of the Wind'' in the very heart and bosom of the Rocky Mountains in the company of Sir William Drommond Stewart, Baronet who will leave on the 1st of May next also from St. Louis. It has occurred to me that perchance you would like to spare a few months of your life, to visit the great Western Wilderness, and perhaps again prefer going in my Company in preference to that of any other person? Of this of course I cannot Judge without your answer to this. I thought that you would have been in New York long ere this, but not a Word of you has reached any friend of yours here for several months. I have had an abundance of applications from different sec- tions of the country, from Young Gents who proffer much efficiency, etc., but I do not know them as I know you, and if the terms which I am about to propose to you will answer your own views, I wish you to write to me at once so that I may know how to prepare myself for such a Journey, and under such circumstances. Would you like to go with rae at any rate.'' By which I EXPEDITION TO THE MISSOURI 249 mean, whether by Land, or by Water, and undertake, besides acting towards me as a friend, to prepare whatever skins of Birds or Quadrupeds, I may think fit for us to bring home. The Birds, you might have one half as your own, the Quad- rupeds, (should you wish it) you might have a 4*^ or every 4*^ specimen of the same species, reserving to myself all that is new or exceedingly rare. I will procure and furnish all the materials for skinning, preparing, and saving whatever we may find in Ornithology and in Mammalia, and in all probability (if you think it absolutely necessary) pay one half your expenses from the time we leave St. Louis until our return to that city. You will have to work hard, of course, but then I trust to that the knowledge alone which you must acquire would prove a sufficient compensation, and as you already know me pretty well, I need not say to you that I am not "hard on the trigger." It will be necessary for you to provide a good double barrelled Gun, and an excellent Rifle, Shot bag, powder flask, &c, a good hatchet, and a sufficiency of clothes for something like a 12 month's Campaign. But if you will write me at once upon the subject, I can give you a more and a better a/c of all my intentions, than is at present necessary. If all goes on as I trust it will go on, we may be back home by Oct^- or Nov''- next, 1843. Do not lose a moment in writing to me in answer to this after you have thought deeply upon the matter. Remember me kindly to all your friends, and believe me, Yours Always, John J. Audubon. 77 Williams Street, New York. Baird was unable to reach a decision in the matter, and Audubon actually wrote five more letters on the subject and kept a place open for his young friend for nearly three months. On January 2, 1843, he said that while it was impossible to determine with any degree of 250 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST accuracy the amount of money the journey might re- quire, he could "safely say that the sum of $500. would prove all sufficient, as our passages to the Yellow Stone will be granted us free; and the expenses from here or from Carlisle cannot exceed 50$ to St. Louis, and may be less." "I have given up," he added, "all Idea of going South this season, being determined to draw quadrupeds until a few days of my leaving home for this grand and Last Journey, I intend to make as a Natural- ist." Again, on January 31, he wrote: It appears from the whole tenure of your letter, that that rascally article cash is the cause which prevents you from go- ing along with me to the Yellowstone River and back. Now, it happens that although we are far from being rich, we are all desirous that you should go along with me, because we all know you, and I particularly so. Therefore, if you will go with me, and assist me all you can, in the way of hunting, measuring and dissecting Specimens when I am otherwise en- gaged, etc. etc. I will furnish you with all that may be neces- sary for 3^our expenses, excepting your clothing and your gun or guns, as you may have them. In still another letter, of February 10, Audubon said: That your kind mother should feel great reluctance in the premises, does not astonish me, as my own good Wife was much against my going on so long a Journey ; but her Strong Sense of what is best for us all, and as well as in myself, the perfect confidence that our Maker's Will will be done, she has now no Scruples of any kind, and as for myself I rely as much as I ever have done in the Support of the Almighty Being who has supported and secured me against evils of all sorts in my Various undertakings, and with this Idea at my heart, I feel confident that although an Old Man, I could undertake any Journey whatever, and no matter of their lengths or difficulties. Jjrit^ ^uL^y /Lt^ (i^^tcX/ ^^A<-t*-' /Li'^f-'^ Ct^f. *.y,^iC- ri>t^ T^f^K-i^M /rt. **«-', ■Ht^tf etct-t^t-tC/ttut^ /Uvit..ilty AAnJC McCO «^<*«x- ^^»«<^ «dfey^^^ ^ ■Uu^yCM /tujiA.c^ tibztf~icA^ttM,*'<.*<».iZ:ifT^ /yU. if CaMMT^ ^Am^. t-^yCvviO a.tVtK,i^ /jO-Ui^ fic^iA./ ^/^ic/t ^yU^c^ ^t^t/LC if 'fn.t./U^ •^ ^t. 'OUj, .■t*vctij^j^ ff^yn.caAct<^ T^!tt#tt^>C a^ a,ct.dyt^ eou»<^ '^^i^*'" """^ -£**>!! t^ S- c^ •-« 5 5^ a R c H 5 ^ « - w ^ 5 S S rt jii >- <5« THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOF?. L-^NOX TILDE N FOUNOAIONS AUDUBON'S FAMILY IN AMERICA 305 ing exhibits in the New World. The collection appears to be nearly complete, although some notable pieces, such as the Wild Turkeys, are lacking, but there are other drawings, and some of early date, which were never re- produced; all are inclosed in the original portfolios, scarred by hard knocks and the tooth of time, massive, leather-bound containers, which two strong arms would raise with difficulty from the ground. Most of these originals are mounted on a gray backing, with plate margins in each case indicated by ink lines. As was no- ticed in an earlier chapter, many original legends and notes written by Audubon's pencil or pen still remain on the drawings, though many have been trimmed off or erased; these include names of localities and dates, and directions to the engraver for changes in the back- ground and composition or for any improvement of the whole or a part. As a further illustration of the care which Audubon exercised over the minute details of his great undertak- ing, we will reproduce the penciled orders on the draw- ing of the Great White Heron (Plate cclxxxi), which shows an adult male performing the gymnastic feat of seizing a large striped fish, a view of Key West forming the background: "Keep closely to the sky in depth & colouring! have the water a Pea-green tint. Keep the division of the scales on the leg in fact white in your engraving — The colouring over these will subdue them enough ! finish the houses better from the original which you have; have the upper back portion very mellowing in the outline." Again, on the drawing of the Great Cinereous Owl (Plate cccli), we read: "Raise the bird about 4 inches on the copper — higher than in the Draw- ing, and put in a landscape below of Wild Mountains," a direction which in this instance was not followed, for 306 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST the bird was eventually shown on a branch against the sky. In many instances towards the end of his work, Audubon furnished Havell with drawings of the birds only, with directions to supply "an old rotten stick" for perch, or to "amend this rascally sky and water"; as we have already seen, he often depended upon him to com- bine several detached pictures into one plate, but not always with happy results. The following note was written on a drawing of the Carolina Parrot, repro- duced in a very striking plate (No. xxvi) , in which seven gaudy individuals of this nearly extinct species are rep- resented feeding on a favorite weed, the cockle-bur: "The upper specimen was shot near Bayou Sarah, and appeared as very uncommon having 14 Tail feathers all very distinct — uniformly affixed in 14 distinct recep- tacles that I drew it more to exhibit one of those aston- ishing fits of nature than anything else — it was a female. — The Green headed is also a Singular although not so uncommon a variety as the above one. Louisiana — December (1821?) J. J. Audubon." The upper bird, which is here referred to, is noticed in his "Biography" of the species as "a kind of occasional variety." On the drawing of the Swamp Sparrow (Plate Ixiv) , which was published in 1829, Audubon wrote, evidently with the wish of having his wife's name appear: "Drawn from Nature by Lucy Audubon, Mr. Havell will please have Lucy Audubon name on this plate instead of mine . . !" Vandalism is always short-sighted, but seldom has its vision been more myopic and sinister than in the case of the copper plates of The Birds of America, most of which were sold for old metal and converted into copper bars. Had they been preserved to this day, their value AUDUBON'S FAMILY IN AMERICA 307 would have been an hundred-fold greater than that of the few paltry tons of metallic copper which they were supposed to represent. Mr. Ruthven Deane, whose re- searches in the field of "Auduboniana" have added greatly to this subject, has given a history of these plates,^ ^ and of the interesting way in which a remnant came to be snatched, as it were, from the very mouth of the furnace, through the persistence and enthusiasm of a lad of fourteen. To follow this writer's account, it seems that shortly after the death of her son John, Mrs. Audubon sold the copper plates to a firm in New York, where they remained until about 1865, stored in the warehouse of Messrs. Phelps, Dodge & Company. Not far from that time the plates were sorted and a few were given away ; the large remainder was sent to a brass and copper company, of which William E. Dodge was presi- dent, at Ansonia, Connecticut. How some of these were fortunately rescued, in about the year 1873, is told in a letter to Mr. Deane from Mr. Charles A. Cowles, of Ansonia : At that time I was about fourteen years old. I was be- ginning the study of taxidermy, and was naturally deeply in- terested in birds. I happened to be at the refinery watching the process of loading one of the furnaces, and noticed on one of the sheets of copper that a man was throwing into the furnace, what appeared to me to be the picture of a bird's foot. I took the plate from him, cleaned it with acid, and thereupon discovered the engraving, or as I termed it, the pic- ture, of a bird (Plate cvi, Black Vulture), I made an im- mediate but unsuccessful request to the foreman of the furnace not to melt the plates; and then I appealed to the superin- tendent, but without avail. I next brought the matter to the general manager of the concern, my father, from whom I re- " Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), The Auk, vol. xxv (1908). 308 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST ceived no encouragement. This sort of treatment was evidently what I needed, for I hastened back to the works in a state of mind so determined that I succeeded in having all the plates, that had not been melted, removed to a place of safety. This occurred in the spring of that year; and the plates remained undisturbed until the annual inventory was taken the first of the following year. At that time the disposition of the plates was taken up. I appealed to my mother and interested her to such an extent that she drove to the factory and looked at one of the plates. She of course recognized that they were Audubon plates ; and instructions were given by my father to keep them intact. The plates were subsequently submitted to a treatment which removed all oxidation and then taken to the main office of the company, and to the best of my recollec- tion, distributed as follows: Mr. Wm. E. Dodge, president of the company, had a few plates sent to the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, and a few plates to the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C, and I think he retained one or two for himself. The remainder of them, with the exception of two, my father kept ; and they have since come into my possession by purchase from the estate. The two plates just excepted were Nos. xxii and Ixxxii [Purple Martin and Whippoorwill] , and they particularly struck my fancy, so much that when the plates were first discovered I managed to secure them on the quiet, cleaned them myself and hid them; and when the plates were distributed no one knew of the exist- ence of these two and they later became my property. It was thought possible that some of these plates had been sold in New York City before the bulk of them were condemned as junk and sent to Connecticut, but in 1898 Mr. Deane was able to give the designation and resting place of only thirty-seven ; ^° among these, how- ^°At that time the American Museum of Natural History, New York, possessed nine; the Smithsonian Institution, six; Princeton University, four; Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, one, while the remainder were in private hands. AUDUBON'S FAMILY IN AMERICA 309 ever, were the Wild Turkeys, Canada Goose, Great Northern Diver, Raven, American Robin, and Ruby- throated Hummingbird, all among the finest of the orig- inal 435. Under the guidance of Mr. George Bird Grinnell, on April 6, 1916, I paid a visit to "Audubon Park," now "Minnie's Land" no longer, where country roads have given way to business streets and forests to sub- ways and skyscraper apartment houses. Notwithstand- ing the momentous changes which the extension of upper New York City has effected both above and below ground during the recent era of rapid transportation, the old Audubon houses still remain, like boulders amid stream, the impact of the city which has flowed around and beyond them being checked for the moment by a rampart of solid masonry, the retaining wall of the far- famed Riverside Drive, which rises above Audubon's old house close to its rear veranda and there makes a wide turn. For Mr. Grinnell this was a return to the scenes of his boyhood; the home of his father, Mr. George Blake Grinnell, stood on the hill just above the Audubon house, not far from the present "Riviera" building at One Hundred and Fifty- Seventh Street; the Grinnell apartment house which towers aloft close at hand stands in their old cow pasture, while their garden site is marked by the present entrance to the subway station on Broadway. The first part of Audubon's original tract to be sold was the easterly section, extending from what is now the east side of Broadway to the Bloomingdale Road, and between the present One Hundred and Fifty-sixth and One Hundred and Fifty-seventh Streets; on that portion John Woodhouse Audubon built a large frame structure which, for a number of years, served as a 310 ! AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST boarding house for workmen employed in the sugar refiner}^ of Messrs. Plume & Lamont that stood on the river-bank, at the foot of the present One Hundred and Sixtieth Street. Victor and John W. Audubon also built three houses on the hill, one of which, between One Hundred and Fifty-sixth and One Hundred and Fifty-seventh Streets, was occupied by Mr. Grinnell; another, at one time the dwelling of Henry A. S my the, a former Collector of the Port of New York, was on land now covered by the Numismatic Building, while a third, which was occupied by Wellington Clapp, was on a part of the Archer M. Huntington estate, south of One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Street, and stood a little easterly of the present Riverside Drive; all of these houses have disappeared. In September, 1842, the Cor- poration of Trinity Parish acquired from Richard F. Carman, in Carmansville, the tract of land later known as "Trinity Cemetery"; this extended from Blooming- dale Road to the River, and between the present One Hundred and Fifty-third and One Hundred and Fifty- fifth Streets.'^ The original Audubon house, standing in the angle nearly opposite One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Street, is all but concealed, except from the river side, but may be approached by a lane which leads off from One Hun- dred and Fifty-eighth Street. In 1913, when this old landmark was in imminent danger of demolition, the Commissioner of Public Parks made an eloquent plea for its preservation to the Audubon Societies and to lovers of birds and nature everywhere. It was then suggested that instead of permitting the historic struc- ture to be destroyed, the city should acquire it, float it ^ For the substance of this paragraph, I am indebted to the Report of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, New York, 1913. AUDUBON'S FAMILY, IN AMERICA 311 up the Hudson River to Fort Washington Park, and re- establish it there as a permanent memorial to the natu- ralist ; it was also noticed that the public interest was en- hanced by the fact that the father of telegraphy, Samuel F. B. Morse, had worked upon his invention while Au- dubon's guest, and that the first message to be received from Philadelphia came over a wire which entered his room at the northwest corner of the building. An early engraving ^^ represents the naturalist's house essentially as it appeared during his lifetime, sur- rounded by goodly forest trees of oak and chestnut, but these, when standing at all, are now reduced to gaunt and scarred remnants. A later print ^^ shows the three Audubon houses, the river, and between it and the lawn "that eye-sore of a railroad," ^* which was built not long after Audubon settled upon his estate. The orig- inal house was sold before 1862,^^ and about eight years later its new owner occupied it, after having given it a mansard roof and made numerous changes which were sanctioned by an era of bad taste. The naturalist's house overlooked the river and commanded a grand view from its high veranda on the front, while Victor's, which later adjoined it to the north, owing probably to the en- croachments of the railroad, was built to face the hill- slope opposite ; a top studio, at a corner of its roof, is an addition of a later purchaser.^^ Adjoining Victor's house on the north was that of his ^See Mrs. Horace St. John, Audubon, the Naturalist of the New World (Bibl. No. 71), New York, 1856. 23 See Valentine's Manual of the City of New York, New York, 1865. 2* On October 30, 1847, Bachman wrote John and Victor Audubon that he proposed to visit them in the following May, when he would leave his two daughters with them awhile, "to hear you and Victor grumble about that eye-sore of a railroad, and to enjoy your good company, and your fish and shrimps." 25 To Mr. Jesse Benedict. 2«Mr. Charles F. Stone, whose sister was an artist. 312 AUDUBO]^, THE NATURALIST brother, John, and on the east side of this was built the "Cave" and a barn since converted into a dwelling; at one time the loft of this barn was piled with boxes of bird skins and the surplus stock of the Ornithological Biography J good copies of which now bring from $30 to $50. The three houses which were built and occupied by the great nature lover and his two sons, though in dire neglect, are not beyond repair; if such a project were practicable, they should be converted into a museum, and their walls once more ornamented with those beauti- ful pictures of birds and beasts which father and sons united to create. The triangle of ground between Riv- erside Drive and the Hudson River should be spared by the proud city that for years was the home of America's pioneer naturalist and animal painter, as well as the scene of his youthful experiments in trade, and con- verted into a true "Audubon Park." Such a memorial would contribute to the instruction and pleasure of all the people, for every generation of Americans that is to come. APPENDICES APPENDIX I Original Documents 314 APPENDICES 1. Copy of the original hill rendered by Doctor Sanson, physi- cian at Les CayeSi Santo Domingo, to Jean Audubon, con- taining the only record known to exist of the birth of his son, Jean Jacques Fougere Audubon {see entry for April ^6, 1785). Les Cayes, December 29, 1783— October 19, 1785; paid, June 7, 1787, DOIT M^- AUDUBON ng*- A SANSON Chirurgien aux Cajes SAVOIR 1783 X^^e 1784 Janvier mars L ( 29 " ipecacuanha pour un negre Bossal " 6 " (( ( 31 " ipecacuanha pour un negre Bossal " 6 " a i 3 « une medecine pour un negre Bossal " 6 " a i 5 " une medecine pour un negre Bossal " 6 " a i 7 « une medecine pour un negre Bossal " 6 " a i 9 " une medecine pour un Bossal " 6 " a ( 10 " une medecine pour un Bossal " 6 " a ( 14 " une medecine pour le mulatre joue " 6 " a ( 26 " une medecine pour M^ audubon " 10 " 66 < 27 " inocule cezard 30 " in- ocule Jupiter 30 in- ocule Rose 30 " « 90 « « ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 315 la. Translation of the Sanson bill. (For comment, see Chap- ter IV.) M. AUDUBON, merchant, to SANSON, Physician at Cayes Dr. TO WIT Francs 1783 December " 29 " Ipecacuanha for a ne- gro Bossal " 6 " " " 31 " Ipecacuanha for a ne- gro Bossal " 6 " " 1784 January " 3 " A medicine for a negro Bossal " 6 " " " 5 " A medicine for a negro Bossal " 6 " " " 7 " A medicine for a negro Bossal " 6 " " " 9 " A medicine for a Bossal " 6 " " " 10 " A medicine for a Bossal " 6 " " " 14 " A medicine for the mulatto Joue ^ « 6 " " " 26 " A medicine for M. Au- dubon " 10 « " March " 27 " Inoculated Caesar, 30^; inoculated Jupiter, 30^; inoculated Rose, 30^ " 90 " " ^ For probable meaning of this term, see Note, Vol. I, p. 54. ii a « (( 316 APPENDICES 1. The original Samon hill — Continued. avril " 1 " apozeme purgatif pour joue mulatre " 6 ** 3 " une medecine pour le mulatre joue '* 6 " " " 8 " apozeme purgatif pour le negre Dominique. " 6 " " " 10 " une medecine pour Dominique " 6 " " " 15 " une medecine pour Zemire " 6 " " " 20 " une medecine pour Rose " 6 " " " apozeme purgatif pour Jupiter " 6 " " 21 " une medecine pour Dominique " 6 " " may " 2 " une medecine pour la negresse therese. ..." 6 " " " 11 " pour soins, visites et remedes pendant la petite verole du mu- latre joue « QQ " " " 21 " Liqueur minerale d'hofFman pour m^^^- Rabin " 6 « " juin " 20 " inocule un petit negre Bossal nomme joue. . " 30 " " juillet *' 20 " Remis a m^ audubon le compte du traite- ment de la galle de marianne et de sa fille, tout acquite... " 36 " " ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 317 la. Translation of the Sanson bill — Continued. April " 1 " Purgative decoction for Joue, [the] mulatto " 6 " " " 3"Amedicine for the mulatto, Joue " 6 " " " 8 " Purgative decoction for the negro Dominique " 6 " " " 10 " A medicine for Do- minique " 6 " " " 15 " A medicine for Zemire. " 6 " " « 20 " A medicine for Rose... " 6 " " " Purgative decoction for Jupiter « 6 *' " " 21 " A medicine for Do- minique " 6 " " May *' 2 " A medicine for the negress Theresa. ..." 6 " " " 11 " For attentions, visits, and remedies during the smallpox of the mulatto Joue " 66 " " " 21 " Hoffman's mineral wa- ter for Mile. Rabin. " 6 " " June " 20 " Inoculated a little negro Bossalnamed Joue. . " 30 " " July " 20 " Account rendered to M. Audubon for treat- ment of the gale^ in Marian and her daughter, all re- ceipted « 36 " " * Or acariasis, an affection of the skin caused by the mange-mite, Demo-' dex folliculorum, a microscopic arachnid parasite found in the sebaceous glands of dog and man. 318 APPENDICES 1. The origvnal Sanson hill — Continued. fj'bre « 14 « apozeme purgatif pour le negre jean ma9on. " 6 " " " 16 " une medeclne pour jean ma9on " 6 " " ** 21 " saigne au bras m^ audu- bon " 3 " " " 23 " eau de tamarinds comp^^- pour m^ au- dubon " 10 " " " 24 " une medecine en deux Dozes pour m^ audu- bon " 10 « " gbre. «« 22 " une medecine pour le negrillon joue " 6 " " " 23 " traite soigne et fourni le medicament a joue attaque de piano. . . " 132 " " L 513 a 6i [Page 2] Suite de I'autre part L 513 " " gbre. « 25 « saigne au bras ni^^- Rabin « 3 " " " 26 " Liqueur minerale d'hofFman pour m^^^- Rabin " 6 " " " 30 " une medecine pour le negrillon joue " 6 " " gbre « 15 « ^ne medecine pour le negrillon joue " 6 " " ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 319 la. Translation of the Sanson hill — Continued. September " 14 " Purgative decoction for the negro, John Ma- son [or John, ma- son(.?)] « 6 " " *' 16 " A medicine for John Mason " 6 " " « 21 " Bled M. Audubon at the arm " 3 « « " 23 « Tamarind water com- pound for M. Audu- bon " 10 " " " 24 " A medicine in two doses for M. Audubon « 10 " « October " 22 " A medicine for the lit- tle negro Joue " 6 " " " 23 " Treated, attended, and furnished remedies for Joue attacked by the pian^ " 132 " " L 513 " [Page 2] Brought forward from other part L 513 " October " 25 " Bled MUe. Rabin at the arm " 3 " « *' 26 " Hoffman's mineral wa- ter for Mile. Rabin. " 6 « " " 30 " A medicine for the lit- tle negro Joue " 6 " " November " 15 " A medicine for the lit- tle negro Joue « 6 " " ^A skin disease to which negroes in Central America are specially prone. 320 APPENDICES 1. The original Sanson hill — Continued. Xbre 1785 Janvier fevrier mars avril " 8 " une medecine pour joue " " 18 " une medecine pour m^ audubon " " 21 " une medecine pour le negrillon joue " « 15 « gonce. manne pour m^^^. Rabin " " 18 " une medecine pour le tonneliere " " 6 " une medecine pour le tonneliere " " 10 " une medecine pour le tonneliere . " " 11 " trois Dozes de kina pour le tonneliere. . " " 12 " trois Dozes de kina pour le tonneliere. . " " 13 " trois Dozes de kina pour le tonneliere. . " « 14) " trois Dozes de kina pour le tonneliere. . " " 2 " une visite de nuit pour mile Rabin " " 3 " une Lotion pour un Eresipele, que m^l^* Rabin a a la jambe. " " 5 " une Lotion pour m^l^* Rabin " " 7 " une Lotion pour m^^* Rabin " " 8 " une medecine pour le tonneliere " 6 " " 10 " « 6 " " 3 « " 6 " " 6 " " 9 « « 9 « « 9 " « 9 « ^ « une medecine pour le negre enfle " 6 " " " 11 " une medecine pour le negre enfle " 6 " " ** 16 " une medecine pour therese « 6 " « ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 325 la. Translation of the Sanson bill — Continued. iPage 3] Brought forward from the other part L 897 « " June " 30 " A medicine for Augus- tine " 6 " " July « 1 « A medicine for old Jane '' 6 " " « 16 " A medicine for M[lle.] Rabin « 10 " " August " 15 " A medicine for Mile. Rabin " 10 « « ** Eau blanche for M. Au- dubon " 3 " « " 20 " A medicine for M. Aubinais, clerk " 10 " « " 22 " A m e d i c i n e for M. Aubinais " 10 " " « 24 " Tincture of rhubarb for M. Aubinais " 6 " " " 26 " Tincture of rhubarb forM. Aubinais.... " 6 " « September " 23 " A bottle of medicinal wine for a swollen negro " 15 « « « 27 " A medicine for old Jane " 6 " " October " 7 " A m e d i c i n e for the swollen negro " 6 " " ** 11 " A m e d i c i n e for the swollen negro " 6 " " « 16 « A medicine for Theresa " 6 " " 326 APPENDICES 1, The original Sanson hill — Continued. " 19 " une medecine pour therese " 6 " " acceptee apercu [?] Le 12 octob L 1009 " " 1786 Audubon S30 1339 " " Pour acquit aux cayes ce 7 juin 1787 Sanson Recu de M'' Sanson 7. Juin 1787. 1784 Janvier traite m'*. . . . soins et foumi services . . . 330 " ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 327 la. Translation of the Sanson bill — Continued. " 19 " A medicine for Theresa " 6 " " Accepted vised [?] October 12 L 1009 " " 1786 Audubon 1339 " " Paid at Les Cayes this 7th June, 1787 Sanson M. Sanson's receipt June 7, 1787. 1784 January Treated M . . . . For care and serv- ices rendered 330 " 328 APPENDICES 2. Copy of the Act of Adoption of Fougere {John James Audubon) and Muguet {Rosa Audubon) , Nantes, March 7, 17 9 ^, (For translation, see Chapter IV.) Extrait des registres des naissances des sections de la Halle et de Jean- Jacques de la commune de Nantes, departement de la Loire-Inferieure, le 17 Ventose, an 2 de la Republique, une et indivisible, 10 heures du matin. Devant moi Joseph Theulier, ofRcier public elu pour con- stater I'etat-civil des citoyens, ont comparu en la malson com- mune Jean Audubon, commandant la corvette "le Cerbere," batiment de la Republique, age de 49 ans, natif des Sables- d'Olonne, departement de la Vendee et Anne Moinet son epouse, agee de 58 ans, native de la ci-devant paroisse de Saint-Leo- nard, de cette commune, lesquels assistes de Rene Toussaint Julien Beuscher, fabricant, age de 25 ans demeurant section de la Halle rue Rubens et de Julien Pierre Beuscher, chirurgien marin, age de 24 ans, demeurant section de la Fraternite, rue du Marchix, et employe par continuation sur la dite corvette le Cerbere, m'ont declare adopter et reconnaitre des ce moment comme leurs propres enfants savoir: Un enfant male nomme Fougere, issu depuis le manage d'eux comparant controle le 24 Aout 1772 dans la commune de Paimboeuf en ce departement de lui Jean Audubon avec une habitante de TAmerique morte il y a environ huit ans et une enfant femelle nommee Muguet issue aussi depuis le mariage sus dit de lui Jean Audubon d'une autre habitant de TAmerique nommee Catherine BoufFard dont il ignore le sort. Les deux enfants ci-presents, ages le premier de 9 ans qui echoieront le 3 Floreal prochain, le second de 7 ans que echoie- ront aussi au 7 Floreal prochain tous deux nes en Amerique d'apres cette declaration que les temoins ci-dessus ont certifie veritable, j'ai redige le present acte que le p^re naturel et la mere adoptive ainsi que leurs temoins ont signe avec moi les dits jour et an. Signe au registre: Audubon Citoyenne Anne Moinet Jean Audubon, Beuscher & Beuscher Jeune. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 329 S. Copy of tlie Act of Baptism of Jean Jacques Fougere Audu/- hon. Nantes, October ^3, 1800. (For translation, see Chapter IV.) Premier brumaire, an neuvieme. Nous soussignes certifions avoir baptise ce jour, premier brumaire, an 9 de la Republique, Jean Jacques Fougere Audu- bon fils adoptif de Jean Audubon lieutenant de vaisseau de la Republique et d'Anne Moinet sa legitime epouse, presents et certifiant I'adoption qu'ils ont fait du dit Fougere ainsi et de la meme maniere qu'il est porte dans Facte ci-dessus. Signe: Tardiveatj, pretre de Saint- Similien de la Ville de Nantes. 330 APPENDICES 4. Copy of a hill of sale of Negroes rendered hy Monsieur Ollivier to Monsieur Audubon. Les Cayes, Santo Domingo, 1785, 1785. — M. Audubon doit a Ollivier ce qui suit: Juillet pour 4 negresses a 1750 7.000 — — 1 " 1750 1.750 — — 1 negresse borgne 1.600 ^ — 1 negritte 1.200 11.590 Pour acquit en compte et billet a mon ordre sous la reserve d'une augmentation de cent livres sur la negritte si elle vit au dela de six mois. Aux Cayes, le 25 Juillet 1785. Signe: Ollivier. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 331 5. Statement of Accounts of Messrs. Audubon, Lacroix, For- mon, Sf Jacques in the purchase of negroes from M. Th. Johnston, Les Cayes, Santo Domingo y 1785, (For com- ment, see Chapter III.) Compte de vente frais et net produit de quarante negres achetes de Monsieur Th. JOHNSTON, de compte a demi entre MM. AUDUBON LACROIX FORMON & JACQUES, pour prix la somme de soixante mille livres, payee au dit sieurs la dite somme comme suit: Par Monsieur Audubon SO.OOO^ Par Lacroix Formon & Jacques 40.000 60.000 1785 Vendu par Monsieur AUDUBON, dont il se charge : F^vrier 11 1 a. Reynaud Chateaudun f 1650 — 12 1 — Garreau 2100 — 12 3 — Bourseret 6000 — 12 1 — Lui-meme 1500 — 14 2 — Cossard 3564 — 15 1 — Lenoir 1782 — 18 1 — Blanchet 1782 — 19 3 — Jacques Bourry 6000 Mars 24 3 — Bouffard 4950 — 24 1 — Lui-meme 1500 — 24 1 — - Ch. Gettee 1800 — 24 1 — Bouffard 1650 19 tetes 34.278 332 APPENDICES Vendu par Lacroix Formon & Jacques dont il se charge: Fevrier Mars 2 12 3 a. Bourseret 6000 12 1 — Menard 2000 12 2 — Reynaud fils 3780 13 2 — Peridigon 3800 13 3 — Maillet Lacoste 5700 15 1 — Dugay 1712 19 3 — Jacques Bourry 6000 19 1 — Lui-meme 1782 19 1 — Eux-memes 1500 19 1 — Begon M. 1700 19 2 — Millet 3300 A. 1 de mort chez Villeneuve chirurgien pour memoire ; 37.274 f . . . . 71.552 Frais a deduire payes par Lacroix Formon & Jacques Pour 80 regimes de bannanes 15 — 8 tetes de boeuf 3 Paye a Villeneuve chirurgien pour le traitement du negre mort 60 24 99 183 Net produit: f 71.369 35.684.10 34.278. " II lui est du pour Lacroix Formon & Jacques 1.406.10 La demi de Monsieur Audubon n a re9u en les reprises dont 11 se charge : ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 333 Clos et arrete le present compte en double par lequel il resulte que M. Audubon doit a Lacrolx Formon & Jacques dix mille livres pour sa demi du payement des dits negres dont il les debite au compte courant arrete ce jour en double, et les dits Lacroix Formon & Jacques devant au dit Sieur Audubon celle de cent six livres dix pour sa demi qui lui revient du net produit de la vente des dits negres, lesquels portes au credit des deux comptes courant, dont quitte aux Cayes, le plus porte au credit de M. Audubon la somme de dix sept cent quatre- vingt deux livres pour la demi du billet du sieur Collard qui nous reste aux Cayes le 16 Septembre 1785. Pour MM. Lacroix Formon & Jacques Signe : Clerc Nous avons re9u de M. Audubon la somme de trenle mllle livres pour la portion d'achat des dits negres au-dessus. Aux Cayes, le 16 Septembre 1785. Pour MM. Lacroix Formon & Jacques Signe : Clerc. 334 APPENDICES ] 6. Copy of bill of sale of Negroes to Monsieur Audubon, and a statement of his account with Messrs. Lucas Brothers ^ Constant. Les Cayes, Santo Domingo, August 7, 1785- Ju/ne 9y 1788. (For comment, see Chapter III.) Nous soussignes declarons avoir vendu et llvre a Monsieur Audubon, negociant de cette ville les negres ci-apres, nation Hibo et Canga .... Lucas Savoir : 1 nomme Autron Etampe 1 — Jupiter — 1 — Antoine — 1 — Pitre — 1 — Thehimaque — 1 — Jeanpierre — 1 — Magloire — 1 — Lagrilade — 1 — Patte — 1 — Parisse — .Negresses. — 1 nommee Fran9oise — 1 — Lucie — 1 — Julie — Jh. Lucas 13 Ensemble treize negres ou negresses a deux mille livres chaque formant la somme de vingt six mille livres sur laquelle somme nous avons re9u vingt-quatre mille livres comme suit: 16.000 en un mandat en sucre sur MM. Lacroix Formon & Jacques. 7.100 — 17 — 8 en un billet de Formon Plumardiere. 889—24 en son billet. 24.000 pour payement et a compte des treize negres I ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 335 ci-dessus detailles, dans le nombre desquels le nomme Patte pour engagement de le livrer a M. Audubon des qu'Il sera en etat de se rendre aux Cayes. Le dit sleur Audubon se reservant vue dessus quand nous lui en ferons la remise pour le prix de la somme de deux mille livres en argent comptant et moi Audubon accepte le dit marche et declare avoir re^u livraison des douze tetes de negres ou negresses que j'ai bien vus et visites et desquels je suis satisfait, aux Cayes, le 7 Aout 1785. Signe: Audubon — Lucas freees. Nous avons re9u a compte de M. Audubon 162 660 882 Pour acquit porte en debit de notre compte courant arrete ce jour, au Fond, le 9 Juin 1788. Lucas freres & Constant. 336 APPENDICES 7. Accounts of William Bakewell, of ''Fatland Ford,^* as protege of his future son-in-law and as attorney or agent for Audubon <^ Rozier, giving certain exact indications Messrs Audubon k Rozier 1805 Jan 4 Cash for sundries 11.25 12 do 1 18 Brother 150 1807 Apl 22 Cash M^ Rozier QQ Advertis'^^ in Philad^ & Norristown . . 7 Cash p^ M Fisher 40 d° paid Vendreman S 1808 Adv.ts & hand bills 3.75 Cash ]\P Pears 14.50 May 3 Exps of Horses to Philad^ 4.76 20 Sundries 18.50 June 8 Cash 3.18 17 Smith's work 5.00 Advertise* 1 Oct 10 Exchange of Horse 10 Keep of Horses 23 weeks 42.50 Dec^ 31 Cash p^ M^ Pears 18.92 Note by the Author. This record proves that Audubon upon his first return to France from the United States, must have left "Mill Grove" on the 12th of January, 1805, or not more than a day later; three days were re- quired to walk to New York, which could not have been reached later than the 15th, and probably as many more were needed for a letter to go to "Fatland Ford." He probably sailed for Nantes shortly before January i ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 337 of the naturalises movements and personal relations, before and after finally leaving ''Mill Grove.'' January ^, 1805 — April 9, 1810. (For further reference, see Chapter VIII.) in a/c with W"* Bakewell C^ 1805 March 18 Cash 5 1807 Apl 1 Cash of Miller 150. d^ of Jackson 50. 1808 Jan 8 d*^ of Longacre 50. . . Apl 2 69 of Longacre 50. . . do 25 d 100. . . May 12 do formon 31.84 Dec 20 Cash of Longacre , 30 18, the day when William Bakewell recorded that he had sent his "brother," Benjamin Bakewell, commission merchant in New York, $150; this was un- doubtedly in pajTnent of the loan which the brother in New York had made to young Audubon for his passage to France. The next item, of April 22, 1807, was for money advanced to Ferdinand Rozier, probably when he was acting as clerk to Laurence Huron, in Philadelphia; "ad- 338 APPENDICES 7. Accounts of William Bakewell, of "Fatland Ford,*' as protege of his future son-in-law and as attorney or agent for Audubon 4* Rozier, giving certain exact indications Mess" Audubon & Rozier 1809 Advertisers & Vendue Exps 12.82 25 Bills payable to W. Thomas 607.10 Cash p^ M^ Page for pow^ of Attorney 1.37 13 Paid Attachment fees 9.28 Cash paid for tax 2.91 25 mortes [?] & half taxes 7 Commission 7998 a 1 1-2 per Cent 119.97 Jany 23 omitted Exps at Vendue 3.77 $1176.91 vertisements in Philadelphia and Norristown" possibly had reference to the lease and final sale of "Mill Grove" of the year before. Miers Fisher was the Quaker merchant, who for many years served as Lieutenant Audu- bon's American agent and attorney, and who was later the adviser of his son and Ferdinand Rozier. Thomas W. Pears, a relative by marriage of the Bakewells, was with Audubon in Benjamin Bakewell's office in New York, and afterwards associated with him and Thomas W. Bakewell in their disastrous mill experiment at Henderson, Kentucky. The bill of William Thomas, former Quaker tenant of "Mill Grove," was possibly in liquidation of his claim against Lieutenant Audubon and Dacosta in their mining operations at this farm (see the letters to Dacosta, Vol. I, p. 117). The credit entry under May 12, 1808. "formon — 31.84," may represent in- terest collected on an unsettled claim of Lieutenant Audubon against Mr. Formon, a former partner in Santo Domingo, in relation to the sale of the ships, the Count of Artois and the Annette (see Chapter II, p. 33). Dacosta had been urged to apply to Mr. Formon's son-in-law, who appears to have lived at Philadelphia, but was unable to obtain anything from the Formon estate. The "Cash of Dacosta 299.44" possibly represented inter- est on the mortgage which we have assumed was given to Audubon and Rozier when Dacosta and his mining company came into possession of "Mill Grove," September 15, 1806 (see Chapter XI, p. 148). ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 339 of the naturalises movements and personal relations, before and after f-TtaUy leaving *'MiU Grove.'* January ^, 1805 — •. April 9, 1810. Continued, in a/c with W«i Bakewell C Clennell 20 Kymar 22 d 47 d 22.50 69 10 1810 Jan 23 Cash of Dacosta 299.44 Feb 13 d^ofMiUer 20 Balle of Neckland 237.32 Apl 3 Miller 8 9 do 6.121/2 1809 Apl 18 Sept 30 Oct 27 Nov 6 Dec 23 $1159.221/2 340 APPENDICES 8. Concerning a Power of Attorney issiied by Liewienant Audu- bon and Anne Moynet Audubon to Ferdinand Rozier and John Audubon, the Younger, at Coueron, France, in 1805; parts in French translated by a Philadelphia notary; sig- natures of original document authenticated by the Mayor of Coueron, October 21, 1805; his attest of the legality of Anne Moynet Audubon's signature, at Coueron, October 27, 1805; authentification of the signature of the Mayor of Coueron by the Subprefect of Savenay, November 27, 1805; attest of the Subprefecfs signature by the Prefect, (Remainder of document missing.) Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ss : I, Peter Stephan Du Ponceau, notary public & Sworn Inter- preter of foreign Languages for the Commonwealth aforesaid, residing in the City of Philadelphia, do hereby certify that I have carefully translated into English so much of the Instru- ment of writing hereunto annexed as is written in the French language, as follows, to wit: At the bottom of the Deed [act] and immediately after the Signatures of the Witnesses, there is a Certificate in France [French], which being translated, is as follows: Seen by us, the Mayor of the commune of Coueron, who attest the above Signatures of G. Loyen, assistant mayor, C. D'orbigny, Doctor of medicine, Audubon, & Anne Moynet Audubon, to which full faith and credit is to be given, where- ever it may be necessary — Done in our Office at Coueron, the thirtieth of yendemiaire fourteenth year of the French Empire [sic]. G. Vallin, mayor. [Mayor's seal] ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 341 And on the back of the said Deed [Act] is written in French what follows. We, Germain Vallin, Mayor of the commune of Coueron in the Department of Lower Loire in the French Empire, certify to all whom it may concern, that on this day, personally ap- peared before me John Audubon and Anne Moynette, his wife, both now residing in this said commune, and represented to us. That in order to give its full force & effect to the Instru- ment written on the other side hereof, in the English language, which they have declared to be a letter of attorney in favor of Messieurs Ferdinand Rozier, & John Audubon, junior for the purposes therein mentioned, it was necessary that the said Instrument be by them acknowledged before us, according to the forms prescribed by the Laws of the State of Pennsylvania, and that the said Anne Moynette Audubon should be exam- ined by us separate from her said husband, in order to declare that she has signed and executed the said Deed [Act] of her own free will and accord, and without being compelled thereto by her husband; That this formality is rigorously required by the Laws of the State of Pennsylvania, and no other act, not even a notarial Instrument, can in any manner Supply the same. In consideration thereof, we have received the acknowledg- ment which the said appearers have made before us, by which they have declared and acknowledged that the said Instrument, written in the English Language on the other sides hereof is their own Act and Deed, and that they desire that it may be recorded as such, whenever it may be necessary. And the said John Audubon having withdrawn, we have examined the said Anne Moynette Audubon separately and a- part from her said husband, and She declared to us, That She knows & perfectly understands the contents of the said Deed [Act], and that She has Signed, Sealed, and declared [deliv- 342 APPENDICES ered] the same, of her own free will and accord, without being compelled thereto by her said husband, either by threats or by any other means of compulsion whatever. In faith whereof, we the Mayor aforesaid, have Signed the present Certificate, and have caused the Seal of this mayoralty to be thereunto affixed — Given at Coueron the thirtieth of vendemiaire four- teenth year of the French Empire [sic] G. Vallin. [Seal of the mayoralty of Coueron.] (Afterwards is written also in the French Language, as follows :) I have seen the above and attest the Signature of G. Vallin, mayor of the commune of Coueron, above and on the other side affixed. Done in the Subprefect's office, at Savenay, the fifth Brumaire fourteenth year. The Subprefect of the first District. Magonet Teemeloteie [Seal of the District of Savenay] ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 343 I attest the above Signature of Magonet Tremelotrie. — Nantz, the 7*^. Frimaire 14*^. year The Prefect Belleville which [remainder wanting.] 344. APPENDICES 9. Articles of Association of Jean Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier to govern their partner ship in business; drawn up at Nantes, March 23, 1806. (See Chapter IX.) Fstamp] E n t r e nous sousslgnes Ferdinand Rozier REP. FRA. et Jean Audubon, nous proposant de passer 50 aux etats Unis sommes Convenus de former une ^^° societe de Commerce aux Conditions Suivantes. Article Premier, La societe sera regie sous les noms Collectifs de Ferdinand Rozier et Jean Audubon et chacun de nous aura la Signature pour toute affaire de notre Commerce seulement. Art. 2. a Notre arrivee nous prendrons possession de La terre de Mill-Grove, et nous ferons rendre Compte a IVP. D a c o s t a qui a la procuration d M^. Audubon pere . nous nous occu- perons des moyens de faire valoir cet etablissement ou prendre Connoissance de La mine de Plomb Decouverte, et avant d'y continuer les travaux Commences, nous Examinerons si les depenses faites par le S^. D a c o s t a ont ete et peuvent nous etre utiles, enfin nous fairons ou fairons faire des devis Esti- matifs des frais et des produits qui peuvent en resulter. et nous n'entreprendrons rien que nous ne soyons tous deux parfaite- ment d'accord sur le principe en Consequence nous signerons I'un et I'autre le pro jet que nous en arreterons afin que I'un de nous ne s'en ecarte, et il en sera de meme pour toute les nouvelles Depences qui changeraient les profits arretes. Art. 3. II est convenu que la Moitie du produit de cette habita- tion seront entre nous par Moitie et pour en Connoitre ainsi ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 345 9a. Translation of the Articles of Association of John Audtu- bon and Ferdinand Rozier. [stamp] ^^' *^^ undersigned, Ferdinand Rozier and John REP. FRA. Audubon, who are intending to go to the United 50 States, are agreed to form a partnership in business ^^^ upon the following conditions: Article First. The partnership will be administered under the joint names of Ferdinand Rozier and John Audu- bon, and each of us will have the power of signa- ture for all matters of our business only. Art. 2. Upon our arrival we will take possession of the farm of Mill-Grove, and we will call to account Mr. Dacosta, who has the power of attorney of Mr. Audubon, Senior. We shall take measures to improve the establishment, or make an investiga- tion of the lead mine discovered [on the property], and before continuing the work already begun we will ascertain whether the expenditures made by S^. Dacosta, have been, and can still be, advantageous to us. Finally we shall prepare, or attempt to prepare, estimates of the expenses and the products which accrue from these, and we shall undertake nothing upon which we are not both perfectly agreed in principle; consequently we shall both subscribe to the project which we shall decide upon. In order that neither of us may depart from it, and it will be the same for all new expenses which might alter the plans that are reached. Art. 3. It is agreed that half the product of this plantation shall be divided between us on a one half basis, and in order to 346 APPENDICES que la perte, nous aurons un Livre partlculier pour cet Ob jet, d'un Cote seront Inseres les articles de depences par Jour, et au moment que nous en fairons, de I'autre Cote les ventes et Produits des fermes et de tout ce qui pourra resulter de cette Operation en sorte que le Benefice se verra tous les jours par I'addition des articles qui Composeront le debit et le Credit. Art. 4. La Maison cy dessus sera un objet distinct, de tout Com- merce afin de pouvoir regler cette propriete tant et tant de fois que Nous le desirerons. il est meme Convenu que joindrons aux frais de cette Exploitation ceux necessaires pour la vie et autres depences communes tant qu'il nous Conviendra de vivre et d'habiter ensemble. Art. 5. II ne peut nous etre interdit de faire tout autre Commerce, mais avant d'en entreprendre nous resterons six mois a prendre des Informations aux pays de ce qui pourroit nous etre avan- tageux, alors nous nous livrerions a quelque operation de com- merce ou Interieur ou Maritime. Art. 6. Nous pourrons I'un et I'autre faire quelque voyage a I'efFet de nous procurer des Connoissances, et s'il arrivait que nous decidions quelque Negociants a envoyer des Marchandises a la vente ou a la Consignation de M^. Rozier pere nous fairions la Condition que le Benefice qui resulteroit de ces Consigna- tions seroit partages entre nous et le S^^. F. Rozier pere. Art. T. Tous les benefices comme les pertes resultant de nos Opera- tions Commercials seront partagees Egalement entre les associes. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 347 recognize this [profit], as well as the loss, we shall keep a special book for the purpose; on one side shall be entered the items of expense, day by day, and, at the moment this is done, on the other side [shall also be given] the sales and products of the farms, and of all that can result from this business, in such a way that the profit shall be always apparent by the addition of the items which compose the debit and the credit. Art. 4. The house above mentioned [Mill-Grove farmhouse] shall be an object separate from all business, in order that we may settle matters as completely as we desire. It is agreed that we shall add to the expenses of this exploitation, those neces- sary for life, and others of a common character, so long as it shall suit us to live and dwell together. Art. 5. We cannot be prevented from engaging in any other kind of business, but before undertaking it we shall remain six months in order to gather from the country information of a kind that would be advantageous to us ; we shall then apply our- selves to some commercial occupation, whether inland or mari- time. Art. 6. We are both at liberty to make any journey in order to procure information, and should it happen that we persuade any merchants to send goods to Mr. Rozier, Senior, we would establish the condition that the benefit which might result from these consignments would be divided between us and the M^ F. Rozier, Senior. Art. 7. All the benefits as well as the losses resulting from our commercial transactions shall be divided equally between the partners. 348 APPENDICES Art. 8. Les frais ide Passage et autre communs entre nous fairont le premier article de nos depences sociales. . . • Art. 9. Nous nous promettons I'un et I'autre a m i t i e et I n— telligence, et convenons tres expressement qua la moindre difficulte, nous prendrons chacun un arbitre qui sera authorise a se choisir un troisieme et nous engageons sur notre honneur a en passer par tout ce qui sera decide, sans que jamais nous puissions en faire appel devant aucuns tribunaux. Art. 10. En cas de mort de I'un ou I'autre (ce qu'a Dieu ne plaise) le survivant sera seul charge de la Liquidation pour en tenir Compte a qui de droit, c'est a dire aux heritiers du DefFunt, mais la societe ne pourra etre dissoute que neuf annees a Comp- ter du Jour de la Datte du present, ce Cas seulement arrivant, il sera alloue au survivant une Commission sur les produits de I'Etablissement fixe k Dix pour Cent. Fait double et de bonne foy entre nous. Nantes ce 23 Mars 1806. Jean Audubon ferdinand rozier ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 349 Art. 8. The expenses of the journey and others of a common na- ture shall make the first item of our social expenses. . . . Art. 9. We both resolve to maintain friendship and mutual under- standing, and we agree very expressly that, upon the least difficulty, we shall each select one arbitrator, who will be au- thorized to choose a third, and we promise upon our honor to fully accept the decision that shall be reached, without ever having it in our power to make an appeal from it before any courts. Art. 10. In case of the death of one or the other (which, God for- bid), the survivor shall have sole charge of making a settle- ment, in order to give an accounting to those entitled to it by law, that is to say to the heirs of the deceased, but the part- nership cannot be dissolved until after nine years, counting from the day of the date of the present [instrument]. Only in this event, the survivor will be allowed a commission upon the products of the establishment fixed at ten per cent. Done in duplicate and in good faith between us. Nantes this 23 March 1806. John" Audubon ferdinand roziee 350 APPENDICES 10. Power of Attorney issued hy Lieutenant Jean Auduhon^ Anne Moynet Audubon, and Claude Francois Rozier to their respective sons, Jean Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier, at Nantes, France, April 4, 1806, eight days be- fore the latter embarked to America to enter upon their partnership in business. [stamp] Paj. devant Royer et Son CoUegue, notaires a la ^^ ' residence de Nantes, departement de la Loire-in- cen ferieure soussignes, ont comparu le Sieur Jean Audubon, rentier, et dame Anne Moinet, son epouse qu'il autorise, demeurants rue Rubens, N^. 39, et monsieur Claude- fran9ois Rozier, negociant, rue de la fosse, tous trois commune de nantes, Les quels constituent pour leurs Procureurs generaux et speciaux Jean Audubon, fils, et ferdinand Rozier, fils, aux quels, Fun en I'absence de I'autre, ils donnent pouvoir et procu- ration de faire, pour et au mieux de I'interet de Constituants, tous reglements de comptes, eligements de credits, recovrements, payements, et autres actes analogues avec tous fermiers, cor- respondants, debiteurs et creanciers des Constituants aux Etats-unis d'Amerique ; plaider, constituer, transiger, recevoir, donner quittances, renouveler, prendre termes, expedier et gereralement faire pour leur utilite, tout ce qui leur semble- ra le plus convenable ; le tout, d'apres les renseignements, pieces et documents relatifs, qui leur ont ete, leur sont ou leur seront fournis tant par les constituants que par autres leurs prece- dents charges d'affaires et fondes de pouvoirs aux dits Etats- • unis de regir, gerer et administrer la moitie appartenante aux constituants de la terre de Mill Grove en Pensylvania meme d'exploiter ou faire exploiter la mine de plomb recemment decouverte sur la dite terre : consulter dans tous les cas impor- tants, monsieur Miers fisher, — negociant a Philadelphie, comme ami commun et bon conseil ; tenir tous livres et registres neces- saires, faire a la fin de chaque annee ou plutot, la balance de la recette et depense pour la regie de la dite terre et Fexploita- tion de la mine, s'il y a lieu; vendre aux prix, charges, clauses ] ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 351 lOa. Translation of the Power of Attorney/ issued by Jean Audubon, Anne Moinet Audubon, and Claude Francois Rozier to Jean Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier, April ^, 1806, [stamp] In presence of Royer and his colleague, notaries, 75 living at Nantes, department of the Loire-inferi cen cure, undersigned, have appeared Sieur Jean Audubon, capitalist, and Madame Anne Moinet, his wife, whom he authorizes [to act], living at Number 39, rue Rubens, and Monsieur Claude Fran9ois Rozier, of rue de la Fosse, all three of the commune of Nantes: who empower, to act as their general and special attorneys, Jean Audubon, the younger, and Ferdinand Rozier, the son, to whom, jointly and severally, they give authority and warrant of attorney to make, for and in the best interest of the grantors, all settlements of accounts, assignments of credits, recoveries of debts, payments, and other analogous acts with all tenants, representatives, debtors and creditors of the grantors in the United States of America ; to go into court, settle, compromise, receive, to give receipts, to renew [loans or notes], to grant time, to expedite, and in general to do for their benefit all that shall seem to them most fitting; the whole, according to the instructions, papers, and documents relating thereto, which have been, are, or shall be furnished them, as well by the grantors as by their previous agents and attorneys in the aforesaid United States, to govern, conduct, and administer the half, belonging to the grantors, of the farm of Mill Grove in Pennsylvania, as well as to exploit, or cause to be exploited the lead mine recently discovered on the said farm; to consult, in every important matter, Mr. Miers Fisher, — merchant at Philadelphia, as a common friend and good counsellor ; to keep all necessary books and registers ; at the end of each year, or sooner, to strike the balance of receipts and expenses for the control of the said farm and the exploitation of the mine, should there be reason for it; to sell at prices, charges, stipulations, and conditions. 352 APPENDICES et conditions dont il conviendront, mais d'accord avec monsieur Dacosta, proprietaire de I'autre moitie, la moitie de la dite terre de Mill grove, appartenante aux constituants, en toucher le prix, en donner quittances, faire tous partages, accepter tout lot et generalement faire pour I'interet des constituants tous actes conservatoires et definitifs en tous tribunaux, devant toutes administrations et officiers publics, qui leur paraitront necessaires ou utiles ; a I'effet de quoi, tous pouvoirs analogues exprimes ou non exprimes pour tous cas prevus ou imprevus, meme de substituer en tout ou partie des dits pourvoirs, qui bon leur semblera et de le revoquer, leur sont donnes par la presente procuration qui ne sera pas sujette a surannation. fait et passe en I'etude et au rapport de Royer, I'un de nous, sous les seings des comparants, apres lecture, ce jour trois avril mil-huit-cent six. la minute est signee des parties et des Notaires soussignes ; elle est restee a Royer, I'un d'eux, enregis- tree a nantes le trois avril mil-huit-cent-six par Dufau, qui a re9u un franc dix centimes. Varsavaux J. Noyee vu par nous president du tribunal de premiere in- stance seant a nantes, pour legalisation des Signa- tures varsavaux et Noyer apposees ci-dessus. Ce jour trois avril mil huit cent six G A ND O N Commercial Agency of the United States of America I William D. Patterson Commercial agent of the United States of America for the Port and District of Nantes do hereby certify that the Signatures affixed to the foregoing Document are those of Mess^^ J Royer and Varsavaux both Notaries publick for the City of Nantes and of M^ Gandon i ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 353 upon which they shall agree, but in accord with Monsieur Dacosta, owner of the other half, the half of the said farm of Mill Grove, belonging to the grantors ; to receive the price thereof, to give receipt for it, to make all divisions, to receive all allotments, and in general to perform for the interest of the grantors all conservative and final acts in every court of jus- tice before all jurisdictions and public officers, which shall seem to them necessary or useful: to the effect of which all analogous powers, expressed or unexpressed, foreseen or unforeseen, even of substituting in whole or in part of the aforesaid powers, whosoever shall seem good to them, and of revoking him, are given to them by the present bill of attorney, which will not be subject to expiration. Done and granted in the office and on the report of Royer, one of us, under the signatures of the persons in appearance, after reading, this third day of April, one thousand eight hundred and six. The minute is signed by the parties and the undersigned notaries ; it remains with Royer, one of us, recorded at Nantes the third of April one thousand eight hundred and six, by Dufau, who has received one franc, ten centimes. Varsavaux J. Royer [Seal] Examined by us, judge of the Court of the First Instance, sitting at Nantes, for the authentication of the signatures Varsavaux and Royer, affixed above, this third day of April, one thousand eight hundred and six. Gandon President of the Tribunal of premiere Instance at the said City and that to their Signatures and Ads as such, full faith and Credit is and ought to be due and given [Seal] In testimony whereof I have hereunto Set my Hand & affixed my Seal of Office at Nantes this 4*^. of april 1806. W D Patterson 354 APPENDICES 11. Account Current of John Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier with the estate of Benjamin Bakewell, late commission merchant in New York, showing their dealings and stand- ing with this house during the first sixteen months of their D^^ Mess^^ John Audubon & Ferdinand Rozier 1807 Augt 1 To Sundry Merchdi^^ pr invoice $2482 35 31 " Cash sundry expences on the above . . 6 44 Sept'- 29 " Merch^ize Powder Horns shot bags &c 57 Nov^ 13 " W Taylor exps on D^ to Pittsburgh 3 77 " Cash certificate property p^ Mentor to Nantes 2 30 " D° postage sundry french letters . . 3 14 Dece^ 31 " Adv* p^ Jane # for Indigo & ex- pences 1516 43 1808 Jany 29 " Cash fr* & cartge Oil from Philad^. . 12 45 30 " D° p^ Hislop for breast pins on your a/c 9 Balance 695 12 1808 4787 50 March 1 To Merch^ p^* Bill @ 6 mo^ $ 161 April 7 " your note due this day 3647 29 " R. Henderson am* due him by you . . 72 12 June 27 " Cash cartS^ & Lighterage on tobacco 7 50 " Freight & primage— " D^ 105 July 28 " your note due this day 787 73 Sept^ 23 " Mdse 1 doz sans paraitres 24 24 $4804 90 Dec^ 13 To Balance $924 49 Note by the Author. For brig Mentor, see Chapter XI, Vol. I, p. 163, and for the ship Jane, Captain Sammis, ibid., p. 158. For Messrs. Robert ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 355 husmess experience m the West. Covers the period, August 1, 1807 to December 13, 1808. (Statement accompanying the letter of Thomas Bakewell, reproduced in Vol. I, p. 196.) in Account Current with Benj" Bakewell C^^. 1807 Aug*. 4 By your note at 8 mo^ $3647 29 Dec^ 31 " net proceeds sales on 4.50 your a/c 319.35 323 85 " Francis Rozier balance his a/c 816 56 $4787 50 1808 Feby 1 By Balance as p^ a/c rendered $ 695 12 March 1 " your dft on U S Bank Phila^a ^000 " commission on goods al- lowed you $118.20 [paper torn] deduct 1/3 profit on french goods 24.26 [ 93.94 ] 25 " R Kinder & C^'s accept^ @6moS. [paper torn] " L Huron's note — " 9 days.[ " ] " your note @ 4 mo^ for balance.. [ " ] Balance [ 924.49 ] New York Decem^ 13*^. 1808 for the Assignees of the [estate of Benjamin Bakewell] Th[omas Bakewell] Kinder & Company, see accompanying letter of Thomas Bakewell, Vol. I, p. 196, and letter of William Bakewell, his uncle, ibid., p. 199. Laurence Huron was a French importer, resident in Philadelphia; for his award in the disputed Dacosta claim, see Vol. I, p. 168. At this time Benjamin Bakewell's importing business was in the hands of his creditors, but his son, Thomas Bakewell, was still employed in the oflGice. 356 APPENDICES lla. Final Account of Francis Dacosta, rendered July 25^ 1807, to Lieutenant Jean Audubon ^ his vartner in the unfortunate D^ Mill Grove Farm — in account 1806 July 15^^- Aug. 23d Octb 15 Nov. 29 IBOT July 25 T>^' 1806 June 1«* 1807 July 25 Sepb» 26 ditto 1806 ditto Oct"" 15 To printers Charges for advertising To horse hired To housing the chair 4 months To Notariat and Consular charges in Bordeaux for Certificate to make void the mortgage & bond given to M. Fisher as agent Ballance. $433 8 John Audubon of Nantzin Account 4 44 4 50 29 52 390 62 To Balance brought from the last account . to interest of the same to this day 13 m,, 25 D«- . . to his half in the Lead ore delivered to him & valued as above $160 to ditto in the tools and furniture d*' d<» at $189 .36 to ditto in the chair Sold 75 Dollars to the recorder in Norristown for entering satis- faction of John Audubon mortgage to John Au- gustin Prevost to compensation claimed by Francis Dacosta for making up half of his expences, in managing the mining Works, the mills repairs, & taking up the formation of a Company, during two years of constant cares — troubles — and loss of time at 300 dollars a year 316 27 21 15 >80 94 67 37 50 2 83 600 00 $1152 42 ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 357 mining enterprise at *^Mill Grove'*; later contested and settled by arbitration. (For comment, see Vol. I, p. 168.) with Francis Dacosta 1806 Sept*" 26 ditto Oct. 11 1807 april 6 By lead ore valued & divided By tools & furniture — ditto — ditto By M. Mackley s/ refunding money / By sale of the Chair By sale of 84 panes of Glass to John Pawling- Current with Francis Dacosta 160 189 36 2 00 75 6 72 C' 1807 July 25 do do By cash By half of the ballance of the Mill Grove Farm — account current amounting as per the above account to 390.62 Ballance claimed this day 6 47 195 31 950 64 E. E. Philadelphia the 25t»» July 1807 [Signed] FRANcia Dacosta. $1152 42 358 APPENDICES 11a. Final Account of Francis Dacosfa, rendered July ^5, 1807, to Lieutenant Jean Audubon, his 'partner in the um,- fortunate mining enterprise at ''Mill Grove''; later con- tested and settled by arbitration. — Continued. Erreurs a relever dans le Compte de M. J. Audubon Veritables valeurs " au lieu de Difference dans le Balance " 125"8 300 " 174.92 do Furnitures " 189"36 270" 80.64 do Chairs " 75" 125 " 50 " do Mine 120.29 280.29 400" 119 "71 do — 160 " $425-27 la moitie est de . . 212.631/2 Omis $300 paje par francis Dacosta a Miers Fisher le 24 May 1803 300 Ditto $176"67 La proportion de F^s Dacosta dans la rente de la premiere annee qui ne lui a pas ete Paye 176.67 $689.30 ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 359 12. Quit Claim or Release given by John James Audubon to Ferdinand Rozier on the Dissolution of their Partnership in Business at Sainte Genevieve, Upper Louisiana {Mis- souri), April 6, 1811, I John Audibon having this day by mutual Coiisent with Ferdinand Rozier, dissolved and forever closed the partnership and firm of Audibon & Rozier, — and having Received from said Ferdinand Rozier, payments and notes to the full amount of my part of the goods & debts of the late firm of Audibon & Rozier — I the said John Audibon one of the firm aforesaid, do hereby release and forever quit Claim to all or any Interest which I have or may have in the Stock on hand and debts due to the Late Firm of Audibon & Rozier unto him the said Ferdi- nand Rozier, all my rights titles, claimes and Interest in the goods merchandise and debts due to the late Firm of Audibon & Rozier — and do hereby authorize and empower him for my part to collect the same in any manner whatseer . either privately or by suit or suits in law or equity — hereby acclaiming him sole and absolute proprietor and rightful owner of all the goods merchandises & debts of the firm aforesaid, as completely as they were the goods and property of the Late firm of Audibon & Rozier — In witness whereof I have hereto Set my hand & Seal this Sixth day of April 1811 [Seal] John Audubon E^ D. De Villmonte Note by the Author. It will be noticed that the naturalist writes his name seven times as "Audibon," in this document, but signs in the way usual with him at the period. See Vol. I, p. 24. 360 APPENDICES 13. Copy of a portion of the first Will of Lieutenant Jean Aiidubon. Coueron, May W, 1812. (For comment on this and documents Nos. 14 to 18, see Chapter IV.) Jean AUDUBON, proprletaire demeurant a sa maison de la Gerbetiere commune de Coueron, lequel sain d'esprit a fait son testament comme suit: Par les presentes mon testament. Je donne et legue a dame Anne Moinette mon epouse, la part et portion disponible en usufruit a raison de ce que j'aurai ou non de descendants de generalement tous les biens meubles et immeubles qui m'appartiendront a I'instant de mon deces. Je donne et legue a Monsieur Jean Audubon que je crois actuellement aux Etats-Unis sans cependant en etre sur, la moitie en toute propriete de generalement tous les biens meubles et immeubles qui m'appartiendront a I'instant de mon deces pour par lui en faire et disposer en toute propriete et a sa volonte a la charge toutefois par lui de laisser dame Anne Moinette mon epouse jouir sur iceux du legs fait ci-dessus en sa faveur. Je donne et legue a dame Rose BoufFard epouse de Mon- sieur Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau, demeurant actuellement au Port-Launay en Coueron, la moitie en propre de generale- ment tous les biens meubles et immeubles qui m'appartiendront a I'instant de mon deces pour par lui en faire et disposer en toute propriete et a sa volonte a la charge toutefois par elle de laisser dame Anne Moinette mon epouse, jouir sur iceux du legs que je fais ci-dessus en sa faveur. Je veux et entends qu'en cas de mort de Monsieur Audubon ou de madame Puigaudeau, mes deux derniers legataires aux presentes ou meme de tous les deux, les heritiers en ligne directe de I'un ou de 1' autre recueillent entr'eux le legs fait en leur faveur, c'est-a-dire que les heritiers de M. Audubon recueilleront le legs qui lui est fait et ceux de Madame Puigaudeau celui fait a la dite; en cas toutefois que les sieurs Audubon et la dame Puigaudeau ne recueilleraient pas eux-memes le legs, soit parce qu'ils precederaient moi le testateur, ou autrement, . . . ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 361 14. Copy of the second and last Will of Lieutenant Jean Audubon. March 15, 1816. Moi, soussigne, Jean AUDUBON, demeurant a la Ger- betiere en la commune de Coueron, departement de la Loire- Inferieure. Par les presentes mon testament. Je donne et legue a dame Anne MOINETTE, mon epouse la part et portion disponible en usufruit a raison de ce que j'aurai de descendants de generalement tous les biens meubles et immeubles qui m'appartiendront a I'instant de mon deces. Je donne et legue a Monsieur Jean RABAIN creole de Saint- Domingue, que je crois actuellement aux Etats-Unis, sans cependant en etre sur, epoux de Mademoiselle Lucy BACK- WELL, la moitie en toute propriete de generalement tous les biens meubles et immeubles qui m'appartiendront a I'instant de mon deces pour par lui en faire et disposer en toute propriete et a sa volonte, a la charge toutefois par lui de laisser dame Anne Moinette, mon epouse jouir sur iceux du legs fait ci-dessus en sa faveur. Je donne et legue a dame Rose BOUFFARD, creole de Saint-Domingue epouse de M. Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau, demeurant actuellement au Port-Launay en Coueron, la moitie en propre de generalement tous les biens meubles qui m'appar- tiendront a I'instant de mon deces pour par elle en faire et disposer en toute propriete et a sa volonte, a la charge toute- fois par elle de laisser a dame Anne Moinette, mon epouse jouir sur iceux du legs fait ci-dessus en sa faveur. Je veux et entends qu'en cas de mort de M. RABAIN ou Madame Puigaudeau, mes deux derniers legataires aux pre- sentes, ou meme de tous les deux, les heritiers en ligne directe de I'un ou de I'autre recueillent entr'eux le legs fait en leur faveur. Cela dit, que les heritiers de M. RABAIN recueilleront le legs qu'il lui est fait et ceux de dame Puigaudeau celui fait a la dite dame en cas toutefois que les dits sieurs Rabain et dame 362 APPENDICES Pulgaudeau ne recueilleront pas eux-memes les legs faits, parce qu'ils precederaient moi le testataire, ou autrement et dans le cas ou par quelque motif que ce puisse etre les presentes dis- positions en faveur de Jean Rabain et Rose BouiFard epouse Lojen du Puigaudeau seraient attaquees et annulees, je declare donner mes biens meubles et immeubles sans exception quel- conque a la dame Anne Moinette mon epouse en toute propriete. Fait dans ma demeure susdite a la Gerbetiere en Coueron le 15 Mars 1816. ViveleRoi! Signe : Audubon. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 363 15. Copy of a portion of the first Will of Madame Anne Moynet, wife of Lieutenant Audubon. December ^, 1814- Par les presentes mon testament. Je donne et legue a Monsieur Jean AUDUBON, mon mari, la jouissance en toute propriete des biens meubles et celle en usufruit des biens immeubles qui m'appartiendront a Finstant de mon deces, pour qu'a Fun et Fautre titre de cette epoque, il en jouisse fasse et dispose comme de tous ses autres biens sans etre tenu d'en donner caution, voulant et entendant qu'il puisse faire sur les immeubles tous changements, coupes de bois et autres qu'il lui plaira, le tout avec dispense des dommages et interets. Je donne et legue en toute propriete a Monsieur Jean Audubon fils et a dame Rose BoufFard, epouse de Monsieur Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau a chacun par moitie, la totalite de tous les biens qui composeront ma succession immobiliere a Finstant de mon deces, duquel neanmoins par suite du legs fait ci-dessus en faveur de mon mari, ils ne pourront se mettre en possession qu'a sa mort. Arrivant que mon mari fut mort avant moi, je veux et entends que M. Jean AUDUBON fils et la dame Rose BoufFard, epouse Puigaudeau, recueillent aussi ma sucession mobiliere a FefFet de quoi le cas arrivant, je leur legue et donne en toute propriete. Mes intentions que si M. Jean Audubon fils ou la dite dame Puigaudeau etaient morts Fun ou Fautre avant moi ou meme tous les deux, leurs enfants soient mes legataires, c'est-a-dire que les enfants de M. Audubon recueilleraient entr'eux ce que celui-ci doit avoir et que ceux de Madame Puigaudeau recueil- leraient aussi entr'eux ce que celle-ci doit avoir a I'effet de quoi je les donne et legue aux dits enfants. Si a ma mort Fun ou Fautre de M. Audubon fils ou de Madame Puigaudeau etaient eux-memes morts sans enfants, je veux que ce soit alors les survivants d'eux deux ou ses enfants qui recueillent ma succession entiere, pourquoi a cette cause, je legue la totalite de mes biens meubles et immeubles, . . . 364 APPENDICES 16. Copy of a portion of the second, W%U of Madame Jean \ Audvbbon. May 10, 1816, Je donne et legue a Monsieur Jean AUDUBON, mon epoux, la part et portion disponible en usufruit a raison de ce que j'aurai ou non d'enfants de generalement tous les biens meubles et immeubles qui m'appartiendront h I'instant de mon deces pour par lui en jouir sa vie durant, sans pouvoir etre tenu a en fournir caution et a ma mort mes heritiers les prendre dans I'etat oii ils seront. Je donne et legue en toute propriete a M. Jean RABIN, Creole de Saint-Domingue, epoux de demoiselle Lucy BACH- WELL, laquelle je crois aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique, sans cependant en etre sure et a dame Rose BoufFard, creole de Saint-Domingue, epouse de Monsieur Gabriel Loyen du Puigau- deau, demeurant au Plessis commune de Coueron, la generalite de tous les biens meubles et immeubles qui m'appartiendront a I'instant de mon deces, pour par eux s'en mettre en possession, les partager par moitie et chacun jouir faire et disposer de ceux qui lui echoieront comme de ses autres biens propres de ce jour. Si M. Jean Audubon mon epoux, est mort avant moi, mais seulement du jour de sa mort s'il me survit parce que je veux expressement que le legs fait ci-dessus en sa faveur ait sa pleine et entiere execution de preference et avant tout. Je veux et entends qu'en cas de mort de Monsieur RABIN ou de Madame Puigaudeau mes deux derniers legataires ou meme de tous les deux, les heritiers en ligne directe de I'un ou de I'autre reunis recueillent le legs fait en faveur de leur auteur, c'est-a-dire que les heritiers de M. RABIN recueuilleraient le legs a lui fait et ceux de Madame PUIGAUDEAU ce que celle-ci aurait recueilli. Arrivant que les liberalites faites en faveur de Monsieur Rabin ou celles faites en fabeur de Madame Puigaudeau ou meme toutes les deux par quelles causes ou raisons que ce soit viendraient a etre declarees nulles, je veux que Monsieur Audu- bon, mon epoux recueille en toute propriete les biens meubles ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 365 et immeubles qui en font I'objet et auraient passe aux mains de celui ou ceux qui ne pourraient les faire a I'efFet de quoi je I'institue men heritier en droits, fonds et proprietes pour les biens que mes autres autres legataires ci-dessus ou Pun d'eux seulement ne recueilleraient pas, 366 APPENDICES 17. Copy of the third Will — 'Wo 169 — of Madame Anne Moynet, widow of M. Jean Audubon, living at his house of La Gerhetiere, situated near the village of Port- Launay, not far from Coueron." December 26, 1819. Par les presentes mon testament ; Je donne et legue en toute propriete a Monsieur Jean RABIN epoux de dame Lucy BACKWELL, que je crois pre- sentement aux Etats-Units d'Amerique et a dame Rose BOUF- FARD, epouse de M. Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau aine la generalite de tous les biens meubles et immeubles de toute espece et nature qui m'appartiendront a Finstant de mon deces en quelles mains et lieux qu'ils soient et par quelques personnes qu'ils soient dus ou possedes pour par eux deux en jouir faire et disposer en toute propriete comme de leurs autres biens, et ainsi qu'ils le jugeront convenable, sauf a les partager par egale portion s'ils le trouvent a propos et necessaire et sans que qui que ce soit etant ou se pretendant mes heritiers, puissent y apporter aucune opposition, parce que par ces memes presentes, j'institue le dit M. Rabin et la dame Puigaudeau, mes seuls et uniques heritiers. Je veux que dans le cas de mort de M. Rabin, ses enfants recueillent entr'eux le legs fait en sa faveur, je veux egale- ment qu'en cas de mort de Madame Loyen du Puigaudeau, ses enfants recueillent entr'eux le legs fait en faveur de la dite leur mere. Je veux egalement qu'en cas de mort de M. Rabin sans enfants, Madame Loyen du Puigaudeau ou ses enfants, re- cueillent seuls la totalite de ma fortune et par ces memes raisons, qu'en cas de mort de Mme Loyen du Puigaudeau sans enfants, Jean Rabin ou ses enfants recueillent seuls la totalite de ma dite fortune. I ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 367 18. Copy of a portion of the fourth and last Will of ^'Madame Jean Audubon, liznng at the house of Les Tourterelles {'The Turtle Doves') at Coueron.'' July 16, 1821, Par les presentes, mon testament, Je donne et legue en toute propriete a Monsieur Jean AUDUBON, dit Jean RABIN, epoux de dame Lucy BACK- WELL, et que je crois presentement aux Etats-Unis d'Ame- rique et a dame Rose BOUFFARD, epouse de Monsieur Gabriel Lojen du Puigaudeau aine, demeurant a Coueron. Je leur donne et legue, dis-je la generalite de tons biens meubles et immeubles de toute espece et nature que je laisserai et qui m'appartiendront a I'instant de mon deces, en quelques mains et lieux qu'ils soient et par quelques personnes qu'ils soient dus ou possedes pour par eux deux en jouir, faire et disposer comme de leurs autres biens et ainsi qu'il le jugeront convenables, sauf a les partager par egale portion quand et comme ils le voudront sans que qui que ce soit se disant ou pretendant les heritiers puissent y apporter aucune opposition parce que par les dites presentes, j'institue les dits M. Jean Audubon, dit Jean Rabin et la dame Rose BoufFard, epouse Loyen du Puigaudeau, les deux seuls et uniques heritiers de mes droits, actions, posses- sions et generalement tous autres, sans exception pas meme pour les pretentions. Je veux et entends que dans le cas on I'un ou I'autre ou meme tous les deux ne pourraient pas recueillir les effets de ma liberalite, soit parce que je leur survivrais ou par toute autre raison, les enfants qu'ils laisseraient soient mes heritiers et legataires, c'est-a-dire que les enfants de Monsieur Jean Audubon dit Rabin, recueilleraient entr'eux la moitie de ma succession que je leur legue et ceux de dame Rose Bouffard, epouse Loyen du Puigaudeau, recueilleraient aussi ensemble I'autre moitie que je leur legue egalement. Je veux et entends qu'avant de mort avant moi de Monsieur Jean Audubon, dit Jean Rabin sans enfants, Madame Rose BoufFard epouse Loyen du Puigaudeau ou ses enfants re- 368 APPENDICES cueillent seuls la totalite de ma fortune, et par meme raison qu'en cas de mort avant moi de Madame Rose BoufFard, epouse Loyen du Puigaudeau; sans enfants, Monsieur Jean Audubon, dit Jean Rabin ou ses enfants recueillent seuls cette to- talite, . , • ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 369 19. Notice of the Death of Lieutenant Jean Audubon, from the Official Registry of Nantes. Nantes, February 19, 1818. (For translation, see Chapter V.) Extrait du registre des actes de deces des 3° & 4° cantons de la Ville de Nantes, departement de la Loire-Inferieure. L'an 1818, le 19 Fevrier all heures du matin, devant nous soussignes, adjoints et ofRciers de I'etat civil, delegues de M. le Maire de Nantes, chevalier de Saint-Louis, ont comparu les sieurs Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau rentier, gendre du defunt ci-apr^s demeurant a Coueron et Fran9ois Guillet, epicier demeurant quai de la Fosse, majeurs, lesquels nous ont declare que ce jour a six heures du matin, Jean Audubon, ancien capi- taine de navire, pensionnaire de I'Etat, ne aux Sables d'Olonne departement de la Vendee, epoux de dame Anne Moinet, est decede en la demeure de demoiselle Berthier, situee chaussee de la Madeleine, N^ 24, 4^ canton. Les declarants ont signe avec nous le present acte, d'apres lecture leur faite. Le dit defunt age de 74 ans. Signe au registre: Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau, GiLLET et Joseph de la Tullaye, adj oint. 370 APPENDICES 20. Letter of Lieutenant Jean Audubon to Francis Dacosta, Ms American agent and attorney, relating to the conduct of his son and to the lead mine at "Mill Grove'' farm; transliterated from photographic copy of duplicate (Let- ter No 4) 2*^ Jean Audubon's letter-book. Nantes, March 10, 1805. (For translation, see Chapter VIII.) Nantes Le 19 ventose an 13, 10 mars 1805 M'' Dacosta a phyladelphie p Duplicata. Je viens de recevoir dans ce moment votre duplicata du 12. 9^^^. & la votre du 5. Decembre, qui n'est pas aussi avanta- geuse, Sous plusiers rapports que votre precedente, mais enfin il faut esperer que Fitem vous prouvera que votre dernier sillon ne sera point deserteur, et que les occides de fer qui se trouvent se dissiperont en fouillant plus avant, au moins c'est ce que je desire, vous faites bien de faire tous vos efforts pour avoir des associes & Si cela ne reussit pas, & que vous vouliez travailler pour notre compte Je trouverai toujours bon, tout ce que vous ferez, puisque vous avez ma confiance dans ce cas je crois que vous s . . . ige [?], de faire faire des reparations les plus urgentes Surtout a la maison principale, Devant vous y loger. Quand a M^ W. Thomas, vous ferez bien de vous le garder, pour toutes les raisons, que vous me dites & Je crois qu'il ne doit pas sopiniatrer a se retirer, qu'il ne sache, s'il a merite, oui ou non, sa recompense. Je suis M^- on ne peut plus fache de ce que vous ayez a vous plaindre, de la conduite de mon fils, car le tout, bien considere n'est occasionne, que par de mauvais conseils & un deffaut d'usage on a aiguillonne son amour propre, et peut etre avait-il ete assez jeune pour se vanter, dans la maison ou il va que cette plantation devait lui echoir, a lui seul; vous avez tous les moyens de detruire cette presomption> on n' ignore point a philadelphie, que vous avez autant de droits que moi & que vous ne faites rien que pour notre mutuel avantage. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 371 Je lui ecris a ce sujet, car il ne men parle point, et je lui donne la cemonce que merite son indiscretion; vous lirez cette lettre et voudrez bien avoir la complaisance de la cacheter avant de lui remettre. Vous me dites que je puis m'en rap- porter sur son compte au rapport que m'en fait M^ Meyers fisher, dans sa longue lettre du mois de Septembre que Malheureusement je n'ai pas re9u, car M^ fisher, ne me parle point de lui, ni en bien, ni en mal. Quand a venir dans le pays, cela me parrait presqu'impossible, rappeller mon fils nest pas plus aise, les raisons qui me I'en fait I'envoyer existent toujours ; il ne faut qu'un instant pour le faire changer du mal au bien, sa grande jeunesse et sa petulance sont tous ses torts et si vous avez la Bonte de lui donner I'indispensable, il sentira bientot la Necessite de se rapprocher de vous et pourra vous etre d'une grande utilite, si vous exploitez par vous meme. II faut done Mon cher monsieur, que nous tachions de le ramener par la douceur a son Devoir. Si vous avez de I'in- dulgence pour lui ce sera moi qui vous en aurai toute I'aubliga- tion ; j'espere que la lettre cy-jointe operera chez lui un change- ment. C'est mon seul fils, mon heritier, & je suis vieux. Quand M^ Meiers fisher aura montre ma lettre au pretendu beaupere, il verra qu'il s'est trompe dans son calcul sur le pretendu Mariage de sa fille, car s'il avait lieu sans mon consentement tout secours de ma part cesserait des cet instant; et c'est ce que vous pouvez bien si vous voulez avoir cette bonte, dire au pretendu beau pere, ne voulant pas que mon fils se marie aussi jeune; vos lettres du 28 Octobre & 12 Novembre sont a la campagne. Je ne puis point repondre categoriquement sur leurs contents ; Je les examinerai & vous dirai par ma prochaine ce que J'en pense. Votre famille que J'ai vu se porte bien. Nos dames vous remercient de votre bon souvenir. Je suis & . [Jean Audubon.] 372 APPENDICES 21. Letters of John James Audubon to Claude Francois Rozier, father, and to Ferdinand Rozier, son, immediately 'preced- ing and following his active partnership in business with the latter: 1807 and 1812, (For translations see Chap- ters XI and XV.) [Letter No. 2, superscribed] Monsieur F^ Rozier, Negociant Nantes. Loire inferieure. New York avril ^4 1807— M^ Rozier Negociant Nantes MoN Cher Monsieur Je profite d'une bonne occasion pour Bordeaux pour vous accuser reception d'un Duplicats des pouvoirs que nous vous demandai plusieurs mois passes. Vous saurez aussi que les vins consignes a M. L. Huron de Philadelphia sont arrives en cette ville et ont sauves les assurances ; votre fils s'est transporte sur la place et par une de ses lettres m'apprend que les 60 caisses sont vendues il me dit que vous pouvez compter sur un profit net d'a peu pres 20 p. ct. s'il s'est trouve tres bons et le reste ne manquera de trouver acheteur: M^. Le Ray est arrive et a apporte avec lui une petite Boite de dentelles pour M. Ben- jamin Bakewell d'icy elle doit arriver en peu de jours de Phila- delphia. M^ B. B. a paru satisfait de la vente de son Bois Futtie. il lui tarde seulement de voir les retours il est malheureux que le commerce de votre ville avec ce pays ne soye pas aussi regulierement suivi qu'a Bordeaux d'ou nous avons des Bati- ments tous les mois et par plusieurs. Comme notre ami Fer- dinand vous ecriva de Philadelphia concernant M^ Huron je ne m'ettendray pas sur son compte: dans plusieurs de vos Lettres que si nous nous decidions obtenir un magasin de detail que vous pourriez nous tenir constamment employe nos idees sur ce sujet sont par faitement d'accord et ce serait avec bien du plaisir que nous commenserions sous auspices et les bons ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 373 avis de Mr. Bakewell ici; les objects blen cholsis blen achette et envoye avec soins sont toujours sur de rencontrer un bon marche: j'ose esperer que le Navire la Jeanne Capt Sammis sera arrive a votre port et que les Indigos charges par M. B. Bakewell pourront y etre venu en temp de vente de cette mar- chandise dont j'ai neanmoins quelque crainte vu le prix qu'ils lui avaient coute. Nous vous remercions sincerement pour le prix courant que vous nous avez envoye, dans une de mes dernieres ecrite par voye de Bordeaux je vous priais de de- mander a M^ Fleury Emery une boite de graines de la Mar- tinique et de se pays cy. nous esperons sous peu vous envoyer quelque marchandises et peut etre M^. Bakewell profitera d'une occasion que nous allons avoir en peu de jour pour votre port. A peu plus trois semaines passees Je fus a Mill Grove et PafFermais pour un an ne pouvant faire mieux pour le present. Votre fils a Philadelphia a present va essayer de terminer les comptes de mon pere avec M^. Dacotta [Dacosta] qui n'oublie pas aisement d'etre chicanneur . . . presentez Je vous prie mes respects et amities a votre bonne famille et epouse et croyez en moi comme votre devoue et constant serviteur J. J. Audubon Ayez la complaisance de faire parvenie Tincluse a mon bon pere. [Superscribed] Mr^ F. Rozier^ Merch* St Genevieve u. L. Shippingpoet . 10th. Augst. 1812 Mon CHER Rozier: — Come il est presque probable que I'occasion que je trouve est sur, je suis avec elle le plaisir de t'ecrire quelque mots — Je re9us en temps ta lettre envoye a Phil* a lequelle je re- pondis alors; depuis je n'ai entendu de tes nouvelles que par 374 APPENDICES voies tres indirectes, je serais bien content si tu peux donner quelques instants a tes amis que tu me compte aux nombre et m'ecrire par temps; je partis avec ma femme et mon fils de Phil^ au mois passe, la plus grande parties de ce temps a ete a descendre L'Ohio qui est actuellement tres bas nous avons eu la Barge et L'Equipage du G^ Clark, avec la compagnie de M^ R. A. Maupin et de M^^ Gait qui avaient rester plusieurs mois a New York & a PhiR Je vais probablement descendre a la N. Orleans cet autumn avec N. Berthoud, les merchandizes sont extremement rare et tres chere, partout, mais plus encore les gros Lainages que I'on ne trouve du tout. Je n'ai pas de doute que ton plomb ne se vende tres bien cet article ayant augmente considerablement depuis la guerre. — dans les derniers jours que j'etais dans I'Est j'ai recu une lettre de mon pere et une de ton frere toute ta famille se portait alors bien dit 4 mois passes, ton frere desire beaucoup entendre de toi, si la paix vient un jour non bien loin (ce qu'a Dieu plaise) j'espere entrer en liaison avec lui. Je lui est ecrit et I'engage a faire de meme tes lettres pouront se rendre si envoyers a N. York et de la dans la Cartel. Ma femme se porte bien et mon fils sois de meme et compte au nombre de tes amis est ce que dison celui qui t'estimera tou jours. Adieu J. Audubon APPENDIX II Audubon's Early Dated Drawings Made in France and America Drawings now in the Collections of Mr, Joseph Y. Jeanes, of Philadelphia, and formerly helongvng to Mr. Edward Har- ris, of Moorestown, New Jersey; of Mr. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Massachusetts; and of Harvard University, (See Chapter XII.) In addition to the serial numbers, here given, the drawings usually bear French and English names, with various notes in French relating to weights and measurements, and rarely with sketches of detail. Mr. Jeanes' collection contains the following: No. 5 . Long-tailed Mountain Tit, 22 January, 1805 13 . Sedge Sparrow, near Nantes, 1805 22 . Reed Sparrow, near Nantes, 1805 78 . Hawk's Eye,— Spotted Plover,— France, 18 March, 1805 [.?] 97 . The Creeper, France, June 7, 1805 86 . Shrike, near Nantes, July, 1805 93 . Nuthatch, near Nantes, July 9, 1805 Terns, France, July 12, 1805 50 . The Redstart, near Nantes, August, 1805 375 376 APPENDICES No. 61 . The Great Swallow (Le martin noir), near Nantes, 1805 65 . The Wagtail, near Nantes, Dec. 22, 1805 69 . The Green Finch, near Nantes, Dec, 1805 92 . L'Ecorcheur a tete rouge, near Nantes, 1805 6 . "Grosbec," near Nantes, 1806 [?] 94 . Woodpecker, near Nantes, March 8, 1806 Fish Hawk, Perkioming Creek, 1806 209 . Wood Thrush, Mill Grove, August 14, 1806 145 . Long-tailed Duck, New York, Dec. 17, 1806 Golden Eye, New York, Dec. 28, 1806 153 . American Widgeon, New York, Dec. 28, 1806 102 . Robin (eggs dated May 8th), New York, Jany. 4, 1807 156 . Shelldrake, New York, Jany. 28, 1807 143 . Widgeon, New York, Feby. 23, 1807 146 . Canvasback, New York, March 22, 1807 163 . Shoveller, New York, April 3, 1807 163 . Sprig-tail, New York, Feby. 22, 1807 Wood Duck, 1807 48 . Orchard Oriole, Falls of the Ohio, June 5, 1808 214 . Chimney Swallow, Falls of the Ohio, July 27, 1808 188 . Kentucky W a r b 1 e r, 20 miles from Philadelphia, (June?), 1809 109 . Passenger Pigeon, Falls of the Ohio, Dec. 11, 1809 Hooded Merganser, Falls of the Ohio, March 7, 1810 ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 377 No. 41 . Catbird, Red Banks, June, 1810 105 . Red-wing Blackbird, June, 1810 81 . The Frog-eater (Hawk), Red Banks, Nov. 29, 1810 186 . Killdeer, 1811 WO, 201 . Pewit, and G r e a t - crested Flycatcher, Henderson, May 22, 1811 207 . Carolina Parrot, Hender- son, June 9, 1811 49 . Swamp Sparrow, Penn- sylvania, March 12, 1812 6 . Spotted Sandpiper, Penn- sylvania, April 22, 1812 11 . Whippoorwill, Pennsyl- vania, May 7, 1812 10 . Nighthawk, May 8, 1812 58 . Great American Shrike, Henderson, Nov. 30, 1812 76 . Red-crowned black Wood- pecker, Henderson, Oct. 15, 1814 66 . Black-capped Nuthatch, Henderson, Feby. 16, 1815 WiUet, Henderson, May 8, 1815 Snipe, Henderson, March 17, 1816 300 . Yellow-billed Rail, Hen- derson, Oct. 9, 1816 Purple Gallinule, New Or- leans, April 23, 1821 Chuck Wills Widow, Red River, June, 1821 378 APPENDICES The Harvard University collections contain the following: No. 91 . L'Ecorcheur, 42 . The Sedge-bird, near Nantes, 1805 43 . The Nightingale, near Nantes, July 6, 1805 57 . Brown Thrush, near New York, May 10, 1807 Excellent examples of Audubon's early work in the collec- tion of Mr. John E. Thayer are: No. 96 . Woodpecker : prior to 1803 (see note, vol. i, p. 178). 112 . Water Thrush, Mill Grove, Pennsylvania, Aug. 2, 1806 144 . 64. Malaga Shell Drake. Goosander, M e r g u s Merganser A. W. Chute de L'Ohio 17 December, 1809 175 . Crested Titmouse, Red- banks, July 1, 1810 71 . 44. The Spirit or Butter- ball-Bufflehead, Hender- son, Mar. 19, 1815 154 . Golden Crested Wren A. W., Sylvia Regulus, Shippingport, K e n - tucky; drawn by J. J. Audubon - Mistletoe on Black Walnut. Jany. 28, 1820 Hermit Thrush, opposite Fredericksburg, Ky., Oct. 16, 1820 315 . Rose - breasted Grosbeak - (on spray of dogwood). ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 379 Among the drawings of the Harris-Jeanes collection which may be earlier than 1805, though they bear no date, are "The Black Crow of BufFon, Comeille noire," also the head of a Jack- daw wholly in crayon and pastel: "No. 160, Le grand Due, age vingt un an, BufFon, — the large horned owl. Eagle owl. J. J. L. Audubon," a crayon sketch on paper measuring eighteen by twenty-six inches, and water-marked "J. Kool"; also "No. 164. La corneille mantelle de Buffon, Royalton crow. Sea crane, hooded crow, crow — British, — J. J. L. Audu- bon," a crude sketch in pastels of the same size as the last. The following legends appear on the drawing of the Can- vasback Duck: "Cet Oiseau est nomme Canvas Back Canard very much esteemed par les Americans and very rare ici [c]elui est male et etais beau"; "New York le %t Mars 1807 — J. J. L. Audubon" "No. 146." APPENDIX III "The Birds of America" 1. Fijial Lists of Subscribers to "The Birds of America,''' folio edition, as published by Audubon in 1839. (See Ornithological Biography, vol. v, pp. 647-651.) List of American Subscribers 1. Library of Congress of the United States, Washington City. 2. State Departments, Washington City. S. Library of the General Court of Massachusetts. 4. Legislature of South Carolina, for the Columbia College. 5. Legislature of Louisiana. 6. Legislature of Maryland. 7. Legislature of New York. 8. Legislature of Michigan. 9. Boston Athenaeum. 10. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 11. Providence Atheneum, Rhode Island. 12. Salem Atheneum, Salem, Massachusetts. 13. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. 14. Academy of Natural Sciences, do. 15. Columbia College of New York. 16. Boston Natural History Society. 17. Charleston Library, South Carolina. 18. Charleston Natural History Society, South Carolina. 19. Charleston Citizens' Library, do 20. Richard Harlaw [Harlan], Esq., M.D., Philadelphia. 380 *'THE BIRDS OF AMERICA" 381 21. John P. Wetherell, Esq. Philadelphia. 22. Mrs. Ford, do. 23. Mrs. Douglas Cruger, New York. 24. Edward Prime Esq., banker, New York. 25. James G. King, Esq. do. do. 26. Cornelius C. Low, Esq. do. 27. P. J. Stuyvesant, Esq., M.D. do. 28. Robert Ray, Esq. do. 29. J. L. Joseph, Esq. do. 30. Richard N. Carman, Esq. do. 31. Mrs. Bailey, do. 32. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Esq., Albany, New York. 33. Hogden Haggerty, Esq. do. 34. W. L. Colman, Esq. do. 35." Samuel Swartout, Esq. do. 36. James Watson Webb, Esq. do. 37. Thomas H. Faile, Esq. do. 38. Lewis Rogers, Esq. do. 39. Jer. Van Rensselaer, Esq. M.D. do. 40. H. C. De Rham, junior, Esq. do. 41. Stephen A. Halsey, Esq. Long Island, do. 42. Edward Harris, Esq. Moorestown, New Jersey. 43. Thomas H. Perkins, Esq. Boston. 44. J. G. Cushing, Esq. do. 45. Samuel Appleton, Esq. do. 46. George C. Shattuck, Esq. M.D. Boston. 47. P. J. Jackson, Esq. do. 48. James Brown, Esq. do. 49. Frederick Tudor, Esq. do. 50. The Honourable Daniel Webster, do. 51. Augustus Thorndike, Esq. do. 52. L. Baldwin, Esq. Civil Engineer, do. 53. E. Greenwood, Esq. Museum, do. 54. George Pratt, Esq. do. 55. William Sturges, Esq. do. 56. Robert Gilmor, Esq. Baltimore. 57. John B. Morris, Esq. do. 382 APPENDICES 58. Smith, Esq. Baltimore. 59. Thomas Edmonston, jun. Esq. do. 60. William Gaston, Esq. Savannah, Georgia. 61. James Potter, Esq. do. do. 62. Alexander Telfair, Esq. do. do. 63. Thomas Young, Esq. do. do. 64. John David Mongin, Esq. do. do. 65. Daniel Blake, Esq. do. do. 66. Thomas Butler King, Esq. St. Simon Island, Georgia. 67. Thomas Metcalf, Esq. Augusta, Georgia. 68. E. Geddings, Esq. M.D., Charleston, South Carolina. 69. William J. Rees, Esq. Stateburgh, do. 70. R. O. Anderson, Esq. Georgetown, do. 71. Miss Burley, Salem, Massachusetts. 72. Miss Elizabeth L. Pickman, Salem, Massachusetts. 73. William Oakes, Esq. Ipswich, do. 74. James Arnold, Esq. New Bedford, Rhode Island. 75. Garnet Duncan, Esq. Louisville, Kentucky. 76. John Croghan, Esq. M.D. do. do. 77. Henry Clay, jun. Esq. Ashland, do. 78. James Grimshaw, Esq. New Orleans. 79. Gustavus Schmidt, Esq. do. 80. J. J. Hughes, Esq. Manchester, Mississippi. 81. John Hunt, Esq. Mobile, Alabama. 82. Henry Hunt, Esq. Mobile, Alabama. Europe 1. Her Most Excellent Majesty, Queen Adelaide, England. 2. (His Most Christian Majesty, Charles X). 3. His Majesty Philippe I. King of the French. 4. Her Royal Highness Mademoiselle d'Orleans. 5. Prince Massena, Paris. 6. His Grace the Duke of Rutland, London. 7. The Honourable W. C. Wentworth Fitzwilliam, London. 8. The Right Honourable the Countess of Ravensworth, Ravensworth Castle. "THE BIRDS OF AMERICA" 383 9. The University of Edinburgh. 10. The Society of Writers to her Majesty's Signet, Edinburgh. 11. Henry Witham, Esq. of Lartington, Durham. 12. John Rutter, Esq., M.D., Liverpool. 13. Doctor Bickersteth, Liverpool. 14. Armorer Donkin, Esq. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 15. Yorkshire Philosophical Society, York. 16. John Clough, Esq., Oxton Hall, Yorkshire. 17. Jos. S. Crompton, jun., Esq., Eshott Hall, Bradford, Yorkshire. 18. Thomas Walker, Esq. Killinbeck, near Leeds. 19. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. 20. John Marshall, jun. Esq., Headlinglay, Leeds. 21. Samuel Greg [Gregg], Esq., Quarry Bank, near Man- chester. 22. Edward Lloyd, Esq., Greenhill, near Manchester. 23. The Manchester Society for the promotion of Natural History. 24. The Reverend Peter Horden, M.A., for the Cheetham Library, Manchester. 25. G. W. Wood, Esq., Manchester. 26. Mrs. Rattsbone [Rathbone], Greenbank, Liverpool. J. G. Children, Esq., British Museum, London. The Right Honourable the Earl of Caernarvon, London. S. P. Atkins, Esq., Walbrook, London. The Right Honourable the Earl of Derby, P. Z. S. [President of the Zoological Society], &c. &c. &c. The Right Honourable Earl Spencer, London. John Heathcote, Esq., London. Joseph John Gurney, Esq. Earlham Hall, Norfolk. James Darbyshire, Esq., Manchester. John Blackwell, Esq., Manchester. A. J. Cresswell Baker, Esq., Prowin Park. Reverend Edward Craig, Edinburgh. The College of Glasgow, as Trustees of the Hunterian Museum. 384 APPENDICES 39. John Buddie, Esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 40. The York Subscription Library, York. 41. Kirk Patrick, Esq., London. 42. T. B. L. L. Baker, Esq. Christ Church, Oxford. 43. Doctor Lodge, for the University Library, Cambridge. 44. George Thackeray, D.D., Provost of King's College, Cambridge. 45. The Cambridge Philosophical Society. 46. The Fitzwilliam Museum, by M. Davy, Vice Chancellor. 47. Dr. Kidd, for the Anatomical School, Christ Church, Oxford. 48. Doctor Williams, for the Radcliffe Library, Oxford. 49. James Pickering Ord, Esq., Hedge Hill, near Derby. 50. The Right Honourable Viscount Milton, London. 51. M. Feuillet, for the Library of the Royal Institute of France. 52. Vicounte [Viscount] Simeon, for the Ministry of the Interior, 6 copies. 53. M. Pitois, Paris. 54. Mrs. Warden, London. 55. Mr. Hearne, bookseller, London. 56. Henry Ellisan, Esq., Beverly, Yorkshire, 57. Benjamin Smith, Esq. M. P., London. 58. The Right Honourable the Earl of Bradford, London, 59. Thomas Frost, Esq., Gorton Hall, near Manchester, 60. John G. Reeves, Esq., Birmingham. 61. Birmingham Old Library, by Beilby, Knott, and Beilby. 62. Joseph C. Dyer, Esq., Manchester. 63. Thomas Walker, Esq., Ravensfield, near Doncaster, 64. George Lamb Fox, Esq., Yorkshire. 65. Haarlem Library, Holland. 66. Mrs. [Miss] Euphemia GifFord, DufReld Bank, Derby. 67. Charles Fox, Esq., Perrair, near Truro, England. 68. George Lane Fox, Esq., Yorkshire, 69. Sir John Tobin, Liverpool. 70. His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, Dalkeith Palace, Scotland. "THE BIRDS OF AMERICA" 385 71. His Imperial and Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Tuscany, &c. &c. &c. 72. London Institution, by Mr. Bradley, Librarian. 73. Benjamin Phillips, Esq., F. R. S. L., &c. &c. &c. 17 Wimpole Street, London. 74. Henry G. Bohn, Esq., London. 75. Charles J. Warde, Esq. Welcomb, near Stratford-on- Avon. 76. The British Museum, London (in part). 77. His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, &c. &c. &c. 78. Earl Hardwicke, &c. &c. &c. Wimpole, Arrington, Cam- bridge. 79. Sir Jacob Hastley, Bart, &c. &c. &c., Cavendish Square, London. 386 APPENDICES 2. Prospectus of ''The Birds of America,''' as issued in 1828 , when ten Numbers of the original folio were engraved. (Compare Ornithological Biography y vol. i, pp. 1-16, as supplementary text, at the end.) Under the Particular Patronage and Approbation of His Most Gracious Majesty BIRDS OF AMERICA from Drawings made During a Residence of Twenty-five Years in The United States and its Territories, by John James Audubon, Citizen of the United States. Member of the Lyceum of New York; Fellow of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh; of the Linnean Society of London; Member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh; of the Zoological Society, Lon- don; Fellow of the Society of Scottish Antiquaries; Member of the Society for promoting the useful Arts of Scotland; of the Literary and Philosophical Societies of Cambridge, Liverpool, and Newcastle-upon- Tyne; of the Horticultural Society of Edinburgh; of the Natural His- tory Society of Manchester; of the Scottish Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, &c., &c. PROSPECTUS. To those who have not seen any portion of the Author's splendid Collection of Original Drawings it may be proper to explain, that their superiority consists in every specimen being of the full size of life, portrayed with a degree of accuracy as to proportion and outline, the result of peculiar means dis- "THE BIRDS OF AMERICA" 387 covered and employed by the Author, and lately exhibited to a meeting of the Wernerian Society. Besides, in every instance where a difference of plumage exists between the two sexes, both the Male and Female Birds have been represented. The Author has not contented himself with single profile views of the originals, but in very many instances he has grouped them, as it were, at their natural avocations, in all sorts of attitudes, either on branches of trees, or amidst plants and flowers : some are seen pursuing with avidity their prey through the air, or searching diligently their food amongst the fragrant foliage ; whilst others of an aquatic nature swim, wade, or glide over their allotted element. The Insects, Reptiles, or Fishes, that form the food of the birds, have been introduced into the draw- ings ; and the nests of the birds have been frequently repre- sented. The Plants are all copied from Nature, and the Botanist, it is hoped, will look upon them with delight. The Eggs of most of the species will appear in the course of the publication. The Particulars of the Plan of the Work will be found de- tailed below: — 1. The Engravings in every instance to be of the exact di- mensions of the Drawings, which, without any exception, represent the Birds of their natural size. 2. The Plates will be Coloured, in the most careful manner, from the original Drawings. 8. The Size of the work will be Double Elephant, and printed on the finest Drawing Paper. 4. Five Plates will constitute a Number; one Plate from one of the largest Drawings, one from one of the second size, and three from the smaller Drawings. 5. There are 400 Drawings ; and it is proposed that they shall comprise Three Volumes, each containing about 133 Plates, to which an Index will be given at the end of each, to be bound up with the Volume. 6. Five Numbers will come out annually. 7. The Price of each Number will be Two Guineas; payable on delivery. 388 APPENDICES TEN Numbers being now completed, will give an exact idea of the nature and style of the Work. All the other Numbers will at least equal these in interest and execution. It would be advisable for the Subscribers to procure a Portfolio, to keep the Numbers till a Volume is completed. *^* Persons desirous of becoming Subscribers are requested to apply to Mr. Audubon, or Mr. Robert Havell, Jun. (En- graver), 79, Newman Street, Oxford Street, London. Where Specimens of the Work may be seen: or, to any of the following Agents: — Messrs. Treuttel, Wiirz & Co., Soho Square, and Mr. S. Highly, Fleet Street, London; MM. Lev- rault and Pitois, Paris; Messrs. Robinsons, Liverpool; Mr. T. Sowler, Manchester ; Mr. M. A. Barclay, York ; Messrs. Herna- man and Robinson, Leeds; Mr. E. Charnley, Newcastle-upon- Tyne ; and J. B. Kidd, Esq., Edinburgh. Note by the Author. Audubon's first Prospectus was issued on March 17, 1827, when two Numbers of his large work were ready, and the last which I have seen bears the date of 1831, when one hundred plates had been published. The present citation is from a copy in possession of the Boston Public Library; it is printed on two sides of white paper, octavo, and bears the autograph of "Wm. Everett, Esq., Aug. 7, 1867." "THE BIRDS OF AMERICA" 389 3. Prospectus of the Second {partial) Edition of "The Birds of America,'* issued by John Woodhouse Audubon, through Messrs, Trilbner (§• Company, London, 1859. (See Bibliography, Nos. 9 and 10.) AUDUBON'S Celebrated Work BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA To be published in Numbers, by Subscription only, at one half the original price. The undersigned proposes to publish, by Subscription, this well-known Work of his late Father, J. J. Audubon, F.R.SS.L.&E., etc., from the original Copperplates transferred to stone. This Edition, in softness, finish, and correctness of color- ing, will be superior to the first, and every Plate will be col- ored from the original Drawings, still in possession of the family. It will contain all the Plates and Text of the original Work, embracing more than one thousand figures of Birds, all of the size of nature, represented in action amid the scenes or on the plants most common to their habits, — together with seven volumes royal octavo, of Ornithological Biography. The Work will be issued in forty-five numbers viz., forty- four of Plates and one of Text, each number of Plates con- taining ten — printed on seven sheets double-elephant paper, of the best quality for the purpose, 27 by 40 inches, and will be delivered to Subscribers Monthly, at £2, 8s per number; the last Number, comprising seven volumes of Text, to be de- livered bound with the fifteenth number. It is intended that each Number shall contain as follows: Viz. two large Plates, each occupying the whole sheet; two of a medium size, each occupying also the entire sheet; and six of the smaller size, two Plates on a sheet; thus presenting ten of the original Plates on seven sheets, giving a variety in 390 APPENDICES each number. The text is properly and scientifically classified, and when the Work shall be completed the Plates can be placed and be bound corresponding with the order of the Text, in either thr^e or four Volumes. The regular issue of the Num- bers will commence so soon as the number of Subscribers will justify the undertaking. As the Work will be published for Subscribers alone, few or none being printed beyond the number subscribed for, it is not possible that its pecuniary value can ever be much reduced ; on the other hand, the probabilities are that it will rather be increased. Nor will there ever be a time when it can be published at a less price than the present; for in estimating the cost the mere expense of manufacturing has been taken into consideration, without reference to the original cost of the Copper-plates, which was nearly One hundred thousand Dollars; and a very small profit has been charged on the ex- pense thus estimated. The first Number is considered superior in many respects to the same Plates in the first Edition, and it is confidently hoped that subsequent Numbers will exhibit still greater superiority as the Artists gain experience. A full list of Sub- scribers will be published with the Work. The Numbers will not be sold separately, except the first, which will be sent, properly packed, as a Specimen, to any part of the country, free of expense, on the receipt of £2, 8s. Orders or communications to Triibner & Co., Booksellers, 60, Paternoster Row, London. New York, March 31, 1859. J. W. Audubon. Triibner & Co. also offer to the Trade and the Public the following Editions of Audubon's Birds and Quadrupeds of North America: Birds of North America — Library Edition, 7 vols., royal 8vo., with 500 finely colored Plates, from Drawings made in the United States and their Territories. Price £25. "THE BIRDS OF AMERICA" 391 Quadrupeds of North America, — By J. J. Audubon and Rev. John Bachman. Original Edition, 3 vols, imperial folio, bound in half russia. One hundred and fifty superbly colored Plates. With descriptive letter-press, in 3 vols., royal 8vo. Price £63. The same work, — Library Edition, 3 vols, royal 8vo. with one hundred and fifty-five finely colored Plates. Price £9, 9s. Note by the Author. For the citation of this rare document, from the only copy known to exist, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Ruthven Deane, who writes: "I found this Prospectus bound in the first volume of The Ibis (1859). This copy was previously in possession of the late Pierre Verreaux, of Paris, France, and is now in the John Crerar Library, Chicago, Illinois." Ornithologists will be pleased to find that it immediately sets at rest numerous disputed questions concerning the plates and text of this sole, but ill-fated, attempt at the republication of the original folio of The Birds of America in America. (See Bibliography, Nos. 9 and 10, and Chapter XXXVI, p. 296.) Mr. Ruthven Deane has written me that an examination of the account books kept by the Audubons during the publication of the large and small editions of The Birds of America showed partial payments on the Folio by 23 subscribers; the only name among those not listed in the Ornithological Biography was that of J. R. Peters, who was credited with a payment of $412.00. Mr. Deane adds: "I have a list of the subscribers to the 1840, 8vo., edition, of 1,095 names. New York, Baltimore and Boston taking 501; also a list of subscribers to the Quadrupeds of North America, 3 volume, 8 vo., edition, of 2,004 names. New York, Boston and Charleston, South Carolina, taking 1,102." APPENDIX IV Authentic Likenesses of Jean Jacques Fougere Audubon 1. 182J}., — Oil portrait by himself; painted at "Beech Grove," William Garrett Johnson's planta- tion, West Feliciana, Louisiana; presented by Audubon to Mrs. Johnson; inherited by her daughter and granddaughter, and now in pos- session of Dr. D. G. Murrell, Paducah, Ken- tucky. Size of original, 12 by 9 inches. Re- produced in Tlu Auh, vol. iii, 1886 (see Bibliog- raphy, No. 184). 2. 1826 ( .?).— Oil portrait by himself ( ?), 18 by 32 inches, West Feliciana; presented by Audubon to Col. Edward Durrive's father, later acquired by Mr. E. Curtis, and now in the possession of Mr. Thomas P. Thompson, New Orleans. My information concerning this doubtful portrait has been derived entirely from Mr. Ruthven Deane, to whom its present owner recently wrote: "My Audubon, by himself, attracts much interest, and grows more real as time makes it familiar." S, 1826,— Pencil sketch by himself; signed "Audubon at Green Bank AlTnost, Happy!!— Sepi" 1826." Made at the home of Mr. William Rathbone, Sr., and presented to Mrs. Rathbone; now in possession of Mr. Richard R. Rathbone, Glen- y-Menai, Anglesey; for reproduction see The Life and Adventures of John James Audubon, 392 AUTHENTIC LIKENESSES 393 edited by Robert Buchanan, and Maria R. Audubon, Andwhon and His Journals. 4. 18^6 (?).— Oil portrait by W. H. Holmes, 36 by 28 inches; painted for Audubon's friend, Walter Horton Bentley, Manchester, England, and in possession of the Bentley family ever since. Audubon is represented in a green coat, a crim- son cloak with deep fur edging thrown over one shoulder, and with portfolio in hand. For information concerning this fine but little knoT\Ti por- trait, as well as for the photograph reproduced in Vol. I, p. 416, I am indebted to Mr. Ruthven Deane. In 1913, Mr. John Con- way Bentley, a grandson of the former owner, formerly of Glasgow, but then living in Cheshire, England, attempted to dispose of the Holmes portrait in this country. 5. 1826. — Oil portrait by John Syme; painted at Edin- burgh, November, 1826 ; supposed to have been engraved by W. H. Lizars, but no trace of painting or engraving has been found. See Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. i, pp. 157 and 165. On November 27, 1826, Audubon wrote: "At twelve I went to stand up for my picture, and sick enough I was of it by two; at the request of Mr. Lizars I wear my wolf-skin coat, and if the head is not a strong likeness, perhaps the coat may be." In writing to his son, Victor, in 1833 (see Chapter XXVII, p. 57), Audubon said: "I am glad to hear of Kidd & Co.'s publication of Parrots, but I regret that my face should have been there from Syme's picture, which in my estimation is none of the best." 6. 1828. — Oil portrait painted in London by an American artist named Parker, in August, 1828 ; Parker subsequently accompanied Audubon and 394 APPENDICES Swainson to Paris, where he is said to have executed portraits of Cuvier and Redoute. On August 25, a few days before starting on this journey, Audubon wrote: "Mr. Parker has nearly finished my portrait, which he consid- ers a good one, and so do /'* (Maria R. Audu- bon, op. cit., vol. i, p. 303). No further men- tion of this painting has been found. 7. 1830-31. — Miniature painted on ivory by Frederick Cruikshank, probably in London, and before Audubon's return to America on August 2, 1831. This portrait has become well known through the excellent engraving of it by C. Turner, A.R.A., first published in London, "Jany. 12, 1835, for the Proprietor, by Robert Havell, Print-seller, 77, Oxford Street," with Audubon's characteristic autograph. Good copies of the original engraving have become very rare. (See Frontispiece, Vol. I.) Miss Maria R. Audubon possesses a very faint water-color sketch of the original, which, as she has recently written me, "was destroyed by fire at Shelbyville, Kentucky, with many other rare and valuable belongings of my grandmother's, soon after her death [in 1874]." 8. 1833. — Portrait in oils by Henry Inman; half-length, natural size; in possession of Miss Harriet B. Audubon. "Mr. Inman has painted my Por- trait in Oil, and / say that it is a truer por- trait of me than even the Miniature" (see Chapter XXVII, p. 39). Engraved by H. B. Hall for the second Octavo Edition of The Birds of America, published in 1856, and the same engraving has appeared in later editions of The Life of John James Auduhon, the Naturalist, edited by Lucy Audubon; for re- AUTHENTIC LIKENESSES 395 production of a photograph of the original portrait, see Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. i, p. 206 ; and for reproduction of the Hall en- graving. Vol. II, p. 130, of the present work. This portrait, like the Cruikshank miniature, has become well known through frequent reproduction ; both represent the naturalist at the full meridian of his working powers, and are among the finest likenesses of him extant. 9. 1834" — "John J. Audubon"; portrait drawn and en- graved on steel by J. Brown; published by Geo. Henderson, S, Old Bailey, Ludgate Hill, Lon- don, 1834. A poor drawing of Audubon, in hunting dress, published with a biographical sketch, in an English edition of Cuvier's Le regne animal (see Bibliography, No. 56). This drawing served as the basis of a wood en- graving, in which Audubon is represented as a much younger man, three-quarters length, gun in hand, with thumb on trigger, which ap' peared in GleasoTi's Pictorial for 1852 (see Bibliography, No. 67.). 10. (Before) 1839.— Liie Mask, made in London by Robert Havell, Junior, and formerly in his possession; acquired from his daughters, Mrs. Amelia Jane Lockwood and Miss Marion Elington Havell, by Mr. John E. Thayer, and by him presented to Harvard University. For reproduction of the mask, for excellent photographs of which I am indebted to Dr. Samuel Henshaw, Direc- tor of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, see Vol. II, p. 188. The original was made from a dark colored plaster (?), and has a decidedly coarse texture. Mr. Harry P. Havell, who possesses a replica of the original in wax, writes that he ob- tained from the Misses Havell, his cousins, the information 396 APPENDICES that this mask was made while Audubon was at their home in London; the matter was treated in a jocular way, as Audu- bon lay upon a sofa with straws in his nose, while submitting to the rather unpleasant ordeal of having a mold made of his countenance. Mr. Havell, to whom I am indebted for the sub- stance of this note, also possesses the silver loving cup, which Audubon presented to Robert Havell upon the completion of the second volume of his illustrations in 1834 (see Chapter XXXII, p. 192). For notice of another mask by O'Neill, Edin- burgh, 1827, see Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. i, p. 205. 11. 1838. — Portrait in oils, three-quarters length, by George P. A. Healy; represents Audubon in hunting shirt, with flowing collar open at neck, knap- sack at side and gun in hand (see Frontispiece, Vol. II) ; painted in London upon the initiative of the artist, still struggling for recognition. This portrait, with a number of other paintings, was raffled at Boston, at a later day, when it was won by the artist, who then gave it to a former patron, Mr. Bradlee, by whom it was presented to the Boston Society of Natural History, and it now hangs in the library of that institution. The present re- production is from a photograph received through the kind- ness of Mr. Ruthven Deane, who still owns the negative, which was reproduced in Mr. Healy's Reminiscences (see Bibliog- raphy, No. 197). 12. 18Jf.0-Ji.5 ( .?). — Cameo, by John C. King; original intaglio, in shell, a cast of which was given by the artist to Mr. Kennard, and is now in possession of Mr. Frederic H. Kennard, of Boston ; cast first reproduced by C. Hart Merriam, in The Auk for 1908 (see Bibliography No. 226). Mr. King was a Scotch artist and sculptor, who died at Boston, April 21, 1882. 13. 18Ji,l (?). — Portrait in oils, full length and size, by John Woodhouse Audubon; figure seated, with land- AUTHENTIC LIKENESSES 397 scape background; gun resting on arm, and dog at side. For reproduction, see Maria R. Audubon, op. cit. This or the following used as the basis of a painting by Alonzo Chappel (see No. 23). 14. 184i (?)• — Half-length portrait in oils, natural size, by John Woodhouse and Victor Gifford Audubon. Original presented to the American Museum of Natural History by Mr. Fordham Morris in 1900 ; for reproduction, see Vol. II, p. 226. 15. 1841 (?). — Full-length portrait, in oils, by John Wood- house Audubon; original now in possession of the American Museum of Natural History ; for reproduction, see Vol. II, p. 250. 16. i.§^^.— Pencil sketch by Isaac Sprague (1811-1895), an artist noted for his paintings of plants and birds. Sprague accompanied Audubon on his expedition to the Missouri River in 1843. Ac- cording to Miss Maria R. Audubon, the origi- nal drawing is still in possession of the Sprague family, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts. For reproduction, see Maria R. Audubon, op. cit. 17. 184-3. — Half-length portrait in oils, by John Woodhouse Audubon, representing the naturalist as he ap- peared when returning from his expedition to the Missouri River in November, 1843, with flowing white hair and beard ; he wears a green overcoat, with fur collar, and with both hands holds a favorite gun. The original, which was never quite finished, is now in possession of his granddaughters, at Salem, New York. For re- production, see Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. i. frontispiece. 398 APPENDICES 18. 1844. — Cameo by John C. King, now known only from the photograph made from a cast of the original intaglio, which the artist presented to the father of Mr. O. A. Farwell, of Detroit, in 1871. "My father and Mr. King were great friends, and on one occasion, when father dropped into Mr. King's studio, he found Mr. Audubon sitting for the cameo. Mr. King introduced the two gentlemen and asked them to start a conversation, which was continued during the sitting. The two men became so animated in their very interesting conversation that they for- got where they were, and thus the artist was enabled to catch the natural and striking expression of the great ornithologist." See "The King Cameos of Audubon," by C. Hart Merriam (Bibl. No. 226), who published the first account of this pho- tograph, and of the previously mentioned Kennard cast, with reproductions, in 1908. No trace of the original cameos, which were cut in shell, has yet been found. The Farwell photo- graph has been reproduced as a medallion on the covers of the present work. 19. 18i8'49 (.^). — A daguerreotype made by Brady, in New York, probably before 1850, since it was pub- lished in that year, and a considerable interval of time is clearly represented between this first camera likeness and the last which was ever made of the naturalist (see No. 20, and Vol. II, p. 280). This daguerreotype was first published as a steel engraving by D'Avignon, in Lester's Gallery of Illustrious Americans (for which it was, in all probability, originally made), in New York, 1850 (see Bibliography No. 62). The same sun portrait was again engraved on steel (size 41/4 by 31/4 inches) by Nordheim, and published by Hermann J. Meyer, 164 Wil- liam Street, New York. It also appeared as a AUTHENTIC LIKENESSES 399 wood engraving, brought out by M. P.-A. Cap, in Le Museum D'Histoire Naturelle, p. 175, Paris, 1854 : a better reproduction, by the same process, was given in Scrihner's Magazine, vol. xiii, p. 275 (see "Audubon's Story of his Youth," by Maria R. Audubon, Bibl. No. 40), in 1893. The original daguerreotype was finally discovered in the collections at the National Museum, at Washington, where it had been deposited by Mrs. Elizabeth Berthoud Grimshaw, a daughter of Mrs. Nicholas Berthoud, and niece of Mrs. Audu- bon; it was again published by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, and Miss M. R. Audubon, in 1894 (see "The Last Portrait of Audubon," Bibl. No. 196). According to the writers just cited, the da- guerreotype was formerly in possession of Mrs. Gordon, a sis- ter of Mrs. J. J. Audubon, who gave it to the present owner. 20. 1850 ( ?), — A daguerreotype, representing Audubon as he appeared at the close of his career ; original in possession of Miss Mary Eliza Audubon; for reproduction see Audubon and his Journals, vol. i, p. 74, and Vol. II, p. 280, of the present work. As to the probable date of this picture, see the preceding notice. 21. 1851. — Death mask; profile from original, since de- stroyed by fire, reproduced in Scribner's Maga- zine, vol. xiii, by Maria R. Audubon (Bibl. No. 40), March, 1893. 22. 1851. — Profile of head; pencil sketch, after death, made by John W. Audubon; reproduced by Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals, vol. ii, p. 526. 23. 1861. — Oil portrait by Alonzo Chappel, engraved on steel for Duyckinck's National Portrait Gallery of 400 APPENDICES Eminent Americans (see Bibliography, No. 74), and published by Messrs. Johnson, Fry & Com- pany, New York, 1862. The original of this portrait, which was evidently drawn, with slight changes, from the large painting of the same sub- ject by John Woodhouse Audubon, executed about 1841 (see No. 13), is now in possession of Mr. Ruthven Deane, who has written me that it is done in black and white, like all of Chap- pel's work which was designed for the purposes of steel en- graving, and measures 12 by 17 inches. Concerning this ar- tist, Mr. Arthur Lumley wrote to Mr. Deane on April 26, 1905, as follows: "I knew Chappel in my boyhood days, when he ranked next to Felix O. C. Darley as an illustrator; at the same time he was a good portrait painter in oil. Chappel, in many ways, was a gifted man, and his historical pictures were fine in composition and color. He held a high rank, and had no occasion to seek orders, having all he could do, and at his own terms ; most of his work was reproduced by steel-plate engrav- ings" : Chappel, he 'adds, who died about 1875, was "a quiet, genial gentleman who was ever ready to help and guide rising aspirants in the field of art." 24. JfP(97 (unveiled). — Bust by William Couper; unveiled at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, December 29, 1906. Reproduced through courtesy of the Museum, at p. 160 of Vol. H of the present work. 25. iPi(9 (unveiled). — Statue, by Edward Virginius Valen- tine; unveiled in Audubon Park, New Orleans, November 26, 1910; reproduced at p. 14 of Vol. I of the present work. APPENDIX V Bibliography Besides the published writings of Audubon, I have included in this Bibliography such references to his life and times as occur In the text or which possess some degree of merit; all other important literary and historical authorities are cited in footnotes to the text. The titles appear in a single numerical series, but the arrangement under each head is strictly chrono- logical. All references to this list in the text are indicated usually by title, with the name of the author, and always by Arabic numerals, in correspondence with the series which fol- lows. If some chaff has been admitted to this garner, no corn, I hope, has been thrown into the fire. a. Principal Works 1. Audubon, John James: The Birds of America, from Original Drawings by John James Audubon, Fellow of the Royal Societies of London & Edinburgh and of the Llnnsean & Zoological Societies of London, Member of the Natural History Society of Paris, of the Lyceum of New York, &c. &c. &c. 4 vols, colored plates, double elephant folio. Pub- lished by the Author. London, 1827-1838. Issued without text, titles excepted, to subscribers, in 87 Numbers of 5 plates each, or 435 copper-plate engravings, col- ored by hand, and representing 1,065 life-size figures of 489 supposedly distinct species of birds. Titles the same, except that in volumes II-IV, after "New York," In list of societies fol- lowing author's name, is added, "of the Philosophical Society 401 402 APPENDICES and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia." Be- gun at Edinburgh in autumn of 1826, and completed in Lon- don, June 20, 1838. A more detailed citation is: Vol. I. Parts 1-22, pll. i- ex, 182T-30. Vol. II. Parts 23-44, pll. cxi- ccxx, 1831-34. Vol. III. Parts 45-66, pll. ccxxi- cccxxx, 1834-35. Vol. IV. Parts 67-87, pll. cccxxxi-ccccxxxv, 1835-38. More exact data on publication of individual plates are : 1827 pll. 1- 25 1833 pll. 156-185 1828 pll. 26- 50 1834 pll. 186-235 1829. .... pll. 51-75 1835 pll. 236-285 1830 pll. 76-100 1836 pll. 286-350 1831. .pll. 101(.?)-125 1837 pll. 351-400 1832.. pll. 126-155(.?) 1838.... pll. 400[401]-435 The first ten plates were executed by William Home Lizars, Edinburgh, 1826-7, but were later retouched or reengraved (?) by Robert Havell, Junior, who produced all the rest in Lon- don; printed on Whatman's drawing paper, size (untrimmed), 39% X 29% inches, and colored after the originals. A consider- able number of the plain plates were dispersed, and at least one complete set exists in this state (see Note, Chapter XXVI, Vol. II, p. 7, and also Chapter XXXII, Vol. II, p. 190) ; scien- tific and common names, with legends of author and engraver, and eventually the date of pubHcation, were given on each plate. Issued to subscribers at two guineas a Part, and sold in Europe at £182, a4s ; in America, at $1,000. The Turkey Cock (Plate No. 1) now brings upwards of $140, and perfect sets upwards 01 $4,000, according to binding and state. Total number of original sets probably did not exceed 190 or 200. 2. Audubon, John James, F. R. SS. L. & E. [with list of societies] : Ornithological Biography, or an account of the habits of the Birds of the United States of America; accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented BIBLIOGRAPHY 403 in the work entitled The Birds of America, and Inter- spersed with delineations of American scenery and man- ners. 5 vols. roy. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1831-1839. Vol. I (original ed.). Preface dated "March 1831." Pp. i-xxiv, 1-512, and 1-16, including "Prospectus," "Con- tents" to Vol. I, and names of subscribers to The Birds of America. Text to accompany plates i-c of the large folio. Adam Black, 55 North Bridge (with names of agents; Neill & Co. Printers, Old Fishmarket), Edin- burgh, MDCCCXXXI. Vol. I (American reprint). Pagination the same. Judah Dobson, Agent, 108 Chestnut St., and H. H. Porter, Literary Rooms, 121 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, MDCCCXXXI. Copyright by R. Harlan, M.D., 1831. Printed by James Kay, Jun. & Co., Printers to the American Philosophical Society, No. 4 Minor St. Vol. I (American reprint). The same, but bearing the im- print of E. L. Carey and A. Hart, Chestnut St., Phila- delphia, MDCCCXXXV. Vol. H (original ed.). Preface dated "1st December 1834." Pp. i-xxxii, 1-588. Text of plates ci-cc. Adam and Charles Black. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXIV. Vol. II (American reprint). The same, but with imprint of Hilliard, Gray, and Company. Boston, MDCCCXXXV. Vol. HI (original and only ed., as are IV and V). Preface dated "1st December 1835." Pp. i-xvi, 1-638, with 9 woodcuts. Text to plates cci-ccc. Same imprint as Vol. II. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXV. Vol. IV. Preface dated "1st November 1838." Pp. i-xxviii, 1-618. Text to plates ccci-ccclxxxvii. Imprint, the same. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXVIH. Vol. V. Preface dated "1st May 1839." Pp. 1-xl, 1-664, with 98 woodcuts. Text to plates ccclxxxviii-ccccxxxv. Same imprint. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXIX. According to Stone, 5 species recognized in the folio are 404 APPENDICES I suppressed in the "Biography"; 26 new names are given, and 502 species are recognized, but as 11 were more or less hypo- thetical, 491 remain in supposedly good standing. 3. Audubon, John James, F. R. SS. L. & E. Member of vari- ous scientific associations in Europe and America : A Synopsis of the Birds of North America. Pp. i-xi, 1-359. 8vo. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh; Longman, Rees, Brown, Green and Longman, London. MDCCCXXXIX. A methodical index to the birds of America, with special reference to the large folio plates and Ornithological Biog- raphy; 45 families and 139 genera are defined; 5 new names are added, making the total number of recognized species 491. 4. Audubon, John James, F. R. SS. L. & E. (&c., &c.) : The Birds of America from Drawings made in the United States and its Territories. 7 vols, of text and plates, roy. 8vo. Published by the Author and J. B. Chevalier. New York and Philadelphia, 1840-1844. The ''Birds in Miniature," or first octavo edition of text and plates combined; issued to subscribers in 100 Parts, each with 5 lithographic colored plates, at $1.00 a Part. Vol. L Parts 1- 14; pll. 1- 70; pp. i-viii, 9-256. 1840. Vol. XL Parts 15- 28; pll. 71-140; pp. i-viii, 9-206. 1841. Vol. IIL Parts 29- 42; pll. 141-210; pp. i-viii, 9-236. 1841. Vol. IV. Parts 43- 56; pll. 211-280; pp. i-viii, 9-324. 1842. Vol. V. Parts 57- 70 ; pll. 281-350 ; pp. i-viii, 9-348. 1842. Vol. VL Parts 71- 84; pll. 251-420; pp. i-viii, 9-460. 1843. Vol. Vn. Pts. 85-100; pll. 421-500; pp. i-x, 9[ll]-374. 1844. In this "miniature" edition, the "delineations of American scenery and manners" are omitted, the text revised, and the nomenclature made to conform with the Synopsis; the plates of the large folio were broken up, and their accessories reduced, so that but one species appears on each ; 7 species, described in the Biography and Synopsis are figured for the first time in an BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 w Appendix, in which also appear 17 species that had been neither figured nor described before, thus bringing the total number of birds represented on the octavo plates to 500; four of the largest birds receive two plates each, thus leaving the number of distinct species figured at 496, while the 12 species herein de- scribed brings the total number of species recognized by Audu- bon in 1844 to 508. The plates of this edition are rearranged and renumbered to conform with the new arrangement of the text, which was considerably improved. The series begins with the California Vulture, and ends with Baird's Bunting. Vols. I-V were published by J. J. Audubon, New York, and simultaneously issued by J. B. Chevalier, Philadelphia; Vols. VI-VII, published by J. J. Audubon, 77 Williams St., New York, and 34 North First St., Philadelphia. The Numbers or Parts were issued in blue paper covers, or drab when without plates (7 x 11 inches), on which were printed the "Prospectus," lists of subscribers and agents, besides other information which the author wished to convey to his patrons. The printer's legend at the right lower corner reads: *'Lith^. Printed & Col^. by J. T. Bowen, Philad^." Parts in original covers are extremely rare ; a set in this condition was offered in 1914 at $750. 5. Audubon, John James, and Bachman, Rev. John : The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America. 2 vols, of 150 lithographic, colored plates ; imp. folio. PubHshed by J. J. Audubon, New York, 1845-1846. Vol. I. Parts 1-15, pll. 1- 75, 1845. Vol. II. Parts 16-30, pll. 76-150, 1846. Issued to subscribers in 30 Parts of 5 plates each, size 28x22 inches, at $10 a part, or $300, without text except titles, tables of contents, and names on plates ; 76 of the orig- inals by J. J. Audubon, and 74 by J. W. Audubon, assisted by V. G. Audubon. Author's and printer's legends read: "Drawn from Nature by J. J. Audubon, F. R. S. F. L. S.," and "Lith. Printed & Col^. by J. T. Bowen, Phila. 1842 [-1845]." 406 APPENDICES 6. Audubon, John James, F. R. S. (&c., &c.), and Bachman, Rev, John, D. D. (&c., &c.) : The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America. 3 vols., roy. 8vo. Published by J. J. Audubon and V. G. Audubon, New York, 1846-1854. Issued to subscribers, as text to foregoing: Vol. I. Pp. i-xvi, 1-390. Text only. PubHshed by J. J. Audubon, New York, 1846. Vol. I (European ed.). The same as foregoing with imprint of Wiley & Putnam, London, 1847. Vol. II. Pp. 1-336. Text only. Published by V. G. Audubon, 1851. Vol. III. Pp. i-vi, 1-350. Text, with 6 colored plates. PubHshed by V. G. Audubon, 1854. fjl^^-. Audubon, John James, F. R. S. (&c., &c.), and Bachman, Rev. John, D. D. (&c., &c.) : The Quadrupeds of North America [in "Minia- ture"]. 3 vols., roy. 8vo., with 155 colored plates. PubHshed by V. G. Audubon, New York, 1854. Vol. I. Nos. 1-10, pH. i-1, pp. i-viH, 1-384. Vol. II. Nos. 11-20, pU. li-c, pp. 1-334. Vol. III. Nos. 21-31, pll. ci-clv, pp. i-vi, 1-348. First and only edition of the text and plates reduced to octavo size; most of the plates lithographed, printed and colored by J. T. Bowen. In Vol. I the introduction is cut down, the list of subscribers omitted, and tables of contents and genera placed at end; Vol. II is same as first edition, with omission of subscribers' lists ; Vol. Ill same as in first edition, except for omission of table of genera at back. All plates in Vol. I, and 28 in Vol. II, or 78 in all, are by J. J. Audubon, and 77 are by J. W. Audubon. 8. Audubon, John James, F. R. S. (&c., &c.) : The Birds of America, from Drawings made in the United States and their Territories. Vols. I-VII, roy. 8vo. PubHshed by V. G. Audubon, New York, 1856. BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 The second octavo edition of the Birds, with 500 plates, published without change, except in pagination. The portrait of Audubon, which appears in this or in some of the later edi- tions, was engraved by H. B. Hall after the painting by Henry Inman. 9. Audubon, John James: The Birds of America; from Original Drawings by John James Audubon, Fellow of the Royal Societies of London & Edinburgh, &c., &c., &c. Reissued by J. W. Audubon. 1 vol. of 106 double elephant folio plates, in chromolithography, by J. Bien, 180 Broadway, repre- senting 151 of the original copper plates. Roe Lock- wood & Son, Publishers. New York, 1860. The only (and partial) reissue of the original folio; plates, in many instances double, renumbered to correspond with the octavo edition, with backgrounds often simplified or changed, and much inferior to the original hand-colored engravings ; the plates are dated "1858" or "1859." Checked by the Civil War, the residual stock of plates found a ready sale thirty years later. Citation from copy in the Public Library, New York City. (See Appendix III, Document No. 3). 10. Audubon, John James: The Birds of America, from Drawings made in the United States and their Territories, by John James Audubon, F. R. S., &c., &c. Reissued by J. W. Audu- bon. Vols. I-VII, roy. 8vo. Text only. Roe Lock- wood & Son, Publishers. New York, 1861. Vol. I, pp. i-viii, 11-246; Vol. II, pp. i-viii, 11-200; Vol. Ill, pp. i-viii, 9-234 ; Vol. IV, pp. i-viii, 9-322 ; Vol. V, pp. 1-viii, 9-346; Vol. VI, pp. i-viii, 2-456; Vol. VII (not seen). Issued as the letterpress of the imperfect folio (see No. 9) described above. According to Sabin, quoted by Coues (see No. 181 of this Bibliography), only 4 royal octavo volumes of this text was issued ; the present citation is from the 6 volumes 408 APPENDICES . 1 in the Public Library of New York; all are without plates, and it should be noted that Vols. I and II, and III and IV are bound as two volumes. In 1914* a set of this edition, in seven volumes, bound in cloth, was advertised by a bookseller in New York at $40. (See Appendix III, Document No. 3). 11. Audubon, John James: The Birds of America. . . . Reissued by J. W. Audubon, in 7 vols., imper. 8vo., with 500 colored plates, 10 X 7 inches. Roe Lockwood & Son. New York, 1861. Third complete octavo edition, to be distinguished from the 7 vols. (No. 10) referred to above, and the V. G. Audubon reissue of 1856 (No. 8). Reference partly from Coues. 12. Audubon, John James: The Birds of North Atnerica: a popular and scien- tific description of the Birds of the United States and their Territories. New edition. New York, 1863. Not seen, but given on the authority of Coues. 13. Audubon, John James: The Birds of America. ... 8 vols. 8vo. New York, 1865. According to Coues, a later edition of J. W. Audubon's re- issue of 1861, but in 8 instead of 7 volumes. 14. Audubon, John James, F. R. S. (&c., &c.) : The Birds of America, from drawings made in the United States and their Territories. Vols. I-VIII, imper. 8vo. George R. Lockwood, late Roe Lockwood & Son, 812 Broadway, New York. No date. (1871.) Vol. I, pp. i-viii, i-xv (memoir), 11-246, pll. 1-70; Vol. II, pp. i-vii, 11-199, pll. 71-140; Vol. Ill, pp. i-viii, 9-233, pU. 141-210; Vol. IV, pp. i-viii, 9-321, pll. 211- 280; Vol. V, pp. i-viii, 9-346, pll. 281-250; Vol. VI, BIBLIOGRAPHY 409 pp. I-vii, 9-298, pU. 351-394 ; Vol. VII, pp. i-vli, 9-285, pll. 395-440; Vol. VIII, pp. i-viii, 9-256, pll. 441-500. (Pagination taken from Coues.) Sixth and last complete octavo edition of text and plates, being a reissue of the 1865 edition. In the biography, signed "G. R. L[ockwood]., 1870," it is stated that Jean Audubon died "at Rochefort on the Loire [^ic], where he had a large estate" at the age of ninety-five, and that J. J. Audubon was born on his father's plantation at New Orleans in 1780. This memoir was issued separately as an advertising pamphlet by J. L. Sibole ("Fine Book Dealer, 109 So. 15 th. Street, New York"), to exploit the octavo editions of the Birds and Quad- rupeds (pp. 1-15, paper cover, no date). h. Minor Papers and Reprints 15. Audubon, John James: "On the Hirundo fulva of Vieillot." Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. i, pp. 163-166. New York, 1824. 16. Audubon, John James: "Facts and Observations connected with the perma- nent residence of swallows in the United States." Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. i, pp. 166-168. New York, 1824. 17. Audubon, John James (a citizen of the United States) : "Account of the Habits of the Turkey Buzzard (Vultur aura) particularly with the view of exploding the opinion generally entertained of its extraordinary power of Smelling." In a letter to Professor Jameson. [Note.] This communication was originally intended to be sent to a friend unaquainted with the habits of birds — J. J. A. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 2 (Oct.-Apr.), pp. 172-184. Edinburgh, 1826- 1827. Dated "Edinburgh, Dec. 7, 1826." 410 APPENDICES 18. AuDUBOi^, John James: "Observations on the Natural History of the Alli- gator." In a letter to Sir William Jardine, Baronet, &c. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 2, (Oct.-April), pp. 270-280. Edinburgh, 1826-1827. Gives the first account of the nesting habits of the American alligator. 19. Audubon, John James: "Account of the Carrion Crow or Vultur atratus." Edinburgh Journal of Science, vol. vi (Nov.- April), pp. 156-161. Edinburgh, 1826-1827. Notices tjhe nesting and other habits, and maintains that this species, like the Turkey Buzzard, is guided to its food by sight and not by smell. 20. Audubon, John James: "Notes on the Habits of the Wild Pigeon of America, Columba migratoria." Edinburgh Journal of Science, vol. vi (Nov.-April), pp. 256-265. Edinburgh, 1826- 1827. Read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, February 19, 1827. 21. Audubon, John James: "Notes on the Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), in a letter addressed to Thomas Stuart Traill, M. D., &c." Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 3 (April- Oct.), pp. 21-30. Edinburgh, 1827. Read before the Wernerian Society of Natural History, February 24, 1827. Reproduced in Journal of the Franklin Institute and American Mechanics* Magazine, vol. ii, N. S., pp. 32-37. Philadelphia, 1828. Later repudiated by the editor; see Thomas P. Jones, "The Romance of the Rattlesnake," No. 93 of this Bibliography. BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 22. Audubon, J. J. : "Account of the Method of Drawing Birds em- ployed by J. J. Audubon, Esq., F. R. S. E." In a letter to a friend. Edinburgh Journal of Science, vol. viii, pp. 48-54. Edinburgh, 1828. 22a. Audubon, John James: "Journey up the Mississippi." The Winter's Wreath for 1829, pp. 104-127. Liverpool and Phila- delphia, 1828. 23. Audubon, John James: "Notes on the Bird of Washington — (Falco Wash- ingtonia) or Great American Sea Eagle" (with figure). Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. i, pp. 115- 120. London, 1828-1829. Dated "London, April, 1828." 24. Audubon, John J. : "The Flood of the Mississippi." Edinburgh Liter- ary Journal. February, 1831, pp. 140-142. See "Episode" entitled "A Flood," Ornithological Biog- raphy, vol. i. 25. Audubon, J. J. : "An Account of the Habits of the American Goshawk (Falco palumbarius, Wils.)." In a letter to Sir William Jardine, Bart. Edinburgh Journal of Natural and Geographical Science, vol. 3 (March), pp. 145-147. Edinburgh, 1831. 26. Audubon, John James: "Improvements in the Navigation of the Missis- sippi." Edinburgh Literary Journal, March 26, 1831, pp. 194-195. See Ornithological Biography, vol. i. 412 APPENDICES 27. Audubon, John James: "Hunting the Cougar, or the American Lion." Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 11, pp. 103- 115. Edinburgh, 1831. See "The Cougar," Ornithological Biography, vol. i. "It having been remarked, and rather sharply, that in our article on 'Audubon's Ornithological Biography,' we have overrated that gentleman's talents, we, in our own vindication, and as proofs of Audubon's descriptive powers, submit to the judg- ment of our readers the above sketch, taken at random from his work." (Editor's note.) 28. Audubon, J. J.: "Account of a Hurricane in North America." Edin- burgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 12 (Oct.-April), pp. 278-281. Edinburgh, 1831-1832. See "The Hurricane," Ornithological Biography, vol. i. 29. Audubon, J. J. : "The Ohio." Edinburgh New Philosophical Jour- nal, vol. 12, pp. 122-126. Edinburgh, 1832. See the same. Ornithological Biography, vol. i. 30. Audubon, J. J., and Bachman, Rev. John, D. D. : "Descriptions of New Species of Quadrupeds inhab- iting North America." Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. viii, pt. ii, pp. 280-329. Phila- delphia, 1839-1842. Read, Oct. 5, 1841. 31. Audubon, J. J., and Bachman, J. : "Descriptions of New Species of Quadrupeds inhab- iting North America." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. i (Oct., 1841), pp. 92-103. Philadelphia, 1843. BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 32. Audubon, John James, and Bachman, John: "Description of a new North American Fox, genus Vulpes, Cuv., (Utah)." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. vi, pp. 114-116. Philadelphia, 1852-1853. 33. Audubon, John James: "Earthquake in Kentucky." Reproduced in Maga- zine of American History, vol. 16, pp. 342-344, with portrait. New York, 1886. See "The Earthquake," Ornithological Biography, vol. i. c. Epistolary Articles 34. Audubon, John James: "Letter to the Editor" (No. 1). Dated "St. Augus- tine, East Florida, Dec. 7, 1831." Monthly American Journnl of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, pp. 358- 363. Philadelphia, 1832. 35. Audubon, J. J.: "Letter from J. J. Audubon to the Editor" (No. 2). Dated "BulowviUe, East Florida, December 31, 1831." Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, pp. 407-414. Philadelphia, 1832. 36. Audubon, J. J. : "Letter to the Editor" (No. 3). Monthly Ameri- can Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i (June), pp. 529-537. Philadelphia, 1832. 37. Audubon, J. J. : "Letter from J. J. Audubon to William MacGil- livray." Edinburgh Journal of Natural History, vol. i (for Dec, 1838), p. 171. Edinburgh, 1835-1839. Dated, "On board the Crusader, Cote Blanche, 18 April, 1837." 414 APPENDICES d. Translations 38. Bazin, Eugene: Scenes de la Nature dan^ les Etats-Unis et le Nord de VAmerique. Ouvrage traduit d'Audubon, avec Preface et Notes du Traducteur. T. 1-2, pp. 1-460, 1-512. 8vo. Paris, 1857. Selections from the Ornithological Biography, with Intro- duction ; dedicated to Charles Lucien Bonaparte. 39. (Anon.): "Drei Ziegenmelker Nordamerika's." Naumannia: Archiv fur die Ornithologie, vorzugsweise Europas, herausg. von E. Baldamus, pp. 158-163. Stuttgart und Leipzig, 1858. e. Autobiography 40. Audubon, Maria R. : "Audubon's Story of his Youth." Scrihner^s Maga- zine, vol. xiii, pp. 267-287, illust. New York, 1893. First appearance of autobiographical sketch, entitled, "Myself, J. J. Audubon." Reproduced also in Audubon and Ms Journals (see No. 86), vol. i. /. Journals 41. Deane, Ruthven: "Extracts from an Unpublished Journal of John James Audubon." The Auk, vol. xxi, pp. 334-338. Cambridge, 1904. Including entries for fourteen days, extending from October 12, 1820, to November 25, 1821. BIBLIOGRAPHY 415 42. (Anon.): "A Story of Meadville from John J. Audubon, F. R. S., August 28, 1824." Pamphlet (in blue paper cover), pp. 1-4. Dated April 9th, 1846. An early version, taken from the original journal, and probably given by Audubon himself to some of his friends, possibly Spencer F. Baird, who visited him in both early and late April of this year. For passages not since reproduced, see Vol. I, p. 341. Citation from copy in the Public Library, New York City. For fuller journal records, see Audubon and his Journals (No. 86), including "European Journals," (1826-1827), vol. i, pp. 79-242 ; the "Labrador Journal," 1833, vol. i, pp. 343-446 ; and the "Missouri River Journals," 1843, vol. i, pp. 447-532, and vol. ii, pp. 1-196. g. Familiar Letters 43. CouEs, Elliott: "Behind the Veil." Bulletin Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. V, pp. 193-204. Cambridge, 1880. Gives interesting letters by Audubon and MacGillivray, which are reproduced in the present work. 44. Gordon, Mrs. : ^'Christopher North**: A Memoir of John Wilson. New York, 1894. For letter of J. J. Audubon to J. Wilson, no date [ Jany. 1, 1836], see pp. 363-364. 45. Shufeldt, R. W., and Audubon, M. R. : "The Last Portrait of Audubon, together with a Letter to his Son." The Auk, vol. xi, pp. 309-313. New York, 1894. 416 APPENDICES 46. Rhoads, S. N. : "Auduboniana," The AuTc, vol. xx, pp. 377-383. Cambridge, 1903. Gives three letters to Edward Harris, partly reproduced in the present work. 47. Deane, Ruthven: "Unpublished Letters of John James Audubon and Spencer F. Baird," The Auk, vol. xxi, pp. 255-259. Cambridge, 1904. First installment. 48. Deane, Ruthven: (a) "A Hitherto Unpublished Letter of John James Audubon," The Auk, vol. xxii, pp. 170-171. Cam- I bridge, 1905. (b) See also "An Unpublished Letter of John James Audubon to his Family," The Auk, vol. xxv, pp. 166-169. Cambridge, 1908. ^ 49. Deane, Ruthven: "Unpublished Letters of John James Audubon and Spencer F. Baird," I, The Auk, vol. xxiii, pp. 194-209. Cambridge, 1906. Second installment. 50. Deane, Ruthven: "Unpublished Letters of John James 'Audubon and Spencer F. Baird," II, The Auk, vol. xxiii, pp. 318-334. Cambridge, 1906. Third installment. 51. Deane, Ruthven: "Unpublished Letters of John James Audubon and Spencer F. Baird," HI, TJie Auk, vol. xxiv, pp. 53-70. Cambridge, 1907. Fourth installment. BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 52. Dall, William Healey : Spencer Fidlerton Baird: A Biographi/. Pp. i-xvl, 1-462. 8vo. 19 illust. Philadelphia and London, 1915. Reproduces eighteen letters of Audubon to Baird, dating from June 13, 1840, to February 11, 1847. 53. Thayer, John E. : "Auduboniana," The Auk, vol. xxxiii, pp. 115-118, 4 plates. Cambridge, 1916. Reproduces four original water-color drawings, and two letters addressed to Dr. George Parkman, dated "New York, June 20t^" and "August 13*^ 1841." 54. Grinnell, George Bird : "Some Audubon Letters," The Auky vol. xxxiii, pp. 119-130. Cambridge, 1916. Gives two letters written to Victor G. Audubon from New York, April 28 and Sept. 9, 1833. See also Caledonian Mercury, November 3, 1831, for letter to Joseph B. Kidd (No. 163), Brewer (No. 79), Bachman (No. 191), Giinther (No. 204), Deane (No. 225), and Alex- ander Bliss, in Autograph Leaves of our Country's Authors, for facsimile letter of Audubon to Thomas Sully, dated "Man- chester (England), Sept. 16, 1826" (Baltimore, 1864). h. Biographies 55. Christopher North (John Wilson) : "Noctes Ambrosianae," No. XXX, Blackwood*s Edinburgh Magazine, vol. xxi (Jan.), pp. 112-105 (sic), Edinburgh, 1827. 56. (Anon.) : "Biographical Sketch of John James Audubon," with portrait (drawn and engraved by J. Brown) ; in- 418 APPENDICES sert in G. Cuvier and P. A. Latreille, The Animal King- dom, vol. i, pp. 197*-204*. London, 1830. 57. Lander, Sir Thomas Dick, Bart., and Brown, Capt. Thomas : Biographical Sketch, with engravings by Joseph B. Kidd. Pp. i-x, 1-184, 16mo. Edinburgh, 1833. Mainly extracted from vol. i of the Ornithological Biog- raphy; refers to the false rumor of Audubon's death in October, 1831, and to his plan of forming a Gallery of Paintings in Natural History, started in association with Kidd. 58. (Anon.) : "Biographical Sketch of J. J. Audubon." Miscel- lany of Natural History, vol. i. 1833. Not seen. 59. DuNLAP, William: History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States. 2 vols. New York, 1834. For John James Audubon, see vol. ii, pp. 402-408. 60. (Anon.) Godwin, Parke: "John James Audubon." United States Magazi/ne and Democratic Review, N. S., vol. x, pp. 436-450. New York, 1842. See also Out of the Past; Critical and Literary Papers, pp. 89-110 (New York, 1870), and Homes of American Authors; for the last, see No. 68. 61. Griswold, Rufus W. : The Prose Writers of America, article "Audubon." Philadelphia, 1847. 62. Lester, C. Edwards (editor) : The Gallery of Illustrious America/ns, containing the Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Twenty- BIBI.IOGRAPHY 419 four of the most eminent Citizens of the American Re- public since the death of Washington. Plates from daguerreotypes by Brady; engraved by D'Avignon. Published from ^05 Broadway, New York, by G. P. Put- nam, D. Appleton & Company, and C. S. Francis & Company. New York, 1850. Issued in 24 Parts. For John James Audubon, see Part No. 7 ; reproduced in Spooner's Biographical History of the Fine Arts, vol. i, pp. 53-55 (New York, 1867). See also No. 196. 63. Philarete-Chasles : Etudes sur la Litterature et les Moeurs des Anglo- Americains au xix^ siecle. Pp. i-viil, 1-516. Paris, 1851. See "Audubon. Le Voyageur et le Naturaliste," pp. 68-106. An excellent review by an experienced French critic and author, who appears to have met Audubon and to have attended one of his exhibitions in Edinburgh. 64. (Anon.) Thorpe, Col. Thomas B. : "Incidents in the Life of Audubon," Godey^s Lady's Book, vol. xlii, pp. 306-309, with portrait. Philadelphia, 1851. 65. Griswold, Rueus W. : "John James Audubon," International Monthly Magazine, vol. ii, pp. 469-474. New York, 1850-1851. m. Cap, p. a. : "Jean Jacques Audubon," V Illustration, vol. xviii, pp. 70-71, illust. Paris, 1851. 67. (Anon.): "Audubon, the Naturalist," Gleason's Pictorial, vol. iii, p. 196, with portrait of Audubon as a young man. Boston, Sept. 25, 1852. 420 APPENDICES Audubon is said to have been born in New Orleans, May 4, 1780, and "in 1810 he embarked in a skiff with his wife and young child for his only companions, and with his gun and pencil for baggage, and commenced an adventurous and wander- ing life — the life of a hunter and naturalist, which he did not abandon until 1834." 68. Godwin, Parke: "John James Audubon," in The Homes of American | Authors. New York, 1853. See also "The Home of Audubon," The Leisure Hour, vol. 2, pp. 300-303 (London, 1853), and Little Jourmys to the Homes of American Authors^ New York and London, 1896. 69. Smiles, Samuel: Brief Biographies. Boston, 1861. See "Audubon the Ornithologist," pp. 171-197. 70. St. John, Mrs. Horace: Life of Audubon, the Naturalist in the New World. His Adventures and Discoveries. Pp. i-xiv, 1-172. London, 1856. 71. St. John, Mrs. Horace: Life of Audubon, the Naturalist of the New World. His Adventures and Discoveries. Revised and cor- rected, with additions, and illustrated with engravings by J. W. Orr from original designs. Pp. 1-24, 1-312. Boston, 1856. First American edition, followed by others in 1861, 1864, 1870, 1876 and later; citation from edition of 1864. 72. Buchanan, Robert (editor) : The Life and Adventures of John James Audubon, the Naturalist. Edited from materials supplied by his widow. 8vo. Pp. i-viii, 1-366. Portrait and vignette on title. London, 1868. BIBLIOGRAPHY 421 This was followed by a second and third English edition in 1869, the latter without frontispiece, but with vignette stamped on cover. The editor assumed no responsibility for the fidelity of his record, which was based on a manuscript by the Rev. Charles Coffin Adams, of New York. Reproduced in "Every- man's Library," with an Introduction by John Burroughs (originally appearing as a review of Buchanan's work in 1869; see No. 153). 12mo. Pp. i-xx, 1-336. London and New York (no date). 73. Audubon, Lucy (editor) : The Life of John James Audubon, the Naturalist, Edited by his Widow. With an Introduction by James Grant Wilson. 8vo. Pp. i-x, 1-44*4. Portrait, and vignette on title. New York, 1869. Reprinted at various times ; citation from a copy bearing date of 1906. This work is a reproduction, with but slight changes, of Buchanan's rendering of the original Adams manu- script. 74. DuYCKiNCK, Evert Augustus : "John James Audubon," in the National Portrait Gallery of Eminent Americans, illustrated from paint- ings by Alonzo Chappel. 2 vols., 4to. New York, 1862. For Audubon, see vol. i, pp. 47-54. 75. Parton, James: Peoples' Book of Biography, or Short Lives of the most interesting Persons of all Ages and Countries. Hartford, 1869. For Audubon, see pp. 163-167. A second edition appeared under the title Illustrious Men and their Achievements, &c. (New York, 1881). 76. (Anon.): "Audubon," Chambers' Journal, vol. 46, pp. 85-89. London and Edinburgh, 1869. A compilation from Buchanan's Life, 422 APPENDICES 77. (Anon.) : "The Life of John James Audubon, the Naturalist," Harpers^ New Monthly Magazine, vol. xxxix, pp. 613- 614. New York, 1869. 78. Audubon, Maria R. : "Reminiscences of Audubon by a Granddaughter," j Scrihner's Monthly Magazine, vol. xiii, pp. 333-336. New York, 1876. 79. Brewer, Thomas M. : "Reminiscences of John James Audubon," Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. Ixi, pp. 666-675. New York, 1880. Reproduces a number of interesting letters. 80. (Anon.) Larrabee, W. H. : "Sketch of J. J. Audubon," Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxxi, pp. 687-697, with portrait. New York, 1887. See also reprint in Pioneers of Science vn America. Sketches of their lives and Scientific Work. From the Popular Science Monthly, with additions. "John James Audubon, 1780-1851," pp. 152-156. New York, 1896. 81. Pentz, Jacob: "The Audubons." Shooting and Fishing, May 11, 1893, illust. New York. Interesting reminiscences and portraits of John Wood- house Audubon and his family, with whom the author lived for a number of years. 82. Elliot, Daniel Giraud : "The Life and Services of John James Audubon," Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. xiii, pp. 43-57. New York, 1893. BIBLIOGRAPHY 423 An address delivered before the New York Academy of Sciences, April 26, 1893. 83. Godwin, Parke: "John James Audubon," in Commemorative Ad- dresses, pp. 149-192. An interesting sketch by one who had known Audubon as early as 1842, but replete with errors in dates and questions of fact; condensed from earlier papers. See Nos. 60 and 68. 84. Mitchell, Donald G. : American Lands and Letters. 2 vols. London, 1897, 1899. For Audubon, see vol. i, pp. 204-213. 85. Bradford, Mary Fluker : Auduhon. Pp. 1-72, illust. New Orleans, 1897. Originally read before the Quarante Club, and privately printed in the interests of a fund for the erection of a monu- ment to Audubon in New Orleans, a project which has since been realized (see Vol. I, p. 13). 86. Audubon, Maria R. : Auduhon and His Journals, with zoological and other notes by Elliott Coues. With 37 Illustrations, in- cluding 10 Portraits of Audubon, and 3 hitherto unpub- lished Bird Drawings. 2 vols., 8vo. Vol. i, pp. i-xiv, 1-532; vol. ii, pp. i-viii, 1-554. With reproduction of diplomas, etc. New York, 1898. The first volume of this excellent work is devoted to a biography of the naturalist, pp. 1-78, and to his Journals (see No. 42); the second continues the Journals, and reproduces most of the "Episodes" from the Ornithological Biography/, 87. Burroughs, John: John James Auduhon. Pp. i-xviii, 1-144. With portrait. 16mo. and (large paper) 8vo. Boston. 1902. Citation from second edition of 1904. 424. APPENDICES 88. Merkiam, C. Hart: *'John James Audubon," Popular Science MontMi/, vol. Ixx, pp. 301-303, with portrait. New York, 1907. Delivered on the occasion of the unveiling of marble busts of ten eminent scientific men at the American Museum of Nat- ural History, December 29, 1906. 89. Merriam C. Hart: "John James Audubon," Bird Lore, vol. 9, pp. 3-5. New York, 1907. 89a. Stone, Witmer: "John James Audubon," in Leading American Men of Science, ed. by David Starr Jordan, pp. 71-87. New York, 1910. 90. Bakewell, Rev. Gordon : "Reminiscences of John James Audubon." Publica- tions of the Louisiana Historical Societify vol. v, pp. 31-41. New Orleans, 1911. An address delivered before the Louisiana Historical So- ciety, November 16, 1910. Affirms, on the testimony of Ber- nard de Marigny, that Audubon was a Louisianian by birth. See Vol. I, p. 69 of the present work. i. Reviews and Criticism 91. (Anon.) Brewster, David : "Mr. Audubon's Ornithology of the United States of America," Edinburgh Journal of Science, vol. vi, p. 184. Edinburgh, 1826-1827. This highly commendatory paper by David Brewster, and that by Robert Jameson, which follows, gives the first formal announcement of Audubon's work in the scienti£c journals of the day. BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 92. (Anon.) Jameson, Robert : "Mr. Audubon's great work on Birds of the United States of America," Edinburgh New Philosophical Jour- nal, vol. 2, pp. 210-211. Edinburgh, 1826-1827. The editor stated that Audubon had spent twenty-two years in the study of American birds, and that the engravings, of which several had already appeared, would be accompanied by a quarto volume of letterpress, containing all his observa- tions on the natural history of the species, in the form of let- ters, an example of which was given in the paper on the Turkey Buzzard in the present number of that Journal (see No. 17). 93. (Anon.) Jones, Thomas P.: "The Romance of the Rattlesnake," Franklin Jour- nal and American Mechanics' Magazine, vol. ii (Au- gust), N. S., p. 144. Philadelphia, 1828. This notorious attack upon Audubon's veracity was fol- lowed by Waterton (see No. 115), and referred to by Victor Audubon (see No. 118), in his reply. Audubon's original arti- cle (see No. 21) was published by this editor, who knew so little of its author that not even his name was given correctly. 93a. Cuvier, Georges: "Rapport verbal fait a L' Academic Royale des Sci- ences, sur L'Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux de L'Ame- rlque Septemtrionale, de M. Audubon," Le Moniteur, li"e- octobre. Paris, 1828. For extracts from Cuvier's report, see Chapter XXIII, p. 413. 94. (Anon.) : "Ueber die Abbildungen von Vogeln," in Froriep, Notizen, Bd. xxi, col. 49-54. Berlin, 1828. 95. W[illiam]. S[wainson].: "Some Account of the Work now publishing by Mr. Audubon," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. i, pp. 43-52 (May). London, 1828-1829. 426 APPENDICES Dated at "Tittenhanger Green. April 11, 1828." A highly laudatory article on Audubon's plates, quoted in his "Prospectus" of The Birds of America. 96. (Anon.): "Report of a committee appointed by the Lyceum of Natural History of New York to examine the splen- did work of Mr. Audubon upon the Birds of North America; May, 1829," American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xvi, pp. 353-354. New Haven, 1829. Applauds The Birds of America, and recommends that the Lyceum become a subscriber. 97. "Ornithophilus" : "Remarks on Audubon's Birds of America, and Ornithological Biography," Edinburgh New Philosophi- cal Journal, vol. 10, pp. 317-332. Edinburgh, 1830- 1831. A highly favorable and elaborate review, mistakenly at- tributed to Swainson. Reprinted in the National Gazette and Literary Register, vol. xii (June 10), Philadelphia, 1831. In an editorial note it is said that the Ornithological Biography is about to be reprinted in Philadelphia by James Kay, Jr., & Company. 98. Christopher North (John Wilson) : "Audubon's Ornithological Biography Introduc- tion," Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, vol. xxx, pp. 1-16 (July). Edinburgh, 1831. The second of Wilson's articles in praise of Audubon; re- printed with his later reviews of the same work in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, vol. v, pp. 91-149. 99. Christopher North (John Wilson): "Audubon's Ornithological Biography. Second Survey. Wilson's American Ornithology," Blackwood' s BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Edinburgh Magazine, vol. xxx, pp. 247-280. Edin- burgh, 1831. 100. (Anon.): "Ornithological Biography By John James Audubon. &c. &c. Edinburgh, 1831," Edin- burgh Literary Journal or Weekly Register of Criti- cism and Belles Lettres, April 16, 1831, pp. 248-249. 101. (Anon.) Featherstonhaugh, G. W. : "Ornithological Biography. By John James Audu- bon, F. R. S. Published by Judah Dobson and H. H. Porter, Literary Rooms, Philadelphia," Monthly Amer- ican Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, September, pp. 136-139. Philadelphia, 1831. 102. (Anon.): "Ornithological Biography," American Quarterly Review, vol. x, pp. 245-258. Philadelphia, 1831. 103. (Anon.): "The Birds of America. . . . By John James Audu- bon, F. R. S vol. i. folio. London, 1831. Ornithological Biography 1 vol. 8vo. Edin- burgh, 1831," Quarterly Review, vol. xlvii, pp. 332-366. London, 1832. In the same article are reviewed Jameson's edition of Wil- son's American Ornithology, and Part II of Swainson's and Richardson's Fauna B ore ali- Americana. 104. Waterton, Charles: "On the Faculty of Scent of the Vulture," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. v (April), pp. 233- 241. London, 1832. Signed "Walton Hall, Dec. 21, 1831"; the first of nineteen critical and polemical articles extending over a period of five years, and directed against Audubon and his friends. 428 ^ APPENDICES 105. (Anon.) Peabody, W. B. O. : "Audubon's Biography of Birds. Ornithological Biography of Birds Philadelphia, 1831," North ATuerican Review^ vol. xxxiv, pp. 364-405 (April). Boston, 1832. The first of three able articles by the same anonymous writer which appeared in this Review, See Nos. 130 and 14)3. 106. (Anon.) Featherstonhaijgh, G. W. : "Audubon, Author of The Birds of America, and Ornithological Biography," Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, pp. 456-468 (April). Philadelphia, 1832. A laudatory review, in which the author professes to give "a true history of a conspiracy, got up to utterly break down and ruin the reputation of one of the most remarkable men America ever produced." 107. Abert, John: "Habits of Climbing of the Rattle-snake. Extract of a letter from Col. Abert, of the U. S. Topographical Engineers, to Dr. Harlan of Philadelphia," Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, pp. 221-223. Philadelphia, 1832. Dated "Washington, Oct. 21, 1831." Supports Audubon's account of the climbing habits of the rattlesnake, which had become the subject of acrimonious dispute. 108. (Anon.): "Audubon," The AthencBum, vol. for 1833, pp. 817- 818. London, 1833. In number for November 23. An account, partly from pri- vate sources and partly from a New York newspaper, of Audu- bon's present researches and plans, with detailed comment on his Florida and Labrador expeditions. BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 109. Hunter, Perceval: "Means by which the Vulture (Vultur Aura, L.) traces its Food," Loudon's Magazine of Natural His- tory, vol. vi, pp. 83-88. London, 1833. Dated "Oxford, Jul. 2, 1832." Defends Audubon's account of lack of sense of smell in the Vulture, published in 1826 (see No. 17). 110. Waterton, Charles: "The Means by which the Turkey Buzzard traces its Food," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 162-163. London, 1833. Signed "Walton Hall, Jany. 1, 1833." A caustic reply to the last. Reprinted in Essays in Natural History, chiefly Ornithology, First Series. London, 1838. 111. Waterton, Charles: "Remarks on Mr. Audubon's Account of the 'Habits of the Turkey Buzzard (Vultur Aura), particularly with the View of exploding the Opinion generally enter- tained of its extraordinary Powers of Smelling,' " Lou- don's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 163- 171. London, 1833. A characteristically flippant article, ending thus: "But here I will stop : I have been too long on carrion, — *neque enim toluare vapor em uLterius potui' (Ovid Met., ii, 301)." 112. Waterton, Charles: "The Gland on the Rump of Birds," London's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 274-277. London, 1833. Denial that birds ever oil their feathers in preening, as Audubon had maintained for the eagle. Reprinted, with many controversial articles, which follow, in Essays on Natural His- tory, First Series, referred to above. 430 APPENDICES 113. Audubon, V. G. : "[Mr. Audubon, Jr.] in Reply to Mr. Waterton's Remarks on Audubon's Biography of Birds," Loudon^s Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, p. 369. London, 1833. Signed "121 Great Portland St., Jn. 7, 1833." Victor Audubon's defense of his father, who was then in America. 114. R[obert] B[akewell] : "Observations on Mr. Waterton's Attacks on Mr. Audubon," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 369-372. London, 1833. Signed "Hampstead, Jn. 10, 1833." 115. Waterton, Charles: [Mr. Waterton in reply to Mr. Audubon, Jun.], Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 464-465. London, 1833. Signed "Walton Hall, July 6, 1833" ; Refers to Dr. Jones' "Romance of the Rattlesnake" (see No. 93), and quotes a let- ter by George Ord, in explaining why Swainson did not write the "Biography of Birds." 116. Waterton, Charles: "Mr. Audubon again," Loudon's Magazine of Natu- ral History, vol. vi, pp. 465-468. London, 1833. A reply to Robert Bakewell, in which the author says that his only object in attacking Audubon was to defend his own account of the vulture. 117. Swainson, William: "Mr. Audubon, and his Work, the 'Biography of Birds': Mr. Swainson in reply to Mr. Waterton," Loudon^s Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, p. 550. London, 1833. Dated Sept. 17, 1832. BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 118. Audubon, V. G. : "Mr. Audubon, and his Work, the 'Biography of Birds': Mr. Audubon, jun., in Reply to Mr. Water- ton," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 550-553. London, 1833. Signed "121 Great Portland, Sept. 19, 1833." Quotes ar- ticles by Jones, Featherstonhaugh and Abert; see Nos. 93, 101, 106 and 107. 119. Waterton, Chari.ES : "Retrospective Criticism," embracing the following minor articles: "Mr. Audubon, and his Work, the Biography of Birds" (signed "Walton Hall, Nov. 7, 1833) ; "Mr. Audubon, jun."; "Aerial Encounter of the Eagle and the Vulture" (see the "Biography of Birds," vol. i, p. 163) (signed "Walton Hall, Nov. 7, 1833") ; "Audubon's Humming-bird" (see the "Biography of Birds," vol. i, p. 248) ("Walton Hall, Nov. 19, 1833") ; "The Virginian Partridge," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vii, pp. 66-74. London, 1834. The three last reprinted in Essays on Natural History, First Series, referred to above. 120. Waterton, Charles: "Retrospective Criticism," embracing the following minor articles: "The Vulture's Nose" ("Walton Hall, March 6, 1834") ; "Audubon's Claim to the Authorship of the Biography of Birds"; "Audubon and his Or- nithology"; "The Passenger Pigeon" ("Walton Hall, Jany. 19, 1834"). Loudon's Magazine of Natural His- tory, vol. vii, pp. 276-283. London, 1834. The first and last articles reprinted in Essays on Natural History, First Series, referred to above. 121. (Anon.): "The Birds of America. No. XXXVII. By J. J. Audubon, Esq. Coloured Plates. Elephant folio. Lon- 432 APPENDICES don, Havell," AthencBum, vol. for 1834, p. 350 (May 10). London, 1834. At the same time was also reviewed Part ii of A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States, by Thomas Nuttall. 122. (Anon.): "The Birds of America. By J. J. Audubon, F.R.S., F.L.S. Parts XLI, XLII, XLIII. London, Havell," Athenaum, vol. for 1834, pp. 653-654. London, 1834. Describes the Wood Duck (Plate ccvi) as perfect, and com- pliments the engraver, Robert Havell, on "the accuracy with which he has appreciated and retained the spirit of the origi- nals." 123. (Anon.) Hall, James: "American Ornithology," The Western Monthly Magazine, vol. ii, pp. 337-350 (July). Cincinnati, 1834. A comparative review of the ornithological works of Alex- ander Wilson, Thomas Nuttall, and John James Audubon, very laudatory of the first two but condemnatory of the last, by Judge Hall, whose brother, Harrison Hall, was an inter- ested publisher of Wilson's work. "How shall we venture to dissent from the almost unanimous expression of public senti- ment, which has set him [Audubon] up as a sort of 'greatest and best,' against whom to speak in dispraise, would be a spe- cies of treason. Yet it must be done, and it is our vocation to do it : the critic must not be silent when the interests of sci- ence require, and the honor of his country demands, that he should proclaim the truth The exaggerations con- tained in these sketches ["Episodes"] are such as to weaken our confidence in the entire work." 124. Bachman, John : "Retrospective Criticism. Remarks in defence of the Author of the Birds of America," Loudon*s Maga- BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 zine of Natural History, vol. vii, pp. 164-175. London, 1834. A reply to Waterton, and an appeal for as much justice for Audubon as was shown to Wilson, his predecessor. Dated "Charleston, Dec. 31, 1833." 125. Bachman, John : "An account of some experiments made on the habits of the Vultures inhabiting Carolina, — the Turkey Buz- zard and the Carrion Crow, particularly as it regards the extraordinary powers of smelling usually attributed to them," Journal of the Boston Society of Natural His- tory, vol. i, pp. 15-31. Boston, 1834. Bachman did not deny the power of smell to the vultures, but maintained that they were guided to their prey by sight alone. 126. (Anon.): "Audubon's Birds of America and Ornithological Biography," Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, January, 1835. "All is life, health, and beauty. Never before were birds so represented, and if ever again they will be, still Audubon will be the chief of a school, of whom it will be said that it studied nature. Turn now to any volume of plates that you can find, and what presents itself? not a bird surely, but an effigy stuffed with straw, and more worthy of being burnt, than that of a Tory statesman by a radical mob." 127. Bachman, John: "Defence of Audubon," Bucks County Intelligencer, 1835. Not seen. 128. (Anon.): "Ornithological Biography Volume ii, pub- lished at 25s.," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 184-190. London, 1835. 434 APPENDICES 129. Taylor, Richard C. : "On the Geology and Natural History of the North- Eastern Extremity of the Alleghany Mountain Range, in Pennsylvania, United States," Loudon's Magazine of Natural Hist or y^ vol. viii, pp. 529-541. London, 1835. Confirms Audubon's account of the climbing habits of the rattlesnake. 130. (Anon.) Peabody, W. B. O.: "Audubon's Biography of Birds; Ornithological Biography," North American Review, vol. xli, pp. 194- 231. Boston, 1835. 131. Christopher North (John Wilson) : "Audubon's Ornithological Biography," Black- wood's Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 37, pp. 107-124<. Edinburgh, 1835. 132. Waterton, Charles: "On Snakes, their Fangs, and their Mode of procur- ing Food," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 663-668. London, 1835. Reprinted in Essays on Natural History, First Series, re- ferred to above. \. Waterton, Charles, Esquire, of Walton-Hall : "A Letter to James [Robert] Jameson, Esq." [fol- lowed by 21 lines of fine print, giving titles and mem- bership in scientific societies]. Pp. 1-14. Wakefield, 1835. Privately printed, and designed mainly to hit Audubon and his snake stories over Jameson's shoulders. Signed, "Walton- Hall, January 27, 1835." "Should you honor me with a reply, I promise you that I will take an immediate and dis- passionate notice of it; and I will address to you a second, a third, and a fourth letter, and so on. As you have first BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 attacked me through Audubon, through him I will continue to point my dart at you This mode of carrying on the warfare will answer well my ends. It will give me an oppor- tunity of again bringing on the stage certain individuals with whom I have not yet quite squared up accounts; and, at the same time, I trust it will be to you a kind of hint, a warning — lest you make another false step in your exertions to sound again in the public ear, O Candour ! whither art thou fled? Certainly not to Walton Hall. . . . Pray, sir, where were your brains (whither had they fled? Certainly not to Walton Hall) when you received, and approved of, a narrative at once so preposterous and so palpably fictitious ?" Reprinted in Essays on Natural History, edited by Norman Moore (Lon- don, 1871). Citation from pamphlet in Library of British Museum. 134!. Waterton, Charles, Esquire, of Walton-Hall : "Second Letter to Robert Jameson, Esq." [with same titles as in last]. Pp. 1-16. Wakefield, 1835. Ridicules in particular Audubon's accounts of the Vulture, the Passenger Pigeon, and a hurricane in North America. Signed "Walton-Hall. March g^^-, 1835." 135. Waterton, Charles: "Audubon's Plates of the Birds of America," Lou- don^s Magazine of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 236- 238. London, 1835. Accuses Audubon of misrepresentation in his statements of the time required to produce his drawings. 136. (Anon.): "Ornithological Biography, or an Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States of America. By J. J. Audubon, vol. ii &c. First Notice," Atheneeum, London, January 3, 1835, pp. 5-7. The same: "Second Notice," AtheniBum, January 17, pp. 43-45. 436 APPENDICES The same: "Third Notice," Athenceum, January 31, pp. 87-89. "There is amply sufficient remaining in Audubon's pages, for fully a dozen more notices, were we disposed to follow the exhausting system." 137. (Anon.): "Ornithological Biography .... vol. iii, First Notice," Athenceum, pp. 41-42, January 16, 1836. London. The same: "Second Notice," Athenceum, January 23, 1836, pp. 62-63. 138. Waterton, Charles, Esq., Walton-Hall : "An Ornithological Letter to William Swainson, Esq., F.R.S. &c. &c." Pp. 1-16. Wakefield (Richard Nichols, Bookseller), 1837. Signed "Walton-Hall, March 10, 1837," and reprinted in Moore's edition of Essays on Natural History, referred to above. A long and bitter tirade against both Swainson and Audubon. "You have seen fit to laud one man exceedingly, for his zoological acquirements, who to my certain knowledge, paid other people for the letterpress and drawings, which were to appear in his work." Citation from pamphlet in British Museum Library. • 139. (Anon.): "Ornithological Biography by John James Audubon, vols, i-iii," Oken's Isu^ Bd. xxx, pp. 922- 928. Leipzig, 1837. 140. Sells, W.: "On the Habits of the Vultur aura, with notes on the dissections of the two heads of two specimens by R. Owen," Proceedmgs of the Zoological Society of Lon- don, Pt. V, pp. 33-35. London, 1837. BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Favors the view that the vulture is guided to food by the sense of smell. 141. (Anon.): "Ornithological Biography vol. iv " AtheruEum, London, Dec. 1, 1838, pp. 849-852. 142. (Anon.): "Ornithological Biography vol. v " Athenceum, London, vol. for 1839, p. 77. 143. (Anon.) Peabody, W. B. O. : "Audubon's Ornithological Biography," North American Review, vol. i, pp. 381-404 (April). Bos- ton, 1840. 144. (Anon.) : "Audubon's Ornithology. A Synopsis of the Birds of North America. Edinburgh, 1839. The Birds of America. London and Edinburgh, vol. 1. New York, 1840," American Journal of Sciences and Arts, vol. xxxix, pp. 343-357. New Haven, 1840. 145. Ord, George: [Reply to Audubon's charge against Wilson, and countercharge against Audubon.] Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 1, pp. 272-273. Philadelphia, 1840. Report of meeting held September 18, 1840. 146. (Anon.): "The Birds of America .... vol. ii, octavo edi- tion published by J. J. Audubon, and J. B. Chevalier," American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xlii, pp. 130-136. New Haven, 1842. "Mr. Audubon has now nearly a thousand subscribers to his work ; an instance of liberal support of a work on natural his- 438 APPENDICES torj certainly without a parallel in the New World, and hardly with one in the Old." 147. (Anon.): "A Synopsis of the Birds of North America, by J. J. Audubon. London, 1839," Oken's IsiSy Bd. xxxvii, pp. 713-718. Leipzig, 1844. 148. WiNTERFIELD, ChARLES : "American Ornithology (The Birds of America and Ornithological Biography)," The ATnerican Review: A Whig Journal, vol. i, pp. 262-274. New York 1845. 149. WiNTERFIELD, ChARLES : "About Birds and Audubon," The American Re- view: A Whig Journaly vol. i, pp. 371-383. New York, 1845. Refers to a meeting with AuBubon on a canal boat in Penn- sylvania, when the latter was returning from his Missouri River expedition in 1843. See No. 173. 150. WiNTERFIELD, ChARLES '. "A Talk about Birds and Audubon," The American Review: A Whig Journal, vol. ii, pp. 279-287. New York, 1845. Interesting reference to "the great fire [of July 19, 1845] which so lately devastated so large a part of this proud city [New York]," in which the copper plates of Audubon's Birds were thought to have been destroyed (see Chapter XXXV, p. 267). 151. (Anon.) : "Audubon, the Naturalist," AthencBum, London, vol. for 1856, p. 283. Review of Mrs. Horace St. John's Life of Audubon (see No. 71). BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 152. (Anon.): "The Life and Adventures of John James Audu- bon," Athenceum, London, vol. for 1868, pp. 833-834. Review of Buchanan's Life (see No. 72). 153. (Anon.) Burroughs, John: "The Life of Audubon edited by Mrs. J. J. Audubon" [see No. 73], The Nation, vol. ix, pp. 13-14. New York, 1869. Reprinted in Buchanan's Life of AvduhoTiy "Everyman's Library" (see No. 72). 154. (Anon.): "The Adventures of Audubon," .... Edinburgh Review, vol. cxxxii, pp. 250-275. Edinburgh, 1870. Review of Buchanan's Life, 155. Shufeldt, R. W. : "Shedding Horns of Antelope," Shooting and Fish- ing, New York, March, 1896. For critical articles by the same author, see also the fol- lowing: "On the Terrestrial Attitudes of Loons and Grebes," The Ibis, London, January, 1898; "Audubon's Figure of the Mountain Partridge," Field and Stream, New York, September 1899; "Scaup Duck," Shooting and Fishing, New York, No- vember 26, 1903; and "The Nest of the Orchard Oriole," The Wilson BuUetvn, Oberlin, June, 1903. 156. (Anon.): "A Great Naturalist," Blackwood's Edvnburgh Magazine, vol. clxiv, pp. 58-69. Edinburgh, 1898. Review of Audubon and his Journals. 157. (Anon.) Merriam, C. Hart : "Audubon," The Nation, vol. LXVI, pp. 151-152. New York, 1898. 440 APPENDICES See also Science, N. S., vol. VII, pp. 289-^96, with plate. New York, 1898. Reviews of Audubon and his Journals, 158. M[iai.l],L. C: "Audubon," Nature, vol. Ivii, pp. 286-287. London, 1896-1898. A dour review, in which the writer remarks that Audubon's Birds of America "has great artistic merit but less scientific value than a good series of photographs from life." 159. HuTT, W. N. : "Audubon the Original Nature Fakir," Scientific American, vol. xcviii, p. 59. New York, 1908. A feeble echo of the slanderous charges brought against Audubon by Thomas P. Jones in 1828 (see No. 93). 160. CoLLEs, George W. : "A Defense of Audubon," Scientific American, vol. xcviii, p. 311. New York, 1908. An excellent rejoinder to the egregious article quoted above. 161. Burns, Frank L. : "Alexander Wilson," Pts. I-VIII, The Wilson Bul- letin, vols, xx-xxii. Oberlin, 1908-1910. See particularly, I. "The Audubon Controversy," vol. xx, pp. 3-18, and II. "The Mystery of the Small-headed Fly- catcher," vol. XX, pp. 63-79. j. Auduhoniana and Miscellanea 162. (Anon.): "Wilson the Ornithologist," The Literary Gazette, and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts and Sciences, Lon- don, Saturday, September 3, 1831, p. 574. A grotesque notice, based on a rumor, said to have origi- nated in a Philadelphia newspaper, of the death of Audubon BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 in America, but confounding his identity with that of Alexan- der Wilson, whose death had actually occurred at Philadelphia eighteen years before. In the issue of October 15, the editor acknowledged his error in resurrecting and then killing Wilson, but explained that the obituary was intended for Audubon. 163. Brown, Capt. Thomas: "Mr. Audubon," Caledonian Mercury, Edinburgh, Thursday, November 3, 1831. Quotes a letter written by Audubon, to Joseph B. Kidd and dated "New York, Sept. 7, 1831," four days after his death had been announced in England. In its issue of September 8, this paper had already corrected the London editor's error respect- ing Wilson. 164. (Anon.) Featherstonhaugh, G. W. : "Audubon's Expedition to California and the Rocky Mountains," Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, p. 229. (November.) Phila- delphia, 1831. 165. (Anon.): "Mr. Audubon," New York Mirror, vol. 10, p. 325. New York, April 20, 1833. 166. (Anon.): "Audubon and his Labrador Expedition." Edi- torial in the National Gazette and Literary Register, Philadelphia, vol. xiii. No. 3808, September 10, 1833. "We wish him a degree of success and prolongation of vigor equal to his great merits ; indeed, for the past at least, success is fully assured." 167. (Anon.): "Mr. Audubon," National Gazette and Literary Register, Philadelphia (extracted from the Boston Patriot), vol. xiii, No. 3919, September 10, 1833. 442 APPENDICES Welcomes Audubon on his return to Boston, and gives de- tailed account of his successful Labrador expedition. 168. MacGillivray, William : A History of British Birds, indigenous and mi- gratory, 5 vols., 8vo. Illust. London, 1837-1852. See Practical Ornithology, 6th. Lesson: "Ornithologus [Audubon], and Physiophilus [MacGillivray]," pp. 462-4!74 (1839). 169. SwAiNsoN, William: Taxidermy, Bibliography, and Biography. The Cabinet Cyclopcedia, conducted by the Rev. Dionysius Lardner. 12mo. London, 1840. For "J. J. Audubon, Animal Painter," see pp. 116-117. 170. Freiligrath, F. : "Epistel an Audubon nebst einer Antwort aus Amer- ika." Pp. 1-16, 18mo. Philadelphia, 1844. This rare little pamphlet bears on its cover a woodcut of an Indian brandishing a gun and knife : the poem begins : "Mann der Walder, der Savannen! Neben rother Indier Speer, An des Mississippi Tannen Lehntest du dein Jagdgewehr!" and the response : "Audubon, den Vogelfanger Sangst du an, mit Herzeleid ; Freiligrath, o grosser Sanger! Deine Lieder fliegen weit." See also J. Bayard Taylor, "Audubon. From the German of Ferdinand Freiligrath," Graham's American Monthly Maga- zine, vol. xxvi, p. 264. This poem consists of twenty stanzas, the first four and best of which are : BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Man of forests and savannas ! On the Mississippi's tide, Leanest thou thy hunting-rifie Oft the Indian spear beside ; With the forest's tawny chieftains Thou the friendly pipe dost light — Seest the wandering pigeon's journey And the eagle's silent flight. With thy shot thou lam'st his pinion ; And the trackless region through, On the mighty river's mirror Pliest thou thy swift canoe. O'er the green and grassy prairie Boldly flies thy fiery steed; Deer and forest-fruits the manna God has given thee in thy need ! Ferdinand Freiligrath (1810-1876), well known German lyric poet and apostle of democracy, was more than once forced to flee his native land on account of his political senti- ments ; he went to England seven years after Audubon had finally settled in America, and that country became his refuge for over twenty years; his translations from the English in- cluded Longfellow's poem of "Hiawatha." 171. (Anon.) : "Mort de Jean Jacques Audubon, celebre natu- raliste americain," illust., U Illustration^ Paris, vol. xvii, No. 416, February 28, 1851, p. 128. 172. (Anon.): "John James Audubon," Harper^s New Monthly Magazine, vol. ii, pp. 561-563 (March). New York, 1851. y 444 APPENDICES 173. Webber, Charles Wilkins : Romance of Natural History; or Wild Scenes and Wild Hunters, 8vo. ; pp. 1-8, 17-610. Philadelphia, 1852. An abridgment of the author's Wild Scenes and Wild Hunters, 1851, and also issued under the title The hunter naturalist; also published as The Romance of forest and prairie life; narrative of perilous adventures Sc mild hunting scenes (H. Vizetelly. London, 1853). Gives an anecdote of meeting Audubon on a canal boat in Pennsylvania, when he was returning from the Upper Missouri in 1843 (see No. 149) and is quoted here for no other reason. 174. Audubon, John Woodhouse: Illustrated notes of an expedition through Mexico and California. Pp. 1-48, 4 plates, plain or colored. J. W. Audubon. New York, 1852. Reprinted as Ex- tra Number 41 of The Magazine of History, with Notes and Queries. Pp. 1-83, 4 colored plates (including frontispiece). W. Abbatt. Tarrjtown, 1915. It was planned to issue this work monthly in ten numbers, if it should receive sufficient public support. The drawings are exquisitely reproduced, and as works of art are deserving of the highest praise. See No. 219. 175. A[nna]. A[tkins].: Memoir of J. G. Children, Esq., including some un- published poetry of his father and himself. Printed for private distribution. Pp. 1-314. Westminster, 1853. Refers to Audubon's relations with Children, and to his naming of "Sylvia childreni," which later proved to be an error. 176. NoLTE, Vincent : Fifty Years in both Hemispheres: or Reminiscences of a Merchant's Life. London, 1854. S. BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 English edition of a work originally published at Hamburg in the same year. See particularly his version of the meeting with Audubon in 1810, and of their descent of the Ohio in Nolte's flatboat to Louisville in the winter of that year. 177. Wallace, W. Ross : "Audubon's Hymn in the American Forests," Har- per^ s New Monthly Magazine y vol. xix, p. 619 (Octo- ber). New York, 1859. 178. Stoddaed, Charles A[ugustus] : "A Noble Woman's Life : A Memorial Sermon to the late Madame Audubon." Printed by request. Pp. 1-24, 18mo. Anson D. F. Randolph & Co., 770 Broadway, cor. 9th St., New York, 1874. 179. F. "Audubon's Birds of America," Magazine of Amer- ican History, vol. 1, pp. 252-253. New York and Chi- cago, 1877. Reproduction of a note by J. Prescott Hall concerning Audubon's subscribers. 180. LocKwooD, Samuel: "Audubon's Lily Rediscovered," Popular Science Monthly, vol. x (April), pp. 675-678. New York, 1877. Records the rediscovery of Audubon's long lost and dis- credited yellow water lily, Nymphwa flava, by Mrs. Mary Treat, in Florida, in the summer of 1876. Originally figured by Audubon, with the Common American swan, on Plate ccccxi, of The Birds of America, in 1838. 181. CouES, Elliott: Birds of the Colorado Valley, Bibliographical Ap- pendix : "List of Faunal Publications relating to North American Ornithology," pp. 567-746. 8vo. Washing- ton, 1878. Ue APPENDICES Gives full citations of the various editions of Audubon's works. "It takes an inspired idiot to be a good bibliographer" (Coues). 182. Wade, Joseph M. : "Letter to J. M. Wade on Audubon's Mill," Or- nithologist and Oologist, vol. 8, p. 79. Boston, 1883. 183. JoEDAN, David Starr: "Rafinesque," Popvlar Science Monthly^ vol. xxix, pp. 212-221 (June). New York, 1886. Reproduced in Pioneers of Science in America, edited by William Jay Youmans (New York, 1896). 184. Shufeldt, R. W. : "On an old Portrait of Audubon, painted by himself, and a word about some of his early Drawings," The Auk, vol. iii, pp. 418-430, with portrait. New York, 1886. 185. Saunders, Frederick: The Story of Some Famous Boohs. For Audubon, see pp. 141-144. London, 1887. 186. Starling, Edmund L. : History of Henderson County, Kentucky, Svo., pp. 1-832. Henderson, 1887. Gives an account of Audubon's mill and of his other busi- ness ventures at Henderson, but when departing from local rec- ords is inaccurate and unreliable. 187. Martin, D. S. : "Audubon's Grave," Science, vol. x, pp. 68-69 (Aug. 5). New York, 1887. Refers to the project set on foot to raise funds for erect- ing a monument to the naturalist. BIBLIOGRAPHY 44?; 188. Shufeldt, R. W. : "Audubon's Grave," Science, vol. x, p. 108 (Aug. 28). New York, 1887. Proposes that the remains of Audubon should eventually rest in the crypt of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City. 189. (Anon.): [Audubon's Grave], Science, vol. x, p. 205 (Oct. 28). New York, 1887. Announces the appointment of a committee by the New York Academy of Sciences to secure funds for the erection of the proposed monument. See also the same, vol. x, p. 278 (Dec. 9). 190. Shufeldt, R. W.: "Audubonian Sketches," The Auduhonian Magazine, published in the interests of the Audubon Society for the protection of birds, vol. i (January), pp. 267-271, illust., and vol. ii (February), pp. 3-6, illust. New York, 1888. See files of the same magazine, vol. i, pp. i-xi, 1-288, February, 1887-January, 1888, and vol. ii, pp. i-vi, 1-264, February, 1888-January, 1889, New York, for various comments on Audubon's life and services. 191. Bachman, C. L. : John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. 8vo, pp. i-xii, 1-436, with portrait. Charleston, 1888. Reproduces numerous letters which passed between the Bachman and Audubon families. 192. LooMis, Leverett M. : "A Forgotten Volume," The Auk, vol. viii, p. 230. New York, 1891. 448 APPENDICES 193. (Anon.): "Report of the Audubon Monument Committee of The New York Academy of Sciences," Transactions of the Academy, vol. xiii, pp. 23-69. New York, 1893. 194. Shufeldt, R. W. : "Audubon the Naturalist," illust.. The Great Di- vide, San Francisco, September, 1893. "More about Audubon the Naturalist," ibid., Febru- ary, 1894. 195. Duke, Basil W.: "Audubon," Southern Magazine, vol. iii, August, 1893, pp. 3-19, portrait and illust. Louisville, 1893- 1894. 196. Shufeldt, R. W., and Audubon, M. R. : "The Last Portrait of Audubon, together with a let- ter to his son," The Auk, vol. xi, pp. 309-313, portrait. New York, 1894. The original of D'Avignon's engraving, published in 1850; see No. 62. 197. Healy, George P. A.: Reminiscences of a Portrait Painter. Chicago, 1894. Gives an account of his successful manoeuvres to obtain sit- tings for his portrait of Audubon in 1838. *■ 198. Call, Richard Ellsworth: j The Life and Writings of Rafinesque. Filson Club ! Publications, No. 10. 4to. Pp. i-xii, 1-227. Louis- ville, 1895. Takes Audubon severely to task for his treatment of Rafinesque at Henderson in the summer of 1818; see pp. 24- 29. BIBLIOGRAPHY 449 199. "Renignolds" (E. R. Shattuck) : "Audubon's Plates sold for Junk," Forest and Stream, New York, September 12, 1896. 200. Bakewell, W. G. : Bakewell-Page-Campbell. Being an account of the descendants of John Bakewell, of Castle Donnlngton, Leicestershire, England, born in 1638, &c., &c. Wm. H. Johnston & Company. Pittsburgh, 1896. Gives genealogy of the Bakewells, and of the families of J. J., J. W. and V. G. Audubon. 201. CouEs, Elliott: "Letter by Audubon to Charles Bonaparte, dated New York, May 1, 1833," The Osprey, vol. ii. Wash- ington, 189T. 202. RoziER, FiEMAN A. : Rozier^s History of the early Settlement of the Mis- sissippi Valley. 8vo., pp. 1-338. St. Louis, 1898. See Part X for some account of the business relations of Audubon with the author's father, Ferdinand Rozier. 203. CouES, Elliott : "William Swainson to John James Audubon, The Auk, vol. XV, pp. 11-13. Cambridge, 1898. Letter dated "Tettenhanger Green, 2^ October 1830" ; re- printed in The Osprey, vols, iv and v (Washington, 1900). 204. GuNTHER, Albert: "The unpublished correspondence of William Swain- son with contemporary naturalists (1806-1840)," Pro- ceedings of .the Linncean Society, 112th session, pp. 14-24. London, 1900. Lists twenty-four letters of Audubon to Swainson, dating from 1 May, 1828, to 11 Jany., 1838, with brief reference to 450 APPENDICES their contents. For abstract of this paper see Theodore Gill, "Swainson's Correspondence." The Osprei/, vol. v, pp. 29-30 (Washington, 1900). 205. Gill, Theodore: "Correspondence of and about Audubon with Swain- son," The Osprey, vol. v, pp. 23-25. Washington, 1900. 206. Gill, Theodore: "William Swainson and his Times," The Osprey^ vols, iv and v. Washington, 1900. 207. (Anon.): "Recent Sales of Audubon's Works," The Osprey, vol. V, pp. 31 and 63. Washington, 1900. Copy of The Birds of America sold by Bangs, February 6, 1896, for $1,250, and another by Sotheran, London, 1892, for £34!5 (about $1,725), the first with the Ornithological Biogra- phy included. 207a. Bohemian (C. S. Boutcher) : "Early Days in the Lehigh Valley," Black Diamond Express, vol. iv, pp. 3-15. New York, 1900. Describes Audubon's visit to Mauch Chunk in 1829, and gives also a detailed account of the copy of The Birds of America formerly the property of David Eckley, of Boston, and then in possession of Robert H. Sayre, of South Bethle- hem, Pennsylvania (for which see Chapter XXVI, p. 7). 208. (Anon.): "Audubon in the [American] Museum [of Natural History]," with explanatory notes by Maria R. Audu- bon, The American Museum Journal, vol. 1, pp. 82-84, with portrait. New York, 1900-1901. Describes portrait of Audubon painted by his sons towards the close of his life, and given to the Museum by Mr. Fordham BIBLIOGRAPHY 451 Morris, of New York, an oil painting of wild turkeys, the origi- nal of which was made by Audubon in 1826 for the Royal In- stitution of Liverpool, and several other paintings and plates. In vol. ii, page 42, of the same journal is reproduced an un- published painting of the Red-eyed Vireo by Audubon. 209. Deane, Ruthven : "Unpublished Letters of William MacGillivray to John James Audubon," The Auk, vol. xviii, pp. 239- 249. Cambridge, 1901. 210. CouEs, Elliott: "Auduboniana and Other Matters of Present In- terest," Bird Lore, vol. iii, p. 9. New York, 1901. 210a. Clark, Edward B. : "Relics of Audubon," Chicago Evening Post, Febru- ary 7, 1901. An account of Auduboniana and other literary rarities in possession of Mr. Ruthven Deane. 211. MacGillivray, William : A Memorial Tribute to William MacGillivray, M.A., LL.D, Ornithologist ; Professor of Natural History y Marischal College and University, Aberdeen. 4to, pp. i-xvi, 1-204, with illust. Edinburgh, 1901. Contains sketch of MacGillivray's life and work, with an account of the monument placed over his grave, and of a beau- tiful memorial tablet inscribed to his memory at Marischal Col- lege, with an unpublished "Journal" by MacGillivray, and ex- tracts from his other writings. 212. BUTTERWORTH, HeZEKIAH I In the Days of Audubon; A Tale of the ^'Protector of Birds.'' Illustrated. Pp. x-xii, 1-236. New York, 1901. 452 APPENDICES 213. Job, Herbert K. : "Following Audubon among the Florida Keys," Outing, vol. xliii, pp. 71-79, illust. New York, 1903. 214. Howe, Reginald Heber: "Audubon's 'Ornithological Biography,' " The Auk, vol. xxi, p. 286. Cambridge, 1904. Note on volume i of the American edition, bearing the imprint: "Philadelphia: Judah Dobson, Agent, 108 Chestnut Street; and H. H. Porter, Literary Rooms, 121 Chestnut Street. MDCCCXXXI." See also Ruthven Deane, The Auk, vol. xxiv, 1907, p. Ill, and Nathaniel E. Janney, the same, p. 349. This writer at one time proposed to bring out a revised edition of the Ornithological Biography, but the project was abandoned from lack of support. 215. (Anon.): "[John James Audubon] ; Notice of the Commemo- ration of the one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of his birth," The Auk, vol. xxii, p. 334 (July). Cam- bridge, 1905. See Chapter I, Note 6. 216. Deane, Ruthven: "John James Abert to John James Audubon" (hitherto unpublished letters). The Auk, vol. xxii, pp. 172-175. Cambridge, 1905. 217. Deane, Ruthven: "William Swainson to John James Audubon" (a hitherto unpublished letter). The Auk, vol. xxii, pp. 31- 34. Cambridge, 1905. 218. Deane, Ruthven: "William Swainson to John James Audubon," The Auk, vol. xxii, pp. 248-258. Cambridge, 1905. BIBLIOGRAPHY 453 219. Audubon, John W. : Aiidubon's Western Journal: 184^9-1850. Being the MS. record of a trip from New York to Texas, and an overland journey through Mexico and Arizona to the gold-fields of California. With a biographical memoir by Maria R. Audubon, and edited by Frank Heywood Hodder. Map, portrait, and original drawings. Pp. 1- 250, 8vo. Cleveland, 1906. For the original edition of Part 1 of J. W. Audubon's Journal, see No. 174* of this Bibliography. 220. Claiborne, F. : Simple Love and Occasional Pieces in Verse, with A Notice of Audubon, Pp. 1-60. New Orleans, 1906. 221. Stone, Witmer: "A Bibliography and Nomenclator of John James Audubon," The Auk, vol. xxiii, pp. 298-312. Cam- bridge, 1906. Most complete and accurate analysis of Audubon's ornitho- logical works yet given. 222. (Anon.): "Abstract of Audubon's Account Books, kept at Philadelphia, while the Octavo edition of the Birds was being issued," Evening Post, New York, Saturday Sup- plement for December 29, 1906. 223. (Anon.): "Original Account Book of J. J. Audubon," The Nation, vol. Ixxxiv, p. 12 (June 3). New York, 1907. See the preceding; gives interesting data regarding the issue of the first octavo edition of The Birds of America in parts, at Philadelphia, 1840-1844. 454 APPENDICES 224. Deane, Ruthven: "Unpublished Letters of Introduction carried by John James Audubon on his Missouri River Expedi- tion," The Auk, vol. xxv, pp. 170-173. Cambridge, 1908. 225. Deane, Ruthven: "The Copper-Plates of the Folio Edition of Audu- bon's 'Birds of America,' with a brief Sketch of the En- gravers," The Auk, vol. xxv, pp. 401-413. Cambridge, 1908. 226. Merriam, C. Hart: "The King Cameos of Audubon," The Auk, vol. xxv, pp. 448-450, with plate. Cambridge, 1908. 226a. Merritt, Dixon L. : "Audubon, the Ornithologist, in Kentucky," The Taylor-Trotwood Magazine, vol. 10, pp. 293-298. Nashville, 1909. 226b. Derby, Earl of : In letter, to Audubon, dated January 17, 1835. Re- production of "The Eagle and the Lamb." Forest and Stream, June 26, 1909, pp. 1011-1012. New York, 1909. 227. Shufeldt, R. W., M.D. : "An hitherto unpublished painting by Audubon," The Wilson Bulletin, N. S., vol. xii, pp. 3-5, illust. Oberlin, 1910. Oil painting of cock and hens, but original in poor state of preservation. I. FiTZPATRICK, T. J. : Rafinesque. A Sketch of his Life with Bihliogra' phy, 8vo., pp. 1-242, with portrait and reproductions of rare titles. Historical Department of Iowa, Des Moines, 1911. BIBLIOGRAPHY 455 Cites 939 separate publications by Rafinesque, numerous manuscripts and 134 Rafinesquiana. 229. Arthur, Stanley Clisby: "John James Audubon, and the Birds of Louisiana," Times-Ficayuney New Orleans, May 2, 1915. Gives an account, with illustrations, of "Fontalnebleau," and of the house at Mandeville which is regarded as "the prob- able birthplace" of Audubon. 230. Arthur, Stanley Clisby: "Audubon in West Feliciana," Times-Picayuney New Orleans, August 6, 1916. Follows Audubon's footsteps in Louisiana, and gives an interesting account, with illustrations, of the plantation houses at which Mr. and Mrs. Audubon lived at various intervals from 1821 to 1829. 231. Rhoads, Samuel N. : "More Light on Audubon's Folio 'Birds of America,' " The Auk, vol. xxxiii, pp. 130-132. Cam- bridge, 1916. 232. Williams, George Alfred: "Robert Havell, Junior, Engraver of Audubon's 'The Birds of America,' " Print-Collect or' s Quarterly, vol. 6, No. 3 (October), pp. 225-257, illust. Boston, 1916. Presents a genealogy of the Havell family, and gives an excellent analysis of the work of the eminent engraver. 233. (Anon.): "More Burled Treasure in a Noted Basement," New York Tribune, Sunday, March 11, 1917. An appeal for a better treatment of the originals of Audu- bon's Birds of Arnerica, "The original charter of the New York Historical Society signifies that the organization was 4^56 APPENDICES formed to preserve the history of the United States, and espe- cially the history of the City of New York. If Audubon's wonderful drawings of the birds of America are not United States history and New York City history rolled into one, then what, in the name of Herodotus, Father of History, is?" TowNSEND, Charles W. : "In Audubon's Labrador," The AuJc, vol. xxxiv, pp. 133-146, illust. Cambridge, 1917. INDEX Abert, John James, on Audubon's plans, ii, 3; his career and the rat- tlesnake episode, ii, 3, 77; "Abert's squirrel," ii, 4, 64, 155. Abolitionists {Les Amis des Noirs), activity in France, i, 43; their op- position to white planters and fo- menting of rebellion in Santo Do- mingo, i, 49. Academy of Natural Sciences (Phil- adelphia), introduction of Audu- bon to, i, 328; foundation and work of, i, 333; notice of meeting of, i, 333; Waterton on rejection of Audubon by, ii, 87. Accipiter cooperi, i, 330. Adams, Rev. Charles Coffin, history of his manuscript on the Life of Audubon; his career and writings, i, 18; ii, 300. Adams, John Quincy, i, 396. Adelaide, Queen of England, patron- age of, i, 391. Allston, Washington, i, 336. American Ornithologists' Union, number of species of American birds recognized by (in 1910), ii, 215; doubtful species in "Check- List" of, ii, 215. American Ornitholog'jj^ story of the author, production and publication of, i, 202-219; original drawings for, i, 213; the engraver and pub- lisher of, i, 213, 217; the Prospec- tus and character of, i, 217; the issue and patronage of, i, 217; death of the author of, i, 219; pub- lication of the last volume of, i, 223; second American edition of, i. 223; diary of the author of, i, 224; Audubon's charge against the au- thor of, i, 226; counter charge of Ord in defense of the author of, i, 227. American Philosophical Society, Au- dubon to Sully on his rejection by, i, 362; his later membership in, i, 363; Harlan on rejection of Abert by, ii, 3-4; 27. Anthus spraguei, Sprague's Titlark, ii, 253. Antonio de Sedella, Father, portrait of, i, 319, 321 ; Governor Claiborne on, i, 319. '♦Ark." See Flatboats. Arthur, Stanley Clisby, i, 314; on the bird-life of the St. Francis- ville region, i, 315; ii, 318; on Audubon and West Feliciana, i, 322-323; 338. "Articles of Association" of Audu- bon and Ferdinand Rozier, de- scription and reproduction of original of, i, 146-148; ii, 344-349. Ashburton, Lord, Baron (Alexan- der) Baring, ii, 242. "Astur {Falco) Stanleii," i, 354, 417. See "Stanley Hawk." Athenceum (London), on Audubon, ii, 84-85, 140, 199-200; advertise- ment of The Birds of America, ii, 201. Aubinais, M., i, 55. Audibon (or Audubon?), Pierre, in the American Revolution, i, 24. Audubon, Anne, suit by, i, 28, 263. Audubon, Catherine Frangoise. See Mme. Jean Louis Lissab6. 457 458 INDEX Audubon, Claude, and his family, i, Audubon, Dominica, suit by, i, 28, 263. Audubon, Jean, his command at Yorktown and checkered career, i, 24; his parentage and father's family, i, 26-28; birth and bap- tism, i, 27; beginning of life at sea and capture at Louisburg, i, 28; a prisoner in England, i, 28; enters French Merchant marine and begins his voyages to New Foundland, i, 29 ; enlists in French navy and appears at Nantes, i, 30; reenters merchant marine and be- gins voyages to Santo Domingo, i, 30; his ships and commands, i, 31; his marriage, i, 32; fight in Le Comte d'Artois and capture by the English, i, 32; prisoner in New York, and release, i, 32; joins the American Revolution and com- mands a ship at the siege of York- town, i, 34; later commands in the United States and fight with a British privateer, i, 34; residence in the West Indies, i, 36; travels in the United States and purchase of "Mill Grove," i, 36; joins the. National Guard at Les Cayes, i, 37; epitome of Santo Domingo ca- reer, i, 37; engagement with Coi- rond Brothers with interests at Les Cayes and St. Louis, i, 38; rapid rise to wealth as planter, su- gar refiner, and slave dealer, i, 39; light cast by his dealings in slaves, i, 39; ii, 330-335; his West Indian fortune and final settlement of es- tate, i, 40-41, 268; treatment of slaves and dependents, i, 41, 54; Santo Domingo experience com- pared with that of a contemporary planter at Jaquemel, i, 44-48 ; birth of his son at Les Cayes, i, 52; dis- covery of bill of his physician, i, 53; see also i, 54, and ii, 314-327; his son, Fougere, and daughter, Muguet, taken to France, i, 57; his - reference to Audubon's mother, i, 59; designation of his children in his wills, i, 63, ii, 360-362; dual personality expressed by his son, i, 63; joins National Guard at Nantes, i, 74; possible refuge of his family during Revolution in France, i, 76; activities immediate- ly before and during French Revo- lution, i, 77-82; Revolutionary of- fices, i, 78; report as Civil Com- missioner, i, 78; mission to For- | nic and Paimboeuf, i, 79; signa- ture during Revolution, i, 79; mis- sion to Les Sables d'Olonne, and letters to the Administration, i, 80; his reimbursement for ser- vices to the Republic, i, 81; oper- ations as ensign commander, and encounter with the Brilliant, i, 82; his later commands and elevation to rank of lieutenant de vaisseau, i, 82; his financial losses in Santo Domingo, i, 82; indemnity from the French Government, i, 83; re- spective rank and service in the French merchant marine and navy, i, 83; his certificate of service, i, 83; retirement and pension, i, 83, 85; settlement and occupations at "La Gerbetiere," i, 85; Santo Do- mingo interests described in power of attorney, i, 85; residences at Nantes, i, 86; see also i, 57, 58; his death, i, 87; his son's tribute, i, 87, 88; financial vicissitudes, i, 88; see also i, 85; habits, abilities and physical characteristics, i, 88; let- ter soliciting aid for his son, i, 100; interest in "Mill Grove" and the Prevost mortgage, i, 105; lease and inventory of the property, i, 105; portrait at age of forty-five (?), i, 106; mining project with INDEX 459 Dacosta, i, 113; sale to Dacosta of a one-half interest in "Mill Grove," and its lead mine, i, 114; expecta- tions for his son, i, 115; financial aid from Claude Frangois Rozier, i, 115; correspondence with Dacos- ta, i, 116-123; instructions regard- ing his son's proposed marriage, i, 117; appeal in answer to Dacosta's complaints concerning his son, i, 118; instructions for settlement of claims against the Ross and For- mon estates, i, 121-123; his uncan- celed mortgage, i, 122; instruc- tions concerning the farmhouse at "Mill Grove," i, 122; as grantor of powers of attorney, i, 131, 132-133, 153; see also i, 85-87; marriage of his daughter, i, 131; arranges a business partnership for his son, i, 132; his former country villa as it appears to-day, i, 135-145; division of the "Mill Grove" property and sale of his remaining interests, i, 149-150, 152-153; letters of his son, i, 159-161, 163; portrait at Couer- on, i, 100; troubles with Dacosta and contest over his final accounts, i, 168; bequest of his property in usufruct to his wife, and testa- mentary designation of his chil- dren, i, 262; contest of relatives over wills, i, 263; unfounded state- ments of biographers of his son, i, 264; his claims against the Ross- Formon estates as a basis of fic- tion, i, 265; final settlement of his financial aflPairs, i, 268; his de- scendants in France and last of his name in America, i, 269, ii, 294. Audubon, Mme. Jean (Anne Moy- net), her marriage and property at Paimboeuf, i, 32, 40, 57, 80; adoption of children by, i, 59; baptism of adopted son, i, 60-61; characterization of her son in wills, i, 62, 262-264; as grantor of powers of attorney, i, 131, 132- 133, 153; legal troubles and im- poverishment, i, 263; removal from "La Gerbetiere," i, 263, 268; her death at "Les Tourterelles," i, 263; disposition of her estate, i, 266, 269; break in relations of her adopted son with his family in France, i, 266-269; attack upon her husband's estate and its final set- tlement, i, 263, 268; her testa- ments, ii, 363-368. Audubon, Jean Jacques Fougere (John James Audubon, see also Fougere and Jean Rabin), his masterpiece, i, 1; his greatest working period, i, 2; experience in Paris in 1828, i, 2; Cuvier's eulogy and patronage of the French Gov- ernment, i, 3; rarity and cost of his publications, i, 4; personality and talents, i, 5 ; attacks upon his char- acter, i, 6; his historical back- ground and hitherto unwritten his- tory, i, 7; his Americanism, i, 8; characteristics of his writings, 1, 8-10; his Ornithological Biography, i, 9; drawings of birds and mam- mals, i, 10; influence on American ornithology, i, 10; honesty of pur- pose, i, 11; memories of him in London, i, 11; public monuments and other honors in America, i, 13; Societies and Clubs dedicated to his memory, i, 14; his bibliography, i, 15; attempt at autobiography, i, 16; first formal Life of, i, 17; true history of Buchanan's Life, 1, 18- 22; Mrs. Audubon's revision of Buchanan's Life, i, 22; Miss Maria R. Audubon's Life and Journals, i, 22; accepted account of his birth and early life in light of new dis- coveries, i, 22; parentage and early names; a Creole of Santo Domingo, i, 52; his baptismal name, i, 53; discovery of the bill rendered by 460 INDEX the physician who assisted at his birth, i, 53; feeble health and death of his mother, i, 56; birth of his sister, Creole of Santo Domingo, i, 56; taken with his sis- ter to France, i, 57; his foster mother and home at Nantes and Coueron, i, 57; his adoption and text of act, i, 59; suppression of his mother's name, 1, 60; his bap- tism and text of act, i, 60; as- sumed name of "La Forest," i, 61; his signatures, i, 61, 63; his names appearing in wills, i, 62; his dual personality in a power of attor- ney, i, 64; first date given in his autobiography, i, 65; record in his Ohio River journal, i, 66; his later autobiographic sketch, i, 66-68; traditional date of birth, i, 68; myth concerning birth in Louisi- ana, i, 68-72; account given by the Rev. Gordon Bakewell, i, 69; in- fluence of environment on charac- ter, i, 90; his limited schooling, i, 91-93; the spur his ambition need- ed, i, 91; experience in the French navy, i, 92; early passion for na- ture and for drawing, i, 93; as truant, i, 94; his father intervenes and takes him to Rochefort, i, 94; return to Coueron, i, 96; baptized in the Catholic Church, i, 96; first return to the United States, i, 98; illness at Morristown, i, 99; be- friended by his father's American agent, i, 99; his father's letter and intentions in sending him to Amer- ica, i, 100; his settlement at "Mill Grove" farm, and period of stay there, i, 101-103; begins his studies of American bird-life, i, 106; makes first "banding" experiment on young of a wild bird, i, 107; visit to "Fatland Ford," and choice of a wife, i, 110; his gayety and extravagance, i, 110; abstemi- ous habits in youth as regards food and drink, i. 111; his account of himself, i. 111; his accomplish- ments described by a future broth- er-in-law, i. 111; opposition to his marriage, i, 116; Dacosta's griev- ances, i, 116-119; quarrels with Dacosta and returns to France, i, 123-125; voyage on the Hope, i, 126; life at Coueron and friend- ship with D'Orbigny, i, 127; re- ; ceives with Ferdinand Rozier a power of attorney from his par- ents, i, 131; attends the marriage of his sister and signs the record, i, 131; his relations with his broth- er-in-law, i, 132; his partnership with Rozier and second letter of attorney, i, 132; returns, with Ro- zier, to the United States, i, 134; voyage of the Polly, and receipt of Captain Sammis, i, 134; expe- rience with British privateers, 1, 134; boyhood home at Coueron, 1, 136-145; his description of "La Gerbeti^re," i, 136; his abortive at- tempt, with Rozier, to administer the "Mill Grove" mine and farm, i, 146-148; their "Articles of Association," i, 146-148; ii, 344- 349; sale of remaining rights in "Mill Grove" to Dacosta and Com- pany, i, 148-149 ; receives, with Ro- zier, new power of attorney, 1, 153; enters business office of Ben- jamin Bakewell in New York, I, 153; his associates and correspond- ence with the elder Rozier, i, 153- 166; letters to his father, i, 159- 161, 163-164; his use of English and French, i, 155; ii, 372-374; plans a retail business with Rozier, i, 157-158, 160-162, 165; dispatch of live birds, and other objects of natural history to France, i, 158- 159, 160, 162, 165-166; conflicting references to "Mill Grove" ex- INDEX 461 plained, i, 158-160, 162, 165-168; his drawings and preoccupation in New York, i, 170-172; works for Dr. Mitchell's collections in natural history, i, 171; term of service in the Bakewell office, i, 154-155, 171- 172; his account of himself, i, 172; his early drawings, ideals and per- severance, i, 173-174, 178-183; study under David in Paris, i, 174- 175, 176-178; cause of certain de- fects in his published work, i, 174; date of his Paris experience, i, 174- 175, 177; encouragement from his father, i, 174; David's supposed influence on his style, 1, 178; pat- ronage of Edward Harris and his- tory of the Harris-Jeanes collec- tion of his early drawings, i, 179- 183; his drawing methods, i, 183- 185; his ambition, difficulties and defects, i, 184; purchases goods in New York, and with Rozier starts west, i, 186; Rozier's diary of their journey, i, 187-192; settles at Louisville, i, 192; venture in indigo and effect of the Embargo Act, i, 193; his marriage to Lucy Green Bakewell, and return to Louisville, i, 194; a later journey on the Ohio River, i, 195; occupations at Louis- ville, i, 196, 197-198; business with assignees of the Bakewell firm, i, 196; birth of his elder son, i, 198; his drawings of birds and plants, i, 198; his wife receives a portion of her father's estate, i, 198; meet- ing with Alexander Wilson, and the troubles which ensued, i, 207; stories of Audubon and of his rival compared, i, 220-225; charges and counter charges, i, 226; his merits and demerits, i, 227-232; his difficulties and pleasures as western trader, i, 232-236; moves with Rozier to Henderson, i, 236; again they move to Ste. Genevieve, i, 237-241 ; held up at Cash Creek, i, 238-240; experience at the Great Bend, i, 240; dissolution of his partnership with Rozier and return to Henderson, i, 241; after-rela- tions with Rozier, i, 243; in troubled times, i, 246; befriended by Dr. Rankin, 1, 248; birth of their younger son, i, 248; enters the commission business with a brother-in-law, i, 249; his visit to Ste. Genevieve, i, 249; reenters trade at Henderson and buys land, i, 250; town records of his pur- chases, i, 250, 252; his store and house of logs, i, 252; his popu- larity, i, 252; Henderson gossip and anecdotes, i, 253; his second partnership with Thomas W. Bake- well, i, 254; they lease land and build a steam grist-, and lumber- mill, 1, 254; partnership of Thomas W. Pears, i, 254; the Henderson mill at a later day, i, 254; their mechanical difficulties, i, 254; lease of timber land and plunder of workmen, i, 255; bill of lumber rendered by J. J. Audubon & Co., i, 256; financial depression and failure of the mill, i, 257; quarrel over steamboat and encounter with Bowen, i, 257-259; legal history of the suit, i, 258; the opinion ex- pressed to him by the judge, 1, 259; goes to Louisville jail for debt, i, 260; declares himself a bankrupt and is released, i, 260; his walk to Louisville, i, 260; later account given to Bachman, i, 260; reflections on passing his old mill in 1820, i, 261; light on his enig- ma, i, 262-272; his designations in wills, i, 262-264; probable history of a fictitious "bequest," i, 264- 266; his brother-in-law's letters, i, 266-269; attempt of relatives to break his father's will in France, 462 INDEX and impoverishment of his step- mother, i, 263; his step-mother's death, i, 263; the last of his family in France, i, 269; his elder son's visit to Coueron, 1, 269; his refer- ence to '* Audubon of La Rochelle," i, 270; his "Episodes" and methods of composition, i, 273-284; discrep- ancies and inaccuracies of some of his narratives, i, 273-274, 279- 291; his account of me&ting Nolte and Nolte's account of meeting him, i, 274-279; on horseback from Henderson to Philadelphia, i, 275; description of the famous earth- quakes and the hurricane, i, 279- 291; criticism of his account of Daniel Boone, i, 291 ; "Episode" of "The Prairie," i, 274, 282-284; an- swer to a criticism of, i, 284; his sketch of "The Eccentric Natural- ist" and comment, i, 285-300 ; prac- tical jokes, and cost to Zoology, i, 291; the "Scarlet-headed Swallow" and "Devil-Jack Diamond Fish," i, 291-293; his later relations with Rafinesque, i, 294; his Mneid, 1819-1824, i, 301-326; debt to his wife, i, 301; begins to work at portraiture at Shippingport, i, 303; removal to Cincinnati, i, 303; history of his engagement as taxi- dermist at the Western Museum, and friendship with Dr. Drake, i, 303-306; starts a drawing school and plans a journey through the West and South, i, 306; starts with Captain Cummings and Jo- seph R. Mason for New Orleans, 1, 307; his Ohio and Mississippi Rivers journal, i, 307; experience at Natchez; boots and portraits, i, 308; loss and recovery of a port- folio, i, 309; stranded at New Or- leans, i, 309; resorts to por- traiture again, i, 311; his draw- ings of birds, i, 311; interview with Vanderlyn, i, 312; leaves New Orleans with Mason, i, 313; meet* ing with Mrs. Pirrie and engage- ment at "Oakley," i, 312; enchant- ments of the West Feliciana coun- try and introduction to St. Fran- cisville, i, 313-315; experience as tutor to "my lovely Miss Pirrie of Oakley," i, 315, 317-318; leaves abruptly and returns with Mason to New Orleans, i, 318; his indus- try and fruits, i, 318; joined by his family in New Orleans, i, 319; cri- sis in financial afi'airs and losses of drawings, i, 320; as teacher at Natchez and Washington, i, 321; parts with his pupil assistant, i, 321; his first lessons in the use of oil colors, i, 321; engagements of his wife at New Orleans, Natchez and St, Francisville, i, 322; his wife's "Beechwoods" school, i, 322; resolution to pursue his ornitho- logical studies, i, 323; misadven- ture with Stein, i, 324; ill and adrift, i, 324; decides to visit Philadelphia to find a publisher for his drawings, i, 325; settles, with his elder son, at Shipping- port, i, 325 ; experience in Philadel- phia in 1824, i, 327-335 ; his exhibi- tion at the Academy of Natural Sciences, i, 328; meeting with Bonaparte and Ord, i, 328; opposi- tion encountered, i, 328-330; criti- cisms of Ord and Lawson, i, 329; his work for Bonaparte, i, 330; appreciation of Fairman and Har- ris, i, 331; assistance of Edward Harris and beginning of their friendship, i, 331, 333; early letter to Harris, i, 332; Thomas Sully, as friend and teacher, i, 334; visit to "Mill Grove," i, 335; reception in New York and assistance of Samuel Latham Mitchell, i, 336; election to membership in the Ly- INDEX 463 ceum of Natural History, i, 338; acts as model for Vanderlyn's por- trait of Andrew Jackson, i, 338; to Thomas Sully, i, 339; visit to Albany and Niagara Falls, i, 339; misadventure at Presque Isle, i, 340; the Meadville "Episode," 1, 341-343; residence at Pittsburgh, i, 343 ; j ourney to Lakes Ontario and Champlain, where plans of his publication are matured, i, 343; stranded at Cincinnati, i, 344; re- turns to St. Francisville, and resorts to teaching, i, 346; sails with his drawings from New Orleans, i, 347; journal of the voyage of the Delos, i, 348-350; lands in Liver- pool, i, 350; his credentials, i, 351; introduction to Lafayette, i, 351; customs duties, i, 350; Nolte's let- ter to the Rathbones, i, 352; aid of the "Queen Bee" of "Greenbank," i, 353; his "observatory nerves," i, 353; ornithological dedications, i, 354; exhibition of his drawings at the Royal Institution, i, 354; appearance and habits, i, 354; paintings as gifts, and the Turkey Cock seal, 1, 355; painting meth- ods, i, 355; opens a subscription book of The Birds of America at Manchester, i, 356; plan of the work, i, 356; his life of contrasts, i, 357; journey to Edinburgh, i, 357; invitation to merge his work, i, 357; meeting with Lizars, who agrees to engrave his first num- ber, i, 358; first proof of the Tur- key Cock received, i, 358; publica- tion of the first ten plates in Edin- burgh, i, 358; success of his Edin- burgh exhibition, 1, 359; impres- sions of Philarae-Chasles, i, 359; Cap's hint taken, i, 360; cast of his head made and his portrait painted, i, 361; response at ban- quet of the Royal Institution, 1, 361; society's tax on his strength, i, 361; contributions to journals, i, 362; blackballed by an American Society, i, 362; proposed gift to the Royal Institution, i, 363; visit to "Dalmahoy," i, 363; friendship of Basil Hall, i, 364; characteriza- tion of Francis Jeffrey, i, 365 ; first meeting with Scott, and his record of the interview, i, 365; exhibits his drawings at Sir Walter's home, i, 366; Scott, on Audubon, i, 367; papers on the Wild Pigeon and the Rattlesnake, i, 368; his painting of "Pheasants attacked by a fox," i, 369; Sidney Smith, i, 369; to his wife, i, 369-373; first meeting with Kidd, i, 373; issues his Prospectus, i, 373; visit to Selby at "Twizel House," 374; with Thomas Bewick at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, i, 375; success in canvassing, i, 376; in London, i, 377-410, 413-418; his credentials for the metropolis, i, 376-380; abandonment of his work by Lizars and discovery of Robert Havell, Junior, i, 380-384; his Birds of America fly to London, 1, 384; painting his way to liberty, i, 388; canvassing experiences, i, 388; efforts to secure the patronage of the King, i, 390, 392; the Queen becomes his patroness, i, 392; visit to Glasgow, i, 393; difficulties with his publishers, i, 393; timely aid from Sir Thomas Lawrence, i, 393- 396; exhibition and sale of his paint- ings, i, 394; resolutions on snuif, 1, 396; dislike of London, i, 397; his work and Selby's compared, i, 397; revision of his drawings, i, 398; calls by appointment upon an earl, i, 398; visits the great Uni- versities, i, 399; solicitations of publishers and contributions to magazines, i, 399; friendship with Swainson, and original letters of 464 INDEX their correspondence, i, 400-403; Swainson's review of his work, i, 403; visit at Tyttenhanger, i, 404; to Swainson, i, 405-407; request for further contributions to magazines refused, i, 407; visit to Paris with the Swainsons and Parker, i, 408- 413; his picture of Cuvier at fifty- nine, i, 411; patronage of the Duke of Orleans, i, 411; exchange of works with Redouts, i, 412; with Cuvier at the Royal Academy, i, 412; Cuvier's report on his work, 1, 413; correspondence with Swain- son, i, 413-415; Bonaparte to, i, 416-419; first journey from Eng- land to America, i, 420-436; to his wife, i, 420; exhibi- tion of drawings in New York, 1, 421; painting at Camden and Great Egg Harbor, i, 421; Swain- son to, i, 422; sojourn in the Great Pine Forest, i, 423, 425-426; to Victor Audubon, i, 424; "Epi- sodes" and record of work, i, 425; visits his sons and joins his wife at "Beechgrove" (St. Francis ville) in Louisiana, i, 427; to Harlan, i, 427- 430; Swainson to, i, 430; occupa- tions at "Beechgrove," i, 432; preparations to return, with Mrs. Audubon, to England, i, 432; to Havell, i, 433; proposition for a successor to the position held by his wife, i, 434; reception at Wash- ington, and accessions of subscrib- ers, i, 435; aid of Edward Everett, i, 435; his letterpress and its ri- vals, i, 437-451; membership in the Royal Society, i, 437; settlement in Edinburgh and publication of the Ornithological Bio graphy, i,4^S7 ; en- gages William MacGillivray to as- sist him, i, 438; rival publications, i, 439, 442-445; issue of his first volume of letterpress, i, 439; Sir William Jardine to, i, 441 ; MacGil- livray as his reviewer, 1, 445; un- dertakes a Natural History Gal- lery of paintings with Kidd, i, 446 ; notices and final abandonment of the enterprise, i, 446; to London and Paris, i, 447; Edward Everett to, i, 448-451; financial difficulties overcome, i, 451 ; explorations in Florida and the South Atlantic, ii, 1-25; returns to America with his wife, and a taxidermist as as- sistant, ii, 1; to Kidd, ii, 1; his obituary in the London Literary Gazette, ii, 2; Abert and Feather- stonhaugh announce his plans, ii, 3; promise of governmental aid at Washington, ii, 4; visits Charleston and meets John Bachman, ii, 5; sails from Charleston for Florida with two assistants, ii, 5; Bachman on, ii, 5; dedication to Bachman of a copy of his Birds, ii, 7; his Birds of America as gifts to others, ii, 7; his journey described in Feather- stonhaugh's Journal, ii, 8-14; ac- count of meeting with Bachman, ii, 9 ; hospitality of the Charleston- ians, ii, 10; impressions of St. Augustine, ii, 12; methods of work, ii, 12; Harlan to his wife, ii, 14; misadventures at Bulowville, ii, 15- 20; shooting birds at Live Oak Landing, ii, 16; narrow escape from the marshes, ii, 17-19; as a prophet on the future of eastern Florida, ii, 20; the ibis of Orange Grove Island, ii, 21; his plans de- layed, ii, 22-24; journey from St. Augustine to Key West, ii, 24; re- turn to Savannah and Charleston, ii, 25; eastern visit and explora- tions in the North Atlantic, ii, 26- 66; settles again in Camden, ii, 26; an experiment in lithography, ii, 26 ; correspondence of Harlan, ii, 28; his welcome at Boston, ii, 29; to Edward Harris, ii, 29; journey to INDEX 465 Maine coast and New Brunswick, ii, 30; winter and illness in Boston, ii, 31, 34-35; sends his son to Eng- land to take charge of his publi- cations, and plans an expedition to Labrador, ii, 31; Bachman to, ii, 32; to Victor Audubon, ii, 33; drawing of the Golden Eagle, ii, 34; to his son, ii, 35-40; financial affairs, ii, 37-38, 65; on his portrait by Inman, ii, 39; his American subscribers, ii, 39-41; letters to Harris, ii, 40; organization of his proposed expedition, ii, 42-44; George Parkman to, ii, 43; sails in the Ripley for Labrador, ii, 44; journal of his experiences, ii, 44-50; at Bird Rock, ii, 45; dis- covers a new finch, ii, 45 ; scenes of work at Wapitagun, ii, 46-48; his efforts and accomplishments, ii, 48; return to Eastport and Bos- ton, ii, 49; editorial comment, ii, 50; letter from Havell, ii, 51; Thomas L. McKenney on, ii, 52; arrested in Philadelphia, ii, 52; "Washington Irving's aid in Wash- ington, ii, 53; itinerary from Rich- mond, ii, 53; winter at Bachman's, ii, 54; letter to his son, ii, 55-62; on Ord and Waterton, ii, 55, 61; on his buzzard experiments, ii, 55; on Syme's portrait, ii, 57; his fam- ily alliance, ii, 58; on his American subscribers, ii, 59, 62; on Robert Havell, ii, 59; on growing old, ii, 60; on self-improvement, ii, 61; on Kidd, ii, 57, 62; Bachman, on his working habits, ii, 62; to Har- ris, ii, 64; echo of his early busi- ness troubles, ii, 64; his statement of the case, ii, 65; return to Eng- land, ii, 65; gratitude to Edward Harris, ii, 66; as target of critics and detractors, ii, 67-92; question- able essays, ii, 68; his reply to Sully, ii, 68-71; the rattlesnake controversy, ii, 71-80; charges of an editor, ii, 72; his original draw- ing and account of the rattle- snake, ii, 74-76; his errors and vindication, ii, 76-80; letter of Thomas Cooper, ii, 78; on the bend of the rattlesnake's fang, ii, 79; rediscovery of his discredited lily, ii, 80; on the buzzard's sense of smell, and present state of the controversy, ii, 81-84; his cham- pions of the scientific and literary press, ii, 84; on his snake stories, ii, 85; his most persistent heckler, ii, 86-92; Waterton and Swainson, on the authorship of his Ornitho- logical Biography, ii, 87; on the rivalries of contemporaries, ii, 93- 124; to Swainson, ii, 95-97, 99-100, 101-103, 112; Swainson to, ii, 97- 99, 103-108; his appeal to Swainson for assistance on his letterpress, ii, 94, 98, 102-103, 104-107; check in friendship and engagement of MacGillivray, ii, 108; resulting controversy over the authorship of the Ornithological Biography, ii, 87-88, 109; on the craze for de- scribing new species, ii, 110; "Or- nithophilus" on, ii. 111; Swain- son as biographer of, ii, 113-115; his reference to Bonaparte re- sented, ii, 118; his letter to Bona- parte and their subsequent rela- tions, ii, 119-121; comment on Gould, ii, 121-124; return to Eng- land in 1834, ii, 125; to Edward Harris, ii, 125; on his relations to William MacGillivray, ii, 125-138; MacGillivray to, ii, 126-128, 130- 132, 134; his ornithological col- lection, ii, 129; completion of the second volume of his letterpress, ii, 132; to Harris, on the alligator and the American edition of his Ornithological Biography, ii, 132, 134; MacGillivray's contract with. 466 INDEX ii, 134; MacGillivray's assistance and friendship, ii, 134-137; his acknowledgments and dedication to MacGillivray, ii, 137; to John Wilson, ii, 139; on the effects of overwork, ii, 140; letters to Har- ris, ii, 141-144; on Alexander Wil- son, ii, 143; issue of his third vol- ume of the Ornithological Biogra- phy, ii, 144; on his journey, ii, 144; third American tour, ii, 146; land- ing in New York, ii, 146; efforts to secure the Nuttall-Townsend col- lection of western birds, ii, 147- 149, 153-154; thwarted in Phila- delphia, ii, 149; in Boston and Sa- lem, ii, 149-151 ; meets Brewer and Nuttall, ii, 150; friendship and recommendation of Daniel Web- ster, ii, 151; success of canvassing in New York, ii, 153; efforts to obtain the collections in Philadel- phia renewed, ii, 153; rivalry of priority seekers, ii, 155; plans an expedition to Florida, and visits Washington for governmental aid, ii, 155; entertained at the White House, ii, 156; on Andrew Jack- son, ii, 156; winter spent with Bach- man, ii, 156; overland with Ed- ward Harris and his younger son to New Orleans, ii, 157; experi- ences in the Gulf of Mexico and Texas, ii, 157-165; adventures with the Crusader, ii, 158-163; at Gal- veston Bay, ii, 163; visit to Hous- ton, ii,,164; his party disbands at Charleston, ii, 165; his son's mar- riage, and return to England, ii, 166; to Thomas Brewer, ii, 168; extension of his Birds and revolt of British patrons, ii, 170, 174; to Harris on Townsend's second col- lection of western birds, ii, 170- 173; eagerness to render his work as complete as possible, ii, 173; on extra plates and partial sub- scribers, ii, 174; to William Swarn- son, ii, 176; his day of greatest tri- umph, ii, 177; return to Edinburgh and completion of his letterpress, ii, 178-186; to his son, ii, 178-181; at work with MacGillivray, ii, 178- 181; publication of the fourth vol- ume of the Ornithological Biogra- phy, ii, 181; impairment of the health of his wife, ii, 181, 183, 186; their tour in the Scottish High- lands, ii, 183; to Edward Harris, ii, 184-186; completion of his la- bors in England, ii, 186; number of American species of birds rec- ognized in 1839, ii, 186; valedic- tory to the "gentle reader," ii, 187; prepares to return with his family to America; directions to Havell, ii, 188-191; intimate history of the work of his engraver, with manual for collectors, ii, 191-199; the AthencBum on, ii, 199; Peabody on, ii, 200; on the original and exist- ing numbers of copies of his Birds, ii, 201-203; on his own and Ha- vell's copy of The Birds of America, ii, 203; original and present prices of his works, ii, 204; singular attest of J. P. Hall regarding, ii, 205; Audubon's ac- count of the Rothschild incident, ii, 206-208; settles in New York, and immediately undertakes two new works, ii, 208; Bachman to, on a revised edition of The Birds of America, and the Quadrupeds, ii, 208; to Brewer on the Quadrupeds of North America, ii, 209; mar- riage of his elder son, ii, 210; Bachman, on his cooperation in the Quadrupeds, ii, 210; prospec- tus of the octavo edition of the Birds, ii, 211-212, 214; its compo- sition and number of American species of birds recognized, ii, 214- 215; to his family while canvassing INDEX 467 in Baltimore, ii, 215-217; original account book of, ii, 217; extraordi- nary success of his Birds in "min- iature," ii, 217; bereavements of his family, ii, 218; his friendship with a rising young naturalist, ii, 218; opening correspondence with Spencer Fullarton Baird, ii, 219- 223; William Yarrell to, ii, 223- 225 ; new birds f rgm Baird, ii, 219, 225; their correspondence contin- ued, ii, 226; letter to George Park- man, and the "Parkman Wren," ii, 227-229; to W. O. Ayres on col- lecting quadrupeds, ii, 229; on the expenses of his publication, ii, 230; Baird on his first visit to his friend, ii, 230-232; consolation and advice to his pupil, ii, 232; pur- chase of land and house-building, ii, 234; "Minnie's Land" on the Hudson, ii, 235; his activities, ii, 235; Parke Godwin on Audubon and "Minnie's Land," in 1842, ii, 236-238; in 1845, ii, 238; his expe- dition to the Upper Missouri, ii, 239-258 ; correspondence with Baird, ii, 239-241; credentials from the Government, ii, 242; Daniel Web- ster's letter, ii, 242; his letter from President Tyler, ii, 243; Bachman on the Quadrwpeds, ii, 243; can- vassing tour to Canada, ii, 244; de- scription of Canadian visit in let- ter to Benjamin Phillips, ii, 244- 246; William Yarrell to, ii, 246; overtures to Baird to join his western expedition fail, ii, 248- 250, 252; Edward Harris to, ii, 251; his party, ii, 252; rendezvous at Philadelphia and beginning of journey, ii, 252; ascent of the Mis- souri in the Magnet, ii, 252; his journal of their experiences, ii, 253; discovery of new birds, ii, 253; on George Catlin, ii, 254; at Fort Union, ii, 254-256; first ex- perience with buffalo, ii, 254; forecast of its fate, ii, 255; in a wilderness that howls, ii, 256; his return, ii, 256; on a canal boat homeward bound, ii, 257; mistaken for a Dunker, ii, 258; portrait by his son, ii, 258; to Baird, ii, 258; completion of his Birds in octavo, and dedication to Baird, ii, 259; his final work on the Quadrwpeds , ii, 261; on Pennant's marten, ii, 263; to Bachman on mischief mak- ers, and letterpress of the Quadru- peds, ii, 264-267; his copper-plates of The Birds of America pass through fire in New York, ii, 267; as a spectator at the ruins, ii, 267; reply to Baird on the results of the fire, ii, 268; Bachman's visit in 1845, ii, 268; Bachman's com- plaints and ultimatum through Harris, ii, 269; Bachman on his Missouri River Journal, ii, 271; correspondence with Baird, ii, 272- 273, 275-278, 279; recommendation of Baird, ii, 279; his son visits England to paint for the Quadru- peds, ii, 280; manuscript of the Quadrupeds of North America, ii, 283; illustrations and completion of plates of the Quadrupeds, ii, 285 ; Brewer on a visit to "Minnie's Land" in 1846, ii, 286-288; letter to Harris in 1847, ii, 287; Baird's note of last visit in 1847, ii, 288; Bachman on his visit of 1848, ii, 288; last days and death at "Min- nie's Land," ii, 290; work of his sons, and his family in America, ii, 291-312; appropriation by the Government to procure copies of Audubon's works for presentation to foreign countries, ii, 293; man- uscript notes and legends on orig- inal drawings of the Birds, ii, 305. Audubon, Mrs. John James, as edi- 468 INDEX tor of a Life of her husband, i, 18, 22; her girlhood home, i, 108; Audubon's account of their meet- ing and his debt to, i, 109; her father and uncle as proteges of Audubon, i, 125; Audubon on, i, 160; her marriage and journey West, i, 194; her children, i, 198, 247, 248; her realization in her father's estate, i, 198-200; her fa- ther and family, i, 199, 253-254 ; as spur and balance wheel, i, 301; at Cincinnati, i, 303, 306, 307, 320; the Western Museum incident, i, 304; at New Orleans, i, 320, 322; en- gagements at Natchez and St. Francisville, i, 322; her "Beech- woods" school, i, 322; Audubon to, 1, 370-372, 420-421, 424, 428; at "Beechgrove," i, 431-435; accom- panies her husband to England, 1, 435-436; ii, 1; John Bachman to, ii, 5; Richard Harlan to, ii, 14; her activities and school at "Min- nie's Land," ii, 299; breaking up of her home and the Life of her husband, ii, 300; to a relative on her family's affairs, ii, 301 ; to Wil- liam R. Dorian on her husband's autograph, ii, 302; her last years and death, ii, 302; a eulogy, ii, 303; disposal of the original draw- ings of The Birds of America, ii, 304; ascription of drawing to, ii, 306. Audubon, John Woodhousci his birth, ii, 248; 323, 371; his father to, ii, 373, 390; ii, 43, 44, 54, 56-57, 156; marriage to Bachman's daughter, ii, 166; journey to Texas, ii, 272; goes to England to paint for the Quadrupeds, ii, 273, 280; dedication to John Edward Gray, ii, 280; J. E. Gray to, ii, 281; part in painting the originals of the folio plates of the Quadrupeds of North America, ii, 285; his unfor- tunate California venture, ii, 289, J 290; his marriage to Caroline Hall, 1 ii, 294; children and descendants, ii, 294; his house at "Minnie's Land," ii, 295, 311-312; his ilhiess and death, ii, 295-296, 297; his project for reproducing the orig- inal folio of The Birds of America in America, checked by the War, ii, 296, 389-391; residual stock of the incomplete work, ii, 296; as his father's aid, ii, 297, 299; activities and characteristics as boy and man, ii, 297-299, 309-310; his Western Journal, ii, 299; death of his second wife, ii, 303. Audubon, Mrs. John Woodhouse (Maria Rebecca Bachman), her marriage, ii, 166; her death, ii, 218; her children, ii, 294. Audubon, Mrs. John Woodhouse (Caroline Hall), her marriage, children and descendants, ii, 294; her death, ii, 294. Audubon, Lucy, death of, i, 247. Audubon, Maria Rebecca, publica- tion of Audubon's Autobiography by, i, 16; Audubon and his Jour- nals by, i, 22, 28, 63, 66, 106, 153, 270, 369. Audubon, Marie Rosa (Mme. de Vaugeon), i, 27; suit by, i, 28, 263. Audubon, Pierre, service in the French merchant marine, i, 26; his son, Jean, and his family, i, 27; at siege of Louisburg, i, 28. Audubon, Rosa (Mme. Gabriel Loy- en du Puigaudeau, see Muguet), her birth, i, 56; taken to France, i, 57; act of adoption, i, 59; as god- mother, i, 128; marriage contract and marriage of, i, 131; her home, children and death, i, 269. Audubon, Rosa, i, 247. Audubon, Victor GiflFord, his birth, i, 198; 269, 325, 371, 396, 427; INDEX 469 takes charge of his father's publi- cations in England, ii, 31 ; his fa- ther to, ii, 33-40, 43-44, 55-62; in his father's defense, ii, 55, 88; 65, 81, 119, 178, 189; on the number of sets of The Birds of America issued, ii, 202; married to Mary Eliza Bachman, ii, 210; on "Min- nie's Land," ii, 235; John Bach- man to, ii, 261-263, 281-283; to Spencer F. Baird, ii, 278; Baird to, ii, 278; as amanuensis to Bach- man, ii, 283, 291; to Bachman, ii, 289; success in canvassing, ii, 292; Bachman's recommendation, ii, 292; his issues of the Quadrupeds and Birds, ii, 293, 295; his second marriage and children, ii, 294; his house at "Minnie's Land," ii, 295, 311; his illness and death, ii, 295; death of his wife, ii, 303. Audubon, Mrs. Victor Gifford (Mary Eliza Bachman), her marriage, ii, 210; her death, ii, 218. Audubon, Mrs. Victor Gifford (Georgianna Richards Mallory), ii, 258; her marriage and children, ii, 294; her death, ii, 294. "Audubon of La Rochelle," i, 27, 270, 271. Audubon (Montgomery County, Pennsylvania), i, 102. Audubon and his Joiirnals, i, 22. Audubon Association and Societies, history and aims of, i, 14. Audubonian Epoch and Period in American ornithology, i, 10. Aukland, Sir J. D., i, 377. Ayres, W. O., Audubon, on collect- ing quadrupeds, to, ii, 229-230; 277. Bachman, Rev. John, i, 291, 293; meeting and friendship with Au- dubon, ii, 5, 9; to Mrs. Audubon, ii, 5; Audubon's gift of his Birds of America to, ii, 7; as canvasser for Audubon, ii, 27; Audubon to, ii, 27; to Audubon, ii, 32-33, 51; buzzard experiments, ii, 55-56; 57, 59, 61 ; publication of his paper on the Turkey Buzzard, ii, 56; on Audubon's working habits, ii, 63- 65; account of experiments on the sense of sight and smell in vul- tures, ii, 81-83; Audubon to, on the effects of overwork, ii, 140- 141; 146; on conditions in the South, ii, 148; Audubon's winter with, ii, 156; marriage of daughter of, ii, 166; in London, ii, 178, 179; 184; to Audubon on his "Small Edition of Birds" and Quadru- peds, ii, 208-209; marriage of the daughter of, ii, 210; on his co- operation with Audubon in the Quadrupeds, ii, 210-211; 216, 220; to Audubon on the Quadrupeds , ii, 243-244; 258-259; on the Quadru- peds of North America, ii, 261- 263, 269-272, 281-283; calls for help, ii, 262; Audubon to, on mis- chief-making of a "mutual friend," and the letterpress of the Quad- rupeds, ii, 264-267; on Audubon in 1845, ii, 268; his ultimatum to Edward Harris as mediator, ii, 268-270; on Audubon's Missouri River Journal, ii, 271 ; difficulties of cooperation, ii, 273; domestic bereavement, ii, 274; his second marriage, ii, 281; working meth- ods, ii, 281; facsimile letter, ii, 282; manuscript on the Quadru- peds, ii, 283; early life and career, ii, 284; on Alexander von Hum- boldt, ii, 284; on Audubon in 1848, ii, 288; completion of the text of the Quadrupeds, ii, 291; recom- mendation of Victor Audubon and statement of his part and interest in the work, ii, 292-293; 311. Bachman, Mrs. John (Harriet Mar- tin), death of, ii, 274. 470 INDEX Bachman, Mrs. John (Maria Mar- tin), marriage of, ii, 281. Bachman, Maria Rebecca. See Mrs. John Woodhouse Audubon. Bachman, Mary Eliza. See Mrs. Victor Gilford Audubon. Baco, mayor of Nantes, proclama- tion of, i, 74. Baird, Spencer FuUarton, his friend- ship with Audubon, ii, 218-220; Audubon to, ii, 219-222, 232-233; discovers new birds, ii, 219, 221, 225; visits Audubon in New York, ii, 230; to Audubon, ii, 231-232, 235; correspondence with Audubon on the Missouri expedition, ii, 239- 241, 248-250, 252; 259; dedication of Audubon to, ii, 259-260; Coues on, ii, 260; correspondence with Audubon on quadrupeds, ii, 263, 264, 272-273, 274-278; on Pen- nant's marten, ii, 263; first visit to Audubon, ii, 264; on fate of Audubon's copper-plates, ii, 267; his marriage and appointment in Dickenson College, ii, 276; on Victor Audubon's gift, ii, 278; on the curatorship of the Smithson- ian Institution, ii, 279; his recom- mendations by Audubon, ii, 279; last letter and visit to Audubon, ii, 288. Bakewell, Benjamin, as protege of young Audubon, i, 125; Audubon's engagement with, i, 153, 154-155, 171-172; his establishment, corre- spondents and clerks, 1, 153-154; his residence and previous business career, i, 154; his New York busi- ness and correspondents, i, 155; deal- ings with Claude Francois Rozier,as told in Audubon's letters, i, 156- 158, 161-163, 164-166; ruin of his trade by the Embargo Act, i, 172; his business dealings with Audu- bon and Rozier, i, 186, 193; emi- gration to America and establish- ment in New Haven, 1, 201; Wil- son at his glass works in Pitts- burgh, i, 204. Bakewell, Eliza. See Mrs. Nicholas Augustus Berthoud. Bakewell, Rev. Gordon, on Audu- bon's birth, i, 69; Audubon's por- trait of, i, 69. Bakewell, G. W., on William Bake- well, i, 99. Bakewell, John, i, 200. Bakewell, Joseph, i, 200. Bakewell, Lucy Green. See Mrs. John James Audubon. Bakewell, Robert, i, 200, 377. Bakewell, Thomas Woodhouse (of Crith, Derbyshire), i, 200. Bakewell, Thomas AVoodhouse, i, 153; statement of accounts of Audubon & Rozier with his uncle's estate, 1, 193; see also ii, 354-355; letter to Audubon & Rozier, i, 196; failure of his commission business with Audubon at New Orleans, i, 248; second partnership with Audubon, and history of their mill enterprise at Henderson, i, 254-255; 259; lease of land, i, 254; investment in mill, i, 255', withdrawal from business partnership, i, 256; sub- sequent successful career at Pitts- burgh and Cincinnati, i, 259; his financial reverses, fortitude and death, i, 259. Bakewell, William, his purchase of "Fatland Ford" and settlement upon this estate, i, 99, 108; his daughter, Lucy Green, i, 108-110; his private accounts and aid to Audubon and Rozier, i, 125; sale of a portion of his farm in the interests of his daughter, 1, 198; to Audubon and Rozier regarding the sale, i, 199 ; his family and his- tory, i, 200; emigration to the United States and business at New Haven, i, 201; death of his first INDEX 471 wife, i, 201; his second marriage, i, 201; his death, i, 201; death of his second wife, i, 201; financial assistance to son by, i, 255. Bakewell, William Gifford, record of a visit to "Mill Grove," i, 111-112; 427; ii, 252. Bakewell, Mrs. William Gifford, ii, 302. Banks, Sir Joseph, ii, 117. Barraband, Pierre Paul (1767-1809), his method of drawing birds, i, 184, 404. Bartram, Anne, i, 215. Bartram, John, and his Botanic Gardens, i, 215. Bartram, William, as mentor to Al- exander Wilson, i, 212; Wilson, in letter to, i, 213; his hospitality, i, 214, 216; his niece, and the Botanic Gardens of his father, i, 215; on numbers of American birds, ii, 214. Bascanion. See Black snake. Bayou Sara, introduction of Audu- bon to, i, 309; life of Audubon at, i, 314-318; village and origin of name of, i, 314. Bazin, Eugene, translations by, i, 360. Beates, Frederick, purchase and sale of "Mill Grove" by, i, 169. Beer, William, i, 143, 155. Bell, John, ii, 252; dedication of Audubon to, ii, 253. Benedict, Jennett, Audubon's itiner- ant portrait of, i, 342. Benedict, Jesse, ii, 311. Berthoud, Mme., death of, i, 326. Berthoud, Nicholas Augustus, i, 197, 256, 303, 309; engagement of Vic- tor G. Audubon with, i, 325; mother and family name of, i, 326 ; 427; ii, 27, 28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 130. Berthoud, Mrs. Nicholas Augustus, i, 326; ii, 303. Besant, Sir Walter, on London in 1837, i, 355, 395. Best, Robert, and the Western Mu- seum, i, 303, 306. Bewick, ITiomas, Audubon's visit to, i, 375; ii, 142. Bibliography, i, 15; ii, 401-456. Bien, J., and Company, ii, 396. "Bird of Washington" ("Aquila washingtonii"), Audubon's sup- posed discovery of, i, 241, 400, 406; ii, 185. Birds of America (folio), cost and rarity of, i, 4; defects in drawings of, i, 174, 184-185; destruction of drawings designed for, i, 179, 320- 321; in embryo, i, 180-183; presen- tation copies of, i, 356; plans of publication, i, 343; first subscriber to, i, 353; first engraved plate of, i, 359; Lizars' part in engraving of, i, 359; issue of first number of, i, 362; first prospectus of, i, 373, see also ii, 386-388; title of, i, 381; the Havells in relation to, i, 380- 385; rebirth of, in London, i, 384; the singular history of plate No. iii, i, 384; difficulties with color- ists, i, 389; the Queen as patron- ess, i, 392; revision of drawings, i, 398; Swainson's review, i, 403; progress of, i, 405; Cuvier's re- port, i, 413; Bachman as canvas- ser for, ii, 27; Thomas H. Per- kins' copy, ii, 29; Audubon's di- rections for dispatch of parts of, ii, 37; his financial accounts with, ii, 37; American subscribers, ii, 36-41; insurance of drawings for, ii, 40; editorial comment, ii, 41; revolt of patrons at extension of plan, ii, 170, 174; Audubon on ex- tra plates and partial subscribers to, ii, 174; completion of, ii, 177; Audubon on residual stock of plates, ii, 188-190; uncolored plates of, ii, 190; on insurance of cop- 472 INDEX per-plates of, ii, 191 ; intimate history of the engravers and plates, with manual for collectors, ii, 191-199; story told in artists' and engravers' captions or leg- ends, ii, 196-198; dates, errors and editions in plates, ii, 196-198; ori- ginal and present known numbers of complete sets, ii, 201; Audu- bon's and Havell's copies of, ii, 204; original and present prices, ii, 204 ; curious attest of J. P. Hall, ii, 205; original drawings for plates, ii, 304; manuscript records and legends on original drawings, ii, 305; story of fate of original cop- per-plates of, ii, 295, 306-309; final lists of subscribers, ii, 380- 385; prospectus of 1828, ii, 386- 388. Birds of America (in octavo), pros- pectus, ii, 208-212, 214; agents' original and present prices of, ii, 211; titles on original parts, ii, 213; beginning of publication, ii, 214; number of birds and doubtful species, ii, 214; Audubon as can- vasser for, ii, 215-217; remarkable success of, ii, 217; account-book of Audubon in business of, ii, 217; WiUiam Yarrell on, ii, 223; "Park- man's Wren" in, ii, 228; expense of publication of, ii, 230. Birds of America (partial American issue in folio), ii, 296; residual stock of plates of, ii, 297; original prospectus of, ii, 389-391. Birds of Europe, ii, 122; anecdote of, ii, 123. Blackbird, Red-winged (Angelaius phwniceus), Ord's charge concern- ing Audubon's drawing of, i, 228. Blackcocks (Tetrao tetrix), original painting of, i, 363, 366. Black snake, "blue racer" {Bascan- ion constrictor) y coniusedi with rat- tlesnake, ii, 76. Blackwood's Magazine, John Wilson on Audubon and Kidd, i, 447; John Wilson on Audubon, ii, 139. Blanchard, Jean Francois, as at- torney of Jean Audubon at Les Cayes, i, 85. Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata), painting of, i, 397. Bohn, Henry G., on Audubon's drawings, i, 357. Bonaparte, Charles Lucien, intro- duces Audubon at Philadelphia, 1, 328; his career and work as an ornithologist, i, 329-331; his artist and engravers, i, 330; Audubon's contribution to his American Or- nithology, i, 330; his account of the Wild Turkey, i, 331; charac- terization by a contemporary, i, 334; his subscription to The Birds of America, i, 380, 385; to Audu- bon, i, 416-419; 423; ii, 40, 49-50; 96, 98, 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 118; Audubon to, ii, 119; his list of American birds, ii, 120; his com- ment on Audubon's work, ii, 120, 169; on publication of new species by, ii, 173; 176, 184, 214, 224. Bonnabel, Antonio, acquisition of lands from, by Bernard Marigny, i, 70. Boone, Daniel, Audubon's charac- terization of, criticized, i, 281. Bossals and Creoles in Santo Domin- go, i, 42, 47. Boston Patriot, ii, 50. Bouffard, Catharine, designation of, in legal documents, i, 56; mother of Muguet (Rosa Audubon), i, 56; her appearance in France, i, 56; mother of Louise, i, 56. Bouffard, Louise, inquiry concern- ing, i, 56; her birth, i, 57, 130. Boulart (General), letter to Citizen Audubon, 1, 80. INDEX 473 Bowen, Samuel Adams, his steam- boat at Henderson, i, 236; Audu- bon's encounter with, i, 257-259; suit against Audubon by, i, 258; conclusion of bench in action brought by, i, 259. Bradford, Mrs. J. L., 13. Bradford, Samuel F., as publisher of Wilson's American Ornithology, 1, 217, 219. Bragdon, Sam L., i, 348. Brand, William, Audubon as teach- er in family of, i, 318; Mrs. Audu- bon's engagement with family of, i, 322. Brewer, Thomas Mayo, ii, 8; Audu- bon on the rattlesnake, ii, 79, 150; Audubon to, ii, 152-153, 165-166, 168-169, 175, 209; on Audubon in 1846, ii, 286-288. Brewster, Sir David, 1, 362; ii, 84. Brilliant J Jean Audubon's encounter with, i, 82. Broadnax, Henry P., judge in case of Samuel Adams Bowen and oth- ers vs. Audubon, i, 258; his de- cision in a case of assault, i, 259. Brown, Capt. Thomas, curious his- tory of Illustrations of the Ameri- can Ornithology by, i, 443-445; limited circulation, rarity and piratical character of the work, i, 443-445; his Illustrations of the Genera of Birds, i, 444; contem- porary and later notices of his at- las, i, 444. Buchanan, Robert Williams, true story of his Life of Audubon, i, 18-22; his struggles, talents, idio- syncrasies and death, i, 19, 21, 22. Buckland, William, D.D., i, 377. BuflFalo (New York), Audubon's vis- it to, in 1824, i, 340. Buflfalo hunting on the Upper Mis- souri and Yellowstone in 1843, ii, 254-256. Bullen, George E., i, 400, 403. Bulow, John, welcome of Audubon and their adventures at his planta- tion, ii, 15-20. Bunting, Henslow's (Passerherbulus henslowi), i, 354. Burchell, William John, ii, 97, 105. Bureau, Louis, i, 143, 149; manu- script letters of, i, 154. Burns, Robert, relations of Alexan- der Wilson with, i, 208. Butler, Benjamin F., ii, 153. Butterflies, as food of birds, i, 358. Cabinet Cyclopcedia, Swainson in, ii, 113. Caire, Louis P., to Lafayette, i, 352. Caledonian Mercury, Notice of Jameson's edition of Wilson and Bonaparte's Ornithology in, i, 442; notice of Jardine's edition in, i, 442-443, 446; Audubon to Kidd in, ii, 2; on the Wilson- Audubon obituary, ii, 3. Call, Richard Ellsworth, i, 287, 299. Camden (New Jersey), work of Au- dubon at, i, 421, 426; ii, 26-27, 30. Campbell, Sir Archibald, ii, 30. Cap, P. A., i, 360. Caporal, Le petit, date of original drawing of, i, 180. Carolina Paroquet (Conuropsis caro- linensis), early drawing of, i, 180. Carrier, Jean Baptiste, mission and ^ infamy of, i, 75; denounced by Ju- lien, i, 76; reign of terror at Nantes under, i, 75; recall of, i, 76. Cass, Lewis, ii, 52. Catlin, George, ii, 254. Cayes (Les Cayes), delivery of slaves at, i, 31; Jean Audubon's business interests in, i, 39; its pre- revolutionary importance, i, 38; corruption of its name, i, 38; slave trade at, i, 39-41; first touched by the Revolution, i, 50; birth of Fou- g^re (John James Audubon), and 474 INDEX Muguet (Rosa Audubon), at, i, 52-53, 56; Jean Audubon's fortune and financial losses at, i, 82; final settlement of Jean Audubon's es- tate at, i, 268. Cedar-bird (Bombycilla cedrorum), habits of, 1, 423. Central Committee (at Nantes), ex- tract from register of, 1, 134. Century of Birds, ii, 121. Cerberus, Jean Audubon's command of, and encounter in, i, 82. Chapelain, Doctor, as witness, i, 153. Charette, siege of Nantes under, i, 74; execution of, i, 76. Charles X, patronage of, i, 3-4, 27. Charleston, meeting of Audubon and Bachman at, ii, 5, 9; Audubon's tribute to hospitality of people at, ii, 10; bird-hunting at, ii, 10; re- turn of Audubon's party, ii, 25; Bachman's services at, ii, 284. Chat, Yellow-breasted (Icteria vi~ reus), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425. Chevalier, J. B., ii, 211, 216, 222, 226, 234. Children, John George, i, 377; his ca- reer and friendship with Audubon, i, 379-380, 420, 437; ii, 34, 56, 59, 199. Chotianerie, i, 27. Chuck-will's-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis) , Audubon's early drawing of, i, 182. Cincinnati (Ohio), in 1810, i, 205; record of earthquakes at, i, 280; settlement of Audubon at, i, 303; Dr. Drake and the Western Mu- seum, i, 303-306; early "Notice concerning," and activities of Dr. Drake, i, 304-306; organization of a college and medical school, i, 305; Audubon stranded at, i, 344. Cincinnati College, relations of Dr. Daniel Drake to, i, 304; founda- tion and first president of, 1, 305. Clapp, Wellington, ii, 310. Clay, Henry, i, 307, 372, 378, 396. Clifford, John O., 1 290. Clinton, De Witt, i, 2, 218, 339. Cochereau, Matthew, painting of Da- vid's studio by, i, 177. Coirond Brothers, i, 33, 38. Coirond (Coyron), Mme., i, 86. Coit, Rev. Dr. Henry Augustus, ii, 43. Coit, Rev. Dr. Joseph, ii, 43. Coleman, William A., Audubon to, ii, 174. Colles, George W., on Audubon's account of the rattlesnake, ii, 76. Collett, Tobias, i, 103. Colnaghi and Company, i, 383. Colson, Augustus, i, 342. Columbus, incident on voyage of, i, 312. Combe, Andrew, i, 361. Cook, Capt. James, i, 377. Coolidge, Joseph, ii, 43, 50. Cooper, Thomas, and the climbing habits of the rattlesnake, ii, 53- 54, 77-78; to Audubon, ii, 78. Coot, Audubon's early drawing of, i, 178. Coueron, discovery of documents at, i, 53; settlement of Jean Audubon at, i, 57, 83; condition in 1793, i, 80, 137; the D'Orbignys at, i, 127- 128, 130; history and characteris- tics of, 136-140; present industry and population of, 137; record of visit to, in 1913, i, 138-140; grand calvaire at, i, 139; history of Au- dubon's boyhood home at, i, 140- 145. Coues, Elliott, on Audubon, i, 110; on Alexander Wilson, i, 213; ii, 129. Count of Artois (Le Comte d'Ar- tois), encounter of Jean Audubon and his capture in, i, 32; arma- ment and fate of, i, 33; bill of INDEX 475 sale of, i, 33; unsettled claims con- cerning, i, 121, 265. Couper, William, bust of Audubon, by, i, 13. Cowles, Charles A., story of his res- cue of a remnant of Audubon's copper-plates, ii, 307. Crane, Whooping (Orus americana) , i, 227. Crosby, Fortunatus (Judge), court record under, i, 260. Crusader, Audubon's adventures in, ii, 157-163. Culbertson, Alexander, ii, 271. Cummings, Capt. James, i, 307; ii, 69, 258. Cushing, Caleb, ii, 241. Cuvier, Baron Georges, his eulogy on Audubon's Birds, i, 1; his patro- nage, i, 2; his death, i, 4; report at the Royal Academy of Sciences, i, 174, 412-413; Audubon's descrip- tion of, i, 410-411; ii, 101, 142, 448. Cyclopaedia, New American, Wilson's editorial work on, i, 216-217, 219. Dacosta, Francis, and the Prevost mortgage, i, 106; first appearance at "Mill Grove," and his interest in its mine, i, 113; early exploitation, i, 114; as Lieutenant Audubon's attorney and guardian of his son, 1, 114; his purchase of a one-half interest, i, 114; his salary and grievances, i, 115; difficulties with young Audubon and with the mine, i, 115; correspondence of Lieuten- ant Audubon, i, 116-123; Lieuten- ant Audubon's appeal in answer to complaints, i, 118; instructions for settlement of claims, i, 121-123; rebellion of young Audubon, 1, 123; his praise of Audubon's draw- ings, i, 124; succeeded by Audu- bon and Rozier, i, 132; called to account, i, 146; acquisition of the remaining Audubon and Rozier in- terests, i, 148-150; his "role of chi- caner," i, 151, 158; his failure and disputed claim, i, 168; award of arbitrators in case, i, 168; repro- duction of his contested accounts, ii, 355-358. "Dalmahoy," Audubon's visit to, i, 363. Darwin, Charles, i, 354, 399. Darwin, Erasmus, i, 200. David, Jacques Louis, i, 3, 174, 175, 176; his revolutionary ardor, patri- otism and popularity,i, 174, 176; his exile and death, i, 174; his portrait of the mayor of Nantes, i, 174- 176; his reception at Nantes, i, 175; his address to the Municipal Assembly, i, 175; his studios and pupils at the Louvre, i, 177; his works and influence, i, 177; in- fluence on Audubon's style, i, 178. Davis, Isaac P., ii, 151 ; on Webster's copy of The Birds of America, ii, 152. Davy, Sir Humphry, i, 356, 377, 379. Deane, Ruthven, i, 246, 444, 448; ii, 14, 188; on copies of The Birds of America in America, ii, 203, 204; 211, 263, 293; on the copper-plates of The Birds of America, ii, 307- 309. Debtors, terrors of, in England, i, 395. Declaration of Rights, voted by the National Assembly of France, and its effect upon Santo Domingo, i, 37, 49. De Genlis, Stephanie-Felicite, i, 163. De Kervegan, Daniel, popularity and portrait of, as mayor of Nantes, i, 175. De La Luzerne, his recommendation of Jean Audubon, i, 32, 34. Delos, Audubon's voyage on, i, 347- 350; subsequent fate of, 348. De Marigny, Ecuyer Sieur, and his 476 INDEX family, i, 69; true story of his family, and of "Fontainebleau," which has been erroneously at- tributed to him, i, 69; his summer house at Mandeville, i, 71. Derby, Earl of, ii, 146. De Vaugeon, Mme. Le Jeune, 1, 28; suit by, i, 262. De Vaugeon, Pierre, i, 27. De Wimpffen, Baron. See Francis Alexander Stanilaus. Dickenson College, Baird's appoint- ment and position at, ii, 268, 276. Dodge, William E., ii, 307. D'Orbigny, Alcide Charles Victor, i, 128. D'Orbigny, Dr. Charles Marie, as friend of young Audubon, 1, 120, 127-128; his family, i, 128; Audu- bon as godfather to son of, i, 128; financial troubles of, i, 128-130; Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau to, i, 129; as debtor to Lieutenant Au- dubon's estate, i, 129; inquiries concerning, i, 130; as witness, i, 153; Audubon's correspondence with, i, 160, 163, 171. D'Orbigny, Charles (the younger), i, 128. D'Orbigny, Gaston Edouard, birth and baptism of, i, 128. Dorian, William R., ii, 302. Drake, Dr. Daniel, and Alexander Wilson, i, 205; record of earth- quakes at Cincinnati by, i, 280; his engagement of Audubon as taxidermist, i, 303; his foundation of the Western Museum and Au- dubon's connection with it, i, 304- 306; his varied activities, i, 304; his early "Notice concerning Cin- cinnati," i, 304; his organization of the Cincinnati College and med- ical school, i, 305; his troubles with rivals, i, 306; his appointment at the Transylvania University, 1, 306. Duck, Labrador (Camptorhynchus labradorius) , at Bradore Bay, ii, 48; extinction of, ii, 48, 152. Duck, "Velvet," White-winged Sco- ter (Oidemia deglandi), Audu- bon's early drawing of, i, 182; de- scription of, i, 182. Duncan, William, 1, 208; ii, 284. Dunkin, Judge, i, 260; ii, 64. Dupre (Tete-Car6e), raid of Nantes by, i, 77. Du Puigaudeau, Gabriel Loyen, Au- dubon's power of attorney to, i, 64; to D'Orbigny, i, 128-130; to J. Cornet, i, 130; his marriage, i, 131; his family, occupation and resi- dence, i, 132; to Audubon, i, 266- 269. Du Puigaudeau, Mme. Gabriel Loy- en. See Rosa Audubon. Du Puigaudeau, Gabriel Loyen (the Second), death of at "Les Tour- terelles," 1, 269. Eagle, "Brown." See "Bird of Washington." Eagle, Golden (Aquila chrysaetos) , Audubon's drawing of, ii, 35. Eagle, "Washington's." See "Bird of Washington." Eagle, White-headed {Haliceetus leucocephahis), Audubon's origi- nal drawing of, i, 310. Eagle and Lamb, original painting of, i, 394-396, 405, 406. Earthquakes in the Ohio and Missis- sippi Valleys, 1811-1813; casual and exact records of, i, 279. Eckley, David, dedication of copy of The Birds of America to, ii, 7; history of copy formerly owned by, ii, 7; ii, 150. Ecton Consolidated Mining Com- pany, i, 169. Edinburgh, first visit and success of Audubon at, i, 357-373; beginning of The Birds of America at, i, INDEX 477 358; exhibition of Audubon's drawings at, i, 359; meeting with Sir Walter Scott at, i, 365; issue of Audubon's Prospectus at, i, 373. Edinburgh Literary Journal^ notice of Brown's Illustrations of the American Ornithology in, i, 443. Edinburgh New Philosophical Jour- nal, ii. 111. Edward (Ezekiel Edwards ?), unset- tled claim of Jean Audubon against, i, 121. Edwards, Bryan, on the products and wealth of French Santo Do- mingo, i, 30; on the Santo Domin- go blacks, i, 43. Edwards, Ezekiel, 1, 131. Eggleston, Thomas, i, 13. Elaps. See Coral snake. Embargo Act, of President Jeffer- son, effect of, on Audubon and Rozier, 1, 193. "Episodes." See Ornithological Biography. Evans, Roland, acquisition of "Mill Grove" by, i, 105. Everett, Edward, patronage and aid of, i, 435; letters of, i, 436, 448- 451; his efforts for the removal of import duties on The Birds of America, i, 448; his nomination of Audubon to fellowship in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, i, 450; ii, 5, 23, 64. Falco Cooperii (Accipiter cooperi), i, 330, 417. See "Stanley Hawk." "Fatland Ford," William Bakewell's acquisition of, i, 98, 108, 201 ; man- sion house and farm of, i, 108; Audubon's introduction to, i, 108; Generals Washington and Howe at, i, 108 ; marriage of Lucy Bake- well at, i, 194; realization of Mrs. Audubon in, i, 198. Faxon Walter, i, 444. Featherstonhaugh, G. W., Rafines- que's reply to, i, 294; on Audu- bon's plans, ii, 4; Audubon's Florida letters to, ii, 8-14, 15-22; suspension of Journal of, ii, 23, 28, 84. Feliciana, West, characteristics of, i, 314-315; former prosperity of, i, 323. Finch, MacGillivray's, MacGillivray's Seaside Sparrow (JPasserhebulus maritimus macgillivraii), i, 354. Fisher, Miers, as Jean Audubon's at- torney and protege of his son, i, 99; Jean Audubon to, i, 100; resi- dence in Philadelphia, i, 106; and the Prevost mortgage, i, 106, 122; succeeded by Dacosta, i, 113-114; 120-122; as counselor of Audubon and Rozier, i, 148, 149, 160, 167; resumption of duties as agent and attorney by, i, 168. Fitzpatrick, T. J., i, 287, 292, 299. Flatboats, on the Ohio River in 1810, i, 234; convenience of, i, 234; cost of, at Pittsburgh, i, 235; time of passage of, from Pittsburgh to New Orleans, i, 235; floating trade of, i, 234. Flicker (Colaptes auratus), orig- inal painting of, i, 363. Florida, Audubon's explorations in, ii, 12-25; Audubon, on the future of the east coast of, ii, 20. Floyd, John, ii, 5. Flycatcher, Least (Empidonax mini- miis)i discovery by the Baird brothers, in 1843, ii, 225. Flycatcher, "Selby's," i, 354. Flycatcher, "Small Green-crested," i, 425. Flycatcher, "Small-headed," curious history of, i, 218, 226-227; refer- ence to, by Thomas Nuttal, i, 227; identifications of, by Cowes and Baird, i, 227; ii, 215. Flycatcher, Traill's (Empidonax trailli), i, 354. 478 INDEX "Fontainebleau," myth and true story of, i, 69, 71. Formon de Boisclair, Jean Audu- bon's dealings with, and claims against, 1, 33-34, 121, 265, 338. See Lacroix, Formon & Jacques. Fort Union, Audubon's experiences at, ii, 254-256. Fougfere, i, 53, 57, 59, 61 ; ii, 328, 329. See Jean Jacques Fougfere Audu- bon. Francis, C. S., and Company, ii, 203. Francis, David G., ii, 204. Franklin Journal, Audubon's article, and Jones' "Romance of the Rat- tlesnake" in, ii, 72. Fulton, Robert, first steamer on the Ohio River, built by, i, 236. Gallatin, Albert, i, 377; Audubon's interview with, 1, 390. Gait, W. C, i, 197. Gannet Rock, Audubon's account of approach to, 1, 9. Gannets (Sula bassana), i, 10. Gaston, "William, aid rendered Au- dubon by, at Savannah, ii, 25, 59. General Assembly (Santo Domingo), new Constitution of, i, 49. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, i, 411. George IV, Gallatin on, i, 390. George Street (Edinburgh), Audu- bon's apartments in, i, 437. Gill, Theodore, i, 444; ii, 113. Girard, Stephen, his reputed interest in Dacosia's mining enterprises at "Mill Grove," i, 149. Godwin, Parke, on Audubon's draw- ing of quadrupeds, ii, 236; on a visit to Audubon at "Minnie's Land," ii, 236-238; on Audubon in 1845, ii, 238. Goodspeed, Charles E., i, 384, ii, 26, 190. Gordon, Mrs. Alexander, ii, 302. Gould, John, Bonaparte on, ii, 121; Audubon on, ii, 121; works of, ii, 121; charges against, ii, 122; anec- dote of, ii, 123; financial success of publications of, ii, 124; 224-225. Gould, Mrs. John, Audubon on, ii, 121. Grackle, Boat-tailed {Megaquiscalus major), Audubon's drawing in Bonaparte's Ornithology, 1, 330. Gray, Asa, ii, 81. Gray, John Edward, i, 354, 380, 444; dedication to, ii, 280; to J. W. Au- dubon, ii, 281. Gray's Ferry (now Philadelphia), settlement of Alexander Wilson as teacher at, i, 210, 211, 212, 216. Great Bend (of the Mississippi), Audubon's and Rozier's experience at, in 1810, i, 240. Great Egg Harbor, work of Audu- bon at, i, 421, 424; visit of Wilson and Ord, i, 422; drawings of Au- dubon, i, 425. Great Pine Forest (Mauch Chunk), sojourn and work of Audubon at, i, 423, 425-426. Great Russell Street (London), old print dealer of, i, 11-12, 377. Great Western, ii, 190. Grinnell, George Bird, ii, 283, 299, 309. Groundhog, Audubon's early draw- ing of, i, 181. Guepin, M. A., i, 73, 77. Giinther, Albert, on Rafinesque's let- ters and character, i, 297; on Swainson and his correspondence, i, 400-403. Hackberry, in the Ohio River basin, i, 188. Haines, Reuben, visit of Audubon to "MiU Grove" with, i, 335, 339. Haiti, i, 38, 52. Hall, Capt. Basil, on the Leander, i, 364; as Audubon's friend, i, 365, 367; to John Murray, i, 378; re- INDEX 479 turn to England from the United States, i, 407. Hall, Harrison, publication of, i, 329 ; ii, 98. Hall, James, notorious review of, i, 339 ; ii, 98. Hall, J. Prescott, memorandum re- garding The Birds of America, ii, 204. Hardin, John, ii, 295. Harlan, Richard, i, 328; on Ord, i, 328-329; 333, 334, 407, 439; ii, 9; on Abert, ii, 3; Audubon to, ii, 14; to Mrs. Audubon, ii, 14; to Audubon, ii, 28-29; 58. Harris, Edward, meeting with Au- dubon, i, 331 ; his friendships and career, i, 331, 333; early letters to Audubon, i, 332, 344; Audubon to, i, 448; Audubon to, ii, 26-27, 30, 31, 40-41; memento to, ii, 49; Au- dubon to, ii, 64-66, 125, 132, 134, 141-144, 147-148; 149, 151,155,157, 165; Audubon to, ii, 170-173; 175; Audubon to, ii, 182, 184-186; 234; to Audubon, ii, 251; dedication to, ii, 253; Bachman's ultimatum to, ii, 268-270; in role of mediator, ii, 270; Audubon to, ii, 287; Bach- man to, ii, 291. Harrison, William Henry, i, 307. Harvard University, drawings and manuscripts at, i, 180, 307-308. Haskell, Rev. John, ii, 271, 283. Hatch, Capt. Joseph E., 1, 347. Havell, Daniel, i, 382. Havell, George, i, 382. Havell Henry Augustus, i, 382; ii, 189, 190, 191-192. Havell, Robert, Senior, his family, i, 381-383; his shop in Newman Street, i, 382; partnership with his son, i, 383; their enterprise in un- dertaking The Birds of America, i, 384; his death, i, 384; their re- lationship as read in the legends of Audubon's plates, ii, 195-198. Havell, Robert, Junior, i, 12; Audu- bon's discovery of, i, 382; a family of artists, i, 382; partnership with his father and rebirth of The Birds of America in London, i, 384; his "Zoological Gallery," i, 384; advertisement of his business, i, 386; story of the Prothonotary Warbler, 1, 383-384, 405; Swain- son on, i, 414; Audubon to, i, 433; ii, 33, 34, 35, 38; to Audubon, ii, 51, 57, 58, 62, 174, 180, 186; Audu- bon on closing up his business, ii, 188-191; settlement in the United States, ii, 191-192; his work, char- acteristics and death, ii, 192; Au- dubon's memento to, ii, 192; his genius and mastery of aquatint, ii, 193-195; as Audubon's engraver, ii, 195; history of his engravings of Audubon's Birds, ii, 196-198; his copy of the work, ii, 203. Havell, Robert, & Son, i, 12. Havell, William, i, 383. Haverhill (New Hampshire), expe- rience of Alexander Wilson at, i, 219. Hawk, Cooper's. See Falco Cooperii. Hawk, Great-footed, Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum), origi- nal drawing of, i, 311. Hawk, Harlan's (Buteo borealis har- lani), i, 311. Hay, Robert William, i, 377, 379. Henderson (Kentucky), removal of Audubon and Rozier to, i, 236; settlement, early name and popu- lation of, i, 236; game and char- acter of the country at, in 1810, i, 236; first Kentucky steamer built at, i, 236; Audubon's activities in 1810, i, 237; return of Audubon to, in 1811, i, 242; houses of Dr. Adam Rankin, i, 248; original plot of town, i, 250, 252; his purchase of land at, i, 250, 252; his log house and store, i, 252; town rec- 480 INDEX ords, i, 252; record of earthquakes, i, 280; Rafinesque's visit, i, 285- 287. Hendersonville. See Henderson. Henry, Joseph, ii, 279. Henshaw, Samuel, i, 308; ii, 197. Henslow, John Stevens, i, 354, 399. Heppenstall, John, i, 394. Herschel, Sir William, i, 377. "Highfield Hall," residence of Wil- liam Swainson near Tyttenhanger Green, 1, 403. Hirundo serripennis (Stelgidopteryx serripennis) y ii, 186. Historical Society (New York), un- published drawing in collections of, i, 228; original drawings of The Birds of America at, ii, 304- 306. History of British Birds (MacGil- livray), ii, 113, 114, 130, 135; (Yarrell), ii, 223; on his comple- tion of, ii, 225. Holden, Edward, to George Rams- den, i, 351. Holland, Dr. Henry, 1, 377. Hollander, Edward, i, 276. Hope, Audubon's voyage in, i, 125. Hopkins, Rev. John Henry, Audu- bon's acquaintance with, at Pitts- burgh, i, 343. Hopkins, Samuel, i, 252; Audubon's purchase of land, i, 252. Hopkinson, John, 1, 400. Houston, Sam, Audubon's visit to, ii, 163; his characterization of, ii, 164. Howe, General William, visit at "Fatland Ford," i, 108. Humboldt, Baron Alexander von, i, 356; and Bachman, ii, 284; Bach- man's account of dinner to, ii, 284. Huntington, Archer M., ii, 310. Huron, Laurence, engagement of Ferdinand Rozier, with, i, 153; his business relations with the Bake- well firm and with Rozier, the eld- er, i, 156-157, 159-161, 165; his award in the settlement of the con- tested accounts of Francis Dacos- ta, i, 168; dealings of Audubon & Rozier, i, 186. Ingalls, William, Parkman's recom- mendation of, ii, 42. Indigo, history of Audubon's invest- ment in, i, 193. Indians (Shawnee), feather hunting of, i, 238; incident at camp of, i, 239; (Osage), Audubon's expe- rience with, i, 240. Irish, Jedediah, i, 425. Irving, Washington, ii, 53, 153. Jackson, Andrew, Audubon as model for portrait of, i, 338; 378; ii, 155; Audubon on, ii, 156. Jackson, Daydon, i, 400. Jameson, Robert, i, 357; edition of Wilson's and Bonaparte's Orni- thology, i, 439, 442; ii, 84. Jaquemel (Santo Domingo), plant- er's experience at, i, 44-48. Jardine, Sir William, to Audubon, 440; edition of Wilson and Bona- parte's Ornithology, i, 442; ii, 102. Jay, Harriet, on Robert Buchanan, i, 21. Jeanes, Joseph Y., his collection of original Audubon drawings and manuscripts, i, 180, 181 ; ii, 50, 375- 379. Jefferson, Thomas, Embargo Act of, i, 193; on the numbers of species of American birds, ii, 214. Jenner, Edward, announcement of discovery of vaccination, i, 55; ac- count of behavior of young cuckoo (Cuculus canoriis) discredited by Waterton, ii, 90. Johnson, John, ii, 203. Johnson, Samuel, on biography, i, 7. Johnson, William Garrett, Audubon at home of, i, 427, 432; engage- INDEX 481 ment of Mrs. Audubon by, i, 431; authorization to fill position at home of, i, 434. Jordan, David Starr, i, 287, 291. Joue, i, 54. Julien (of Paris), heroic conduct of, i, 76. Juniata River, i, 274, 277. Keel boats, on the Ohio and Missis- sippi, i, 234; Audubon's journey by, in 1810, i, 238-241. Kidd, Dr. John, i, 399. Kidd, Joseph Bartholomew, i, 363, 373, 443; and the "Ornithological Gallery," i, 446; Audubon to, ii, 1; 35, 57, 61, 62. Kinder, Robert & Company, dealings of Audubon and Rozier with, i, 186, 197-199; ii, 355. King, Thomas Butler, ii, 11-12, 14. Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon), Audu- bon's early drawing of, i, 180. Kirtland, Dr. Jared P., i, 291 ; "Note Book" of, i, 292. Kite, Mississippi (Ictinia mississip- piensis), Ord's charge concerning, i, 228 ; similarity in one of Wilson's and Audubon's figures of, i, 228; misnaming of sex in, i, 229; Au- dubon's legends on original draw- ing of, i, 229; Wilson's and Audu- bon's first experience with, i, 229- 230; 316. Knox, Dr. John, i, 358. Koster, Henry, ii, 117. Krudener, Baron, i, 436; ii, 38. Labrador, Audubon's experiences in, ii, 45-49; expense and results of expedition to, ii, 50. La Caille, i, 29. Lacroix, Formon de Boisclair & Jacques, Jean Audubon's claims against, i, 33; bills of slaves of, ii, 331-333; 338. La Dauphine, i, 31. Lafayette, Marquis de, Louis P. Caire to, i, 351. "La Gerbetiere," i, 85, 96, 120, 126; as boyhood home of Audubon, i, 136-137, 144-145; Audubon's last visit to, i, 137; situation of, i, 136- 138; in 1913, i, 138-143; Jean Au- dubon's restoration of, i, 143; description in old deed of, i, 144; changes of a century, i, 144. Lake Champlain, tour of Audubon to, in 1824, i, 343. Lake Ontario, tour of Audubon to, in 1824, i, 343. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine de Monet, i, 13. La Marianne, Jean Audubon as cabin boy in, i, 28; at Louisburg, i, 28; Jean Audubon as lieutenant of, i, 29. Landsdowne, Marquis of, i, 398. Landseer, Sir Edwin, criticism of painting by, i, 366. Lanman, Charles, proposal of, i, 17. L' Annette, Jean Audubon's com- mand of and interest in, i, 34; con- cerning sale and settlement of claims in, i, 121, 9Q5. La Rochelle, as port of Jean Audu- bon's ships, i, 29, 277. See "Audu- bon of." Laval, John, award in the settlement of Dacosta's disputed accounts, i, 168. Lavigne, L., i, 34, 46, 57, 83, 87, 116, 128, 144, 269. Lavigne, Mme. L., i, 269. Lawrence, Sir Thomas, i, 356, 377, 380, 393-394. Lawson, Alexander, Wilson to, i, 212; Wilson's debt to, as the en- graver of his Ornithology, i, 213; the daughter of, i, 219; his state- ment regarding the mysterious fly- catcher, i, 227; as Bonaparte's- en- graver, i, 330; report of his inter- view with Audubon, i, 330. 482 INDEX Lawson, Malvinia, on Wilson's pub- ■ lisher, i, 219. Lea, Isaac, on Rafinesque, i, 297; ii, 4, 56, 95, 98, 422. Leach, William Elford, i, 353. Le Comte d'Artois. See Count of Artois. Le Conte, Joseph, i, 171. Lehman, George, ii, 2, 9, 12, 25. Le Marquis de Levy, Jean Audu- bon's command of, i, 31. Le Printemps, i, 29. Le Propre, i, 30. Les Sables d'Olonne, Pierre Audu- bon's family at, i, 26; its hostility to the Revolution, i, 27; as home port of Jean Audubon's ships, 1, 28; mission of Jean Audubon to, i, 80-81; 83. Leslie, Charles Robert, comment on the American Ornithology, i, 217. "Les Tourterelles," death of Mme. Audubon at, i, 263; death of Rosa Audubon at, i, 269. Le Sueur, Charles Alexandre, i, 294, 328; appearance of, i, 333; ii, 157. Letters in facsimile, "Audubon &c Bakewell" to Rozier, i, 251 ; Audu- bon to Edward Harris, i, 332; Samuel Latham Mitchell to Dr. Barnes, i, 337; William Swainson to Audubon, i, 402; Charles Lu- cien Bonaparte to Audubon, i, 417; George Parkman to Audubon, ii, 43; Robert Havell to Audubon, ii, 51; William MacGillivray to Au- dubon, ii, 132; Edward Harris to Audubon, ii, 251; John Bachman to George Gates, ii, 282; Audubon to Edward Harris, ii, 287. L'EveilU, Jean Audubon's command of, i, 82. Lincoln, Thomas, ii, 43; "Lincoln's Finch," ii, 45, 50. Linnaean Society, Audubon's election to, i, 397; manuscripts in posses- sion of, i, 400. L'Instituteur, Jean Audubon's com- mand of, i, 82. Lissabe, Mme. Jean Louis, suit by, i, 28, 263. Literary Gazette (London), on Brown's Illustrations, i, 444; an- nouncement of publication of the Ornithological Biography, i, 444; Audubon's premature obituary in, ii, 2. Little and Brown, Messrs., ii, 230. Liverpool, arrival of Audubon at, in 1826, i, 350; his reception and friends at, i, 352-355; exhibition of Audubon's drawings at, i, 354. Livingston, Robert M., first steamer on the Ohio River, built by, i, 236. Lizars, Daniel, Audubon to, i, 385. Lizars, William Home, as Audubon's engraver, i, 358-359, 361, 375, 384, 442-443; his plates of The Birds of America, i, 195-199. Lockhart, John Gibson, i, 445. London Colney, residence of William Swainson at, i, 403; death of Mrs. Swainson at, i, 403. London, recollections of Audubon in, i, 11; site of Havell's engraving establishment in, i, 12; Audubon in, i, 377-419; his first impressions of, i, 377; rebirth of The Birds of America in, i, 384; his dislike of, i, 397; completion of his Birds in, ii, 177. Loon (Gavia immer), "Great North- ern Diver," original drawing of, ii, 47. Loudon, John C, editorial enterprise of, i, 399. Louisburg, Jean Audubon made prisoner at, i, 28. Louisville (Kentucky), diary of a journey from Philadelphia to, in 1807, i, 187-192; establishment of Audubon & Rozier at, i, 192; pros- pects and hospitality of the peo- ple, i, 196-198; birth of Victor INDEX 483 Giflford Audubon at, i, 198; arriv- al of Alexander Wilson at, i, 205; a meeting of rivals at, i, 230-226; in 1810, i, 233; Audubon's legal troubles at, i, 260. Lubbock, Sir John, baron Avebury, characteristics in youth of, i, 93. Lyceum of Natural History (New York), activities of in 1817, 1, 171; introduction of Audubon to, i, 336. Macaulay, Thomas Babington, on Addison, 1, 6. MacGillivray, John, ii, 298. MacGillivray, William, i, 12; ii, 108, 113-114; his assistance to Audu- bon, ii, 125-138; to Audubon, ii. 126-128, 130-132, 134; his methods of work, ii, 127-129; his History of British Birds, ii, 130, 135-136; his contract with Audubon, ii, 134; character and scholarship, ii, 134- 136; his writings, ii, 135; Audu- bon's acknowledgments to, ii, 137; his copy of the Ornithological Biography, ii, 138; Audubon at work with, ii, 178-180, 181; Audu- bon's tour with, ii, 182; Audubon's memorandum of account with, ii, 188. MacLeay, William Sharp, ii, 94. Magpie (Pica rustica), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 178. Mallory, E., on Mrs. John James Audubon, ii, 303. Mallory, Eliza, ii, 283. Mallory, Georgianna Richards. See Mrs. Victor Giflford Audubon. Manchester, visit of Audubon at, in 1826, i, 356; Audubon's success in canvassing at, i, 376. Marigny, Bernard, his birth, i, 70; acquisition of "Fontainebleau," i, 70; his service in France and re- turn to the United States, i, 71; act of the Government to estab- lish his disputed claim to land, i, 71; origin of "Fontainebleau," and description of his property, i, 71 ; foundation of Mandeville, i, 71; friendship with Audubon, i, 72; his death, i, 72. Marigny myth, i, 68-71. Mark, Edward L., i, 308. Marten, Pennant's, Fisher (Mustela pennanti), Baird and Audubon on, ii, 263. Martin, Catharine, i, 27. Martin, Maria, ii, 6, 32, 61; Audu- bon to, ii, 65, 156; marriage of, ii, 281 ; dedication to, ii, 281, 283. See Mrs. John Bachman. Martin, Marie Anne, i, 26. Martin, Pierre, Jean Audubon as sailor under, i, 30. Mason, Joseph R., as Audubon's assistant in 1820-1822, i, 307, 312, 313-316; his return to Philadel- phia, i, 321; ii, 69. Mauch Chunk. See Great Pine For- est. McKenney, Thomas L., on Audubon, ii, 52. McLane, Louis, ii, 5 ; Levi Woodbury to, ii, 23. Meadville (Pennsylvania), "Episode" of Audubon at, in 1824, i, 341-343; and itinerant portrait at, i, 342. Mease, Dr. William, i, 327. Merchant-traders, means of travel and hardships of, i, 234-236; their journeys by flatboat and horse to and from the West, i, 234-236. Mill of Audubon, Bakewell and Pears, at Henderson (Kentucky), history of the building, operation and failure of, i, 254-257; lease of land for, i, 254; description of relic of, in 1879 and 1883, 1, 254; diflBculties with operation of, i, 255; cost, conversion and destruc- tion of, i, 255; reorganization for working of, i, 256; bill rendered 484. INDEX for products of, i, 256; final fail- ure and closure of, i, 257; Audu- bon's financial and legal troubles following failure of, i, 257-261. 'Mill Grove," Jean Audubon's pur- chase, 1, 37, 105; Audubon's ar- rival at, i, 99-101; tenant and rent of, i, 101 ; acquisition and preser- vation by the Wetherills, i, 102; situation and characteristics, 1, 102; old conveyances and designa- tion, i, 103; first miller and build- er, i, 104; mills and farm house at, 1, 104; the Prevost mortgage, i, 105, 122; Jean Audubon's lease and inventory, i, 105; stay of Au- dubon at, i, 106; Jean Audubon's portrait at, i, 106; bird studies at, i, 106; discovery of lead and arrival of Dacosta, i, 113; Dacosta's one- half interest and exploitation of mine, i, 114; analysis of his lead ore, i, 114; Claude Fran9ois Ro- zier's interest, i, 115; the Audubon, Dacosta, Rozier partnership and its difficulties, i, 115; instructions concerning farmhouse at,i, 118; Audubon and Rozier as agents for conduct and sale of, i, 132; Au- dubon's and Rozier's duties at, i, 146; status of house in their "Ar- ticles," i, 147; story of later min- ing enterprises at, i, 148-150, 152- 153, 167-170; consideration for sale of remaining Audubon and Rozier interests to Dacosta and Company, i, 149; division of the property, and sale of the Audubon and Ro- zier rights, i, 150, 152-153; Audu- bon's conflicting references to sale of, i, 158, 159-160, 162, 165-168; difficulties over conditional sale of, i, 168; unraveling the tangle, i, 169; Dacosta's contested accounts, and award in their settlement, i, 168; sequel to story of mine at, 1, 169; products of mine at, i, 199. Milestown (Pennsylvania), Alexan- der Wilson, as teacher at, i, 212. Miller, Sarah, Wilson to, i, 206. "Minnie's Land," purchase of estate of, ii, 234; building of house at, ii, 234; Audubon at, ii, 236-238; Au- dubon's account of, ii, 245-246; houses of Audubon's sons at, ii, 294-295, 311-312; the "Cave" at, ii, 295, 312; departure of Mrs. John James Audubon from, ii, 300; building activities and changes at, ii, 309; present condition of origi- nal houses at, ii, 309-311; early representations of Audubon's house at, ii, 311. Miquelon Island, voyage of Jean Au- dubon to, i, 29. Mississippi River, Audubon's cruise on in 1820, i, 307. Missouri River, Audubon's expe- riences and discoveries on, in 1843, ii, 252-256. Mitchell, Doctor Samuel Latham, his friendship with Audubon, i, 171; his repute and activities, i, 171; as friend of Rafinesque, i, 290; his introduction of Audubon and let- ter to Dr. Barnes, i, 336. Mocquard, Fran^oise, i, 55, 86. Morris, George Spencer, i, 331. Morris, Samuel C, purchase of "Mill Grove" by, i, 105. Morristown (New Jersey), stay of Audubon at, i, 99. Morse, Samuel Finley Preese, as Au- dubon's guest, ii, 311. Morton, Countess of, as patron and pupil of Audubon, i, 365. Morton, Earl of, record of a visit to the home of, i, 363. Morton, Samuel George, ii, 154, 171, 172. Moynet (Moynette, Moinet), Anne. See Mme. Jean Audubon. Muguet, i, 56, 57, 59, 61. See Mme. Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau. INDEX 485 Mulattoes, numbers and plight of, in Santo Domingo, i, 43; as slave holders, i, 44; revolt under Oge, i, 50; first clash with whites at Les Cayes, i, 50; union with the blacks and beginning of general revolt, i, 51. Murray, John, i, 377; Basil Hall to, i, 378. Nantes, Jean Audubon at, i, 30-32; his places of residence, i, 36, 57-58, 86-87; in the Revolution, i, 59, 73- 74; Committee of Public Safety and National Guard of, i, 74; at- tack and siege of, i, 74; accept- ance of republican constitution by, i, 75; reign of terror under Car- rier at, i, 75; fate of Vendeans at, 1, 75; savior of, i, 76; victims of Carrier and the plague at, i, 75; execution of Charette at, i, 76; raided by "Tete-Caree," i, 77; restoration of peace at, 1, 77; revo- lutionary records of, i, 78; Jean Audubon's activities, 1, 78-82; his death at, i, 87; his appreciation by, i, 83. Natchez (Mississippi), visit of Au- dubon, i, 308; loss of his portfolio at, i, 309; as teacher at, i, 321; his first lessons in oils, i, 321; engage- ment of Mrs. Audubon, i, 322; ill- ness of Audubon, i, 324. National Assembly of Paris, Declara- tion of Rights, of, i, 49; vacillat- ing policies of, i, 51. National Gazette, on Audubon, ii, 41-42, 50-51. Natural History of Deeside and Braemar, ii, 136, Neuwied, Maximillian, ii, 255. Newark (New Jersey), Alexander Wilson at, i, 210. New Castle (Delaware), landing of Alexander Wilson at, i, 209. New Haven (Connecticut), establish- ment of William and Benjamin Bakewell at, i, 201. Newman Street, Havell's shop in, i, 12. New Orleans (Louisiana), memorial to Audubon at, i, 13; Alexander Wilson at, i, 207; Audubon at, i, 306-310; his struggles to gain a footing at, i, 310-312; as teacher at, i, 318; settlement and financial difficulties at, i, 319; engagement of Mrs. Audubon at, i, 322; Audu- bon embarks for Liverpool at, i, 347; his observations at, i, 348. Newton, Alfred, i, 444; ii, 223. New York (New York), memorials to Audubon at, i, 13; Jean Audu- bon a prisoner at, i, 32; his re- lease, i, 32, 34; disbanding of the British army at, i, 35; Audubon's introduction to, 1, 99; pestilence at, i, 99; 135; Audubon's original drawings at, i, 228; Vanderlyn's portrait of Andrew Jackson in ^^3'^ City Hall of, i, 338; Audubon's de- scription of landing at, in 1836, ii, 146; his success in canvassing at, ii, 153; his old residence and estate, ii, 234-236, 310-312. ' New York Herald, account of "Mill Grove" mine in, i, 114. Niagara Falls (New York), Alex- ander Wilson at, i, 216; Audubon at, i, 340; ii, 167. Nighthawk (Chordeiles virginiamis) , Audubon's early drawing of, i, 180. Nolle, Vincent, on Audubon in 1811, i, 277; his journey from Pitts- burgh to Lexington, i, 276-279; 352. Northumberland, Duke of, i, 377. Nuttall, Thomas, collection of west- ern birds of, ii, 147, 149, 153-154; 156; meeting with Audubon, ii, 150; career and writings, ii, 150. Nymphcea. See Water-lily. 486 INDEX "Oakley," plantation and house of, i, 313-315; Audubon's pupil and his life as tutor at, i, 315-318; his drawings at, i, 316; ii, 74. Oates, George, ii, 211, 218. Oge, James, rebellion and death of, i, 50; its effect upon the Santo Domingan whites, i, 50. Ohio River, Audubon's description of journey on, i, 195; Wilson's journey in 1810, i, 205; traffic of the "ark" and keel boat, in 1810, i, 234-236 ; first steamer, and steam traffic on, i, 236; Audubon's expe- rience at the mouth of, i, 238; breaking up of the ice in, i, 241; Rafinesque on fishes of, i, 292; Au- dubon's descent of. In 1820, i, 307. Ord, George, on Alexander Wilson, i, 211; as Wilson's editor and biog- rapher, i, 217, 223-225; his octavo edition of Wilson, i, 223; defense of Wilson and charge against Au- dubon, i, 226-228; 230; basis of his attack on Audubon, i, 227, 231- 232; his opposition to Audubon, i, 328-329; 333, 339, 422; ii, 4, 27, 55, 61, 72, 80, 83; as Waterton's corre- spondent, ii, 87-88, 91; 98, 284. Orleans, Duke of, as Audubon's pa- tron, i, 3, 411-412. Ornithological Biography, descrip- tion of Bird Rock in, i, 9 ; story of the Pewee, i, 99, 106-107; on the Velvet Duck, i, 182; journey down the Ohio River, i, 195; Alexander Wilson's visit to Louisville, i, 220- 223; Wilson on the Whooping Crane, i, 227; discrepancies in "Episodes" in, i, 273; "Louisville in Kentucky," i, 274; "The Prai- rie," i, 274, 282-284; "A Wild Horse," i, 274-276; "The Eccentric Naturalist," i, 274, 285-300; "The Earthquake," i, 279; "The Hurri- cane," i, 280; "The Regulators," i, 281; "Colonel Boone," i, 281; Natchez, i, 308; on The Birds of America, i, 343; publication of, i, 438; MacGillivray's assistance in, i, 438; rivals of, i, 438-439; 442- 445 ; American copyright of, i, 439 ; publisher's announcement, i, 444- 445, 448; the Athenceum on, ii, 84- 85, 140, 142; W. B. O. Peabody on, ii, 85; Featherstonhaugh on, ii, 85; on the authorship of, ii, 87-89, 102-103, 103-109; on new species in, ii, 109-111; "Ornithophilus" on, ii. 111, 112; Swainson on, ii, 113; and MacGillivray, ii, 125-138; Au- ^ dubon on American Edition of, ii, \ 134, 141; MacGillivray's copy of, ii, 138; John Wilson on, ii, 139; third volume of, ii, 144, 178-180; fourth volume of, ii, 181; comple- tion of, ii, 186; valedictory to reader, ii, 187; memorandum of accounts with MacGillivray for assistance in, ii, 188; Audubon on residual stock of, ii, 189. Ornithological Gallery, plan and abandonment of, by Audubon and Kidd, i, 446. Orr, Charles, correspondence of Alexander Wilson, with, i, 210-212. Osprey, Fish Hawk (Pandion hali- aetiis), early drawing by Audubon, , i, 182. Otter, original painting and exhibi- tion of, i, 394. Oven-bird (Seiurus aurocapillus) , "Golden-crowned Thrush," Audu- bon's original drawing of, i, 425. Owen, David Dale, i, 294. Owen, Sir Richard, i, 354. Owensboro (Kentucky), i, 236. Oxford Street (London), i, 11. Page, Benjamin, i, 256. Paimboeuf, i, 32, 80, 137. Palmer, Sarah White, i, 124. Palmer, Theodore Sherman, ii, 293. Pamar, R., i, 318, 348. INDEX 487 Paris, in 1828, i, 2; Audubon at, i, 74, 408-413, 448; his reception and patronage at, i, 410-413. Parkman, Dr. George, ii, 29, 35, 36; to Audubon, ii, 42-43; 57, 59, 134, 141 ; Audubon to, ii, 227. Patterson, W. D., i, 231 ; ii, 352. Peabody, W. B. O., i, 231 ; ii, 200. Peale, Rembrandt, i 328. Peale, Robert, i, 328. Peale, Titian R., his drawings of birds, i, 330. Pears, Thomas "W., i, 124; as part- ner of Audubon and Bakewell, i, 254; his withdrawal, i, 255, 426. Peel, Sir Robert, i, 377. Penal laws, in England, i, 395. Penn, John, i, 105. Penn, William, land purchase by, i, 103. Percy, Capt. Robert, Mrs. Audu- bon's school at plantation of, i, 322; Audubon at plantation of, i, 324. Perkins, Thomas H., ii, 28, 29, 39, 150. Perkioming Consolidated Mining Company, 1, 169. Perkioming Creek, i, 103-104, 106. Perry town (Sutton, New Hamp- shire), i, 284. Pewee, Phoebe (Sayomis phoebe), Audubon on, i, 99; his first study of, i, 106; original drawing of, i, 180. Pewee, Wood (Myiochanes virens)^ Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180, 425. Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), recep- tion of Audubon at, i, 327-335; a meeting of the Academy of Natu- ral Sciences at, i, 333; ii, 154. Philarete-Chasles, impressions of Au- dubon's exhibition at Edinburgh, i, 359. Phillips, Dr Benjamin, ii, 144-145, 223-224; Audubon to, ii, 244-246. Phoebe, Say's (Sayornis sayus), i, 330. Picus auduboni, ii, 113. Pigeon, Passenger (Ectopistes mi- gratorius), Audubon's original painting of, i, 363; Audubon on, i, 368. Pirrie, Eliza, as Audubon's pupil, and her romantic history, i, 315, 317-318. Pirrie, James, i, 315; Audubon's drawings made at plantation of, i, 316. Pirrie, Mrs. James, engagement of Audubon by, i, 313; her home and family, i, 313-318. Pitois, M., i, 432. Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), record of journey from Philadelphia to, in 1807, i, 187-191; characteriza- tion, growth and population of, i, 191; Wilson's description of, in 1810, i, 204; 343, 344. Plaisance, Samuel, i, 123, 265. Planters (Santo Domingo), their prosperity and grievances, i, 42- 44; their morality and vicissitudes, i, 44-46; their revolt, i, 49-51. Polly, Audubon's and Rozier's voy- age on, i, 134-135, 187. Pope, John, i, 237. Pornic, mission of Citizen Audubon to, i, 79. Porter, Dr. Edmund, to Dr. Thomas Miner, i, 333. Posey, Fayette, i, 258. Presque Isle, i, 340. Priestley, Joseph, i, 154, 200-201. Prospectus, of American Ornithol- ogy (Wilson), i, 217; of The Birds of America, i, 373; of first octa- vo edition, ii, 211-214; reproduc- tion of (for 1828) for original fo- lio, ii, 386-388; reproduction of (by J. W. Audubon), for second (partial) American edition of original folio, ii, 389-391. 488 INDEX Provost, Henry Augustin, i, 105-106, 122. Quadrupeds of North America, i, 17; Bachman to Audubon on, ii, 208; Audubon to Brewer on, ii, 209; on Bachman's cooperation in, ii, 210; Audubon to Baird on, ii, 219-221, 222, 226-227, 233; Audu- bon to Parkman, ii, 227; to W. O. Ayres, ii, 229; Parke Godwin on, ii, 236; editions of, ii, 261; Bach- man on text of, ii, 261-263, 269- 272, 281-283; Baird on materials for, ii, 263, 264, 274, 276-277, 278; Audubon on letterpress of, ii, 265; Harris as mediator in difficulties with letterpress of, ii, 269; coop- eration of authors in, ii, 273; sub- scribers to, ii, 274; Louis Agassiz on, ii, 274; title of text of, ii, 275; English edition of first volume of text of, ii, 280; dedication copy of first volume of text of, ii, 280; J. E. Gray on, ii, 281; manuscript of text of, ii, 283; Illustrations of, ii, 285; in octavo, ii, 293. Quebec, Audubon's visit and success in, ii, 244. Queen, Jean Audubon's fight in, i, 35. Queen Charlotte (La Reine Char- lotte), Captain Jean Audubon's command of, at Yorktown, i, 34. Quinarianism, curious tenets and ad- vocacy of, ii, 94, 95, 104, 109, 114, 116, 117. Quincy, Josiah, ii, 29, 150. Rabin, Mile., birth of son of, i, 52; as characterized by Jean Audubon, 1, 52; record of physician of, i, 53; her feeble health and death, i, 56; suppression of her name, i, 60; early and assumed names of her son, 1, 62; as characterized by her son, i, 63, 66; fictitious account of death of, i, 67. Rabin, Jean, i, 53, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 263, 264; ii, 361, 362, 364. See Jean Jacques Fougere Audubon. Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (Schmaltz), i, 171; his travels, writings and career, i, 285-300; Audubon on, i, 285; and the bats, i, 286; his early life and precocity, i, 287; his bibliography, i, 287; visit to America, i, 288; life in Sicily, i, 288; marriage and embit- terment, i, 289; return to America and shipwreck, i, 290; visits Audu- bon, i, 290; his "scarlet-headed swallow" and fictitious fishes, i, 291; his Ichthyology of the Ohio River and "Devil-Jack Diamond- fish," i, 292; at Transylvania Uni- versity, i, 294; originality and in- dependence, i, 295; impractical projects and inventions, i, 295-296, 298; troubles at Lexington and re- turn to Philadelphia, i, 296; his mania for new species, i, 296; his letters, i, 297; his multifarious writings, final struggles and death, i, 297-299; his ardor and fatal ver- satility, i, 299; contemporary no- tice of, i, 333. "Rafinesquiana," i, 287. Rambler, i, 7. Ramsden, George, Edward Holden to, i, 351. Rankin, Dr. Adam, i, 238, 242; his "Meadow Brook Farm," i, 248; birth of John Woodhouse Audu- bon at home of, i, 248. Rankin, William, i, 248. Rathbone, Richard, introduction of Audubon to, i, 352. Rathbone, William, Sr., assistance rendered Audubon by, i, 352. Rathbone, Mrs. William, Sr., at "Greenbank," i, 353; gift to Au- dubon by, i, 355. Rathbone, William, Jr., i, 352. Rattlesnake, Audubon's account of IXDEX 489 drawing of, i, 316; climbing habits of, ii, 53-54, 64; Audubon on, ii, 71-76; Dr. Jones' charge concern- ing, ii, 72; Audubon's error in description of, ii, 76-78; vindica- tion of Audubon's drawing and account of the fangs of, ii, 79. Rattlesnake, encounter of the Polly with, i, 134-135, 187. Redbanks. See Henderson. Redbird, Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra), Audubon's drawing of, i, 316. Redouts, Pierre Joseph, works and friendship of, i, 411. Red River (Arkansas), drawing of the Chuck-will's-widow on, i, 183. Redstart, American (Setophaga ru- ticilla), Audubon's early drawings of, i, 181, 316. Rees, Abraham, i, 216. Rees, William J., ii, 62. '^Begulus cuvieri" "Cuvier's "Wren," i, 180, 354; ii, 215, 219. Rhoads, Samuel N., i, 291 ; ii, 202. Richardson, John, ii, 98, 105, 106. Ricordel, Mme. See Mme. Jean Au- dubon. Rider, Alexander, 1, 331. Ridgely, D., ii, 38. Bipley, the voyage of, ii, 43-50. Robertson, John Argyle, ii, 183. Robin, American (Planesticus mi- gratorius), Audubon's early draw- ing of, i, 182. Rochambeau, Comte de, i, 34. Rochefort, 1, 30, 83, 93, 94. Roe Lockwood & Son, ii, 296. Roget, Dr. Peter Mark, i, 377. Roscoe, Edward, i, 352, 353, 354. Roscoe, William, i, 218. Ross, David (and Company), i, 57, 121-123, 265, 266. Rothschild, Baron, Audubon's ac- count of interview with, ii, 206. Rowan, William, i, 400. Roy, Constance (Rozier), 1, 245. Royal Society (London), Audubon's election to membership in, i, 437; William Swainson on his election, ii, 97. Rozier, Charles A., i, 146. Rozier, Claude Francois, i, 147; Fer- dinand Rozier to, 1, 149-152; his family, i, 152; his death, i, 152; and Benjamin Bakewell, i, 154; Audubon to, i, 154, 156-158, 161- 163, 164-166. Rozier, Felix, i, 246. Rozier, Ferdinand, i, 146; his "Ar- ticles," i, 147; to his father, i, 149- 152; at Philadelphia, i, 153; as at- torney for Lieutenant Audubon and his wife, i, 153; his business plans, 1, 156-158, 161-162, 165; his diary, i, 187-192; Thomas Bake- well to, i, 196; William Bakewell to, i, 199; removes from Louis- ville to Henderson, i, 236; removes with Audubon to Ste. Genevieve, i, 237-241 ; dissolves partnership with Audubon, i, 241; Audubon to, 1, 243; career of, i, 344-246; his death, i, 246; "Audubon & Bake- well" to, i, 251; ii, 359. Rozier, Firman A., i, 246. Rozier, Francois Denis, i, 154. Rozier (Colas), Renee Angelique, death of, i, 152. Rozier, Tom J., i, 196. Rozier, Welton A., manuscripts in possession of, i, 149, 168, 187. Rue de Crehillon, Jean Audubon's home in, i, 57. Rush, Dr. Benjamin, i, 288. Russell, W. Gurdon, ii, 204. Saget (mayor of Nantes), i, 77. St. Albans, 1, 403. St. Augustine, Audubon's description of, ii, 12; hunting birds at, ii, 12. St. Francisville (Louisiana), en- gagement of Audubon at, i, 313; origin of name, i, 314; character 490 INDEX of country and abundance of birds, i, 314; Audubon as tutor at, i, 315-318; Mrs. Audubon's school, i, 322; former wealth of country, i, 323, 345. Sainte Genevieve (Missouri), Audu- bon's journey to, i, 237-241; dis- solution of partnership with Ro- zier at, 1, 241; Audubon's subse- quent visits, i, 242; Ferdinand Ro- zier's career at, i, 244-247. St. John, Mrs. Horace Roscoe Steb- bing, i, 17. St. Johns, ii, 244. Saint Louis (Santo Domingo), i, 39, 41. Sammis, Capt. S., i, 131, 156, 158, 159, 164, 187. Sandpiper, Spotted (Actitis macula- ria), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 249. Sanson, Dr., as Jean Audubon's physician, i, 53; his bill of services, resources and favorite remedies, i, 53; his inoculations for smallpox, i, 55; his treatment of Audubon's mother, i, 56; for complete text of bill, with translation, see ii, 314- 327. Santo Domingo, p re-revolutionary lure of, i, 36; Jean Audubon's ca- reer in, i, 36-38; effect of the Declaration of Rights on, 1, 37; slave trade at, i, 39-41; cost of slaves at, i, 40; prosperity and praise of, i, 42; population of whites and blacks in 1790, i, 42; plight of mulattoes and history of slavery in, i, 43; Baron de Wimpf- fen's experience with society and plantation life, i, 44-48; unjust taxation, i, 44, 46; debasement of morals, i, 45; bossals, Creoles and mulattoes, i, 44-47; outbreak and progress of the Revolution, i, 49- 51; the Revolution in relation to the history of Jean and Jean Jacques Fougere Audubon, i, 50; Les Cayes first touched by Revo- lution of, i, 50; first blood drawn in the North, i, 50; Oge's futile rebellion, i, 50; later events in ris- ing of blacks and mulattoes against whites, i, 50; physicians and their remedies in, i, 54. Sautron, i, 139. Savenay, i, 78. Say, Thomas, i, 294, 330, 333-334. Sayornis saya, i, 330. Sayre, Robert H., ii, 7. Scott, Sir Walter, on Audubon's ex- hibition, 1, 359; Audubon on, 1, 365; on Audubon, i, 366-368; 370. Scott, Winfield, ii, 242. Searles, Edward F., ii, 203. Seaside Finch (Passerherbulus mari- timus), original drawing of, i, 425. Sedgwick, Adam, i, 399. Selby, Prideaux John, Audubon's visit to, i, 374; Illustrations of British Ornithology by, i, 375; to Audubon, 1, 375; ii, 102. Serinettes, i, 163. Shannonville (Pennsylvania), i, 102. Sharp, William, i, 209. Shattuck, Dr. George C, ii, 29, 35, 43, 150, 151, 228. Shattuck, Dr. George Cheyne, as Au- dubon's assistant, ii, 43; as philan- thropist, ii, 43; 228. Shippingport (Kentucky), Audubon as peripatetic portrait painter at, i, 303; 326, 345. Slack, Elijah, on Audubon's term of service at the Western Museum, 1, 304; as president of Cincinnati College, i, 305. Slaves (in Santo Domingo), numbers delivered at Les Cayes, i, 31; as a basis of wealth, i, 39; trade in, i, 39-41; numbers and mortality of, i, 42; management of, i, 43-47; diseases of, i, 46; cost and taxes of, i, 46; revolt of, i, 49-51. INDEX 491 Smallpox, i, 55» Smith, Rebecca (Bakewell), i, 201. Smith, Rev. Sidney, 1, 369, 372. Smythe, Henry A., ii, 310. Sparrow, Baird's (Emberiza bairdii, Audubon, 1844; now Ammodramus bairdi), ii, 259. Sparrow, Harris's (Zonotrichia qiie- rula), ii, 253. Sparrow, Swamp (Melospiza georgi- ana), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 249. Sparrow, Vesper (Pooecetes grami- neus), "Bay-winged Bunting," original drawing of, i, 425. Spencer, John C, ii, 242. Sprague, Isaac, ii, 252. Stanilaus, Francis Alexander (Baron de Wimpffen), i, 44; his experi- ences and observations as planter in Santo Domingo, i, 44-48. Stanley, Edward George Geoffrey Smith (fourteenth Earl of Derby), i, 354, 380, 437. "Stanley Hawk" (Falco stanleyi, now Accipiter cooperi). Cooper's Hawk. See Falco. Starling, Edmund L., 1, 236, 250, 252, 256-257. Sterling, Mrs. Frederick A., 1, 342. Stoddard, Rev. Charles Augustus, tribute to Mrs. John James Audu- bon, ii, 303. Stone, Charles F., ii, 311. Stone, Witmer, ii, 214. Stuart, Gilbert, i, 336. Sturnella neglecta, Western Meadow Lark, ii, 254. Sully, Thomas, i, 2, 328; Audubon as pupil of, i, 334; to Audubon, i, 334; Audubon to, i, 339; ii, 68-71. Sully, Mrs. Thomas, Audubon to, i, 389. Swainson, William, on Rafinesque, i, 289, 377, 395; correspondence of, i, 400; Audubon to, i, 400-401, 405- 407, 409-410; ii, 95-97, 99, 101-103, 112, 176-177, 353; to Audubon, i, 402, 413-414, 422-423, 430-431; ii, 97-101, 103-108; characteristics, i, 402; on Audubon, i, 403; Audubon at home of, i, 404; with Audubon in Paris, i, 408-412; 415; ii, 84; in controversy over the Ornithological Biography, ii, 88, 93-109; as leader in the Quinarian movement, ii, 93- 95, 114, 116-117; Audubon's propo- sal for assistance of, ii, 102; his re- sponse and answer to a later letter, ii, 103-108; their subsequent rela- tions, ii, 111-114; as biographer, ii, 113-116; Literary Gazette on, ii, 113; as the "British Cuvier," ii, 114; his career and adversities, ii, 117; his emigration and death, ii, 118; 173. Sylvia (Helinaria) swainsonii, ii, 113. S)Tne, John, i, 361. Synopsis of Birds of North America, publication of, ii, 186; number of species recognized in, 186. Tawapatee Bottom, 1, 240. Taylor, Richard C, ii, 77. Thayer, John E., i, 307, 363; ii, 227, 229. Tete-Caree. See Dupre. Texas, Audubon's visit to Republic of, ii, 163-165. Thackeray, George, ii, 146. The Foresters, i, 216. Thomas, William, i, 101, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 150, 151. Thrush, Hermit (Hylocichla ustula- ta),i, 308. Thrush, Wood (Hylocichla musteli^ 7ia)y Audubon's early drawing of, i, 180. Title pages, in facsimile. The Birds of America, original folio, i, 381; prospectus of The Birds of Amer- ica, i, 391; of covers of parts, of octavo (second) edition of the 492 INDEX Birds, ii, 213; of English edition (Vol. I) of The Viviparous Quad- rupeds of North America, i, 275. Titmouse, Mountain, Audubon's ear- ly drawing of, i, 181. Torrey, John, i, 171. Townsend, Dr. John Kirk, ii, 147, 149, 153-154, 156, 170-173, 179. Traill, Dr. Thomas S., i, 353. Transportation by steam, in the At- lantic, i, 2; on the Ohio River, i, 236. Transylvania Company, i, 252. Transylvania University, i, 294-296, 306. Treat, Mary, ii, 81. Trinity Cemetery, i, 13. Trudeau, James, ii, 184, 185, 186. Turkey, Wild {Meleagris gallopavo), i, 311, 355, 358, 363; ii, 198. "Twizel House," i, 374. Tyler, John, Audubon's credentials from, ii, 242. Tyttenhanger (or Tittenhanger), Green, i, 403. Valentine, Edward Virginius, i, 14. Valley Forge (Pennsylvania), 1, 102. Van Buren, Martin, ii, 153, 166. Vanderlyn, John, i, 312, 338. Vaux, James, 1, 108. Vendue, La, i, 24-27. Vendeans, characteristics and revolt of, i, 26; Nantes besieged by, i, 74; defeat and fate of, 1, 75; exe- cution of leader of, i, 76-77; 80. Vigors, Nathaniel Augustus, 1, 377; to Audubon, i, 407-408; 415; ii, 101, 107. Vireo belli (V. bellii, of Audubon, 1844), Bell's Vireo, ii, 253. Vireo, Warbling (Vireosylva gilva), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425. Vireo, Yellow-throated (Lam,ivireo flavifrons)^ Audubon's original drawing of, i, 316. Vulture, Turkey (Cathartes aura), and Black, or "Carrion Crow" (Catharista urubu), controversy over the sense of smell in, ii, 81- 84; experiments of Audubon and Bachman on, ii, 55-56, 61, 81-82; memorial of the faculty of the South Carolina Medical College on, ii, 83; present condition of the question, ii, 83. Wade, Joseph M., 1, 213, 264. Wagtail, White (Motacilla alba), Audubon's early drawing of, 1, 181. Wainwright, Rev. Dr., Edward Everett to, i, 436. Waller, Sir J. Walter, to Audubon, i, 392; 406. Walton, Isaac, i, 206. Warbler (Sylvia trochilus delicata, Sylvia delicata), Audubon's unpub- lished drawing of, i, 228. Warbler, Bay-breasted (Dendroica castanea), "Autumnal Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, 1, 426. Warbler, Blackburnian {Dendroica fusca), "Hemlock Warbler," Au- dubon's original drawing of, i, 180, 426. Warbler, Black-poll {Dendroica striata), Audubon's original draw- ing of, i, 425; ii, 50. Warbler, Black-throated Blue (Deiv- droica ccBrulescens), "Pine Swamp Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425. Warbler, Canada {Wilsonia canaden- sis), "Canada Flycatcher," Audu- bon's original drawing of, i, 425. Warbler, Carbonated {Dendroica carbonata), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180. Warbler, Chestnut-sided {Dendroica pennsylvanica), Audubon's orig- inal drawing of, i, 180. INDEX 493 Warbler, "Children's," Yellow Warb- ler (Dendroica cestiva), i, 354. Warbler, Connecticut (Oporornis agilis), Audubon's original draw- ing of, i, 426, Warbler, Magnolia {Dendroica mag- nolia), "Black and Yellow Warb- ler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425. Warbler, Pine-creeping {Dendroica vigorsi), Audubon's original draw- ing of, i, 316. Warbler, Prairie (Dendroica dis- color), Audubon's original draw- ing of, i, 316. Warbler, "Rathbone," i, 180, 354. Warbler, Tennessee (Vermivora per- egrina), Audubon's original draw- ing of, i, 316. Warbler, Yellow-rumped, Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180. Ward, Henry, ii, 2, 4, 9, 12, 25, 32, 59. Washington, General George, at Val- ley Forge, i, 102; Polk's portrait of, i, 106; at "Fatland Ford," i, 108. Water-lily, yellow (Nymphcea lu- tea), ii, 80. Waterton, Charles, i, 12, 224-232, 415; ii, 55, 61, 73; on Audubon's drawing of the rattlesnake, ii, 79; on the vulture's olfactory sense, ii, 82; to George Ord, ii, 83; his Wanderings, polemics and life at Walton Hall, ii, 86-92; on Alex- ander Wilson's diary, ii, 87; on the Ornithological Biography, ii, 87; on the young Cuckoo and Hummingbird's nest, ii, 90-91; 142. Watty and Meg, i, 208. Webster, Daniel, as Audubon's pa- tron, ii, 151; his letter of recom- mendation and promise of ducks, ii, 152; Audubon's credentials from, ii, 242. Wellington, ii, 189, 191. Wernerian Society, i, 183; ii, 72. Westerman, General, to Citizen Au- dubon, i, 80, Western Journal, ii, 298. Western Museum, Audubon as its taxidermist, and story of its foun- dation, i, 303-306. Wetherill, Samuel, Junior, i, 102, 169; ii, 14. Wetherill, Samuel Price, i, 102. Wetherill, Dr. William, i, 201. Wetherill, W. H., i, 99, 102, 149. Wheelock, John, i, 218. Whewell, William, i, 399. Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vocif- erus), Audubon's early drawings of, i, 180, 249. Whitehall (New York), ii, 244. White-throated Sparrow (Zonotri- chia albicollis), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 249, Wilkie, David, i, 377. Williams, George Alfred, on the an- cestry and achievements of Robert Havell, Junior, i, 382; ii, 193-195. Wilson, Alexander, i, 107; his life and accomplishments, i, 202-220; his journey of 1810, i, 202; his re- buke to a judge, i, 203; descrip- tion of Pittsburgh, i, 204; descends the Ohio, i, 205; impressions of Cincinnati and Louisville, i, 205; success in New Orleans, i, 207; his meeting with Audubon, i, 207; early life and struggles, i, 208; success as a dialect poet, i, 208; champions the oppressed weavers, is fined and sent to jail, i, 208; emigrates to America, i, 209; un- fortunate love affairs, i, 209, 212, 215, 216; to Charles Orr, i, 210- 212; George Ord on, i, 211; friend- ship with Bartram and Lawson, i, 212; his poverty and thrift, i, 214- 494 INDEX 216; his talents and genius, i, 214; The Foresters, i, 216; his Ameri- can Ornithology begun, i, 216; his prospectus and first volume, i, 217; canvasses New England, 1, 218; journey South and extension of his work, i, 218; second New England tour, and his arrest as a spy, i, 219 ; completion of his seventh vol- ume and his premature death, 1, 219; his character, i, 219; Audu- bon's account of their meeting in Louisville, i, 220-223; Ord's revival of the incident, i, 223; his diary in light of later events, 1, 224-232; his evasive flycatcher, i, 226; the "twin" Mississippi Kites, 1, 227- 230; as a later "rival" of Audu- bon, i, 231-232, 234-235, 311, 422; mistaken obituary of, ii, 2; Audu- bon on, ii, 143; number of species of American birds recognized, ii, 214; and Bachman, 11, 284. Wilson, James, i, 438. Wilson, John, i, 362, 385, 447; ii, 84; Audubon to, ii, 139. Winterfield, Charles, ii, 121, 256-258; on Audubon at the ruins of a fire, ii, 267. WoUaston, Dr. William Hyde, i, 377. Wood, Rev. J. G., on Waterton, ii, 89. Woodbury, Levi, ii, 5; to Louis Mc- Lane, ii, 23. Woodpecker, Green, Audubon's early drawing of, i, 178, 181. Woodpecker, Red-cockaded {Dryo- bates borealis), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 316. Wren, "Cuvier's." See "Begulus." Wren, Bewick's (Thryomanes be- wicki)y Audubon's original draw- ing of, i, 180. Wren, Marsh (Telmatodytes palus- tris), original drawing of, i, 425. Wren, Parkman's (Troglodytes de- don parkmani), original specimen, ii, 227. Yarrell, William, ii, 58; to Audubon, ii, 223-225, 246-247. Yellow-throat, "Roscoe's," Maryland Yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas), i, 354. Yorktown (Virginia), Jean Audu- bon's command at, i, 24. Zoological Gallery, i, 12, 382, 394. Zoological Society (London), i, 398, 444. (1) VORK PUBLIC LIBBARV \